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This item is filmed a\ the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* tu taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessout. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X / 12X 16X aox a4x 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library Agriculture Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, ' ( the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or IKustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. 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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiimte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, «tc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, ii est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bes, en prenant le nombre d'imagef) nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. f , 2 3 4 5 6 n^ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CEISrSXJS OFFICE. ir-BA.NCIS A. ^VALKER, Superintendent. Appointed April 1, 1879; resisncd November 3, 1881. CHAS. -W. SEATON", Snperintoadent. Appointed NoTember 4, U8L REPORT ON THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO), BY CHARLES S. SARGENT, AKNOLU PROFESSOR OF ARIJORICITLTIRE IX HARVARD COLLEGE^ SPECIAL AGKNa" TEXTH CENSUS. 9^ « WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1884. f ! i i ■an LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. y Departjosnt of the Inteeioe, Cknsus Office, Washington, D. C, September 1, 1884. Hou. H. M. Teller, Secretary of the IntcAor. SlE : I have the honor to transmit herewith the Report on the Forests of Iforth America (exchisive of Mexico), iby Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College. This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. W. S EATON, Superintendent of Census. i' t^' If ' ^6 If Ir TABLE OF CONTENTS. Letter of Transmittal . Page, ix PART I. THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXlCO. The Forests of North America— General remarks 3-16 The Atlantic region 3-0 The Pacific region 6-10 Distribution of genera 10-12 Distribution of species Id-lO A Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico, with remarks upon their Synonomy, Bibliookapiiical History, Distribution, Economic Values, and Uses 17-219 Index to Catalogue , 220-243 PART II. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Preliminary rbmarks 247 Specific gravity and ash 248-251 Fuel value 251,252 The strength of wood 252 Comparative values 252 Table of relative values 253-255 Table op averages 256-259 Table illustrating the relation between transverse strength and specific gravity in thk wood of certain species 259-264 General remarks 20i.ie belt of central Alabama 529 The pine refj;i<)n of the Coosa — • 529 Naval stores 529,5:i0 Mississu'Pi 530-536 The i>iiie foi'e-.ts of sontliirn Mississiijpi 531,532 The northeastern I'onniies 532-534 Central ]iini' hills ^ 534 Western .Mississippi .'■>34,535 The Vazoo delta 5:5,^,530 r.uiisiANA 53C-540 JIiiss giiMiiii;;- 536.537 Ti:xAs.... 540-543 Indian tkimmihuy 543 AitliANSAS 543, 544 Tknnksskic 544,545 Kfi'iet of liies !i|i()n the forest 545 Ki:n TiCKV 545,546 J'asi ur.ij;e of woodlands 546 Noi!TIii;i:n CiiNiitAL i>i\ LsiDX 547-563 Ohio 547 Indiana 547 Illinois r47-5i\0 WicHUi AX . . 5.Mi-5ri4 Forest tires •. 050, 551 Statistics of growing timber 551 Wisconsin 554-558 MiNXKsiiTA 558-5()0 Forests on Indian reservations 559, fitiO Iowa 560 Missouiii 5()0, 501 Dakota 561,562 Nebhaska 562 Kansas 562, 5(i3 M'kstlkn division ,564-580 Miintana 564-5()li WviiMiNc 5()6, 5(i7 Cdl.oKADo 507,r>68 New Mkxk'ii 568 Aiii/iiXA 5tW,509 Ftah 569-571 Lake range, west of Utah lake 5* t( Sanpete Valley range 570 Sevier Kiver mountains ,570 \i:\'ADA 571 Idaho 571-573 Washington ,'^.73-5Tl> Ohegon 576-57S California 578-5150 rastnnigo of monutain forests 579,580 AlASKA 580 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Map of tuk United Btatrs, showing thk character of thk Fukl uskd in thb different sections of the settled portion of the country... 489 Map OF THE Uhted States, showing the proportion of Woodland within the settled area burned over durino the CENSUS year 491 Map showing Density of Forests in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania 495 Map of Maine, showing the Distribution of Pine and Spruce FoiiESTS 496 Map of New Hampshire and Vermont, showing the Distribution of the Pine and Spruce Forests 497 Map of Pennsylvania, showing the Distribution of the Pine and Hemlock Forests 506 Map showing Density of Forests in Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virgima, North Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, and Illinois 511 Map of West Virginia, showino the Distribution of the Hardwood, Spruce, and Pine Forests 512 Map op North Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 515 Map showing Density of Forests in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana 518 Map of South Carolina, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 519 Map ok Georgia, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 520 Map of Florida, showing the Distribution ok the Pine Forests ; 522 Map ok Alabama, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 524 Map OF Mississippi, showing the Distribution ok the Pine Forests 530 Map oi Louisiana, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 536 Map showing Density of Forests in Texas 540 Map of Texas, showing the Distribution of the Pine Forests 541 Map showing Density ok Forests in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Indian Territory 543 Map of Arkansas, showing the Distribution of the Pink and Hardwood Forests 544 Map SHOWING Density of Forests in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa 550 Map of the Lower Peninsula ok Michigan, showing the Distribution ok the Hardwood and Pink Forests 551 Map of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, showino the Distribution op the Hardwood and Pine Forests 551 Map of Wisconsin, showing the Distribution ok the Hardwood and Pine Forests 554 Map of Minnesota, showing the Distribution of the Hardwood and Pine Forests 558 Map showing Density ok Forests in Dakota 561 Map showing Density op Forests in Nebraska 562 Map showing Density op Forests in Montana '. 564 Map showing Density of Forests in Wyoming 566 Map showing Density of Forests in Colorado 567 Map showing Density of Fore.-ts in New Mexico 568 Map showing Density ok Forests in Arizona 569 Map showing Density of Forests in Utah 570 Map showing Density of Forests in Nevada 571 Map showing Density ok Forests in Idaho 572 Map showing Density of Forests in Washington 574 Map showing Density of Forests in Oregon 576 Map showing Density op Forests in California 578 Map of a portion ok Calikornia, showing the Distribution op the Redwood Forests 580 MAPS CONTAINED IN PORTFOLIO ACCOMPANYING THIS VOLUME. No. 1.— Map showing the position of the Forest, Prairie, and Treeless Regions of North America, exclusive op Mexico. No. 2.— Map showing the Natural Divisions of the North American Forests, exclusive of Mexico. No. 3.— Map showing the Distribution of the genus Fraxinus (the Ashes) in North America, exclusive of Mexico. No. 4.— Map of the United States, showing the Distribution ok the genera Carya and Umbellularia (the Hickories and Calikornia Laurel). No. 5.— Map ok the United States, showing the Distribution of the genus Juglans (the Walnuts). No. 6.— Map showing the Distribution op the genus Quercus (the Oaks) in North America, exclusive of Mexico. No. 7.— Map of the United States, showing the Distribution of the genera Castanea and Castanopsis (the Chestnuts AND Chinquapins). No. S.-Map showing the Distribution op the genus Pinus (the Pines) in North America, exclusive ok Mexico. No. 9.— Map showing the Distribution op the genera Abies and Picea (the Firs and Spruces) in North America, exclu- sive OF Mexico. No. 10.— Map ok the United States, showing the Distribution ok Liuiodendron Tulipipera and Pinus Lambertiana. No. 11.— Map of the United States, showing the Distribution ok Phosopis Juliflora, Quercus Alba, and Quercus Densiflora. No. 12.— Map showing the Distribution of Fraxinus Americana and Pinus Ponderosa in North America, exclusive of Mexico. No. 13.— Map showing the Distribution of the genera CiiAMiECVPARis and Cupressus in North America, exclusive of Mexico. No. 14. — Map showing the Distribution of the genera Thuya, Taxodium, and Sequoia in North America, exclusive of Mexico. No. 15.— Map showing the Distribution of Pinus J'trobus, Pinus Palustris, and Pseudotsuoa Douolasii in North America, exclusive of Mexico. No. 16.— Map of the United States, sh-wing the Relative Average Density op Existing For.ESTS. If, Br H i i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. BUOOKLINE, MASSACnUSETia, July 1, 1883. To THE SUPBEINTENDBNT OP CENSUS. Sib: I have the honor to submit the following report ujion the nature and condition of the forests of the' United States, to which are added statistics of the lumber and other industries directly dependent upon the forest for their 8ni>port. Mr. Andrew Robeson, of Brookline, Massachusetts, has prepared the maps which accompany this report; ho has supervised the entire statistical work of this division and has conducted its correspondence. Mr. Stephen P. Sharpies, of Cambridge, Massacluisetts, has conducted the various experiments undertaken with the view of determining the value of the different woods produced in the forests of the United States. Mr. C. G. Pringle, of East (Charlotte, Vermont, has examined the forests of northern 5fcw England and New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia ; and subsequently, as an agent for the American Museum of Natural History, has greatly increased our knowledge of the trees of Arizona and southern California. Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville, Florida, has studied the forests of Georgia and Florida, and subsequently, as an agent of the American Muiseum of Natural History, has added to our knowledge of the semi-tropical torests of southern Florida. Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama, has explored the forests of the Gull states. Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, has gathered the forest statistics of Pennsylvania, IMiciiigun, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Mr. George W. Letterman, of Allenton, Missouri, has examined the forests extending west of tlio Lower Mississippi River, and Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Arkansas, has gathered the forest statistics of that state. Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, has studied, during a long and arduous journey, the forests of the northern Rocky Mountain region,, and Mr. Robert Douglas, of Waukegun, Illinois, those of the Black hillti of Dakota. I take this opportunity to call your attention to the faithful and aduiiraole manner in which my associates have performed the difficult duties to which they were assigned; their zeal ana intelligence have made possible the preparation of this report. It is my pleasant duty also to .;all your attention to the fact that this investigation has been greatly aided from the Urst by the experience and knowledge of Messrs. G. M. Dawson, John Macoun, aud Robert Bell, members of the Geological Survey of Canada; the information in regard to the distribution iiorthward of the trees of tiie eastern United States is entirely derived from the latter's paper upon the Canadian forests, published in the Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for the years 1879-80. I am under special obligation to Dr. George Engelmann, of Saint Louis, Missouri, my companion in a long jcnirney through the forests of the Pacific region, for valuable assistance and auvice; his unrivaled knowledge of our oaks, pines, firs, and other trees has been lavishly placed at my disposal. Mr. M. S. Beljb, of Rockford, Illinois, the highest American authority upon the willow, has given me the benefit of his critical advice in the study of this diflicult genus. I desire to express to him and to Dr. Laurence Johnson, of New York, who has furnished me with a full series of notes upon the medical properties ot the trees of the United States, the deep sense of my obligation. My thanks are also due to Mr. Henry Gannett, Geographer of the Tenth Census, for cordial cooperation in the work of this division ; to Colonel T. T. S. Laidley, of the United States army, in command of the arsenal at Watertown, Massachusetts, and to Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the testing machine there, for advice and assistance afforded Mr. Sharpies while conducting the exi>eriments upon the strength f woods, as well as to a large number of correspondents in ad parts of the United States who have favored me with their cordial co-operation. I am, sir, your obedient servant, CHARLES S. SARGENT, Special Agent. St % t ], 1 P^KT I. THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. I ^T.yjTac.T'.^^^^'r'^'^.^gst^.rgvnT " 4k I THE FORESTS OF ]^ORTH AMERICA. GENERAL KEMARKS. Tli'i North American continent, or that part of it situated north of Mexico, which will alone be considered here, may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to the Rio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, in natural features, composition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topograi^hical formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here. The forests of the Ailautic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the central part of the continent, are united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth degree of latitude. One-half of tlie species of which this northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conformity with the climatic conditions pecaliar to the Atlantic and the Pacific sides of the continent, still possess considerable uniformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions are also united at the south by a narrow strip of the flora peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain characteristic species of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar featurer. of the eastern and the western slopes of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained here, the Atlantic and the Pacific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess many general features in common. Typical North American species, moreover, peculiar to the forests of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, mingle uiwu the Black hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of westerti Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the Rocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. THE ATLANTIC REGION. The forests of the Atlantic region may be consideretl under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the Northern Pine Belt, the Southern ^laritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. 3, lK)rtfolio). These natural divisions, although composed in part of si)ecies found in other divisions )>nd possessing many general features in common, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of speci'.'s, making such a separation natural and convenient. The Xortlient Forext stret«!hes along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north latitude, sweeps to the sojith of Hudson bay, and then north wesisvard to within the Arctic circle. This Northern Forest extends southward to the flifieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth degree at the 100th nu>ridiaL<. It occupies 10 degrees of latitude upon the Atlantic sea- board and nearly 20 degrees iu its greatest extension north and south along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. The region occupied by this Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, enjoys a copious rainfall; it is divided by iunumeiablo streams and lakes, and abounds in swampy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low annual mean temperature check the spread of forest growth and reduce the numl)er of arborescent species, of which this forest is composed, to eiglit ; of these, four cross to the Pacific coast, while the remainder, with a single exception, are replacepi basin in Arkansas and eastern Texas. This belt is well chara(!terized by the almost continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate neigliborhood of the coast, by the open forest of the long leaved pine (P. ixtliisirin). The live oak, the i)almetto, and various species of pine characterize the coast forest of this region; tlirougli the river bottoms and along the holders of the sinillow ponds, scattered through the pine forest, diU'erent gums, water oaks, hickories, and ashes attain noble dimeusious. The southern cypress ('Auw//«i«), although extending far beyond the limits of this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, ami, next to the long-leaved pine, may be considered the characteristic species of the maritime jiine belt. Tlie DevidiioiiH Fonst of the Missinnippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain occui)ies, with two unimitortant exceptions to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where i)eculiar geoluj^iial features have favored the growth of Coni/ertv, belts of i»ine, growing gregariously or mixed with onks and other broad-leaved trees, occur, esiiecially iii)on some portions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of the Southern Maritime Fine l»elt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of this whole region are tbiind, however, in the broad-leaved species of which it is largely composed. Oaks, hickories, walnuts, magnolias, and ashes give variety and value to this forest, ami here, with the exception of a few sjiecies peculiiir to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic region attain their greatest development and value. Upon the sh)i)es of the southern Alleghany mountains and iu the valley of the lower Ked river, regions of copious rainfall and rich soil, the deciduous forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness. Upon the Alleghany mountains northern and southern species are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude of these mountains ; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their maximum development, enliven the forests of northern pines and hemlocks which clothe the flanks of these mountains or are scattered through forests of other broad leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other parts of the c(nintry. The forest of the lied Kiver valley is hardly less varied. The northern species which the elevation of the Alleghany mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts are here mingled with ])lauts of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of Carya (the hickories) are nowhere else closely associated. A great variety of the most important oaks grow here side by side ; here is the center of distribution of the North American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain such size and beauty. The osagc orange is peculiar to this region ; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of American Coni/era; the southern and the yellow pine (Pinus pahmtris and mitin] here reach their best development. Just outside of this region, ui)on the " bluff" formation of the lower ilississii)i»i valley and of western Louisiana, the stately southern magnolia, perhaps the most beautiful of the North American trees, and the beech assume their jrreatest beauty, and give a peculiar charm to this southern forest. The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to very ditt'erent climatic conditions from those prevailing ill the eastern portion of the continent ; it consists of an elevated plateau which falls away from the eastern base of the Rocky mouutaius, forming wliat is known as the Great IMains. This great interior region, on account of its remoteness from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager and uncertain rainfall, sutlicient to insure a growth of herbage, but not sufflcieut to supitort, outside the narrow bottoms of the infrequent streams, the scantiest Ml GENERAL REMARKS. forests. This treeless plateau extends uorth to the fifty-second degree of nortli latitude ; it follows southward the trend of the Eocky mountains far into Mexico, extending eastward at the i)oint of its greatest width, in about latitude 4G<^ N., nearly to tlie ninety-seventh meridian. This wliole region is generally destitute of forest. The narrow bottoms of the large streams are lined, however, with willows, ])oi)Iars, elms, and hackberries, trees adapted to llourish under such unfavorable conditions. These diminisli in size angioii. siip|iosing tl.at tliey ever existed, eaniiKt witli I he jireseiit luiowledge of the subject be even guessed at. It is, however, fair to assniiu' that fiuests once existed in a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, and soil, to produce forests, and that tlieir absence under such conditions must lie traced to accidental cuiim's. It is not dillieult to lU'dcrstand that the tbrest t)nce destroyed over such a vast ari'a could not easily regain possession of the .soil lU'otected by an iuipeuetrable covering of sod and siilijected to the annual burnings which lia\'e o(;eurred down to the present time; while the force of the wind, unchecktd by any forest barrier, over such an area would, "veii witluait the aid of fires, havc^ made the spread of forest growth slow and ditfieiilt. The assiuiii»tion that these eastern prairies may have oiuu; been covered with foi'csts is strengtlieneil by the fact that since they have been devoted to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stoi»peical lorest belt reaches cajjc Malabar on tlie east and tlie sliores of Tampa bay on the west coast, while sonu^ of its representatives extend fully li degrees farther nortii. It is rich in composition •, nearly a (piarter of all the artiorescent s])ecies of the Atlantic forest are found witliin tiiis insignilicant region. Tlie semi-tropical forest, in spite of its variety, is of little economic iinportaime. The species of which it is compused here reach tlie extreme northern limit of their distrihution ; they are generally small, stunted, aiul of comparatively little value. Certain species, however, attain resjM'ctable i»roportions; the mahogany, the mastic, the royal i»alm, the mangj'ove, the sea-graiie. the Jamaica dogwood, ihe nuuK^hineel, and other si»ecies here beconu> considerable and important trees. In western and .soutliern Texas the trees of the Mississippi basin, ai t'oast Ranges to the eusterii base of the Rocky nionntains, woul'J be <'onflned to the thinks and summits of the mountains. These forests would be heavy upon the high ranges, especially toward the north; they would disapj)ear entirely from the valleys and low mountain ranges. An examination of the forests of the Pacitic region will show that in general distrilmtion and density they actually follow the distribution of the raintall of Ww regiim. These forests well illustrate the infldcnce of moisture iii)on forest growth. Within the Pacitic region the heaviest and the lightest forests of the continent coexist with its heaviest and lighti'st rainfall. The forests of the Pacitic region maybe considered under four divisions: the Northern Forest, the Coast Forest, the Interior Forest, and the Mexican Forest (Map ^fo. li, portfolio). GENERAL REMARKS. The Northern Forest of the Pacittc regiou exteiuls from nearly the seveutieth to about the flftyeiKhth degree of north hititudc, or, immediately u}»on the coast, is replaced by the Coast Forest nearly 2 degrees farther north; it extends from the continental divide, here mingled with the JJorthern Forest of the Atlantic region, to the shores of the I'acitic. The southern limit of this open, scanty Northern Forest, composed of sjjecies \yliich extend across the continent, or of species closely allied to those of the Northern Forest of the Atlantic region, is still imi)erfect.ly known, especially in the interior. The determination of the southern range in Alaska and liritish Columbia of several species, as well as the northern range here of a few others, must still be left to further exploration. The white spruce, the most important and the most northern species oi the forest of tlie North Atlantic regiou, is here also the most important species. It attains a considerable size as far north as the sixty-fifth degree, forming, iu the valley of the Yukon, forests of no little local importance. The canoebirch, the balsam i>oplar, and the aspen, familiar trees of the North Atlantic; region, also occur here. The gray pine and the oalsam lir of the Atlantic region ale replaced by allied forms of the same genera. The larch alone, of the denizens of the extreme Northern Forest of the Atlantic coast, finds no congener here in the northern Pacific forest. The Pacific Coant Forest, vhe heaviest, although far from the most varied, forest of the continent, extends south along the coast in a narrow strip from the sixtieth to the fiftieth i)arallel ; here it widens, embracing the sliores of Paget sound and extending eastward over the high mountain ranges north and south of the boundary of the United States. This interior development of the Coast Forest, following the abundant rainfall of the region, is carried northward over the Gold, Selkirk, and other interior ranges of British Columbia iu a narrow spur extending north nearly to the fifty-fourth parallel. It reaches southward along the Cteur d'Alene, Bitter-Koot, and the western ranges of the Kocky Mountain system to about latitude 47° 30', covering northern Wt.sliington territory, Idaho, and portions of western Montana. The Coast Forest south of the fiftieth degree of latitude occupies the region between the ocean and tlie eastern slopes of the Cascade Kange; in California the summits of the priucipal soutliern prolongation of these mountains, the Sierra Nevada, marks the eastern limits of the Coast Forest, which gradually disappears south of the thirty-fifth parallel, althoug>i still carried by the liigh ridges of the southern Coast liauge nearly to the soutliern boundary of the United States. The Coast Forest, like tlie forests of the wliole Pacific region, is largely composed of a few coniferous species, generally of wide distribution. The absence of broad- leaved trees in the Pacific region is striking; they nowhere form great forests as in the Atlantic region; when they occur they are confined to tlie valleys of the coast and to the banks of mountain streams, and, economically, are of coinparatively little value or importance. The ■characteristic and most valuable species of the northern Coast Forest are the Alaska cedar {Chamwcyparis), the title-land spruce, and the hemlock. These form the ])rincipal forest growth which covers the ranges and islands of the coast between the sixty-first and the fiftieth ])arallels. Other species of the Coast Forest reach here the northern Jimits of their distribution, although the center of their greatest development is found farther south. The red fir (Pseudotsuga), the most important and widely-distributed timber tree of the Pacific region, reaches the coast archipelago in latitude 51° ; farther inland it extends fully 4 degrees farther north, and in the region of Puget sound and through the Coast Forest of Washington territory and Oregon it is the prevailing forest tree. The characteristic forest of the northwest coast, although represented by several species extending south as far as cape Mendicino, near the fortieth parallel, is replaced south of the Rogue Kiver valley by a forest in which forms peculiar to the south rather than to the north gradually predominate. The forest of the northwest coast reaches its greatest density and variety in the narrow region between the summits of the Cascade Itange and the ocean. North of the fifty-first parallel it gradually deiireases in devsity, and south of the forty-tliird parallel it changes in composition and character. This belt of Coast Forest is only surpassed iu density by that of some portions of the redwood forest of the California coast. The red fir, the great tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the red cedar {Thuya) reach here enormous dimensions. The wide river bottoms are lined with a heavy growth of maple, «ottoiiwood, ash, and alder, the narrow interior valley with an open growth of oak. In tliis great coniferous forest the trunks of trees two or three hundred feet in height are often only separated by the sjiace of a few feet. The ground, shaded throughout the year by the impenetrable canopy of the forest, never becomes dry ; it is densely- covered by a tliick carpet of mosses and ferns, often of enormous size. The more open portions of this forest are choked by an impenetrable growth of various Vaccineiv of almost arborescent proportions, of hazel, tlie vine-maple, and other shrubs. The soil which has produced the maximum growth of forest in this region is, outside the river bottoms, a thin, porous gravel of glacial origin, rarely more than a few inches iu depth ; the luxuriance of vegetiible growth, therefore, illustrates the iuHuence of a lu-avy rainfall and temperate climate upon the forest. The general character of this forest iu the interior, although composed largely of the species peculiar to the coast, difl'ers somewhat from the Coast Forest proper iu composition and largely in natural features. The dense, impenetrable forest of the coast is replaced, east of the summit of the Cascade Kange, by a more «»peii growth, generally largely destitute of undergrowth. The red fir, the hemlock, and the red cedar (Thuya) are still important elements of the forest. Less valuable species of the Coast Forest — the white* fir {Abies grandis), the yew, the alders, the mountain hemlock {Tsuga Pattoniana), the hawthorn, the buckthorn, and the white pine (Pinus monticola) — are still represented. The latter, a local species upon the coast, only reaches its greatest development toward the eastern limit of this region, here forming considerable and important forests. Other species peculiar to the Coast Forest, the uiaples, the ash, the oak, the arbutus, and the Alaska cedar, do not extend east of the Cascades. The tide- ?;! ■'■:?! }:■! II ■') 8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. land spruce is replaced by an allied species of the interior region. The widely-distributed yellow pine {Pinus pondcrosa ), barely represented in the northern i)ortions of the immediate Coast Forest, becomes east of the mountains one of the most important and characteristic elements of the forest. The Coast Forest south of the forty-third degree of latitude changes in .composition. The tide-land spruce, the hemlock, and the Thuya are gradually rej)laced by more soutliorn species. The sugar ])iiie (/'. iyflni/^cr/ /«?(«) here first appears. The California hnxrtiX (Umltellularia) covers wiiU magiiilicent growth the broad river bottoms. The JAbocidrux, several oaks, and the chinquapin here reach the nortliern limits of tlieir distriltuiiun. The change from the northern to the southern forest is marked by the appearance of the Port Orfonl (sedar (t'lutma'ci/paris Lawnoniana), adding variety and value to the forests of the 80uth"rn Oregon coast. Farther soutii, near the northern boundary of Calilbrnia, the redwood forests (iStv/ifom) a] »pear. The Coast Forest of California will be most conveniently discussed under three subdivisions : the forest of the Coast Kange, the forest of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, which, toward the nortliern boundary of the state, extends to the coast, covering the mass of mountains which here unite the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Eangc; and, tliird, the open forest of the long, narrow valleys lying between the Coast Kange and the Sierra Nevada, south of this nortliern connection. The important feature of the Coast IJange, as far south as the thirty- seventh • ^ree of latitude, is the belt of redwood occupying an irregular, interrupted strip of territory facing the ocean, aiul hardly exceeding thirty miles iji width at the points of its greatest development. The heaviest growth of the redwood forest occurs north of the bay of San Francisco, and here, along the sloj)es and bottom of the narrow canons ol the western slope of the Coast IJange, the maximum productive ca])acity of the forest is reached. No other forest of similar extent equals in the amount of material which they contain the groups of redwood scattered along the coast of northern California. The red lir reaches, in the California Coast Itange, a size and value only surpassed in the more northern forests of the coast ; the yellow pine is an important tree in the northern portions of this region, and here thmrish other species of the genus endemic to this region. The forest of the Coast Eaiige is marked by the i)resence within its limits of several species of singularly restricted distribution. Citprcssus macrovarpa and riiius insifinin are confined to a few isolated groves upon the shores of the bay of Monterey; Abies bractcata occupies three or four canons high up in the Santa Lucia mountains; it is found nowhere else; and Pinus Torrcijanu, tlie most local arborescent sjiecies of North America, has been detected only in one or two small groups upon the sand-dunes just north of the bay of San Diego. The diaractcristic forest of the Coast Kange is checked from farther southern develoimient, a little below the thirty-fifth jiarallel, by insuflicient moisture; the scanty forests whicli c'otlie tlie high declivities of the Coast Kange fartlier south belong in composition to the Sierrii forests. The lieavv forest whi(;h covers the western slojies of the Sierra Nevada, a forest only surjiassed in density liy the redwood belt of tlic coast and the fir forest of Paget sound, occupies, in its greatest development, a belt situated between 4, (UK) ami ^, ()()() feet elevation. This forest belt extends from about the l)ase of mount Shasta at the north to the tliirtyfiftli parallel ; farther south it diminishes in density and disajtpears ujion the soutliern ridges of the Coast Kange just north of the southern boundary of California. Its greatest width occurs in nortliern Calilbrnia, wliere to the south of mount Shasta the Sierra system is broken down into a broad mass of low ridges and i)eaks. Tlie characteristic sjiecies of this forest is tlie great sugar jjine (Z\ Lamhertittna), whiirli here reaches its greatest developiiieiit and value, iuid gives unsurpassed beauty to lliis mountain forest. With the sugar pino are associated the red fir, tlie yellow jiine, two noble Abies, the Liboccdrus; and, toward the central jiart of tho state, the great Sequoia, api)earing first in small isolated groujis, aiul then, farther south, near the headwaters of Kern river, in a narrow beU extending more or less continuously for several miles. This heavy forest of tho Sierras, unlike the forest which farther north covers the western flanks of the Cas(;ade Kange, is almost destitute of undergrowth and young trees. It shows the intluence of a warm climate and unevenly distributed rainfall upon forest growth. The trees, often remote from one another, have attained an enormous size, but they have grown slowly. Above this belt tho Sierra forest stretches ujiward to the limits of tree growth. It is here subaliiine and alpine in character and of little economic value. Ditt'erent jiines and firs, the mountain hemlock, and the western juniper are scattered in open stretches of forest upon the high ridges of the Sierras. The forest below the belt of heavy growth gradually becomes more open. Individual trees are smaller, while the number of species increases. The small pines of the upper foothills are mingled with oaks in considerablo variety. These gradually increase in number. Pines are less frequent and finally disappear. The forest of the valleys is composed of oaks, the individuals often widely scattered and of great size, but nowhere forming a continuous, compact growth. The Coast Forest of tho Pacific region, unsurpassed in density, is composed of a comparatively small number of species, often attaining enormous size. It presents the same general features throughout its entire extent, except as modified by the climatic conditions of tho regions which it covers. The species which compose this forest range through nearly 20 degrees of latitude, or northern species, are replaced in the south by closely allied forms ; and, as in the Atlantic region, the southern species far exceed in number those peculiar to the north. The Interior Forest extends from the southern limits of the northern subarctic forest to the plateau of northern Mexico ; it occupies the entire region between the eastern limits of the Pacific Coast Forest and the extreme western limits of the Atlantic region. The forests of this entire region, as compared with the forests east and west of it, are stunted and remarkable in their poverty of composition. They are conflued to the high slopes GENERAL REMARKS. 9- ami cano'js of the numerous mountain ranges composing tlio interior region, while tbo valleys are treeless, or, outside of tho narrow river bottoms, nearly trtn-less. The interior forest attains its greatest (levelo|)nient and C'onsideraole importance upon the western slope of the California Sierras and ui)on the flanks of the high i)eak8 of the houthcrn IJocky Mountain system, from C!()lorado, where the timber line reaches an extrenu' elevation of 13,500 feet, to southern New Jlexieo and western Arizona. The minimum in North American finest development, outside the absolutely treeless regions, botii in the number of species and in liie proportion of forest (o entire area, is found south of tiie l>hie mountains of Oregon, in tiie arid region between the ^Vahsat(•h mountains and the Sierra Nevada, known as the Great Basin. Here the ojjcn, stunted tbrest is etudined to the highest i idges and slopes of the infrequent canons of the low mountain ranges which occui)y. with a geneial north and south trend, this entire region. The individuals which compose tills forest are small, aKlioiigh oiien of immense age, and everywhere show the maiks of a severe struggle for existence. Seven arborescent sj)ecies only have been detected in the forests of the northern and central jxtrtions of this region. The mountain mahogany {Cciroairptin), the only broad-leaved species of the region, with the exception of the aspen, which throughout the entire interior legion borders, above an elevation of 8,000 feel, all nuntntain streams, reaches here its greatest develoi)nrent. This tree, with the i\nt piiu- {I'iuus monophyUa), characterizes this region. Stuided .juni]iers an; scattered over the lowest slopes of the mountains, or farther south often cross the high valleys, and cover with o])en growth the iiur.as, as the lower foot-hills are locally known. An oi)en forest of arboresceid yuccas ( 3'«(t« bnvijhliit) i\]Hni the high Mojave plateau is a characteristic and i)eculiar feature of the llora of this inteiior region. The red lir and the yellow ])im>, widely distributed tin ighout the Pacific region, do not occur u]>on the mountain ranges of the Cheat Basin. The heavy forests of the interior region, found along the western slopes of the California Sierras and uixin the L'ocky .Mountain system, are, for the most part, situated south of the Ibrty .second degree of latitmlc. The forests of the whole northern interior portion of the continent, outside the region occui>ied in the northern liocky mountains by the eastern development of the Coast Forest, feel the inlluenceof insutlicient moist lue; the number of sjucies of which they ai'c comirosed is not large; the iiulividiials are often small and stunted, while the forests are open, seat tt red, without luulergrowth, and couliued to the canons and high slopes of the monntains. The most generally distributed species of this northern region, a scrub pine [Piiius jVurrai/ano), occui>ies vast areas, almost to the exclusion of other species, and is gradually taking possessii)n of gi'iuiud cleared by tire of more valuable trees. South of the lU'ty- secoud parallel the red tir {I'sciKJotniind) aiul the yellow pine {riiniH jwuchrosa) aiii)ear; with them is associated, in the Blue mountains and in some of the ranges of the northern Kocky mountains, the western larch (/.((/•('.)■ ocfidiiifdiis), the largest and most valuable tree of tlu' Columbian basin. The Ibrest covering the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada consists almost exiilusively of various si)ecies of l>iiu>, olten of great size ami value. The characteristic sjiccies of this region an^ tiie yellow jiine and the closely- allied rinns Jiffrci/i, here reaching its greatest develoitment. The red lir is absent from this forest, while the oaks, nniltiiilied in many forms on the western slopes of these mountains, have here no re[)resentative. The forests of the .southern IJocky .Mountain region, less heavy and less generally distributed than those of the western sh)pc of the Sierras, are, as compared with those of the (ireat Basin, heavy, dense, and valuable. They owe their existence to the comi)aratively large preeii)itatiou of moisture distributed over this elevated region. The characteristic species of the (Jolorado mountains is a spruce (l'ifclatean. Extensive forests of a cypress of Mexican origin also characterize this mountiiin vegetation. The bottoms of the canons are lined with u dense growth of cottonwood, Imckberry, a noble sycamore, an ash, n cherry, iiiid other deciduous trees. The high foot-hills and vicHds are covered witli open groves of various oaks jieculiar to the Mexican-Pacidc region, here reaching, within the United States at least, their greatest development. Such are some of the prominent forest features of North Aniericu; a dense forest, largely coinimsed, except at the north, of a grent variety of broad leaved species, and extending from the Atlantic sea-board in one nearly unbroken sheet until cheeked by insullieient moisture from further western deveioiunent — the forest of the Atlantic region ; a, forest of (umilers, oceui)ying tiie ranges of the great Cordilleran mountain system, unsurpassed in density in the humid climate of the coast, open and stunted in the arid interior — the forest of tiie raeitic region. A more detailed examination of the distribution of North American arborescent genera and species will serve to illustratti the wealth of the forests of the Atlantic and the (!oinparative poverty of those of the Paciflc region. It will show, too, more clearly how widely the forests of these two great regions difier in composition. DISTUniTTlON OF GENEKA. The Ibrests of North America contain arborescent representatives of 158 genera; 142 genera occur in the Atlantic and 59 genera in the Pacific region. Of the Atlantic genera, 48 are not represented in the United States outside the semi-tropical region of Florida. The following table illustrates the distribution of these genera; the genera of semi-tropical Florida are designated by a •. I !i Magnolia Liriodendron . Asiniiua *Anona *Capparis "Cauella •Cliisia Gordouia Frtimontia Tilia •ByrsHiiinia ... "Giiaiacum Porliera , Xaiitlioxylum Ptelia Cauotia 'Simaruba •Biiraora •Amyris "Swictenia •Ximenia Ilex Cyrilla Cliftonia Euonyinus *Mygiuda , •Scha'fferia *Reyuosia Coiidalia lihamiiiis CeanotUus •Coliibrina iEscnlus Uugiiadia Sapiiidus *Hypelato Acer Nogiindo Ehus Pintacia Genera Genera represented reurcHented by arbo- : by arbo- rescent ' reacent species in • species in the Atlantic the Pariflo region. region. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V y/ V V V V V. V j Eysenbardtia . . Dalca Robinia I Oluoya |*Pi8cidia I Cladrastis , Sophora ' GymnocladuH.. i Gleditschia j Parkinsonia . . . j Cercis ' Prosopis 1 Leuciena I Acacia .' •Lysiloma •Pithecolobinm . *ChrysobaIanu8 , I Prunus j Vauquolinia... Cercocarpus . . . Pyrus Cratotgus Hetcromeles... Amclanchicr ... Hamamelis Liquidambar . . Rhizophora "Conocarpus 'LagUDCularia.. "Calyptranthes . 'Eugenia Cereus Cornus Nyssa Sambucus Viburnum , 'Exostumma Piuckneya ..... *Genipa , 'Guettacda Genera i Genera represented represented by arbo- j by arbo- rescent I icBcent species in | species In tlie Atlantic the Paciflc region. region. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V GENERAL REMARKS. 11 Viicciiiiiim AndroiiKMlii Arbutiw OxydiMulrum ... Kaliiiia Rhixioiluiitlroii .. •Myrsini' •AnliNia *,Iu(;(|iiiiiiu *ChryK(H>li.vlliim . 'iSiduroxyloii •DipholiH DHiiieliu *MiiiinHO|m Di<)H|>yr()H Syinj)l I'lH-itli' rogloti. I i('<:uiii. V V V V V V V V V V V V V V yA V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Quercus. Taxus. Betula. Torreya Aluns. Pinus. Salix. Picca. Populus. Tsiga. Thuya. Abios. Chanuecyparis. Larix. Junipcrus. Yucca. • V V V V V V ^/ V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Tl'-i following genera, 44 in number, of the Atlantic region, exclusive of those of semi-tropical Florida, are not represented in the Pacific forest : Magnolia. C'liftouia. Rfaizophora. Forcstiera. Madura. Liriodcndrou. Pistacia. Nycsa. Chiouantlius. Caryii. Asiuiina. Cladrastis. Vil)urnura. Osuiuiithus. Castauea. Gordonia. Sophora. Piuckuoya. Cordia. Fagus. Tilia. CTyiunocladua. Audroineda. Catalpa. Ostrya. Porlier.i. Glcditschia. Oxydeudrum. Pcrsca. Car)>iuus. Xanthoxylum. Louctcna. Diospyros. Sassafras. Taxodium Ilox. Hamamolis. Symplocos. Ulmus. Sabal. Cyrilla. Liquidambar. Halosia. Planera. 12 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. The following gcuera of the Atlantic region, 9 in nninl)pr, iiro loprcscntotl in the Pacilh! Horn by one or uioro frutcHcent, bnt by no arborescent, species : EnonyniiiH. Klnis. Ccrcis. Ainoliiucbivr. Viliunnnii. Vnci'iiiuin, Kaliiilit. UluKloilftidrnii. I'tprt'Hlit'iii, I'lvlia, Coiidaliu, iSaphidus, liobinia, Iliimclin, Crllis, Morns, and ilidjUtux, jjenera rcaehin},' tlieir Kreatost dovelopnient in North America in th(* Atlantic rejiion. extend with a siii;;le arl)()res(!('nt reitreseiitative info tlie I'acilic region, lihomnxot, j'Enciihis, Aver, .\ti()iiHpsiH. Lilioi'o(liii». Cupressus. StMpioia. i'H<>u(l(itsiif;a. WuMliingtoniii. The following gentra of the Paeifle, 3 in nnnd)er, are rei)resented in the Atlantic region by frutescent species: Coaiiiillms. Dalca. Ct-reus. « The Atlantic forest, exclusive of semi-troi)ieal Fhnida, contains 45 genera entirely inirei)resented in the Pacific region and 7 genera without Pacitic arborescent reiiresentativcs. The Pacili(; forest contains 13 genera unrepresented in the Atlantic region and .'> genera without Atlantic arl)i)re.scenl rei)re.sentatives. Tlie following geiu'ra of the Mexican region, 14 in nundtcr, are uut elsewhere represented in North Annrica. Geneia with arborescent rei)resentatives in Ixitli liie Atlantic- and I'acilie-Mexiean regions are designated by a star (*) : l\M'liria. I'istacia. OUirya. .Acacia. "riiilophis. Canotia. 'l.ysciiliaidtia. "I'arKiiisniiia. Vaiiiiiicliiiia. Wasliiiigtoiiia. "I'li.^iia.lia. l>;ili'a. l.ciicaiui. C'.Tciis. I'iiriivra and Lcnacna belong to the Atlantic: Canotia, J)alr((. Olmi/a, Vaiiquclinia, CcrcKS, and Washingtonia to tin' I\uilic region. DISTIMIU'TIOX OF SPF.t'lES. In tlie forests of North America 412 ail)oifS(;i'iit sjiccics have been detected; of these, 202 species belong to the .Vllaiilic region, mid J.-|.> occur witiiin tiie limits of tlie Pacillc region. tSjiecies common to the tv.o legions are rare; they are jnincipally coiilliied to the subarctic Noitliern I'\)re»t and to the narrow belt along the .sonthern boundary of the I'liited States. The following species, 1(1 in number, ci'oss the contiiiciit: .■^aiiiliiiciis Mcxicaiia. Salix Iiiiif^ildlia. t'opuliis lialsaiiiircra. I'icca allia. I'liliila iiapyrilVra. I'liimliis trciniiloiili's. .Jiiiiiiicriis N'ir.niiilaim. Viicca lia<-cata. I'rosopis jiiliflora, ISaiiibucvs Mc.ricana, and Yucca haccata belong to the Mexu-an Horn of the .south; SaVtx lontjifolia al u) belo]igs here, although extending noithward into the Atlantic and through the Pacific Coast region of the Un' I States. Popuhts balsam i/cro, Jlctula papyrifcra, iind Picca alba bidong to the Northern Forest. Pyrits I'aiii joUa, Popiiliis trcmuloiilcs and Jiinipcnis Viniiiiiana are widely distributed through the central portions ol liit Vtlantic and Pacitic regions; they are the only resdly continental arbores(!ent species. The following species of the Atlantic region, 1.5 in number, extend from the Atlantic into the Pacific region : I'lii.sDliis Jiilillora. l'\ Ills saiiiliMcirolia. rtdia tiifoliata. C'oiiilalia oliovata. .Sapiiiiliis uiar^inutiis. UiiHiiadia Kjiociosa. Xcjjuii'lo ac(!ioiilcs. Parti iiisoiiia aciili'ata. I'ninus AiiK.'i.caiia. I'runuH Pcnnsvlvauica. Crata'gus tomcnlosa. FraxiiuiH viri(lin. Ccltiij occidcntalis. Morns niicropliylla. Quprt'tis Einoryi. Alniis iiicaiia. Salix nigra. PtcUa tri/oliata, a widely distributed species of tl.e Atlantic region, extends through western Texas into the extreme southeastern i)ortion of the Pacific region. Condalia obovata, Ungnadia spcciom, ParJdnsoicia aculeata, MoruH microplii/lla, and QiicrciiH Emoryi, of the Atlantic-]\Iexicaii forest, extend into the Pacilic-Mexican region. Sapindus marginatiis, of the southern Atlantic region, extends through western Texas to tlie Paciflc-Mexican region. Prunus Americana, Primus Pcnnsylvanica, and Almts incana, widely distributed through the northern portions of the Atlantic region, just reach the eastern limits of the central Pacific region. Xegundo aceroides, Crataegus lomcntosa, Fraxinm riridis, and Celiia occidcntalis are widely distributed through, the interior Pacific region, although nowhere reaching the coast. GENERAL REMARKS. 13 Acac'iii Qro^Kii- KriixiiiU8 iiiHtuciwI'uUu. CllilopHiH Hllli^llll. Jtigluns rupi-HtriH. JiiiiipcriiH occitlt'iitalis, .1 1111 i ptTiiH pii<'1i.Y)ili Kni. The followiiiR species of the Puciflc region, 8 in number, extend through the Mexican into the Athintic region : KyHonliitriltiit iirthocarpii. I'roHopiN piiht-HCunH. JuijUinH rupcHtriH and JunipiruH ocvltiatl'ilin reach tlieir groatcst dcvelo|nncnt in tlu< l'acill(r CoiiHt region, and extend tlirough the J'acillc-Mexican region into western Texas; no other species are common to tlie I'acillc Coast forest and tlie Atlantic-Mexican region. The 0 remaining racilic-Athintic species belong to the I'acillcMexican region, Just reaching western Texas. The following species of the Southern Paeillc region extends into the Atlantic region: SuHx amytjduloido.H. Tlie following species of the Pacific forest, 12 in number, endemic to the interior arid region, do not extend beyond its limits: Ai' {{raiididt'iituluiu. Cratii'guH riviiluriH, I'opulus angUHtit'uUa. I'iuuH iiiouopliylla. lioliiiiiik Nfo-Mrxifaiin. l''raxiniiM aiioiiiala. Pimm llexilis. I'ici-a ihiii^ciih. CevfdcarpuH Icilifoliiis. QuorciiH uiidiilata. Pimis I'diilis. Yucca brevilolia. A detailed examination of the distribution of the avboresceut species composing the North American forests shows that — Mdl/noUd is represented by seven Atlantic species, with the center of its distribution in the southern Alleghany region. Lirlotlendron is represented by a single species, widely distributed through the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region. Asintina is represented by a single widely-distributed arborescent species and by three frutescent species of the Atlantic region. AitDna, Capparis, Canelhi, and CIiinhi are rei)resented each by a single seini-troi)ical spci'ies. Gordonia is represented by two species of the southern Atlantic region, one of wide distribution, the other rare and local. J-'/WHOH/m, a geinis endemic to the Pacific ri'gion, is represented by a single siicei's of the southern Pacific Coast region. TlUa is represented by two Atlantic sjieeies, with its center of distribution in the southern Alleghany region. BursoiiiiiKi is rei)resented l)y a single semi-tropical species. Guaiaciim is represented l)y a single semi-tropical species. Porliera is represented by a single species of the Atlantic-^Mexican region. Xanthoxtilmn is represented by two species of the Atlantic region, by a semi-tropical s|>ecies, and by a second semi tropical sjiecies which reaches the Atlantic-Mexican region. Pti7ta is represented l>y a single arborescent species of wide distribution in the Atlantic, reaching also the Pacific region, where a frutescent sjiecies occurs, and by a second frutescent species of the .south Atlantic region. Canotia, a genus endemic to the Pacific-.Mexican region, is represented by a single species. Simariiba, Aniijris, Swictenii, Ximcnia, are »'acli rejiresented l)y a single .semi-tropical siiecies. Buritera is rei)re.sented by a single semi-tropical species and by a second frutescent species of the Pacific- Mexican r«'gion. Ilex, an Atlantic genus, is represented by four arborescent and .several frutescent species, with its center of distribution in the southeru Atlantic region. CijnUa and Cli/tonia are each represented l)y a single si)ecies of the southeru Atlantic region. Euonynuis is rei)resented by a widely-distributed arborescent species in the Atlantic, and by a frutescent species iu both the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Mj/f/inda, Scha'fferia, and Eeynosia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. GondaUa is represented by one semi-tropical and by one species of the xVtlantic-Mexican reaching the Pacific- Mexican region. , Bhammts is represented by one arborescent and by one frutescent species in the Atlantic, by two arborescent and one frutesceut species in the Pacific region, and by one frutescent species common to the two regions. Ceanothus is represented by a single arborescent species iu the Pacific Coast region and by several frutescent species widely distributed through the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. Cobibrina is represented by a single semi-tropical species. ^sculus is represented by two arborescent and by three frutescent species in the Atlantic, and by an arbo. - ent species iu the Pacific region. Ungnadia, an endemic genus of the Atlantic-Mexican region, and just reaching the Pacific-Mexican region, is represented by a single species. Sapindus is represented by one species widely distributed through the southern Atlantic, and reaching the Pacific region, and by one semi-tropical species. Acer is represented by live Atlantic and four Pacific species. Negundo is represented by one species widely distributed through the Athintic and the Pacific regions and by .ft second species iu the Pacific region. u ■'5 I I i'! II miiiiii imiiii imiiiiiri 14 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 'f;i .1:^ Rhus is represented by five arborescent species ia the Atlantic ane(^ies in the Atlantic and by several frutescent species in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. ExoHtemma is represented by a single semi-tropical species. Pinckntya, an endemic genus oi the southern Atlantic region, is there represented by a single species. Qenipa is represented by a single semi-tropicnl sitectes. GENERAL REMARKS. 15 Ovettarda is represented hy o\w arborescent and by one frntescent semi-tropical species. Vacdnium is represented by one arborescent species in the Atlantic and by several frntescent spe<'ies in the Atlantic and tlie Pacific regions. Andromeda is represented by an arborescent and several frntescent sjjecies in the Atlantic rejjion. Arhiitiis is reoresented by on«-, species in the Pacilic Coast, by a second species in the PacillcMexican, and by o,ie species in the Atlantic-Mexican rej>ion. Oxiiih'ndi tiiii, an endemic penns of the Atlantic region, is there represented by a single sjtecies. Kalniid is represented by one arborescent species and by three frntescent species in the Atlantic region, of which one extends to the Pacific region. Khododendnm is lepresented by one aiborescent and by several frntescent species in the Atlantic and by several frntescent siteciea in the Pacific region. MyiKinr, Ardinui, Javquhiia, Cltrysophi/llum, ISvleroxylon, and TUpholin are each repiesented by a single semi- tropical species. liumeUa is represented by fonr species in the Atlantic and by one species in the Pacific-Mexican region. Minuisops is represented by one semi tropical species. Dioxpyron is represented by one species ir the Atlantic and by one in the Atlantic-Mexican region. tS!/m2)locos is represented by one species In the sontheri' Atlantic region. Ilaknia is represented by two arborescent and by one frntescent species in the sonthern Atlantic region. FrajiiiuH, with its center of distribntion in the southern Atlantic region, is n-presented by seven sj)ecies in the Atl^'utic, U" wiiich one extends into the Pac'fic region, and one belongs to the Mexican region, and by three arborescent and one frntescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the Mexican region. Forcntkra is represented by one arborescent and seven frntescent species in the Atlantic region, of which one reaches the Mexican-Pacific region. Chionanthus and Osmanthits are each represented by a single species in the sonthern Atlantic region. Cordia is represented by one arborescent and by one frntescent senu-tropical species and by one arborescent and one frntescent spe<;ie8 in tlie Atlantic Mexican region. Bouncria and Ehretia are each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Catalpa is represented by two species in the southern Atlantic region. Chilopsin is represented by a single species in the Pacific-Mexican region, extending into the Atlantic-Moxicaa region. Crcucoitin, Citharerylum, and Avicennia are each represented by a single semi tropical species. Pisonia is represented by one arborescent and by two frntescent semi-tropical species. Voccololm is represented by two !^enli-tropical species. Pcmca is represented by one species in the sonthern Atlantic region. ycctandra is rei)resented by one semi-tropical species. liassa/'ras is represented by one widely-distributed species in the Atlantic region. UihJ illiiluria is represented by n single 'species in tiie Pacific Coast region. Drypete.1, Sebaxtiania, and Ilippomaiie arc each represented by a single semi-tropical species. Ulmiix, with its center of distribution in the Mississippi basin, is represented in the Atlantic region by fi\e species. Plaiierii is represented by a single species in the sonthern Atlantic region. 6>/r!.v is represe:.ted by a single polymorphous npecies of wide distribution in the Atlantic region, extending into the Pacific region, anitiinopi>i)i is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coaat region. 16 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Cnstanea is represented by two species in the Atlantic region. Fagus, Oatrya, and Carpinua are each represented by a single widely-distributed species in tbe Atlantic region. Betula, with its center of distribution in the northern Atlantic region, is represented by one arborescent and by one frutesceut species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by four arborescent and one frutescent species iu the Atlantic region, and by one arborescent species in the Pacific region. Alnm is represented bv three arborescent species in the Atlantic, of which one extends to the Pacific region, by three arborescent species in the Pacific region, and by two frutesceuc species common to the Atlantic and tbe Pacific regions. Salix is represented in the Atlantic region by five arborescent species, of which three are found in the Pacific region, and by many frutescent species. This genus is represented iu the Pacific regiou by ten arborescent and by many frutescent species. Populus is represented by two species common tc the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by three species in the Atlantic region , and by three species in the Pacific region. Lihocedrm is represented by a single species in the Pacific Coast region. Tliv.i/a is represented by one species in the Atlantic and by one species iu the Pacific regiou. Chamwcyparis is represen ted by one species in the Atlantic and by two species iu the Pacific Coast regiou. Ciipresms is represented by four si-ccies iu the Pacific region, of which three occur iu the coast aiul one in the Mexican regiou. Jun'tpcrus is repres"uted by one arborescent species in the Atlantic region, by three arborescent species in the Pacific, of which one belongs to the Pacific-Mexican and one extends to the Atlantic-Mexican region, and by two frutescent species common to both region*:. Tnxoilium is represented by a single species in the southerij Atlantic region. Sequoia, an endemic genus of the Pacific Coast region, is there represented by two sjtecies. Taxun is rei>reseuted by an exceedingly local arborescent species iu the southern Atlantic region, by a frutescent species in the northern Atlantic region, ami by an arborescent 8i)ecies in the Pacific Coast regiou. Torrnja is rei»reseutey two sjtecies in the Atlantic and by two s|)ecies in the Pacific region. J'.sfiitlotsiitjii, an endemic genus of the Pacific region, is there represented by a single widely-distributed species. Abies is represented by one wi«lely-distributeu and by one exceedingly local species in the Atlantic region and by seven species in tlu> Pacific region, of which one is exceedingly local. Ldrif is represented by one si)ecies in tlie Atlantic and by two s]»ecies in the Pacific regiou. Snhtil is represented by a single species in the southern Atlantic regiou. Wanliiiifitonia is rei)reseuteil by a single species iu the Pacific Jlexican regiou. Thrinax is rei>resented by two semi-tropical species, and Oreodoxa by one. Yucca is represented by one arborescent and one frutesceut species common to the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by one arborescent and by two frutescent species iu the Atlantic, and by two arborescent and by one frutesce;:t species in the Pacific region. A CATALOGUE OF THE FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EXCIUSIVE OF MEXICO, WITH REMARKS UPON THEIR SYNONYMY, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY, DKTRIBUTION, ECONOMIC VALUE, AND USES. von 17 , '""miBL- mji-La>.i.iLjmu!-jim M': t M :^l. ■li;; J 4 ■ m : SI' i^ ^'i 1 J 'Hi FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Sj)ocic8 which grow from the ground with ii siuglc stem, either wholly or over a lurge portion of the area of their distribution, are admitted as trec« into the following catah)gue, without reference to the height or size they may attain. The line whicli divides trees from slirubs is entirely arbitrary, and is often unsatisfactory in application. A separation of this nature, however, based upon habit rather than upon size, is perhaps less objectionable, all things considered, than any other, and serves at least to keep this catalogue within reasonable limits. The word "compact", used in the description of various woods mentioned in the catalogue, indicates that they ebow no tendency to rheck or open in drying, and does not refer to their structure. 18 mu I CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. MAGNOLIACE^. the area of >r size they cation all things that they 1. — Magnolia grandiflora, LinuaiUB, 8pec.2ed. 755.— Marshall, Arbustum,84.-rAm.Ge\V!ii;li. t. 18 J, 18i;.— Wultir, 1"1. Caioliniiina, 158.— Gicrtiier, Fruct. i, 343, t. 70.— B.S. Barton, Coll. i, 13 ; ii, 20 — Aiton, Hort. Kow. ii, 251 ; 2 m\. iii, :W9.— Bartraiii, 'ftravels, 2 ed. 82.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 672 ; Tl. iii, 35, t. 490. — Mmncb, Mcth. 274. — Willileuow, Spoo. ii, 12.")5; Knuiii. i, ,>'\). — Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Ain. i, 327. — Nouvoaii Dubamcl, ii, 219, t. 65. — Deslbutaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 5. — Robin, VnyaftOH, iii. 2tt). — Andrews, Hot. Ki.'p. viii, t.olh. — Tit lord, Ilort. Bot. Am. 76. — Micbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 71,t. 1; N. Auiericai- Sylva,:{ od. ii,H,t.51. — I'lir.sli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, :W0. — Niittall, Genera, ii, 18; Sjlva, i,81; 2 ed. i, 3(i.— Do Candollo, S.vst. i,450 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 11(>.— Klliott, .Sk. ii, :!(!.— Lixldiges, l?ot. Cub. t. 814.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,G42. — Audubon, Birds, t. 5,32. — Ratiuesciue, lied. Bot. ii,32. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 82.— '".aton, Mann il, (>od.218. — Croom in Am. Jonr. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 314. — London, Arboretum, :, 21>1 «.t t. — Hooker, .Jour. Bot, i, I8s. — Katon &■ Wriijlit, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. vii, 470.— Dietrich. Syu. iii, 308.— Serin<;e, Fl. .Tavd. iii, 22.").— Darl>y, Bot. S. States, 210. — Cooper in .Sniitlisonian Rep. 18.")8, 250. — Cbaiiman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Oeolofjieal Surv. N. Carolina, 18(>0, iii, 6(').— Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24.— Poreher, Kesimrces S. Fore>ts, :}8.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 133, 1". 105-169.— Koch, Dendroloj^ic, i, 367. — Yonu^, Bot. Texas, 148. — Vusoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. Virginiana, var. fi. fatida, Linnmus, Spec, i ed. 536, in part. M. grandijiora, var. elUptka ami obovatu, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380. M. grandijiora, var. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 380.— Bot. Mag. t. 1952.— Eaton, Maumil,6ed.218. BIG LAUREL. BULL BAY. Caiie Fear river, Xorth Carolina, south near the coast to Mosciuito inlet, and Tampa bay, Florida; ba.siu of the Mississippi river south of hititude 32° 30', oxteinMug westward to southwestern Arkansas, and along the Texas coast to the val'ej of the Brazos river. One of ti)d most magnificent trees of the Atlantic forest, evergreen, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 ii'.'jter in diameter ; reaching its greatest development on the " bluft" formations along the eastern bank of the Misf.>8aippi river from V'icksburg to Natchez, and of western Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0300; ash, 0.53 ; little need except as fuel; suitable for interior finish, f'ue cabinet work, etc. 2. — Magnolia glauca, Linmcug, Spec. 2 ed. 755.— Knlm, Travels, English ed. i, 204. — Schoepf, Mat. Med. Am. 91. — Marshall, Arbustam, 83. — Waugenheim, Amer. 60, 1. 19, f. 46.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 158.— B. S. Barton, (Jell, i, 13; ii, 20.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 251; 2ed.iii, 329.— Mojneh, Meth. 274.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1256; Euum. i, 579.— Schkuhr, Handb. ii, 1441, t. 148.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 223, t. 66. — Deslbntaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 5.— Titl'ord. Hort. Bot. Am. 76. — Bouplaud, PI. Malm. KK!, t. 42. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,77, t.2; N. American Sylva, 3ed. ii, 12, t. 52. — I'nrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,381. — Eaton, Manu.il, 6 ed. 218.— Bigelow, Med. Bot.ii,67,t.27; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 244.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.. 59; Med. Bot. i, 77, t. 7; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 215.— Do Candolle, Syst. i, 452; Prodr. i, 80.- Hayno, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Bot. Mug. t. 2164.— Sprengel, Syst. 642.— Torroy, Con.pend. Fl. N. States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 17, t.5.— Audubon, Birds, t. 118. — lialiuesqiie, Med. Bot. ii, 34. — Don, Miller's Dict.i, 82. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Hooker, '.lour. Bot. i, 188.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Sertum Uotanicum, v &, t.— Beichenbach, Fl. Exot. v, 37, t. 342.— Lindloy, Fl. Med. 23.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 42.— Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. hot. 9<), f. .'i<).— Loudon, Arboretum, i,267 & t. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts. 527 ; 2 ed.ii,603 & t.— Seringc, Fl. .lard, iii, 22(>. — Gray, Genera, i,61,t.a3; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49.— Schnizleiu, Icon. t. 170.— Darlingt cd.SlH. M. glaiica, var. longifolia, Alton, Hort. Kow. 2<'d. iii, 330.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, ;iei.—Eaiinefiiue, Fl. Ludovicianu, 91. — Hayuo, Deud. Fl. IIC. — Eaton, Manual, (J cd. 21rt. ^ « w m^ ij'iit I'll* i m i 'I! J i .).'» II fi ;. 't SWEET BAY. WHITE BAY. BEAVEK TREE. WHITE LAUREL. SWAMP LAUREL. Cape Ann, MassJichusetts; New Jersey southward, generally near tbe coast, to bay Biscayne and Tampa bay, Florida; basin of the Mississippi river south of latitude .{5°, extending west to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its ncutheruliuiits reduced to a low shrub; swamjjs or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula ami along the low sandy banks of i)iue-barren streams of the Gulf states. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; .s])eciflc gravity, 0.5035 ; ash, 0.47 ; in the Gull" states sometimes used in the manufacture of broom handles and smAll woodenware. The dried bark, especially of the roor, of this species and of M. acuminata and M. Umbrella is included in the American j1/«/erirt jl/t'rfjm, furnisiiing an aromatic tonic and si imulant used in intermittent and remittent fevers ; a tincture made by macerating the fresh fruit or bark in brandy is a popular remedy for rheumatism {U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 507. — Xat. Dinpensatortj, 2 ed. 891). 3. — Magnolia acuminata, Linuojua, Spec. M. ed. -,->(>.— Marshall, Arlmstuiu, H:!. -Walter, Fl. Caroliniaiia, l.V.).— H. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13.— Aiton, Hort. Ki'w. ii, ;.'r)l ; 2 ed. iii, 331. — Lumarek, Diet, iii, (iTI. — Willdenow, .Spee. ii, l-Jo7 ; Eiiiiin. i, ."i79. — Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 329. — Nouvean Duhiiniel, ii, 222. — Dest'ontaines, Hist. Arl>. ii,,'>. — Michaux f. Hist. Arl). Am. iii, &i, t. 3; N. American S.vlva, 3 ed. ii, l.'>, t. 53. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, :t81.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 4r)3; Prodr. i, 80.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 418.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Bot. Ma;;, t. 2427.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 37.— Kalinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Guimpel. Otto & Hiiyne, Al)b. llolz. 18, t. 17.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 042.— Torrey, Couiiiend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. X. York, i, 28.— Ralinescpie, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Bcek, Bot. 15.— Sertnni Botaniiuim, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, ^3. — RiMcheubaeh, Fl. Exot. t. 2.">1. — Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 218. — Loudon, Arboretinu, i, 273 & t.— Eaton &, Wriglit, Bot. 312.— Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Grillitli, Med Bot. 98.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. IH^tS, 2.'')0.— Chapman, Fl. 8. Str.tcs, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, ISliO, i;i, 07. — Wood, CI. Boi Ii, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24. — Porelier, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Baillou, Hist. PI. i, 140.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5. od. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Young, Bot. Toxaa, 149.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 0.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 od. 891.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 58. M. Virginiana, var. e. Linnajus, Spec. 1 cd. 530. M. DeCandollii, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t. Tulipastrum Americanum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. Western Kew York to southern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama (Stockton, Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the state (Texarkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, and Pike counties). A large tree, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trpuk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4090; ash, 0.29; used for pump-logs, water- troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc. 4. — Magnolia cordata, Miclmux, V\. Bor.-Am. i, 328.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 od. iii, 331.— Poin^t, Suppl. iii, .'547.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am, iii, 87, t. 4; N. Aincricon Sylva, 3 cd. ii, 18, t. 54.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, .■i82.— Lindli-y, Bot. Reg. iv, t. 325.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— Do Candollo. Syst. i, 455; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 118.— Elliott, S.i, ii, 38.— Loddige.s, Bot. Cab. t. 474.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, t)42.— Raiines(|uo, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 218.— Sertnni Botanu;uni, v & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Keichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 250. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 275 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 308.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. ia'>8, 2.')0. —Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 14.— Curtis in Rop. Oecdogical Snrv. N. Carolina, 18(iO, iii, 08.— Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Koch, Dundrologie, i, 371.— Vosoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 0. Tulipastrum An^ericanum, var. subcordattim, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 31 CUCUMBER TREE. Boutbern Alleghany Mountain region, near Augusta, Georgia {MiehauXf Elliott), head of Sipsey creek, " valley of Davidson creek", Winston county, Alaban;a (Mohr). A tree 22 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods ; very rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.4139; ash, 0.32. 5. — Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux, FI.Boi'.-Aiu. i, 327. — Nonveau Dul^amol, ii, 2'il. — DesfoutaineB, Hist. Arb. ii,5.— Aiton, Hort. Kcw. 2 cU. iii, ISltl. — Poirut, Siippl. iii, 573.— Micbivux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 99, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, ii, 26, t. 57.— Bouplaud, PI. M.ilm. 84, t. ;?:{.- Piirsli, Fl. Am. Si'pt. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Gi'iiera, ii,18; Sylva, i, 83; 2 ed. i,99.— DcCaiKlolle,Sy8t. 1, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— But. Mag. t. 2189.— Hayiie, Dfud. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Spreiigel, Syst. ii, G42.— Raflncsqne, Metl. Bot. ii, 31, t. 62.— Katun, Manual, (i cd. 218.— Soi'tum Botauicupi, v & t.— Dun, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Groom in Am. Jonr. Sci. 1 scr. xxv, 76. — Rciohcnbat'h, Fl. Exot. ii, 44, t. 139. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 271 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312. — Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i,43. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 479.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98, f. 57.— Dprby,Bot. S. States, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Seringe, Fl. .lard, iii, 230. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67. — Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 49.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 374.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. LARGE-LEAVED CUCUMBER TREK. Forth Carolina, eastern base of the Alleghany mountains (Iredell and Lincoln counties); southeastern Kentucky southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabjima, extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Louisiana; central Arkansas (Garland, Montgomery, Hot Springs, and Sebastian counties). A tree G to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.00 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.5309 ; ash, 0.35. 6. — Magnolia Umbrella, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 673. — Nouvean Duhamel, ii, 221. — Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 80. — Loiselenr, Herb. Amut. iii, t. 198. — Sprenf^ol, Syst. ii, 642. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43. — Spach, Hist. Veg. vii, 47!). — Dietricb, Syn. iii, 308. — Seringo, Fi. Jard. iii, 227. — Gray, Genera, i, 62, t. 24; Proc. Linmean Soc. ii, 106, f. 1-18; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 13.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67.— Wood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 25. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. Virginiana, var. tripetala, Linnajus, Spec, l ed. 536. M, tripetala, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. 756.— Marshall, Arbustum, 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 159.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 2.'')2; 2 ed. iii, 331.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 1258; Enum. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 327.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, .'i.— Do Candolle, Syst. i, 452.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 90, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 20, t. 5.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84; 2 ed. i, 100.— Guinipel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 20, t. 18.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 116.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 38.— Torroy, Compend Fl. N. States, 221.— Rafines(|ue, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98.— Loutlon, Arboretum, i, 269, t. 5.— Darby, Bot. o. States, 211.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 37».— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891. UMBRELLA TREE. ELK WOOD. Southeastern Pennsylvania, south\\ard along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama (Prattville, Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee; in central (Hot Springs) and Bouthwestern Arkansas (Fulton, valley of the Red river, Harvey). A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, wiui a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 meter in diamtter; rich, shady hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, the heavier sap-wood iiearly white; specific gravity, 0.4487; ash, 0.20. FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Mi 7. — Magnolia Fraseri, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, i, 59 & t.— Torroy &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4H.— Walpers, Rep. i, 70.— Dietrich, 8yn. iii, 308.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 14.— Curtis in Hep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1S60, iii, 68.-\Vood, CI. Book, 214; Bot. & Fl. 25.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 49. — Koch, Dondrologio, i, 372. — Vnsey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. M. auriculata, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 073.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 337.— VVilldenow, Spec, ii, 1258; Ennni. i, 579.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, :!28. — Nonveau Duhnmel, ii, 222. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 94, t. 6; N. American Sylvu, 3 ed. ii, 23, t. 56. — Andrews, Bot. Kep. ix, t. 573, — Bot. Mag. t. 1206. — Cubibros, Mera. Mag. & t. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. iii, 332.— PurHh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 98.— De CaiidoUo, Syst. i, 454; Prodr. i, 80.— Ilayne, Deud. Fl. 117.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 39.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Audubon, Birds, t. 38.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 188.— 8pach, Hist. Veg. vii, 477. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 276 & t. — Seringe,Fl. Jard. iii, 229. M. pyramUlata, Uartruni, TiavelH, 2 od. 3;J8.— PiuHb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— De CandoUc, Syst. i, 4.54 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 117.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. v,t. 407.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1092.— Rafinesque. Med. Bot, ii, 32. —Don, Miller's Diet, i, 83.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 221.— London, Arboretum, i, 277 & t.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. iii, 230.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. M. auricularis, Salisbury, Farad. Lond. i, t. 43.— Korner, Hort. t. 360. LONCi-I.EAVED CUCUMBER TREE. Alleghany mountains, from Virginia Koutliward to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and southern Alabama (Clark county, Mohr), extending west to the valley of Pearl river, Mississippi. A small tree, 8 to V2 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; rich woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, closegrained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, O.nooa ; ash, 0.28. 8. — Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linmeus, Spec. 1 ed. i, 535.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 202.— Marshiill, Arbustum, 78.— Waugenheim, Amer. 32, t. 13, f. 32.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 1.'8. — Schmidt, Arl). i, 4H, — I?. S. Barton, Coll. i, 14, 45, — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 2.50; 2 ed. iii, 329. — GoBrtnor, Fruct. ii, t. 178.— Bot. Mag. t .27,5.— Mo'uch, Meth. 222.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 102.— Schkuhr, Handb, ii, 9.3, t. 147.— Trew, Icon. 1. 10. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 12.54; Enum. i, ,579. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 32(i. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 62, 1. 18. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 15.— I'oirct in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 137; 111. iii, 36, t. 491.— St. Hilaire, PI. France, iii, t. 377.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 7().— Michaux f. Hi.st. Arb. Am. iii, 202, t. 5; N. Auit-rican Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 35, t. 61.— Eaton, Manual, 63; 6 ed. 208.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18; Sylva, i, 8-1: 2 ed. i, 100.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 59; Med. Bot. i, 91, t. 8; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 18._Dc Oandollo, Syst. i, 462; Prodr. i, 82.— Bigclow, Med. Bot. ii, 107, t. 31.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 115.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 40.— Torroy, Compend. Fl. N, States, 221; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Raflnesqne, Med. Bot. ii, 239.— Guimpel, Otto & H.-iyue, Abb. Holz. 34, t. 29.— Cobbutt, Woodlands, No. 516.— Sprengel, Sy.st. ii, 642.— Audubon, Birds, t. 12.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 86.— Beck, Bot. 15.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 23.— Spach, llist. V.— Orisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 439.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl.603. A. glabra, chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 2 [not Linnieus], A. species, Vaaey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6. POND APPLE. Sflmi-tropical Florida, cape Malabar to bay Biscayne, on the west coast. Pease creek to the Caloosa river, and through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters In height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limit and on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub; common and reaching its greatest development within the United States on the low islands and shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of bay Biscayno. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing many scattered oi>en ducts ; color, light brown streaked with yellow, sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5053 ; ash, 4.80, The large fruit (0.14 to 0.28 meter long) scarcely edible. ifC^'" 24 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. «; m t til! I OAPPARIDAOE^. 11. — Capparis Jamaicensis, Jucquin, Stirp. Aiii. ICO, t. 101.— Aiton, Iloit. Kcw. !.> cd. iii, 2a').— Un Ciiudollc, ProUr. i, 252.— Dcscourtilz, Fl. Med. Antillea, v. t. 273.— Macfadycn, I'l. .luiiiaicn, 39.— Oriscbarli, Fl. British West Iiidios, 18. — Chupiuau, Fl. S. States, 32. — Forcber, Resources S. Foresta, 7.^.— Kiclilcr iu MnrtiuH, Fl.Urasil. xiii, '270, t. Gl, f. 11. — Vnscy, Cut. Forest Trees, 6. C. Brcynia, Limiaius, Spec. 2 ed. 721, in part.— Alton, llort. Kcw. 2 ed. iii, 285.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252. iu part.— Swart/., OliH. 210 [not Jat'iinin].— Matfadyou, Fl. Jumuic.a, ;!9. C. cyHopJi}fU(>J)hora, Linmen.s, Spec. led. 004 [not snbBcqucnt ed. /('c Kichler, I. c.].— Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iii, 285.— Maci'adyen, Fl. Jamaica, 39. V. Siliqiiosa, I,imiiPlis, Spec. 2pd.7v>l. C, toridosa, Swartz, Prodr. tl.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 252.— Grisebacb, Fl. British West Indies, 18. G. vncinata, Loddi(,'cs, Cat. [not Wnlli>'b]. C. enHO-flinata, IJitbard, Fl. Cuba, 78, t. 9.— Walpcrs, Bep. i, 201. St'iiii tropical Floridii, cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil. A small tree, .sometimes G nieter.^ in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter iu diameter, or reduced to a low shrub; common and reaehiug its greatest development within the United States on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, coiiii)act, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed large open dncta; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.0971 ; ash, 4.76. CANELLACE^. 12. — Canella alba, Murray; LiuniBUs, Syst. 14 od. iv, 443.— 8 wartz, Obs. 190 ; Trans. Linuiean Soc. i, 96, t. 8. — Will'donow, Spec, ii, 851 ; Ennm. i, 49S. — Aiton, Hort. Kc\v.2ed. iii, 144.— Tltford, Hort. Bot. Am. Suppl. 3, t. 10, f. 4.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 563.— Hayne, Arzn. 9, t. 5.— Stevenson & Churchill, Med. Bot. ii, t. 66.— Woodvillo, Med. Bot. 3 ed. iv, 694, t. 237.— Lindley, Mod. Bot. 116.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 24, t. 16.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 181, f. 98.— Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist. 3 sor. i, 348; Contrib. i, 116.— GriBcbach, Fl. British West Indies, 109.— Cha])nian, Fl. S. States, 93.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 621, f. 767.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Bentley & Tiinien, Med. PI. i, 26, t. 26. V. Winferana. Gaertner, Fruct. i, 377, t. 77. % Wintera CancUa, LinuieuH, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, viii, 799, t. 399. '^ G. laurifoUa, Loddiges, Cat.— Sweet, Hort. Brit. 65.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 680. WHITE WOOD. CINNAMON BARK. WILD CINNAMON. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Elliott's Key, Key Largo to Jew Fish Key); tbrongh the West Indies. A small tree, often 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.22 meter in diameter ; not rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9893 ; ash, 1,75. The pale inner bark appears in the Pharmacopan under the name of Cortex canella alba, furnishing an aiomatio stimulant tind tonic, occasionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct to more active remedies (Miers, I. c. — FlUcMger & Hanhury, PltarmacograpMa, 68. — U. 8. Dispennatory, 14 ed. 'JiH).—Sat. Dhpematory, 2 ed. 337). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 26 GUTTIFER^. 13. — Clusia flava, Liuuious, Spec. 2 0(1. 1495.— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 977; Enniii. ii, 104;$.— Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. v, 444.— Tltford, Hort. Bot. Am. 105.— Do Caudollo, Prodr. i, n59.— Macfadyeu, Fl. Jiimaicd, i:)4.— Nuttall, Sylvo, ii, HI, t. 77; 2 od. ii, 58, t. 77.— Grisebnch, Fl. British West Indies, 407.— Cooppr in Sniillisoniaii Eep. 1858, •JOJ.— Chupmau, Fl. S. States, 43.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sol. Nat. 4 Bor. xlil, 352.— Walppr.1, Ami. vli, 340.— Vasey, Cut. Forest Trees, 7. C. rosea, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 168. Jninnica and other West Indian islands; Key West (Blodgctt) \mov to 1840. Not detected by later explorers (Palmer, Garber, Chapman, Cttrtiss) of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States. Wood not examined. T E RN S T R(E M I A C E J5. 14. — Gordonia Lasianthus, Linnnus, Mant. i, 570.— Ellis, Phil. Trans. GO, 518, t. 11; Lc^tters, t.2.— L'lleritior, Slirp. Nov. 156.— CavnnilU's, Diss, ii, 307, t. ICl.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniiuia, 177.— Alton, Hort. Kcw. ii, 231 ; 2e(l.iv, i234.— Laniarck, l)i(t. ii, 770; HI. iii, UH, t.-Wl, f. 1.— Swartz, Obs. 271.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 810.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 43. — Bol. Ma^;. t. OilH. — Nouveau Dtiliainel, ii, 23(), t. ()8.— Deslbntaines, Hist. Arb. 1, 484. — I'ersoon, Syn. ii, 259. — Miehaux f. Hist. Arli. Am. iii, 131, 1. 1 ; N. Anieriean Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 21), t. ^>S. — I'ursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 451.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 528.— Elliott. Sk. ii, 171.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Slillei-'s Diet, i, .573, f. 99.— Audulion, Birds, 1. 168. — Kcichonbaeh, Fl. Exot. t. 151. — Spaeli, Hist. Veg. iv, 79. — LoudoM, Arboretum, i, 379, f. 93. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 223. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. Kil. — Eatou & Wright, Bot. 2.58. — Browne, Trees of America, 52. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 862.— Gray, Genera, ii, 103, t. 140, 141; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 104.— Choisy, Mem. Ternst. & Camel. 51,— Darby, Bot. S. States, 25ti.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 2,"0.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina 1860, iii, 80.— Maout & Decaisno, English ed. 274 & tigs.- Wood, CI. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 2.'!0, f. 254, 255.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. Hypericum Lasianthus, Linmeus, Spec. 1 ed. 783.— Hill, Veg. Syst. xv, t. 1, f.3. 0. pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr, Stirp. 386. LOBLOLLY BAY, TAN BAY. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to cape Malabar, and cape Romano, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi river. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter; low, sandy swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.7G; somewhat employed in cabinet making. The bark, rich in tannin, was once occasionally used, locally, in tanning leather [Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 100). 15. — Gordonia pubescens, L'Heritier, . Stirp. Nov, 156.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 770.— Cavanillcs, Diss, ii, 308, t. 162. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 231; 2 ed. iv, 234. — Willdenow, Spec, iii, 841. — Michaux, Fl, Bor,-Am, ii, 43. — Veutenat, Jard. Malm. t. 1 (Schrader, Neues Jour. Bot. 1806, 121). — Nonveaa Duhainel, ii, 237. — Kcenig & Sims, Ann. Bot. i, 171.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 484. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 2.")9. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 135, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 31, t. 59. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 84. — Loiseleur, Herb. Anuit. iv, t. 236.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 171.— Do q^ndolle, Prodr. i, 528.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 573.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 161.— Audubon, Birds, t. 185.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 80. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 380, f. 94. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, 1, 223. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot, 258.— Browno, Trees of America, 54. — Dietrich, Syn, iv, 862, — Gray, Genera, ii, 102, t. 141, f. 11-14, t. 142.— Choisy, Mom, Temst. & Camel. 51.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 257.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep, 1858, 250,— Chapman, Fl, S, States, 60,— Wood, C'l. Book, 274; Bot. & Fl. 65.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Goodale & Sprague, Wild Flowers 193, t. 47. Franklinia Altamaha, Marshall, Arbustum, 49.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed, 16, 465:— Raflnesqne, Atlant, Jour. 79 & f. G. Franklini, L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 156.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 641.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 237.— Desfontaines, Hist Arb. i, 484.— Persoon, Syn, ii, 259.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 816. Michauxia sessilis, Salisbnry, Prodr. Stirp, 386. Lacathea Jlorida, Salisburj-, Parad. Lend, t, 56,— Colla, Hort, Ripul. Appx, i, 134, 26 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. FRANKt.INIA. Near Fort Barrington, on the Altainalia river, Georgia (J. d; W. liurtram, Dr. Mones MarshaU), Oarefiil explorations of IJartrani's original locality by later botanists, especially by Mr. II. W. Uavouol, bave failed to rediscover thia species, which is, however, still i)reserved in cultivation through the original plants introduced by the Bartrams. "Florida" given as a locality by Torrey & Gray, /. c, on the authority o( Herb. Sohxceinxiz, and followed by Cliapman, I. c, is probably an error {Ravend in Am, Naturalist, xvi, 235). 8 T E 11 C U L I A C E ^. 16. — Fremontia C'^.l'fornica, Toiwy, Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 5, t. 2, f. 2; Proc. Am. Ahhoc. iv, 191 ; Pucitk U. R. Rop. iv, If), *1.— Newborry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,68.— Walpcrs, Ann. iv, 319 —Gray in Jour. Uoston 8oc. Nat. Ili.it. vii, 14(i.— Uoutlmra &, Hooker, Genera, i, 212, 982.— Bot. Mag. t.5r>91. — Leinuiro, III. llort. xiii, t. 496.— Beige Flort. xvii, 2:56, t. 111.- Carriftro in Rev. llort. 18fi7, 91 & t.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 483.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1869, 610.— Seouianu, Jonr. Bot. vii, 297.— London Garden, 187^5, 54 & t.— Planohon in Fl. de« Serrca, xxii, 175.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 88; ii, 4:17.- Rothrock in Wheelor'n Rpp. vi, 41, HW, Cheirunthodendron Californicum, Baillou, llist. PI. iv, 70. SLIPPKRY ELM. California, valley of Pitt river, southward along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and iu the Santa Lucia mountains southward through the Coast ranges to the San Jacinto mountains; rare at the north, most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges. A small tree, (5 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub; dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary rays, layers of annual growth obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7142; ash, 1.G9. The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices. TILIAOE^. ,1 17.— Tilia Americana, Linucens, Spec. 1 ed. 514.— Marshall, ArbuBtum, 153.— Wangeuheim, Amor. 5r —Alton, Hort. Kew. il, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— WiUdenow, 8peo. ii, 1162; Ennm. i, 565. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37. — Persoon, Srn. ii, 66. — Micbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 311, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 od. iii, 81, t. 131.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclpb. M; 0. mpend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 6.— Eaton, Manual, 59.— James in Long's Exped. i, 69.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 134, t. 134.— Tony, Conipend. Fi. N. States, 214; Fl. N.York, i, 116.— Loudon, Arboretnm i, 373 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2;;D.— liigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 od. 227. — Emerson, Trees Ma«sacbn8ett8, 511; 2 ed. ii, 584 &. t.— Browne, Trees of America, 47.— Gray, G>.nera, ii, 96, t. 136; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 38.~Darby, Bot. S. Stateo, 262.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 59. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352. — Wood, CI. Book, 272; Bot. & Fl. 64. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 103. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 18(). — Walpers, Ann. vii, 449. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 480. — Young, Bot. Texas, 188. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 191.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 174.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, Sl^- Ridcway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. / T, nigra, Borkhausen, Handb. d. Forstbot. ii, 1219. T. glabra, Ventenat in Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 9, t. 2. — Nouveau Dnhamel, i, 228.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 681.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 362.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 3.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayuo, Abb. Holz. 55, t. 45.— Hooker, PI. Bor.-Am. i, 108.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 312.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 422. T. latifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. :«;7. T. Canadensiti, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. 306.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683. T. neglecta, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nnt. 2 ser. ii, 340, ». 15; Hist. Veg. iv, 27, 29.— Walpers, Hop. i,359. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 27 LIME TUKIO. BASS WOOD. AMEIllC'AN LINDEN. I.IN. HKE TREE. Nortliorn Now BriiiiHwick, west ward in HriliHh America to about Hio one Imiidrcd and second moridian, Boiithward to Virginia and alon;^ the Allf};lian,v mountains to Gt-oryiii and Kouthcrn Alabama; extending west in the United States to eastern Daiiota, t-astern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, tlie Indian territory, and Bonthwest to the valley of the San Antonio i iver, Texas. A larjje tree, 20 to L'4 meters in lieiKlit, with a trunk (>()() to l.'JO nnster in . ii, 37. — Micliuux f. Hi«t. Arl). Am. iii, 317, t. 3 ; N. Amiiican Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 85, t. l;!3.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 303.— Do Candollc, I'rodr. i, 513.— Hayno, Dond. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 3.— Watson, Dcnd. Brit, ii, t. 135.— Torrcy, Comp. Fl. N. Stutfs, 215.— Don, MilleHB r.ct. i, .553.— Katon, Manual, 6 ed. 30.5.— Beck, Bot. .59.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.- Pcnn. Cyd. xxiv, 447. — Dietricb, Syn. iii, 237.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 202.— Cliupman, Fl. S. States, ,59.— Curtis in Kep. (ieological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 79.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 449.— Kocb, Dcudrologie, i, 479.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. J*, lawiflora, Miehuux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 30fi.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, C83.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 6C.— Willdcnow, Enum. Snppl. 38.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 113.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, .'■)53.— Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 3<>5.— Beck, Bot. .59.— Spaeb, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 sor. ii, 343, 1. 15 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 32.— Browne, Trees of America, 48.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 237. T. grata, Salisbury, Prodr. 307. T. pubescens, var. leptophijlla, Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63. f T. stenopttala, Kafinesijue, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 92.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 484. T. truncata, Spacb, Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. ii, :I42; Hist. Veg. iv, 30.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 237. T. Americana, var. Walteri, wood, Cl. Book, 272: Bot. & Fl. C4. North Carolina to the Chattahoochee region of western Floi:ida, usually near the coast; Houston, Texas {E. Hall). A small tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter ir diameter; swamps or low ground ; rare, or ofte-i confounded with the typical T. Americana. Wood lighter, but not otherwise distinguishable from that of T. Americana; specific gravity 0.4074; ash,0.C5. 18. — Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat, Mem. Acad. Sei. iv, 16, t. 5.— Nonvean Dubamel, i, 229.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, aS3.— Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,303.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 3 ; Sylva, i, 90, t. 23 ; 2 ed. i, 107, t. 23.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 5.53.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 365.— Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 345; Hist. Veg. iv, 34.— Torrey & Gr.ay, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cyel. xxiv, 447.— Waljiers, Rep. i, :$59.— Dietricb, Syn. iii, 237.— Cooper in Smitbsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Cbapniiin, Fl. S. States, 60.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii,79.— Wood, CI. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Nat. Disjjensatory, 2 cd. 1429.— Ridgway in Proc. 11. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. T. alba, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 315, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 84, 1. 132 [not Waldstein & Kitoibel].— Eaton &. Wrigbt, Bot. 452.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262. T. laxiflora, Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363 [not Micbaux].— Elliott, 8k. ii, 2. T.Americana, var. heterophylla, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 375 & t. T. heterophylla, var. alba. Wood, Cl. Book, 272; Bot. & Fl. 64. 28 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE BASS WOOD. WAHOO. MonutaiuH of Fenusylvania, southward aloug the Alleghany monntains to northern Alabama and Florida (valley of the Apalacbicola river, opposite Chattahoochee, Mohr), west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana, and southern and central Illinois (valley of the Illinois river^. A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods and river bottoms, often on limestone j most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountaius and in middle Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4253 ; ash, 0.62 ; generally confounded with that of liiia Americana, and used for similar purposes. MALPIGHIACEiE. 19. — Byrsonima lucida, HBE. Nov. Gen. & Spec, v, 147.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 080.— JiiBsitu, Mon. Malpig. ii, 40.— Walpore, Rep. t, 168.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 116, t. 28».— Grisebacb, Fl. British West Indies, 115.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 82. MalpUjhia lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, Hr)2. TALLOWBERRY. GLAMBERRY. Semi Iropiial Florida, on the southern keys (Boca Ohica, No-Name Key, etc.) ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often branching from the ground, and frutescent in habit. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.5888; ash, 2.4G. Fruit edible. ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 20. — Guaiacum sanctum, Linnnius, Spec. 1 ed. 3«2.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i,70T.— Nottall, Sylva, iii, 16, t. 86; 2 ed. ii, 86, t. 86.— Gray, Geuero, ii, 123, t. 148.— Schnizlein, loon. t. 2o:i, f. 2i.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858. 264 Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 134.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 64.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 07.- Vftsey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. O.vcrticale, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 321. LIONUM-VIT.J!. Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and tiignum-VitsB Keys, common; Lower Metacombe and Umbrella Keys, rare; in tlie Bahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc. A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United States, 8 meters in height, with a trunk sometime.". 0..'30 meter in diameter. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, difQcnlt to work, 8j)litting irregularly, oop^aining many evenly-distributed resinous ducts; medullary rays numerous, ob.scuro ; color, rich yellow-brown, varying in older specimens to almost bh 3k, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 1.1432; ash, 0.82; used in turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for which it is lu-eferred to other woods. Lif/ntin Oiiaiaci, Ouaiacum wood, the heart of this and the allied G. offieinak, Linnieus, formerly largely used in the treatment of syphilis, is now only retained in the Materia Medica as an ingredient in the compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Guuiac, the resi o;:8 gum obtained from these species, ict ustimulating diaphoretic and alterative, or In large dosea cathartic, and is stiil employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. (Fliiokiger dj Uavbury, Pharmavographia, 92. — U. S. Bispenmtorir 14 ed. 456.— JVo<. Di^ematory, 2 ed. 696. — Ovibovrt, Eiat. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 551. — Berg, Fharm. Anat Atl. 53, t. 27). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 29 21. — Porliera angustifolia, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 28. — Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 4a. Ouaiacum angusii/olium, Engcliiiaun, WiHlizi->nis' Rep. 2'.>.— Graj in Jojir. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158; Genera, ii, 123, t. 149. — WaliHTs, Ann. iii, 810.— Witt son in Pioc. Am. Acad, xvii, Xii. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river to tlie Eio Grande (Austin, Matagorda bay, Kew Braunfels, San Antonio, Brownsville, Fort Mcintosh), extending west to the llio Pecos (Havard); in northern Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 10 ni(!ter.s in height, w ith a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern, and western limits reduced to a low shrub; reaching Its greatest developniert in the United States on the calcareous hillsides Viorderiug the valley of the Guadalupe river. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hanl, close-grained, compact, the open ducts smaller and less regularly distributed than in Gtiaiacum ; medullary rays very thin, numerous; color, rich dark brown, turning green with exposure, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity, 1.1101; ash, 0.51; probably possessing medicinal properties similar to those of lignum-vitae. RUTACE^. 22. — Xanthoxylum Americanum, Miller, Diet. No. 2. — Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 57. — Wangenheiiu, Anier. 116. — Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 214. — Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 147. — Emerson, Trees Miissachusctts, 509; 2 cd. ii, 581.— Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 150; Pacific II. R. Rep. xii«, 41 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 110. — Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 42:!. — Parry in Owi^i's Rep. (510. — Darby, Hot. S. St.itCH, 25:i. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Engclniann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologio, i, 563.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. X. Clava-Herculis, Lamarck, Die*, ii, 38; 111. t. 811, f. 3 [not Linnajus].- Aitou, Hort. K«w. iii, 399.- Moench, Meth. 340. X.fraxbli folium, Marshall, Arbuatnm, 167.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 52; ii, 38. X.fraxineum, Willdenov,-, Spec iv, 7.")7; Enum. 1013; Berl. Baumz. 413.— P.^r.-ioon, Syn. ii, 61.").- neHlontaiuos, Ilist. Arb. ii, 343.— Aiton, ITort. Kew. 2 cd. v, :!83.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 210. -Xnttall, Genera, ii, 2:«>.— Nonvcan Duhamel, vii, 3, t. 2.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. H)7.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 15(!, t. 59; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 4(l,-.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 726.— Spren^el, Syst. i, 94.">.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 373.— Ralinesqiie, Med. Bot. ii, 113, f. !)(".. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 802.— Eaton, Manual, (i ed. 399.— Bock, Bot. 70.— Spach, Hist. Vck. ii, 364.— Lindh y, Fl. Med. 216.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 4-i8, f. l.'iH & t.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1000.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 118.— Eaton & Wrifjlit, Bot. 482.— Noes, PI. Wied. 5.— Griilith, Med. Bot. 195, f. 103.— Browne, Trees of America, LfiO.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. 1. 19, f. 9,— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 250, f. 1-14.— Maout &. Docaisnc, Bot. Englished. 324 & ligs.- Baillon, Hist. PI. iv, 398, f. 43:?-438. X. mite, WilMeuow, Enum. 1013.— Poirot, Suppl. v, 622.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 727.- Don, Millei-'B Diet, i, 802.— London, Arboretum, i, 4H9. X ram\ilorum, Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i', 235. X^i tricarpvm, Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 118 [not Miohanx]. Thijlax frnxinenm, Railnesqno, Med. Bot.ii, 114. PRICKLY ASH. TOOTHACHE TREE. Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Jlinnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the mountains of Virginia and northern Missouri. A small tree, not often 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to O.L'O meter in diameter; or, reduced to a siirnb. 1.50 to 1.80 meter in height; (lommon and reaching its greatest develo|)nieiit in the region f)f the great lakes; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich river bottoms. Wood li>!it, soft, coarse grained ; medullary rays inimerons, thin; color, liglit brown, the sajt wood lighter; specifh^ gravity, 0.5(i54; ash, 0.57. The bark of Xanthihrylnm, an ;i(',tive stimulant, is ii.sed in di'coctidn to iirodncc diaphoresis in ea.>). 30 FOREST TREP:S OF NORl^lI AMERICA. M I 23. — Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, LinntenH, Spec. 1 ed. 270, in port.— U. S. Barton, Coll. i, 2r>, 52; ii, :18. — WilUleuow, Sj>ec. iv, 754, in part.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 38B. — Elliott, 8k. ii, ODO.— Planchoii & Triuna in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 Her. xiv, 312. X. fraxinifolium, Walter, F". Curoliniana, 243 [not Marshall]. FcUfarafrUxinifoUa, Lamarck, III. i, 3;m. X. Caroliniamim, Luuiarck, Uict. ii, :t9; 111. 40:(, t. nil, f. l.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. Anierina, 1, 214.— Eugolmanu & Gray in .Tonr. BoNton Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 213.- Gray, Genera, ii, 148, t. 156, f. 13, 14; Mannol N. States, 5 cd. 110; Hall's PI Toxus, .'■..— .SchiHlr in Riruu-r, Tixas, 432.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 8, t. 83; 2 cd. ii, 78, t. 83.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 253.- Cooper in SniitliHOMiian Rop. 1B58, yriO.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, (><>.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 103.— Wood, CI. Book, 282; Bot. & Fl. 70.— Young, Bot. Texas, 194.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. X. aromaticum, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 75.' («xcl. syn.).— Jacquin f. Eclogo), i, 103, t. 70. X. tricarpum, JUthaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 235.— Poiret, Si.ppl. ii, 294.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 383.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 210.— Do Candolle, Prodr. i, 720.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 690.— A. de Jussiou in Mem. Mus.xii, t.2i}, f. 38.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 945.— Don, Millar's Diet, i, 803.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 365.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 488.— Eaton, Manaal, 6 ed. 399.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 482. —Dietrich, Syn. Ii, 1000. Kampmania fraxinifolia, Rafiuesque, Med. Rep. v, SM. Pseudopctalon fflandulosum, RatincMciue, Fl. Lu. Wood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarsegrained, not durable, containing many scattered open duct«; medullary rays numerous, thin: color, light brown, the sajtwood lighter; specific gravity, 0.505(5; ash, 0.82. A'. GlavallvrculiK jjrobably posses.ses similar medicinal properties to those of the last species {Nat. Dispensatory 2 ed. 1535). • Var. fruticosum, Gray, Smitlisoniaii Contrih. iii, 30. — Torrey & Gray in Pacilie H. R. Rep. ii, 161. — Torrey, Bot. Mox. Boundary Snrvey, 43. — Chapman, T'l. S. Stales, 00?— Wood, Hot. & Fl. 71. A', himutum, Buekley in Proe. I'liiladelpliia Acad. IHil, 4r)0; 1870, 136 (see Gray in same, 1862, 162).— Voung, Bot. Tc .u'. 195. Western Texas, Corpus Christ i (liucklvii), mouth of the Colorado river (JlfoAr), near Aus+tin, and west to Devil's river and Eagle pass; Florida (?) (Chapman I.e.). A low shrub, or on the Texas (!oast a small tree, 0 to 8 meters )■< height, with a trunk 0.20 to i).30 meter in diameter. Wood light, .soft, clo.segraiiied, compact; medullaiy rays nuin«'rous, thin ; color, light brown, the .sap-wood yellow; specilic gravity, 0.5y(»7 ; ash,(».7(t. 24. — Xanthoxylum Caribseum, i.amarek, Diet. ii,4(i.— (jterlner, I'ruct. i, 333, t. tii^, 1". H.— Desiiiurlil/., Fl. Mi\>\. ii,2:i 32 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, coiupact, satiny, the annual growths clearly marked by two or three rows of open ducts; medullary raj's few, thin; color, yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, •0.8310; ash, 0.30. The bark of the root possesses tonic pro])erties and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts in cases of dy8pei)sia, debility, etc. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1862, 198; 1867, 337. — U. 8. Dhpensatory, 14 ed. 1740. — Xat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1179) ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domestically as a substitute for hops. 27. — Canotia holocantha, Torruy, Pacific K. U. Ut^p. iv.tiS. — Gray iu Ivoh' Rep. 15; Proc. Am. Aca. Arizona, White Mountain region, valley of the Gila river (Rothrock), valley of Bill Williams Fork (Bigelow). A 8U)all tree, 6 tj 8 meters in height, with a trunk soractiiues 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a large phiubj dry, rocky mesas. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, not i)romiueut; color light brotvn, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6885; ash, 5.33. SIMARUBE^. 28. — Simaruba glauca, Do Candolle, Diss, in Avn. Mas. xvii, 323 ; Prodr. i, 733. — Humboldt, Bouplaud & Kuuth, Nov. Gen. et Spec, vi, Iti. — Descourtilz, F\. Med. Antilles, i, ()6, t. 14.— PLinchon in London Jonr. Dot. v, 567.— Gray, Genera, ii, 152.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 20, t. 87 ; 2 ed. ii, 88, t. 87.— Cooper in Smitlisonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Gn.se':;icli, Fl. British West Indies, 139.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 67.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 72.— Planchon & Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 357. — Engler in Martins, Fl, Brasil. jii*, 223.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 173. Quassia Simaruba, LinnaMis, Snppl. 234— vVrlght, Trans. Edinburgh Soc. ii, 73, t. 1, 2; Bot. & Med. Aoconnt of Q. Simaruba.— GiETtaer, Fruct. i, 'MO, t. 70. — Lamarck, III. ii, 478, t. 343, f. 2. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, Sn*".- Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 42. -Dosconrl ilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 23, t. ■'i. Quassia dioica, Bergi us, Mat. Med. :i55. iS'. amara, Aublet, Guian. *. 331.— Hayne, Arzn. iv, t. 15.— Schnizloin, Icon. t. 249, f. 1-6. 8. medicinalis, Emllichei, Medz. Pf. 525.— Berg, Haudb. i, 373.— Berg & Schmidt, Oflf. Gew. il, t. 13. PARADISE TREE. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree .sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 meter in diameter; within the United States not common, and reaching its greatest development on the dions of bay Biscayne. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, co'.taining many large scattered open ducts; medullary rays few, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little darker; specific gravity, 0.4136; ash, 0.93. The bark of this species has been occasionally used as a substitute for that of 8. officinalis, DC, as an aromatic, bitter tome (U 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 838.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1294). BURSERACEJl. A 20. — Bursera gummifera, Jacqnin, Am. Pict. t. (i5.— LinnujuH, Spec. 2 ed. 741.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 392, t. 2r>6. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1119.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 e; 2 <>d. ii, 61, t. 79. — Richard, Fl. Cuba, 390. — Browne, Trees of America, 189.— (irisebacli, Fl. British West Indies, 173.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. ia'.8,264; 1H60, 440.— ( hapman, Fl. S. States, (i8.— Wood, Bot. &. Fl. 72.— Planolion & T-iana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 302.— Vasiy, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Ccnt. i, 177.— Engler in De Canthtlle. Suites, iv, 39. Ii. acuminata, Willdenow, Spoc.iv, 1120.— De Candollo, Prodr. ii, 78. Elaphrium integerrimum , Tulasne in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 »cr. vi, 369. (Fidt Engler, l.e.) CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 38 GUM ELEMI. GUMBO LIMBO. WEST-INDIAN BIRCH. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Gauaveral to the southern keys, west coast Oaloosa river and Gstximba^ bay; through the West ladies. A tree often 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 metei in diameter; one of the largest and most common trees of southern Florida, ef very rapid growth and decay. Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many scattered o])en ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or gray, quickly discoloring with decay ; specific gravity, 0.3003 ; ash, 2.01 ; used in making live-fences, pieces of the trunk when planted in the coral rock of the keys throwing out roots and growing rapidly. The aromatic rosin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat used in various forms, under the name of Caranna, as a remedy for gout ( Watts, Cheni. Diet, i, 749. — (luibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 525, f. 749) ; and in the West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish. An infusion of the leaves is occasionally used as a domestic substitute for tea. 30. — Amyris sylvatica, Jacquin, Am. Pict. t. 108.— Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 333.— Aiton, Hort. Kbw. a ed. ii, 351.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 81.— Dietrich, Sjn. ii, 1271.— Macfadjcii, VI. Jamaica, 231. — Richard, Fl. Cuba, 31)3. — Griuobach, Fl. British West Indies, 174. — Plauchou &. Triana in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xv, 321.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. Toxicodendron arborescens, Miller, Diet. No. 9. A. dyatripa, Sprengcl, Neue Entdeclt. iii, 48.— De Can. P). Trin. No. 29t. A. maritima, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 31)2 [not Jacquin], TORCH WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree sometimes 7 meters in height, wi th a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; common. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible of a Ijeautiful polish ; medullary raya obscure; color, light orange, the sap-wood lighter; sjjecific gravity, 1.0459; ash, 0.59. M E L I A C E J: . 31. — Swietenia Mahogoni, Linnusus, Spec.2ed. 548.— Jacquin, Stirp. Am. t. 127.— Cavanilles, Diss. Ii, 365, t. 209. — Giertuor, Fruct. ii, 89, t. 96.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 678.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 557.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 od. ii, 338.— Tittord, Hort. Bot. Am, (•)4,— Descourtilz, Fl, Mid, Antilles, ii, 125, t,, 99.— Do Candollo, Prodr. i, G2.').— Turpin in Diet. Sei. Nat. Atlas, t. 170,-Tus8no, Fl. Aiitillt's. iv, t.23.— Haync, Arzn. i, t. 19.— Hooker, Bot. Misc. i, 21, t. 16, 17.— A. do Jussiou in Mom. Mis. xix, 248, t. 11.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 687, f. IIG.— Woodvillo, Med. Bot. 3 ed. iii, (m, t. 220.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 164, t.21.— Limlloy, Fl. M.'d. l,->5,- Macfadyen, Fl, Jamaitii, H.'V.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 242.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 3G0.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 436. — Nuitall, Sylva, ii, 98, t. 75; 2 ed. ii, 46, t. 75.— Ricliiird, Fl. Cuba, 304,— Schiii/Iciii, luiin. t.22G, f. 1.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Darby, Bot. S, States, 263.— Chajtman, Fl, S. States, 62.— Griscb ich, Fl. British West Indies, 131.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 66.— Baillon, Hiht. PI. v, 478, f. 472-47(1.— Ouibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, ,-,96,— Tippel & Bollovar, Auslnnil, Cult. Pfl., Atlas, i, t,2, f, 1,— C. Do Candolle, Suites, i, 723.— Homsh'y, Mot, Am, -Cent, i, 183. 8, t'cncyitkmis, Desroussoaux in Lamarck, Diet, iii, 678. Cedrus Mahoqoni, Miller, Diet. No. 2. .1 FOI! .firVf 34 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. MAHOGANY. MADEIRA. Scini-tropiciil Florida, on tho southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key); tlirouf;li tlio AVcst Indies, and in Central America. A large tree, on tlie Florida keys rarely exceediug 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes ().!)() meter in diameter. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, conii)act, very durable, susceptible of a high ])olish; medullary rays numeious, obscure; color, rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the thin sap- wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7282; ash, 1.0!); varying greatly in quality in diil'erent regions; largely used and preferred to .ill other woods for cabinet-making of all sorts, interior finish, etc.; formerly somewhat employed iu shipbuilding. OLACINEiE. J^; I if 1 mm 32. — Ximenia Americana, LimifBus, Spec. 1 ed. Appx. 1193.— Bartram, Tnivcls, a etl. ll-*.— L;imiii-ik, 111. ii, i;}r>, t. 207.— VVillUeuow, Spec, ii, 338.— Alton, Uort. Kew. 2 0(1. ii, 3,''.-i.— Do Ciindollo, Prodr. i, .'•)33.— Nultnll, S.vlva, i, 121, t. 3li; 2 ed. i, 138, t. 3G.— ScLnizlein, Icon. t. 223, f. 1-9, 30, 31.— C.ainliessodes in St. Ililaire, Fl. Urasil. i, 341. — Wi^lit & Walker-Ariiott, Prodr. PI. Penins. Or. i, 89. — WalpevH, Rep. i, 377; Ann. vi, ij()5.— Ricliard, FI. Cuba, 304. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. l^'tS, 2G4. — Grisebacli, Fl. ItrlMsh West, Indies, 310.— Bullion, Adansouia, ii, t. 9, f. 5, G. — Cliiipnian, Fl. S. 8tnten, tit. — Kngler in Martins, Fl. Brasll. xii, 9, t. 2, f. 1. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8.— Hemsley, Bot. Ani.-Ceut. i, 185. HeymassoU spinosa, Aublet, Gnlan. i, 324, t. 125.— Lamarck, 111. Ii, 435. ,T. mnliiflora, .Jacquln, Stirp. Am. llMi, t. 177, f. 31.— Lamarck, 111. Ii, 435, t. 297, f. 1, 2.— Spaili, Hist. Veg. xiii, 204. X. montana, Macladyen, Fl. Jamaica, i, 121, WILD LIMK. TALLOW NUT. HOG PLUM. MOUNTAIN PLUM. Florida, east coast from the Saint John's river to the .southern keys, west coast (Jaloosa river to Cayimbas bay; through the West Indies to Brazil, and on the coast of the Indian jieniusula (introduced?, A. De CandoUe, Qeotj. Bot. ii, 1027). A small, low, wide -spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a inink 0.15 meter in diameter, or in pinebai'ren soil and toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; common and reacliing its greatest development in Florida on the west coast. Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, comi)act, containing numerous regularly distributed oj)en ducts; medullary rays few, thin; color, brown, tinged with red, tin, sap-woo9; 2 ed. 1,277.— Wllldenow, Spec, i, 7t)8 ; Ennni. 172; Berl. Banniz. 190.— Nduvciin Duliiiniil. i, 8.— Mielmnx, Fl. Bor.- Ani. Ii, as-*. — Persoon, Syn, i, 151.— Poiret, Snppl. ill, 1)5. — Miihanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 191, 1. 11 ; N. American .Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 122, t. 84. — Hnrtiiu. Prodr. Fl. Philadelph.95; Compend. Fl. Pbilad('li)li.94. — PurNli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117,— Katiiiesiine, Fl. Lndoviciana,lll; Med. Hot. il, 7, t. 53.— N'littall, Genera, i, 109. — Rii-nier & .'^elmltes, Sysl. iii, 487. — Link,Knnni. 147.— .Tanie.s, Oat. 17(); Long's Kxped. 11, 294.— Mayne. Dend. Fl. 10.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 17:!; )•'!. U. S. 194; Compend. Fl. N. States, ,^7 ; Fl. N. VorU,ii,2.— F.lllott, Sk. ii,{'i79. — De C.iudolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— .S))rengel, Syst. i, 495.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i,t.3.— UeeU, Bot.230.— Katon, Munnal, ti ed. isii. —London. Arboretum, ii, 5111 A t.— Hooker, Fl. Bnr.-Am. I, I'.'l ; Jonr. Bot. i, 2(»1.— F.aton & Wright, Hot. 282.— UIgelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed.ti4. — Don, Miller's Diet. Ii, 17.— Sp..ch, llisl. Veg. il, 427.— Dietrich, Syn. i, .''1.54.— (iritlitli, Med. Bot. 432.— Emerwm, Trees Massachusetts, 341; 2 ed. ii, 385 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 107.- Darby. Hot. S. .States, 42fi. — Darlington, FI. Ceslriea, 3 ed. 17.— Cooper in Snuthsonian Rep. 1858, 2.53.— Chapman, FI. S. States, 2()9.— Curtis in I'ep. Oe3 [not Linnii'MH].— Wnllcr, 1"1. Ciirolinianii,211. I. CanadcuHis, Xlar.shall, AiluLstuni, (>l. I. Uxxijlora, Lauiaick. Diet, iii, 117; III. i, ll")').— Piirsli, I'l. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Ra'iuii & Sohiilles, S.vst. iii, 404 ; Mttnt.3;»4.— Uc CandolN'. I'kmIi-. ii, 1 1.— Si)nMi.ml,S.v.st. i, 405.— ]1im,JIill(^r's Diet, ii, 17.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. ii, 427.— Dietrich, Syn. i, iVi,").- Loiuldii, Arlidirtmii, ii, 517.— Eaton, Manual, (mmI. M). — Eaton it Wright, Bot. 283. I. qliercifolld, Micrliuru'li. I70. — A'rt/. Diupcnfialoyi/, Ii ed. 7r>l). :iii, 2()4. (!;iyiml)as De CandoUe, n diameter, its greatest open ducts; ash, 0.73. acographia, X, I'l. Bor.- tfd.ii, 122, t. ovioian»,lll; ong'H Exited. York, ii,2.— iton. Manual, 2. — IJigi'low, 2. — Emerson, rlingliin, I'l. ieal Snrv. N. y, Mamial N. N, No. 3,20.-- 34. — Ilex Dahoon, Walter, Kl, Caroliuinna, 241. — Michaux, Fl. Itor.-Ani. ii,228. — Purnh, l"l. Am. .Sept. i, 117. — Xultall, ticiu'ia, i, iOO. — li.— Chapman, I'l. S. Slates, 'JdO.— Curtis in Ke]i. Ceologiial Surv. N. Carolina, l-:ii(), iii, 5S.— Wood, Bot. &. Fl. 207.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. :iO(i.- -Vnsey, Cat. Forest Trees, S. — Maxiniowien in Mora. Aead. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3. 20. — Nat. Dispensato.y,2 eil. 75."i. /. Cunsine, Linna'us, Si«'i-. 12.>, in part. — Marshall, Arbnslum, (ii. — Ailou. llort. Ki'W. i, 170, in ])iirt ; 2 eil. i, 'JTO. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 117; III. i, :!,'«.''i. — Willdenow, Spee. i,7liO; Ivnim. i, 172; Ilort. Berol. i, t. 31. — Nouveau Dnh.iinel, i, 0. — Pcrsoon. Syn. 151. — Desl'onfaines, Hist. Arb. ii, l!t>2. — Pi.'"et, Sujipl. iii, G5. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, U7. — Kcemer &. Schultes, Svst. iii, 100.— llayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— De Candol.e, Pre„!i-. ii, 14.— .Sprengel, Syst. i, 405.— Don, MillcT's Diet, ii, 17.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. ii, 42.-*.— Diet rich. Syn. i, .")I4— London, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 184.— Eaton A Wright, Bot. 2.S2. — G(T>ppert in Del. Seiu. Viatisl. 1S85 (l,iiiiina. xxvi, 74('i). I. Cassinc, var. IntifoliU, Aiton, Hurt. Kew. 2 ed. i, 27f^. I, cassilioidcs. Link. i:num. i, 148.— l{(e,uier it Sehultes, Syst. iii; Maul. 332. I. lauri/oUa, Nut tall in Am. Jour. Sei. 1 ser. v, 280.— Eaton, Manual, Ii ed. lt«3.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282. Ageria palUNtris, Kalincsciue, Sylva Telluriana, 47. Ageria obora*vt, IJalinesque, Sylva Telluriami, 47. Ageria heterophil I ht, L'alinesciue, SylvaTidluriana, 48. DAHOON. DAHOON HOLLY. Southern Virginia, soiithwiud near the (;oast to iMostpiito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the ])rairie region of western Louisiana. A sniiill tree, sometimes S nu'ters in heiglit, with a trunk front 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter; low, wet soil; not common, and running into numerous forms, of whicii the liest marked are — var. angUStifolia, Torny & tirn.\, Fl. N. .Viiieiiea, iiicil. I. CamnC, var. angnstifolia, Willdenow, Spee. i, 700.— Alton, llort. Kew, 2 ed. i, 278.— Nouveau Duliainel, i, !), t. 3. I. angUHti/olia, Will.ler .w. Enum. i, 172.— Pur.sh, Fl. Aiir Sept. i, IH.— Nuttall, Genera, i. 100. -Ko'uier & Sehultes, Syst. iii, 480.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 14.— Watson. Dend. Brit, i, I. I.— Sprengel, Syst. i. 405.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Itoi. i. 201.— .Spach, Hist. Veg. ii. 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, .'•>54.— London, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 185. 'ST II lisiif IP Hi i\ tell H™'"j ii! 1-* ; I ^1! 86 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. I. ligvstlina, Elliott, 8k. ii, 708 [noc Jacqnin].— Spncb, Hist. Vcg. ii, 429.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 123. f I. WatSOtlUma, Spndi, HiHt. V05. ii, 429. var, tnyrtifolia (only in low cypress swunips and ponds), Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 269.— Nat. DispjOBatory, 2 ed. 76i, I. myrti/olia, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 214.— Xonvean Duhamel, i, 10, t. 4.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.- Poiret, Snppl. iii, C5. — Willdenow, Ennn-. 8uppl. 8. — Rcomcr & 8chultes, Syst. iii, 489. — Link, Ennm. 148. — Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii, 4a9.-Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 1S7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 426.— Gray, Mannal N. Statea, Sed. 306.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 26. I. rosmnrifolia, I.amartk, Ill.i, S-^e.— Persoon, Syu. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. I. liflJISiri/oUa, Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 19.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Wood, CI. Book, 497 ; Bot. & Fl. 207. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4806; asb, 0.91; that of var. myrtifolia heavier, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5873 ; ash, 0.90. 35. — Ilex Cassine, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 241. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part.— James, Cat. 176; Long's Exped. ii, 294.— Hooker, Jonr. Bot. i, 202.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 269. — Curtis in Rep. Geologiaal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Kep. A; Uansas, 373.— Wood, Bot. &. Fl. 208.— Gray, Manii.-vl N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 373.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 22. /. Casaine, ft. Linnujus, Spec. 1 ed. 125. Gansinc Pcragua, Linmcus, Mant. ii, 220.— Marshall, Arbustum, 2ti.— Plenck, Icon. t. 239. Cassine Caroliniana, Lannirck, Diet, i, 652 I. vomitoria, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170; 2 ed. i, 278.— Salisbury, Prodr. 70.— Willdonow, Spec, i, 709.— Enum. Suppl. 8.— B. S. Bartiin, Coll. i, 36, 56. — Nouveau Dnhamel, i, 10. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Titl'ord, Hort. Bot. Am. 41.— Pursh, 11. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Kccmer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 491; Maut. 333.— De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Torrey in Ann Lye. N. York, ii, 173.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— S)>ach, Hist. Veg. ii, 430.— Liudley, Fl. Med. 393.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 555.— London, Arboretum, ii, 518, 1". 186.— Eaton, Manual, 6pd. 187.— Eaton «Sr Wrif^ht, Bot. 282.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 433.— Browne, Trees of America, 169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 544. /. ligustrina, Jacquin, Coll. iv, 105; Icon. Bar. ii, 9, t. 310 [not Elliott].— Liiuiarck, 111. i, :<56. I. Fhridana, Lamarck, 111. i, 356. I. Cassena, Jlichaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 22i>.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— RoDmer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 681.— Darby, Bot. S. States 426.— Wood, CI. Book, 497. I. religioHa, Barton, Fl. Virgiuica, 6(i. Cassine ramulosa, Rafinesque, Fl. Lndoviciana, 363. Hicropln/llus Cassine, Ralinesquo, Med. Bot. ii, 8. Emctila ramulosa, HaRacMiue, Sylva Telluriana, 45. Ageri'J Cas.sena, Rafinesque, Sylva Tolluriana, 47. Ageria geminata, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 48. CASSENA. YAUPON. YOPON. Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to the Saint John's river and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to soutlicni Arkansas, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, (i to 8 meters i?i height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending up m:iny slender stems and forming dense thickets; sandj, moist soil, along ponds and streams, reaching its greatest (leveloi))i)ent in the river bottoin.s of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, clost'-grained, liable to cheek in drying; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, noarly white, becoming yellow with exi)0sure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7270; ash, 0.87. The leaves iiossi'ss powerlul emetic properties, and were em|)loyed by the southern Indians, together perha[)s with those of/. JJahoon, in the preparation of their "black drink* {Am. Jviu: I'harm, xliv, 217. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1670. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 754). ^'.-, Fl. Ciiroliniana, 103.— Lam.irck, Diet, ii, 245; IU. ii, 114, t. 147, f. 2.— Nouveaii Diibaiuel, i, 21.->, t. 40.— DfBfontaiues, Hist. Ailt. i,2.").— Klliolt, Sk. i, 294. -Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 119.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 21S.— Torrcy & Gr.iy, Fl. N. Anicrica, i, 25(1.- Xuftall, Sylva, ii, !'(!, t.74 ; 2 oil. ii, 43, t. 74.— Planclion in Hooker's .Jour. Dot. v. ii."4.— Sv.hni/.loin, Icon. t. 240, f. 1-1, (i, 17, 10, 21.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 417.— Ci'Oi)cr iu Suiitli:-oniaii Kep. 18,"i8,yr>3. — Chapmau, Fl. S. States, 27-i. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, IfCtt, iii, 105. — I'orchc., KcfOurci'S S. Forests, 130.— Maoiit i\: Di;eaisn<', Hot. English ed. .'')4(1 & f.— Uaillim, Adan.souia, i,'J(!:!, t. 4.— Wood, CI. Book, 49:!; Bot. & F1.205.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Tries, Id. Andromeda 'phimata. Haitiaui, Cat.— Alarshall, Arbustum, 9. G. CaroUniana, Miehaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 15H.— Ga:rtuer, C. Frnct. Snppl. 147, t. 209, f. 8.— Por.soon, Syu. i, 175.— Pursb, in. Aui. Sept. i, 170.— Niitta!!, Genera,!, 14.").— Poiret, Snppl. ii,4:'(i.—K(emer & Sdiultes, Syst. v, 408.— Bot. Mag. t. 24.")6.— Walpors, Kep. vi, 421. — Dietrieh, Syn. i,805. Jfert Cj/n7/a, L'Hcriiier, Stirp. i, 137, t.Gii.- S.varlz, Prodr. 50; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 506 ; Olis.94, t. 4.— Willdcnow, Spec.i, 1146.— Alton, llort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, ;!7. V. raccmostl, Loudop, Arboretum, iv, 2,")77, f. 2503. G.polyntachia, C. pafni/'oHa, C.fuscatti, Haiiuesqu", Aulikou Botanikou, 8. IKON WOOD. North Carolina Ksoiirhward, near the coast, to middle Florida (latitude .30°), westward, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the I Vail river, ^lissi.'^sippi. A sm;'ll tree, .sonictiims 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending u]) many stems from the root; open swamps and low thickets; a variety (C -»»(««, Curtiss) with narrower, persL^tent leaves, and thicker spongy bark, in poml holes and wet depre.ssions of the pine barrens ol" the Apalachicola region of western Florida, forms dense, impenetrable tliickets. Wood heavy, weak, Inird, close grained, compact; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, tlie sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.0781 ; ash, 0.12. 88 FOREST TKEES OF NORTH xVMERICA. 38. — Cliftonia ligustrina, UnnkH, Ex. Git-rtnor f. Friict. Siippl. "J-Ki, t. 2a"i.— Uartriiui, Travfls, 'i cd. :!!.— Toiny & Gray, FI. N. Amoricu, i, 256.— Niutall, .Sylva. ii, 92, t.73; 2 cd.ii, ."!!», t.7:t.— Planrhoii in lIookci'N Jour. IJot. v, 2,V).— WaliiciN, Kt'i). vi, .l'>2.— Diotricb, Syn. ii, 1412.— Scliiiizlcin. Icon. t. 240»», f. r>. 7-10, 20.— Cooper in ."^mitlisoiiiaii Rep. lsr.8, 2.51.— Chaprimn, Fl. S. States, 27:i.— Porcher, KeKonrces 8. J'orests, i:50.— Baillon in Adansonia, i, 202, t. 4, 1'. ;!-(!.— VaHey, Oat. Forest Treis, 18, Mylocaryum UgUHtrinum, Willdenow, Enum. i, 454.— Hot. Mag. t. 1625.— Lamarck, 111. iii, GKi, t. 9!)2, f. 1.— I'ursh, Fl. Aiu. .Sept. i, 302, t. 14.— Poiret, Siip))!. iv, 41.— Elliott, .Sk. i, 508.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Eaton & Wright, liot. 323.— Darby, Fl. 8. States, 417.— Wood, CI. Hook, 41)3; Hot. & Fl. -^Ob. TITI. IRON WOOD. BUCKWUEAT TREE. Valley of the Savannah river, Georgia, southward to the Chattahoochee region of west Florida, westward along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 12 mt^tera in hei{',ht, with a trunk O.HO to 0.40 meter in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced to a shrub; margins of pine-barren ]>onds and streams. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; 'medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.G249; ash, 0.42; hirgely used as fuel, burning with a clear tlauie. CELASTllACEJl. 39. — Euonymus atropurpureus, .laequiu. Hort. Vind. il, 155, t. 120.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, .">7:'> ; 111. ii, 1)8.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. i, 274 : 2cd. ii, 29.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1132 ; Enum. i, 256. — Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Ara. i, 155. — Persooii, Syn. 1,243. — Nouveau Duliainel, iii, 20. — Desfontaines, Ilist. Arb. 11,356. — Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. i, 168. -Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nafc. xvii, 532, t. 272.— E.aton, Slanual, 28; (i ed. 140.— Nuttall, Genera, 155.— Roenier & Sehulles, Syst. V, 466.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 24.— Elliott, Sk. i, 293.— Do CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 4.— Toirey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173 ; FI. U. S. 261; Compend. Fl. N. States, 120; Fl. N. York, i, 141; Nicollot'H Rep. 147.— Spreugel, Syst. i, 788.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, ', — Beck, Bot. 72. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ii, 405. — Raiinesque, Now Fl. CO.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 499, f. 167.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 257.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 819.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 340.— Griflilh, Med. Bot. 219, f. 112.— Gray, Genera, ii, 188; Manual N. .States, 5 ed. 116.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darby. Hot. S. States, 268.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 48. — Baillou iu Bull. Soc. Bot. France, v, 314.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 76. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 269 ; Bot. &, Fl. 76. — Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 129.— Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. See. new ser. xii, 187. — Kooh, Dendrologie, i, 629,— Younj;, Bot. Texas, 205.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. E. CaroHnensis, Marshall, Arbustum, 43. E. latifolius, Marshall, Arbustum, 44 [not Alton].- Agardh,Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 4. BURNING BITSH. WAHOO. SPINDLE TREE. ARROW WOOD. Western New York, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river {Fort Union)^ Moiitaua, southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas. A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shiub 2 to 3 meters in height ; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi river. Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning; medullary rays hardly discernible; color, white tinged with orange; specific gravity, 0.P'^''2; ash, 0.58. ^Yahoo bark, a mild but rather uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures, fluid extracts, etc. {Am. Jour. Pharmacy, xx, 80. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 402. — yat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 559). 40. — Myginda pallens, Smith, Rees' Cycl. xxv, No. 4. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 13.— Diolrioh, Syn. i, 554. — Grisebuch, Fl. British West Indies, He- Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3; rl. S. States, Suppl. 612. -Chapman in Semi-troi)ical Florida, Upper Jletacombe Key; iu the West Indies. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.15 motiT in diumotcr. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of aiiini;il growth and numerous medullary rays hardly 9.— Gierluer 1". Fruit. Siippl. '249, t. 2-.'r., 1'. 7.— Luiiuirtk, 111. iii, 402, t. 801).— Poiret lii Luiiiimk, Diet, vi, 7'.J7.— D« Cundollo, Prodr. ii, 41. — Kiirstoii, Fl. CultiuibiiL-, i, t. 91.— C'liainiiun, V\. S. States, 70. — Qrisubitcb, I'l. Uiilisli Wtxt InilicH, 146. — Wiilpors, Ann. vii, 581. )!. completa, .Swurtz, ri. Ind. Occ. i, :ti>7, t. 7, f. A.— VVilldciiow, Spco. iv, 741.— Alton, IToit. Kow. 2 id. v, ;i7l.— Miiifudyen, 1"1. Janiaicu, :l'07. 8, buxi/oUa, Nnlfall, .Sylva, ii, 4ii, t. rS; 'Jed. i, 190, t. r.li.— Cdoi.cr in Smitlisoninn Rop. 185)8, a04. YELLOW WOOD. BOX WOOD. Senii-tiopical Florida, southein keys from Metacouibe Key oastwaid, Oaloosu river and sparingly on the Reef Keys; in tlie West Indies. A .small tree, occasionally 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light bright yellow, the saii-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.7745 ; ash, 2.54. RHAMNACEJC. , — Cbapnukn iu 42. — Reynosia latifolia, 'irisebach. Cat. Pi. Cuba, 34.— Eggtis, VidcuBkab,Medd. fia. Nat. For. 173 & t. ; Bull. U. S.Nat. Mus. xiii, 40.— Gray iu Coultei-'s Hot. Gaitflto, iv, 208.— Chapman, Ft. S. States, Suppl. 612. fBhamnus lavigatus, Vahl, Symbelo), iii, 41. Ceanothus IwvigatllSj Do Candollo, Prodr. ii, 30. Sciltia ferrea, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 72 [not Brongnfart], f Rhamindium revolutum, Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612. BED IRON WOOD. DARLING PLUM. Semi-tropical Florida, Miami {Garber), bay Biscayne, and on the southern keys (Cnrtiss)', in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 3 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, clpse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 1.0715; ash, 3.20. The edible fruit, ripening in Ai)ril and May, of agreeable llavor. 43. — Condalia ferrea, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 100.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 5H8.— Gray in CoHlter's Bot. Gazette, iv, 208.— Chapman, Fl.S. States, Snppl.C12. Rhamnua ferrea, Vahl, Symbohe, iii, 41, t.5a Zizyphus emarginaUts, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ iii, 19.')4. Ceanothus ferreus, Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 30. Sciltia ferrea, Brougniart in Ann. "v\. Nat. 1 scr. x, 303 [not Chapnmu, Fl. S. States, 72].— Vasry, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. BLACK IRON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, on the southern keys; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 11 meters in height, with a trunk O.i.j to O.oS meter in diameter, generally hollow and defective; connnon. Wood excv"dingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, ('oni])act, difliiithern Now Mexico to southern Arizona; probably extembug into nertbeni Mexico. A small tree, G to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.:iO meter in diameter, or often a shrub; reaching its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas; one of the common "chaparral" ])lauts of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large irregularly-arranged open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood light yellow; apeciflc gravity, 1.1999; ash, 7.03. 46. — Rhamnus Caroiiniana, Walter, Fl. Carollniann, 101. — Lamarck, III. ii, 88; Diet, iv, 47(i. — Michaux, Fl. Uor.-Am. i, l.")3. — Nouvoau Duhamol, iii, 47. — Porsoon. Syn. i, 231).— Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. i, 1G6.— Nuttnll, Genera, i, 15;t.— Kieuier & SehuIteH, Syst. v, 285.— Elliott, 8k. i, 28<.).— Do CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 26.— Spreiifjel, Syst. i, 7(J8. — Torrry in Anu. Lye. N. York, ii, 174. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32. — Hooker, Jour. IJot. i, 202.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— London, Arboretum, ii, 537.- Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 300.— Eaton & Wiijjlit, Hot. 390.— Scheole in Rremor, Texas, 432.— Xiittall, Sylva, ii, 50, t. 59; 2 ed. i, 198, t. 59.— Darby, Dot. 8. StateH, 2(U».— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3.')4. — Wood, CI. Book, 219 ; Bot. &, Fl. 77, — Koub, Dendrologio, i, 610. — Gray, Hull's PI. Texas, 5. fFramjllla/ragillh, Uanncscine, Fl, Ludoviciana, 320 ; Sylva T' States, 5 cd, 115,— Torrey, Bot. Mox, Boundary Sirvey, 46.— Cooper in Smithsoniau Rep. Ifc58, 251..— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Fiircst Trees, 9. ^H1 1 i! \k INDIAN CHERRY. Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec river, ea.stern Kan.si\s, and the Indian territory, .south to northern Florida {latitude t»0°), and througl, the Gulf states to western Texas. A small tree, 0 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or in tiie Atlantic states generally a tali slirub; rich woods along streams and liver liottoins, reaching its greatest development iu southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, ihiii; <^olor, light brown, the sa])-woo«l lighter; specilic^ gravity, O.r)401i; ash, 0.0-1. The edible IVuit sweet and agreeable. 46. — Rhamnus Californica, KsehschoUz, Mem. Acad. St. PeterKbuif;, x, 281 (I.inmia Litt.-Iicr. 182^, 119.— Pre.sl, Rep. Bot. i, 197).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 38.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. X. Ameriea, i, 2li3.— Dietrich, Syn. i, •^Oii.— I'.nton &. Wrififht, Bot. 390.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Henisley, Bot. Aui.-Cent. i, 197. R. Olei/olius, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, l'.':'.. t. 1 1.— Hockei & Ainott, Bot. Beeehey, 130, 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. X. Ameriea, i, 2U0.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. :'.!t(i.— lii'nlliam, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Martweg. :>02.— Durand in Jour, Philadelphia Acad. \>^'>'>, t^,').— Cinrieic in Rev. Hurt, xlvi, :!.')4, 1'. 47-49. Endotropis oleifolia, Rafinesque, Sylva Telhiriaua, 31. B. lauri/olius, Xuttall in Torrey & (!ray, Fl. X. Americii, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390. Frangula Californica, Gmy, Genera, ii, 17(S ; Joui. Boston Soe. Xat. Hist, vi, MO.— Torny iu Silgreaves' Rep. 1..; Pacilic R. R. Rep. iv, 74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, Ki ; Bot. Wilke.s Exped. 201. — Newberry in Piiciiie R. U. Re)), vi, 69. — Bolander in Proe. C'alil'oniia Acad, iii, 78. California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the ujiper Sacramento river southward to Santa Barbara and lort Tejon. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 41 A small tree, rarely 7 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk O.ao to 0.37 meter in diameter {Pringle), or commonly a shrnb, along the Hcacoast and at high elevations often prostrate; common antl reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Hanta Cruz nionntains. A low shrubby form, densely white tomentose, especially on the under side of tho leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and ^'e^v Mexic«), is— var. tomcntella, Urower & WntHon, Dot. Ciilifornio, i, 101. M. tomentellus, Ueutbnin, PI. llurtwon. :)03.— Scouittun, Uot. Henild, V7.').— WhIixth, Ann. il,«67. Frangultt CaUfornica, var. tomcntella, Umv in SniitliHonimi C'ontiib. vi. 2H. -Torny in Pucillc R. H. Rep. iv, 74; vii, l». Wood light, soit, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth nnirked by nmny rows of open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure; color, brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; speciflc gravity, O.tiOOO; ash, 0.58. 47. — Rhamnus Purshiana, Uc Cundollo, ProUr. ii, 25.— Lo\.dou, Arboretum, ii, 538, f. 211.— Hooker, Kl. Bor.-Ani. i, 12:i, t. 4:1; Londoli Jour. Bot. vi, 78.— Don, MIUiu'h Diet, ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 2C2.— Dietrich, .Syn. i, H07.— Nuttull, Sylvn, ii, 52; 2 cd. i, 200.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Newberry in Pacific K. R. Rcj). vi, CO.— Koch, Dcndrologie, i, (ilO.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 370.— Brewer &. Watson, Uot. California, i, 101.— Hall in Coulter's Uot. Gazette, ii, 8t). Ii. alnij'olius^ Pnrsh, Fl. Am. .Sept. i, ICti [not L'llcrititr]. Cardiolepis obtusa, Rafines(|Uo, Sylva T.'llurianii, 28. Franyula Furshiana, Cooper in Suiithsoniau Rep. 1H,J8, 250; Pacific K. R. Rep. xii«, 29, 57.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2tW. ukauheruy, ukar wood, shittim wood. Puget sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Wa.shingtou territory to the Bitter Hoot mountain, Idiiho {MuUan pass, Watson), and the slioivs of Flatheatl li»ke, Jlontana {Canbij . — lliiiiUi T, I'i. lioi-.-..iii. i, PJo. — Umi, Miller's iJitt. ii, 37.— Hooker & Ainott, ISot. lieechey, 130, 3.iH.— Toni'y & Grii.v, I'l. X. Aim ricn, i, 'JiHi. — iJiclriih. S\n. i, r'13. — l.inuloii, Ai liontiiMi, ii, ."itll.— Kalim iV W li^lii. Hot. Ir:.'i. — Lindley, l!ol. Rt'n. xxx, I. :W.— Nultall, Sylv.i, ii. 41, t. .''w ; •,' eil. i, liCi, I. .".7.— iU'iuliiUii, ijol. (>iilpluir, lu; PI. Ilartwej,'. :;()•,'.— Ann. Gand. lrtl7, 1. 107. — Torrey in I'acilic K'. l,'. Kc]!. iv, 11; lint. Mcx. Ui)iiii(l;iry Survey, l.'i; Mot. Wilkes Kxped. 2t'u>. — Newberry in Paeilic R. Ii. Rep. vi, (iO. — Cooper in I'.uilie R. |{. Ifcp. xii', 57.— noliuiiler in I'roe. C'ali!'ori;ia Acad. iii,78. — Koch, Driidnilonir, i, 021. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 334. — Ibcwcr & Watson, Hot. Calil'oniia. i, U)2. — Vasey, Cat. I'orest Trees, II. ULLK .MVKTLi;. California Coast ranges, from JMeiidiciiio county south to Uie \ailey of tlie San Louis liey river (I'ahi, ]'(trisli Brothers). A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in ]iei,nlit, witli a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the sourhern limits reduced to a low shrub ; eoinni'on and reacliing its greatest de\el(ipment in tiie Sequoia forests near Saiitii Cruz. Wood light, soft, close-gTaineii, com]iaet ; medullary rays very oiisetire; color, light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.00. Tho bi;.rk of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby C. Americana, ti.sed with tidvanttige in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, iind as a domestic remedy in throat troubles (U. S. JJiitjiensatori/, l-k ed. IGOO. — jV'«(. JJispensutory, 2 ed. ;}73). 49. — Colubrina reclinata, Un iif;iiiuri, Ann. Sei. Nut. 1 ser. x, 3()9.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 350.— Gri. "bach, 1"1. Ihil isli West Indies, lUl.— Kggeis in Hull. U. S. Nat. Mas. Xo. 13, 10. lihammiS ellipticuit, Alton, llort. Kew. i, 2li5 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.— Willdeiiow, .Siuc. i, UW.— .Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Oce. i, 407. Ziztjphiis .DominitjcniiiH, Nouveau Dnhamel, iii, 50. Ceanothun ricUnatus, L'Heritier, Sort. 0,— Ra-mer & Schnltes, Syst. v, 2t'tf.— De CaudoUe, Prodr. ii, 31.— Macladyen, Fl. Jamaica, 211. K«J^.;. «««»i^i«Mi. »^-^,| 42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. NAKED WOOD. Soiiii troi)iciil Florida, Umbrellii Key, ou the noitb end of Key Largo, and sparingly oii the small islands south of Elliott's Key ; through the West Indies. One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.25 meter in diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United States on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense forest. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, britMe, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of agood polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the sai»-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8208 ; asii. 1.75. "The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordiuaiy. Wheu 0.152 meter thick it becomes furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiply aud exteiul in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter lippear like a mass of braided serpents. Ou small trunks the bark breaks up into llakes which curl up and drop off. Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozens of papery layers may be seen" {Curtks in let). SAPINDACEiE ' 'I 50. — ^sculus glabra, WilLicnow, Ennm. 405.— Pureh, Fl. Am. Seit. i, 255.— NuttiiU, Gem-ia, i, 241.— Pe CandoUe, Prodr. i, 597.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 384 ; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 1G4.— Gnimpel, Otto & Hayno, Alib. Holz. 28, t. 24.~Hayni>, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprongel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet. i,r>r.2.— Hcek, Bot. 65. -Loudon, Arboretiuii, i, 467, f, 133.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Katon & Wrigbt, Bot. 115. — Walpem, Rep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii,207, 1. 176, 177; Mamicl N. States, 5 ed. 118. — Cooper in Sinidisoniau Eop. li-5ti, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.— Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dendrologie, i. 508.— Vasoy. Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 61. ^. pallida, Willdenow, Enum. 406.— Niittall, Genera, i, 242.— Do Caudollc, Prodr. i, .597.- Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 29, t. 25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650. —Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 6.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiv, t. 51. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468, f. 134. ^. eekinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38. ^. Ohioemis, .Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 156, t. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 593.— De CandolU", Prodr. i, 597.— Don, Miller's Diet. i,(>52.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.6.— Rlddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 34.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed.'ii, 17. fJE. carnea, Ouimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xiii,t. 1056.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amerita, i, 253.— Walpers, Rep. i,425. Puvia ylabrn, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. Paria pallida, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. t Pavia caritea, Spmh in Ann. Sci. Niit. 2 ser. ii, .54 ; Hint. Veg. iii, 23.— Don in Sweet's Brit. Fl. Card. 2 ser. t. 301. t Pa via Watsoniana, .3. ?^J. Watsoniana, Dietrich, .S.\n. ii, 122.'i.— Walpers, lief, i, 425. A':!. Uippocastamtm, var. OhioensiS, Loudon, Arborctnni, i, 467.— lirowne, Th'cs ofAnicricii, 110, JE. Hippocastannm, var. glabra, Loudnn, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees ol Anicricii, HI. A'J. IIipj>ncastanitni, var. pallida, Loudon, Arliorelum, i, 46.-.— Browne, Trees of Anil ricii, lil. I OHIO UUCKKVE. FETID lU'CKC'E. Western slopes of the Alleghiiny mountains, Penn.sylvania to northern Alabama, westward tliroiigli southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 1)7° we.st, and the Indian territory. A small ti(M', 8 to 15 nu'ters in height, with n trunk <>..'10 (o (».(iO meter in diameter; rich .soil al(';ig streams and river bottoms, reaching i(s greatest dcvcloiPiiieMt in liie hi.itli valU'ys of the southern Allegliaiiv iiionnlaiiis. Wood light, soft, not strong, clo.se-grain<(i, comiiaet, dillicult to si»lil. often blemished by ilark lines ol decay; medu.'lary rays obscure; color, white^ the sup wood darker; sjieeiiic gravity, 0.4542; ash, 0.8(!; largely ii-scd in CATALOGUE OF F(JREST TREES. '13 coiiimou witb that of the other species of the yeiiu-s in the niiimifiu'tuif of woodemvare, aitillci;il limbs (for which the wood of JEsculus is preferred to that of all other Aiiiericau trees), i)aper-pulii, wooden hats, less eonnneiily for the bearings of shafting- and machinery, and occasionally inainifactured into lumber. The bark of the allied old woild sjjecies ^oK". Jlipixcantinnim nceasioiially has been found effi(".iei()us as a substitute for cinchona bark iu the treatment of intermiti;eut fevers (f. S. Dispe.(.s(U(>ri/, 14 ed. 1505. — X.—B. S. Barton, Coll. i,13; Bot.AiJpx. 2H, t. !.">, t. -J.— Willdouow, Spec. ii,d-l!: ICmiiii. 1,405; Bi'il. Baiiinz. i:?. — Di'sfoiitaincH, Hist. Avl). i,385. — Piirsli, Fl. Am. Sopt. i,ar)r). — Nut tall, Gcuora, i,ti4«'. — .James in Long's Ex]ie(l. i, 2ii. — Giiimpol, Otto iJk HayiiP, Abb. Ilolz. 27, t. 23.— Ilayuf, Demi. F1.44.— Elliott, Sk. i, Mti.— Watson, Demi. Brit.ii.t. Hi;!.— Loildigos, Bot. Cab. t. 12c0.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, I, 2C2.— Dietiich, Syn. ii, 120.'>.— Eaton, Manual. 0 ed. 7.— Eaton & AVright, Bot. 110.— Walpers, Rop. i, 424.— Darby, Bot. S. Stales, 26G. — Torrey in racilie M. R. Rep. iv, 74. — Browne, Trees ol' America, 11,'!'.— Selmizleiu, Icon. t. 2r;0''», f. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. ISoS, 2.M. — Chaiouan, Fl. S. States, 80. — Curt is iu Rep. Geological .Surv. N. Carolina, 18<)0, iii,48. — Lesqnoreuxin Oweu'sSdRop. Arkansas, i>.'')4.— Wood, CI. Bo(>lv,2-'8; Bot. &FI.75. — Gray, Manual X. States, . 5 ed. 118. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. ^. OCtandra, Marshall, Arbnsttim, 4.— Miller's Diet. Ko. 1. Pavia Jlava, MoBnuh, Moth. (iO. — De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, (ii^ii!.— Sjiach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 55; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 471 & t. ^. lutea, AVangenhoim in Sehrift. Gesoll. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii, Vi?., t. (>.— Micliaiix, F! Bor.-Am. i, 219.— I'crsoon, Syu. i, 403. — Koch. Dendrologie, i, 509. Pavia lutea, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 94. — Nouvean Duhamcl. iii, 15.', t. 38. — Miehanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 237, t.ll; N. Amai-icau Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 153, t. 91. JE. neglecta, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xii, t. 1009. Pavia neglecta, Dou, Miller's Diet, i, 653. — Spacli iu .\nn. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.ii,55; Hist. Veg. iii, 24. — Loudon, Arboretum, i. 472. SWEET BUCKEYE. Allegheny county, Pennsylvania (T. C Porter), southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia (Augusta) aud Alabama, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Iowa, the IiidiiUi territory, and tlie valley of the Brazos river, eastern Texas. A tree 18 to 28 meters in height, with a truuk O.UO to 0.00 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and along streams, reaching its greatest development on theslopesof the Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A variety with purple or Hesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is — var. purpurascens, Gray, Manual N. states, 5 ed. 118. ^. hybrUla, Do Candolle, Hort. Monsp. 1813, 75.— Poircr, Suppl. iv, 334. ^. discolor, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— Bot. Reg. iv, t. 3)0.— Elliott, Sk. i. 43(!.— Siirengel, Syst. ii, lf)7.— Sertum Botanienm, iv & t.— Eaton Jk Wright. Bot. 1 Id. — Walpers. Ann. iv, 381. Pavia discolor, Poirot, Suppl. v, (()9.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 0.'):i.— Ea ton. Manual, ti ed. 7.— Spaeh in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 57; Hist. Veg. iii, 28. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472. Pavia hybrida, Do Candolle, Prodr. i, .'■>98.— Don, Miller's Diet. i. (i,'.:t.— Eaton. Manual, (i ed. i;.-S)iach iu Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 50: Hist. Veg. iii, 27.— London, Arboretum, i, 472.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. Uti.— Kc.eli. Dendrologie, i, 512. ^. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray iu Jour. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist, vi, 107. Wood light, soft, clo.scgrained, compfict, diflicult to split; nu'duliary rays numerous, obscure: color, creamy- white, the siip-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, ((.4274 ; tish, 1.00. 52. — iEsculus Californica, Nmiall; Torrey * Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251 ; Sylva, ii. (19, t. til : 2 .d. ii. Iti. t. Dt.— Hooker & ArnoK, Bot. Beceliey, :I27.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 122.">.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 110.— Walpi'rs, Rep. i, 124.— Benlham. Bot. Sulidnir, 9; PI. Hartweg. Mil. — Duraud in .Four rhiladelphia Acad. l.-."h^, 85.— Rev. Ilort. iv, 150, f. 10, 11.— Torrey iu I'acilic R. R. Rep. iv,74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2tit).— Newberry in Paeilic R. R. Rep. vi, 20, 09, I'. 1. — Mot. Mag. I. .M177.— Fl. dcs Serres. xiii, ;t9, t. 1312.— Loudon Gard. Chronicle, l.-.'->8, 844.— Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t.— Gray iu Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist, vii, 1 10. — Inlander in Proe. California Acad. iii. 78.— Wali)ers. Ann. 024.— Koch, Dendndogie, i, ril3.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. t'aiil'orniii, i, IdO.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. CalotliyrsUS Cali/ornica, Spaeh iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 02; Hist. Veg. iii, 3,->. Pavia CilUfornica, llartweg in .lour. Hort. Soe. London, ii, 12:1.— Cnrriftre in Rev. Hort. 1802, :W;» & I'. 44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. OALIFOENIA BUCKEYE. California, valley of the upper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A low, widely-branching tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a short trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Range, north of San Francisco bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4980 ; ash, 0.70. 53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Endlicher, Atacta Bot. t. 3l> ; Nov. Stirp. Desc. ix, 75.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 684 ; Pacific B. E. Bep. ii, 162.— Walpers, Bep. i, 423-; v, 371; Ann. vii, 625.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167 ; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38; v, 30; Mem. Am. Acad, new scr. v, 299; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Fl. des Serres, x, 217, t. 1059.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48.— Sclmizleiu, Icon. t. 230, 1'. 2, 8.— Cooper in Smitlisonian Bep. 1858, 265.— Koch, Dcndrologie, i, 515. — Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 42.3. — Va«ey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Waioou in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 3;J7. D. heterophylla, Scheeloin Linna)a,xsi,.'i89; Koemer, Texas, 589. JJ, heptaphylla, Schcelein Linna3a,xsii,352; Kcemer, Texas, 432. n M ■I I*. ■ T' SPANISH BUCKEYE. Valley of the Trinity river (Dallas, Reverchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains, New Mexico [Bigeloic) ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes G to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern and western limits reduced to a low shnih; common west of the Colorado river; bottoms and rich hillside«i, rciching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Brannfels and the coast. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuons ; coloj', red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific- gravity, 0.G332 ; ash, 1.17. Fruit reputed poisonous. 54. — Sapindus marginatus, Wilidcnow, Euuni. i, 43v!.— MuliloiilnTg, Cat. 41.— Do Candollo, Prodr. i, 007.- Sprciij^el, SyNl. il, 250.— Don, Millor's Diet, i, 6G5.— Spach. Hist. Vt'g. iii, ,')4. — Torny & Oiiiy, Fl. N. Anuiicn, i, 2;'5, (iS") ; Pacific IJ. 1{. Kcp. ii, 1(W. — Katon, Manual, 6 ed. ;V2'A. — Eaton & Wii<;bt, Bot. 411. — Nntfall, 'S.vlvji, ii,72, t. (m ; "i cd. ii, 19, t. tia.— l.iavrnwurlli in Am. .Toiu'. Sci. i, 49, l:;('. — Euf^elmann & Gray iu .Jour. BoHlon .Soc. Nat. Hist, v, ■-'41. — Uniy in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Iliist. \\, Kii); Genera, ii, ?.'M, t. IfeO ; Smillisoniau Contrib. iii, ;i5'; Hall's 1*1. Texas, 5. — Kn jeltnnnn ii\ Wislizenii^' Kip. I'J. — Turiiy in Emory's IJep. i:i8; Marey'is Kep. 2f?.'; Paeilic K. ];. Kc)). iv, 2, 7! ; Bot. JIi'x. I^Mimbiry Survey, 47.— Selieelcv in i{ienier, Texa.s, 4:!;!.— Selmizlein, Icon. t. 'i'M, (. 22.— Chapman, I'l. S. States, 79. — Lesfnieienx in Owen's \:<\ IJi'ii. Arkansas, ;t.'i4. — AVnod, (.1. IJooli, 2-8; lint. & Fl. 7."). — I'orcber. Kesonrce.s.S. Forests, 85. — Yonnj;, Bot. Texas, 20-*. — V'asey, Cut. I'orcst Trees, 9. — llenisle,, , Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 211. — Wat.son in i'roc. Am. Acad, xvii, 'XM. S. saponaria, Lamarek, ill. ii, 411, t. 307 [not IjiMiiicus],— Miebaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 242.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, tiC;!, in part. — Personn, Syn. i, 444. — Pnrsli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 274.— Nntlall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliot i, hk. i, 4(!it.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172. — Darby, Bot. S. States, ■J()7. TS, inaqualis, Do t andolle, Prodr. i, GOU. 8. falcuhlX. l.'aline.'^inie, Med. Hot. ii. 2(11. 8. acuminata, UafiiieHque, N-w Fl. '.'2. 8. DrummontiL Honker a- Amolt, Ilol. Beeil ^ % 5 'i \ J^l (exel. var.).— Walpers, Uep, i, 417. W IMi ClIIN.V. SOAPHEKKV. Atlantic coast, yuvannah river to the Saint Jolm's river, Florida, and on Cedar Keys; southern Arkansas, valley uf the Wa.slii(a river (Trescott, Leiterman) tiirough western Louisiana and Texas to the mountain valleys of southern New .Mexico and Arizona; soulliwanl into jMexico, and in the W«'hI Indies (.' i, l)i,ss.r)S; llarlik.i, 8, t. l.—W iiiij;l.— Elirharl, Boitr iv, ■^5.— Mciiu'b, Mi'fli. .'>G. — IVrsiion, t^.vii. i 117. — Miclianx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 'M'i, 1.17; N". Amcrioan .Sylva, :! cd. ii, l/i'i. t.47. — I'lirsli, Fl. Am. tJcjit. i, sitiT. — Nuttull, Goiiern, i,-jri8.— De Caiidolli', l')<)(li-. i, i)'X\. — AVatsor., Doiid. ]!iit. i, t.70.--P()U, Miller's Dict.i, CIH. — Bock, Uot.d-I. — I,midoii, Aiboretum, i, A07 & t.— !Si)acli, Ili.st. Voj;. iii, f.'i; Ann. Sci, Xal.'-' s.'v. ii, M-,*.— Dii-liirli. !<> ii. l-'-l.~-i::iti>ii A Wright, Hot. 112.— Bijjelow, ]"1. Boston. ;{ cd. .1117.— Urowiio, Troes of America, Til. .STHIPEI) MAl'Ij:. MOOSi: -wool". silMl'EI' l)(i(;\V( lOD. (iOOSE-KOOT MAPLK. WIUSTU; \VOOI>. Valley of tlu' Saiiii l,:i\\ri'iic(' nvor (llallii liay). iioitlifni .shores of laUo Ontario, iislaiul.s of lakv lliiroii, south throu<;li the noillu'iii Athintic t^tato.s, an to 10 meters in liei{i;ht, with a tinnk 0.1.") lo 0.20 meter in diaiiieter; eool raviues and monntain sides Wood liglit, .soft, el()se-<;iaiiietl, conii)ae,t, satiny; medullary ray.s numerous, thin; eolor, lijjht brown, the .•^ip- \rood lifi;hter; sjieeifie gravity, O.rtliOO; ash, 0.30. 59. — Acer spicatum, Lamarek, Diet, ii, :i81.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 485.— Per.soon, .Syn. i, 417.— Do Candolle. Prodr. i, .W;!.- Don, Miller's Diet, i, (i48.— Andubou, BirdN, t. 1:M.— Penn. Cycl. i, 77.— Eaton, Mann.^l, fi ed. 2.— Bock, Bot. 64.— .Sp.acli, TI ■ t. Ve^. 87; Ann. Sci. Nat, 2 sor. ii, 1(J3.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 406, t. 26.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 24ti.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1281.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y(uk, i, 18.">. — Browne, Trees of America, 74. — Kmer.son, Trees Mas.sai;liu.setts, 497; 2 ed. ii, !>CI7 & t. — PaiTy in Owen'.s Reii. 610.— Uiehardson, Arctic Exped. 42'J.— Cliai)ni'in, Fl.S. Slates, .--O.— Cnrti.-* in Ke]!. Geolojiieal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,,"i2. — Wood, CI. Book, 287; Bot.it Fl. 74.— Gray. Mnnn \1 X.'state.s, ."> ed. li'J.— Koeh, Dendroloj^ie, i, .W2. — Maeouu in Geological Reii. Camida, 187.')-'7li, 102. — Sear.s in Bull. Khscn Inst, xiii, 17,''i.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, ,'i4'^. — N'ieholson in Loudon Gard. Chronicle. 1881. 17'.;. A. PcHnsylmnicum, Du Roi, Di»>«. 61; Hnrbk. i, '.^2, 1. 1 [not Linnaeus].- Waugerdieim, Aiiier. 82, t. 12, f. 30.— Marshall, Arluisfnm, •.'. A. pnrrijhntm, Ehrhart, B.'itr. iv, 25; vi, •Id.- Jhrneh, Meth. M. A. montdHlim, Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 41(5; 2 ed. v, 447 ^excl. .syn. sdiddim).— Miclianx, 11. lior.-Ani. ii, 25;!.— NVillili'Uow, Sjiec. iv, 1188; Etium. i, 1045. — Dest'ontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, ;!91.— Nonveau Dnliamel, iv, ;>;!.— Trattinick, Arehiv. i, t. l;i. — Pnrsh. Fl. Am. Sejit. i, 267.— Nuttall, Genera, i. 25;i.— Guinipd, Otto & Hayue, Abb. Holz. .V.), t. 48. — Ifayne, Deud. Fl. 2i;!.— Elliott, Sk. i. 4,52.— Torrey, Fl. V. .S. :t98 ; Compend. Fl. N. Slates, 17(1.— Spreugel, Syst. ii,224.- HookiT, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 111.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. :t ed. 408.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Valley of (he Saint Lawrence river, we.st along Ihe northern shores of the gical lakes lo northern i^Iinnesota and tht> Hiiskatehewan region, south through the northern slates, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes S to 10 meters in height, with a trunk O.lf) lo O.'JO meter in diameter, or often a l:iU shriilt ; eool woods and mountain ravine.s, reaehing its gre:ifest develoimient on the western slojies of the Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, close-grained, eomjtact ; medulkiry rays inconsiticuous ; color, light browu tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter: .si)eeitic giiivity, 0.r);i,!0; ash, 0.4;5. iu '"■ CATALOGUE OF FORESI^ TREES. 47 60. — Acer macrophyllum, Puisli. FJ. Am. S(>i>t. i, ;i07.— Poiict, Siippl. v, Cfi'J.— Niiftall, lieiu'ia, i, '2:>;\; Svlvii, ii, 77. I. (i^ : 'J id. ii. '^-I, t. 07.— Do CaiulolU, Prodi-, i, .Wl.— Siimi^'d, Syst. ii, IW.").— IViiii. Cycl. i, 7f.— Eaton, Manual, 0 c.I. t.'.— lIiK.kir. I'l. lior.-Ani. i, lia, t. '.iH.— Don, Milln's Diet, i, (118.— Si)ach in Ann. Sci. Nat. ii sit. ii, Ki.'i.— Tonvy & firay, Fl. N. Aniiriia, i, -Mli. — Hliia .\<'a(t. 18.'>5, 81. — 'I'onvy in I'acilio K. IMicp. iv, 71; Hot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 47; Hot. Wilki'H Fxpod. '^oS.- Ncwlicrry in P.ifitic 1M{. Jfi-p. vi, "Jl, (17.— Cooper in Pacilic U. K. lie]), xii, 28, 57; Smithsonian iU:\>. 18.'i8, 258. — Ijyall in .lour. I.innaan Moc. vii, 1;M, 141. — liolandev in I'roc. Calilbrnia Acad, iii, 78.— Wood, CI. Hooli, '2-87; Uot. & Fl. 71. — Kothrock in .SBiithsoniiin Kcp. 18(17, ;!;i4. — Koch, Dcndrolo^ic. i, 528. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, riii, ^79.- Hrrwor & Watson, Rot. Calil'ornia, i, 107. — Vascy, Cat. I'^u'cst Trees, 10. — Macoun in Oeawson in (Janadian Nat. new ser. ix, WM). — Ni<-hol.-ion in Loinlon Oard. Chronicle, 1881,10. A. palmatum, Rallncsiiue.New Fl. & 13ot. i, 48 [iu>t Thuuher}{]. I iDonntaiii BROAD-LKAVED JIAVI.K. Coast ol" Alaska, from latiliide 5.5° t.oiith alony' the iMlaiids ami toast of T>ritisli (Jolumbia, tlirouRli woatern Wasliiiigloii ti^nitory and Oregon, and along the California Coast ranges and western .slopes of (he Sierra ^Tevada to the San Uernardino mountains and Hot Spring valley, San Diego county {Parish lirnthcrs), not ascending above 4,000 feet altitude. A tree L*4 to ;50 meters in height, witii a trunk l.liO to l.r>() tncter in diameter; along streams and river bottom.s, reaehing its greatest development on the rieh bottom lands of the Coqnille and other rivers of southern Oregon, where, with the (California laurel, it forms dense, heavy forests. Wood light, .soft, not strong, close-grained, eompact, easily worked, susceptible ol' a good poli.sh ; mediii.iry rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.400!) ; ash, 0..')4; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for ax and brocmi handles, frames ol" snow-shoes, etc.; specimens with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common and valued in cabinet-nmking. 61. — Acer circinatum, Pursh. Fl. .\ni. Si'pt. i, 2(>(1.— Poirct, Suppl. v, (Itiil.- Nnttall, (ieiicra, i, 2.'i:i ; ,Ionr. Philadi'lplii.i Acatl. vii, 1(1 (exci. syn.); Sylva, ii, -0, I. 07; 2 ed. ii, 27, t. 07.- De Oandollo, Prodr. i, .'M»5.— Sprenjiel, Syst. ii, 22."i.— Pcnn. Cycl. i, 79.— Faloii, Manual, (1 ed. 2.— Don. Miller's Diet, i, 051. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. i', 1(10; Hist. Vejr. iii. 97.— London, Arlwireluni, i. 422. f. 112. 127. 'I'mrcy A. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 217.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-.Vin. i, 112, t. ;!9.— Katon & Wright, l!ot. 112.— Dietrich. Syn. ii, 1282.— llrowne, A. Hrgatlim, Kalinesqm", New Fl. & Hot. i. 18. VINE jHAPLE. British Columbia, valley of the I'Yaser river (Yale) and juobably farther north, southward through Waahingtor. territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northeiii California. rar(>ly ascending to 4,000 feet altitude. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.'JO to 0.;iO meter in diameter; along streams: the stems often i)roatrate and forming dense, impenetrable thuikets. Wood heavy, hard, no." strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specitic gravity, O.OtlOO ; ash, 0.;{n : (i,sed as fuel; by lumbermen IVn- ax and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing nets. ii 62. — Acer glabrum, lorrey, Ann. I.,\(. .\. York, ii, 172; Hot. Wilkes Fxped. 2.'i9.— Don. MilliT's l>ict. i, 0.')0.— Falon, Manual, 0 od. 2. — Torrey iV Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247, 084.— Kalon iV Wrinlil, Hot. 112.- -Walpers. Hep. i, 409.— Nnllall, .Sylva, ii, 8(1 ; 2. ed., ii, :t:t.— Newlicrry in Paeilio K. I{. R'li. vi. 09.— Coojicr in Smithsonian Hep. 1858. •j.'>M; Pacilic R. R. Rep. xii,. 1,.".7; Am. Nat. iii, 4(i(l.— Kn>;elnninu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. m>\v ser. xii, 187.— Gray in Am. .Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv,2.")9; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 180;!, 59.— Porter in Hayden'H Rep. 1870. 474: 1871,480. Watson in Kiu(,''s Kep. v, .V.'.— Poller & Coulter, Fl. Colcuado; Hayih'u's Snrv. Misc. Pnli. No. 4, 19.— Coulter in liaydcn's Rep. I872,70:l.— Stacoun in t!c(>loj;ieal Rep. Caiuida, 187.5-'7(i, 192.— Hrewcr A- Watson, Hot. (Jalil'ornia, i, t07.— Itothroek in Wlieelci's Rep. vi.SU.— Nicholson in London Gurd. Chrouiele, 1881, 7.50. 48 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A. barhaium, Donglns in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, li:).— London, Arboretum, i, 480, f. 125 (excl. syn.). ^' DouglasH, Hooker in Loudon Jour. hot. vi, 77, t.6. A, tripartitvm, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 247.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1£S!— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Wnlpers, Rep. i, 409.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 85, t. 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 3.3, t. 71.— Gray in Mem. Am. Aoud. new ser. iv>, 28; Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 7:J. -Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69. ri '!*! II DWARF MAPLE. British Columbia, valley of tbe Fraser river and probably farther north, south through Washington territory, Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevada of California to the Yosemite valley; east along the mountain ranges of Idaho and Montana to the eastern base of the Kocky mountains, south through Colorado and Utah, in the east Humboldt Eange, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona, A small tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a low slinib 1 to 2 meters in height; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. M'ood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6028; ash, 0.30. 63. — Acer grandidentatum, Nuttall; Torrey & Grtiy, Fl. N. Aniericii, i, 247.— Dirtrich, Syu. ii, 1283.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 112.— Wulpere, Rep. i, 409.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 82, t.C9; 2 ed. ii, 29, t. 69.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 52; PI. Wheeler, 7.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 480.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 2, 1. 11, f. 26.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 379. — Walter, Fl. Cai'oliiiiaua, 251. — Aiton, Ilort. Kcw. iii, 434 ; 2 ed. v, 447. — Uhrhart, Beitr. iv, 24. — Peraoon, Syn. i, 4!7. — Nouveau Dnliamcl, iv, 29, t.H. — Willdenow, Spce. iv, 985; Kuum.ii, 1044. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 392.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 3.— Michaux f. Hist. Arlj, Am. ii, 218, 1. 15 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 153, t. 42.— Titford, Hort. Bot.Ani. 105.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I, 2ti«.— Eaton, Manual, 44; 6 ed. 2.--NuttaII, Genera, i, 253.— Ilayne, Dend. Fl. 214.— Elliott, Sk. i, l.'iO.— Richardson, Franklin .Jour. 26; Arctic Exped. 422.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, .595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. StatcH, 170; Fl. y. York, i. 135.— Sprengel, Syst. ii. 22.5.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.- Beck, Bot. 63.— Bigelow, Fi. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170; Ann. Sci.Nat. 2 ser. ii, 99.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411, t. 31, f. 122.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Walpcrs, Rep. i, 410.— Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 88; 2ed. ii,3.5. — Browne, Trees of America, 8:i. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 480 ; 2 ed. ii, 258 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Lesqncrenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3.54. — Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot.& F1.74. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 80. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Young, Bot. Texas, 206. — Va.sey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Gnibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 17,5.- Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,51'.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. vl. SflffAarMm, Marshall, Arbnstuni, 4. , A. barbuium, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 253.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 989.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 575.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i,2i.5.— Elliott, Sk. i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 505.— Torrey, Fl. I'. .«!. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 169.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 178; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 118.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 249, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18(i0, iii. 51. SUGAR MAPLE. SV GAU IKEE. IlAKl) AIAPLK. KOCK MAPLE. Southern NewfoiiinUand, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake Saint John, west along the northern shores ol' the great lakes to Lake of the Woods; south tlirougii the northern states and along the Alleghany moiuitains to northern Alabama an0.— De Caudolle, Prodr. i, r.9r>.— Torrey, Fl. II. S. 397 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, !>2.">.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, («'.0.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. a.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 104; Ann. .Sei. Niit. 2 ser. ii, 170.— Dietrieli, .'*.vn. ii, 12H2.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Koeh, Dendrologie, i, 532. — Gray in Am. Nat. vi, 767; vii, 422.— Wimd, CI. Hook, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74. BLACK SUGAR MAl'LK. Western Vermont, shores of lake Cham]>Iain, westward to southern Missouri, south through Tennessee to northern Alabama, the valley of tlie Chickasaw river, Mississippi (Mohr), and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton, Letterman). A large tree along streams and I'iver bottoms, in lower ground than the species with which it is connected by numerous intermediate forms. Wood heavier than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.691."); ash, 0.71. 65. — Acer dasycarpum, Ebrhart, Beitr. iv, 24.— Mcjoucb, Moth. .")6.— Persoon, Syu. i, 417. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985; Enuni. ii, 1044.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 446. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 2.")2; Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 3.5.— Hayne, Dond. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 169; Fl. N. York, i, 136, t. 18; Nicollot's Kep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Tauseh, Regcnsb. Fl. xii'^ .55;?.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 423, fig. 129 &, t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113; Jour. Bot. i, 200.— Bige'ow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 487; 2 ed. ii, .556 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darlington, Fl. Cestriea, 3 ed. 46. — RichanLson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 2(55.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.- Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51.— Lesfiuereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Buchenau iu Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 88.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 541.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii,3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53'.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 136, f.24.— Ridgway iu Proc. U.S.Nat. MnH.1882,62. • A. saccharinum, Linmous, Spec. 1 ed. 1055. A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434. A. eriocarpum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,2,53.— Desfontaiues in Ann. Mus. vii, 412, t. 2.5, f. 1 ; Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Poiret, SuppL ii, 57:!.— Trattiiiiek, Archiv. i, t. 8.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 20.5, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 146, t. 40.— Nouveau Duhamol, iv, 30.— Do CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. iii, 116; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 177.— Darlington, Fl. Cestriea, 2 ed. 245.— Dietrich, 8yn. ii, 1282.— Browne, Trees of America, 95. — Meehau in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1868, 140. SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVER MAPLE. Valley of the Saint John's river, New Brunswick, to Ontario, south of latitude 45°, south to western Florida; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue river, Kansas, and the Indian territory. A largo tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, DG meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; along streams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaGhintt its greatest development in the basin of tiie lower Ohio river. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; specific gravity, 0.5209; ash, 0.33; somewhat used in the maitufactui-e of cheap furniture, for Hooi-ing, etc.; maple sugar is occasionally made from this species. 4 FOK f^"^^ 50 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. w 1 ' Sim 66. — Acer rubrum, l-innaMis, Sped ed. 1055.— Du Roi.Diss. 59.— Marshall, ArlHiHtuiii.X— Lamarck, Diet. ii,300; 111. iii.438, i. H44, f. a.— Khrhart, Bcitr. iv,2;i.— Abbot, Iiisocts Oi'orgia, ii, 93. — Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 434 (excl. var.) ; 2 eil. v,44t;. — Miciich, Molu. 50. — Mi«biinx,l''I. Boi'.-Am. ii,253.— rciHOon, Syii. i, 417. — Kobin, Voyages, iii, 471.— Nouvcau Diiliainel, iv,:!l.— Willdciiow, Spec. iv,984; Kniiiii. ii, 1044. — Desfontaines in .\nn. MiiN.vii, 413, t. S'l, f. 'J; IliKt. Arb. i, 391. — I'oirct, Siipiil. ii, 574. — Trattinicli, Arcbiv. i, t. 9. — Micliaiix f. HiBt. Arb. Am. ii,aiO,t. 14 ; N. American !Sjlva,3 cd. i 149,1.41.— rursh,ri. Am. Sept. i, 205.— IJigelow, Fl. Boston. 377.— NnltaU, Genera, i, 2.V,'.— Katon, Manual, 44; 0 ed. 2.— Ilayne, Uend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.— Torrey, Fl.l!. S. 395 ; Couipend. Fl. N. States, 109; Fl. N. York, i, 137.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 109.— Spieufjel, Syst. ii, 225.— An3.— Spaeb.Hist. Ve^. iii, 113; Aim. Soi. Nat. 2 »er. ii, 170. -Loudon, Arboretum, i, 424, f. 130 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 249, ()fci4.— Diet rich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Katon & AVri{{lit, Bot. 112.— Bijrelow, Fl. Boston. 3 id. 405.— Waljiers, Rep. i, 409.— Keid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 270. — Einerson, Trees Mas.sachnsett8, 483 ; 2 ed. ii, 551 & t. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 010. — Richardson, Arctic Kxped. 422. — Nuttall, Sylva,ii,87; 2 ed. ii, 34. — Darlington, Fl. Custrica,3 c<1.40. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 205. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Cliainuan.Fl. .S. States, 81. — Curtis in Rej). Geological Surv. N. Candina, 1800, iii, ,50. — Losquereux in Owen's 2d Reii. Arkansas, ;{54. — Wood, CI. Book, 280; Bot. «&F1.74. — Engelniann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 187. — Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 79. — Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 542. — Voung, Bot. Texaa, 200. — A'asey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 187.')-'7fi, 192. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 170. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54^— Nicholson iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 172, f. 30, 31.— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu». 1882,02. f A. tjluucum, Marshall, Arbustum, 2. / A. CaroUnitttia, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana,2.'>l. A. coccineum, Michaux l. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 203; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 142. A. saiujuilieum, Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 115 ; Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 176.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. BED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SOFT MAPLE. WATER MAPLE. New Jiiuiiswicli, Quebec and Ontario, south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa rivers, Florida, west to easterr Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A larye tree, L'(» to 30 or, exceptionally, 32 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Wabash and Yazoo rivers. V^■ood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specilic gravity, 0.G178 ; ash, 0.37 ; largely used in cabinet- making, turnery, and for woodenware, gun stocks, etc. j an accidental variety with undulating grain is highly valued. Ink is occasionally made, domesticallj-, by boiling the bark of this species iu soft water and combining the tannin with sulphate of iron ; formerly somewhat used iu dyeing. Var. Drummondii. A. Drummondii, Hooker &. Arnott in Hooker, Jour. Bot. '. I'.t9.— Nattall,Sylva,ii,83,t.70; 2 ed.ii,30,t.70. Southern Arkansas, eastc^'u Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf states to southern Georgia. AVell characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves, the base entire or slightly creuulate-toothed, densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick wliito toraentuui ; fruit convergent, the wings bright red, even when fully ripe. A large tree, iu deep, wet swamps, connected with the species by numerous intermediate forms of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Wood lighter than that of the species; specific gravity, 0.5459; ash, 0.34. 67. — Negundo aceroides, Moeuch, Meth. 334.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 147; Fremont's Rep. 88; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 73.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 92; 2 ed. ii, 38.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, KHi ; Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv, 29; v, ;i09; Genera, ii, 202, t. 175; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 41; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 120.— R; hardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. (ilO. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 40. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 18,58, 251 ; Am. Nat. iii, 30(). — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 81. — Curtis iu Rej*. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 53. — Wood, CI. Book, 287 ; Bot. & Fl. 74. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n«w ser. xii, 188.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 474. — Watson iu King's Rep. V, ^>2 ; PI. Wheeler, 7. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Ilaydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 19. — Macouu & Gibson in Trans. Bot Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 319. — Young, Bot. Texas, 207. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'70, 192.— Brewer &, Watson, Bot. California, i, 108.— Rothrock iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 84.— Hemsloy, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 214.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 17(i. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, l879-'80, 48''. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 815.— Kidgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 03.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES 51 AcerNegundo, LinnwuB, Spec. 1 ed. lOrKi.— Wangonhoim, Amor. ;10, t. Vi, f. 2!).— MuishuU, ArbiiNtiiiu,-J.— l.iunaick, Diet, ii, 380.— Walter, Fl.Caroliniaii»,a50.—Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, llUi; -Jed. v, 448.— Michiinx, Fl. Hor.Am. ii, -r.a.— Poraoon, Syn. i, 418.— DcBfoDtaiin's, Hist. Arb.i,;iUl.— Willileiiow, Spc;' iv, 9<.>2; Kiniiii. ii, 104t'..— Nouveau Uiiliannl, iv, 27, t. 7.— Trattiiiick. ArcLiv. i, t. 40.— Micliauxf. Hint. Arl>. Am. ii, 'i47, t. 18; N. American Sylva, It ed. i, \Ti, t. 4li.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 2Cri.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. ai(J.— Elliott, Sk. i, 4W.— James in Long's Kxped. ii, C.l).— I'orrey, Fl. U. S. 298; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172; Emory's Rep. 407.— Si)ren)j;cl, Syst. ii, -J-J.').— Ouimptd, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 119, t. 95.— Eaton, Maunal, G ed. 2.— nietricli, Syn. ii, 128;t.— London, Arboretum, i, 460, t. 4C, 47.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 205.- Buchena i in Bot. Zeit. xiv, 2tf.'>, t. U & figs.- Koch, Deudrologie, i, 544.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 374, f. 426. Negundium fraxinifoHvm, Rafinesqne, Med, Rep. v, ;i54.— Dtsvanx, ,l(.iir. Uol. V, 17(1. Negtmdo fraxinifolium, Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 114 ; J/)ur. Bot. i, 200.— Don, SliUer's Diet, i, 651.— Beek, Bot. 64.— Spaeb, Hist. Veg. iii, 119.— Ralinesqno, Now Fl. «& Bot. i, 48.— Browne, Trees ol" America, 10(i. — ScUeole in Rcomer, Texas, 433. — Schniiolein, Icon. t. 227, f. 2, 18. f N. Mexicanum, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 596.— Hemsloy, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 214. X. tri/oUatum, Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48. JT. lobatum, Raliuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 48. N. Californimim, Seheelo in Roemer, Texas, 433 [not Torrey & Gray]. BOX ELDER. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Shores of the Winooski river and hike Cha]U]>hiin, Vennoiit, near Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and south to Hernando county, Florida (not detected in northeastern Florida) ; northwest through the lake region of the United States and Manitoba to the Dog's Head, lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan to the eastern base of the llocky mountains; west in the United St:ite8 to the eastern sloi)es of the Kocky mountains of Montana, through Colorado to the Wahsiiteh mountains, Utah; southwest through the basin of the Mississippi river, western Texas, and New Mexico to the MogoUon mountains, eastern Arizona; southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk O.liO to O.'.IU or, exee|)tioually, 1.20 meter in diameter; moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; in the Kocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and (!,000 feet elevation ; one of the most widely distributed trees of tlie American forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Wabash and Cumberland rivers. W^ood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4.528 ; ash, 1.07 ; occasionally used in the interior finish of houses, for woodenware, cooperage, and paper-pulp. Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this species. 68. — Negundo Californicum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 250, 6H4.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beeohoy, 327, t. 77.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 327.— Walpers, Rep. i, 410.— Bentbani, PI. Hartweg. 301.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 90, t. 72 ; 2 ed. ii, 37, t. 72.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. IH.'ie, 258, in part.— Koeh, Dendrologie, i, 545.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 108.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 18fil, 815. Acer Californicum, Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1283. N, aceroides, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,74; Bot. Mex. Boiindary Survey, 47; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 250 [not Moench].- Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78. BOX ELDER. Califcrnii, valley of the lower Sacramento river (Sacramento, and in Marin and Contra Costa counties), southward in the interior valleys of the Coast ranges to about latitude 35°, caiious of the western slopes of the San Bernardino mountains (Parish Brothers). A small tree, G to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.CO meter iu diameter; borders of streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rsiys numerous, thin ; color, nearly white, or slightly tinged with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4821 ; ash, 0.54 ; occasionally used in the manufacture of cluMip furniture. „— ii "■""-•^'"' '■"■--imnii 52 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ANACARDIACEJl. 60. — Rhus cotinoides, Nnttal], I(s8. in Herb. Philadelphia Acad. ; Travels, 177.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 70.— Wood, CI. Book, 285; Bot. &, Fl. 73.— Buckley in Proo. Philadelpliia Acad. 1881, 125.- Mohr in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1881. 217. B. COtinUH? Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 21C.— Woi)d, CI. Hook, 285. Cotinvs Americanus, Nnttall, Sylva, iii, l, t. 81 ; 2 cd. ii, 71, t. 81. Cotinus coggygria, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 351, in part. Indian terriforj-, " on the light, broken, calcareous, rocky banks of the Grand river, a large tributary of the Arkansas, at a place then known as the Eagle's Nest," {NvttaU, I. c); Alabama, north of the Tennessee river on southern slopes of the Cumberland mountains (on a hill near Bailie's farm, twelve miles from Huntsville, on the Madison road, BucMeg, Mohr), and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee. CllITTAM WOOD. In Alabama, a smaU wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; on limestone benches from 700 to 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple, etc.; local and very rare; not redi.scovered in Arkansas or the Indian territory' ; in Alabama nearly exterminated. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in cvmtact with the soil ; layers of annual growtli marked by severta) rows of large open ducts; meu ilary rays, nunierou.s, very obscure ; color, bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.C425; ash, 0.50; largely used h ; (i «d. 302.- Nuttall, Genera, i, 203.— Knjuifr &. Schiiltes, Syst. vi, 643.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 33.— Elliott, Sk. i, 360.— Torrcy, Fl. U. S. 322; Conipcnd. Fl. N. States, 140; Fl. N. York, i, laS.— Dc Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67. — S))reiig<'l, Sy«t. i, 936. — Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 17, 18. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 126. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70. — Beck, Bot. 76.— Spnch, Hist. Vcg. ii, 212.— Bennett, PI. .lav. Rar. 80.— Lou"i50, f. 224.— Torny & Gray, Fl. N. Amerioa, i, 217, 680.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 392.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 126.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— Emerson, Trees Massiichnsetts, .501; 2 ed.ii, 571 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 184. — GriHitli, Med. Bot. 186. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3ed. 43. — Richardson, Arctic Exjied. 424,— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 254.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 93. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 353.— Wood, CI. Book, 384; Bot. &. Fl. 73.— Pnicher, Resources S. Forests, 208.— Gray, Manual N. State»,5cd, HI.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 576. — Young, Bot. Texas, 197. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trei's, 10. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 488. — Nat. Dispens-itory, 2 v.(\. 1230,— Ridgway in Proe. IT. S. Nat, Mus. 1882, 63.— Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 377. Datkca hirta, Linnanis, Spec, l ed. 1037.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 290. R. hypselodenilron, Moench, Meth. 73. R. Canadense, Miller, Diet. No. 5.- Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 163. R. viridijlora, Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 16:1. —Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 504.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67.— Nuttall, Geuero, i, 203.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 70.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1002.— London, Arboretum, ii, 551. — ^Browne, Trees of America, 184. ■■*!' B. typhina, var. viridijlora, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 378. h CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 53 BTAGHOHN SUMACH. New Hnniswit^k, west tlirongli tbo viilloy of the Saint Lawroiice river to sontliern Ontario and MnincsotJi, Hoiitii through the norUiern HtatiH8i|i]>i. A small tree, rarely !) meters in height, with a trunk O.lf) to 0.;J0 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; dry hillsides or ol'tun along streams in sandy, moist soil. A variety with laeiniate leaves oceurs near Hanover, Now Ilamp.s lire, var. laciniata, Wax], VI. Jiook, 'JSi.— Jiof. «(; Fl. T^). Wotid light, brittle, soft, e.»ars«'grained, eoiiipaet, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; hiyers of aninnil growth elearly marked by lour to six rows of large open duets; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yeUow streaked with green, the sap wood nearly white; specille gravity, 0.4'i.'»7; ash, 0.50; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet work; (he young shoots for "saj) (piills" in drawing the sap of the sugar maple. Bark ami leaves astringent, rich in tannin, and somewhat used locally ii»'a dye and in dressing skins (Special Rep. iS'«. :.'('(, U. IS. Aji. Dip. '2'2, t. 3); an infusion of the berries used donu'stically as a gargle in cases of (;atarrhul sore throat. 71. — Rhus copallina, l/muiii >Iiiii'ii, iiisi. vi'LT. II, vii. — iiirri'.v A (iniy, ri. ^. Aincinii, i, i:!..— i-atmi iV \\ imm, imi. ;i\ij. — liiiii'iow, i- 1. isosion. ;i ini. vjh. — Dicliicli, SvM. ii. KMK!. — I.diuIiih, Arlnintiiin, ii, ri.'il. — Kipcrsoii, 'I'lciji MiissiicliUMiitM, .'.Olt ; 2 cd. ii, .')(l. — (iriliilli, MimI. lint. 180. — (Ji-ii.v ill .Mini. Am. Anitl. new .scr. vi.'JS; Maiiiiiil .\. Slates, .') cil. ill; Hall".'* I'l. Tcxiis, ."i.— Schccli' in Wii'iiicr, 'I'i'Mis, .l:tl. — Dailingtoii, I'l. C'cNtiica, :i rd. .):i. — IJailiy, 15ol. S. Slalr.s, 2."i.">.— CMiaimiaii, l"l. S. Slali's, (I'.l. — Curtis in Ivcp, licoloijical Siirv. N. i^.i>..i;i... IsCft :ii ()•).. I ..^....i .- ;.. /).......*.. .>.i i.>.... \..i-,...^..^ 'ir..i . \\',....i /m it.w.i. .>tji. fi..«- .r. t.M ft t.^......i :.. ("aii>lina, If'liO, iii, '.IJ.— Lcsiinrirnx in Owcn'.s '.M Rep. Arkansa.s, H.Vj. — Wood, CI. Hook, ','84; Uot. &, Fl. 711. — Ennclniaiin in Ti'ans. Am. IMiil. .Soi-. now .sor. xii. 187. — I'orclior. Ri'soiirccs S. FoicMtH, •JII7. — Kocli, Di'iidiolo^ir, .■>7.'>. — Yoiuij;, l!ot. Texas, li)7. — Va.sry, Cat lorcsl, Tret'.s, 11.— Nat. Di,si«Misal"r,v, J cd. lv!3(). — Ward in Bull. V. .S. Nat. AIns. No. 'J'J, 7:1.— Kidgway in I'roo. U. S. Nat. Mils. I8f"j, (i;i.— Knglcr in J)f Candollc, .^llilc>^, iv, IIHl. ? R. ropalliua, vars. taii/olid, latiaJato, nnfiv.stifoJUi, and serrata, Eujiloi- in He Candollr. .Sniics, iv, :tH.l. dwai:f sumach. Northern New Knglaiid, .south to Manatee and Ca.ximbas bay, Florida, west to Slis.souri, Arkansas, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A smiill tree, (» to !> meters in height, with a trunk O.lo to 0.20 meter in diameter, or at the north a low shrub 1 to 2 nuiters in height; dry hills and ridges, rciiehing its greatest dovelopmeut in southern Arkansas ami eastern Textis; riinnii";' into various forms. The best marked is — var. leucantha, Dc Candollo, I'rodr. ii, ()H.— Gray in Joiiv. Iloston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 158. E. leucantha, .lucquin, Hoit. Sclii.nl.. iii, i,0, t ;M-.'.— Spaoli, Hist. Vog. ii, 215. R. copallina, var. angusiialata, Knuflor in Do CaiKlolli% Suites, iv, 384. Shrubby, leaflets lanceolate, flowers white. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-gniined, comi)act, satiny, susceptible of a good i)olish ; layers of annual growth elearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, not i)roniinent ; color, light brown streiiked with green, or often tinged with red; the sap-wood lighter; speeiflc gravity, 0.r»27;{; ash, O.GO. Leaves iiiul bark astringent, rich in tannin ; the leaves largely collected, principally in ^Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and ground for tanning and dyeing [Special livp. Nt). !.'(•, I'. S. Afj. Dep. 20, t. o). the fruit, acid itnd iistringent, used, as well as thtit of the shrubby Rhim ijlabra, by herbalists in the form of decoctions, fluid extiiicts, etc., is a gargle in the treatment of .sore throat. m Var. lanceolata. Gray, Jour. lioHton Soe. Nat. Hi^t. vi, ir>f>. — Torrvy, Bot. Mox. ISoniidary i^urvt^y, 44. — Watsou in Proc. Am. Acud. xvii, 338. B, copallina, var. integrifolia, Euglor in De Candollo, Suites, iv, 384. Western Texas, Dallas {Reverchon) to the Rio Grande. A small tree, with lanceolate, elongated leaflets, o to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter; calcareous soil ; common; specific gravity, 0.5184; ash, 0.85. "iT 54 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 72. — Rhus venenata, De Oandoiie, Prodr. ii, 08.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 126.— Don, Miller's Diet, il, 71.— Beck, Dot. 76.— Spaoh, Hist. Vcg. i),215.— Lindley, Fl. Mod. 284.- London, Arl>ore»iini, ii, 552, f. 226.— Torroy & Giiiy, Fl. N. Amoricii, i, 218, (i81.— Eiiton & Wright, Hot. 392.- Dietrich, Syii. ii, lOOli. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 1^0. — Urowno, TrocH of America, 186. — Qriffltli, Med. Dot. 185. — EmcrHon, Trees MiisBnclnmettH, 504; 2 I'd. ii, .''175 &. t. — Darlin^^tuu, Fl. CfMlrlcu, ;i ed. 44. — HlthnrdHon, Arctie Kxived. 424.— Cooper in .SinithHonlnii Keji. 1858, 250.— Cliniimnn, Fl. .S. States, 69.— CiirtiB In Kep. Geologlenl Snrv. N. Curolinn, IHCiO, ill, 0;t.— Lcwqnereiix in Owen's 2d Hep. ArkuUNiis, ;i.'>:t.— Wood, CI. Hook, 284; Uol. A Fl. 7:t.— Oriiy, Minmiil N. States, 5 ed. 111.— Vaney, Cat. Fori'st Trees, 11.— Hailey i" Am. Nut. vii, 5, »'. ;i.— Ward in Hull. U. S. Nat. Mtis. No. 22, 71).- Knjtler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, :!!)7. R, Verni.V, liinmens, Spec. 1 ed. 265, in purl.— Kulm, Travels, Knglish ed. 177.— Medieiis, I3ot. Ileobaelit. 17S2, 22;!.- Muisliiill, ArliM.stnni, i:i(t. — Wannenlieim, Amev. !I2, — AKon, Ilort. Kew.l, ;Ui(l; 2 ed. ii, KUt.— ricnek, Icon. f. '.'IM. — I.amarek, 111. ii, :i4(l, t. 207, f. •,'.— Willdenow, Spee. i, M7il; Knnni. i, :w;i.- H. S. itiirton, Coll. I, •-•:!, ,^(i.— Sehknhr, Ilandl). 2:«;.— Miclianx. I'l. I'.or.-Aiii. i, 1811. — Nouvean Dnliiimel, ii, l(u.— I'ersoon, Syn. i, H24.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arli. ii, '.Kit.— Toilet inLaniiirck, Diet, vii,.^05.— Null all, (iemra, i, 20;i.— llartou, I'rodr. Fl. I'liiladeliili. :t!t; ( onipeiid. Fl. I'liiladelpli. 154.— Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. i,20.-|.— Katon, Manual, :M ; 6 ed. ;!02.— llijielow, Med. Hot. i, Uti, t.lO; Fl. Mo.slon. ;i cmI. 126.— Ra>mer & Schnlles, Sy.st. vi, 646.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.:i4.— ICUiott, Sk. i, :162.— Torrey, Fl. IT. S. :i2;i; C^onipond. Fl. N. States, 20;!.— Sprengcl, Syst. i, ronn(l. Wood lij^lit, soft. eoaiso-<;rain('('i, moderately coniiiact ; layers of animal fiiowtb clearly marked by three or four rows of larj>:e open duets; medullary rays thin, very obseure ; eolor, light yellow streaked with brown, the 8ai)-wood lighter; speeiiie gravity, O.J.'iSli; ash, 0.0 1. The wlioh'. ])lant, iis well as the allied Ii. Toxicodendron, to most persons exceedingly poisonous to the toueh, owing to the pre.seni'e of a volatile ])riii(!ii)le, To.ncodendrU', acid ( U. S. DLspcnsatory, 14 ed. 008. — i^'ut. J)i>ipen.wton/, 2 ed. 14G4); the white milky sap turning blaek in drying and yielding a valuable lacquer {liigelotc, Med. Bol. I. c.) 73. — Rhus Metopium, Linnnms, Ania'n. V, :«».">. Titfmd, Ilort. Hut. Am. 51.— De.scoiirtil/, Fi. Slelo])ment on the shores of bay Biscayne, near Miami ; one of the most common trees of the region, the large specimens generally decayed. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specilic gravity, 0.7017; ash, 2.;J0; little esteemed. A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incisions made in the bark of this species (Pharm. Jovr. vii, 270. — Gvibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 489). 74. — Pistacia Mexicana, IIBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, vii, 22, t. 608. — Do Caudollo, Prodr. ii, 64. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 27. — Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 44.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 109. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 221. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 1338. Texas, valley of the Rio Grande (near the mouth of the Pecos river, Bigehw)', southward into Mexico (Saltillo, Palmer, etc.). Wood not collected. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 55 LEGUMINOSJ] 75. — Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson, Proc, Am. Acad, xyii, 330. E. amorphoides, var. orthocarpa, Oruy in SinithHoniun Contrlb. 111,40; v,2:i7. E. amorphoides, Torroy, not. Mex. noundury Siiiviy,.'il, in part. Westeni Ti-xas, valleys of th(( upi»er Guadalupe and Hio (liaude, west to the Suntii Rita and Santa Catalina niountaintt, Arizona (I'rinijle); southward into northc^rn I\I«ixi(;o. A small tree, o to (i meters in heiffht, with a trunk 0.0!) to O.lii meter in diameter, T. v, 'M!>; Ives' Kep, 10. — Torrcy, I'ikmHc R. I\. Ki'l>. iv, 7S; vii, i>, t. :t,— Dot. Mex. 15(iun(liivy Siiivry, T):!.— WiilpciM, Ann. iv, l*"). — Coopor in .SinilbNdniiin Kfp. iH.'irt, 2(U'>. — WiitMin in I'loc. Am. Aciul. xi, i:w.— Urcwrr A Wiilsim, liot. Calilbrniii, i, MH,— Hcnislry, Hoi. Am.-C'tsut. 'J-IO. Anajirwa sj)ill(>sa, Haillon in AdauHonia, i.\,«'J; His(. I'l. ii,v'8H. Colorado desert, southern California (Agua Caliente, Toras, etc.), and eastward to the viilley ;)f the low*r Gilii river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes (5 meters in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter (/'«>•»•)/, Parish Brothers), or often a low shrub; dry, gravelly, rocky .soil. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many evenly-distributed ojten duets; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, walnnt-brown, the sai)-W()<)d nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.553(!; ash, i.Ot. 77. — Robinia Pseudacacia, Linmiim, Spec. 1 od. ^22. — Mui'Hhall, ArbuHtuni, l!!:!. — Wanjifulioim, AnuT. Ill, I. 7. — I.'IIoriticr, Stirp. Nov. IfiS. — Waltrr, Fl. Ciiroliniunii, 18C. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,53; SJed. iv,;!2H.— Gu'rlner, Friict. ii,:'.(l7, 1. M').— Willdcnow, Sp('l^ iii, IKtl; Knnm. i,7lU>.— Micliiiux, Fl. Uor.- Am. ii, ft").— Nouvoan Dulianiel, ii, 60, t. Ki. — I'oirt't in l.iimnrrk Dic^t, vi, )>:ii; 111. iii, lOli, t. (KMi. — Porsoon, Syn. ii, .'ill. — DcHt'ontuini'H, HiNt. Arb. ii,;!0'J. — Miclianx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 24r>, 1. 1 ; N. Aincvican .Sylva, :!ed. ii, W, I. 70. — l'.i-,li, Fl. Am. Sopt. ii, 487. — Katon, Mannal, 8'i; (! od. JUMi.— 'I'liomas in Am. Montli. Ma>;- &■ t'rit. Hev. ii, 1)0.— -Niittnll, G«'n('r!!, ii, 118.— llaync, Deud. Fl. 140. — Flliott, Sk. ii, !i4'2. — De Candollc, Frodr. ii, tilil. — Siircngcl, .Syst. iii, 247.— ToiTcy in Ann. I.vc. N. York, ii, 178; Compend. Fl. N. States, 271; Fl. N. York, i, Kl'i; Enmiy's IJep. 408.— Hooker, Fl. lior.-Ani. i, 140.— Andubon, Birds, t. 104.— Don, Miller'H Diet, ii, 2157.- I?eek, Bot. W.— Spaeli, Hist. Ve;r. i, 2r.8.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amc'rica, i, 21M.— London, Arboretnm, ii, 609, f. ;iO.'> & t.— Kalon & Wrifibt, Hot. :197.— Hi.!,'el()w, Fl. lio.ston. ;! ed. 29:i.—l{rowiic, Trees of America, 197.— Knierson, Trees, MaNSaclinsetts, 4(iO; 2 ed. ii,.'.22 &, 1.— Grillitli, .\led. liot. 2:'.8, t'. 123.— Diet rieli, Syn. iv, 10.-.:i.— l)arlin!,'ton, Fl. Ceslrioa, ;i ed. 6.'). — Darb.y Hot. S. Slates, 280. — Cooper in Smilbsonian Hep. 18ri8, 2r>l. — Cbapnian, Fl. S. States, 94.— (Inrtis in Rep. Gcologieal Siirv. N. Carolina, iKiO, iii, 48. — I.esiinereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, lii'iti. — Wood, CI. Hook, ;!19 ; Hot. &. Fl. 9").— Lemaire, HI. Hort. xii, t. 427. — Forclier, Resources 8. Forests, 188. — Gray, Mannal N. States, ."J ed. l:il. — Koeli, Dendrologie, i, 5,'').— Verlot in Rov. Hort. 1873, 152 & f.— Young, Bot. Texas, 22»!.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Ridgway in Proe. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, (i^. Pscuddcacia odorata, Aiccncb, Metu. M.'i. R. fraijiHs, Salisbury, Prodr. :i;{6. ^ i LOCUST. BLACK LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST. Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania (Locust ridge, I^Fonroe county. Porter) to northern Georgia; wiilcly and generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Rocky mountains, and possibly indigenous in northeastern (Crowley's ridge) and western Arkansas and the prairies of eastern Indian territory. A tree 22 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; west of the Mississippi river much smaller or often a low shrub 1.80 to .'{ meters in height, reaching its greatest develoinnent on the western slopes of the mountains of We.st Virginia. nutimmMuautmtm 56 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, exceed iiijrly hard and strong, closc-friained, eonipact, ver;^- durable iu contact with the ground; layers of annua] {jrowth elearly market) by two or three rows of larjie ojien ducts; color, brown or, more rarely, light green, the si.pwood yellow; sjueilic giavity, 0.7;53.{; ash, O.ni (Tncul in ^i»j. Jowr. /Stv". 3 ser. xix, 182. t. 2, f 1; t. 6, 7, 1'. 10.); larfiely used in shii)-buildinj;-, for jxtsts of all sojts, construction, and iu turnery; preferred to other Anicrieau woods for treenails, and in this I'orin hnf'ely exported. The bark of the root tonit;, or ii> lar^e doses purgative and emetics {U. ">), 78. — Robinia viscosa, v.iitcn.it, 7i*. gUiiinosa, (Jmtis, Jiol. Maj;. 1. ri(i(l.— Kdcli, l),'ii(li(ili)):l(', i, ri'.». ri.Ajniv i.onsT. " High Alleghany uioniitains south of latitude ',\'\'^"' (Michau.i). "Open woods, slopes of liuzzard ridge, altitude 4,500 feet, near lligiiiand, Macon county, North Carolina"' (./. IhtnniU iSmith). A small tree,!* to 12 meters in height, with a trunk not exceeding O.JJO meter in diameter; very rare, and not rediscovered until 1882 by the luimerons botimists who have \ isited, during the last thirty years, the localities where the Jlichaiixs, lather and son, discovered this specues; widely cutuvated and now occasionally naturalized in the Atlantic stii;"s. Wood ^Ol a cultivated specimen) heavy, hi'.rd, close-grained, eonipact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of oi)on ducts; medullary rays numerous, lliin: (!olor, luown, the saji-wood light yellow; specific gravity, t».80l)4 ; ash, 0.20. 79. — Robinia Neo-Mexicana, (imy, Mt'in. Am. Acad, new wr. v, :tl-l.— Toiivv in I'iicilic I{. K. Iti'p. iv, T'.t; itol. .Mcx, Uoiimliiry Survey, .">;t.—\Viilpt'iM, Ann. iv, 491. — C'ooiMT in Srnitlisiiniau Ufp. lS>,'.i(M.— WiitM)n in Kinjj'.s lit']) v. 111'.- I'mti-r & L'on]|i>r, l'"l. Colonulo ; Iliiyduu'H Surv. Misc. Pub. No. l.'j:!.- V'ii.si'y, Cat. I'liri'st Tri'os, li. « l.dClST. Colorado, valley of the Purgat00 to 7,000 feet altitude^ .southern Utah, Alount Zion canon, west foik of the Kio Virgin, and near Kanah. A small tree, .sonu'tinies 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its til>]ier iiniits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the I'urgatory river, Coicuado. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close grained, eomjtact, .satiny, containing many evenly-distributed oj»en ducts; medullaiy rays, thin, conspicuous; color, yellow streaked witli brown, the sap-wood light yellow; bjieeitic gravity, 0.8031 ; ash, 0.00. 80.— Olneya Tesota, Gmy, Mt'n Am. Ai-ad. new nit. v, It'JH; Ives' Kcp. 11. — Tmri'y in I'acilii' H. K. Kt'p. iv, 11, &2; vii, 10, t. r>; Uot. Mox. Bouudiiry Survey, .^'■'. — WalpcrH, Ann. iv, -ITlt, .')f)7.— Coo)il'1- in iSmitlisonian Kt'p. li".>', 'aHi'i. — Itn-wcr & Watson, lint. Cnlifornin, 1, V>7. — Vascy, Cat. I'ori'sl Tit'CN, II. — HrniHlcy, Unt. Ani.-»'i'nl. i.iitilt. niON WOOD. AIMlOl- UK IIIEBRO. California, valley of the Cohuado river south of the Mohave mountains, valley of the lower Gila river, .southwestern Arizona ; southward in Sonora. A small tie- in the dnited States, rarely 0 meters in height, with u trunk sometimes 0.45 meter iu diameter^ dry arroyoH and canons; in Htniora nion' (common and "f larger size. 1 CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 57 Wood very heavy and hard, stronj;, brittle, elose-jjraiiied, eonipact, the anun {•onerally contorted, diflienlt to cut and work, susceptible of a lii{j;h jtolish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streake«l with red, the sap wood clear brifiht yellow; speciiic gravity, 1.0(i(L'; asii, li.liit (the heart-wood, 1.1480; ash, 2.5!); sap- wood, 0.8958; ash, 1.85); occasioiuiUy manufactured into canes. 81. — Piscidia Erythrina, Mnniiiis, Spi'C. 2 0(1. i)9. — Iliimbolilt, Uoiiiilaiitl A- Kuiilli, Xov. (li'ii. & .'^poo. vi,;!.S2. — Di> Caiulollo, Prodi-, ii, 2(>7.— Drscoiirlilz, Fl. Me«l. Antilles, iii, 201!, t. 1%.— Maolailyen, Fl. .Jamaica, i, •.'.'■)H._Niittall, Sylva, ii, ai, 1. .V2; 2 t'll. i, IHO. -Ucntlnim in ,Ionr. Linnioan Sue iv, Snppl. IKi ; 15t>t,. 8nlphur, HI. — C'ooiht in Sinitli.sonian Hi-p. IS.'iH, 2G4. — Chapmun, Fl. S. StatcH, 110. — Grisi'liacli, Fl. British West Indies, 200. — Porclicr, liesource.s S. Foivsts, H.'i. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsloy, Hot. Am. -Cent. i,IU(». Ert/thrina piscipnia, Linmons, Spee. l ed. 107. P. Varthageucnsis, Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 2(>7. JAMAICA DOOWOOD. • Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayue, west coast, Pease creek to cai)e Sable, a ul oi, the southern k«'ys; in the West Indies and southern Jlexico. A tree 12 to 15 meters in heifjht, with a truuk 0.15 to 0.75 meter in diamete: Wood heavy, very hard, not stronj;-, close-;;rained, comi)act, susceptible ol a in > polish, (iontaininji' few larjie scattered open ducts; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color, yellowish-brown, the sap-wood lijiliter ; speciiic; gravity, ((.8731; ash, ;j..'58; one of the favorite woods of the region for boat-building, lire-wood, ami (;harcoal. The bark, esi)ecially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well a.s the young briin<'hes and U'aves, to poison or stui)efy lish. 82. — Cladrastis tinctoria, liaiinisciue, Fl. Kent. I>^24: Ncojr. lf<2.'>; .M.d. Hot. ii. 210; Now .^ylva, iii, Ki.— Toricy \ tes, 201.— Cnoper in Smithsonian Kep. IS.'if^, 2.">1. — (!ha|iman, Fl. W. Slati's, ll:t.— Poreher Resources .S. Forests. 17").— Wood, CI. Hook. :!01 ; Hot. A Fl. f^4.— (iray. Manual N. States, :> ed. U'.i.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 1 1 . Virgilia httea, Michanx f. Hist. Arh. Am. iii,2ti0, I. :!; Travels, 2MI ; N. American Sylva, Ited. ii, KMi, t. 7S.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. i, :tO'.).— Nntlall. (Jenera, i, 2S4.— Ilayne, Dend. Fl. .'>:i.— Loiselenr, llerli. Anuit. t. 2'.)7.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, iW.— Spreiij;el, Syst. iv-', 1. 171. — Don, Miller's Di01.— London, Arhori-lnm, ii, .'>();">, t. 78. (j. IllteOy Koeh, Dendrologie, i,il. VFLl.OW WOOD. VFI.I.OW ASH. (iOl'IIKR WOOD. Central Kentucky, clilVs of the Kentucky and Dick's rivers; middle Tennessee, nu)untains of east Teniu'ssee to Cherokee county. North Carolina. A tree 0 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.IKI or, excei>tionally, 1.20 meter in dianu^ter; ri»;h hillsides; in Kentucky on the Trenton limestom's, and reaching its best development in middle Tennessee; rare and very local, the large trees generally hollow or defective. Wood heavy, very hard, .strong, clo.se grained, comitact, sii.sceptible of a good itoli.sh ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by .several rows of oin-n duct.s, and containing many evenly di.stributed similar ducts; color, bright, «!leur yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the saj) wood nearly white ; speciiic gravity, 0.0278 ; ash, t».28; used for fuel, oc(uisu)ininy for gunstocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye. 83. — Sophora secundiflora, l.a«asia; De Ciindcdle, Cat. llorl. Monsp. IIS; Prodr. ii. IKi— Don, Miller's Diit. ii, 110.— (iray in Hmithsoniun Conlrih. iii, 54.— Rev. Horl. 4 ser. iii, 201, I. 11.— Itenlham iV Hooker, (ienera, i, :>.*),■>. — Hemsley. Hot. Am. -Cent, i, :!21.— Watson in Proe. Am. Acad, xvil, 347. lirounmniftiii scnnKiiJIorn, (»ricna, Dec. v, til, t. 7. \'iniili(l sviltHiiiJIora, Cavanilles, Icon. t. 4til. A(J(lHtunUH KCCK lid i flora, Uallres.|ne. New Sylva, iii, 8»). Iknililtophl/llum HpccioHUm, Scheoh< in Linn»>», xxi, 46H. 8, xpccUmi^ llentliain in .I.-— Torrcy, Hot. Mex. Huiindury Survey, 5H. — Young, Hot. Teias, 242.— -Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 12. 58 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. FRIGOLITO. Matagorda bay, Texas, west to the mountains of New Mexico {Havard). A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.1;") to O.LH) meter in diaiiieler, or often, especially- west of the San Antonio river, a tall shrub, rarely exceeding 2 meters in height, forming dense thickets ; borders of streams, generally in a low, rather moist soil. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; njcdnllary rays numerous, thin; color, orange streaked with n-d, the heavier sap-wood brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.9812; ash, 1.59; furnishing valuable I'uel. Tiie seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria {H. V. Wood m Phihidelphia Med. Times, August 4, 1877. — Kothrock in Couher's Bot. Oazette, ii, 133. — ^o*. I>isj)e»satory, 2 ed. 1333). 84. — Sophora affinis, Torrcy & Gray, Fl. X. America, i, ."i'.IO.—Loiivpiiwnith in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. ix, i:?0.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Niit. Hist, vi, 178; lliill's PI. Texas, 7. — Scheelc in Rftnipr, Texas, 428. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. Sfijphnolo.'>iHm affine, Walpers, Rep. i, 807. Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river {Letterman) to the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A small tree, 5 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of streJims and prairies. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, light red, the sap-wood bright, clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.8509 ; iish, 0.73. Ink is occasionally made domestically from the resinous exudations of the pod. 85. — Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck, ^ Diet. i,7:!3; 111. iii, 412, t.eK;i.— Micliiiux, FI. Unr.-Am. ii, 241, t. 51.— Willileiiow, Spee. Iv, 400; Euum. ii, 1019; norl.Raiimz. 109.— Pi'V.so()n,Syii. ii,C2(i. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arli. 11,250. — .Viton, Hnrt. Kew. 2 cd. v, 400. — Mielianx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,272, t.2l$; N. American Sylva,:t ed. i, 182, t..''>0.— Piiisli, FI. Am. Sept. 1, ;i04.— Nuttall, Genora,ii,24:}.— llayne, Demi. F1.20:i.— James in Long's FIxped. i, l:!-*.— Reiclieiiliaeli, Ma^. Bot. t. 40.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 480. — Sprenfjel, Syst. ii, :!27. — Torrey In Ann. Lye. N.York, ii, 19;! ; t'omi»enil. Fl. N. States, :i7() ; Fl. X. York, i, 190; Emory's Kep. 407.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, ICO.— Don, Miller's Diet.429.— F.aton, Manual, 0 ed. 102.— Beck, Bot. 91!.— Spadi, Hist. Veg. i, .-9.— Loudon, ArlioretuiTi, ii, 2.'>0 & t.— Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. Americii, i,I?98. — Faton & Wright, Bot. 258.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Walpers, Rep. i, 80<1.— Browne, Trees of America, 218. — Cooper in .Smithsiuiian Kep. 1858, 251. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkan.sas, 1558. — Wood, CI. Book, ;t00 ; Bot. & Fl. 83. — Lngeliiiaini in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145. — Briot in Rev. Ilort. 1870, 4;!0. — Vasey, Cat. Forcht Trees, 12.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54^—Ridgway in Proo.U.8. Nat. Mus. 1882,03.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Siipi>l. 01-. OuUandina dioica, Liumuus, Spec. led. 381. — Marshall, Arbuatnm, 56.— Viton, Hort. Kew. ii, 56. — James in Long's Exped. i, 138. Hyperanthera dioica, Vahl, Symbolie, i,31. 0. dioica, Koch, Dendrologio, i, 5.— Baillon, Hist. PI. il, 87, f. 52, 53. ': I KKNTUCKY COFFEE TREE. COFFEE NUT. Conococheague creek, Franklin county, Pennsylvania (Porter); western New York, shores of Cayuga and Seneca lakes, west through southern Ontario and southern .'-nchlgan to the valley of the Minnesota river, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory, to about longitude 90° west, south to nii7, t. 132. — Do Candollo, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 918. - Torrcy, Compond. Fl. N. States, 37.-) ; Fl. N. York, i, lihi.— Andiibon, Birds, t. 42, 140, 150.— Rn1. — Gray in Paeittc R. U. Rep. xii'-, 42; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 14."),— C'liapman, Fl. S. States, 11.'). — Curtis in Uep. GoolofjicalSurv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 49. — Losquoreux in Owen's 2d Rej). Arkansas, 3r)6.—Wo4Hl, CI. Book, 300; Bot. & FI.83. — En^elmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now sor. xii, 190. — Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 195. — Koch, Dendrologie, i,H. — Hunt in Am. Nat. i,433. — Youu;r, Bot. Texas, 240. — Vosey.Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1882,64. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii,9ri. 6. spinosa, Marshall, Arbustnm, 54. G. Meliloba, Walter, Fl. Caroliniuna, 254. 0. macraiitha, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 164. 0. elegans, Salisbury, Prodr. 323. MeliJohux heternpllijUn, Ralinesfpie, Syl va Telluriann, 121. HONKY LOCT'ST. ULACK LOCUIST. TIIUKETHORNED ACACIA. SWEK T LOCUST. IKINEY SHUCKS. Penusylvaiiia, woatera sloi)es of the Allejjhiiiiy niountiiiiia, we.st tliioiifjh southern Michigan to etisterii T^Tehraska, eastern liansas, and the Indian tenitorv to about longitude 90° west; .soutii to Tampa lia.v, Floiidti (not dtitected ill eastern Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the Hrazos river, Texas. A tree,!.'.") or .'JO meters, or exceptionally 40 meter.s, in height, with a trunk O.liO to l.l'O mi-ter in diameter; low, rich bottom lands, or more rarely on dry, sterile hills; the charaeterisiie tret^ oftiie "bariciis" of middle Kentnek.v and Tennessee, reaciiiiig its gicatest development in the bottotns of tin? lower Ohio llivcr basin; widely ••ullivated for shade and as a liedo«* plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic states east of the .Vllegiiany mountains. A not unconimon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is — Var. inermiS, Pui-.sb, Fl. Am.i^cpl. i, 221. -De Canddllc, Meiii. I.C-. I.22, t. IliO; I'rodi. ii,i;9.- Eaton, Manuiil, I') ed. 158.— Tiirrey & (!r:iy, Fl. N. Anieriea. i, :!;>-.— London Ailionluni, ii, tiriO, I. 9-', ',KI.— I'mw ne, TnMs of .\nierieii, 2!:i. Ct. ilierDlis. Linoi'Ois. Spi'c. i:>l!','. in p;m.-- Xoiiveiiii Dulianiel, iv, lilO. — I'enfhiMii in Trans. Linna-an Soc. xxx', 5,57. A form with spines and (Vnit shoiter than tiiose of the type is — var. brachycarpos, Mi. li.mx, !'l. I!ov.-Ain.ii,2.")7.— Toncy a (;niy, F!.\. America, i, 398,— Browne, Trees of America, 213. G. hrachncayjXI, Pnrsh.FI. Am. Sept. 221. —Di^Candolle, Prodr, ii, 479.— Si)renj;il. Syst. iii,9l9.—Dc.;i, Miller's Diet, ii, 12S. - E.alon, Manual,!) ed. l.^H. — Eaton A Wiiglii, iSot. 2.->4. — Loudon, Arliorctum, ii.(),-)3. — Dietrich, Syu. iv, .'):'■ Wood heavy, 'lard, strong, eoars«i-grained, moderately conii)act, very durtible in contact with the soil, susceptible of a iiigii ])()lish ; layers of anmnil growth strongly nuirked by many rows of open ducts; medidlary ra,>s numerous, conspicuous; color, bright brown or red, th(> sap-wood lighter; spet^itlt; gravity, 0.0740; ash, 0.80; used ')r fetKJe posts and rails, wa.gon hubs, construction, etc.; its value hardly api)reciated. 1) cr is sometimes made domesticall.v by i'ermenting the sweet, unripe fruit [Porcher I. c). 87. — Gleditschia monosperma, \Valt.'),'i. — Persoon, Syn. 1,623. — Desfontainea, Hist, Arb. ii, 24. — Willrtner, Fruet. ii, 31 1, 1. 146, f. 3 [not LlnuiousJ. O, inennia, Koch,Deudr(dogio, i,9 [not Linnipus]. idsSMM 60 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WATEB LOCUST. Soiitli Carolina to Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, riorida, through theGnlf states to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, au«l through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.00 or, exceptionally, 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf states; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; Layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, rich bright brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow ; specitic gravity, 0.7342 ; ash, 0.73. 88. — Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, si, 135. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. Cercidium floridlim, Torrcy in Pacilic K. R. Ui'p. iv, 11, 8'i; v, 360, t. 3; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59.— Gray in Iverf Uep. 11. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, Vi. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982. — Homsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 327. T' GBKKN-BARK ACACIA. PALO VKKDE. Colorado . — .laci|uin, .Siirp. Am. 121, 1. tiO. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 475, t. 336. — Wllldenow, Spec, ii, 513. — Alton, Hort. Kcw. 2 ed. iii, 24.— Uc Caiidollc, Mem. Lej;. ii, t. 21; Prodr. ii, 181).— Deacourtllz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, M, t. 12.— .Maefadycn, Fl. Jamaica, 3:! t.— Bent ham, BdI. Sulpbur, 87; Martins, Fl. Brasil. xv'', 78, t. 2(1.— Cooper in .Smilli8onian Kei). 18.58, 265.— Torri-y, Bot. Mex. Boundary .Snrvi'y, 5!>. — (iris(d)ai'li, Fl. British West Indifs, 204; PI. Lorentz. 81. — Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 8.— Brewer &, Watson, Diil.Calil'oMu.i. i, 162.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, ;127. — Watson in Proc. Am. Aead. xvii, 348. Cori)us Christi, Texas, west along the i\Iexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado river, Arizona (Yuma); and soutliward into Mexico; i)robal)ly of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and wanner regions of the globe (A. I)e Candolle, Geog. Bot. ii, 71!), 770, 793). A small tree, (5 to 12 meters in lu'lght, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in tliameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing many evenly distributed small open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter, often tinged with yellow; si)ecific gravity. O.OllG; ash, 2.32. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 61 91. — Cercis Canadensis, LinmcHH, Spec. 1 ed. 374.— Du Roi, ObH. Bot. 10.— Marshall, Arbiistiini, 32.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 580.— Wangeuheini, Amcr. 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 135. — Alton, Hort Ki-w. ii, 47; 2 eil. ili, 22. — Willdoiicw, Spec, ii, 508; Kmim. 439; Bcrl. Baumz. 84. — Nouvoati Dubainel, i, 19. — Michnnx, Fl. Bor.Aiii. i, 2(>5. — Sdiknlir, Hai)dl>. 354. — Pcrsooii, Syn. i, 454. — Dosfontnines, Hist. Arb. ii, 254. — Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Katoii, Manual, 46; 6 cd. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 283.-Ha.vue, Dcnl. Fl. 53.— Elliott, Sk. i, 470.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194 ; Fl. U. 8. 441 ; C'onipond. Fl. N. States, 188; Fl. N. York, i, 188; NicoUet'.s Rep. 149 ; Emory's Rep. 408.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 518.— Spren};el, Syst. ii, ;MC. — Oiiinipcl, Otto &. Hayne, Abb. Holz. IKi, t. 92.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. i, 1C7; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 4()8. — Beck, Bot. 94. — Spacb, Hist. Ve^. i, 129.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 392. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 059 &, t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 155. — Browne, Trees of America, 221. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 38; Manual N. States, 5 cd. 144. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 67. — Darby, Bot. 8. States, 294. — Cooper in Sniiihsouian Kep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 114. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lcsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 357. — Wood, CI. Book, 301; Bot. & Fl. 84. — Engchimnn in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 190. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 197. — Koch, Dendrologie i, 14. — Baillon, Hist. PI. ii, 121.— Vasey, Cat. F(uest Trees, 12.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. Siliquantrum cordattim, Mt.i,12. Acacia leucoccphala, Link.JCiium. Hon. UitI. ii,44l.— Oe Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 467. Mimosa biceps, Point, siij.pl.i, 7,5. Mimosa JrondoHa, Klein in Poiret,Suppl.i,70. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 63 Western Texas, San Saba to Devil's river {Buckley) ; sontliwartl into Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (introduced, Ciirliss), and tlirough the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a tall or, in Florida, low slnul), seiulinfj up many stems iVoni the ground. AVood heavy, hard, close grained, compact, containing many small, regularly-distributed open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9235; ash, 3.29. 96. — Leucsena pulverulenta, Bentham, Hooker's LoiKlim Join-. Hot. iv, 417; Uuv. Mini, in Trans. Linntoan Soc. xxx, 443. — Hemsloy, Bot. Am.-Cont. i, 351. Acacia pulreruhmta, Sthk^clitondiil in Linmca, xii, Wl Acacia Ctculcnta, MarttMis & Galootti in Bull. Acad. Bnix. x^, 3ia. Southern Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, often forming dense thickets; rich, sandy loam. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing manj- small, regularly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.6732 ; ash, 1.01. 97.— Acacia Wrightii, Bentham, gmitbsonian Contrib. ili,64; Rev. Mini, in Trans. Linnaian Soc. xxx, .121.— Gray, Smitlisonian Contrib. v, 53. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 626. — Torrey, Bot. Mox. Bonmlary Survey, 101. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 61. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 351. oat's claw. Western Texas, valley of the Guadalupe river (New Braunfels), westward and southward to the valley of the Bio Grande; in northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth nuirketl by one or two rows of small oi)eii ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts; medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, bright, clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.1)3!(2; ash, 0.03. Hi 98. — Acacia Greggii, Gray, Smitlisonian Contrib. iii, 65; v,53; Ives' Rop. 11. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 158; Pacific R. R. Kep. vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 61. — Walpers, Ann. iv,625. — Bentham, Rev. Mini, in Trans. Lin mean Soc. xxx, 521. — Cooper in Smithsinian Rep. 1860, 442. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 164. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 108. — Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 353.— James in Am. Nat. XV, 981. cat's claw. Western Texas, valley of the Kio Grande, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California; southward into northern Mexico. A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; dry mesas and in low canons ; common ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, exeeedingty hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown or red, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8550 ; ash, 0.91 ; used for fuel. A resinous gum resembliug gum arable is produced by this species (Am. Jour. Vharm. Iii, 419). 99. — Acacia Berlandieri, Bentham, London .lonr. Bot. i,522; Rev. Mini, in Trans. Linnu'i;n Soc. xxx, 529.— Walpers, Rep. i,919. — Dietrich, Syn iv, 500. A. tephroloba, Gray in Sinitlisonian Contrib. iii,<)5; v,54. — Walpers, Ann. iv,025. — Torrey, Bol Mex. Boundary Survey, 61. — Heiusley, Hot. Am. -Cent. i,352. — Watson in Proe. Am. Aead. xvii, 351. Southern Texas, valley of the Nueces (La Salle county) to Devil's river; southward int>^ Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a toll shrub, sending up many stems from the ground; the large specimens usually hollow and defective. Wood not examined. 64 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 4 .M 100. — Lysiloma latisiliqua, nenthaui, Be\. Mim. in Traim. Linuioan Soc. xxx, 51)4.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. Cl'J. Mimosa latisiliqua, LinnrouH, Spec. 2 ed. I.'i04. Acacia latisiliqua, VVilldenuw, Spec, iv, 1087.— Por8(M>n, Syn. ii, 255. — DeCaudolIe, Prodr. ii,407. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, "118.- Nutti»ll,Sylviv,ii,34,t. .'W; 2 ed. i, 1H3, t. 53.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. L. Bahamensis, Uentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii,82. Acacia liahamensis, Griscliach, Fl. British West Indies, 221. WILD TAMAEIND. Semi-tropical Florida, sonthera keys (Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Ghica Keys); through the West lndie.>^. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.eo. 2 ed. 1 197.— Jacquin, Hort. SchiBub. iii, 74, t. 392.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i,t. 11. Luja Unguiscati, Willdonow, Spec, iv, lOOC.— Do CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 436.- Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 37, t. 54 ; 2 ed. i, 86, t. 54. Mimosa rosea, Vahl, Eclogasiii,.3;t, t. 2,'). Inga rosea, Sti-udel in Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 437. • Iliyu for/ex, Kuuth, Mini. 12, t. 16. P. for/ex, Heiitiiiwu ill Hoolier'.s Loiulou Jour. Bot. iii, 199. Inga Guadallipinsis, Desvunx, Jour. i,70. Mimosa (rliachllupensis, Persoon.Syn. ii,262. I)iga microphylla, HumlioWlt & Boni)land in Wilhlenow, S|ioe. iv, 1004. F. mierophylhnn, Bentham in lioolier's London Jour. Bot. iii, 200. P. (juadalupensis, chapman, Fl. S. States, 116. OAX'S CLAW. S Mui-tropical Florida, Caximbas bay, and on the southern keys; thiough the West Indies. A snmll tree, sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, ov often throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from tlie ground. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuoas; color, rich red varying to purple, sap-wood clear yellow; si)ecilic gravity, 0.9049; ash, 2.46. ■m I' a !' \W. ROSACEA. 102. — Chrysobalanus Icaco, Liunieus, Spec. 1 ed. .'j13.— .lacquiu, Stirp. Am. 154, t. 91.— LaiiiareU, Did. iii, 2-'4 ; 111. ii, .".42, t. 428.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 135.— Alton, Hort. Kow 2 ed. iii, 200.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 525.— Liudley in Tmium. Hort. Soc. London, v, 98.— Tnrpiii, Diet. Sci. Nat. 2;Mi.— Tussao, Fl. Antilles, iv.9l, t. 31.--tjpach, Hist. Vi-g. i, 3tJ9, t. :>, f. 1.— Torruy & tiray, Fl. N. America, i, 406.— VValpors, Rep. ii, 1 ; Ann. iv,042.— Beiitlium, Bot. .Siiliihur, 91 ; I'l. Ni({ritiaua(;i;!G.— Spiennel, Icon, t.274, t'. 1-13.— Cooper in Nniilhsoniau Rep. IHtiO, 439. — Cliupmau, H. S. States, 119.— Grisebach, Fl. Britisli We.st Imlien, 229.— Bailloii in Adaiisouia, vii, 221 ; Hist. PI. i, 427, t. 486, 487. — Hooker f. in Martins, Fl. Brasil. ii,7.—Onibourt. Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii,2«7. — llenisley, Bot. Ain.-Cent. i,365. j'-'i CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 65 COCOA PLUM. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, west coast Caximbas bay, and on the southern keys ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil. A small tree, 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or along sandy beaches a low, prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.10 meters in height ; reaching its greatest development within the United States on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly-distributed, not large, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown often tinged with red, the sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7709 ; ash, 0.87. Varieties are distinguished by A. H. Curliss with the skin of the edible fruit white or black, the latter more ovate with narrower, softer stones (f var. pellocarpaf Hooker f. I. o, — C. pellocarpa, Miquel, Prim. Esaeq. 193. — Orisebach, I.e.). 103. — Prunus Americana, Marshall, ArbuBtutn.iii. — DarlinKl.ni Id Ann. Lye. N. York, iii, 87, 1. 1 ; Fl. Ccstrica.S cil.72. — Eaton, Manual, G ed. 285. — Bock.Bot. 95. — Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. Amoricn, i, 407 ; Pacific E. R. Rep. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 377.— NiiltuU, Sylva, ii, 19, t. 48 ; 2 eil. i, 1(39, t. 46.— Torrey,Fl. N. York, i, 194; Emory'H Rep. 408 ; Pacinc R. R.Rop. iv, 82.- Enicrson,Trpcs Mas.sachn.sett8,449; 2 ed.ii, 511.— Hooker in Loudon Jour. Bot. vl, 217. — Rccnior, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. — Gray in Mem. Am. Arad. now scr. i v', 40 ; Manual N. Statt-s, 5 ed. 148. — Scheele in Kflcmor, Texas, 430.— Richardson, Arctic Espcd. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. Gil. — Chapman, Fl.S. States, 119. — Curtis in Bep. Geological Sijrv. N. Carolina, 1H60, iii, 50. — Lcsquereiix in Owou'a 2(1 Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, CI. Book, 327 ; Bot. & Fl. 102. — Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Plul. Soc. now ser. xiii, 190.— Koch, Drendrolojjio, i, 101. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.- Macouu in Goolojjical Rop. Canada, 1875-'7(),194. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, r2.— Boll in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54<:.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. P. Mississippi, Marshall, ArbuHtum,ll2. P. Spinosa, Walter, Fl.Caroliuiana, 146 [not LinniBUs], P. nigra, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 165; 2 ed.iii, 198.— Willdenow, Spec.ii,993; Bcrl. Baumz, 311.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 674.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 35.— Bot. Mag. 1. 1117.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 469 ; Compend. Fl. N. Statee, 10'.). — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Roemor, Syn. Mon. iii, 09. Cerasus ni(jra, Loiseleur in Nouvcau Duhamel, v, 32.— Seringe In De Candolle, Prodr. ii, .538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 167 j C'oiupiiuion Bot. Mag. i, 24. —Don, lliller's Diet. ii,513. — Beck, Bot. 96.— Spach, Hist. Veg, 1,399.— Loudon, Arborotnm, ii, 704, f. 411, 412. P. hiemalis, Elliott, Sk.i, .542 [not Michaux]. P. COCCinea, Raliuesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 135. WILD PLUM. CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM. Valley of the Saint Lawrence (Quebec) to the valley of Eainy and As.sinaboine rivers and southern shores of lake Manitoba; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through the Atlantic states to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river, Dakota, and Cheyenne caiion, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, southwest through Arkansas, the Indian territory, to about longitude 102°, and the valley of the lower Concho river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; rich woods, or along stroiims and borders of ponds nnd swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom lands of eastern Texas. A form with the young leaves and pedicles pubescent is — var. mollis, Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407. P. hiemalis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 679.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,206.— Nonveau Duhamel, v, 184.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 398.— Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. P. mollis, Torrey, Fl. U.S. 470; Compend. FI.N. States, 199.— Beck, Bot. 95. Cerasvs hiemalis, Seringo in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Beok, Bot. 96.— Loudon, Atboretnm, ii, 704.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii,504. Cerasus Aim ricana, Hookor, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7215; ash, 0.18; used for the handles of tools, etc. Often (uiltivated for tlieyellow, red, or rarely nearly black, acid or rarely sweet fruit, and furnishing an excellent stock on which to graft the varieties of the domestic plum. 5 FOR #1 W m m i M et^.,^. ;,„',. ^_ 66 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 104. — Prunus angustifolia, Marslinll, Arbnstnm, iii. — Kocli, Dundrologio, i, 10;i. P. Chicasa, Miclumx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i.'Jtf 4.— I'oin-t in Laiiiarck, Diet, v, (WO.— PerHoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Niittall, Gonorn, i, 302.— Nouviiiit Duliiiim-l, V, If^;!.— Kllioft, 8I<. i,;")!-.'.— Torrcy in Ann. Lye. X. York, ii, 194; Pacific R. U. Rop. iv, 82.— Spn'ngcl, Syst. ii, 47(). — Andnbon, Ijinls, t. .'">:!. — I'.aton, Manual, ti <'«1. iS^t. — Spach, Hist. Vcg. i, 307. — Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific R. R. Rop. ii, 1(14. — Eatim tX- Wright, Hot. 377. — Rccnicr, Syn. Mon. iii, bS. — Darlington, Fl. (,'c.strica,3 cd. 73. — Darl)y, Bot. ."*. States, SiU'.i. — IJrownc, Trcrs of America, Vi.")(). — Cooper in Sniitlisonian Rop. 1858, 251. — Clnipnian, Fl. .S. States. 111). — Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina IHtW, ii-i, .'')(). — Lus((nerenx in Owen's ii(\ Rep. Arkansas, f^S^.—Wond, CI. Book, IftJ.S; Bot. & Fl. Kl--'.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148; Hall's PI. Texas, '.>.— Young, Bot. Texas, I'J.M.— Porter &. Coulti r, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 3;t.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.--Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 18c«J, (J5. P. insititia, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 14(>.~Al>bot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. CO. Cerasua Chicam, Seringe in Do CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-A»i. i, ItiS; Coinpaniou Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514. — London, Arboretum, ii, 705. CHICKASAW PLtlM. HOG PLUM. .i-ll Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky mountains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 f(!et, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them; now widely naturalized by earlj' cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania, and west of the Alleghany mountains extending as far north as southern Micliigan. A small tree. 0 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk, 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub; generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, comjjact ; medullary rays numerous, thin; (iolor, light brown or red, the sa]> wood lighter; .speeilic gravit}*, 0.0884 ; ash, 0.28; often cultivated for its globose red or yellov, fruit. i| } I ::3 105. — Prunus Pennsylvanica, Li is f. Suppl. •-''>-. — WilUlenow, Spec, ii, 91)2 ; nuuni. 518 ; Berl. Baninz. 310. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 4.j. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 073. — Perso(in,,Syn. ii,.35.— Nouveau l)uhaniel,v, 9. — Aiton,IIort. Kew. 'J od. iii, 198. — Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i,331. — Nnttall, Genera, i, 302.— Torrcy, Fl. IT. S, 408 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 198.— Sprengel, .Syst. ii, 477.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Faton, Manual, C ed., 285.— Beck in Am. .Tournal Sci. 1 ser. siv.Ui;. — Dietriili, Syn. iii,42.— Chapman, Fl. .S. Slates, 130. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii,, '>7.— Wood, Bot. &. Fl. 102.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 18(53, (il ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148.— Koch, Dendrologic, i, 117. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Emei-son, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. ii, 513. — Vascy.Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Maeoiin in Geological Rep. Cauada, 1875-'76, 194. — Boll in Guological Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 54":. — Sears in Bull. Fs.sex Inst, xiii, 170. fP. lanceolata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 240, t. 3, f. 3. Cerasus horeaUn, Michaux. Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 280.- Nouveau Duhamcl, v, 32.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 159, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. ii, 152. t. 90. — Seringe in Do CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 558.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot. 97. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 703, f. 410. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78. P. horealis, Poinl in Lam.arck, Diet, v, C74.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 538.— Eaton, Mannal, 54.— Barton, Compond. Fl. Philiidelpli. i, 223.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Loddiges, Bot, Cab. 1. 1598.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 205. fP. persicifoUa, Desfontaines, Hist. xVrb. ii,205. f Cerasus jiOSivi/oHa, Loisclcur in Nouveau Duhamcl, v, 9.— Seringe in De Camlolle, Prodr. ii, 537.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 512. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 411. — Rwmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 81. Cerasus Pennsyhmnica, Senngo in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 5:58.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,lC8.— Don, Milloi-'s Diet, ii, 514.— Beck, Bot. 97.— Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. Atnori.a, i, 409. —Loudon. Arboretum, ii, 705.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torrcy, Fl. X. York, i, 19(i. — Nnttall, Syha, ii, 15; 2 ed. i, 105. — Browne, Trees of America, 2()5. — Emerson, Trees JIassachusetts, 1 ed. 451. — Uromer, Syn. Mon. iii, 57. — Gray, Manual N. .States. 1 cd. 115. — Parry in Owen's Rep. Oil. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,251. — Wood, CI. Book, 327. WILD RED CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY. Labrador, shores of Hudson's bay, and west through the Saskatchewan region to the valley of the upper Fraser river (Soda creek, jl/ffcoMH); south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky mountains of Colorado. ■tj CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 67 A small tree, rarely cxccodiup 12 meters in height, with a trunk Honictiinos 0.00 meter in diameter, or in the Kooky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub; common in all the northern forests, in ncnthern New England taking posses-sion of groiu^l chaired by fire of the coniferous forests. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compiict; mednlliiry rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, siip-wood clear yellow; apecillc gravity, 0.5023; ash, 0.40. The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the jui-piiration of cougli mixtures, etc. 106. — Prunus umbellata, Kiiiott, 8k. i,541.— Eaton, Miiuiml, (5 cd. '.'eO.— Diolricb, Syii. iii, U.— Cliuinimii. Fl. S. SliiUm, 111).— Wooil, L'l. Hook, 'MO; Hot. & l-'I. lOiJ.— Young, IJot. Toxus, ".251. — Vastly, Cat. Forest Ticon, 1:>. P.2>limila, \Viiltt>r, Fl. Carolinianu, 140 [not Liiiuiuus]. Geraaua umbellata, Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. Aiuorica, i, 400.— Eaton & Wiiglit, Bot. 190.— Rosmor, 8yii.Mon.iii, 7fl. SLOK. BLACK SLOK. South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi (Holly Springs and Enterprise, Molir). A small tree, 5 to 0 meters in height, witii a trunk 0.25 to 0.;58 meter in diameter; dry, sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; mediillaiy rays nunu;rous, thin ; color, dark reddish-brown, the Bap-wood much lighter; S])ecilic gravity, 0.82()U; asli, 0.12. The black or red pleasantly acid fruit used as a i)reserve. 107. — Prunus emarginata, Walpers, Rep. ii, 9.— Diotricli, Syn. iii, 42.— Loiidon, Arborotnin, ii,7M.— Walwon in King's Rop. v, 79. — ^Torroy, Bot. Wilkos Expod. 284. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, l(i7. ^ CerasUH emar(linata, Donjrlas in Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am. i, Kii).— Poll, Miller's Diet. iiiOl.^.— Torroy & Gray, Fl.N. America, i,410. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 1H9. — Uiiiiner, Syn. Mon. iii, 79. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rop. iv, tSJ. — Bolander in Proe. California Acad, iii, 79. Oerasus ereeta, Presl, Epimol. Bot. 194.— Wnlpers, Ann, iii, S.'i4. GerasUS glandldosa, Kellogg in Pioc. (California Acad, i, 59. Vancouver's island and the valley of the lower Fraser river, souih through western Washington territory and Oregon, east to the western slopes of the Bitter Root mountain, Idaho (Lolo trail, Watnon), and the valley of the Jocko river, Montana {Canby tX; Sargent). California along the western slopes of tlie Sierra Nevadas and on the Coast ranges, from San Francisco bay to the Santa Lncia mountains {0. B. Vasey), reaching an elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A tree often 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; at high elevations and throughout central California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 meters in height, or in the Santa Lucia mountains 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.(i0 to 0.90 meter in diameter {Vascy) ; generally along streanm or in low, rich woods. The wood of the type not collected. Var. mollis, Brewer, Bot. California, i, 167.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. Cerasus mollis, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi, 217.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Torriiy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410.— London, Arboretum, ii, 417.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 14, t. 46; a od. i, 164, t. 46.— RtDnier, Syn. Mon. iii, 79.— Richardson, Arctic Exjicd, 425.— Newbury in Paciiic R. R. Rep. vi, 7;!.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii, 400. — Lyall in Jour. Linnicaii Soc. vii, 1:11. —(!ray ill Proc. Am. Acad, viii, :)Ml. P. mollis, Walpcrs, Rep. ii, 9.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Torrey, Bot. Wi-lkes Exped. 284.— Vo«ey, Cat. Forest Tices, IX— Maconn in (icological Rep. Caiiuila, lH7.5-'7li, 194. The common northern and Idaho form, more or less wooly pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown streaked witli greeu ; siiecific gravity, 0.45t)2; ash, 0.21. 68 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 108. — Prunus serotina, Ehrhart, Beltr. iii,20.—WilIdenow, Spec. 11,980; Enum. f>17; Berl. bauin/,. :«)!.— Pursoon, 8yn. ii, 34.— Degfonlaines, Hl»t. Arb. il, 204.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 196.— Eaton, Manual, 54 ; « ed. 284.— Nuttall, Goncrn, i, 302.— Barton, Compoud. Fl. Pliiladclph. 54.— Guimpol, Olto&. Hayno, Abb. Ilolz. 45, t. 37.— Hnyno, Dond. Fl. 70.— Spri'Mjjol, Syst. ii, 478.— Noes, PI. Nuuwied, 9.— Hookor f. iu Trans. Linnicnu Soo. xxii«, 327.— Curtis in Rep. GvoIo|!lcal Surv. N. Carolina, IHCiO, iii, 50. — Ki'8=.—Uidgway in Proc. IT. 8. Nat. Mns. 1882, 0(). P. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. No. 3 [not Linnmus].— Dii Roi, Obs. Bot. 12; Hnrbk. ii, 191.— Wangenheini, Auier. 34, t. 14.— . Medicns, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 315. — Marshall, Arbustniu, 112. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 140. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. ii, 103.— Poiret In Lamarck, Diet, v, 064.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 329.— Elliott, 8k. 1, 540.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 407; Compcnd. Fl. N. States, 189.— Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 204. Oerasua Virginiana, MicUaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i,285.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 1.51, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 147, t. 88.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 169 (exel. syn.).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 51.').— Bock, Bot. 97.— Darlington, Fl. Ce8trica,a cd. 289. — London, Arboretum, ii, 710, f. 418. — Browne, Trees of America, 208. Cerasus serotina, Loiselour in Nouvoau Dulmmol, v,3.— Soringo in Do Candolle, Prodr. ii,540.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. i,416.— Ton-cy &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410. — London, Arboretum, ii, 712, f. 419 &t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torre.v, Fl. N. York, i, iy(i; Paeilic R. R. Rep. vii, 11.— Penn. Cycl.vi, 432.— Carson, Med. Bot. i,4l, t. :«.— Griflith.Med. Bot. 288. — Emerson, Trees Mas.saehusetts, 1 ed. 453. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115; Jonr. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 75.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 299.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 109. — Richardson, Arctic Exped, 425. — Wood, CI, Book, 320. — Bolandor in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79. P. eartilaginea, Lehraann,Ind. Som. Hamburg, 18.33. Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 14, f. 8. Fadus Virginiana, Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 80. Padus eartilaginea, Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 80. If hU .iBi .§ ii WILD BLACK CHERRY. KUM CHERRY. Soutborn Outario, southward tlirough the Atlantic forest.s to Mataiizas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valle.v of the Missouri river, Dakota, eastern Kansas, tlie Indian territory, and the valley of the upper San Antonio liivor, Texa.s. A tree 18 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 or, excPi)tionally, 1.50 meter in diameter; rich, generally elevated woodlands; common and reacliing it.s greatest devel()i)mont on the western slopes of the Alleghany inountain.s from West Virginia soutliward ; not common and of small size in the Clulf region and Texas Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light hrown or red, growing darker with exjwsure, the t'.iin sap-wood yellow ; specific gravity, 0.5822; ash, 0.15; largely u.sod and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finisli, etc., and now becoming .scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principh-, and infused witli cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic, ncid ; einidoyed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consuuii)tion in the form of cold infii.sions, sirups, and fluid extracts (Proe. Am. Phtr. Assoc, xxiii, 200. — Glohloj in Jour. Phnrm. ct Chiniic, xv, 40. — Guibourt, Hint. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 317. — Pharm. Jour. 3 ser. iv, 44. — FlUcldycr tfc Ilanbury, Pharmocographia, 224. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 749 Nat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 1177) ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. Note. — The closely-allied P. Virginiana of the north Athiutic region, a tall shrub, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, does not assume arborescent habit. 109. — Prunus Capuli, Cavnnilles, Sprengel, S.vst. ii, 477. — Pchlechtendal in Linna-a, xiii, >-9, 404. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 123. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 307. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 3,")2. y Cerasus CapolUn, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, .''iwO.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 51.5.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 713, f. 420.— Beutham, PI. Hartwe;;. 10.— Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 2:!2.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 412.— Gray in Smithsonian Cnntrili. v, .">4. Cerasus Capuli, S<'riu;,'c in Do Can.loll.', I'rodr. ii,. 541.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 510.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 422. P. CapolUn, Zuccarini in Abhand!. Ai-ad. .Munjih, il, 345, t. 8. — Rfonier, .Syn. Mon. iii, 87. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, (y.—KiiHl)y in l!ull. Tonvy Hot. Club, ix, 53. P. Canadensis, Mociuo & Sess^, PI. .Mox. Icon, hud. CSTAXOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 69 WILD OHEBRY. Apache and Gnadalupo monntninB, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the sonthom slopes of the San Francisco niountaiua; soutliward through northern Now Mexico, an.— Bontliam.Pl. Hurt wdjj. 307. — Torniy, Bot. Mux, Uoiuiilary .Sutvoy.d;). — Wafsoii in KIii^'h Uop. v,80; PI. Whcflrr, H.— Poitor ill lliiydnn'H Itep. 1871, •HI.— Coiiltt^r in Hayiloii's Rep. 187;J,7(>I.— Ri>tlirocl£, I'l. Wlicolcr,:!/.— Urimdcgooin Hnyflrii'tj Rop. 187.">, ii'.W, — Urowor & Wiitsoii, Bot. California, i, 1(!7. — V»»oy. Cat. ForoNt Trees, 13. — Hull in Coultur'H Bot. Oazott«, ii,8(!. — Maeoiin in Geological Rop. Canada, 187.">-'7(i, 191. — llonisloy, Bot. Ain.-Cont. i,3(>8. Ceraaus Hcrotina, Hooker, V\. Bor.-Am. 1, 109, in part. CermuM demissa, Nuttall in Torroy & Gruy,Fl. N. America, 1,411.— Gray in Mom. Am. Acad, now »er. iv',40.— Dnrand in .lonr. Philadelpliia Acad. 18.'>5, 87.— Torroy in Pacifiu R. R. Rop. Iv, 83. — Nowberry in Pacillc R. U. Rep. vi,73. — Cooper iu SmithHouian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacitio R. R. Rop. xiV, 59. PadttS demism, Ruomor, Syu. Mon.lii,87. P. Virfflniana, var. demissa, Torroy, Bot. Wilkes Expod. 284.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii,:t81. WILD OHEllKY. Vancouver's ishind cast to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region; in Sonora. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter iu diameter, or more often a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern California, near the coast ; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, a low shrub eoufined to high, mountain valleys. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, elo.se grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0951; ash, 0.50. I HI. — Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton, Hort. Kow. ii, 1()3 ; 2 ed. iii, 196. — Willdenow, Spee, ii, 987. — Poirct in Lnmarck, Diet, v, fi67. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Desfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii,203.— Nnttall. GencrH, i, 302.— Sprengel, Nene Eutdeck. i, 304 ; Syst. ii, 478.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Andiiboii, Birds, t. 159, I'JO. — Eaton, Mannal, (i ed. 286. — Scblechcundal in Linniea, xiii, 89. — Dietrieb, Syn. iii, 43. — Cbapman, Fl. S. States, 120.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Siuv. N. Carolina, 18C0, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. &, Fl. 103.— Koob, Dendrologie, i, 124.— Yoiiut;, Bot. Texas, 252.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. P. CariiHna, Miller, Diet.— Dn Roi, Harbk. ii, 198. P. serrati/olia, Marsh.aU, Arbnstnm, 114. P. Lusitanica, Walter, Fl. CaToliniana, 146. G»ra8U8 Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Nouveau Dnhamel, v, 5.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. til, 156, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, ir>0, t. 89.— Seringe in De Candollo, Prodr. Ii, 540.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. i, 420.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 43-.'.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 720, f. 423.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 190.— Browne, Trees of America, 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Griffith, Med Bot. 291.— Coo|)er in S(nithsonian Rop. 1858, 252.— Poroher, Resources 8. Forests, 171. — Wood, CI. Book, 326. P. semperoirens, Willdenow, Eunm. Suppl. 33. fBumelia serrata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 155.— Rasmer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 49a fAchras serrata, I'l.iret, Suppl. v, 36. Leptocarpa Cnrolimnna, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 18; 2ed. i, 167. Ghimanthm amygdaUnus, Raiinesquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159. Laurocerasus Caroliniatia, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iti, 90. lai 70 FOREST ^REES OF NORTH AMERICA. WILD OEANGE. MOCK ORANGE. WELD PEAOH. North Carolina, soutli, near the coast, to bay Biscayno, Florida, and southern Alabama, west, along the Gulf coast, to ihe valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas. A small tree, evergreen, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottoms of eastern Texas, here often covering extensive tracts known as "peach brakes"; not common in the eastern Gulf states. Wood heavy, hard, stroi)";, close-grained, checking biidly iu seasoning, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays luiinoroiis, tiiiii: color, light reddish-brown, or, jiiore rarely, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.»tJ88; ash, ^».41. Oeneraily plaiiti'd in the sontheru states as an ornamental and hedge plant; foliage, bark, and fruit contain prussic acid, the leaves, especially when partly withered, often proving fatal to animals browsing upon them. 112. — Prunus sphaerocarpa, Swartz, Prodr. SI; I'l. Iiiil. Occ. ii, L»27 [iiDt ilieliaiix].— WilldiMuiw, Spec, ii, 987. — Pi)iri't in Lamarck, Diet, v, ()f)6. — Persooii, Syu. ii, 34.— Doll, Milliii's Diet, ii, .'ilti. — Sclili'clitcndiil in Liiin;i'a, xiii, 87. — Walpors, Rep. ii, 10. — Grisobacli, F1. British West ludios, 2:il. — Chapman, Fl. S. Stati'K, tnp^>;.iy(). C<'rn>ill,1 sipha'rocarpo, Loisclcnr in Nonvoiin Duhiimol, V, I,— Soringoin Do Candollo, Prmlr. ii,.')40. — l^ondon, Arlwretnni ii, 7-Jl — Lot. Majr. t. :5141.— Spaoh, Hist. Vcg. i, f.'l. Semi-fro'.vir.ti I'lorida, western shores of bay Biscayne {Curt ins); in the West Indies. A small tree, iu Florida not exceeding (J meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; high rocky woods or, more rarely, along the borders of streams and ponds; rare. Wood h.'avy, hard, (;!osi'-graiiii'(l, clieckiug .badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts; layers of annual growth ai.d medullary rays obscui "; color, light, clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow; si)ecific gravity, 0.8098; ash, 0.87. 113. — Prunus iMcifolia, WalperH, Kep. ii, 10. — Diotrioh, .Syn. iii, 4;!. — 'r.>rrov, Hot. M.x. Bonudary Survey, (io; Bi WilkeH Kxped. 285. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, I, 108; ii, 443. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. Ccraxns Uk-ifolht, Nuttall in Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechcy, 340, t.H3.— Torrey A-. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, IC t.47; !2td.i, 105, t. 47.— Torrey in Emory's Rep. 139; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83.— Paxton, Brit Fl. Garden, iii, 44, f. 254. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 054. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.')9. — Kellogg in Proe. California Acad, ii, •i'i. — Boluuder in I'loe. California Acad, iii, 79; iv, 92. — London GarJen, 1873, 131 & fig. I^iirocernSKS ilicifolia, Rtemer, Syn.Mon. ill, 92. ISLAY. California, Coast ranges ('mm San Francisco bay south to the southern boundary of the state, extending to the western sloncs (;f th<> San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A smaU trei , ever''"'een, (.ffiMi 0 to \'2 meters in height, with a trunk 0..'}0 to 0.(iO meter in diameter, or when distant from the coast often rediuicd to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, .strung, close-grained, cliccking in .sea.soning, .satinj, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many rcgidarly-distribnted rather small open ducts; mednllary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish brown, the sajj-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.9803; ash, O.Jd; furnishing valuable fuel. I "1 114. — Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson, Pn.o. Am. Acad, xi, 147. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 169. — Maximo wicz in Act. Hort. 8t. Petersbnrg, v',237. — HomBloy, Bot. Am. -Cent. i. 370. Spiraa Galifornica, I'orrey in Emory's Rop. 140. V, corijmbona, Tomy, Boi. Mex. Boundary Survey, !)4 [not Corroa]. Arizoim, high mountains near the Gila {Emory), summits of the Santa Cataliua mountains (Pringle, Lemmon)', iu Sonora. A small tiee in th^ Santa Oatalina mountains, 4 to G meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter; diy shipcs and ro( ky hluH's at L',74.— Nuttnll, Sylva, ii, 28,t.51; Sod. i, 178, t. 51.— Walpers, Rep. ii.lC— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 119.— Watson in King's Roi». v, S:?, 420; PI. VVhi-elor, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Ecp. 1871, 481.— Conltor in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 7().'>. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 270; Prop. Davenport Acad, i, 14C. — Eugelniann in Simpson's Eop. 43;"). — Brewer & Watfon, Hot. California, i, 174. — Vftsoy, Cat. Torest Trees, 1:5. — Sur}{ent in Aru. Jonr. Sci. 3 sor. xvii, 421. — Kotlnoelc in Wheeler's R>)p. vi, 43, 111, 3(i0. MOUNTAIN MAUOGANY. OoBur (i'Aleue luouutains, Idiilio, southward alonj? the wcstpiii .slopes of the Eocky raomitains of Moutaua and Wyonilu},'; eastern extremities of the Rhie mountains of Washinj^ton territory and Oregon, Wahsatch n\ountains, Utah, and w(>st alon^' tlie mountain ranges of the (Jreat Ila.sin to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico. A small, low tree, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk soinetinu's 0.(30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or north of TTtah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub; dry, rocky mountain slopes, between (i,000 antl .S,000 feet elevation, reaehingits greatest develoi)ment on the high ranges of central Nevada. A slirubby variety of the Wahsatch mountain and other ranges of Utah, characterized by its rigid, intricately branched growth, short, revolnte leaves and smaller llowers and fruit, is — var. intricatUS, M. K. .lones in herb. G. intricatUS, Wat.s,.ii .n Proc. Am. Ae;id. x, 340.— Pnrry \\\ Am. Nat. ix, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 147. G. linvifoUns, Watson in Kind's U.'p. v, 83 [not Gray]. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, com])aet, brittle, (lifli(!nlt to work, su.sceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, thin; to 0 meters in height, with a runic sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often Hi shrub ; '.'7; Bi rl. naiiiii/. ;i:!0. — I'itsooii, Syi>. ii, 40. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340. — Eaton, Mainiul, .')0 ; 0 ed. 291.— NiiltiUl, Geuera, i, :«)7.— Uarton. Coiniiend. Fl. I'hiladilph. i, vJH.- Hayue, Deud. Fl. 86.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 1-0; Coiiipciul. Fl. N. States, 20;!; Fl. N. Yoik, i, 2J:i.— Hot. ilag. t. 2009.— Kllioft, Sk. i, r).")9.— Hot Keg. viii, (SI.— SprengeJ, Syst. ii, .ilO.— Di> Candolle, I'mdr. ii, Ci:;,").— Don, Milli'i'.s Diet, ii, 017.— Beck, Hot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Keichenliiieh, Fl. Kxot. f. 240. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Anierien, i, 223. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 908&t. — Browne, Tri'es of America, 297. — Kicharilsoii, Arctic F.xped. 42";. — Parry in Owen's Kep. 012. — Darliy, Bot. S. States, 307. — Coopor in Smithsonian K'lp. l!:^58, 252. — Chapman, Tl. S. States, 12S.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 09. — LeK(jueriiix in Owen's 2d Ivcp. Arkau.s h, X>'.>. — Wood. CI. Book, ;)32; Bot. &. I'l. 112. — Porcher, Uesources 8. Forests, 149. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. liil. — lCoie, southward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the Distriet of Coluiiiliiu, atid along 'ii.' Allegliany niountain.s to central Alabama and northern Mis-siissippi ; west to sotithern Minm-sota, lowsi, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and noriiiern Louisiana. A small tree, r.irel\ (> to 0 meters in lieight, witii a trunk often O.;!!) meter i'l diameter; ri'.-h, rather low woods, reaching its greatest devv'lopment in the valleys of the lowi'.' Ohio iegion. Wood hetivy, rather .soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying; me(h;;iar\ rtiys numerous, obscure; color, brown vtirying to light red, the sap-wood yellow; specitic gravity, 0.7018; ash, 0.52 ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. Otten pliiuted for ornament on account of it:' fragrant blos.soms; the sniai!, ■How-green iiustere fruit ii.s?d for preserves, and occasionally made into cider. 118. — Pyrus angustifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 170 ; 2 ed. iii, 209. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1020.— Poiret in Lamarek, Diet, v, 455. — Persoou, .Syn. ii, 40. — Puish, Fl, Am. Sept. i,341.—Kllioit,.sk.i,,5.")9.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 4-0: Conipend. Fl. N. 'elates, 203. .Spivnge', Synt. ii,,509.— De Candidle, Prodr. ii,<'«35.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 1;>.'.— Bot. Reg. xiv, 1207.— Don, MilIcr'HDict.i;47.— lieck, Bot. ll:t.— Hooker, Companion IJot. Mag. i,25.— Torrey tV; Gray.Fl. N. Annrica, i, 471.— London, Arlionlum, ii,!'i!iti. I.— l.alon & Wright, Bot. 3H2.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154. — Nuttall, Sylvi, ii, 24; 2 ed. i, 174.— Darby, Bot. S. Slates, 3(»7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rej). lf'58, 252.— Cl.i'pman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Kep. Gi'olog Cal Surv. N. Carolina, HOO. iii, 09.- Lesiinerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, ;>.".9.— Wood, CI. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Gray. Jlainml N. Stales, 5 ed. 101.— Koch, DendrnIogi,\ i, 213.— Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18.-'2,0t). /'. coronaria, Wangeuhoim, Amer. 61,t.21,f. 47 [not Linna'usJ.- Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 148. Mains anijnstifolia, Miehanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155. Mains SvmjkrvirenH, Desloutaines, Hist. Alb. ii, 141.— Nouvcai Duhamel, vi, 638,t.43,f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl.iv, 624.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii, 135, t. 8, ligs.— Rmmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 191. P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzig in Linuu-a, xx>:viii,41. Chloromeli's semprrrircns, Dectiisne in Fl.des Serres, xxiii, 126. AMERICAN CRAB APPLE. SOUTHERN CRAB APPLE. Pp>] ^pylvania ?, southern Delaware, and the valley of tJie lower Waba.sli river, Illinois, south to the Chattahoochee rop'*..'!! c'l "estern Florida. .\ .til •! tree, (i to '.) meters In height, with a tniid; rarely 0.^0 meter iu diameter; low, rich woods; most common i;'l na i iug its greatest development idong the river bottoms of the south Atlantic states; less common west of the aI'' r,hany mountains. Wood heavy, liaid, dose grained, ehctdving badly in drying; nieduihiry rays numerous, ob.sciire; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap wood yellow ; specHic gravity, O.tiS!*."* ; ash, 0.3.'{; u.sed for levers, handles of tools, etc. The austeie fruit used for picserves and made into eider. Ji^m CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 73 119.— Pyrus rivularis, Douglas ; Hookor, Fl. Bov.-Am. i, a03, t.Ca.— Don,Mill<>r'8 Diet, ii, 047.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :!83.— Walpers, Uop. ii, 53. — Diolrlch, Syn. iii, l.')4. — Lcdoboiir, Fl. Uossica, ii, 90. — NuttuU, Sylva, ii, 22, t.49; Sed. i, 172, t. 49. — RicliurdKon, Arctic Expeil. 428. — Torriiy iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 85; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,73. — Cooper in Smlthsouiaii Rep. 18r>8,2.')9 ; Pucilic R. R. Rep. xii, 29, (50. — Rothrook in Smithsonian Rep. 1807, 4;i5, 440.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 212. — Gray in Prop. Am. Acad, viii, H82. — Wonzig iu Liunioa, xxxviii, 38. — Brower & Watson, Bot. California,!, 188. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7G, 135, — Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 330. P. diversifolia, Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133. P.fusea, Rafinosquo, Med. Bot. ii,254. P. subcordata, Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, ii, 95. MahlS rivularis, Roamer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. — Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mns. x, 155. Malus divcraifoUa, Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. —Decaisno in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 156. Mains subcordata, Rosmer, Syn.Mon. iii, 192. OREGON CUAB APPLE. Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast aiul islands of British Golnmbia, through Washington territory and Oregon, west of the (3a8eado mountains, to S()noiua county, California. A small tree, somotiine.s !) meters iu height, with a trunk ()..'iO to 0.45 meter in diameter; rich, low woods, gen(!rally along streams, often foiniing dense thickets. \yood heavy, hard, very clo.se-graiiied, liable to check badly in drying, susct>j)til)h' of a lieantifiU polish; nii!(\ullary rays nuumrous, obscunv, color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specilie gravity, 0.831(5; ash, 0.41 ; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc. The small, black, pleasantly acid fruit occasionally used as a jtreserve, and prized by the Indians as fond. 120. — Pyrus Americana, ijr candollo, Prodr. ii, 037.— Watson, Deud. Krit. i. t. .'il.— Spivngil, .Sym. ii, 511.— Hooker, I'l. Bor.-Ani. i, 204.— Don, Miller's Did. ii, 018.— Beck, Bot. 113. — .\iidulion, Birds, t. 303. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Amerieii, i, 472. — London, Arboretum, iii, 920 & t. — Eaton & Writ;ht, Bot. :183.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 221.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, l,-)5.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 25, t. TiO ; 2 ed. i, 17.'., t. 50.— Browne, Trees f America, :!2ti.— i;niers:ped. 428. — Lango, PI. Gnenl. 131. — Cooper in Siuithsonian Rep. 1858, 2,')2.— Chaiuiiim, Fl. S. States, 129. — Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1~00, iii, 70. — Woo.— Wilidenow, Ennm. ,')20.— Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Siijipl. v, 101.— Eaton, Manual, .'i.'.; 0 ed. ;!51.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 30.'..— Hayue, D.,ad(ir, 81, in part.— Schlechtondal iu Linnioo, x, 99.— Hooker f. in I'rous. Linnroan Soo. xxii«, 290, 327, iu part. Morbus humi/usa, Rafinosquo, Med. Dot. ii,20.''>. MOUNTAIN ASH. Greeiiliind ?, Lidinidor, Newfonndiaiid, Anti(U)sti island, ainl westward along the sotitliern sJiore of .lames' baj to the valley of llie Nel.son river (White Mud lalls), sdulliward through all moiintaiiious regiotis of tho northeastern states, anut on the nortlu'rn shores of lakes Huron and Superior. vtii ■QrJrl f •f'T'^MMiStiaiTTiM "^-^-^""""^'-'"^^'■^•TTtTTrTrrr tii I. 'St) ;V 74 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A form with smaller fruit, peculiar to the high southern Alleghany mouutaius, is — var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Aimuica, i, iTl. H^orbus avcupa7'ia, vnr. a. Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 2G0. Sorbus mkrocarpa, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 164.— Elliott, 8k. i, 555.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 477.— Eaton, Mumiiil, (i ed. 301.— Spacli, Hi.st. Vog. ii, O.'i.— Kmmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 138. P. microcarpa, Sprengd. Syst. ii, .'ill.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii, 636.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bet. 113.— Eaton & Wrij;lit, Bot. Ii!;:!. — London, Ailioivtuiii, ii, U'Jl. Sorbus Americana, viir. microcarpa, Wonzi},'iii Liiina;a, xxxviii,7l. Sorbus riparia, Haiiii>'s(|iio, NcwSylva, 15. Wood light, soft, close-grained, coinjiact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; s])P('ifi(' Krnvity, 0.,')451 ; ash, 0.83. Often idanted for unianieiit. 121. — Pyrus sambucifolia, Cliiiiiii.ssdiVSc'lilicliteiidal in F^iiiiiiva, ii,36. — Hongard in Mum. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133. — Don, Milk'"'n Diet, ii, 648. — lorrey iV Gray, Fl. N. Aniciifa, i, 47','. — Walpers. Hc]). ii, ,'>:!. — DicHicli, Syn. iii, 15.'). — Li'deliimr, Fl. Hosaica, ii, 99. — Traiitvottfr & Meyer, I'"l.()(li(it. 37.— JliixiriJ'.'icz. Prim. Fl. Amiiicn.sis, 103.— Rolliroc k in F-mitlisnnian Ki')). 1>*67, 44().— Gray, Maniiiil K. States, 5 ed. 161; 'inc. Am. Acad, viii, 3-J. — I'orici in 1I;i.\i!im's lii-\i. I -ni, nfi.— Wiitsiin in King's Hep. v,9'2. — Porter &, Coulter, Fl. Coloraao; Hay.'ion'fiSiirv. Misc. Pnli. Xo. I, :>-<.— IJicwi-r & Walson, Hot. Calil'ornia, i, HU.- Maconn in Geological Kcj). Canada, 1675-'76, 195. — lall ill CouHci'n Hot. Gazette, ii,y". — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. Sorbns aucuparia, var. /?. Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290. Sorbus aucuparia, SilirmU, PI. Labrador, 'J5, in part [not LinmeiiH], P. AmericaiUU Newberry in Pacilic R. R. Bep. vi, 73 [not Du Candolle"). —Cooper in PaciflcR. B.Rep. xii-', 60.— Torrey, Bot. Wilki's Exped. 292. i". aucuparia, Jleyer, I'l. I.aluador, HI, in part.— Sclileclitcndal in Linmea, x,99, in part. — Hooker in Truni. Linnoian Soo. xxii-,y90, 327. in part. Sorbus sambucifolia, Hcrmer, Syn. Moil, iii, 139.-Maximowic?, in Bull. Acap. 187-,'. 765 [tiur Torrey &. Gray]. British Columbia, soiirii through eastern dregon and WashingtoM terrilmy, ea.it and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idalio, M.)ntanii, tltiili, and Colorado, to the Pinos Alt ).s mountains, New Mexie' (/^"cm"). A small tree, (J to « m(-U'rs in lieighl, with a Irnidi rarely exceeding 0 .iO meter iii diame^-r, or i»il,oi. •' tfli, mach-branehed shrub, loriiung dense, impeuetrable thickets along lM)rders of streams and sw.uMpN, Wood heavy, hard, ehwe-graihid, compiH-t ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddi«(M vc'D tlifl sap-wood nearly '.vliite; specific gravity, 0.770:J; a;jb, 0.3"). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 76 123. — Crataegus Douglasii, Lindloy, Bot. Reg. xxi, 1. 1810. — Loudon, Arboretiiiii, ii, H£\ f. .')84 & t.— Koch, Dondrolosio, i, 147.— Kaleniczenko in Boll. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 20.— Browor &, Wataoii, Bot. California, i, 189.— Macoun in Geological Hop. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Oazctto, vii, 128. f C. glandulosa, rursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, :t37, in part. C. punctata, var. brevispina, Doujjlas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201. 0. ttanguinea, var. Donglasii, Torroy&Qray, Fl. N. America, i. 464.— Walpers, Rep. ii, ,'58.- Dietrich, Syn.iii, 160.— Torroy, Bot. Wilkes Expcd. 292.— Regol in Act. Hort, St. Petersburg, i, 116. (7. saWf/Mtwea, Niittall, Sylvu, ii, 6, t. 44; 2 ed. i, 157, t.44 [not Pallas].- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,259; Am. Nat. iil, 407. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Troi,a, 14. AnthomdcH Douijlasii, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 140. 0. rirularis. Brewer &, Watson, Bot. California, i, 189 [not Nuttall]. British C; .luiiibiii, valley of the rarsiiip river, in about latitude 55° N., south through Washingtou territory and Oif^oii tc llic sallcv of the I'i(t rivci', Ciilifornia, extending cast tlirongli Idalio and Montana to the westerji base of the Hoclcy mountains (valley of the Fhithead river, Vanby d. Sarj/ent). A small trrc, sometimes 12 mtteis in heiglit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from tlie ground and forming im])enetrahle thickets; rather wet, sandy soil along streams, and reaching its greatest develoi»ment in the valleys west of the Cascade mountains; toward its eastern limils a hiw slirid*. Wood heavy, hard, tougli, do.se-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful poli.sh ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly wliite tinged with rose, the sajy-wood lighter; specific gravity, O.OOoO ; ash, 0.33; used for wedges, mauls, etc. The small, sweet, black iruit, ript-ning in August, is largely collected by the Indians. 124. — Cratuigus brachyacantha, Sargint A- Knglcnmun; Engelmann in Coulter's But. Gaz(.'tl(^, vii, 1'28. nOGS' HAW. New Orleans?, (7>n<;H7HOHrf in herb. Civi//) ; !\Iinden, Louisiana (il/(>//») ; Concord, Texas (Sar^/ewf); Longview, Texas (In fruit, Lcft^rmnn). A tree !> to 12 meters in hciglit, with a trunk sometim(s 0.00 meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low> very rich soil ; the largest Nortii American representative of the genus. Wood heavy, hard, very <'lose-grained, compact. susee])tible of a beautiful jtolish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; cohu-, ligiit brown tinged witii rose, the sai)-\vood lighfcr ; siiecilic gravity, 0.0793 ; a.sh, 0.42. The large blue-black fruit greedily eaten by hogs and other animals. 125. — Crataegus arborescens, Elliott, 8k. i, .ViO.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 112.— Tiurey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i , 460.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syu. iii, IfiO.— Walpers, Rep. ii, r,8.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 10,t.45; 2 ed. i, 160, t. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, liOO.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1&")8, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.--Wood,Cl. Book,;i3I; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Fl. Texas, 2.')9.—VaKey, Cat. Forest Trees. 14.— Engelmann in Bull. Torrey Bot. Clut), ix, 4. Phwnopyrum arborescens, Roomer, Syn.Mon. iii, 153. C. Crus-ffalU, var. pyracanthi folia, Regol in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in part. Valley of the Savannah river. South Carolina (Aiken, liavencJ), south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida; valley of the Mississip])! river, near Saint Louis (Engcfma)in), .scmth and southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower ('olorado river, Texas. A snuill tree, 0 to 0 meters in lieighi, with a truidv sometimes 0.45 to 0.00 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and in rather low, \\et swami)s. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; nuMlullary rays V' numerous, ol>,scure; color, li^ht brown tinged with I'ed, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0491 ; ash, 0,57. The small globular fruit bright red or, more rarely, oruuge. * '^i;i m' ^^^,,M^:^^:..^^^:r.f...^,„.,,.^ M^:;mmi(i^^m^!. 76 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ■| 126. — Cratsgus Crus-galli, Linnnns, Spec. 1 ed. 476. — Kalm, Travels, Euglisli ed. i, 1 !.">.— Metlicns, Bot. Bcobaeht. ii, 344.— Walter, Fl. Csroliniana, 147.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,170; 2cMl.iii,202.— WilUlenow, Spec, ii, 1004.— Micaux, Fl. bor.-Am. i,28H.— IVrsoon, 8yn. ii, 37.— Pursh, PI. Am. Sept- i, 338.— Eaton, Maiiiml,5r); G ed. 111. — Nuftall.Gciieiii, i,3ur). — liartou, Compend. Fl. PMIadolph. i,22.'>; Prodr. I'l niiladolpli..''>4. — Elliott, Sk.i,548.— Toricy.Fl.U. S. 476; Compeiid. Fl.X. States, 202; Fl. N. York, i,2V!l.— Wat 'ui, Dend. Urit. i, t 1.— Do Camlollc, Prodr. ii, 026.— Hooker, Fl. Dor.-Aiii. i, 2C0 ; Ccunpaiiiou Hot. Maj;. i, 2r>.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 59r*.— Beok, Bot. 11 -Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Anicriea,i,463.— London, Arboretum, ii, 820. f. 574,. '■>75 & t.— Eaton & Wrigbt,B(>t.212.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. :i ed. 206.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, Ifiii. — Browne, Trees of America, 2/8. — Emerson, Trees Massaclin setts, 133 ; 2 cd. ii, 492 & t. — Ra:mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. — Parry iu Owen's Uep. 612.— Darlington, Fl. Ccstrica, 3 cd, 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 30,'j.— Cooper in Siiiitbsonlan IJep. ]8.')8, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Siirv. N. Caiolina, 1860, iii,83. — I.esqucrcux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Poreher, Kesources S. Forests, 148.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160; Hall's PI. Texas, SI. — Young, Bot. Texas, 258. — Regol in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i,108. — Kaleniczeuko in Bull. Soe. Imp. Nat. Moscow, slviii, 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'!»0, 54^- Ridgway in Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. 1682, 66. C. lucida, DuRoi, Obs. Bot. 13.— Wangenheiiu, Auier. 53,t. 17,f. 42.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,!;06.— Do Candolle, Prodr. ii,629.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212. Mespilus CrusgaUi, Marshall, Arbustum, 88.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 441.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 157.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 149.— Willdenow, Euum. 522; Berl. Baumz. 244.— Hayne, Dend. J'l. 80.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 142. f Slcspilus cunciformis, Marshall, Arbustum, 88. Mespilus hicida, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 17.— Mccnch, Moth. 685.— Spach, Hist. Veg.ii,57. Mespilus cnneifolia, Moench,Meth.684. C. Crus-ffdlli, var. splendens, Aiton,Hort. Kow.2 ed. iu,203. Mespilus Wdtsoniaua, Spach, Hist. Veg.ii, 5". C, Waisoniana, Roemer, Syn.Mon. iii, U7. COCKSPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN. Valley of tlio Stiiiit Lawrence river, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to the valley of the Chipola river, western Fh)rida, anil the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk .sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, running into various forms. The best marked are — Viir. pyracanthifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 170 ; 2 ed. iii, 202.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.- Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. An)oriea, i, 4(i4.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 820, 1. 128, f. 580.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in part. C. snlicifolid, Mtilicus. Hot. Beobaoht. ii, 345.— Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. C. Crus-galli, Viir. sdlici/olia, Alton, I. c ; 2 ed. I. c— Willdenow, Borl. Banmz. 244.— Do Candolle, I. o.— London, I. •, f . 551-5r>:>, .')".- &, t.— Browne, I. c— Regel, /. c. 110. Mespilus Crus-galli, var. salieifhtia, Hayno, Dend. Fl. 80. Mespilus Crus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Hayne, I. o. Mespilus salid/olia, Koeh, Dendrologie, i, 144. C. Cuursetiana, Ra>mer, Syn. Me-., ili, 117. var. OValifolia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1860 —Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 821, f.r)79 & t.— Kegel in Aet. H'lrt. St. Petersburg, i, 109. Mespilus (ivali/oUa, Iloruernann, Ilort. Hafn. guppl. 52.— Kook, Dendvologie, i, 143. Mespilus pruncllifolia, Poiret, Snppl. iv, 72. C. OValifoUa, po Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet. Ii, 598.— RoemW, 8>-». Mon. iii, 117. C. prunellifoiiu, De Candolle, L c— Don, I. e.— Romer, /. c. Mespilus clliptica, Guimpel, Otte & Hayne, Abli. Holz. 170, t. 144 fmrf /4imBrck].— Spach. Hist. Veg. ii,68. var. linearis, De Candolle, I'rodr. ii, 626.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Aau-fiCB, i, 464.— Dietri.li, .Syn. iii, i:,9.—UmAon, Arboretum, li, 821, f. .")77.— Browne, Trees of America, 278.- Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 1 10. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 77 Meapilus lucida, var. angustifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 18. C. linearis, Peraoou, Syn. ii, 37.— KoBmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 118. Mespilua linearis, Desfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii, 156.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 70.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii, 57. var. prunifolia, Torroy .— Ilayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Elliott, Sk. i, ,^).-.3.— Torrcy, Fl. U. S. 474 ; Compciid.Bot.N. States, 201; Fl. N. York, i, 221; Emory's Hop. 408.— Do Candolle, Prodr. 11,6^'/.— Hooker, Fl. iJor.-Aui. i,201 ; Bot. Mai?, t. 3432.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 5i)9.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 8. '.-Beck, Bot. 112.— Lindley, Bot. Keg. 23, t. U).",7.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 40."). — 15igolo\v, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206. — Ealou & Wrigljt, Bot. 211. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160. — VValpers, Rep. ii, 58. — Loudon, Arboretniii, ii, 81(>, f. 5(')4-566, t. 121. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 270, f. 18-20,22. — Einer.son, Trees Massachusetts, 434 ; 2 ed. ii, 493 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 83. — Darby, liot. S. States, 30.'). — Cooper in Smithsonian Hep. 1858, 2r>2.— Oray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii, 43 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Chaimiiin, Fl. S. States, 127.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv.N. Carolina, 18;iO, iii, 82. — Lesquoreux in Owen's2d Uep. Arkansas, 309. — Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot.tSt Fl. HI.— Kaleuiczenko in Bull. S'le. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 9. — Vasey,Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 177. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'8ll, 05^— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,66. Mespilil.S coccinea, Marshall, Arbustum, 87.— Moonch, Meth. 684.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,442.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb ii, 156.— Willdenow, Enuni. .'>23; Herl. Baumz. 2'38. — Wendland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 699. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 007 —Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 64. Mespilus rotundifolia, Ehrhart, Boitr. iii, 20.— Wendland in Regensb. Fl . 1823, 700.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 58.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 148. Pyrus (jlan'hllosa, Moench, Meth. 680. C. (jlanduhsa, Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002 (exol.syn.).- Pur8h,Fl. Am. Sept. 1,337, in part.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.47.'>; Curapend. Fl. N. States, 201. -De Camlulle, Prodr. ii,627.— Loddiges Bn|. Cab. 1. 1012.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, 201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, r.99.— Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Beck, Bot. 112.~t.at(m & Wright, Bot. 211.— Louilon, Arboretum, ii, 817, f. 5.')0, 567, .')li8 & t. — RichardNiin, Arctic Expod. 427. — Curtis in Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 84.— Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petirsburg, i, 120. Mespilus glandulosa, Willdeuow, Eiiiiin. 523.— Sprengel, Sy.st. ii, 507.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. ii, 62.— ICoch, Dendrologie, i, 14& Mespilus puheHnens, Wendland iu Regensb. Fl. 1823,700. C. CrusgaUi, Blgelo w, Fl. Boston. 2 ed. 194 [not Llnumna]. f Mespilus Wcndlandii, Opiz in Regensb. Fl. 1834,590. (I macracantlia, Loddlges in London, Arboretum, 11,819, f. 572,. ')73 & t. €. glandulosa, \nr. vuieracantha, Lindliy In Hot.Hog. xxii, 1. 1912. MlHiiilllH Jllllwllllla, M|mill,Hi8l.Vi'i(. 11,63,— Koch, Dendrologie, 1, 148, Halmia Jluhtllula, KiuiiMiiMyn.Mou. in, t3u. Anthomrlrs totundifolin. fJnriH'r.Syn. Mon, III, <■• Phrenoiijii um cm riiti »///,l.'Niiief,«ijn). Mon. iii, liM. PhWHilllj/l nm Wendlandii, Kum. i-,.S,vn. Mon. iii, 156. „V'W*'iidfi'ti.'Jiv» 78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. if -'i SOAULET HAW. RED HAW. WHITE THORN. West coast of Newfoundland, wost along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.;50 meter in diameter; open upland woods or along streams and borders of prairies; very common at the north, rare at the south ; running into many forms, varying in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. The best marked are — var. viridis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Auioiicu, i, 4li5.— Torrey in Nicollet's Kep. 149. O. viridis, Liiimius, Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Willdcnow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 36.— Elliott, Sk. i,551.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 630.— Doi,, Miller's Diet. ii.COl.-Euton, Manual, 6 od. 112.— Darlington, Fl Cestricii.S od. 2^3.— Eaton &, Wrlrat, Bot. ai2.— Beck, Bot. 3(1,-).— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Wood, CI. Book, 33d ; Btt. .^ TI. 111. f Phcenopyrum viride, Rojnicr, Syn. Mon. iii, 156. Mespitus viridis, Koth, Dcndrologie, i, 149. C. glandulosa, var. rotundi/oHa, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i,120. var. populifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 405. C. populifolia, Elliott, Sk.i, 553 [not Walter].— Nnttall, Genera,!, 305.— Eaton,Mannal,6ed. IW—Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton* Wright, Bot. 21-:i.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 30o. Mespilns populifolia, Lamnrck, Diet, iv, 447. Phanopyrnm popilli folium, Roemcr, Syn. Mon. iii, 156. C. COCCinca, var. ttjpica, Kegel iu Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, 1,121. var. oligandra, Torroy <& Gray, Fl. N. America, I, 465. Wood heavy, bard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8G18; ash, 0.38. 128. — Crataegus subvillosa, Schrador, Ind. Sem. Hort. Goott.- Torn^y in Pacidc R. R. Rep. iv, 35,— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66, C. coccinea, var. mollis, lOrroy & (iray.'Fl. N. America, i, 465.— Gray in Jonr. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Parry in Owen's Rep, 61~'. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 121, Phwnopyriim SUbviUosum, Roemor, Syn. Mon. iii, l,-)4. C. mollis, Sclioolo in Liuuicu, xxi, 569; Rienier, Tt'xas, Appx. 473. — Walper«, Ann. ii,,')23. C. sanguinea, var. riUosa, Kuprecht& Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amuronsis, 101. C. Tcxana, Buckley in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 454 (see Gray in same, 1862, 103),— Young, Fl, Texas, 258. C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray, Maimal N, states, 5eil. lOO,- Wood, CI, Book, 330; Bot. & Fl. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14, Mespilns filio'folia, Koch, Dcndrologie, i, 151. SCAKLKT HAW. Enstern .Miissm |iiH<'tt.><(^po.'^sihly in trod need); ocntTal Micliigau to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, nnd soiiHiwcst (hroiigli Missdnri, Arkansas, tlie Iinliiui territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio river. A Hiiiall tree, 7 to 1* meters in height, with ii trunk rarely *>. 45 meter in diameter; rich woods and along borders of strctnn.s niiil pmiiifs. Wood liciivy, liard, tint strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light brown or ligiil red, the saj) -wood lighter; H|ieciti(t gravity, 0.7!)."»;i ; ash, 0.09. The liirge red IVnil (il'tcn dtnvny, edilde, and of iigreeablc flavor. .. ...^.: -■•-■-. ■■^■^ Ilfl li CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 70 129. — Crataegus tomentosa, Linueens, Spec. 1 ed. 476 (exol. Hyii. OrouoviiiH). — Ivaliii, Travels, ICngliBh od. ii, 151. — Du Koi, Harbk. i, 183. — Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4f)C.— Dietrich, Syii. iii, 160.— Torny, Fl. N. York, I, 2'^2.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 od. 435; 2 ed. ii, 494 & t.— Parry in Owen's Kei). 012. — C'ooixir in SinitliNoiiian Rep. 18u8, 252. — Chapman, Fl.S. States, 127. — Losqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Hook, :t:50.— Enjrelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. 8oc. new ser. xii, 191.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. KiO.— Young, Bot. Texas, 25d.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. 1882, CO. C. leucophUeos, Moonch, H»rt. Weiss. 31, t.2.— Rcgel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 106. Mespilus Calpodendron, Ehrhart, Beitr. ii,67. C. pyrifoUa, Alton, Hort. Kow. ii, 1()8 ; 2 ed. iii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1001.— Perooon, Syn. ii, 3G.— Nouvean Dnbamol, iv, 131.— Poiret, Snppl. i, 292.— PurKh,Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Elliott, Sk. i, 550.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 475; Compend. Fl. X. States, 201.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, C27.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.i,201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton, Miuiual,6 ed. 111.— Lindl y, Bot. Rog. xxii, 1. 1877.— London, Arboretum, ii, 819, f. 571 & t.--Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 211. Mespilus lati/olia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444. — Destbntaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 156. — Nouveuu Duhamel, iv, l.'iO. — SpacU, Hisi. Veg. ii,60. 0. lati/olia, Persoon, .Syii.'li, 30.- Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Rmraer, Syii.Mon. 119. Mespilvs pyrifolia, Willlouow, Enum.523; Berl. Bauniz. 240.— Kaleniczenko in Bull. See. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 15.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, .''i07.— Hayne, Doud. Fl. 78. Mespilus lobata, Poiret, Suppl.iv,71. Mespilus odorata, Wondland in Regensb. Fl. 1823, 700. Mespilus pruinosa, Wendland in Regensb. Fl. 1823,700. C. lobata, Bosc in Do CnndoUo, Prodr. ii,628. G.flava, Hooker, FI.Bor.-Am. i,202 (oxcl.syn.). Halmia tomentosa, Ra-mer, Syn.Mon. 135. Halmia lobata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. 135. Phanopyrum pruinosum, Ra-nuT, Syn. Mon. 155. ? G. coccinea, var. riridis, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 86 [not Torrey &. Gray]. C. tomentosa, vai-. pyrifolia , Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 111. C. COf et?!ea,Brandogoe in Hay don's Rep. 1875, 23G [not Linniens]. C. leucocephalus, Lavalldo, Arboretum Segrez. 78, t. 22 [not Moonch]. G, coccinea, var. COrdata, LavulMo, Arborotnm Sogroz. 81, t. 22. BLACK THOUN. PEAR HAW. New Bruns\vi(!k, west ward along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river and the northern shores of the great lakes to the Saskatchewan region, .^outliward through the Atlantic iorests to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and eastern Texas west to the mountains of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico. A small tree, 89. — I'^atoii, Manual, (i od. UI.— Bock, Hot. III.— Torroy &Gray, Fl. N. Anii'rlc.a, i, 106.— Louden, Arliorctum, ii, 818, f..")(i'.), 570 & t.— Katoii & Wright, Bot. 211.— Diiitricli, Syn. iii, 15!(. — Browne, Trees of America, 277. — Finerson, Trees Mus-saelmsettH, 4115 ; 2 ed. ii, 495.— Gray, Manual N. Stales, 1 ed. 128. — liiebardHuu, Arctic Expi'd. 427. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, H od. 84. — Darby, Bot. S. States, yOC. — Li'wjuereux in Owen's 2(1 Uep. Arkansas, ;!5'.).— Wood, CI. Book, IJIIO ; Bot. &, Fl. 111. — Engelnmnn in Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. new ser. xii, 11)1. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlvili, 14. Mespilm CornlfoUa, Mnenclihausou, Hausv. v, 14r>.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 444.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 134.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ii, 60, t. 10, f. c. C. Cms gain, Wangonhoim, Amor. 52.— Du Koi, Hurbk.i, 195 ""not Linnieus]. Mcspilus cuneifolia, Ehrhart, BL-itr. iii, 21.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, fil. MvspiluH punctata, Loisolour in Nonvoau Duhamel, iv, 152.— Willdmow, Enum. 524; Berl. Banmz. 243.— Poirot, Suppl. iv, 70. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 79. — Watson, Dend. Brit. i,t.57. — Spach, Hist. Vcg. ii,61. — Wenzig in Linnit-a, xxxviii, 128. Mespilus pijrifoiia, Desfontaiuos, Hist. Arb. ii, 155. C. punctata, var. rubra aud aurea, Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. iii, 202. V. lati/olia, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627. f C. flvxuom, Sohweinitz in Lon^j's 2d Bxi>od. ii, Appx. 112. C.flava, Darlington, Fl. Ce.strica, 2 ed. 392 [not Aiton]. C. cuneifolia, Rmmer, Syn. Moii. iii, 118. C. obovati/olia, Rd-nier, Syn. Mon. iii, 120. JIahnia punctata, Rremer, Syn. Mon. iii, i:i4. Hulmia cornifolia, Rccmer, Syn. Mon. iii, i;i4. C. tomentosa, var. plicata, Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. & Fl. 111. C. punctata, var. xanthocarpa, Lavall6e, Arboretum Segrez. 1, 53, 1. 16. Frnit lar.Lrcr tliaii that of the species, dull red or yellow. 130. — Cratcegus cordata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii,168; 2 ed. iii,200.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1000.— i'ersoon, Syn. ii,3li.— Eaton, Manual, 55; 6 ed. 111.— Elliott, Sk. i,554.— Torroy, Fl. U.S. 474; Compend. Fl. N, States, 201.— De Candolle, I'rodr. 11,628.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 63.— Lindley, Bot, Reg. xiv,t. 1151.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 201.— Don, Mill.r's Diet, ii, 59<).— lieek, Hot. 112. -Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4()7.— Londoi'., Arl>oretiini,ii,8J5 &, t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Browne, Trees oi" America, 280.— Richardson, Arctic Kxi)ed. 427.— Darlington, Fl. Ce.striea, 3 id. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Curtis in Rep. Geolo-ical Siirv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 82.— Wood, CI. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Gray. Manual N. States, 5 ed. 1.59.— YoiinR, Bot. Texas, 2,')7.— Kegel in Act. Hort. Sr. Petersburg, i, 114.— Kaleniczenko in Bnll. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mii'-eow,xlviii,l!l. — Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 14. Mespilus Phccnopiirim, Ehrhart in IJmiieiis f. Siippl. 2.54; Beiti. i, 181; ii, 07.— Moonoh, Meth. 685.— Lamarck, Diet. iv, 446. (J. popnlifoUa, Walter, I'l. Carolini.iiia, 1 17 [not Elliott].— Pnr.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 3;!7. MespiluH acerifoUa, Burgsdorf in Lumarek, Diet, iv, 442.— Nonveau Duhamel, iv, 151.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ii, 65. Mexpilvs cordiifa, M-'Ici, I.on. t. 179.— Willdenow, Enum. 523; Berl. Banmz. 339. -Hayne, Dend. Fl. 77.— Sprengel, Syst. U, ."i"7.- ICddi, Dendry.— DcCandollo, Prodr. ji, tfc>7.— Don, Millcr'N Piot. ii, .IW.— Au.liilion, ItlnH t. I'JJ.— Eaton, Manual, 6 nil. 11'2.— Hooker, t'oniiianiou 15ol. Mnj;. i,2r>.— Torrey & (iiay, Fl. N. Anu'rita, i, 4(i7.— Loutlon, Ai l)ori"tuni, ii, H-J4, f. .'>HH, .'iH<) 4lt t.— Eaton &, Wi i;;lit. Hot. alii.— Dielricli, Syn. iii, 160.— Darliy, Hot. S. .Stales, :i(H!. — Kuaiior, Syn. Mon. iii, 121. — CoopiT in SuiitliHonian Ki')). lK")H, 'i',-i. — Clwi)pnian, Fl. S. .Stuti'.s, 1-J7. — Wood, CI. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111. -Gray, Manual X. .States, .'> ed. l.')9 ; Hall's PI. Texas. St.— Voung, Hot. Texas. a-'iT.— Kaleniczenko in Bnll. Soc. Iiii]). Nat. Moscow, xlviii,at». — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. V. Odyamniha, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [Hot Linna'iis]. Mcspilus apiifolia, Marshall, Arbnstuni, -li.- I'olrei , Sniipl. iv, 08.— Sprongwl, Syst. ii, 508.— Spucli, Hist. Veg. ii, 67. , MenpihiK vionopyua, van apiifolia, Ko(li,l)en(ir(iiof;ie,i, itio. V. oxyamniha, var. apiifolia, Kegel in Act. Ilort. st.lvtirsbnrft, 119. PAHSLEY HAW. Southern Virginia, southward nei'r the coast to about latitude -'8'', extending west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A small tree, rarely (» to 9 meters in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0,10 meter in diameter, or more often a low .shrub, throwing up many stems from the ground; Imw, rich soil, I'eaching its greatest development in the )>iiie barren hummocks of central Florida. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, eompa>;t, su.sceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, bright brown tinged with red or rose, the .sap-wood much lighter; speeiflc gravity, 0.7453 ; ash, 4).»7. 132. — Crataegus spathulata, Mielumx. Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, 228. — Persoon, SvJi. ii, 37.— Barton, Conipend. Fl. I'liilaii'liil . i, 'jati.— Ellioil, .Sk. i, .").">•.'.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. IStil. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, ."lO'.l. — Hooker, Conii)anion Bi)l. Map. i, 2.">. — (irav in Linill.y, Bot. K'eg. xxiii \nidor t. lU.'w; Manual N. States, .5 ed. 1.59. — Eaton, Manual, (1 ed. 112. — Torrey &. (iray, Fl. N. .Vnieriea, i, 11)7. — London, Arlioretnui, ii, 82.'), f. .'i'Jl >.t t. — Eaton &. Wrijilit, Bot. iiia.-Dietriili. Syn. iii, 100.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 3(Ui.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, V,>().— Lesipiereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkaiisas,3ri9.— Wood, CI. Book, 331; Bot. & Fl. 111. — Voun;;, Bot. Texas, 2.57. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. .Soe. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii,31. — Kidttway in Aui. Nat. vi. 72'^. MenpilUH Azarolus, Marshall, Arbustnni,>'.» [not l.inniensj. Mrspibis .spafhvlala, Point, Snp))l.iv,r)8.—DesContaines, Hist. Arb. ii. l.")7.— Slirensel, Syst. ii, ,')07.—Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 00. — Koch. Dcndrolocric, i, 137. C. niivfocarpa, Lindh y, Hot. Kc),'. xxii, t. 1840. Phaiwpyrvm spathlllutuvi, Knmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 3r).'>. 1-^ SMALL-FUTHTED HAW. Virginia, soutiiward to the Ohattahoo5. Phanopyrum Virginictim, Ka-mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 155. New Orleans? {Brvmmond, No. 105'); Opelousas, Louisiana {Carpenter, Sargent). A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low gronnd ; the iruit and wood not yet collected. 134.— Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 4()«.— Walpers, Kep. ii, 58.— Dietrich, .Syn. iii, IG,'.— Niittall, Sylva, ii, 12 ; 2 ed. i, 162.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 306.— Chaimian, Fl. S. Stat.-a, 127.— LcRqucroux in Owen's 2(1 Rep. Arkansas, 359.- Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 124.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. Mcspilus cestiralis, Walter, Fl. Curoliniana, 148.— I.aniaick, Diet, iv, 447. C. clliptica, Elliott,Sk. i,.'')4H[notAiton]. C. lucida, Elliott, Sk. i. 549 [not Ehrhart]. G. opaca, Hooker & Amott in Companion Bot. Man- i, 2.". — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2563. Anthomeles ceativalia, Rceraer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141. • MAT HAW. APPLE UAW. South Carolina, .south to northern Florida, west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine river, Texas. A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.65t)4; ash, 0.67. The large, globular, fragrant, red fruit, of agreeable subacid flavor, used as a i)reserve, in jellies, etc. ; ripening in May. 135. — Crataegus flava, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 169 ; 2ed. iii, 201.— Willdeuo w, Spec, ii, 1002.— Penoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 338.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— DeCandolle,Prodr.ii, 628.— Watson, IXnd. Brit.i, t. 59. —Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 600.— Lindloy, Bot. Keg. xxiii, t. 1939.- Torrey & Gray, F:. N. America, i,4(i8.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 823, f.585 & t.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 311.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 16<1.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonir.i Rep. 1858, 252.— Chai)man, Fl. S. States, 28.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83. — Losqueroux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3.')9. — Woo2. Anthometen Jiava, glandnlom, and turbinata, Rwmor, Syn. Mon. iii, 141. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. SUITMER HAW. TELLOW HAW. 83 Virginia, southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa bay, Florida, west through the Gulf states to Citstern Texas and southern Arkansas. A small tree, rarely 7 meters in height, with a trunk U.30 meter in diameter, or red'iced to a much-branched shinb 2 to 3 meters in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7809 ; ash, 0.79. Fruit small, red or yellow, acid. Var. pubescens, Omy, Mauual N. Stutes, 5 ed. 160. Megpilus hiemalis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. C. riridis, Walter, Fl. Coroliniana, 147 [not Linnajns].— Elliott, Sk. i, 5fjl. C. elliptica, Alton, Ilort. Kew. ii, 1G8; 2 ed. Hi, 201.— Walldenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Porsoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Niittall, Genera, i, 305.— Toirey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— Do CandoUo, Prodr. ii, 627.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ain. i,201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— BecJ'., Bo^ 33.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Torrcy &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 469.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.- Dietrich, Syn. ill, 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 84. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 122. Mespilus elliptica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. — Wenzig in Linmea, xxxviii, 125. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 140. C, glandulosa, Michuux, I'l. Bor.-Am. i, 288 [not Alton].- Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Chapman, VI. S. Stat.s, 128.— Vasoy, Cat. FoTcit Trocs, 14. C, Mii'hauxii, Per80on,Syn. ii,38. C, spathulata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 336 [not Miohaux]. — De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 627.— Liudloy, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1890; xxiii, under 1. 1957. Mespilus Michauxii, Homemann, Hort. Hafn. 4,')5.— Poirct, Suppl. iv, 09. C. flava, Elliott, 8k. i, 5,")1 [not Alton J. C Virginica, Loddigcs in Loudon,Arborotuni,ii, 842, f.560, 615. — Kalcniozenko in Bull. Soc.Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 58. i SUM>IER-nAW. RED HAW. Virginia, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, and sparingly through the Gulf states to western Louisiana. A low tree growing with the 6i)ecie8, from which it is distinguished by the pubescence of the calyx and young branches, the smaller flowers, and larger, brijiht red or yellow, globular or pear-shaped fruit. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, bright red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7083; ash, 0.91. The large, edible fruit used in the .south Atlantic states in pi'eservcs, jellies, etc. NoTR. — Crata'giin purvifulia, Alton, «!' the south Atlantic region, a low shrub, is not included in this catulogiii'. 136. — Heteromeles arbutifolia, Ra-mer, Syn. Mon. iii, 105.— Dccaisne In Nonv. Arch. Mns. x, 144, t. 9.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 188; ii, 444. CratwgtlS arbutifolia, Vonot in Nouveau Duhaniel,iv,i;n ; Diet. Suppl. 1,292.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202.— Loddtges, Bot. Cab. t. 201. Aronia arbutifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i.:i(Mp. Photinia arbutifolia, Lindley iu Trans. Linnasan Soc.xiii, l(i;i; Hot. Reg. vi, 191 & under I. I'.u;.— .•'prengol, .Syst. i^riO^.- DoCundolle, Prodr. ii, 031. — CliiiMiis.>(o & Schlechteudal in Linnu'a, ii, ^>4'i. — Don, Miller's Diet. ii. G(W. — Spach, Hist. Vcg. ii, 80.— Hooker & Aruoti, Bot. Iteechey, 139, 340. — I'orrey & (Jray, Fl. N. Aniciiiii, i, IT3. — Di.lrieh, Syn. iii, lo2.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, i^tW, i. 619.— Benthani, Hot. Sulphur, It; PI. Hartwej;. 307. - Torny in Emory's liep. 140; Sitgroavcs' Rep. 110; Piicille R, R. Rep. iv, 8r>; Bot. Mex. IJniiniliii.v Survey, 04 ; Hot. Wilkes Expod. 21tl.— Wood, CI. Book, 329. -Bolaiulcr in rroe.Calil'Drnia Aeiid. iii,HO. — Vasey, Cut. Forest Trees, 14. — I'liliiuT in Am. Nat. xii, 599. — Maximuwicz in Bull. Arad. Hci, St. Petersburg, xix, l.-O. — Weuzig in I. inniea, xxxviii, 9('). • MespiluH arbutifolia. Link, Eumn. Iloir. Iteiol. ii,3('.. Photinia salicifoliu, Presl, Epiinel. Bot.204.— Walpor»,Anu.iii,N')8. B. Fremontiona, Decainne in Nouv. .Vreh. Mns. x, 144. m 84 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TOYON. TOLLON. CALIFORNIA HOLLY. (California Coast ranges, Mendocino to San Diego county, exteading east to tlie loot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains. A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 uietei- in diameter, or more often a lo\v,*much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, suscejitible of a beautiful polish; iiu'dullary laya numerous, very obscure; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9326; ash, 0.54. 137. — Amelanchier Canadensis, Torroy & Gray, J''l. N. America, i, 473. — Walpers, Bep. ii, 55. — Dietrieli, Syu. iii, 158. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 2^5.— Browne, Treos of Amoricii, *282. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 443; 3 ed. ii, 50;t & t.— Parry in Owen's Kep. G13. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 86. — Ricliardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 52. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linmean Soc. xxii-, 290, 327. — Cooper m Smitlisonian Rep. 1>^,">8. 2.")2. — Chapman, Fl.S. States, 129.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, ill, 68.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 329 ; Bot. & Fl. 110. — Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 191. — Porcher, licsources S. Forests, 168. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 162. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 180. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Maxiniowicz in BiiU. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 175. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. Mespilus Canadenvis, Linnaus, Spec, l cd. 478 (cxcl. sjii. Gronovins).— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 173. Cratcegus tomentosa, Linnojus, Spctu>idifoli(i, Tomy & (imy ; Viir. iilif/ordrpa, lorn-y & (.ray); common at the north, rare at the south, and reaching it.« greatest development on the high .^^lopes ef the southern Alleghany mountains; varying greatly in the sha|)f of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on tlie leaves and young shoots, et(^ The best tnarkc'd arborescent variety is — var. oblongifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 55.- Dietrich, Syn. iii, 168.— Torrey, Fl. N. VMrU,i.'.'25; .Xidillet's R.p. 149.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 444; 2 ed. ii, .504 & t.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Dot * Fl. Ml'.— Gray, Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 102.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, lH75-'7t>, 195. i' ! CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 35 CratwgttS spicata, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Dcstbutaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 132.— Poirot.Suppl. i,292. Mespilus Canadensis, var. ohovalis, Micbaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 291. Pyrus ovalis, Willdcnow, Spic. ii, 1014 ; Berl. Baumz. :523.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 340.— Schrank, PI. Labrador, 26.— Bigolow, ri. Boston, ricd.yo?. Aronia ovalis, Toiroy, I'l. U. S. 479 ; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 20:i.— Eaton, Manual. C cd. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 1.35. A. ovalis. Do Caudollf, I'rodr. ii,(>3a.— Moyer, PI. Labrador, 81.— Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am. i,20-.>, in part.— Don, Miller'sDict.ii, 604.— Beck, Bot. 1 12.— Spnch, Hist. Veg. ii, 85.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 87C, f. 032. -4. intermedia, Spacb,Hist.V(g.ii,85.— Weuzigin Liuua;a,xxxiii,112. A. ohlongtjolia, Ramcr,Syn.Mou.iii,147. A. spicata, Decaisnc in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 135, t. 9, f. 5. Wood heavy, cxceediugly bard, strong, close-grained, checking somewhat in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7838 ; ash, 0.55 ; the small fruit sweet and edible. Note. — Tho closely allied Amelarichier alnij'olia, Nuttall, a low shrub, is widely distributed over the iiiouutaiu ranges of the interior Faciflc region. H A M A M E L A C E Jll 138. — Hamamelis Virginica, Linnajus, Spec. 2 ed. I21.-Maraliall, Arbustuni, .-.8.— Du Roi, Harbk.i, 423.— Wangcnheim, A"?er.(-;9, t.29, f.(i2.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 68; III. i, 350, t. 88. — Alton, Ilort. Kew. i, KIT; 2ed. i,27.'). — Scliliiiln-, Ilandl). i, 88, t. 27. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 701; Enum. 171 ; Berl. llaiiuiz. 172.— Mill inx, M. Bor. Am. i, 100.— Pcrsoon, Syn. i, ir.O.— Desfontaiucs, Hist. Arb. ii,29.— PnrKh. Fl. Am. Sopt. i, IKi.— Xutt.-ill, Genera, 1, 107.— Nouveau Dnhaniel,vii, 207, t. CO.- Elliott, Sk. i, 219.— Rainier & Sehultes, Syst. iii, 483.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. .'■/J8.— Barton, Fl. N. America, iii, 21, t. 78.- Torrey, Fl. U. S. 192; Compend. Fl. N. Statew, 86; Fl. N. York, i, 200.— Guimi)el, Otto & Ilayne, Abl). Ilolz. 9,'), t. 75.— Sprenael, 8yHt. i, 491.— Raliuts2-404.— Young, Ifivf. Texas, 291.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. I'.nglish ed. 408 & f. H. dioica, Walter, Fl. C.uoliiiiiina, 2.5,5.— (inicllii, Syst. Veg. i, 281. //. androgyna, Walter, Fl. Carolininna, 2.55.— Gniilin, Sysl. Veg. i, 282. H. cori/lifolia, Ma>neli, Mel h, 273. II. macrophijlht, Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 110.— Poirct, Suppl. v, 008.- Elliott, Sk. i, 220.— Roomer & Sehultes, Syst. iii, 483.— Raiinesiiue, Med. Bot. i, 230.— Eaton, Manual, tied. 104.- Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 390.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.2(!l. Trilopus Virginiana, nigra, rotundifoUa, and dcntata, Raiinesiiuo, New Sylva, 15-17. E. Virginiana, var. parrifolia, Nuttall, Genera, 1, 107.— Torrey, Fl,ir. S. 193; Compend. Fl. N. states, 87.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 390.— Meek, Bot. 1.52.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Anieri' a, i, 597. H.parvifoUa, Rafinesriue, Med. Bot. i, 230. Trilopus parrifolia, Rafinesqno, New- Sylva, 17. tLlS4 WITCH HAZEL. Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south through the Atlantic region to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, except i<»nally 7 to D meters in height, with ii trunk 0.30 to 0.;57 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground; common; rich, rather damp woodlands, rea<'hing its greatest development in the region of the southern Alleghany mountains. - iJ ill ■ti .V-;i;il>ii«a?»jy)yi!i ■'.ammimmum. 86 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, liard, very close-graiued, compact; layers of annual growth haidly distinguishable; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, O.G8J0 ; ash, 0.37. The bark and loaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., in external api)licutioiis, and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections {Ncto Yorlc Jour. Med. x, 208. — Trans. A7ti. Med. Assoc, i, 350. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1C61. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 704). 139. — Liquidambar Styraciflua, LiuiuTus, Spuo. 1 0(1. 9i)9.— Marshall, Aibustnm, 77.— Wangeiihoim, Amor. 49, 1. 16, f. 40.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Lamarck, Diet, ill, 633; 111. iii, 307, t. 783. — Alton, llort. Kow. ill, 365 ; 2 ed. v, 306. — GiBrtncr, Fruct. il, 57, t. UO. — Mojncli, Mcth. 340. — Abbot, InsectB (Jeorgia, i, .18.—B. S.Barton, Coll. 1, 16.— Willdenow, Spee. iv, 475; Eiinni. 985; Berl. Baumz. 214.— lliclianx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 202.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 573.— Dcsfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 541. — Titford, Ilort. Bot. Am. 97. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 275, t. 307. — Kouveau Duhamel,ii, 42, 1. 10; vii,207,t.60.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 194, t. 4 ; N.American Sjlva,3 ed. ii, 42, t. 64.— Barton, Prodr.Fl.Fhiladelph. 92; Conipeud. Fl.Philadelpb. ii,lT7. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 208. — KaflneBque, F). Ladoviciana, 11(>.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 219; Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 2 scr. v, 168.— Noes, Fl. Offlc. t. 05.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 621.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 864.— Hnniboi.U.Bonpland & Kunth, Nouv. Gen. & Spcr. vii, 273.— Andnbon, Birds, t. 44.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, :?57; Fl. N. York, ii. 217.— Beck, Bnt. 326.— Honker, Companion Bot. Maff. ii, 64. -Eaton & Wright, Bot. 302.— Sp.ach, Hist. Veg. x, 84.— Loudon, Arl)oretuni,iv,20l9, f. 1961 & t.— Lindley, Fl. Meil.322.— Grifiith,Med. Bot..")81,f.254.— Broomlield in London Jour. Bot. vii, 144.— Schnizlcin, Icon, t.98, f. ■'')-21.— Seemann, Bot. Herald, 316.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 157. — Curtis in Rep. Gi'ologiciil Snrv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 77. — Lestjuereux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 362. — Wood, CI. Book, 375; Bot. & Fl. 120. — Porcher, Resources .S. Forests, 344. — Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 157. — Oliver in Hooker f. Icon, xi, 13. — (!ray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 174.— Koch, Dendrolosie, ii, 404.— Young, Bot. Texa.s, 291. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Maout & Dccaisne, Bot. English ed. 412 & (igs.— Baillon, Hist. PI. iii, 3i<7, f. 471-474.— Ouibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 300, f. 445. — Ridgway ill \iii. Xat. vi, (i04; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18f-2, 67. — Broadhead in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, iii, 53. — Hemsloy, Bot. Am.Cent.i, 100. L. Styraciji:.,,. var. Mcvicuna, (ir-sted, Am.-Cent. xvi, t. 11. L. mncrophljlln, Oi-sted, Am. -Cent, xvi, t. 10. ^WEET GUM. STAR-LEATED GUM. LIQUIDAMBER. RED GUM. BILSTED. Fairfield county, Connecticut, to the valleys of the lower Ohio, White, and Wabash rivers, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, southwest Ihroiij^li soutliorn Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian territory to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas; in eeiitnil iuid .s^outheru Mt.'xico. A large tree, often 30 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter iu diameter; in low, wet soil; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the Mississipj)i basin, here, with the cotton gum, furniing a large proportion of the heavy forest growth. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, riilher tougii, close grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful poli.sh ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, bright brown tinged with retl, the sap-w(»od nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5!)10; ash, O.til ; manufactured into lumber and used in the construction of buildings for i)lates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street i)avements; its great economic value hardly ai)preciated on account of the difiicultv experienced iu properly seasoning it. The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the south collected by herbalists and sometimes used in the form of a sirup as a substitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment in dressing frost-l)ite, abscess, etc., and in the manufacture of chewing gums {Fluckiger & Hanbvry, Pharmticographia, 2iG.— Nat. Dispen-.atory, 2 ed. 834). RHIZOPHORACE.E 140. — Rhizophora Mangle, Linnaius, Sped ed. 443.— Jacquin, Amor. 141, t. 89.— Giertnor, Fruct. i, 212, t. 45, f. 1.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 517, t. 396; Diet, vi, 160.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 844.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 2.— Deiourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 4.''), 1. 10.— Vellozo, Fl. Fluni. 1. 1.— Do Candolle, Prodr. iii, 32.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 301.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iv, 332, t. 34.— Torroy &, Gray, Fl. N. Araei ica, i, 184.- -Nnttall In Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. T, 295.— Hooker A- Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 290.— Arnott iu Ann. Nat. Hist. i,361.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 70.— Beuthum, Bot. Sulphur, 14.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 312.— Porchor, Resources 8. Forests, 55.— Orisebach. Fl. British West Imlii'S, 274.— Sehuizluin, leon.t. 26;), f. 1-7.— Maout A- Decaisne, Bot. English cd. 419.— Eichler in Martins, Fl.Dra.sil. xii', 426, t. 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15.— Baillon, Hint.Pl. vi,284, f.25;j-259. R. raeetnusa, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 185.— De CaudoUe, Prodr. iii, 32. B. Americl : .Syst. l-|._,l,i..,,,iiii, Amrr. jo, t.53.— Swartz, Obs. 79.— Willdenow, Spec. i, H9,"). Schombnca commutntu, Sprengci, Syst. ii,3;!j. Blicida Buceran, Vollozo, Fl. Fluui. iv, t. 87 [not LinuuMis]. L, ylabri/vUa, Prosl, Reil. Hank, ii, 22.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 63.— Chapnuui, Fl. S. States, 130. WHITE BUTTON WOOD. WHITE MANGROVE. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Camiveral to the southern keys, west coast. Cedar Keys to cape Sable ; through the West Indies and tropical America; coast of troi)ical Africa. A .small tree, sometimes (i or, «'xceptionally, 22 nu»tera in height (Shark river, Florida, CurtiaK), with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; very common ; saline shored of lagoons and bays. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, (!l(Kse-grained, very compact ; susceptible of a bejuitiful ])oIish ; jiicdtillary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7137; ash, 1.02. 88 FOREST lUiKElS OF NORTH AMERICA. M Y 11 T A C E iE . 143. — Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Swurlz, Prwlr. TJ; I'l. Ind.Oco. ii, !hjl.— Willd.iH.w, Spic. ii, ;>T.'i.— Ailoii, Hurt. Krw.a cd. iii, 102.— Dis CaiidoUo, Pnulr. ill, 2;i7.— Niittull, Sylva, i, 101, )."(>; 'Jrd. i, 117, t. t-Ni.— Uci;; in I.iniiii'n, xxvii, 2('i. — t'(, Suvpl. iii, 122. Boniitropiciil I'^loiida, .shoroa otbay Hisciiyiu', Key Laijio; in the West Indies. A sniull tree, sometiuie.s 8 meters in lieifjlit, witli a trniiii (».!() to 0.15 meter in diameter. Wood very lieavy, liard, «'lo.se-}irained, «'oini)a<^t, eoiifaiiiiiijj; many evenly-distribnted rather hirgc open dncts; mtKluUary ray.s nnmerons, thin ; eoU)r, brown tinfjed witii red, tlie sap-wood a little lijjhter ; specilie gravity, (>.8!)yU; Mb, a.;52." 144. — Eugenia buxifolia, Willdenow, Spec. ii.'.XiO.— lViM> Cnndollo.l'iodr. iii, 27.'>.—Niilt«ll, Sylva, i, 108, t.2it; 2 od. i, 12;!, t. 29.— Coopor in Smitlisoiiian Rop. 18o8,2(>'l.— Chapman, l"l. S. .><(ato«, i:U.— (irisolmch, V\. Diitish West Indies, 2;!(). — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. MyrtU)) buxifolia, Swart z.l'rodr. 78; Fl. Ind-Oi-c. ii,8W. Myrius axillaris. Point in Lamank.Diit. iv,412. /•/'. myrfoiiirs, r.iiict, Suppl. iii. 12.'>. Myrtu.s roirili, Sprongrida, cajie Canaveral to tlie southern keys, west eoast, Oahiosa river to cape Romano; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely ti lo !> meters in heijiht, with a trnnk sometimes O.'M meter in diameter, reaehiii}; its greatest di'velopment on the rich hummocks of (lie ICver^ladcs. W^ood very lieavy, exeeedin^jly hard, very stronji, c]o.se-}:raiued, veiy compai;t; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown shaded with red. the sap-wood a little liehtcr; si)ecilic fjravity, O.O.'KIO; ash, 1.50; somewhat used for fuel. 145. — Eugenia dichotoma, i)c CandoUc, Prodr. iii, 278. — Nnttall, Sylv;i, i, l(i;l, t.2< : 2 I'd. i,l2l',t.27. — Ucrc in T.inna'a, xxvii, 2(il. — Cooper in Sinitlisoniun Rep. 18uri, 2tll. — Chapman. Fl. S. States, IIU. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. l,"i. E. dicarioata, I.amareU, Diet. i. 202. f MyitUS (;i: Hot. Ma^'. t. 1212: /-'. montaiia, Anidet. Giiian. i, vx>, t. vx>'\, iiot rare in West Indies, and, acconliiifj to Xuttall. collected by Mr. Halilwin in the vieinity of New Smyrna, Florida, has not been re.S!t8;5; asii, 0.7-1. The small, edible I'luit of agreeable aromatic tlavor, ami greatly improved by cultivation in rich soil. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 89 146. — Eugenia monticola, D0.— Cliiviiniiin, Fl. S. States, .Suppl. (WO. .STOPPER. Semi-tropical Florida, No-Name Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0,15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; rare. Wood very heavy, liard, clo.se-grained, cluicking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged with red; specific gravity, 1.123.'}; ash, IJ.48. The snuill red I'ruit with the flavor of cranberries. m 148. — Eugenia procera, Polrot, Snppl, ii, ia9.— Ue Candollo, Prodr. ill, !i(38.— Nnttall, Sylvn, i, IOC, t. 28; 2 ed. i, 122, t. 28.— Berg in Linuasa, xxvii, 207.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 204.— Chapman, FI. S. States, i:U.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 238.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. MyrtltH procera, .Swartz, Prodr. 77; Fl. Ind. Oce. ii, 887.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, PCS. E. BanirnsiK, (Jrisi'liach, Cat. I'l. Cull, fn"! .Jaciiiiiii], 87. lU.D STOPPKK. Somitroi»ical l''lori(> to O.I.") meter in diameter ; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest 9. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. ix. Misc. 95. — Marcoii in .lour. Hort. Soe. France, 2 ser. iii, C7().— Lindley, Treasury Bot. 250, t. 17. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 15. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, front.— Henisley, Bot, Am. -Cent, i, 343. — .lames iu Am. Nat. xv, 982, f. 3. Piloccrcus Engclmanni, Lemaire, ill. Hort. ix, Misc. 95. !^1 ^ ^ r -^tMtsMmimm^-^tttmtm-iutum,^, issimxia 90 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SUWAKBOW. SAGUAUO. GIANT CACTUS. i;: Valley of Bill Williams river, Arizona, south and east tlirouKli central Arizona to the valley of the San Pe0.— Schkuhr, Handb. 82.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41, 1. 10, f. 7.— Nouveau Duhaniel, ii, 1.53.— Miehanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 138, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 170, t. 48.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 108. — Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 69, t.73; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. r>9.— Eaton, Manual, 19; 0 ed. 108.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 98.— Barton, Med. Bot, 1, 43, t.3.— Roemcr & Schultes, Syst. iii, 319.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 0.— Cuimpel, Otto & Ilayue, Abb. Holz. 21, 1. 19,— Elliott, Sk. i, 207.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 208; Fl. U. S. 178; Compend. Fl. N. States, 82; Fl. N. York, i, 290; Kicollet's Rep. 151; Emory's Rep. 408.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 451.— Bock in Am. Jonr. Sci. 1 ber. x, 204 ; Bot. 153.— Audubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122.— Raflnesquo, Med. Bot. i. 131, f. 28 -De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 273.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet. iii, 4(10.- Lin.lloy, Fl. Med. 81.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 504. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 052.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1017, f. 709.— Eaton t& Wright, Bot. 209.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 27().— Browne, Trees of America, ;i.')0.— Emerson, Trees Mas.sachusetts, 413; 2 ed. ii, 467 & t.— Orililtb, .Med. Bot. 347, f. 104.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 50, t. 42.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 111.— Darb.v, Bot. S. Slates, 339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 108.— Curtis in Rep, Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 00.— Lcsquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 304.— Wood, CI. Book, 391; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Blakie in Canadian Nat. vi, 1.— Engelniann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new scr. xii, 194— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 59.— Gray, Manual N. Statrs, 5 ed. 200; Hall's PI. Texas, 11.— Kocli, Dendrologie, i, 094.— Young, Bot. Texas, o03.~Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Bailloii, Hist. PI. vii, (►«, f. 40.— Broadhc ad in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, .53.— Bentley A. Trimen, Med. PI, ii, 130, t, 13(i,— Bell in Geological Rep, Canada, lH79-'80, 5,5'-.- Ridgway in I'roc. U. S. N.it. Mus. 1882, 67. Benthamidiajlorida, Spach, Hist. V(>g. vUi, 107. i| CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 91 FLOWEnma dogwood, nox wood. Soutbern New Euglaud, soutluTii Ontario, sontlicrn Miiinosotii, and through the Athintic forests to latitude 28® GO' in Florida, and the vxUoy of the Brazos river, Texas. A sniall tree, 9 to iJ meters in heiftht, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northoru limits reduced to a low shrub; rich woods ; very common, especially at the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong', close jiniined, tough, checkin*;- l)adly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, consi>icnous; color, brown, changing in dill'erent specimens to shades of greeu and red, the sap-wood lighter; speciflc gi'avity, 0.8153; ash, 0.G7; used in turnery, for wood engravings and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, in connnoji with that of the other species of the genus, possesses bitter touic properties, and is used in decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers . {Am. Jour. Pharm. vii, 109. — Maisch in Proo. Am. Pharm. Axsoe. 315. — {/. .S'. Dispeiisatory, 14 ed. 352, — ynt. DispenHatory, 2 ed. 407). 152. — Cornus Nuttallii, Amiubou, Birds, t. 407. — Torroy & Griiy, Fl. N. Atuorica, i, 65?. — Wulpors, Kcp. li, 4:!5.— Bcntham, PI. Hartwog. :!1-^. — Nut tall, ^ylva, iii, 51, t. 97; 2 0(1. ii, 117, t. 97. — Durauil in Joiir. I'liiladelphia Acail. 1855, 81). — Torroy in PacitU'. R. R. Rup. iv, 94 j Hut. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71; Bot. Wilkes Kxped. IWd. — No\vl)(>n'y in Paoilic R. R. Ro]). vi, 2i, 75. — Cooper in SinilhsDniiin Rep. 1858, 259; Pacitlc R. R. Rpp. xii', 29, O;!. — Lyull in ,Tonr. Tiinninan Soc. vii, i:i4.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, :!S7.— Hrowor & Wat«on, Bot. California, i, 274; ii, 452. — Va.soy,C'at. Forest Trees, 1(1. — Hall in Coiiltor's Bot. Gazette, ii.AS. — Macoun in Oeologioal Rep. Canada, lf^75-"7G, 198. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 3:!1. O.florida, nookor, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Wasliington territory and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A small, slender tree, fometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascending the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the San Bernardino mountains to Ironi 4,000 to 5,000 feet itlevatiou; common; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a .c^ood polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; s])eci(ic gravity, 0.7481 ; iish, 0.50 ; .somewhat used in cabinei-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 2.5:).— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 50S.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, ,'.'>7, t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113.— Aiton, llort. Kow. 2 ed. v, 4'!^0.— Poiret, .Sniijil. v, 7)0. -Elliott, Sk. ii, (►■^.~). — Hooker, Comiianion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 2Hl).— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spaeli, Hist. Veg. x, 41)1.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chai)man,Fl.S. States, U>6. — Losquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Kooh, Dendrologio, ii, 45G.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, Id. JV. OgecJie, Marshall, Arbustum, 97. N. cocci nea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17. JV. tomcUtOSa, Poiret in Lnm.-ircU, Diet, iv, 508. N. catuiicans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syii. li.OU.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Willdenow, Spec. It, 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, llti.— NuttiiU, Genera, ii, 230; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.— Roomer & Sehnlte.s, Syst. v, .''.57.— Spreiigel, Syst. i, 832.- Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1318, f. 1199.— Browne, Trees of America, 426. JV. moutana, Gurtner, Fruct. iii, 20], t. 216. ' * ■1^ • ' OGEECHKE LIME. SOUR TUPELO. GOPHER PLUM. Georgia, from the valley of the Ogcechee to the Saint i\lary's river, west Florida (near Vernon, Molir), and. in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter iu diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms ; rare and local. Wooil light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgcable, containing many ref;ularly- distributed open ducts ; medullary i-ays numerous, thin; color, white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4G13 ; ash, 0.34, A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes", is umde from the large, acid fruit. 92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 154. — Nyssa sylvatica, MnTHliull, Arbustum, 07.— Miclinnx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 2(i0, 1. 21 ; N. Anioricuu 8) Ivii, 3 (•a.— Poihooh, Syii. ii, 614.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 1(15, t. 2'i; N. AiiR'iiciui Sjivii, '^^■^\. iii, :U, t. 111. — I{ttaiiL'i& SuIhiUuh, Syst. v, .'iTG. — Oiirtnu, Proilr. V\. Philadulpb. U7; Coiiipeml. V\. Pliiliirtelpb. ii, llhj.— Spniifjel, Syst. i, KW.—Aiuliiboii, liinls, t. l:i;i.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 684.— Dintricb, 8yii.i,H78.— Kiit()ii,Miiiiiiiil,(if(l. a:t(;.— Kiiton iV Wiiy:Iit, Hot. ;W!).— 8p«cli, Hist. V«t?. x,4()4.— Diirby, Bol. 8. Stiiti'.s, 492. — CImpiiian.n. S. StiitoM, KiH. — Ciirti.s in Kop. Oi;(ilo;fi<;iil Siirv. N. Ciirnliim, 18*10, iil. 168. — Porcbor, Kcsourcos 8. Forests, 1147. — Kocb, Upiidrologio, ii, 4f>r>. — YouiiK. Hot. Texas, 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10. y. mnltijtora, \VanKeiibeiiii,Am<'r.l(;,t.l(sf.;KK-Elliott,Sk. 11,681.— Walter, Vl.Caiolininna, 253.— IWk, Wot. :«)7.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.2:i«.— Eaton & Wri^bt, liol.329.— Spaeb, Hist. Vej,'. x, 463.— Torroy.FI.N. York, ii, 161, t.O.'i.— Emerson, Thts MaNNaeliusettN, 312, t. 17; 2 ed. ii, 3,->3 it t.— .«!elinizlein, I-on. t. 108, f. 1, 2.— Darliiif^toii, Fl. CeNtriea.3ed.25.».— Darby, Hot. 8. 8tates, 4t>2.— Cooper in SniitliHonian He|i. 1858, 252.- Cliai)man, FI. 8. States, 168.— Curtis in Uep. GeoU){;ieal 8iiiv. N. Carolina, iHtiO, iii,62.— I.esqiicieux in Owen's 2(1 Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Hook, 3!)2; Hot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Mannal N. Slatt's, 5 ed. 201.— Koeli, Peiidrolonie, ii, .551.— Young, Hot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Hroadbead in Coulter's liot. Gazette, iii, .53.— Hes.sey in Am. Nat. xv, 134.— Hell in Geologieal Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 5.5^- Ridgwny in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Hnrgess in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vii, 95. K. Caroliniana, Poirct in Lamarck, Diet, iv, ,507 ; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, t. 8,51, f. 1. N. biflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 2,53.— Lamarek, Diet. iv,. 508.— Miebanx, Fl.Bor.-Am.il, 259.— Willdenow.Spee. iv, 1113; Ennni. 1001; Deri. Haumz. 2.56.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Giertner f. Fruct. Snppl. 203, t. 216. — Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. V, 479.— I'ursh,Fl. Am. Sept. i. 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. v, 167. — Poirot, 8ui>pl. iv, 115.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. Y'ork, ii, 200 ; Comjiend. Hot. N. States, 372.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual, 116.— Beck, Bot. 307.- -ondon, Arboretum, iii, 1317,1'. 1195, 119(i.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PI. v, 266, f. 241-244. N. integrifoUa, Alton, Ilort. Kew. iil,446.— Pevso Keiiuobee river, JIaiiie (Kent's Jlill, Prof. Stone), West Milton, Vermont, west to central Micliigaii, south to Tanipa bay, Florida, and tlio valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree l.j to 3(i nieter.s in height, witli ii trunk O.tiO to l.oO meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller; borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich liilisides and pine uplands; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, tlie base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen {N. aquatica). Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgcable, ditticiilt to work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not dueable in contact with the soil, continuing numerous regularly distributed smtdl open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light yellow or often m»arly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.6353; asli, 0.r)'2; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox yokes, and on the gulf coast for wharf piles. NoTK. — Various forms of Xi/saa, wliieli at difl'erent times bave been considered by botanists 'as entitled to specilic rank, are connected by so many iutennediato forms, and oll'<'r so few distinctive cliaraeltas, tliat tbey are bore united into one polymorpbous species, wliicb tbus enlarged may properly boar Marsball's earlier namo of Xi/ena sylvalica, ratber than the moro familiar Myssa mnltijloia of Wangenheim. 155. — Nyssa uniflora, Wangenheim, Araer. 83, t. 27, f. .57.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 086.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. l^M, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 02.— Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, JIanual N. St.ates, 5 ed. 201. —Kocb, Deiidrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texa.s, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forist Trees. 16. J.V. aquaiica, Linnoius, Spec. 10.58, in part .—Marshall, Arbustum, 9<).— Lamarek, Diet, i v, 507. — DesfoiitaineH, Hist. Arli. i, 36. N, denticulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 44(1; 2 id. v, 480.— I'er.soon, S^n. ii, 615.— Willaeuow, Spec, iv, 1114.— Ga'rtuer f. Frnet. Snppl. 203, t. 216.— Pursli. Fl. Am. Sept. i, irS.— Poiret, Siijipl. iv, 11.5.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 230.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 229.— Kcemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 577.— Sprengcl, Syst. i, 832.— Dietricli, Syn. i, 879. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 93 N. aiigulosa, Poin-t in Lnmurck, Diet, iv, 507; III. iii, 442, t. a'il, f. a.— Rcbiiiit & SiIiuUph, Sysf. v, ri78. N. paluHlriH, SnliHlmry, Prodr. 17.1- N, tomentosil, Miclmux, 1"1. Ilor.-Ain. ii, 2.">D.— Porsoon, Syii. ii, (il5.— Willilonow, Spue, iv, 111:!.— Pur»li, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 177. — Nuttall, Crt'iii'ia, ii, ~';!(i.— Hiumor & SclmltcH, Hyhl. v, 577. — Klliott, Sk. ii, 085. — .Siininj;!'!, Sytt. i, K!^'. — Audubuu, niids, t. l:!.— Dictricli, 8yii. i, 87!).— KiUon & Wriglit, Dot. :W9.— Darby, Bot. 8. Stati-H, 49it. N. angulimr.H, Michaux, V\. llor.-Ani. ii, 2.V.).— Dii-lridi, .Syn. i, 87'J.— Spnch, Hist. Vcq. x, 465, N. {irandUJentata, Miilmux f. Hi.st. Ail). Am. ii, 252, t. ID ; N. AmiTioan Sylvn, 3 cd. ii, 34, t. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1310, f. 12'i(l, 12(11. — Lrsqutdvnx in Owe>n'8 2d Kop. Arkansas, 3(i4. N, capita fa viir gronilidentata, iMowno, Trees ofAmcrioa, 426. LARGK TUPELO. COTTON GUM. TUPELO GUli. Southern Virginia, south near the coa.sfc to the valley of the Saint Mary's river, Ueoigia, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Ncches river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and southeaitem Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois. A large tree, 21 to ;J0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.!)0 to 1.20 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lands of the lower Mi.ssi.ssippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypre.ss swamps of western Loui.siana and enstern Texas, near the coast. Wood light, soft, not .strojig, close grained, compact, uuwedgeable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used in turnery, largely for wooden ware, broom handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. '•Ii CAPRIFOLIACE^. 156. — Sambucus glauca, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Aiuoriea, ii, 13. — Walpcrs, Ri^i>. ii, 4.5;'.. — Tomsy in i'uciiic K. R. Rep. vi, 12; Ives' Rep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71. — Gray in Siuitljsoiiiau Coulril).v,(i(); Proc. Aui.Acad. vii,367; tjyn. Fl. N. Ai L-a, i-, 9. — Wiitson in King's Rep. v, l.M.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, K!.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calii'ornia, i, 'J7.-*.— Hall in Coulter's But. Gazette, 88.— Rothroek in ^VlK■eler's Rep. vi, 135, ,3tj3. a. Cali/ornim, llort.— Koili, Dendrologie, ii, 72. / /S. Mexicana, Newberry in Paciiii^ R. R. Rep. vi, 75 [not Prcsl]. ELDER. Valley of the Fraser river and Vancouver's island, British Columbia, southward through Califoruia to the Mexican boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch range, Utah. A .small tree, sometimes S to 0 meters in height, with a trunk O.JtO to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; confined to valh^ys, in dry, gra\ elly soil. Wood light, .soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays iiuiueious, rather conspicuous; tolor, yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; spocilic gravity, 0.5!)S7; ash, 1.57. The large blue-black fruit edil)le and .sometimc'» cooked. i . yfi 3t!. 157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Prcsl, llctri. Iltriik. — De Caudolle, Pic.lr. iv,322. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1030. — Gray iu Suiitbsouiuu Coutrib. V, 66; Syn. Fl. N. Amoriea, i', 9.— Torrey iu Paeilic R. R. Rep. iv, 95; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71. — Brewer & Wutson, Bot. California, i, 278. — Rothroek in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135.— Henisley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 1. 8. glauca, Bontham, PI. Hartweg. 313 [not Nnttull]. S. VvlKtina, Dnraud & HIgard in .lour. Philadelphia Aciid. new scr. iii, 39. ■■'',1 mm ^lilt: 94 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ELDER. Valley of the Nueces river (Sau Patricio), south and west alon^ the southern boundary of the United States to Posa creek, Kern county, California, and southward into Jlexico. A small tue, sometiiues 6 meters in heijjlit, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; bottom lands, in moist, gravelly loain. Wood light, soft, i-ather coarse-grained, comijuft ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; 8i)ocitic gravity, 0.4iii4; ash, 2.C0. II. f 158. — Viburnum Lentago, Linnrous, Spec. 1 eil. aiiS. — Maruhiill, Arbustum, IGO. — Waugenheim, Aiiut. 100. — Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 110. — Aitou, Hori. Kow. i, \Vi2; 2 eii. ii, 1()8.— Willdenow, Spec. 1,1401; Ennin. ;i-27; Borl. liauinz. ."):il.— Noiiveau Diihamol, li, 129.— Schkdhr, Handb. 23».--Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 178.— Persoon, Syn. i, IW7. — Dosfont.iiiics, Hist. Arb. i, 'M4. — Poiret in Luoiarck, Diet, vlii, 658. — Piirnli, Fl. Am. Sopt.i, 201.— Bartou, Prodr. Fl. Pliiladelph. 40.— Entoii, Manual, 34 ; 6 cd. 387.— Nuitall, Genera, i,202.— Hayno, Deud. Fl. 37.— Kcpnicr & ScliiiltJs,S.V8t.vl,6;J7.— Elliott, Sk. i, 3{)r..— Toney, Fl. U. S. 1, 318; Compond. Fl. N. States, 138; F!. N. York, i, 305.— \V»'aon,Doiid. Brit, i, t. 21.— Spren-jel, Syst. i,tm.— Guiiiipel, Otto & Hayue, Abb. Holz. 126, 1. 102.— Do Caudolle, Prodr. iv,325.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. i, 270. — Beck, Bot. 156. — Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 440.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. vlii, 311. — Loudon, Arboretniu, ii, 1033, f. 7r'0.— Dietrieh. Syn. ii, 1011. —Eiiton & AVriy;ht, Bot. 473.— Torroy & G.-;iy, Fl. N. America, ii, 15.— Bigelow, F'. Boston. 3 ed. 123.— Perm. Cyel. xx vii, 204. —Kmer.son, Trees M.Tssaclmsett.s, 364 ; J ed. ii, 412.— Darlington, Fl. Cc.striea, 3 ed. 115.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 342. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 171. — Wood, CI. Book. 3st to .Mis.souri, Arkaiusaa, and the Indian territory, in height, v.itli a trun'v rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in 'liametei, or at branched shrub ; usually oi< rocky hillsides, in rich .soil. ', ( lose-grained, lialtie to check in drying; medullary rays numerouH, , the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.83,'}2; ash, 0.52. tonic and astringent bark somewhat used in the treatment of uterine trsw;ts ( Bonion Med. and Sury. Jour. October 10, 1807. — U. S. lUxpcnhtttnry^ Fairfiehl coujity, Oonneetieut, valley of Florida, and the valley ol'tiie ('olorado rive A small tree, sometimes 0 to 0 meters the north generally reduced to a low, much Wood heavy, very hard, strong, britllt very obscure; color, brown tinged witli red The edible fruit sweet :ind insipid, the disoixlers in the lurm of decoctions or lluid ex 14 ed. 1783.— JVaf. Dispcnrntortf, 2 ed. 1821). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 95 RUBIAOE^. V\t' 160. — Exostemma Caribseum, RoBmor <& Sohultes, Syst. V, 18.— Sprengol, Syst. i,705.— Do Oandollo, Prodr. iv, 35U.— Dou, Miller's Diet, iii, 481. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 72*2.— Spach.HiBt, Vog. viii, 095.— Torroy &. Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 3C.— Chapman, Fl. 8. StatJ8,180.— Grisebach, Fl. Britisl West Indies, 324.— Gniboiirt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii. 187, f. C28.— Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, i», 23. CincIiOna Caribcea, Jacqnin, Stirp. Amcr. t. 176, f. 65.— Grortner, Fruot. i, 109, t. 33.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. i, 228; 2 od. i, 372. — Lambert, CincUonu, 38, t. 12 (iixcl. syn.). — Andrews, Bot. Rep. vii, t. 4t'.i. Cinchona Jamaicencis, Wright iu Traus. Royal Soo. Ixvii, 504, t. lO. Somi-tropical Florida, on the southern key.s; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trnnk 0.20 to 0,30 meter in diameter. Wood verj' heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays unmerons, very obscure ; color, light brown, beautifully streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear, rich yellow ; specific gravity, 0.9310 ; ash, 0.23. 161. — Pinckneya pubens, Michaux, Fl. Uoi Am. i, 103, t. 13.— Willdonow, En;im. Snppl. 30.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2ed. i, 372.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 276, t. 24 ; N. American Sylva, i, 180, 1. 49.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 158.— Nuttall, Genora, ii, 37.— Barton, Fl. N. A-nerica, i, 25, t. 7.— Sprenge), Syst. i, 705.— Elliott, 8k. i, 269.— Rafi'.iesqnc, Med. Bot. ii, 57, t. 72.— De CanduUc, Prodr. iv, 366.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 105.— Eaton, Mannal, 6ed. 2(i3.— Don, J 'iller's Diet, iii, 486.— Lindloy, V\. Med. 433.— Spach, Hist. Vcg. viii, 400.— Eaton «& Wright, Bot. 357.— Torrey St, Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 37. — Browne, Trees of America, 354.- -Griffith, Med. Bot. 365, f. 174. — Darby, Bot. 8. States, 347. — Cooper ia Smithsonian Rep.1858,253.— Chapman, Fl.S. States, 179.— Wood, 01. Book, 401; Bot. & Fl. 15C.— Porchor, Resources 8. Forests, 404.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i«, 2,3. Cinchona Caroliniana, Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 40. P. pubescens, Persoon, Syn. i, l'.>7.— Giertnor f. Fruct». Suppl. 81, t. 104, f. 3. aKORGIA BARK. South Carolina, near the coast; basin «^f the upper Apalachicola river in Georgia and Florida. A small tree, 0 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0..30 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in low, sandy swamps ; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly iu drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts; mcdulla'-y rays few, obscure; color, brown, the .s.ip-wood lighter; .spccilic gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.41. Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of intermittent fever, as a substitute for cinchuuiv {U. 8. Diitpensatory, 14 ed.l734). 162. — Genipa clusiaefolia, (iristba.h, Fl. British West Indies, 317.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, i", 29. Gardenia clusiwfolia, Jacquiu, Coll. Appx. 37, t. 4, f. 3.— Persoon, Syn, i, 199.— De CandoUe, Prodr. iv, 381 ; Dietrich,. Syn. i, 796. liamiia chtaia'/olia, Clmpninn, Fl. S. States, 179.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. Ir at |)US, i'iiiu 'n/r SEVEN-TKAR APPLK. Semi-tropical Florida, on th'i southern keys; in the West Indies. A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes G meters in height, with n trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or m Florida more often a shrub; saline shor< s. Wowl very hciivy, hard, close grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful |>olish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wo(Hl light yellow; specific gravity, 1.031G; ash, l.OO. The large insipid fniit popularly but incorrectly suppo.std to require seven years in which to ripen. ii 96 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ' 163. — Guettarda elliptica, Swartz, Prodr, 59 ; I'l. lud. Occ. i, 034.— Lamarck, Hi. ii, 218.— rersoon, Syii. i, 200.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 859.— Roemcr & Schultes, Syst. iv, 412.— De Camlolk.rrodr.iv, 457.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 787.— Don, Jliller's Diet, iii, 551.— Torroj' & Gray, KI. N. America, ii, 35.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies,332.— Gray, Syn. Fl.N. America. i=,30. G. Blodgettii, Shuttleworth iu horb.— Chapman, Fl. S. btates, 178.— Vasey, Cat. Forest 'xrees, 17. Semi-tropical Florida, on the soutberii keys; tliroutfh the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 meters iu lioigbt, witL a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood Leavy, bard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.8337 ; ash, 1.C5. EEICACEJi:. 164. — Vaccinium arboreum, Maisiuill, Arbiistum, 157. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Ai.i. i, 230. — Pcrsoon, Syn. i, 479. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,270. — Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 285. — NuttElI, Genera, i, 263. —Elliott, Sk. i, 49;). — Don, Miller*!* Diet, iii, 853.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1159.— De CamloUe, Prodr. vii, 567.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1264.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 414.— Loddiges, IJot. Cal». t. 18^5.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1096.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 2."9.— Wood.Cl. Book, 482; Bot. A Fl. 198.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Young, Bot. Texas, 369.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',20.— Vnsey.Cat. Forest Trees, 71. V. mucronatinn, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 139 [not Linmeus]. V. (liffiinvm, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, a'')0.— Bot. May. t. Iti07.— Koeh.Dendrologie, ii,96. Botodendroil inhorfvni, Nutdill in Trims. Am. Phil. Soe. 2ser. viii,201; Sylvn, iii, 43; 2 ed. ii,lll. FABKLEBKRRY. North Carolina, south iieia ibo coast to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states, and from southern Illinois and southern Missouri south through Arkansas and eastern Texas to the shores of Matagorda bay. A small tree, 7 to 0 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 meter iu diameter, or toward its rorthorn limits often reduced to a low siirub; very common tlwoughout the pine belt of the Gulf states along the larger ponds and streams, in moist, sandy soil, and reaching its greatest develoi)ment in eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in drying, satiny, .susceptible of a beautiful j/Olish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7010; ash, 0.39; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of .small handles, etc. 165. — Andromeda ferruginea, Walter, I'l. Caroliniana, l;i8. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ji,67 ; 2ed. iii, .52. — Willdenow, Sp. ii,(i09. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. 1,262. — Nouveau Duliumel, i,190.— Ventenat, Hor*. M.ilmaison, 80, t. 80.— Porsoon, Syn. i, 480.— DesfontaineH, Hist. Arb. 1,257.— Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 292.— Elliott, Sk.i,4i^9.— Davbv. Bot. S. States, 420.-Chapman,Fl. S. States,2ti3.— Wood, CI. Book, 488; Bot. & Fl. 202.— Gray, Syn. FI. i\. America ii', 33. ^l. rliomhoulalin, Nouvean I)nlian\el, j,lit;.'. A.ferrvglnctt, var. afhorrsciUH, Miehanx,l"l. IWu-.-Ani. i,252. A./errUjliliea, Vi\r.fn((U0Na, Micbaux, Fl. Bor. Am. i,2f)2. A. rif/ida, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,2i»2.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 430. Lyonia Jemiginea, Nuttall, (ieuera, i, 266.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 830.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1109.~Dictrich, Syn. ii, 139i>.— De Cnndtdle, Prodr. vii.tiOO.— Koeb, Deiidrologie, ii, 122. Lyonia rigida, Nuttall, (ienerH,i,2(;(!.— Don, Miller's Diet, ili.830.— He Candolle, Prodr, vii.tiOO. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 97 •■ 1 South Carolina to uorthem Florida, near the coast. A small tree, in rich hummocks, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.16 to 0.25 meter in diameter, often crooked or semi-prostrate; or in sandy pine-barren soil reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 meter in height; the leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc . Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautifhl polish; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.7500 ; ash, 0.46. 166. — Arbutus Menziesii, Pursb, FLAm. Sept. i,282.— Sprengel.Syst. ii, 286.— Dou, Miller's Diet, ill, 8:54.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1122.— Do Candolle, Prodr. vii, 582.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1387.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. li, 3C.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bcechcjr, 143.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 42, t. 95; 2 cd. ii, 109, t. 95.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eop. iv, 116 ; Bot. Wilkes Expcd. 378.— Newberry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 23, 79, f. 22.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260; Pacific Ii. R. Eep. xii', 29, 66. — Lyall in Jour. Linniean Soc. vii, 131.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 393; Bot. California, i, 452, in part ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 27, in part. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 88. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76. 203. — G.M.Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,331.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cint. ii,276. A.procera^ Douglas iu Lindley's Bot. Eeg. sxi, t. 1753. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1121.— Do Candolle, Prcdr. vii, 582. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1387.— Pnxton, Mag. Bot. ii, 147 & t.— Walpers, Eep. vi, 416. A. laurifolia, Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxx, t. 67.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 36. «» MADEONA. Islands of British Columbia, from Seymour narrows southward through Washington territory and Oregon, near the cbast, and through the Coast ranges of California to the Santa Lucia mountains. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, much larger (the great specimen near San Bafael, Marin county, California, 6.85 meters in circumference 2 meters from the ground) ; south of San Francisco bay much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; hillsides, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7052; ash, 0.40; largely used in the manufacture of gunpo'.f der, the bark in tanning. lall ii, 167. — Arbutus Xalapensis, hbk. No'-.Gen. & Spec, iii, 281.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 286.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 834.- Hooker, Icon, i, t. 27.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 66.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 583.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1388.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 1105.— Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 192 & t. fA. Variena, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 77.— Paxton, Brit. Fl. Card, ii, 118.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii,277. tA. macrophylla, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Brux. ix, 9.— Walpers, Eep. ii, 725. A. Menziesii, Gray in Bot. California, i, 452, in part; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii<, 27, in part.— Bothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 25, 183 [not Pnrsh]. Southern Arizona, Santa Kita mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation ; southward through northern Mexico. A small tree, with white, scaly bark, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.00 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes: large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7099; ash, 0.25. 168. — Arbutus Texana, Buckley, Proc. Philadelphio Acad. 1861, 460.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 165.— Young, Bot. Texas, 370. A. Memiem, Gray in Bot. California, i,4.')2, in part; Syn.Fi.N. Atrferica, ii',27, in part. tA. Xalapen8i8, Watson inProo. Am.Acad.xviii, 111. Western Texas, Hays aad Travis counties (Bvcilq/), west to the Gnadulupo and Eagle mountains (Savard), and southward, probably into northern Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0,25 meter in diameter; dry limestone hills and ridgeb; rare. 7 FOE . !, 98 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter, tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.7500; ash, 0.51; used in turnery, the manufacture of mathematical instruments, etc. Note. — The H^nonomy and specific position of the Mexican species of Jrbtitua wliich reacb the sonthem bonBdary of the United States are still obscure, and cannot be 'vrell elucidated with the existing knowledge of the Mexican flora. 169. — Oxydendrum arboreum, De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 601. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1389. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 25n. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 863. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 372.- Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18C0, iii, 79.— Wood, CI. Book, 489 ; Bot. & f 1. 203.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed.206; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 33.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 128.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798. Andromeda arborea, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 394.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 158.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 7.— Wangcnheim, Amer. 105.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 69 ; 2 ed. iii, 53. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 612; Enum. 452 ; Berl. Baumz. 31.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 255. — Nouveau Duhamel, i, 178. — Bot. Mag. t. 905. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 257. — Mithanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 222, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 126, t. 85.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 295.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 265.— Elliott, Sk.i, 491.— Barton, Fl. N. America, i, 105, t. 30.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 59.— Torrey, Fl. U. S.i, 420; Compend. Fl.N. States, 182.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii, 291.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 419. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 379. Andromeda arborescens, Persoon, Syn.i, 480.— Willdenow, Enum. 453.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t.l210. Lyonin arborea, Don in Edinburgh Phil. Jour, xvii, 159.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 831.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1111.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. ix, 486. — Browne, Trees of America, 356. SOERKL TREE. SOITR WOOD. Western Pennsylvania, southward aloug the Alleghany mountains to western Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile bay, west to middle Tennessee and through the upper regions of the Gulf states to western Louisiana. A small tree, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 meter in diameter; usually in rather dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7458 ; ash, 0.37 ; used for the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc. 170.— Kalmia latifolia, Linneens, Spec. 1 ed. 301.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 335.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 72. — Lamarck, Diet, ii, 345; 111. ii,487, t. 363, f. 1.— Giertner, Fruct. i, 305, t. C3,f. 7.— Wangenheim, Amer. 64,t.24,f. 50.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 138.— Alton, Hort, Kew.ii,64; 2 ed. iii, 47.— Lamarck, El. 487, t. 363, f. 1.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 87.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 600; Enum. 450; Berl. Baumz. 202.— Schknhr, Handb. 359, 1. 116.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 258.— Persoon, Syn. i, 477.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 220.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 419. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N. American Sylva, 3 od. ii, 62, t. 07.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 296.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 49.— Eaton, Manual, 47; 6 ed. 195.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. i, 113, 1. 13; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 179.— Nnttall, Genera, i,267.-- Hayne.Dend. Fl. 54.— Elliott, 8k. i, 481.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 422 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 182.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 293.— Audubon, Birds, t. 55.— Rivfinesquo, Med. Bot. ii.lC, t. 57.— Scrtiiui Botanicum,iv & t. — Beck.Bot. 219.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 850.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 380.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1151, f. 959.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 729.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 498, 1. 139.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.- Am. ii, 41. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1407. — Browne, Trees of America, 363. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 392; 2 ed. ii. 443 & t. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 428, f. 192.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 420.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 264.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 99. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, CI. Book. 484; Bot. & Fl. 200.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 381.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 296; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 38. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 152. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. — London Garden, xxii, 6, t. 343. LAUREL. CALICO BUSH. SPOON WOOD. IVY. New Brunswick and the northern shores of lake Erie, south to western Florida, and through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and the valley of the Red river, Arkansas (Hot Springs, Letterman). A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.CO meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub; rich woodlands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous, intermediate rays numerous, thin, inconspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; .specific gravity, O.^ICO ; ash, 0.41 ; used for tool handles, in turnery, and for fuel. The leaves, buds, and fruit, reputed poisonous to cattle, are occasionally used medicinally (U. S. Dispensatory f 14 ed. 1G82.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 798). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 99 171. — Rhododendron maximum, Linnnus, Spec. 1 ed. 391.— Marsliall, Arbustum, 127.— Grcrtnor, Frnct. i, n04, t. C3, f. 6.— Wiingenhoim, Amer. 63, t. 22, f. 49.— Aiton, Hort. Kow, ii, 67; 2 ed. iii, .50.- Mcencb, Motli. 45.— Lamurck, Diet, vi, 3C5; 111. ii, 44H, t. 364, f. 1.— B.S. Barton, Coll. i, 18.— Willdenow, 8p«c. ii, 606 ; Ennin. .451 ; Berl. Baumz. 3r>7. — Noiiveau Dubamel, ii, 141. — Miclinux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. i, a59. — Scbktihr, Handb. 362. — Persoon, Syn. i, 478. — Desfontaiiios, Hist. Arb. i, 221. — Bot. Mag. t. 951. — Miclinnx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 144, t. 4; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 64, t. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Eaton, Manual, 47 ; 0 eA. 301.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 268.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 101, t. 51 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 178.— Elliott, Sk. i, 483.— Hay ne, Dend. Fl. 57.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 426 ; Conipend. Fl. N. States, 184.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 292.— Audubon, Birds, t. 103.— Beck, Bot. 220.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1134, f. 932.— De Candolle, Prodr. vii, 722.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ara. ii, 43.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 503.— Dietricb, Syn. ii, 1404.— Eaton & WrigUt, Bot. 391.— Browne, Trees of America, 359.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 384 ; 2 ed. ii, 435 & t— Griffltb, Med. Bot. 428.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 171.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 421.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 265. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 97. — Lesqncreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book, 491; Bot. & Fl. 204.— Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 380.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 300 ; Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 42.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 169. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 17. B. procerum, Salisbury, Prodr. 297. B. maximum, var. roseum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. 1,484. B. maximum, var. album, Pnrsb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i, 484. B. maximum, var. purpureum, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 297.— Elliott, Sk. i, 484. B. purpureum, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1134.— Dietrich, Syn, ii, 1404. B. Purshii, Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 843.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1135.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1404 (var. album, Pursb, I. c). GREAT LAUREL. ROSE BAY. Nova Scotia and the northern shores of lake Erie, south through ITew Eugland, New York, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarelj' exceeding 0.30 motor in diameter, or often a tall, straggling shrub; at the north in cold swamps; rare; very common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains, steep, rocky banks of streams, etc.; never on limestone. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-graiue'^ compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6303; ash, 0.3G; occasionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., and a possible substitute for box- wood in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used domestically in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, etc. { I! MYRSINACEJ], tes •Vr 172.— Myrsine Rapanea, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, tt09. — Don, Miller's D'ct. iv, 10. — Dietricb, Syn. i, 618. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 97. — Miquel in Martins, Fl. Uiasil. ix, 307, t. r)0-62.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America ii', 65. Bapanea Ouyanensia, Aublet, Guiau.i, 121, t. 46.— Swartz, Obs. 51; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 362.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 48, t. l.'2,f. 1. Samara pentandra, Swartz, Obs. 51 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 262 [not Alton]. Samara floribunda, WiUdenow, Spec, i, 665.— Lamarck, HI. ii, 46,'t. 122, f. 1. Caballeria coriacea, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esscq. 118. M. Floridana, A. De Candolle io Trans. Linnnan Soc. xvii, 107 ; Prodr. viii, 98.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 98.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 277. M. floribunda, Grisobnch, Fl. British West Indies, 393. Semi-tropical Florida, Indian ri^er southward to the southern koys; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; borders »»f ponds and freshwater crooks ; in the Weet Indies much larger. Wood heavy, hard, very oioso-grainod, compact ; niodnllary rays numerous, very ooiit-picuous ; color, brown tinged with rod and boautitully striped with the diirkor modullary rays, the snp-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, O.SiUl ; ash, 0.81. If too FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 173. — Ardisia Pickeringia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 09, t. 102 ; 3 ed. ii, ISIi, t. 102.— A. Do Candollo, Prodr. viii, 124.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 277. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Gray, Syu. Fl. N. America, ii', 05. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent, ii, 294. Cyrilla 2)aniculata, Nuttall in Am. Jcur. Sci. v,290. PicJceringin pcmiculata, Nuttall iu Jour. Philadelphia Acad, vii.l. MABLBEBBT. OHRBBY. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito iulet to the southern keys, west coast, Galoosa river to cape Bomano; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 meter in diameter, or often a shrub; reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very numerous, conspicuous; color, rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.8C02; ash, 1.86. 174. — Jacquinia armillaris, Jacquin, Amer. 53, t. 39.— LinnoBus, Spec. 2ed. 272.— Aiton, Hort.Kew. i,257; 2 ed. ii,5.— Lamarck, 111. ii, 46, t. 39.— Vahl,Eclog. i, 26.— Swartz, Obs. 85.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1064 ; Enum. 246.— Persoon, 8yn. i, 234.— RcBmer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 490.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 668.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 24.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 638.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 123.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 149.— Miqnel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. ix, 282, t. 27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,265. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 276. — Grisebacb, Fl. British West Indies, 397. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. iii, 279. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 06. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 294. Chryaophyllum Barbasco, Loefling, Iter. 204, 277. JOE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; rare; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 meter in diameter ; in the Bahamas and other West Indian islands probably much larger. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous; color, light clear brown tinged with yellow; specific gravity, 0.G948; ash, 3.45. The saponaceous leaves sometimes used as a substitute for soap. SAPOTACE^. 175. — Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lamarck, Diet, i, 552; 111. ii, 42.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 71.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 158.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 398.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 67.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 634. C. Caneto, p. Linnieus, Sp. 3 ed. 278 (excl. syn. Lwfling). 0. motiopyrenum, Swartz, Prodr. 49; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 480.— Persoon, Syn. i, 236.-R(Emer &, Schultes, Syst. iv 703.— Sprengel, .Syst. i, 666.— Bot, Mag. t. 3303.— Dietrich, Syn. i,638.— Miquel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. vii, 94. C. ferrugineum, Grortnor f. Fnict. Suppl. 120, t. 202, f. 1. C microphyllum, Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18 [not A. De Candolle]. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to tlie southern keys (Elliott's Key, No-Name Key, Key Largo), west coast, Caloosa river to cape Sable; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes !) meters in h'.'ight, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, diccking in drying; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, light brown sliade, 89, f. 2.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, 11', 71.— Koch, Dendrologlo, 11, 199.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 374.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. W BATTLEBOX. SNOW-DROP TREE. SILVER-BELL TREE. 0AI.I0O WOOD. Mouutains of West Virginia to soutbern Illinois, Bouth to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains; common in cultivation. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.502S; ash, 0.40. NoTB. — Halesia par I'iAorn, Michanx, of itouthern Georgia, and Florida, does not attain the size or babit of a tree. OLEACE^. 189.— Fraxinus Greggii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, vli, 64; Syn.Fl. N. Anioricii, ii',74. — Heni.sley, Bot.Ani.-Cent.il, 305. F. Schiedeana, var. parvifoUa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166. Western Texas, valley of the Rio Grande, from the San Pedro to the Pecos river ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter (Lampasas mountains, Mexico, BucMey), or often a graceful shrub; limestone soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, coiiii)act; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7004; ash, 0.93. 190. — Fraxinus anomala, Torrey; WatBon in King's Rep. v, 283.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 203.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. Southw- tern Colorado, McElmo river (Brandegee), southern Utah, Kanawa, Leeds, Silver Leaf, Labyrinth caiion of tL^ lorado river, valley of the Kio Virgen, near Saint George. A smai; ii-ee, sometimes 0 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, with the habit of a dwarf pear tree; common on elevated sandstone mesas and plateaus. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annaal growth marked by several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown,- the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6597; ash, 0.85. 191. — Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.- -Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn. Fl. N.America, ii',74.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Enoly in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 113. F. Velutina, Toney in Emory's Rep. 149. F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part.— Rothrock In Wheeler's Rep. vi, 186, t. 22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, !». F. pistacuB/olia, var coriacea, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii^ 74. CATALOGUE OF POOREST TREES. 107 ASH. Mouutaiiis of western TexiiH, tbrough soutlicrn Now Mexico, Houthern iiiid ouHtcrn Arizona, to soutbom Nevada (AhIi MeadowH, Eothrock) ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trnnk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter; generally along borders of streams, in elevated caOons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacca, Qray, I. o.) ; the large specimens generally hollow and detective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, ^ompact; medullary rays numerouN, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.G810; ash, 0.02; occasionally used in wagon- ^'Mlding, for ax handles, etc. rth 192. — Fraxinus Americana, LinmuiiH, Spec. 3ed. 1510.— Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 254.— Aitou, Hort. Kow. iii, 445; 2 od. v, 476.— Wllldouow, Spec, iv, llOS; Euiim. 1000; Berl. Baumz. 145.— Mulilonberg & Willdenow in Netie Sobriften Qesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vahl Eoun. i,4B.— Per80on,S>-n. ii, 604.— DesfontnineH, Hist. Arb. 1, 102.— Nouveau Duhaniol, iv, 63. — Micliaux f. Hi»t. Arb. Am. iii, 106, t. 8; N. /"lerican Sylva, 3ed. iii, 49, t. 118(cxcl. fruit).— Burton, Prodr. Fl. Pliilodolph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadolnb. ii, 192.— Eaton, Manual, 114.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 131.— Sprongel, Syst. i, 95.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1232, f. 1055 & t.— Penn. Cycl. X, 455.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 51.— Torroy, Fl. N. York, ii, 125, t. 89.— A.De CandoUo, Prodr. viii, 177. — Browne, Trees of Araerioa, 394. — Darlington, Fl. Ct'striea, 3 ed. 238. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 369.— Curtis in Qeoloj?ical Rep. N. Carolina, 18()0, iii, 54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597; Bot. & Fl. 277. — Lesquoreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Engelmaim in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new avx. xii, 206.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74.— Koch, Dendrologie, it, 252.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7ti, 207.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52«.— Ridgway in Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68. F, CaroUniemia, Wangenhelm, Amer.81. F. alba, Marshall, Arbu8tum,51.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223. F. aeuminata, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 205.— Pur8h,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.- Nuttall, Genera, ii,231; Sylvn, iii, 04 ; 2 ed. ii, 129.— Hayne, Dend. PI. 220.— Elliott 8k. ii, 672.— Sprongel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Nicollet's Rep. 154.— Rosmer & Sohultes, Syst. iii, 277.— Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 2 ed. 8.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 148.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 333; 2 ed. ii, 376 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494. t F. juglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Boso in Mem. Inst. 1808, 208.— Desfontaines, Hist, Arb. i, 103.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55. F. Canadensis, Gtertnor, Fruct. i, 2i>2, t. 49. F. epiptera, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 256.— Vahl, Knum.i,.')0.— willdenow, Spec. iv,1102; Berl. Bauniz. 147.— Persoon, Syn. ii,603— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671. —Nuttall, Genera, ii,231.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1,8.- Elliott, 8k. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 9G.— Roomer &. Schultes, Syst. 278.— Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Die*. iv,55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1237.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot.247.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 50.— A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 399. F. lancea, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209 (Jide London, Arboretum, ii, 1237). F. discolor, Muhlenberg, Cat. 111.— Raiinesque, Fl. Ludoviciaua, 37.— Spach, Hist, Veg. viii, 297. F. Americana,var. latifolia, Loudon,Arboretnm,ii,1232.— Browne. Trees of America, 396. tF. juglandifoHa, var. serrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221. tF. juglandifolia,\&T. subserrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl.221. ^1 19; I. ii, l,ao. WHITE ASH. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio River basin; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the gree!t ash {Fraxinus viridia). A form of the southern states with remarkably small fruit has been described as — :«■-'! 108 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. var. tnicrocarpa, Oray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 75. F. albicans, Buv.Uley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 4, in part. F. CurtiHsii, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. Wood heavy, htird, strong, ultimately brittle, coarsegrained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, occupying in slowly-grown specimens nearly the f itire width of the annual rings; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6543; ash, 0.42; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7180; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implementn, carriage?, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work. Var. Texensis, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii>, 75. F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1802, 4, in part. F. OOriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part. F. pistaeia/olia, Gray, HaU's Pi. Texas, 19 [not Torrey]. Western Texas, Dallas (Beverchon), to the valley of the Devil's river. A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; dry, rocky hills and ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by one or more rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, ouscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific g)avity, 0.7636 ; ash, 0.70 ; used for the same purposes as that of the species. 103. — Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 548.— Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana, 254.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Muhlenherg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393.- Vahl, Enum. 1, 51. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 604. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 102. — Nonvean Duhamel, iv, 62. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9. — RcBuier & Schultes, Sysi. 279. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 673.— Spi-sngoI.Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend.Fl.N. States. 371; Fl. N.York, ii, 126.— Beck, Bot. 232.- Eaton, Manual, 6 eu. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, i^r, .55.— London Arboretum, ii, 1233, f. 1056.— Penn. Cyol, s, 455.— Eaton & Wr. jht, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51. — A. De Caudolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 337 ; 2 ed. ii, 380.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 239.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper io Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 370,— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, .54.— iVood, CI. Book, 597; Bot.& Fl. 277.— Gray, Manoal N. States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasoy , Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Ridgway in Proc. II. 8. Nat. Mns. 1882,69. F. Pennsylvanica, Marshall, Arbustnm, 51 —Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 253. F. nigra, Dn Roi, Harbk.2 ed. i,398 [not Marshall]. F. pubescens, var. longifoUa, WiUdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836.— Loudon, Arborrjtum, ii, 1233.— A. De Caudolle, Prcdr. viii, 278. F. pubescens, var. latifolia, Willdeuow, Spec. Iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 148.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1223.- A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. F. pubescens, var. SUbpubcseens, Persoon, Syn. il, 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1234. — A. De '/uudolle, Prcdr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 395. F. longifoUa, Boso in Mom. Inst. 1808, 209. F. SUbvillosa, Boso in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209. r. tomentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 112, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 53, t. 110.— Barton, Comp«nd. FL Philadr. ;.h. ii, 192. F. Atnericana, var. pubescens, Brown:, Trees of Amekica,39G. J^. oblongooarpa, Bookley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1864, 4. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 109 BED ASH. TSew Brunswick to southern Ontario cud northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida and central Alabama. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, wivh a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground; corimon and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic states; rai"e west of the Alleghany mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi river. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked wita yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6251 ; ash, 0.26 ; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood, 0.5609; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded. i{'.l 1. S. N. .Fl. FL 194. — Fraxinus viridis, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 115, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 54, t. 120 (excl. fruit). — Hayne, Deiid. Fl. 222.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 3*0.— Gray in Pacific K. R. Bep. xii^ 46 ; Manual N. States, 5 od. 402; Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn.Fl. N. A'.iorica,ii', 75. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— LesquereuxinO\von'8 2dEop. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, CI. Book, 598; Bot. &. Fl. 277, -Viitson iu King's Rep. v, 284.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875 -76, 207.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, J5. F. juglandifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104; Ennm. lOCO; Berl. Baumz. 140 [not Lamarck].- Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Porsoon, 8yn. ii, C04.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63, 1. 16.— Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. v, 476. — Pursk, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Rcemei & Scliultcs, Syst. i, 278 ; iii, Suppl. 25*:.- Eaton, Manual, 114.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371.— Beck, Bot. 233.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1236, f. 1061, 1062 & t.— Eoton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Gray, Mat«ual N. Statos, 1 ed. 373. tF. Caroliniana, willdenow. Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Vahl, Enum. i, 51.— Du Eoi, Hartk. 2 ed. i, 400. — Pcrsoou, Syn. ii, COS. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 67.3.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Millc'i-'s Diet, iv, .55.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. F. jitglandifolia, var. subintegerrima, Vahl, Enum. i, 50. F. expansa^ Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 150.— Roemer & Sohultes, Syst. i, 279.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, .55.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1238.— A. De CaudoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 399. F. Arnvricana^ var. juglandifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 398. F. NovCB-AnqUc:^ Koch, Deudrologie, ii, 251 [not Miller nor Wangenheim] GREEN ASH. Shores of lake Ghamplain, Tiverton, Rlii.de Island, and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the llocky mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams or in •low, rather moist soil ; at the west confined to the bottom lands of the large streams and to high monntain caBous. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered, small, open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7117 ; ash, 0.65; inferior in quality, although often used as a Hubstitute for white ash. Var. Berlandieriana, Torrey, Bot, Mex. Boundary Survey, 106.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75.— Hemsley, Bot. Ain.-Cent. ii, 305.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 113. F. Berlandieriana, Do Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. F. trialata, Buckley iu Pro.\ Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5. Texas, west of the Colorado river; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters iu height, with a rrunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in low, rich soil. Wood lifeht, soft, rather dose grained, compact, containing few small, scattered, open ducts, the layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or iwo rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5780; ash, 0.54. m •■!( ■S iio FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. m 105. — Fraxinus platycarpa, Micbuux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 49.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — NouToau Duhamol, iv, 64.— Minhaux f. Hist. Arb.Aro.iii, 128, 1. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 124. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9. — Btsmer A. Scbultes, Syst. i,278.— Nuttall, Geuera, ii, 231. — Hayuo, Denro.sentative of the genus in America. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diuablo, .separating easily iuto thin layers; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, I Ii 1 !]" m 112 FOREST TREES OF NOflTH AMERICA. thin; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0318; ash, 0.72; specific gravity of the heavier sajj-wood, 0.74C5; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel hoops, In cabinet^ making, and the manufacture of baskets. Note. — FraiiiiuB d'qyclaJa, Hooker & Arnott, of tlio California Coast ranges and tho western slopes of the sonthern Sierra Nevadas, and F. cuapidata, Torroy, of the valley of tlio Kio Grande, do not attain arborescent habit or dimensions. The following, characterized by Hose in Mem. Inst. 1808, mainly from tho foliage of garden specimens of supposed North American origin, cannot be safely referred to our species : F. alba, cinerea, elliptiea, fuaca, mixta, nigra, ovata, pannoaa, pulrerulenta, Sicluirdi, ruhiounda, and ru/a. 199. — Forestiera acuminata, Poiret, Suppl. ii, 664. — Haync, Dend. Fl. 194. — Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. v, 176. — Torrey in Nicollet's Eop. 154. — Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 370. — Lesquoreux i:i Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 600; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, .5 rd. 402; Proo. Am. Acad, iv, 363 (excl. var.); Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 224. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. Adelia acuminata^ Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225, t. 48. Borya acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711.— A'ton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 675.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 57.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 159. Borya ligustrina, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711, in part.— Alton, Hort. Sew. S ed. 366, ia part.— Gray, Manual N. States, 3 ed. 358, in part.' Borya nitida, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 66. Bigelovia acuminata, Smith in Bees' Cyol. xxxix, No. 4. PRIVET. Western Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and Oahokia creek, Illinois (opposite Saint Louis). A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 meter in diameter ; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, soft., not .strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous ; color, light yellow streaked with brown; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6345; ash, 0.72. 200. — Chionanthus Virginica, Linneeus, Spec. - ed. 8. — Marshall, Arbustum, 33. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 60. — Wangeuheim, Amer. 92. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 14; 2 ed. i,23. — Lamarck, 111. i, 30, t. 9, f. 1. — Willdeujw, Spec, i, 40; Enum. 14; Berl. Baumz. 87. — Abbot, Insects Gksorgia, ii, t. 98. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 3. — Vahl, Enum. i, 44. — Persoon, Syn. i, 9.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, HI. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7. — Roemor &, Schultes, Syst.i, 72.— Nuttall, Genera, i,5; Sylva, iii, 56, t. 88; 2ed.ii, 122, t. 88.— Elliott, Sk.i, 6.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, r; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Sprongel, Syst. i, 34.- Loddigef Bot. Cab. 1. 1264.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abo. Holz. 9.1, t. 73.— Bc-ck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1206, f. 1029, 1030.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 193. — A. De Candollo, Prodr. viii, 29o. — Browne, Ti <58 of America, 371.— Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 3t)9. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Caroliua, 1860, Hi, 95.— Lesquorenx In Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 599 ; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 262.— Young, Bot. Texas. 452. — Vnsey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. 0. trijida, Mcencb, Meth. 437. C. Virginica, var. latifolia, Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 23.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 2.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50. C. Virginica, var. angustifolia, Vahl, Euum. i,44.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.2ed.i,23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 1.— Don, M'ller's Diet, iv, 50. C. Virginica, var. montana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 238.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 295. C. Virginica, var. maritima, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed.92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 60.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 296.— Regel, Gartenflora, xvi, t. 564. 0. maritima, Loddiges, Cat. 1836. C. heterophylla, Raflnosque, Now Fl. &. Bot. i, 86. C. longifolia, Rallnesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 87. C. montana, Hutlnesquo, New Fl. & Bot. i,86. C. angustifolia, Rufiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 113 FBINOK TBEE. OLD MAN'S BEABD. Lancaster county and the banks of the Brandy wine, Chester connty , Pennsylvania, south to Tampa buy, Florida, »nd through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, G to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams in low, rich soil ; very common in cultivation. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of auuiial growth marked by several rows of largo open ducts, connected as in that of Bumelia by branching groups of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6372; ash, 0.51. A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers (Am. Jour. Pharm. xliv, 398. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1612). 11^ 201. — Osmanthus Americanus, Boutham <& Hooker, Oenero, ii, 667.— Gray, 8y n. Fl. N. America, ii', 1, 78. Olea Americana, LiuuiBus, Mant. 24. — MarHhall, Arbustimi, 98.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 54:i; 111. i, 28. — Alton, Hort. Kow. 1, 14; 2 0(1. i, 23. — WilUlenow, Spec. 1, 45 ; Eimm. I'.l. — Michaux.FI. Uor.-Aiii. ii,222. — VaUl, Euani.i,41. — Pcrsoon.Syn.i, 9. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. 1, 112. — Nouvean Dnliaiiiel, v, 67. — Miuhaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ill, r>0, t. 6; N. Aniprican Sylva, ii,3 ed. 128,t. 86. — Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i,7. — Roemor & ScliuUcs, Syst. i,70. — Kaliupsqiie, Fl. Ludoviciaii!i,38. — Nuttall, G?'nera, i, 5. — Elliott, Sk. i, .''i. — Sprengel, Syjit. i, 34.— Crooin iu Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 315. — Dietrich, Syn. l,37.—Don. Miller's Dict.iv,48.— Spacb, Hist. Vog. viii,2e7.—Eaton, Manila', C ed. 239.— Lietrieh, Syii. i, ;'.7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 333.— A. De Candollo, Prodr.viii, 286.— Browne, Trees of America, 381.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. ? ■i.58,253. — Cliapmaii, Fl. S. States, 369. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii,57. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :182. — Wood, CI. Book, MO; Bot. A Fl. 276. — Porchor, Resonrces 8. Forests, 493. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401. — Young, Bot. Texas, 451.— Vasey, Ca>;. Forest Trees, 20. DEVIL WOOD. Southern Virginia, south to cape Gaaaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to eastern Louisiana, near the coast. A small tree, 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, difficult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin, obscure, medullary rays ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.8111; ash, 0.46. m PI BORRAGINAOE^. 202. — Cordia Sebestena, Linnojus, Spec. 1 ed. 190.— Jaoquln, Amer. t. 42.— Lamarck, 111. i, 421, t.96 f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, P73; Knura. 248.— Andrews, Bot. Rep. ill, 157, 1. 157.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 45.— Persoon, Syn. i, 166.— Trattinick, Archiv.t.3!>4.—RcBmer &, ScLultes, Syst, Iv, 452. — Sprengel, Syst. 1, 649. — Bot. Mag. t. 794. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 8.— Descourtilz, F . Antilles, iv, i;05, t. 277. — Chamisso in Linnouk, vi, 755.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Millers Diet, iv, 375.— Dietrich, Syn. 1, 611.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 81, 1. 106; 2ed. ii, 145, t. IOC- Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Grisobach, Fl. British West Indies, 478.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 180. f 0. juglandifoUa, Jacquin, Amer. t. 43. C. speciosa, Willdenow iu Rcomer & Sohultes, Syst. iv,799.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. ix,476. Sebestena scahra, Rafinrsqno, Sylva Tellnriana, 38. GEIGEB TREE. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys; rare; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.08 meter in diameter; rich hummock soil; ornamental and becoming a large tree in cultivation. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few .scattered, small, open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7108; ash, 4.22. 8 KOR 45» m Si;:fi ilf 114 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ^i u i 203.— Cordia Boissieri, a. De CandoUe, Prodr. Is, 476.— Torrey, But. Mex. Boundary Survey, 135. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rup. 1860, 442.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 180. Texas, valley of the Eio Grande, westward to New Mexico and southward into Mexico. A small tree, rarely S meters iu height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub. Wood light, rather soft, close-giained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thiu, conspicuous; color, dark brown, tho sap-wood light brown; speciflc grav'ty, 0.6790; ash, 3.53. 204.^Bourreria Havanensis, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 2;«.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181. Dhretia Havanensis, VVilldenow iu Roomer & Scliultes, Syst. iv, 805.— Homboldt, Bonpland & Kuntb, Not. Gen. & Spec, vii, S06.— A. De Caiulollo, Prodr. is, 508. Ehretia tomentosa, Lamarck, III. i, 425.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 1.— Sprongel, Syst. i, 648. —Dietrich, Syn. i, 630. B. tomentosa, Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 390. B. reourva, Miers, Bot. Coutrib. ii, 238. B. orata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 238. Ehretia Bourreria, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 339 [not Liunieus].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 482. W > '^ - STRONG BARK. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys (Key Largo, Elliott's Key, etc.) ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 10 oi, exceptionally, 15 meters (Key Largo, Curtiss) in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. A form (generally shrubby iu Florida) with scabrous or hispidulous leaves is — Viir. radula, Gmy, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', ItSl. Ehretia radula, Poiret, Suppl. ii, v.'. -Dietrich, Syn. i, 630.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. ix, 506.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 32t>. B. radula, Don, Miller's D'ct. iv, 390.— Chamisso in Linnica, viiij 120.— Miers, Bot. Cor trib. ii, 23H. Cordia Floridana, Nuttall, Sylva, Hi, 83, t. 107; 2 ed. ii, 147, t. 107.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, .obscure; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable; speciflc gravity, 0.8073; ash, ?.79. 205. — Ehretia elliptica, De Candolle, Prodr. ix, !J03.— Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 13G.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii, 228, t. 85.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 181. KNACKAWAY. ANAQUA. Texas, Corpus Cbristi to ifew Brauiifels (Mohr), aud southward to the valley of the lower Eio Grande. A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk .sometimes 0.50 meter in diaiqoter; generally along borders of Btreain.s, in rich loam, aud reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers, 50 to 75 miles from the Gulf coast. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many small oi)en ducts arranged iu numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger duds ; medulhiry rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter; specific gravity, 0.6440; nsh, 1.31. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 115 BIGNONIACE^. 206. — Catalpa bignonioides, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 64. — ^De CandoUe, Prodr. ix, 226. — Darlington, Fl. Cestricu, 3 od. 182. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, F1.8. States, 285.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, ili, .50.— Wood, CI. Book, 513; Hot. & Fl. 218.— Bureau, Mon. Bignoniacew, t. 25. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part ; Syu. Fl. N. America, ii', 319, in part. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 302. — Tonng, Bot. Texas, 385. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, in part.— Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 548. Signonia Catalpa, Linneens, Spec. 1 ed. 622 (exc],. syu.). — Lamarck, Diet, i, 417.— Marshall, Arbustum, 21. — Wangeuheim, Amer. 58, t. 20, f. 45.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 289; Emim. 649.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,25.— Desfoulaiiies, Hist.Arb. 1, 189.- Mlchanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 217, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii,55, t. 64.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 66. — Rafiuesqne, Fl. Lndoyiciana, 159. — Porcher, Resonrces S. Forests, 460. — Maout & Decaisno, Bot. Euglish ed. 602 &f. 0. COrdifolia, Jaume St. Hilaire in Nouveau Dubanibl, ii, 13, in part (excl. t. 5). — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 9. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 10.— EUiott, Sk. i, 24.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 16 ; Couipend. Fl. N. States, 20.— Beck, Bot. 245.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 85.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 363.— Spach, Hist. Vog. ix, 132.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 184.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 439. 0. syringaifolia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1094.— Schkuhr, Handb. t. 175.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 24.— Pursh. Fl. Aui. Sept. i, 10.— Eaton, Manual, 8; 6 ed. 85.— Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 3.— liayne, Dend Fl. 2.— Loddigcs, Bot. Cab. t. 128,").— Sprengol, Syst. i, 70. — Sertum Botanicum, i, t. — Liudley, Fl. Med. 499; Penn. Cycl. vi,363. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 230. — Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1261 & t.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 82.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 77 ; 2 ed. ii, 140.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 25. — Browne, Trees of America, 406. 0. communis, Du Mont, Bot. Cult. 2 ed. ili, 242. OATALPA. OATAWBA. BEAN TBEE. OIOAB TREK. INDIAN BEAN. Southwestern Georgia, valleys of the Little and Apalacbicola rivers, western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi. A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized throughout the middle and southern Atlantic states. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the thin (one or two years') sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4474; ash, 0.38; used and highly valued for fence posts, rails, etc. ; a reputed emetic. A decoction of the seeds and dried bark occasionally used in cases of asthma and bronchitis {Am. Jour. Pharmy, xlii, 204 — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1608.— JVo^. J)ispematory^ 2 ed. 367). 207. — Catalpa speciosa, Warder; Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 1.— Sargent in London liard. Chronicle 1879, 784.— Ridgway in Proo. U. 8. Nat. Mue. 1882, 70.— Barnes in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ix, 74. C. OOrdifoUa, Jaumc St. Hilaire in Kouveau Duhamel, ii, 13, in part, t. 5.— Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 183. C. bignonioides, Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 375 [not Walter.] -Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 321, in part; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 319, in part.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19, iu part.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 69. WESTERN CATALPA. Valley of the Vermilion river, Illinois, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southeastern Missorri and western Arkansas. A tree 20 to 36 or, exceptionally, 45 meters iu height {Ridgway), with a trunk 1 to 2 meters in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in rich bottom lands; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash river; , 341. A. tomentosa, Meyor, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 221 [not Jacquin].— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 79, t. 105; 2 crt. ii, 143, t. 105.— Cooper in SmithHoninn Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 310.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. A. Oblongifolia, Nuttallt; Chapman, Fl. S. States, 310.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. BLACK MANGROVE. BLACK TREE. BLACK WOOD. Florida coast, Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and from Cedar Keys to cape Sable; deltas of the MississijJin river ; throu}>:li tlic West Indies to Brazil. A tree G to 9 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 meters in height, with a trunk 0 (iO meter in diameter; north of Mosquito inlet reduced to a low shrub; common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless, corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove {Khizophora\ imi)enetrable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed; reaching its greatest development in the United States on the west coast of Florida, north of cape Sable. Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact, the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dark brown or nearly black, the sap- wood brown; specific gravity, 0.9138; ash, 2.51. NYCTAGINACE^. 212.— Pisonia obtusata, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oco. I960.— Jacquin, Hort. Sohoonb. iii, ;«>, t. 314.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 449, t. 861.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1226.— Choisy in Do Candolle, Prodr. xiii', 443. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 374. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 71. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. PIGEON WOOD. BEEP WOOD. COKK WOOD. PORK WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys; through the West Indies. A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 meter in diameter; saline shores and beaches, reaching its greatest development in Florida on Elliott's and Old Rhodes Keys. Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.G529; ash, 7.62; probably of little value. Note. — The seiui-prostratu and vine-like trunks of P. aeuleata, Liunieus, of the same region, although attaining a considerable size, cannot be properly considered arborescent. POLYGONACEiE. 213. — Coccoloba Floridana, Meisner; De Candolle, Prodr. xiv, 165. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 392. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 376. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. 0. parvifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 25, t.89; 2 ed.ii,9.5,t.89 [not Poiret].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,265. n ii i i PIGEON PLUM. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from cape Bomano to cape Sable. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; one of the largest and most common trees of the region. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing few small, scattered, open ducts; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9835; ash, 5.03; valuable and somewhat used for cabinet-making. The edible and abundant grape-like fruit, ripening in February and March, is eagerly devoured by raccoons and other animals. ii I I mH I! 118 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. l! ^ J-, 1 !li 214. — Coccoloba uvifera, Jaoqnln, Amer. 112, t. 73.— Gtortnor, Fmot. i, 214, t. 45, f. 3.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 421.— Lamarok, 111. U, 445, t. 316, f. 2.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 457; Enum. 431.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vl, 61.— Peraoon, 8yn. i, 442.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 01.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 421.— Sprongel, Syst. ii, 262.— Descoiirtilz, Fl. Antilles, 11, 41, t. 77.— Bot. Mag. t. 3130.— Raflnosqne, Fl. Tellnriana, H, 34.— Spacli, Hist. \eg. x, 542.— Dietrich, Syn. Fl. ii, 132G.— Nnttall, Sylva, ill, 23, t. 88; 2 ed. 11, 03, t. 88.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 21, t. 67.— BIcisnor in De Caudollc, Prodr. xiv, ir>2; Bot. Brasll. v', 42.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858. 265. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 391.— Porcher, Besouroes 8. Forests, 370.— Orisebach, Fl. British West Indies, I'l. Polygonum uvifera, Linnroiis, Spue, l ed. niKi. SEA GRAPE. Semi-tropical Florida, Mosquito inlet to the sontbern keys, west coast, Tampa bay to cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 meters in height, with a gnarled and contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, generally prostrate shrub; saline shores and beaches; common. West Indian forms, differing in the shape of the leaves, etc., are — var. ovalifolia, Meisnor, /. c. var. Loeganensis, Mrisnor, ^ o. C. LoegailCHSI.S, .laciiniii. Amer. ll:{, t. 178, f. 33. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, snsceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered, rather small, open ducts; layers of annual growth and nnmerons medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9635; ash, 1.37; valuable for cabinet-making. The edible fruit of agreeable subacid flavor. LAURACE^. 215. — Persea Carolinensis, Nees, Syst. Lanrinarnm, 150.— Spach, Hint. V<>g. x, 492.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, ()3.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Ciiroliua, 1800, iii, 63.— Wood, CI. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Meisner in De CaudoIIe, Prodr. xv', .''jO.- Gray, Manual N. States, .') ei\. 422; Hall's Pi. Texas, 473.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, SI. Laurus Borhonia, Linnaeus, Spec, l ed. 370, in part.— Marshall, Arbustnra, 73.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 133.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 39; 2 ed. ii, 429.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 460.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 481.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,65.— Nonveau Diihaniel, ii, 163. Laurus Carolinensis, Catesby, Carol, i, 63, t. 03.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 245.— Porsoon, Syn. i, 449.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 6.").— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 321.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 22.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, IHO, t. 2 ; N. Anierieaii Svlva, 3 ed. ii, 116, t. 82.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 270.— Elliott, 8k. i, 461.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 605.— Torrey, Conipeiid. I'l. N. States, 174.— Beck, Bot. 305.— Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 199.— Loudon, Aboretum, iii, 1299, f. 1168, 1169.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 414.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 491.— Schnizleln, Icon. t. 106, f. .'>-12. Laurus Carolinensis, var. glabra, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. Laurus Carolinensis,ysiT. obtusa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 276. Laurus Caroliniana, Poiret, Suppl. iii, .323.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258. P. Borbonia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 208. P. Carolinensifi,\HT. glabriuseula, Meisner in Do Candollc, Prodr. xv>, 61. RED BAY. Southern Delaw.ire?, south to bay Bisciyne and cape Boraano, Florida, and throngh the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the vallej' of the Trinity river, Texas, near the coast. A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low, rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright red, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.6429 ; ash, 0.76; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, and for cabinet work. ■tg.: CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 119 to ips, [iah, lood for Var. palUBtris, Chapman, ¥1. S. States, 393. Lauru8 Carolinensis, var. pubescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, are. • P. Carolinensis, var. pubcscenSf Meisncr in De Candollo, Prodr. xv', 61, North Carolina to Alabama, generally near the coast. A small tree, 0 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; low, sandy banks of pine-barren streams and swamps ; well distinguished from the species by the longer peduncles densely clotlifd, as are the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with short, brown tomentum, and by the somewhat coarser- grained orange-colored wood. Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous rather large oi)on ducts ; medullary rays iiumerous, thin; color, orange streaked with brown; the sap-wood light brown or gray; specific gravity, 0.0396 ; ash, 0.37. 216. — Nectandra Willdenoviana, Nces, Syat. Laurinanim, 200, 321. — Meisncr in De Candollo, Prodr. xvi', 105. Laurus sanguinea, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oco. ii, 707. Laurus Catesbyana, Micbmix, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 244.— Poirct, Suppl. iii, 321.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 27.5.— Elliott, 8k. i, 462.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 265.— F-aton, Mannal,6 ed. 199.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 294.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 491. Laurus Catcsbtei, Porsoon, 8yn. i, 499.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 258. Oymnobalanns Catesbyana, Nces, Syst. Laurinanim, 4B3. N. Bredemeieriana, Nees .'.n Linnna, xxi, 505. Persea Catesbyana, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 393.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. LANOE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral and cape Eomano to the southern keys; through the West Indies to Central America. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter ; comiiioii and reaching its greatest development in Florida on the shores of bay Biscayne and in the neighborhood of cape Bomano. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small, regularly-distributed, oi)en ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7693 ; ash, 0.60. 217. — Sassafras ofiicinale, Nces, Handb. der Med. Pharm. Bot. ii, 418; Syst. Lnurinariuii, 488.— Hayne, Arzn. i, 12, 1. 19.- Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 338.— Dietrich, Syu. ii, 1357.— Spach, Hists Veg. x, 503.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 158.— EniprHoii, Trees MnsHachn8ett8,3!>9; 2 ed. ii; 359 & t— Griffith, Med. Bot. 551, — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 251.— Spruce in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. vii, 278. — Cooper in Suiitlisoniiin Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 394. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 03. — Lcsqucrenx in Owen's 2d Kcp. Arkansas, 384.— Wootl, CI. Book, 620; Bot. & Fl. 290.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 350.— Meisner iu De Caudollc, Prodr. xv', 171.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 423; Hall's PI. Texas, 19— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 364.— Young, Bot. Texas, 473.— Vnscy, Cat. Forest Trees, 21.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, .59.~Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iii, 220, t. 220.— Ridgwny in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 70.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80^55<=. Laurus Sassafras, UnniBWi, Spec, l ed. 371.— Du Roi, Hnrbk. i, :!nO.—Kalni, Travels, English ed. i, 146, 341.— Marshall, Arbu8tum,74. — Wangenhoim, Araer. 82, t. 27, f. 56. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 134.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,40; 2 ed. ii, 429.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 454.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i. t. 11.— B. S. Barton, Coll. 11, 19; ii, '-'7.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 485; Enuni. 435; Berl. Baumz. 208. — Michanx, Fl. Boi-.-Ain. i, 243.— Schknhr, Handb. 349.— Pcrsoon, Syn. i, 450.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 361.— Desfontaines, HiNt. Arb. i, 60.— Titfoj d, llort. Bot. Am. 130.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 173, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 113, t. 81.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sc))!. i, 277.— Raiincstiuc, Fl. Ludoviciana, 25. — Bigelow,Med. Bot. ii, 142, t. :15; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i,2.V.) ; Sylva, i, 88; 2 ed. i, lO-J.— Elliott,. Sk. i, 464.— Nees, PI. Offic. t. 131.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. i,408; Compend. Fl. N. States, 174.— D.scourtllz, Fl. Antilles, vii, 51, t. 464.— Avidubon, Birds, t. 144.— Stephenson & Chiircliill, Med. Bot. iii, t. 120.— Beck, Bot. 30,').— ICuton, Manual, (i ( d. 199.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed, 254.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 293.— Browne, Trees of America, 410.— Darby, IJot. 8. States, 492. Persea Sassafras, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 270.— Schnizloin. Icon, t. 106. f. 15-23. I -M : i >-Ml 1 m Wi I 120 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. SASSAFRAS. EaHtorn MassnchuHottH, south wcstorii Vonnont, atxl wmcnt in soutli western Arkansas and the Indian territory; at ihe south often taking possession, witii the persimmon, of abandoned liehls in tlie middle districts. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse grained, very diiralile in eontact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; lajers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.5042; ash, 0.10; used for light skiifs, ox yokes, etc., and hugely for lenee posts and rails, and in cooi)erage. The root, and especially its bark, enters into eomnieree, affording a powerful aromatic; stimulant; the oil of sassafras, distilled from the root, is largely used in imparting u ])leasant flavor to many articles of domestic use; the pith of the young branches infused with water furnishes a mucilage used as a demulcent in febrile and inflammatory afi'ectious (iS7j«»7«' in Am. Jour. Fhann. 1803, 5;$. — Proctor in Proc. Am. Pharm. Amoi.'. 18C0, 217. — JJ. 8. DispcnHatory, 14 ed. 814. — Xat. Diupcnmttory, 2 ed. 1274; Fidckiger & Ilanbitry, Pharmacographia, 483). " Gumbo Jilct,''^ a powder prepared by thu Choctaw Indiaus of Louisiana from the mucilaginous leaves, is used at the south in the preparation of "gumbo" soup. 218. — Umbellularia Californica, Nut tall, Sylva, i, 87; 2 ccf. i, 102.— Watson, Bot. Cnlironiia, ii, (il. LaurUH retjia, DouglaH in Componion Hot. Mag. ii, 137. Oreodaphne CitUforniea, Nces, Syst.Limriuiiruni, •«>;$.— Htiitliiini, I'l. Ilnrtwig. a:!4; Bot. SnliiLui, 49.— Dietrich, 8yn. il, 135().— Hooltor & Aniott, Bot. Bei-clicy, 381). — Ttirroy in I'auilii! R. R. Rep. iv, VXi ; v, 364 ; Mex. Boundary Survey, 184.— Newberry in Pacilic R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 8.S, f. 3.— Cooper in SmitliHonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Bot. Mag. t. 5320. Tetranthera CaU/o-">nca, Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, LW.— Moisuer in Do Can('ollo, Prodr. xv', 192.— Torroy in Hot. Wilkes Exped. 451. Brimophyllum paucijloriiin, XuttJill, Sylva, i, 85, t.2'2; 2 ocl.i,102,t.22. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. OALIFOKNLA LAUREL. SPICE TREE. CAGIPUT. CALIFORNIA OLIVE. CALIFORNIA BAY TREE. Rogue River valley, Oregon, .south through the California coast langes to Han Diego county, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high elevations a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small, regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, Ihin ; color, rich light brown, the sai)wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6517 ; ash, 0.39 ; used on the Oregon coast in siiip-building, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc.; the most valuable material i)roduced by the Pacific forests for ' a irior and cabinet work. The leaves yield a volatile oil, Oreodaphne {Am. Jour. Phar.'t. slvii, 105). EUPHORBIACE^. i 219. — Drypetes crocea, Poitesn, Mem. MuH. i, \h9, t. 8.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 66, t. 0:i ; -J ed. ii, Vi, t . 63.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Chapman, FL 8. Statca, 410.— Grisebach, Fl. British West ludies, ovJj Cat. PI. Cuba, 15.— MUUer in Do CaudoUe, Prodr. xv», 455. Schcefferia lateriflora, Swartz, Fl.Ind.Occ.i,329. D. nensHiflora, Bullion, Kfnd.Gin. Enphorbiucew, Atlas, 4!>, t. 24. f. 34-40. D. l/laucit, GriNebiicli in Mem. Am. Acad, new see. viii, 15V [not Vahl]. J), crocia. Viir. lungipen, JlUller in Do Candollo, Prodr. xv«, 456. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TKEE8. 121 GUIANA PLUM. WIIITK WOOD. Somi-tropical Florida, bay Bisca.viio to the Houtlierii keys ; iu the Vest ludioa. A small tree, soinotimes 9 inetora iu height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, bard, not Htrong, brittle, close-grained, uhcukiug in drying ; medullary rays nume^-oaa, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the Bap- wood yellow ; speciilo gravity, 0.9209; ash, 0.14. Yar. latifolia, MUtlor, Do Candolle, Prodr. xv^ 45(3. D. glauca, Nuttall, Sylva, U, 06; 2 diI. ii, 14.— Cliupman, Fl. 8. States, -tio. D. alba, var. latifolia, Grisobach in Nacbriuh. (1. Kuiiigl. Ooaoll. Wimb. Univ. Oiittlng. 18C5, 1G5, In part. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the sonthcrn kcy.s; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.3.5 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked with bright yellow, the Bai)-wood dull brown; specific gravii v, 0,9340; ash, 8.29. Perhaps a distinct species, the fruit and flowers not recently collected. 220. — Sebastiania lucida, Muilcr; Do CaudoUe, Prodr. xt", 1181. Oymnanthcs lucida, Swnrtz, Prodr. 96. Exccecaria lucida, Swnrtz, Fl. Ind. Oco. ii, 1122.— WiUdenow, Spoc. iv, 8G5.— Poirot, Suppl. i, 155.— Pcrsoou, Syn. ii, 034.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, CO, t. 01 ; 2 cd. ii, 6, t. 61.— A. do Jiissieu, Tout. Eiipliorl>. 1. 16, f. 55.— Kichanl, Fl. Cuba, 1U9.— Dietrich, Syu. v, 250. — Cooper ia Sinitbsonian Kep. IWiS, 205.— Cliapninn, Fl. S. States, 405. — OriHebach, Fl. Uritiah West Indies, 50.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. ,Vl GRAB WOOD. POISON WOOD. Semi-tropical Floiida, bay Biscaync to the southern keys; common ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk O.l.'i to 0.20 meter in diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; speciiic gravity, 1.0905 ; ash, 2.78 ; now largely manufactured into canes, and furnishing valuable fuel. 221. — Hippomane Mancinella, Linniens, Spec. 1 ed. U'Jl.- Jac5. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 502. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254. — Cbapnian, Fl. S. SLites, 416. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, IWiO, 55. — Lesquoreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3i?6.— Wood, CI. Book, 633 ; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 310.— Engclmann in Trans. Am. Phil. 800. new ser. xii, 208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Koch, Dcndrologie, ii, 422. — Young, Bot. Texas, 496. — Haydon in Warren's Rep. Nebraeka & Dakota, 2 cd. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. P). iv, 233, t. 233.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada. 1879-'80, 55«. U. pubescens, Walter, Fl. Caroliciana, HI. U. Americana, var. rubra, Alton, Hort.Kew.i, 319; 2 ed. U, 107.- Willdenow, Spec, i, 1326.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 31. t U. crispa, A7ilIdenow, Enum. 295 ; Berl. Baumz. 520. U. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 278, t. 6 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 73, 1. 128. BED ELM. SLIPPEBT ELM. MOOSE ELM. Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to Ontario and northern Dakota, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central Alabama an4. — Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, 410. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1800, 55. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :i86. — Wood, CI. Book, 633 ; Bot. &, Fl. 298. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 311. — Engclmann iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442. — Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 421. — Young, Bot. Texas, 496. — Wincholl iu Liullow's Rep. Black Hills, 68. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22. — Haydeu in Warren's Ri-p. Nebraska & Dakota, 2ed. 121. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'70, 209. — Scars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Ridgway in Proo. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 71.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48^ U. moUifolia, Marshall, Arbustum, 156. U. Americana, var. pendula, Alton, Hort. Kew. i,3a0; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Willdcnow, Spec, i, 1320.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 31.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 364; Hist. Veg.xi, 109. U. Americana, var. aWa, Aitou,Hort. Kew. i,320; 2 ed. ii, 107.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 32. U, pendula, Willdonow, Berl. Baumz. 519.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 33. U. alba, Rafinesquc, Fl. Lndoviciana, 115 ; New Fl. & Bot. i, 38. U. Americana, var. scabra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 364 ; Hist. Veg. ix, 109.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 424. U. Americana, var. Bartramii, Walpers, Ann. iii, 424. U. Americana, var. laspera, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 416. U. Floridana, chapman, Fl. S. states, 416. ;•? ;)'- WHITE ELM. AMERICAN ELM. WATER ELM. Soutlierii NcwfoiiiuUaml totlio nortlu'iii sliorcs of lake Superior and tlie eastern slope of the Rocky mountains, in about latitutle r>2° N.; south to cape Canaveral and I'ease creek, Florida, extending west in the United States to the lihuik hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian territory, in about longitude 100° W., and the valley "f the Rio (Jon(!lio, Texas. A large tree, 30 to .Jo meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 meters in diameter; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc.; toward its western and southwestern limits only in river bottoms. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tougli. rather coarse-grained, compact, difficult to split; layers of annnal growth •learly nmrked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap- wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, O.G50(>; ash, 0.80; largely used for wheel stock, saddle-trees, tiooiing, in •ooperage, and now largely exported to Great Britain and used in boat- and ship-building. 226. — Ulmus racemosa, Thomas, Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xix, 170 &. t.— Beck, Bot. 334.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed, 370.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464.- -Nuttall, Sylva, i,37, t. 12; 3 ed. i, K\, t. 12.— Torn^y, Fl. N. Yrtrk, ii, KiO, t. 90.— Browne, Trees of America, 500.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 5J54.— Wood, CI. Book, 633; Bot. & Fl. 29S>.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 442.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 82.— Sargent in Rep. MassachuHHtts Board Ag. 1878, 271— UiU iu Geological Rop. Canada, 1879-'8U, 55<:.—Chapmau, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649. U. Americana, Planchon in Di^ Candollc, Prodr. xvil, 155, in part. : !:i KOCK ELM. CORK ELM. IIIOKORY ELM. WHITE ELM. CLIFF ELM. Southwestern Vermont (liobbins), west through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to northeastern lowa(\Vaverly, Bfisacjf), and south through Ohio to central Kentucky. A hirf tree of great economic value, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 meter in diameter; low, wet clay, rich uplands, rocky declivities, or river cliffs; common and reaching its greatest development in aouthern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan. 124 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, toaf^h, very close-grained, compact, sasceptible of a beantifal polish ; layers of annual growth marked with one to two rows of small open dncts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7263 ; ash, O.GO; largely ueeci in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, wheel stock, and for railway ties, bridge timbers, sills, etc. 226. — Ulmus alata, Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 173. — Persoon, Syn. i, 291. — Michrux f. Hiat. Arb. Am. iii, 275, t. 5; N. Americaa Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 71, t. 127. — Purub, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 201.— Roeiuor & Scbiiltes, Sysl. vi, 209.— Elliott, Sk. i, 333.— Si»reiigel, Syst. i, 931.— Audubon, Birds, t. 18. — Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 376. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1408, f. 1248. — Dietricb, Syn. 11,992. — Ea..ou & Wrigbt, Bot. 464. — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 493. — Browne, Trees of America, 502. — Plancbon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 scr. x, 270 ; De Candollo, Prodr. svii, 1!S5. — Walpcra, Ann. ill, 425. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 503. — Cooper in Smitbsuuian Rep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 417. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, .)5. — Losqueroux in Owen's 2il Rep. Arkansas, 3(^6. — Wood, CI. Book, 63:5; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young. Bot. Texas, 496.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Broadhead iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 70. U. pumila, Walter, Fl. Caroliniarin, 111 [not Linnmus]. U. Americana, var. alata, Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 364 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 109. > • 1 "-'U. ■ "WAHOO. WINGED ELM. Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida ; southern Indiana and Illinois, south to the Gulf coast, and southwest througli southern Missouri, Arkansas, the eastern portions of the Indian territory to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A small tree, 7 to 12 meters in heigbt, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter; generally in dry, gravelly soil, or, rarely, along the borders of swamps and river bottoms ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Missouri and Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, uuwedgeable; medullary rays dist .nt, not conspicu*>us ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7491; ash, 0.99; largely Uf-eO ff 'bs, blocks, etc. 227. — Planera aquatica, Gmeliu, 8yst. li, 150. — WilUleuow, Spec, iv, 967; Enura. Suppl. 14; Berl. Buumz. 281.— Persoou, Syn. i, 291. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 202. — Hayno, Dend. Fl. 202.— Eaton. Manual, 6 ed. 266.— TIaton & Wright, Bot. 360.— Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, :«)5 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 116.— Plancbon in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3 ser. x, 261 ; Do Caiidolle, Prodr. xvii, 167. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 428. — Cooper in Smitbiioniiin Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4 17. —Wood, CI. Book, C33; Bot. & Fl. 299.— Gray, Manual N. 8tate8,5ed.4;3.— Kocb, Deudrologie, ii,424. — Young, Bot. Texas, 497. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. Anonymoa aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 230. P. Omelini, Miclianx.Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 248.— Dosfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 446.— Roemer & Scbultes, Syst. vi, 305.— Elliott, 8k, i, 334.— Sprengel, Syst. 1,493.- Dietrich,Syn. i, 551.— Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 503. P. uhnifoliay Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 283, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 80, t. 130.— Poiret, 8up]il. iv, 429.— Nouveau Du'aatnel, vii, !!5, t. 21.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1413, f. 1251. — Browne, Trees of Ameriua, 515. — Curtis iu Rep. Geological .Surv. N. Carolina, iii, 1860,81. f Ulmus ncmoralin, Alton, Fort. Ki'w. i, 319; 2 ed. li, 108.— Willdenow, Spec. 1, 1326; Berl. Eanmz. 520.— Desfo.itaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 442.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 200.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxxix, No. 8.— Nuttall, Genera, i,20l.— Beck, Bot. 334.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 376.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 464. Ulmus aquatica, RaflucB«iue, Fl. Ludoviciana, 165. P. Richardi, Sprengel.Syst. i,493, in part.— Torrcy & Gray in Pacifle R. R. Rep. ii,ir5 [not Miehaux]. Valley of the (Jape Fear river, North Carolina, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through central Alabama and Missi.ssipi)i to western Louisiana and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, extending north tliroUjCh Arkansas and southern Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river and central Kentucky. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.(iO mett. in diameter; cold, deep, inundated river 8wami)s ; rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states; very common and reaching its greatest development in the lied River valley and southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing f^w scattered open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5294; ash, 0.45. CAfALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 125 228. — Celtis occidentalis, Liuhojuh, Spec? p;l. 1478.— Du Koi, HarUk. ;, 141. — Marxliall, Arbiiatum, 29. — Wanguaheim, Amor. 46. — Gtertuor, Fruct. i,374,t. 77, f. 3. — Walter, Fl. Curoliniann,2.')0. — Alton, Hort. Kcw. iii,4;J7;actl.v,449. — Lamarck, Die', iv, 137; 111. 111,437,1.844, f. 1. — Abbot) Insects Georgia, i, t. 30.— VVilldenow, Spec, iv, 944; Kiiuin. 1040; Berl. Bauraz. H2.— Notivdiiii Diili»iii;"l,il,36,t.9.— Mlchaux,Fl. Bor.-Aiii. 11,249.— PBraoou, Syn. i,29:J. — Deslbutaiues, Hist. Arl>. 11,448. — Micliauxf. HiHt. Arb. Am. ili,'2vJ5, t.8; N. Aiiierivan8ylva,3e(1. 111,38, 1. 114. — Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Eaton, Miiiinnl, 31 ; 6 cd. 36.— NuttiiU, Genera, 1, 202.— RoDiner & Schultes, Syst. vi, 300.- Hayne, Dcnd. F1.21C.— Elliott, Sk. 11, .'■)84.—Torrey, Fl. U.S. 1,300; Compcml. Fl. N.State«, 132; Fl.X. York, il, 107; Bot. Wl.kes Expeil. 456.— Gulmpel, Otto& Hayne, Abl>. Holz. 119, t.9t>.— Sproagel, Syst. 1, 932.— Watson, Deud. Brit. 11, 147.— Beck, Bot. 334.— Ratinesqnc, New Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— Loudon, Arboretum, ill, 1417 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. 11, 142.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 180.— Spuch in Ann.Sci. Nat.2 scr. xvi,40; Hist. Vcg. xi, 133. — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490.— Browne, Trceb of America,517. — Emeraou, Trees Massucbusetts, 306, 1. 16; 2ed. 11, 3I4& t.— Planchou in Ann. Soi.Nat. 3 8er. x,23rt; DeCaudollu, Proiir. xvii, 174.— Walpers, Ann. 111,390.- Richardson, Arctic Exped. 430. -Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2.'>0.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 503.— Cooper in Smithsoninn Rep. 185H, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— (^urtlsiu Rep. Geological Siirv. N. Carolina, 1800, iil, 01.— Lesqueroux luOwen'M2d Rep. Arkansas, 386.— Wood, CI. Book, 034 ; Bot. & Fl. 299. — Engehuaun iu Trans. Am. Plill. Sec. now sor. xll, 208.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 312. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, 11, 432. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nel)raska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Burbank in Proe. Bostim Soc. Nat. Hist, xvili, 215. — Putzbys in Fl. des Serres, xxii, 206. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7ii,209.— Ridgway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,72. C crassifolia, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 133.— Nouvoau Diihamel, il, 37. — Mlchaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ill, 228, t. 9 ; N. American Sylvi»,3 ed. ill, 40, t. 115.— Pnr.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 200.— Nuttall, Genera, 1, 202.— Ruinier & Schultes, Syst. vi,307.— Torroy, Fl. U. 8. i, 300; Coiupoud. Fl. N. States, 132; Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412.— Sprongel, Syst. 1,932.— Beck, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, 0 eil. 83, — Ratinesqao, Now Fl. & Bol. i, 31. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1418, f. 1254. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot 180. — Spach iu Ann. Scl. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 39 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 130. — Penn. Cycl. xxv, 490. — Browne, Trees of America, 519. — Emerson, Trees of Massachusetts, :K)9 ; 2 ed. il, 347 &, t. C. obliqua, Moonch, Moth. 344. 0. occidentalis, var. scabrimcula, Willdonow, Spec, iv, 995; Berl. Banmz. 2 ed. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1417. C, occidentalis, var. tenuifolia, persoon, Syn. i, 292. C. cordata, Persoon, Syn. 1,292.— Dcsfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,448.— Da Mont, Cour. Bot. Cult. vi,389. C Iccvigata, WlUdenow, Ber". Bauniz. 2 ed. 81; Ennm. Snppl. 68.— Rremor & Schnltes, Syst. vl, 306.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 932. — Raliuesque, New. Fl. & Bot. i,34.—Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1420.— Koch, Dentlrologie, 11, 432. C. pumila, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 200.— Roemer & Schnltes, Syst. vi. 306.— Torroy, Fl. U. S. 1,300 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 132. — Book, Bot. 334. — Eaton, Manual, C ed. 86.— Rafiucsqne, New Fl. & Bot. i, Si. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 180. C. alba, Ralinosiiue, Fl. Ludoviciana, 25; Now Fl. & Bot. i, 32.— Planchon in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 177. C. canina and C. maritima, Raflnesque in Am. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii,43,44. C. occidentalis, Viir. cordata, willdonow, Berl. Baumz. 2cd. 82.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 217.— Pocmer & Schultes, Syst. vi, 306.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1417. C. tenuifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i. 202; Sylva, i, 135; 2ed. i, 149.— Battnesqne, Now Fl. & Bot. i, 36. C. occidentalis, vnr. integrifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 202.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 417.— Wood, CI. Book, 634; Bot. St Fl. 2<>9. C. Misxissippiensis, Boso, Diet. Ag. new ed. X, 41.— Poiret, Suppl. ill, 088.— Spach in Ann. 8ci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 42; Hist. Veg. xi, 136.— Planchou in Ann. Scl. Nat. 3 ser. x, 287 ; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 176.— Walpers, Ann. iii, 397.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 2.")4. — Lesqueroux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 380.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 443; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ridgway in Proe. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 72. C. integrifolia, NuttuU in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new sor. v. 169.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.')8, '2.54. C. longifolia, Nut tall In Tr.ans. Am. Phil. Soe. new ser v, 169 ; Sylva, i , '.34, t . 40 : 2 od. i, 148, t. 40.— Rafino.squc, New Fl. &. Bot. i, 33. — Planchou in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 177. C. heteropln/lla, 0. patula, C. Floridiana, C. fuscata, C. salicifolia, V. vorifolia, C. maritima, Rafinc8raska &Dakotn,2ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep.U.?. Dept.Ag. No. 11,34.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 73.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gasetto, vii, 95. M. Canadensix, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 380.— Seringe, De8i;r. &. Cult, du Mflr. 224. M. HCahra, Willdenow, Enuni. 967; Berl. Banniz. lf>2.— Nutta'.l, Genera, ii, 209.— Rafinesqne, Am. Manual Mnlberry Trees, 20.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 154.— Sprengel, Syst.i, 492.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836. M. tomentosa, Ruiinesque,FLLudovieiana, 113; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 30. M. reticulata, M. CanadetiHin, M. pariiifolia, and M. riparia, Raflnesque, Am. Manual Mnlberry Trees, 29-31. M. rubra, var. Oanademis, Loudon, Arboretum, iii, i;J60. M, Missouriensig, Auilibert, Cat. Jard. Tonnelle. t M. rubra, var. tomentom, Bureau in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 246. M. rubra, var. incua, Bureau iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvii, 347. -;if 128 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. !i! I! I'' ■■',, - m- 5l!' BED MULBEEBT. Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black hills' of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kan^aH, south to bay Biscayne and cape liomano, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A large tree, 18 to 20 meters in he'^ht, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter or, exceptionally, 2.15 meters in diameter (P. J. Berchnans, Augasta, Georgia); generally in rich bottom lands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarsegrained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptib'"! of a good polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of iurge open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light orange-yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5898; ash, 0.71; largely used in fencing, cooperjige, for snaths, and at the south in ship- and boat-building. The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible. i;ii: 1: ■v. •Si 233. — Morus microphylla, Buckley, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1865J, 8.— Gray iu Pi oc. Pliiladolphia Acud. 18(i2, 1 • . - Young, Bot. Texas, 494. M. parvi/olia, Engclmann in hcrh —Gray, Hall's PI. Toxas, ai.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Riley in Special Rep. U. 8. Dept.Ag.No.il, 34. MEXICAN MULBERRY. Valley of the Colorado river, through western Texas to the valley of the Gila river, New Mexico; and southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain cauons of southern New Mexico; in Texas generally on limestone formations. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked with several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.7715; ash, 0.68. The small acid fruit hardly edible. 234. — Madura aurantiaca, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 234; Trans. Am. P.iil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 1G9; Sylva, i, 126, t.37, 38; 2 ed.i, 140, t.37, 38.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 1.58.— Delile in Bull. Soc. Ag. Her. 1835 & t.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 217.— Seringe in Mem. Soc. Ag. Lyon, 183.'), 125 & t; Descr. & Cult, du Mftr. 232, t. 273.— Lambert, Pinus, 2 ed. ii, Appx. 4, t. 3.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1342, 13t)2, f. 1226-1228; Qard. Mag. xi, 312, f. 45-47.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 311.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 53.— Browne, Trees of America, 465.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 504.— Cooper in Suiithsot an Rep. 1858, 254.— Miqnel in Martins, Fl. Brasil. iv, 158.— Wood, CI. Book, 635; Bot. &, Fl. 299.— Porcher, ReHOurces S. Forests, 101. — Koch, Dendrologic, ii, 437.— Bureau in Do Candolla, Prodr. xvii, 227. — Dumen in Proc. California Acad. V, 398. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Guibonrt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 'J25.— Riley in Special Rep. U. 8. Dept. Ag. No. 11, 35. Toxylon Maelura, Rafiuesr.ue, New Fl. & Bot. i, 43 ; Am. Manual Mulberry Trees, 13. loxylon pomiferum, Raflnesqne in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev. ii, 118. BroUSSOnetia tinctoria, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 246 [not Kunth]. OSAGE OBANOE. BOIS D'ARO. Southwestern Arkansas, south of the valley of the Arkansas river, southeastern portions of the Indian territory, and southward in northern Texas to about latitude 32° 50' N. (Dallas, Reverchon, etc.). A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.00 meter in diameter; rich bottom iantts; most common and probably reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red river iu the Indian territory. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, clo.«e-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of larger ducts; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous; color, bright orange, turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.7736; ash, 0.68; largely used for fence posts, paving blocks, railway ties, wheel stock; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the western states. - ry^-^rrr'-J- ■':*^'-- r\.- CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 129 PLATANACE^. 235. — Platanus occidentalis, Linntens, Spec. 1 ed. 9f r>.— Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 134.— Mursliall, Aibiistum, 10.'>.— Waiigciilu'ini, Amer.31,t. 13, f.31.— Walter, Fl. Carol'niana,236.— Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 365; 2 od. v, 305. — Mooncli, Moth. 358. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 55. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163. — Lamarck, Diet, v, 438. — Nouveau Diibamel, ii, C, t. i. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 474 ; Euniii. 984 ; Borl. Baamz. 284. — Persoon, 8yn. ii, 575. — Desfoutaines Hist. Arb. ii, 545. — Scbkubr, Haiulb. iii, 274, t. 30C. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 524. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 184, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 46, t. C3.— Piirsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 635.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. PhiladelpU. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 176.— Eaton, Manual, 110 ; 6 ed. 267.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 171.— James in Long's Exped. i, 23.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 620.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 218 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Audubon, Birds, t. 206.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2043, f. 1959 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 361.— Hooker, FL Bor.-Am. ii, 158. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 38'1. iJmerson, Trees Massachusetts, 227 ; 2 ed. i, 261 & t. — Scheele in Roemer, Texas, ^ 446. — Buckley in Am. Jour. Set. 2 ser. xiii, 399. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 282. — Darby, Bot. 8. States, 509. — Agardh, Theor. A, Syst. PI. t. xlli, f. 1,2.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Hartig, Forst. 446, t. 54.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 418.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 76. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 386. — Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 303. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — A. Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi", 159.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447 ; Hall's PL Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii, 468. — Sohuizluin, loon. t. 97, f. 1-24. — Young, Bot. Texas, 498. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraiik* & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 22.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 73.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 187U-'80, 550. P. lobata, Mmnch, Moth. 358. P. hybridas, Brotero, Fl. Lus. ii, 487. P. vulgaris, var. angulosa, Spach in Ann. 8oi. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 293 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 79. Indian pottoin tmliiui Itb thu irowth •angu, i I'cnco tea. SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. BUTTON-BALL TREE. WATER BEECH. Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Vermont and the noithern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie, west tc eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, extending southwest to the valley of the Devil's river. The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 meters in diameter; generally along streams and river bottoms, in rich, moist soil; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts; the uumtrous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that of all the North American species; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.CG78; ash, 0.46; largely used for tobacco boxes (its principal use), ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 236. — Platanus racemosa, Nuttall; Audubon, Birds, t. 362; Sylva, i, 47, t. 15; 2 ed. i, 63, t. 15— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336.— Niwbeny in Pacific R. R. Rip. vi, 33, 89, t. 11, f. 10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Torrpy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204; Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 457. — A. De CandoUe, Prcd' xvi", 160.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 469.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 66. P. OCCidenfMis, Hooker & Amott, Bot. Becchcy, 160, 380 [not Liunieus]. P. Cali/ornica, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 54. P. Mexicana, Moricand, PI. Rar. Amer. t. 13T— forroy in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. vil,20. SYCAMORE. BUTTON WOOD. California, valley of the Sacramento river, south through the interior vallej's and coast ranges to the southern 1)0undary of the state. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; bf>rders of streams, in rich soil. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of smail ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4880; asli, 1.11. 9 FOB I 1; 130 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 237.— Platanus Wrightii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, x, 34C.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. P. Mexieana, Torrey in Emory's Ecp. 151 [not Moricand]. .P. raeemosa, Watson, Pi. wheeler 16 [not Nuttall].— Rothrdck in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239. SYOAMOEE. ' Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of tbe San Pedro river, Arizona; southward hito Mexico. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a tru.ik 0.45 to O.GO meter in diameter; banks of streams and high mountain cailons. Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, A-ery conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4730 ; ash, 1.35. JUGLANDACE^. 238.— Juglans cinerea, Liimiius, Spec. 2 eil. 1415. — Jacquin, Icon. Rnr. i, t. 193.— WangPiibcini, Amor. 21, t. 0, f. 21. — Walter, Fl. Caroliiiiana, 235. — Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 301; 2 ed. v, 296.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 503; 111. iii, 31)5, t. 781, 1". 7.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 2.J, 31; ii, 43.— Muhlenberg & Willdi-now iu Neuo Sobriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388.— Jlitbaux, Fl.Bor.-Am. ii, 191. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Euum. 978; Berl. Banmz. 193.- Persoou, Syn. ii, 55G.— Di Klontaincs, Hist.Arb. ii, 347.— Piirsb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,636.— Burton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92.— Bigelow, Med. Bot". ii, 115, t. 32 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 378.— Eaton, Mannal, 108- 6 id. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, C23.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 8G5.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, ISO.— Raiinosquo, Med. Bot. ii, 234.— Audubon, Birds, t. 142.— Beck, Bot. 3:J5.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. ii, 170.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 307.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1439, f. 12G2.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 143.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Enieraon, Trees MaHsacbusetts, 182 ; 2 ed. i, 207 & t.— Griffltli, Med. Bot. 589.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 42, t. 8I>.— Parry iu Owen's Rep. 618.— Unrliugton, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Coop'-r in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Cbapniau, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45. — Lesqn reux iu Owen's 2il Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 640; Bot. & Fl. 304. — C. De Candolli) iu Ann. Sei. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 16, t. 4, .'. 45; Prodr. xvi-, 137. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 317. — Engeluiauu in Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447. — Kouh, Dendrologie, i, 589. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Broadbead iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 247, t. 247.— Boal iu Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 6.— Sears in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada^ 1878-'80, 53'.— Ri.lgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 76. J. oblonga, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, .332— Mocrch, Meth. 696.— Eetzins, Obs. i, 10. J. oblonga alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. J, cathartica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb.Am. i, 165, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 109, t. 31. Cart/a cathartica, Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 178. Wallia cinerea, Alefeld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334. BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. Southern Now Brunswick, valloy of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota (lake Pokogoma, Oarrisoyi) and central Iowa, sonth to Delaware and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and southeastern Kansas. A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 uioters (liidgicay) in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the south; most coninion and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River basin. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarsegrained, compact, easily worked, satiny, suscejitible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color, bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4080; ash, 0.51; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic {Am. Jour. Pharm. 1874, 109. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 526. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 794), and furnishes a yellow dye. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 131 239.— Juglans nigra, Linnnus, Spec. 1 ed. 997.— Jaoqnin, Icon. Rar. i, 1. 191.— Waogenheim, Amer. 20, t. 8, f. SO.- Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Hort. Kew, iU, 360; 2 ed. v, 296.— Moencli, Meth. 696.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 502; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 6.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 88.— Muhlenberg & Willdenuw in Nene Schriften Gosell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Ennm. 978; Borl. Banmz. 193.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xx, No. 3.— Persoon, 8yn. ii, 566.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. li, 347.— Neuveaa Duhamel, iv, 179, t. 48.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 158, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 od. i, 140, t. 30.— Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadclph. 92; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 177.— Eaton, Mannal, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220 ; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.— Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 163.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 622.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 179.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 158.— Audubon, Birds, t. 84, 156.— Rafluesquc, Med. Bot. ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 168.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1435, f. 1260 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 185; 2 ed. i, 211 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 254.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.--Curtis in Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candoile in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 34, t. 1, f. 1, 8-10; Prodr. xvi*, 137.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 809. — Poroher, Resources 8. Forests, 318.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 447.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 587.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 244, f. 1, 8, 12, 13.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska «fc Dakota, 2 od. 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 302.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 30, f. 5.— Scars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53«.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1F82, 76.— Nicholson in London Ganl. Chronicle, 1882, 780. — Watson in Proo. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. J. nigra oblotiga, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. Wallia nigra, Alefeld in Bonplaudia, 1861, 334. BLACK WALNUT. Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 meters in diameter; rich bottom lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory ; less common east of the Alleghany mountai)>«, and now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large, regularly-distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not con8i)icuous ; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, O.Oll") ; ash, 0.79; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun stocks than that of any other Noi t h American tree. 240. — ^Juglans rupestris, Engelmanu; Sitgreavcs' Rep. 171, t. 1.5.— Torrey, Bot. Mpx. Boundary Snrvry, SOCi; Ives' Eep.27.— Cooper in Smithwaian Kop. 1858, 2(50.— C. Do Cnndollo in Ann. Sti. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 28, t. 2, f. 11 ; Prodr. xvi«, 138.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24 —Watson, Bot. Californin, ii, 93 ; Proo. Am. Acad, xviii, l.''-5. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. J. rupestris, Var. major, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 16; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 20.— C. De Caudollc, Prodr. xvi^, 138.— Ilenisley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 1G4. J. CaUfornica, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 349 ; Bot. California, ii, 93.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Rothrock iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249. WALNUT. Valley of the Colorado river (near Austin), west through western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, and in the California Coast ranges from the San Bernardino mountains to the neighborhood of San Francisco bay and the valley of the Sacramento river. A tree rarely 15 to 22 meters iu height, with a trunk ^ 30 to 0.00 mefer in diameter, reaching its greatest development in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay; .. Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched shnib; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hr.rd, not strong, coarse-grained, checking iu drying, susceptible of a good polish, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0554; ash, 1.01. I'uo small nuts sweet and edible. > ■ ''li 1 "I J ,|i '^1 132 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 241. — Carya olivseformis, Nuttall, Geuoia, ii, 221.— Sprengcl, Sjst. ii, SJS).— Eaton, Manual, 0 pd. 8a.— Spach. Hist. Vog. li, 173.— Penn. Cycl. vi, lUi.- Loudon, Arborotuni, iii, 1-141, f. 1263.— Eaton & Wright, Dot. 183.— Scheelo in Ha-iuer, Texutt, 447.— Bolg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 45, f. 2.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey 205.— Cooper in Sniitlisoniau Kep. 1858, 205.— Cliapman, Fl. 8. States, 418.— Losqueroux in Owou'» 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, C41 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 3(i, t. 1, f. 3, t. .'i, f. 5'.); Prodr. xvi'^, 144.— Porchor, ReHourcos 8. Forests, 333.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 448. — Young, Bot. Texan, 4!)9. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadliead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, CO.— I{i8, 255. — Cbnpinnn, Fl. 8. StatcB, 410.— Curtis in liop. Oi^oloiiical Snrv. N. Carolina, 18(iO, iii, 44.— Wood, CI. lJooU,(il2; Hot. 7.— Sprcngol, Syst. ii, 849.— T jrrey, Compciid. Fl. N. States, ^58.— Hock, Wot. 33(;.— Kntoii, Mniiii.il, C ed. 8;».— Spucli, Hist. Vcg. ii, 178.— Ponu. Cycl. vi, 338.- L.vrliiigton, Fl.Costrica.a ed. fi-Ki.— Loudon, Avbonttiim, iii, l.lli», 1". lJ7'»'-l.i74.— Katou & Wrigbt, Uot. 183.— .Spacli, Hist. Veg. ii, 178.— Kmersoii, Trees iliissachusotts, 197, 1. 14 ; 'i ed, i, y'J4 & t.— AVood, 15ot. &. Fl. :!04. — C. ])o Camlolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 sor. xviii, 3C, t. 1, f. 5, t. 5, f. 54; Prodr. xvi-, 113.— Porelier, Kcsources S. Forest h,;!3J.— Gray, Muuiml N. States, 5 i'd.44a; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 1^4.- Ridgway in Proe. U. i?. Kat. Mus. \ri&i, 78. Jvglans glabra, Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Wangenlieini, Anicr. 25, t. 10, f. 24.— Mublenberg & Willdenow in Noue Scbriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Derliu, iii, 391.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Berl. Banuiz. 196.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 606.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 297.— Eaton, Muunal, 108.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 1C4. Juglans alba aeuminato, Marshall, A bustum, (H Jnglans obcordata, Lamarck Diet, iv, 504.— Mublenberg & Wiildenow in None Scbriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458. — Persoon, Syn. 5ti0. Juglans porcina, Mielmux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 206, t. 9; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 132, t. 38.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept.ii, 038.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 92.— Audubon, Birds, t. 91. Juglans pi/ri/ormia, Mublenberg, Cat. 92. Juglans porcina, var. obcordata, Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbil.idelpb. ii, 180.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1()7. Juglans porcina, var. pisifonnis, Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, a38.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 180. C. glabra, Torrey, Fl. N.York, ii, 182, 1. 101.— Gray, Manual N. States,! cd.4I2.— Darlington, Fl.Ccstrica, 3 cd. 2C4.— Coopei in Smithsonian llep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 419.— Curtis in Kep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 594. — ^Young, Bot. Texas, 499. C. amara, var. porcina. Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. PIG NUT. BROWN HICKORY. BLACK HICKORY. SWITCH BUD HICKORY. Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to cape Canaveral and Pease creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 40 {Ridgway) meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; dry hills and uplands; common. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many large open ducts; color, dark or light brown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; speciflc gravity, 0.8217; ash, 0.99; used for the same purposes a» that of the shell-bark hickory. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 135 246. — Carya amara, Xtittail, flener»,ii,82ti.— Burton, Compoud.Fl.PhiladoIph. 11,180.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 630.— Sprengel,8yit.U,840.— Totrey,Compond. Fl.N.Stat«a, 358; Fl.N. York, it, 183.— Beck, Dot. 336.— Spacb, Hist. Vog.il, 177.— Penn. Cyol.Ti,33!J.— Loudon, Arboretum, ill, 1443, f. 1204.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. il, 144.— Emerson, Troea Massactausotts, 191), 1. 15; 2 ed. 1,220 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cegtrlca, 3 ed.264.— Darby, Bot. S. States, &13.— Cooper lu Sinltbsoulan Bep. 1858, 255.- Cbapman, Fl. S. States, 410.— Curtis in Rep. Oeologloal Surr. N. Carolina, 1860, Hi, 44.— Lesqiieroux in Owou'h 2a Rep. ArkunsaH, 387.- Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. &, Fl. 304.— C. Do Candollo in Ann. Soi. Nat. 4 ser.xviil, 36,t.l,f.2, t. 5, f. 53-55; Prodr.xvl', 144.-Oray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Kooh, Dendrologio, i, 592.— Young, Bot. Tuxus, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178.— Bell in Oeologioal Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 5S«.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77. Juglans alba minima, Marshall, Arbustum, 68. Juglana cordl/ormia, Wnngonboim, Amor. 25, t. 10, f. 25. t Juglans angustifolia, Lomarck, Diet, iv, 504 [not Alton]. Juglans amara, Miobaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. 1, 177, t. 4 ; 3 ed. i, 116, t. 33.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. 11, 638. Hickoriua amara, RaUncsrinc, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109. BITTER NUT. bWAMP HICKORY. Southern Maiuo to the valley of the Snint Lawrence river, west through Ontario, central Michigan and Minnesota to eastern Nebi*aska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to the Ohattahoochce region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.00 meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7552; ash, 1.03; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc. !ftl 247. — Carya myristicseformis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 282. —Elliott, Sk. il, 626.— Sprcngol, Syst. ii, 849.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 11, 179.— Penn. Cyol. v, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451, f. 1275.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 1833.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Soi. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 6, f. 58; Prodr. xvi", 145.— Koch, Dendrologio, i, 595.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— RaTonol in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vi, 81. Juglans myristicoeformis, Mlchaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 211, t. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 135, t. 39.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 638. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112. — w.aflnesquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 161. C amara, var. myristicwformis. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. NUTMEG HICKORY. South Carolina, "Goose creek" {Micliaux), " Berkeley district" {Bavenel)', Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river (Pine Bluff, Letterman), south to the Red River valley. . A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; sandy ridges along the borders of streams and swamps; rare and very local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, containing numerous small open ducts, layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8016; ash, 1.06. rge 17; 248. — Carya aquatica, Nuttall, Genera, 11, 222.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 627.— Sprcngel, Syst. ii. 849.— Eiiton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 179.— Ponn. Cyol. ri, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1265, 1266.— E.atou & Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheelo in Roemer, Texas, 447.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 514. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 419. — Curtis in Hop. Ooological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44. — Lesqnereux in Owen's Sid Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Cundolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, 1. 1, f. 4, t. 5, f. 56, 67; Prodr. xvi», 144.— Koch, Dendrologio, i, 593.— Y^oang. Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24. Juglans aqitatica, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.i, 182, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 119, t.34.— Pnrsfa, Fl. Am. 8ept.ii, 638.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112. Hicorius integrtfoliOf Raflnesqno, Fl. Ludoviciana, 109. 0. integrifoliOf Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— London, Arboretum, Iii, 1451. I 136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WATER HICKORY. SWAMP HICKORY. BITTER PEOAN. North Carolina, in the loT^-er districts, south to cape Malabar and the Galoosa river, Florida (in Florida not detected within 8 or 10 n;ile8 of the const), through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or generally much smaller; low river swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lower Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather briiile, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered, open ducts ; layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in tli(i other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7407 ; ash, 1.27 ; used for fencing, fuel, etc. MYRICACE^. 249. — Myrica cerifera, Linnreus, Spec. 1 ed. 1024.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 92.— Marshall, ArbuBtum, 94.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 592; 111. ill, 402, t. 809, f. 1.— Gojrtner, Fiuct. i, 19li, t. 39, f. 7.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 242.— ^Uton, Hort. Kow. iii, 396; 2ed. v, 379.— Moencb, Meth. 362.— B. S. Barton, Coll. ii, 4.— Noiiveau Duhamol, ii, 190.— Sclikuhr, Handl). iii, 465, t. 322.— Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 745; Euum. 1011 ; Berl. Baumz.254.— Pitsoou, Syn. ii, 61 1.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 472.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 100.— Pnroh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 020.— Nuttall, Generi, ii, 235 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 167.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ill, 32, t. 43; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 39- .— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 197.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 493.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 372 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 197.— Raflnesque, Med. Bot. ii, 244.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Beck, Bot. 324.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2057, f. 1968.— Liudley, Fl. Med. 305.— Dietrich, Syn. i, .">51.— Eaton & Wi ight, Bot. 324.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 263.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 224 ; 2 ed. 1,2.50 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Chapman, Fl. S States, 426.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 106.— Lesqucreux in Owen's 2a Rep. Arkansas, 389.--Wood, CI. Book, 650; Bot. & Fl. 309.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 312. — C. Do CaudoUo in Ann. Sci. Kat. 4 ser. xviii, 21, t. 3, f. 32; Prodr. xvi", 14H.— Lawson in Traus. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vlii, 108. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 457.— Koch, DenJrologio, ii, 663. — Young, Bot. Texas, 511. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. M. PennsyJvanica, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 5<)2.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 472.— Nonvcau Duhamol, ii, 190, t. 55.— Pursh, FL Am. Sept. ii, 020.— Sprcngel, Syst. 1,493.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 232.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 325.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 262. M. CaroUnensiS, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Wangenheim, Amor. 102.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 746; Enum. 1011.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. V, 379.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 620.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 235.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 678.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 232.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 32 J.— Daiby, Bot. S. States, 507. M. cerifera humilis, Marshall, Arbustum, 95. M. cerifera, var. latifolia, Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 396. M. cerifera, var. media, Michaux, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, -; .7. M. cerifera, var. arborescens, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. il, 227. M. cerifera, var. pumila, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 227.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 620.— Chapman, FI. S.Statea, 427. M, cerifera, var. angustifolia, C. De Candollo, Prodr. xvi«, 148. M, cerifera sempervirem, iiort. BAYBEURY. WAX MYRTLE. Shores of lake Erie; Maine, and south near the coast to the Florida keys and southern Alabama. A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or, except in the southern states, a low, much-branched shrub ; usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest development in the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; colof, dark brown the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5037; ash, 0.51. The leaver, and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots sometimes employed by herbalists {Am. Jour. Pkarnt. 1863, 193. — U. 8. Disj^cnsatory, 14 ed. 257, 1700. — Xat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 944). The wax which covers the ■mall globular fruit, formerly largely collected and made into candles, and now, under the name of myrtle-wax, a popular req;iedy in the treatment of dysentery. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 137 250. — Myrica Californica, Chamisso, Linnsa, Ti, 535.— Denthani, PI. Hartweg, 336 ; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 160.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beochey, 390.— Liudley in Jour. London Hort. Soo. vli, 282.— Torroy in Pacific R. R. Kep. iv, 137; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 465.— NcwbciTy in Pacific R. R. Rnp. vi, 89.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii', 68.— C. Do CandoUo, Prodr. xvi', 153.- Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 401.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81. t M. Xalapenais, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bccchoy, 160. . Cape Foulweatlier, Oregon, Routh near the coast to the bay of Monterey, California. A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, verj' close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin,, conspicuous ; color, light rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.G703 ; ash, 0.33. cupuliferj:. 251. — Quercus alba, Liumcns, Spec. 1 ed. 996. — Da Roi, Harbk. ii, 370, t. 5, f. 5.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Marshall, Arbustum, 119. — Waugenheim, Amer. 12, t. 3, f. 6.— Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 235.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. lii,358; 3 ed. v, 293.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 80,87.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.- Am. ii, 195. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gcsell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395,- Willdenow, Spec, iv, 4»8; Euum. 977; Berl. Banmz. 346.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 570.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 508.— Miclumx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 13, t. 1; N. Ami'iican Sylvtt, 3 ed. i, 32, 1. 1.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63:1.- Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Conipond. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 17.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,215 ; Sylva, i, 14; 2 ed. i, 24.— Nouveau Duliamel, vii, 175.— Hayne, Doud. Fl. 158.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 864.— Torrey, Conipend. Fl. N. Statt-s, a(>9; Fl. N. York, ii, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 107, 147.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864, f. 1723-1726 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Euton & Wright, Bot. :i.'<5.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 375.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 155.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 127, t. 1; 2 ed. i, 145 & t.— GrilUth, Med. Bot. 585.— Penn. Cycl. xix, 216.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Darlington, FI. Ccstrica, 3 ed. 266.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. —Cooper in .Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brcndol in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soe. iii.Ol'.'i, t. 1.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 423.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 31. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2il Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 645; Bot. &■ Fl. 306.— Porcher, Resourcce S. Forests, 257.— A. De Candollc, Prodr. xvi«, 22.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. VIdon. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 66.— Liobmaiin, Chfinos Am. Trop. t. xxxiii, 29, 30, 58, 59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 450; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Deudrologio, ii", 50.— Young, Hot. Texas, 505.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Broadheud in Coulter'.s Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Britton in Bull, Torrey Bot. Club, viii, 126. — Bell in Geolo|j;ical Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,52«.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 78. tQ. sinitata, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235. Q. alba, var. pinnatifida, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 4, t. 5, f. 1 ; Fl. B- j. ii, 195.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1804. Q. alba, var. repanda, Michaux, Hist. Chfincs Am. No.4,t. 5,f.2.— Pursh,Fl. ..m. Sept. ii, 633.— Haync, Dcnd. Fl. 159.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1864. Q. alba, var. pinnatijido-sinuata, Hayne, Dond. Fl. 158. Q. alba, var. Sinuata, Hayne, Dond. Fl. 159. Q. alba, var. microcarpa, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«,22. 'i ' V Si ■ WHITE OAK. Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint John's river and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of Nodaway river, Missouri, western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 meters in diameter; all soils; very common and reaching its greatest development along tiie western slopes of the Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the Ohio river and its tributaries, here often forming more than half the forest growth. Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check unless caref\illy seasoned, durable in contact with the soil; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, prominent; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; specific gravity, 0.7470; ash, 0.41; largely used in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and baskets, aud for railway tics, fencing, intorior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc. A decoction of the astringent inner bark is employed medicinally in cases of hemorrhage, dysentery, etc. (17. S, Dwpmwatory, 14 ed. 756. — Nat. Diapenaatory, 2 ed. 1106). ! ii' 138 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 252. — Quercus lobata, N^e, Ann. Cieno. Nat. iii, 278. — Smith in Bees' Cyol. xxx, No. 77. — Persoon, Syn. il, 571. — Nouvean Duhamel, vii, 180.— Poiret, Snppl. il, 224.— Benttiam, x'l. Hartwig.337.— Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Seluk. Forhandl. 1854,14; Chfines Am. Tiop. 23, t. 42, f. 1-3.— Torrey,Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Bot. Wilkes Ezped. 461, t. 15.— A. De Candolle, Piodr. xvi», 24.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii»,53. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engolmann lu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 388; Wheeler's Rep. vi,374; Bot. California, ii, 95. Q. Hincblii, Bcntham, Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv. 24.— Walpers, Ann. i, 635.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 138; v, 3nerally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of yonng trees quite tough, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few not large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; apeciflc gravity, 0.8407; ash, 0.99; largely used for fuel, and iu Utah the bark in tanning. «?.*« 140 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ~'W1l 256. — Quercus tnacrocarpa, Michaux, Hi8t.Ch«ne8Atn.No.2,t.2, 3; FI.Bor.-Am. ii, 194.— Willdenow, Spcc.iv, 403; Eimm. 077; Berl. Bauinz. 350.— Smith in Rees' Cyol. xxs, No. 80. — pLTSoon, Syn. ii, !)70.— Poiret, Siippl. i 1, 2'24.— Mitliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 34, t. 3 ; N. Amoricnn Sylva, 3 od.i, 35, t. 4. — Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 032.- Niittall, Genera, ii, 215.— Non veau Duliauiel, vii, 182.— Huyiie, Dcnd. Fl. 101.— Sprcngol, Syst. iii, 863.— Torroy, Compi-nd. Fl. N. States, 3r>9; Nicollet's Rep. KiO; Fl. N.York, ii, 191, t. 108i— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eatou.Maunal.G od. 293.- Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1809, f. 1731 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 385. — Spnc]!,Hi8t. Vog. xi,159. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 132, t. 2; 2 ed. i, 149 &■ t. — Scheclo in Roomer, Texas, 440.— Kicliardson, Arctic Exped. 437. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. 131, t. 5, f. 21. — Chnpmnn, Fl. S. States, 421$. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rop. Arkansas, :$87.— Wood, CI. Book, 045 ; Bot. & Fl. 30(i.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 389.— A. Do Candollr, Prodr. xviS 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Vidcn. Mr.ddelt. Nos. l-(), 18(56, 07.— Liobmann, Ch6ues Am. Trop.t.O, t.33, f. 27, 28.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Koch, Dcudrologie, ii^ 51.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— WiucheU in Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills, 08. — Haydcn in Warren's Rop. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhcad in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, CO.- J. F. .Tamos in Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Not. Hist, iv, 1 & t.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 81.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49<:.— Watson in Pi-oc. Am. Acad, xviii, 150. Q. Olivw/ormis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am, ii, 32, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 33, t. 3.— Smith in Reos' Cycl. xxx, No. 91.— Pnrsh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,0;i2. — Nuttall, Genera, ii,215; Sylva, i, 14; 2cd. i,24. — Nouvcaa Duhamel, vii, 181.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 804.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Fl. N. York, ii, 191.— Beck, Bot. 330.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1809, f. 1730.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Spach, Hist. Vog. xi, 1,59.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 414.— A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. l-<5, 1800, 67. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 391. Q. obtusiloba, var. depressa, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 915. Q. macrocarpa, var. oUvceformtS, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 cd. 404 ; 5 ed. 451. Q. macrocarpa, var. abbreviata, a. De Candollo, Prodr. xvi«, 20. Q. macrocarpa, var. minor, a. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 20. Q. Stellata, var. depressa, A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 23. BUER OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. OVER-OXTP OAK. Nova Scotia, N—7 Bniiihwick, northern shores of hike Hnron to hike Winnipeg, south to the valley of the Penobscot river, Maine (C. E. Hamlin), and along the shores of lake Chaui])lain and the vallej' of the Ware river, Massachusetts, to Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky mountains of Montana, central Nebraska and Kansas, southwest to the Indian territory and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 50 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20' to 2.10 meters in diameter; rich bottoms and prairies; in the prairie region the principal growth of the "oak openings", and extending farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests. Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-graiued, compact, more durable in contact with the soil than that of other American oaks ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts; medullary rays often broad and conspicuous; color, dark or rich light brown, the sap-wood much ligbter ; specific gravity, 0.7453; ash, 0.71; generally confounded with the less valuable white oak (Q. alba), and employed for the same purposes. 257. — Quercus lyrata, Walter, Fl.Caroliniana, 235.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 83.— Michaux, Hist. ChCnes Am. No. 3, t. 4; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 195.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 4.")3. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 79. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 570. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 224. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. i, 39, t. 6. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 295. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 632. — Noiiveau Duhamel, vii, 181. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 007. — Sprongel, Syst. xi, 150. — Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 295. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1871, f. 1733, 1734.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 380.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 15(5. —Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. IKiS, 2.".5.— Chaiiman, Fl. S. States, 423. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, l&X), iii, 33. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, Bot. & F1.300.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 19.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-0, 1880, 00.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 53.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 389. — Ridgwny in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882, 80. OVEKCUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK. WATER WHITE OAK. North Ciirolina, south near the coast to the Ohattahoochee region of northern Florida, west through Alabama,. Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri (Allenton, Lctterman) to middle Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0 60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep, often submerged, river swamps ; rare iu the Atlantic stales ; more commoii and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Ited river and the adjacent portions of Arkansas and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, verj' durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, ioiispicuous ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8.U3; ash, 0.05; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak {Q, alba). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 141 258. — Quercus bicolor, Willdcnow, Ifeuc Scbriften Oesell. Not. Fr. Borliu, iii,396; Spec, iv, 4'10.--8niitU in Revs' Cycl. xxx, No. 50.— Persoon, Syn. ii, .'')69.— Poirot, Supply ii, 219.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63:J.— Eaton, Manual, 107; 6 ed. 294.— Barton, Coinpend.Fl. Philudelpli. ii, 172.— Nuttall, Genera,' ii, 2ir.; Sylvo, i, 13; 2od.i,23.— Nouvcau Dubamel, vii,105.— Spreu};el,8y8t.iii,860.— Torrey, Conipcnd.Fl. N. States, 359; FI.N. York, ii, 192.— Beck, Bot. 331. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 375.— Eaton & Wriglit, Bot. 385.— Emerson, Trees Mnsaacbnsetts, 1:15, t. 4 ; 2ed. i,153&t. — Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci.2 ser. xiii, 397. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2()fi.— Lesqucreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 040; Bot.& F1.30f).— A. De Candollo, Prodr. xvi«, 20.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, IBtiO, 07.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 e2, 79. t Q. PHnus platanoides, Lamarck, Diet, i, 21. Q. alba palmtris, Marsball, Arbustnm, 120.— Mnblenbcrg & Willdonow in Neuo Scbriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, Stt;'). Q. PrittUH tomentom, Michaux,Hi8t.Cb6ue8 Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 2 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 106.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1876, f. It39. Q. PrimtSy var. (. ^color, Micbaux f.Hist.Arb.Am. ii,46,t.G; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.i,41,t.7.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 25;j. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 617, t. 3. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 34. Q. bicolor, var. mollis, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215.— Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. States, 359. Q. Prinus, var. bicolor, Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 158. t Q. bicolor, var. platanoidci, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 21. J3'.|l iff; SWAMP WHITE OAK. Southern Maine, valley of tbe upper Saint Lawrence river, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michigan to fioutbeastern Iowa and western Missouri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany mouutaius to northern Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas. A large tree, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 or, exceptionally, over 3 meters (" Wadsworth Oak", Geneseo, New York) in diameter; bordei s of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil; common and reaching its greatest development in the region south of the great lakes. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large ojten ducts ; medullary rays broad and conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.7002; ash, 0.58; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak {Q. alba). 259. — Quercus Michauxii, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 215 (excl. syn.).- Elli .tt, 8k. ii, 009.— Sprengi 1, Syst. iii, 8C0.— Eaton, Manual, C ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 386.— Daiby, Bot. 8. States, 511. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tre«'s, 25. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382. — Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. No. 22, 113.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882,81. Q. Prinua palustris, Micbaux, Hist. Cbfims Am. No. .5, t.O; Fl. Bor-Am. ii, 196.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb.Ani. ii, .51, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 44, t. 8.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philudclph. 91.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872, f. 1735 & t. Q. PrinV8, var. Michatixii, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 424. Q. Prinvs, Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 33, in part. Q. bicolor, var. Michauxii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis A-ad. iii, 390. m BASKET OAK. COW OAK. New Castle county, Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, ami tiirough Arkansas and southwestern Missouri to central Tennessee nnd Kentucky, and the valley of the lower Wabash river. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; borders of streams and deep, often submerged, swamps; the common and most valuable Mliite oak of the Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily split; layers of annual growth marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.8039; ash. 0.45; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wheel stocks, baskets, for which it ii) unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel. The large, sw^eet, edible acorns eagerly devoured by cattle and other animals. 142 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. HI m i 1 '» i';ln 1 > •■ ;,^« "■■l i < I, 260. — Quercus Prinus, Linnieus, Spec. 1 c ' 995.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 276, t. 6, f. 3.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Marshall, ArbuHtum, 125.— Wangenheim, Amer. 15, t. 4, C a— Aitoa, Hort. Kew. iii, 35C; 2 ed. v, 290.— Mocncli, Melh. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. tt2.— Muhlenberg & Willdonow in Neue Schriftcn Gesell. Nnt. Fr. Berlin, iii, 397.— Miclmnx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 195.— WilUlenow, Spec, iv, 439; Euum. 975; Berl. Baumz. 339. — Smith in Kees' (>ycl. xxx, No. 47. — Persoon, fij-u. ii, 5G8,— Desfontaines, Hist. Arh, ii, 509. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 633. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 171.— Nnt.tall, Genera, ii, 215.— Nouveau Diihamel, vii, 164. — Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 155. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 608.— Sprongcl, Syst. iii, 859.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 50, 131.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton, Manual, 0 cd. 294.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1872.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Spacli, Hist. Veg. xi, 157. — Penn. Cycl. xlx, 216.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2C7.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 423. — Lesqiioreax in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :J87.— Wood, CI. Book, 645; Bot. & Fl. .306. — Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 264.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 21.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Vidon. Meddelt. Nos. l-.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 103, 1. 109.— Gray, Miiniuil N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Ccslriea, 3 ed. 267.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Kep. Geologiciil .Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 35. — Le.sqiiereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 3S7.^ Wood, CI. Book, 64(i. — Kocli, Deudrologie, ii-, 49. — Young, liot. Texas, .506. — Engelniunn in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 391. Q, Prinus humiiis, Marshall, Arbustum, 125.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452. Q. Castanea, Muhlenberg & Willdeuow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 396[uot Nee].- Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 441 ; Knuni.976; lieil. liauniz. 341. — I'er.«oon,S.vii. ii,.5fi9.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,634. — Smith in Rci's' Cycl. xxx, No. M. — Poirel, Suppl. ii, 219.— Eaton, Manual, 107; ti ed. 'J91. — Biirtou, Couii>end. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 172. — Nuttall, Gemra, ii, 2U). -Hayne, Dend. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 610.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, H60.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N. States, "54; II. N. York, ii, 193.— Beck, Hot. 331.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3S5.— Gray, .Manual N. States, 1 ed. 415.— Darlington, Fl. Cejitrica, 3 ed. 267. — Darby, Hot. S. States, 511. — Hrendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 619, t. 4.— Chai>nian, Fl. S. State.", 424. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Canilina, li-OO, iii, 31. — Lesipiereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, ;!s7. — Wood, CI. Book, (U6.— Orsted in Saersk itt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Noe. 1-0, 1866, 68.— Liebmann, Clienes Am. Trop. f. H, K. & 33, f. 31, 32.— Young, Bot. Texas, 506. Q. Prinus, var. acuminata, Michaux, Hist.ChOnes Am. No.5, t.8; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Michaux f. Hist. Aril. Am. ii, 61, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 49, 1. 10. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 167.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 1637.— Cooper in- Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 451.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. Q. Prinus pumila, Micliaux, Hist. Ch6nes Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 1 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 196.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1875, f. 173a ■am CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 143: Q. Prinus Chinquapin, Mithaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, C5, t. 10; N. American Sylva, :Uh1. i, CO, t. 11.— A. Do CantloUe, Prodr. xvi», 21. Q. Chinquapin, I'uibb, Fl. Am. Sept, ii, C34.— Smith iii EeoB' Cycl. xxx, No. 48.— Nuttall, Genera, ii. 21C.— Elliott, Sk. ii. Gil.— ! Torrey, Couipend. Fl. N. States, 354.— Beck, Bot. 331.— Eaton, Manual, C ed. 294.— Darlington, El. Cestrica, 2 ed. 536.— Eatou & Wrigbt, Bot. ;i85. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 377. — Emersoi', Trees MaHBachnsctt.s, 140; 2 id. i, 15te <& t. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 511. Q. Prinus, var. oblongata, Alton, Hort. Kew. v, 200. Q, Prinus, var. prinoidcs, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 300. Q. Muhlcnhergii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 591.— G. D. ButUr in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 77.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18B2, 82. YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT OAK. CHINQUAPIN OAK. Eastern Massachnsetts, sbores of Lake CLamplain, west along the nortliern sbores of lakes Ontario and Erie, tbrough Kontlicrn Wicbigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and tlie Indian territory; soutb to Delaware and througb tbe Allogliany region to nortbern Alabama and Mississippi, soutbwest to Ibe Gnadalupe mountains, western Texas (Havard). A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 meters (Eidgicay) in Leigbt, witb a trunk O.fiO to 0.00 meter in diameter (y. Mtihlenhergii), or often, especially toward tbe eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a low, slender shrub (Q. prinoidcs) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, e.xcept as a sbrub, east of tbe Alleghany mountains ; very common in the Mississippi Elver basin, and reaching its greatest develoimient in sonthem Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with tbe soil ; layers of annual growth marked by rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, tbe sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8005 ; a.sh, 1.14; used for cooperage, wheel stock, fencing, railway ties, etc. The small acorns sweet and edible. Note.— Differences in tbo size and habit of individuals of this Bpeclee, thus enlarged, sc< m to be dependent upon soil and climate, numerous intermediate forms connecting the extremes of eastern Massachusetts and the Mississippi valley. iiM 262. — Quercus Douglasii, iiookcr & Arnott, Bot. Bc.cliey, ;«)!.— Hociker, Icon, iv, t. 3f^, 383.— BcnUiain, PI. Hartweg. 3:57; Bot. Sulphur, 55.— Nutfall, Sylva, i, 10, t. 4; 2 ed. i, -20, (. 4.— Torrey in I'acific R. R. Rep. v, 3&5 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 4(;'.'.— Cooper in Smiths^onian Rep. 1K(?, SCO.- A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 23.— Bnlandir in Proc. California Acad, iii, '2^0.— Orstediu Saerbkitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Mcddelt. Nos. 1-6, (Ii;.— Liebuiann, C'lienes Am. Trop, t. 41, f. 3, 4.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad.^iii, 392; Hot. t'lililorniii, ii, O.').- Hull in Coulter's Bot. G.izette, ii, <)1. ^' (j>. ohlongifolia, var. hrcrilohata, Torrey in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460. [lapman, 387.— |iv,441; >. 51.— hic ra, ii, |; n.N. I'ftriea, 424.— |iod, CI. . Trop. |i,(>l,t. ll)er in. Is, 25. MOUNTAIN WHITE OAK. BLUE OAK. California, from about latitude 39°, south along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation, and through the Coast ranges to tbe San Gabriel mountains. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, witb a trunk O.CO to 1.20 meter in diameter; common on tbe low foothills of the sierras. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, brittle, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small oi)en ducts and containing many scattered groups of smaller ducts ; medullary rays numerous, varying greatly in width; color, dark brown, becoming nearly black with e.\[)0sure, the thi(!k sap-wood light brown ; specilic gravity, 0.8928; ash, 0.81. 263. — Quercus oblongifolia, Torrey, Sitt^reaves' Rep. 173 : Bol. Mrs. Boundary Survey. i-'Wi ; Ives' Rep. 21^.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. IfeSS, 201. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi'. 30. — Watt-oii, I'l. Wlut'ler, 17. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 2(i.—Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 3D3 ; Bot. Galifomiiir ii, "Jll. y. undulata, var. oblongata, Eugelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250. Hi tja r'j:'!g- 'r% I m 1:1 144 FORES^ TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE OAK. California, foot-bills of the San Gabriel mountains, and in San Diego conuty (here occnpj'ing a narrow belt, 30 miles in ^ridth some 30 miles from tbe coast. Parish Brothem) ; foot-bills of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico ; southward into Mexico. A small evergreen tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.CO meter in diameter ; the large Bpccimeus generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, bard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual ^owth hardly distinguishable, containing few small opeu ducts arranged in many groups parallel to the bread and very cousiticuons medullary rays ; color, very dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.9441 ; ash, 2.61 ; of little economic value except as fuel. 1 . 4 i 264. — Quercus grisea, Liebmann, Dansk. Vielcnsk. Selsk. Forbamll. 1854, 13; Cbfines Am. Trop. t. 46, f. 1,2.— A. Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi«, 35.— Orated in Saerakitt. Aftiyk. af. Nat. Tor. Videu. Meddolt. Nos. 1-C, 18CC, 69.— Busby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Ix, 78.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. Q.pungens, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854,13; Cbfines Am. Trop. 22, t. 45, f. 1-3.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 36.— Orstod in Sucrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 69.— Rusby in Ball. Torrey Bot. Club ix, 78. Q. undulata, var. grisea, Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis A-ad. iii, 382; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250. Q. undulata, var. pungens, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 392 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250 ; Bot. Culifomia, ii, 96.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596. Q. undulata, var. Wrightii, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 392. WHITE OAK. Mcnntaius of southern Colorado and western Texas yllavard), southern New Mexico and Arizona from 5,000 to 10,000 feet elevation, west to the Colorado desert of California; southward into northern Mexico. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter, or reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; a polymori)hous species, varying greatly in habit and in the shape and texture of the leaves, but apparently well characterized by its connate cotyledons ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. "Wood very heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, these connected by rows of similar ducts parallel to the numerous conspicuous medullary rays; color, A'ery dark brown, the thick sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 1.0092; ash, 1.82. 265. — Quercus reticulata, Humboldt & Bonplaud, PI. ^quiu. ii, 40, t. 86.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 609.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 860.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1944, f. 1865.— Michaux f. N. Amerieau Sylvu, 3 ed. i, 90.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 33.— Orstcd in Sucrskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. X-6, 67.— Liebmann, Cbfines Am. Trop. t. H, t. 34, f. 10-10, t. 35, f. 15-22.— Vasoy, Cut. Forest Trees, 26.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Ac'ud. iii, 383; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 176. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. t Q. spicata, Humbolt & Bonpland, PI. iEquin. ii, 46, t. 89.— Bentham, PI. Ilartwcg. No. 429. Q. dcaipiens, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Bmx. v, 10. f Q, reticulata, var. Greggii, A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 34.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 176. Southeastern Arizona, San Francisco and Santa Rita mountains from 7,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many small, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, very broad ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9479 ; ash, 0.52. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 145 266. — Quercus Durandii. Baclcley, FMo. Philadelphia Aoad. 1860,446; 1881, 121.-0ray, Hall's PI. Texas, iil.—Yonng, Bot. Tezaa, 507.— Vaaejr, Cat. FoieatTieea, 86.— Watson in Proo. Am. Aoad. xriii, i56. Q. obtusi/oliaf var. t brmlfrba, Torrey, Bot. Hex. Bonndary Survey, i206. Q. annulata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Aoad. 18(:0, 445. Q. 8an-8abeana, Buckley in Young, Bot. Texas, 507. Q. undvlata, Engelmaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 393, ii. part [not Torrey}. Alabama, Wilcox county (Buckley), valley of the Little CaLaba river, Bibb county (Mohr)', Shreveport, Loaisianat, {Buckley); Texas, Dallas {Reverchon), valley of the Colorado river (Buckley, Mohr, Sargent), west and •oath. A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trank 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich bottom lands or dry meaaa and limestone hills, then reduced to a low shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets of great extent (Q. San- Sabeana); rare and local iu Alabama; the common and most valuable white oak of western Texas. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; speciflo gravity, 0.9507 ; ash, 1.78; used for thti same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba). M ■j:i!;1 kd en I • '> 267. — Quercus virens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 356 ; 2 ed. v, 287.— Bartrani,Travel«, 2 ed. 82.— Mlchaux, HistChfines Am. No. 6, 1. 10, 11 ; Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 196.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425; Enum.974. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 264. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 5. — Persoon, Syn. ii,567. — Desfontniues, Hist, Alb. ii,507.— Poiret, Suppl. ii,213.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.Am. ii, 67, t. 11; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 52, 1. 12.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 026.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 16 ; 2 od, i, 28.— Nouveaii Dubamel, vii, 151.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 595.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 8oe.—Cobbett, Woodlands, 446.— Eaton, Manual. 6 ed. 294.— Loudon, Arboretum,iii, 1918, f. ie02, 1803 &. t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385. — Spach, Hist.Veg. xi,177. — Engelmaun & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 334. — Scheele in Roomer, Texas, 446 ; Appx. 147. — Pcnn. Oycl. xix, 216.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 510. — ^Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapniiin, Fi, S. States, 4!*l.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 35.— Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 263.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 37.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-C, 69.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chines Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-57.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Aoad. iii, 383 ; iv, 191. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 178. — ^Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. Q. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 17.— Koch, T ^ndrologie, ii', 57. Q. Phelloa, var. sempervirens, Marshall, Arbnstum, 124. Q. aemperviretui, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. Q. oleoidcs, Chamisso & Schlechtendal in Linneea, v, 79.— Martens &, Galeotti in Bull. Bmx. x. No. 3.— Orsted in Saerskin. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. Q. retusa, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 18.54, 187.— Orsted iu Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. LIVE OAK. Mob Jack bay, Virginia, south along the coast to bay Biscayne and cape Romano, Florida, along the Oulf eoaat to Mexico, extending through western Texas to the valley of the Eed river, the Apache and Gaudalupe mountains and the niouutaius of northern Mexico south of the Kio Grande at G,000 to 8,000 feet elevation (Havard); in Costa Kica (Q. retusa). An evergreen tree of great economic value, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or m the interior of Texas much smaller, often shrubby; on the coast, rich hummocks and ridges, a few feet above water-level; common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, diificult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; layers of annual growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.9501; ash, 1.14 ; formerly very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building. 10 FOB 146 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA 268. — Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann, Duu8k. VideDHk. Belsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173 ; Ch«iio8 Am. Trop. 'A t. 47.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Snrvey,206; Bot Wilkes Exped. 4!)8.— Cooper in SinitbHonian Ko]>. l&'itH, 'iUO.— KollogK iu Proo. California Acad, ii, 4r>.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 37.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad. iii,ti31.—()rHti-d iu Sacrakitt. Aftryk.af. Nat. For.Videu. Meddelt. Noa. 1-6, 1H66, 09.— Vaaey, Cat. Foroat TreeB,25.— Engetumnn in Trans. St.LouiH Acud. iii, 383, U93; Wheeler'H Kup. vi,374; Bot. Califoraia, ii,97. — Wataon in Proo. Am. Acad, xi. 111). — Pulniur in Am. Nut. xii, &i)6. Q.fulveacem, KoHokk in Proc. California Acad, i, 07, 71.— Newberry iu Paciflo R. R. Rep. vi,27, 89. Q. craasipocula, Torrey in Pacilic R.R.Rcp.iv,137; v,3fc.>,t.9. f Q. oblongi/olia, R. Brown Campst. in Ann. &, Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 4 [not Torrey]. LIYK OAK. MAUL OAK. VALPARAISO OAK. Gow Creek valley, Oregon, south through the Culifornin Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower California j southeastern Arizona, San Francisco {Greene) and Santa Gatalina mountains {Pringle). An evergreen tree of great economic value, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, narrow-leaved shrub (var. vacoini/olia, Engelmann in Tram. St. LouxH Acad, iii, 393 ; Bot. California, ii, 97. — Q. vaccini/olia, Kellogg in Trans. California Acad, ii, 96). Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close grained, compact, difficult to work, contaiuinr, many rather small open duct.s arranged in wide bauds parallel to the bro^d, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown, the sa]>-wood darker; specific gravity, U.8493; ash, O.GO; somewhat used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests. 269. — Quercus Emoryi, Torrey, Emory's Rep. 151, t. 9; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Ives' Rep. 28.— Watson in PL Wheeler, 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26.- Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 3d2, 387, 394 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 170. Q. haatata, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 13; Chenes Am. Trop. 22.- A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 36.— Omted in Suerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. BLACK OAK. T>(>xar and Comal counties, Texas, through the mountain ranges of western Texas, of southern New Mexico, and of eastern and southern Arizona. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation near streams in open caiions; dry, gravelly soil, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright brown tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.9263; ash, 2.36. 270. — Quercus agrifolia, N^, Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii, 271.— Fischer, Misc. Hisp. i, lOS. — Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 431. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 568. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 29.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i, 5, t. 2; 2 ed. i, 16, t. 2.— Nouveau Dubamel, vii, 156.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 859.— Eaton, Manual, C ed. 292. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1894. — Bentbam, PI. Hartweg. 337; Bot. Sulphur, 55. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. — Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 377. — Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beecliey, 391. — Jour. Hort. Soo. London, vi, 157 &t. — Carriere in Fl. des Serres, vii, 137 & f.— Torrey in Sitgrcaves' Rep. 173; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; v, 365; vii, 20; Bot. Mux. Boundary Survey, 206; Ives' Rep. 28; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 460. — Paxton's Brit. Flower Gard. ii, 44. — ^Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rop. vi, 32, f. 9.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 37. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. — Liebmann, Chftnes Am. Trop. t. 44. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 98. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 167. Q. oxyadenia, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, 1. 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1868,261. Q. OCUtiglandiH, Kellogg in Proc California Acad. i,i{5. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 147 ENOENO. COAST LITE OAK. California, Mendocino coanty, nouth through the Coast Range valleys to Lower California. A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub (var. frutesans., Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 08); rare at the north; common south of San Francisco bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme southwestern part of the state; dry slopes and ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong',' brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of uunual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows piirallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; specitic gravity, 0.8253; ash, 1.28; of little value except as fuel. 271. — Quercus Wislizeni, A.DeCandolie, Prodr. xvi', 67.— Orated in SaerBkitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Video. Meddelt. Nos. l-«, 1866, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Treea, 27.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Aood. iii, 385, i\)6; Bot. California, ii, 98. Q. Morehus, Kellogg in Proo. California Acad, ii, :<6. LIVE OAK. California, mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra ITevadas to Tulare coanty, and in the Coast ranges south to the Santa Lucia mountains. An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.9U to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a shrub 0.90 to 3 meters in height (var. fruteacens, Engelmann in Bot. Valijbmia, ii, 90) ; not common. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bands parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7855; ash, 1.92. 272. — Quercus rubra, Linnieas, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Da Roi, Harbk. ii, !265.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 7-..>0.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.— Alton, Hort. Kow. iii, 357; 2 ed. t, 892.— Moench, Metb. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, 11, t. 103.— Miobanx, Hist. Chfinea No. 2, t. 35, 36 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 445; Enum. 976; Berl. Baomz. 343. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xzx. No. 60. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontalnes, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Mlohanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. II, 126, t. 26; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 1, 84, t. 28.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. Ii, 6.30.- Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293. — Nnttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 170.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 602.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863.— Torrey, Compoud. Fl. N. States, 358; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, 189, t. 106.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877, f. 1740-1744 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xl, 165.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 48, t. 10; 2 ed. i, 1^3 & t. — Scheele in Kcemer, Texas, 446. — Penn. Cycl. xix, 216. — Darliugton, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269. — Durby, Bot. 8. States, 510.— Coopor iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brend(^l in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 369, t. 9.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Lesqueroux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkanxas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 262. — Eugclmnun iu Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. v,209; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii,394.^A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 60.— Orsted in Saorskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, Chines Am. Trop. t. A, B. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii^, 70.— Tonng, Bot. Texas, .'i04. — Hay den in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vusey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7C, 209.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'e0, 51°. Q. rubra maxima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 395. Q. rubra, var. lati/olia, t.amarck,Diot.i,720.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 292.— Loudon. Arboretum, iii, 1877. Q. rubra, var. montana, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877. Q. ambigua, Mlchaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 120, t. 24 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 81, t. 26 [not HBK.].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6:)0.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1881, f. 1749 &■ t.— Eaton St Wright, Bot. 384. Q. coccinea, var. rubra, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165. Q. coccinea, var. ambigua. Gray, Manual N. states, 5 ed. 4.'>4. Q. rubra, var. runcinata, A. DeCun'lollo, Prodr. xviS 60.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 542. 148 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. N I: BKD OAK. BLACK OAK. Nova Scotia, soatbern Kew Brnnswick to eastern Minnesotn, western lovra, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 45 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very common, especially at the north, in all i^oils and extending farther north than any Atlantic oak. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts; medullary rays few, conspicuous; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.0540 ; ash, 0.26; now largely used for clapboards, cooperage, and somewhat for interior finish, in the manufacture of chairs, etc. Var. Texana, Buckley, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1881, 133.— Engekuann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 14. Q. palustriSf Torroy &, Gray in Pacific B. B. Bep. ii, 175 [not Dn Boi]. Q. OOCCincaf var. microcarpa, Torrey, Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 206. Q. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. IHCO, 44.'>.— Young, Bot. Texas, 507. *■ BED OAK. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river with the species and replacing it south and west, extending to the valley of the Nueces river and the Limpia mountains (Bavard). A tree 21 tu 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter. Wood heavier, harder, much closer-grained th.in the species, not checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked with fewer and smaller open ducts ; specific gravity, 0.9080; ash, 0.85. 273. — Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim, Amer. 44, t. 4. f 9.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in NeueScbriftun Gcsell. Nat. Fr. Berliu.iii, 398.— Michaux, Hist. ChAnes Am. No. 18, 1. 31, 32; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,445; Enum. 976; Berl. Banmz. 343.— Smith In Rees' Cycl. xxx,61.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 569. — DeHfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Snppl. ii, 221.— Michnux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 110, t. 23 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 79, t. 25.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2cd. v, 292.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6:!0.— Eaton, Manual, lOrf; Ceen ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; specific gravity, 0.7405 ; ash, 0.19 ; if used at all, confounded with thai of Q. rubra. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 149 274. — Quercus tinctoria, Bartnm, Travels, S ed. 37.— Abbot, Inaeots Oeorgin, ii, t. OC.— Micbaux, Hiat. ChAnes Am. No. i:i, t. 24, 25; PI. Bor.-Am. 11, 108.— Willdenow, Bpea. iv, 444 ; Ennui. U70 ; Borl. Dauniz. .144,— Dntfontaiiies, Hint. Aib. ii, 500.— Poirot, Buppl. ii, i»l.— Miobatix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 110, t,22; N. Amoriiaii Sylva, 3 eil. i, 70,t.24.— Ai(on,Hort. Kevr. S ed. v,i201.— Pnrah, V\. Am. Sopt. ii, 020.— Bmitb in Rots' CyoL XXX, No. 58.— lliirton, Prodr. V\. Pbilndulpb. 01 ; Conipend. Fl. Pbiliidclpb. ii, 108.- Eaton, Mitnnnl, 108; Uud. 202.— Nuttall, Qenera, ii,214; Sylva, i, 21; 2 ud. i,:i2.— Nouvenu Unlinuirl, vii, 160.— Hu.vm-, Demi. Fl. 150.— Elliott, Uk. ii.CiOl.— 8prungel,8yat. iii, 8fi2.— Torruy, Cumpvml. Fl. N. HtiituH, :t57; Fl. N. York, il, 188.— Audubon, Birds, t. 82.— Buuk, Hot. :I28.— Londiin, Arliorutuui, iii,1884, f. 17.'>;i; n.''>4,— Hooker, Fl. llor.Am. ii, 158.— Bigelow,Fl. hontou. 3 ed. 370.- Eutoii & Wright, Hot. ;1H4.— 8pueb, Hist. Veg. xl, 104.— Emerwin, Trees MuH8iicluinott», Ml, t. 7; 2 ed. i, 100 &, t.— Oriffltb, Mud. Dot. r>80.— Oriiy, Munuiil N. States, 1 ed. 410.— Darlington. Fl. CeHtriia,3 ed. 208.— Darby, Hot. 8. States, ,'ilO.— Cooper iu Smitbsouian Kep. ia'^>8,25&.— Brcndcl in Trans. Illiuoia Ag. Soe. iii,027, I. H.— Chapman, Fl. S. StateH, 422.— Curtis iu Rep. (ieulogical Surv. N. Carolina, 18(>0, iii,30. — Lesqnereux la Owen's 2d Kep. ArknnsnH, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 045. — Engolmann iu Prou. Am. Phil, Sec. new ser. xii, 200 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii, 305.- Poreber, ReHonrees 8. Forests, 238.— Orsted in Saerskilt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nipb. 1-ti, 1800, 45, 72, f. 18.— Liebninnn, Cbeiies Am. Trop, 0, f. 0. — Young, Bot. Texas, 504, — Haydou iu Warreu's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Quibourt, Hist. Drogues, T ed. ii, 288.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Bcutley &, Trimon, Med. Fl. if, 251, t.2&l.— Ridgway io Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 188-,', 84. f Q. rchttina, Lunmrek, Diet, i, 172.— Koob, Dendrologie, ii», 08. Q, nigra, MarHball, Arbustum, 120 [not Liuuious].- Wungeuheim, Amor. 70, t. 6, f. 10. Q. rilbr , Wangenbeim, Amer. 14, t. 3, f. 7 [not Linnicns]. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Ncue Schriften Gesell. Nat. FX Berlin, iii, 300. Q. discolor, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 358.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii. 111.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444; Berl. Banmz. 345.— Poirut, Suppl. ii, 221.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 50.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 001.— Sprangel, Syst. iii, S(>3.— Beek,Bot. 32!).- Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 202.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 384. Q. tinctoria, var. angulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 108.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1858. Q. tinctoria, vnr. sinuosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 108.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1885, f. 1755-1757.— Liebmann, ChtaeB Am. Trop. t. C. tQ. Shumardiif Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860,445. Q. COCcinea, var. tinctoria. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454.— Wood, CI. Book, 306.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xyi*, 61, ^tJ BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BABK OAK. QUEEOITEON OAK. YELLOW OAK. Southern Maiue to nortbeiii Verinotit, Ontario, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 48 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter; generally on dry or gravelly uplands; verj' common. Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarsegrained, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sai)-wood much lighter; s|)ecitic gravity, 0.7045; ash, 0.28; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc. The bark largely used in tanning; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionaUy used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage {U. S. Diapmaatoiyf 14 ed. 750. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1190). 275. — Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry, Paciiic R. R.Rep. vi,80, 286, f. C— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 408.— R. Brown Campst. Horee Sylvante, 58, f. 4-6.— Engelmann in Bot. California, ii,00. Q. rubra, Beutham, PI. Hartweg. 337 [uot LinniBUs]. Q. tinctoria, var. Cali/ornica, Torrey in Pacilio R. R. Rup. iv, 138 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Ives' Rep. 28, Q. Cali/ornica, Cooper in Sniithsoniun Rep, 1858, 201, Q. Sonomcnsis, Bentbam in Do Candolle Prodr. xvi", 02.— Bolnnder in Proc. California Acad, iii, 230.— Orstod iu Baerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Video. Moddelt. Nos. 1-0, 1800, 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Engelmanu in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374.— Palmer in Am. Nut. xii, 60(). BLACK OAK. Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains to the southern borders of California. t 150 FOREST TREES OF NORT^ AMERICA. A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in heigbt, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a Hurub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of scathwestem Oregon and the California Bierru.s. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of largo open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6435 ; ash, 0.26 ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning. (!•* 276. — Quercus nigra, LinnasuH, Spec. led. 995.— Laniarck, Diet, i, 721.— Wangcnhoim.Amc. 77, 1.5, f. 13.— Walter, Fl.Caroliniana,2."54.— Aiton, Hort. Kew.iii,;»7; 3 ecl.v,291.— Abbot, Insects Georgia,!, 50; ii, ."iS.— Miehaux, Hist. CliAiies Am. No. 17,t.82,23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg &. WilUlenow ;a Neuo Scliriftim Gc«)ll. Nat. Fr. Beilin, iii, 309. — Willilenow, Spei". iv, 442. — Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx, No. 53. — Pcrsoon, Syn. ii,569.— Di'sfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 509 — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept, ii.fiaa-Eaton, Manual, 108; Cod. 292.- Barton,CoiiuMud. Fl. Fhiladelph. ii, 168.— Nouveau Duliamol, vii, 108.— Elliott, Sk. ii, (H)0.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, X)7 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 188; Cot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 200.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 116.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1890, f. 1764, 1765.— Eatou & "iVright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 16J.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 267.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— C«opur in Smithsonian Kei). ISoS, 25.'). — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 625, t. 7. — Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep, Geological Surv.N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 38. — Lesiiuereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansa8,,38S.— Wood,Cl. Book, 644; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xviS ()3.— Orsled in Saerskitt. Aft ryk. af. Nat. For.Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 72.- Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebnia.iii, CliCnes Am. Trop. t. A.— Koch, D-ndrologie, ii«, 61.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest I'rees, 2u. — IJidgway in Proe. Nat. JIus. 1332, 82. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. Q. nigra, var. latifoUa, Lamarck, Diet, i, ■'21. Q. nigra integri/olia, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. f Q. aquatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 234. Q. xMarylandica, Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. BLACK JACK. JACK OAK. Long island. New York, west througii northern Ohio and Indiana to about latitude 55° N. in Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, east: rn Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about 99° west longitude, south to Matanzas ialet and Tampa bay, Floridii, and the valley of the Nueces river, Texas. A snuiii tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter, or more often uuich smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the southern states, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, Indian territory, and eastern Texas, f>rming, with the i)ost-oak (Q. obtusiloba), the growth of the Texas cross-timbers. Wood heavy, hard, stioiig, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.7324; asli, 1.10; of little value except as fuel. t"' 277. — Quercus falcata, Miohaux, Hist. Chfincs Am. No. 16, t. 28 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199.— Persoon, 8yn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl, ii, 321.— Michauz f. Hist. Arb. Am. it, 104, t. 21 ; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 73, t. 23.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Fhiladelph, ii, 170.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 169.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 604.-Torrey, Compend. Fl, N, States, 358,— Beck, Bot. 329.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 293.— Lcmdon, Arboretum, iii, 1882, f. 1750, 1751.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 292,- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 209.- Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2,55.— Chapman, Fl, 8, States, 422,— Curtis in Rep, Geological Surv, N. C.iidlina, 18l>0, iii, 30.— Lesquoreux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. <&. Fl. 306.— Porcher, Eesnuroos S. Forests, 25.i.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddolt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmanu,Cb6ne8 Am. Trop. t. A,t. 22, f. 3.— Yonng, Bot. Texas, 505. —Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat, Mus. 1882, 80. Q. rubra montana, Marshall, Arbustum, 123. Q. nigra digitata, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. Q. cuneata, Wangcnheim, Amer. 78, t. 5, f. 14.— Koch, Dondrologie, ii*, 64. Q. elongata, Muhlenberg & Willdenow iu Neue Sehriflen Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 400.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 444.— Smith In Recs' Cyil. xxx, .57.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291. Q. triloba. Michaux, Hist. Ch^'nes Am, No, 14, t. 26. —Willdenow, Spec, iv, 443; Berl. Baumz, ;142.— Smith in Roee' Cyol. xxx, No. .54.— Persoon. Svn. ii, 569.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 220. -Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,29l.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,628.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. l.'rf!.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torroy, Compend. Fl. N, States, 357.- Beck. Bot, 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 202.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Wood, CJ, Book,644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 151 Q.faleata, var. triloba, Nnttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 604.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— A. De Candollo, Proilr. xvi«,59. Q./akata, var. pagodafolia, Elliott, Sk. ii, 605.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Cnrtia in Rep. Ctoological Surv. N. CaioUna, 1860,iii,;i9. Q. discolor, var. triloba, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 163. Q.falcata, var. Ludoviciana, a. De Candollo, Prodr.xvi'. 59. SPANISH OAK. RED OAK. Long island, New York, south to Hernando county, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern lUissouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly uplands and barrens ; in the north Atlantic states only near the coast ; rare ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, where, in the middle districts, it N the most common forest tree. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarsegrained, checkinf: '. ^'h^ in drying; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary ray hmv, . ouspicuous ; color, light red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravitj^ 0.6928; ash, 0.25; somewhat used for ci <5)onif;e, construction, etc., and very largely for fuel. Tae bark rich in tannin. 278. — Quercus Catesbaei, Michanx, Hist. Cbfines Am. No.l7,t.29, 30; Fl. Bor.- Am. ii, 199,— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 27, 1. 14.— Willdonow, Spec, iv, 446.— Smith in Rues Cycl.xxx, No. 02.— Porsoon, Syn. 509. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii,511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii,101,t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i. 71, t. 22.— I'ursh, Fl. Aui. Sept. ii, 630.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nouveau Dubamel, vii, 172.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 603.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 8C6.— Torrey, Coiiipend. Fl. N. States, 3.")8.— Beck, Bot. 3-29.- Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 293.- London, Arlmretum, iii, 1889, f. 1762, 1763.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 3c!4 — Sptich, Hist. Veg. xi, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. States, .MO.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18r)8, 255. — Chapman. Fl. S. States, 4*J. — Curtis in Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Wood, CI. Book, 644; Bot. & F1.306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr.xvi', 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk.af. Nat. For.Viden. Meddelt. Noa. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii», 67.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. t Q. laivis, Walter, Fl. Caroliuiana.S.'VJ. m ,t.21; Iph. ii, ,6ed. ,3ed. logical rcher, ,1866, rexM, kith In .XXX, B28.— knukl, TURKEY OAK. SCRUB OAK. FORKED-LEAF BLACK JACK. BLACK JACK. North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, 7 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; very common in the south Atlantic and east Gulf states upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine belt; rare in Mississippi. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7294; ash, 0.87 ; largely used for fuel. 279. — Quercus palustris, Du Koi, Harbk. ii, 268, t. 5, f. 4.— Wangenheim, Auier. 70, t. 5, f. 10.— Miehaux, Mist. Chfnes Am. No. 19, t. 33, 34 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 800.— Willdeuow, Spec. iv,446j Eiiuui.976; Beil. Baumz. 343. — Persoon,8yu.ii,5<>9. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 222. - Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 123, t. 25 ; N. American Sylvo, i, 83, t. 27.— Alton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. v, 292.— Smith in Recs' Cycl. ixx, No. 6.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 631.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadolph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadnlph. ii, 170.— Eaton, M.nnnal. 108j 6ed. 293. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhauiel, vii, 172. — llayne, Dend. Fl. 108. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863. — Torrey, (Compend. Fl. N. States, 358; Fl. N. York, ii, 190, t. 107.— Beck, Hot, 321).— Loud8-17til & t.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 384.— S|)»ch, Hist. Veg. xi, lt>6.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2(i9.— Cooper in Smithsuuian Rep. 1H,")H, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, (Kll. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 60.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. al. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, IbOO, 23, 72, f. 4.— Gray, Mauual N. States, 5 ed. 454. — Liebmnnn, ChAoes Am. Trop. I. A. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii', 71. — Emorsou, Trees Massaehusotls, 2 ed. i, 167 & t. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— W. E. Stone in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 57.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.- Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.— Chapman, Fl. S. Slates, Suppl. 649. Q. rubra, var. diasecta, Lamarck, Diet, i, 120. Q. rubra ramOHissima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdeuow in NeueScIiriften Gesell. Nat. Fi . Kxriln, :<98. -» , r 1 11 ■1 1 I 152 lil^iil FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. FIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATER OAK. Valley of tbe Connecticut river, Massachusetts (Amberst, Stone), to central New York, south to Delaware and the District of Columbia ; sontberu Wisconsin to ecstera Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters {Bidgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along tbe borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest developmtnt west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarsegrained, inclined to check badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the sap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.6938 ; ash, 0.81 ; somewhat used for shingles, clapboards, construction, and in cooperage. 280. — Quercus aquatica, Walter, PI. Caroliniana, 234. — Aitoii, Hort. Kow. iii, 357 ; 2 ed. v, 290.— Abbot, Insects Gcor^ria, ii, t. 59, 79.— Michanx, Hist. Chtaes Am. No. 11, t. 19, 20, 21; Fl. Bor.-Ain. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neiio Schiiften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399.— Peraoon.Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaiueg, Hist. Arb. ii, 509. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 220. — Micbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 89, 1. 17 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 65, 1. 19.— Smith in Reos' Cycl. sxx. No. 52.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168.— Nonvean Duhamel, vii, 167.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Andnbon, Birds, t. 24.— B«ok, Hot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Loudou, Arboretum, iii, 1892, f. 1767.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 161.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis iu Rep. Geological Snnr. N. Carolina, 37.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 613; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 67.— drsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Meddelt. Nos.' l-«, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Tex«% 21.— Liobmann, Chdnes Am. Trop. t. D.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. Q. nigra trijida, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. t Q. Uliginosa, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18. Q. hemispJuerica, Willienonr, Speciv, 413.— Poiret, Snppl. ii, 628.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,628.— Smith in Bees' CyoLxxx, No. 56, 628.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 395.— Eaton St. Wright, Bot. 385.— Micbaoz t V. American Sylva, 3 ed. 187. Q. nana, Willdenov, Spec. 448.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599. Q. aquatica, vars. cuneata, elongata, indiviaa, attenuata, Alton, Hort Kew. 2 ed.T, 390. Q. hemispheerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, li, 214. Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. Q, nigra, Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 61, in part. WATER OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK. Sussex county, Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Leiterman), middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams and bottoms in heavy, nndrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development along the large streams in the maritime pine belt of the e.istern Gulf states. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7244 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel. 281. — Quercus laurifolia, Michanx, Hist Chines Am. No. 10, 1. 17 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, i v, 427.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Smith in Rees' Cyol. xxx. No. 14.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 288.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Nuttall,*.. jra, ii, 214.— Nonvean Dnhamel, vii, 153.— Elliott, 8k.il, 597.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 8r)7.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Loudoa, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775,1776.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385 Darby, Unt. S. States, 510. — Curtis in Rep. Geolo.^icul Siirv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 36. — Liebmann, ChAnes Am. Trop. t. D. — Wood, CL Book, 643. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Kngeliuann iu Trons. St. L(mis Acad. 111,385,395. Q, laurifolia hybrida, Michanx, Hist. ChAucs Am. No. 10, 1. 18. Q, laurifolia, var. obtusa, Willdonow,Spec.iv,428.— Alton, IIort.Kew. 2 ed.v, 288. —Wood, CI. Book, 343. Q. laurifolia, var. acuta, Willdenow,Spec. iv, 42a— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 288. Q. obtum, I'ursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,r>27. Q. PhellOH, var. laurifolia. Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 420.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305.— Young, Bot. Texas, 608. Q. aquatica, var. laurifolia, A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi<, 68. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 153 LAUBEL. OAK. North Oarolina, soath near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Bomano, Florida, and along the Oulf coast to tho shores of Mobile bay. A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse- grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7673 ; ash 0.82. 282. — Quercus heterophylla, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 87, t. 16 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 64, t. 18. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. — Barton, Compend. Fl. Fbiladelph. ii, 167. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i,15; 2ed.i,24. — Qreen in Univereal Herbal, ii,442. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357. — Sweet, Cat. 3 ed. 406.— Beck, Bot. 3'J8.— Eaton, Mannal, 6 ed. 292.— Loudon, Arboretnra, iii, 1894.— Eaton &, Wr.gbt, Hot. 383.— Gale iu Proc. Nat. lust. 1855, 70, f. 1.— Wood, CI. Book, 645.— Buckley in Proc. Pbiladelphia Acad. 1862, 361 ; 1862, 100.— Gray, Hall'i PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmauu, Cb£ues Am. Trop. t. B. — Meebau in Proc. Pbiladelpbia Acad. 1875,437, 465; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 10, — Leidy in Proc. Pbiladclp'iiia Acud. 1875, 415. — Eugelmauu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 391. — Martindale, Notes o* the \ajiTam Oak, 3; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 303.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114. Q. aquativa, var. heterophylla, Alton, Hort. Kew.2 ed. v,290.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 68. Q. nigra, var. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. Q. Phellos X tinctoria. Gray, Manual N. States, 4 ed. 406. Q. Phellos, var. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453. Q. Phellos X coccinea, Eugelmann in Trans. St. Loois Acad, iii, 541. • bartbah's oak. New Jersey, Salem and Cumberland counties, "restricted to a line or belt bordering extreme tidal points of streams entering the Dehiware river where the alluvial terminates and the upland commences," {Commons); Delaware, near Townsend station and Wihningtoii ; North Carolina (M. A. Curtis in herb. Canby) ; eastern Texas (JS?. Hall) ; this perhaps Q. Durandii. A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in lu'ight, with a trunk 0.45 to O.CO meter in diameter; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by -.everal rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.0834 ; asli, 0.17. ' largA tavity, |o. 14.— Sk.il, 386.— 1,CL 283. — Quercus cinerea, Michaux, Hist. CliAnes Am. No. 8, 1. 14 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Polret, Snppl.ii,212.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 82, 1. 14; N. American Sylva,3ed. i, 61, t. Ifi.— Alton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. v, 288.— Pursh, Fl. Aia. Sept. ii,626.— Smith in Kces' Cycl. xxx. No. 6. — Xnitall. Genera, ii, 214.— Nouvraii Duhauiul, vii, 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 594. — Sprengol, Syst. iii, 857.— Euto Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 6 ed. 294.— Eugelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262.— Scheelo iu Ka-uier, Texas, 440.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Kep. IbiJri, 2.",5.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 37.— Wood, CI. Book, (543 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 73.— Orated in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Videu. Mcddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18t)0, 73.— Gray, Manual N. Stateti, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Kooh, Dendrologio, ii', 58. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385,395. Q. PrinUS, ft. Liumsus, Spec. 1 cd. 995. Q. humilin, Walter, Fl. C.iroliniana,234. Q. Phellos, var. cinerea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, '.Jivl.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895, f. 1773.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xl.Wl. UPLAND WILLOW OAK. BLUE JACK. BANP JACK. North Carolina, south near tho coast to cape Malabar and Pea.se cri'ck, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, extending north through eastern Texi»8 to about latitude 63°. A tree 9 to 15 luetci's in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter; sandy barrens and dry ui)hind ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close gniined, eoinpai-t ; layers i»l' aiinusil growth marked by several rows of not large open duets; medullary rays diHtaiit, thin, conspicuous; color, light broN. n tinged with red, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.0420; ash, 1.21. \ ,-inr .■/^-■-,■u:*".?'>^■''■■<'".,■;.■7,■«'rv(>■^T'-■~.>^.■^.■*;ft■^;.: - 154 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 284. — Quercus hypoleuca, Kogelmanu, • Trans. 8t. Louie Acad, iii, 384 ; Whoelpr's Kep. vi, 251.— Vnsoy, Cat. Forest TieeN, 20.— UiiHby in Bull. Torrcy Bot. Club, ix, 78. Q, eonfertifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207 [not HBK.].— Coopor in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. Limpia mountains, Texas {Havard), valleys of the high mouutain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa Eita mountains, Arizona, above 0,000 leet elevation ; southward into Sonora. A small evergreen tree of great beauty, 0 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by few small open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8009; ash, 1.34. 285. — Quercus imbricaria, Michaux, Hist. CliAnoH Am. No. 0, t. 15, IC; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdtmow, Spec, iv, 428; Knum. Suppl. 64 ; Bert. Baumz. 3.T8.— Persoon, Sy 11. ii, 567.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 214.— Micliaux f. IIi«t. Arb. Am. ii, 78, 1. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 60, t. 15.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. V, 288.— Smith in Kees' Cycl. xxx. No. 15.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627.— Nuttiill, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philiidelph. ii, 167.— Nouveau Duliamel, vii, 153 — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 598.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 3.'j(7.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Mauual, 6 ed. 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1898, f. 1777.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 383.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey & Gray in P.iciflo R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Bi'ciidel in Trans. Illinois Ag. .Soc. iii, 623, t. 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 420. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 36.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candollo, Prodr. xvi», 63.— Orsted in Saer»kitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Mederid{/'oJia, Licbmann in Dnnsk. Vldonsk. Sclsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173, in put. Q. dumoia, var. biillata, Enpelraann in Bot. California, 286. Q. aculident, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207, t. 51. Coast rnngi'9 of southern Calif'>rnia. Nnmerons liyl)rid or supposed hybrid oaks, variously described by American botanists, are not properly oonsldered hex*. 156 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 288. — Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DeCandolle; Seemann'a Jour. Bot. i, 182; Prodr. xvi>, 109.— Watson iu King's Rop. y, 322; Bot. California, ii, 100.— Gray in Proo. Am. Acad. Til, 401.— Torwy, Bot. Wilkes Kxped. 463.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Hall fn Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Caatanea ehryfOphylla, Douglas in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. ii, 496, t. 16.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 21 ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Bot. Meg. t. 49()3.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Morren in Belg. Hort. vii, 248, t. 240.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 26, 89, f.4.— Fl.de8Serres,xii, 3, t, 1184.— Cooper in Smitlisonian Rep. 1658,261.— Kellogg in Proc. Calirornia Acad, ii, 280. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 231. — Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. yi, 375. — Shingles in London Gard. Chronicle^ 18H2, 716. Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, Bentbam, PL Hartweg. 337- Caatanea sempervirena, Kollogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 71. . C. chrysophylla, var. minor, a. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 110. C. chrysophylla, var. pumila, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. CHINQUAPIN. Cascade mountaiDs, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development iu the Coast Bange valleys of northern California; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5574 ; ash, 0.35; in southern Oregon occasionally used in the manufacture of plows and other agricultural implements. 289. — Castanea pumila. Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Lamarck, Diet. i,708.— Miohanx.Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 193.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 461; Enum. 980; Bert. Baumx. 78.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xiv, No. 2. — Nouveau Duhamel,iii, 79.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — De<)fontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 500. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 166, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 e, t. 111.— London, Arboretnm, iii, 1984.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 184. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 164, 2 ed. i, 187 & t. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 238. ■ Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Rudkiu in Hull. Torrey Bot. Club,vii,81. 0. Americana, Raflnesqno, New Fl. &, Bot. i, 82.— Wiildenow, Enum. Suppl. 64.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 24; 2ed. i, 38.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 191. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 23. — Martindale in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1880, 2. 0. vesca, Willdenow, Spec. W, 460, in part. — Desfoutaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, .^00, in part. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 151, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 11, t. 104 [not Gajrtner], — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 165, in part. — Sprcngel, Syst. iii, 856, in part.- Beck, Bot. 332.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Bigolow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 224.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Daxby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 46.— Wood, CI. Book, 646; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455. Mil CHESTNUT. Soatbern Maine to the valley of the Winooski river, Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Teunessee. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter; rich woods and hillsides; very common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in dryi.ig, easily 8])lit, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary ray.s nirmerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4504; ash, 0.18; largely used in cabinet-making, for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc. The fruit, although smaller, superior in sweetness .and flavor to that of the European chestnut. An infusion or fluid extract of the dried leaves is successfully employed in the treatment of whooping-cough and other pectoral aflections ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 245. — Nat. Bispensctnrv, 2 ed. 364). 291. — Fagus ferruginea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii,3G2; 2od. v, 298.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 75.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Enum. 980; Berl. Baumz. 140.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 571.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 496.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 174, t. 9 ; N. American Sylvn, 3 cd. iii, 21, 1. 106.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. xiv. No. 4.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadolph. 90 ; Conipend. Fl. Pbiladelph. ii, 174.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 145.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Commend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 194, t. 110.— Beck. Bot. 333.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, t 1917.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1.59.— Eaton & Wright, Bot, 244.— Bigclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 374.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 271.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 425.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Wood, Bot. & FI.307.— A. D< CandolU, Prodr. xvi^ 118.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 45,">.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 19.— Vasey, Cat, Foest Trees, 27.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot, Gazette, iii, 60.— Sears iii Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canatla, 1879-'80, 52<:.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. F. sylvatica atropunicea, Marshall, Arbu8tum,4«. F. Ainericana lati/oUa, Wangonheim. Amer. 80, t, 29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1916. F. sylvatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 2;13 [not Linnieus].- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 5;'>8.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 512. F. sylvestris, Michaux, Fl.Boi. Am. ii, 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 170, t. 8; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 18,t. 107.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Lesqueroux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, '.iSH. F. alba, Kntini'H<|iu-, >l. Lndoviciana, 13I F. sylvatica, vav. Amcrivona, Nuttull,Genera,ii,216.-Bartou,Couipend.FI.Philadelph.ii,174.—Elliott,Sk.ii, 613.— Eaton, M!inunl,6 od. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1953.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244. —Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 153 ; 8 ed. i, IfO & t.— Wood, CI. Book, 647.— Porcher, Resources .S. Forests, 235. F. Americana, Sweet, Hort. Brit.—8pach,Hist. Veg.xi, 201. F. ferrvginea, var. Varoliniana, London, Arboretnm, iii, 1980, f. 1915. fl 158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ij: I II it: BKEOH. Nova Scotia and the valley of the Bestegouche river to the uorthern shores of lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to the Ohattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to eaetiTU Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and Madison county, Arkansas (Letterman). A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 34 meters (Bidgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich woods, or at the south sometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamps, reaching its greatest development upon the "bluff" formations of tlie lower Mississippi basin ; very common. Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, tbe sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6883 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. 292. — Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 409 ; Enum. 982; Berl. Baumz. 260.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 573.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.- Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall. Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dcnd. Fl. 169.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 618.— Sprengel.Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356 ; Nicollet's Rep. 160 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, 1. 102.— Audubon, Birds, t. 40.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2015,/. 1940.— Hooker, Fl.Bor. -Am. ii, 160.— Eaton «& Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi,246; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. —Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— Parry in Owen's Eep. (U8. — Darlington, Fl. Cestricu, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256.-Chapmau, Fl. S. States, 426.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, (547 ; Bot. & Fl. 307. — Porchcr, Resources S. Forests, 233. — A. Do CandolIe.Frodr. xvi", 125. — Gray, Mauiiul N. States, 5 ed. 456. — Young, Bot. Texas, 510.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Sargent in Am. Nat. xi, 683.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mns.85. Carpinvs Ostrya, Linneeua, Spec, l ed. 998, in part.— Du Roi,Harbk.i,130.— Wangenheim.Amer. 48.— Marshall, Arbustum, 25.— Moench, Meth. 694.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76.— Nouveau Dnbamel, ii, 200. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 27, 1. 108. Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708 ; Wangenheim, Amer. 49.— Noavean Dohamel, ii, 201.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. vii, No. 5. Carpinus triflora, Moench, Meth. 394. Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 202. 0. Yirginica,XSiT. glandulosa, Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser.xvi,246; Hist. Veg. xi, 818. 0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spnch. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 eer. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xl, 2ia O. Virginiana, Koch,Dendrologie,ii^6. HOP HORNBEAM. IRON WOOD. LEVEE WOOD. Bay of Chaleur, tbrough the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, antl eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knoUd, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas; common. W^ood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like the sa )-wood, often nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8284 ; ash, 0.50 ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. 293. — Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— A. De Caiidulle, Prodr. xvi^ 126.- Koch, Di'udrologie, ii', 4.— Sours in Bnll. Essex Inst, xviii, 180.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 85. C. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Suppl. ii, 202.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec. iv. 468; Euuui. Suppl. 64; Berl. Baiimz. "f).- Persoou, Syn. ii, 573.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 26, t. 108.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 301.— Eaton, Manual, 109 ; 6 ed. 8i.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpb. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 176.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,21H.— Hayne, Dend. Fl.l68.-Elli()tt, 8k. ii, 618.— Watsou, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 157.— .Sprengtl, Syst. iii, e.''>4.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 107, t. 84.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York, ii, 185, t. 103.— Poun. Cycl. iv, 315. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2013, f. 1936.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 182.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 252 ; Hist. Vrg. xi, 224.— Emerson, Trees Ma^achusetts, 174 ; 2 ed. i, 198 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 273.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 425.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 648 ; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 457 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 509.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadheud in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52<=. 0. Betulus Virginiana, Marshall, Arbnstnm, 25. .^Utai , very like etc. ray m Ulllll. 3 ed. rtoii, liott, 84.— aoi3, , Sci. ]ie|>. man, DHat, Bxaa, lada, CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. IIOBNBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATEB BEEOH. IBON WOOD. 159 Nova Scotia, soutbern New Briiiiswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota (lake Pokegauiu, Qnrrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texan, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; roost common and reaching its greatest develo)>ment along the western slopes of the soiithern Alleghany mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastcrtt Texas. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous, broad; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7286; ash, 0.^3 ; sometimes used for levers, handleb of tools, etc. BETULACEJB. 294. — Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spaob, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 8cr. xv, 167 •, Hist. Veg. xi, 233.— Endlicber, Genera, Suppl. iv», 19.— Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, ilx, 76, t. 4, f. 19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 459.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun in Geological Bep. Canada, 1879-'aO, 55«. B, lenta, Du Roi, Uarbk. i, 92 [not LinnsensJ.— Wangenheim, Amer. 45, t 29, f. 38. ' B. popalifolia, Marsball, Aibustnm, 19.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336 ; 2 cd. v, 299.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 37, t. 2, f. 5 ; Spec, iv, 403. — Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, f>72. — DcsfontaincH, Hist. Arb. ii, 476.— NoiivoaiiDiibamcl, iii, 204. — Poiret, Suppl. i, 687.— Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,620.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 8. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Pbiladelpb. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 175. — Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed.53.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, i, 25; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 166.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 854.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. — Torrey, Compeud. Fl. N. State8,355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, 1. 112. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1707, f. 1560.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright , Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Treea Massachusetts, 213 ; 2 ed. i, 243 & t. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. — Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. <& Fl. 308.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 646. B. acuminata, Ebrbart, Beitr. vi, 98.— Moencb, Meth. 693. B. alba, SuhspecieB populifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xzxTiii<,399; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 164. WHITE BIBOH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware. A small, short-lived tree of rapid growth, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in eastern New England. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29 ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyri/era and B. lenta, are jjopularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreuwatic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes (Z7. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1592. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287) ; the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufacture of ink. 295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 160. B. papyracea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464 ; Enura. 981 ; Bcrl. Banmz. !>8, t. 2, f. 1.— Nouveau Diihauiel,iii,205. — Porsoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Poiret, Suppl. i, 688. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 70, t. 69.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. i v, No. 9.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,621.— B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 cd. .^3.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,218 ; Sylva, i, 25 ; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 167.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 152.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States. 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 199.— Audubon, Birds, t. 88.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. l.-iO.- Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Pcun. Cycl. ii, 349.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 ed. 1,239 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Richardson, ArctioExped. 437.— Coojer in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Hooker f. in Trans. Llunman Soc. xxiii', 300, 339.— Wood, CI. Book, 649 ; Bot. <& Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 645.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7U, 210. — Seara in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180. — Bell in Geological Bep. Canada, 1879-'60, 45<. m 160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. i'.U B. nigra, Loidoleur in Nouvfnii Dubainel,ii,t. 51 [not Linnnns]. li. grandis, Scbradtr in Ind. Hort. Ooett. 1833,8. B. rubra, LoddigeK.Cut.od. IKMJ. B. Canadeniils, Loddiges, Cat. cd. 1830. B. alba, vnr.papyrifera, Spncli.inAnn. Sci.Nat.2ser.xv,lfl8; Hist. Veg.xi, 234.— Endlioher, Genera, Snppl.iv*, 19.— Regel ill Mem. Soc. Nat. Mobcow, xix, 81, t. .'i, f. .'i-lO. B. COriJifolia, Kijj.-l in Sli-n). Soc. Not. Moscow, xix,m, t. I'J, f. 29-30. B, alba, subspecies papyri/era, III g; N. Aiiicru'iiii Kylvii, 3 imI. li.Sa, t. 7;!.— KpiK'h in Auii. Sci.Nut.'^ tier, xv, 101; Hist. Vc){. si, 243.— Endlicber, Geucra, Snppl. iv-, 20.— Wdoil, Hot. iV V\. :!0H.— Orny, Muiiiiiil N. St.ati-s, 5 oil. 4.')'.).— Koch, Deiulroloj;ip, il.lUti— Vnsoy.Cat. Fi>ro8t Trees, Sid. — Scars in Hull. ICsscx Insl. xlil, Ir'O. B. execlsu, I'msli, ri.Aui.Scpt.il.i'iJl [not Ail0. — Katon, Jlniiniil,*! u(l..''i:i. — Loudun, Ai'burotMin.iii, 1711, f. lolM, ir)().''i«!t t. — Ilnukor, I''l. Hoi'.-Am. ii, l.'id. — Miiliiu A Wii^'lit. lint, l.'ill.— Ili(;i'lo\v,l''I. Iloaton. I! t^d. Itr*!}.- Lindley in Tenn. Cyi'l. ii,!14t). — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 cd. ■ii'i. — ICiniTHon, Tri'cs MassachuHetts, •JOIJ; "J id. i, 23,5 it t. — Kichurdson, Arctic J^xped. 4;J8. — Cooper in .Sinillixonian I,'i'p. KiH, 'J'lti. — Chapman, I'l. >S. .States, 428. — (Jiirtis in IJop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18:i0, iii,74,— Wood.CI. l',o<)k,t)4H.— Hull in (ieological Hop. Canada, 1879-'80, 50<:. B, knta, llegel in Mem. ,Soe. Nat. Moscow, xi\, 125, in part; Unll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxsviii*, 417, in part; Do Candolle, I'rodr. xvi-, 17!>, in part. YKLLOW ItllJCU. G1!AY lilKCH. NewfouiKlland, northern .slioro.s of tlic yiilf of Siiiiit Lawroiice to Abittibi lake and tlio wcstoni shores of lake Superior and Kainy laki', south throufjii the northern .states to Delav.ire and southern Minne.sota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high petiks of Nortli Carolina and Tennessee. One of the largest and most valuable deciduous trees of the northern New England and Canadian forests, often 21 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.!H) to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, comitact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, ob.scure; color, light brown tinged with red, tlie heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, ().(>r)53; ash, (I'M; largely used for fuel, in tlie mannfticture of furniture, button and tassel molds, pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels. 298. — Betula nigra, Liuna;uH, Spec. 1 ed. 982.— Marshall, Arbn8tuni,18.— Walter, Fl.Cnroliuiana, 231.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,33(i; 2 cd. v,2l)9.— Ga'rtnor,Frnct. ii,54, t. 90, f. 1.— Willdenow, .Spec, iv, 404; Ennni.981; IJerl. Uanniz. ."(>.— Nonvcau Dnhamel, iii, 203, t. Til.- Persoon, Syn. ii, 572.— Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. il,477. — .Smith in Kccs' Cycl. iv,No. 2.— I'nrsli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,021. — Nnttall, Genera, ii,218. — Hayno, Dend. Fl. 166.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— KUiott, Sk. ii, (ilO.— AVatsoii, Deud. IJrit. ii, t. 153.— Sprcngd, .Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey, Compond. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Hock, Hot. :!25.- Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1710, f. 1.562, iri03 &• t.— I'eun.Cycl.ii, 149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. Cestricn, 3 ed.275. — Darby, IJot. S.States, .508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Hep. 18.58, 2.56. — Chupnnin, Fl. S. .states, 428.— Curtis in Hep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Kegel in Mom. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, ('. 1-12 ; Hull. Soe. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii', 412 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 175. — Lesquercux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Hook, 649 ; Hot. & Fl. 308.— I'orcher, IJesources S. Forests, 266.— Gr.iy, Manual N. States, 5cd. 459; Hall's I'l. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 644. — Young, Hot. Texas, 512. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Uurbank in Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. xviii,214. — Hroadhead in Coulter's Hot. Gazette, iii. (10. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882,85. B. lanulosa, Miclmux.FI. Hor.-Am. ii,l8l.— Xonveau Duhamel, iii,206. B. ntbni, .Mlchaux f. Hist. Arb. Aui.il, 142, t. 3: N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 80, t. 79.— Loddiges, Hot. Cab. 1. 1248.— EatoDi .Manual, 6 ed. .53.— i:aton it Wright, Hot. 156.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat.2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg. xi, 230.— Endlicher, Genera, Snppl. iv-', 19. B. angulntfl, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. Ii 1 w RED BIKCH. lUVER BIKCII. Banks of the ^Merrimae and Si)icket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts, Wading river, Loug island, south through the coast and middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Te.xjvs. A t. iv, IS to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; banks of streams and ponds; very comnmn iind reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states and in the basiu of the lower Mississippi river. Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, comi)act ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specitic gravity, 0.5762; ash, 0.35; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodenware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc. 11 FOB Kit w I'M! f ■ 11^ \''% ^ ; i - f i 162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH A^IERICA. 299. — Betula lenta, LinnajiiB, Spec. 1 ed. 983.— Lanmrik, Diet. i,453,— MarHball, Arbuittiini, 19.— Aitoii, Ilort. Kow. iii,3:i7; 2 cd. v, 300.— Willdeiiuw, Spec, iv, 4(!4^ Eniim. 981 ; Deri. Kiiuin!!. 59.— Porsoon, Syii. ii, J'w^.—Uosfmil nines, Hmt. Arb. ii, 477,— Nouvoaii Diilmrael, iii, 205.— Micbaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 147, t. 4;N. AnioricnnS.vIvn.Sed. ii,85, t.7'1.— ."^iiiitbiiiKi'CN'dyi'l, iv, No.3. — PurHb.Fl. Aiii.Sept. ii.Cai. — i:at(in,Muii(ial, 109; Ced.53.— Hurtoii,Compeiid. Fl. Pbibidolph. ii, 17.").— Nuttall, Gencni.ii, JilS.— Huyne, Dond. Fl. lt;7.— Elliott, Sk. ii, (117.- Watson, Uiiid. Hrit. ii, 144.— Sprengol, Syst. ii.S.M.— Torr<'y,Ci>nipciid. Fl. N. States, 350; Fl. N. York, ii, 200.— Giiinipel, Otto & Hayno,Abb. IIolz. 105,1. 83.— London, Aiboretiini, iii, 1713, 1". 1.5(j('..— Hocdier, Fl. llor.-Ani. ii, 15ti.— Eaton & Wiij{lit, llot. \M.— Bigolow, Fl. IloHton. 3 ed. 381.— Lindley in Poun. Cycl. ii, 349.— Spaili in Ann. Sci. Nut. 2 ser. xv, 190 ; HiHt. Veg. xi, 241.— Enieison, Trees MassacbnHotts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. — Ricbardson, Arctic Exped. 438. — Kndlicbor, Cicnura, Snppl. iv*, 20. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. — Darby, Bot. 8. States, 508. — Cooper in Sniitbsoniau Kcp. 18.')8, 250. — Chnpniaii, Fl. S. Slates, 42«. — L'nrtis in Rep. Geological .Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. — Regcl in Mem. Soo, Nat. Moscow, xxxviii', 125, In part; Hnll. Soe. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii,417, in part; Do CaudoUo, Prodr. xvi', 179, in pait,— Wood, CI. Book, 048; Bot. &. Fl. 308.— Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 2()."i. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 458. — Kocli,Dcudrologie,ii,f>39. — VaKcy.Cat, Forest Trees, 28. — ,Sciirs in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological Rej). Canada, 1879-'80, .-)5'^.— Ridgway in Proc. 1 J. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, «>. Ii. nigra, Du R«i, Hiubk. i, Itll.- Wangenbeim, Anier. 35, t. 15, f. 34. B. exceha, Alton, Iloit. Kow. iii, 337 ; 2 cd. v, 2!I9 [not I'ursli].— WiUdenow, Sjicc. iv, 404.- Berl. Buuuiz. 41, t. 2, f.2.— Nonveau Dnbauiel, iii, 203, t. 52.— IVrsoon, Syn. ii, 572.— Dcsfontalncs, Hist. Arb. ii, 477.— Poiret, Sujipl. i, 087.— Smitb in Rces* Cycl. iv, No. 10. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. i, 7. — Spacb in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 her. xv, 188; Hist. Vcg. xi,243. — Endlicber, Genera, iv«, 20. Ii. Carpinifolia, Elubart, Bcltr. vl.yo.— Willd«now,Enuni. Wl: licrl. Baumz. 49. CHERRY BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH. Newfouudlaiul and the valley of the Saguenay river, west tliioiigh Ontario to the Jlaiiitou islands of lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kcntncky and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; rich woodlan.— Torroy, Hot. Willins Expcd. 4(i7.— Vascy. L!'il . Forrst TriM's, •.«.— Watson, Hot. Culil'ornia, Ii. Wi. .^1. tjllltinosa, var. ncfntlitta, Kt';;il in .Mem. .Soc. Nut. Moscow, xix, KM, in part. ^1. scrrulata, var. tUt). — liusliy in IJii'il. Torrey Bol. Club, ix,7'.(. A. serrulata, var. oblong if olia, Ke-el in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^,44;»; Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, lb8. ALIJEK. San Bernardino and Cayumaca mountains, t!alitbrnia, througii tlit^ ranges of southern Arizona and southern New Mexico (o the valley of the Ilio Crande; .southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, witli ;i trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; bordor.s of streani.s in deep niounliiin cafions. Wood light, .> sap-wood nearly white; spccilic gravity, 0.3981; a.sli, 0.12. 1 '!» -'V 164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ii i 304. — Alnus serrulata, Willd enow, Spec, iv, 'Sib; Euuui. 'Mb ; Berl. Batiuiz. ii ed. 21. — Noiiveaii Duhamol, ii, '210. — Ppi-aoou, Syu. ii, 550. — Desfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii, 488. — Aitou, Iloit. !'c\v. '2 0(1. V, 259.— Micliaiix f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 320, t. 4, f. 1 ; N. Amoriraii Sylva, :t e3.— Barton, Proilr. Fl. Philadelph. 8S); Compend. Fl. Philadolpli. ii, 158.— Eaton, Manual, 105; G cd. 12.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 20().— Hayiu', Dond. Fl. 122.— Elliott, Sk. ii, .507.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, ar>0; Fl. N. York, ii, 202, 1. 115.— Beck, Bot. 32G.— Darlinu'ton, Fl. Cestrica, :! ed. 27t>.— London, Arboretnm, iii, l(jt<8, f. 1.544.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 120.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 220.— Siiaeli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 20() ; Hist. Veg. xi, 251.— Emerson, Trees Massachnsetts, 218 ; 2 ed. i, 248 & t.— Endliclier, Genera, Snpiil. iv-, 21. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 429.— Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, l()J.—I.esi|uerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 3'^9.— Wood, CI. Book, f)50; B.)l. it F1.308. — Porcher, Resonrces S. Forests, 266.--Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.- Young, Bot. Texas, 513.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. Beivlo ri(/]OSa, Dn Roi, Harbk. i, 17r).--Wangenheim, Amer. 86, t. 29, t'. CO.- Ehrhart, Bcitr. iii, 21. fJietvltl-AInitS (/lauea, Mar.sball, Arbustum, 20. Betula sornhlta, Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 3:!8.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 183, t. 92.— Miebaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 181. A. .serrihxt'U var. vulgaris, Spacb in Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206. ^l. serrulata, var. macropliylla, Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 206. A. serrulata. v:iv, ohlongaia, ."^paoli. Hist. Veg. xi, 251. A. serrulata, var. lati/olia, Spacb,His(. Veg. xi,25i. A. rubra, Tnikerman in Am. .Tour. Sei. 1 ser. xlv, 32. A. hl/hrlila. Riiclienbacli, iron. Fl. Germ. xii,t. 630, 1". 1292. .1. f/lutinona, var. serrulata, Regel inMem.Soc.Nat.Mo.sco\v, xix,l(U,t. ll,f.O, 8, in part. A. f/lutiuosa, var. rngosa, Regel in Mem. So.. Nat. Moscow, xix, 165, 1. 11, f. 9, 10. A. serrulata ijenulna and ohtU>,lt'oUa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii', 432; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 188. A. serrulata, var. ruf/OSa, Regel in Bull.. 2, in p.irt: Oe CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 188, in part. A.rujjosa. K.>eli,Depdrologie, ii,635. A. oblonijata, undulata, rue/osa, (.madcnsis, and Americana, iort. BLACK ALDER. SMOOTH ALDER, Essex comity. ]\rai<.saebii8ctts, wo.st to .soutln'rii Missouri, soutli to nortlii'rii Florida and the valley of tlio Triiiit.. river. 1 Vxas. A small tree, 0 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.1.5 metiu- in diameter, or more often a tall, braneliiug shrub foriiiing de'-se thiekets; horder.s of stream>< and swamps, probably reaching its greatest development in sonthern Arkansas. Wood light, .'^ot't, elo.se-grained, eomi)act; medullary rays numerous, eonspiciums; color, light brown, the sap- wood lighter; speciMc gravity, 0.4(>(i(5; a.sh, O.3.S. A decoeti.>n oC tiie bark and leaves, as well as tho.se of A. incana, is a ]>opular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of diarrlnea and ha'inataria, etc. {Xat. Dispensatory, L' ed. l.JS). 305. — Ainus incana, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, ;!;!5: Kiniiii.'.llM: Berl. Baumz, 2 <'d.20. — I'ersoon, Syn. i 1,550. — Alton, llort. Kew.2 ed. v, 2.'9. — Ifayne, Dend. I'l. l.VJ.— Eaton, Manual, Ii ed. 12. — Lo:ulon, Arboretum, iii, 1(IS7, ('. 1543. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 157.— Eaton «S: Wriglit, Bot. 120.— ^'-'aeh in Ann. Sei. Xat. 2 ser. xv, 2Cfi ; Hist. Veg. xi, 2.52.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 30 : 2 ed. i, 4(i. — Tm kernian in Am. Jour. Sei. 1 ser. xiv, 32.— Torrey, Fl.X. York, ii,2il.>.—EuierHon, Trees Massachusetts, 22(1; 2 ed. i, 251 & t.— Enillieher. (ieuera, Snppl. iv-, 21.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 6H. — Cooper in Si?iithsonian Rei). 1S.5S, 2,5(i. — Hooki^r 1'. in Trans. LinUiean So •. xxiii-, 301. — Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. ■& FI.31H.— Ifi'gel in Bull.Soe. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 43.! : He CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, I H^^.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Koch, Deudrolngie. ii. (l:!i;.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Maeoun in (Jeologieai Rep. Canada, t"7.'^ '76, 210. — Bell in (ieological Rep. Canada. l-T'.'-'-^'i, .'."i''. Bet •la-Alnus, var. /J. inclii,!. i.iumeus. Spec. 1 (,l.9'>3.— Du Roi, Hiirbk. i,109. lietulii incana, I.iuuieus, Supid, in.— Ait(ui, Hort. Kew. iii, 339.— Willdenow, Berl. llanmz. 1 ed. 45.— Smith in Rees' Cyel. iv.N,.. T. t BetulaAlnus rubra, Mnrsimil. Arimstum. 20. A. iil'iueo. .Miiliiiux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t.4,1'. 2; N. American Sylva,:'. id. s9, t.7.5, C. 2.— BIgelow, Fl. Bostiin.3cd. 367. A. ineiinn, var. glauca, Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed.423; 3ed. 461. A. In<''!)ta. .[mericana,ll\u\ yenuiua. Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 155. ■"^mt • of tlie ho sap- or tlie -Kiituu, ill Ann. -Torrey, Owi'ii'g n.)I.A — Kooli, s' Cvcl, :ih1.:«w. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. SPECKLED ALDEB. HOARY ALDER. BLACK ALDER. 165 Jfewfoiiudlaml to tlic Ciistern base of the llocky mountiiins, soutli to iiortliern New Englaud, Wisconsin, Miuuesota, aud eastern Nebraska ; in Europe. A small tree, G to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub; borders of streams and swamps. A form Avith lea\es green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan aud British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is — vai'. virescens, Watson, Bot. Calit'omia, ii, 81. A. incinia, var. l/lauca, Itogol in Mem. Soc. Xat. Moscow, xix, 154, in jiart ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii' 43:!, in part ; Di: Caiidollc, I'rodr. xvi-, 189, in part.— Watson In Kinf;'.s Ui'ii. v, :J2() [not Aiton]; PI. Wlnclcr, 17.— Hotlii-ock, PI. WluH'liir, .')0 ; Wlii-eli'v's Uep. vi, d39. — Maconii in Goolo^'ica! Rep. Cnuuila, IriTiVTli, 210. A. semdatd, \ vona, Rei^cl in Unll. Soc. Nut. >Ioscow, xxxviii<, 43"i, in part ; Do CandoUc, Prodr. xvi-, 188, in part. Wood light, soft, clo.' ..aiood, ihecking in drying: medullary rays numerous, broad; color, light brown, the Bap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4007 ; a.sh, 0.42; preferred and hugely used in northern New England in the final baking of bricks, aud occasionally, as woU as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder. SALICACEJ5. 306. — Salix nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, i;;9.— MnlilcnhciginNcno SchriftonGosell.Xat. I'r. IScrlin, iv, •i:\7, t. I, f. h (.Vnii. Hot. ii, OS, t. .">, t'. ."i,i. — Willdouow, Spix'. iv, GOT; ICiinin. Ifl0:t ; Bcrl. Baninz. 2 I'd. 121). — Pcrsoon, .Syii. ii,r>99.— Micliiiiix I'. Mist. Arl). Am. iii, 324, t.'>, f. 1 : N. Amciiciin Sylva, 3 ed. iii, (14, 1. 125, f. 1.— Piirsli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, (il4.— Puiict, .Snppl. iv, lil.- Eaton, Manual, 118; (icd. 320.— Nut tall, (iciuna, ii,231; Sylva, i, 79; 2 ed. i,94.— Hayiic, Dend. VI 180.— Elliott, Sit, ii, 070 — Spivn;,'el, .Syst. i, 100.— Torroy, C'ompend. 1"1. N. States, 370; El. N. York, ii, 209.— Eoibes, Sal.Wol«nrii. 280.— W. Kocli, Comment. 17.— Bi'ck, Hot. 320.— Trantvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Peteisimrtr, iii, ()14.— LouiUin, Avhoretnm, iii, 1529, l(i04, f. S.— Hooker, Fl. Uor. Am. ii, 148.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19.— Eaton & Wrif;hf. liot. 408.— Dii't rich, Syu. v, 419.— Serin^e, Fl. Jaiil. Ii 3r>.— Emerson Trees Mas,saehiisett.s, 271; 2 ed. i, 307 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 279. — Andersson in OtV. at'. Vet. Akail. Eorli. 1858, 114 (Proe. Am. Acad. iv,.53) ; Kongl. Sv<-n. Akad. Ilandl. vi, 19, f. 15; Di' (.'aiidoUe, Prodr. xvi', 200. — Darby, Bot. S. States, i)!)!!. — Cooper in Smithsunian Rep. 18,'i8, 2.50. — Walpcrs, Ann. v, 744. — Cbaiiinan, Fl.S. States, 430. — Curtis in Rep. Geoh)};icaI S'irv. N. ("iiroliua. l^tiO, iii, 75.— Le^cineienx in Owen's 2d Re)i. Arkansas, 389. — Wood. CI. Book, 0.54; B0I.& 1 "1.310. — I'oicher, Kesoii Ices S. Forests, 331. — Eni;elmaiili iu'i'rans. Am. Phil. Soc . ncwser. xii,209. — Gray, Manual N'. Statis, 5 ed. 400 ; Uail'. I'l. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii,5i;i. — Youuj;, Hot. Tex;is,5l4. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'70, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Uebb in Bot. Callforuia, ii, 83.— Sears in Bull. fCssex Inst, xiii, 181. — Ridjjway in Proe. U. S. Nat. Mils. 1882, 8(>.— Hemsley. Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 180 N. pentai.ura, Walter, I'l. Cai()liniana,243. S. Varoliniana,, Mi( haux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 220.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 0(i2.— Poiiet, Snpiil. v,()2. (S. IIoKntoniaiKt, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. (!1 l.—Poiret, Snppl. v, 08.— Spi-cuit,.], Syst. i. 107.— Elliott. Sk. ii, 070.— Trantvetter in Mi-m. .Vcad. St. Pilersbur!;, iii, 015.— Forbes, Sal. Wobnrii. 21, I. 21.— Eaton iV Wright, But. 109. S./alcnttt, VmA\, Fl. .Vin. Sept. ii, 014 [not IIBK. |.— Poiicl, Siippl. v, 70. — Sprenjjel, Syst. i, I(i7. — Forbes, Sal. 'Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Itor.-Am. ii, 149.— .tarr.itt, Sal. .\m. No. 21. — Dietrich, Syu. v, 420. f S. ambigun, Pmsh, Fl. Am. .Sept. ii, 017.— Forln-s. Sal. Woluirn. 282.— Eaton, .Mannal, 0 ed. 321. — Eat(ui & Wright, Bot. 409. S. Hgustrhlil, Micliaux f. llist. Arb. Am. iii, 32ii, t. 5,1". 2; X. Anieriiau Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 05, t. 125, f. 2.— Point, Suppl. v, 61. 8. PlimhiaiUt, Sprougel, Sytst. iii, 008.— Heck, But. 320 —Darlington, Fl.Cestnc.i, 2 eil.5G0. S.jlHVOvirenx. IIorucmanM iiiCil. Mori. Mafii, Snppl. ii, 11. t IS. COrdaltl, \i\r. fa lea fit, Torrey, Comiicnd. Fl. N. St:ites, 370. «S. niyni, vav.fakttttt, Torroy,Kl.N. York, ii, 209.— Carey in Gray, Manual N. States, 1 eil. 429.— D.irliugton, Fl.Coatrloa,3 ed.280. m i 1^^ 166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Bi.AfiK wrixow. Soutlioni 2^e\v Brunswick and tlic northern whores of hikes Huron and Superior southward through the Athintic region to biiy IMscayno and the Caloosa river, Florida, and the valh'y of the Guadalupe river, Texas; I'aciflc region, valleys of tlie Sacramento river, California, and (he Colorado river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes 15 to IS meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.liO meter in diameter, or in sontheni Florida reduced to a low shrul); usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the Mississippi river and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern Texas; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angusti/oUa, lon/jifoUa, latifoUa, cix., Andetsson in Kongl. Srcn. Aka(l. HamU. vi, 20), length and habit of the aments, etc. The best mai-ked forms are — var. marginata, Andmsson in Kongl. .Svcn. Akad. H.unU. vi, i'i; Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 201. 8. marginata, Wimnicr in Sohedul. Heil>. Vind.-ib. var. longipes, Andersson in Konj;!. Svcn. Akiid. llaudl. vi.ii; Do t'audolk-, Prodr. xvi«, 201. S. longipes, Simttlowortli in liorb. Hookor.— Andorsso.i in Ofv. af. Vot. Akad. Forli. 185S, IM (Proc. Am. Acad. iv. .':!). — Waljicrs, .Vnn. v, 744. Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22; De CandoUe, Prodi: xvi^, 201, as subvar.s. venulosa and gongylocorpa \8hntilew: ///], (". lo:^gipes,\iiT. puhesvcns, Andersson in Proa. Am. Acad, iv, 'to; S. subvillosa, Elliott in herb. Schiceinitz ex. Kiitiall, Sylra, i, 79; 2 ed. i, 94, r(V7e Gray in Proc. Atn. Acad, iv, 53, note). var. Wrightii, Andersson in Konj;!. .«v(n. Akad. Hr.idl.vi, 22 ; Do t'andollc, Prodr. xvi'-,201.— Ilcnis'oy, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii,, 180. a. Wrightii. Andor.s.son in OIV. af. V.'t. Akad. F.irli. l>^:>.\ U'l (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, ?5 — Wnlpi'vs, Auu. v, 745.— Torrey in Bot. Xox. Bonndary Survi y, 201. var. Wardii, Bold, in Bnll. U. S. Nat. .Mns. Xo. 22, 111. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, cheeking badly in drying; medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; .specific gravity, O.tHrtd; asJi, 0.70. The tonic and astringent bark used domesl Ically as a i)opular febrifuge, anil ;ontaining, iu common with that of idl the species of (he genus, salicylic acid, a powerful anti-pyritic now successfully u.sed in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. (Am. Jour. Pliann. 1875, "iOS.— i,'. S. J)ispe7isatory, 14 ed. 79(i, 1748. — yat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1248). NOTK. — TI)o olosoly alliod Salix ocridiiitalis, lioso, of tlu' West Indies is not i> . haps siiooili-'ally distinct from .S. niym, with which some of the forms of var. loiigi^ies from .southern Florida soom 1o connect it. 307.— Salix amygdaloides, Aiiders,«(in, Ofv. af /ot. Akad. Forli. 18.-)S, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv. .':t).— Waipor.s, Ann. v, 744.-BoI>li in Wlioolor's Rop. vi, 240. fS. melanopsis, Nuttall, ., I. 21. iS'. nigra, var. amygdaloiden, Andersson in KouhI. .Svm. Ak.nl. II u-dl. vi, 21 ; Do CandoUe, Prodr. svi', 201.-RntIiTock, PI. Wheeler, fiO.— Porter & Coulter, FI. Cidorndo; Haydon's -Surv. Misc. Pul.. No. 4, 12fl. WILLOW. Shores of the great lakes (Wayne county, New York. Ilankcnsou ; Painesville, Ohio, ^C(ir (Pioc Am. Acad. iv,.^.4). /S. arfiuta, var. lasiandra, Andersson in Kougl. Sven. Akad. Hamll. vi, 33; Do Candollo, Prodr. svi-, 20(;. WILLOW. British Columbia, chores of lake Kamloop {Macoun), southward to the valley of the Siicram«nto river, California ; Itocky mountains, Utah, and through Colorado to 2^e\v Mexico (var. Fcndleriana). A tree IL! to IS meters in lieiglit. with a trunk sometimes 0.(iO motor in diameter; banks of .streams; very common ; varying in the shape of the loaves and character of the aments. Tlie best marked tbrma are — var. lancifolia, lUbb in Pot. Califoiniii, ii, 84. S. lancifolia, Andcixson in Kcmgl. Sven. Akad. llaiidl. ' 34, f. '23.— Gray in Pioe. Am. Aciui. vii, 402.— Hall iu Coulter'* Bof. (iazettc, ii, 91. a. llicidd, var. macroplujUa, Aiidernson in l)c Candolle, Piodr. xvi-, "-Wi. Tlie common foini nf liritish Columbia and western Washington territory and Oregon. var. Fendleriana, Beiiii in Bot.Calif.imia, ii, 84. iS". pcntanilra, var. cauduta, Nuttall, Sylva, i, (il, t. 18; -i ed. i. ", i. Ik S. Fendleriana, AndcNson in Ofv. af. V.t. AliMd. I'orli. H.V, ll.-> (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, .'■)4).— ^VaIp^•l.^, Ann. v, 74.">. S. anjltta, Andersson in Ki..';,l. Sven. Akad. llaiidl. vi, 32; Do CaudoUe, Prodr. xvi>, ;'l)."), in part. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, clo.so-graineil, compact : moilullaiy lays numorous, very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood liglitor <«' often noaily whilo; siiocilic gravity. O.Hrtfl; ash, (1.(10. X;m: lanc\foliaf fipecihc gravity, O.lItT; asii, 0.71). Var. Fendleriana, (lie heart wood brown, sap wood light brown; spocilic gravity, 0.4St)8; ash, 0.50. ft;'! ■'^-■"- - "-^Bja^ifc If 168 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA m 310. — Salix longifolia, Mulilciiberj,', Neuo Schrifteii Gcsell. Nut. Kr. Berlin, iv, 238, t. (i, f. (> (Ar.n. Dot. ii, 0(1, t. 5, f. li).— Willdonow, Spec, iv, 670.— Porsoou, Syii. ii, COO.— Ptirsli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 0U5.— Nuttull, Gi'iieia, ii, •JIU.— Torroy in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, -.^48; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Uop. 160; Fremont'H Rep. 97; EnioryV Rep. 412; SitjjnNivos' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204. — Barnitt, Sal. Am. No. -'3.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton, Manual, 6 oil. 319.— Eaton & Wrif,'bt, Bot. 403.— llookcr, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 018. — Rieliarilsou, Arctic Exped. 439,440. — Cooper in Smithsonian R meters in height, with a trunk rarely e.\ceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams iviid r/ver sand-bars, in low, wet saiK^;, soil, often forming low, dense f;lumps ; rare east of the Alleghany mountains; very common tiiroughout the Mississippi River basin, and rea(^hing its greatest development in th(^ valleys of Oregon and northern Califtmiia. "Well-marked iurms, varying i'rom the tvpe in the form of the leaves, aments, and nature of pubeseens, etc., are — var. exigua, Bobbin Bot. California, ii, 85. S. exiqtia, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 75; 2 ed. i,90. iV. longifolia, var. angustissima, Auders.son in Ofv. aC. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, no (I'roe. Am. Aead.iv, 50). Western Texas to California ami Oregon. var. argyrophylla, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Haiull. vi,55; 1). Candolle, Prodr. xvi-', 21 I. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 324.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. Is72, 49:1.— Rothrock, I'l. Wheeler, ,".11.— P.uler & Coulti'r, Fl. Colorado; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— JIaeouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-"7(i,2IO. — l!ebb in Bot. Calilbrnia, ii, i^5. S. argophllllu, Nuttall, Sylva,i,;i, t.20; 2 ed. I, 87, t.2(). f S. brachycarpa, Nuttall, S,\ ha, i, 09; 2ed. 1,8.5. S. longifolia, var. opacn, Andersson in Kongl. S^ en. Akad. llanill. vi,."5. S. longifolia, ViW. argyrophylla a)lflUstissima,Ainhrsino\t in Kongl. Sven. AUail. llandl. \i,55; De Candolle, Prodr xvi^ 21 1. , f. 30; Di' Candolli', Prodr. xvi-, 214. — Wulpers, Ann. v, *4(i.— Mcb'- in Bot. •aiifornia, ii, K">. S. sensili folia, var. viUona, Andersson in De Can. S. HilKhiaita, IScntliam, ri. llijrtwe-;. :t:?5.— Xowborry in Pacilio R. K. I{i'i>. vi, 8S).— Toney in Pacific R. K. Kcp. iv, 133.— Aiitlcr.sson m Konjfl. Svon. Akad. Handl. vi, ijfi, f. ;17 ; De Caiulollc, Prodr. xvi-, 'JIG. — AValpcrs, Ann. v, 'W: S, ninihhma, var. icnuifolia, Audersson in Konj;!. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, GC; Do CandoUo, Prndr. xvi-, --.'I.'!. Wood light, soft, elose-grained, compact; medullary rays thin; color, ligiit red, the sap-wood nearly white; speciflo gravity, 0.-i3!)7 ; a.sh, O.otK 312. — Salix discolor, Jinlilciiixns:, NcHO Sclirifteii Ocsril. Nal. ¥r. Hcilin, iv, !ii!4, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, (id, t. 5, 1'. 1). — Willdfuow, Spec, iv, (iG.'>.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 099. — Pnrsli.Fl. Am. Sept. ii.lil:!.— Poirct, .«nppl. v, .")(!.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, d;^.— KUiott, Sk. ii, ()()9.— Tornsy, Conipciid. FI. N. States, :J69; F1. N. Viirli, ii,:.'il(I.— Spien';('l, Syst. i, KM.— Forbes, Sal. Woliurn. 279.— Futon, Maiinal, (> ed. ;U9.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 25.— Darlington, Fl. (,'e.strica,3(^d. ar)7.— Eaton & Wri^lit, Iiot.J08.— London, .Vrboretuni, iii, 15;!0, f. l:!17, KiltO,!". 147.— liifjelow, Fl. Bo.stoii :i cil. I!',),;.— Hooker, Fl. Hor.-Am. ii, 147.--Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 3.— Fmerson, Trees Massaclm.setts, 258; 2 ed.i,29(i & t.— DieMiili, .Syn. v, 119.— Ifiehard.son, Arctic Fxped. ;U2.— Darliy, Hot. S. States, f.dd.— Audersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forli. 18r)8, 111 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 0:i) ; Kon};!. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 83, f. 49 ; De Candollc, Prodr. xvi-', 2-25.— Waljiers, Ann. v,7.')().— Cliai)man, Fl. S. Stales, 4;i0. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii, .')70. — Macouii in Geological Rop. Canada, 1874-'/,''). •-'10. — liid.ijway in Proc. I'. S. Nat. Mus. 188'.», 80. S. HeUHHim, iSarratt, Sal. Am. No. 8. GLAUCOUS AVILLOW. Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca rivers, soiithward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri. A small tree, rarely exceeding (> meters in height, witli a trunk souietiines (•.;}() nu'ler in diameter, or more ol'teri a tall, .straggling slirul) ."{ to (i meters in height; along .streams aiul borders of sx^amps in low, wet -oil; varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pnbes(!ence. The best marked forms are — var. eriocephala, .Uidcrssuu iu Kouj;!. Sven. Akad. lliindl.vi, 8.'i; De Caud.— Gray, Manual X. States, 0 ed. 4I13. S. eriocephuUt, Jlichau.x, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 22r..— Lamarck, Dict.vi, 001.- Bi^iclow, Fl. Boston. Ii ed. :!91.— Eaton, Manual, (led. :iJl.— Ealou & \Vrija:lil, Hot. 409.— Emeisou, Trees Massachusetts, 1 cib •J.V.) ; ■> ed. i, 190 & t.— Cari'y in (iray's Manual N. States, 1 ed. 42(1.— Audersson in Ofv. iif. Vi>t. .\i.— Smith in Reivs' ( 'ycl. No. 2<;.— Forhcs, Sal.Wolmni. 79, t. 4(1. — Katim, Manual, 0 ed. :il9.— Beck, B< t .i;). -Eaton A: Wrifiht, Bot. 4I»7.— W. Korli, Comment. 40.— London, Arboretum, iii, l.'i:!0, f. 1:117, 1012, L 40.- llooi- :, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 1.50.- Emersoii.Trecs .M.issachnsctts, 1. ed. 2.'>9.— Dietrich, Syn. v,419. Wood light, soft, close-grained, comimct, conttiiiiing many eveidy-distribu'.ed, small, open ducts; nuultdlary rays and layers of iiniuiiil growth not obscure ; color, browti streaketl with orange, the sap-wood light brown • Mpecilic gravity, O.lLMil ; ash, O.lii. 313. — Salix flavescens, \uttall, Sylva, i, 05; 2 ed. i, SL--Bebli in Bot. tlalilbrnia, ii, 80, in pari. Kocky mountains of Idtdio ami iMontaiia southward to the ]Mogonou range. New ^Mexico (E. L. Greene) ; on the Cascade nu>untaius, Oregon, and the Sierra Neviidti, t'alilbrnia. A .sniiill tree, soiiu'times (» to !t meters in height, with a triitik rarely (l.".o Meter in diameter; bordei's of .streams, reaching its greatest development in the .southern IJocky 3Iountiiiu regiuiL Wood light, soft, not strong, (do.se-graiiied, C()mi)iU!t ; nn tlullary niys numerous, obscure ; coior, brown tif 1 with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, ().tJ)(i!) ; ash, <).(ii. ^ ii ! Il |! ) m 1^: 170 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Coulter's Bot. Gazotto. vii. 120. Var. Scouleriana, nobb; S. bmchystachys, Bentlumi, Pi. Ilnrtwpg. 3:)6.— Audcrsson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. roiL. 18S8, 121 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 01) ; Koiigl. Sven. Al;ad. llauill. vi, 8-J, f. 48; Do Caiidollo, I'rodr. xvi-'. ^24. S. Scouleriana, Barratt in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 145, iu part.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. - 'i», 2tf. S. hrachysiachys, viir. Scouleriana, Audersson in De CaudoUu, Prodr. svi^,224. S.flavcuecns, Bcl.l. in Bot. Ciilifornia, ii. 86, in part. BLACK WILLOW. Eadiak island, Alaska (KeVogfl), southward tlirougb British Columbia, western Wasbiugton territory, and Oregon to Santa Barbara, California. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in lieigbt, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; uplands, near springs or streams, or often iu quite dry soil; conunon and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound. Wood light, liard, strong, tongb, clo.se-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0 5412 ; ash, 0.39. 314. — Salix Hookeriana, Barratt; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 14,"., t. 180.— Nuttall, Pylvu, i, G4 ; 2 ed. i, 80.— Audi-rsson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forli. IS.'iS, 119 (Pioc. Am. Acad, iv, 50); De Candoilc, Prodr. xvi=, 274. — Walpers.Ann. v, 747.— Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan (Douglns) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many i)rostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, clo.segraiiied, compact, containing many minute "pen ducts; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, liglit brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; s])eciflc gravity, 0.5350; ash, 0.32. 315. — Salix cordata, var. vestita, Andorssou, Kongl. .Sven. Akad. Hawil. vj, 159; D^ Candollo, Prodr. xvi^, -Xa. DIAMOND WILLOW. Valley of the Missouri river and it.s tributaries. Fort 0.sage, Missouri {Prince Ncmcictl), Iowa, Nebraska, and we.- fv\:u'(l to about the one hundred and tenth degree of longitude. A ..- Coopi'r iu Sniitli.soMi.in Ki'[p. 18.').8,2(!1.— Audersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. I'orli. 185-, 118 (Proc. Am. Acad. \v,il6); D« Candoilc, Prodr. .-ivi-, 2*)t. — Walpcr.s, Ann. v, 747. — Viiscy, <"at. Korcst Trees, 20. — ]M>\> in Hot. California, ii, w;. rs, Ann. v, 747. S. Bigelovii, VHV.fllncior, AndersMon in Kongl. .Svin. Akad. M^indl \i.1i;:t: De Caudo!le,Pr«>li.xvi',2.'')5. S. Wat." Ki:i;.;'s Rep. v, :!2.'i 8. lasiolcilis, var. falla.V, M,.Mi in lim. California. ii.8(l. CATALOGUE OF FORKST TREES. 171 WILLOW. Oiilifornia, valU^y of the KliimatL river, southward through the western jjortious of tl)c state, reaehiufj in tlio Sierrii Xevadas an elevation of .Ij.^OO to 4,000 feet above the .sea. A small tree, sometimes 12 to IS meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to ().r>() nieter in diannitor, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. angustifolia and latifolia, Andersson in Ve CandoUc Frodr. xvi', 25.5), or toward its southern limit often jxTsistent until spring (*§. HarUcegi, Bentham in PI, Hartwcg, 52; S. humilin, var. llnrtwef/i, Andcrfison, /. c. 2.';(j). Wood light, soft, not strong, elose-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; speciflc gravity, 0.5587; ash, 0.08; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part of the Stat*. 317. — Salix Sitchensis, Sunsoii; Eoligard in Mem. Acaarb;ira, California. A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is — var. angUStifolia, Beld) in Bot. California, ii.ST. S.chlorophyUa, var. pelHta, Andersson ill Ivoiii;!. .Sv-.ii. Akad. Haiuli. i;i9, f. 72; Do Caudolli', I'rodr. xvi-, 244. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, tuin ; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gi-avity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.50. 318. — Populus tremuloides, Midiaux, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 2!3. — JToiiveau Uulianiel, ii, 181, t. .'>;!. — IVrsocii, S.vii. ii, 623.— Dcsfoutaines, IIi.>l. Arli. ij, 405. — Micliaux f. Hist. Aril. -Am. iii, 235, t. 8, f. 1 ; N. American Sylvii, lied, ii, 175, t. 'X\ 1'. 1. — Poiret, Sujipl. iv, 377. — Willdeiiow, Kmim. Suppl. (w. — 409. new ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. .States, 5 cI. liiii. — Wcsuiiil in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi', ;!2."). — London (!ard. Chronicle, 1871, 083. — Wiitio-.i in King'.s Kep. v, 327: PI. Wliec Icr, 17: Am. .Ion:-. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135; Jiol.Calit'ornia, ii,91. — Porter in Hayden'H Ro]>. 1871,404 —Porter & Cmiller, Fl. Colorailu; Hiiydcn's .Surv. Mis,-. Piili. No. 4, 128.— Ilayden in Vi'arreir.s Kep. Xclinska & Dakota. 2 ed. 12!. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in CoiiltirV Hot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Ma.oiin in (irolojiical Rcii. Caniida, 187r:-"7ll, 21(1.— Kotluock in Wlieelii's Kep. vi, ,"il.— licil in Am. \ir. xv,32, f. 1.— Xrelease in (,'oiilter'» Bot. G-izette, vi, 28'1, f. ().~8i'iirs 111 Bull. ];.';Hex Inst.xiii, t--;;, — G. M. F:i'.vsin ir. ( 'aiiadir.:; X.a. ncw.'.er. ix,2:>l. -KidRway in Pm.'. T'. .K. Xat. Mas. 1882, 87. P. trcpidd, Willdcnow, .Spec. iv. -'o:;.— Alton, Holt. Kc\v.2ed. 395.- Pnrsli. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. iiy-.- F.ntoii, .Manual, 117.- Xiittall, iJenera, ii,239. — .Spren!j;ei, Sys(. ii,241. — London, Arbontiiin, iii, 1649, f. 15111, P. /,'-p»nf?//')»-M(l«, Emerson, TrecH Massaclmsetts, 243; 2cd.i,2T:i iV ( P. Atkenii'Mtin, llort. — Koeli, Hcndrolojrie, ii,|,'J(i(eX( i. syn.i. • l!r ASPKN. QfAKINU A.sp. Norlhci'ii .Vewfoimdliind mid TiiibiiHlur 1u (he .simtliirn .slioics of IIiidsiMi I)ay, in)rth\v('-tt (o (lie ^iiciit Tlear Sake, the nioiilhof the Slacken;,)!' river, iiimI the valley of l!ie Yukuii river, Alaskii; ,-'m(()i in the Atlanf/c region to the iiiountains of renii,sylvauia, the v;,lley of the lower Wiihasii liver, and northern lit^uitlfUy ', in the I'aeifle region hoiiIIi hi llie Mtlley of llie .Saeiamento river, (_':di('fiiiiia, iiiid iiloiig (he IJorl.; imiiiiitaiiis and Uiit'vUtr ranges ti) soiidierii Nev, A|)Kir ii, Allnoli:i, iiiifl centriil ^■l'Vild:l. A sriiiiil tlei', lu to 18 molcrN in licl(tl.!. willi u (riiiiU MJ'cJy exceeding 0.( 0 iii< tcr in diameter; very «;ommon tliriiugli iiritisii AiiicTicii iiiid si|)ira!liii.« oV T eim. ■••ims aie.is l/iiied by (ire .■ f (lie coni/eious (Virest : in the I'acHlc region very com'non u|M»n nioist (iioonl)!)/) slopes niid linttmn!' at iili elcviition of (5,000 to J 0,000 feet; the most widely-dis(iil»nted NhiIIi Amerienti (fi'tf. m 172 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood lislit, soft, not strong, closc-^^iainc'd, coniinu't, not (hiiabk', conlnininy:, as does tl'.at of tbc whole jjonus, numerous niiiiutt', scattoreil, open ducts; uie. — Micliiiiix t'. Hist. Arli. Am. iii, 287, t.8, f. 2; N. Ainorican .Sylva, :i imI. ii, 170, t. 99, ('. 2.— I'msli, Fl. Am. Si'i't. ii, (il9.— roirct, Siii)iil. iv, :!77. -Umloii, Comiiend. FI. PliiliKlolpli. ii, 197.— Nuttall. (ioiicrii, ii, 2:U). — IliiyiK', Di-nd. Fl. 200. — Will(l\v, Kmim. Siipi)!. (w.— Klliott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprcnjid, Sy.st. ii, 2'11.— Torrey, Ciimi>i'ii(l. Fl. \. .States, :!7.') ; Fl. N.York, ii,211. — I'.cck, I!()t.:!2;i. — Eaton, Manual, (> (<1.277. — Hooker, Fl. lior.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton «.t Wiif;lit,I!ot. 370.— Lomlon, .Viliorotiim, iii, UwO, f. loll.— l!i.i,'i'lo\v, Fl. lioslon. I! imI. :'>97.— Spacli in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 2 ser. ;i:{; Hist. V('h:. x, :H1. — Enieison,Ti'('OH>Iassac'liii.s('tts, 242; 2 td. i,27H & t.— .Seiiii.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 2;!9. POPLAR. Nova Scotia, New rirunswick, and Avcst througli Ontario to northern ]\Iinnesot;). south through the northern states and along the Alleghany nionntains to Xorth Carolina, extending west to middle Iventncky and Tennessee. A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk ((.fiO to ().7."i meter in diameter; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, obscure; (iolor, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; .specific gravity, ().4G3'_'; a.sh, 0.45; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in tin-nery, for woodenware, etc. 320. — Populus heterophylla, LinnaMs, Spec. 1 <(1. 10:!l. — Marsliiill, Arliiistnin, 107. — \\ann;eiili(im, .\nier. s.'). — W:ilter, Fl. ('aroliuiana,2l8. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 407 ; 2 ed. v, :i!)7.— Noiiveaii DnlLiniel, ii, 181, t. .'il.— Mieliaiix, Fl. l!or.-Ani. ii,21 1.— W'ilMiiiow, Spec. iv,S()(; ; Enuni.1017; ISerl. liunniz. 29:'..— Desfontaines, Hist. Arli. il, 4t;ii— Piirsli, Fi. Am. .Sept. ii.tiUl.- Nuttall, (iener.i, li, 2:i9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 20;!.— EllioM, Sk. ii,712.— Sprenixel, .Syst. ii, 24 1. --Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, ;i7.'.; FI. N.York, ii, 215.— Beek, Bot. :!2:5.— Eaton, Manual, (i e ed. 281. — Loudon, Arlioretnm, iii, 1()72, f. l.'iltl. — Eaton & Wrifjlit, Bot. ;!71. — Spai U in Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. xv,:tO; Hist. y<"^. X, ;!W>.— Serii(?;07.— Cooi)cr in Smithsonian Rep. 18.")8, 2.')7.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4;!1.— Curtis in Rep. Geolojrieal Surv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 71!.— Wood, CI. Book, (Wi; Bot. &, Fl. 311.— (iray. Manual N. States, ."> ed. 407. — Koch, Dendiolojiie, ii, 48"^. — Wesuiad in De Claudolle, Prodr. xvi^ 320. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. .I meter in diameter; borders of river swamps; most COfnmon and reaching its gnsilesi development in I he basin of the lower Ohio river; rare and local. \\'o(»d light, soft, in)t strong, cloi).— Cooiier in Smithsonian Kep. I^'jS, 257; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— llookei f. in Trans. Linniean Soe. xxiii-, 301. — Woort. Kew. iii,.l(l(): -i t, Arb. Am. iii, 308, t. 13, f. 2; N. Ameriean Sylva. 3 ed. ii, 173. t. 98, f. 2.— Pinsii, Ft. Am. .Sept. ii, (■.18.— Uartoii, I'mdr. Fl. I'hiladelpli. 9t).— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 378.— Nut tall, (ii'nera, ii. 239.— Ilayne. DimkI. Fl. 202.— 8pr.ni.rl, .-^yst. ii. 214.— Torrey. Coinpend. Fl. N. State.s, 375 ; Fl. X. Y.uk. ii.217. - .Vudubon, Birds, t. .■)9.— I'.eck, Mot. 332.— Eaton, Manual, (> <.d. 278.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1(;76, f. 1537.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton ^i. ^VriKllt, Bot. 370.— Bigelow. Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Spaeh in Ann. Sei. Nat.2 ser. xv, Xi; Hist. Veg. X, 392. — Lindley, Dot. Reg. xxix. Misc. 22. -Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 245; 2 ed. i, 281. — Seringe in I'l. des .Tard. ii, 03.— Gray, Manu.il X. States, 1 ed. 431— Wood, CI. Book, 65() ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesmad iu De I '.mdollc, Prodr. xvi', 330. /'. Canadensis. Mduili. Weiss, si [not Mielmnx I'.]. P. laii/hlia, ,\l.iii(!i..Metli.;i3^, P. Ontaricnsis, llt)rl. — I.oildiges, Cat. l.-3(>. /'. niacyojdnjllo, l.indl.^v in Loudon. Encye. PI. HO. P. acladcscil and P. hefcroplll/lla, Hort. (ex. Koeli, Waclien. 1865, 238). '1 ' \ k. I? A large tree, rare or unknown in a wild state; very common in cultivation. The wood hetivier thiin that of tin' species; specific gravity, 0.41(51 ; ash, 0.46. lit 'cn^H' 174 FOliEST FREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 322. — Populus angustifolia, ,)iiiiics, Loiig'H Expcd. i, 4i;r.— Torrcj in Auu. I.yo. N. Ymk, ii, U4!i; rremont's Rep. l>7 ; Sitgrcivvos' Ucp. ITi; Ivch' Hep. i7; Uot. Wilkes Kxped. 4()'J.— Nuttiill, Sjlvii, i, Wi, t. 10,: ii vil. i.CS. t. l(i.— Coopor in Sniitlisoniiiii Kep. Ift'ii*, 2G1 ; Am. Nat. iii.lOS.— Ho.vtlcii in WaiTcu's IJep. Ni'IiruKlta &■ Dakota, 'J I'd. I'Jl. — Vasf.v, Cat. Foivst Tiees, "Ji).— WatHou in Am. .Jour. .Sri. :t ser. xv, l:i(l : But. Ciilifornia, ii.'Jl. P. Cuuaiknsin, var. mujUStifolia, AVtsmal in Itc Cundolle.rrodr. xvi',:W9. r. balsam ijh-tl, var. augmti/olia, Wut.son in Khv^'n llv\\. v, :W7 ; PI. WluH'ler, l*.— I'oitir in Ilaydiin'H Rop. 1871, 4i)l.— rortcr iV Cunlter, I'l. Culoradu ; Ilaydcn's .Suiv. Misc. Pul). No. 4, 1','rf. — Jlucouu in Geological Rup. Canada, ltJ7r>-'7(», 211.— Riisliy in Bull. Torrey Hot. Club, ix, Ult>. BLACK COTTOJfWOOD. Black hilLs of Dakota {R. Dotiftlas), Swiiiniiiiitr Dorse creek, aud the Snowy Jlouiitaiii region, Montana, lictl Bock creek, soutliwe.steiii Montana {Watson), east Dnniboldt and Slioshone mountains, Nevada, llocky inouutains of Colorado, and the iiiiij;e.s of south western New Me.xieo and eastern Arizona. A small tree, li) to LS meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.00 meter in diameter; borders of streams, between «,000 and 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, weiik, close-grained, comi)act : medullary i-ays numerous, ob.scure; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white; speeifie gruvitj-, O.liOlli; ash, 0.70. 323. — Popuius trichocarpa, Torny & Gray; Hookpr, Icon. V, ci'r'. — Walpcis, Ann. v, 7ti7.— I'oopci' in Sniitliscmian IJi'p. iHotf, i!(iO. — Wosma'l in De CandoUe, Prodi', xvi', il'JO.-- Watson in Kinj^'s Kcp. v. IW-' ; Am. Jonr. Sci. II sit. .\v, I'M; But. Calilornu!, ii, !)1. — Torroy, Hot. Wilkes Kxpcd. 4()U. — Jliicoun in Geolojiicul Ki'p. Canada, l.'^7.V7t). '■III. — Trcli'asc in C(inltei"s Uot. Gazette, vi, 'Jlo, 1'. ,'>.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, ',VM. P. balsam i/ira, var. Hookci-, 1"1. licn-.-Am. ii. i.".i. P. angustifolia, SfwUfiry in I'aeiliu It. K. Rep. Vi, Sil [nut .lames].— Cooper in Pacilie R. R. lu p. xii-,2!), 08. P. balsam i/era, Lyall in .Jour. Linna-an .Soe. vii, K'.l [noi Linn;L'Us].— Hall iu Coulter's Uot. Ciazette, ii,yi. P. IricllOCarpa, var. cupnlata, AVatson in Am.,loMr. .Sei.:! .^r. xv, l;Ui; Uot. California, ii,'Jl. P. balsamifcra, var. ? Californica, Watson in Am. ,Ionr. Sci.:! ser. xY,13li. iil BLACK COT'l'OMWOOU. BALSAM COTTONWOOD. Valley of the I'raser river, British Columbia, and probably nuich farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter lioot mountains, -Montana (Watson), .south through Washington territory, we.>-'tern Oregon and California to the southern borders of the state. A large tiT(>, 2-1 to (iO meters iu height, witli a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter; banks of streams and bottom lands below 0,000 feet elevation ; very comnuui and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Columbia river and the streams tiowing into Paget .sound, herc! the largest, deciduous tree of the forest. Wood very light, .soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; medidlary rays thin, hardly di.stinguishable; color, light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; specilic gravity, O.o.SM; asli, 1.27; in (_)regon and Washington territory hirgely manufactiireil into staves of sugar barrels, woodmiware, etc. 324. — Populus monilifera, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 4(li'i: '.' ed. v.li'Jli. — .\I)l]of. In.sect.-- (ieiMfiia. ii, 7 l.-Nonveaii Dnliamel. ii, 18:;. — Willdimow, Spec, iv, 805 : lOnnni. 1017 •, Berl. lianm^'.'iy.— I'ersoon, Syii. ii. Ir.';'..- De.sldntaines. Ilisl. Arl). ii, 4i).").— .Miciliaiix t'. lli.7, f. 1517 & t. — 10. 1 ton A Wrijilit, Bel. :in, -.-^p.ith in Ann. .^ei. Nat. 2 ser. xv,;i2; lli.-it. Vej^. x, :!■-'.).— Torroy in I'lenujnl'.s Kep. 97; I'l.N. York, ii, 215; I'aiilie U. i.Mii p.N , Mi.").— Kmer-eii. I'lvis M;i:.Haelin.Mtls,-,'4'.l; 2 ed. i,287.— .Serin;;e in ]"l. des .laid, ii, ():!.— Cooi)er in Sniilli.sonian Re]). I.- 08, 2.">7. — Gray in I'aeilie li". R. Ifc'p. xii-. 47; Jlannal N. States,.') od. 107.— Cnriis in Rep. (;eo'o;.!;ieal Surv. N. Caiolina, l.St.O, iii, 72. — I-e.siin^-reiix in Owen's -Jd Re; . ArUan.-as, :'t'.l.--Wu()d, CI. lioolc, (ij').— lOufielniann i]i 'I'lan:;. Am. Phil. f>ee. xii, ^(9, — Watson in Kind's lirp. v, :i27 ; Am. .lonr. .S(.j.;imi-. x\ , IHO. — llayden in Warren's Rep. Nel)ra.ska tSi. Dakota, ■.' nl. 121.— .Maeoim in (;eolo-i<:.d Rep. Camnia, i87.'i-'7(;. 'Jll.—T release in Conlter';> Bot. Gazette, vi, "i^."), f. ;!, 4.— Ward in Bi;ll. Ii. S, Nai. Mas. No. '-'2, 110. — Beal in Am. N.il. xv, :!l, f. :!. — lit 11 in Geo!('j;ital Ifep. Canada, l87y-'80, ."jO' .— liidgway in i'lou. U. >S. Nat. iins, 1882,87.— Cliapman, Fl, ,S States, .Siippl. O-i'.). / /'. dcltoidc, Marshall, Aibnsliim, IDli. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175 P. a/ngulattt, Alton, Hoit. Kow. iil, -llHi; U ed. v, IWd- -Nouveau Duliamcl, ii, iHiK— Di-Bfimtaiiies, Hint. Aib. il, 4«i.— WilldtMKiw, Spue. iv,HOr>; Kiiiiiii. im? ; Herl. Hiiimiz.294.— Micliiiiix f. Hi.st. Aib, Am. iii/.iO'J, t. IS; N. Aiiiwiiim S.vlvn, 3 c(l, ii, Kil, t. ai. -riirHli. I'l. Ann. .Sept. ii, Oil).— Enton, Miinuiil, 117 ; <; rd. 'JTT.— Xnttiill, fifiuTii, ii,'2;iil.— ■Iimii's in Lon^'fi Kxped. ii, KM.— Torrcy in Ann. Lyp. N. York, ii, Ut!>.— Klliott, .s|>, ii, 711.— JSpri'nKi'l.HjNt. ii, a44.— London, Arborctnni.iii, H)70,ir>;t;! &. 1.— Kiiton &, Wright, Hot. ;170.—Siiinli in Ann. Sci. Niit.'J wr. xv,;Wl; lliHt. Vej;. x,;!'Jl.— Soringc in Fl.di'H Jard. ii,()4. — Selni'lo in Ko'nicr, TexaH, 44ti. — Diirby, Hot. S, i>>tati'.'<,.'>07.— Cooper in .Sinitlitionian Hop. lWiH,S57.— Cliapnian.ri. y. Slates, 4111.— Lcsiincrcnx in Owen's -'d Kfp. AilumHaH, ;W!l. — Wood, C'l. Book, »irir>; r.ot.& Fl. :ill. — Gray, Mannal N. States, ."> ed. 4(>7. — WeKinml in Dv C'andoUe, I'lodr. xvi', liSH.— Koeli, Ueiidrulogie, ii, 4iM. — Young, Hot. Texas, ril4. — I'orter & Coulter, Kl. Colorado; IIayden',s Siirv. Mise. I'nli. No. 4, l'J!». — Vasey, Cat. I'lirest Trees,'-".!.— .^ears in Bull. Khkcx In.sl. xiii, IH'J. P. Iccvigatu, Alton, Hort.Kew.iii, 400; 'i ed. v,»»5.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,b03.— rnrsli,Kl. Am. Seirt. ii,019.— roirct, Suppl. iv,37-i.— Nuttall, Cenera, ii,a:H); Sylva,i,r)4; 2 ed, i,70.— Spreugel, Syst. ii,a44.~l!eek, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, Ii ed. 27H.— Loddiges, Cat. cd. 1830. — Eaton «!t Wright, Bot. 370.— Emerson, Trees Massaoliuselts, 240 ; 2 ed. i, 283. P. glawhlhsu, Mieneh. Meth.33!t. P. an(/»4t. Arl>. Am. iii,302, 1. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii 104, t.'Ju.— fSpaeh in Ann. Sei. Nat. 2 ser. XV, 32 ; Hist. Veg. X, 3!»(i.— Siringo in Kl. des Jard. ii, 0.').— Feseali, Forst. Ptl. 122, t. 8, f. 10-14.- Wood, Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesma'l in l>o Candollc, rroilr. xvi-,32!t. — Koch, Dondrologie, ii,4'Jl. P. Virghiiana, im xlont.CourN. Hot. Cult. vi,ioo. P. Marylunilica, Hose in N'ouv. Diet, xi, 10!).— I'oiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Spreugel, .Syst. ii, 244. P. Viavniplll/Uu, l,oddige«, Cat.ed. If.W. P. Lindleyana, P. nenlevta, iuul /'. hcvif/utd, iiort. m\ COTTONWOOD. NKCKLA(;ii POl'LAK. CAliOMNA I'UPLAU. UlC. COTTONWOOD. Shores of lake Ghamplain, Vennout, south throiijjh western New Eiiyhiiid to the Chattahoochee region iS western Florida, west along the northern shores of lake Ontario to the eastern base of the ranges of the Itotky mountains of Blontana, Colorado, iind \(;w Me.xieo. A large tree, 24 to ol meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 luett-i s in diameter ; low, moist isoil ; the eommon Cottonwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Kooky mountains. Wood very light, soft, not strong, elose giJtined, eoinpact, liable to warp in drying, diffleult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specilie gravity, 0.3889; ash, O.OGj^ largely used in the manufacture of paper-pulp, for light packing-oases, fence boards, and fuel. 325. — Populus Fremontii, Watson, Proc. Am. Aeud, x,350; Am. Jour. Sei. 3 ser. xv, 13(); Hot. California, ii, 5)2. P. monilifvta, Newberry in I'acitic K. K. Kep. vi, 327 [rot j'lton].— Watson in King's Rep. v,327; PI. Wheclor, 17.— Torrey, Hot. W^ilkes Exped. 401). COTTONWOOD. California, valley of the upper Sacramento river, south to San Bernardino county (Colton, Pdrnj)^ and eastward in Nevada iind Utah. A large tree, 24 to M meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; borders of streams; the common cottonwood of the valleys of central California. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, dillicnlt to season; iiu'dullary rays thin, veiy ob.scure; color. liglit brown, the .sup-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.40J4; ash, 0.77. \m: Wislizeni, Wat.soii, Am. .Jour. .^ei. :• ser. w, l:\', : Hot. Calil'oiuia, ii, '.'2 ; Proe. Am. Aeaii. wiii, l."i7. — Kusby in Hull. Tniiey I'ol. Club, ix, orders of streams; the previilent cottonwood oltiie aiid southwestern region, there largely pianled as a sliaile tree and for fuel. Wood light, soft, not strong, compact; specilii; gravity, 0.4021 ; ash, l.lo: funiisliiiig the ordinary domestic fuel of 'he region. f ^>r if^ Ml IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) . 1.0 I.! Ifi ^ 1^ ■2.2 6" ^ V 4W V Photographic Sciences Goiporation 33 WfST MAIN STMIT WItSTM.N.Y. 14SI6 (716)I72-4S03 '^ . .<^ i^. 1^4^ ^o 176 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. C 0 N I F E R J]] 115. i^: j:| fi! 326. — L.ibocedrus decurrens, Tomy, Siiiith.tiiiiiiiii C'Diitiil)., vi,7, t.;!; I'aciCif 1{. If. Kiji. iv, 140: Jiof. Slcx. liounilary Survt.v.'Jll : IJol. Wilkes Exprd. 1. 16. — Beutliaiu, PI. Hart wog. r!:)!^. — Liiidlry in Loiiildii Gard. (.'liniiiicli', l'^r>:!,(il).'). — Xcwbciry in Pacitic 1{. K. Hoj). vi,(l;i. — Coopor in Smithsonian Rop. l-?.')."^, '.iC)'-'. — Wiiliicis, Ann. V, 7it.'). — I'.olaiidcr in I'loc. Caliloinia -Vcad. iii, •J:is. — I'arlatoic in Dc Candcdli?, Prodr. xvi-, 4r>6. — R. Urown Canijist. in Trans. Kdin'.nirj^Ii liot. Soi\ ix, :i7:!. — Hoopiw, Kvor^rcens, lidl), i". 411. — Watson in Kinn'« Hop. v, '.VX>; Bot. Calilornia, ii. 11(1. — A. Murray in London GardiMi. ii,.')4'J. — Gordon, Piiu'iiim, '2 ed. 40".J. — Vcitcli, Manna) Coiiil'. iiOT. Thuya Oraiganu, Jlnrray in Rep. Oregon Kxped.'J, t. .■>. Thuya giyantea, Carrii'ro in Rev. Ilort. 1854, 224, f. l-,'-14, in jiai t ; Fl. dts Sfrrcs, ix, 109, f. :i-."), in jiart; Trait. Couif. 106, in part; 'i ed. ll'.i, in part. — Gordon, Pinctuni, :i feet elevation, and thionoli the <'alif()rnia ("oa.-st rang:es to the San Bernardino and Cayuniaea mountains. A larfic tree,;?0 to i') meters in height, with a trunk 1.2U to '?..W meters in diameter; .slopes and valleys; eouinion. "Wood light, soft, not stronji, brittle, elose-ji'rained, eomi)aet, v<'ry dirable in contact with the soil ; bands of small sunniier cells thin, dark <'oloi-ed, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obsc-iire; the thin .sai)-wood nearly white ; .specific <;iavity, 0.4017; ash, O.OS; larj;ely use 1 ibr fencing' imd in tjie construction of water-Humes, and for interior tinish, turnitnre, laths, shinjiles, etc.; often injured by a sj)ecies of dr,v rot {DcvdaUa vorax; Harkncss in Pacific Rural Prcus. Jan. 2.\ 1870, f. 1, 2), renderiii}; it unfit for lumber. 327. — Thuya occidentalis, Linnaus, Spei' 1 rd. IdOJ.— Kalin, Travels, Kn^lisli I'd. iii, l<0.-->larsliall, Arlmstuni, I.")'J.— Wannfiilioini, Anicv.T, t. 2, 1'. a. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 'i:!*?.— Alton, ICort. Kow. iii. :'.71 ; 2 cd. v, :(•_>!. —Garfnii-, Frnct. ii, IVi, t. Hi, f. -J. — Micliaiix, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, '.iO').— Willdrnow, Sju'i'. iv, .'"H ; Knnni.CUO: IStrl. liainnz. 5(14. — Nonvi'an Dnlianul, iii, V2, t. 4. — I'oiri't in Laiiuindv Diet. vii,:!(')9; 111. iii, :!•>'.•.— Scliknhr, llaudb. iii, 287, t. :!()'.).— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, .580.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, .'.75.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 08.— Michanx f. Hi.st. A.li. Am. iii, 20, t. I!; X. Aiiituican Sylva, It (i.— Pnrsli, Fl. .\.m. Sept. ii, f)47.— Ui.rlon, I'r dr. Fl. P'liladclpl , 0;t.— Katon, Manmil, 111; G ed. :i()4.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 224 — Hayiie. Dend. FI. 177.— Elliott. Sk. ii, (i41.— Watson, IJend. Biit. ii, l.'id.— Spv.iifjel, S>st. iii, ^8-'.— Richard, Conif. 4:1, t. 71, f. 1.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. .''tales, :Uil ; Fl. X. York, ii, 2:!4.— I'alinescine, Med. Hot. ii, 2r)F'.— Keck, Hot. :!;!"^.— London, Arhoreliini. iv, 24.54, 1'. 2;tl2-2:!14 A: t.— Foroes, Pii etnni Wohnru. 10:!.— Hooker, Fl. Hor.-Ani. ii, I(i5.— Eaton A WiiKht. Itot 451.— ltif;e!o\v. I"l. boston. :! ed. ;i8f'.— Siiac.i, Hist. Ve<;. xl, :!:S0.— Penn. Cyel. xxiv. 400. — Reid in London (iard. (-'hronicli', 181!. 27(i. — Emerson, Trees Mas.saelinsetl.s. Oti : 2 ed. i. 112. — Endlielier, Syn. C'onif. 51. — Lindley & (lordon in Jonr. Ilorl. Soc. Loudon, v, 2(Mi. — Parry in Owen's Rep. til8. — l)arliU}j;lon, Fl. Cestriea, :t ed. 2'.M. — Knii;lil, Syn.Couir. Ki.r-Carri.'re in Rev. Hort. 18,''<4, 224, 1'. 15; Trait. ConiC. IC!; 2 ed. 100.— Dii.liy, Hot. .S, Stales, 51(i.— Cooper ni .siriithsonian Rep. l.'^5", 2.57. — (iordini, I'iuetnni, :t2l! : 2 ed. 4(K!. — L'liapman, Fl. S. States. 4M(i. — Wood, C'l. ISoidi, t>(32 ; Kot.iV Fl. ;!15.— I'orcher, Ke.sonrces S. Forests, .507.— Mculcel A Hcxd'stetter, Nadelliiilz. 278. — Xelson. Pinacea', ()8 — IMirowii ('ainpst. in Trans. Edlnli'irKh Mot. .Soe. Ix, :t(!:t. — (iray. Manual X. Slates, 5 ed. 472. — Hoopcs, Everareens, ;U7. — Parlatort^ in Do (.'andolle, Prodr. xvi-, 4.58. — Sehnlzli'in, Icon. t. 7(1, f. 2. — Koeli, Dendro'ojjie, ii-', 171!. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees 'Mi. — Maeoiin in Gi'oloMical Rep. Canada, 187ri-'7(i, 211. — Sears in liull. Fssex Isist. xili, IK!. — Veiteh, Manual Couif. 201. — Bell hiGecdogieal Rep. Canada, H70-V(). 47' . T. odorata, Mai.sliall, Arlinslinn l."2. T. obtusa, .Mieneh, Meth.tiiU. CuprcHSUs ArlmreUa. 'larKionc ro/,/etti,01is. bot. ii,5!. 7'. Warcaiia and T. Sihirica, iiort. WlIITi; CEDAR. AKllGK-VriVi;. New ISrnnswick to Antico.sti ishiiid, throu};h lin> valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the southern .shores of Panics' bay and .southeast to the ea.stern extremity of lake AVinniiieK. south throuKh the northern .states to central New York, northern Tenisylvania, central Michigan, nortlu'in Illinois, central MinneHotn, and along the Alle^jhany mountains to the high p«>aks of North Oarolina. A tree 12 to I.*' ineter.s in height, with a trunk sometiipcs l.'JO to l.'»0 meter ii> diameter; cold, wet swamps and along the rocky banks «)f strea'.i.s ; very common al the north, spreading over great areuM tif swamp ; extensively cultivated as a hedge and ornamental jilant. and producing iiniumerable .seminal varieties of more or less horticulttiral value. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 177 Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; the bands of small snaimer cells very thin, dark colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct; color, light brown, turning darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.31C4; ash, 0.37; largely used for posts, fencing, railway ties, aiul shingles. The distilled oil and a tincture of Uie leaves ot Thuya have been ibnnd usefulin the treatment of pulmonary and uterine complaints [V. S. Dispensatori/, 14 od. 1775. — Rat. Dispcnsatori/, 2 ed. 1428). 328.— Thuya gigantea, Nuttall, Jour. PliilaiicliiliiaAoad. vii, 5'i; S.vlvii, iii, lOii, t. iii ; 2 cd. ii, \G-i, t. 111.— LoUiligcs, Cat. od. 183C. — Loudou, Arboretiiin, Iv, •i458. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aui. ii, 1G.5.— Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 312.— Eiullicber, Syn. Coiiif. 52.— Lindley & Gordon in .Jour. Hort. Soo. Lomlou, V, 206. — Nowbcrry in r.K'iiic R. R. Rop. vi, T£, f. 22.— Carritro, Trait. Conif. 102 ; 2(;d. 112, in p.nrl.- Cooiior iu .Stuitlisouian Rop. 1858,262; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Gordon, I'iuotnm, 321, in part; Suppl. 102; 2 cd. 181.— Torroy, Hot. Mex. Houndary Survey, 211. — Ijyr.ll in Jour. Linua'au Soc. vii, 133, 141. — Houlicl & lloclistetter, Nadolliolz. 280, iu part. — Nelsou, I'inafta-, 67. — Kothrock in Suiithsouii'u Rep. 18C7, 434. — Parlatorc iu Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi'^, 457. — R. Brown Cauipst. in Trans. Kdinburgli Dot. Soo. ix, 367. — HoopoB, Evergreens, 315. — London Gard. Clironiclo, 1871, 683. — Gray iu Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Fowk-r in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1527. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii-, 176. — V^ascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — E. Hall in Coulter's Pot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Watsou, Bot. Californiq, ii, 115. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. is, 32'1. — T. Howell in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 267.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 2.-)6. T.plicuta, Don, Hort. Cantab. 6 cd. 24!).— Lambert, Piuus, 1 ed. ii,10; 2 ed. 114, in part.— Nuttall, Sjlva, iii, 103; 2 ed. ii, 164. — Spach, Hist. Vcg. xi, 342.— Endlirher, Syn. Conif. 51 (excl. syn. If'areana & 0(foia/a).— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Ilort. .Soc. Loudon, v, 205. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 16.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 102 (excl. syn. IVarcaiin & odorala); 2 ed. 106 (cxel. syn. Wauaiia). — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262; Pacitio K. R. Rep. xii-, 27.— llenkol & Hochstotter, Nadelbolz. 277 (excl. syn. orforafa).— Nelson, Pinaocio, 68.— Gordon, Piuetnni, 2 cd. 406. — A. Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 457, iu part.— Vasey, Cat. F'orest Trees, 36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 263. T. Menziesii, Douglas, SIss.— Carri^ro, Trpit. Conif. 106; 2 ed. 107.— Gordon, Piuetuni, 323.-N. Kon, Pinaccus, 07.— Heukel & Hoebstelter, Naiiolhiilz. 261. T. Lohbii, Hort. T. occidentalism yav. pMcata, Hort.— Hoopes, Kvorgrcous, 321. BED CEDAR. CANOE CEDAR. Alaska, south along the Coa.st ranges and islands of British Columbia, through western Washington tenitory and Oregon and the Coast.. inges of northern California to Mendocino county, extending east along the mountains of Washington territory to tho Cuiur d'Alene, Bitter Root, and Salmon Elver mor.ntains of Idaho and the western slopes of the Itocky mountains of northern Montana {Canhj & Sargent). A ! irge tree, 30 to 4r» nteters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 3.60 meters in diameter; low, rich woods and swamps, less commonly on dry ridges and slojies below 5,200 feet elevation ; common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington territory and Oregon; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil: bands of snudl summer cells thin, dark colored, distinct; medullury rays numerous, obscure; color, dull brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3790; ash, 0.17; largely used for interior finish, fencing, shingles, in cabinet-nmking aiul cooperage, and exclusively by tho Indians of the northwest const in the miinnfacture of their canoes. 320. — Chamaecyparis sphseroidea, Spneh, Hist. Vog. xl, 331. — Endliiber, Syn. Conif. 61.— Lindley &, (imdou in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 20.— Carrifre, Trait. Conif. 133 ; 2 ed. 122.— Gordon, Pinetum, I'.t; 2 od. 71. — Hcnkd & Hochstetter, Midolhijlz. 248.— Nelson, Pinacen, 09.— Pnrlutore in Do CandoUe, I'rodr. xvi-, 404.— Ridgway in Proc. V. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 87. CvprcMUS thyoiihss Limiicus, Spec. 1 cd. 1003. — Kalin, Travels, English ed. ii, 174.— Dii Roi, Harltk. ii, liK-".- Marshall, Arbnslnni, :tlt.— \Vaugcnbeini, Anier. H, t. 2, f. 4.— .\iton, Hurl. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartrain, Travels, 2 ed. 409. — Miebaux, Kl. llnr.-Ani. ii, 208. — Willilemiw. Spec, iv, .M2; I'.nuiu. 991: Ilcrl. Banniz. HI. — N(uiveau Dubaiucl, iii, 0. — Persomi, .Syn. ii, ,580. — Desfontaines, llisl. .\ib, ii, 507.— Sclikubr, Haiidb. iii, 280, 1, 310. — Miebaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 20, 1.2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 162, t. 1.52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Eaton, Manual, HI; 6 ed. 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Haync, Deud. Fl. 1*8.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 044.— Watson, Dcnd. Brit, ii, 1.50.— Torrey, Compend'. Fl. N. Slates, 301 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 2;t'.— Beek, Hot. ;i;{8.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2475, f. 2327.— Forbes, Piuetnui Woburn. 183, t. 01.— Hooker, Fl. Biir,-A;ii. ii, 1<)5.— Eaton iV Wright, Hot. 215.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 imI. 387. — Enierson, Ticcs Ma.xsacbiisetlH, \)^: 2 ed. i, 114. — Kic:bariI.son, Aretii^ Expcd. 442. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Siiiitbsonian Kep. 1~T>H, \>:,~. — Cluipman, I'l. S. States, 4;i,'>. — Curtis in Rep. (ieological Surv. N. Carolina, IhOO, iii. 2-.— \\m(ic1, CI. lldoU, 0(!3; Bot. iV Fl, 315.— Poreber, Resources S. Forests, 50".).— (Jray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473. — HiiopcM. EvergrccMis, 310.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii-', 162.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3«.—Vcitch, Mttunol Conif. 23-'. Tlivya sph(vroiuif. 45, t. 8, f. 2. 12 FOR I J '1 si 178 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. i^ I WHITE OEDAH. Southern Maiuc, sonldi near the coast to northern Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Missiissippi. A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, witii a trunk O.CO to 1.20 meter in diameter; in deep, cold swampa ; rare in the Gnlf states, west of the baj' of Mobile. Wood very light and soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, growing darker with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.3322; ash, 0.33; largely used in boat-building, for woodenware, cooperage, shingles, interior finish, telegraph and fence posts,, railway ties, etc. Along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey southward lumber is manufactured from buried trunks of this species dug from peat swamps. 330. — Chatnaecyparis Nutkaensis, gpach, Hist. Veg. xi, 333.— Nnttall, Sylva. iii, 105; 2 ed. ii, lf>5.— Emllicher, 8yn. Conif. 62.— Ledebonr, Fl. Rossica, iii, 680.— Lindlcy o» Gordon in Jour. Hort. See. London, v, 209. — Carrifero, Trait. Couif. 134 ; 2 ed. 127. — Walpers, Ann. v, 796.— Henkel & Hocbstetter, Nadolholz, 250. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 465. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — 6. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. 2 ser. ix, 329. Cupressua Nootkatetms, Lambert, Pinus, l «d. ii, 18 ; 2 ed. ii, No. 60.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2480. Cupressus Nutkaensis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 165.— Newberry in Pacific K. R. Rep. vi, 63, f. 28.— Gordon, Pinetum, 66; 2 ed. 94. — Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 263.— Nelson, Pinaceae, 74.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 345.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit. ii,199, t. 34, f. 1-12. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 165. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Maconn in Geological Rep.. Canada, 1876-77,211.- Veitch, Manual Conif. 2:J5. Thuya excelsa, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 164. Cupressus Americana, Trautvetter, luiag. Pi. Fl. Rossica, 12, t. 7. C. Nutkaensis, var. glauca, Walpers, Ann. v, 769. Thuyopsis boreaUs, Hort.- Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 113. Thuyopsis cvpressoides, Carrifcre, Man. des PI. iv, 324. C. excelsa, Fischer in herb. Sitka. Thuyopsis Tchugatskoy and T. Tchugatskoyce, Hort. YELLOW CYPRESS. SITKA CYPRESS. Sitka, south along the islands and Goa«t ranges of British Columbia and the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon to the valley of the Santian river, Oregon (" Lucky Camp mountain", Cusick). A large tree of great economic value, 30 to 38 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high elevations much smaller ; common along the coast at the sea-level to about latitude 49° 30' N., then less common and only at higher elevations; south of British Columbia hardly below 5,000 feet elevation and very rare and local ; the most valuable timber tree of Alaska. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soiljCasilj' worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, possessing an agreeable, resinous odor ; band.s of small summer cells thin, not conspicuou-s ; medullary rays thin, numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color, bright, light clear yellow, the thin .sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4782 ; ash, 0.114; somewhat iised in boat- aMd ship- building, for furniture. Interior finish, etc., probably unsuri^assod in beauty as a cabinet wood by that of any North, American tree. 331. — Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, Parlatore, Stuil. Organ. Conif. 2;*, 29, t. 1, f. 22-25; De Candolle, Prodi-, xvi-, UU.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 iil. ft'i.— Watson. Bot. California, ii, 156.— Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 8. Cupressus Lmrsoninna, Mnruiy in Kdinlinrgh NVw Phil .lour, now «er. i, 2W, t. !).— Hot. Mag. t. 5581.— Nelson, Pinatcn>, 72.— Cooper ii- Smilhsoiiian Kep. 1 ■'.'if , «(;3.— LiiwNon, Pinetmn Brit, ii, 191, t. 31, f. 1-13. — Hoopes, KvcrgrrenH 342, f. .'>3.— lletikol & llnchstef Icr, Niulilhdlz. 216.— Fowlor in Lonilon Uard. Chronicle, 1872, 28.">.— Lonrlon Giirden, \ ii 508 li-. t.— Vusey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3(i.— Veitili, Mannal Conif. 231.— Eiclilcr in Monati'j. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 29,30. Cupressus fragrailS, Kellogg in Proo. Ciilifomla Acad. i. 103. t Cupressus attenunta, Gordon. Pinetum, 1 ed. 57; 2 id. 79. (7, BoMr.vicr/l', CarriiTi', Triiit, Conif. 2 I'll. 125 [iKil l»i'(nl«uo]. C. NutkanUS, Tomy, Hot. Wilk.'N Expei'. t. Hi. ' CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. POKT OEFOED 0£DAR. OREGON CEDAB. WHITE CEDAB. LAWSON'S CYPRESS. GINGER VINE. 179 Oregon, Coos bay, south to the valley of the Bogue river, not cxtenduig more than thirty miles from the coast ; California, valley of the upper Sacramento river (shores of Castle and Soda lakes, Shasta county). A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to i iiietors in diameter; rich woods, in low, moist soil, interspersed with the yellow fir and hemlock; most common and i-eaching its greatest development along the Oregon coast; local; in California very rare and local. Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in odoriferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a bcnntifnl polish ; layers of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullar; rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4G21 ; asb, 0.10; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway ties, ence posts, matches, and in ship- and boat-building; the resin strongly diuretic and a powerful insecticide. 332. — Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweir, Jour. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 187. — Benthain, PI. Havtweg. 337.— Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 2U6 & t. ; Pinetum, 65 ; 2 cd. 91.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 200.— Knight, Sjn. Conif. 20.— Torrey, Bot. Mes. Boundary Survey, 211.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1856, 263 ; Proc. California Acad, iii, 290. — Cnrrifcre, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 124, in part. — Bolander in Proo. California Acad. !m, 228. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadolholz. 239. — Nelson, Pinaceu.-, 73. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 353. — Parlatoro in De Canf'oUe, Prodr. xvi", 473.— Fowler in London Card. Chronicle, 1672, 285.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 2;t4.—Law8on Pinetnm Brit, ii, 195, t. 32. C. Lambertiana, Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 124 ; 2 ed. 166. C. Harhcegii, CaiTifere in Rev. Hort. 1H55, 232 ; Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 168. tC. macrocarpa, var. fasiigiata, Knight, Conif. 20.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 473.— Vcitcli, Manual Conif. 234. fC. Rartwegii, var. /««%«« to, Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 169. i: 'a : ;i MONTEREY CYPRESS. California, Monterey (Cyi»ress point, Pescadero ranch, and Carmelo point). A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; on granite rocks immediately upon tlie sea-coast ; very loca '.. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color, clear bright brown streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.62G1 ; ash, 0.57; very beautiful and of undoubted value as a cabinet wood. 333. — Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iv, 296 & f. ; Pluctuui, 60 ; 2 ed. 83. — Bentbaui, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Lindloy &, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 125; 2 ed. 170. — Torrey, Mox. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.')8, 206.- Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadclhiilz. 240.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 2.">2. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 472. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 230. fC. Californica, Carriftre, Trait. Conif. 127; 2 ed. 104. C CaUfornica graeUh, Nelson, Pinaccie, 7o, in pan f C. Cornuta, Carril-re in Rev. Hort. 1860,251 & f. t JuniperiiH aromatka., Hort. Uumboldt county, Calilornia, soiitli aL)ng tlie coast and thitugh t lie Coast ranges into Lower California. A small tree, sometinios 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter; borders of Htreauis and mountain slopes, in ratlicr rich soil, or often a low slirub, fruiting when 0,30 to 1 meter in lieight, and occujjying extensive tracts of sandy barrens 1 to 5 miles inland froyi the (joast, or thin, rocky soil {Pringic)', widely luit not generally distributed. Wood light, soft, not strong, biittle, close grained, coini)act; bauds of small summer cells broad, dark colored, conspiciutiis ; medull'try rnys thin, ob.scure; color, light brown, (he thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.40S0; ash, 0.15. 180 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 334.— Cupressus Macnabiana, Murray, Edinburgh, New Phil. Jotir. uewser. i,293, 1. 10.— Gordon, Pinetuni, 64; 2ed. 90.— Carribre, Trait. Conif. 2od. 165.— Hoopus, Evergreens, 353.— Parlfttoro in Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi^ 473. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii', 150.— Vasoy, Ciii;. Forest Trees, 36. — Watson, Dot. California, ii, 114.— Vcitch, Manual Conif. 233. G. glandulosa, Hooker, (ex. Honkel «& Hocbstetter, NadolUolz.241). (7. Californic r gracilis, Nelson, Pinacoa;, 70, in part. California, mouutaina south of Clear lake, Lake county {Torrey, Bolandcr, Pringle, Miller). A email tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0,30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall Bhrub branching from the ground; very rare and local; not rediscovered in the original station reported by Jeffrey, the Mount Sliasta region. Wood not collected. 335. — Cupressus Guadalupensis, Watson, ' Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, :iO0 ; Bot. California, ii, 114. C. macrocarpa, f Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119 [not Ilartweg]. C. Arizonica, E. L. Greene in Ball. Torrey Bot. Club, i.x, 64.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 157. San Francisco mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona {Greene, Rusby), Santa Catalina and Santa Rita mountains, Arizona ( Pringle, Lemmon) -, on the Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, and Gaudalnpe island, Mexico (Palmer). A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rocky canons and ridges ; on the New Mexico and Arizona mountains, forming extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, generally on northern slopes; local. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells, broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, gray, often faintly streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4843 ; ash, 0.44. 336. — ^Juniperus Californica, Carrifere, Rev. Hort, iii, 353 &. f . ; Trait. Conif. 58; 2ed. 41. — Gordon, Pinetum, 121.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Engelraanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Iii, 588 ; Wheeler's Rop. vi, 375. — Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 593. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. J. terragona, var. OSteosperma, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mcx. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Rep. 28. J. tetragona, Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1853, 263 [not Scblechtendal]. J. Verrosianus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. u,37. J, oceidentulis, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 38; Pinetum, 2 ed. 162, in part.— Hcnkcl & Hocbstetter, Nadelholz. 245, iu part.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 209, in part.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prcdr. xvi', 489, in part. J. Californica, var. ostcosperma, Eugelnmnu; Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119. JUNIPER. California, San Francisco hay, south through the Copst ranges to Lower California. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending np many stems from the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, comiiact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; nieilullary rays numerous, ^■ery obscure; color, light brown slightly tinged with red, (he sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0282 ; ash, 0.75; in southern California largely used for fencing and fuel. Var. Utahensis, Eugelmauu, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 5b8; Wheeler's Ri-p. vi, '.'64. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Tnrs, :i7.— Sargent iu Aui. Jour. Sci. 3 scr. xvii, 418. — Palmer iu Am. .Nat. xii, -"194. — Watson, Uot. Ciiliforniii, ii, 113. J. oceitlentalis, Watson in King's Rep. v, 336, in part; PI. Wheeler, 18 [not Htoker], J. occiileiilttliH, viir. Utahrnsis, Vritdi, Mimnnl Conif. 280. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 181 JUNIPER. Wostern base of tbo Waliaatcb mountains, Utab, to eastern California, soutb tbrougb tbe Great Basin to soatbeastcru California (Pringlc) and tbe San Francisco mountains, eastern Arizona {Greene). A small, contortc' tree, 6 to 9 meters in heigbt, witb a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, mucb-brancbed shrub; very common tbrougb tbe elevated valleys and along tbe lower slopes of all tbe ranges of central and soutbern Utab and Nevada, and tbe most generally-distributed arborescent species of tbe region. Wood ligbt, soft, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with tbe soil; color, ligbt brown, tbe tbick sap-wood nearly wbite; speciflc gravity, 0.5522; asb, 0.49; the common fuel and fencing material of tbo region. 337. — ^Juniperus pachyphloea, Torroy, Paciflc R. R. Rep. iv, 142; Bot. Mcx. Bouudnry Snney, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. IKiS, 263.— Hcnliol & Hoclistetter, Nadclbolz. 247.— CiirritTP, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. .5().— Parlatore iu Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi'',490. — Gordon, Pinetuin, 2 ed. 164.— Eiigclmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 589; Wlieeler'K Rep. vi, 2C4.— Palmer iu Am. Nat. xii, 593.— Veitcli, Manual Conif. 289.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,ix,79.— Ilerasloy.Bot. Aui.-Cent. iii, 184. J. plochyderma, Torroy in Sitgreaves' Rep. 173, t. 16. «/. Sabina pachyphlcea, Antoine, Kupress. 39. JUNIPER. Eagle and Limpia mountains {Ilavard), west along tbe ranges of western Texas, soutbern New Mexico and Arizona soutb of latitude 34° ; southward into Mexico. A tree 9 to 15 meters iu height, with a Irunk O.GO to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western Texiw. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish ; bands of small Bummer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light red, often streaked with yellow, tbe thin sap-wood nearly wbite; specific gravity, 0.5829; ash, 0.11. iii i'l' 338. — ^Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Aiii.ii, 160.— Kndlicber, Syn. Conif. 26.— Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Carrifere, Conif. 42, in part; 2 ed. 40, in part.- Torrey in Paciflc R. R. Rep. iv, 142.— Cooper iu Sniithaoniun Rep. 1858, 203.- Gordon, Pinetnni, 117 (oxcl. syn.); Suppl. 38 (excl. syn.) ; 2 od. 102 (excl. syn. ).— Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelliolz. 345, in part .— Nelson, Pinacete, 142.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 299 (excl. syn. C'nfi/ormVn)-— rarlatoro in Do Candollo, Prodr. xvi■^ 489, in part.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Mucoun in Geological Rop. Canada, 1875-'70, 211.— Paluior in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Watson, Bot. California, ii. 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289. J. CXCeha, Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6i7.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245. J. Andina, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 95, 1. 110 ; 2 nl. ii, Ki7, 1. 110.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 55. Ghamwcyparis Boursicrii, Decnisne in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, i, 70. J. Hennanni, Koch, Dendrologie.u', 141 [not Sprongel]. .7. occidental^, var. pleioxperma, Engelnmnu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 590. J. pyrifornm, Hort. JUNIPKU. Blue mountain.s and high prairies of eastern Wa.'^bingtou territory and Oregon, Cascade mountains of Oregon, valley of tbo Khimatii river, California, and soutli along tbo bigh ridges of tbe Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, to tbe San IJernardino mountains {I'ttrixh Hros.). A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, witb a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or often a low, mncb-brancbed shrub; dry, rocky ridges and i)rairies, reaching it.s greatest development in tlie California sitn'ias. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, comi)act, very dnral)k' in conlaet with llie soil: bands of .small siimmcT cells thin, not eonspicuoiis; medullary rays nuinerou.'^, very obscure ; color, ligbt red or brown, tbe saji-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5705; ash, 0.12; largely used for fencing- and fuel. Var. monosperma, Engelinaini, Trans. St. Louis Acnd. iii, 500; Wheeler's Kep. vi,263.— Voitcb, Manual Conif. 281>,—Rnsby in Bull. Torroy Bot. Club, ix, 79. 182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. JUNIPEE. Eastcru base of Pike's peak, Colorado, to the moantains of western Texas, and tlirougU New Mexico and southern Arizona to southern California. A small, stunted tree, (i to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or often branching from the ground with many stout, contorted stems j dry, gravelly slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7110; ash, 0.78; largely used for fuel and fencing. ! ! ill r;j:i V I Var. conjugens, Engelmiinn, Trans. St. Louis Aciwl. iii, 590. — Vuitch, Manual Couif. 289. — Wat-sou iu Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, liid. JUNIPEU. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north. A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter iu diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, daik colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; Color, brown, often streaked with red, the thin .sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6907; ash, 0.46; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. ! ;! ii 339. — ^Juniperus Virginiana, Liumeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1039.— Kaliu, Travels, English od. ii, 180.— Marshall, Arbustuui, 70.— Wnugeuhoim, Amor. 9, t. 2, f. 5.— Walter, V\. C!Uoliuiaiia,2'18.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,4M; 2 cd. v,414w— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627. — Willdenow, Spec. iv,8r)3; Enum. 1025; Berl. Biutinz. 19S.— Porsoou, Syn. ii,fiU2. — Desfontaiucs, Hist. Arb. ii, 539. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3ed. I7;i,t. 15.').— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 647.— Noiivoau Duhamel, vi, 49, t. 16.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadolph. 96; Compond. Fl. Pliiladclph. ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, IIH; 2ed. 194.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97; 2 ed. ii, 1.59.— Bigelow, Mod. Bot. iii, 49, t.45: Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 39d.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 205.— Elliott, Sk. ii,717.— Torrcy in Nicollet's Rep. 167; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377; Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Marcy's Kep. 2S4 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142 ; Bot. Me.x. Bonndary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Sprongel, Syst. iii, 908.— Richard, Conif. 37, t. 6, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 43.— Rafinosqiu', Med. Bot. ii, 13.— Bock, Bot. 337.— Lindley, Fl. Mod. r.5(!.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 24y.'>, f. 23.^7.— Forbes, Piuetuui Woburn. 199.— Peun. Cycl. xiii, 147.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 288.— Emer.sou, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 cd. i, 118. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27, in part.— .Scboelo in Rtemcr, Texas, Appx. 447. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,202. — Parry in Owen's Rep. (118. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 101.— Torroy & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130, 175.— Carrifcrc, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 od. 44.— Bigolow in Pacific R. R. Rep. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 ed. 154.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.57 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 43.5.— Gray iu Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 48; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 474; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linna>au Soc. xxiii-, 'AOi. —Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 71.- Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 603; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Poroher,Re8ourceBS. Forests, 510.— Eugelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new sor. xii,209; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, .591; Wheolei-'s Rep. vi,263.— Lyall in Jour. Linna'an Soc. vii, 144. — Hcnkel &, Ilochstcttor, Nadolhiil/. 33.5. — Nelson, Pinaceu', 153.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 291.— Parlatoro iu Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 488.— Young, Cot. Texas, 517.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii', 138.— Walson in King's Rep. v, 335.— Rothrock iu PI. Wheeler, 28, ,50 ; Wheeler's Rc)i. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Huydcn's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— Hayd(iu in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 122.— Vasey,Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Guibourt, Hi.st. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 242.— Broiidheod in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. now sor. ix, ;i29.— Sears iu Ibill. Essex Inst, xiii, 183. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 282.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-80, 52'-.— Ridgway in Proc. U. .S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 87.— Ilcmsley, Bot. Am.- Ceut. iii, 184. J. Caroliniana, Marshall, Arbwstnm, 71.- Du Roi,HRrbk. 2cd. 497. J. arftoce.«CeH«, Munch, Moth. 699. ■ ■ J. Barbadensis, Michaux, Fl. l!or.-Am. ii, 240 [not Linna'us].— Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245 ; Sylva, iii, 96; 2 od. 11,1.58. J. Viryiniana, var. CaioUniana, Willdenow, Bcrl.Baumz. 198.— Hay«c,Deud.Fl. 205. —Loudon, Arborotum.iv, 2495. J. rt;"f//HiaH«r, var. /ftTH(««ni, Pci«oon,Syn. ii,63a. J. Ilcrmniini, <'\n;'.u^'],;iyM.u\,'MS. J./wtida, var. Vini'fiina, !Spach in Ann. .Sci. Nat.2sor. xvi,298i Hist. V«g. xi, 31b. J. Viryinidnn Vll' :"■■>■• J'n.rii-li.-r. Syn. Conif. 28. J. Sabina, \i\i. »/. f/NiAt/ta, Automo, Kupress. t.83, 84. >jMMi CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 183 BED CEDAR. SAVIN. Soutbern Now Brunswick to tlio noitheni shores of Georgian bay, uortheru Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to cape Malabar and Tampa baj', Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundredth parallel of west longitude ; in the Pacific region, Rocky mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia j not extending to western Texas, California, or Oregon ; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local. The most widely distributed of North American Coniferro, a tree 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northern and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamjjs ; in northern Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; andreaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red river, Texas. Woodjight, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, comjiact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; odorous ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, dull i-ed, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4926; ash, 0.13; largely used for posts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine ceretc, and an infusion of t! c berries as a «liuretic ( U. 8. Di»pensatori/, 14 ed. 529. — N^at. jyispensatory, 2 ed. 795). 340. — Taxodium distichum, Richard, Ann. Mu8. xvi, 298f Conif. 52, t. 10.— Nouvcau Dnhamol, iii, 8.— Eobin.Voyafjcs, iii, 5'.J5.— Lambert, Pimis, a ed. 25 & t.— Torrcy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 361; Cot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210. — lirongniart in Ann. Sei. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182. — Loudon, Arboretnm, i V, 2481, f. 23;i5-233'J.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 177, t. CO.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. (i8, in part.— Engelmann & Gray iii Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234. — Scheelo in Rreuier, Texas, Appx. 447. — Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 20.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carrifcre, Trait. Couif. 143; 2ed. 180; Rev. Hort. viii,62&f.— Morrcu in Belg. Hort. vi, 74 & t. — Gordon, Pinetum, 305 ; 2cd. 382.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1857, 549. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. K States, 435. — Curtis in Rop. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18G0, iii, 29. — Lcsiiuereu.'c in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, ;J89. — Wood, CI. Boole, 6G3 ; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Hcnkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 258.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 473.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 364, f. I>8. — Parlatoro in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 440. — Lawson, P^n<^tum Brit, ii, 305, f. 1-9.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1520. — Young, Bot. Texas, 518. — Koch, Dendrologio, ii'2,195. — Bertraud in Bull. Soc. Bnt. France, xviii, 127. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 3(>. — Bruudhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Veitch, Manual Couif. 214. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 87.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158. Cupressus disticha^ Linmeus, Spec. I ed. 1003.— Du Roi, Harbk.i, 201. -Marshall, Arbustum, 39.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 244.— Wangenheim, Amor. 43. — Walter, Fl. Ciiroliniana, 238. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323. — Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 88.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,208.— Desfontaiue-M, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,512; Euum. i>91; Berl. Baumz. 111.— Schkuhr, Haudb. iii, 288.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t. 151. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93. — RaQnesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151. — Nnttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne,Dend. Fl. 178.— James in L.— Do Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 319.— Dicksou & Brown in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. v, 15. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 508. Cupressus disticha, var. patens and var. nutans, Aiton,Hort. Kew.2ed. v,323. Cupressus disticha, var. imbricaria, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, li;3.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxviii, 166. Sclntbertia disticha, Mirbel in Mem. Mu.s. xiii, 75.— Sprengol, Syst. iii, 890.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 349. T. microphyllum, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 68.— Lindlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 207. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 148. T, adscendens, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 69. — Lindlcy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 207. — C'arriere, Trait. Couif. 148. T. distichum, \ar, patens and var. nutans, Eudlicher, Syn. Couif. 68.— Loudon, Arljorotum,iv,24Sl. T, distichum fastigiatum, Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— Carritre, Trait. Couit. 145; 2 cd. ISl.— Gordon, Pinetum, 307; 2 ed. 383. — Honkel & Hoclistetter, Nadelhiilz. 2(i0. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 367. T. distichum, var. microphyllum, Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 261.— Parlatore in Di> Candidle, Prodr. x-iS 441 (T. Sineiisc pcndulinn, Forbes, Piuetum Woburu. 180. — (lljiptostrohiin jwii(liiUii>, Endliclier, (.'oiiif. 71. — Bot. Mag. t. 5603. — (;arri<"^re, trait. Couif. l.VJ. — T. Siiioitc, Gordon, Pinetum, 3(^9. — CiqifCKHiia Siiwiwe, Hon.). ;ii + ilV Cuprespinnata disticha. Nelson, Pinacem, 61 , ;i I 184 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BALD CYPRESS. BLACK CVmKS.S. BED CYPRESS. WHITE CYPRESS. DECIDUOUS CYPRESS. SiiNsex county, Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and capo Roiniino, Florida, west through the Gulf states near the coast to the valley of tiio Nueces river, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Jlissoiiri, and southern Illinois and Indiana. A largo tree of great economic value, 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in «liameter; deep, submerged swamps, river-bottom lands, and pine-barren ponds; common and forming extensive forests in the south Atlantic and Gulf states. Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4543; ash, 0.42; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi river, by a species o{ Dwdalia, not yet determined, rendering it unfit for lumber. • Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumbermen, the wood of the former heavier than water when green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other; the unseasoned wood of the latter lighter than water and rather lighter colored than black cypress. [^ 341. — Sequoia gigantea, Decaisno, Bull. Dot. Soo. France, i, 70; Rev. Horf. 1855,9, 1. 10, f. L— Gray iu Proo. Am. Acod. iii, 94; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xvii. 440; xviii, 150, 286.— Tonvy in Pacific R. R.Rcp. iv, 140.— Kollogg in Proc. California Aoail. i, 42.— Blake iu Pacific R. R. Rop. v, 257, t. 13.— Carriftie, Trait. Conif. ICO.— Newberry in Patific R. R. Rep. vi, 90.— Coopor in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Wooil, Bot. & Fl. 315.— Bloomer in Proc. California Acad, iii, 397. — Iloopea, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. — Parlatore in V)o Candollo Prodr. xvi', 437.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii», 194.— Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 scr. xx, 114.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, ;i6. — Muir in Proc. Am. Assoc, xxv, 242.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 117. WeUingtonia gigantca, Li'ulloy iu London Card. Chronicle, 1853, 819, 823; Bot. Mag. t. 4777, 4778.— C. Lemairo in III. Hort. 1854, 14 & t.— Naudin in Rev. Ilort. ia''.4, 116.— Fl. dea Scrres, ix, 93 & t. 903 &. t.—Flor. Cabinet, 1854, 121 & t.— Bigdow iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 22.— Gordon, Pinotun), 330; Suppl. 100; 2 ed.415. — Murray in Edinburgh Now Phil. Jour, now ser, xi, 205, t. 3-9 (Trans. Bot. Sec. E, 9, 1. 11, f. 2.— Cllr^i^^<•, Trait. Conif. I(i4 ; 2 nl. 210.— Bigi'low in I'a.ilio R. U. Rop. iv, 23.— Newberry in Piicilic R. R. Kep. vi, 57, 90, f. 23.— Torrcy in Pacilio R. K. Itcp. iv, 110; Rot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Rop. 28. — Gordon, riui'tnin, 303 ; Siippl. 97; 2 ed. 379.— Coopor in .Snlitll^olli!lu Rop. lH."i8, 20;!.— Murray in iMlinburgh New Phil. Jour, now sor. xi,-,;il (TrauH. Hot. Sue. l",dinburu;h, vi, 3I()).— Socniann iu .Vim. vt .Mii^r. Nat. Hist. 3 sor. Maroli, 18."i9, 165. — Wood, Hot. itFl. 315. — Itolaudor in Pnu'. Californiy Acad, iii, 231. — Iloopos, F.vorRrcons, 211. — Piirl;i(oio in Uc Candollo Prodr. xvi'^, 436. — Kooh,Dondrolosiio, ii-, 193.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Stearns in Am. Nat. x, 110,— Watson, Bot. CHlifornia, ii, 116.— Voitch, Manual Conif. 212. — Lawson, Pinctum Brit, iii, t..'>2 ■& liga. CATALOGUE Of FOREST TREES. 185- Taaodium acmpervircm, Lamlx'rt.rinim, 114; 2 ed. ii, 107, t.r)a.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2487, f. 2340, 2341.— Ilookor, B'l. Bor.-Ani. ii, 104; Icon, iv, t. :i7i). — Hooker & Arnott, Hot. Ileci'licy, 1841. — Irciinont, Gcograiiliit'iil Mem. Calirornia, 3C, 37.— Hiinkol & Hochritfttcr,Nii(lt)lhol/.2(i2. Taxorfit species, Douglas In Ci-mimnion Uol Mag. ii, l.'iO. Sequoia gignntea, Kndliclur, Syn. Conif. 190, in part.— Hcntliam, PI. IIartwog.338. Abiea religiOHa, Hookir & Arnott, Hot. Hoeolioy, ICO. Sohubertia minpcrvirena, Simcli, IIi»t. Vog. xi, 353. 8. religioaa, Pn-sl, Kpimol. Hot. 357.— WalpiTs, Ann. iii, 448. Gigantabies iuxij'olm, Nelson, Pinacero, 78. nrDwooD. Califoruia, from the northern boundary of the state, south tlirough the Coast ranges to "Veers creek" near the ■oatheru border of Monterey county. A large tree of great econouic vuhie, (il to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 meters in diameter, sending np from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots ; sides of canons and gulches in low, wet situations, borders of streams, etc., not appearing on dry hillsides; generally confined to the western slopes of the Coast ranges, and nowhere extending far from the coast ; most generally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of cape Mendocino. Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in contact with tiie soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, clear light red, the tliiu sap-wood nearly white ^ specific gravity, 0.4208; ash, 0.14; largely sawed into lumber; the prevailing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in California almost excilusively used for shingles, fence posts, telegraidi poles, railway ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coflins, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamoutal. 343. — Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 86, 1. 108 ; 2 ed. ii, 149, 1. 108 (7". oaidmtalis on plate).— Torrcy in Pacilie B. B. Bop. iv, 140.— Newberry iu Pacific E. B. Bep. vi, (iO, 90, f. 20.- Cooper in Smithsonian Bop. W!j8, 2C3; Pacific E. B. Bcp. xii», 26, C9 ; Am. Nat. iii, 414.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 316. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — Carrifire, Trait. Conif. 2ed. 742. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 383. — Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi", GOl. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, AOi. — Koch, Dt-ndrologie, ii', 95. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 392. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Ecp. Canada, 1875-70,211. — Hall in Coulter's Dot, Gazette, ii, 91. — Watson. Bot. California, ii, 110. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,329. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 305. T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Benthiim, Pi. Hartweg. 338. T. baccata, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 107, in part. T. Boursierii, Carribre in Eev. Hort. 18.54, 228 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 523 ; 2 ed. 739. T. Lindleyana, Murray in iCdiuburgh New Phil. Jour, now ser. i,294 ; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 18C0.— Law8on,Cat. 1855, 15.— Gordon, Pinetum, 316 ; Supp!. 99. — Hcukel & Hoehstetter, Nadclholz. 300.— Nelson, Piuacoic, 174. T. Canadensis, Bigolow in Pacific B. E. Eep. iv, 25 [not Willdenow]. YEW Queen Cliarlotte islands and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia, through western and llie mountain ranges of eastern Washington territory and Oregon to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of northern VioutAWix {Canby & Sargent), Wwowgh the California Coast ranges to the bay of Monterey and along th(! western slopes of tlie Sierra Nevadas to about latitude .'J7° N. A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana niueii suialier, often reduced to a low shrub ; rare; low, rich woods and borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territoiy, and Hritish Columbia. Wood heavy, liavd, strong, brittle, very close grained, conii)aet, siiKceptihle of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, eons|)ieuoiis ; medullary rays tliin, nnmerous, very obscure; color, light bright red, the (liin sap wood light yellow; s))ecilic gravity, 0.0391 ; ash, 0.22 ; used for fence posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for ]);i(Ulles, spear hundles, bows, fish-hooks, etc. m i 'I •4 pp^ 18G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ni 344. — Taxus Floridana, Nuttnll, Sylvtt, iii.OJj 2o(l. ii, 155.— Croom ill Am. .Iimr. Sti. I ser. xxvi, ;m.— Cliuimmii, I'l. 8. Statrn, 436.— Carrl^ro,T^«I^.Con^f.2c(l,74l.— IIoo|)08, Evor);re(!ii!i, 38-1.— Vunoy. Cut. t'orcnt TnMis, 30. T. montana, Nuttall, Sylvu, \i\,'M; a cd. ii, IS.'V. YFAV. V»7^(>8t(»rii Florida, banks of the Apalachioola river fi-oin Bristol to Aapalagn, Gadsdon conuty, and Watson's Lauding? (Ciirtixs). A HUiall tree, '.— Hoopes, Evergreens, ",<>. — Piirlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', £0(3. — Koch, Dcndrologie, ii', 101. — Gordon, Pinetniii, 2 cd. tin.— Vnsey, CiU. Forest l"rce8, 35.— Watson, Bot. Calilbruia, ii, 110. T. MyHstica, Hooker f. in Uot. Jliig t. 4780.— Van llontte in Fl. dis Serres, ix, 175 & t.— Carri^^e, Conif. 315; 2 ed. 727.— Gordon. Pinetnm, 1 ed. 327.— Murray in Edinburgh Now Pliil. Jour, new ser. x, 7, t. 3. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311. CuryoUtXHS Myrislica, lleukel & Iloclmtettor, NadelhiUz. 368. FcetataXliS MyHstica, Nelson, Pinueen', 1(W. CALIFOUNIA NUTMEG. STINKING CEDAR. California, Meiulociuo county, ami along the western slope of tlie Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.30 to 0.!U) motor in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots; border.s of streams, in moist soil; rare. Wood light, soft, not strong, very closo-grained, compact, suscojitible of a flue polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light yellow, the tliin sap-wood nearly wliite; specWc gravity, (».17(»(); ash, 1.34. CATAT.OGUE OF FOREST TREES. 187 347. — Pinus Strobus, Liuiiimis, Spot. led. 1001; Dii Uni. llurbk. 11,57.— WaiiKonhoiiu, Amor. 1, 1. 1, f. 1.— .Vitoii, Hoil. Kow. HI, UC.O; 'J oil. v, lUH.— Swurtz.Obg.SCJJ.— McDiich, Moth. :i64.— Mioliniix, V\. Hoi-.- Am, ii, yor>.— Pitinit in Laiiiunk, Diet, v, :il I ; 111. ill, Uti'.), t. 7«i, f. y.— LanilMTt, I'iium, 1 crt. t. 22;2cd. 1,27, t. :«>; :Uirt. i, f)'., t. :W.— VVillili-iiow, .Si>(>o. I v, .^(ll; Kmiin. !HU; UfilHaimiz. •-'ly.— rcrmxm, Syu. ii, .^7!>.— DetilVniliiincN, Hint. Arb. ii, 012.— Micbaiix f. Hist. Arl>. Am. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. Aiiioi itran Syivii, 3 ih\. iii, U\\, 1. 1 !,">.— Nouvoiiii Diihiiinul, v, 24'.), t. 7(!.— Smith in K. — Kllinti. .Sk. ii,(i;i,s. — Spnnscl, SyNt.ii, H^7. — 'I'luroy, Cimipond. PL N. States, ;M)0; Fl.N. York, ii,22!).-Uichard,(;onif. liO, 1. 12, l'.2.— Vndul>on,llirdM, t. :U).— Heck, Hot. :i:m.— London, Arl(orotum,iv, 2280, l'.21'.>;t-2l!)i).— Forbes, I'iniifnm WoIiurn.8:i.— llfokcr, I'l. llor.-Am. ii, iCl.— Kat' i & Wrislit. Hot. llfiO.— l!i);clo\v, 1"1. Boston. ;< od. 38.').— Antoine, Conif. 4U, t. vjO, f. It. — Liiidlny in IVnn. t'yol. xvii, 17.'!. — Link in Linnira, xv, .'lU.— Spacli, Hist. Vcg. xi,;i04, — Do Chambrny, Trait. Arb. IJes. t'onif. 2(')2, t. 4, .'», i'.8. — Emerson, Trees MaHsachnselU, (id; 2 ed. i, 711 &, t. — Kndliehcr, Syn. Conif. 147. — (!ilionl,Av'i. Renin. ;).'>, t.C>. — Knight, Syn. Cciiil'.:i4. — Lindley &, Uordcni in .Tonr. Ilorl. Soe. London. v,21.'>.—Carri6ro, Troit. Conif. :{02 ; 2 ed. aiW.-Bncklcy in Am. .Jonr. .Sei. 2 ser. \iii, :W-i.— Darlington, I'l. Centrien, :» ed. 200.— Darby, Hot. .S. States, Slf). — Qord(m, Pinetmii, 2:59 ; 2 ed, :122. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 257.— FeHeali, Korst. I'll. 5(1, t. 11, f. 7-lH. — (Miapman, Fl. S. States, 4;ri.— Cnrti« in Kei>. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1800, iii, 25.— Wood, CI. Hook, fiCO ; Hot. & Fl. ;n2.— Poreber, Resource* S. Forests, 50,5.— Ileukel & Iloulistottcr, NatloUulIz. 02.— Nelson, Pinaceii', 130.— Hoopes, Evergreen.s, lliO, f. 10.— Oray.Mannal N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatoro in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 405. — Sebnixlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10. — Koch, Dondroloj;ie, ii', :U0,— VuKvy, Cat. Forest Trees, ;t2. — Maconn in QooloKical Uop. Canada, lS75-'7i>, 211.— Sears in Hnll. Essex Inst, xiii, 187. — Veiteli, Manual Conif. 183.— Hell in Geolosicvl Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49^ P. Sirohus, Viir. alba, var. brevifolia, var. contprcum, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Ilort. See. Loudon, v, 215. P. Strobus, var. nivea, Ilort. WHITE riNK. WKYMOUTII PINE. Newfoundland, northern sliorea of tlie Kulf of Saint Lawrence to lake Nipigon and (he valley of the Winnipeg river, south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, "Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (I'arrjf), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A large tree of the first econoinic value, 24 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to .'].50 meters in diameter ; sandy loaui ujwn drift formations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hardwood forests, here reaching its greatest development; north of latitude 47° N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, '"asily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish; bai\ds of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin pa.ssages small, not numerous noi conspicuous; niedidhuy rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, often slightly tinged witii red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, ().38o4; ash, 0.11); more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American tree; the common and most valuable building material of the norf hern states; largely u.sed in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of marches, woodenware, and for many domestic; purposes. Gonlferiit, a gliuioside principle, has been discovered in the (iambinm layer of this and several other species of Conifenv (Jout.fiir Prulit. Ckein. xcvii, 243. — Am. Jour. PItanu. 18(J7, 2(il. — U. S. Diupcnmtory, 14 ed. 901). 348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas; Lambert, Pinus, 1 c. Loudou, v,215. — Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 307 : i! ed. 103.— Higelov. in Pacific R. U. Rcji. i v, 21.— Torrey in Piiclfio R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mtx. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Rep. 28.- -Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,42, 1'O, f. 14. — Gordon, Pinetnni, 228; 2 cd. 307. — Cooper in Suii.'hsonian Rep. 1858,202. — Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Kdinburgh, vi, 309. — Lawsou,Pinetuni Brit, i, 47, t. 7, f. 1-7. — Bolandor iu Proc. California Aond. iii, 220, 317. — Honkol & Hoi^bstetter, Nadelbtilz. 95. — Nelson, Pii:aceio, 115. — Iloopes, Evergreens, 134. — Parlatoro in Dc Candollo, Prodr. xvi', 402. — Fowler in L'-ndou Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koeb.Dondrologie, ii*, 323. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— V'itcli, Manual Conif. 179. SUGAR PINE. Oregon, Cascade and Coast ranges, from the head of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Bogue river south ahmg the western flank of the California sierras, through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains. A largo tree, 4G to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 motors in diameter; most common and reaching its gnmtest development upon the sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in the Oregon Coast ranges descending to 1,000 feet above the sea-level. Wood very light, soft, coarse, 8trai;|ht-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, consjucuoUvS, resin passages mimerons, very large and conspicuous; mo lullary rays numerous, obscure; color,light browii,tho sap-wood nearly whiie; specific gravity, 0.3084; ash, 0.22; now largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashee, etc., and for cooperage and woodenware; less valuable and les.s easily worked than that of the eastern white pine {Pinus Strobus); its quality injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages. A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially-burned trees sometimes used as a substitute for sugar. 350. — Pinus flexilis, jamcs, Lci'/s Exped. ii, 27, 34.— Torrey in Ann. Lye.N. York, ii. 219; Pjuiric, R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Euton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Nuttall, Sylviv, iii, 107, t. 112; 2 ed. ii, 107, 1. 107.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.— Carrii>roinFl.de.s.Sorres, is, 200; Rev. Hort. 1854, 228 ; Triiit. Conif. 310; 2 ed. 392.— Cigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, (!, )0.— Gordon, Pinctuni, 2-.M; 2 cd. 302.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. l.S^S, 262.— Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 121.— Engehaann iu Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxi v, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Aoad. ii, 208; Wheeler's Rcji. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Henkel & llochatct ter, Xiidelhijlz. 120. — Nelson, Pinaceie, 112.— Bolander in Proo. California Aciid. iii, 318. — Iloopes, Evergreens, 131, f. 18. — Parlutore in Do Caniloile, Prodr. xvi', 403.--Porter in Hayilen's Rep. 1871, 494.— Watson in King's Rep. v, xxviii, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 27, .'lU; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9.— Porter &, Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden, Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130. — Murrtiy in London Giird. Cliioiiicle, 187.''>, 100. — Vasey, Cat, Forest Treo.s, 32. — Sargent in Am. Jour, Sci. 3 ser, xvii, 420 — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 35, f. 1. P. Lamhertiitna, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, lOl. P. Lambertiana, var. brevifolia, End'iehei, Syn. Conif. 1.50.— Limlley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, Sl.l.— Caniiic, Trii't. Conif, 2 ed. 404. P.Jle.riUn, \iir. serntlata, Engelmanu in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 'i:>S. P.JIe.vilis, var. inacrocaipu, i;nyoluiiui;i in Wluvier'.s Pep. vi, y,-)-*. WHITE PINE. Bastfiii slope.s of the Kocky mountains, Montanii. and pr()bal)l,v much larther north, south to New Mexico, on the iiiiiidaliipe and Limpia mountain.^, western Ti'xa.s [Ilaritrd), on the high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada, and iiortlii'ni xVrizona, Inyo mountains and mount Silliinan, CaliCornia. A tree Iii to IS meters in liciyht, witii a trunk 0.(50 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges betwoc'i 1,000 iind 10,000 feet eleviilion; common along the eastent .slopes of the Ilocky moiintiiins of nortlieiii Montana, Cormiiigoijcn, .scattered lore.sts, liere low, round-toi)pe(l, and the i)r<'Viuliiig foiost tree; in central Nevada the mo.st valuable lumber tree of tiie region. Wood light, .soft, clo.segrained, compact ; bands oi' small summer cells narrow, not cons])icuous, resin passages numerous, large; medullary ii,\s numerout!, conNpiciioiis; eohu', light clear yellow, turning red with exposure, the ss-.p-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4158; ash, 0.28; in northern Montnnn, Nevada, and Utah sometimes sawed into inferior lumber un«l used in con.struetion atid for various domestic purposes. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 189 • 351. — Pinus albicaulis, Engolmann, Trans. St. Lonip Acad, ii; 209; Coulter's Hot. Gazette, vii, 4. — Grny in Piiic. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Hnll in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Liiwson, Pinctuiu Brit, i, 1, f. 1-4. 1*. Jlexdis, Murray, Rop. Oregon Exped. i, t. 2, f. 1 [uot James]. — Lyall in Jour. Liumeai; Soc. vii, 142. — Parlutore in De Citndolie, Prodr. xvi', 403, in part. P. cembroidC8, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. ^ i, 44, 90, f. ".5 [not Zuccariui]. P. Shasta, Currifere, Trait. Couif. 2 cd. 390. V.J\eiiU8, var. albicaulis, lOngelm^nn in Bot. California, ii, 124.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. now. ser. ix, 328. Coast raugea of British Columbia, from the valley of tho Lltasyouco river ((?. M. Dawson) south along the Cascade and Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, extending east along tho high ranges of northeru Washington territory to the eastern slope of the Rocky mounta'ns of northern Montana (Old Marias pass, Canby & Sargent) ; California, Scott's mountains, mount Shirsta, and on the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas to mount San Bernardino. A small ali)ine tree, 0 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely O.GO meter in diameter, ov at its highest elevation reduced to a low, pTostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges at tho extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in the San Bernardino mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet. Wood light, soft, not *^roug, brittle, close-grained, compact; bandie of 8mall summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous iot large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, tho sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4iC5; ash, 0.27. 352. — Pinus reflexa, Kngelmann, Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Rusby in Ball. Torroy Bot. Club, ix,. 80. P.Jkxilis, var. reflexa, Kngeluiann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258. WHITK PINE. High mountains of southwestern New Mexico \^Oreenc, Rusby) to tho Santa Itita mountains (Rothroolc, Engelmann «f- Sargent) !\nd Santa Cataiina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), Arizona. xV tree 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding O.CO u)oter in diameter; rocky ridges and .slopes of almost inaccessible cafions between 0,000 to 8,000 feet elevation. Wood licLt, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, uot conspicuous, resin passages large, not numerous; medullary rays numeroua, obscure ; color, light red, the sap- woml nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4877; ash, 0.2G. ■'.I' V 353.— Pinus Parryana, Kngelmauu, Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxiv, 332, note ; Hot. California, ii, 124. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'', 402. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. P. IXaveana, Torrey, Uot. Mex. Boniidary Survey, 20s. ,. UTt [not Schiedo A, Deppe], — Cooper in Sniitlisouiau Rep. 1858, 262.— Bolander in I'roc. California Acad, iii, 318. PINON. NUT PINE. California, Larkiu's station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego county { Vasey), and southward into Lower ('alifornia. A small tree, (5 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; very rare within the limits of the Unite75; ash, 0.54. The large seeds edible. 190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. if 354. — Pinus cembroides, Zuccanni, Flora, ii, 93.— Kntlluihor, Syu. Coiiif. 182.— PI. des Sorros, iv, 3440, t. !W. — Nelson, Pinaceio, 107.— Parlatoro in Do CaiidoUo, Prodr. xvi", 3!)7. — Eii^cIiManii in Traus. St. Louis Acad, iv, 170. — Watson in Proc. Aiu. Acsul. xviii, 158. P. Llaveana, Schu-do & Doppo in Linnoja, xii, 488.— Forbes, Pinotnm Woburn. 49, t. 17.— Antoino, Couif. 36, t. 10, f. 1.— Spauh, Hiot. Vcg. xi, 401. — Liudloy «& Gordon in Jour. Hort. 8oo. London, v, ild. — Cani6rc, Trait. Conif. 405; 2 ed. 401. — Gordon, Pinetnni, 199 ; 2 cd. 274 (uxul. syn. vdulis). — Honkol & Hocbblettur, Nadulkolz. 64 (cxcl. syn. edulit). — Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. P. OSteosperttKI, F.ugolmaun iu Wislizenns' Pop. No. 3. — Liudley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 21(5. — Carritre iu Fl. dtH Serres, ix, 200; Kev. Hort. 1854, 227. NUT PINE. Santa Cataliiu'. niuuntaiu8, Arizona {Pringle) ; through northern Mexico. A small tree, in Arizona 6 to 7 meters fn height, with a trunk hardly exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes ; t 3,500 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, very close-^jrained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicnous, resin passages few, small; m.olor, light clear yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; S|)cciflc gravity, 0.0512; ash, 0.90. The seeds edib le. 355. — Pinus edulis, Kngelnmnu, Wislizenns' Kcp. No. 4 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 200. — Lindley & Gordon iu .lour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v. 210. — Carriiire, Fl. des Serres, ix, 201; Rev. Hort. 1K)4, 227; Trait. Couif. 408.— Torrey iu Sitgreaves Rep. 173, t. 20; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140; Ives' Rep. 28.— Bigclow iu Pacilic R. li, Sep. iv, 3, 19. — Cooper in Siuitlisoniau Rep. 1858, 201. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 142. — Parlatore iu De Cnudolle, Prodr. xvi-, ;$98.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Haydeu's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Rothrock iu Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9. — Rusby in Hull. Torrey Dot. Club, ix, 106. — Veitcb, Manual Conif. 172. P. cembroides, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 236 & f.; Piuetuui, 192; 2 ed. 205 [not Zucearini].— Fl. des Serres, iv, 324'', 325'', t. 331, f. 97, — Lindley & Gortlon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carriire, Trait. Conif. 404; 2ed.4C0. P.futilUf Roezl in herb. Jide Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 76; 2 ed. 265. PlSON. NtTT PINE. Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the mountains of western Texas. A small tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry mesan and slopes, geuerall}' on lime or sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 0,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light bniwn, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6388 ; ash, 0.6U ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fencing, etc., and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber. The large edible nuts supply the Indians with a valuable article of food. 356. — Pinus monophylla, Torrey & Fremont, Fremont's Rep. 319, 1. 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18."»H, 201. — Bohinder in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 142. — Parlatore iu De Candolle, I'rodr. xvi-, 378.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 05, t. 9, f. 1-12 (/'. tyemontioHa ou plate). — Watson in King's R94. — Engelmann in Wheelert Rep, vi, 2.')9, 371; Traus. .St. Louis Acad, iv, 178; Hot, California, ii, 121.— Sargent iu Xm. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419. — Ma.sters In London Oard, Chnuiiclc, ln^Kl, p. 48, f. H, P. Fremoutinna, Eudlichcr, Syu. touif. 18:il, in part. —Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 293 &f. ; Piuetum, 194; 2ed. 23,').— Knight, Syu, Conif. 28.— Lindley & Gnidou iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carriftre, Trait, Conif, 194; 2 cd. 4uif, 27.— LindlKy t& Gordon in .Tour. Hort. Soe. London, v, 219. — I'arry in Owen'.s Rvp. 018. — Carriiire, Tri;if. Conif. 101. — Gordon, Pii.etum, 183 (exi-1. syn. Loiwleuriana) ; 2 od. 250. — Richardson Arrti . Exped. 441.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. IS.'X, 2.")7. — Wood, (.'1. Book, Oiil ; Kot. it Fl. 313.— ll(>ukel & llochstettcr, Nadelhdlz. 45 (exc. syn. I.oiscUuriana). — Hoopes, Evergreens, lOi. — iiray. Manual .N. .States, ."> ed. 470. — Parlatore in De Cantlolle, Prodr. xvi-', 388.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 280. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trcfs, 30.— Macoun in GiMiloijical Reii. Canada, l87.")-'7(i, 211.— Engeluiann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 1<9. — Scars in Bull. Essex lust, xiii, 18,">. — Bell in Geologicai Kep. Canada, 1H79-'80, .^O'.— Vriteh, Manual Conif l.W. /'. rubra, Mi(h;inx f. Hist. Aib. Am. i, 40, I. 1; N. Aiiiericun Ij^ylvii, 3 id. iii, 91, t. 134 [not Lambert].- iJe Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 344.— (ilhoiil, Arb. Resin. 27.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 490. P. Larkio, var. resinosa, 8i>acii, iii»t. v«g. 38;>. . I I "■■111 . rm '■i'vt .r.:f.)^i m 192 FOREST TREF:S OF NORTH AMERICA. 4 ■h ■i;; :;i:i '■(i; I RED PINE. NOUWAY PINE. NcwfoiiiHllaiul, northern sliorcs of the {^ulf of Siiint Lawrenco and lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg river soutli throiigli the northern states to Chestnut llill, Middlesex connty, Massachusetts, the moiintaius of uortliern Pennsylvania, ls!ibella county, Michigan, and central Minnesota. A large tree, 24 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.(M> to 1.37 meter in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry, rocky ridges, forming scattered groves rarely exceeding u few hundred acrea in extent ; common and reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota; rare in the eastern States, except in the extreme northern ])ortion8 of New England. Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of email summer cells broad, dark colored, very resinous, resin passages few, small, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood yellow or often almost white; specific gravity, 0.4854; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all purposes of construction, tlooring, piles, etc. 359. — Pinus Torreyana, r arry, Bot. Mex. Boundary Smvoy, 210, t. 58, r)9 ; Proc. San DioRO Nut. Hist. Soc. Nov. 1883.— Canifeie, Trait. Conif. 326; 2 ed. 423.— Cordon, Pinotuni, 241.— Cooper in Siiiithsoniau Rej), 18C0, 442.— Ilcnkt^l & HocliHtottor, Nadelholz. 117.— Bolandor iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 318.— Hoop-s, Evorgrwut), 1!J0.— Vasey, Cat. Forest TrecH, 31.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Engolmann in Tran.s. St. Lonis Acad, iv, 181 ; IJot. Ciilifornia, ii, 125.— Voitcb, Manual Conif. 173. r. lophospcrma, I.indloy ill London Card. Clironiclo, 18ti0, 40.— Gordon, Pinotnni, Suppl. 09; 2 cd. 310.— Honkal & Hoclistcttor, Nadclliiilz. 112. — Nelson, Pinaceas 117. — Pnrlatore in De Caiidolle, Prodr. xvi', 391. California, mouth of the Soledad river, San Diego county ; doubtfully reported from one of the islands off Santtt Barbara and from Lower California. A low, short lived, gnarled, (-rooked tree, f> to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0,23 to 0.33 meter in diameter ; crests of sandy bluffs immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local and fast disappearing. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous, rosin passages small, few; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood yellow or nearly white; specilic gravity, 0.4879; ash, 0.35; locally used for fuel. 360. — Pinus Arizonica, Engelmau><, Wheeler's Rep. vi, 260; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 181; Coulter's Bot. Gaiotte, vii, 4. YELLOW PINE. Santu Rita mountains {Rothrock, Engehnann & Sargent), Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmoii, Pringle), and probably upon other ranges of southern Arizona. A tree 24 to M meters in height, with a trunk O.dO to 0.!»0 meter in diameter ; high rocky ridges between 0,000 and S,000 feet elevation; the prevailing forest tree over large areas near the summits of the Santu Catalina mountains (Li'mmon). Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, close grained, compact; l)ands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages "numerous, large; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light red or often yellow, the sap-wood lighter yellow or white ; specific gravity, ().50.'38 ; ash, 0.20 ; sometimes sawed into inferior •lumber. 361. — Pinus ponderosa, DouglaN, Companion Hot. Mag. ii, 111.— Loudon, .Vrliori'tuin, iv,2-M3, f. 2132-'-2l3i'i.— Korlies, Pinelnni Wobnrn. 44,t. 15.— Aiifoine, Conif. ','rt, t. 8, f. 1.— Liiidloy in Penn. Cvel. xvii, 172.— Link in Linnica, xv, ;«)0.— Xntlall, Svlvii, iii, 114; 2ed. ii, 173.— Spacli, Hist. Veg. xi, ;i89.— Kiidliolicr, Syii. Conif. l():i.—Kiiiglit, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindlcy & Gordon in .lour. Horf. Soc. London, v, 217. — Carriftiv, Trait. Couif. 340; -J t-d. 14."..— Gordon, PJn.tuiii, 205; Siippl.07; 2 oil. 281.— Newberry in Paeilie R. K. Rep. vi, 30, 90, I. 4, f. 12.— CiM>per iu SniitliHonian Rep. If'.W, 201 ; P.iiilie R. R. Rep. xii-, 27, 08 ; Am. Nat. iii, 4(19.— Tomy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 2li9 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Lnneluianu in Am. .Tour. Sei. 2 wr. xxxiv, 332; Proc. Am. Pliil. Sue. 2 wr. xii, 209 ; Wlieeler's Rep. vi,2tn; Trans. St. Louis Aoad.iv, 181; Hot. California, ii, 12."i. — LyiiU in .lour. Linmenn Soc. \il, 142. — Itolander in Proc. California Aead. iii,22<), 317.— Henkel A Hoeli.stetter, Nadi^lliiil/. 71. — NelMOi, I'inace;e, 125. — Hoo|h'», Kvergreen.s, 117.— Parlatore in De CandoIIe, Prodr. xvi'', 3l>5 (exrl. syn. .s'ill^^l(ni).— AVal.son in King's Rep. \,'M\ ; PI. Wheeler, 17. — Gray in Proc. Am. .\cad. vii, 402. — Powlcr in Lunilon Oanl. Chronielo, 1872, 132»i.— Koch, l)endrologie,ii-, 310.— Rothroek in PI. Wheeler, 28, .Ot); Wlieeler's Rep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; tlayden's Siirv. ^;i»e. Put). No. 4, I'-lt. — Hayy, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Hall in Conltc's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Maeoun in (ieologie^il Rep. ("anadii, 1875-'70, 211.— Braiuh'gee iu Coulter's Hot. Garette, Hi, 32. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Xat. new ser. ix,;WO. — Knsliy in Hull. Torrey Hot. Club, ix, 106. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 193 P. Benthamiana, llartwcg in Jonr. Hort. 800. London, li, 189; iii, 383.— Gordon ia Joar. Hort. Soo. London, It, 312 & t.; (Fl. des Series, vi, 85 & f.); Pinetnm, 188; 2 od.3(il (excl. Ryn. ; Whoclor'H Rup. vi, Hii'i; Trims. St. Lonis Acad, iv, 181 ; Coulter's Bot. Qazetto, vii, 4.— Liudley & GonloD in .Jour, llort. Snr. London, v, 2•iO.—Carri^r« in Kl. dc8 Sorres, ix.aOO; Rov. Hort. 1864,227; Trait. Conif. 357 ; 2 cd. 465.— Gordon, Pinohiin, ll);t; "2 od.2tU).—Torn\v, Bot. Mox. Boundary Survey, 20i».— Cooper In Smithsonian Rop.lSCO, 442.— Honkel&.Houb8tutter, NiidcUiiilz. HO.— Hoopcs, Kvoi-grecns, 14;t.— Purliiloro in Do CandoUo, Prodr. xvi', 397. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. Santa liita mountains, Arizona {Rothrock, Engehnann i& Sargent), San Francisco mountains of southwestern New Mosieo niid Aii/.ona {Oreew); in Ohihuahua. A small tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges and slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 I'eet elevation; not common. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, rather largo, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, clear light orange, the thiek sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6457; ash, 0.39. 364. — Pinus contorta, Douglas; Loudon, Arborolnni, iv, 22W, f. 2210, 2'211.— Nuttall, Sylvn, iii, 117 ; 2 ed. ii, 176.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 168.— Carrifep^, Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2 ed. 174.— Torroy in Pacilic R. R. Rep. iv. 111.— Gordon, Piuctnui, 1(55; 2 od. 232.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1868, 261.— Lyall in Jour. Linniviin Soc, vii, 133, 141, in part. — Henljel & Hochstettcr, Nadolholz, 24. — Rothroolc in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Hoopes, Evergreens, !:<1, in part.— Piwlatoro in Do CandoUe, Prodr, xvi', 381, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 330.— Fowler in London Gard. Cliroiiicle, 1872, 1070. — Gray iu Proo. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Koch, Dondrologie, ii", 301. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Uall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Engcluiann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 126; London Card. Chronicle, 18811, 351.— O. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. S ser. ix, 327, in part. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 145. — Masters iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 4!>, f. 6. P. »MO/W, Uongard in Mem. Acad. St. Poter.sbnrg, (5 ser. ii, 163 [not Alton], — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 161, in part. — Ledehour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 676 [not Alton], P. Boursieri, Carriivre in Rev. Hort. 18M, 2;i3 & f. ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 398; 2 ed. 475. P. Banksiatta, Liudley & Gordon in Jour, llort. Soo. Loudon, v, 218, in part. P. tnuricata, Bolander in Proo. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Don]. P. Bolaiuleri, Purlatore in Do Candollo, Proilr. xvi«, 379. SCRUB PINE. Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino county, Oalifornia, extending inland to the western slopes of the Coast ranges. A small, stunted tive, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0 50 meter in diameter; sandy dnnes and exposed rocky points. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5815; ash, 0.19. 366. — Pinus Murrayana, Balfour, Rep. Oregon Esi>eil. 2, t. 3, f. 2.— Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi,226 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Ediubnrgh, vi,351). P. inops, Benthani, PI. Hartweg. 337 [uot Alton]. P. contorta, Newberry iu Piicilio R. R. Rep. vi, 34, 90,t.5,f. 11 [not Douglas].— Engehnann In Am. Jonr. Sci. 2. ser. xxiv, 332. — l.yall in .Joiir. Linnienn Soo. vii, 141, in part. — Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 409. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 3!*1, in part.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 27, .">0.— Parry iu km. Nat. vii, 179. P. contorta, var. lati/oUa, Engehnann in King's Rep. v,;B1; Porter &. Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 1, 129 : Wheeler's Rep vi, 2t;2.— Braudegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. is, 3. '8. P. contorta, var. Bolanderi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. TAiUARACK. BLAOK PINE. LODGE-rOLE PINE. SPRUCE PINE. 195 VaHey of tbe Yukon river, Alaska (Fort Selkirk, Ball), soath through the iiit«irior of British Columbia, along the monutain rangeH of Wasliington territory and Oregon and tlio Sierra Nevadas of California to mount San Jacinto; on the liigb phiteaa ea8t of the Kooky mountuiiiH in about hititude 06°, and south through the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utnli to New Mexico and northern Arizona. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk OAM to 1.20 meter in diameter; reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras ; in the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, covering immense areas, and generally replacing other species destroyed by lire; western Washington territory and .southward only along the borders of moist alpine meadows between (»,()00 and 9,000 feet elevation ; generally confounded with the closely- allied P. contorta of the coast, from which it may be distinguished by its longer, broader leaves, very thin, staly bark, thin sap-wood, and less resinous and finer-grained woo«l, resembling that of the white pines; the distribution of fbe two species in northern British Columbia and Alaska still undetermined. Wood light, soft, not strong, (ilose, strjiight-grained, easily worked, compact, not diirable ; bands of small summer eel s narrow, not conspicuous, resin i)assages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light yellow or nearly white, the thin sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4096; ash, 0.32; occasionally manufactured into lo iber, and used for fuel, railway ties, etc. 366. — Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. — Lambert, PinuH, 1 ed. iii, 137, t. 58. — fjondon, Arboretum, iv, 2246, f. 2138-2143. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 63, t. 23,24.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 16.i.— Lindloy in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Antoine, Conif. 30, t. 11.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beochey, :R)3.— Link in Linnma, xv, 509.— Nnttall.Sylva, iii, 110, t. 113; 2 ed. ii, 169, t. 113.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 390.— De Cbambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 347.— Endlicher, .Syn. Conif. 159.— Kniglit, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gonlon in Jour. Horr. Soo. London, v, 216.— FI. dos Serres, ix, 275, t. 964.— Carrifcro, Trait. Conif. 3.34 ; 2 ed. 435.— Torrey &, Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Bigelow in Paeiflo R. R. Rep, iv, 25.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; t.57j Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 39, 90, f. 13.— Gordon, Pinetum, 208; 2 ed. 284.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 201.- Walpers, Ann. v, 799.- Bolander in Proc. Califoruia Acad, iii, 226, 318.— Henkel & Hiichstetter, Nadulliolz. 75.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 85, t. 11, t. 1-3. — Nelson, Pinaceio, 129. — Hoopes, Kvergrecns, 121. — Parlat«re in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 391.- Fowlor in London Qiird. Chronicle, 1872, 1326.— Koch, Dondrologie, ii», 312. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmanu in Wheeler's Rep. vi,:J75; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Vcitcb, Manual Conif. 169. DIGGEB PINE. BULL PINE. California, Portuguese Flat, Shasta county, south along the foot-hills of the Coast ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not durable; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, couspicuons, resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white ; 8i)eciflc gravity, 0.4840 ; ash, 0.40 ; largely used for fuel. The large edible nuts furnish the Indians an important article of food. f 367.— Pinus Coulteri, D. Don, Trans. Liniiusan Soc. xvii, 440. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 22.50, f. 2144-2146. — Forbes, Pinetnm Woburn. 67, t. 25, 26.— Antoine, Conif. 31, t. 12, 13.— Penn. Cyol. xvii, 172.— Link iu Linnaea, xv, 510.— Hooker & Apnott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 112; 2 ed. ii, 171.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 160.— Carri&re in Fl. des Serres, ix, 275 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 334 ; 2 ed. 435.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1868, 261.— Torrey in Ives' Rep. 28.— Henkt-1 &, Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 76. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi, :<92. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 266. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. Califoruia, ii, 127. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,23, f. 1-5. F. macrocarpa, Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi, Misc. 61.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindloy &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v,2l6. — Gordon, Pinetum, 201.— Nelson, Pinacen, 117. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Veitch, Manual Conif 166. P. Sabiniana Coulteri, Loudon, Encycl. PI. 985, f. 1839-1841. .. P. Sabiniana maorocarpa, Hort. California, Monte Diablo, south through the Coast ranges to the Cuyamaca mountains, and probably in Lower California. A tree 24 to 40 met«rs in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation ; most oommou and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained; bands of snmll summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, largx) ; medullary rays uumerous, prominent; color, light red, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4133 ; ash, 0.37. '■m fm m t? 1 i'f.'i I ''k i ; ■rpt "' -'MM iwM -'> c^Hi ' rM n f! 196 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 368. — Pinus insignis, Douglas; LoudoD, Arboretum, i v, 'J'J43, f. 213:.'-2137.— Forlios, Piuetam Woburn, 51, 1. 18.— Lindlcy in Penu. Cycl. xvil, 171.— Antoine, Conif. a?, t. 8, f. 1.— Hooker &. A;:iott, Bot. lioccUej-, 3'J3.— Spach, Hist. Vog. xi, 389.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 116; 2 ed. ii, 174.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 55. — Eiidliihor, Syii. ConiT. KKI. — Knight, Syu. Conif. 30. — Lludley & Gordon in Joar. Hort. Soo. London, v, 217. — Carri{!rc, Trnit. Conif. :i39; 2 cd. 440.— liigulow in Pacific K. R. Eep. iv, 26.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 200, t. 55; Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,gO.— Cordon, Pinetum, 197; 2 ed. 270. — Cooper in Smithsouiau Rep. 18^8, 261. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new scr. xi, 222 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 347). — Houlid & Hucbstcttcr, NadcUiolz. C9. — Bolander iu Proc.Califomia Acad, iii, 262, t. 317. — Nelson, Pinaoeie, 114. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. — Farlatore iu Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 395. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 37 t. 1,5, f. 1-14. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1672, 1070.— Vnspy, Cnt. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmanu in Tran8.St. Louis Acad, iv, 182 ; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Yeitch, Manual Conif. 163, f. 39. tP. Californica, Loiscleur in Nouveau Duhamel, v, 243.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2268.- Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 162.— Hooker & Aniott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 117; 2 ed. ii, 176.— Carriftre, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 253. P. adnnca, Bosc in Poiret, Suppl. iv,418. ' P. Sinclairii, Hooker <& Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, t. 93, in part.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 141; 2 ed. ii, 198. -Carridre, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. ii, 198. P. radiata, D.Don in Trans. Linutean Soc. xvii,442; Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 133, t. 86.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2270, f. 2182.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 3.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 392, 393, iu part.— Nuttall, Sylva. iii, 116; 2 ed. ' ii, 175. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 161. — Hartwcg in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, iii, 226. — Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, iv, 214 & f . (Fl. des Serres, vi , 434 & t. ) ; Pinetum, 206 ; 2 ed. 282.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 216. — Carribre, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 337.— Nelson, Pinaceie, 127. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 118. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^ 307.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. P. tuberculatOf D. Don in Traus. Linniean Soc. xvii, 441 [not Gordon]. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii. 131, t. 85.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2?70, f. 2181.— Antoine, Conif. 33, t. 14, f. 2.— Hooker Sc. Amott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— EndUcher, syn. Conif. 162. — Carri^re, Trait. Conif. 338; 2 ed. 441, in part. — Nelson, Pinacete, 137. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 123 (excl. syn. CalifoTHica). — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 394, in part. P. rigida,? Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 160 [not Miller]. P. insignis macrocarpa, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, iii, 226.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 440. MONTEREY PINE. Galifornia, Pescadero to Monterey and San Simeon bay. A tree 24 to 30 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; sandy soil, in immediate proximity to the sea-coast; rare and local; now widely cultivated on the Pacific coast for shelter and ornament. A form of Guadalupe island, oif the coast of Lower California, with leaves in pairs, is var. bitiata (Engelmann in Froc. Am. Acad, xi, 119; Bot. California., ii, 128). Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4574; ash, 0.30; locally somewhat used for fuel. 369. — Pinus tuberculata, Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 218 &. f. (Fl. des Serres, v, 517« & f. ) ; Pinetum, 211 ; 2 ed. 288 [not Don].— Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 2, f. 2.— Henkel &. HochHtetter, Nadelholz. 78, in part. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 262,317.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,9?, t. 13, f. 1-9.— Carri&ro, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 441, in part.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi>, 384 (exol. bib.).— Koch, Den- drologie, \V, 309.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Engelmanu in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Yeitch, Manual Conif. 170. P. Californica, Ilartwog in Jour. Hort. Snr. Loudon, ii, 189 [not Loiseleur]. KNOB-CONE PINE. Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains, and in the California Coast ranges from the Santa Cruz to the San Jacinto mountains. A tree 18 to 22 meters iu height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub, fruiting when not more than 1 meter in height; dry, gravelly ridges and slopes from 2,500 (San Bernardino mountains) to 5,500 (mount Sliasta) feet elevation; not common. Woo, 305. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. P. Tteda, var. alopecuroidea, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 317.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2237. P. rigida, var. serotina, London, Encycl. Pi. 979, f.l824-18e7.—Cooper in Smithsonian Bep. 1858, 257.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 120.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. It, 183. POND, PINE. North Carolina, south near the coast to the head of the Saint John's river, Florida. A tree 12 to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; inundated borders of streams and ponds iu low, peaty soil ; not common. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, forming fiiUy one-half the aunual growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, large ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark orange, the thick sap-wood pale yellow ; specific gravity 0.7942 ; ash, 0.17. ■}i 373.— Pinus inops, Alton, Hort. Kev. iii, 307 ; 2 od. v, 316.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 204.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i, 18, 1. 13 ; 2 ed. i, 21, t. 14 ; 3 ed. i, 25, t. 12.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 496; Euum. 988; Borl. Baumz. 206.— Porsoou, Syn. ii, 578. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i,58,t.4; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 103, t. 139. -Nouveau Duhamel, v, 236, t. 69, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Rees' Cyol. xxviii. No. 10.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philndelph. 93.— Compeud. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 183.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 173.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 633.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torroy, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359.— Audubon, Birds, t. 97.— Beck, Bot. 338.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2()5.— Bon .lard. 1837, 976.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2192, f. 2068-2071.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobum. 15, t. 4.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 101, in part.— Eatou & Wright, Bot. 3.'>8. — Autoino, Couif. 17, t. 5, f. 3. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 171. — Link in Linuiea, xv, 500. — Spacli, Hist. Veg. xi, 386. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 167. — Knight, Syn. Couif. 26. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 217.— Carriore, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2od. 471.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 290.- Darby, Bot. S. States, 514.— Gordon, Pinetum, 107 ; 2 ed. 238. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2,'i7. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 433. — Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. &. Fl. 313.— Heukel &. Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 22.- Nelson, Pinaoeas, 113.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 84. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 380 (excl. syn. variaWi*). — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, IW.— Veitch, Manual Couif. 158. P. Virginiana, Miller, Gard.Diot. 7 ed. No. 9.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 43; Harbk. 2 od. ii, 35.— MarshaU, Arbustom, 102.— Wangenheim, Amer. 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 299. P. Toeda, var. Virginiana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 340. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 1U9 JEBSEY riNE. SOUUB PINE. Middle Inland, Long island, Totteuvillo, and Clifton, Stnten island. New York, south, gonei-ally near tbe coast, to tho valley of the Savannah river (Aiken, South Carolina), and through eastern and middle Kentucky to "the knobs" of southeastern Indiana. A tree 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.00 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally much smaller; sandy, generally barren soil, reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light orange, the thick sap-wood nearly whit« ; specific gravity, 0.5309; ash, 0.30 ; largely used for fuel, and in Kentucky and Indiana preferred for and largely manufactured into water-pipes and pump-logs. 374. — Pinus clausa, Vasey, Cat. Fotost Trees, 30. P. inopa, Tar. Olaiwa, Eagelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Aoad. iv, 183.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, SuppV 050. SAND PINE. BOBUB PINE. SPBUCE PINE. Florida, shores of Pensacola bay, south, generally within 30 miles of the coast, to Pease creek, and occupying a narrow ridge along the east coast south of Saint Augustine. A tree 2L to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter iu diameter, or on the west coast rarely 6 to 9 meters in height ; barren, sandy dunes and ridges ; most common and reaching its greatest development about the head of Halifax bay. Woore, Trait. Conit. 359 ; 2 ed. 470.— Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209, t. 54 (P. Edgariina on plate). — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Henkel Sr, Hochstetter, Nudelholz. 60. — Nelson, Pinaceee, 121. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 92. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 379. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1164. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii<, 302.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30.— Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 183 ; Bot. California, ii, 128.— Yeitoh, Manual Conif. 151.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1884, 49, f. 7-9. P. inopt, var. Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. P. Edgariana, Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 217, 326. P. OOntorta, Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Douglas]. I 200 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. I* W: • !'! m^ If' II IP OBISPO PINK. BISHOP'S PINE. (^'Ulifornia, Mendocino couiity south through the Coast ranges to Sau Luis Obispo county. A tree 24 to 36 meters in lieight, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 meter in diameter, or more often not exceeding 1& meters in height; cold peat bogs or barren, sandy gravel; always exposed to the winds and fogs of the ocean, and not found above 2,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino county; rare and local. Wood light, very strong and hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, resin passages few, not prominent; medullary rays uumerouj, thin; color, light brown, the thick «ap-wood nearly white; speciflo gravity, 0.4042; ash, 0.2G. 377. — Pinus mitis, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, i204.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 58, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 96, t. 137.— Barton, Prodr. Fi. Phlladelph 93.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 417.— Loudon, Arborotuui, iv, 2195, f. 307i)-807«.— Antoine, Conlf. 16, t. 5, f. 1.— Lindley in Penn. Cyol.xvii, 171.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 386.- Torrey, FI. N. York, ii, 229.— Endlioher, 8yn. Conif. 167.— Knight, 8yn. Conif. 26.— Lindley A, Qordou in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 217.— Carriire, Trait. Conif. 361 ; 2 ed. 472.— Gordon, Pinetum, 170 ; 8 ed. 243 (ezol. lyn. Bo^M).— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 275. — Chapman, Fl, S. States, 433.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. Nj*Carolin», 1860, iii, 19.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.- Wood, CI. Book, 660; Bot. &. Fl. 313.— Henkel &, Hoohstetter, NadelhSlz. 23.— Gray, Manual N. Stttes, 5 ed. 470.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 88.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 380.— Tonng, Bot. Texas, 516.— Koch, Dendrologic, ii'*, 300.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree., 30.— Broadheod in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acud. iv, 184. — Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 88. P. echinata, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 12.— Marshall, Arbustum, 180t— Wangenheim, Amer. 74. P. Virginiana, var. echinata, Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 38. P. Teeda, var. variabilis, Aiton.Hort.Kew. iii, 368. P. variabilis, Lambert.Pinus, led.i,S2,t. 16; 2 ed. i,25,t.l6; 3 ed.i,29, t.l4.— Willdenow,8pec. iv, 498.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 578.— Nonvean Duhamel, v, 235, t. 69, f. 2.— Alton, Hort. Kew. S ed. v, 316.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 643.— Smith in Rees' Cyol. xxviii. No. 12.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadolph. ii, 183.— Nuttal'., Genera, ii, 223.— Elliott, 8k. ii,633.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 886.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 35, t. 11.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoine, Conif. 15, t. 5, f. 2.— Link in Linneea, xv, 502.— Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 168 (exol. 8yn.).—Darby, Bot. 8. States, 514. P. rigida, Porcher, Resources 8. States, 504 [not Miller]. YELLOW PINE. SHOET-LEAVED PINE. SPBUOE PINE. BULL PINE. Stateu island, New York, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, through the Oulf states to Tennessee and eastern Texas, and through Arkansas to the Indian territory, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, and in Union county, Illinois. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1 .35 meter in diameter; light sandy soil or, less commonly, along the low borders of swamps ; forming west of the Mississippi river, mixed with oaks and other deciduous trees, extensive forests; the only species of northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri, reaching its greatest development in western Lonisiaua, southern Arkansas, and eastern Texas. Wood, varying greatly in quality and amount of sap, heavy, hard, strong, generally coarse-grained, compact ) bands of small summer cells broad, often occupying half the width of the annual growth ; very resinous, resin passages numerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, orange, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.G104; ash, 0.29 largely manufactured into lumber, especially in the states west of the Mississippi river, and among yello', os only inferior in value to that of P. paluatris. 378.--Pinu8 glabra, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 237.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 342.— Ravenel in Proo. Elliott Soc. i, 52.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 433.— Poroher, Resources S. Forests, !i06. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 82. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 184. tP. mitis, var. paupera. Wood, Cl. Book, 660. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 201 OEDAR PINE. SPBVOE PINE. WHITE PINE. South Oarolina, Hoiith to tho Obattahoochoe region of w»steru Florida, generally near the coast, and through the Oulf states south of latitude 3:2° 30' to tho valley of tho Pearl river, Louisiana. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich bottom lauds and humraooks in dense forests of hard-wood trees, reaching its greatest development in Alabama and Mississippi; not common and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, not durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, not resinous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3931 ; ash, 0.45. 370. — Pinus Banksiana, Lambert, Finus, 1 ed. i, 7, t. 3 ; 2 ed. i, 7, t, 3 ; 3 ed. i, 9, t. 3.— Pemoon, Syu. ii, 578.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. il, Oil.— Nonveau Dubamel, y, 234, t. 67, f. 3.— Alton, Hort. Kevr. 2 ed. v, 315.— Parsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Sinltb in Rees' Cyol. xxviii, Ko. 4.— Nuttall, Genera, li, 223; Sylva, iti, 134; 2 ennfactnred into lumber and used in conritructiou of all sorts, for ship-building, fencing, railway ties, etc. The turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, and spirits of tutiientine manufactured in the United States are almost exclusively produced by this species ( U. 8. Dispentatory, 14 ed. 709, 899. — ifat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — Fl'iekiger A Eanhury, Pharmcusographia, 545). 381. — Pinus Cubensis, Orlgebnch, Mem. Am. Aoad. viii,530; Cat. PI. Cuba, U17.— Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xyi>,a96. P. Tceda, var. heterophylla, Elliott, Sk. ii, 636. P. miiottii, Eugeluiann; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 186, 1. 1, 3, 3.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suopl. 650. P. Vubensis, var. ferthrocarpa, Wrigbt.— Griscbach, Cot. PI. Cuba, 217. I- SLASH PINE. SWAMP PINE. BASTARD PINE. MEADOVV^ PINE. South Carolina (Blufi'ton, Mellichamp), south near the coast to the southern keys of Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of t)ie Pearl river, Louisiana, uot extending beyond 50 or 60 miles inland; in the West Indies. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; light sandy soil along the dunea and marshes of the coast, or wet ulay borders of ponds, abandoned fields, ei*^., and now rapidly taking possession of ground from which the forests of P. paltutris have been removed ; the only species of Florida south of cape Cauaveral and bay Biscayue. Wood heavy, exceedingly Lard, very strong, tough, coarsegrained, compact, durable ; bands of small summer cells very broad, occupying fully half the width of the annunl growth, very resinous, conspic lous, resin pas&iges few, not large; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color, rich dark orange, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7504; ash, 0.26; hardly inferior in value to that of P. patustria, although rarely mauufactured into lumber. Turpentine is occasionally manufactured in southern Florida from this species. NoTS.- -Specimens collected upon the southern keys of Florida by A. H. Curtiss connect the forms of South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida with the West Indian tree. 382. — Picea nigra, Link, Liauwa, xv, 520.— Carritre, Trait. Conif. 241 ; 2 ed. 323.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnaan Soc. xxiii', 301.— Prnnet, Hist. Picea, 10 & t. f. B.— Peck in Trans. Albiiuy Inst, viii, 283.— Engelmiiuu in London Gard. Chronicle, 1679, 334.— Sears in Bull. Embx Inat. xiii, 185. Abies Mariana, Miller, Diet.— Wangenheim, Amer. 75. Pinus Mariana, Du Eoi, Obs. Bot. 38 ; Harbk. ii, 107.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 24. Pinus Abies Canadensis, Marshall, Arbnstum, 103. PtttU* .Amcncana rttftrff, Wangenheim, Amer. 75. PimiS nijM-fl, Aiton, Hort. Kow. iii, 370; 2ed.v, 319.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i,41, t. 27; 2 ed. i, 45, t. 27j 3 ed.i,64,t.37.— Wiildeuow, Spec, iv, 506 ; £uum.990; It il. Baamz. 276.- Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii,640.~Smith iu Bees' Cycl.xxviii, No. 20. —Barton, Cuuipend. Fl. Pbiladelpb. ii, 182.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,S23.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 177.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 640.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compond. Fl. N. Staias, 359; Fl. N. York, il, aw.- Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6e<1.264.— Hooker,FI.Bor.-Am.ii, 103.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 358. —Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 386.— Antoino, Conif. 88, t. 34, f. 3.— Endllober, Syn. Conif. 115.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Poroher, Resor.roos S. Forest*, 505.— Parlat«re iu De CaudoUe, I'rod;-. xyi', 4:3. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES Pinus Americana, Gaertner, Fruct. ii, 60, t. 91, f. I. 203 PintlS rubra, Lambert,Piuu8, 1 od. i, 48, t. 28 ; 2t)d. i, 47, *. 30 ; 3 ed. i, 66, t. 38 [not Michaax f. ].— Pereoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 8 ed. V, 319.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Sinitli in Rees' Cycl. xxviil, No. 2;}.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 8«>5.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, T^^.—Becli, But. 340.— Latou, Manual, 6 ed. '•64. —Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wrisht, Bot. 358.— Antoine, C';nif. 87, t. 34, f. 2.— Eudliclier, Syn. Conif. 113.— Gihonl, Arb. Resin. 44. — Parlatore in Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi'', 413. Abies dentieullta, Micbaus, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520. Abies nigra, Poirotin Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontainos, Hist. Arb. ii,580. -Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 124,t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, l;)9, t. i47.— Nouveau Dubamel,y,292, t. 81, f. 1.— Lindley in Penn. Cycl. i,32. — Loudon, Arboretnm, iv, 2:U2, f. 2225-2227. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. xi, 410, in part. — Emersou, Trees Massacbusetts, 81 ; 2 ed. ii, 96.— Oriffitb, Med. Bot. 606.— Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 36.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort Hoc. London, v, 211.— Parry in Owen's Bop. 618. — Gordon, Pinetnm, 11; Sed. 17. — Riobardson, Arctic Exped. 442.— Cooper in Sraitbsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Chapman, Fl. S. Statea, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, I860; iii,27.— Wood.Cl. Book, 662; Bot.A V Fl. 313. — Porobor, Resources S. Forests, 507. — Henkel &, Hocbstetter, Nadelbolz. 191.— Nelson, Pinoceffi, 50.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471. — Hoop^, Evergreens, 169. — Yasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 247.— Moconn in Geological Lep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 18r9-'80, 44<=.—Veitcb, Manual Conif. 74. Abies rubra, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 520.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— i^oudon, Arboretum, iv, 2316, f. 2228.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnm. 101, t. 35. — Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 37.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 211.— Gordon, Pinetum, 11 ; 2 ed. 17.— flenkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhdlz. 189.— Nelson, Pinaoen, 51. P. rubra, Link in Liuniea,xv, 521.— Carri^re, Trait. Conif. 240; 2ed.322. Abies nigra, var. rubra, Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 123; N. American Sylvc, 3 ed. iii, 141.— Spucb, Hist. yeg.zi,411.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 170. t Abies rubra, var. arctica, Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, T,211. AUes alba, Chapman, Fl. S. Statns, 435 [not Poiret]. Abies Americana, Koch, Dendiologie, ii<, 241: P. nigra, var. rubra, Engelmann in London Gord. Chronicle, 1879, 334. Abies arctica, Hort. Abies Marylandica, Kort. BLACK SF3U0E. Newfoandland, nortberu Labrador to Ungava bay, Nastapokee sound, cape Ohurchill, Hudson bay, and northwest to the mouth of the ^''ackenzie river and the eastern slop 3 of the Bocky mountains; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 in 0.90 meter in diameter; light, dry, rocky soil, forming, especially north of the fiftieth degree of latitude, extensive forests on the water-sheds of the principal streams or in cold, wet swamps ; then small, stunted, and of little value (P. rubra). Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, resin passages fow, minute ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color, light red or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4584 ; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into lumber, used in construction, for ship-building, piles, posts, railway ties, etc. Essence of spruce, prepared by boiling the young branches of this species, is used in the manufacture of spruce beer, a popular beverage ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901). '.'A m ■'I m h I < ,- M 204 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. m '41 ■ill'i. r I \\\ ^^ 383.— Picea alba, Link, Liniwea, xv, 519.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2.T8; 2 ed. 319.— Fl. des Sorres, xxi, 157, t. 2251.— Brunet, Hist. Picea, 4 & t. f. A.— Engolmann in London Oard. Clironiole, 1879, ;]34.— Sean in Bnll. Essex Inst, xiii, 184. Abies Canademis, Miller, Diet. No. l. Pinwf Canadensia, Du Roi, Obs. Hot. 38 ; Harbk. ii, 124 [not Linnnus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 6. t. 1, f. 2. P. laxa, Ehrbart, Beitr. iii, 24. P. glauca, Moenoh, Weiss. 73. " Pinua alba, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 371; 2 ed. v, 318.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. i, 39 t. 26; 2od. i, 43, t.28; 3ed. i,61,t. 35.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 507; Euum. 990 ; Berl. Banmz. 280.- Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 641.— Smith in Bees' Uycl. xxvili, No. 21.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, &23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 177.— Elliott, 8k, ii, 640.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Corapend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. N. York, ii, 231.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.- Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.— • Antoine, Conif. 86, t. 34, f. 1.— Endlicber, Syn. Conif. 112.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 515.— Tninbouw Flora, 1855, 1, t. 14, 15.— Wftlpera, Ann. v, 799. — Parlatoie in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 414. PinU8 tetragona, Moencb, Meth. 364. Abies alba, Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 521.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 580.— Miohaux f. Hist. Arb. Ara. i, 133, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 144, 1. 148.— Nonreau Duhamol, v,291, t. 81, f. 2.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2310, f. 2224.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 95, t. 33.— Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 129; 2 ed. ii, 189.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xi, 412.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 84 ; 2 ed. i, 99. — Gihonl, Arb. Rosin. 43. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 36. — Lindley &, Cordon in Jour. Hort.Goc. London, v, 2'.1.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2; 2 ed. 3. — Richardson, Arctic Expc(i . 442.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257. — Hooker f. iu Trans. Linnaan 8oo. xxiii', 301.— Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 scr. xxxiv, 330. -Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. &. Fl. 313.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 507.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 188.— Nelson, Piuaceae, 47.- Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Murray in Seeuann, Jonr. Bot. v, 253, t. 69, f. 2-7.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 157, f. 20.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Quibourt, Hist. Drognes, 7 ed. ii, 247.— Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 44°. Abies mbra, var. ccerulea, Loudon, Aibcretam, iv, 2316. — Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, ▼, 911. Abies ccerulea, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 99. P. ccerulea, Link in Linuffia, xv, 522. PtniM rubra, var. violacea, Eudlicher, Syn. Conif 114. P. nigra, var. glauca, Carriferc, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 242. Abies arctica, Murray in Seemann, Jour. Bot. v,253,t. 69, f. 1,8-13. Abies laxa, Kodi, Dondrologio, ;i»,243. Abies alba, var. ccerulea, Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 320. Abies alba, var. arctica, Pnrlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 414. WHITE SPRUCE. Newfoundland, northern shore of Labrador to Ungava bay, cape Charchill, and northwestward to the month of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south to the coast of Maine, northeastern Vermont (Weat Burke and Eluiwood, Pringle), northern Michi(j'an, Minnesota to Moose lake and the White Earth Indian reservation, the BInck hills of Dakota {R. Douglas), along the Kocky mountains of northern Montana to the valley of the Blackfoot river [Canby <& Sargent), Sitka, and British Columbia. A tree 15 to 50 meters in beigtit, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; low, rather wet soil, borders of ponds and swanips ; most common north of the boundary of the United States, and reaching its greatest development along tlie streams and lakes of the Flathead region of northern Montana at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,500 feet; the most important timber tree of the American subarctic forests north of the sixtieth degree of latitude, here more generally multiplied and of larger size than the allied P. nigra, with which it is associated; 'ts distribution southward in British Columbia not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight grained, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute; medullary rays uunierouB, prominent; color, light yellow, the sap-wood hanlly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4051; ash, 0.32; largely manufactured into lumber, although not distinguished in commerce from that of the black spruce (P. nigra). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 505 384. — Picea Engelmanni, Engelmaun, Tians. St. Louis Acad, ii, 212 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 256 f London Gard. Chronicle, 1379, 334 ; 1882, 145.— Carrifere, Trait. Conlf. 2 ed. 348.— O. M. DawHiiu in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 335.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot, Club, ix, 80. Abiea alba, f Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97. Abies nigra, Engelmaun in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 scr. zxxiii, 330 [not Poiret]. Abies Engelmanni, Pan-y in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 122 j London Gard. Chronicle, 1863, 1035; Am. Nat. viii, 179; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 149. — Regel, Qartenflora, 1864, 244, — Henkel & Hochstettei, Nadelhiilz. 418. — Huopes, Evergreens, 177, f. 22.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 494.— Porter &. Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Bury. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 242.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1877, 631. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 187&-'76, 211.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56<=.— Veitch, Manual Couif. 68. Pinm Engelmanni, Engelmaun in Proo. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. Pinua commutata, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 417.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 5. WHITE SPKUOE. Peace Biver plateau, iu latitude 55^46' N. {O. M. Dawson), through the interior of British Columbia and along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon to the valley of the Mackenzie river; along th« principal ranges of the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains to the ^jan Francisco mountains, Sierra Blanco, and mount Graham, Arizona. A :arge tree, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at its extreme elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly slopes aud ridges between 5,000 and 11,500 feet elevation; the most valuable timber tree of the central Bockj Mountain region, here forming extensive forests, generally above L,dOO feet elevation ; rare and of small size in the mountains of Washington territory, Oregon, and Montana Wood very light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, minute ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, pale yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.3449 ; ash, 0.32 ; in Colorado manufactured into lumber aud largely used for fuel, charcoal, etc. The bark rich in tannin, and in Utah sometimes used iu tanning leather. Notts. — Forms of northern Montana too closely connect this species with the allied P. alba. only at different elevatione, in different soils, and never mingle. The two species occur here, however m . m 386. — Picea pungens, Engelmann, London Oard. Chronicle, ld79, 334 ; 1882, 145.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 725, f. 130. P. Menziesii, Engelmmm in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 214 [not Carri^re]. Abies Menziesii, E igelmann iu Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 330 [not Lindloy].— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1803, 76. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 333, in part.— Parry in Am. Nat. viii, 179 [not Lindley]. — Porter in Hayden'sRep. 1871, 494. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 166, in part. — Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10 [not Lindley]. — Porter &. Coult«r, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley].— Vasey, Ca( Forest Trees, 33, iu part.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32. Abies Menziesii Parryana, KwAH in 111. Hort. xxiii, 196 ; xxiv, 53, 119.— Roezl in ill. Ilort. xxiv, 86. Abies Engelmanni glauca, Veitoh, Manual Couif. 69. WHITE SPRUCE. BLUE SPRUCE. Valley of the Wind river, south through the mountain ranges of Wyoming, Ouiorado, aud Utah. A trt'o 30 to 4G meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; l>order8 of streams, in damp oi wet soil, generally between 6,000 aud 9,000 feet elevation, never forming forests or reaching as high elevations an the allied P. Engelmanni ; rare aud local. Wood very light, soft, weak, closu-graiiiv'Ml, compact, satiny; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuou»>. resin passages few, small; medullary ra.ys numerous, prominent; color, very light brown or oftou nearly white, tin- sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.3740; ash, 0.38. t",y i- w^ 20& FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. i ¥ III 386. — Picea Sitchensis, CnrriJrc, Trnit. Conif. 1 cd. 260 ; Kngelmanu in Loudon Giird. Chrouiclo, 187i), 314 ; Rot. California, ii, 122. Pinus Sitchemia, Bonnard in Mcni. Acad. St. PotorslmrK, (f ner. ii, 101.— Hooker, Kl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Endlioher, 8yn. Conif. 123. Abies Metiziesii, Lmdley in Pcnn. Cycl. 1, 32.— Loudon, Arborolum, iv, 2321, f. 2232.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnni. 93, t.32.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 131, t. U'C; 2 ed. ii,189, t. 116.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Llndloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, v, 211.— Nowborry in Pacilic R. K. Hop. vi, 56, 90, t. 9, f. 21.— Gordon, Pinetum, 6; 2 ed. 12.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1808,262 ; Pacilic R. R. Rep. xii^ 2.'), 69, in part.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 314.— Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soo. vii, 131, 133, 144.— Houkol & llochstettor, Nadolbolz. 187.— Nelson, PinacojB, 148.— Hotlirock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867. 4:}3.— Hoopes, Evergroous, 166, in part.— WatHon in King's Rep. v, 333, in part. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 73. Pinug Menzksi , Douglas in Lambert, Piuus, 1 cd. iii, 161, t. 71.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Antoino, Conif. 85, t 33, f. 1, 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bocchoy, 394.— Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 112.— Parlatoro in De CaudoMo, Prodr. xvi», 418. t Abies trigona, Rulinescjue, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlioher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carrifire, Trait. Conif. 1 od. 264. t Abies falcata, Ratineaque, Atlant. .Tour. 119.— Endlichor, Syn. Conif. 124 — Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, V, 213.— Carrifore, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 314. Pinus Memicsii, A'ar. erispay Antoine, Conif. «5, t. 35, f. 2. Abies Sitchensis, Lindloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. 8 50. Loudon, v, 212.— Kooh, Dendrologie, ii«, 247. P. Menziesii, CarriJiro, Man. des PI. iv, 339; Trait. Conif. 237; 2 ed.318. ^ f Sequoia Safinesquei, Carrii>re, Trait. Conif. 2 ed.213. TIDE-LAND SPRUCE. Alaska, south to Meudociuo conuty, Gali'brnia, not extending more than 50 miles inland from the coast. A large tree of great economic valae, 4G to 01 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 5.10 meters in diameter; gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest development in Washington territory and Oregon near tho mouth of the Columbia river, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth 50 or, farther north and south, rarely more than 10 or 15 miles in width. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color, light brown tinged with rod, the sap-wood nccarly white ; specific gravity, 0.4287 ; ash, 0.17 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interi' . luish, fo.ic:n3. Abies Canadensis, Dcsfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 5M. —Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 138, t. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 146, t. 140.— Nouveau Duhaniel, v, 293, t. 83, f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 111.— Richard, Conif. 77, t. 17, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 197.— Loulon, Arboretum, iv, 2.322 & t.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 129.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, KB; 2 ed. ii, 190.--Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 424.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 77 ; 2 ed. i, 92 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight. Syn. Conif. 37. — Li'idley «t Gordon in .Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 2^)1.- (ionlon, Pir.c.uni, II ; 2 ed. 22.— Cooper in '^niithsoniau Rep. 1868, 2.'i7.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wowl, CI. Book, 661; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher, Restmrces .H. Forests, 50t!.— Honkel & Hochst^^ttor, Nj«lelhol«. 153 (oxcl. syn. aromatifo). -Nelson, Pinaceue, 30.— Onjy, Manual N. States, ."i <'d. 471.— Hoopea, Evergreens, 184, f. 2:1.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 249.— Vasey, Oat. Forest Trees, 2:1.- Fl. dehSerres, xxii, 206.— Guibourt, Hist. Dnigncs, ii, 247.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51».— Veitch, Mnnual Conif. 114, f. 29. P(C«(l Ciciious ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap woo — Eudlioher, Syn. Conif. 124. -Carribic, Trait. Conif. 1 od. 'i35. Pinm Mertensiana, Bougartl in Mem. Acu>. Abies Douglasii, var. taxi/olia, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2319, f. 2231.— Gordon, Pinetum, 16; 2 ed. 25.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelliolz. 156. Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata, Antoine,Conif.84, t. 33, f.4. Picea Douglasii, Link inLinnaia,xv,,524. Tsaga Douglasii, Carrii^re, Trait. Conif. 192.— Bolauder iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 232. Tsuga Lindleyana, Roezl, Cat. Grain Mex. 6. BED FIB. YELLOW FIB. OREGON PINE. DOUGLAS FIE. Coast ranges and interior plateau of British Columbia soutli of latitude S.^o N. (not reaching the coa.st archipelago north of Vancouver's i-sland), east to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains in latitude 51" N. (Bow liiver pass, Maeoun) ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington territory, Oregon, the California Coast ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas, through the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Guadalupe mountains of Texas ; in the Wahsatch and Uintah mountains, the vanges of northern and eastern Arizona, and southward into Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch raoantains, south of the Blue mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona. A largo tree, (51 to 92 meters in height, witli a trunk 0.83 to .'i.tiO meters in diameter, or in the Itocky monntains much smaller, here rarely .'30 meters in height; the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet ; often forming extensive forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington territory its greatest development and value. Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and ctniditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of saj*; difficult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of the annual growth, dark colored, conspicuons, soon becoming flinty and ditiicult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, varying from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.51,'">7 ; ash, 0.08 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all kinds of onstruction, railway ties, piles, luel, etc.; two varieties, red and yellow fir, are distiugui-shed by lumberiniMi, dependent probably upon the age of the tr«"^; the former coarse grained, darker colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir. The bark is found valuable in tunning leather. 14 FOB \) 'i'' 1 t M .It 210 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. i- - Ml Var. tnacrocarpa, Eng- Imann, Bot (California, ii, 120. Abies Douglasii, vur. tnacrocarpa, Torroy in Ives' Rop.SS.—Vasey, Cut. Forest Trees, 33. Ahies macrocarpa, Vosoy in Ganl. Monthly, ,Iaa. 1876. HEMLOCK. Osiliforiiia Ooast ranges; 8aii Bernardino monntains to the Ouyamaca mountains. A tree 30 to 54 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and cafions between 2,600 and 4,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, liard, strong, cross-grained, very durable, difficult to work ; color, rather darker red than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.45U3 ; ash, O.OS ; somewhat manufactured into coarse lumber and largely used for fuel. 392. — Abies Fraseri, Lindley, Penn. Cyol. i, 30.— Forbes, Piiu>tum Wobwrn. iii.t. 38.— Link in Linniea, xv, 631.— Nnttall, SylvB, iii, 139, 1. 119; 2 ed. ii,196,t. 119.— Lindloy & Gordon in Jour, llort. Soc. London, v, 209. — Carriftn?, IVnit. Conif. 200; 2 cd. 270. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. Stati-s, 4;M.— Cnrtis in Hop. Geological Siirv. N. Carolina, 1860, ill, 20.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Honkol & Hochstuttor, Nudolholz. 109.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 od. 472, in iiart. — Hoopes, Evergree.iB,202.— Bertrand in Bull. 8oo. Bot. Frimcc, xviii,37t).— Kofh,Dendrologie, ii', 216.— VaHoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Engelmanu in Trans. St. Lon is Acad, ill, 596; Loudon Ourd. Chronicle, 1877, 147.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 96. Pinua Fraseri, Pur8h,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Smith in Recs' Cycl. xxviii,No. 27.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 35.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884.— Bock, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 264.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 74, t. 42.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Antoiuf, Conif. 76, t. 29, f. 1.— Endlichor, Syn. Conif. 91.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 419.— MoNab in Proo. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii,684, t. 47, f. 10. A. bahamea, var. Fraseri, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi,422. Pinus balsamea, var. Fraseri, Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359. IHcea Fraseri, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, «340, f. 2243, 2244.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 148; 2 ed. 205. BALSAM. SHE BALSAM. High mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter; moist slopes between 6,000 and 0,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white; speciiic gravity, 0.3305; ash, 0.54. 393. — Abies balsamea, Miller, Diet. No. 5.— Dfsfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 579.— Nouveau Duhami-1, v, 295, t. &3, f. 2.— Richard, Conif. 74, 1. 16.— Lindley, Penn. Cyol. i, 30; Fl. Mod. .^>o4— Forbe-s, Piuotum Woburn. 109, t. 37.— Link in Linnsea, xv, 530.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 421.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 605, f. 268.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Son. London, v, 210.— Carriftre, Trait. Conif. 217; 2 ed^a92.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 441.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 od. 291.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Wood, CI. Book, 6(51; Bot. & PI. 314.— Porcber, Resources S. Forests, 506.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelbolz. 176. — Gray, Manual N. States, 6 ed. 471. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 197. — Bertrand in Bull. Soo. Bot. France, xviii, 379. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii', 214. — Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Quibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 cd. ii,246. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. LouiaAcnd. iii,597.— Maooun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 811.— Scars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 184.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'SO, 46«.— Veitch, Maunal Conif. 88. Pinus bahamea, Linnious, Spec. 1 ed. 1002.— Wangcnheim.Ainer. 40.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 319.— Moenoh, Meth. 364.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. 144.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. i,48, t. 31; 2 ed. i,52,t. 33; 3 ed. i,72,t. 41.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 504; Euuin. 989; Berl. Baumz. 270.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 639.— Eaton, Mannal, 111; 6 ed. 264.— Nutmll, Genera, ii, 223.— Haync.Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 639. -Sprengel, Syst. ii, 884.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. SUte8,359; Fl. N. York, ii, 229. —Doscourtilz.Fl. Med. Antilles, iv,59,t. 246.— Woodville, Med. Bot. 3 ed. V, 1, t 1.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. :J85.—Antoin8, Conif. 66, t. 26, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 103.— GihonI, Arb. Resin. 45.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 515.— Pariatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 423.— MoNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 684, t. 47, f. 11.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 203, t. 263. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 211 Piniu Abies Balsamea, ManhaU, Arbmituin, 102. A. balsamifera, Miohaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 207, in part.— Uiohaux f. Hiat. Arb. Am. i, 14fi, 1. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 150, 1. 150, in part. Pioea baiUamea, Loudon, Arboretum, iv,3339, f. 2340, 2241.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 143; 2 ed. 200.— Henkol & Hootiatotter, Nadelhulz. 176. — Emerson, Trees MassaoIiuBetts, 65 ; 2 ed. i, 101,— Nelson, Pinaoete, 37. Pioea balsamea, var. longifolia, Hort.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2839. Pioea Fraseri, Emersou, Trees Massaohuaetts, 88; 2 ed. i, 104 [not London]. BALSAH FIB. BALM OF OILEAD FIB. Northern Nowfouudland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake and the eastern base of the Itocky mountains ; south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to tlie high i^eaks of Virginia. A tree 21 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.GO meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub {A. Hudaonica, Hort.); damp woods and mountain swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not dur.able ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullury rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, often streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; si^ecific gravity, 0.3819; ash, 0.45. Canadian balsam or balm of flr, an aromatic liquid oleo-rcsin obtained from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts ( U. 8. IHspenaatory, 14 ed. 898, 900. — Ifat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1417. — FlUoJdger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 552). ■I ;' 1(1 394. — Abies subalpina, Engelmann, Am. Nat. x,554; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 597; Wheeler's Rep, vi, 255.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii,91. — Brandegeo in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— G.M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 326. — Masters in Loudon Gard. Chroniele, 1881,2:)6,f. 43,44,45. fPinus lasioearpa, Hooker^ Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, ICS [not Hort.].— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 105.— MoNab in Proo. Eoyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 682, t. 46, f. 7, 7»; t. 47, 48, 49 (exol. syn.). fA. lasioearpa, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 138 ; 2 ed. ii, 195.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 221.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262.— Murray in Proo. Hort. Soo. London, iii, 313, f. 27-31.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 161 (excl. syn.). fPinUS species, Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97. Picea amalilis, Goi .ion, Pinetnm, 154, in part ; 2 ed. 213, in part. A. bifolia, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soo. London, iii, 320, f. 51-56; London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 465, f. 96, 97.— Regelj Gartenflora, xiii, 119.— Henkel &. Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 420. A. grandis, Engelmann in /'• Jour. Sci.2 ser. sxxiv, 310 [not Lindley].— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 296, in part.— Watson in King's Rep. v,334, in part.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402 [not Lindley].— Porter A Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 131 [not Lindley]. PinUS amabilis, Parlatoro in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi», 426, in part. Picea bifolia, Murray in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 105. A. subalpina, var. fallax, Engelmann in Traus. St. Louis Acad, ill, 597. BALSAM. Valley of the Stakhin river, Alaska, in latitude 60° N. {Muir), Fouth through British Columbia and along the Cascade mountains to northern Oregon {Gollier), through the Blue mountains of Oregon and the ranges of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding O.CO meter in diameter; mountain slopes and cafions between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely forming the prevailing forest growth. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or nearly white, the snp-wood liglitor; specific gravity, 0.3476; ash, 0.44. 4 m \n r.iif 212 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. : I I >,•- ) ! I I y^i 395. — Abies grandis, Lindluy, Peiiii.C,vcl.i,:«).— Forbes, Pinotura Wolmrii. 123, t. 4:t.— Spiic-h, Hint. Vc^;. xi, 4a-.».— Niittull, Sylvn, iii, 134; 2 cd. ii, 192.— LImlloy A, Ciorduii in Jour, Horh. Soo. London, v, 210. — Cll^^i^^(l, Ti'iiif. Conif, 220; 2 od. 2!W (cxid. syn.). — Coopi-r in SnutliHoninn Rop. IShS, 2(>2; rucilic U. U. iei-i». xii', 25, OS); Am. iN'iit. iii, 110.— Wood, Bot. & I'l. :ilt.— Lviill in Jonr. Linnicun Hov.. vii, 14:i.— Ilolundci in Proc. Caliroriiiu Anid. iii, 232. — MnnlicI &, IIocliHti'tlcr, Nnilclliiilz. 1(10. — NcNon, Pinticrii', 38, — IIoopcs, KviTfO'ecnn, 211. — Bcrtnind in null. Soc. Hot. Fruuco, xvili, 37.S,— Viisoy, C'lil. Forest Trees, Ml, — Hall in Coulter's Hot. Oazelle, li, 1)1.— Miiconn in Oeolof,'ieal Hep. Canada, lH7.'i-'7(l, 211. — Eui^eluuinn In Traim, St, LouIh Acad, iii, .''j5);I; London Gard. Cliroiiicle, 187'.), (JH4; 18:^0, 060, f. Ill); Hot. Ciiiirornia, 11, 118. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,32U. — Masters in London Card. Clironiulo, 1881, 171), f. 3;V-3G.— Veiteh, Muunal Conif. 97, f. 23, 24. P»»W» ffrandis, DonglaN in Companion Hot. Maj?, li, 147,— Hooker, Fl. Bor,-Am. ii, 103.— Antoino, Conif. 03,-^. Q!>, f. 1,— Hooker &Arnolt, Bot, Beeelipy, 394,— Endllelier, Syn. Conif, 10.'), — Parlatoro in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 427 (cxcl. syn.).— McNal) in Proc. Koyal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, (i7d, t. 40, f. 4, 4». f A. aromafica, Rallnosqne, Atlnut. Jonr. 119,— Endlieln-r, Syn. Conif, 12.').— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soo. London, v, 213.— Carriere, Trait. Conif. 201!; 2 ed. 310, Picea grandis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2341, f. '^245, 2240, in part,— Knight, Syn, Conif. 39,— Gordon, Pinctum, 1C5; Suppl. .5 (excl, syn. J'arnotiaii); 2 od. 210, — Newberry in Pacific R, R. Eei>. vi, 40, PO, f, 10, t. 0, in part. — Murray In Loudon Gard, Clironicle, 187."), 135, f, 28, A. Oordoniana, Carri^^e, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 298 (excl. syn. PaMoiisii).- Bertrand in Bull. Soc. Bot, France, xriii, 379. A. amabilia, Murray i n Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 310, f. 22-24 [not Forbes]. AVniTE FIR. Vancouver's island, south to Mendocino county, Californiii, near tlie coast; interior valleys of western Wasbinjftou territory and Oregon south to the Unipqua river, Cascade mountains below 4,000 feet elevation, through the Blue mountains of Oregon [Gusick) to the eastern 8h)pe of the Coeur d'Alene mountains (Cooper), tbe Bitter Root mountains, Idaho ( Watson), and tlie western slopes of tbe Kocky mountains of northern Montana (Flathead region, Vanhy & Sargent). A large tree, 01 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; most common and reacbinfj its greatest development in tlie bottom lands of western Washington territory and Oregon in rich, moist soil; or moist mountain slopes, then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 meters in height. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other American 8i)ecies, dark colored, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, tbe sap-wood rather lighter; specific gravity, 0.3545; ash, 0.49; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc. 396. — Abies concolor, Lindloy & Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 210.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 204, — Vasey, Cat, Forest Trees, 34,— Engelmann in Trans, St. Louis Acad, iii, COO; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 255; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 084, f. 114, lib; Bot. California, ii, 118.— Brandegee in Coulter's Bot Gazette, iii, :J2.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, C84, f. 114, 115.— Vcitch, Manual Conif. 93. Pinna concolor, Engelmann in herb. ; Parlatore in Do CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 426.— MeNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii,081, t.46, f.6. Picea concolor, Gordon, Pinetnni, Um; 2 ed. 216.— Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 135, f. 26. PtMM« lasiocarpa, Balfour in Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 4, f. 1 [not Hooker].— Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. London, iii, 314, f. 25.— Ilenkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 429. fA. balsamea, Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 18 [not Miller].- Torrcy in Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 141. Picea granilis, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 46, in part. Abies grandis, Ca^^i^^e, Trait. Conif.; 2 ed. 290, in part.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Lindley]. Picea Lowiana, Gordon, Pinotum, Suppl. ."3; 2 ed. 218.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 419. A. Lowiana, Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. Limdon, iii,317,f. 38-41. A. amabilis, Watson in King's Rep. v,333 [not Forbes]. j1. (/mHrfjS, var. io?f »«?» j ; ^ • ; - .-%/^., CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 213 WHITK Fin. BALSAM FIR. Nortliern slopeH of th)it, etc., and perhaps merely a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandia^ from which it cannot be always readily distinguished. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarsegrained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous; uieduUary rays, numerous, obscure; color, very light brown or nearly while, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.3G38 ; ash, 0.8.>; occasionally nianufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases, butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes. 307. — Abies bracteata, Nuttall, Sylva, Hi, 137, t. 1 18 ; 'i od. ii, f . 1 1.S.— Hartwej; in Jour. Hort. Soo. Lonilun, iii, 2'iiu — Limlloy <& Gordon iu .Four. Hort. 8oo. Londoii, v.aO'J.— CiiiriiTu, Trait. Coriif. U».!; -i imI. w:..— Loiiilou (Janl. Cluoiiiolo, 185:1, i;!,-.; 18.jt, 45'.» ; 185!), 'J28.— Bot. Mug. t. 4740.-- Lemitiru in III. Hort. i, 14, t. 5. — Fl. ilcs Surn^s, ix, 10!) & t. — Nundiu iu Uov. Hort. 1854, :U. — Coopt-r iu SniitUsonian I£op. 1858, 202. — Murray iu Edinburgh Now I'hil. .lour, now nav. x, 1, t. 1, 2 (TninH. Bot. .Son. Kdiuliurgh, vi, 211, t. 1, 2).— Ilcnkol & IIoclistottiT, Nadclliolz. 1G7. — Ilooiics, Kvorgreciis, 19!).— Burtr.and iu Bull. Soc. Bot. Franco, xviii, 379.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Troos, 35.— Eugplinanu iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 001; London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 0'i4 ; Bot. California, ii, 118 — Veitch, Manual Conif. 89, f. 14, 15. Pinm venUHta, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 1.52. PinUS bracteata, D. Don in Trans. Linnicnn Soc. xvii, 443.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 1U9, t. 91.— Autoiuc, Conif. 77,1. 3(1.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Boechey, 394.— Hooker, Icon. t. 379.— Eudliclior,Syn. Conif. 89.— Walpcrs, Ann. v, 798.— Parlatoro in Do Caudollo, Prodr. xvi-, 419. — McNab iu Proe. Koyal Irish Acud. 2 ser. ii, 074, t. 40, f. 1. Picea bracteata, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2348, f. 2250.- Oordou, Pinotum, 145; 2 cd. 202.— Lawsou, Pinotum Brit, ii, 171, t. 25, 20, f. 1-7.— Nelson, Pinacea), 37.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 280. A. vetuista, Koch, Dendrologie, ii«,210. Santa Lucia mountaiii.s, California, from the northern boundary of San Luis Obispo county about 40 miles northward. A tree 40 to 01 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 canons between .'$,000 and 0,000 feet elevation, generally west of the summit of the range {0. B. Vasey). Wood heavy, not hard, coarse grained, comi»act; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the 8ai)-wood not seen ; specific gravity, 0.G783; ash, 2.04; probably more valuable than the wood of the other North American Abies, 398 — Abies amabilis, Forbes, Pinotum Wobiirn. 125, t. 14, — Lindli\v & Gordon iu .lour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 210.— Carritre, Trait. Conif. 219; 2 ed. 290. — Cooper in Sniithsouiau Ut-p. 1858, 2 >2. — Lyall in Jour. Hort. .Soc. London, vii, 143. — Ilonkel & Hoebstcttcr, N.ideUiolz. 1,59. — Nelson, Piniiceic, 30.— Hoopes, Evergrceun, 209 (oxol. syn. laaiorarpa). — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872,285. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii", 211 (ext'I. syn. litniotarpa). — .Macoun in Geological Kcp. Canada, 187.5-'7C,211. — EngoUnann in London Gard. Chronicle, 1880, 720, f. 130-141 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 8ti. PinUH amabilis, Douglas in Couip.inion Bot. Mag. ii, 93.— Antoine, Conif. 03, t. 25, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Bceohey, 394.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 104.— Parlatoro iu De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi', 426, in part. Pinus grandis, Lambert, Finns, l ed. iii.t. 26 [not Douglas]. Picea amabilis, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2247, 2248.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 39.— Gordon, Piuetnm, 154 ; 8ed. 813 (exoL syn.).— Newberrj' iu Pacific R. U. Rep. vi,51, 90, f. 18. A. grandis, Murray in Proc.Hort. Soc. London, iii, 308, f. 18-21 [not Lindley]. A. grandis, var. densiflora, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv,599. Valley of the Fraaer river, British Columbia {Engelmann & Sargent), and probably farther north, south along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon. A tree 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 meter iu diameter, forming extensive forests on the mountains of British Columbia, between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia river between 3,000 and 4,00(> feet elevation, here reaching its greatest development; its northern range not yet determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, couspieuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4228; ash, 0.23. 'I i \ :m 11 !' J'' 214 • FOREST TREES OF KORTH AMERICA, 390.— Abies nobilia, Llndley. Penn. Cyol. i, 30.— Forbes, Pinetiim Woburn. 115, t.40.— Liuk inLlunna,xv,&3S.-Spaob,HI«t.Veg.xi,410.— Niitto11,8ylTa,ili,136,t. 117 ; 8 ed. ii, 193, 1. 117.— Lindley &. Qordon in Joiir. Hort. Soo. Luudon, v, 209.— Carri6re, Trait. Conif. 108 ; S ed. iiCd.- Jonr. Bot. &. Kew Oard. Misc. ix, 85. — Cooper in SniitbHonian Ro]). IHStI, 2G'2.— Hcnkel & IIochHtottor, NadelhOlz. 166.— HoopcH, Evergreens, 203.— Kocli, Dendrologie, il', 200.— Vasey , Cat. Forest Trees, 34.— Engclmann in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iii, 601 , in part ; London aard.Cbroniclt>, 1879,885; Bot. California, ii, 111), in part; Conltcr's Bot.On)!ottP,yii,4.— Veitoh.Mannal Conif.lOl. PinUB nobilia, Donglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 147.— Lambert, Finns, 1 ed. iii, 167, t. 74.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am, Ii, l(i2.— Ant(.:ne, Conif. 77, t. 29, f. 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechty, 304.— Endlioher, 8yn. Conif. 90. Picea iwbilia, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2342, f. 2240, 2250.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. Londen, v, 209,— Gordon, PInetuni, 149; Suppl. 48; 8 od. 207.— Newberry in Paciflo R. B. Rep. vi, 40, 90, f. 17.— LawBon, Pin4)tnni, Brit, ii, 181, t. 28, 21), f. 1-18.— Nelson, Pinacom, 39. Paeudotrngn nobiliH, Bcrtrand in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 86.— MoNab in Proo. Royal Irish Aoad. 2 sor. ii, (!99, t. 40, f. 29, 29«. A, magnijica, Knirclmnuu in Dot.Cttlifoniia, ii,119, in part. 11 ,1^ s ^.' BED FIR. Oregon, Cascade inouiit.ains from the Columbia river south to tlio valley of the upper Bogue river, and along the summits of the Coast Range from the Columbia to the Nestncca river {Collier). A large tree, Gl to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming, with A. amabilia, extensive forests along the slopes of the Cascade Range, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation; less multiplied in the coast ranges, hero reaching its greatest individual development. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close grained, compact; bands of small Buromec cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown streaked with red, the sap- wood a little darker; specific gravity, 0.4501; ash, 0.34. 400. — Abies magnifica, Murray, Proc. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iii, ;J18, f. 42-50; London Gard. Chrouiolo, 1875, 134.— Kegel, Oartenflora, xiii,119.— Henkel & Hochstotter, Nadelholz. 419, -Koch, Dendrologie, ii',2i;i.— Engelmaun in Trans. St. Lonis Acad, iii, 601; London Oard. Chronicle, 1879, 885, f. 116; Bot. California, ii,119; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 99. A. camprjlocarpa, Murray in Trans. Bot. Soo. Edinburgh, vi, 370. A. nobilia robunta, Hort.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 269. Picva magnifica, Goidou, Pinotum, 2 ed. 219.— Murray in London Oard. Chronicle, 1875, 105. Pinna amabilia, Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 426, in part.— McNab in Proo. Royal Irish Aoad. 8 ser. 11, 677, t. 46, f.3, 3»f A. amdhilia, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 34 [not Forbes]. Paettdotauga magnifica, MoNab in Proo. Royal Irish Aoad.2 Ber.ii,700,t.49,f.30, 30*. .4.. nobilia, Engelmann, Bot. California, ii, 119, in part. BED FIB. California, mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas t-o Kern county. A large tree, 61 to 76 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 meters in diameter, forming about the base of mount Shasta extensive forests between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation ; farther south less common and reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny, durable in contact with the soil, liable to twist and warp in seasoning; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4701 ; ash, 0.30; largely used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. > CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 215 401. — Larix Americana, Mioliaux, FI. Bor.-Atn. ii, 203.— Miohnnx f. Hist. Arb. Am. lii, ;W, 1. 4 ; N. American Sylvii, W ort. iil, lOT, t. IM.— Aiulnbon, BirdH, t. 4.— Loiiilon, Arboretntn, iv, 2399. —Emerson, Trees MttssaohiiHOtts, 89; a'cd, i, 10.5 &. t.— QlhDnl, Arb. Kesin. CI.— I'arry iu Owen's Rep. 618.— Biciiardson, Arctic. Expvd. 442.— Cooper in Smithsonian Bop. 185», 237.— Hoolcer f. in Trims. Linuiean 8oo. xxiii, 302.— Wood, CI. Boole, G(i2; Bot. &. FI. 314.— Nulhon, PinnceoB, 80.— Gray, Manual N. States, .5 od.-14.'.— IIoopcs, Evorgieens, 247.— Eegel, GartonHora, xx, 106, t.6H4, f. 7,8 (Bel)?. Hort. xxii, 10.'), 1. 10, f 2, 3).— Bcrtraud in Ann. Sci. Nat. 6 ger. xx, 90.— Vaaey, Cut. Forest Tret!*. 35.— Maconn iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-70, 311.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 185. PinUH larieina, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 49; Harbk. ii,83.— WanKcnhcim, Amer. 48, t. 16,f.37.— Mcuuob, Moth. 364. Pinm Larix rubra, alba ami nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 103, 104. Pinua intermedia, Wangenholm, Amer. 42, 1. 1(5, f. 37.— Du Roi, Karbk. 2 ed. il, 114. Pinua pendula, Aiton, Hort. Kew, iii, 369 ; 2 ed.v, 320.— Lambert, Finns, 1 od. i, 65, t. 36 ; 2 ed. ii, 63, t. 39; 3 ed. ii, 86, t. 49.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, .'i02.— Prrsoon, Syn. ii,579.— Pnrsh, FI. Am. Sept. il, 645.— Smith in Itees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 32.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Gonora, ii, 223.— Sprougel, Syst. ii, 887.— Audubon, Birds, t.90, 180.— Bock, Bot. 339.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Ani. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 369.— Torrey, FI. N.York, ii, 232.— Parlatoro iu De Candollo, Prodr. xvi«, 409. PinUS miorooarpa, Lambort,Pinu8,l ed.i,56,t.37; 2ed.ii,65,t.40; 3cd.li,88,t.50.— Willdenow,8?ec.iv,5(!2; Ennm.989; Bcrl. Baumz. 873.— Persoon, Syn. il, 679.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 321.— Pnrsh. FI. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 365.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayue.Dond. FI. 175.— Sprcngol, Syst. ii, 887.— Torrey, Compend. FI. N. States, 360.— Meyer, PI. Labrador, 30.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Bigolow, FI. Boston. 3 ed. 387.— Antoine, Conif. 54, t. 21, f. 1.— Endlichor, Syn. Conif. 132. Abies pendula, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 514.— Nonveau Duhamel, v, 288.— Liudley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v,213. Abies microcarpa, Poirot in Lamarck, Diet. vi,514.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 289, t. 79, f. 2.— Lindley in Penn.Cyol. i, 33.-- Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, 213. L. tenuifolia, Salisbury iu Trans. Linuasan Soc. vlii, 313. L. pendula, Salisbury in Trans. Linueean Soc. viii, 313.— Forbes, Pinetnm Wobnrn. 137, t. 46.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 272.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2ed. 177.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linntean Soc. xxiii, 302. L. miorooarpa, Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb.ii, 597.— Forbes, Pinetnm Woborn. 139, t. 47.— Si)aoh. Hist. Veg. xi, 436.— Link in Linniea, xv, 636.— Carri6ro, Trait. Conif. 276; 2 ed. 356.— Gordon, Pinetum, 129; 2 ed. 176. — Henkol &, Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 137.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linn»an Soo. xxiii, 302, 341.— Yeitoh, Manual Conif. 180. L. intermedia, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836, 50.— Forbes, Pinetnm Wobum. 141.— Link in Linnoia, xv, 635. L. Americana rubra, London, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 40. II. Amerioana, vox. pendula,hoiiAon, Arboretum, iv, 2400.— Carri^re, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 356. L. Americana, var. proli/era, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2401.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 366. L. deeidua, var. Amerioana, Henkel &. Hochstetter, Nadelhdlz. 133. i I 'S ■ I' LABOH. BLACK LABOH. TAMARACK. HACKMATACK. Northern Newfouudland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson bay, cape Ohurcbill and northwest to the northern shores of the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Mackenzie river within the Arctic circle ; sonth through the northern states to northern Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with u trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; moist uplands and intervale lands, or south of the boundary of the United States in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive aieas, here much smaller and less valuable. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable iu contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages tew, obscure; inedulhiry rays numerous, hardly distinguishable, color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6236 ; a.sh,0.3.S; preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship timbers, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. The inner bark of the closely-allied European larch is recommended in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections of the pulmonary and urinary passages; probably that of the American species would bo equally efficacious. ., ^ 11 :-H n 216 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. l I 'kf'}' :|| iiy |if;i-e '^1 402. — Larix occidentalis, Nuitall, Sylva, iii. 14:?, 1. 120; a ed. ii,19<),t. 120.— Newberry in Piicilic K. R. Bep. vi, 59, f. 24, 25.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,263; Am. Nat. iii, 412. — Lyiill iu Jour. Liunieaii Sou. vii, 14:i. — NhIhoii, PiaauesB,91. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 253. — Regel, Gaitenflora, XX, 103, t. 665, f. ri-10(Bt)lg. Hort. xxii. 101, t. 8,f. 3-5).— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 35.— Gordon, Pinetuni,2 ed. 176.— Maoonn ^a Geological Rep. Canm'-', 1875-'76, 211.— O. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. u:,329. — Yeitcb, Manual Conif. 130. PinMS iarix, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii. 109 [not Linn»U8]. ■:'■•■ L. Americana, var. brevifolia, Carrifere, Tr:»lt. Conif. 2 ed. 357. PinUS NuttalHi, Piirlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 412. TAMARACK. British Columbia, Selkirk aud Gold ranges, south of latitude 53° IS., extending west to the head of Okanagun lake 8. M. Dawson), south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade mountains to the Columbia river, through the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the western slopes of the Bocky mountains ot Montana, and in the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon. A noble tree of great economic value, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; moist mountain s- .es and benches between 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees aud never exclusively forming forests ; tbe thick bark long resisting the action of forest fires ; very common, and perhaps reachinir, its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot river and in the valley of the Flathead river, Mont'.na, here the largest an i most valuable timber tree. Wood heapy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, compjict, satiny, 8uscei)tible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully half the width of annnal growth, very resinous, dark colored, conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin j color, light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7407; ash, 0.09; occasionally manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway ties, etc. 403. — Larix Lyallii, Parlatore, Euum. Seui. Hort. Reg. Mus. Flor. 18(>:<; Lundoii Uartl. Chrouicle, 1863,916 (Rcgol, Gartuuflora, xiii, 244). — Lyall in Jour. Linnnan Soc. vii, 143. — Hockel & Hochstotter, Nndoll.olz. 417. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 361. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 256. — Regel, Gartenflora, xx, 103, t. 685, f. 11-13 (Belg. Hort. xxii, 102, t. 9, f. 1-3).— Bertraud in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 sor. xx, 90.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'7(i, 211. — Veitch, Manual Conif, 130. Pinus Lyallii, Parlalore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 412. "Cascade mountains, 6,500 to 7,000 feet, forming an open belt of trees mingled with P.flexilis (P. albicaulus); on t ■'■; Galton range at 6,000 feet aud in the Rocky mountains at 7,000 feet, growing with P. ^ex»7t«" (iyaZi); mount Stewart, Washington territory (Brandei/ee & Tweedy, August, 1883); Grave Creek pt'ss, northern Montana {U. B. Ayrcs, September, 1883). A low, i.iHch-brancluMl, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generalJy upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus albioaulit and Tstiga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree-growth between 5,500 and 7,000 fe(?.t elevation {Brandegee). The wood not collected. * . . Note. — A well-marked species, distinguished fh>n:i L. ooMentaUi by its alpiue habit, the larger green or purple decidaons oonea with ciliated scales, and by the dense tooentum covering the young shoots and lekC buda. ' ■■ -"^ . •■"i I,- ^i :i,v;.i CATALOG l^E OF FOREST TEEES. 217 h:- ': PALMACEJ). 404. — Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges; Bcemei & Sohnltes, Syst. vii, 1487.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxvi, 315.— Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 247. — Knnth, Bnum. iii,S47. — Spacb, Hist. Veg. xii, 107.— Chapman, Fl. S. Statos, 438.— Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 64. — Wood, 01. Book, 666; Bot. &F1. 317.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, ;)8. Cory/jAa Paifmcrto, Walttif.FLCaroliuiana, 119. Chamarops Palmetto, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 206.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. ii, 186, 1. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 5, t. 101.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 490.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 231.— Elliott, 8k. i,431.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 137.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 89.— Eatoii & Wright, Hot. 191.— Darby, Hot. 8. States, 546.— Cooper in Smithsonian Hop. 258.— Porchcr, Resources, 8. Forests, 526. CABBAGE TREE. OABBAOE PALMETTO. Smith island, off the month of Cape Fear river, North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola river. A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; sandy maritime shores ; very common and reaching its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peniusula south of Cedar Keys. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, diftivult to work, dark colored ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4404 : ash, 7.00 ; impervious to the attacks of the teredo, and very durable under water ; largely used for piles, wharves, etc. 405. — Washingtonia filifera, Wendland, Bot. Zeit. xxxvii, 6H. — Watson, Bot. Caliroinia, ii, 211, 485. Brahea dulcis,? Cooper ii; Siiiithsoniiin Rep. 18(10, 442 [not Martins]. Pntchardia filameniosa, Wejullimd in Bot. Zeit. xxxiv, 80/.— Vosey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soo. Togo. Ort. i, 110 & f.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 598. Brahea filamentosa, Hort.— Williams in London Gard. Chronicle, 1876, 80. FAN-LEAF PALM. San Bernardino couuly, California, from the eastern base of the San Bernardino mountains to the valley of the Colorado river. A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, witli ii trunk 0.00 to 1.05 meter iu diameter, forming groves of 250 to 600 plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline .soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire. Wood liglit, soft; flbro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, daik colored, conspicuous; specific gravity 0.5173; ash, 1.89. 406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swartz, Prodr. 67; Fl. Ind. Oco. i, 614.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 014; 2 ed. ii, 307.— Willdenow, Spec. 11, 202.— Persoon, Syn. i,383.— Poirot in Lnmartk, Diet, vii, 63.1.—Titfi)rd, Hort. Bot. Am. 112.— Sim-nget, Sy»t. ii, 20.— Rcemer Jk Sehultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martiun, Hist. Palm, iii, 255, t. loa— Knnth. Eiinm. iii, 25!).— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Grisebacb, Fl. British West Indies, 515.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 38. —Chapman in Coulter's Dot. Gazette, Mi, 12 ; Fl. 8. Stales, Suppl. 651. •-V ■*•-■■ T. Oarberi, Chupmau iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, U ; Fl. 8. States, Suppl. 651. SILK-TOP PALMETTO. 8e :i-tropi(!al Florida, southern keys from Bahia Flonda to Long's Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 meters in heiglit with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless {T. Oarberi). Wood ligtit, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous; color, light brown; speciflo gravity, 0.6991; ash, .'1.90; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-cmwls. Mm' 218 " l\\ :'i .' FOREST TREES OF Nv.RTH AMERICA. 407. — Thrinax argentea, Loddiges; Desfontaines, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Roemer ^ Schnltes, Syat. vii, 1390.— Martius, Hiat. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, 1. 163.— Knnth, Euam. iii, 253.— Diotrich, Syn. il, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Qrigebaoh, Fl. British West Indies, 515.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, Suppl. 651. Palma argentea, Jacqnin, Fragm. 38, No. 125, i. 43, f.l. — Marter in Bom. Physik. Arbeiten. ii, 76. SUiVEE-TOP PALMETTO. BElbKLEY THATCH. BRITTLE THATOH. Seini-tropical Florida, ou a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piney Key, Boca Chica Key, Key West, Gordon Key, and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key {Ourtm)', in the West Indies. A aniall tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.16 to 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood light, soft; flbro-vascular bundles small, very numerous; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; 8pe<5iflc gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for piles, the foliage in the manafactare of ropes, for thatch, etc. 408. — Oreodoxa regia, hbk. Nov. Genera & Spec, i, 305.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 169, t. liW, f. 3-5.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 182.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xii, 68.— 111. Hort. ii, 28 & t.— Walpers, Ann. v, 807.— Grisobaoh, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 30a, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Snppl. 651. (Enomrpm regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140. 0. oleracea, t Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860^ 440. P ' BOTAL PALM. Semi-tropical Florida, "Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles east of cape Bomano {Ourtiss), near the mouth of Little river, and on Elliott's Key ; in the West Indies. A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter ; rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves ; in Florida rare and local. Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color, brown ; specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7982, interior, 0.2128 ; ash, 2.64. LILIACE^. 409. — Yucca canaliculata. Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 5201.— Baker in London Oard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217.— Eugelmann in Trana. St. Louis Acad, iii, 43. 7. Treeulkma, Carri^re in Rev. Hort. vii, 280.- Bakor in London Oard. Chronicle, 1870, 888.- Engelnuum in Tnuu. St, Louis Arad. iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— London Garden, xii, 326, 1 94. -^ ^;i SPANISH BAYONET. Southern Texaa, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 meterd in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, graveuy, arid soil. Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks '>f concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6077 ; ash, 6.27. The bitter, sweetish frnit cooked and eaten by the Mexicans; the root stock, as in the whole genus, saponaceous and largely used by the Mexicans as a Bub.stituto for soup. 410. — Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann, Kiug'» Rep. V, 496 ; Trans.St. Louis Acad, iii, 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351. -Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 164. r. Draeonitj t var. arborencem, Torrey in Pacitio R. R. Rep. iv, 147. ;;, ,/ '^ut CATALOGUE OF FOliEST TREES. 219 THE JOSHUA. JOSHUA TEEE. II SoatLwestem Utah, northwestern Arizona to sonthern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave river, Oalifomia. A tree 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, forming upon the Mohave desert at 2,500 feet elevation an open, straggling forest. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color, very light brown or nearly white ; speoiflo gravity, 0.3737 ; ash, 4.00; occasionally mannfactared into paper-pulp. 411. — Yucca elata, Engelmann, Cooltei'a Bot. Qazette, vii, 17. r. angUBti/olia, var. radiosa, Engelmaun in King's Rep. y, 496. T. angiuiifolia, var. elata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Loois Acad, iii, 50 ; Wbeelet's Bep. vi, 270. SPANISH BAYONET. Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 3 to 5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly mesas. Wood light, soft, spongy; color, light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28. 412. — Yucca baccata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bonndaiy Survey, SQl ; Ives' Rep. 29. — Cooper in Smittasuniaii Rop. 1858, 2(36. — Baker iu Loiidou Gard. Cbronicle, 1870, 92:!. — Andr6 in III. Hort. 3 ser. xx, 23, 1. 115.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 23.— Engelmann in Trans. 8t. Loium Aciul. iii, 44 ; King's Rep. v, 490 ; Wkeeler's Rep. vi, 270. — Loew in Wtieeler's Rep. iii, 609. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 52. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, H)4. Y. JilamentOSa, t Wood in Proo. Philadolphi-a Acad. 1868, 167 [not Torrey]. SPANISH BAYONET. MEXICAN BANANA. Western Texas, south of latitude 32° K, west through New Mexico to sontliern Colorado and yaii lYw^n county, California; southward into northern Mexico. A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO meter in diameter, or often much suialler, and toward the northern limits of its range stemless; forming upon the plains of Presidio county, Texas, extensive opeu forests (Havard). Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4470 ; ash, 9.28. The large juicy irnit edible and an important article of food to Mexicans and Indians ; a strong coarse fiber, prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured into rope by the Mexicans. INDEX TO CATALOGUE. [KOTB.— In this index the namea of fa^nllies are indicated by " Small cats ", of apccies by "Bomau " type, and of synonyms by " ItaUe$ ".] A. M Page. Abiee alba (Pirea alba) 204 AbUn allia f (Vicea 'Euge\xaanTii) 205 AbwH alba (Picea iii^rmj 203 Abii'g tilbti. viir. arcticu 204 Abirti allia, vm. ca^nt u 204 Abie;! A Ibfrtiana 208 Abifs iiniabiliii 213 Abifg aiHabilii- ( A bies C(inuolor) 212 AibicM awithHia (Abies gramlis) 212 ' ^^iVm amoAtl/jf (Abirrt tntijxuillra) 214 [ Abiev Atiterieana 203 | AbicK arctira (Piieanlbn) 204 j Abie^i lurtici (IMct'U nigra) 203 f Abies arotimtica , 212 i Aliift* iialsaniea • 210 I iAbiri bahamea (Abies concolor) 212 I AbieM baigtititea, var. Fraaen 210 I AbieabaUamifera 211 j: Abiexbift:lia 211 '' Abii s braitiatn 213 ! Abies llriibjeKii 207 |, Abitn citiii}niUn'arpa 214 \\ Abiea CaiitnlenKi)* {Vweii aXhsi) 204 ' AbiV« rViiin'/>'iis/« (TsiiKi CanadcnsiB) 206 A biet Cnnndi'iifit. ? { Tsujin Mei tetisiana) 207 Abien Caruliniana 207 Abies cwrulea 204 Abies cintcolor 212 Allies ilenlinilata 203 Abus fhnifjlas'i 209 Abies Duuijliisii, var. macroearpa 210 Abies nniigliuii, var. taii/ulia 209 Abifs Kuffclmrmtii 205 Abiea Kugelniaiini ijlauea 205 f Abies fitleata 200 Al)ii» Fiasiil 210 Abies (iiirtloniaiia 212 Aliii'S (.'r.'iiKliH 212 Abies firandis (AbinR anialiiliH) 213 Abies iimndis (Abies coucrtlor) 212 Abies ijr.indis ( Abien Hiibalpina) 211 Abies grandis. var. densijtora 213 Abies tjrandis, var. Lowiana 212 Abies I heleniphi/lta 207 Abies Ifuokeriana 208 , Abies Undpnniea 211 ■ Al'es laiieenrpa (Abies concolor) 212 I Abies/ tasinearpa (Abies siibalplna) 211 I Abies laxa 204 .« Lowiana 212 Abies inaemearpa 210 Allien iiingnin<-a 314 Abi«t majniflca (Abies nobllls) IH Abies Mariana ijba 990 Abies ilarylandiea Abies Menziehii (Piceapnngens) Abies Menziesii (Pieea Sitchensis) Abies Menzit>sii J'arryana Abies 2Ierteusia7ta .i bies mierocarpa Abies viuerdnata f Abies inucronata pabistris -IfciV* niiirn i Pieea Kngoliuanni) Abies nigra (Picea nigra) Abies nigra, var. rubra Abies iiobiiiH Abies nobitis (Abiea magnifica) Abies iwbilis ro''usta Abies Varsoiisu AbittPattimi Abivs Vattoniana Abies I'allonii (Tntiga Uertensiana) ..... Abies rattunii (Tsiiga Pattoniana) Abies pendula _ A bies religicsa .-r Al^es ntbrii fA bie, rubra, vor. arctiea Abies rubra, var. ccerulea Abies Sifcbensia .l^iViaiiecii^s (Ttiuga Curoliniana) Allies Hiibalpina .1 bies tubalpina, var./nitex Abies taxi,fiiHa ( PseuilotBUga Douglasii). A bies ta.ri,folia (Tsiiga Merlensiaua) / Abies trigona Abies renuHta Abies Williamsonii Acaem liahamennt Acaiia Berlandinri Acacia biceps Acacia esculenta Araeia ,frondosa Acacia glavea Aea<'iB, (Ireenliark Acat'ia Oreggli , Aeacia latitiliqua Acacia leuenesjihata Acacia puiverutenta Aeacia bpbroUiba Acacia. Three-ibomed Aeacia AVrighlil Acer barbatum (Acer glabrnm) Aetr barhatum (Acer saocharinum) Acer Cali/iimicHm Acer Canadenie I Acer Carnllniana Acpr oireiuatam Acer coecinenm Aour dasycarpam Page. 203 205 208 205 207 215 209 200 205 203 203 214 214 214 212 208 208 208 208 215 185 203 203 204 208 207 211 211 200 208 206 213 208 64 68 60 68 04 62 63 68 SO 68 48 n 46 SO 47 U INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. -A',- Acer Douglatii Aetr Drummondii Acer erioearpum Aopr glabrum t Acer glmiettm Acer i;rniii1iu(i(« Memitiiii (Arbntus Xalspenslg). Arbutus procera Arbntus Toxaua fArbutui rariena Arbntus Xalapensis tArbutua Xalapmtis (Arbntus Texana). . Ardisia Pickoringia Aronia arborea Aronia arbiitifolia Aronia liutryjapium Aronm cordata Aronia oralis Arrow ood Asagraa ipinoia Asb Asb.Blark Asb, Blue Asb, Green Ash, ft round Asb. Qocp Asb, Mountain (Pynu Americana) Asb, Mountain (Pyraa aambnoifoUa) Asb, Oregon Asb, Prickly (Xantboxylom Americanum) Asb, Prickly (Xanthozylnm ClaTa-HeronUa) Asb, Bed Asb, £«a Asb, Wafer Asb, Water Ash, White Ash, Yellow A Bb -leaved Haple Atimina eampanijlora . Asiiuiiia triloba Aspen Asp, Quakin;{ .. Aviuiunia nitida Avieennia oblong\folia . Avictnnia tom«nlo«a ... B:ddCypres8 Bnlm of Gilead Balm of Gilead Fir Balsam ( Abies Fraacri) Balsam (Abies subalpina) Bnlsam (Pepolna balsunifen) . Bnlsani (Jottonwood Balsam Fir (Abie* balsamea) . . . Balsam Fir (Abies concolor)... Balsiim, She UaDana, MezioMi Page. 23 23 23 124 82 75 82 82 77 82 103 72 23 82 73 23 SS 72 S6 ri 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 07 100 84 83 84 84 8S 38 65 107 Hi 111 i09 111 111 73 74 111 29 30 100 SO SI 110 107 B7 61 23 23 171 171 117 117 117 184 173 211 210 211 178 174 211 213 210 219 Pase. Bartram'sOalc ISS Basket Oak 141 Basswood 27 Basswood, White 28 Bastard Cedar 170 Bastard Pine 202 Batodendron arbortum 96 Bayonet, Spanish (Tooca baecata) 21V Bayonet, Spanish (Tncoa oanalioolata) 218 Bayonet, Spanish (Yucoa elaU) 219 Bay, Bull 19 Bay, Loblolly 25 Bay, Red 118 Bay, Rose 99 Bay, Sweet 20 Bay, Tan 26 Bay, White 20 Bayberry 136 Bay Tree, California 120 Bean Tree 116 Bearberry 41 Bearwood 41 Beaver Treo 20 Be.ib 168 Beer.h, Blue 169 Beech, Water (Carpinns Caroliniana) 169 Beech, Water (Platanus occidentalls) 129 Beefwooi'. 117 Bee Tree 27 Senthamidia/orida 90 IlettUa aeuminata 159 Beiutaatba, subspecies eommutata 160 Betulaalba, subspecies oendmtalit <{^puia 160 Betula alba, subspecies papyri/itra 160 Betttla aUia, subspecies papviVera, var. eommuni* 160 £«<«!(> alia, subspecies papyr(/'«ra, var. eordifoUa 160 Betulu alba, subspecies popul\folia 159 Betula alba, var. papyrifera 160 Betula alba, var. popuUfolia 159 BetutaaUia, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula angulala 161 Betula Oanad«ntt« 160 Betula earpin\/olia 1G2 Betula eordi/olia 160 Betula exeelta (Betnla lenta) 162 £<(«fa txceba (Betula Intea) 161 Betula grandii 160 Betula ineana 164 Betula lanulota 161 Betnla lenta 162 BettOalmta ^Betn]a, alba, tMr. popnlUoUa) 169 £a(ul(i I«n(a (Betula lutea) 161 Betula Intea 161 Betnla nigra 161 Betula niffra (Betnla lenta) 163 Betulanigra (Betnla papyrifera) 160 Betnla occidentalls 160 Betuto oceideneoltf (Betula papyrifitra) 100 Betula papyraeea 159 Butnlit papyrifera 169 Betula popiUifolia 160 Jielttla rubra (Betnla nigra) 161 Betula rubra (Betula papyrifera) 160 B<(u{ar«0(i>a 164 Betula terrvlata 164 r Betula- Alnui glauea 164 Be(uIa-AInu< niarittma 162 ;B»ttiJa-AJnu«ruJ>ro 164 B<(ula-AI»u«, var. ^intona 164 BKTttLAOEJB 160-166 Big-bud BIckory 134 Big Cottonwood 175 BigLannl , 10 Big Shell-bark 133 BlgTnte # It* INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 223 Pkge. Bigelottia aeuminala 112 Bignonia Oatalpa US Bignonia liitearU 116 BlONONIACRA 116^116 nUsteil 80 Birch, Black (Betula lenta) 162 Biioh, Black (Betula ocoidentalis) ISO Birch, Canoe 160 Birch, Cherry 162 Birch, Gray (Bctnlaalba, var. popnlifoUa) 159 Birch, Gray (Belola latea) 161 Birch, Mahogany 162 Birch, OW-floId 159 Birch, Paper 160 Birch, Red 161 Birch, River 161 Birch, Sweet 162 Birch, West Indian 83 Birch, White (Betnla alba, var. popalifolla) 169 Birch, White (Betula papyrifera) 160 Birch, Yellow 161 Bishop's I'iuo 200 BitUrNut 136 Bitter Pecau 136 Blacli Alder (Alnns incana) 105 Black Alder (Aloiis sermlata) 164 Black Ash Ill Black Birch (Betula lenta) 162 Black Birch (Betula occidentalig) 160 Black Calabash True 116 Black Cherry, Wild 68 Black Cottonwood (Popnlus anguBtifolia) 174 Black Cottonwood (Popnlus trlcbooarpa) 174 Black Cypress 184 Black Gum 02 Black Haw 94 Black Hickory (Cnrya porclna) 134 Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa) 134 Black Irouwood 30 Blackjack (Qcercua Catesbni) 161 Black Jack (Quorcns nigra) 160 Blackjack, Forked-leaf 161 Black Larch 215 Black Locust (Gleditschla (riaoanthoa) SB Black Locust (Robinia Psendaoacia) 56 Black Mangrove 117 Black Oak (Qnerens Emory!) 146 Black Oak (Quercus KelloggU) 140 Black Oak (Quercus rubra) 148 Black Oak (Quercus tlnctoria) 140 Black Persimmon 105 Black Pine (Plnus Jefli-eyl) 193 Black Pine (Pinns Murrayana) 195 Black Slue 67 Black S|)rucn 203 Black Siianr Maple 49 Black Thorn 79 Black Tree 117 Black Walnut 131 Blnck Willow (Salix flavescens, var. Soonlerlana) 170 Black Willow (Salixnlgra) leg Blackwood n- Blue Ash m Blue Beech 169 Blue Jack 158 Blue Myrtle 41 Blue Oak 148 Blne8pruoe 206 Bluewood 45 Bolsd'Aro 12g BOKBAalNACBJI 118,114 Borya aouminala Hj Borya tiguttrina 112 Borya nitida nj Bottom Bhell-bark 138 Bonrreria Havanensls Bonrrerla HavanenaU, var. radula Bourreria ovata Bintrreria radula Bmtrreria reeurra , Bourreria tomentota Bourretia tomtnloia, var. Hataneniit . Box Elder (Kugundo aceroidea) Box Elder (Negundo Callfomictun) Boxwood (Cornus florida) Boxwood (Schwfieiiafrutescens) Brah eaduleitf Brahea Jilamenlosa , Brickley Thatch Brittle Thatch Broad-leaved Uapl3 Brouitonetia Mcundi" « Brouttonetia tinetona Brown Hickory Bueida Bucerat Buckeye, Caliromia Buckeye, Fetid Buckoye, Ohio Buckeye, Spanish Buckeye, Sweet Buckthorn, Southern Buckwheat Tree Bull] I Bay. Page. 114 114 114 114 114 114 114 51 51 91 39 217 217 218 218 47 57 128 184 87 44 42 42 44 43 103 38 19 BnllKnt 134 Bull Pine (Piuus Jefi^eyi) 193 Bull Pino (Pinusmitle) 200 Bull Piue (Pinus ponderoaa) 103 Bull Pine (Pinns Sablniana) 195 Bumelia anpuitifolia 103 Bumelia arborea 103 Bumelia chrytophylloidet 101 Bumelia cnncata. 108 Bumiliafemginta 102 Bume<,ia/aii!< JaiuuicpDsis 24 Ccippnris tiUiqitosa 24 Cnpparift lorvlosa 24 Capparis tnicinala 24 Cai'Uifoi.iace^ 03,94 CttrtUolepin oblnm - 41 Carolina Poplar 175 Carpinus Amfricana 158 (kirpinus ISctiibis yirriiniana 158 C.irpiiius Caroliniana 158 Oarpinitii (htrifa 158 Cfirplnu^ Ostrtja, yar. Avierieana 158 Carpinus trijlora 158 Carpiniit Viryiniana 168 Carya alba 132 Carija alba (Carya tomentosa) ,.. 134 Carya nmara 135 Carya amara, var. myrUtiea/ormit 135 Carya amara, var. porcina 134 Carya angiigti/olia 132 Carva aqiiatica 135 Carya cnthartiea 130 Carya eordi/onnis 133 Carya glabra 134 Carya Illinoeniis 132 Carya integri/olia 135 Carya mierocarpa 133 Ciirya iiiyriHtica^formls 185 Carya olivii^forniis 132 Carya porcina 134 ('aiya aiilcata 133 ? Carya telraptera 132 Carya tonipntnaa 133 Carya fomeatona, var. maxima 134 CaryolaTun MyrUtiea 186 Caryntaxus taxi/olia 180 Cas»iiila 101 Cusspna 36 Cagtii'iif Caroliniana 36 Caisine J'eragua 86 Catmhic ratnttliisa 36 Canlnxea alniftilia 160 Cagfaiira Amrrieana 157 Casta mn rlirygnpliiilla 150 Canlanea chrysnphylla, var. minor 156 Canl^mra nana l!"6 CaKtauc pniiilla 156 Cas*a*ira "ewprrrirmn 160 Coslaiiea rttea (CaRtanea pnmlla) 166 P«g«. Cattaneavetea (Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana) 16T Casiunea vetea, var. Amerieana 157 Caatanra vulgaric, var. Americana 16T CaHtaiicipNii I'liryMipliylla 166 Caslanopsis chryaophylla, var. minor 156 OaataiwpHis chryaophylla, var. pumWa 166 Cutalpa ; 116 Cutali'a bi juniuiclos — 115 Catalpu bigiionioidri (Catalpa apcoioga) 116 Catalpa^ cnnnnuniit 116 Calalpa corili/iilia (Catalpn bip^oniolden) 116 Calalpa mnlij'oHa (('atalpa iip«cii)8a) 115 Catalpa Hpiciosa 116 Catalpa tyringir/olla 115 Catalpa, AVcstern 116 Catawba 115 Cat's Claw (Acacia Grofigii) 63 Cat's Claw (Acacia Wrigbtii) 63 Cat's Claw (Pilbecolobium Ungnia-catI) 64 Ceanoth un Jerrfun 39 Ceanothits Iwvigatug 89 Ceanothua reclinatus 41 Ccanolbus tbyrsiSurua ■ 41 Cedar, Bastanl 176 Cedar, Canoo 177 Cedar Elm 122 Cedar, Incense 176 Cedar, Oroson t79 Cedar Pino 201 Cedar, PortOiford 179 C«d«r,Post 176 Cedar, Bed (Juniperus Tirginiana) 182 Cedar, Hed (Tbnya gigantea) 177 Cedar, Stinking (ToireyaCalifornica) 186 Cedar, Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) 186 Cedar, White (Chaniiecyparis Lawaouiana) 179 Cedar, AVhito (Chnniiicyiiarisspliioroidea) J78 Cedar, White (Libocedrus decurrens) 176 Cedar, White (Thuya ocddeitalia) 176 Oedrus Mahogoni 83 CELA8THACKJ5 38,39 CeltinaWa •- 125 Celtit Atidiberliana 126 Celtit Audibi!rtiana,y»T.oblo. its 126 Celtis Audibertiana,vai.ovala .■ I'M Cellix lierlandieri 126 Celtit breviptt 126 Celtitcanina 126 Celti* eordata 125 Otltif erattifolia 125 Celtig erattifolia, var. mtalypti/olia 12S Cellit eraitifolia,\SLT. morifolia 125 Celtit erattifolia, var. tUicefolia 126 Cettis Voiiglatii 126 Cellit Floridiana 125 Celtii/uteata 126 Celtit heUrophylla 125 CeUit integrifolia 125 Ctltis Urvigala 125 Celtit Lindheimeri 126 Cellii longi/olia 125 Celtit marittma (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crit Kov.) 125 Celtiii viaritima (in Xow Fl. audBot.) 126 Cellit Mitsittlppierunt 126 Celtit morifiilia 126 CeUit obliqua 128 Cell is ooci.Ieniftlis 125 Celtis ueridrnlalis, var. enrdata 125 CeUit ort^itlertfaliii.vnr. erantifolia 126 C^Uit oecidmlalit, var. grandidentata 126 Celtic iicculfnialit, var. integri/olia 126 Cellit nccktei.ttUit, v;:r. piiuiila (('ellla occiilentnlla) 126 tCi-llit orridrnlalit, \nr. pumiln (Celtis occideatalis rar. reticulata) 126 Celtis oeeidentalis, enr. reticulata 126 Oeltii oecideii talis, var. tcabrittteula 125 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 225 16T 157 167 1S6 156 156 115 115 lis 116 115 115 115 lis 115 115 03 63 64 39 89 41 41 176 177 122 176 170 261 179 176 182 177 186 186 179 178 176 176 88 38,39 125 126 126 126 126 126 125 123 125 125 126 125 126 125 125 126 125 125 126 125 125 125 125 126 125 126 126 126 126 125 126 126 126 125 OtiHf oer'dtiKaUf , Tar. Mrmlola CWM(o«!rina recliuata , COMnRKTACK^S Condiilla ferrea Conilalla olmvata Page. 116 116 6» 44 166 16* 143 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 62 72 64 65 65 , 100 100 100 , 100 100 100 , 115 05 95 95 24 24 110 67 87 66 123 38 28 26 147 117 118 117 118 118 118 76 65 58 68 41 87 S9 46 COMFRR^: 176-216 Conoearpiii aeutifolia 87 ConocArpua erects 87 Con»earp»i ereeta, vox. proeunUitnt 87 Conoearpuf proeumbetu 87 Conoearput raeemota 87 Cornl Rnmach 54 Conliii Bolsaicri 114 Cordi'a Floridana 114 ICardiajuglandifolia 113 Cordla Sehestena 113 Cordia ipeeioia 113 Cork Elm 123 Corkwood 117 CORXACIA 90-93 ComiMaitema 00 Comus aliemifolla 96 OhUoptit linearii Chilopais saligna ChimanUiiu amygdalimu China, Wild Chiiuinnpln (Caetanea pnmila) Cliinqiiapiu (Castanopsia cbryaophylla). . Cliiui]uapiu Uak Chionanlhvs angtitlifuUa Cliioiian(hiU hfterophylla C'.ioiiant/itM tongi/olia Chinnanthua marilima Chionanthtu monlana ChionanOiut triflda Chlonimthun Vli'KlDU-n Chionanlhut Yirginiea, var. ang\ut{foHa . Chionanlhue Virginica, xar. lati/otia Oliionanthiu Ftrgoti'ca, var. mariiima.... Chionanlhut Tirginica, var. montana.... ('lilttamwooil Chloromelcs tetppervireiu ChrynobnlanuA Icaco Chryiohalanut lecieo, var. ptUoearpa Chryiuhalamta ptlhearpa ChryKophyllum Barbaieo Chrytophyllum Caneto, ^ Chrytophyllum ferrugineum, Chnjiophylltim mierophyllum Chrysophyltum monopyrenum Chrvgophyllnm ollvlforme C iji.nr Tree Cinchona Caribcea Cinchona CaroUniana Oinehonit Jamaieetuit Ciunamon Bark Cinnamon, Wild Cithiirexylnro vUlosom CladratHe hitea Cladrastis t inotoria Clammy lA)cust Cliff Elm 226 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. j ; li ConinR tlortita 90 Comutyrurida (Cornna Knttallll) SI Coruai Miitlallil 01 Oorypha PalmtUo 917 OoHnut Anurleanui S2 Coiinui ooggygria fi3 Cotton Gum OB Cottonwood (Popnlua Fremontll) ITS Cottonwooil (Populna Freroontll, var. Wiallienl) 175 Cottonwoott (PopnliumoniUrem) 17S Cottonwooil, Balsam 174 Cottonwood, IHk 175 Cottonwood, Black (Popalaa anguatlfolla) 174 Cottonwood, Black (Popnlaa trichocarpa) 174 Cottonwood, BIrer 172 Cottonwood, Swamp 172 Cottonwood, 'White 175 Cow Oak 141 Crab, American 7] Crab Apple, Amnrioan 72 Crab Apple, Oregon 73 Crab Apple, Sontbem 72 Crab, Sweet-acentod 72 Crabwao<1 121 Cralirgna mativalia 82 Cnkticgiia npiifolia 81 Crat^giis nrboreacena 75 (}raUrgu$ arbul{folia 83 CratiPgna berberifoUa 82 Craliruut Boteiana 77 Uratirgna brachyacantha 75 Cralayut Caroliniana 82 Cratwgiis cocciuen 77 Cratmgvt coeeinia (Crateegna tomcntoaa) 70 Cratitgxu coceinea,ia.T. eordala 70 Cratagus coceinett,\ta.moUit 78 Crottegna locoinrarar. oligandra 78 Crattcgns coccinra, tar. pnpnltfolia 78 Cratirgvt eocHnta, vat.typiea 78 Cratipgus coccinea, rar. vtridia 78 / OraUegnt eoeeinea, var, viridU (Cratffigas tomentoea) 70 Cratwgna cordata 80 Crattrgxu eoTonaria 72 Craiceipii Oounetiana 76 Cratiegna Cmn-gnlli .' 70 Cratfrgiu CnugaUi (Cratiegna coccinea) 77 Oratagtu Onugatti (Cratngna tomcntoaa, var. punctata) 80 Cratiegna Cms-gallt, rar. linearia 76 Crntiegua Crus-galli, rar. oTalifolia 76 Crattrgna Cmsgalli, var. prnnifolin 77 Cratajgna Crna-galll, vor, pyracanthifulin 76 Crat CniagaUi, var. tpUndent 76 Ctalagui euneifolia .*. 80 Cratirgiia Donglaaii 75 Cralaguii elliptiea (Cratrogna n>8tlTaUa) 82 Cralrrgut tUiptiea (Cratiegaa flara, var. pnbescena) 83 Crata'giia flava 82 Cralirgu* JIava (Cratffigua Hava, rar. pubcacena) 83 Crattrgut flava (Crataegus tomcntoaa) 70 Craltrgtu flara (Cratffgas tomcntoaa, var. punctata) 80 Cml(fg\it flata,vnt.U>baUi 82 Craln>f;u8 finvn, rar. pubesocna 83 .• Oralirgut flexuoia 80 CraUfgui glatululoia (Crat«egna cocotnea) 77 t Crat(rgut glandttlota (Cratiegna Douglaaii) 75 Cratirgu$ glanduUia (Cratasgna flava) 77 CrattTJjut glandulnta (CrataDgna flava, rar. pnbcacens) 83 Crnlcrguf glandulota, vnr. ma«ra<»intAa 77 Vrata-gus glanduloia, VHT, rotundyfoKa 78 Crat.> INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 227 IT n » T* 77 81 78 8» 8» 76. 81 81 83 78 8fr 78 77 8» 76 8» 80 79. 8i 74 7S 76. 76 75. 74. 78 81 83 86 78 7» 79 e* 78 80' 80 7» 78. 88 76 116 116 116 no. 116 116 20 21 21 22 183 178 170 180 17H 179 no 180 170 183 183 1E3 183 . 178 \e0(l Dogtvon^l. Fluwci ins (Corniia flnrlda) Do;: wood, Flinvt-rin^ ('*omu3 Niittallii) Do;;woo(l, Jamaica Dogwiiod, Stripod I)mi;;la8 Fir Dnwiiwaid Plnm Ilrimopliyllum paucijlorum Vnipetes iillia, vnr. littifolia DrypptcR rrocca IU\ peU's ciocoa, far. lutifolii> Dniiiptea ernct-a. vixr. Imtgipcg /V,"j)r^» gl:iuea (Drypitoa crociMi) J>ni:'f'etgl:iuca (Drypeti-a croiea, var, lutifolla). 87 37 100 87 87 37 37 35 35 65 30 52 184 57 116 113 170 195 103 101 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 105 104 104 104 104 104 101 54 90 01 01 67 46 209 103 120 121 120 121 120 120 121 DrypeUa uiM\flora . Duck Oak Dwarf Maple Dwarf Sumach &UR1IACKA JChretia Sourreria Khrctia elllplica A' Vctta Uavaneruie Ehrelia radula Ehretia tomentoia Elaphrium inlcgerrimmn Elder (Saiiibucua lilauoa) Elder (Sambucua Mexicana) Elder, Ilox ( Nogundo aceroldes) Elder, Ilox (NegnndoCallfomiouni). Elder, Poiauu Eleml, Oum KIkwooery (Fromontia Califomlos) . Elm, Slippery (Ulmoa fulva) Elm, Water Elm, White (DIraua Amerieana) Elm, AVhite (Ulmas raeemoaa) Elm, Winged Emttila ramuloia Enceno 21 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 26 123 123 128 128 124 36 147 Endotropii oleifolia 40 EUICACII.X! 06-99 Xrythrina pitcipula 57 Eugenia axillarie 89 Eugenia Bamemit 89 Eugenia buxifolla 88 Eugenia dichotoma 88 Eugenia diehotoma, vnr. fragrant 88 Eugenia dicarieata 88 Eugenia longlpea 89 Eugenia montana 88 Eugenia nionticola 89 Eugeyiia myrtoidet 88 Eugenia palleni « , . 88 Eugenia procera 89 Eugenia pungent 88 Eugenia triplirierma (Eugenia bnxifolia) 88 Eugenia triplinenia (Eugenia monticola) 89 Euonymna atropnrpnroQs 38 Euonymut Carolinentit 38 Euanymui lati/oliut 38 El'PHoniJiAce.s 120,121 Exeaearia lueida Exostcnima Carilitcum Exothea oblong\folia Eyeenhardtia atnorphoidet Eyienhardtia amorphoidtt, var. orthnearpa . Eysi'nhordtia orthocarpa F. Fagara fraxi-ifolia Fagara lentieeifolia Fagara Plerota Fngue nlta Fapm Amerieana Fagut Amerieana latifulia. Fagiu Caetanea Fague Cantanta dcntata . . . Fagut Cattanea pumilu Fiigua furrngiucn 121 95 45 55 66 65 30 31 31 157 157 157 157 157 156 167 228 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. m I- II 1 n i " ! r|i. >\iyiw/nTii)|t{n FldiUcwood Fig, Wild Fir. Halm or OUeod F. ItiUaam (Abies b»la»mea) Fir, Balaam (Abtea concolor) Fir, noDKlM Fir, Rod (Abloa magnlOoa) Flr,Red (Abies nobills) Fir, Red (Psendotangn Douglull) Fir, White (Abies concolor) Fir, White (Abiea grandla) Fir, Yellow Flowering Dogwood (Comns florida) Flowering Dogwood (Comas NattallU) Feetataxut montana Faiataxut MyritHea FoTcatiera acuminata Forked-leaf Black Jack Foxtail Pino Frangula Cal\fomiea Frangula Cal\f<)miea,yat. tomentella Frangula OaroKniana / Frangula fragilit Frangula Purthiana Frankllnia Franklinia Alatamaha Fraxinut acuminata Fnixinnsalba Fraxinutalba (Fraxinns Americana) Fraxinut albican* (Fraxiuus Americana, rar. microcnrpa) . Fraainut aXbieant (Frazlnus Americana, var. Texenala) .. Fmxinns Americana Fraxinut Am«r<«ana (Fraxinna platycarpa) Fraxinut Americana, vm. Caroliniana IVaxtniu Anxricana, var. juglandi/uUa .fVariniw Avfuricana, var. latiifolia Frnxluiia Americana, rar. iiilcrncari)a Fraainui Am«rieana, var. ■^lubetcent Fraainui Americana, vxr. quadrangulata Fraxinut Amerieana, var. quadrangulata nenota Fraxinut Americana, var. lambuci/olia . Fraxinns Americana, var. Texensia Fraxinut Amerieana, var. triptera Fraxinns anomala Fraxinut Berlandieriana Fr Fraxinut oblomjocarjia 108 Frnxinim Oi cgann Ill FrnxhiraovatB 112 Fraxinut pallida 110 FnixiiiiiH piinnoaa 112 Fraxinut paucifl'^ra 110 Fraxinut I'mnnylranictt 108 Fraxinna piataria'fc'lin lOO Fraxinut pittaeia/olia ( Fraxluna Americana, »of . Texcnala) 108 Fraxinut pitlaeio/olia, var. coriaeea 106 Prnxiuna platyiarpa 110 FraxiiiUH piibt-arona 108 Fraxinut puletiCrn« 110 Fraxinut pubetCfUt, viw Ill Frarinut pubescent, var. lalifulia 108 Fraxinut pubetceiui, Tiir. Inngifulia 108 Fraxinut pubeicrni, vnr. nibpubetcent 108 Friixiuu, pulvcnili'Uta 112 Fraxinut •^ladranijularit 110 Fraxinna qiindniugnlata • 110 Fraxinut quadrangulata, vug. nervota 110 FiBxiuuH liicbiirili 112 I'ruxiuus rnliii'nudn 112 Fraxinna rnfa 112 FraxiuUH mimlniciruliu Ill Fraxinut tambuei/olia, vnr. eritpa Ill Fraxinut Sehiedeana, var. parvi/oUa 100 Fraxinut tubiillosa 108 Fraxinut tetragona 110 Fraxinut lomentosa 108 Fraxinut trialata 109 Fraxinut triptrra 110 Fraxinut relutina l(-0 Fraxluna viridia 109 Fraxiuus viridia, rar. Berlandieriana 109 Fn'Uiont la Callforulca 20 Frigolilo ■'■'8 Fringe Tree 11* O. Gardenia dutiafoUa DA OcigerTreu 113 Gcnipa vlusisfolla 9& Geor^^ia Bark 93 Georgia Pine 202 GiantCactua , 90 Gigantabiet taxi/olia 185 Oiganiabiet Wellingttmia 184 Ginger Pine 179 Olamborry 28 Gluucona Willow 1«» aiediltehia aquatiea 59 Olediltchia braehycarpa 50 Gledittcltia Carolinentit 69 Oltdittrhia elegant 59 I INDEX TO catalogup: of forest trees. 229 llf IM III 111 loa m 108 lOT lOB lOT 107 IDS 112 itn II'.* lUA 111 no 111 10!) lll> lOR 111 ll'.> no 112 no 108 100 108 10« no 108 no 111 108 108 108 112 110 no no 112 112 112 111 111 100 108 no 108 ica no 110 100 109 20 58 lU Oft 113 90 85 202 90 , 185 184 179 28 189 69 S9 89 89 Page. 0UUI i|wnna 80 aUdiUchia tpifuia 88 aitdilKhUt Macaniha 88 Qloditwhlik trlacmtho* '3 OI(Hlltiicbla triMnnthoa, Mr. brMhyoupoa BO Oli'iUlsohiK trlaoaDtboa, tar. Inannli 80 aUdiUchia triaeanOuu, var. mmoiptrma 80 Oaosefout Maple to Qopher Plnm 01 Gopberwood 87 aordonia FratUMni 26 Qordonla Lasiantbns 28 Gordonla pubeioeni 28 Oardonia pyTamUttll* 28 Grape, Sea 118 0»y Bircb (BetoUalba, var. popnlifoUa) 180 Gray Bireb (Betala latoa) 101 OnyPlne 201 Great Laurel 00 Green A«h 100 Green-bark Acaela 00 Oronnd Asb Ill Chiaiaoum angutt{foKum 20 Ouaiacnm aanotnm 28 Ouaiaeum vertiaUa 28 GnetUtrda elliptloa 00 OueUarda BtodgtttU 86 Oiilana Plum 121 OuUandina dioica 58 Qnm, Bbick 02 Gam, Cotton 03 Gam, Doctor 8t GumBbwtic 102 Glim Elemi 33 Gum, Red 86 Gum, Sour 82 Gum, Star-leaved 86 Gam, Sweet 86 Gum, Tupelo 83 Gnrabu Limbo > 33 Gurgoon Stopper : 88 GL'TTIFIBA 23 Oymnanlhu lueida 121 aymnobalanut Catettyana 118 OymDnvladus Oanadensta S8 Oymnoeladtu dioiea 88 H. Uockberry (Celtis ocoldentalie) 126 Hackbriry (Celtis oceidentalis, var. retionbita) . . . .^ 126 Rackmalaok 215 Halesia dlptera 105 Hnlesia parviflora 106 BaUtia mieuUUa 105 Haleala tctraptera 106 Halmia etmifolia 80 Balmia flabtUata : 77 Balmialobaia 78 Balmia punttata 80 Balmia tomtntota 70 Hahamklacia 8^80 Bamametit androgyna 85 EamamMt eorylifolia 85 Bamanuilit dioiea 85 Bumamelit macropkyUa 85 Bamamelit parvifoKa 83 Bamamtlu Tirginiana, vvi. part^Ma 85 Hamamelta Virginloa 85 HardUaple 43 Hard Pine 202 Haw, Apple 82 Haw, Blaok 94 Haw, Hoga' 78 Haw, Hay 83 Ilaw, Parsley 81 Haw, Pear 79 Ilaw, Purple 40 Ilaw, Ited (CratsRua ooouinea) 78 Ifnw, Kod (CratvK"" flovO' ■"■*'' pubeacens) 83 Ilnw, Hcai'let (CratiCKU* coocinna) 78 Haw, Scarlet (Cratoigna anbvllloaa) 78 Haw, Bmall-ft-iiited 81 Haw, Hnminor iCratngua Mara) IS tlaw, Snnimrr (OrattDgiiB flura, rar. pubcacena) 86 Ilaw, Y Hickory, Big-bud 134 Hickory, Black (Carj a porcina) 134 Hickory, Black (Carya tomentoaa) 134 Hickory, Brown 13* Hickory BIm 123 Hickory, Nutmeg 135 Hickory Pine ( Pinna Balfourlana, var. ariatata) 101 Hickory Pine (Plnua pungcua) 189 Hickory, Shag-bark 133 Hickory, SbeU-bark 133 Hickory, Swamp (Caryaamam) 185 Hi Uoiy, Swamp (Carya aquatioa) 186 llukory. Switch-bud ll>4 Hickory, Wafer 186 Hickory, White-heart 134 ifieoriu* integrifoUa 185 HMropAi/Uiif Cofrin* 86 HIppomane Mancinella 121 Hoary Alder 165 Hog Plum (Prunna angnatifoUa) 66 Hog Plum (Rhus Mutopium) 54 Hog Plum (XimenU Americana) 84 Hogs' Haw 75 Holly, American 85 BoUy, California , 84 Holly, Dnlioon 35 Honey Locuat (Glcditschia triacanthoa) 89 Honey Locust (Prosopiajoliflora) 62 Honey Pod 02 Honey Sbucka 5i» HoopAah in Bopta tinetoria lO-"* Hop Hornbeam 158 Hop Tree 81 Hornbeam • l^O Hornbeam, Hop 158 Horse Plum 05 Horae Sugar 105 BypdaU oUongifolia ** Hypelate panicnlata ** Hypelute trifoliata *^ Byperanthera dioiea ^ Byperimm Laiianlhut 28 I. Jlexattivqlit ''^ Ilex ambiguut '^ Ilea anguttifoKa ^ Ilex aquifolium °* Ilex Catuutmuit "* Tffll 1 1 I 1 i I '' •'!' m ; 'i' ■'' :?i. 230 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. JImOmmimi Ilox CiHwInn iinr (\M««liiM'\ l>iilinim, rnr. myrtlfollit . .. i\f\ ilrt'iiliin lUs riori Ilex laurih ..r fi<;n«rriiiii illox OM*tu«) t.. Iltjiiiiiiitirinii (Ili'X Dnlinon, rnr. MiKiiitllfytllH) live. V.r »»i/i7 11r\ opiiOii .... II. }U~y i^f*iniii\Mu lii'.r M>mi'li^riil f IIm" IViffMittiiimi . iriXKK llllnoN \nl Imri'Ki' ('rdKr Inilinn lliitn IriUnii I'lii'rry liuli.'i niMHT Tn»o inimfi'n-r fnjM ()ii>iiwit JmjM mifn^phfilla iHtwi n^*f(i Infln VnjViit-<«H InkwwM JilTlrfdH IvmifKrtim Ir\>n nok iTWtwmHi lA lyviotilon) lrv»nw<>iMl (X , .nil* Carollntium) . Ir» licoKlrinn) ... Iii>iiw«m1 (Cyrilli) n»cvnilllorft) IrtmwiHxi (lly|x>lAlo iwnirnUtA) .. InMtoiMKi (Olnryu Txfxln) Inmwixxl (»>!<. ry» Vir|iiiiio«) In^nwixM, UlAok Tn^nwixMl. KrtI * ln«n» tml, V'hll* UXks itM iyria4t Ivy Jack. KUrk (Qnrrrnii OaliMiluri). Jark. UUi'k (Qtirn-iiK nlfni) J«ck. HIiio Jack. Fiirkisl Inaml IUa«k J»rklVik Jiirk. Ssnd J.ir J»x»wnrtl P»go. IM tt« 8S iM 8S as 95 as US so 87 80 80 as 80 80 80 84 87 as 80 ao 80 34 .183 170 IIS 4(1 1.7 04 04 04 04 C4 4S 1S8 i:i» 101 is> 38 87 4S SO 1.VI 39 39 4S 70 87 98 151 1«C 153 151 160 IM 100 57 100 100 JofthnK. Thi» 21J Jnohn* Trw jig ■liuU* Tity (II Jl.!i,A>,r*OK.« 130-130 133 133 134 185 133 I3S 13t jHft»%t ni>>A M 1 Uiiinintniit 133 •/«l)liin«(ii«i'nii>«fi 183 J»ittnn» mueronata 183 Jii)llaii» mniuilifir/iirmi* 135 Jiililiiim nlKin 131 Juiiliint tiij/m iiMiiiifia 131 JiifftttHt iiliifiirjala 1.14 Jiifflnnt nbhnga 180 Jiif?liin*i'nii 184 •/mj;Iiih< imrrina, viir. olvontala 184 Jufflitnt imrrina, vnr. piti/ormit 184 Jui/ffTHjr )}f/r(fi>rmit , 134 Juttlaii* rubra 182 •tiicliuia rniimlrlii 181 ■/ iiiitaiK rupftlrit, vnr. major 131 Juttlatt* ii(/ti(iin(»ff(i 132 Juglamtiilittln J33 Ju^latm Uimentmhi 134 .luiii'lwrry 84 .TmillMT (.liiiiipoi UK ('iilirnnil.xi) leo iliiiii|H'r (liiiil|<«niii ('nlifiirtiicm i cr. ntuhoiinlii) 181 r (Jiin<|Hr (•! iiiii|H(ia 181 Junipfnit itrbormffni 1((2 t J UHiprniM arttmatica 179 Junifwrun ItarbatUiiai* 182 JiiiiiprriinCAliroriiU'tt 180 jMfiijitp*rma 180 ■I iini|H'ri',i> ( 'iili roriiioii. mr. 0 l«lionai« 180 Juuififni9 iMroUniana 183 Jiin>i>fnu rrtm>«'riiH oofliloiitalia) 181 jHni|»ni« lli^manni (Jiiiilpi«iiii VirKiiiiiinK) 182 JiiiilporiirxH'clilciitiUiii 181 /•mi'lifnij (veiJf ninlit (.Iiini|H>ru« (.'lUlfumira) , 180 ,hinii>fni$ iwiilrnlalii (Jiini|i<-ni(.|iif(rnii 182 J«nipt'ni« lUH'iiloiitAliii. nir. intrui Ittriignna (Jiinip<'ni* ('«liri>mio«) 180 Jutiif*fru» Iftfrttitma.'viiT.tHtettfpfnha 160 tliiiii|>< Vlr)t(iil.iiiik 182 .fiini|vnif ViryiniViim, v«r. Carotintana 182 JuNiptrtii I inrtNiAHii. v»r. lirrmamti 183 JuHtprrm Virfimena rulgari* 183 ■. KalniU litttrolia 9< KamitmaHia .fraxinifoUa W Kvntackj Colfoe Trw H V INDEX TO OATALOGUK OF FOREST TREES. ■ - - • (• in 115 lai 130 1»0 183 185 . 132 i:i3 .34 131 183 133 135 131 131 134 130 130 131 1311 133 133 134 ISM 134 134 132 131 131 132 133 134 M 1W> m IKt 185 isa 181 181 lrl('HUft 21* Iiarh A mrrieana rubra 21 r> Jtarix Amrrieana.vK. brfv(/ottintntU,m.gUAru Laurut Oarolintmit, var. obtuia /o 27 Linio, Wild (Xanthoxytum Pterota) 31 Lliutt, Willi (Ximenia Amcrioana) 84 Lia 27 Lliidon, Ainerican tiqfiidambarmaeropkytta Ltqulilanibar Sty raclfliia LiilHidambar Stgrac^fiua, rar. Jfagricana. LiquManibrr J,irU>dH>irnK-li<;< , Cnisi galli) 76 iletpitui eunei/olia (Crata>Kua tomeutosn var. pnnctata) .' 80 / MenpUui euntiformit 76 iletpihu tUiptiea. (Cratepgnii Cma jjalll) 76 Jtetpihu rUlptiea (Cratiegus flava, var. piibcsccna) 83 Jf«t!iiiiii«/aM(a(a 77 MttpU'U Jtava 82 itettpilut fiexUpina 82 Mmpilut glanduloia 77 Uetpilui hiemalit 83 Mctpilut lali/olia 79 Mctpilut linatrii 77 Meipilutloljta 79 Mtj'piliit lucida 70 Ueiinlus lucida, var. angiiul\/olia 77 Mapilui Michatixii 83 Metpiltit monogyna. Tar. apiyfoKa 81 Metpil'it nivea 84 ilupiliu odorala 79 Uetpilut oralifolia 76 Mttpilut Phrmopyrum 80 ifetpiUii popvli/olia 78 Ueipihu pruinota 79 Uetpilui jtruneUi/otia 78 Ueipilui pr-ini/'>lia t 77 Meipitu* pnbeireni 77 Meipiliii punctata 80 Metpiltu pyri/olia (Crata'gaa tomeiitoaa) 79 Meipilui jyri/vlia (Cratn):u8 tomentoea, var, ponotata) 80 Xetpilui rotundifolia (Craticgaa coccinea) 77 Ueipilui rotundifolia (Cratugua Cma-galll, var. prnnifoUa) 77 3Ietpil:M lalici/olia 76 Ueipilu* ipathtUata 81 Iteipilu* tUio'/itlia 78 UeipiluM turbinala 82 Uetpilui virtdii 78 Pace. Utipibit WationiatM 7t tUupibt* WmdtandU TT Meaqoit 61 Meaqnlt, Sorew-pod 62 Uelopium Umuri M Mexican Banana '. 2U> Mexican Mulberry 128 Mexican Peraimmon 105 Michauxia leitiUs 25 Mimoia bieepr 62 Uimoia frtmioia 62 Uimota glauea 62 Uitnoia Otiadaluptniii 64 Mimoia latiiitiqua 64 Mimoia leueoeephata 62 Mimotarotea '. 64 Mimoia Vnguiieati (t Uimutopi diueeta 103 Mininaopa Sieberi lOS Mocker Nat 184 Mock Orange 70 Monterey Cypresa 170 Monterey Pise 198 Moose Elm 122 Moosewood -*-. 49 Morui Clanodefui* (Lamarck and Boflneoqae) 12T Moras miorophylla 129 Motui Miiiourieniii 127 Morui parryfoUa (Morua microphylla) US Monti parv\foUa (Mornarnbra) 127 Morut reticulata 127 Moruiriparia 127 Moraa rubra 187 Morui rubra, -vilt. Canadeniii 127 Moruirubra, var. ineiia 127 Morut rubra, var. Umuntoia 127 Morut leeUira 127 Morut tomentoia 127 MoMy-cnpOak 14(J Mountain Aab (Pyrna Americana) 7S Monntain Aah (Pyraa aambncifolia) 19 Mountain Laurel 120 Mouutaiu Magnolia 20 Mouulaln Mahogany (Cercoearpua ledifolina) 71 Monntn'n Mahogany (Cercoearpua parrifoUua) ■ 71 Mountain Manciilneel 54 Mount.»in Maple 4S Monntiiin Plum 8* Mountain White Oak 148 Mulberry, Mexican 128 Mulberry, Red 12« Mygindapallena 88 Mylocaryum liguilrinum 88 Myrictt Callfomica 187 Myriea Carolineniii 188 Myrlra corlfera 18* Myriea ceri/era humilii 188 Myriea eerifera lempcnirent 188 Myriea eer\fera,\aT. anguitifolia 188 Myriea certfira, vai. arbortietm 186 Myriea eerifera, vat. latyfolia U* Myriea cer\f«ra, VHT. media '*• Myriea eerifera, var. pitmita l** Myriea Penniylvanita 1" t Myriea Xalapentii 1" Mt:iicacr.s 186,187 MviisiNACK* 99,100 Myrtine Jloribunda *'* Myrtini Floridana *• Myraiuu llapanea ** MritTACIJt *■*• Myrtle, Blue *^ Myrtle, Wax !*• Uyrtiu axiUarii • •• Myrlui buxifoUa •* : n • V INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 23a 77 62 ma 88 Uyrtut mentitola 80 ilyrtut Fointi 88 Myrtut yroetra 88 W. Naked Wood (Culabrtna TecUnatii) '2 Naked Wood (Engenia diohotoma) 88 NaDnyberry *4 Necklace Poplar WS Xeetandra Br»d*mei4riana 110 Nectandra WilldenoTiana 118 XcgundiumfivxinifoUum * 51 Negundo acoroldos 80 Negundo aeeroidet (Negnndo CaUfoinicnin) M Negundo Californionm 81 JV<17un(fo Cal{A>m>'(;Ai(faear()um arirti'num Ori'gon A sh Oregon Cedar Oregon Crab A ppla Oregon I'ina Ortodaphn* CaW/armian 120 70 128 70 30 23 111 170 73 200 120 m ■ .!' m 1 •fmmmmm 234 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 , 1 ; J r-, i.: Page. Oreodcxa oUraeeat 218 Oreodoxa rcgia .' 218 OsagoOraiigo 128 OamantliiiH Ameiicanas 113 0»trya Yirginiana ll>8 Ostrya Vlrgiuica 1S8 Oitrya Yirginiea, var. eglandulota 158 OHrya Yirginiea, var. glatululoia 158 Over-Clip Ouk (Qncrcns lyrata) 140 Ovvrcup 0<>k c« 217.218 Pa;" . '■ , Cabbage 217 Palmetto, SilMop 217 Palmetto, Silvor-top 218 PuloDIani.'O 126 Pnio Verde 60 Piipaw 23 Paner Birch 180 Paradise Tree 32 Parkinfionia aciileata 00 Parkinfmnia micropbylla 60 Parkinaonia Torreyana 60 Parsley Daw 81 Patania dtmijlora 155 Poeia Calif omiea 43 I raviacamea 42 Pacta discolor 43 Patiaflava 43 Patiagla^a 42 Pariahybrida 43 Pavialutca 43 Pana negWta 43 Pama pallida 42 /Pacta Wationiana 42 Peach Oak (Qnercna densiflora) 155 Peach Oak (QaercuB Phellos) 154 Peach, Wild 70 Pear Haw 79 Pecan 132 Pecan, Bitter 136 Fepiieridgo 02 Popperwond SO Periea Borbonia 118 Person Carolinensis 118 Perua Curolinennt, var. glabriiueula 118 Feraea Carolinenais, tar. palastris lit Pertea Carolinentii, rar. piiiejMnt 110 Pertea Catetbyana 110 Perua Sa—afreu 119 Pentimnion 104 Persimmon. Blar.k lOS Persimmon. Mexlran 106 PhcFiiopirmm acerifolium 80 Phanopi/rum arboreieeiu 75 Phamopunim Carolinianum 82 Phamipitrum coecintum 77 Pheennpyrum eordalum 80 Ph(riiitpyrum tUiptieum 82 phirni pyrmn populifolium 78 Phimnpymm pruirtotum 79 Ph(rni>pyrvnnpttihulaUim 81 Phimopiirum luhvittoium 78 Phcenopyrum Yirginieum 82 fPhimopi/rum viride 78 Phanopyrum WnuUatidU * 77 ' Page. Photinia arbutifoUa.. ! 83 Photinia laliei/olia 83 Piceaalba.. 204 i%nu« t'nopt (Finns contorta) 104 Pinu« tnojx (Pinus Hnrrayana) 194 PiniMtnopf, var. (Finns mnricata) 109 Pinui inopi, var. ctauia 199 Pinua Insignia 196 Pin«« tnti^nw mocroearpa 106 Pinui iniignii, var. Mnata 196 PtniM vntertiMdta 215 Pinua -Jefftvyi 193 Pinna Lambertiana 188 PiniM Xamiierttana, var. (Finns flezilis) 188 Pinu* Zani6«rfiana, var. breti/olia 188 PiniM (arietna 215 .Piniw Xartcio, var. reiinoia 191 Pinut £an°x 216 Piniw £ariz alia 215 Pinui Larix nigra 215 Pint!* Larix rubra 215 Pinut (otiotarpa (Abica concolor) 212 fi*inut (otioearpa (Ablea subalpina) 211 Pinut Xlai'cana (Finns combroides) 190 Pinut XIareana (Finns Parryana) 189 Pinui Loddigeiii 197 Pinut lopkotpti ma 192 Pinui Lowiana 212 Pinui Lj/atti 216 Pinut Jfariana 202 Pinut maeroearpa 196 Pinut ntocrapAyUa/ 193 Pinut ifenziftii 206 i>inut Jfmtirtii, \ar. critpa 206 Pinut Jftrttntiana 207 Pinut tni«ro«arpo 215 Pinna mitis 200 Pinut mifit, var. poiiptra 200 Finns monophylla 100 Pinna monticola 187 Pinus mnrirata • 199 Pinui murieota (Pinna contorta) 194 Pinus Murrajana 194 Pinut nigtra 202 Pinut noMiit , 214 m ^ i*. WT' PM )■ ,■ i| 136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ■iwl fin ;|ffl i SP^^ 1 ri\^ m: i f II d^;!i 1 ?, VB ■ iS i:s> i. '1 ih'h iH^i !. ilx 11 Fage. nntM itrutteKu 21t Pinut oiteotptrma 190 PinuR paluBtria 201 Pinas Parryons 1«9 i^nu* Parryana (Finos pondcroaa) 1B3 Pinut ratimiiana (Tanga Mcrtonaiona) 308 Pinut Pattoniana (Tauga Fattonlana) 208 Pinut ptndula 215 Finua ponilcroBa 192 Pinut ponderosa, tut. Senthamiana 103 Pintu ponderosa, var. Jfffrtyi 103 Pinut ponderota, var. tcopulorum 103 Pinut purphyroearpa It? Pinna pungoiia 109 Pinut radiala 106 Finns reflexa ISO Finns rcsinosn 191 Pinut retinota (I'imis pomlorosa) 103 Finns I'igiila 107 Pinut rigidat (Finns iusignis) ICfl Pinut riffida (Finns mitis) 200 Pinut rigida, var. lerotina 198 Pinut rubra (Ficcn nigra) 203 Pinut rubra (Piiius rcsinosa) 101 Pinut rubra, var. violaeea 204 Pinut rupcttrii 201 Finns Snbiniann 195 Pintu Sabiniana Coulteri 105 Pimii Sabiniana maeroearpa 105 IMnus aerotina 108 ItnutShatla If 9 Pinut Sinclairii 190 Pinut Sitehentit 200 fPinuM species (Abies subalpina) '211 Finns Strobna 187 Pinut Strobut, var. aJba 187 Pinug Strobttt, var. breri/olia 187 Pinut Strobut, var. eompreita 187 Pinvt Strobut, vnr. montieola 187 J'inut Strobut, var. nivea 187 Pinut tyUcttrit, var. divarieata 201 Finns Ta'da 197 Pinut Tieda, var. o 107 IHnut TmJa, var. alopeeuroidea - 108 Pinut Tirda, var, heterophyila '.'02 Pinut Ta'da, var. rigida 107 Pinut Tada, var. tenuifolia 107 Pinut T(Tda, var. rariabilit 2C0 Finn* Tearpa 70 iVunua tpinota 05 Pi iiniis umlMlIata 07 Pranni TIrginiana 08 Prmuu riryintona (Pmnns serotlna) 08 PruniM Tirginiana, var. dmtiua 09 Puudiumeia odorata 5 j PuudopeUilim glandvXomm 30 Pttudopttalon triearpum 80 Pscndotanga Douglasll 209 PseiidotsuKa Donglasll, ear. maorooarpa 210 PttudoUmgamagniJiea 214 FitudaUuga fubiUi nnria 72 I'yrvt coronaria (Pyrus augnstifolia) 72 Pyrus corvnaria, var. anijttsHfolia 72 J'yrui divcrsl/olia 711 Pynitf mea n Pimig glanduloga 77 I'ynit microcarpa 74 P'jrut omlit 86 Pynis ilvuluria 7n PyruB miinbucifulia 74 Pyrut tubcordala 73 I'yrut Wangtnheimiana W Quaking Asp 171 QiiatBia dioica 32 Quatnia Simarvba 32 Queroilron Oak 149 Quprcns ar ntidrns 156 Qutrrut aeutlglntidig HO Qui-rcns nsrifulia 146 Qiierciiii tti/rifoiia, ^ar./ruietctnt 147 Qucri'ug nlba 137 Querent alba minor 139 Qtierctu alba palutiri$ 141 QuereuM alba, var. 1 Gnnnimnii 139 Qiwrnur alba, r»r. miennatpa 137 (Jiiercuv ttlha, var. pinnatifida 187 Qiifrcui alba, var. pinnatifido-$inuala 137 Qiieretit alba, Viir. repanda 13" Qiiereut alua, vnr. tinuafa 137 Qurreut amhigua 147 Qiiercfiii annvlala 145 QurrcUH nqimtioa I.'i2 i Qnercui aquatiea (Quercus nigra) LW Querent aquatien, var. altenuala 152 Qurrcut aquntica, var. eun«a(a l.")2 Qiirreut aqnatiea. yiir. elonrjata , 152 (furreus aiiualica, var. Iielerophylla 153 <,>i(rrcii^i aiiiiatica, vnr. hybrida l.W Qiieri'.iui aquatica, var. indivita 152 Q.iticiiii aquatiri, \-»T. laur\Mla 152 Qhimcuh aqual 'in, rar. niyrtifulia 155 QuiTcun 1);iuUti-ri l.W QutTcus berbiM lOil'ulia 1 55 Q«eicn.H bicolor 141 Qti'reiit bieoliir, vnr. Sliebanxii 141 Qurreut hieolor, vnr. t/iudi'i 141 /l^ereiu Inenlvr, vnr. plalanoiden 141 QucicUH llniwmi 155 Qucreut Cali/umiea UD Qi-erctu Vattaiiea (Quorcim prinolilea) 142 Qnerevt Catlanea (Qiierriix Primis) 142 Qurruui<(<'nti-gUivi 151 Qucreut Chiiiquajrin 143 Qi|< u'lin uhrVBolipl* 146 Qurret:! ehrytolepii, var. taeeini/iilia 148 Qnorciii dner™ 163 Quurous tiiiit'i'ea, var. ptitnilu 166 Quc'KMis clneri'a, Viir.acrii'OH 156 QMi'niis copi-inea 14H Qiirrruteoeeiitea, \ar.amh>ifua 147 ..' 1 t?f,' i : ' Querctii eoceinea.var. mierotarpa 148 (^ereiu eoceinea,ytiT. rubra 147 Quereua coeeinea, yai. tinetoria 140 Querctu cor\ferHfolia 154 Quereui eratiipoeuta 140 (fuereut euneata 160 Quereu$ deoipient 144 Qiierous deDsiflora 161 Qiiereu* discolor 149 Qu4rcii§ diMoior, var. triloba 151 QaercuH Donglasii 143 Quercui DHcrri/* nigra integrifotia l.'>0 tfucrcui: nigra trifida 152 Quercus nigra, var. (Quercus hetcrophyUa) 153 Quercus n\gru, var. lati/oUa 150 Qu* reus fibl<>u;:ifulia 143 / Quercus oMiingi/olia 140 Qiuretts oblongi/olia, var. brsvttobata 143 Quereus obtusa ISS Qusreus obtus\foKa, v»T. t brttiloba 14!^ Quercus obtnsiloba 138 Quercus obtusiloba, var. dspressa UO Qtinreus obtHsiloba, var. parvi/olia 130 Quereut (Erstediana 138 Quercus oleoides 145 Querciis olicce/ormii 140 Qusreus noctjadmia Ulf Quercus paluatris 161 Quercus palustris (Quercus rubra, ran Texana) 148 Quercus pnrvlfolla 131> Quercus Phellos IM Quercus Phellos angusti/olia 151 Quercus Phellos X coecinea 153 Quercus Phellos latifolia 154 Quercus Phellus pumlla , 155 Quercus Phellos X tinetoria ISft Quercus r hellos, var. (Qncrcns heterophyUa) 153 Quercus I'hellos, var. arenaria 155 Quercus Phellos, var. einerea 163 Quercus Phellos, \ar. humilis 154 Qtterctts Phellos, var, imbricaria 154 Quercus Phellos, var. laurifolia 162 Qnereus Phellos, \&r. sempenirens 145 Quercus FlioUos, var. sorioea 155 Quercus Phellos, xar.viridis 154 Quercus prinoides 142 Quercus Prinus 142 Quercus Prinus ft, (Quercus cinetea) 153 Quercus Prinus (Quercus Micbanxii) 141 Quercus Prinus Chinquapin 143 Quercus I'rinus humilis 142 Quercus Prinus palustris 141 f Quercus Prinus platanoides 141 Quercus Prints pumila 142 Quercus Prinus tomentosa 141 Qtiercus Prinus, far. acuminata 142 Quercus Prinus, var. bicolor 141 Quercus Prinus, xar. discolor 141 Quercus Prinus, var. lata 142 Quercus Prinus, var. iliehauxii 141 Quercus Prinus, var. motitieola 142 Quereus Prinus, var. oblongata 143 Qfierctis Prinus, xar. prinoides 143 Queieua pniuil.t , 165 Quercus pungens 141 Quercus Jtansom i 138 Quirctis rcl iculata 144 t Quercus reticulata, var. Greggii •. 141 Quercus retusa 145 Quercus rubra 147 Quercus rubra 13. (Quercus coccluea) 148 Quercus rubra (Quercus Kellogjiii) 149 Quercus rubra (Quercus tiuctoria) 149 Quercus rubra maxima 147 Quercus rubra montan'i 150 Quercus rubra ramosissima 151 Quercus rubra, var. dissccta 151 Quercus rubra var. lati/olia 147 Quereus rubra, var. montana 117 Quereus rubra, var. runcinata 147 (Quercus rubra, rar. Texana. 148 Quercus San-Subeaiia 145 Quercus senijiervirens 115 Qu< reus sericea 155 f Quercus Hhumardii 149 / Quercus sinuaUi 137 Qurrcus Sduomensis 149 Quercus ttpieatn 144 Quercus steilnta 130 Quereus sfrlir.ta. var. depressa 140 Qiercus slelUtla. vai. Florldana 139 Quercus F'cUuta. var. VtaUcmis '•'(> I INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 239 ige. 143 1S2 145 138 140 1!» 138 145 140 140 181 148 130 IM 1&4 . 153 154 155 15S 158 155 153 154 151 162 145 155 154 142 142 153 141 143 142 141 141 142 141 142 141 141 142 141 142 143 143 155 144 las 144 m 145 147 148 14a 140 147 150 151 151 U7 117 147 148 145 115 155 140 137 149 144 130 140 130 130 P«ge. Quereut Ttxana 1*8 Qnercii* tInotorU HB Quereut tinctoria, v»r. anguloea MB (juereun tineloria, var. Cali/omiea MO Quereut linetoria, rar. linuoia 1*0 Queretulrihba ISO / Quereut uliginoia IBii QnercnB nndnUtii 155 Quereut urtdulata (Quercni) Darandii) 145 QuercuB undalnta, var. Gambolii 180 Quereut undulata, vnr. gritea 144 Quereut undutata, vnr. oblongata 143 Qiiereut undulata, var. pungent 144 Quereut undulata, rar. WrighHi 144 Quereut vaeeini/olia 140 / Quereut velutina 140 / Quereut tUlota 130 Qnerons Tirena 145 Quereut Yirginiana 145 QncToaa WigUeeni 147 B. Randia elutictfolia 95 Sapanea Quyanentit 00 Rattle-box 106 Kod Ash 109 KcdBay 118 Red Birch 101 Rod Codar (Juniperns Virgioiana) 183 Rod Cedar (Thuya gigantca) 177 Reil Cherry, Wild 66 Red Cypress 184 Red Elm 122 Red Fir (Abies magni6oa) 214 Rod Fir (Abies nobilis) 214 Rod Fir (Paendotsnsa Oouglaaii) 2C9 Red Gum 80 Red Ilaw (Cratosgua coccinea) 78 Rod Haw (Crat.xgDS flava, rar.pnbesoens) 83 Red Ironwood 30 RodMaplo 50 Rc Rhus cop'Uina S3 Khut eopallina, var. aitguttialata A3 .' Shut eopallina, rar. anguttifolia 53 Shut enpallina, var. inlegri/olia 53 Rbua eopallina, var. lancoolata S3 f Rhui eopallina, var. latialata 53 t Sltut cojiallina, var. lat\folia 53 Rhus eopallina, rar. leueanlba S3 / Jlhui copattina, vnr. terrata S3 Rhua cotinoidea S3 Bhuteotinuit 52 Rhut glabra 53 Rhut hijptelodendron S3 Rhut leucanlha S3 lihua Mutopium 54 Rhut Toxicodendron 64 Rhuatyphina 63 Rhut lyphina, var. Ia«tn{a(a S3 Rhuttyphina,vuT.viridiJlora 62 Rbua vrnonata j>4 Rhut vernix Hi Shut viridijlora 53 River Birch 161 River Cott>,awood 173 Robinia fragilit 55 Robinia gtutinoia 50 Robinia Neo-Mcxicana 50 Robinia Paeuducacia 55 Robinia viacosa SO Rock Chcatunt Oak 143 Rock Elm 123 RockMnpln 48 ROSACB-B 64-85 RoaoBay 09 Rosemary Pine 197 Royal Palm 218 RuuiACE^ 95,90 Rum Cherry 68 RUTACB* 29-32 8. Sabal Palmetto 217 SaffronPIum 103 Sngiiaro 90 Salicacr,^ 165-175 flalix f no } Salix ambigua 185 Salix nniygdaloidea ICO Salix argophylla 108 Salix arguta 107 Saiia; arguta, var. latiandia 107 Salix Pigrlovii 170 Salix I>igelovii,\»T./uteior 170 f Salix brachgcarpa 1C8 Salix brachytlachys 170 Salix brachynlachyt, var. Scouleriana 170 iSnli'x Cnroliniann 103. Salia cklorophylla, var. pellita 171 Salix conlata 170 Sniu; mrdnta, rar./aleata 10r> S.ilix cordatji,r«r. vcatita 170 Snlix rr n»»rt 109 Salix €u nee ta 171 Salix discolor 109 S.ilix discolor, lar. oriocephala 1(19 Salix discolor, rrir. prinoidea 109 Sail JT crioecpliala 1 00 Salix exigua • 108 Salix falcatu 1(!5 Salix Fcndleriana 107 Snlix llavescena 160- Salix flavescene (Salix flaveaccna, far. Scouleriana) 170 Siilix liavcsccua, lar. Scouleriana 170 Salix flavo- vireni 103 Salix Jluriatalit 108 1? ' 1 f ^ \ 1 ' !' f ,•1 ' 1 ■ '3 -r ^1 jj 240 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. JMIx Harttttgi Salix Uindtlana Salia Hindtiana,ru, tmuVMm Salix Jlofmanniana SMx Hookerinna SaKx lloxutvniana Saiix humilU, var. Uartwtgi Salix l(DTi;;ata Halix liuvl);ata, var. nnguttlfolia f!alix Iiuvigata, var. coDgnta Salix laneifolia Balix LiBiandra ^lix laainmlra, var. Femlleriana Kallx lualanilia, rar. lancifulU Salix Iii8iulcpiH Salix latiolepit, var. angutt\/oUa Salix latiotepit, var. Vigelovii SaUx latiulepit, vitT./aHax Salix latiolepii, var. latifolia Salix tIguHrina Salix longifoli.i JSalix lungi/olia, var. angiittiuima Snlix loug: Tolia, var. ar(;,vroph,vlla JSalix longifoiia, var. argyrophyUa angtiitiuHita. Salix limji/olia, var. argyrophyUa opaea Salix Ianj;i fulia, rar. oxigiia Salix longifolia, var. opaea Salix loHg\foUa, var ptdicellala Salix longipet Salixlongipe»,\m.pubeteetit £alix lucida, var. anguttifolia, fonna tatiandra. . Salix lucida, var. maerophylla Salix marginaia « tSalix mcUinoptit Salix nigra Salix nigra, \nr. amygdaluide* Salix nigra, v&T. anjuiiifolia Salix nigra, ■var. falcata Salix nigra, var. laVfoKa Salixnigra,xaT.longifolia Salix ui;^. lar. longipcs yt,T.Tmvlota Salix oigrn, rar. tnarginata SaUx nigra, rar. Wardii Salix iiigni, rar Wrigbtii Salix 00. itlontalis Salix pentandra Salix ptntandra,\\T. taudata Salix prinoide* Salix PurMana t Salix rulra Salue SeouUriana Salix tentitira Salix sesailifolia Salix aessilifolia, rar. Hindaiank Salix iatiHfi>lia,\BT. viltoia Sulli Sitcbenaia Sulix Sitcheuaia, rar. angiutifoUa Salix $peeiota SaHx tnbviUota SaKx Wrightii Samara floribunda Saifara pentaudra. ^ Sambuau OaHfomiea 8.rmnmaiUU . Sapindui/idealuM fSapindui inaguaOt . . . Sapindaa marginatas . . Sapindna Bapooaria Sapindu* Saponaria (Sapindna muginatna) . 44 44 44 44 48 44 Sapotaccs 100-101 Sareompkalut Oarolinianut Saasafraa Saaaafraa ofBcinate Snttnwood Savin (Juniperua VirKiniana) Savin (Torreya Uxirolia) Scarlet Haw (Cratagus coooinea) Scarlet Haw (Cr»t»gua aubviUowi) ScarlutOak Schafferia btue^folia Sehaferia eompUta ScbnOi^ria fmteaocna Sehirjeria lateri/lora Sehou»bia Bafinetqtui Sequoia reKgiota Sequoia aemporvirana Sequoia Wellingtonia '. Service Tree Seven-year Apple ShadBn^h Shag-bark Hickory She Balaam Shecpberry Shell bark, Big Shell-bark, Bottom Shell-baj"; Hickory Shingle Oak Shittimwood (Bnmelis lannginoaa) Shittlmwood (Shamnna Pnrahians) Short-leaved Fine Shrubby Trefoil SideroxyUm Oarolinentc Sideroxylon ehrytophyUoidei Sideroxylon emteatum Sideroxylon deeandrum Sideroxylon tanuginoium Sideroxylon late Sideroxylon lycieidte Sideroxylon Maatichodendron Sideroxylon pallidum Sideroxylon reelinatum Sideroxylon eatietfoHum Sideroxylon lerieemn ;SV(inl«na«(Bomeli»Iaongino«a) fiUaroxylon tenate (Bnmelia tanaz) SUiquattrum eordatum Silk-top Palmetto Silky WiUow 40 liW 110 >1 183 186 78 78 148 80 8* dO 120 87 188 185 63 62 151 180 201 100 104 100 80 30 80 U8 102 121 113 184 185 206 185 184 184 84 05 84 188 310 04 183 13S 133 154 103 41 200 81 101 101 103 103 103 103 108 101 101 103 101 101 102 101 61 317 J7J INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 241 44 M 44 44 4S 44 100-108 40 120 119 » 183 188 n 78 148 38 38 M 128 8T 183 18S 81 .,» 151 139 201 109 194 199 89 39 80 U8 162 121 113 184 18S 208 185 184 184 84 95 84 183 210 04 138 I3S 138 154 101 41 209 81 101 101 103 108 102 103 108 101 101 103 191 101 102 101 81 217 171 Page. «lTer-bell Tree (HalMia dipton) 105 5UTrr-liell Tree (Haleala tetnptan) 108 Silver Mnplo 49 SilTer-lop Pulmetto -.. 218 ■Hmaruta atmira 82 Blmarnlia kI'ioo* • ^ SHmaruba mtdieituUii 37, HlMAUUUBA V,2 MtkaC)'pn-S8 178 Slash Pine '202 Slippery Elm (Fremontla Callfonaoa) 26 iiUppery Elm (Dlmaa fulva) 122 SIoo 67 Sloe, Ul««k.... 67 Smallfmited Haw 81 Smooth Alder Mi Snow-drop Tree (Haleala dipters) 105 Snowdrop Troo (Ilaleaia tetraptera) 108 Soapberry (SapluduK •nargiDutua) 44 Soapberry (Sapindut Saponaria) 45 Soft Maplfl (Aocrdaaycarpnm) 40 Soft Maple (Acer mbrum) 60 Supliorn alllnis 58 Sophom aeciiudlflora 57 Sophora tpeeiota 57 Sorbut Americana 73 Sorbus Americana, \ut. mieroearpa 74 Sorbut atmuparia (Pynia Americana) 73 Sorbtif auciiparia (Pyrus aambuulfolia) 74 iSor&»« aucupan'a, var. a. (Pyrua Americana, rar. miorooarpa) 74 Sorbui aueuparia, var. ^. (Pyms aambaoifoUa) 74 Sorbut aueuparia, vax. Amtneana 73 Sorbut humi/uta 73 Sorbut microcarpa 74 Sorbui riparia 74 Sorbut lambueifolia 74 Sorbut Sitchentit 74 Sorrel Tree .''. 98 Sour Gum 92 Sour Tupelo 91 Sonrwood 98 Southern Buckthorn 103 Southern Crab Apple 72 Southern Pine ■!02 Spanish Bayonet (Tncca baooata) 210 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canalioolata) 218 Spanish Bayouet (Yucoaelata) 219 SpaniHh Buckeye 44 Spaiiiah Oak IBl Spiinish Oak, Swamp 182 Spanish Stopper 88 Spp-kled Alder 165 Spice Tree 120 Spindle Tree 38 Spiraa Califomiea 70 Spoonwooil 98 Spruce, Black 203 Spruce, Blue .205 Spruce Fine (Pinuaclanaa) 199 Spruce I'ine (Pinua K>abni) 201 Spruce Pino (Pinna mitia) 200 Spruce Pine ( Pinua Murrayana) 195 Spruce, Tide-land 206 Spruce, White (Picea alba) 204 Spnicc, White (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Spruce, White (Picea puuKena) 205 Stag Bush 94 Staghom Sumach B3 Star-leaved Gum 86 Stbkcumacr^b 26 Stinking Cedar (TorreyaCaUfomloa) 186 Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifoUa) 186 Stopper (Eugenia longipea) 80 Stopper (Engenia montioola) 89 Stopper, Gnrgeon gg 10 FOB Page. Stopper, Bad gg Stopper, Spaniab Rg Stopper, White 89 Striped Uogwootl 40 Striped Maple 40 Stromboearpa odorata 62 atrombocarpa pubttcent 02 Stroug Hark 114 Sliphnolobitim afflne gg Styiiacacr* 105,100 Sijgarberry 126 Sugar Maple 4g Sugar Maple, Black 40 •Sugar Pine igg SugarTree 4g Sumach, Coral 64 Suniaub, Dwarf 53 Sumach, Poison 54 Sumach, Staghom B3 Summer Uaw (Cratiegna flam) 83 Summer Ilaw (Crataigna flavo, var. pnbeaoena) 83 Snwarrow 99 Swamp Cottonwooe»?;;«rt'i'ren( 185 Taxodium TTathingtonianum 184 Taxut baccata (Taxua brevifolla) 185 Taxut baecata,yiit. Canadtnti* 185 Taxut Douraierii 185 Taxus brovifulia 185 Taxut Canadentit 185 Taxus Floridana 188 Taxut Lindleyana 185 Taxut montana 188 « ! ■ ■ 'V I ' l.il :S I i ^i.k 242 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. M jtj m ;■'■ ■ ■ .r ' i,v 1 Til Pago. TKunmna'MiAcr.M 2^I8 Trtranlhtra (!al\fomica 120 Tlmt 20 87 40 137 138 144 138 144 143 141 140 188 201 187 180 187 204 205 205 80 78 130 134 24 121 22 68 44 24 103 127 31 84 70 30 70 65 66 64 Willow (Sallz amy(dalold«a) Willow (Sallx liDvlgata) Willow (Sullx laalandra) Willow (Halix loalolepla) Willow, Black (Salix flaToaconi, var. Scoulerlana) . Willow, Black (Salix nigra) Willow, Deaert Willow, riamond Willow, Olaucona Willow Oak Willow Oak, Upland Willow, Sandbar WiUow, Silky WinftiilElm Wintera Canttta Witch Hazel Xautlioxylum Aroerioannm JCanlhozli/iim aromaticum Xnnthoxylum Curibtenm Xanlhniyltim Carolinianum Xanlhozylum Catetbianum Xant hox\l urn Clara- Ilerculla Xanthiixytum Ctava-IIerffulit (Xanthoxylnm Amerloanam) ... Xanthoxjilum Clava-llereulii (Xanthoxylnm CaribiBiuu) Xiinr/4o.ri/fiim Clava-Iferculit, Tar Xanthoxylimi Clavu-IIerrulia, var. fruticoanm Xanlhorylum Flnridanum Xanlhnxiilum franntum Xanthnoryjlum /raxini/olium (Xanthoxylnm Ameriranum) . . . Xanthoxylnm /raxini/olium (Xantboxyluin Clura-Ilerculia) . Xanlhoxylum hirtulum Xanthoxtflinn lanceolatum Xanlhoxijlum maerophyUum XanllwTylum mite '.. Xanthoxylnm Pterota Xanthtixijlum ramiJtontTn Xanthnnjlum tricarpum (Xnnthoxylum Amerjcanum) Xanthoxijlnm Iriearpum (Xanthoxylnm ClaTO-Uercniia) Xinienia Americana Ximenia vionlana Xtm«iii(i multijlora T. Taupon Tellow Aah Yellow-bark Oak Yellow Birch Yellow Cypreaa Yellow Fir Yellow Haw Yellow Lociiat Yellow Oak (Qnercna prinoidea) Yellow Ouk (Quercna tinctoria) Yellow Pine (Pinna Ari^onica) Yellow Pino (Pinua mitia) Yellow Pine (Pinna puluatria) Yellow Pine (Piuua ponderoaa) Yellow Poplar Yollowwood (Cladraatia tmctoria) ... Ycllowwood (Schiefferia frnteacena) . Yew (Taxua brevifolia) Yew (Taxua Floridona) Yopon Tueea angutti/olia, var. elata Tueca angusl\/olia, rnr. radtoia.... Yucca bttcrata Yucca breTifoliii Yucca canaliculata Yucca Draeonit, f var. arboretcetu . Yucca data Tueca filammtotat i'ueca TreeuUana 243 Page. 106 167 167 171 170 106 116 170 169 154 IDS 108 171 124 24 85 20 80 SO 80 80 80 29 30 29 20 29 81 29 29 30 84 34 34 36 57 149 161 178 200 83 55 143 140 102 200 203 103 22 57 SO 185 186 36 210 210 210 218 218 218 210 210 218 ;■ i! X. Zizyphun Dominigensis 41 Zizyphui emarginatui 39 ZYaoniVLLACS^ 28,29 imtfKftmmnam asn i I I Y1 ,■-* itjja^fl i '(■Mi ^ y^l- m f' H. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. A critical examination of the wood produced by the indigenons trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico, has been made in connection with the ir 'estigation of the forest wealth of the United States. Mr. S. P. Sharpies, special agent in charge of this department of the investigation, has had general direction of such experiments, and suggested the methods adopted for their execution. The object of thir examination has been to determine, first, tlie fuel value of tlie woods of the United States ; second, the value as material for construction of the wood of the principal timber trees of tlie country. Tlie results thus obtained are highly suggestive; they must not. however, be iiit. New York. Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. United States Naval Academj-, Annapolis, Maryland. Sheflield Scieiititie School, Vew Ilaven, Connecticut. School of Mines, Columbia ollege, New York, New York. National School of Forestry, Nancy, Trance. Museuni of Science and Art, .dinbnrgh, Bctitland. Agri(!ultural Museum, Koine, Italy. lirown University, Providence, Rhode Island. liensseJaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. LawreiKH' Scieiititie School, Cambridge, IMassachusettS. Iowa Agri<;ultural College, Ames, Iowa. Adiiiinistration of National Forests, liisbon, Portugal. National Torest Ailministratioii, Paris, France. McGill University, Moiitival, Canada. Royal Botani(5 Ganlens, Sydney, New South Wales. State Agiieultural College, Lansing, Michigan. 2t7 1.1 :« f!i: \% \ M mw I* 248 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. !■ i Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Masaachusetts. Arkansas Industrial University, Fayetteville, Arkansas. Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Ilussia. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Maine. New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick, New Jersey. State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vermont. State Agricultural College, College Station, Maryland. Union College Engineering Scbool, Sclienectady, New York. Cornell University, Itbaca, New York, Hampton Agricultural and Normal Institute, Hampton, Yirgima. Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Agricultural College of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. State Agricultural and Mecbanical College, Auburn, Alabama. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. North Carolina Agricultural College, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. West Virginia University, Morgautown, West Virginia. State Agricultural College, Orono, Maine. Georgia Agricultural College, Athens, Georgia. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Massacbnsetts. Tennessee Agricultural College, Knoxville, Tennessee. New Hampshire College of Agriculture, Hanover, New Hampshire. Illinois Industrial University, Champaign, Illinois. State Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas. Agricultural College of Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi. Kentucky Agricultural College, Lexington, Kentucky. Claflin University, Orangeville, South Carolina. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Botanic Garden, Konigsberg, Germany. Engineer's office. Water-works, Boston, Massachusetts. Franklin Society, Providence, Rhode Island. Madison University, Hamilton, New York. Kochester University, Kochester, New York. Colby Academy, New London, New Hampshire. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ASH. Tlie specific gravity and the ash of every tree of the United States have been determined (Table I) by Mi. Sharpies, with the exception of the following : Clmia Jtava, once detected upon the keys of southern Florida, but not ri'iliscovorod ; Oordonia pitbencens, a rare and local species discovered in the last century upon the banks ol the Altaiiiiiha river of Georgia and never rediscovered; Phiacia M.ejcicana and Acacia Berlandieri, economically niiiinpoitant .si)eci('s of (lie valley of the lower Eio Grande; Cratcrgus berherifoUa, a little known species of the Red River valley; Ciqyresitus Macnabiana, a rare and local species of California of little economic importance, and LarLv Li/iillii, a rare and local species of the northern Rocky mountains. At least two determinations of specific gravity have been made for each species studied, and, in the laseof woods of coiiinuTcial importance, specimens were taken from many trees growing iu widely difl'erpnt parts of the coiinlr.v, and under iiia lonpipea Pol liora uupiRlifnlia SibaHlinnia lucida il iinumps Sioberi GercociirpiiH ledifoUns ■•■ ReynoBia latlfuUa. Oliioja Tcaota r. Aniyris sylvath'a Geiiipa cliisiicfolia Sideroxylon Uastichodendrun .... I Qiicrcus pi isca j C^oiiocarpiifl erccta I Canrlln nUm , I tSophon BPCtiudidura I CotcolDba riiiridana rruuiiB iliiifiili;i (.Njfi'oloba itvii'ora Flypoliite paiiiriilata Qiu>rcii8 Dniaiidii QiH'H-u8 viri'ns Qiificua rctii'iiliita Ku^^cniaprocora- QiicrcuH olilou.uifolia Aiiiiia Wiifjlitii C'tTCiicarpus parvifx\Uuii (laribajura I'l UI1I18 apbaroiarpa C'alyptraiithis Cb> liaciilia V.\\ii,i Ilia tlu-botmiia QiiCM'UH DmifrlaHii K> H( iibarilt ia utlbucurpa riHfui'iia Kry till ilia ''ilbaiixUiim villiiRiiiii riiiiiiis rami ill iaiia fratn-fiUH rncciiioa (JiiLTCiirt ]iiiiioiib>.s Anliaia ricKoriii^hi Ai aila li 1 cjji;!! Sopliora albllia Qurrnia clii yxoU'pla Dinapyntrt Ti xana (jiii'i I'lia iindiilata, var. GaiubolU. I'aryi' ullia 1 Stipiiidtia Sapouaria (jiii ITIIB (ibhiaibiba I Myraiup Uapauea SO'JO lODD 1017 1432 1374 12S5 1101 0905 06,18 0731 0715 0602 0459 0310 U109 0092 9000 9803 9842 9835 08O3 I 9635 ■ 9533 9507 9301 947Q 0453 9441 0392 9305 9300 9301) 9340 !)3:'ti 9310 9310 9203 9235 9200 9100 9150 9138 0102 9U80 004'J 901 S 9002 8008 6992 8983 8928 8740 8734 8710 8088 8018 ' 8005 80U2 8550 85«!i 8493 8400 I 8407 8372 I. 8307 8307 I. 8341 i 163 150 20 119 2r.7 292 270 244 245 40 100 151 54 201 243 78 204 259 79 247 284 182 128 372 73 184 189 109 271 137 135 41 234 233 102 l:'2 2b! 135 281 258 93 192 129 200 101 91 240 285 92 3i^l 108 105 200 220 152 280 251 181 109 131 253 230 80 30 252 248 Gni^ttanla elliptlca Viburnum pruuifolinm IHclia trifoUuta ryrua rivnlarie Quprcua ly rata Oatrya Virginlca Querciia agrifolia Cai ya tomentoaa Gary :i porcina Colubrina rcclinata Pniniia nmbcUata Cornus florlda SapiuduB marginatus , . ■ ■ Oaniaiithiis Aniericauua Carya sulcata Eobinia viacosa liourreria Ilavancnsis Quorcua Michanxii Kobinia Kco-McxicaDa Carya my rial icoiformia QiU'icna hypolenca liiiuiclia cuiiuata Crataegus snbTillosa PinuB siTotiua KbiiB Mctiipium IMoapyroB Yir^^iniana Fraximia Greggil Prunus Capnll Quercua Wializenl .Viiii'laui hior Canadonals Cratii'jiua Uava Scbalbiia t'nitcacena Macliu .1 aui aiitiaca ilmiia tiiicriipliylla ClirysnbaUiima Icaco Ciata'jiin rivulari.s Xectnndra Willdonoviana Crat»iiua llava, var. piibeacena QiUTcua laurituUa (Jiieri'iis bii'olor ProsopiH jiilillora riaxiniia Anierirniia, car. Texonaia . . Ci'ata';;u3 tomeiUiiaa lietula li'Uta Vaocimnin arbnroiiiu Pt 0!i(ipia pitbeaecna Caiya aiiiura, Qui'icua iiiilii'icaria Citrcia reiiil'oi'iiiia Pinna Ciibriisla Arbnlua Tcxana Andt-oiiu'da fi-rru^iuea Qiicrciia I'riuiu) riiniia alata Coiniia Xiittatlii QutiTiia I'liclbia (jiicmia alba Ibiint-lia lyi-itilib'a Ox>dciuiruiii arbnroiim Cralii'mia apiil'iilia Qiii'riiiaGanyaiia ()U('M'ua nia(!ro(>arpa I'arkiuaiinia iiiicnipliylla .Kaiilboxv liiin rtiriita Hex dt'i'ldua Querciia loliata Carya aiiuatica 9 ll ■9 a 1 1 0. 6337 402 0.8332 273 0.8319 87 0. 8316 77 0. 8313 276 0. 8284 VA 0.8253 278 0.8218 178 0. 8217 130 0. 8208 228 0. 8202 293 0. 8153 31 0. 8126 228 0.8111 35 0. 8108 225 0.8094 222 0. 8073 280 0. 8039 103 0. 8034 120 0. 8010 190 0. 8009 1 241 0. 7959 407 0. 7933 170 0. 7942 132 0. 7917 10 0. 7008 112 0. 7904 338 0.7879 194 0. 7855 202 0. 7838 167 0. 7809 100 0. 7745 117 0. 7730 274 0.7715 380 0.7709 11 0. 7703 223 0. 7093 110 0. 70!i3 123 0. 7073 174 0. 7UG2 279 0. 7052 63 0. 7030 277 U. 7033 64 0. 7017 04 0. 701U 338 0. 7009 03 0. 7552 118 0.7329 27 0.7513 104 0. 7.'04 201 0. 7500 138 0. 7500 282 0. 74011 287 0.7101 101 0. 7481 124 0.7472 203 0. 7470 37 0. 7407 397 0. 7458 80 0. 7453 90 0. 7440 250 0. 7453 150 0. 7453 4110 0. 7444 01 0. 7420 180 0. 7409 190 0.7407 39 larlx occidentali* Quercns coccinea Gleditachia mouospenna Kobinia Pstiadacaoia Quorcus nigra Vibnrnam Lrntago Qnorcus Catesbioi Bamelia tenax CratffiguB cordata Ccltia occidontaliB CarpinuB Caroliniana Swietenia Mahogoni Coltia oi^cidentalis, var. reticnlata... Ilex Caaslne ClmuB raoemosa ITlnina crassifolia Qucrcus aquatioa Prniius Americana CratTgiiB Crus-galli Fraxinua qnadrangulata Carya oliva'formia Tbrinax ar!:entea Kalniia latifolia Crataegus spatbulata Fremuntia Californica Lagiineiilaria racemosa >Tuuiperuaoccit*outali8,rar.monoBpenna Fraxinua viridis Cordia Sebeatena Arbutus Xalapenais Arbiitua Menzieaii Pyrua coronaria Qnercua tinctoria Pinus paluBtria Capparia Jamaicenaia Ulmua fill va Prunus demisaa Cratiegua Doaglaaii Jncquinia armillaris Quereua paluatris G y lunocladua Canadensis Qiieriiis falcata Acer aaccbariunm, tiar. nigrum Acer Biiccbariuum J iiuipei iia oeeideiitatia, var. coi^ugens A oer ;;i audidi'iitnt um Pyrua augiiatifolla Canntia liiiloeantba Pruuiia uu<;uatil'olia FaguH feiiii),'ini'a ITamanii-lis Virgiiiica Quel cua lietiropbylla Qnercua ileuaillora Fraxinua pialai iiufolia ('r:itiey:iia bracb\aeaiilha Cordia lluiaaierl ('yi'ilia racuiuiflora Abiea braitoata (ih'ditHeliia ti iaeantliua Lciieneua pnlvuruleuta Myriea(*a1ituniica Cuinua ultemiloUa Yncea caualiculata Acer cireinatiini Buiiielia Npiuosa Frar inua auumala £uonymus atropurpureus 0.7407 0. f405 0.7342 0. 7333 0.7324 0.7303 0.7294 0.7293 0 7293 0. 7287 0.7286 0.7282 0.7275 0. 7270 0.7263 0. 7245 0.7244 0.7215 0.7194 0.7184 0.7180 0. 7172 0.7160 0. 7159 0. 7142 0. 7137 0.7118 0. 7117 0. 7108 0.7090 0. 7062 0. 7048 0.7045 0.6900 0. 6971 0.6966 0. 0951 0.6950 0.6948 0.6938 0. 6034 0. 6928 0. G915 0. 6012 0. 6907 0. 6002 0. 0895 0. 0885 0.6884 0. 6883 0. 0856 0.0834 0.0827 0.6810 0. 0793 0.0700 0.0784 0.0783 0. 6710 0.6732 0. 6703 0.6600 (I. 6077 0.6060 0.6603 0.6507 0. 0502 \M [ll f'li V ' , (■ fTf 250 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. I 'K'l' 1 IM 240 297 I7D 102 272 88 212 218 354 224 125 205 275 215 GO 283 100 230 21-'> 34.1 355 200 01 1 n4 100 344 53 209 108 I 171 I 330 82 332 103 38 , 401 j 00 I 230 377 , 315 ' 408 I 200 ' «2 40 I 400 j 23 ' i 295 j 121 139 208 I 23 J 19 ; 280 34 ! 837 ' 108 33 I 304 194 221 338 2!)H 204 48 , 1D7 Spade*. CratKRas leativaUa Jnglans mpeatrig Itfltnla liitoa Bunuilia Inniiginou . . FraxinuB Americana Quercua nibra Park insonia Torrcyana Piaouia nbtuaata Urabpllularia Califomica lMnu8 cembroidea rimiiB Americana ('rala'gHsarboreacena Eliretia elliptii-a Qui 11H8 Kellogcii Poraia Caiolimnsis Kliiisiuliiinlili's Querins ciueria LvRilomii latiniliqiia I'iiMW brevifiilia I'erseii l^aroliuiimis, var. palustria. .. Taxua lireviiiilia I'inUH edulis Cliiouanthus Virginica Cercis Caiiaileiiais lIuKiKilia >:ranililti)ra XysMU sylvatica FormI iera nc.miiinata T.ixiia I'loriilana I'licniui ia Hiii-eiosa I'risioiitia iiicurliitina , KraxituiH Ranilmcifolia ItlKxlmleixiinn niaxinuim Jiiuipi'niH (lalifoniica — <'l;i(lra?*tis tiiictoria , i 'njiri S!*urt iiiaorocurpa I'raxiniis piilii'aeena t liltonia linuntrina Larix Americana Acer niliriini I'urkiiiHonia aciilcata , .1 nplamt nigra l*iuus mil ia Siilix corilata. var. vestita Oroodoxa re;!ia llctula ncciilentulis Acer plal)ram Itliamnna Califnrnira TlirinaiL |iarvillora Xunilioxylnm Clava-Uorcnlia, var. (to- liccmuni. I!i lula pa p V ril'era I'vriirt Bain)>ncitulia Lii|iii(laniliar St \ racitliia — CliiliipsiH saligna j MoniH rultra I ByrMtnima luciila j CaKtanea pninila .. ' Ilex Daliiinn. I'or. niyrtifolia i •Iiinipcnia paeh,vplil(ca ; Prtiuua Mi'iutina ■ Ilcxopaea INinta cnntorta Iiaxinim viiiilia, var. Berlandieriana . . ' llipponniTic Manniiclla i JiiiiiprruM uet'idcutalia I'ctirlii ni;:ra Il.'l Ilia alliu. rar. pnpiillfolia I reanotliuH tb.\ ri^illonia I'laxIniiH Uregana i 187 235 353 I *^ [ 350 1 22 I 240 j 1E8 ! 316 1 374 I 288 ! 357 ! 76 0.6564 0.65S4 ..6563 0.6544 0.6S43 0.6540 0. 6.'S31 0.0529 0. 0517 0.6512 0. 6506 0.6401 0.6440 0.6435 ji 336 0.C420 : 45 0.6425 " tl. 6420 0. 6418 0. 6308 0. (IIIOO 0. c:i9i 0. 6:188 0. U3T2 0. 0303 0. 03(10 0. 03.16 0. 0.345 0. 03411 0. 0332 0.0319 0.6318 0. ('303 Spaclea. 00 303 120 370 3.')7 313 101 314 310 59 186 5 373 58 „ I 22 71 65 302 0. 0282 0. 0278 0. 6261 0. 0251 I 369 0. 6249 ! 405 0.0230 j 391 0. 0178 371 0.0116 " 345 0.0115 il laO 0.01114 :j 317 0.001)9 ' 23 0.6034 !| 10 0.6030 i 217 0.6028 il 360 0.0000 'I 2 o.iiuni 0. .1967 I . 0.5953 0. 5028 0. 5000 0. 5002 0. 5898 0. 5888 0. !-.887 0. .1873 0. 5820 0. 5822 0. 5818 0..1815 0. .17K0 0. 5772 0. ,-i7(i5 0. 5762 0. ,5700 0. 5750 0. 5731 Haleala diptera Plataniin neeldentalla IMnuH Parryana Rhamnna Purahiank Pinna nionnphylla Xanthoxylnm Anierlcannm Myriea cerifera Ilaleaia tctraptcra Salix laainlepia Pioiia clausa Caatinopaia ebrysophylla Pinna nalfouriaua, var. anatata Dalea apiunaa JnnipcriiH (.'atifornica, var. ntabenaia. . KbuinnuH Carol intuna Acf r 1 iitiinin, rar. Drumnmndii Pinna (/liilinaltnana Pyrua Americana Piuus Ta'da Pinna Halfunriana Salix flaveaccnR, var. Sconletiana Pinckneya pnbcna Salix Ilonkeriana Salix Inngit'olia. var. exigna Acer apical nni SyiiiplocdB tinctoria Magnolia macropbylla Pinna inopa Aii'v Pcnnsvlvanicum F!aneiaa<|natica Kbna copnllina Acer (laaycarpnm Pinna .J. iiVcyi 155 i Kyaaa nnillora 71 , llhiia copallina, rar. lancoolata Tanga Mciten liana Wiiabingtonia Otifera l^aeiiilolHiiga Uuuglaaii Pinna rigida Tnrieya taxifolia Samlincna glauea Salix Sitcbensla . . Xaiitlioxyhnn Clpva-Horculis Anona lanri folia Saaaafraa ullieinala Piuua Ariznniea ! Mngunlia glanca 105 I'rnnna Pcnuaylvaniea Magnolia Fiaaori , Alnna niaril ima .^acnlua Californica Salix rtavcHccna , Pinna ninricata Pinna pnngeua , Salix longifulia Juniperiia Virginiana Pnpnliia Freniiintii , AciT niaeropbyllnni PlatainiH raccnniaa I'iiiua 'run e> ana Piiin.1 n llixa Salix hevigala Piima i-et*inuMa Cnpieaana (iiiailalnpenaia Pintiri Saliiniana Negiinilo Califiirnlcnni A I una iiilita Ilex Dabnon t 7 i 300 ! 313 376 375 310 339 32."i 60 236 359 352 3118 ;;,58 335 306 68 3111 34 0. 5705 0. 5078 0. 1)675 0.5672 0. sew 0. 50.'>4 0. 56.37 0. m-2» 0. 5.587 0. 5576 0. .5.174 0. 5.172 0. 5.130 0. 5522 0. 5402 0. 5459 0. 34.17 0. .5451 0. .1441 0. .1434 0.5412 0.5350 0. 5350 0. 5342 0. 6330 0. 5325 0. 5.109 0. .5300 0. 521)0 0. 6294 0. 5273 0. 520U 0. 6200 0.5104 0. 5184 0.5IS2 0. 5173 0. 51.17 0. .1151 0. ,1145 0. 50S7 0. 5072 0. 5056 0. 5053 0. .1042 0. 5038 0. .1035 0. 5023 0. .1003 0.4006 0. 4980 0. 4909 0. 4042 0. 4035 0. 4U30 0. 4026 0. 4914 0. 40(10 0. 4880 0. 4HT9 0. 4H77 0. 4872 0. 4S,14 0. 4843 I). 4S<0 0.4821 0.4813 0. 4806 330 i Cliaiuacyparia Nutkaeuata ' 0,4782 1 u 379 346 309 231 237 14 301 400 3 333 304 319 325 331 157 1,13 305 309 382 308 391 309 309 340 60 17 290 107 307 6 ! 206 411 306 390 464 311 72 3.10 70 67 386 388 51 312 18 387 8 3U8 342 207 , 351 ; 321 i * i 28 I 307 ' 302 ' 365 ' 320 I 238 , .383 I 318 I 326 303 ' 378 ' 322, 348 Spaotaa. Pinna Bankala>.» Torreya Callfomloa Salix laaiandra Ficus pednue.nlata Platauna Wrightii Gordouia Laaianthna Pinna pondemea Abiea magn'Aca Magnolia acuminata Cnpreaaua Gorenlana Alnna aerrulata Populna grandldentata Popnlna Frmnontil, tar. Wializenli . . . Cbaina>cyparia Lawaoniana Sainbuciia Mexioana Xyasa capifata Alnna incana Salix laaiandra, var. Feudloriuia Picoa nigra Pinna inaignia .,, Paciidolauga Douglaaii, var. macro carpa. Allies nnliilia Salix laoiuudra, var. laucifuUa Taxi lioni diaticbuni Jilaculna glabia Tilia Ainericaua Caatauea vnlgaria, var. Ameiicana 1'rnniiH einarginata Salix aniygdaloiiles Magnolia Umbrella Catalpa bignnuioldca Yucca elala Salix nigra Tanga Pattoniana Sabal Palmetto Salix aeaailifolia Uliiia vencnala Pinna flex ilia Hhna typbina Kcgunilo aceroidca Picea Sitebenain Tanga (^iiToliniana ^acnlna (lava Salix diacolor Xilia beteropbylla Tanga CauailcnaiH I.iiiodendron Tulipifera Abiea }imal)ilia Seipioia acmpervirena Catalpa apecioaa I'iuiia nlbieaulia I Piipnliia iialaaniirora, tar. candicana . ..i &lagnoli-i cordata Siniarulia glauea IMiiua Coulleii i Alnna rlionibiriilia ' Pinna MiiiTayana Po|iulna beteropbylla .Tugluna cineri'a ' Tilia Aiiieiicnna.'var, pubcscena ! I'ieea alba I Popnlna tremnloidoa I Lilioceilrus decuri ena i Alnna otiloiigifiilju Aaiinina (riliiba Pinna iilabra I PopiiliiH iinguatil'olia Pinuii inoutiuula I •P 0. 4761 0,4700 0.4756 0. 4735 0.4736 0, 4728 0. 4715 0.4701 0.4090 0.4680 0.4666 0.4632 0, 4621 0.4021 0.4614 0. 4613 0. 4007 0. 4598 0.4584 0.4574 0.4.163 0.4561 0.43)7 0.4543 0.4542 0. 452.1 0. 4504 0. 4502 0.4502 0. 4487 0. 4474 0. 4470 0.4456 0.4464 0.4404 0. 4397 0. 4382 0. 4338 0. 43.57 0. 4328 0. 4287 0. 4275 0.4274 0.4281 0, 42,1,1 0. 4239 0. 42.30 0, 4228 0, 4208 0, 4103 0.4165 0. 4101 0, 41,30 0.4136 0.4133 0.4127 0.4096 0. 4089 0. 40i<0 0. 4074 0. 4031 0. 4032 0. 4017 (I. ::!i8i (1. 3'.ifi9 0. 31131 (I. 31112 0.3IHI6 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 251 824 847 893 823 828 885 410 849 BpMlM. Popnlus monlllfei* . Pinaa Strobaa Allies baluniea Popalus trichocarpa Tbuyit giptnlea Picea pnngenH Tucca lirovifolin Pinns Lambertiana. 1 1 h > l£ ^ ^ w O 0.3889 1 ; 306 0.3854 321 0.8819 302 0.3814 305 0.3796 105 0.3740 300 0.3737 ' 394 0.3684 384 Speolet. Abies concolor Popnlus balsamlfera Abies Fraserl Abies Rrandis Fraxiiius platyoarpa PIniis tuberctilata . ■ Abies snbalpina Picca Kngelroanni . . 1 i 1^ i ■c H 1 1 i 0.3638 320 0.303S 149 0.3565 327 0.3545 29 0. 3541 341 0. 34n» 412 0. 3470 229 0. 3449 Species. ChamBcyparis spbcroidea, Ccrcna gignntous Thuya occiilentalis Bursera guniinifvra Sequoia gijiantea Yucca b.ico.ittit FicuB aunuk 3322 3188 3164 3003 2883 2724 2610 It will be noticed that all species in which the wood is heavier than water belunp to the semi-tropical region of Florida or to the arid Mexican and interior Paciilc regions. There seems to be a certain, but by no means constant .relation, as shown in this table, between aridity of climate and the weight of the wood liroduced by closely allied species or by individnals of the same si»ecie8. The wood of the form of Qitercns rxihra i)e('.uliar to western Texiis is nearly .'JO per cent, heavier than the average of all the specimens of the typical speci es grown in the nortliern states. Among the white oaks the wood of species belonging to regions of little rainfall, Quercitu grisca, ohlonfjijolia, Durandii, and Douglmii, is heavier than that of allied species peculiar to regions more favorable for the growth of trees. The average of two specimens of Quercus iwinoi5ses in weigiit, however, the wood of the western Texas form of F. Amciicann, which is 20 i)er cent, heavier than the average of all specimens of the typical species grown north of Texas. On theotherhaud, the wood of Texas forms of Fnuiniis viridis is constantly lighter than that of northern specimens, and the wood of CcUia grown in Arizona is lighter than that of the average of all the other specimens of tills species. In Juglans, the hoavie st wood is that of J, riq>estris, a species belonging to a region of little rainfall, and a specimen of J. nigra from western Texas is 33 per cent, heavier than the average of all specimens grown in the Mississippi basin. In the case of P/«^ajiws, the heaviest wood is that of the Atlantic s])e(!ies, but wood of the species jiecnliar to the comparatively moist climate of southwestern Arizona is, however, considerably lighter than that of the drier climate of southern California. FUEL VALUE. The relative fuel values are obtained by deducting the jiercentago of ash from the speci flc graN ity- and are based on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same. A number of analyses was also made of the wood of several of the principal trees of the United States (Table II) and their absolute fuel value calculated. Mr. Sharpies describes the methods adopted by him to obtain these results, as follows : The carbon .and hydrogou dotonniiiatioiiR wore made by the ordinary prooosHcs of organic analysis, by bnrning tbo wood in ii cnrrcnt of oxygon. Tlio nuiistnri; was dctonnincd by drying tlio wood at 100° cent igrado until its woiglit ticcanio sensibly constant. Tbo calculations wore then niad(' on the dry wood. Tbc results contain a slight constant crroi-, arising IVoui !I:^' iacr that the nitrogi-n iu the wood was not dctcrinlncd. This error is, however, very .'iltght, the nitrogen, which is iueliuled in the pircentage of oxygen, rarely ainoiniting, iu any wooil, to one per cent. The eoluinn headed " Hydrogen combined with oxygen ", Is found by dividing the amount in the column headed "Oxygcu" by eight, and represents the hydrogen that may bo considered as already eoinbin,>d with oxygen in the I'orni of water, and is therefore useless for fuel. The fnel valne per kilogram is found by mnltiplying the percentage of carbon by H,Or'(), and that of excess of Iiydrogen by:i4,4(i'J (these being the values oblalned by Favrc and SUbcrman), adding these together and deducting from the sum the prodm^t of the total hydrogen multiplied by 4,Ki;t, which represents the heat re()uired to cvaiiorate the water iirodueed by burning the hydrogen. The conslauls used above i'e])rcsent the nunilicr of kilograms of water raised one degree cenfigi'ade, by burning one kilogram of carbon or hydrogen. The fnel value per cubic decinu'ter is fcmud by mnltiidying th<( value ]H'r kilogi-am by the siieeilio gravity. It need hardly be said that this fnel value is rarely attained in practice, and that it is never ulilized. There are too many sources of loss; (he calculation supjioses that the combustion is perfect, that no smoke is given otV, ami that the heat of the products of combustion, with the exception of that neeessai'y to convert the water into vapoi', is all utilized. It appears from Mr. Sharpies' experiments that resinous woods give upward of I'J \wi' cent, more heat from equal weights burned than non-resinous woods; the hciit produced by burning a kilogram of dry nonresiiious wootl being about 4,000 units, while the heat prodiuied by burning ii kilogriiin of dry resinous wood is about 4,500 units, ii unit being the (piantity of heat iviiiiired to laiso I kilogiam of water 1 degree cvntigiade. Count Iluinford first propounded thi- theory that the value of ecjiial weights of wood lor tuel was the same without reference to specific distin"»' upon its fuel value, though to a less degree than is generally supposed. The water in gre»>n wood prevents its rapid combus*'on, evaporation reducing the temi)eriitnre below the point of ignition. Gretn wood r lay often contain as much as 50 per cent, of water, and this water must evaporate during combustion ; but as hiilfa kilogram of ordinary wood will give 1*,00() units of heat, while half a kilogram of water requires only 268.5 units to evaporate it, 1731.5 units remain available for generating beat in wood containing even a maximum amount of water. In eases when- tin prtssurc was p('r])endienliir to the grain of the wood it was applied on the side of the specimen nearest to the lienrt of the tree. A factor in the general value of wood as fuel is the ease with which it can be seasoned; beech, for example, a very dense wood of high fuel value when dried, is generally considered of little value as fuel, on account of the rapidity with which it decays when cut and the consequent loss of carbon by decomposition. I •"A ^ ^^-ii^iil ■:.i; THE STEENGTH OF WOOD. The specimens tested for the pnrpose of determining the strength of the wood produced by the different trees of the United States were cut, with few exceptions, before March, 1881, and were slowly and carefully seasoned. Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centimeters square and long enough to give the necessary bearing upon the supports. These were shod with flat iron plates, slightly rounded on the edges and were set exactJy 1 meter apart; they remained perfectly rigid under the pressure applied. Each specimen was weighed, measured, and its specific gravity calculated before it was tested. The result thus obtained represents the specific gravity of the air-dried wood. To eliminate the action of their weight the specimens were placed upright, and hydraulic pressure was applied by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius, acting midway between the supports, the deflections being read at this point. The direction of the grain of the wood is shown by diagrams in the table (Table III), the pressure acting upon it horizontally from the left. The pressure was applicl slowly and uniformly, a reading of the deflections being taken for every 50 kilograms. When a load of '200 kilograms had been ai)plied it was removed and the set read. Pressure was again applied in *he same way, and the readings of deflections were resumed when 200 kilograms was again reached. The formula used in calcidatiug the coeflicient of elasticity was E =i~7r/ida5 h ^» ^^ being taken in millimeters; S V I that of the modulus of rupture, R == ., .- >j, I, b, d being in ceutimeters, P, in both formulas, in kilograms. A few experiments were also made in the same manner, for purposes of comparison, to determine the transverse strength of specimens 1 meter long between the bearings and 8 centimeters square (Table IV). The si)ecimens tested by longitudiiuil (!ompression were 4 centimeters square and 32 centimeters (8 diameters) long. They were placed between the platforms of the machine, and pressure was gradually applied until they failed. The figures given rei)re.sent the number of kilograms required to cause failure. The specimens tested under pressure ai»i)lied ])erpeudicularly to the fibers were 4 centimeters square and 16 centimeters long. They w re placed upon the i)latform of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4 centimeters square on its / ace, covering the entire width of the specimen and one-quarter of its length at the ceiit«'r. In this series of experiments the direction of the annual rings was noted, horizontal pressure being also apjdicd from the left. Iteadings were taken «)f the pressure necessary to produce each successive indentation of 0.254 up to 2.54 millimeters, and in the case of specimens whieh did not fail with this pressure a further test was made of the weight recpiired to produce indentations of 3.81 and 5.08. The remarks (Table V) upon the behavior of the wood of the different species under compression were furnished by Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the testing machine. COMPARATIVE VALUES. In the following table the number standing: opposite each species represents its relative value in the column in which it iippears. This table is purely an arbitrary one, sincf the introdiu'tion of one or more species would of course change the value of iill species standing lower in value, os results base«l on an examination of a larger number of specimens of any s])ecies may change the relative numbers in regard to it very considerably. In other words, any twenty or thirty species bearing consecutive numbers may change i)laees with each other. This arises partly from the want of uniformity of the wood of any species, and partly from the fact that where so many determinations fall between comparatively narrow limits the mere order of sequence must be largely accidental. leters; isverse uiid 16 |uuch 4 at the |ii<; also itiou of >8t waa shavior of the luinn in ige the Iciniena anty or le want atweeu 12 14 10 20 28 31 42 43 4S 47 50 62 M 00 01 C4 64 05 m 67 6S THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES. 253 BpedM. MAONOLIACBiB. Magnolia grandiflora Mapnoll^t islooca Mngnolin aoiiniinata Maguolin conlata Maenolia nincrnphylla Magiiollii Unibralla .... Maguolia Frasert Liriudi'Ddron Tuliplfcra ANONACE^. ABinilnn triloba AnoQB latinfulia CAMELLACE.S:. CancUaalba TERNSTKCEMIACE^. Gordonta Lasiaiitlius TILIACEJE. Tilla Anioricnna Tilia AmoiicHiia, nar. pnbeacens .. Tilla Iietcr(iph.vlla MALEIGHIACE^. Bynonima liiolda ZYGOPnYi:-LACE.ffi!. Guaiacnm uanetnm llDTACEiE. Xantlioxyliini Clava-Uerciills X anthoxy hint Curibsum SUIABDBE^. Siniarulia glaiica IiUKS£RACE.a:. Dnraera giiniraifera Aniyria aylvatloa MELIACK£. Swietenia Maliogonl ILICINEiE. Ilox opaca Ilex Daboon CYRILLACEiE. Cliftonia ligiistriiia EUAMNACE*). Reyiiosla lat ifollu Comlalia I'errra libanuiuH Caioliiilana liliamiuia riiritliiana SAPINDACEiE. ^Hriilna glabra ^H<'iiliiHCulirornic-a SHpliidiig marginatua A cei' inucrapbylliira ^.ctM I'irt^inaluin Acer Hacri:'carpiim Acerriibriim Negniido accrnidea Negundo Calil'nmicum S ai J I ■"1 145 205 230 aoc 180 249 207 200 277 220 11 228 246 272 257 204 27 208 208 6 06 167 224 152 1 184 176 245 208 47 213 126 117 118 192 154 256 221 .§> 1 ^ B 183 135 127 16.1 12-J 201 119 236 41 184 207 245 114 170 124 208 281 293 278 234 56 60 187 201 101 241' 183 256 158 248 272 288 147 1S7 217 219 143 150 121 252 202 800 66 2 71 66 244 188 246 250 101 262 74 116 45 85 208 251 129 152 243 271 282 222 165 112 194 IBO 221 147 9 18 88 68 69 53 117 121 260 203 113 132 3 5 154 28 273 246 i 122 223 136 SO 57 113 133 270 155 o . if/ II ■S3 .S'm » a 5-s Is '■ £S So |.i w- 1 lis 124 173 234 189 220 IDl 248 104 247 234 257 182 202 i 220 262 1 298 285 277 198 0 1 6 i i 214 240 , 240 200 105 208 202 203 206 100 10 1 148 165 15 IB 171 251 1 SCO j 300 9 6 1 20 I 36 I i 180 140 262 214 231 1 177, 4 3 187 131 282 2'JO 58 159 lie 73 «6 145 151 216 221 189 140 141 142 144 140 148 151 152 153 154 155 150 169 Rbua copallina Rhus Metopiiiin LEGUMINOS^. Rubinla Paeiulacaola Robinin Neollexlcana Oluoya 'i'eattta riniUliii Ery I Iiri III! Chulraat iih tiiKl iirin Sopliurn ntliHiM Gyiininuladu.s Canndeunia' GliMlitacliia tiiiu-aiitltuH nsli4 Oxydciu* lum nrborcum Kiiliiiii* intit'oliik Klioiloiloudrnn niusiinum sai'Otacea:. Clirj^flophyUuni olivil'r>rni© SiiloruxNlon Maxtii hiMlimlron DipholiH flulicifolia ItiiiiM^lia ti-nux Itiiiiit'lin luiinuiiiciBa liiiiiiilin Ivciuidt'H Bitiiu'liu cuiieata Aliuiusupfl Sieberl EltENACEiE. DiospyroH Vir;;iniana STYKACACiE. SyniplopoH tinctoria UuliMut diplcra OLEACE^. FnixiuiiR jiiBtiiciie folia FiHiiiiuH Aincrirana I^ruxiiHiH Aiiiei'irana, car. Tozeosia. FraxiniiH pubfHCPiis Fi-HXiiiun viridis Kriixiiius platycaf'pa Kiiixiiiii8 c|uadraii;rilata FraxiiiUb Oipmiiia Kraiiutis Baiiibnci folia Fori'Rtiera aftiminata Ositiaiittius Amfricaona 72 ' 107 104 78 101 148 17 i 12 1 16 00 I 133 I 81 i 50 : 4 170 104 251 137 258 242 64 61 16 204 2fO 103 252 115 65 102 BORRAGINACEiB. Boiimria IlaTanensis ElurliatUiptlia , BIGXONIACEJC. Tn 1 11 Ipa bi^inonioidcs Ciitalpa npt'ciona C |] ilcipsiH Halfiiia TERBENACEiE. Cithnrexvlurii villosiim NYCTAUIXACEa:. Flaoiiia ubtiisuta POLTGOXACEiE. Coccoluba Kluridat a LAUllACEa;. Persea CaroUnenRiH PcrRca CnrolinciiHi^», var. palnstrla . SaHHiitraR officinale Uuibellulai in Oai iforiiica EtJPHOniSrACE/E. Drypetes cnieea Drypetes erucca, var. ktifulia... URTICACE^. UlmiiB crasRifolia. Ulmiia fulva IflO 172 122 1. J CO 151 105 291 T3 171 149 147 45 53 142 250 203 ICl 250 220 254 01 60 182 133 283 106 I 156 142 227 28 '■ 07 I 296 233 175 267 28 26 14 49 138 102 140 162 202 273 131 70 30 70 25 108 90 226 111 110 Si » — £3 ll ■:l -1 104 81 230 104 210 205 107 67 18 200 204' 254 265 ! y^ c — - 9 •fS B^ iirandil Qiii'icuH virtus QuDriim ibryHoIepis Qum-ua Kmoryi QiifrruH a,::iifolia Qupnut Wislizeni Queri'UM rubra (^uri'cii.-i rultra, tar.Texana Qiii^ri tin (iiiu'inua Quercns tinctoria QucrruH Kfllo^gii QufrcUM iiicra QuercuR faicata QucrciiH C^at cRbiei Qucrcus pahiRtria QuercUR Dqiiaiica Qiivruua luui'il'ulia S 130 03 80 191 04 08 300 244 163 63 173 218 231 270 155 132 103 36 46 43 42 71 177 125 76 85 70 37 32 82 30 60 48 75 31 26 20 8 21 :3 33 22 41 68 120 23 84 106 137 80 113 91 115 05 62 ^ Stl 1 p 1 n It 205 110 146 62 36 38 273 !07 158 260 228 203 220 135 178 143 127 160 800 208 200 202 290 284 173 141 170 114 25 4 146 222 144 240 254 200 286 285 207 181 238 205 63 100 40 218 238 169 239 240 164 12 11 27 78 33 52 42 26 36 02 31 43 86 30 78 i 8 I 25 93 06 110 137 119 151 00 46 74 104 Si 82 222 103 172 183 00 07 160 100 108 262 194 186 122 65 103 17 50 100 ] 131 81 102 106 28 112 27 48 67 63 8 44 m 67 53 150 175 105 200 73 116 165 57 70 40 54 50 33 4 02 247 180 176 110 75 131 148 118 72 48 03 83 83 62 42 65 38 87 81 44 02 206 145 149 102 43 08 11 12 35 80 42 137 55 32 101 29 40 91 25 13 77 'J .9.1 138 112 or 170 lul 56 206 207 148 22 158 245 211 244 126 143 84 00 45 61 41 78 34 66 182 135 105 130 70 54 72 06 83 86 01 17 10 21 38 30 33 11 81 57 150 44 116 115 162 46 117 88 134 123 70 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 TAULE OF KELATIVE VALUES -Continued. •13 138 112 07 170 lul 56 20fl 207 148 22 158 245 211 244 12(1 143 84 00 45 Bl 41 78 34 55 182 135 105 136 79 54 72 06 83 86 01 17 10 21 38 30 176 I 72 I 83 87 I 02 u 08 135 I kn7 noi loi 1 77 81 57 44 116 115 411 122 70 •3 .1 282 28.) 284 285 280 287 288 280 2illl 201 20J 2n;i 201 20.'. 2W1 207 288 :00 301 3112 3(j:i 3U7 308 300 300 313 313 310 318 310 320 321 321 3'.''.' 323 321 325 325 BpuoU'H. Qnoii'iiit liotoropliylla yiU'iTiistluricii Qiiei'CUH liypntourik Qiii'ioufi liulii'ioiirilt (^tU'rcuH riicLlort (jiioiciin lU'iisiUiira ('HHtiiiKtpHiH I'lirywopliyllft i'liHtaneu puiitila CuHtaiKVi viil^ui'is, rar. AmuricHna. . Kiu!ii8 ruiriiiciiirit OHtrvu Virf£iuii'a. vlHipiiiUH Ciiruliniunik BETULACKiE. 320 327 328 320 330 331 3.13 338 330 310 341 342 343 345 846 Ootulii ulbii, ear. |>oimliful!a liiiiilu ]ia]>j rifi rii ISutuIaiiix'idciitulii liilulii 111 ten llil iilii nifsra Dviiilnltuita AIiiiiB rubra Aliiuailionibifolia * Aliiiia abloii).'lfiiUa SAUCACE^S. Siilix amygdaloiiles Sjlix Iiivlfjata Salik iKHJuiulra, var. laiicifolla Sitlix laxiiiiKliu, var. I'Vudliriana Salix llavcsceus tialix llavencpDH, var. Scouluriana Salix likxiolt-piii roimlug tieniiilnUles ropuliis );randiilt>nuta ruimliia het«ri>pb,vlla Popiilus balsam PoptiUiH balaaniifiTa, var. candicaus PcipuliiB anguatifiilia ropuliis triebocai-pa riipiiliis nmiiiUror.k Popiiliin Freiiiontii Piipubis Freniontii, Mr. AViidlzciil CONIFERJE. Lilioccdrus decurrens. Tliiij'a (H'l'idcittaliH ,. Thuya Ki;;aatca. ('liaiiiu'cyparia apbu^roidea.. . Cliaraiei'yparis Nutkacusis... CbauiaxyparlM Lawaimiaiia CnprcsaUfi ("ittvfniaua iluniprnia iKciilcntuUa, far. conjagena.. ilunipiTUs Vir^iiiiana Taxddiuin distii'liuni . Sicpioia Ki^nntca Sequoia acmprrvircns . TaxuB brevifolia. Torreya taxiTolia. Torreya Callfuniica. i 'I '■'■ ''ii t a. V I :i. ■ m i i 250 FOREST TREES OF NORTH A^IERIOA. ■'J: B ':U^ The followiiiR table gives tlio figures from wliicli the table of relative values was computed, and includes all species npon which C()ini)lete tests have been made. Tlie coefficient of elasticity is derived from the second deflection, the measurements being taken in millimeters and the weight in kilograms. ■ The ultimate transverse strength is tlie force, applied at the middle of the stick, required to break a stick 4 centimeters square and 1 meter between the supi>orts. In the compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure on a sqnare centimeter these results must be divided by 10. The indentation to 1.27 millimeters, or the fifth in the series, is the one selected for comi)arisoii. TAULE OF AVEKAGE8. 12 14 10 20 28 31 38 MAONOLIACE^. Magnolia frrnncUflora MnjnioK'' ):laui'ii Mnpiitlia nciiininata Magnolia conliita Mai.'Ui>lii\ nniiropliYlla Mnguolia Uiulirolla Thiaguolia FraHeii Liiiodoudion Tiiliiiifera ANONACEa:. Aainiina triloba Anoua lautlfolia CANELLACEiE. Canclla alba TEKNSTKCEMIACEiE. Gor'ionia Lusiantbiis TILIACE^. Tilia Americana Tilia Anioricaua, var. pabesceua Tilia boterophjlla MALl'IOniACEa:. . BjTBoninia lucida ZYGt)PHYLLACE^. Guaiacum sanctuni KUTACE^. Xanthoxyliim Clara-Hcrculia... Xanthoxy luui CaribEeum SIMARTJBE^. Simaruba glaiica BUESERACEa:. Burseia gii mmifora Amyria aylTatica MELIACE^. SwlL-tenia Mahogoni ILICINE^. Ilex opaca Ili'X Uuboon CYRILLACEa:. Cliftonia liguetrina EHAMNACEa:. Roynosia latifolia Comlalia fiTrea Rlianinus Caixiliniana Khamnus I'unbiana 63.20 CO. 11 40.70 41.20 62.00 44.78 40.80 42.20 30.61 48.11 07.20 40.02 45. OU 40.47 42.27 S7.43 113.38 60.15 88.20 40.08 29.41 103.07 72.03 57.74 47.62 62.23 103. 72 110.38 B4.27 50.34 003 014 S20 041 ,169 744 044 920 482 501 1,117 794 840 811 840 62S 726 417 1,085 1062 643 642 783 1,050 1,143 741 913 313 286 256 207 240 302 280 107 259 7,705 0,700 6,633 6,652 7, 829 5,861 6, 601 6, ess 3,395 4,829 438 12, 519 286 ' 6, IDS I I 252 j 6,768 239 I 6, 487 246 6,3U7 I 181 6, 260 836 I 11, 789 273 7,189 822 I 10,955 241 6,816 63 2,473 657 i 11,976 I i 428 10,660 293 6, 709 244 6,682 225 , 6,938 350 386 242 i:i, 426 12, 848 7,112 9,904 8,156 1,027 1,709 1,427 1, 427 1,3411 i,nuo 1,290 1,008 2,037 9,163 1,591 1,044 950 1,206 3,47J 12, 689 2,648 6,964 1,383 I 749 I 8,795 4,931 2, 826 1,808 2,366 9,753 10,388 2,195 3,075 60 .'>2 64 60 01 64 64 65 C6 67 68 77 79 80 81 : 82 ; 84 ' 85 80 87 : 88 91 93 ' 04 103 104 107 108 110 111 113 117 121 125 126 128 120 132 134 135 137 139 .^Bciiliia glabra .^MCuliiH CallfiirnU'a SaplnduH inni'giniitUH A<-4'r niaci-opliylliini Aoor I'll rinaliiin Acer Hiicrtuii-iiiuiii Aier Haccliariinini, var. nigrnm . Acrr (liiByi'arpum ^. A cvv nibruiii Ncguiido ai-ei oiiicd Neguudu Callfori) icuiu ANACARDIACEiE. Rbiia copalllna . . Kbua Mettipium . I.EGUMINOS.a. Robiuia rscndacacia Roblnia NcoMuxicaua Olueya Tiaota FiHcidia Erytbrlna Cladrastia tliictoria .' . Sopbora aflinin GyninncladuH Cauadcnsla . GlcditHL'liia ti iacaiitboa. . . Gloditsrhia moiiiiapcrraa.. Farkinnonla Tmreyaua . . . CuicIh Ciiuadeusia ProHopia.luliQora ProRopis pubcsccus 46.03 49.45 80.05 48.83 00.34 08.73 08.66 62.52 01.65 42.82 47.95 52.42 77.28 72.96 70.80 103.50 84.30 02.61 84.46 68.88 66.86 72.89 64.68 63.18 74.86 75.37 ' ROSACEiE. Pnimis Ami'ricana ' PiiimiHauguatifolia j I'ruuuB eniarginata, var. mollis ' Pruniii Hcnitina I PriinuH dcinisHa PruiiUB C.iroliiiiana Pruniia illcifolia Pyrus corouiiria Pyitis sanibuc'ifulia , Ciat£DgiiH ai'borescrna ' Crata^guH Cru&.galli I Cratoigua aubvilloHa Crataegus tomcnfo.sa Crata;giiH apittbul.ita Crattegus n?8tivaliH I Craliegns (lava, far. pubeBcens — ' Anielauubicr CanadeuHiB ' i HAMAMELACEiE. '■ Liqnidambar Styraciflna I 72.02 08.05 44.93 68.14 09.16 86.62 97.27 70.11 58.08 64.55 71.54 78.98 75.96 71.12 65.27 76. 13 77.06 68.78 644 683 637 780 718 1,465 1,027 1,110 043 682 945 736 1,050 1,301 1,149 868 861 1,002 977 1,048 1,086 1,170 568 688 683 824 827 603 801 8.'J2 769 937 732 642 026 788 604 901 732 073 692 708 1,197 837 1-3 p III li 1-^ 211 6,017 1,132 271 .5, 686 1, 722 360 7,523 4,350 292 (1,100 2, 307 327 7,349 3,2U5 400 n, i)(i7 4, nio 410 8, M3 4,149 435 7,711 2,899 340 7, 402 2, 795 220 .'■., l.-il 1,781 340 7,072 1,719 2t3 0,033 1,744 280 8,523 3,348 543 11,272 4,038 388 10, 031 4,427 320 6, 8.-)l 10, 478 321 9, 548 6,698 385 8,630 2, 937 346 9,129 5,348 320 0,406 2,500 394 8,001 2,697 439 9,344 4,420 233 0,079 3,020 310 7,510 2,017 207 9,412 6,484 382 10, 732 5,267 369 9,419 3,405 200 6,441 2.132 290 7,507 1,280 364 8,746 3, 269 295 8,105 3,937 396 8, !:89 5,090 334 8, 70!) 4,888 207 6,706 3,999 190 6,123 1,715 265 7, 900 2, 931 279 0,884 3,308 313 8,612 4, 2(j7 303 7,117 3,844 216 7 280 3,484 304 7, 122 3, 583 309 8,437 5, 103 483 10,712 4,4a3 278 7,462 2,123 ^ \ r THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE OF AVERAQES— Continued. 257 1,132 1, 722 4,880 2,097 :i, 2U5 4, 1110 4,U9 2,809 2,705 1,781 1,719 1,744 U,348 4,038 4,427 10,478 5,008 2, 037 5,348 2, 6G0 2,097 4,420 3, (i20 2,017 5,484 5,267 3, 405 2,132 1,280 3, 269 3,037 5,000 4,888 3,000 1,715 2,031 3,368 4.207 3,844 3,484 3, 583 5, 103 4,483 05 ; 89 ' 00 : no ; 23 ino 1 184 ; 112 1 iHO : 1 •■2 1 137 I fl2 k62 2,122 ItO 111 143 144 14fl 148 lU 163 168 164 166 164 168 IbO 101 1«6 1(6 1«7 169 170 171 176 17« 177 178 170 181 183 183 184 186 <91 102 193 193 194 196 196 197 108 190 201 204 206 SpaolM. BHIZOPHOBAOBJB. Rhiiophon Mangle COUBRBTACXA Oonooaipoa sraota LagnnooUrU noemom UTBTACKJB. EagCDto bozifolte Eugeni* montloola ZngenU procets OOBNAOEiB. CoTna(floridB CornoiNatUUU M jua okplUta N yasa «ylTaUo» NysMnniflon CAPBIFOUACE.S. SMnboona gtenoa Vlbuninm prnnifoUam BUBIACE,8. Exoatenima Caribanm Pinckneya pubens ERIOACEIB. Andromeda farragines Arbntoa Uenileali Arbutua Zalapenila Oxydendrum arboreiim Kalniln latifoUa Bhodndendron mazimom SAFOTACE.S. Chryaophyllam ollTiforroe 8ldennyb>n Maatiohodendron DiphoIlaaaliclfoUa Bnmelia tenaz Bamella lannglnoaa Bomella lyololdea Bnmelia onneata Uimnaopa Bieberl EBENACEJC. Dioapyroa Virglniana STTBACE^S. Symplocoa tlnotoria Haleaia dlptera OLBACB,a;. Fraxinna plataolnfoUa Fraxinaa Americana Fraztnna Americana, var.Texenala Fraxinaa pubescent Fraxinaa Tiridia Fraxinaa platyoarpa Fraxinaa qaadrangalata Fraxinaa Oregaoa Fraxinaa aambucifoUa Foreatiera acuminata Oamanthoa Americanns BOBBAGINACBiE. Bourrerla Bavanenaii Bbretia eliiptioa 17 FOB 114,06 98.68 70.31 92.20 89.88 81.06 80.98 74.44 46.97 63.66 6L68 60.07 92.8 63.: 74.66 70.24 70.81 74.80 71.31 62.80 93.44 06.89 92.86 72.39 64.64 74.07 78.08 106.66 78.32 B6.81 67.68 66.16 7&83 62.86 70.71 85.16 74.50 67.13 62.73 68.00 8a 74 78.48 63.66 1,666 1,026 734 1,676 1,086 1,191 821 1,081 681 818 618 806 907 1,194 688 814 838 616 880 685 646 1,124 1,009 1,886 761 488 781 603 1,002 782 601 1,015 1,082 812 903 476 774 848 872 703 1,231 996 897 615 403 221 450 500 603 886 433 290 860 370 168 400 429 173 290 387 264 811 273 283 366 414 400 287 165 240 876 264 367 480 371 382 239 846 284 345 806 449 808 13,767 9; 608 7,100 14,198 8,846 10,790 6,653 10,603 6,896 7,497 6,848 4,400 0,474 12,020 4,366 7,802 8,084 6,419 8,025 6,890 7,030 0,671 10,410 11,680 7,235 5,78» 7,825 7,648 7,360 8,045 6,146 6.940 6,168 7,635 8,664 6,960 7,711 4,014 7,S80 8,320 6,766 6,418 8,966 0,197 6,102 7,394 ^026 3,386 6,861 6,682 7,090 41,875 8,888 2,484 8,131 3,675 2,218 6,000 7,707 1,678 8,611 8,832 3,947 8,550 4,196 8,066 6,108 6,683 4,480 2,804 2,664 8,629 4,681 6,001 6,192 2,967 8,153 2,745 3,177 3,272 3,521 2,209 8,322 2,653 3,106 2,717 4,206 4,702 8,663 210 313 218 216 316 217 318 235 236 237 351 252 253 254 255 266 257 258 Speolaa. BIOMOKIACEiB. Oatalpa blgnonioidea Catalpa apecioaa ChUopaia lallgna TERBBNACBJt. Citharexylum Tilloaum 1IYCTAOIMACE.S. Pltonla obtuaata POLTOONACEA. Coocoloba Floridana LAUBACB.S. Penea Carolinenala Peraea Carolinenais, var. palaatria Saaaafhia officinale TTmbellularla Califomica EUPBOBBIACEJC. Drypetea crorea DrypetcR crocea, var. latlfoUa .... UBTICACE.S. Ulmna craaaifoUa Ulmaafulva TJlmua Americana TJlmna racemosa Ulmuaalata Planeraaquatica Cellls occidentalla Celtia oocidentalia, var. retioalata Ficaaanrea Fioas pedanoulata Moras rubra Madura aurantiaca FLATAKACE.S. Platanoa occidentalis Flatanns racemosa Flatanna Wrightii JUGLANDACEA. Juglans cinerea Jnglana nigra Jaglans mpestria Carya oliTnformia Carj'aalba Carya sulcata Carya tomentoaa Carya porcina Carya amara Carya my riaticeformia Carya aquatica MYBICACEiE. Myrica oerifera Myrioa Califomica CUPTTLIFEBiE. QQercusalba Qnercas lobata Quercus Garryana Quercus obtusiloba Qnercus undnlata, var. Qambelii. Quercus macrocarpa Quercus lyrata Quercus bicoloT 44.57 41.48 58.79 8&76 60.81 93.40 68.81 68.73 60.88 64.93 86.44 88.65 71.69 69.77 64.54 72.20 74.17 52.71 72.08 71.86 24.84 45.07 68.66 76.01 6&52 4a 26 46.73 40.66 60.01 64.89 70.00 83.11 80.35 81.29 81.36 74.74 79.31 73.13 56.08 66.81 74.89 78.87 74.24 83.01 85.88 74.06 82.68 76.18 683 822 644 1,257 466 1,186 839 849 518 1,080 836 704 963 747 1,006 623 652 685 868 267 407 824 044 864 624 467 812 1,002 727 666 1,390 1,080 1,150 1,014 1,030 1,465 1,013 888 071 717 811 833 671 929 1,834 96« 353 270 247 400 127 893 886 350 267 344 340 330 871 364 466 809 265 337 344 102 98 831 483 271 240 183 255 365 256 247 512 464 482 466 470 505 876 348 443 369 876 872 200 410 438 388 5,881 6,631 4,768 11,034 4,962 12,837 9,173 5,874 6,110 0,095 10,410 8,824 7,248 8,628 7,191 9,474 7,001 6,806 6,739 6,986 2,607 4,491 6,721 12,939 7,207 5,100 5,228 6,270 0,178 6,097 6,951 10,007 8,030 9,485 0,232 8,357 10,206 7,776 7,122 8,516 8,188 6,703 7,967 7,700 6,668 7,843 7,864 7,860 1,230 1,377 2,304 4,037 1,787 0,310 8,128 8,073 2,144 8,106 6,797 6,610 4,060 2,890 2,970 3,281 4,096 2,384 3, 472 4,873 080 1,905 2,805 5,806 2,645 1,486 1,807 1,488 3,140 2,009 8,714 4,344 4,609 4,429 4,822 3,878 5,042 4,307 2,304 3,017 8,888 3,014 3,846 4,415 4,072 3,730 4,033 3,634 I ' 212 278 490 600 818 319 245 184 277 807 187 5,661 6,055 6.850 7,446 4,003 ;, 187 4,148 7,281 7,454 5,742 8,605 6,760 6,771 6,210 6,650 7,734 7,364 5,625 6,210 5,340 5,382 5,501 5,286 7,825 6,420 6,678 4,388 6,398 5,209 7,274 4,548 0,292 6,037 6,679 5,388 8,868 5,328 6,387 6,874 6,080 4,207 e,oJ4 6,687 8,078 6,786 6,038 6,670 8,142 7,628 4,604 6,829 10,074 10,626 6,620 5,488 4,271 4,128 6,663 6,142 6,450 8,747 ^B 1,561 857 1,114 1,074 1,618 1,317 2, 852 4,404 2,376 1,106 1,091 1,242 4,223 2,523 1,002 1,194 1,071 1,244 1,727 1.716 2,002 3,126 3,388 2,713 2,350 2,140 1,353 2,309 1,740 1,718 1,860 2,470 2,382 1,378 2,202 1,475 1,687 1,372 1,710 2,123 4,740 2,40« 2,100 1,842 1,950 2,064 1,604 1,600 2,885 1,240 1,117 1,217 1,267 1,160 1.814 1,996 1,622 III III 1,827 1,882 1,607 1,861 957 1,114 1,074 1,618 1,317 2,852 4,404 42 74 ' 126! 120 I ha I71 liB ls3 I42 Iso I47 2,37» 1,166 1,091 1,242 4,223 2,529 1,962 1,194 1,071 1,244 1,727 1,716 2,002 3,120 3,388 2,71i 2, 850 2,140 1,353 2,309 1,740 1,719 1,850 2,470 2,382 1,379 2,202 1,475 1,687 1,372 1,719 \ 2,129 1 4,740 j 2,406 i 2,100 1,842 1,050 2,064 1,694 1,609 2,985 1,240 1,117 1,217 1,207 1,160 1.314 1,996 1,622 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE OP AVERAGES— Contiuned, 259 390 391 391 392 393 394 395 396 Species. Tenga Fattoniana PscadotsagaDouglasii Psoudotsuga Songlosii, rar, mn- crocarpa. Abies Fraseri Abies balaamea Abies subalpina Abies graudis Abies ooDColor 44.36 51.53 46.59 8S.46 072 273 88.02 819 220 34. 61 762 I 202 36.08 058 211 80.07 009 I 300 6,567 5,861 4,829 6,255 6,237 t-A'B 1 1S£ i ^ SS-9 1 » |o| i ? pi 5 Species. 1,664 1,608 { 1,642 1,048 1,202 1,015 810 1,248 400 401 402 405 Abies amabilis AbioHnobilis Abii'S niagniflcn Larix Americana Larix ocoldentalls PALMACE£. Washingtouia fllifera i a" u 1:^ Sti,a .5 •a a pas tl-- S §^ «j o a §38 ss.a 3 o « 42.18 1200 i 838 45.46 1277 j 868 46.87 662 I 299 62. 18 1261 I 364 74. 00 1658 624 60.76 663 163 5a 7, 480 1, 029 7,256' 1,917 6,903 I 1,545 8,763 ' 1,875 11,023 I 2,895 8,638 2,SJ0 The followiug tabic illustrates the relation between the ,speciflc gravity and the transverse strength of the wood of species upon which a sufficient number of tests has been made to render such a comparison valuable. The determinations of the specific gravity and transverse strength were, in every case, made upon the same specimen, at the same time. The table is arranged according to the specific gravity of the Rpecimens. It will be noticed that the strength of the diffr i "it specimens closely but not invariably follows their specific gravity. An examination of Table III will show, however, tliat in nearly every case where any wide difterence occnrs it is due to imperfections in tlie stick disproportionately affecting its strength. Moreover, in the case ot species where the specific gravity and strength of diflerent specimens are nearly identical, their order of arrangement becomes largely accidental. A slight difference in the time occiijiied in the strength tests, or slight variations in the direction of the grain of the wood, may considerably affect the sequence in such a table : TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD OF CERTAIN SPECIES. 1 SpOOlM. 1 s S 0 k Catalogue ntunber. f 1 Belative speeiflo gravity. Belative transverse strength. 8 534 1 1 66 20 1 584 2 2 878 246 8 3 878 261 4 5 1048 246 5 4 1948 261 6 6 SSO 8 Ltiiodeodmn TuUpTorft •■- •>........• 818 1 1 530 818 2 6 743 1231 3 2 743 1230 1286 4 5 6 4 77 1248 40.: 2 2 1232 6 3 1248 8 5 1232 7 8 1247 895 8 7 1247 6 4 00 Acer mAcrophyllam •.....•••...••.... 982 1 1 815 6 6 082 2 2 815 7 7 '• 1023 1023 3 4 4 a 1(M 15 IS 1 1 2: 2 M 290 1288 1 2 2 1 IIT 1053 ll 4 128S 8 7 1053 1284 4 • m ■ 1231 B 5 761 1234 6 4 768 g 1233 7 3 i«a 0 876 8 8 317 10 409 9 9 817 11 64 Acer sMohAiinnm, var. ntgnun 274 1 1 1151 12 1 18 218 3 2 406 12 757 3 3 117 1068 1 76T 4 4 7108 3 S ■I in ■ 11 11 ■ ¥i : '■ ! I 1^ fiflf- 260 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 1 Species. 1 a 1 i u n 1 a u SpeciM. 1 a § i o s 1 U7 FyroB coronaria— contliined 1088 8 2 184 Fnudaiu viridis— contlnned 848 2 4 1087 4 4 857 3 1 188 Llquidambor Styraciflaa 117.S 1 2 438 4 3 1182 2 8 67 6 7 1182 8 5 837- 6 5 * 1183 4 8 308 7 6 1173 5 1 308 8 8 1005 1181 Q 3 186 Fraxinus quadrangnlata 66 66 1 2 3 2 ■ 7 11 1181 8 10 286> a 1 646 8 e 518 4 S 1085 10 4 286* 6 6 646 11 12 281 6 4 1J83 12 7 125 7 8 IBl Comiu florldii . 1077 1077 1082 3 4 5 1 3 8 217 Saaaaflaa offloinale 125 814 814 8 1 3 7 ^f^TA *#iag «A^/« l\i«llB • ••«««« ■*a*«B*a*a«4*a****««Bsa«*»«*>*»«< 6 4 812 6 4 71 3 1 812 7 5 854 4 7 761 8 7 864 5 8 67 8 6 446 6 5 67 10 4 387 7 8 164 NvSfia STlT&tiOtt .................................a... 7)0 I 2 71 8 2 ^^ J ■*«»•« J ■•w»*/^» ■■■■«• ■*•«««■ ■•t«*a«»a4a*s** ■ ••• •••■ • • t» i 8 887 8 8 75v^ 883 3 4 1 6 223 nimua fiilva ,.,. 131 131 1 2 1 2 833 834 6 0 4 7 224 TTlsnus Americana 533 533 1 2 6 4 834 7 3 1048 3 2 813 8 5 18 4 I 813 8 8 8 5 3 165 Nyssa oniflora 128 1 2 V.-M 6 11 128 2 1 1038 7 10 604 3 6 858 8 7 604 4 4 281 8 8 556 5 6 281 10 8 ^ 550 6 3 U68 U 5 184 DicMDvroB VirfFininnft 425 1 1 226 Ulmaa racemoaa . 116 J I Jk^Mi^fmW^j ft VQ V LI ICiAJUt^VB •*■«•*••«■«■••■■■«•■•■*■•**»■»«*• 1084 2 6 314 2 2 1162 3 4 314 3 5 811 4 3 116« 4 3 1084 5 2 428 5 7 811 6 6 116« 6 4 ■ 81 7 8 116 7 6 61 1045 1045 8 3 2 7 1 4 228 Coltis occidentalii 873 878 nil 1 2 3 6 4 in Fraxinufl Americana 1 114> 3 3 306 4 6 837 4 18 806 6 7 227» 5 2 1111 6 a 130 6 7 75 7 3 431 7 6 75 8 8 114« 2271 8 B 5 10 232 Momi rubra 132 1266 1 2 1 4 38t 10 8 183 8 3 212 11 11 im 4 6 212 12 8 U44 6 3 747 13 21 1245 6 6 . 351 14 14 1246 7 7 227 267 15 16 13 12 236 Juglaivfl cinerea 1057 76« 1 2 1 2 747 : 17 17 16 8 7 651 , 18 16 • 16 4 4 114» 18 16 76 6 6 114 20 18 76 6 S 114 ai 20 128 7 6 IM Frazioiu «iridlt •48 1 a S8« 8 8 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. RELATION BETWEEN TBANBVEESE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 261 242 248 245 248 BpsdM. Jnglans nigrw. . OarjmaUM.. Carys mdoaU. Caryk poroln* . Caryn aqantloa . 251 Qnerons alba . 051 951 768 786 818 325 407 117 117 2e> 530 531 531 1056 1058 3 1007 240 118 240 118 8 816 888 81S 388 1082 8S1 1168 8(1 1082 1184 1170 1186 88 88 1168 U68 442 588 6 6 121 740 740 368 862 120 017 1257 748 547 M7 1SS7 8 1050 740 258 288 748 83 1050 40 850 895 238 2(0 ft I 251 253 254 256 257 Sp«eiea. QaoToaa alba — continued . Qaerona Qanyans. Qneroua obtnatloba . Qnereiu maoroeaqNl. . Qnerons lyrata. . 258 Querong bicolor. 250 Qaercna MlohanxU . 280 861 QneiMni Prinni . Querciia prinoidn I 1087 1020 988 1020 771 771 256 161 151 851 851 137 310 1071 810 143 033 1073 1072 B3S 70 432 831 70 645 762 762 646 64 846 840 54> 54 755 755 240 340 624 524 85 026 81 •16 81 434 278 387 2 7 4 5 8 5 7 3 1 2 4 4 1 e 6 10 13 12 6 7 11 3 0 4 2 1 2 3 4 1 5 4 2 8 8 1 6 « 4 2 1 8 5 4 •i 8 2 4 w fi mm 262 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TEAN8VEB8E STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 1 ! f 1 1 i 1 ! Speoiei. 1 t || i Species. 1 t if f 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 261 OaArcna nrinoldoii oontimuid 614 3 3 291 786 7 9 ^M UVa V**^ MT^ mMA%fm%m%Mr~ ^f^fmmw*MMmmMt^m ••■••••••■■•••••••*••■■•• 84« 4 1 785 8 7 514 ( 5 6 443 0 1 10 • 34 6 6 44» 10 8 287 OnercoB TlreiiB .....■.■............■.■•■■.■-■■........ 404 1 3 296 Betula papyiifera 886 1 ^P tM%f^ »/ *•** T «* ^/B*^ ■■■••■ »■■■•■■**«*■ ■«■«■«■ ■««■■■■**• B* . 964 2 7 1065 2 954 3 6 1066 4 799 4 2 1087 8 919 5 4 722 5 799 6 1 990 9 919 7 5 1086 8 273 QnerciiB mbitt •.•■>•■>•••■■■■>•> ■•>•■•••>>•••• 1048 146 1 2 1 10 1066 990 7 ^QIAVA^JIAV ■ ■•■#*•■ ■■•■■■* •■•■•■ *■■■*■ ■■VW*VWB«*«« ■ • ••• • • 11 1043 8 4 166T 10 10 217 4 6 722 11 8 215 218 6 6 7 3 297 BetinlAlate* 843 843 2 8 7 7 2 1068 7 7 8 5 1069 6 140 9 8 1070 4 215 10 11 1068 6 92 11 1? 1069 1 45« 12 9 1070 3 :4i 13 16 298 Betnla Diirra ..... ................................ 842 5 920 14 6 *^*J^vt ■— l.A«^%i« .«..*..a*v4. ■«««•«••■«••■••*>>*■«■*■■■■■** 841 4 920 16 7 ., 841 2 451 16 12 842 6 451 17 14 136 1 274 r^aerciu dnotorlft 74 1 4 136 3 • 3fl> 361 2 3 9 2 301 Alnns rubra .....•..•.•....•.•■■■•.••••■■••.•• 991 991 4 3 86 4 6 1025 1 36 6 8 967 5 247 6 1 967 6 17 7 5 1036 A* 2 247 437 8 9 3 10 324 Populofl moulUfora ..••■ 809 764 2 3 2 17 10 7 754 3 1 24t 11 11 800 * 8 444 12 12 804 6 5 277 QnerooB foloftte ,.... ••..•.....'.. 648 1 3 804 6 8 ^Q«AV4 **■*■* A*W«1^^V^V • • • • *«■■»■■>■«■■ VPHB«««B«BarBVB«H ■ *« . 265 2 1 326 Popalua FremontU, var. WlaUieiit ^ 913 1 6 t 648 3 a 046 2 2 131 4 6 640 8 4 181 6 7 009 4 1 206 6 4 912 6 6 I C46 7 6 900 6 3 Qnorcus aqnatiea ......•.....•• 245 742 8 1 8 1 327 Thnvaoooldmtatia •••>••••••...•• 1099 874 1 2 2 280 ^ A. ■« J ^ ^r^^^^w^^rmm^^^m^^ « *sv *" ■■ ■ — .» vh.v.hhvv ••■■«■ •••*■* 1 511 2 8 874 8 5 742 3 » TSI 4 7 511 4 2 lOM 8 8 84» 6 4 788 8 8 349 6 8 788 ', lii 264> 7 8 790 8 4 364» 8 6 790 B 8 2641 9 7 879 10 0 2M CftatMSAft Ttilnkris. mm*. AnmlaABA.. ■■■•.. •.■•■■■.. ... IB 1 2 879 11 11 ^^■wwmi^^H w %«t^^p& ^^1 wi»w ■ .^.■■■vi.^wvB^HBv A'.'.vvvv'voa.flat •.. 268 2 1 792 13 12 516 8 8 788 13 18 18 { 4 329 *^'Tam«nrnaH« mv.1i«i«Ij1«» 360 1 7 a>i Vurnfl fpmurtnAA ....i.... ....■••»■•■■>.. ..... 119 1 3 — — ™— — rf J-——' —»•——-"——----"-•-"-•• ------------- -- 8u0 2 3 A "B ua BL ft A u^ABfl^HV »...*«>«i*wsv»va««vaiia«.**** .■■■!.•• 9 2 1 860 8 1 U3 S 4 861 4 4 0 4 8 881 6 :: 863 6 • 882 8 J; US 0 i • (M T 8 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. RELATION BETWEEN TEAN8VER8E STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 263 Species. 0 1* 1- 1 Speotefl. a s ! if 1 830 CluuDiBoypariB Xutluoiisis •....■.......-■*. 069 1 5 378 Pinna glabra— continned.... 704 2 2 083 2 1 142 3 4 1000 3 8 142 4 8 »83 3 644 6 6 1000 6 544 6 6 i 094 4 370 Pious Bankaiana 780 1 1 094 2 870 2 2 008 7 304 3 8 830 Jnnlpenu VirgiiilftnA 1240 5 304 4 4 1280 7 870 6 a 784 1 780 6 s 800 4 880 Pinna Daltutiia..... •■•■.■.••-•••..... ................ 81 1 1 800 3 ^ ■■■ **q ^VHVB^VAW ■■••••■•••■•••"•»■•••••••••■■••■••••••• 358 2 7 327 2 550 3 2 327 6 358 4 8 842 Sequoia semperrlrenfi 711 5 357 5 1 710 1 81 6 10 711 8 859 7 11 713 6 360 8 4 713 8 361 9 8 712 4 361 10 5 712 7 800 11 13 847 Pinna Stiobni 222 1044 2 7 24S 243 12 18 0 0 - 707 1 385 U 18 1 4 3D0 16 15 788 8 357 10 12 788 5 86 17 16 707 6 384 18 18 1044 11 390 19 17 789 8 • 85 20 20 789 9 384 21 21 Pinni resinoM » 777 315 10 1 381 Flnoa Cabendfl 403 408 1 2 6 858 4 315 2 868 8 2 1078 3 366 4 1 1078 6 84 5 S 785 4 8t 6 5 1074 e 383 Picea nigra 231 1 1 1075 ^ 7 2R1 2 2 786 8 776 3 3 301 632 3 880 4 4 910 10 770 6 0 907 • 11 373 6 7 680 1 880 ■ T 8 610 4 704 8 5 130 0 704 8 •0 731 626 6 3 888 Picoaalba 513 773 1 2 6 3 718 5 77!i ' 3 1 030 13 i 784 4 5 • 718 8 618 5 4 636 7 784 6 8 370 Finns XedA ...••.••..••••..... 82 365 365 I 4 6 386 PIcea 8itoh«n^ 791 070 070 7 2 2 3 M^ SVI^W ^JmwVuA^-^ut^^V ■*#....#•■. - ■..«■■.•...■«■ ««•'*««•**** 2 388 2 1016 3 1 389 3 877 4 4 388 7 1026 • 5 8 389 5 977 6 5 m Pinna Inopa 1172 4 1?M 7 0 1172 * 2 1010 8 6 1160 « 10)0 0 7 1160 1 387 Tanira Canadenaia • 780 1 8 822 8 ^ v«*^^ *^^*mm^r^r^ .WW »**....*.....w.. ...•..♦... ......■••• 793 2 2 621 8 772 8 1 378 Pinna £lab» 764 1 77J 4 3 ' '^MPMHriH 'I! 264 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRAN8VEESE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continnod. i Species. 1 a 1 i.. Belatlve transrerse strength. 1 i a 891 Species. 1 887 Tsuga Canftdensl^— coDtinned 1040 5 1 4 Pseadotsnga Doaglasil— continued 1022 iiO 1040 A 6 j a»l 1008 ■JO 2 2 6 219 17 16 449> 8 5 817 18 18 449< ■' 1 778 19 20 820 6 3 T78 20 19 820 6 4 891 Pseadotsnga DonglMii 708 1 1 396 Abies concolor 733 1 1 708 2 2 639 2 i 704 3 3 733 3 2 1018 4 8 639 4 4 1018 5 10 j 529 5 6 lOlfl 6 33 529 6 5 989 1010 7 8 7 18 401 I«arix Americana 226« 226 1 2 1 a 705 9 "1 774 3 10 627 10 5l 840 4 8 881 11 9 ' 786 5 2 881 12 13 795 6 4 1008 13 19 " 774 7 5 706 14 11 795 8 7 720 16 '*! 8-10 9 0 1011 16 17 ! 781 10 12 627 " ': 12 ' 30 786 11 6 720 18 781 12 U 1011 974 19 20 32 16 402 Larix occideotAliB - 1006 1006 1 2 .1 j 4 782 21 21 984 3 1 1 782 ! 22 29 984 4 2 ■ 973 23 ' 25 719 6 5 ■ 973 24 20 1 i 719 6 0 M GENEEAL EEMAEKS. An examination of the res'ilts obtained from the various tests made upon the woods of North America indicate at least the important fact that within the limits of any species the weight and strength of any specimen of wood depends upon the actual proportion of the space occupied in the layers of annual growth with open ducts to the space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of Coniferae, the proportion of space occupied with cells formed early in the season to that occupied with the smaller cells of the summer growth. The proportion between these t-./o kinds of growth varies not only in every individual tree, but in different parts of the same tree. The causes which thus aflfect the growth of wood are not very apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general climatic conditions, it ai)pear8, which produce the different proiwrtion between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any spo'-iea, because in the same individual this proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irreguliirly , )i.)r does the rapidity of growth, as has been supposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of oi)en to compact growth i« little affected by rapid or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible thiit In years in which conditions favorable to rapid growth are extended late into the season, the proportion of the auiuial layer occupied by open, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would be greater than that formed in a yetU" during which the season favorable for rapid growth was less extended. It follows that while such experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies arr -lecessary to establish maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 wood may be determined by microscopio examination of its stractnre ; that is, two specimens of the wood of any species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments. TANKIN VALUES. The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined. These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it. These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to indicate species not now in general use for this purpose, which may be looked to as possible sources of tannin supply. The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows : The tannin in each case was determined in the roased bark; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the outside coating. The method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described: A standard decoction of the bark is titrated with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo l>eing first added to it. In a second portion the tannin is precipitated by means of gelatine, and the gallic ooid in the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or by oxalic acid and calculation. The bark of the following species has been examined : 14 »3 140 160 251 2S6 2«0 Ml 261 267 269 272 274 BotanloiU name. OoTdonia Lasianthiu . ProaoplBjaliflora Rhliopbom Mangle — Exostemma Caribsiim . QoeroDsalba Qnerona maorooarpa.... Qnerona Piinns QaercDS prinotdes (old tree) . Qnercns prinoides (yonng tree) Qaerona virens Qaeroag Emoryi Queronerabra Qaaroos tinotorta Common name. Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay Heeqait. Algaroba. Honey Loonat. Honey Pod. Mangrove White Oak Bnrr Onk. Moesy-onp Oak. Over-cnp Oak. Cbeatnnt Onk. Rock Cbeat- nat Oak. Yellow Onk. Chestnut Oak. Chinquapin Oak. do , Live Oak , BlaokOak KedOak. Blnok Onk Bbtok Oak. YelloT-bark Oak. QoercitronOnk. Yellow Oak. 1 i 1 1 S k 275! 13.14 2.85 4.04 8.71 276 : 277 31.04 6.70 287 S.81 7.16 5.99 0.11 290 4.59 8.05 382 6.25 3.83 384 384 4.33 8.38 384 387 10,33 6.23 889 10.4ft 8.80 880 0.76 16.09 390 4.66 4.43 891 S.90 6.73 Botanical name. Qaercna Kelloggii . Qaerona nigra Qnerona faloata Qnercaa denaiflora. Common name. Castaneavnlgnria, car. Ameri- cana. ! Ficea nigra Black Spruce. Plcea Engolmanni I White Spmoe Ficea Engclmanni do BlaokOak Black Jack. Jack Oak SpaniabOak. KedOak TanbarkOak. Cbeatnnt Oak. Peach Oak. Cheatnut Ficea Engelmanni Tauga Canadenaia Tsnga Mertensiana Tangn Mertensiana Tanga Pattonlana Paendotsaga Douglaail . ...do Hemlock . ...do.... ...do Ked Fir. Yellow Fir. Ore- gon Fine. Donglaa Fir. 6.76 4.86 8.69 16.46 6.25 7.20 20.56 17.01 12.60 18.11 14.42 16.87 16.72 18.79 a64 6.28 4.82 3.84 2.00 2.84 2.76 2.82 0.76 1.81 1.44 1.49 2.48 1.56 266 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 State. I.ooaUty. CoUeotOT. Boa Diameter of tree, In metatB. LATUB OF OROWTH. wood. Hewt- wood. UAGNOT.TACEiB. 1 MaffBolia ffTRndlflofft 346 354 246 261" 2«1« Ml' 534 1178 22 532 286' 266" 266» 260' 280' 280» 138 IBS 174 177 178 187 188 395 818 1231 1232 211 832 4TO AbibamA ......... Cottage nm ....do C.Hohr Bichloam Swampy 0.872 0.268 116 01 20 Big Laura. MuUBay. ....do ....do Bvett Bay. WhiU Ban. Btavtr Trtt. WhiU Xaurel. Suamp ZaurO. Virsinla WytheTiUe Fanoy Gap io H. Shriver Clay limeatooo Oueumber Tre*. Mountain Itagnotia. ....do ....do Rich, light do do do ... do do ....do do , HlMUsippl Salvera'mUl Winston connty — StetesTlUe C.Mohr ....as- 0.V» 26 14 C.Mohr North Carolina . . . Mississippi Virginia M.B.Hy8ms C.Mohr Rich 0.050 18 Largt-lsaved (huitn^tr Tre*. Qnitman Rich, low Wythevllle 0.072 16 8 Xfmbrelta Tree. Elli Wood. ....do ....do ...do ....do ..do ....do 7. MfiFTiolift FriMflri ... do Fane V Gan . do Damp 0.08S 20 Long-leaved Oueumbtr Tree. ....do ...do Michigan ....do ...do ....do ....do DansviUe D.E.McSherryiCo. Woodsnm Machine Company. Barney & Smith . Ifanufacturlng Co. D.E.MoSherry&Co. J.'W.Sto.... 0.6809 88.09 0.3787 0.6067 0.4606 2ll6> Growth rapid; 0.6 sap-wood - 266* Growth rapid ; all sap- wood 266I AH sap* wood 0.4487 27.96 0.5430 0.4976 0.4602 0.6003 0.25 0 27 0.33 200> 260> All saD'WOod 360* 0.28 0.2j 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.21 0.18 0.23 81.18 0.3843 0.3807 0.3702 0.4418 0.4477 0.4356 0.4498 0. 8774 0. 4703 0.4427 0.4465 138 0.3783 0. 3787 0.4361 1). 4442 0.4160 0.4651 0.27 0.22 0. ja 0.19 0.21 0.30 0.31 0. 2!l 0.22 0.10 0.14 0.30 4.79 105 174 177 178 187 188 395 0. 4822 0.4409 0. 4712 0. 3810 818 Whit© ^oi)lar 1231 1232 0.4230 26.36 0.8679 0.4269 0.8969 0.16 0.27 211 1 332 0.5199 asois 0.21 24.74 0.6053 4.86 31.49 479 ■ ! U 'f I .if" I ; ti f! r f^ 1 : ' , I l r. .iii I!.' m< 1 268 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GBAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. GAFPARIDACE^S. 11. CappoTla Jamkloeniii CAirBLLACi!.a:. 13. CuelUalba WhiU Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. TERNSTB(EMIACE.S;. 477 IIW 4W 1181 IL GoTdonlB Xjwianthiu LotMly Bay. Tan Bay. STBRCTTUACBA 18. Fremontia Califoniloa — Slippery Elm. TILtACXA 17. TiUa Amerlcuuk LimoTrtt. Ba$t'Wood. AmtrieanlAn- dm. Lin. B** 3V«*. IT. Tills Amerlcaoa, tar. pabesoena. It. TiUa hatorophvlla While Bait Wood. Wahoo. HAXPIOHIACE£. 19. BjTsonima Incids rallowbtrty. Qlamierry. ZTGOPHTLLACE.«. 30. Qnalaonm sanotnm . Lignum-vita. 31. Forliera aogOBtifoUa .... RtrTACE.*;. 31. Xanthaxylnm Amerlcuinm . ... PrieUy Ath. TooOiaehe Tree. 414 1380 2 124 810 1089 74S 8tat& Florida . ...do... .do. do. Sonth Carolina ...do CalifomU . HassaehnBetU.. Hiohlgan HIaaonri Michigan Maaaaobnsetta.. Georgia. 38SI E:entocky . .do 285» '....do 320 Tenneaaee. I 610 1113 1117 1100 476 888 1138 »47 Florida. ...do... ....do... ...do... .do. do. .do. Texaa Miaaonri. . Uicbigan. Locality. OoUeotor. TTpper Metacombo ' A. H. Cnrtiaa. Key. ...do ...do TTmbiellaKey . EUiott'aEey... Bonneau'a Depot . Aiken San Benwrdino moontains. Arnold Arboretum . BigRaplda AUenton Hersey Danvera Bainbridge . Cim Eentnoky river Mercer conntj ...do Comberland river . . Boca Cbioa Key . Ko-NameKey ... Boca Chica Key . Ko.NameKey ... Upper Metaoombe Key. EUiott'a Key. Sot Antonio . Allenton. Lanalng . .do. do. H. W. Bavenel . ...do ••••.•■.... C. O. Pilngle . 0. 8. Sargent W.J.Beal G. W. Letterman. W. J.Beal J. Robinaon A. H.Cnrti8a. W. M. Linncy . ...do ...do A. Gattinger . . A. H. CorUaa. ...do , ...do ...do Soil. Coral . ...do. .do. .do. Wet pine-baireo. Swampy Drift , Gravelly Allnvlal , Rich loam ... Moiat gravel. Low . Llmeatono . ...do ...do Alluvial... Coral . ...do. ...do. ...do. .do. Department of Ag- rlcnltnre. A.H.Curtl«s do. Coral. C. Mobr O.W. Letterman.... W.J.Boal Limestone . AUuvial . ...do.... Diameter of tree, in maters. 0.008 0.830 0.130 &880 0.470 0.370 0.830 0.300 0.080 0.074 0.178 0.0M 0.087 0.0M LATBBSOr OBOWTH. Sap. Heart- wood, wood. 84 17 5 32 31 81 14 38 28 78 85 10 I 13 18 I S5 B 38 14 2S 28 78 86 12 66 9 2B THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPE0IMEN8 OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 269 •nemo ORAVITT DtTiailHATIOSS. MH DITmBrnXATIOJIS. Weight, per onblo foot, In pounds (kTetsge). Remarlu. 1 rint. Beoond. Third. ATcrago. Flret. Second. ATersjte. 0.0680 0.7272 0.9670 1.0390 0.8862 0.6146 0.6096 0.4626 0.8815 0.5035 0.5166 0.4272 C 0. 4103 < 0.4087 0.4927 0.3791 0. 3674 0.4695 0. 6257 0.5900 0.5681 0.6000 1.1846 1.2736 1.0997 1.1280 0.6122 0.6286 0.6609 0. 7315 0.0608 1.0017 0.4650 0.5256 0.7288 0.4722 0.6649 0.7293 6.60 8.82 0.76 2.06 0.49 1.02 1.51 0.S0 0.32 0.97 0.55 0.42 ( 0.08 ( 0.62 0.46 0.67 O.iB 0.48 2.84 2.40 2.76 1.94 0.87 0.61 0.86 0.53 0.60 0.64 5.77 38 0.96 2.65 0.44 1.08 1.8S 0.33 0.38 1.08 0.04 0.48 0.071 0.64) 6.68 3.85 477 1180 All sftp'Wood ..• a..... 0.0971 0.9582 1.0208 0.9893 0. 4J55 0. 5201 0.4728 0.7142 4.76 48.44 0.85 499 1L0« 0.5 Mbp- wood » 1181 1.76 0.47 1.05 81. «6 216 414 \ - 0.76 1.00 291 47 44.51 1 1280 • 0.4074 0. 3815 0.4706 0.5106 0. 4200 0. 4625 0.31 0.35 1.02 0.60 0.46 a 124 0.4378 i 262 316 0.4163 0.3885 0.4220) 0.4362 1039 1 1 Growth very rapid ..■■ 0.65 28.20 0.4074 U.05 23.39 746 Second growth - 0.4027 0. 3791 0.3074 0. 4620 0.45 0.67 0.80 O.SO 1 285I 286> 2861 0.4646 0.5360 0.078.1 a 6791 0.6964 1.2180 L1700 1.0098 1.084.' 0.5069 0.6'a» 0.53 2.85 L94 2.56 2.40 0.92 0.81 0.04 0.49 0.53 0.66 320 0.4253 0.62 26.61 0.6308 0.6478 0.6782 0.6987 2.85 2.17 2.05 2.17 510 0.6743 0.5875 1 1113 1110 1190 0.0563 1 36.69 0.6888 2.46 1.1196 1.2218 1.0882 0.90 0.00 0.90 476 888 1.0652 L1230 1183 1.1432 0 82 0.51 71.24 1. UOl 69.18 047 0.6046 0.5262 0.69 0.64 80 882 0.8654 0.67 86.23 ' ■H .mi. '1t ■:.")' Ml HI V if ,%. ^o. ^^ V ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ A K, ^ 1.0 I.I 1^ IM 12.2 1.8 1.25 II U |||.6 ^ 6" ► ^ / / Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STMET WnSTIR.N.Y. MSM (716)«72-4S03 i^ m^ i\ k 1^ <^\' <^ '4!^t:% ^ ^-^ ^l^ ' V s^ h o^ ^ kjca i; «' , I KUiii wim0t 270 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. • Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT i ,„ ,. Diameter uinsa or OBOWTB. Specios. State. LooaUty. Collector. SoU. of tree, 8 s meters. Bap. wood. Heart, wood. 735 807 Florida Chattaliooohee Cmnberland IslaDd A.H.Curtls8 ....do Toothache Tru. I'rieUvAih. Sea A$h. Pepper ITood. Wild Orange. Georgia 1080 Xexaa Palestine C.Mohr Samp, sandy Dry, calcareous... Coral 0.852 20 10 SS. Xuitboxylnm Clava-Herciilis, nor. fru- 938 do ....do 0.098 88 itos 1140 Florida Bahia Honda Key... ...do A.H.Curtl«e ....du fia«r trood. ....do ...do 0.138 4 64 481 >S0 ....do Bay Blsca.vne Matagorda bay Bay Biscayno Asnalaira A.ILCurtiBs C.Mohr Coral iriJiiiiiiM. Texas 1128 Florida A.H.Curtirs Coral 0 84 13 31 M. PtoUa trifoUata 768 ....do ....do. Caloarcoos 0.94 23 JJm> Tree. ShrMy Tr^M. Wofr 27. Canotia holocantha 1228 Wlckenbnrg C. ttemian . .. Limestone A. OsttinRi'r do Itich hummock . ■ A. H. Curtlss . T. B. Kitchens 4«. RhsmnusCaliforaica 1286 CalifomU Suila Ciiu mount C.G.Priugle. aius. 47. Bhamnus Purshlana Hearbrrry. Btar Wood. SMtUm i Wood. It MM Oregon Portland O. Kngelmann and i Uiob, ailovial I C. aSargent. 48 C«anotbns thyrsilloras ; UOI : CalUlKata . BIw SI^IU. BantaCms I 0. L. Anderson I 0.078 a088 O.IBS 0.1IM 0.0«2 0.110 0.112 0.188 O.10O LAYRRS or oBowrn. Sap- wood. 0.108 0.080 0.080 17 S3 47 22 71 Heart- wood. n 22 I 88 18 14 11 10 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— fjontiuued. 273 SrKCIFIC QUAVITT DKTKKMIlf ATIOXB. ABII UITKimiMATIOKB. ' 1 WclRlit, per Ollbic lout, in pKunilg (itvonicu). -- ' ~ ■ ' ■ - ■.:■.■ :-:^ — K ""- ~t— — Remark!. i 5 a First BecoDti Third. A vorngo. 0.7221 0. 7041 0. VA7 0. 7270 First. Second. Averaco. 8 § >. 7257 0.0800 0.74V6 0. 7076 0.7888 0. 6910 0.7U00 r-. 7147 0.6818 0. n3,'ifl 0.6240 0.6808 0.9057 0.7487 0. 7013 1.0606 1. 3o:o 1.2049 0.5054 0.5040 0.4071 C 0. 4804 ) 0. 478U O.COOO 0.6005 ( 0.6805 \ 0. 5005 0.7185 0.7101 0.7019 0.74 1.04 0.89 0.44 0.83 0.87 0.07 0.41 1 0.43 0.36 0.70 0.51 a. 88 2.70 2.15 8.24 8.00 7.03 0.10 0.70 0.47 1.15 0.63 0.74 0.70 0.70 1.11 0.72 0.50 0.84 0.79 0.C7 0.43 0.40 0.48 0.58 0.63 2. 05 2.91 2.28 3.15 8.G1 7.02 0.18 0.08 0.52 0.81 0.63 0.50 a08 0.72 1.08 0.81 0.87 845 804 953 46.31 0. 7070 0.7888 0.6885 0.7931 0.47 0.84 0.83 0.07 64 336 0.5861 0.7894 O.B.VKl 0.6008 0. 6147 0. 7018 0.0030 0. 7728 0.7850 1. 0825 1.3020 1.1040 763 0.7939 045 0.7420 0.70 0.43 0.41 0.42 46.25 0.68U 0.6713 341 616 0.6784 43.38 0.6349 0.42 38.95 tS8 0.6240 0.0943 0.64 6.63 63 107S 0.6507 0.S8 41.68 0.9048 3.43 2.8,''. 2.23 6a 30 1188 0.7608 0.7881 - 0. 7745 478 1201 48.27 60.78 2.64 1.U7IS 1.3020 1.1090 3.20 464 8.31 81.14 74.78 460 7.03 941 . 0.5964 0. 5951 0. 6136 0.48U7 0.6403 0.19 0.87 0.50 0.98 0.C4 43 0.5002 0.5301 0. 4720 » U. 4825 ) i 521 1 All sap-wood 0.5 sap-wood 801 1 1004 i 84.04 O.POOO 0.r>073 0.6760 0.68 0.07 0.60 37.30 1 36.86 36.83 13H 0. 6078 0. 6604 > 0.6025) 0. 25 snp'Wood sn 1101 1 \l , " 1^ m ij sr IS FOR P'^S!^ ws I I) ■ ■ J:! \ ■% ■'I 1 274 Sp«cle6. 4S. Colnbrinn rcolinata . Kaktd Wood. SAPINDACEf. SO. /Eaculus glalirn Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buekeye. 51. iEsciilus flava Sveet Buckeye. 52. .Xgculns Califomlca . . California Buckeye. 63. TTDgnadia speoiOBa. l^nieh Buckeye. M. Sapipdoaniarginatua . Vild China. Soapberry. SS. Sapindns Saponaria. "•oapberry. 69. Hvpelate paidonlatA Ink Wood. Iron Wood. FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER OUi^IC FOOT 67. Hvpelate trifoliata. White Iron Wood. 68. Acer PeDDsylTanicDin Striped Maple. Jloote Wood. Striped Dogwood. Oooee/oot Uaple. Whutle Wood. 6B. Acer spicatum ilounta-ii Maple. 80. Acer macrnphjilam . . Broad-lea red UapU. I 8 502 1130 297 427 445 684 S44 807 688 824 028 668 1122 4S3 484 SUte. Florida . ..do ... Miaaonri... ...do Tenneaaee . ...do , California , Texas ...do ...do New Mexico . Texaa Florida. ...do... ...do. W '. Vermont. 872 do 98 ...do 871 I... do. 61. Acer ciroinatam . Vint Mapt*. 62. Acrr glabnim . . Dwarf UapU. S83 1037 962 1018 Locality. Umbrella Key . ..do AUenton . . ...do NaidiTlUe. do. Collector. A. H. Curtiaa. ...do Soli. Coral. ...do. G. W. Lettennan.. Blch.molat . ...do AUuvial.... A. Oattinger Blob, molat . Harinconnty... New Brannfels . ...do a. B. Vaaey. CMohr .... Bioh upland . ...do Llmeatone... Dallaa ...do Bio Gila caOon. Aostin Cape Sable.. Key Largo. do ITpper Hetacombe Key. do. Huntingdon . ...do .do. do. Oregon I'ortland . .do Portland Fumltnre , Coni.iany. do Portland. ...do .do. 1014 I W'aabington ter- Wllkeaon ritory. 6S6 Celdrado ' Bnglemano'i oaBoD. J. Bevercbou ' Kiub, damp . ...do I do E. L. Greene C. Uobr A. H. Curtiaa. ...do ..do. do. C. G. Pringlo. ...do .do. .do. G. Bngleniann and C. 8. Sargent. do ...do Llmeatone . Bich.aandy.damp Coral do. .do. Gravelly . ...do.... do. do. Kioh, alluvial . .do < Molat, alluvial. .do do do do B. Douglaa . Dry, gravally . LATSRSOV Diameter! onoWTH. of tree, in metera. I Sap- Heart- wood, wood. 0.126 0.100 0.250 0.124 0.222 0.134 0.262 0.224 0.220 0.048 6 13 26 24 41 16 IS 45 24 86 80 72 40 \ I.I. .- UM*K.J ■-M.x.mxium-, THE OV DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutiiiucd. 275 srnclFIC QRATITT DXTBI1MIKATI0N8. 1 ABII DETEBMWATIOXS. i I Weight, per cnliio foot, in pounds (avomge). Semuiis. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. 0.8308 1 0.8108 First Secona. 1 Average. 1 0.8100 0.8046 0.4270 0.4787 0.4606 0. 4241 0.4921 0.6393 0.7520 0.8324 0.7978 0.7650 0. 8516 0.8166 0.4338 0.4625 1.29 2.81 1 1.01 0.83 0.77 0.09 0.66 1.16 1.42 1.86 1.44 1.64 3.82 5.00 1.23 1.35 1 0. ,TJ 1 0.44 { 0.42 i 0.48 i 1 0.59 : 0.49 1 0.39 0.89 1 0.41 0.81 1.14 1.21 608 0.8112 2. 20 2. 29 list » 0.8208 X.7. 61.16 0.4314 0.4706 0.4606 1.00 0.85 0.68 1.00 0.73 1.19 1.27 1.62 1.01 0.84 0.73 •i97 38< 427 0.43O7 0.6038 0.6272 0.7980 0.8616 0.8343 0.8522 0.4543 0.86 2&S1 0.4274 1.00 27. M 44S 0.4980 i 0.70 31.04 681 0.6332 -! 89.46 844 1 1 1 307 681 0.77.'iO 0.8470 0.8162 0. 8123 1.85 1.69 1.44 1.53 ! 0.8296 I.S2 1 9^ 60.44 ! . 1 0.8126 3.30 1.60 0.8505 j 0.8763 0. 7940 0. 8024 0.8679 0.8066 3.56 gas 0.8?04 5.25 1.27 1.41 0.36 0.J0 0.37 0.41 0.07 0.49 0.89 0.37 0.44 0.20 6.13 - Wl 0.9600 0.8656 0. 6111 0.5664 0. 5108 0. 6480 0.6057 0. 4323 0.6824 0.6587 0.0370 0.0032 0.9466 0.8648 0. 5119 0. 61f 0 0. 5206 0. 5528 0.5020 0.5087 0. 0720 0.0000 0.0800 0.C023 0.8367 4.34 62.14 0.95311 1.26 69.41 46t 0.9102 1.38 66.72 464 0. 6113 0.5481 0.6299 0.5202 0.5457 0.5330 0.34 0.37 fg 0.5780 372 0.36 83.02 0.40 0.46 gg 0.5863 0.5264 i 371 1 0.43 83.22 0. 6113 0.4705 0.4909 0.67TO 0.6C24 0.58 0.49 0.M 1 881 1 ion 1 30.69 0.39 0.36 0.43 861 1011 0.0685 1014 0.6000 • 0.39 0.30 41.61 0.0028 87.67 m If ^m '^^ir 276 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASn, AND WEIGHT PEK CUBIC FCJOT Specie*. Acer eraniUdrntatnm Acer sanhaiinnm Bugar Maple. Sugar Trt*. HardllapU. Hock MapU. I M. Acer ■accbariniim, car. nigmm. Black Sugar Uapl n. Acer (Inavcupnra SiiftllapU. WkUeUapU. Silver MapU. Acer riihrnm Sed Maple. Hieamp Maple. Sdit8c1iia raimnapiriiia . Wdfer Lonut. 88. rnrkinsonia Toireyaim Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde. 760 078 . . do Allnvlnl . . . 1 A. Guttlnger Limeatone . O. W. I.ettormaD . . . ' Luw, rich ...do — do A. Gattingoi ; Dry, sandy barren Florida I Clittttalioochco river.' A.ll. Ciirtis» . £S. I'lirkiusonia iiitcnipliyllu 1258 90. Parltinsonia lu iilrata . 1 1208 91. Ci-i-ciH Caiitidenrtis Hedbud. Jxtdae Tree. 92. Cereis reiiiromiis . Sedbud. 93. Proaopls Jtiliflora ilesquit. Algaroba Ilorii/ Ifv^itt. Honey Poil. 59 430 1080 1090 1001 Arizona Lower Colorado river. ..do Valley of the Gila I tiver. Florida 1 Texas Austin. I Missouri ' Allentun Alluvial . Diameter of tree, lu meters. 0.084 LAYKIII or OIIOWTII. n Sap- I noari- wood. 1 wood. ! G. Kncelniaiin and I SuLily U. S. Sargent. ' C. a.Pr!n},'le. Department of Ag- ru'ultnie. S. li. liucklov Tennessee ' Xashvillo. Missouri ! Allentou.. do du do ' do I I 1142 Texas Austin. 501 590 680 ....do Fort Stockton . Arizona Tucson ■ ..do do 027 ! Texas Austin 04. ri*«8opts puiM'weuii [ 600 Sernc Uean. Screw-pod Uctiqtiit. Tor- \ nitla. •5. Leui'^ena glsui a to. Leueiepii pulvenilcnts 658 008 Ciilifomiu yurt Yuma . ... d.. ...do — do — do 1224 > Mexico Laniposasniountalns 1 1222 I Texas ' Brownsville G. W. Ixitternian Ix>w, rich . A. Gattingei i Liiuestouo . G. \V. Letterman.... Rich ...do ' — do . . do ' — do 0.200 S. II. ISuckley i Limestone . B. L. Boldridge Light, sandy i C. S. Sargent ...do ' C. Mnhr ' Kick, calcareoHs . G. Kngeinianu and C. H. Siiryent. do Sandy .do. a B. Bnckley . ...do Sandy . 10 0^064 , 8 10 0.291 i 21 ; 26 35 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DUY SrECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF TUB UNITED STATES—Contiuned. 281 CI-KCIt'lC r.UAVITT tIZTIIUlIIIATIOKS. AM I)ET(IIHI.\-ATIOKS. 1 Wclcht.pcr oiiblo lout, In poimda (uveraKO). Romarki. i First. Bocond. Thlrf. Average. O8090 0 8028 0 8509 Flnt. Seoond. 1 A Tjnge. 1 0. tiOlO 0. 8510 0. C700 0.0063 0.7395 i 0 7330 i OB4I8 0. 6328 0 8161 0.0310 1.6788 0.41 1.04 0.70 045 ' 0.98 0 35 0 69 1.29 OOO 1. ."> 4.20 2.82 2.17 0 59 O07 0.80 0 82 0.67 0 76 3.35 1.67 1.45 2.09 i 1.02 0 91 0 95 3.27 0.90 0.84 1.18 0.57 0.S0 0.82 0.01 0 38 1.09 0.78 329 983 0 5 MP'Wood .... ... 53.03 06743 0 6683 0 7895 0 64 0.48 OOO ~ 296 402 519 0 7359 0.6275 43.21 • 0.0934 a 67 0.7345 06346 0 6528 0. 0740 0. 7342 0.68 63> 63» 444 069 1.14 0 98 1 0.7246 0 8732 0 7722 0.7272 0.79 l.fO ii.08 2.26 2.61 0.50 0.C7 0.77 0.74 0 84 0.77 2.69 1.71 2.49 2.00 0 98 OOO O80 1 1 42.00 i 0. 7500 0.78 45.76 7C0 ! • Seronil Bt>. irr. dotiirmliifitloD mode on aud wooil 1 0. 6330 0 8531 1.12 3.64 2.29 2.34 2.32 0 68 0 67 0 79 40 79 678 0 7170 0. (1325 0.384<1 0. 6104 0 7088 0.8254 0 7449 0.6325 0 5008 — - 0. 0116 40 75 1238 829 1208 O5908 0.0070 0 6157 88.11 O6110 O7098 0. 6107 0. 0289 0 6213 0«383 50 436 1089 1000 0.5il59 0.0084 0.6tl7 0 7645 0 8664 0.6997 a 7726 0 78ai 0. 7910 0.7930 0.7278 • 0.0203 0.6801 1 0.6403 0 78 : 0.0009 0.78 072 1001 0.7602' 1 39.85 First and second sp. gr. dcteiiuloatlons iiind(^ ou Imir Hiip \\vu\ . Itoot 0.7302 1 j 0. 8322 0. 7513 0.8403 0 7C67 0. 74S7 0.7562 0.77 3.02 1.60 1.97 2.05 2.18 1 46.82 , 1142 501 ; 0.7137 ! 500 i 0. 7247 1 680 027 j 0 7478 07587 ............ 47.13 0. or» Btip'Wood 1 1 0.7052 0.7041 0 7729 0 7238 0.7600 0.9233 0.8732 _ .._ . ! On72 1. 00 0.91 0.05 000 I «. 7527 658 1 9. 7237 098 1 i i 3.31 1.13 0.95 8.29 1.91 47.43 1 09265 0.6O56 1 1 r»7.55 1224 1 41.80 1222 1 i Ii '.; f-f^f. 282 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT \iJ. .i^©?^' i Rppcles. I § StAte. •T. Aoaoia Wrightii Oat't Otav. j 1209 I Toziu- M Aoaola Greggii Caft Claw. 608 Arizona . do ...do 3S3 100. I.yaUoma UtUUiqua . Wild Tnmafrir.d. 101 Pilheoolobium DugiiiS'iali. Oaf't Claw. ROSACEiE. 102. Chryaobiilauns Iciioo . Ootoa Plum. 103. Pmniis AiiuTtcAiui wad Plum. Caiiaac Plum. Hone Plun. 909 ; Florida UW ' ..do. . 46S 1108 do do 480 68 220 334 .do. lf»4. Prunufl auKnatilVlin .. | 4116 Ohichuaw Plum. Hog P!um. Ui-'v I'ninufl renntivlvanicft WtldKtdCh'errii. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. inc I'ninua nmlirllatu . . Sloe. Mark Slor. lUT. Piunus emarKinnta. rnr. mullia 233 »n8 Miaaouii VciTOont Tfxns .... lAKiallty. Collector. Auatin 8. B. Ituvkliy . Sant!i Kita nionnt- { O. Rngrlmnnii and nina. i C. 8. Sargent. ...do do Clifton I B.I..Grc«no Boob Chica Key ... j A. H. Cartisa . Key I-urj^o | do Cppir Metacombe ^ — do . Biiliui tlon.la Kev do . Bay BiacAync A.II. Ciirtiaa AUenton O. W. LetterniKD . . . Charlotte CO. Prtni;le Dallaa J. Keven Uou , Itlch Boil. LATRBa (IF Dlomotor obowtu. of tree, In ■ rietc.-^. I Sap- Ileart- 'Wood. wood. Dry, gravelly ..da Coral . . .do. do. do. Swampy . Rich uplands . . Grarelly Tenneaaeo . NnaliTille A.Ontliuger Kiverblaff. V^crmont Charlotte C. G. IMin^lo Cold, gravelly. Georgia Altiim.iha rirer | A. II. Ciiitiaa .. i Clay. I 0.202 0.100 Washington ttr- litory. 108 Pnuius Aorotinu n%U Blaek Cherry. Rum Cherry. If) 100 PruBoa Caoali . WSd Cherry. MaaaMchuietts . Vermont lis Michigan 127 Miaa DnnBville Allenton Wai'kigan Barney & $m:th Mnnut'iicturingCo. lleiKi'y ^'irgiula or Mid- dle rttateH. Pennsxivaniii Florida Maaaachuaetta Charlolle Cli:4iU>»ii)»u Navy- vanl. Wiliiani^port Chat mluKHliet! river. Topatield G. Kn^i'Iniann and Low, rich . . C. ^. Sargent. C.S. Sargent [ Gravelly .. C.O.Piingle i... do W.J.Beol do G. W. Lcttermun . . . Rich loum . IE. Douglua. Gravelly... E. E. Barney W.J.Boal Rich C. 0. Priogle Gravelly... S.II.Po»)k C.O.Prlnglo j A.U.Ciirtiaa i Ctoy J. Robluaon j Gravelly . . New Mexico Pinoa Altoa monnt- II ins. do do B. L. Ol»^no : Alluvial . ..do do 0.21« «.205 14 47 21 20 24 81 0. 218 IS 0.320 n 0.238 48 33 12 20 24 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 283 1 Bl'KCIFIC OUAVITT DITBKHIKATIOK.'. A8II IIETBUMUIATIO.NO. Woljcht, per, cubic fuot, 1 Bemorlci. \ Firitt. Second. Third. Avenge. 1 First. 8(>coud. Arerngo. in poiindii (average). j 0.0380 0.8708 0.8102 0.8568 0.0033 0.0001 0. 8839 0. 8885 0.7290 0. 0750 0. 7035 0. 7878 0.«)7S U..Mni 0. 8103 0.4310 0. 7047 0. 5535 0.5800 0. 0730 0. 0173 0. S675 0.5373 0. 6131 0. 4080 0 .'•.734 0. .^^.755 0.08M 0. 7282 0. 8150 0.0404 0.9392 0. 8703 0.8380 0.8358 0. 8550 0. ,'•.848 0.0987 0.6118 0.8589' O.O.'ilO 0.9049 0.7700 0.08 0.0E 0.05 1.00 2.00 1.08 2.48 3.00 0.87 0.11 0.17 0.33 0.28 o.-;o 0.14 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.13 0.10 0 14 0.00 0. 09 0.17 0. IS 0.38 1 0.57 0.80 0.63 68.53 1209 0.05 H.11I- wooil .... 0.70 0.95 1.00 0.01 598 0.8610 097 893 0.5603 0.7l,-iO 0.8340 1.01.15 0. 8129 0.0746 0.0800 0. 8070 • 0.7002 0. .'■>031 0. 8212 0. 4(;0( 2.44 2.07 63.38 2.22 2.03 5C0 0.0001 1112 40.00 2.13 2.25 •> :i7 405 1108 2.09 ' 2. .55 i • 0.87 0.09 0.21 0.21 0.'38 0.43 0.10 0.23 2.46 6a 39 0.87 0.10 0.10 0.27 0.18 48.04 480 , 0. 0748 0. 0018 0. 7078 0. 7215 68 220 334 44.96 0.6884 0.5023 0.8202 0.38 0.10 43.00 81.30 61.11 38.06 435 333 0.13 COO 0.4S02 0.31 068 0. 7070 0.5530 0.4832 0. 706:1 0. 6532 0. r.321 0.6486 0. G401 o.aoffi 0.14 n. 14 ' 15 0.11 0.12 0. 15 0. 14 ' 106 11. •> fl. 0335 0. fl.-i08 II. 5050 0.0180 0. 5351 0. 17 1 0. IR 1 1-.7 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.34 0.17 0.12 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.16 0.08 0.10 0.35 0.16 1 UK 1R8 317 308 406 728 703 1 0. 5280 0.5'J4I 0.4080 i 1 1 0. .1777 0. ,->:;-i 0.0857 0. C940 0.8837 . 0. 57.V1 0.5488 J. 0857 O.HU 1 11.0880 1 1063 1 o.ts 88.28 0.7111 0.8648 0.14 0.37 0.30 ! M4 i 418 i 4 0.7870 49.10 ! •■ 11 ■t' i i 1. 1 ■„i m 284 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. . Table I.— SPECIFJO GRAVITY, ASH, AKD WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT i'^ Species. 110. rniniis dcuiua . Wild Cherry. 111. Prnnns Caroliniana MO Wild Orange, ilock Oraitge. Wild State. 037 Pttuh. 112. Frunnaiiphasiocarpa . 800 910 1032 1062 1217 ,.- California. Alabama . Florida ... ...do ....do... Locality. StrawbciTy vaUt'i' Mobile JackBouvillo Cbattalioochco. Jacksonvillu... Collector. O. I'lnfrelmaiiii and C. S. Sar^ciit. Texas Victoria Florida . 113. Priinua ilijifolia . Intav- 114. Ya'aqnciiciaTorreji. 115. Cirroiarpus Icilifoliiis. J/oi(iifain Mahogany. lis. Cercoenri'iia parrifolina . UourUain Mahogany. 117. Pyms cnronarik yifiHTican Crab. SweeUrmted Crab. 118. Pj nis anmislifolia American Crab Apple, bouthern Crab Apple. 110. Pyrin rivularis Oregon Crab Apple. 1158 j California . 1152 Arizona ... 883 004 Utab . Edge of Everglades. Santa Craz . Santa Blla mount- ains. City Creek caBou . . . C. Mohr A.n.CiirliBS . C.Mobr A. n. Cni'tis.s. C. Mobr A. U.Cnrtiss C. L. Anderson . C.G.PrlnKlc. M. E. Jones . . Department of Ag ; ricnlture. CiUifoniia. 120. Pyi us Americana. Moftntain A$h. 121. Pyms aambucifolia Mountain Ath. 122. CratcgTu rivularis . 123. Cmtoegus DoueUsii 1J4. Cratirpin lirachyaenntba llogt' Itav. 125. Cratirsua ai boreaccna . 80.H 1087 1088 313 1002 214 365 Dobiwnro Pt'UURvlviinia. . . do Slshiyoii county .. Kiunicusi . Kai;aretli . ...d(. Sonth Carolina. Oregon . Vermont . . do ... . 410 .... do . Aiken . Portland . Charlotte Huntingdon G. Eii^elmaim and C. S. Sargent VV. M. C.'.nby J. Henry ...do H. W. llavcncl O. Gneelnipnn and C. S. Sargint. C.G. Pringle do Mount MiinhQuld . . | . . .. dj . .do. .do. .do. 607 Giorgla | Ogeechee A.ILCnrtIss Low . Diameter of tree, in mclcrs. 0.171 0.202 O.ISO 0.206 LATKUB OV CUOWTU. Snp- wood. 8 12 26 Heart- wood. 0.062 < 0.130 0.186 25 O.IOO 17 r. 004 0. 200 < 2t a 186 I 40 61 50 84 »7 14 IJ i THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 285 OF DRY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. Bl-BCIFIC GBAVITT DBTEBMIKATIOKS. 1 ASH DETEUUIKATIOK'B. Weight, pi^r cubic <'ix)t, in poiinOa (overage). i Bemarki. 1 FirBt. Scrond. Third. Arenige. First. 0.51 0.32 0.39 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.97 0.80 1.44 1.27 1.00 9.45 0.52 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.41 0.08 ; 0.56 0.39 0.33 0. 29 0.37 0.03 0.38 0.62 Second. Average. 0.60 0.33 0.38 0 44 0.48 0.43 1 0. 7025 0. 9315 0.8874 0.7708 0.86{0 0.9030 O.O0C2 0.0885 1. 1340 1.0608 1.0950 0.9385 0.6973 0.6640 0. 7402 0 6945 C.8266 0.5345 0. 5512 0. .woa 0. 7072 0.7025 0. 0760 ( 0. (UCO { 0.6093 0.6263 0.8934 0 6937 0. 9855 0. 8227 0.7797 0. 8721 0. fmo 0. 8934 0.9720 1. 1408 1.0332 1.1080 0.6803 0.6061 0.48 0.33 0.37 0.44 0.40 0.43 0.76 0.76 1.46 1.12 0.89 0.48 0.38 0.75 0.33 0.41 1.23 0.60 0.31 0.37 0.30 0.40 0 70 43.32 037 0.0v86 0.8472 0.7782 0.8691 0.8810 0. 8314 016 1032 1062 0.8790 0.8688 0.41 54.14 66.07 0.809S 0.87 1217 9.0803 0.78 81.09 1168 1. 1374 1.45 70.88 1152 1.0400 0.125 8ap*wood 1.0447 1. 1016 1.0731 1.19 0.80 863 004 1.04 88.87 0.0365 0.46 58.38 825 0. 7228 0. 6762 0. 7280 0.8846 0.8366 0.5429 0.5416 0.6063 0,7731 0. 6928 0. 0X35 0. 0J3U 0. 0225 J 0.6500 0.6699 0. 7320 0.6788 0. 7057 0. 7i74 0.6730 0.7240 0.60 0.44 o.ei 808 1087 1088 • 0.7048 0.6896 0.62 43.02 0 33 0.41 1.11 0.oU 0.83 42.07 313 0.8316 0.6438 0.6484 0.6451 51.82 10J2 0.5639 214 0.25 sap- wood 305 33.97 36. M 48.00 0.5028 0.7703 0.6960 0. ;i,"> 410 0.35 0.8.-' 885 0.6898 43.81 099 0. ./93 0. 6228 0.6127 0.8817 0.6491 0.42 .... 0.6T 0..18 0.65 42.83 020 3031 363* 0.68 807 40.46 - 0.57 •'>K 1'. , ..;f Ki ,:•:! ■ \ 1% liM am' 286 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 a s State. LocaUty. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. lAYEBB OF ouovnra. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 126, Cratfctraa Crus-ffalli 828 1003 ICO 949 1081 154 426 447 759 800 614 239 301 669 707 1169 156 241 849 867 875 1259 646 1096 1173 1181 Maasoobiuotta MlsBoarl Brookline J. Robinson . ... Xrf>ain 0.180 OocJ^ttr Thorn, KtweoitU 2%om. Allenton O. W. Letterman.... C.G.Prlngle C.Mobr Tjow, wot Gravelly SearUl Saw, Ked Haw. White Thorn. Victoria AllaTlal 0.180 0.106 61 28 Scarlet Haw, 120. Cnitncns tomentoAft . . Vermont C.G.Pringle A.Gattinger ....do Clav Btaek Thorn. Ptar Haw. Teniicssee ... ,lo KasbrlUe LimfntoiiP ... do Low Watkington Thorn. 131. Crattegns apiifuUa Florida Chattahoochee Aiken A.H.CurUss H. W. Ravenol A.H.Cartiss H. W. Eavenol ... do Alluvial ... . 0.080 27 PartUy Haw. South Cardlinn Smah./nSted Haw. Ofseechee rlvor Bounrau'n Depot Aiken Low 0.880 38 SnutbCnmlina ....do May Haw. AppU Haw. I>iy, fertile Sandy . a224 68 S«mnur Haxc. TeUow Haw. Florida ...do A.H.Cnrliss ...do 135. CratirKOs flara, rar. pabosoeDfi Summer Haw. Rtd Haw. A Rpalaffa * . • ■ Di'v clav 0.142 0.184 44 21 34 Toyon. ToUon. CaU/omia BoUy. 137. Amelanoliier CitnafieDBiR Vermont Charlotte C.G.Pringle W. M.Linney J. Robinson . . . Gravelly Jtmeterry. Shad Huih. Serviet Tret. Hay Ch^'ry. Kentucky MassacbusottR . . . do Bnimfleld Station... Waverly Bhale... Loam 0.140 0.190 34 43 60 21 HAMAHELACE.S. 138. UnraamplfR Virglnloa Beverly do .... Bocky WiUh Haul do Danrcra Hontvalc Kemper's mill Little Rock do do Teniienacc Alabama Arkanaat New Jersey ' Ulssiisippl A H Curtiaa 130. T.inTtiilnmhflr Stvraciflnn C.Mohr Rich alluviiil tiiv.lil.iw. .liarleared dum. iiqvid, •iHiUir. lliilOxtm. milled. Mount Holly Taura Klver bottom . B. P. Sharpies R. Abbey Clay 0.208 80 IT Allavlal THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 287 ) BPKCIFIC OBAVITT DETERMINATIONg. ASn URTKRHIMATIONB. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (overage). Remarks. First. Second. Third. Average. First. Scoond. Average. 1 0.0390 0. 7781 0.8054 0.7909 0.8376 0.7649 0.8058 a 7106 0.7506 0.7624 0.6716 0.6625 0. 7724 0. 8172 0.7770 0.9610 0.6074 0. 7904 0.8600 4 0.7067 ( 0. 7081 < 0.6662 \ -0.7028 0.6009 0. B415 0.5773 0. 5841 0.5006 0. 6706 0.7667 0. 8382 0.7144 0.8382 0.7712 0. 7110 0.7481 0.7400 0.7688 0.6700 0.6503 0. 76L0 0.7718 0.7506 0.9042 0.7642 0.7944 0.9028 0.73931 0.7826 0.78281 0.6985$ 0.6632 0. 7701 0.6642 0.7740 0.67 0.49 0.36 0.77 0.54 0.50 0.53 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.60 0.57 0.82 0.63 0.91 0.62 0.61 0.42 0.05 0.43 0.27 0.32 0.47 0.48 0.29 0.67 0.55 0.60 0.40 0.78 0.68 0.44 0.61 0.41 1.22 0.67 0.63 0.56 0.94 0.73 0.01 0.46 0.64 0.53 0.45 0.44 0.33 0.39 0.40 0.73 n,34 0.06 0.5« 0,53 Caltivatod 328 1093 0.7194 0.6B 44.83 0.8618 0.38 63.71 100 0.7527 0.8379 0.78 0.61 948 1081 0.7953 0.69 49.66 0.7681 0.7685 0.47 0.52 164 420 0.7633 0.50 47.57 0.7293 6.48 45.45 447 0.7463 0.97 46.45 7.'.» 0. 7611 0.6708 0.69 0.62 614 0. 7169 0.66 44.61 6.6564 0.57 40.81 238 • 0.7072 0.7946 0.88 0.60 569 • 0.7809 0.79 48.67 0.7683 0.91 0.54 47.88 767 0.0326 0.6858 0. 7924 0.8733 68.18 1104 First sp. gr. detorminattou made on Q.75 sap-wood ; second 8p. gr. dt^tornilnation made on 0.5 sap-wood. 0.03 0.48 0.63 156 241 0.8570 Fir»t nnd third sp. gr. determinations m»iio on 0.9 sap-wood ; socBiiil sp. gr. dotormination madii on snp-woud. 648 0.7838 0.55 48.85 0,7342 0. 7126 0.6000 0.6836 0. 6-.:95 0. 6719 0. 5910 0.5615 0.4i 0.30 0.36 0.37 0.48 0.61 0.32 0.67 8ST 875 fS* 0. C170 0.6665 0.5991 U.5649 42.73 648 1085 All sap-wood 117» 1181 0.5692 1>1- 1 ' f ■ 'H •'m Ml yi. p ■(■!■: :.;|. •It if. ■r. 'Ml i>::: i 283 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA tablk I.— specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot Species. U9. Uqnidambar Styraclflua— continaed . . BHIZOPBORACEJt. 140. RhizophoraUaDgle. Uavgrove. COMURETACE£. 141. Conooarpnherrcta. Button Wood. 142. LaRiiDeularia rxccmoM Whit* Button Wood. WhiU ilangms. MYRTACEA 143. Calyptranthes Chytnenlla 144. EaKeniabnxiriilla Qurgeon Slopptr. SpanUh Btafptr. 145. Bngenia dishotOB* . Kaked Wood. 146, Eaeenia ipontioola Stopper. Whitt 8topp*r. 147. EnecoiiiloDKipea Stopper. 148. Eaeenla procem . lied Stopper. CACTACEffl. 140. Coreua RifjaDtrna Suwarrotc. Sagvaro. Qiant Oactut. CORNACE.S. IjO. ComuR nltcniifolia Dogwood. HI. Cornaaflnrida Floveriiig Dogwood. Boa Wood. Ua. Conma MutUllii ftoweriig Dogwood. I e o 1182 1183 48.^ 480 507 1205 456 1118 1120 1198 1200 1115 1135 1189 1197 1127 603 BOO 801 67 701 812 1077 1093 000 Stale. MiaalaalppI . ...do Florid* . ....do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. ...do. ...do. ....do. .do do . Arizona . UaBaaclinsetts. ...do Hiaaouri Florida WeatTlrgiuia. Miaaonri ...do Orenon lioralltv. T11200 River boitom .. do Bay Blacayne. ...do Sagar-Ioof Sound . Key Largo. ""^l ler Ilotacombe By. Loat Man'a rirer Elllott'a Kxy Upper Metacombe Key. Caximbaa paaa... Palm Unmmook . Umbrella Key . ..do ...do KO'Namo Key . Miami Collector. R. Abbey . ...do A. n. Cnrtlu . do. .do. do. do. do. do. .do. do. do. .do do. do. .do. do. TucBon . Soil Allnvial . ...do.... Salt-muah. do. .do. Coral. ...do Hnmaa and ootal . Coral .. do Sandy . Coral.. do. do. do. do. do. O, Engelmaun and Dry, gravelly . C. S. Sargent. I Danvera I 3. Robinson ; Laam . .do . .do. I .do. Alloiiton O. W. Lettennan ...i Uplanda ChattulioDcbce. Orafton AUonton ...do Portland. A. H. CurtisB j CuIcareouB C. O. Filngle i Dry O. V. Lettcnuan . . . Gravelly... do Flinty O. Engtilmiinn and C. S.^argeut. Diameter of tree, In metvra. 0.250 «.164 0.084 0.084 0.150 0.141 LATKRS OF OROWTII. Sap. wood. 31 IS 43 15 87 Heart. wond. 0.143 { 47 0.128 i 72 0.122 44 60 »t 53 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 289 BFEcinc aiuvm ditbrmxatiokb. ABB DSTBBMIllATIORa. onbio foot, In poanda (avenge). Benurlu. 1 First. Second. Third. Averaga. Tint Second. Arengr. 0. 0126 0. 5826 1.1381 0.9939 0.7100 0.8930 0.8763 1.0626 0.8646 0.8867 0.8626 0.9642 0.8910 0.9180 0. 9140 1. 1450 0. 0425 0. 3259 0.6572 0.6087 0.8264 0.7509 0.7892 0.8690 0.8114 0.T48T 0.6891 0.6765 1.1842 0.9860 0 7174 0.9282 0.6256 0.6878 0.6091 1 0.6823 0.72 0.86 1.80 0.32 1.69 3.04 1.11 1.19 2.23 1.60 0.86 0.68 2.06 1.60 1.83 3.36 2.41 3.89 0.43 0.39 0.61 0.76 0.78 0.66 0.62 6.48 0.77 0.77 1.83 0.32 1.54 3.69 1.26 1.05 2.15 1.38 0.91 0.60 1.96 1.95 1.99 3.60 2.79 3.01 0.41 0.43 0.60 0.84 0.83 0.68 0.60 0.62 0.75 0.81 1182 1188 0.6910 0.61 36.83 1/1617 1.82 72.40 486 0.UU00 0.32 1.62 61.70 489 0. 7137 44.48 BOT 0.8766 0.8902 3.32 56.04 1208 0.8753 1.0513 0.9128 0.9046 1.19 1.12 2.19 1.62 456 1.0400 0.8640 0.9232 0.8302 0.9472 0. OUO 0.9340 0.9295 1.1020 0.9482 0. 3116 0. 6748 0.6932 0.8264 0. 7710 0.7863 0.8916 0.8216 0. 7474 1118 1.0200 1120 1108 0.9860 1.60 68.83 0.8459 0.9507 0.88 0.69 866 i<>ot 0.8983 0.74 66.98 0.9010 0. 9241 0.9217 2.00 1.77 1.91 1115 0.9202 1135 1189 0.8156 1.89 67.06 1.1236 3.48 70.02 1197 0.94.13 2.62 68.01 112T 0.3188 3.45 19.87 693 0.6048 0.6893 >X 6456 0.6937 0.42 0.41 866 861 41.73 0.6696 0.41 0.8264 0.7656 0.7878 0.8803 0.8166 0.66 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.61 87 761 812 107T 1002 • 0.8153 0.67 0.50 60.81 0.7481 46.63 MX ill 19 FOB K 3, .^ 290 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT 1 '^ ' *■' I- !• M If Species. 168. KTiMCApitsta Ogteeha Umt. Sour Tup»lo. Qopher Ftum. lU. NTua ayKatlcA rui • fuptto. Chtm, SourOum. Ftppnidge. Blaek / IBS. Ifysw nnifloro Large Tup*U). Cotton Qvm. Ti^ftto Qum. CAFRIPOLIACEiE. IM. Sambncns glanca . Elder. 157. Sambaons Mexicana. Elder. IM. Vibnrnnm Lentago Slteepierry. Nannyberry. ISO. Vibnmnm pTunifoliiim Blaek Haw. Stag Buih. EUBIACBiE. 100. KxostemmaCaribseDm... lubens. 101. Pinckneya pube Qeorgia Bark. 102. QeripaclUBieefolia.. Seven-year Apple. 103. Qnettarda elliptioa . 005 235 617 008 760 813 833 834 835 128 235 560 004 081 1220 108 870 42 ?10« 730 400 267 881 467 1132 IISS 471 1129 1104 SUte. Qeorgia. South Carolina Tennessee Georgia Florida West Virginia . . . Mossaohnsetts .. do ...do Soutb Carolina . . ...do Alabama Georgia Locality. Ogeeobee river . Bonneau's Depot . Cumberland tiver. Ogeeobee river Chattahoooboe Grafton WestNewbuTy... ...do Chebacco pond Bonneau's Depot . ...do Stockton Ogeechee river. . . . California . Arizona . Vermont. ...do.... Kentucky . ...do Georgia ... Florida . Soutb Carolina. ...do Contra Costa county. Santa Catalin* mountains. Charlotte.. Hinesburg.. Uercer county. ..do Bainbridge Upper Metacombe Kej -ey. BIufftOB ...do... Florida XJppvr Metacombe ...do j Elliott's Key ...do Upper Metacombe do. .do. do. ..do Umbrella Key . ...do Collector. A. H. Cnrtiu. H. W. Bavenel . A. Gattinger . . . A. H. Curtiss... ....do 0. G. Pringle... J. Bobinson ...do ....do H. W. Ravenel. ...do C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss.. O. B. Yasey . . C. G. Pringle . do. .do. W. M. Linney . ...do A. H. Curtiss.. .do. J. H. Melliobamp. ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do ..do .do. .do. .do. Boil. Swampy . Muck. Muck. Clay.. Bioh ...do Low, rich . Swampy . AUuvUa. Swampy . Gravelly. Muck.... Swampy . Shale Trenton limestone. Clay Coral. Sandy, swamp . ...do Sandy . Coral.. ...do.. do. do. .do. Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.220 0.220 0.214 0.266 0.188 0.320 0.320 a 070 0.078 0.108 0.006 LATCBS or oBowni. Sap. wood. 27 40 40 C7 28 34 Heart- wood. 83 10 28 25 34 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 291 aricmo obatity DBTBBMnrATIOXB. ASII DBTKIIMCfATIOlK. HTeleht.per cubic foot, )n ponnda (average). Remarki. 1 riMt. Second. Tbiid. Average. Tirst. Second. 1 I Average. t 0.4680 0.6656 0.5650 0.6079 0.0436 a 6198 0.6849 0.7467 0.7429 0.5589 0.MK>6 0.6002 0.4424 0.6076 0.4588 0.7285 a 7510 0.8106 0.9140 0.7749 a9200 0.6628 0. 6126 1.0219 1.0425 1.0705 0.9376 0.8409 0.7490 0.4546 0.6640 0.4613 0.36 0.66 0.89 0.49 0.49 0.62 0.41 0.88 0.32 0.72 0.66 0.68 0.76 1.60 1.83 0.27 0.29 0.46 0.47 0.60 0.24 0.28 0.48 0.71 1.00 1.48 0.88 0.94 1.33 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.43 0.49 0.53 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.76 0.81 0.69 0.66 1.65 2.17 0.28 0.30 0.49 1 1 0.84 28.76 605 0.5652 0.6650 0.6092 0.6569 0.6031 0.6839 0.6974 0.7026 •358 [ 0.74 0.84 ; 0.46 1 '0.49 0.53 ' 0.41 i 0.38 0.33 239 517 0.6104 0.6682 0.5865 0.6787 0. 6748 0.6626 0.5700 0.6649 0.5525 0.4002 0.5U98 0.4668 0.7076 0.7332 608 750 813 0.6881 0.6708 0.7022 833 834 835 0.52 39.69 0.6645 0.5663 0.5264 0.4213 0.74 0.74 0.59 0.71 128 236 550 604 32.87 0.6104 0.70 0.6087 1.57 31.70 681 0.4586 a 4614 2.00 28.75 1220 0.7180 0.7426 0.28 0.80 108 870 0. 7303 0.29 45.51 0.8106 0.9140 0.7749 0.48 0.47 0.60 42 110* 739 0.'!410 0.5613 0. 6131 0.22 0.27 0.68 0.60 1.02 1.56 0.79 1.03 1.32 0.8332 0.62 51.98 0.9310 0.23 58.02 466 0.5571 0. 5129 0.28 0.64 257 381 0.5850 0.41 33.41 1.0210 0.9957 1.0772 0.66 1.01 1.62 457 1132 1.0270 1.0840 0.8933 0.8598 0. 7217 0. 9175 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.3 lap'Wood. 1105 1.0816 1.06 64.29 0.9154 0.8504 0.7353 0.84 0.D9 1.32 47] 1129 1194 0.8337 1.05 61.98 1 mm m ■Am fi :\^ m V t 292 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GBAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT SpeolM. BRICACBA. 164. yaeolninm •rboronm . Fartttberry. lit. Andromeda femiginca . IM. Arbntni Meniieaii . Madrofla. 1ST. Arbutiu Xalapeiuti.. 188. Arbntni Tesuw. 180. Oxydendrom arborenm — Soml Trt». Sour Wood. ITO. Kalmia latifolla Laurel. Oalieo Bulk. Ivy. Spoon Wooi. ITl. Sbododcndron mjximnm... (treat Laur 263> 0.8541 0.8412 0.8532 0.8042 0.6500 0.6475 0.7065 0.M3t LU4» 0.7990 1 0.6303 0.8341 39.28 0, 74 ' n m 0.81 51.98 112S 1.81 1.74 1.75 4.09 .3.47 2.85 1.36 4.90 1.84 1.05 1.95 8.82 3.74 2.73 1.U S.t7 0.8283 0.8666 0.8866 1.83 1.85 1.85 494 1136 1102 0.6582 0.8602 1.85 63.61 0.6258 0.6456 0. 8132 3.06 3.61 2.79 496 1130 1199 0.9660 i.oosa a 6948 8.45 43.30 0.S360 1.24 S8.S3 492 L0109 {.14 63.00 4n ^ 1 1 . : 'HI I . lit; ^ m W'^ i I |: 294 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC OBAVITY, ASD, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Hpoctes. 177. Blpholliisnllcirolla.. JlwtU. Canada. 178. Uiiinvlia tonax . 170. lliinicllnliuiiiulnoan Oum ElatHc. Shitlim IToorf. 18fl. BnmoUa spiuosa . 181. Bamolia lyclolilos Iron wooil. Southern BucJcthorn. 182. Biimplin riincatit AnW Wood. Dotenicaril Plum. Sqf- fron IHxm. 18S. MiiniisopR Sloberi . ITiM omy. EBENACEiE. 184. Di.viii8 Vir«iiilana. rcrsimmon. 185. ■tyros Toxanft ■ I'ertimmon. Mexican Pernm- ion. Ohapote. STTKACACE/E 180. SympliKos tinctoria Hone Sugar. Sweet Leaf. VSI. Halesia diptera Bn(rj)4rop Tree. Silter.beU Tree. I 488 500 iin 740 U30 108.. 1140 1151 .133 503 1124 4,'->8 01 425 811 1084 1102 State, Florida. ...do... ...do... Locality. liny Blitoayno . . Uinlin'lln Kny . No-Name Key . OL'or){la { Biiliibridgo . MiHHourt. Texas . . . Minrtoui'i. Arizona . ...do. Collnotor; A. H. CuTtUR . ..do ...do .do. A Ui'Uton ! Q.W. Lettoniinn . Aiistlu ' C.Mohr Allentoii O. W. Lettcnnan . Santa Cnlallna nionnlaluB. C.G.PrinKlc. .do . do. TcnncaBoe ' Naaliville A. aattingor Florida . ...do... ....do. 347 560 788 022 Misaouri Tonncsaeo West Virginia... Miasonri ....do Texas . I ! Look Key I A. H. Curtlaa . BocaCliica Key do , Upper Metacombe ' do. Allonton ; G. W. Lctterman. NiiBliville ' A. OattinKor Grafton ! C. CPriugle AUentoD G. W. I^etterman . do do Austin . C.Mohr. Alabama Cottage Hill j do . Arkansas i Toxarkana I G. 'W. Letterman. Georgia. Floilda . Ijainbridge ... Apalaohicola . A. H. Cmtlss . CMohr Soil. Coral . ...do. ...do. Low . Limestone . ...do ...do Rocky do. Alluvial . Coral . ...do. .do. Bicli upland . Rich loam . . . Rich upland . ...do Calcareous. Sandy . ...do.. Low AUuTial . Diameter of tree, In meters. 0.170 0.180 0.128 0.280 0.237 0.170 0.168 0.098 0.184 0.123 r.ATaM or OROWTII. Sap- wood. 36 7 Ileart- wood. 14 25 20 87 12 SO 87 47 40 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF TUB WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 295 14 40 WRCirto oKAvmr detibminatioiu. AMI UKTKBMINATION§. Welaht.pflr onblo foot, In ponndii (arvraK«). BemMki. i Pint. Second. Third. Avrrngo. FlMt. Second. AvoniKn. 1 0.B818 0. 0737 0.9312 0.7100 0. 7.'>41 0.6047 0. 0221 0.0580 ( 0. 0302 ( P. 0506 0. 7407 0. 7507 0.8420 1. 0525 0.7039 0. 8552 0.7002 0.7700 0. 7710 0.8325 0.6206 0.6070 0.6481 0.6999 0.8887 0.9233 0. 8012 0. 7470 0. 7200 0. 5907 0.0380 0.0001 0. 6003 0.P0S8 0, 0350 0.9486 0.0113 0.34 0.20 0.37 0.71 1.10 1.44 1.27 1.10 1 1.32 0.81 2.29 1.00 2.89 1.03 0.05 0.83 0.86 0.97 3.34 0.72 0.62 0.57 0.86 0.32 O.ol 0.33 084 1.02 1.28 1.27 1.04 1.43 0.81 2.31 1.43 2.32 1.03 1.12 0.70 1.02 1.05 .3.32 0.81 0.57 0.42 0.86 0.83 0.29 0.3B 0.82 488 600 1191 0. 9310 68.06 0.7203 0.78 46.46 746 o o o o 1 ill 1.00 1.30 1.27 0.5777 930 1083 X23 1.11 1.37 1.24 40.78 0.0730 0.6419 1140 1151 0.6603 41.15 0.7487 0.81 2.30 1.51 40.53 iW.I 0. 7405 0.8384 1. 0080 0.7405 0. 7516 0.8402 603 1124 1.1000 0. 70.';9 1.00 49.60 1.0838 2.01 1.03 1.04 0.77 0.04 1.01 67.64 468 - 0. 75.52 0.85.52 0.7013 0. 7855 0.7667 01 42 > 0.7894 0.7920 0.7722 0.8391 0.5593 0.6360 0.5381 0.6957 811 0. 7670 0.8664 1102 0.7008 0.00 49.28 0.8460 3.33 62.72 930 0.6429 0.6220 0.77 0.00 847 MO 0.6326 0.68 83.18 0.5431 0.5978 0.60 0.35 738 922 0.6706 0.<2 86.56 — ■Ban 296 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUWC FOOT i;U' 1 Diameter I.ATVM OF QBOWTn. Species. a Stete. LocaUly. Collector. Sou. of trt", in 1 meters. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 188. Haleiift ti^tr&ntora 275 613 Virginia. Carter's ferry Altamaha river H. Rhriver Rocky RatlUbox. Snow-drop Tree. Silver- Mi True. Calieo Wood. Georgia A.H.Cnrtiss Clay 0.088 17 OhBACSM. 180. Fraxlnnii Greggil ItO. FnxinuA onomalA 1221 Mexico Lampasas nionnt- alna. Kanocouaty Santa Rita mount, ains. S.B. Buckley 1105 Utah A.L.SUer Sandy IM. Fraxinna Diataciiefolla . . . . ... 591 Arizono G. Encolmann and C. S.Sargent. Low Ath. 892 Eastern Arizona.. San Francisco n)auu^ aius. E. L. Greene m Wrft'HnnB A mArinuift 25 89> Massachusetts Missou.i E. A. Dana WkiUAlli. AllcntoD G. W. Lettonnan ... Siliceous hills.... 39» 893 114< do do ...do Alluvial do .. do ...do do ■W.J.Be.-U Clay 114> 114« .do Hudson ...do do .. . ....do 114» 130 . ..do do Clay Bonnoau'fl Depot - . . H.W.Eavenel Kobert Douglas Wei 144 nitnoia Clay 170 Ohio . ... Finoo, D.iniolsji Co. Farmers' Friend Uauufacturing Ca J.W.StoddorltCo Woodsum Machine Co. B. E. McSherry & Co. ITS 175 190 191 ....do .. do ... do ... do do do ....do do 313 Virginirt Dolnkiidga AlluTial 0.268 78 728 Pennsylvania C O Prinirlo 747 A. H. Curtisa 0.260 95 104S 0.316 64 in. FnalBiuAin*(leuia,Mr.TnMial*.... 364 Toxas . . . ■ Dallas Dry, oalcAKoaa . . . 0.384 69 BST ....do Austin C.Hohr 139 Uieblgan W J Beat Poor > JitdAlK. X2t> Charlotte CG.Pringle do Clwy 1 239* ... do ... do ....do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 297 BPKCinC ORATTTT DETEBMIICATIOICS. ABR DKTBBIUIIATIOKS. WelBht.per cable foot, In pounds (aver>ge). Bemuks. I- 1 Pinit. Second. Third. Averaso. First. Second. Average. 0.5017 0.5569 0.7778 0.0708 t 0.6336 ( 0.7207 0.0808 0. 5011 0.6253 0. 0223 0.6771 0. 5265 0. 7225 0.6500 0.0086 (1. .1744 0.7031 0.7449 0. 7179 0.0470 0.0383 I OHO 0. 0157 0.0253 0.64eg 0.6097 0.6320 0.6763 0.e4»9 0. 0170 0.6423 0.5599 0. 0131 0.8253 0.7095 •■soaa 0.0610 •.MU 0.6460 0.5864 0. 8030 0. 0485 0.6243) 0.6656^ 0. 7120 0.0682 0.6481 0.5539 0.6717 0.6028 0.38 0.48 0.'j7 0.81 ( 0.8. \ 0.44 0.51 0.29 0.33 0.51 0.36 0.38 0.89 0.88 0.881 0.69$ 0.54 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.43 276 1 013 0.40 35.07 0.7904 0.0,107 0.93 , 1 49.26 1221 Growth slow 0.85 1 41.11 1105 ! 0.6025 ' 0. 6«94 0.6810 I C.71 0.53 i 691 892 1 0.62 42.43 0. 6297 0.31 0.31 0.51 25 0.6367 0.6223 0.6771 0.4088 0.7225 0.0506 0.6086 0.0S75 ' 0. 7U10 0. 7449 0. 7148 0.6172 0.6335 0. 6110 0. 6186 0.6200 3. 67,18 0. 6007 0. 6320 0.6763 0. 0440 0.6329 0.6184 0. .1786 0. 8420 0.6543 391 39> 89> 0.4711 0.53 0.00 0.38 0.32 0.30 0.45 0.35 0.30 0 31 0.63 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.36 0.39 0..10 114< 114> 114« 114> 0.7005 0 7000 0.89 0.45 0.37 0.30 0.29 All Bap-wood .... 130 All snp.wuod ; second growth. Orowth npid 144 170 0.7116 0.6473 0.6387 173 176 190 0.2 0.45 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.36 0.44 0.74 0.55 0.37 0.08 0.47 0.56 0.86 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.42 0.24 0.44 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.72 0.62 0.33 0.70 0.43 101 0.6213 0.6326 0.6987 0.6 sap'Wood - 213 227" 227» 267' 267* 267» 0.69 0.48 0.28 0.71 0.39 0.40 a87 431 0.6481 0.5944 0.5072 0. 8141 0. 8530 0.0067 0.6529 661 728 747 0.8010 loa 0.43 40.77 0.8301 0.6O81 0.T<3« — 1—- ■-.=- — 0. 6125 o.oeio 0.«4»» 0.63 0.87 0.70 0.2« 0.21 0.23 *H Wl «.«77t 47. W Poor QQAUtT IM 1»>^ 3K» j[> u ,/t mrv 'It li^^- i I' ^i' 1! '■J 298 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 193. Fraxluns pabescent— continned . IM. FraxinuB TiridlB. Orttn Aih. 194. Fmxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana. . A»h. 105. Frnxiuus platyrarpa VTater ith. 106. Frnxinii8qna 2S(P 288' 201 423 .518 064 1001 1024 1030 102 122 147 878 ..do. Alabama. Austin Stocktor. Collector. C.G.Pringlo. J. Bobinson.. G. W. Letternian. J. Rovprcbon — A. Gattinger C.Mobr ...do Soil. Clay AiTer-bottom . Diameter of tree, in motors. 0.512 Eieb, wet ...do Bich upland Rich, wet : 0. "l4 ...di. 0.134 LATEIIS OF OBOWTII. Sap- wood. S.B.Bnckley I do . C. Mobr Bicb, alluri^d . I I 0.000 llisBouii ^ Allenton Mnlilsan : Lansing K'^ntucky j Mercer county.. do do do do Missouri Allenton G. W. Letternian . . . .. do ' do ' do Icnnessce ; Nashville A. Gattinger I Oregon ...do... ..do .. ...do.. Cr.AV.Lettennan ... I Dry upland 0.133 W.J. Ileal ' Riehliiam ' AV.M. Linue.v \ Liniestoue ... ..do I do ...do do Saudy loam . . Bich upland . Bich limestone . Fortlond ' G. Engelnmnn and . C. S. Sargent. Weidler's saw-miU . ' do Bortlaud Furniture do . Company. do ...do . Low, wot . Vermont | Charlotte. C.G.Prlngle Michigan Illinois Vermont Masaachuaetts ... C16 787 270 781 DausviUe . . Waukegan Charlotte . . Daurora ... Georgia Ogerchee river . — do 1 Bainbrldge Texaa ' Matagorda bay . Virginia Carter's ferry. . Florida. Cbattabooohoe.. W.J.Beal Bobert Douglas. C. G.Pringle.... J. Bobinaon A. TL Cnrtiss . ...do C.Mohr H. Shriver.... A.H.Cartias . 0.355 Wet. peaty . ...do Low, wot . . . Wet, peoty . Bich, loamy. Bicb, moist . Allurial . a236 0.075 0.150 Klob, moist ... Ci*; upland 0.141 45 31 34 27 85 46 Heart- wood. 42 47 55 31 55 47 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. ■OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 299 BPECIFIC OIIAVITT DETBBHUCATION'S. First. 0.6469 0. S9oT \ 0. 6685 0.0640 0.5947 0. 7350 0. 7728 0. 7198 0. 5774 0.3567 0. 8246 0. 4920 0. 7789 0. 8131 0. 7469 0.5067 0.6897 0.7000 Second. 0.6432 0. 5047 0. 5314 0.0123 0.4553 0. 4736 0.6317 r 6425 0.6209 0.6034 0.6869 0.6485 0. 7020 0.7007 0.5829 0.6988 0.6476 0.7150 U.!12601 0.6489> 0. 6701 0.6277 0. 8217 0. 7807 0.5786 0. 3516 0.8440 0.6086 0. 6746 0.6338 0.6812 0.6928 0.7465 0.7500 0.6681 0.6003 I 4638 0.7166 Third. 0.7902 Averago. 0.6459 0. 5598 0.6251 0.0071 0. 0112 0. 7350 0.7949 0.7503 ABB DBTBRUINATIOKS. First. 0.7117 0. 6780 0.3541 0.8343 0. 4929 0. 7780 0. 8131 0. 7409 0.6027 0.6822 0.7960 0.7184 0. 6189 0. 5710 0.4645 0.6371 0. 5731 0.6274 0. 5034 0.6836 : 0.6207 i 0.7243 J! 0.20 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.82 0.63 0.82 0.51 0.69 0.63 0.96 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.68 0.78 U. 00 0.11 0.78 0.12 0.21 0.62 0.89 0.84 0.6318 0.73K 0.7284 0.6756 0.69BS Second. AveraLje. 0.6846 0.5562 0. 7191 0.8372 0.77 0.46 0.75 0.65 0.88 0.63 0.39 0.41 C.62 0.57 0.80 0.66 0.76 0.66 0.76 0.67 0 00 0.74 0.01 0.43 0.20 0.42 0.26 0.55 0.56 0.81 0.60 0.79 Weieht.per cnbio foot, in ponnds (average). 0.63 0.64 0.73 0.65 0.06 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.t9 0.76 0.01 0.16 C .i 0.67 0.88 0.83 0.48 0.72 0.73 0.60 0.66 0.78 0.27 0.73 0.14 0.23 0.84 0.60 0.89 0.86 0.80 0.47 0.72 0.74 0.69 0.74 0.73 0.53 0.48 0.61 88.96 Bemarks. All sap-wood. 44.35 36.02 22. 07 Second growtli . Second growtli 46.78 86.72 Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood - Brasli . . Tough . 80.87 89.54 30.71 Second ap. gr. determination made on 0.^25 aap-wood. A II sap-wood. I All sap-wood I Second und tiiird sp. gr. Jeterminations made on sap-wood Second sp. gr. deioi:mination made on sap-wood 220> 10,->9 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood 57 308 438 948 957 1211 536 123' 280' 286' 280' 291 423 618 964 1001 1024 1030 103 122 147 878 839 616 737 956 278 751 mwm . ih. [T^ liifc' . i WmM I'-'f' ilii m ■i'l ■! 1 { i ;! (J ■hi i|, i 1 |;'' " 1 ■!:',• ) ;! ' ■ ■ ' ' il- - ] i ^; 300 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 201. Osmnnthiia Americanus . Devil Wood. BOBRAGIXACE.S. 202. Conlia Scbestena. Oeiger Tret. 203. Cordis Boiasierl . 204. Uourreria HaTanensia . Strong Bark. 205. Ehretin clliptica Knaekawaj/. Anagua. BlGNONIACEiE. 207. Catalpn apecloaa Wftem CatcUpa. 208. ChUopaia aallgna Dtttrt WiUov). MX. CrosonitlK ouoarbtttna . . . Blatk Oalabatk Trti. VERBENACBA. SIO. Cithnrrxvlum Tllloaam . . ruuutrn**. 206. Catalpa bijnionioidcs Catatpa. Catawba. BeanTrtt. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. 283 844 584 1202 1218 1223 455 1137 827 942 State. Loniaiona. Alabama. . Florida ... .do . do. Texaa . Florida . ...do... Locality. Amite Cottago Hill SaiDt John'a river . Key Wcat , ...do Brownavillc . Upper Hetacombe rnier Ki-.v. Key Larso Tezaa ! , do New BrauDfela . I 167 Obio 640 Alabama. 744 Georgia.. 38 100 106 171 180 181 182 183 184 210 556 505 682 1«6 Collector. C.Mohr ...do A. n. Curtiaa . .do. .do . S. B. Baclcley Limeatone SoU. Bleb, nUuvial. Low, rich Sandy loam . . Coral ..do. A. H. Cortias . ...do Department of Ag- riculture. C.Mohr Alcxaudersrillo . Stockton Bainbi'id):e Miaaouti . . . Ohio llliuoia — Indiana Tennessee . Mixaouri . . . Illinois.... Missouri... ...do Indiana Charleston Dayton Cairo Wauush river Obion river . . . New Madrid . . , Ullin New Madrid . . ..do Vincennes New Mexico. Ariiona ...do Florida . Valley of the Upper Oila river. Tucson do. Bay Biaeayne. 4tt ....do. do. S. H. Binkley and E. E. Barney. C.Mohr Clayey loam . Low, wet A.H.Curtias Cliiy Coral . ...do . Bich, allavial. C. S. Sargent . E. E. Barney . D.Aitell .... E. E. Barney . Wet clay. CUy ...do .... £. P. Ilynds and E. E Blimey. E.E.Barney Low, alluvial bot- tom. ....do do. do. do . .do. E. L. Greene O. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do A. n. Cnrtiaa . .da. .do. do. .do do. .do Alluvial Molat, gravelly . ...do Coral . Diameter of tree, iu metera. 0.190 0.092 0.170 J. 238 0.28° LATRII8 OF QUOWTII. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 45 45 17 SI THE WOODS OF. THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 301 ■FlCinC OBAVITT DITBIUUIIATIOKB. ABB DBmUOHATIOim. Weight, pet cnbio foot, in pounds (avenge). BMnariu. i 1 Fint. Seoond. Third. Average. Fint Second. Average. s § 0.8156 0.8606 0.7100 0.7740 0.6008 0.6710 0.8280 0. 7708 0.6636 0.6274 0.4293 0.4694 0.4426 0.4601 0.4686 0.3807 0.3860 0.4166 0.3900 0.3968 0.4493 0.4635 0. 3011 0.6069 0.5031 0.6003 0.6270 '».877i 0.8663 0.8404 0.8606 0.7322 0.68 0.26 0.43 0.66 0.29 0.43 4.09 4.28 3.39 3.20 2.27 1.27 1.41 0.41 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.30 0.34 0.30 o.i:o 0.42 0.43 0.87 0.84 0.3P 0.87 0.41 0.83 1.28 a64 0.67 0.28 0.43 283 344 0.7644 First kp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr. de- termination made on 0.75 sap-wood. 684 0.8111 0.46 50.55 0.7740 9.6476 4.09 4.35 1202 1218 0.6942 0.6870 0. 8248 0.7960 0.6548 0.6303 0.4270 0. 4979 0.4177 0.4446 0.4467 0.3829 0.3878 0.3783 4.43 3.67 3.38 2.28 1.23 1.33 0.40 0.26 0.47 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.32 0.45 0.38 0.47 0.48 0.40 0.38 0.87 0.43 0.82 1.47 0.49 0.7108 4.22 44.30 0.6790 3.53 43.31 1228 0.8264 0.7883 0,8073 3.29 i(.28 2.70 0.7980 1137 50.31 0.6592 0. 6288 0.6440 0.4282 0.4837 0. 4302 0. 4474 0. 4524 0.4627 0.3863 0.3804 0.4066 0.3000 0.3968 0. 4493 0.4685 0.3900 0.4166 1.25 1.37 1.81 837 943 CoMvatad 40.13 0.41 0.30 0.42 0.38 167 540 • 27.88 0.30 0.37 0.35 0.31 0.48 0.40 0.45 0.43 0.37 0.39 Cultivated 166 171 0.4260 180 From an old fence-rail 181 183 From a post 47 yeats in the ground 183 184 0.3007 0.30 35.96 0.6060 0.6631 0.6015 0.37 0.42 0.33 556 506 681 0.6026 0.6368 •.MU 36.78 0.5903 0.37 0.6319 1.36 39.38 64.28 1214 0.8710 0.02 «n ■ h ¥'\ ! ■rf'U-- !' 302 :|| ■ \ .1!-,: ' ! I : ! 'i ■f ■;. ■■r;:;-'^ ! FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT i = — - = Diameter LATBU or OKOWTR. Species. State. LocaUty. Collector. SoU. of tree, in 1 meters. wood. Heart- wood. 211. ATicennia nitida 190 828 828 Florida Bay Btgcayne A. H.Cnrtl8a Department of Ag- ncnitnre. ....do Coral 0.158 30 18 Blaek Uangrott. Black Tree. Black Wood. ....do ....do NTCTAGINACE.a!. 212. Plsonia obtngata 474 do Upper MetacoDibe Key. A. H.Cnrtl«« Coral Pigeon Wood. Beef Woo 4. Cork Wood. Pork Wood. POLTGONACEa:. 213. CoocolobaFloridana.. 473 ....do ... do . do .. do 0.150 48 27 Pigeon Plum. 453 ....do ....do ....do Sandy 0.214 17 29 Sea Orape. LAURACEa:. 585 ....do Saint Jobn'a river .. ....do Sandy loam 0.188 12 45 Bed Bay. 21B. Pemea Carolinensis, tar. palnstris 216. Xectandra WilMenoviana 340 Alabi^inn Mobile connty Tipper Uetacomue Key. C Mohr Damp, aandy Coral 0.S72 119 470 A. H. Curtisa Lane* Wood. 1138 ....do do do 0.086 27 IIM Upper Metacombe Key. ....do do 217. SassafVaa officinale 71 387 446 Miseoari . . AUenton O. W. Leitenrm... do Tjow. rioli 8aner Metacombe ... do 459 1187 ....do do ....do ....do 0.282 113 62 do do ... do ... do HMTt- wood. U 27 20 45 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 303 BPKCiriC OBAVITY DBTKRIIIHATIOSB. A8II DBTEUMINA'nOHS. Weiitht.per cnbic foot, in pounds (•veisge). S«iuarks. % Tint. Second. Third. Avorago. | First. Second. Average. 1 1.0919 0.9066 0.7074 a 6475 0.9629 0.9149 0.6878 0.6977 0.8206 ( 0.7980 ( 0.8148 0.7232 a5080 0.4900 0.4542 0.6266 0.5765 0.4558 a6S36 0.6697 0.9195 0.8918 0.9690 1.0069 0.9M8 1.0485 \.vm 0.6762 0.6582 1.0040 0.9998 0.6485 0.6815 0.7660 0.8482 0.7980 0.6787 0.5210 0.4828 1 1.0702 : 0.9704 : 0.6918 : 1 1.09 1.71 4.54 7.44 5.25 1.11 0.66 0.46 0.82 0.52 0.48 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.36 0.55 &68 8.19 7.07 8.60 7.70 1.12 1.72 4.01 7.79 4.81 1.68 0.85 0.27 0.68 0.59 0.47 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.2? 0.16 0.27 0.36 a 16 a26 6.68 9.09 7.70 1.56 1.71 4.27 0. 6 sap-wood 490 First ap. gr. determination made on aap-woodj sooondBp.gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. 826 828 0.9138 1 2.61 56.95 0.6529 , 7.62 40.69 474 0.9835 5.03 61.20 478 0.9759 First 8p. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood. 0.D635 1.37 60.04 453 0.6429 0.76 40.07 685 0.6396 0.37 39.86 840 0.7028 0.8147 0.7005 0.75 0.66 0.48 470 All BSD-wood - . 1138 1196 t 0.7688 0.60 47.94 0.5120 0.4864 0.4542 0.5315 0.5769 0.4644 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.15 0.13 71 887 446 0.6S63 814 0.6778 0.6055 854 0.4819 0.6202 0.6840 0.8448 0. 9119 0.9882 0.9890 0.8878 1163 0.5043 0.10 81.42 0.6264 0.6769 0.P2 a 46 708 897 0.6517 0.89 40.61 0.8821 0.9019 0.9786 a 37 8.28 6,83 468 1185 1198 0.9209 6.14 67.89 0.9730 0.8968 8.89 7.70 46* 1187 0.9346 a 29 5a 24 |l' :l Hi ;j 3; 304 Mi FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I,— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT " -Hi SpeolM. 1 State, LocaUty. CoUeotor. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATCB8 OF OBOWTB. wood. Heart- wood. 220. Sebaatiania luolda 460 1126 1206 1110 324 »2» 80' 30» 30« 101 120 134 366 369 428 869 IS 202 281' 281« 9S8 1036 104S 116' IlfO 116» • lie* 314 428 133 380 638 Florida. .. do Upper Metacombe Key. A.H.CnrtlBS do Coral 0.116 80 40 Crab Wood. PoUon Food. .. do ... do Key liSrgo ......... ... do ....do do Key West ....do ....do 0.128 0.484 3S 52 76 Matuhinttl. URTICACE.S. Texaa .. do Dallas J. Keverchon C.Mohr Bioh loam Ctdar Elm. Anstin do Mercer county ....do W.M.Linney ...do Red Elm. Slippery Sim. MoofElm. ....do ....do ... do . do ... do do Yonnont Michigan Hineshurg ... C.G.Pringle W.J.Bcal O. W. Letterman C.G.Pringle ... do GravellT loam . . . Dansrille Gravellv Missouri Allenton Rich, alluTial ... Vermont ...do XeiincsBoe MubHaoliusetts . . ... do Charlotte Gravelly .. do ... do Nashville A.Gattinger J. Bobinson C. 8. Sargent B. E. Barney G. W. Lotterman ...do Clay Boxford Rich loam Ainold Arboretom . S.M. Brown &Co .. Drift 0.661 IB 88 WhUeSlm. AmericanShn. WaierElm. Ohio Missouri Alluvial .. do ... do ...do Colorado river Danvers Korth Beading DansTiUle C.Mohr ...do O.2S0 0.160 0.216 17 7 81 S 17 10 Massachusetts ....do J. Bobinson Gravelly do 8?ff, TTImTifi rnnfmoMk Michigan ■W.J.Beal do Sock Elm. Cork Elm. RiekoryMlm. WhiUElm. OlifElm. ... do . . Biir Ranids . do Low. irravellv ...do . .do .... do do ...do ....do Alluvial ...do do Tennessee South Carolina... Tennessee Mississippi Kashville ... do nt. Ulronaalata Booneaa's Depot . . . Davidson oonuty . . . Kemper's mill H. W. Bavenel A.Oattinger C. Mohr do ruAoo. Winged Elm. Loam AUnvlal 0.244 S3 88 40 76 38 17 10 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 305 ■PICIFIC OBAVITT DKTEBMnCATIOMg. ABU DKTERUINATI0X8. Weight, per cubic foot, in poiiiidH (average). Remnk*. 1 1 Fint Second. Third. Averago. Firat. Second. ATeragCj 1.1195 1.0900 1.0882 0.5945 0. 6286 0.7867 0.8363 0.7062 0.6499 0.6699 0.6769 0.6841 0.6540 0.7330 0.6706 i 0. 7613 i 0.7978 0.5462 0.7459 0.6221 0.6299 0.6495 0.6382 a 7173 0.8144 0.6846 0.6803 0.7345 0.7290 0.7414 0.8710 0.B87S 0.76S3 1.0B65 1.0706 1. 1010 0.5600 0.7185 0.7640 0.8358 1. 1025 1.0768 1.0921 i 4.96 1.82 1.63 6.20 1.05 1.41 1.30 0.79 0.00 0.86 0.82 0.68 1.24 0.12 1.22 1.07 0.86 0.40 0.93 0.86 1.04 0.75 0.75 0.42 4.48 1.96 1.82 6.11 1.03 1.30 1.00 i 4.72 i 1.80 1.74 ; 466 1.0640 1136 1306 1.0005 2.78 [ 67.90 0.6772 5.16 35.07 1116 Aah of a knot, 1.86 0. 6736 0.7754 1.04 1.86 384 926 0. 7245 1.20 45.15 0.8361 0.7062 0.0499 0.5619 0.6769 0.6841 0.7065 0.6817 0.6706 0.7823 1.15 0.79 0.60 0.84 0.82 0.74 1.04 0.12 1.27 0.88 301 30> 36* 0.5538 0.81 101 ** 120 0.6841 0.7580 0.6303 0.70 0.84 0.11 1.31 9.70 0.82 0.56 134 360 300 429 0.75221 0.8180) 0.5309 0.7287 0.6054 869 SoAciflo crrftTitv of vtit BaD-wood 1.026 0.6956 0.83 43.36 0.5386 0. 7373 0.6207 0.6299 0.6413 0.6742 0.7124 0.84 0.48 0.93 0.86 1.02 0.88 0.60 IB Second HD ffr. determination made on lau'wood 302 0.6346 2811 i 1 281< 0.6480 0.7102 0.7085 0.6265 0.6742 0.7116 0.99 1.01 0.4S First ap. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-waod ; second sp. gr. deterniioation made on 0.75 sap-wood i tnird tp. gr. detormlDa- tion made on 8.ipwaod. 968 1036 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 Mp-wood; second nod third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood. 1049 0.6506 0.80 40.54 0. 8144 0.6846 0.6400 0.7345 0. 7430 0.7414 0.42 116< 116> 0.59M 0.34 0.79 0.5» 0l90 1.02 1.14 0.76 0.34 0.70 0.64 0.81 116* 116* 0. 7570 0.69 0.72 1.13 L17 6.72 314- 428 0.8S44 0.8290 0.7860 0.7263 0.60 45.26 0.8627 0.6100 0.7746 1.07 1.16 0.74 131 386 583 0.7491 0.99 46.66 m ■' ''nl i > .■ m 20 FOB 'it; ■ il- Il I •H *j5 lyjj 306 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT I'EB CUBIC FOOT 1 Diameter LATEBS or OROWTH. SpcoiM. SUte. LooaUt;. Collector.' Soil. of tree, in meten. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 768 A.tf.Cnrtisa Bich, ollavlal 0.246 38 818 ....do ...do C.Mobr ....do Si. Ccltli oofiMmitallo 68 75' Miuouri ...do Allputon G.W. Lettermon. ... ...do Limeatone LoWirioh 0.108 50 augatttnfi. Hactbtrrti. ....do 75» 306 ....do do ....do AUnvlol Texaa Dallas J. Kevercbon ... do 376 TeDuomioe Davidson connty . . . A.Uattingcr Iioam 864 4 30 873 ....do 1111 Miasoori Henry Eggort O. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. 0.132 23 228. Celtis ocoidentalis, var. reticulata Baekberry. Palo Blaneo. 662 Arizona Santa Bita monnt- aina. Dry 229. l^f nil Ann^a 486 Florida.. Bay Biscayne Kev Larffo .... A H Cnrtisa Coral 230. Ficua brerifoUa 1204 ... do . do ....do •-*. 231. Finns podanciilata 508 ....do Boca Cfaioa Eev ...do ....do WUdFig. India-rutber Trie. •< 132 433 Miasouri O. W. Letterman... Itcd Mulberry. Naahville ....do 233. Momn miflrophylla 450 1106 XewUezioo Texaa Silver Cltv E.L.Greene S. B.Buckley J. Sevorchon S. P. Sharpies MoUtoUy Limeatone ........ 0.078 0.098 7 4 25 25 Uexiean Mulberry. 253 421 ....do Dallaa Bottom Oittt* Orange. Bme dAre. Pennsylvania Westchester Clay loom 0.710 3 44 PLATANACEiE. 21 126 Mosaacliiiectta Arnold A "boretnm . . C. S. Sargent G. "W". Lettermun . . Drift 0.680 35 63 Syeamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Rich. ollaTioI lob Ohio Miami valley Carmrl river K. E Bamov . do 236. PIfttanus raocmoiia 686 California Q R. Vaaey / Clay 0.280 20 Syeamore. Button Wood. 287. PlatflnnRWrichtll.. .. 048 Santa Kita mount- ains. G. Enctlmnnn ami C. S. t-argunt Rich irravcllT Sycamore. JUQLANDACE.«:. 10 70' 70* 123 Mnsftorbii setts Ai-nold Arlmretum . . C. 9. Snrgpnt G.W.Lrttrrnan .. do Drift 0.560 5 BO JiHttemut WhiU Walnut. Ktch loam do do Alluvial . UichiKan DansTille W.J.Ucai Gravollyday "few ' 30 25 44 63 80 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF ERY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 807 KFICinC OnATlTT DiniUUKATIOKI. ASH DETIBMOIATIOKI. WelRhtper cnbio loot, In pouuda (average). Bemarka. i lint SMond. Third. Avenge. Fint SMiond. Average. 1 ' 0. 6735 0.4074 0./802 0.6858 0.6502 0. 6910 0.8384 0.7784 0.T099 0.6570 a 7400 0.2537 0.6321 0.4680 0.6242 0.6679 0.7169 0.8270 0.7841 0.8561 0.6060 0.C073 0.4086 0. 5161 0.4763 0.4188 0.4014 0.4633 0.3038 0.6631 0.6187 0.7418 0.6683 0.4906 0.48 0.43 1.88 0.74 0.68 . 1.70 0.97 1.06 0.88 0.88 1.82 5.17 4.55 4.83 0.77 0.68 0.57 0.78 0.87 0.38 0.35 0.47 0.40 1.17 1.34 0.36 0.48 0.69 0.78 0.48 0.42 1.88 0.48 0.42 758 9U All lap- wood * C. BuniUa 0.6294 0.4S 32.99 0. 7611 0.6858 0.6602 0.7274 0. 8170 0.7452 0.7837 0.6S04 1.88 0.74 0.68 1.65 0.84 0.80 0.88 0.82 gg 76> 75* 0.7637 0.7966 0.7186 0.7908 0.0547 0.7150 0.2695 0.6475 0.4798 0.5993 1.60 0.80 0.75 1.07 0.84 1.12 4.88 4.18 5.00 0.60 0.78 0.64 0.82 0.88 0.50 0.32 0.67 0.67 1.05 1.36 0.30 0.43 sot 0, Mtnittinniniila (75 0.7386 0.7604 0.6386 8M 871 1111 . 0.7287 1.08 46.41 0.7276 1.22 45.34 652 0.2616 &03 16.30 48t 0.6398 4.36 89.87 1204 0.4738 4.92 29.63 SOS - 0.6118 0.5078 0.68 0.74 isa 438 0.7157 0.8262 0.7405 0.7034 0.0111 0. 5748 0.S00I a 4609 0.4688 0.4343 0.4005 0.4355 0.6888 0.71 36.76 0.7103 0.8266 0.50 0.81 450 1108 # 0.7715 _. 0.7668 0.7803 0.68 48.08 0.88 0.43 47.78 48.63 26S CnlUvated. First ap. fcr. determination made on Umb-woodt second sp. gr. detenmnation made on root-wood. 421 0.7736 0.68 48.21 0.C086 0. 5011 0.3038 0.33 0.57 0.48 21 "" 126 186 0.6678 0.46 35.38 0.4880 1.11 30.41 686 Grown At 4,000 feet altitude 0.4736 1.36 29.61 648 0.4263 0. 4010 0.4494 0.3638 0.33 0.46 0.68 0.79 16 76> 7S> 123 (i: ' ill •■m lu :!l i 808 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GltAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT li 1 ! {i n, I' ' 8poel««. tta Juj;liuM oliiore»-oonUnaed . Joslttna nlgrn . . . Slack Walnut MtL JnBlaosrapMtrii. Ifulnut Ml. Carya oliro'fariiiig Pecan. Illinoit IfuL Caryaalba arknickory. ShagiarkBiekory. MS 170 1057 112 117 140 200 818 82r> 407 430 76a 034 061 415 672 1227 32i' 322« 326 3 20' 20« 20» 48 118' 118' 118> 162 240 422 S31 S30 816 10S6 1007 Mate. lUinoii) Ohio MIohiKnu MauacliUBotI* Missouri . . Micblgau . IlUnoiR . . . Ohio Mlchif^an . Texas.... Tcuuossee . Florida . Toias. . . do . New Mexico . California Aricooa MisBigaipiii . ...do Texas Massachusetts — Kentucky ....do ...di. Missouri Michigan ..do ....do Missouri Virginia Missouri Mississippi ...do West Virginia.... Manaohnaotts Missouri LovalUy. Waulcrgan , Ilnriiey & Smith IklaniifacturingCo. T.ansiug TopsflelU . Allc^tou... Uoosrillo . . Waulcvgan . Unrncy Sc Smith Mimufactiiring Co. Lansing Dallas Charlpstown Xavy .\ urtl. Nashville Aspalaga . Austin New Braanft'ls . Finos Altos mount- ains. ContrnCosta county. Santa Catalina muuntaius. Gi-ccnviUe . ...do Dallas Arnold Arboretum VfiiwiUe .. <'> . do AUentini Hudson ...do Lansing AUenton WythBTille Alltmtou Kemper's mill ...do Oranott Topafleld AUenton Collector. liobcrt Dougla K. E.lliimoy .. W.J. Deal .... J. Robinson . . O. W. Lettermau. W.J.Benl Kobert Douglas . E. IC. Uamcy W.J. Bcal J. Itevercbon aU.Pook A. Gattiuger A.n. Curtiss . C.Mobr. ...du... K. L. Orcene . Q.K.Vasey.. C.O.Pringle. C. Mohr ...do J. Roverchon . C. S. Sargent W. M. Linney .... ...do ...do O. W. Lettennan . W. J. Beal .. do ...do G. W. Lettorman . H. Rhrivcr G. W. Lettermau . C.Mohr ...do C. G. Pringle J. Itobinson G. W. Letterman . Soil. Alluvial . Gr.'.vcUy loam . Drilit Alluvial . Gravelly. Loum — Loiim Alluvial . Limestone . Clay. Moist, calcareous . ...do AUuvial .. ...do Alluvial ...do.... ...do.... Drift Shals ...do ..do Upland Clay ...do ...do Rich upland . Clay AUuvial ...do ...do ...do Bioh loam . . . AUuvial Diameter of tree, in mnter.. LAYXIS or UIIOWTII. Sap- wood, 0.162 0.272 0.2b6 0.2U7 0.313 0.260 0.306 0.288 0.360 0.260 83 26 28 31 68 Heart. wood. 20 37 84 23 32 18 48 87 81 102 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPEOIMBNS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 309 •riano aBAnrr DiriRMWATioini. rinit 0.43M 0.aMl 0. 3370 0.4B38 0. B778 0.6807 0. &:<79 0.S02S 0.0318 0.8008 0. MM 0. o;t7e 0.64ir> 0. e4:ir> 0. 7Kin 0. 0600 0. 0789 0.0706 0. 7'.>58 0.7300 0. 7020 0. 7314 0. 7018 0.0680 0. 9205 0.0850 0.8249 0.8028 0.7074 0.8019 0.8064 0.8470 0.7280 0.8e06 0.8738 0.7470 0.8800 o.t8;is Sacnnil. 0.4388 0.4023 0.4355 0.5881 0. 5559 0. 6265 0.6101 0.5833 0. 6363 1 0.6400> 0.8002 0. 0388 0.6460 0.5011 0.6848 0.6925 0. 6082 0. 7445 0. 7814 1.0080 0.8260 0.7877 0.7477 0.77B« 0.0370 0.8692 0.7605 0.9085 a 8051 Third. 0.4698 0.6753 0.9246 Avorago. 0.4391 0.3082 0. &370 0.4530 0.4086 0.5830 0. 5807 0. 5,'i60 0. 5145 U. 0262 0. 5721 0. 6750 0. 6376 0. 0IU3 0.7016 0.6400 ASH OnKMimATIOXS, 0. 6115 0. C670 0. 5030 0.7053 0.0554 0.7168 0.7001 0. 7380 0.7180 0. 7716 0.9680 0.9205 0.9970 0.8255 0.8028 0.7974 0.8010 0.7871 0.7974 0.7523 0.9033 0.8711 0.7523 O.0O27 0.7443 0.8372 FIrit. 0.61 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.63 0.62 1.02 0.60 0.03 0.78 0.51 1.22 0.71 0.57 0.85 1.15 0.96 0.03 1.33 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.65 0.37 0.28 0.66 1.14 0.87 0.63 0.92 0.70 0.78 0.76 0.54 0.00 Second. 0.44 0.63 0.12 0.49 Avenge. 0.61 0.44 0.43 0.47 0.51 651 1 1.00 0.00 1.05 0.65 0. 1.04 0.57 1.00 0.97 1.42 1.18 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.66 0.02 1.06 0.65 0.9B 0.68 1.48 0.64 0.70 1.46 O.'iS 0.43 0.66 0.93 0.90 0.78 0.88 0.66 0.69 0.90 0.83 0.01 1.28 1.01 1.07 0.03 1.40 1.13 0.78 Welsbt, per oiibVo root, in poundii (avurago). 25.46 38.11 40.85 44.76 ItaiDark*. Fimt *p. gr. dotennlnation made on aap-wood .... Flrat ap. gr. determination mode on 0.6 Mp-wood. AU sap-wood. Second sp. gr. detenniDattou made on 0.5 aap-wood . Second ap. gr. detenninatlon made on 0.5 atkp-wood . All aap-wood. AKanp-wood. AUeap-wood. AU aap-wood. AU aap-wood. 5il7 145 171 I9t lOK lU 1» 14t 20t Sl« 82S 407 430 76« 934 951 41S 671 1227 3221 829 82« » 20> 29* 29* 48 118> 116* 1181 152 24* 42S 631 5S» 816 1056 1097 I !i k- ■ii ;,.■ .'■*• i \\ ^tl 810 ?r\ I'JiJ! I Ji FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT SpMlM. 1 a 1 State. Kontuokj- ilo Locality. Moicor rooiily do Collector. Soil. Diameter or tree, In metera. LATRItS OF OltOWTH. Sap- wood. neart- wood. 27 ni' 01» ann asa 301 1082 1101 1105 1160 1170 M 72 2,->4 2S9 348 6 SI 88 121 288 442 638 1051 1008 1108 1S3 401 888 871 237 m» 740 917 V. M. I.innoy Jiig Shttlbark. Hottotn Shettbark. Alluvial . ,]o do ...do TruncHHco ^IiH.'^nnt-i ... . CarvA ftmnm ....do Hicb iinland Bxttfr Nut. Saamp Uiekory. Mni1 0.02 1.24 0.90 0.84 0.72 0.95 0.71 0.84 1.06 1.05 1.65 1.03 0.60 1.40 0.86 0.00 1.07 0.87 0.83 0.73 0.03 0.78 First sp. Rr. determination made on 0.r> sap-vomt 0. 8831 AIL 49' 49^ 113' 113» 113' 150 160 106 228' 228> r;28» 238 260 261 2S9> 269» 258> 403 443 547 748 74B 885 1050 1257 670 t88 1027 102« State. Florida . Califonia. Massachosetts. ...do Kentaoky ...do ...do MiBSonri ...do ...do Michigan ...do ...do Ulinois Ohio ...do Vermont ...do j Cliarlotte do I do I Sonth CnroUna | Bonnoati's Depot Virginia Wylhevillo do ...do — do I do . ...do ! do ...do !....do Locality. Saint John's river . Santa Cma . Arnold Aiborctnm . Acughnot Morcer county Boyle coanty ...do Allenton ...do ..do BigKiipids DaimTiUo Hndson W»ufcegan Pineo, Daniels & Co. Barney & Smitli Maniil'iiclnring Co. I Chaniplain valley... Collector. A. H. Cnrtiss . a. Engelmaon and C. S. Sargent Soil. Diameter of tree, in meton. Sundyloam i 0.198 Kich loam . Drift. Limestone . . . Slate Shale Kich upland . .. do ..do Gravelly Sandy Gravelly clay . Maryland — Charleatown Navy. yard. Tennessee '. Nashville C.S. Sargent E.A.Dana W.M.Linney ...do ...do G. W. Letterman — ... do ...do W.J.Beal ...do ...do Robert Douglns E. E. Barney ...do C.G.Pringle do Gravelly loam ... do do H. W. Bavenol I Rich, damp loom . H.Shriver Claj ...do I ... do Gravelly do do ... do .. do 8 n.l'ook ! 0.660 LATKB8 OF OBOWTB. Sap- Heart- wood, wood. 18 12 0.874 84 22 Clay. 0.225 Alabama Kemper's mill . Florida i Chattahoochee ...do ' do Massui lintotts ...do A. OaltinKer Rich bottom. C.Mohr Alluvial A. ll.Cuitiss , Clay do j — do M.C.Becille Korth Reading ' J. Robinson 8. n. .'ook 0.236 0.248 Charlestown Navy, yard. CsUromia \ Redding O.R.V»sey Gravelly loam ... . Oregon ..do.. ..do.. .. do.. 871 Kentnoky . »T« '....do Woidler's siiw.mlll.. ". Engelmann and { C. B. Kargeut. Portland de Portland Furniture ' do . Company. I .. do 1... do . narrodsborg ...do W.M.Linney Shale. do do . Rich 0.203 0.856 It 66 18 10 IT 83 22 48 ?4 U n THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DKY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continned. 313 BFKCmO OBATITT DRBBimiATIOKS. ABB DKTBBMDtATIOMB. Weight, per cnbio foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. 1 First Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. (0.5630 { 0.6723 0.6793 0.7165 0.7070 0.8480 0.6328 aasos 0.8MS 0.7826 0.6829 0.0006 0.6852 0.7017 0.7802 0.7672 0.0203 0.8304 0.8070 0.8091 0.7830 0. 7874 0.6648 0.7556 0.7069 ... 8056 0.7390 0.6540 0.8566 0. 7732 0.8060 0. 7072 0.8065 0.65921 0.5519) 0.6618 0.7093 0.8012 0.8461 0.5711 ' 0.6037 I O.47I 0.83 0.37 0.30 0.45 0.51 35.13 580 0.33 0.31 0.26 0.47 0. 6703 0.33 41.77 666 0.7120 0.7091 0.8290 0. 6328 0. 6305 0.6740 0.7826 0.7107 0.6006 0.6832 0. 7017 0.8314 ; 0.7672 0.0254 1 0.8304 0.8670 o.8oni 0.7011 ' 0.7(M7 0.0910 0.7550 0. 7000 0.8050 0. 7414 0.e5<10 0. 8180 0.7047 0. 8147 0.7703 0.7669 0.8439 0.34 ' 0.28 0.46 g 26 0.7065 32> 32» ae> 0.6526 0.37 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.24 0.47 0.21 0.57 0.80 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.21 0.43 0.40 0.45 1 0.30 ' 0.37 n.41 ' 0.21 ' 0.45 0.22 1 0.01 ' 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.48 0.34 0.23 40> i 40* 0.7385 40> 113' 0.7012 1I3» 113> 0.8735 0.42 0.23 0.65 150 16lf 0.6805 104 2281 ' '22S> 228* 0.7391 0.7410 0.6084 0.42 0.33 0.25 238 250 251 258> 0.30 0.37 0.40 1.37 0.45 0.47 0.34 0.33 0.20 0.30 0.37 0.47 1.51 0.37 0.40 0.33 0.86 0.24 250* 250* 0.7437 0.44 1.64 0.20 0.50 0.31 0.37 0.22 403 443 a 7704 0.7562 0.8223 0.7734 0.7584 • 547 748 ToQsh: smooth bark 740 TAk«D from beam in old coart-house at Cambridge, bnilt In 1757. 806 0.7368 1050 12&T 0.7840 0.7814 0.0540 a 7478 aea»8 0.(200 «,8T«6 0.7678 0.8426 0.7800 a 7674 0.7860 asoM 0.8706 0.28 0.88 a33 0.87 0.63 0.U 0.74 0.34 0.25 0.83 0.41 0.40 0.7470 0.«1 1 1 46.35 0.7400 0.80 46.17 0. 8120 0.7076 0.7686 0.70.14 0.20 0.33 0.30 0.66 ■ 88ft 08S 0.7704 Breah 1027 Touffh - 102* SaeoDd ao. wt. datarmlnatloii inada od 0.6 lai^wood 0.7468 0.80 48.45 0.8104 018708 o.a 0.74 91' 0.6a«p>wood 87» Hfi ^1 r'l*' m m i"f\ ill m ! 314 lill ; !; t .if' I i . ! I I !' jh- « -- « FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I —SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT SpeoioH. s 1 ; 37' IJI • 2.W 351 771 •J!).-) 417 rca 11. -0 70" 70« 703 79» 137 143 lOH 204 310 400 412 432 583 831 832 033 1071 1072 1073 424 545 702 053 12 64' 64> 64> 84S State. Lociilit.v. ColUetor. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATBR8 OP OIIOWTII. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. ■254. Quorcas obtuailob.i— continued Kc:itiii!li.v Smi'.li Ciiioliim ... MiBsouri Alalmnm Fluiiilii Jlan-odslmrc rounenii'H Uepot \V. M. Liuney H. W. Kavriicl G. \V. Letionnan... C.Moln- A.U.Ciirtisa E. I,, (iiwni- Slialc C'lav Citrijiu'lli' A8palu;;ii I'iuds Alios inoiint- airia. do 0. 244 o.?oj 0. 108 38 32 18 88 113 67 (.1 ravi'lly ban'cns . Zfij. Qui riMS iiii(Uih>tn. far. Ganibelii Acri//; Oak. Xrw il.'xit't) .... ilo Colorado Kii^clninnn's ca&ou . Saiiiiv I!ita nioiiiit- niijs. Jlfrcer ciiunt.v .do Kobert Douglas C. U. PriniiiO W.M.Limie.v do K.xliy Alluvial S56 QiiC! OIK nirtcrocarj).'* liurr Oak. llotKu cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. Kentucliv ...do ... ilo ...ilo do ...do do .. do do do Missouri .illinoiH O. W. Lettemiau... Iloberi Douglas — Waukopan Wooclsnm Mncbino Conipauv. liainry & Smith M!iiiufacturiuj;Co. Dallas Eiib . . . Ohio ...do do Texas J. Kevercbon G. W. Lettennnn C.G.Priug'.o A. Gattingor Robert Douglas Kieli, moist Alluvial 0. .528 13 120 ins.souri V'tTJUOllt Cbarlotto Clav Teniiosseo IlIiiioiB Alluvial • .. do ...do W'iimoba.ijo coimt.v ■ do Austin (' urlotti' . do M.S.Uebb...4 . do ilo Toms Vpi-niont ...1„ n.Mohr Alluvial C. G. Pringlo • ....do .. do Tcllilfj).scu Missia^ijipi Florida Tl'XIIB .. do .NasUvillo Ki'MiiM'i's mill Cliatlalioo.lMM! Matagorda ba.v Arnold Arboretum.. AUeuton... ..do 567, QiHM'cua Ivruirt A. Guttinger C. Mobr Octr-evp Oak. Swamp Pott Oak. Water While Oak. Alluvial 0.330 0. 2(10 10 20 73 70 A. II. ('urtiHH C.Mobr ...do S68, Quercns blcolor • Ma88..i:busctt» MiMonri 0. S. Sargent G.W.Lettemian.... ...do Drift .... 0.30S 8 60 Smamp nhiUOak. Alluvial . ..do ...do do ...do .. do do do MaMocbnaetts West Newbury • Low, iwampjr 0.208 S 80 I.U THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 315 ePRCIFIC GRAVITY DETKRUIXATIONH. Abll I 1 KTEI1MINATI0N8. ! 1 1 Weiffbt,per cubic foot, in pounds (iivcra;;c). Remarks. e First, Second. Thlnl. Avornjre. First. 1.56 0.79 0.40 0. 32 0.0:1 Secunil. ATorai;o. 1 1 1.50 i 0.70 0.40 0.33 0 70 e 0.8459 0.8920 0. 8322 0.7888 0.8348 0.8382 0.8080 0.7684 0. 0487 0.7070 a 7205 0.727.". 0.0420 0.8469 0.828U 0.6440 0. 0138 0.7722 0. 6183 0.8630 0. 7271 , 0. 0220 0.6642 0.6107 0.7605 0. 7740 0. 7845 0. 7.';08 0.8060 0.7802 0.8050 0.9700 t.75S2 0.8616 0.6833 0. 7114 0.8404 0. 8459 0. 8091 0. SJ'-'t 0. 770J 0. 8187 37» 0. 6882 0. 8106 0. 7616 0. 7042 0. 8502 0. 7748 0.7804 0.9052 0. 0170 0.70 0.02 0.53 0.88 151 236 351 0. 8072 1 771 52.14 0. 3367 0.8472 0. 8007 0. 778!) 0. 9270 0.79 ' 29.^ 417 1130 0. 7862 0.78 1.08 1.10 0.06 0.60 0.70 1.18 0.41 0.60 0.31 0.37 1.08 0.60 0.26 0.74 1.18 0.78 0.98 1.11 0.45 0.32 0.44 C.69 0.22 0.23 1.72 0.20 0.30 0.B8 0.98 o.n 0.70 1.37 0.60 0.79 1.23 0.95 i First sp. 1^. dctcrmioRtion made on 0.75 sap-wood . 52.39 . 0.84U7 0.7070 0. 7205 0. Y275 0.0303 0.8409 0.8278 0.6416 0. 6316 0. 7DI4 0. 6297 0. 8.-i03 0. 7271 0. B367 0. 6977 0. 6301 0.8018 0.7729 0. 79';9 0.7515 0.7453 0.99 0.06 0.66 0.70 1.18 0.89 0.76 0.32 0.40 1.06 0.60 0.27 C.76 1.82 0.74 0.96 1.15 0.40 0.30 0.40 79' 1 70» 0. 7275 0. 6300 79* 79« 0.37 0.9! 0.32 0.43 1.03 0.60 0.27 0.75 1.40 0.70 0.93 1.18 U.46 0.45 0.85 0. .16 0.23 0.18 1.44 0.28 Second growth .. 137 0. 8276 0.6383 0. 0177 0. 8166 0.6411 0.8490 J4J 108 204 - 310 400 413 432 C.0543 0 7112 0. 7076 0.8402 0.8087 0. 7024 0.7630 0.7863 0.7602 0.7040 0.9390 m 831 83? 0.8047 0.7300 0. 8018 0.7317 933 1071 1073 1073 0.71 4&45 0. 7962 0. 7052 0.7850 0.0790 0.58 0.23 0.21 1.68 424 645 762 053 0.73U 0.8038 0.6318 0.65 61.81 0.7434 0.8022 0.6833 0.7114 0.8307 0.27 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.2B 12 M' M' 64> a8iM 0.030 O.Sl BM •.7683 0.68 47,75 wi . i! ,1 (ft^ 316 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ' . T^BLK I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT mn : (I :■•} frt i V 11 i B i; \-: Species. 258. QacrcnB MicbanxU BatM Oak. Cou Oa». 200. Qnercns Frinas ChtitnutOak. Rock Chettmit Oak. m. Qnercns prinoides Teltou) Oak. Chettnut Oak. Chinqua- pin Oak. § a i S02. Qanrvns DoueImU Jfounfatn ^rhilt Oak Blue Oak. 263. Qncrcus i>b1oDg{folia Whitt Oak. "64. Qiiprcns irrigea irAi(« Oak. 26f Qnercns retionUU WO. Qner« 81» 31« 86 484 92i 28 34< 34> 34" 58 273 287 323 514 588 85S 888 dOl 700 State. Sonth CaroUn» . Alabama Florida Kentucky ■ ..do ...do ...do Tennessee . Alnbama . . Kentucky ...do .. .do ...do Missouri .. do .. do Texas Tennessee Texas Mas^acbusettg. California . do. do. Looality. Bonneau'g Depot. . Kemper's mill Cbsttahoocbee Boyle county . .. do ...do ...do Nashville Cullman Harrodsbnrg . . . Mercer coubty. Boyle county . . Mercer county.. Allentnn ...do ..do Dallas Collector. H. W. Bavenel . C.Mohr A.H.Cnrtiss... W. M. Linney. ...do .. do ...do A.Gattinger.. CMohr W. M. Linney .... ...do ...do ...do G. W. Letterman . .. do ..do J. EcTcrchon Naabville A. Gattinger. Dallas Boxronl Soil. AUuTial . ...do ..., ...do.... Shale ...do....' ...do Limestone Rooky upland. Dry.rooky Limestone Waverly sbale. TTtioa shale — Poor, billy Limestone Flinty.... Calcareous Alluvial J. Eovcrcbon do . J. Bobinson Damp . Contra Costa county, < Q. B. 7asey Clay San Diego co'inty . . .' do San Gabriel O. Engt'lmann 418 Kew Mexico j BilverCity E. L.Oreene (KM 1149 Arisona ; Santa Kita mount- ains. do do 1148 ...do . 888 1103 7M Texas . ...do. norida. ...do... ...do.. Austin. ...do.. S. H. Fook. Charlestown Navy- yard. Saint John's river. . . A. H. Cortiss Q. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent C. O. Pringle ...do C. Mobr S. B. Buckley. Dry, gravelly . ...do Dry, rocky. ...do ...do .do. Ditmp, caloweoos. ...do Band J. Diameter of tree, in meters. 0. 322 0.260 LATBB8 or OBOWTH. Sap. wood. 0.436 0.226 0.304 0.338 0.202 0.212 0.184 0.tM 22 12 84 24 Heart, wood. 10 B» 16 38 32 84 35 11'3 40 88 IS THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ut' DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 317 SPBCIFIC OBAVITT DnKBinMATIOiCB. ASn DETBB1IIXATI0H8. Weight, per cnbio foot, in pnnnds (BVeniKe). Remarks. Tint Second. Third. Averngo. Fint. SocoDd. ATerage. 0.7674 0.8253 0.8200 0.7126 0.6549 0. 7726 0.8308 0.6870 0.8550 0. 8401 0.7951 0.8712 0.0643 0.6566 0.9237 0.8248 1.0240 0.8592 0.9183 0.7652 0.0058 ( 1. 0078 ( 0. 9495 0.8420 0.9171 ' 0.9897 1. 1340 ( i 0.9430 ( 0.0762 . ( 0.8648 0.9840 t.0350 0.900S .',. 8312 0.7704 0.8000 0.7102 0.6659 0.7993 0.7070 0. 8145 0.33 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.33 0,48 0.57 0.35 0.40 0.57 0.37 50.10 0.8030 0.45 1 0.7114 0.6601 , 0.7726 , 0.8308 0.6870 I 0.8368 0.36 0.33 0.70 1.94 0.40 1.60 1.49 0.39 1.62 1.39 1.16 0.64 1.25 1.43 1.38 0.43 0.80 5 4.62 ( 2.28 0.09 1.22 2.57 1.82 0.51 C 1.71 ( 1.80 1.82 0.87 1.93 0.40 1.40 i 0.79 i 1.94 0.45 0.8185 0.8410 0.7499 0.77 46.73 0.8410 0. 7051 0.8712 0.9643 0.6346 0.8893 0.8446 L0484 0. 8671 0.9294 0.7605 1.45 1.49 0.44 1.62 1 1.32 1.24 0.01 1.17 1.46 1.30 0.43 0.49 0.6525 0.8548 0.8614 1.0728 0.8760 0.9I0U 0.7468 0.7898 1.0700 1.1500 0.8374 0.083S 1.25 1.31 0.67 1.09 1.40 1.22 0.43 0.88 4.60 4.68 1.31 1.26 3.33 1.19 0.63 0.7706 ■■ "• Second sp. gr. delermiDatlon made on up-wood . First and second sp. gr. determinations mode on All saiv wood ..... .... 0.86U5 1.14 63.63 0.8928 0.84 65.64 1.0160 1.0882 sap-wood 1.0486 0.8397 4.07 1.15 o.»r&8 0 5 SAD- wood .. 0.9441 2.61 63.84 0.9236 0.9897 1. 1143 1.24 2.95 1.26 1.0046 0.0528 0.8000 0.8690 1.0816 1.0092 1.82 62.80 0.9479 0.62 60.07 0.8775 1.0238 1.76 1.82 0.0607 1.78 68.26 1.0360 1 0.8877 0.8910 1 1.23 1.21 1.12 240 621 755 31> Sl« Jl» 33 431 925 28 M> 84> 31> 58 273 287 833 511 588 601 700 419 1143 1148 085 1103 404 7W 'i I J M f ■ I ij 1 il, I 'r 1 in :ii I i, I: 'I ii ^ \^ I: :y ■ t It }^ i 'M I! 018 FOREST TREES OB' NORTH AMERICA. Table I —SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT" Species. 287. Qaeccoi Tircnii— continacd . 288. Qnerciu cbrymlepiH Uvt Oak. Maul Oak. Tal;i)aTai*o Oak. 200. QnercDR Emoryi . BUiek Oak. 270. Qnercna agrifolla Enemo Coatt Litt OcA. 271. Qaercns WUliienl . Lite Oak. 272. QneroDsmbni BtdOak. aiaekOak. 272. Querous rubn, tor. Tezuia . HedOak. 273. Qnercna coccinM. Scarlet Oak. 174. Quprciiit tinctoria Iltaek Oak. XtUow-bark Oak. Quer- eUron Oak. TeUov Oak. B State. 010 031 674 S40 tin Alabama. Texna Oregon California . Iiooallty. Collector. Soil. Mobile county C. Hohr Uatagorda baj- do Saw-mill, Ashland.. I O. Bnitelmann and U. 8. Sargent. San Uernnrdlno W. O. Wrlgbt do Marin connly 504 M3 877 7 45> 45< 80 B2> e2< 140 141 146 107 215 216 217 218 553 860 020 1043 081 23 763 17 36< 36> Arizona. California. do. Santa Rita monnt- Marin connty . Anbam. Arnold Arboretum Mercer connty ...do AUenton Maaaacbusetts Eentncky ...do , Missouri Kentncky ' Mercer connty do do Michigan Danaville do do lUinoia . Ohio Vermont do do . do I — du . Waukegan Barney & Smith MannfacturinKCo Charlotte ...do Alabama Massachnsctta. do G. R. Vasey O. Engolmann and C. S. Sargent. Q. R. Vasey . Q. Engelmann . Rich, sandy. Sandy loam . OrsTelly. Dry, rooky. LoBCk. C. S. Sargent W. M. Linney .... ..do O. W. Letterman . W. M. Linney .... .. do W.J. Heal ...do Boliert Douglas. . . E. E. Barney CO. Pringle ...do ..do ...do Ei'mpcT's mill I C. Mohr Danvers J J. Robinson. Mississippi ' Enterprise ' C. Mohr . I Massachuaetts . . Morlh Reading J. Robinson. . . Texas . Massachusetts. Florida Massachusetts. Kentncky .. lie Austin. Bingham . Aapalaga . Arnold Arlioretum . Danville Jiinotiun . ...do C. Mohr . T. T. Bouv* . . A. II. Curtiss. C. S. Sargent .. AT. M. Linney . ...do Drift Shale ...do Rich loam . AUuvial ... Limestone . Sandy ...do Gravelly... Gravelly. , ...do .. do .. do Alluvial.. Drift Alluvial ., Drift.... Calcareous. Light, sandy . CIny Drift . Shale. .. do Diameter of tree, in meters. 0L247 0.534 0.140 LATKm or OBOV H. Sap- wood. 0.368 0.230 0.118 0.230 0.630 38 IS 15 Heart- wood. 73 07 27 20 74 . . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STA'J'ES-Coutiiiued. 319 SFKOiriO ORAVITT UBTBBIIIICATIOKB. ABH DETKBIIUIATIOXS. 1 ! iWeiKlit,p«'r j riil)lc fdot, In poiiniU (uveiuge). Remarks. 1 Flnt. Second. Third. Average. Tint. Second. Areruge. 1.27 0.98 1.14 a 0.8225 1.0090 0.7888 0.8830 0.8787 t 0.9975 ( 0.9201 0.8290 ( 0.7956 ( 0.8018 0.6381 0.5186 0.5169 0.7480 0.5899 0.7516 0.6410 0.5932 0.7481 0.6516 0.6423 0.6897 0.6669 0.6766 0.6389 0.6636 0.5244 0.7180 0.9142 0.7111 0.7667 0.7384 0.6863 0.7205 0.9330 0.9709 0.7502 0.8827 0.9033 0.9019 0.8855 0.8216 0.7788 0.7657 0.6440 0.5910 0.6251 0.8778 0.0900 1 1.25 1.00 i 0.80 0.38 0.73 ■C 1.86 ) 2.61 1.21 C 0.94 (0.96 0.14 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.37 0.07 0.25 0.14 0.93 0.11 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.31 l.SO 0.76 0.62 0.34 0.79 2.101 2.78$ 1.84 0.98 1.18 0.10 910r 954 \ 0.9501 59.21 0.7740 0.8829 0. 8910 0.71 0.34 0.76 1 574 64» 6SS 1 * 1 1 62.93 Second ap. gr. detenninatlon made on '-•p. wood 0.8493 0.60 0.9263 2.36 57.78 59. 0.82.13 1.28 51.43 06ft 0. 7855 1.02 48.95 077 • 0.6411 0.6548 0. 5710 0.7480 0.5809 0. 7613 0.6410 0. 5052 0.7498 0.6566 0.6710 0.6994 0.6768 0.6897 0.6480 0.6487 0.5424 0.6952 9.12 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.17 0.25 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.36 0.11 0.23 0.17 7 46> 45* 81> 0.47 92' 0. 7512 0. 7516 92« 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.34 a 14 0.21 0.19 0.76 0.16 0.28 0.08 140 141 0. 7514 0.6615 0.0997 0.7090 0.6867 0.7029 0.6589 0.6252 0.5604 0.6806 0.9018 0.7070 0.7762 0.7305 148 197 215 216 217 218 553 0.6573 f'JO 920 0.6820 1043 40.76 0.5 sap-wood 0.6S40 0.26 0.9080 0.85 56.69 931 0.7005 0. 7715 0.14 0.25 I 23 768 0. 7405 0.19 40.16 0.7335 0.6868 0.7205 0.U 0.21 0.31 17 86> 36» , I % M' v.. '' rv4 f a ' 1; ' ir I-. mr : , .' P. it ' I ;' ; ^ti ''if I 320 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT SpaolM. 974. Qnercai tinotoria— continued. 17S. QacrcuB Eelloggii . Stack Oak. 279. Qucrcnsnicra , Black Jack. Jack Oak. 377. QiiercuB falcato UpanUh Oak. Red Oak. a6> 41 74 86 244 247 4S7 921 628 063 20M 33» 131 245 265> 2e5< 26S< S48 State. Ki'ntaoky . Mlssoari... ...do ...do Virglula... ...do TrnucaHco . Alnliama . Oregon . ...do.. MinRoiiri.. AUbaniu . South C&rolina . Virginia ...do ...do ...do Uississlppi 278. Qucrcng Cnteabmi 342 i Alabama. Turkey Oak Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf I Slack Jack. Slack Jack. 770 Florida... 278. QiiorcuH pnlustria I'in Oak. Swatnp Spanieh Oak. Water Oak. 280. QuercusnquaticA ira(«r Oak. Duck Oak. Pouum Oak. i'lini Oak. 281. Qiiercii* lanrifolia . Laurel Oak. Quercas heterophf 11a. Sartram't Oak. 2(3. Qnercus clnerea Upland Wilbm Oak. BhuJetA. Samd Jatk 47 282 340 Sll MUsonri . ..do... Alabama . . Ti'nnesapo . 742 ; Georgia. 7M Florida. 801 ...do... U71 862 Kew Jeiaer . Alabama. Locality. Dnnvillo Junctlbn .. AUcntun ...do ...do AVytlicTllle ...do Noslivlllo Cullman Saw-mill, .\shlaud . EugcueCity Allenton . . Citronelle . Bonncnu'ii Depot. Wythevllle , Carroll county ..do ...do Kemper's mill . . . . Cottage Hill . Aapalaga Allenton. ...do.... Tnllahoma.. Bainbridge . Saint JoLn'e river . .. do , HouDt Holly . Citronall* .... Collector. BoU. W. M. Liunoy Slato O. W. Lottorman... Hilly . . . do Itiob upland . do do H.Sbrlvor ; Clay ... do ... do A. Gattinger ! do C.Mobr Sandy Diameter of tree, in metera. 0.106 G. Entrelmaon and C. S. Sargent. G.n.CoUier G. W. Letterman .... Clay . . . C.Mobr Sandy. H. W. Ravenol . H.ShriTer ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtisa . G.W. Letterman. ...do....: Cottage Hill C.Mobr A . Gattinger. . A. U. Curtis* . .do. do. 8. P. Sharpie* . CUohr Rich loom . Clay ...do Rich loam . Barren, *andy . ...do Rich, allnvial ...do Sandy loom. ...do AUutUI Sandy loam . ...do Clay Pine-barren.. 0.224 0.128 0.801 0.SSO 0.310 0.240 LATiB* or GROWTH. Sap- wood. 17 18 62 IS iS Heart- wood. 10 78 46 1« 26 U OOT ■ or TH. fleart- RTood. 16 78 48 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 321 •ricino oBAviTT DanufuiATioiis. ABU DITUUUKATIOm. Walght.par oablo foot, In pound* (•venga). Bcmnrki. 1 rint. Saoond. Third. ATOiitita. Tint. Baoond. Aranca. i 0.7740 0.7608 0.8014 0.7102 0.6070 0.7164 0.6765 0.6A22 o.eses 0.6273 0.7304 0.7309 0.6892 0. 5701 0.6613 0.7334 0.0556 0. 8052 0.6679 0.7006 0.6917 0.7480 0.7749 0. 7474 0.8014 0.7192 0. 5123 0.6876 0.6765 0.6898 0.7U45 0.6573 0.0297 ' 0.6436 0.7398 0.7251 0.18 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.44 0.14 0.85 0.60 0.18 U.33 0.06 1.41 0.27 0.27 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.85 0.00 0.66 0.92 0.46 0.82 0.35 0.48 0.93 0.19 1.27 0.18 0.16 0.31 0.28 a64 0.15 0.80 1 aes 0.28 36* 0.7352 0.14 0.10 0.18 0.63 0.16 0.87 0.70 0.21 0.30 0.92 1.82 41 0 83 lAD'Wood I Mcond nowth ....•• 74 86 0.5176 0.6586 244 247 4;i7 0.6072 0 7100 ■ 021 0.6S82 0.6322 0.7492 0.7192 0.7003 a 6780 43.90 0.20 0.32 0.26 628 968 I 40.10 0.94 1.37 268 339 0.7324 0.6948 0.6241 0.G613 0.7334 0.6350 0. 7874 0.6028 0.27 0.83 1.16 0.27 0.30 0.16 0.22 0.25 as9 46.64 181 246 2K> 263« 1 265> 0.7696 0.6786 0.7854 0.6466 0.6890 0. 7148 0.7202 0.7624 0.7076 0.7996 0.6834 0.6802 0.6^37 0.28 0.80 0.90 0.67 1.07 0.39 0.84 0.10 0.48 L41 0.14 1.16 548 0.25 48.17 1 0.6708 0.7880 0.7294 0.83 0.90 342 770 0.87 46.46 0.6691 0.7185 0.61 1. 00 0.81 47 282 0.6038 43.24 0.7167 0. 7168 0. 7143 0. 7431 0.7244 0. 7275 0.8071 0.7678 0.42 0.83 0.27 349 0.7084 511 0.7237 0.7474 0.8148 ( 0.6818 ( 0.6882 0.6302 742 All SAD* wood . 0.61 45.14 0.47 L17 756 801 0.82 47.82 0.6834 0.17 42.69 1171 0.6420 1.21 40.00 8Q2 i I" I ] h '^ B k ; '- ! i; hi 1';, ; i'. ^ m 21 FOB nr w m, i u i 16 ■' li ■ -.\l •It'- ii-^'l \\t J; i M. it ';' 'r 322 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEB CUBIC FP Specie*. 384. <)aeroai hypolene* its, Qaeroaa Imbrioaria ahingUOak. Laurel Oak. 266 Qvierons Phello* WiUov! Oak. Peach Oak. 287. Qnercna dcnaiflon , IVinliari; Oak. Chettnut Oak. Ptaeh Oak. 288. CaatanopiiB ohryaophylla !... Ohinqvapin. 289. CMtanea pamlla OMnguapin. 2W. CMtanea vnlgarla, far. AmericaDa OheHnuU 2n. Fmu feimgiiiea- 202. Oetrya Virginica Bop Hornbeam. Iron Wood. Wood. Jueter 299. Ciuiiinns Carollniona Honibeam. BtutP..eeh. Water Seeeh. Iron Wood. I 41S M» 40> 40> 40* SO 185 Bia (87 72» 578 18 258> 281' 258« 516 727 863 0 44> 44< B5« 85« 119 765 853 11 87 870 877 1047 46 78' 73" State. Kew Mexico, c Arliona Xentacky . ....do ...do Hlisoiui... ....do Tennessee . Calirornla . ...do Arkansas Haasachasette. VlTginla. ....do ....do. Tennessee FennayWanla . Maaaachusetts. ...do Kentucky ... do ...do ...do Michigan Florida Maaaachnaetts. ...do Mlsaoori Maaaachnsetta. ....do , ...do Locality. Pinoa Altos moont- aina. Sant* Blta monnt- aioa. Collector. Harrodsborg . ...do ...do Aflenton ...do Tnllahama Marin connty Mendocino conntyl. BotSpringa Arnold Arboretnm . Fancy Gap ...do ...do KaahvlUe William aport Danvers Arnold Arboretnm Mercer county ...do ...do ;. ...do DanavlUe Chattahoochee Hamilton Arnold Arboretnm . Allen ton Donrera ...do Korth Beading Missouri Allenton Kentucky ! Mercer connty. ...do ! do B, L. Oreene . Engelmai C. a Sargent O. Ejigelmann and Sari W.M.Llnney ...do ...do O. W. Letterman. ....do A.Gattinger O.B.Yasey A. Kellogg O.-W. Letterman.. C. 8. Sargent. H.Shriver..., ...do ...do A. Gattlnger.. O.O.Pringle.. J. Robinson.. C. S. Sargent. . W. M. Llnney. ...do ...do ...do W.J.Beal.... A. H. Cortlas . J.Bobinson... C.S. Sargent 6. W. Letterman. J. Soblnaon ...do ...do Sou. Dry, rooky. ...do , ntica shale . ...do ...do Klch, moist . Bioh loam.. Moist, sllloeoas. . Grayelly Sandy loam . Drift.. Moist.. ...do., ...do.. Sandy . Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.208 0.184 0.400 0.615 a666 Loam. Drift Hudson shale. ...do... ...do.... ...do..... Gravelly. ...do..... ...do.... RlTer Drift Slch loam . Kooky Sichloam.. G. W. Letterman Damp, bIIutIbI W.M.Linney... ...do Trenton limestone. ...do 0.110 0.190 0.272 0.285 0.085 0.100 LATBU Of OBOWTB. wood. 40 15 84 83 M 85 63 Hear^ wood. 85 31 36 44 U ¥ Heart- wood. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continned. 323 ;:i • ■riOIFIO OBAVITT OITBBIIIIIATIOIII. 1 Jl»U DCTIIUIIKATIOlll. Weigut,per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Kemarkt. ' lint. Second. Third. ATerago. 1 Tint. Second. Average. 1 0.7826 t 0.7774 ( 0.8208 0.7402 0.7234 0.8332 0.7517 0.7200 0.7582 0.6650 0.5520 0.5608 0.8829 0.4720 0.4716 0.4404 0.4698 0.4663 0.4613 0.6663 0.6200 0.6343 0.7993 0.7150 0. 7610 0.6807 0. 7017 0.7608 0.8919 0.8513 0.8401 0. 7818 0.7667 0.7264 0.752« 0.8304 i 0.8065 0.7052 i 1.27 1. 21 ( 1.64 ass 0.65 0.78 0.22 0.23 0.51 1.55 ass a 12 a 10 a 26 0.21 1.27 1.35) 1.42) 1.27 1.41 1.34 AU ■AP'Wood ••••••... 416 0.7785 0.7394 0.8080) 590 1 0.8000 4a 91 0. 7398 a 7234 0.8332 0. 7489 0.7248 a 33 0 65 a 79 a 28 a 21 401 40* 40* 0.7360 0.7286 a 7412 0.7004 0.6627 0.6076 0.8827 a84 a 18 a 48 1.41 50 Second growth 185 0.7529 a 48 4&93 0.7472 a 60 46.66 513 0.6627 1.49 42.55 687 O.SSsap-wood 0.5674 a 35 1 84.74 720 an a 13 0.5887 a 12 an a 26 a 31 sa69 578 0.3828 1. 4720 0.4716 0.4194 0. 4693 0.4455 0.4621 18 258> 358> 258> a 18 a 16 a 14 a 84 a 76 a 70 0 57 a 54 a 31 a 47 a 20 a 84 a 40 a 53 a55 0.51 a 76 a 80 1.84 a 21 a 17 a 12 ass a 20 a 17 a 13 a 18 516 0.4247 0.4594 0.6556 727 0.4666 868 0.4504 28.07 0.6610 0.6200 0.6343 0.7992 0. 7175 0.7112 0.6729 0.6004 a 34 a 75 a 70 a 57 a 54 a 35 a 47 a 34 0 44> Bed beech 44> White beech 55* 0.7300 0.6606 0.6560 0.6825 0.763S White beech « 65< ass 119 765 0.6870 a 38 a 87 a 67 a 66 a 51 a 39 a 80 a 79 First and second sp. frr. detenninations made on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. deternunatlon made on sap-wood. 853 I 0.6883 a 51 42.80 1 0.7622 0.8810 0.8595 0.8440 0.7842 a 36 ass a 60 ass a 45 11 87 0.8402 0.829C 0.7940 0.7711 0.8870 0.8534 0.7768 870 877 1047 ' 0.8284 a 50 51. G2 0.7684 0.7264 0.7515 a 78 a 80 1.34 46 73' 0.7504 7S» i ti; I ill If (if;! • t''l I - *% .-1 :.:■! -' (! V'?' iU; ilk ■ (I yi'': ' P' l'\*'^, 1,1 324 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT bpeolM. 1 State. LooaUtr. CoUeotor. SoiL Diameter of tree, in metera. ... LAxsRs or GROWTH. wood. Heart- wood. SM. Carpiuub CRroliBiana— continued 1 77 872 1038 10 848 223 224 225 722 836 MO 1065 1066 1067 528 620 155 230> 230' 843 1068 1060 1070 130 398 841 842 1184 4 221 844 Misaoari G. W. Lcttennan.... ^, Robinson Rich, alluvial Low, rich 0.052 22 Magaaalinaetts ....do DaiiTota ....do do BETULACEJE. ...do Arnold Arboietnm . . C.&Sargent Drift 0.170 0.190 10 18 26 S3 WhUeliiroh. OldJiM Sirch. Gray ...do Charlotte C.G.Pringle ...do Giavelly Canoe Areh. WhiU BWtk. Paper Birth. ...do ..do ... do ....do ... do ... do ...,do Mlaaoula Sereno Watson T. Soblnaou Wet Mossacbusetts Alaska Townaend 0.234 a 188 26 57 ChUcoot inlet Charlotte Paul Schultze Vermont C. G. Pringle ...do do ....do ... do ....do do 3K, Bfltnla ocfildontaliA Colorado Engelmann'a oaflon. Strawberry vaB -y . . Charlotte Kobert Douglaa G. Engelmonn and C. S. Sargent C.O.Pringle ...do Wet,sandy BlaekBifek. California yermont Wet, peaty 197. Betulalnt 848 1061 1069 1070 0.676 sap-wood.. . 0.7200 0.6293 0.6472 0.6543 0. 5721 0.5508 0.6759 0.6075 0.6836 0.7604 0.6M6 asiao ■ 0.7080 0.6578 0.6256 0.6382 0.25 0.25 0.22 aar 0.81 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.20 0.32 O.SS 0.81 40.84 0.6666 0.5631 0.5827 0.3086 0.5793 0.31 0.29 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.85 IM 191 841 842 All san-wood 0.6811 0 5965 0.6088 • , IIM 0.5763 0.7870 0.7145 0.8118 8S.91 0.18 0.29 0.80 t 221 CM 0.8109 a 7617 6.20 47.47 t;;. :: f i ' li ill If -;:ii w - k m ,■■■+ "■■ ,. = m ■ •\m<\ Wgljgj ) J: mmii ' '^ 'mi: ■' r I 1) . u Si 11 326 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC 700T }^_ i: species. 1 s S State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Dii'meter of tree, in meters. LATEBS OF OBOWTII. wood. Heart- wood. 300 Alniu mftritima 809 810 067 001 1025 717 070 604 641 611 374 862 232 856 884 908 Bll 600 1219 640 981 889 1174 »5S T)elaware Adgor'smiU •W.M.Conby ....do Moist, sandy loam. ...do 0.108 25 Seaside Alder. ... do Alaska Sitka Poul Schaltze Alder. Wnsbiogton ter- ritory. Oregon Pnyallnp Portland Fumitare Company. Missoula G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. 309 Alnna rliombifolla Sereno Watson C.&Sargent W a. Wriitht Wet Alder. Drain Moist loam -•....■ 303. AlnuaobloDfflfoUa ■ California. San Bernardino Stockton Altomaha river HinealniTgh Aider. " C.Mohr Wet BUxek Alder. Smooth Alder. A.H.Curtiss C.G-.Pringle 0.108 38 805 Alnna f nciina Wet loam Speetled Alder. Hoary Alder. Blaek Alder. Massaohnsetts — ....do SALIOACEJt. 806. Sallxnlirra ■ C.G.Pringle J. Robinaon BUtekWUlow. Massachusetts — Utah Topsfli'Id Alluriol 0.202 12 50 307. Salii amygdelolde* Salt Lake City CaDon City M. K. Jones E. Weston Clav WiUow'. " Colorado ... do do 308. Saliz Invlgata California Santa Cruz Q. Bngelraann and C. S. Sargent. Moist sondv .. WiUow. 300. Sallx iRsiandm ....do ....do ....do.... Strawberry valley . . Portland WiUow. 300. Salix laaiondra, var. UnclfoUa O. Engelmann and C. 8. Sargent. F.Skinner Moist, rich Oregon AUnvial 300. Sullx iMlandni, var. Fendleriiua ni»h City Creek caBon... Bookford 310. Bitllx longifolia niinoii M. S. Bebb 0.120 4 11 Sand-bar WiUow. 310. Sallz lonKlfolU, var. exlgna Texas Matagorda bay C. Mohr Moist saline THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 327 BPBCIFIO OBAVITT DETBBMDCATIONS. 1 A8H DETBBUINATIOKg. Weight, per onbio foot, in pounds (average). Bemarka. \ First. Seoond. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. a 0.4988 0.4923 0.4922 0.4855 0.4829 t 0.4556 ) 0.4427:' 0.4172 i 0.4138 0.4714 P. 4573 1 0.4029 0.4960 0.4327 0.4790 1 0.4580 0.4680 0.4612 0. 4016 0 4810 0.450'> 0.5063 0.4676 '0.4901 0 6221 0.5186 0.4889 0.4851 0.4847 0.4565 0.3722 0.4183 0.3823 0.4635 0.4738 0.4842 0.4643 0.4102 0.4621 0.6087 0.4906 0.34 0.37 0.3i> 0.59 0.36 C 0.30 ( n.43 0.19 0.42 0.32 0.47 0.47 0.38 0.62 0.65 0.55 ! ^-^ ( 1.8b 0.56 0.60 0.61 1.00 0.53 0.46 1.03 0.35 0.47 0.40 0.40 0.28 0.45) 0.30) 0.26 0.48 0 34 0.35 0.42 800 810 ' 0.4996 0.30 81.13 0.4887 0.48S6 0.4697 0.4813 0.39 0.64 0.32 967 991 1025 0.3604 Finrt gp. RT. deterrotnavion made on sap-wood ; seoond sp. gr. determinntion made on 0.5 iiiip-\<'ood. 0.42 20.90 0.4077 0.4178 0.39 0.22 717 979 0. 4127 0.3081 0.31 25.72 0.42 24.81 694 0.4675 0.4656 n u 641 0 39 ' n m 611 0.38 0.4666 20.08 0.4436 0.4778 n tA. ST4 0.4732 28.71 862 0.70 0.71 0.80 0.91 1.08) 0.60 0.60 0.73 0.72 0.58 0.40 1.00 0.4607 0.42 0.421S 0.4690, 0.71 0.68 232 0.4676 First and second sp. gr. determinations made on 0.66 sA^-wood ; 855 0.4456 0.7C 27.77 0.4530 0.44S8 0.72 1.11 884 0.4448 0.4201 0.4828 0. 4702 0.4536 0.4573 0.4619 0.4959 o.osy 908 i 911 0.4509 0.92 ase 28.10 0.4872 80.36 690 0.4750 0.60 20.04 1210 0. J319 0.4675 0.67 0.91 0.70 640 0.4080 081 0.4547 2P.84 0.4598 0.66 28.65 880 0.4980 0.48 30.72 1174 0.5483 0.6843 1 1.06 33.20 056 f m \:V'.. vn- I'll m\ ;! ,LI a.lNIIP^^W^^^i^l^^liPB ^mmmmm ■■■ !:i 328 Speoiea. 311. Solix seaaiUfolia . nt. Salix discolor Gtaucotu WiBovi. 31S. SalixflaTewens. 313. Sallx fiaTesoens, var. SconleriaiUk. Jnack Willow. lU. Salix Hookoiiana . SIS. Snllx ccnlaU, var. TesUta . Diamond WiUow. SIS. Salix lasiolepia . WUlow. 317. Salix SitclienaU . SiU-y Willoti). lis. Populua tremuloidM Atptn. Quaking Atp. IM. PopnlDa Rrandldentate . no. PopnluaJicterophyUa FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT lirtr Cottonviood. Swamp OoUttMood. 1143 8S» 1225 Ml 721 972 1175 1180 1161 272 > 272« 272» ill 1036 157 S47 Stete. Oreeon . Mauaolinsetts. New York . New .Mexico . Montana Utah Washington terri- tory. Orpgon , Nebraska . Iowa Locality. Mouth uf Willam- ette river. TopsBold.. Ellenburg . Finns Altoa mount- ains. Patteo's cafion, Mis- soula. City Creek collon . . . Seattle. Winchester bay . BrownsN-ille . SlonxCtty.. California Santa Cmi Oregon Saurio's Island Collector. Jos. Howells. J. Robinson . J. n. Sears.. E. L. Greene . S. Watson . . . M. £. Jones ■ . SoU. Diameter of tree, in meters. AUuTial . Loam. ..do. Rich, moist Moist, gravelly . G. Enjrelmann and C. S. Sargent. .do . R. W. Furuaa . W.O. Wright.. Colorado. ...do.... ...do... Vermont. Maasacbusetts. Vermont Masaachusetta. 523 564 I SSI. Ponulus balsamifera ; 16t Bttliam. latamaluu. BaXmatOilMd. I tai Tenneaaee . Alabama... Alpine ...do ...do Charlotte . O. En);elmiiun and C. S. Sargent. Jos. Howells . T. S.Brandegee.. ...do ...do Moist, sandy. Sandy saline . AUnvial . ...do... Sandy loam . AUuvial . Damp . ...do. ...do. O.O. Pringle Moist Danvon J, Robiniton Charlotte . Danvora . . Gravelly. C. O. Prlnglo . J. Robinson . . Sandy loam . Gravelly — NashviUe. Stockton.. A. Gattinger Alluvial . O.Mohr do .... Vermont Sbelbame i O.O. Pringle. Alaaka Cbllooot inlet ; PanlSchaltk^. Sandy loam . lUnvlal... 0.001 0.0S0 0.160 0.148 0.117 0.128 LATBBaor OBOwin. Sap- I Hoart- wood. wood. 13 23 IS 0.137 JT 0.220 41 10 11 14 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 329 BPBCIFIC OKAVITT DKTEBMIHATIONB. ASH OETIBiaMATIOm. onbfo foot, in pounds (■Tersge). Itomarks. 1 1 FinL Second. Third. Average. irirat. Second. Arerage. 0.4326 0.4930 ( 0.4434 0.8074 0.4912 ■ 0.5234 0.4923 0.6320 0.6471 0.6750 0.6303 0.6704 0;6011 0.3786 0.8570 0.3569 0.4880 ( 0.4184 I 0.4227 0. 6110 0. 4206 o.uat 0.4116 0.3624 0.3848 0.4645 0.4184) 0.4643> 0.4319 0.4397 0.49 0.48 0.36 0.79 0.36 0.67 0.43 0.33 0.49 C.72 1.01 0.67 0.76 0.72 0.50 0.49 0.37 0.68 0.42 0.72 0.34 0.32 0.44 0.71 0.96 0.62 0.60 27.40 1143 1 0.4648 0.3974 0.40 0.37 859 i 1826 0.5081 0.4953 0.4707 0.5504 0.5229 0.6683 0.6450 0.5323 0.6133 0.4261 0.48 26.65 0.4997 0.5004 0. 4816 0.74 0.39 0.70 641 721 888 0.4969 0.61 30.97 0.6412 0.30 33.73 973 0.5350 0.32 33.34 966 0. 6716 0.6422 0.47 0.72 1176 1180 0.5734 a 6069 0.60 37.82 0.8587 0.5072 0.98 0.50 34.82 31.01 669 1161 All sap-wood 0.3786 0. 3579 0.3569 0. 4951 0.4278 0.76 0.72 272 » 272" All sap-wood 272 • 0.6021 0.4266 0.4446) • 0.4872 0.4416 0.4113 0.4106 0.3404 0.3768 0.31 0.43 0.31 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.70 0.90 0.72 0.40 0.31 0.41 '■ 411 1035 0.4032 0.66 25.13 0.4996 0.4268 0.4632 0.43 0.46 157 0.4182 0.46 0.74 0.90 1.12 0.80 847 0.46 28.87 0.4068 0.4110 0.72 0.00 622 664 0.4080 0.81 2S.48 0.3464 0.3806 0.92 0.40 159 061 0.8686 0.66 22.05 ' ii.i . n rr ; JJ I" > : - if •■!' ^ I I !1^ ^i: ■ 11 1 330 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPEOIPIO GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATRBS OF OBOWTU. wood. Heart- wood. 421. Fopuliis bnlaaniUbra, var. oondicana . . . 1054 662 1012 1028 109 234 256 804 809 754 669 640 679 634 662 101 379 782 783 790 792 796 874 1099 1017 1021 880 860 651 852 MMsaohuBetts . . . . J. BoblnFon Bobert Douglas F. Skiuiior 0.203 0.098 11 10 19 11 Himlton Springi Saint John's Barrel rni'tory, Portland. Portlnnd I''iiruitat« Company. Bnmoy and Smith ManufactiiTingCo. Charlotte AUenton do Sandy loam lllaek Cottontcood. S25. PoDulua tricbocama Oregon . . . ...... lUackColtonuiood. BtU$am Cottonwood. G. EuKi-linann and C. S. Sargent. fi. E. Bamev 324. PopuluR monilit'era Ohio Cottonwood. IfeeOaet Pofiar. Ctoro- Una Poplar. Big CoWmwood. Vemioot ......... C.G. Pi ingle O.W.Lettermon.... ....,lo Alluvial Missouri..... .. do ....do ....do .'-.. Dalloa Chattabooobee Sacramento valley . . San Bernardino Sawmill, Straw- berry valley. ....do 0.806 0.250 0.444 6 20 10 69 10 Florida A. H. Curtiss ....do 325. Populua FremontU CnlifomlA G. K. Vasoy ... do Cottonwood. 825. Populus Fremontll, ran Wiallcenl Cottonwood. Whit* Cottonwood. CONIFBR.E. 820. Libowdrus decurrenB .. do W.G. Wright O. Engelmann and C.S.Sargent, ....do . do Whitt Cedar. Battard Cedar. Pott ....do ....do Saw-mill, San Ber. nardlnomonn tains. Monkton Vr. G.Wright tSn. Tbnva occidentalls White Cedar. Arhor.vitm. VermODt C.G.Pringle do Cold neatv ....do do ... do New BruDBwlok . . Intercolonial rail. way. Ed. Sinclair ...do ProTinoe of Quebec ....do A.Grant Grand Trnnk rail, way. ....do Maine Uattawamkeac Eau Claire a 172 19 71 Wiaoonain ■ H.C.Putnam G. Engelmann and C. & Sargent ..do Drift 79i. Thayaffigantea Weidler'a saw-mlU, Portland. Portland Furniture Company. Cottage HIU Beverly ....do Red Cedar. Oano4 OWor. ....do SS9. ChamiecTparis apluBroldea Alabama Massachuaetta ....do ...do C.Mohr Sandy, wet 0.298 7 20 WhU* dedaf. ....do ....do ....do ....do do 19 11 59 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. •OP DRY 3PB0IMEN8 OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 831 BTKIinC QHAVITT BBTBBlUHATIOKg. Aan DITBBin«ATI0R8. cobro foot, In ponnda (average). Remarka. 1 T\nt. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. i 0.3059 0. 3942 0. 3611 0.4163 0.3817 0.8038 0.8815 0.3201 0.4706 0.4355 0.S490 0.4827 0.3891 0. 3428 0.4580 0.3048 0. 2847 0.3284 0. 3163 0. 8016 0.8452 0.8108 0.8684 0. 3121 0.8996 0.8460 0.3337 0. 8105 0.8038 0.2990 0.4222 0.3881 0.3656 0. 3937 0.3S46 0.3302 0.3444 0. 3231 0.4778 0.4632 0.4655 0. 4176 0.3830 0. 3769 0.4506 0.3021 0. 2870 0. 3276 0.3275 0.3007 0.2880 0.310* o:852B 0.3232 0. 4178 0.8551 0.3447 0.3644 0.3086 0.3091 0.4301 0. 4101 0.48 0.62 1.47 1.56 1.34 0.68 1.18 0.83 1.09 0.69 0.77 1.17 0.03 0.13 0.08 0.20 0.20 0.49 0.39 0.20 0.36 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.12 0.24 i i ' 0.»4 1 0.17 i 0.18 0.11 0.43 0.76 0.87 1.18 1.43 0.94 0.92 0.79 0.96 0.60 0.46 25.93 i Cultivated. First and seoond ap. gr. determinations made on aap'Wuod. 1054 0.3912 0.79 24.38 55" 0.8567 0.3578 0.4050 1.17 1.37 Third flD. ffr. determination made on aan- wood lOP 1028 0.-8814 1.27 23.77 0.3882 ! 0.3621 0.3380 0.3216 0.4742 0.4404 ! I 1.39 0.81 1.06 0.81 1.03 0.05 199 234 256 I 304 809 764 0.4507 0.4860 0.3889 j 0.9« 24.24 0.4014 ' 0.77 80.62 669 1.00 0.04 0.17 0.05 0.25 0.29 0.61 0.44 0.31 0.44 0.37 0.34 0.38 0.14 0.19 0.90 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.4621 : 1.18 28.80 646 0.3861 0.8599 0.4591 0.04 0.15 0.06 634 662 0.4017 i 0.08 25.03 0.3035 0. 2859 0.3280 0. 3237 0.3U12 0.3166 0.3106 0.3603 0. 3177 0.27 0.29 0.50 0.42 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.87 0.38 0.37 0.13 0.22 104 370 782 0.8272 783 i L.,... 790 1 702 796 0.8097 874 1099 0.3164 19.72 0.4087 0.3506 1 1017 1021 • 0.3796 ft 17 23.06 0.8392 0. 3277 0.3085 0.3536 0.82 0.16 0.12 0.12 I 350 0.3061 0.3182 0.4627 850 851 853 0.3322 ftSS 30.70 I ill Hi' P^ V' i !■■; i •-' 332 FORES'r TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Bpcole*. no. ChunieoypoTi* Nutknenili r«{(oii> Oyprtu. Sitka OypriM. 331. Chamocypiiris Lawsonlans Port Or/ord Cedar. Oregon Cedar. TTAtto Cedar. Laviotfi Ofpreu. Oinger Pint. 332. Cnnrrgsnaniaoroosrpa. Monterey Oyprai. 383. Cnpreasua OoTenlona . S3t. Copresans Gaadalapcnaia . IS(. Jiinippnia Califomloa Juniper. 330. Juniperua Californloa, var. ITtahenala . . Jnnipar. (37. jDnipema pachyphloM . Juniper. . Jnnipenis oocidentalia Juniper. Junipema ocoidtntalia, var. monoaperms Juniper. Janipema oceidentalla, tar. coqjagena. . Juniper. ttfl. Jnniperaa Tlrgfoiana . Red Cedar. Savin. M» 083 9M 1000 701 707 e7S 691 1100 708 IMS 1220 887 S55 S82 State. Alaaka Britiah Columbia AlaakB ...do Oregon . ...do... 624 420 527 030 UOS 14 327 734 800 837 024 loss CaliforuU ...do. ....do. Eastern Arizona . Looalltf. Sitka Saw-mill, Victoria . Peril strait Weidlor's aaw-mlll, Portland, Oregon. Dean & Co. 'a aaw- mlll, MaraUleld. ...do Monterey . Harin county. Calistoga Arizona . California Utah Sun Francisco mount- ains. Santa (.'atnlina monntoina. San Bernardino connty. Lewiaton . New Ueztco. Arizona ...do California . New Mexico. Colorado Tezaa . ...do.. Maasaohuaetta. . Texas Florida ...do Maaaachnaetta.. Florida Maaaaohaaetta.. Silver City Sanii Kita mount- ains, -..do Oolleotor. FaoISohultte G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent FaulSohuTtzo O. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Sou. .do. .do. .do. Q-RVaaey.. ■W.F. Fisher. E. L. Greene . C.G.Fringle. ...do M. £. .Tones . E. L. Greene. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Yreka ploioa . Silver City Maniton Springs. . . . Austin . ...do... Arnold Arboretum Dallaa Chattahoochee Saint John'a river . Danvers Chattahoochee Topsfleld do. E. L. Greene.... Bobert Douglas. C. Mohr 8. B. Buckley . Gravelly loam . Dryridgea. ...do Rocky. ...do.. Gravelly. ...do.... Stony.... Gravelly. ...do.... .do. Stony.... Gravelly. Limestone . ...do C. 8. Sargent . J. Bererchon. A. Q. Cortias. ...do J. Bobinaon . . C. Mohr J. Bobinaon ... Drift Caloareona . ...do Sandy loam . Drift AUuTial .... Drift Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.283 0.234 0.072 0.175 0.134 0.230 0.484 0.208 LATMS or OROWTH. Sap. wood. 05 55 22 23 10 16 IS Heart- wood. 12 64 28 40 66 ST THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DRY SPBOIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 333 ■FXOIFIC QBAVITT DBTBB1U1IATI0I(B. ASII DBTKBHUIATIOMS. Weight, per cablo foot, in poonda (average). Bemarka. 1 FIrat. Second. Third. Average. First Sooond. Average. 0.4011 0.4987 0.8386 0.4555 0.43S6 0.4380 0.6260 0.4492 0.4620 0.4648 0.4826 0.6309 0.6504 0.5744 0.5085 0.6186 0.8724 0.7329 0.6768 0.4484 a 6010 0.5160 0.4686 0.4487 0.6259 0.6263 0.4733 0.4010 0.4643 0.5272 0.6255 0.5539 0.6065 0.56101 0.5321) 0.6807 0.7440 0.6035 0.6967 0.6840 0.6045 0.4403 0.6310 0.4727 0.4603 0.4705 0.4037 0.4248 0.4900 0.8261 0.4621 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.3ft 0.07 0.08 0.55 0.41 0.54 0.43 0.41 0.77 0.47 0.11 ( 0.07 ( 0.08 0.12 0.68 0.89 0.48 0.39 0.15 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.00 a 37 0.34 0.34 ; 0.32 0.34 : 0.33 0. 30 0. 38 004 1000 0.4782 0.12 0.34 28.80 0.4422 0.4819 0.10 .... 701 0. 00 0. 00 1 0.50 O.U.'i 0.4021 0.10 28.80 0.6261 0.67 30.02 078 0.4613 0.4765 0.38 001 0. 47 0. 51 1100 0.4617 AUsaU'Wood . ..■■.. 0.4689 0.38 0.51 0.73 0.61 0.16 0.00.S 0.12 0.68 0.86 0.4" 0:83 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.08 0.14 0.12 0.08 0.46 29.22 0.4636 0.5040 0.41 0.46 - , -_ 7')p 1140 . 0.4843 0.44 0.75 0.40 0.14 0.08 30.18 0.0282 39.18 1229 0.8 Bap-wood 0. 5522 34.41 887 0.6356 0. 5302 5»2 692 0.6820 0. 11 36.32 0.8705 0.12 35.03 024 0.7385 0.6852 0.68 0.88 420 r."7 0.7110 0.78 44.86 0.6067 0.6846 0.46 0.46 039 llOi 0.6750 0. 5112 0.4585 0.:-456 0.4901 0.4804 0.4838 0.6290 0.6948 0.6907 0.46 43.04 0.6079 0.4538 0.S433 0. 4814 0.4748 0. 4761 0.5111 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.08 14 327 734 800 837 0.5633 t 0.4733 0.4740 0. 5107 024 1055 0.4020 0.13 30.70 '■ I n » rn i 91 II- Vj.- ¥ i\ i'i li^ ' :.f ; : ^f ^ "1 11 v; 334 FOREST TKKES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tadlb I.— SIMH^IFUl (JUAVITY, A8II, AND WKIimT PKR OUIUC FOOT' H|ii>i'U'ii, 1 AHA A4} M.1 A«l AKl 741 WM> »(»4» IK1,1 itia vm lau (IA7 «M A70 710 711" 711' ■713 71S 7U 716 r» 30} an «S1 1 1(14 JOS r>3 777, HtnlK. l.ocHllty, Collrotor. 8oU. Alluvial Dlanielrr of Ifl'll, til nii'toni. I.AIINR or niiowTii. Hap. Heart- wood, wowl, 'MO, TitxiNlluni dt iMvliiini AInbiim* . . Slm^kton C. Molir JtaM (Vt>*'M< mark (Vlirnf. AVil 0M« (\fpr*t». .. ,lo Ulli&<;u.,iinwiiilll. ...,i|o , . do . . . do ....do ... do ... do Utllo Honk O. W. Lrtteriimu ... ...do ..do • ...Ho ...do ...do FlorhU CliuttiiliooohiMt A, lI.CiirtiM 0.AI4 AS ago l>ei)iirliMeiit of Ag- rlenltiire. ... do HtoikloH C.Molir Allnvlal do . . do Pnyim I.« llnHcry . . Tnliiro ooHiK.v u> . do Alluvial 0»llft>nili» .. lUi 0. KtiBolinnnn and (•.8.t»»rgi'nt. . ,|o /Jl'jJ iSw, .. do .tl3 4<n>Tir«liii ^trrgnn 0. Knizi'lniaiin nud C. S.l^irgi'nt. Moist, rich 0.370 8 4A 344. Tmcu* FloridMM Flat Creek Tut. S4.V Tortvvi* tavifolU do Chiit(«liooehe« ....do C. 8. Sariicnt A. H. CnrllsH Alluvial ■Sti'nh'iij; (Vift7r, jitirin. ....do ClUifornU MMuMchniit 0.50 0.51 0.30 ( 0.54 ( 0.41 0.50 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.00 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.22 0.20 1.08 0.25 1.27 0.11 0.13 0.22 0.23 0.18 Hwiond. Aventjis. i 0. 4442 0. 4800 II. 5224 0.4545 0.0081 0.40S4 0. 2010 U. 2304 0.8050 0. 8705 0.5022 0.4380 0. 8750 0. 4057 0.4804 0.32021 0.8280 0. 2523 0.8005 0. 4281 0.4444 0.4502 0.2082 0. 3012 0. 4714 0.5181 0.0553 0.40 0,81 0.52 0.45 0.20 0.80 0.42 0.88 0.50 0.42 0.82 0.82 tSft 64» 54S 581 583 741 niiiok oviirnH 0. 0808 Wlilt<» oyproM Mr* woort lliitt of kfidn 804' 894* Tod of knofl . 0. 4072 0, 8805 0. 4540 0. 48111 0.44 0.50 0.62 0.87 Friini opiKMlto iildiMi of cfiiitvr of trim noit to heart. . Next oil t«ld« of |irOG04lliiK >Onetrm. do OiitHldfi of truo [ 92a 0.50 0.68 0.07 0.61/ 0.88 0.64 0.28 0.10 0.0482 Ontaldu wood ( Olio trcoi White oyprvM < Iloart-wood > ( 1212 1213 121i 0.4543 0. 8240 0. 2524 0. 2882 0.42 27.68 0.44 0.57 0.50 657 666 All SAII-WOOll .... 18.20 0. 8877 0.4202 0.4204 0. 4737 0.200U 0.3011 0. 4070 0. 5004 0.4808 O.IT 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.22 0.21 67S 710 711' 711* 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.18 0.22 0.22 1.88 0.21 •1.40 0.10 0.17 0.20 0.21 (1.12 712 713 714 715 0.6230 26.22 89.83 0.0801 0.0340 078 89.51 305 0.53e» 0.4447 0.4006 0. 4100 0.3450 0.8418 0.6401 0. 8850 0.3140 0. 5702 0.4D88 1.23 0.23 62 277 C M45 0.78 82.06 0.4760 1.84 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.15 0.26 20.66 651 0.4020 0. 3470 0.3400 0.5070 0. 8770 0. 8373 1 164 208 222 723 0.23 0.30 1 777 m if ~ '/ ijr ■ R i' I' (■1 "s t I 1 ■ '■" 1^^ -- •■ - - -« f ■ r 44 til -■-'-'■ ■ '■ ■r -i 1f"it BjB ' ♦ ^ »Ji^ ! , "( r! ^i]'-' i ' 3 1 I % - 336 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tadlb I— specific QltAVlTY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT 8pMl«a. M7. I'lnui Htrobun— ooatinntd . 1M8. IMimR niontlroU . irAi(« IHn*. Mil, IMiiiiii I.nniliorllMi* . i 3A0. I'iniM llcxtlia sni. I'iniiH nibicsiilta . »7ii« Vint. 353. IMduh rurrvnn* l\Htm. .V«< I'in*. 788 788 7»7 »7» »I17 038 008 730 81B 813 ma 507 602 601 600 Htnlo. New llruimwlvk . I'rnvliioo Murai'liiiiiettit HiitlahCulunilitn . Uregou raltrdrnln. ...do ....do. Colonulo. Nevada... British Colunililn Arizoua Now Mo&tco, Arizona ... . Looallty. Ilrldgot^iii AniquI — ItMMllUit . IIiintliiK'n HAW. mill, llinrHril liilot. Uaacado iuoiuiIaIdr Haw.inlll, Straw, borry valley. LoMoii's peak . ForiwtClt.T.... Monitor mngo Colleotor. Bd. SInoliilr A.tirant ... B«U. Umnk Trunk rail way. J.Uobluaou Drift. (). RnKolniiinn and C. S. HarKont. 0. H. Hargent O. Rnitolniann wid C. 8.nar)(«nt. G.R Vaaoy Hotatloam. Siorra liUmlier Com. pnny, 8au Fran, oiaco. T. S. HrawU'geo A. Triple :t.'t4. I'iiiiin combroidrs 12°J0 Kut l\nt. :i.'w. Pinna cdulis l\Hon. A'tttiNiM. 3J0. Pinna monimhy 11a... i*iAon. A lit Pin*. 857. Pinna Balfonriaoa . 357. Pinna Balibutiana. ear. sristat* . Foxtail Pine. Oiekory IHn*. 358. Pinua reaiuoM JUd Pine. Jforteay Pine. ;i97 S2:i 882 881 too SIS 577 631 821 814 C'aliAirola. Arituna . Colorado . Eaatom Arliona. Utah Silver Monntnin vnl- loy, I''riiBi>r river. Siinta Itltu mount- aina. PinoR AltoH mount- iilns. Sautu Kit a mount- aluf. Sap DIugo oouuty. . Santa <'i>.tilina mountain'^ CaOon City . San Frsnoisoo mount- aina. Lowiaton Eaatem Ariiona. . San Franoiaoo mount- ains. California. Nevada .... California . Colorado. Nevada . . 184 I Michigan . Danville . Scott mouDtaina . ForeatCity Prospect mountain . Q. Rnuelniaun and ('. H. Saritent. ...do K. h. Greene - O. Bngehnann and C. S. Sargent. a. K. Vaaey . . C.O.Pringle. £. Weston - . . K. L. Dreenu . M. £. Jones . . B.L. Greene . Department of Ag- noultnro. A. Triple O. Bngehnann and C. S. Sargent. T. S. Uiandegee. A. Triple Barney & Smith I K. R. Bai uey . IIanufacturinv;Co. Omvelly. ...do... Kocky. Gravelly . ...do.. Kocky. Gnvelly. Rocky. Kooky. Lhuneter oftrae, In mrtont. 0.315 0.502 0.484 0.284 LATIMOr oiowm. Bap- wood. 15 38 50 0.104 0.308 0.450 IS 76 44 BmH- wood. 18 120 100 7S 308 138 1« 100 70 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DRY HPPCTMENS OF TDK WOODS OF THF UNITED STATES— Coiitinuojl. 007 00 t m'Koivic anAviTY oktibminatioiiii. First. 0.8001 0. 8024 0.800S 0.8003 0. 4201 0.8084 0.4000 0. 8782 0. 3IS3 0.4065 0.420S 0. 4238 0. 4720 0. 40X0 0.4869 0. 5028 0. 6005 0. S8i;i O.UOOO 0. 4400 0.0140 0. 571,'i 0. SS85 0. 6134 0.6680 0.4007 0. OUO 0. 4872 Bccnnil. ThInI 0.8070 0.8403 0.8725 0. 8613 0. 4102 0.3664 0. 4014 0.3880 0. 3201 0. 40H1 0.4007 0.6263 0. 4001 0. 4000 0. 6721 0. 0330 0. ittm 0. 4844 0. 7017 0. 5230 0.5319 0.4838 0. 34)18 0. 4620 0. 6062 j 0. 4847 ! 0. 6400 0. 6273 0. .'>47a 0.4671 A vrrn^o. 0.8080 0. 3543 0.UHI6 0. ;i485 0. 3854 0. 4197 0.30M) (1. 30U8 0.4040 (). 3H36 0.3177 0.3684 0. 4.107 0. 42U0 0.4358 0.4105 0.4071 0. 4783 0.4877 0. 6075 0. ( 612 0. 0388 0. 67S1 0. 4.172 0. 0878 0. 6-173 0. 6.185 0.6608 0.5431 0.4000 0. 0140 0.6572 0.4856 22 FOB AMI 1) l-lrnt. RTKItUINA'l lOM. AvornRo. 0.20 0.10 0.81 0.13 0.10 0.27 0.18 0.23 0.17 0.27 0. 23 0.22 0.20 0.85 0.28 W^'l^l^t,^le^ nlhlr luni, III pOllllllH (uvi'iaKi'). Itamarks. 1 a 'J 0. 20 788 0. 10 0.10 0.22 0. 13 U.28 0. 21 0.10 0. 26 0. 24 0.20 780 0. 21 707 0. 10 1044 24.02 0.20 075 0 15 CiltntA 800 fraf rlrTktl'i 887 0. 17 24.36 638 0 ''O 668 0 1!2 730 0.20 0 35 22. OS Si'nniiil up. ut. (Iptorminttionmnileon up-wood. Cat at elevation of 10,000 t'oct. Alliiap.wooil 819 013 0.23 0. 21 1 0. 20 ) 0.27 27. 16 26.00 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.28 0.20 0.64 0.00 003 ^ 0. 24 \ 0. 27 0.30 FInit ap. gr. determinntlon mado on aap-wood i 607 •03 001 0.64 30.30 35.87 40.58 30.81 em 0.88 0.02 0.08 II. 05 0.77 0.72 0.70 1226 0. .17 0.02 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.83 0.41 0.68 0.40 0.18 0.42 307 0.78 823 0.07 883 0.72 0. HO ftcooud sp. i;r. npccimen waa vor; realnoaa 891 000 0.41 915 ( 0.41 0.411 0. 42 ) 0.18 85.20 33.80 677 ( 0.38 0.18 631 821 0.42 014 0.18 0.23 0.30 0.20 34 72 104 i k i ii!' ( K : IfT m ii i>.f 333 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. taulk 1.— specific gravity, ash, and weight pee cubic foot Spoolc«. i B g s 1 815 413 770 785 1074 1075 1076 000 1144 1164 115A 1156 610 020 630 6;i2 63n 689 718 731 007 010 1007 578 633 667 503 664 907 293 563 a» 571 044 Rtatp. Locality. Collm*t4)r. Soil. Dinmotor of trcu, in melora. I.ATKM OP OKOWTII. Sop- WOO:on I'alifornin Siiw-niiil, A»liland.. Striiwln-rr.v volley .. ...do Low, wet, swampy ..do . . do Snwmlll, AbIiIiuhI.. Siiw-iiiill. Snu Hor- n^inlinii. Siiwniill, Mlsaonln.. I,;tr(*i'ii'B \wt\k CaflonCily . d.« ....do C«lifi>nii!» Montana CttlifoMllil . \V. 0. Wrixlit 8. Wtttflon Siprra (.timber Com- pany. do ..do CnUfonilij ....do. . do Saw-mill. Sun Ber- n.irillno. Scott monntalns ... do \V. O. Wright U. Kopclninnn and 0. S. Sarucut. LuUl'iiu. Blaekl'ine. do Cftliforaia S.i\v.niill. San Ilvr- niinlino. Siintn Kita ninnnt- 11 ins. do 3E3. Piiim Chilmahiuuia G. Knucltniinu and ('. S. Sartjciit. ..ilu Dry, gravelly ...do 0.510 102 53 ... do BritlMiColumbia.. Vanrouvcr'H littanci K»n>Bf City G. Kn^'dniann and C. S. Sarcunt. T. S. Ilnindn).'eei . . . C. S. Sar);ent . ... ....do Scrub }\nt. Moiat, Bandy loam, do 0.280 43 28 Tnmnraek. ' Jtlaek Pint. Lodgt-poU i1n«. Spnut Pint. ...do California do do Srott nionntalnii O. KoKi'lniann and C. S. Sargent. O. K. Vosey do 8M. PinliA SflhiniRnn -- Digiltr Pin*. B\M Pin*. do Coutra Co8la county ...,do Qravelly OiBia 43 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OP TUB WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Coutinued. 339 U'KCIFIO ORAVITt UBTSUHIHATIONS. Tint. O.MSO 0.S121 0.4SB5 0.42S0 0.4GS7 O.iSSl 0.4893 0.4050 0.5300 0.5070 0.S000 0.7844 0.4507 0.4204 0.4108 0.8804 0. 4r>«i 0. 4085 0.5083 O.V>84 0. !>Vit 0. .'>700 0.3560 0. 42D1 0. 4204 0. 4.VJ8 0.4088 Second. 0.5410 0.4537 0.4011 0.4031 0. 4762 0. 40'.>2 0.4583 0.61 IB 0.4877 0. 4813 0.45r)2 0.4410 0. 4571 0. 4153 0. 6204 0.6350 0.4184 0.4210 0. 6144 0. 5205 0. .1973 0. 4470 0. 4284 0. 4437 0. 4«7fl 0. 530,'> 0.4370 0. un 0. 5.131 0. 6412 0.4520 0.5075 0. 5374 u. 6780 1 0. !J230 ) 0.5085 0. 3.'.61 0. 4307 0.4711 0. 4.131 0. 5313 Third. 0. 5227 0.4845 0.4868 0.4800 0.4011 AvoraKO. 0.5433 0. 4820 0. 4733 0. 4441 0. 4800 0.4809 0. 4777 0.4864 0.4870 0.5230 0.0415 0.4461 0. 4016 0.5038 0.4845 0. 4485 U. 43C3 0. 6307 0. 4312 «. 5204 0. 422.'> 0. 43IM 0.4000 0.4417 fl. 6406 0. 4715 ABII UXTEUMIMATIOMH. 0.5760 0. 4785 0.5638 0.6200 . i 0. .14,'->7 0. ,'>816 0.3551 0. 4270 0. 4467 0.40BS U. 4.130 a 5160 0. 4840 KIriit 0. 20 0.34 0.38 0.30 0.28 0.20 0.24 0.14 0.21 0.10 0.25 0.27 0.3a 0.38 0.31 0.34 0.23 0.40 0. 38 0. 58 0. 45 fl. 30 0.22 fl. 33 0.20 ( 0. 37 \ 0.41 0.21 0.30 0.38 0.37 0.43 0.40 Soonnd. Average. 0.24 0.24 0.30 0..14 0.27 0.39 0.31 0.33 0.15 0.30 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.41 0.30 0.30 0.43 0.33 0..3fi 0.25 0.40 0. 4.1 0.33 0.20 fl. 3li 0.24 0.371 0.40) 0.16 0.30 0. 36 a 37 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.34 0.30 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.28 0.27 0.86 0.14 0.20 0.23 0.24 0.20 0.27 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.39 0.23 0.38 U.27 0.40 U. 45 0.32 0.36 WrlL'hl.piT cubic flMit, ill potiii(U (uverikKe). 80.26 80.40 KoiDftrki. All HHp.WIKid . All mtp-wood . All anp-wootl FIihI, mill tliiriUp. Rr. ilrtnrmiimUoim mniln on 0.6 unp-wofldi Hiiroiiil Hp. f;i'. (loti'riiiiiiullnii niiiiloou Hiip-wooil, Soriiiiil np. Ill', di'liiniiliintion niwlnoii 0.5 hap-wood; third ip. gr. iliitDrniiniiUuii niodii ou nap-wood. FIrat aud Bocond up. gr. determliiBtions made on sap-wood . Second ep. gr i.fjluinii y< ry roalnons. 31.40 0.26 0.27 0.20 0. 39 0.19 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.32 0.42 0.37 20.46 32.44 All »»p.wood . All wip-wood . All aap-wood . All tiiip-wuod . All Hitp-wond . All Hiip-woiid . All Http-wuoil . All Hiip-WIIOll wtiii' tree. r'uui'tliiip-Kr.detamitnatlonn>aduou0.5Hap-n'iioil. < All Hup-woixl . 36.34 Olio tree . 2S.t>8 30.10 All imp-wood . All KBp-wood . 315 413 770 78S 1074 1075 1070 1144 1154 11.15 11.10 019 020 030 fl:)3 n.'iii OHO 7IH 7.11 907 910 1007 .1TH firi 007 .1!I3 004 907 203 .Wl Oil ,171 644 i-m >M i _^ u !! 1 \ ' 1 m l-rr i^i 340 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASE, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Speolea. 867. Pinii8 Coulteri. 368. Pinna InBlRnls . . . Monterey Pine. 300. Finns tnbercnlata . Knobcon4 IHnt. 370. PlnnsTsecla Loblolly Htm. Old-JMd Pint. Bote- maty Pitn. VII. Finns rigid*.. PiUhPint. 372. Finns serotina. Potui Pine. 373. Pinusinoiis 021 Jertey Pint. Serub Pin*. 022 1109 1172 374. Finns riaiisii 279 HandlHne. Scrub Pitu. SpruetPitte. ; 375. Finns pnnscns ' 321 Table-mountain Pine, nickory Pine, i 390 I 1157 070 670 356 13 1040 370. Finns ntnrjr.ita Obi6i>'i I'ine. llilhop't Pitie. 377. FiniiR niitis Irlli/w I'ine. Short-leaved Pitie. Spruce Pine. Bull Pine. 878. l»inns ulnliia OdarPine. Sprue* Pine. WhittPine. 071 278 310 667 668 669 142 644 7M State. California . ..do. ..do. Locality. Collector. San Boronrdino ; W. G. Wrigljt . Monterey G. R. Vasoy 'enartmcn( ricultui'o. SoU. Dry, gravelly . . Gravelly loam . Department of Ag- ■Ici ■■ .do MonntSliasta Duval connty. Cottage UiU . . Florida Alabama North Carolina . . . ! 'Wilmington ...do do Massacbnsetts. ...do Florida . South Carolina... ...do Indiana New Jersey G. Engelniann and , Gravelly. C. S. Sargent. ! A. n. Curtiss '' Moist, sandy. C. Mohr j IjOW, rich Edward Kidder i Loam ...do do Arnold Arboretum. . C. S. Sargent . North Heading ' J. Robinson . . . Duval county ; A. U. Curtiss i Aiken ^ II. W. Ravenol . . do I do New Albany . . . Mount Holly. . . M. J. Robinson . S. P. Sharpies .. Florida j Apalachicola [ A. H, Curtiss Virginia Wythoville n. Sliriver . Pennsylvania Coleraiu Forge J. R. Lowrie. California Marin county G. K. Vasoy . Drift. ...do. I LATBBI OF Diameter; qbowth. of tree, ' in |— i -■ meters. gap. I Heart- wood. I wood. 0.644 0.418 0.034 a. 267 0.230 Moist, sandy loam. 0.312 Dry, sandy . ...do 0.206 0.104 Dry, sandy barrens 0. 238 Clay . Slate.. Gravelly . Florida Chattahoochee A. II. Curtiss. Clay. Louisiana Amite C. Mohr Sandy loam . Arl.■■■>■. Massacbusette Vermont - . C.S.Sargent C. G. Pringle . do Drift 0.382 87 67 mmlo«t. Gravelly remisylyania Now Brunswick . . "WiUiamaport Damn Intercolonial rail- way. ...do ....do do ....do Province Qaobeo . West Virginia ... Uassachasetts.... ...do Danville Grand Trunk rail- way. C. G. Pringle J. Robinson ....do Moist, loam 0.230 0.260 0.228 28 16 61 02 83 14 North Beading North Carolina... Washington terri- tory. Alaska Eendersonville Wilkeson A. H. CnrUss G. En^ielmaiin and C. S. Saruent Dry.rocky Rich loam Hemlock. 889. TROffo MpftenslAiiA..... Hemloek. Sitka Britisli Colambia . Colorado Silver peak, near Fruscr river. Aloine O. Eiigelmann and C. a Sargent. T. S. Brandegee G. EriKi'lmann and C. S. Sargent, do SOI. PsoudotHnga DonglasU Ktd Fir. raUoto Fbr. Ongcn Pine. OotigtaiFir. 1 Moist 0.270 40 166 California Oregon Saw-niill.Stiawherry valley. Saw-mill, Marshfield ..do ...do ...do ...do do E. B. Dean's saw- mill, Marshfield. ....do do do ...do ...do do ....do do do Kentana Saw-mill, Hissonla. . LiisHon's pt'ak 8 Watson Sierra Liimlwr Com- pany. M.E. Jones p S Sarircnt Utah British Columbia . ...do ...do Oregon Saw-niill, Burrard Imet. ilic foot, in pounds (UTorage). Bemarks. 1 1 Flnit. Second. Third. 1 Average. First. Second. Avcmge 0.S480 0.3480 0.3549 0.4292 0.3641 0.22 0.32 0.49 0.69 0.23 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.13 0.24 0.73 0.43 0.45 0.34 0.54 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.51 0.52 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.34 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.22 0.31 0.50 0.48 289 0. 3640 0.8558 0.4274 0.S517 0.6485 0.3974 0.29 0.51 0.28 0.24 0.17 0.18 0.13 0.12 0.25 0.67 0.86 0.46 0.42 0.56 0.48 0.46 0 51 0.60 0.31 0.41 0.45 0.39 0.63 270 0.4S09 001 <), 8764 900 0.3740 0.38 0.24 0.17 0.1S 0.18 0.13 23.81 0.6029 0.8257 0. 3816 0.4280 0.3463 0. 3619 070 0.3658 077 0. 4280 1015 a 3520 0. 3423 0. 3570 0.3896 0.4624 0.3823 0.4704 0.4707 0.3343 0. 4338 0. 5101 0. 3,'>00 0.4554 0. 4080 0.4260 U. 4833 0.4975 0.4396 0.4874 0. 5653 0.4364 0. 6769 0.525C 0.6937 0. 6786 0.3869 0. 5215 0. 4941 0.5855 0.4679 a 4848 0.4504 0.5022 0. 8446 1019 0. 8061 1020 0.4287 0.17 26.72 0.3880 0. 3888 0. 4629 0. 3820 0. 4333 0. 4773 0. 3381 0. 4538 0.5112 0.3G10 0.4443 0.4097 0.25 0.70 0.40 0.46 0.38 0.55 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.66 0.42 0.46 0.40 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.44 5 0.4638 210 0. 3817 720 0.3963 773 0.4830 White hemlook 775 0.3418 778 0. 4,138 787 0. 5033 793 0. 3719 817 0 4213 0.4561 0.4008 1040 0 4112 1042 0.4230 26.42 0. 4289 0.4275 26.04 623 0.5671 0.5252 0.5122 971 096 0 4981 0.5411 0.4603 0.5182 32.20 0 4462 0.4464 2(7.76 986 3. 1401 0.4508 0.5012 0.4214 0.6551 0.5233 0. 6715 0.6987 0.4067 0. 5242 a 4918 0.6553 0.4744 0.4908 0.4608 0.5956 0.16 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.11 271 'J. 5570 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.11 027 0.4063 702 0.6332 704 0. 6215 0.6493 706 0.6189 Cuaat fir 798 0.42U 20 miles firom coMtf cl6Ar yellow 700 0.5269 720 0.48M 783 0. 5201 881 0.4800 Red fir 073 1). 6U28 974 0. 4511 986 0.6990 989 1 '' i'. i ! :l) ■ 4-:^-: ;t=i ■ i. -' , .![ •• 1 346 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk I.— specific gravity, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT BpcclM. t91. Fsendot/ 820 State. Britiah Colnmbln . Oregon ..do .. do do. do. California Kortli Carolina . Vcnnont. . ..do.... Locality. Saw-mill, Bnrrard inlet. Oiot!(in Rnilwny and Navi):»tiou Co. Wrldh'r's aaw-niUl, I'ortliiuil. Sawmill, Astoria .. Portliind Fiirnitnre Company. Pnrtlimd Furniture Company. Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Roan mountain . 672 1004 965 647 226> L'20» 228> 774 781 786 795 840 Colorado. ...do...., ...do.... Oregon . Colorado.. Colirnmia . ...do ...do .do. British Colambtk . Oregon California Vermont ... do . do New Brunawlck . .. do ...do ...do Mnaaachnsetta .. Green mountains . . lionkton Forest City. ...do ...do Collector. O. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ■ ..do...... ..do . ..do. ...do. ...do. W. G. ■Wright. WalcottOibba. C. O. Pringle . . ...do Portland - Engelmann's oaflon Strawberry valley . .. do Lanaen's peak SantA Lucia mount- ains. Silver peak, near Fraaer river. Cascade mountains Siidii Springs Charlotte .. do .. do Buy i)f Fnndy . Briilgeton Uiinvllle.. Weiihain . T. S. Brandegee . ...do ...do O. Engelmann and C. S. Sar):eut. Sou. Peaty loam . Cold, grsTelly loam Peaty Hoist, sandy loam, ...do ...do Rich, allavlal. Diameter of tree, in meters, 0.180 0.844 Robert Douglas Rocky . . . Alluvial . ...do.... O. Engelnmnn and C. S. Sargent. . . do Sierra Lnmbcr Com- pany. O. K. Vasey . Ci. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. -. do ...do C. Q. Pringle. ..do do Inton'oloninl rail- way. ...do — Ed. Sinclair . . Grand Tmnk rail- way. J. Robinson Rich, sandy loam Rich Gravelly loam . . . Cold, swampy. .. do ..do Swampy . aTSS a 196 0.584 1.324 IJkTRRa OF OKOWTH. Sap- wood. 48 17 S« 20 SO 71 Heart- woon4l 4A9* 0. 3475 f 0..1410 0. 3643 I «. 3300 0. 3013 0. 3059 0.3286 0.424V 0 /082 0. 42117 0. 4025 0. 4752 0.0973 0.6!H5 0. 083,% 0. 51)75 0. 5025 0.5380 0.5882 0 3307 tf. 3371 0.3842 0. 3025 0. 3717 0. 2910 0. 37«0 0. 4500 0.(M83 0. 4159 0. 4497 0.4014 0. 7075 0.7779 0. 0009 0. 5705 0. 5740 0. 5.570 0.5804 0. 3342 0.33 0.321 0.57 ■ 0.47 J 0.80 1.12 0.4S 1.04 1.00 0.21 0.41 0.30 One tree < 0.44 21.06 0. .T'i45 0. 30G5 0. 2B85 0. 3,'>33 0. 4371 0. 3638 0.40 21.07 059 1000 0.3,W1 ■ 1010 0.88 1.12 0.52 0.87 0.86 520 030 733 22.67 42. 27 0.6783 0.4228 0.4501 2.04 672 0.23 0.34 26.35 28. 42 29.30 1004 965 0. 47.18 0. 4701 0.7024 0. 7302 0.CI52 «. 5H70 0. 5833 0. 5470 0. .'i873 0. 8O0O 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.48 0.33 0.34 0.38 0.33 647 226< 226» 226« 774 781 786 705 0.27 0.40 0.30 0.32 0.48 0.0006 a 6236 38.88 !^^ ■| f'« i I' !; rifjf '^ 4,ii 348 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT SpeoiM. I State. Locality. Collector. 8oU. Diameter of tree, in meten. I.AYRIIS 01* QBOWTII. Sap. { Heart- wood. , wood. 710 084 1006 242 1150 504 1107 500 1110 S6S 1110 10«3 695 606 6S8 1003 Miaaonla .'. Tamarack. Waabington ter- ritory. ... do Kulila do WlUiaiuN.Slkadorf. . . do Moiat PALMACE^. 404. Sabul rnlniHto Florida... California riorida ..do Sister islanil Agun C'allpnte A.U.CurtiBB W.G.Wright A.U Curti«B . do Shell Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto. 406. Wasliinctonla IIIifiTa t'ajilta/ Palm. 406, Thriiiax pnrviflora Coral Silk-top Palmetto. Bahin HondB Key . . Siigar-lottf Sound . . . ....do 407. Tlirinax arecntca . do do ... ....do Siher-tap I'alviftto. Briekley Thateh. Brittle Thatch. ...do ... do do ....do Hoy. 'Palm. .do Lost Man's river. . Mataeorda ....do ...do HLIACE.fi. 409. Yiicc.T ciiiialicuhita Texas California .do . . C. Molir Sondv aalino Spanith linyunet. 410. Yiirca brovifolia. Mohave* G. Engclmann and C. 8. Sargent. , .do Drv. ffravellv The JoHhua. Joshua Tree. do ....do 411. Yiicra data Taeaon ..._ SknDiage . do do itpanith Bayonet. Oalifonik^ G. XngtUnaDS .....* ....do KjinniKh Jiayonet. Mexican Sunetn*. ;:|: .: : ".■f.- IW THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF TnE TTNITED STATES— Continued. 349 al-KCIFIC OKAVITT 1 DXTKimiNATtOMI. | ABU DXTKOMHATIOm. ■Weight, per culiii' loot, in iioiiiiiU (avorugo). Bemarkt. i First. Second. Third. AvoroRO. ' 1 First. Second. Averago. 0. 0003 0.7717 0.8340 0.5002 t 0.5507 ( 0.4700 0. 7014 0.4530 0.7357 0. 6775 0. 2370 0. 8178 0. 7451 0.7162 0. 8473 0. 4002 0. 2327 0.1900 0.6807 0.7830 0.7084 0.4020 0.4042 0.5453) 0.7258 0. 4057 0.7408 0.0007 0.1887 0.8807 0. 7513 0.5875 0. 3472 0.4002 0. 6511 0. 3458 1 0. 0280 0. 7778 0. 8102 0.7407 i 1 0.08 0.00 0.07 7.61 1.80 2.65 5.73 1.71 3.90 2.96 1.31 2.79 7.03 5.53 2.66 8.50 8.94 0.00 0.09 0.12 '.-.80 1.98 2 79 4.81 3.10 4.26 2.52 1.14 2.63 5.52 4.75 3.08 10.06 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 710 984 1006 0.4101 0.09 1 40.16 0.4404 7.68 27.44 242 0. 5173 1.89 33.24 11S9 0. 7136 0.4846 0.5D91 2.72 5.27 504 0.603S 1107 8. 99 87.34 0. 7412 0. 0083 1.05 4.07 566 0. 7118 1116 Pith..) .Qua tree 0.7172 3.01 44.70 0. 2128 0.8402 0.7482 2.74 1.23 2.66 565 Rind..) Rind 1 1110 0.6094 37.60 0.0034 2.31 0. 6677 6.27 1 41. 61 1063 0. 3472 0. 4002 6.14 2.87 4.00 1 605 i 696 0. 4573 1 0. S737 23.29 0.4470 9.28 . 27. 86 16.07 (OS 0. 2724 8.94 1003 350 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table II.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OP SOME OF THE ! I M ii III if'i; Its toa 452 274 845 927 883 1182 128 1084 227 180 633 126 200 322 2»> 539) 72 1051 838 287 802 1050 988 424 31 92 247 339 548 511 868 55 848 225 272 754 874 701 627 923 711 1044 638 900 104 632 625 671 389 1946 83 621 S21 667 i; \ a I 8 29 31 64 77 93 iin 139 155 184 192 207 224 235 239 241 244 24G 247 248 251 253 257 200 272 274 278 277 280 290 201 294 29,-1 318 324 827 331 Botanical nun*. Llrlodontlron Tnlipifora Biimern gammifvra SwIetPiiiu MiihoRonl Acer Bucchariouni, var. nigrum . Uobiiiitt rsenilnoacia Frotopls julillovn Corcouiirinii} lodifullQB Lliiuidanibar Styrnciflna Nysfla untflora Dlnspj-roA Virciniana. rruxtnus Americana . C'Utalpa Hpeciusa Ulmiia Americana riatanua ooclilimtalls . . Juglans nigra Cnrya uUvtcfornils . Caryaalba Carya tomentoaa . Carya poroina . Carya amara Carya myriaticaformU . Carya aquatica Qucrciia aUm QiierciiB Garryana QuercUB lyrata 338 340 342 317 349 356 358 361 365 360 370 371 372 373 375 377 QiiorcuaPrimiB... QiiorcuB rubra Qucrcua tinctoria . Qui'ri'UB nigra Quercua falcata QtierciiB aquatica CuBtanoa vulcaria, var. Americana. . . Fagas fcrruginea Bctnla alba, var. popnllfolia Botiiln papyrifora PopuluB tremuloidea Populiia monilifera Thuya occidentalis Cbaiiiecyparis Lawsonlana . JuniperuB occidentalis, var. mono- Bperma. Taxodium disticham Sequoia Bemporvirens . Pinus Strobus Pinus Lambertiaua PinuB monnpbylla PiuuB reBinoaa PinuB pondcroBa PiuuB Murrayana Pinna Sabiniana . PiuiiBTieda Pimiarigida PinuB Berotina . . . Pinus inopB Pin" - pnngens... PinuBmitis Common name. Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. Wliite Wood Atlantic. GnmElumi. Uuuibo Limbo. Woal Indiau Birch Semi-tropical Florida . Bsflon. Mahogany. Hadvira Black Sugar Ma|il« Locnst. Black Locust. Yellow Locust Mflsquit. Algaroba. Uonoy Locust. Honey Pod Uouutain Mahogany 8wcot Ouui. Star-leaved Gum. Liqoidamber, Bud Uum. Bilsti'd, Large Tupelo. Cutlou Gum. Tupelo Gum Porsimmou , WhiloABh WcBlorn C'atalpa White Elm. AiuorivanElm. Water Elm Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Black Walnut Pecan. Illinois Nut ...do Atlantic ...do Mexican boundary . Interior Pacific Atlantic Sonthem Atlantic . Atlantic ...do ShelMiark Hickory. Shag-bark Ilickorj Mocker Nut. Black Uickory. Bull Nut. Big- bud Hickory. Wliitobeart Hickory . King Nut Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory, Switch-bud Hickory. Bitter Nut. Swamp Uickory Nutmeg Uickory Water Hickory. Swamp Uickory. Bitter Pecan White Oak ..-.do Orer-cupOak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. Chestnut Oak. Kock Chestnut Oak KedOak. BlaokOak Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. Blackjack. Jack Oak Spaninh Oak. Ked Oak WaterOak. DuckOak. PoesumOak. PunkOak Chestnut Beech White Birch. Old-HcId Birch. Gray Birch Canon Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch Aspen. Quakiug Asp Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop- lar. Big Cottonwood. • WhitoCedar. Arbor-vitas Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce- dar. LaWBon's Cypress. Ginger Pine. Juniper do . do. .do. .do. do. Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Bed CyprcBs. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress. Redwood While Pine. Weymouth Pine Sugar Pine Pihou. Nut Pine Red Pino. Norway Pino Yellow Pino. Bull Pino Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. Digger Pine. Bull pine Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pino. Rosemary Pine . Pitch Pine Pond Pine Jersey Pine. Scrub Pino Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Fine. Boll Fine. ...do . ...do . ...do. ...do Southern Atlantic . ....do Atlantic Northern Paciflc... Southern Atlantic . ...do .... Atlantic . ...do .... ...do Sonthem Atlantic . . . .. do Atlantic ...do Northern Atlantic . . . ...do Atlantic and Paoiflo . Atlantic Korthem Atlantic . Northern Pacific . . . Faoiao. Southern Atlantic . California coast Niirtheru Atlantic . Pacific Interior Paciflc Northern Atlautlo . Pacific ...do California Soutliurn Atlantic . Atlantic coast Southern Atlantic . Atlantic Alleghany Athintic rUBL VALUa. Per cnbto decimeter. 1425. 67 997.82 27 (i9. 31 3091. 37 2822. 90 8291. 21 4234. 06 2255. 24 2332. 41 2970, 45 2052. 34 1582.42 8247. 02 2406. 89 1984.66 2768. 72 r 8851.17 [ 8319.70 8380.67 8302. 12 2863.42 3108. 27 3140. 33 8197. 41 2594. 31 8208. 92 284,1. 09 3002. 08 2595. 04 2892. 51 3103. 28 2655. 82 1808. 25 2705. 34 2509. 00 2682. 00 1024. 04 1906.42 14U. 57 2327. 52 3143. 67 1935. 71 19B5. 50 1489. 03 1785. 40 2248. 13 2001. 75 2141.24 1791. 32 1804. 29 2031. 75 3472. 26 8980. 96 2008. 20 2054. 78 3091. 92 Per klloBram, 3744. 61 2013. 68 8802, 06 4345.48 3890. 02 4352. 80 4052. 90 4016. 46 4181.83 8781. 61 4217. 42 3036. 38 4101.87 4071.83 8857. 26 3054,76 4078. 76 3811.43 3804.11 8922. 89 3003. 26 3877. 68 4078. 60 4187. 83 3007. 30 4105. C5 3007. 32 4075. 10 3774. 00 3713. 81 4056.48 3718. 07 4042. 96 3803. 04 4073. 05 4101.41 4292. 31 4242.15 3017. 77 6203. 50 4587. 81 4730. 73 4191. 47 4272. 09 4410 31 4107. 08 4226. 05 4(ion. 04 4019. 12 3962. 97 4087. 20 6491.47 6012.54 4120. 16 8995.30 5062.76 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MOBE IMPORTANT WOODS OF TUE UNITED STATES. 351 BBLATIVa FVBL TALUI. By TolamB. 67 69 B2 23 20 14 8 4S 48 25 88 85 18 43 53 88 7 18 11 10 27 21 20 17 38 15 28 24 37 84 18 35 56 31 40 80 63 55 08 44 19 54 62 66 60 40 40 41 68 67 60 » 0 61 48 22 By weight. 66 70 62 18 68 18 42 46 24 52 26 40 60 50 86 61 66 58 56 59 88 28 68 83 47 87 64 41 07 43 67 80 84 20 22 54 3 11 27 21 13 82 23 0 45 40 85 1 6 81 48 6 rncwTAOB n dbt wood. Alb. 0.27 2.00 1.09 0.56 0.23 2.05 1.20 0.48 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.47 0.74 0.67 0.50 0.95 0.78 0.83 1.04 0.74 1.03 1.06 1.10 0.24 0.33 0.58 0.84 0.15 0.15 1.37 0.29 0.83 0.13 0.54 0.29 0.23 0.74 0.65 0.37 0.10 0.88 0.40 0.18 0.113 0.19 0.83 0.20 0.31 0.37 0.42 0.25 1.12 0.17 0.20 0.30 0.20 □ydrogen. 0.43 6.02 6.69 6.61 6.17 6.61 6.45 6.85 6.07 6.44 6.03 6.02 6.57 5.83 6.00 6.15 6.49 6.13 5.03 6.28 5.91 0.37 6.60 6.59 5.73 6.75 6.33 6.02 5.73 6.14 5.75 5.70 6.11 6.40 7.12 6.58 6.20 8.37 6.28 6.03 6.54 6.01 6.08 6.40 0.30 0.07 7.02 6.04 0.23 7.19 6.80 6.30 6.78 6.91 Carbon. 47.20 40.80 40,70 61.65 49.19 51.08 52. 14 50.99 48.78 47.87 49.73 47.44 60.35 51.46 49.28 40.51 40.07 48. 45 40.69 48.98 49.71 48.26 40. IG 60.44 48.56 40.22 40.50 40.49 48.78 48.58 50.53 48.73 51.74 40.27 49.77 48.28 51.13 51.64 48.80 60.07 64.07 54.08 52. 10 62.55 52. S3 60.48 52.18 52.00 50. (15 .10. 22 60.00 50 00 .W. 55 50.74 51.07 56.64 Oxygen. 46.01 51.00 45.46 41. 28 44.41 40.26 41.21 42.68 43.51 46.42 43.04 45.17 42.34 42.16 44.16 43.39 43.12 44.59 43.34 44 00 43.20 44.31 43.05 42.73 45.38 43.45 43.74 43. 74 44.08 44.32 42.90 44.69 42.43 44.08 43. 4.5 44.37 41.55 41.45 44.46 33.65 38.12 38.08 41. 70 41. 25 40.50 43. 30 41 55 40.07 43.30 43. 32 42 92 32 08 30.48 42 70 42 85 3a25 Hydrose tmbiueun en comUlueU vltb oxygen. &76 0.30 6.68 6.10 5.55 5.03 5.15 6.33 6.44 6.67 6.38 5.65 6 29 5.27 5.52 5.42 5.39 5.57 5.42 6.60 5.41 5.54 5.38 5.34 5.07 6.43 5.47 5.47 6.62 6.54 6.37 5.58 5.30 5.51 5.43 5.54 5.10 5.18 5.56 4.21 4.76 4.76 5.22 5.15 5.07 5.41 5.10 5.01 5.42 5.41 5.30 4.08 4.56 5. 34 5.35 4.63 Exceu of hydrogen. 0.68 0.36 1.01 1.45 0.02 1.58 0.30 0.52 1.53 0.77 1.55 1.27 1.28 0.60 0.48 0.73 1.10 0.60 0.51 0.78 0.50 0.83 1.22 1.25 0.06 1.32 0.86 1.15 0.37 0.10 0.77 0.17 0.40 oeo 1.00 1.58 1.39 1.08 0.81 2.07 1.27 1.78 0.79 0.93 1.33 0.08 9.88 2.01 0.80 0.63 0.87 3.11 2.24 O.OII 0.43 2.88 Bpeeiflc gravity. 0.8807 0.3423 0. 7282 0.7114 0. 7257 0.7502 1.0447 0.5615 0.5645 0.7855 0.6289 0.4020 0. 7748 0.5911 0. 5145 O.70O1 0.9442 0.8710 0.8850 0.8647 0.7336 0. 8010 0. 7700 0.7635 0. 7074 0.7002 0.7114 0. 7514 0.6875 0. 7250 0. 7874 0. 7143 0.4021 0.7175 0.6160 0. 6297 0. 3785 0.4494 0. 3003 0.4422 0.6852 0.4084 0. 4737 0.3485 0.4040 0.5473 0.4855 0. 5307 0.4457 0. 4530 0.4971 0. 6323 0. 7012 0. 4R67 0. 5143 0.6107 WolBht of oablu root, in poonda. 23.73 21. 33 45.38 44. 32 46.22 47. 12 65.10 34.99 85.17 48.05 89.19 25. 05 48.27 36.83 82.06 43.63 58.84 54.28 53.95 53. H8 45.71 49.05 48.01 40.58 44.08 40.61 44.32 46.72 43.84 45.18 40.07 44.51 28. 80 44.71 38.05 30.24 2X50 28. 00 22. 45 27.50 42. 70 24. 45 1051 29. 52 7U 21. 72 1044 25.18 638 34.11 000 30. 20 104 33.07 033 27.78 025 28. 28 671 30.08 389 30. 40 1040 40. 4U sa 30.33 J2: 32.05 321 3a UO 657 \m ! . I 352 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Taulk II— actual fuel VALUE OP SOME OF THE I Botanicnl numo. 870 a .'IRO 81 3M 6 358 :m 7»4 1043 TOO :t2 > MS (tWS 3*0 I'tiinii nanVRiana . 381 I Common name. OmyPlne. SornbPino. Prince'* Pino . Kit..,. ..,.i...<.j. I JLonRle»vi'il Piiw. SonI horn Pino. Oeoriria > 1 lm.« ,ialu»t.rl» J „,«p Yellow I'l no. JlardPlne. I Piniis CubcnHit) r Picon iilgni TniiRHCanxloniilii I'sruilol in;ru IloiiglMii , I 3:12 I 387 .'tai . 401 ' \Mrix Amci-icnna . Uogion. Northern Atlantic . Sonth Atlaiitlo coaot. . 404 Siibdl PnlniPtto ' I'aliliiijic Tree. CnkbaKO I'aliuctt Slaiili Pine. .Swamp Pino. Iktotard Pino ilo . Mcvlnw Pino. niack Spruce Nnrthoni A IJantlo . rionilnck ^ . ! do RcilVir. Yellow Kir. On';»nnPinc. TVinjiIasFir Paoillc I.arcb. Tllnck T.iircli. Tamariick. HucknmtiK'k., Nitrllicni Atliinli' Sniilk Atliinlic roast. 5408 ; OrcoUcxareifJa Koyul Palm • Boxetl for fnrpentlno 1878: chippoil 4 .ve.in<; operimcn takon nlong chip. h Boxed for turpentine ifK; 4.''i08. 42 45Q4. 07 4800. O.'i 44l8.n.'i 3940. 37 4208. .IK 43.->4 i;4 4I8'.'. 04 37.-Kt.2l 4037.01 4307.03 ■' ! iV If ■ ii iS' rf A THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MOltE IMPORTANT WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES -Coutiuued. 353 93.18 20.04 80. ;i.-i 06. 42 94. 117 00. O.'. iK.r..'; 49. :i7 IH, .-•.« -.4 t;4 B'.'. 04 ■hI. il 17.01 )7. o;i RBLATIVK FIJKL VAI.UR. 1-KIlCK.NTAaB IN DBY WOOD. Speoiflo gravity. Weljjhtof oubiu foot, In poiindH. T!y Vdliiino. 1 By weight. A8)l. Ilyrtiogcn. Carbon. Oxygen. Hyrtroeen oombinduwiili KxecRD or 1 oxygen. bydrogon. s • t § 47 15 0.10 0.20 52.03 40.60 6.07 1.22 0.4000 30.64 870 1 * 0.15 7.20 50.10 30.30 4.64 2.72 0.8470 52.84 369 5 2 0.20 7.41 58. 61 33. 72 4.21 3.20 0.7417 40. 22 81 30 12 0.28 0.70 52. 70 40. 32 6.04 1.60 0. 0330 38.80 385 4 10 0..'8 6.85 62.00 39.88 4.00 1.86 0.8088 55.06 368 2 7 , 0.24 0.83 51.78 38.15 4.77 2.06 0.8088 66.00 358 Vi 14 0.10 0.22 63. 33 40. 20 .5.03 1.19 0.7612 47.44 356 m I>1 0.30 0.58 48.45 44.07 6.58 1.00 0. 4087 25. 47 704 01 25 0.48 6.01 62. 38 41. 23 6.16 0.70 0.4007 25.53 1042 00 17 0.03 0.42 62. 32 41. 23 6.15 1.27 0.4056 25.28 709 I'fl 20 0.27 (1.03 51.01 41.70 6.22 O.Sl 0.7024 43.77 226 rt'J 05 7.00 7.00 43. 35 41.03 6.24 1.82 0. 4404 27.45 243 70 44 2.74 6.82 47.73 42.71 6.34 1.48 0.2128 13.20 665 8 10 1.24 0.B8 50.46 41.82 5.16 1.82 0.8402 52.02 565 26 lou 354 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table IU.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE :t'» J- Sp«Cl«M MAONOUACE^. 1. Uacnolin Kraiuliflora Big Laurel. Jlutl Hay. 2. MaKUolin clauon Su!(f> Bay. iniifd Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel. S. Mftifuol in nciiniiuiita Cucumber IVte. iltuntain Hag- nolia. 4. MaeuoIIa cordnta . Cucumber Tree. 6. Mn^uolin tn.icrt>pb.vUa Large-leaved CucumJ>er Tree. Magnolia ITinbrcl'.a Vmbrdla Tret. Kl* Wood. T. Masnnlia Francri Lontfleavea Cutrumber 2Vw. AKONACEiE. •. Asimina trilnlMi J'apau. VutUtrd AppU. 10. Anoua laiirtfolia. i'ond Apple. CANELLACE.S. 13. Canrlla ollia ^mte Wnnd. (\nnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. TEKXSTUOSMIACEiH. 3onInni:i I.aiiiantbuii Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. MB 340 3.^4 354 !>40 no 201' 2fll> S34 534 1178 1178 532 532 260> zee 200 •JflU' state. Alabama . ...do . . do . ..do. Locality. Cottage nUl . ...do do do Colloctor. C. Mohr. ...do ... .do Swampy . .do '....do Virginia Wytlieville H. Shrivor. ..do ' do I do 8. Lirioili'iiili-OD Tiilipirora 3D5 Tulip Tree, lellou Poplar. WlaU i yrood. 818 618 1231 1231 1231 123;i 1232 1282 1236 ...do ....do Mi88i63ippi . ...do Fancy Gap . . ...do SelTorB' mill. ...do I Alabama | Winston counsy . 10 do . Hisaisaippi ..do Quitman . . do.... Virginia . ...do ... do . do . Michigan West Virginia. ..do Pennsylvania . ...do .. do ..do ...do ..do Wythoville . do , Fancy Hap do ..do do . ....do... ...do... C. Hobr. ...do... do do . do. do. B. Shrivor ...do Lanaing Gmfton ..do Clieater county ... ...do ...do ..do ..do. ..do Tcnneaae* Sawmill at Naab. ville. 123S ....do I.... do 1230 1287 12aS 211 211 332 479 479 1131 1131 23« •J30 414 414 ..do. ...do. ...do . Miasourl . . ..do TenneHM . Florida . ..do .. ...do ..do. Sonth Carolina. ...dv , ...do , ...do (!o . do. do. Meramoi' riv r. Jr/. Icrsou county. . do Cunilierland river Bay BIscayne . ...do Elliott's Key. ...do Bonnean « Depot . ...do Aiken ...do W. J. Beal ... CO. rringle.. ...do r V*. Sharpies. ...do ..do ..do ...do ...do , A.E.Balta .... ...do .uo ■lo do Soil. Clay limcstsno. ...do Rlcli, light ...do ...do ...do Rich, low. ...do a. W. Letterman ..do A. Gattinger A. n. Curtiss ...do do. do AUuvlal ..do ... ...do .... Swampy . ...do .. Coral . ...do. II. W. Bavonel . ...do ...do ...d» Wot pine-barren . ...do Swampj ...do 1.1 Kich loam 0. TO.'il I ...do 0.7000 0. 5222 0.5028 0.6000 0. 4755 0. 4802 0.45C4 0. 5082 0.6852 0.4318 0.4025 0.5807 0.5580 0.4170 0.5051 coKFFiciiirr ov KLASTICITT. Damp 0.5688 ...do 0.5103 3J « . 1061 887 07U 976 cot 930 788 '20 lOAl 1 itf I 4174 4030 4^09 4704 4911 4610 4381 4611 4550 4614 4687 4501 4380 446." . 3034 . K'Ti . 4323 11^ m in 0.570.-. h'}'^ 0.6704 \=r^' 1.1280 ^ i.()8:i7 [ j I i I 0.4844 r'!j]; »•■'"-» □ 0.M7U 0 0.5005 i 888 j 070 i 1101 1252 I 80U oon 030 887 010 lOli.-i 108.'-. 0711 021 070 u :i 970 904 888 872 888 I 857 ! 976 ' 444 ' 362 I 008 542 .130 1085 1085 718 (87 I 888 751 ! 957 820 849 I 701 930 I .52 880 ! 717 1061 021 734 723 1050 1085 864 1017 673 070 912 010 1170 10.-.0 070 1007 U,-.7 818 10'.'8 921 834 888 849 848 970 407 315 723 1085 1148 723 763 921 76t 703 065 674 525 717 830 604 037 1086 61 « 1252 IT6 814 663 613 811 «CJ 473 7.'-.« 675 743 820 765 4.''.7 722 601 694 045 B84 584 636 312 28< 574 514 628 488 906 1148 499 071 77S TJ9 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 355 UNITED STATES UNDElt TRANSVERSE STRAIN. E O s 1 820 701 717 703 OOS 674 526 717 830 Mi 037 61« 876 663 eia 811 OCl! 473 7r)8 075 743 820 765 457 722 mil 004 645 584 584 036 312 DBFIJICTIOX, IN HtU.lMRTKnB, UNDEtt A I'RBHBUBR, IN KILOQIIAHS, OF— SO I loo 130 !IOO 4. 0 10. 2 : 10. 0 22. 8 I I I 6.5 , 11.5 ; ia7 23.4 1 5.0 10.5 1 10.0 21.7 I : I ; .'i.O 10.0 10.7 24.0 ! .1.4 0.2 14. i 20.0 I . ■ 1 5. 2 HI. 0 17. 0 24. 0 I . ; I 0.2 ' 13.3 21.0 34.3 U.7 . 13. 5 21.0 31.8 i I 4.0 0.3 I 14 5 20. U 4.4 0. 0 ' 13.7 5.5 11.3 17.3 .'i. 0 0.0 i:..2 O 300 1. 0 22. 5 2.0 ' 23.0 1.0 I 22.0 2 3 I 24. 0 4.1 3.!) 20.1 \ 22.0 i 1').2, 1.0 1.0 4.8 3.4 1.0 0.7 2.0 1.4 U. 0 13. 8 7.8 11.0 ! 1.'..8 i 0 1 12.0 10.4 30, S I 7 3 14. .•> 23. 0 I 34. 8 i I I 6.2 10.0 14.4 ' 10.0 .'>.P ' 10.7 10 4 24.7 I 8.0 10.0 20.0 4. 5 ] 8. 3 I 12. 0 I 4. 5 I 0, 3 14. 3 ] 6.0 ' 10. 0 I 15.0 4.5 4.0 1.0 2.0 20.0 25.0 36.0 33.0 20.0 IB. 2 27.0 23. 0 m. 5 15. H 32. 1 30. 3 20.0 25. 5 'iS€> 300 »ao'4oo 4ao 30. 5 30. 5 31.2 40.5 30.0 44.5 31.5 ' 60.8 28.8 I 46.0 33.7 27.0 20.0 32.4 20.8 00.0 20.3 30.8 36.0 28. 5 37.2 5.3 .5.0 6.0 .5.0 0.7 I 14.4 10.2 I 1.5.2 11.5 16.0 D. j 14. 0 5. 4 I 10. 0 15. 7 0.0 I 11.7 10.0 I I .5.0 11.0 10.0 5.5 , 11.5 17.5 5.7 11.5 17.2 8.0 10.0 15.2 10.8 20.0 20. 6 20.0 20. 0 0. 4 I la 0 ' 24. 5 ! 34. 0 I 0.7 0.5 : 0.0 ; 0.5 20. 2 I 28. 8 20.7 j 28.0 20. 5 ' 25. 8 20. 0 27. 0 54. S 54.0 40.0 I 22. 0 I 23. 0 20.0 27.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.4 2.0 10. 4 25. 4 .0 30. 0 1 1.0 24.0 I 13. 5 31. 0 7.0 13.S 22.4 23.5 27.0 28.0 22. 4 21.0 ; 31.0 2.0 I 33.3 0. 0 10. 0 : 31. 0 ' 50. 5 10. 0 56. 4 0.2 20.0 ' 32.6 '51.5 10.0 54.3 31. S 33.0 31. U 4.5 0.0 13,7 18. 5 1.0 10.6 4. 5 8. 6 12. 6 ^ 1 17.5 0.8 17.8 1 ! a. 8 13. S 21. 6 32.0 3.0 32.6 e. 2 12. 8 20.0 •:». 2 2.5 30.0 6. 6 ' 10. 6 10 3 23.6 1.2 23.7 "!"" 10.6 27.0 2.0 28.2 04.0 8.1. J 25.0 37.7 34. 2 50. 0 37.7 30.0 31.0 38.0 28. 0 :i4. « 40.0 31.0 27.0 44.0 68.0 42.0 soo 60.0 aso '5 a SI RpmarkK, 350 325 321 300 300 284 245 224 306 858 Drake snddeDly with lung apliDten . do (M-nnlied at center brariog; broke Roddenly and aqnarely, splUting to llio end. do Crushed at center boarini; ; broke with fine aplintera do do do do do 210 CiuBlicd at ceiiti r beaiiiiK ; square brctk — 272 CniHhcd at center bcui in^ ; nplintrrcd break 220 S]tO( iiiien cro<;H.{;ruined ; Htarted at knot 374 Broke with fine iiplint( nuinll kiiotH 201 1 do 346 257 202 322 288 317 350 322 105 308 262 200 275 24U 240 Crushed ut O'uler liiuriiig : biciku with fine Bpliutcm . Specimen crnH8-gr.'>ined : broke with long aplintera . .. .S(iu.ir(' break Ilniki' with long Bpliutern Crii.slied at (•( ntir bearing; broke W'tb long aplintera - ] Crushed at center beiiriug ; broke with largo aplintera. d.i Cniabed at renter bearing; xqiiaio break Crushed at center boarin;; ; Bipiarc break at large knot Crushed at center bearing; broke with flno hplintera Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long Hplintira at knot .Square break un tenMiun aide, splitting in axia .Specimen (Tussgruiued ; biokr \\ ith the grain . Specimen cioHsgrHlncil; started at the angle of two laies ■ S 634 634 1178 1178 633 68S 26flP 260 200> 38t 818 818 1331 1231 1231 1233 1233 1331 1336 1236 1386 13>T 1236 3U SU I8I 476 4Tt USl 1181 m -.1- IJ- 'HI^W^BHtW^^WfB^WI 356 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III,— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE ■P 3 I Species. TILIACE^ffl. 17. TUla Americana Z/ime Trte. Ban Wood. Ameri- can Linden. Lin. Bee Tree. ; State. 2 ' MassBclinsetts 252 Stiseonri IT. Tilia Amerloona, rar. piibrarrns . 18. Tilia Iietcropbylla White Bass Wood. Wahoo. iiALriGniACE.a!. 19. Byrsonimii lucidft TalloKbcrnj. (llamberry. ZTGOI'HTLLACEiE. 0. Gnaiacum »iinctuin . Li'jnuw-vittx. RUTACE/Ti. 23. XaMthoxylnm ("lav.T-nprc'ilin ViHtthaclie Tree. VricMy Ash. Sea Ash. I'eppcr Wood. Wild Orange. 24. Xaii(hoxvliim Cariliiciim . aatin Wood. StMARUnEiE. 28. Siinuiiiliii ^lallca . raroiliie Tree. nnRSERACE.a:. 29. Diir.icin Kiiiii'iiifeia Qum lilemi. (lumbo Litnbo. West Tmlian Jlireh. 80. AniMin Bvlviilii riirch Woi.d. 252 i.... Atnenrun llully. 280 280 ..do. ...do . .. do. .. do. ..do . ...Jo. . . do . ...do . Babia Honda Key. ...do Bay lllaeaxne ...do Dpper Metacombe ..do; .' do .do. ...do... ...do.... C. Mohr . ...do.... ..do .... ...do.... Alluvial . ..do... Coral ... 0. 4601 0. 4008 0.5400 0. 4517 r. 4492 0. 4237 0. 4702 0. 4535 ' 0. 4017 0.3944 0.392(1 0.47BU 0.4924 0. o.'in m m 1: I do .do Dry, Bandy . . .. do Dam|i, sandy . ..do A. H. Cnrtiss Coral . ...do I do . do. do . do do .do . d<. . ...do. ...do . .do . do do do . .do. do do . do . do . do . 1. 1430 1.1582 i I n. 5240 ". n3.'i3 0.5S08 0. 5545 0.9833 I 0 9515 0. 4.".tiO 0. 4104 0. 30«0 0. 30tl(i 1. 1140 L1273 I I ! \ ' ' O.K36t ; 0. 8221 m .*out!>r»r.illna .. Waveily MilU W. Si. J. Alii/.yi k Sandj luaui .. do do '. . . do '... do . (4. nexDabiToii ' 484 Dahiinn. Dahocn UoUy. 484 CVRII.LAOE^. I »7. Cyrlllii nii-eiiii!!fira I Ml Irvit Wood. I I •8. CUrioiil.ilicMi.liiiin I 338 Tilt. Iron iTood. Buehchtat Trtt. 338 I'lorida . ...do ... Hay niseaync ; A.TT. Curtiss . Alabama CbaDchula C. Mohr ! ...do ' Cottage inn do ' do , 814 976 1638 8S8 (,m ms 842 814 097 i 827 I 1085 ■• 976 1 .■112 " 3 r 781 070 1027 888 729 038 83 ( 788 634 723 814 1085 976 El 800 m 850 ■M 651 069 8.57 659 814 8It 888 1001 1038 970 976 1109 (151 707 01(1 «l'7 46.') 625 814 912 r.(;9 610 804 525 553 469 569 5-18 403 525 .541 703 712 424 028 947 698 ; 628 688 I 708 888 I 7.-)7 6,30 460 814 021 820 687 868 I 586 076 544 183 112 108:. , 1244 1085 070 1148 622 064 1366 805 nil 7U3 670 610 I .586 673 I 658 488 314 751 j .'■,74 814 ! 478 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVEItSE STRAIN— Contiuued. 357 DEFLECTION, IX MILLUIETEIIS, UKUEIt A I'HERBUUE, IN KILOGUAMH, UF— SO I 100 II. 0 12.5 fi.O 10.0 4.7 9..-. 5..-P 11.0 7.0 13.4 7.3 15.3 ISO 400 O -JOO -.2.10 nOO U.IO 400 .MM.) ! 430 SOO 330 20.3 10.5 14.0 17.3 22.3 20.4 .■i. S 11.7 , 18.5 (i. 0 li. I , I8.K i 7. 0 IS. 4 i 24. 0 32. 0 4. 0 34. U 24. 2 2. 2 II). 4 1.0 27. 0 3. 5 I 29. 5 .■;i. 3 4. 0 I .'i«. 0 50.5 18.0 I 25.5 37.0 I 19.8 25.9 33.5 0. 5 13. 0 20.3 r>. 0 12. 0 18. 4 4. 5 9. 0 ."). 0 10.0 9.0 IS. I) fi. 1 5.7 7.5 7.3^ :<.! ' 7.4 ^ 0.0 0.0 I :,. 5 4.0 ! U.7 , 13.7 15.3 28.0 :i. 5 nrt.fl 2S. 5 3. 0 30. 1 31.0 3..^. 29. 0 3. 5 I 31. 3 ; 19.0 0.7 ' 19.5 ' 20.0 30.5 I 1.5 . 0 211. 0 i 41. 0 ! 12.0 10.7 ll.O 11. 2 11.11 l,'!. 5 12.0 ' 10.0 i 11.0 10.0 18.0 15.0 25.0 1.2 1.0 22. 0 27. 0 1 34. 0 I I 4.7 o.e .5. 0 0. 0 5.0 4.4 21. C 31.0 22.5 31.5; 17.5 25.5 23.8 35.0 , 1 I I 18.0 24.0 ' Ut. 5 21.2 I 18. 0 . 20. 5 15. 5 ; 21. 7 1.3 1.0 4.0 2.0 13.3 13.6 10. 0 14. n 8. 5 13. 2 7.5 15.7 «.« j 14.7 8.0 10. 0 7. 0 I 14. 5 i 10.5 , 20.0 7. 0 , 13. 0 I 0.0 , 12.0 25. 0 24. 0 20.0 23. S 20. n 19.8 32. 3 43. 0 3.'t. 0 43. 5 27.0 30.0 24. 5 ' 31. 0 21.7 28.0 28. 0 I . 23.5! j" 18.0 , '■. ! .8.2 18. 0 0. 3 18. 2 22.7 23.0 20.4 ! I.O 22.0 27.0 32.0 30.0 18. 4 ; 0. 9 18. 0 ' 24. 1 30. 0 35. 5 ' 41. 4 70.5 58.0 39.0 41.2 Jit CS 44. 0 40. 0 :,. 0 42. 0 .18. 0 84. 6 I I I ,37 7 : 5. 3 30. 0 57. 1 i 30.2 34.3 24.8 27.0 5. 6 41. 0 5. 0 38. 3 30.0 2.5 i 28.8 50.6 172 ; 224; 231 300 304 .do . .do . .do . .do . .do .do . 181 ; Spceimeu cross-grained ; split with the grain. 208 404 268 302 323 200 350 293 .do . .do 53.0 51.0 01.0 Long fracture witli ouo large splinter .. Long fiaeture witli two large splinters . do Speeinien cross-grained; sciuare break . . Broke in three pieces Square break on tension side with largo llake on compressior side; bn>ke at knot. 250 Square break witli large splinters . 232 Square break, the ends splitting. . . 78 48 531 583 382 474 30J 280 230 238 134 24.-I 204 2 252 252 316 1039 1039 745 745 286' 285» 28^ 320 320 1113 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 487 487 Square lireak 462 do 462 lirokc with long splinters Broke witli hing splinters on compression side . Broke suddenly ; stick shattered. do S|ieeiiiieu oross-grnined ; broke with long split . Square breiik Siieciiiieii ei-uss-giuiued ; broke with long split S<|iiari' break on tension side with large flake on compression side Hpeeliuen ciosMuniiued ; broke through smail knot«. liroke at knot Speeiuieu eioM-grained ; oblique fracture. 475 47S 482 452 280 280 484 484 841 838 888 i i ■uniT-swrniMWi hj^^^i^-"^-:^^v=^^.-S^^^?>gjpi^>gc-^iijpBWjgasy 1 1 I 1 H ■■; ^^■ I, * •f 7' '1 ,■ ' m lli'.i 358 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III— BEHAVIOR OP TUE PEINOIPAL M'^OODS OP THE 8p«rlM. UnAMNACE.T,. StAt*. Kloriila . 42. UcyiioBln liitlfolin VA Itrd Iron Wuoil. Darling i'ium. ' 4S. Comlnllii fi>rro» 400 ' do . Illark Irmi Wood. ■ ' 400 do do. 4S. RlmniiniH ('iiniliiiiiinA i ao:i \. /fi('i'i/i f'lirrn). \ lOlvi Arkannas I 47. RlinmiiiiH riiiHlilanii I OOII litarliftry. lltar WmhI. Shittim Wood. \ 41). Cflliibrliin nrlluiitft I 1 130 .Va*«.l Wood. .>*AlMNI)A(;Ki»;. W. ^.8i'iilii» i;l:ilirii Ohio lluekeye. Fetid lluektyf. Oropm Florida . Loritllt.r. Uimor MotAoombo ...do ...do Sniut iIoliii'H river . Joiirnboro' IS. .XHciiliinCalitmnioA. Viitifnmia Ituekeyf. M. Saiiiiidn.i inHVKiiintiis . Wild CI fViiNrt. Sonpbrrry. 2U7 1 MiHHi'iiii... 207 ....do 4'J7 I Toimi-Hnco . i (!84 j Califiiriiia . 084 ... do ■107 Tixu» rortlanJ Uiiihrclla Koy . .\1l«'nton. ...do .... Nnnlivilli' CoUcotor. A. II. Ctirtiaa. .do . .do . ...do T.ll. Kilchona. KIch, alluvial. A. II. CuftlsH , Coral G. Enc«lmannand C S. SarKi'iil. Soil. Coral. do. .do. liicli hamraoiik Miiiin i'oiiiity. G. \V. l.iltirman liU h, inoiat ... do i do A. (intllnj!Pi' 1.2012 1.3540 1. 34110 0. A3n0 O.SOtO 0.6043 0. 8721 0. 40.^3 0. 4002 Uirb, nioiat { 0.4070 u « S m m ....do j I Dalliifl . do.. (i.K. ViiHi'j- Jlitli upland ... ...do ' do 0. t*nt 0. B228 choii iiit'h, dump . ... ...do 307 ... do ...do do i I I I 828 , do I Aiutiii C. .Mohr l.iiiuslono I I 028 : ... ilo !... do I do .. do M. Hvpolnto iKinii'iil.ttn Ink Wood. Iran Wtmd. 403 Kloriila ... I Unpor Mi'lai-onibo i A. 11. t'orlmx Coral I 403 60. Aoor niaoroitliylloni 082 Xroadlfavfd Mnntf. I I 082 ; 1023 i 1023 a. Acer cirt'inatiim . 1013 do Tmior Ki-y. do . do. Oregon . ...do ., .. do .. . do . IVirllaiid ..do... Poilli'.iid Fumltiiro Coiiipaiiy. . . do G. KiiKiliHiiiinand '"I'l, alluvial. r, S. Sar/ji'iiU do . do. do . .do. . do 1014 \Vn«liiiit;tim lor- I ri(<»i\-. 64. Acor watTbnrtiuun 200 | MisHonri. Stiaar Majilt'. .Niii/ar Trrr. Hard Uaplt. It^Kk ilaptf. ;17« i Voiiiiout 4.111 1333 1233 1234 1234 123R r.'35 Ni'w Kn;;land . . - Voiinont ..do do ..do do . .do ... 64. AporMfcliarimim. rar. niRnim niofJi tfugar Aloftle. 213 '. do 3741 Mlimoiiri . 440 j Trnnt hhco . 7A7 Floiid.i ... $k Aenr da«ri-Arpuin Sfifl itaplf. Whitf UapU. Sihtr MapU. 66. Acer nibrum . il« lO.VJ MaNNiii liunotta rortliiiid .. do Muisl, alluvial Wilki'Him do do All.nton . ("Inirlolli* I ) I O. W. I.i'ttorman. I 1'1 upland . (\G.rrlnKlo I firav.-lly m pun o.70«i }m |i_J 0.7784 ['".^ 0.. 243 111 0.5310 !['7j COBPriCIKNTO* BLABTICITY. 1. 0405 i.or.;3 0. hUt< o.,v:ii 0. 4007 0. :iim 0. 0028 0.7001 I'''"'' Cliarbstown Navy. S. 11. Pool V;iril. I Cliiirlotto 0.8381 0. 0832 0. 0775 do do . do . do do K. II, llomf.inl .. I I 0.7447 15! do. do do. do. do. t 0.8086 II i; . *o C. G. Vi lnsl». . . Clay AlIiBton 4) W. U'tU mian I.oir, nllavldl NnMivillo I A.OaUiBRor IlMi Chntiahoi.fhiw A. H Curlim ' Clay 0.6870 ''V'h ...1 0. 7416.1 fl'7l«8 0 7ilii7 11.7180 0.72-11 1:1 Ell 0. 7353 |E 0.0*3 .(11 I d.. do 0.0824 'I Rtd MixpU. .Vwiinin ilapl*. S^l UapU Wilfr llifilf. M do !>:«i IliMin.ippI T"p»(l<"ld il. K.OtinMon l.t>w inoudow . Arnold A rlxir.-f Hill <'. s. Sarccnt I'rift Xetnpi r'n mill ('. Mohr Kloh, awmmp; 0.6C4I 0. 7146 { 0.0136 2.2 070 1101 1101 814 718 776 021 VA 087 610 607 678 888 837 842 t»8 ii'in 030 (107 T.'.l 007 v:;a 0211 6;i4 l.M'O 888 ' I 76il i 1683 1878 ; 1220 ' I 1305 1028 1430 1030 1085 888 «57 810 076 I tai \ •71 ! o •o-s I 1100 1127 1170 680 704 518 687 616 012 750 876 1216 707 400 65'J 408 574 540 000 518 008 040 CSS (>C3 048 840 814 820 007 703 1200 ; 1201 I I I 1017 I 1118 734 7.'.! 842 704 000 I 006 I I 001 i 713 712 I 723 S18 I i4.'>7 1210 I 078 810 I 030 ; 07,-, I lO.j:) um I i 1808 r.'.iO I 1305 123.-. j Ui-O I2S1 I 1.57S 12 !2 I I 1.575 1104 I 1140 10-.'. 1221 ' ln.->5 1148 ln'4 1 I 830 088 I 0.13 743 1106 1010 I 804 1638 738 i ►20 ' THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. XJinTED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continaed. DIFUtCTIOR, III yiLMMBTKHR, UHUKB A I'llKKBUKR, IN KIL001UM8, OF— SO R.O 4.1 4.1 8.0 S.8 8.8 5.8 8.6 7.1 ao 7.0 7.2 S.6 S.7 S.8 7.1 t.3 6.2 7.0 8.6 7.0 8.7 7.8 7.7 8.2 6.6 6.4 2.9 2.8 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.4 4.7 4.8 s.n 6.7 1.0 1.) S.9 ••• lOO 0.3 a8 8.3 12.3 14.2 10.7 10.0 I. 'I. 8 1.'^.. 0 17.0 U.fl 14.0 II. U 10.3 12.0 14.0 H. 1 0.0 13. :i 13.0 11. S 12.3 13.7 13.6 6.7 10.0 10.6 6.0 6.4 7.0 «.« 0.2 6.2 8.6 H. 0 8.6 10.5 ut II 11.1 9.4 ISO 13.5 11.6 12.1 18.0 22.1 10.5 1.5.0 •-•2. 4 1!4.0 27. 0 23.0 21.7 10. « l.'.. 5 10.0 :;2.o 12.0 14. 5 21.0 10.8 17.8 10.4 21. .') 21.0 10.2 16.0 15.6 7.7 8.4 10.2 10.0 !I00 18.0 15. S 18.0 26.6 33.0 22.0 10.0 O (net.) 0.6 O.P 0.5 2.4 2.6 1.0 0.6 41.6 44.0 31.6 30.3 23.6 22.4 29.0 .'12.0 16.6 10.0 30.5 •JO. 5 26, 0 20.0 30. r, 2!». .'i 13.6 20. 0 20.6 10.2 11.2 13.6 13.0 I 9.6 lao 0.1 12.2 13.5 18.2 12.0 15.5 13.0 17.6 10.6 23.0 HI.O 10.0 MO 11.0 17.1 24.8 14. S 19.5 300 SISO 1ft. 0 10.0 17.0 27.5 34.0 23.0 19.6 7.5 1.8 2.8 1.6 1.6 3.0 4.2 0.7 1.0 3.4 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.7 0.8 1 48.6 32.0 31.8 21. 6 23. 4 20.7 34.2 17.0 10.0 32. 0 31.0 26.0 30.0 31.4 30.0 13. 8 •JO. 3 21.3 23.0 'J0.0 21.2 28.0 24.5 44.0 44.2 32.0 30.7 37.0 45.0 21.6 24.0 0.0 10.2 0.0 11.2 0.3 13.6 0.2 13.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 12.5 0.5 18.0 0,5 16,3 0 A 18.0 1.8 24.0 2.0 30.7 1 1 10.1 1.6 26 0 i.a W« 4.3.0 42.0 3.6.0 41.0 40.3 30.0 17.0 •JO. 0 27.0 r2.e 14,0 18.8 16.0 16.8 15.4 23.5 20.0 :ioo 30. U 24.6 30.6 20.0 42.0 42.0 53.0 27.0 30.5 350 30.0 34.5 60.0 68. 0 33.2 36 6 50.5 21.5 35.0 15.2 17,0 20.2 19 5 19.7 10.0 30.0 26 0 400 480 33.7 40.0 4a 0 00.0 39.5 44.6 25.8 22.6 29.6 30.7 41.6 40.4 54.0 25.0 n.o 35.0 at MO «9f 18.2 20.2 24.6 23.4 24.7 22.0 38.0 3'2.0 37.0 53.0 32.0 21.7 26.3 .10.0 27,7 30, n 27.0 40.5 4.3.6 52.0 67.0 4a 6 68.0 aoo sao 62.0 30.0 !!.'i.4 60.5 Is so. SI: Bemarka. 360 SpeclineD oroai-gTmined . 31.4 30. 0 I 30. 0 4M M,« M-l sao 33.0 3ff. 8 .U6 86.0 I .-IB. 3 47.0 42.0 50,0 '. 481 200 221 263 320 519 100 200 234 205 277 383 403 350 300 538 477 207 297 206 280 304 34D 551 348 288 .'>89 .650 .627 548 .'..30 471 LonK, nhattered break . . Spcclmon croiB-Rralncd . Long break, Rtartlng ut amall knot.. Slmttored Tioug, ahattertMl break with largo xplinters. Specimen Rronagrnineil -, ahntterod CruHliwl nt renter bearing do CniRbcd nt center bearing ; broke at knot on tension nide I.nng fracture; Inrge nplintere. Long fracture Long, Riilintercd fraotnre . Splintered fractnro do Long, Rplinterrd fractnn> Shattered . do ... Short brink, nplitting in axiR ofRtick Slightly cniRhcIACEir:. C4.> Culifoniia. . . 043 ...do CNiiitra Costa ciiuiity (J. It. Vani'y ; Kk-li, moiat . . - do do do O.5O0O 0. o->:;4 ■ 0. 5500 0.0818 0. 7ue u.Gcua 0. 6710 0. 4750 0. 4585 0. 4773 0. 4014 0. .'.^^7 0. 52J7 S a I" * I m\ m m 1 1. lUins copalliiia ... DuarJ Sumach. 7:;(i I'lmida . 730 ...do ... Cb.ittal:ooi:li('e . ...do .\. II. CiirtisH . ....do 71 Klius Mi'lopidiu I't'itn'n M'o'tl. Cural Sumach. Miji'iitain Mancliinccl. JUmi Wi>mt. H->nPUim. lioctortium. J.EGrMINO.S.i;. 77. Kobinia I'aoiidararia Locust. lil'tck Locust. Locv.'it. •107 Florida 4U7 do .. Upper ^Utacoinliu A. II. Cuitiss. do Jmur dii ■ Uryilay j 0.4888 ..do I (1. ,"054 Corul . ...do . 0. 7M7 0.8105 Yellow 40.") 40,"i 405 815 815 1247 1247 1248 1248 Chail.'HtOKii Navy. S. II. I'ook vard. ...do ...do ilo do Wr.it Viraiuia... Grafton C. G. Tringle — do do do Xew York [ Long Islaiid M. C. Betdlo . — do — do do . ..do do do — do ...do .do 70. Kobinia \eo.M('xicaua l.ocunt. 80. Oliiiya Tisota Iron ^\'ood■ Arbol dc Jiierro. 81. PJHi'idia I^rythi-ina 'Ttnnaicu Ihnncooii. 82. Cladra.^tiH tiiictoria YcUvio\Yvnd YcUinc A»U. Ooptier Wood. 1U31 Colorado Trinidad . . . i i \V. L. StrouK Low, moist M. Sopburu allinis. 1(5. Gvinitor-laduB CaiiadcnalH KerUuely tufee Tree. Coffee Nut. I ;tC. (ilHiIitHrbiii tt-laoMithHW* IJonffi Liiciml. Kack Loeutt. TliTe^thoriifd J04 ."j«4 33 33 320 032 510 1241 1242 1243 53> 53» Callfoiiiia L()\vcr Coloiado G. K!);:i'Iiiiaiiiiaiid Dry, gravelly . i valloy. (.'. S. Sargent. ' * ! . . . -do d*t tlo do Klor ida . . . do . . . do r Aft-taeombe A. II. Curtias CornI . do do . Kentucky ilorcer county W. M. Liiiney . . . . LimcstoDe . .. do do do do Texa.a Dalla.s 1. lievercbou j Dry, calcareous. do Austin C. Mobr ' do Tennessee . Missouri... . ..do ...do 1 NasbTillo Allen ton ...do ..do \ A. Gatlinger G. W. Leltci-man do do do j do Xeuoesiiee Naabville . do. do. ...do ...do A. Oattinger. Limestone Alluvial ... ..do ...do Low, rich ■ do 1 Dr jisandy barrens' 0. 8205 0. 8148 0. 0133 0.0433 0.7036 0. 77(10 0. 8U(iU 0. 8450 0. 8010 0.9841 1. 1060 1.0308 0. 04GC 0.7852 I 0.G444 0.8607 0. 0504 0. 7143 0.6S66 0. 0873 0.0670 0.6250 0.B381 0.6900 JLlii]] B ' i.TT'"rl 11 ii 076 888 070 888 775 888 842 010 02B 4,12 514 1130 021 , i 1 031 , 703 , I 021 1 021 . 1305 857 1 i:;2i . 1030 814 1520 1027 , 070 13-JO 1001 970 650 740 812 1028 030 1085 888 835 004 013 618 I 607 I 478 J 530 I 986 , 004 638 835 809 600 707 037 830 820 037 443 572 500 501 785 800 004 G33 1050 010 1050 \ (iOi I 1302 I 1302 1268 103U 970 1027 1027 1123 ' 1430 , 1481 13(12 1514 1041 851 1387 1355 1000 1307 1140 . 909 1030 I 042 CD7 814 888 888 j 076 9,''i7 ! 102S 842 1150 I 872 i 1001 ; 1221 076 i I 070 1104 888 857 1007 I 840 I 1110 1140 1085 1140 1221 SS8 820 675 813 820 700 703 813 760 802 907 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Coutinueil. 361 DEFLECTION, IK UII.LIUETEnB, I'N'DKR A fllEgglUIE, IN KILOQRAUg, OF— SO too B.U 5. n 0.3 5..-! D.« 8.0 7.8 10.8 a.j 150; 30O (set.) I 0.5 10. C n.o 11.0 11.7 10.8 IP. 7 15.8 14. II L'O. 0 18.2 I :.. 3 1). u .1. 3 I 10.8 I I 7.7 , 15. :i 0.4 11.7 I : i 5.3 ' 9.3 j 5.3 0.3 4>. ( . (. ,) 4. 0 7. 7 4.7 0.3 0.0 10.0 3. 2 0. 0 3. 0 0. 0 5.0 8.7 ' 3.7 0.8 4. G 8.5 5.0 0.4 7.4 14.0 0.0 12.0 6.8 11.0 5.3 10.0 5.1 9.5 5.8 11.4 4.4 8.0 5.0 11.5 4.6 8.8 4.0 8.5 5.0 0.0 .O.O 8.5 4.2 8.0 5. 5 11.0 14.5 10.5 14.6 17.0 18.3 10.0 15.6 20. 3 22.0 1 31.0 j 30. 0 i 14.2 15.8 I 23.2 ; 18.0 , I 14.3 ; 14.5 I 11.0 I 12.0 11.5 13.8 14.5 0.0 0.0 12.5 10.0 10.0 23.6 20.0 0. 5 : 19. 2 !24., 28.0 22.0 21.5 2.0 0.7 1.2 3.0 24.3 20. 5 25. 0 28.4 33.6 4t.5 42. 0 21.2 21.0 32.3 27.0 21.3 21. .1 14.5 15. 5 1.5.0 10.1 19.0 12.0 11.0 10. 0 ia.2 1. 1 I 23. 0 1.0 ; 21.8 3.8 ,'j. 0 3. 5 1.0 2.0 ; 3.1 i i 1.0 I 1.5 ! i I I 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0. 5 0.0 0.2 0.4 O.o 35.0 47.0 44.9 25.0 32.0 27.0 33.0 37. .'■> 31.5 28.0 300 :i3o 35.6 30.0 42.0 .I) .'i 4O0 01.0 90.0 112. a 42.0 37. 0 50. 0 4ao soo sso 21.2 1 22. 0 33.5 28.0 23.0 23.0 14.7 15.8 l,";. 3 10.0 19.5 12.0 11.8 10. S i;i.5 71.0 I I I 28. 0 i 37. 5 1 28.0 , 30.5 I 43.5 j I 37.3 j 30.5 30.5 I lao 1 22.0 10. 0 i 23. 5 25. 8 I 30. 2 2S.7 I 3.").0 I 37. 0 I 44. 5 51. 8 10. 0 . 23. 9 i 2(1. 0 '■ 32. 0 23. 7 I 30. 0 I 38. 0 j 47. 7 24. 0 I 30. 0 I 42. 0 j LS. 0 18.0 I 21.0 24.9 U..% 17.8 21.2" 2.1.4 20.8 2,-i.5 31.0 i 30.5 j 45.0 10. 4 20. 1 24. 3 ! 28. 0 i 3i. 6 39. 0 40. 4 33.0 40.0 41.5 47.0 47.8 5."i. 0 29.3 34.7 , 42.3 31. 2 3«. 0 I 40. 6 12.4 10.2 , 0.4 16.7 20.0 23.0 14. 2 I 19. 5 0. 5 I 20. 0 20. 5 i 33. 7 21.0 1 29. £ 1.4 1 31.0 19. 5 26. 0 I 1. S j 27. 1 , 33. 5 j 43. 0 17.3 24.0 I 1.4 24.6 | 80.5 ' 158 21.6 i 1.1 I 22.5 29.0 ' ! 14.5 20.2 1.0 20.5 ! 2aO 17.0 I 23.0 .6 ' 26.0 • 83.0 13.0 I ia2 ' 1.2 18. V 24.0 31.0 18. 5 29. 9 13.0 I 18.4 14. 0 j 19. 2 13.7 j 20.0 12.6 ; la 8 3.0 0.0 37.0 42.0 29. 0 37. 3 18.8 20.0 L5 I 20.0 28.7 1.4 20.6 2^.3 31.0 42.0 61.0 5>.S I 47.0 , 68.0 52.0 37.5 40.6 44.0 i O.fl 18.0 24.0 ' 31.0 41.0 , 57.0 12.9 17.0 I 1.0 , 18.7 16.4 22.5 1.0 ' 23.5 I 25. 0 ;i;i. 0 47. 0 31. 7 I so. 3 ; .15. 5 I i 11 345 Broke vrltli long RpUnfcrs 2!>0 : SiKH'inien 0. 75 sup-wood j crcia-gniiucd 340 j Snp-woo(); oruslicd nt crntorlirarini;; broko with Quo apUutcrB. . ■ 400 ilu 358 Snp-wooil; biiiko -witli long, large spliuters 350 ilo 4U0 do . 160 Bioku lit knot lunr center beai in;; 244 (.'niched nt center bcarinj;: sipiaro break 217 Stpiiiro lireiik at kn<»t 252 . Flaked on tension t^ide; bi'oke at Humll knot . 335 : Crushed at center bearing; broke into long splinters 343 ! Cruslied at center bearing; brok(y into long, fino ?'iIintor». 200 f^Iiatteud, splitting to llie end. 2711 do . 203 S(inare brc;ik . 200 do 630 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 200 290 311 311 645 045 730 736 407 407 032 (io.2 niilliuioters dellection with 000 kilogiams; spieimen eioss- griiiiu'd. I 681 liroke with line s]dintcrs ' 040 04. 3 niillinieti IS detlecliou witU 600 kilogranus ; broke with line splinlci's. t 444 r.roke «itli coarse ..jpUntcrs 303 do 502 Splintered on coruiis 578 Broke with lino splinters 430 Broke witli hirgo splinters on comers. fiOrt do I Broke with long splinters . 402 Cro.'isgraiued ; split with grain . . . 238 3!)4 288 .Scpiarc break Broke with long, largo sjilinters . do 422 I Long, large splinters ou angle of two faces . .. 347 I Started at small knot : long, obli faces 828 I Broki' willi line sjdinier 842 .do 413 ' Crushed ul i enter liearing ; broke with Ano splinter . 387 Broke w it ii Hue »pl inter :\n lindse with loiii splinter 405 405 406 816 816 1247 1247 1248 1248 1031 060 650 564 664 33 33 320 932 510 1241 1242 1243 .13' 53» 4U f i; 1, ■ '.' I Li 1'; ■uwiiiiMi.Mir'iwiBr* 362 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THH I ' II i ^1^1 ,i ji Spcoiei Wl. Oleditaohla moDoapennn . Water Loeuit. ParkinHonift Torreyana Ortm-bark Aeaeia. Palo Vcrdt. n. Cercin Cniindensis Redbvd. Judai Tru. Pixwopis juHflora M«sHopin i>uboHC»ii8 Serno Jiean. I'omilla. Serewpod UcaquiL Acacia 0 reg};!! Cat'K Olatv. I. Lymlonm Inlisiluiua Wild Tamarind. 760 7eo 678 678 436 J089 1090 1001 080 680 927 658 SUte. FloricUk. ...do ... Arizona . ...do.... XeDDeswe . MlBnoiiri... ...do ...do Arizona . ...do... Texaa . . . Locality. Chattahoochee. ...do Lower Colorado river. ...do Nashville. Allpnton.. ...do .. do Tucson . ...do... Austin . Collector. A. H. Curtlss . ..do Q. EnKnlmann and U. 8. SurKent. ...do A. Gattinger a. W.Lettermao. .. do ...do C.S. Surgcnt. ...do C. Mohr Sou. « 3 . Alluvial . ...do... (A is 0. 7628 0. 7748 Sandy 0. 6705 ...do 0.6727 COKPnCIIXT OP KLABTICITY. I Limestone 0. 7323 Rich 0.6341 ...do j 0.0834 ...do 0.6250 Calll'orula I'ort Yuma 1 (>. EnKi'lmano and ; C. 8. Siirgciit. ...do do 058 |....do. .do. ! I 697 I Arlitona Santa ttita mount- j aina. , 509 ! Floriiln , Boca Clilni Key . .. A. U. Cortiss . Rich, calcareous . Sandy I ROSACKiK. Dry, gravelly. Coral .. 0. 7818 0.7014 0. 7750 ' 0.8068 0.8SC8 0. 8714 0.6670 102. 103. CiirvKoliitlanu.s Ic Ciicott I'ium. 480 do I Bay Biscaynu ! — do i Snampy 0.7753 Prnnus AintTiciinii Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Uorge Pltiin, Allentou... ...do I'runiiH itn;ztiiilJi'oli;( OhickaMiw Plum. Hug Plum. 104. 107. PiiinuH eniiii'giuiita, var. mollis . . ,] 68 { Missouri I 68 j - ■ do i 334 I Texas | Dallas . . . 1 I I 435 ' TennoHfloe Xushvitlo 968 M';iHliingt«u tor. Wilkesim. . . i rllory. 008 . do do I G. W. Lottcrman. ...do J. Rovorchon ... A.ljattiiiKer G.Engi'lmnnniind O. S. Sargout. ...do 108. PrunuH Hnrotina WUd Black Cherry. A'um Cherry. UO. Pninna demissa . WUd Cherry. MI. Pmnns Caroliniana ITiid Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. 15' M.is.siicliusetts - . .. Koxbury... 15 . "Ill do 115' Slic.liigun 'Lansing... 115» .. ilo Dansvilli. . 127 Missimii Allenton 127 ... do ....do 148 , Illinois WiUiki'giui 317 Michlgau I llersiiy 317 |....do ....(lu 868 ■ Vermont i Chirlottn ... 406 Virginia or Mid. dfo Stutt's. 703 , Floridii 763 ... do 1053 I Massachusetts... 1053 !... do C. S. Sargent .. do W.J.Btiil ...do G. W. Lftterman . ...do 1!. Dougl.18 W.J.Bcil ...io C. G. Pringlc... S. U. Po.ik Rich upland . ...do Rich . Klvcr bluff . Low, rich . . . ...do Cb.Trlrbtowu Navy yalil. I Cljultuhoochee A. II. Cnrtiss . — do do Topsiiold i J. Robinson . do do . 637 California. 1032 1062 1M3 Florida . Texas . . ...do... Strawberry valley . . Jacksonville. Victoria ...do G. Kn^olmanit and C. S.Sur^eut. A. H. Curtlss C.Mohr ....do Gravelly . ...do ..do . . do Uich loam .. do Gravelly... Rich . . .do Gravelly... 0. C003 0. 5010 I 0. 6045 8 1061 1221 514 S68 814 588 452 051 542 596 609 ■a 3 1149 1101 514 602 904 610 514 723 618 630 5U1 814 835 787 814 1039 1085 488 401 957 I i I 0.4099 1"^! 0.4750 rh I I 0.7438 ;[II]]]I 0.7386 llJi^' 0. .131 5-1 (mil ^ 0. .'i048 m Clay ...do .... Gravelly. . . do . . . . 0.6790 0. 0070 0. 0471 0.5315 p 0. 5I9.1 f-Vl 0. 5648 [^ 0.5028 '[jJI] 0.0105 l^l 0.6244 ll^^l 0.6751 l|^ 0.6716^ mm I I..OW, rich . Sandy Rich, moist . ...do 0.7630 I p.; n 0.8785 0. 8008 O.tMVl 775 1017 651 814 970 1221 970 775 842 704 651 070 888 740 606 814 697 1191 976 1073 982 511 570 1003 734 040 510 469 574 412 1H)2 880 702 653 11 lU 901 814 ! 769 049 651 . 734 703 921 ; 076 1240 0.0538 ^ 634 , 003 | 409 I 751 : '8411 751 ; 872 687 670 849 1171 888 I 1084 673 840 T24 970 005 1028 906 930 937 800 680 828 UOI 857 7C9 718 642 958 797 970 702 709 820 775 820 709 • 001 I 718 i 586 1097 I 1206 906 ^ IHO THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 303 UNITED STATES UNDE14 TKANSVBR8B STRAIN— Contiuued. DKruKrrioN, im i(ii.i.imktkiu), vavan a i-BKiutuHK, in kiloubamb, or— ti so 4.0 4.0 0.5 8.0 &0 8.8 10.8 7.» 0.0 8.2 o.e 0.0 8.2 4.7 10.0 0.U 7.3 lOO t ISO 8.8 13.3 8.2 12.8 10.0 2a 4 10.2 25.4 1U.8 15,8 lao 24.6 19.0 20.7 13.6 20.0 ilOO 0 (SLt.) aoo 4:12 0.8 18.0 IK 5 1.0 10.5 43.2 8.4 40.0 35.2 3.U ;i7. 7 -.ISO 23.5 25.6 22.8 35.0 43.0 28.1 15.8 1 23.0 ; J15.6J22,,'. I 10. 5 I 31. 5 j 30.7 I. A 2.5 0.0 1.6 37.0 45..-. .30.0 I'0. 7 48.0 61.0 .0 j 31.7 (11.7 17.7 j I 12.0 I 17.3 ' I 0.0 • 14.0 I 21. 2 i 31'. 7 8.8 I 13.0 12.7 1 18.3 I I 24.3 24. n i 1 i i 18.1 I ,-.1.3 1.3 2.2 25. U ' 32. 0 25.5 33.5 0.0 I 18.6 I 24.0 17. 8 i 0. 0 1 18. 0 13.3 I 21.0 10. fl U. 9 : 10. 2 : 20. 0 0. 5 I 0. .-> 1 0.3 4.8 I 7.5 I 0.0 ; 6.0 4.0 5.0 0.3 I 6.8 0.4, 7.5 5.(1 I 5.6 1 11.5 "- 11. .-. ; 11.0 i 14.5 I 11.5 1(1. 0 'J. :> 10. r. 12.2, 11.8 1 U.4 ! 13.0 10. 2 10.0 0.0 12.7 7.0 12.0 6.0 12. 7 7.0 13.6 4.1 8.0 6.0 0.8 17,7 17. U 17.3 16.0 21.7 17. (i M 2 !.■>. 0 10.0 19.0 10.7 10.7 I 21. 5 I 15.2 I 15.5 i 10.5 I 27.4 28.0 30.7 3H. 5 25.2 24.7 23.0 22.0 32.0 24. 0 21.5 21. 0 1.7 ' 28. 0 1.0 0. .■> 29.0 ■.:o. (i 300 29.0 83.0 38.0 74.6 41.0 42.0 29.0 23.0 31.6 37.0 30.5 27. 0 I 34. 0 I 4.: 1.5 1.7 1.0 0.0 1.0 I 1.0 \ 1.3 : 1.2 19. .-> 19.5 22.0 13. 5 14.0 21. .-. 1.0 20. H 1.1 23.0 0.0 22. 0 I.O 30,7 1.7 21.0 0.0 20. S 1.0 27.(1 1,5 20, 5. 1.5 28 4 l.fl 32.3 4.0 18.4 0.2 18.5 0.6 28. 0 2(i. 0 24. 2 22.0 32.5 25.0 22.(1 22. 0 27.5 24.0 2.3.0 31.6 21.8 21.5 28.0 27.0 28.3 34.0 19.0 19. • 30.0 ' no, 5 30. 0 38. 5 28. 0 i 35. 7 32.5 I 45.0 28.5 ' 36.5 2a 0 I 30.0 28. 0 30. 5 36.0 30.0 30.0 43.5 26.6 27.0 30.0 3J.0 36.5 73.0 23.6 24.6 40.5 aso 40.6 60.0 63.0 40.0 400 42.0 52.6 08.0 4ao soo I 1 |- 6&0 41.0 60.0 40.5 44.0 47.0 4.V 0 45.6 34.0 3ii. 0 40. 0 j 62. 5 40.0 ,W. 29.2 82.0 61.6 57. 5 73. 0 .^5.0 art. 7 37.6 41.7 84.0 aso 63.0 I 74.0 SB 3 ? ji 468 410 218 217 428 313 277 220 200 245 170 385 S78 338 236 410 « 277 300 529 200 293 286 500 467 247 309 386 425 100 204 205 328 274 340 338 350 350 205 250 640 387 Rumarki. 0.66 Mi>.wood ; broke with long, flno ipUntera . Bpeclnicn oroes-Kraincd ; split with grain Sprciiucn cross-Kminod; broke at knot . Long, oliliqne f ract'raincd| («hort, oblique fracture. do Spoclmi'U croaH');ruincd ; ehatlercd Specirai'U croHx.grnincdi short, oblique fracture. , do Broke at knot near the end . Specimen cra8S-graine'y. Crat:r;rii8 flava, irtr. pum'SCcnH. . . Sumiiicr Ilaw. JCcJ llaio. l:J7. AniclaiH'hior Caniulciirtis Juncbcrrif. A'/iau Jinth. Scrr'.ce Tree. May Cherry. lIxVilAMELACEiE. .89. I.inuidanibarStyrariflua isweet Gum. Starlcaied Qum. Liquidamber. ned Oum. misted. i a 1158 1158 1087 1087 1088 1088 Stnie. Culifomia . ...do PcnusjlvnuiK. ...ilo ...arpiin crecta Button WoaJ. 143. Luiriinciiliirlii rHi't'niosa Whilt lUilton Wnoil. Whiff Han yrui'c. Oo: ■ 007 1 328 ; 328 I 1093 I 1003 j 040 1081 420 ' 420 !I20 239 707 241 849 849 540 540 1005 1095 1173 1173 1181 1181 1182 1182 U8S 1163 48S 486 480 , 480 j 807 i I S07 Ouoi';;] . . . .do . Mount Man F field . OgCL'clieo ...do C. G. I'rinjilc HnsMicbuaotts.... ...do Missouri .. do Itrooliliuo. A.n. Curtiss ...do ■ 0.0 ».« 13.0 13.7 la. 5 21. U 1.'.. 5 ao.o 2n.o 3.0 22.3 32.5 4.C 33.0 24. 0 ; 30. 5 ; 4. 8 15. 6 ' 25. 5 ! 12.0 ; 18.3 I 12. S 20. 5 17. 0 ' 28. 0 30. 0 10. 0 i 28. 5 42. 3 4.0 :>.o . 5 12. 0 20. 0 20. 0 1 2. 1 i- 3 S.8 0.6 7.5 6.8 a2 0.6 4.1 4.5 4.2 8.1 7.1 5.5 5.0 e.5 7.0 6.5 6.2 b.O 4.2 6.0 12. 3 18. 1 10.7 10.0 20.0 22.0 11.0 16.0 25.5 13.2 20.2 13.5 ! 21.0 14.5 16.5 13.8 8.0 22.5 28.0 23.5 11.5 8.5 ' 12.0 8.0 ; 12 4 10.0 14.5 10.6 0.8 12.7 12.0 12.5 11.5 0.0 0.2 11. U 4.8 in.o 24.5 23.5 , 10.0 [ 14.5 ' 20. 5 10 7 j 10.0 : 17.0 I , 14.6 14 7 17.(1 15.5 3. 0 I. 6. 0 3.0 5.8 20.0 30.3 33. 0 2.0 l.U 2.1 -. 2 3.0 2.5 30. 0 5. (I 34. 0 ' 4. 3 ! 14.6 I 0.0 17.0 I 0.8 17. 0 0. 7 300 30.0 35.0 37.0 27.1 30.2 34.5 22.5 20.0 31.0 I 20.0 ■ S2.2 I 28. 7 I 20.4 I 23.0 2.5. 0 23.7 3.1 1.5 1.0 0,0 3.5 2.7 3.6 4.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.4 6.0 4.6 7.0 8.4 11.0 8.5 It. 5 10. 7 10. 0 ai.s 8.6 !.'>. 4 6.8 12.0 12.7 : 17.8 I I0.S as. 7 41.0 44.0 29.0 20.5 23.0 20.0 30.5 82.0 34.0 41.7 35.0 14.0 17.4 17.7 37.0 36.2 2.1.2 21.0 32 0 30.4 3.5.0 31.0 21.2 23.0 25.0 20. 0 !tSO 38.0 48.0 61.5 35.0 68.0 38.0 34.2 20.0 34.0 30.2 41.0 57.0 44.5 18.6 :;2. 0 I ! SOO 330 400 56.0 67.0 47.0 46.5 37.0 59.0 23. 0 30. 0 0.2 II. 0 0. 2 I U. 6 0.0 i 22.6 I 0.0 I 17,5 52.5 30.2 28.6 45.0 42.0 20. 2 36.0 35. U 40.0 83.0 70.0 22.3 20.0 79.0 07.0 00.0 49.6 28.0 36.0 37.0 13. 5 I 17. 0 14. 5 18. 0 28.3 22.0 35.5 28.6 1.2 20.6 : 3&0 61.0 430 32. 6 47.5 57.0 300 SSO 40.6 20. 0 24. 0 21. 6 I 26. 7 47.5 35.0 45.0 51.6 I. I I 28. 0 32. 2 28.0 IS* si a » •11 Remarks. 350 318 188 180 103 ' 200 Broke with largo splintera . Broke with Um^f Hplintcrs. . Broke at knot Specimen croan-graineil Specimen cross-grnlned; defective. Specimen cross-grained 100 Broke at knots. i 341 180 Specimen cruss-grnined ; broke with one lor.g splinter . Broke at knot 204 230 300 : 302 307 203 208 307 210 3U4 3U0 536 403 4.'>0 281 331 300 320 315 236 2.12 280 202 282 203 Broke with long splinters Specimen crossgrninc d ; split with grain . Sqntire break Broke nt knots Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain . Broke at knot Broke with a long splinter, starting at knot. Broke at knot i.. .do. .do . Broke at knot with a large splinter . 38.3 568 , 472 Broke with fine spltnLeis . .... do do 365 1158 1168 3087 1087 1088 1088 410 607 607 328 328 1003 1093 048' 1081 426 426 026 238 707 241 840 c49 Sap'Wood; split ien^lhwlse without breaking 546 Siip-woud; eru.sliedand splintered 646 I-ong, sliattered l)ri'ak i 1005 do 1005 Sap-wood; broke witli tine splinters. do Brukuwitlihuig Bplinters do 1173 1173 1181 1181 Crnshed nt center bearing ; broke with one long splinter ! 1182 llroKe with long, iiuuso splintors ] 1182 I ('rnslied at center bearing ; shattered 1183 do 118J Broke witii coarse t-pliiite do 486 485 :)64 Specimen cmsS'giiiined : nplil with grulB 480 460 Spliutervd , 488 I 110 Broke at knot j 507 326 j Shattered 607 i:|^ ' M 41 ii it •: 1 s^*!7,'^V?ff ',??W^i*» 3Ga FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speeim. MTETACBfi. Ui. Knsenia buxifolU Qvrgcon Sloppe.. Spanith Sup- per. 146. EiiAi'iiia ninnlicnla Stopper. Whilt Stopper, 148. EiifLeninprocc'i. Jicd Stopper. CORNACEie. ISl. CorniiH fioriiln Flovering Dogviood. Boa Wood. 152. ComnsNiitlaliil Fhwering Dogwood. 153. N.vsR.a cnpitata OfTffcI.ee Lime, (lopher flum. Smir Tupelo. Mt V.vowi nniflora. . . Larije Tupelo. I'upelo (Aim. OoUon Oum. CAPRIFOLIACB«. J-:k(r.r. 168. Viliiirtiiim )iriiiiir»liimi Ulaek Jlatc. Stag Buth. RUUIACEA. tnn. K^nMonimnCarilNBum. 1118 113S 1127 1127 67 67 761 812 812 1077 1077 1092 SUte. Florida . do . do do Minaonri .. do Florida West Virffinia ..do Miasonri ..do ..do 960 Oregon ..do . 605 : GeoTKia 605 '....do ... 154. Kv8Hn aylvntica 235 Tupelo. Soiw Oum. Pepperidge. Black Ovm. 235 617 750 760 813 813 833 834 834 836 128 128 650 660 004 004 «8! no« 110* 739 466 4er Metaoombe Jnjx Ive do Bluflflon ... W. H. IJnney UudHon River I nhule. do Treuton Umcatone A.n.CiirtlM ' Clay A. U. Curtiea Coral . do do J. H. UellichBDip . Bandy awamp. 0.5216 !^ 0. 8352 f p 0.9034 [^^1 0.,''270 0.9554 0. 0.'i24 0.5425 1627 1017 1191 I 1163 I 787 i 787 787 787 763 827 888 610 814 976 «10 607 I 687 ! 888 j 814 800 763 ; 030 888 740 SSI 660 814 642 542 561 444 505 450 488 :t4r< 976 904 708 1130 1221 1575 1085 1206 1177 814 840 794 849 814 84» 957 647 976 1086 638 723 781 849 814 849 1055 1172 1179 1172 872 1012 820 951 888 1015 968 710 930 1052 694 668 783 745 688 9M 781 I 052 783 1030 769 814 713 872 661 592 564 471 Sl!5 444 444 306 967 1028 734 1085 1302 683 89« 912 738 827 824 717 701 724 628 687 63S 658 870 729 1228 958 1053 870 4M THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 367 DEFLBCnOK, IK UIMJXETEBS, VKDBB A FRESSUBB, IN KILOOBAMS, OP— SO 3.0 4.8 4.1 4.2 0.2 0.2 6.2 6.2 6.4 D.0 5.6 8.0 6.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 7.1 5.5 0.0 6.1 6.4 5.2 5.5 0.0 '..5 7.4 0.0 7.6 0.0 8.7 11.0 8.2 10.7 10.0 lOO 6.2 0.0 8.1 8.3 12.0 11. 5 12.3 11.6 12.0 11.5 10.2 15.2 ISO !IOO o (set.) 12.5 0.3 las .7 17.0 0.0 10.8 0.6 9.0 l.''i.3 13.5 12.5 11.6 12.0 11.5 12.5 11.0 0.4 12.7 12.0 ' I 13.7 I 11.2 \ 15.0 I I 10. 5 ' 17.3! 20.7 ' 10.7 22.0 22. 0 12.5 18.2 : 20.9 17.0 24.5 20.0 i 29.0 : I 18.2 I 26.7 * 18. 7 ' 27.0 ' 16 7 23. 6 ! 10.3 24. 0 24. 5 35. 3 ! i I 14. 5 ' 20. 3 13. 2 17. 5 ' 23.0 20.3 i 19.0 ' 18.0 19. r> 17.7 10.0 10.2 13.5 19.7 19.0 21.6 17.0 37.3 29.5 27.5 : 2.1. 5 ' 2S.7 '. •2r,. 7 •.•0..'i [ 22.,'; 18.0 ' 28.7 I ':!). 0 ■ I 32.0 I 25.0 26.0 38.5 ' 20.0 44.6 1 28.7 43.0 2.2 2.0 i 3. 5 I 2.2 1 I 2.5 I 1.5 1.0 U.0 0.0 0.4 H.a 2.2 1.6 1.5 2.4 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.4 2.3 3.0 3.5 2.2 5.5 1 7.2 ] 7.5 33.0 48.5 > 8.5 26.7 39.0 36. 5 ' 67. 5 30. 5 !,,>. 0 5.0 11. r. 12.2 300 13.0 18.5 17.9 17.5 27.6 25.5 31.2 28.5 23.6 24. J 24. C 37.0 20.3 18.0 .18.0 30.5 ' 28. 2 ■ 20.3 ' 29.5 20.0 2: 5 23 0 ' 18.2 20.7 30.0 I , 33.5 2.-I. 2 40.6 40.0 45. 5 53.0 40.8 02. 5 00. 5 990 10. E 23.0 22.4 36.0 32.7 40.6 30.5 39.0 32.0 ' 32.0 ! 48.5 I I 300 350 I 25.5 23.0 .'>2.0 41.0 37.5 34.7 38.0 3(.0 37.0 20.0 22.0 38.0 42.0 45.0 32. .1 58.0 21.0 30.3 28.6 29.0 50.0 43.1 50.0 52.0 55.0 43.0 42.6 76.0 32.0 20.0 .'1.0 54.5 20.0 37.0 36.0 400 400 32. 0 ' 43. 5 46.." 46.5 3.5.0 I 46.0 70.0 .18.2 08.0 87.0 60.6 57. 0 42.5 34.0 84.5 110.0 81.5 43.0 40. 0 ; 03. n 93. 0 48.5 1 74.0 1120.0 ;)8.o .... 27.5 53.0 57.5 66.0 44.0 100.0 35.0 84.0 95.0 116.0 64.0 60.0 66.2 108.0 82. 0 ! 69.5 108.0 soo 61.5 62.0 ' 61.5 sso U. 0 : 32.0 5-.. 0 5.0 .'•..4 6.9 «.U 4.0 7.4 10.2 14.7 20.6 0.5 14.0 10.7 , 0.0 ,11.5 IS. 5 j 7.5 ! 11.4 ! 16.2 14.8 ' 22.3 3.6 0.0 a.o 0.4 0.S 21.0 21.0 31.0 I 27.0 26.0 40.0 15.7 20.0 16.4 10.0 34.0 33.5 53.0 23.7 23.0 41.0 71.0 28.0 28.6 S1.0 33.5 33.0 68.5 38.0 92.0 il si Bemarka. 460 SOO 503 600 372 432 360 406 378 433 412 30:1 397 449 Shattered. Splintered . Spccinicn oroM-grained ; splintered . Bruk« with coarse spIinterB Broke at knot Maximum deflection, 120 millimeters ; broke with large splinters. Broke with large splinters Square break ou tension side with large flakes Square break on tension side with long splinters Broke with long, coarse splinters Shattered one end Spcrinicn cross-grained ; broke with large splinters Broke witli long splinters du 296 I Broke short and split in axis. 285 334 318 294 425 406 334 388 389 377 SfB 394 306 290 309 268 293 271 230 Shattered. .do . .do Long split at one end Broke into lino splinters Dellocted I'lO uiillimeters and slipped from the bearing . Sluittorcd .do. Sapv.'oodi broke with fino splinters. do di) .1 138 FaiU'il from small splinter on comer Crumpled on compression side at knot; square break with fine splinters. Broke with long splintevs Sliulteri'd at the end Ct iislied at center bearing ; broke with long splinters .do . Kaileil from large splinter on comer . do lUI list 112T 112T «7 87 761 8» 81< 1077 1077 1002 ao* 96* 606 60t 23i 236 61T 75* 75* 811 811 83« 834 8li 128 IZt sst 5M «0« Broke at knot . 311 do I I 52t 1 Broke at knot with one large splinter . i 383 Shutter'-d 40H 48« 173 Siierimun cross-grained ; snlil with grain . Broke with Une splinters Broke at knot with large splinten. «n 111* 110« It i- 4 881 a^:t WV ■n f ' 1 ■).' 1 h: ' > M' '■,iX •■",{ I ll t 11 3. :* /I 3G8 FOREST TREKS OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk III.— IJKIIAVIOU OK THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TFIM i Spi'ricM. a kkicack.t:. IfiS. And loiiiMla fi iTrj;im']» I WW ' .SInto. I.oculity. 106. ArluitUH &r(Mizii-}fii . itadroHa. 167. Arbuliis XulniioiiBla. lOtf. Oxydt-nilruTii arbiiroiiin Sorrrl Tiff. Si'Ur Woiid. 170. K»lmiii lalif.iliii l.aurrl. i'tiiii-o Jlitah. Spoon }Yoiid, In/. 171. HIindiMlt'iHlnin niaviinnin... Orftit I.attrd. it'o^c liny. SAPOTACE/'E. 175. Clir\M)]ili,vUuni i>Uv:''orme. I Jr.'.'ksoiivillo Collector. • COEKFICIRNT OK •9 ' ELABTR'lTy. Soil. I A. II. CiirlinR Ilninmook . . . Ciilifciniin . ....ilo ... .10 .. do 043 6<3 670 679 683 083 3S3 3S3 202^ 202' 2«3i 203' I I 4112 Vloliilft . 4!V.' . . do . . . Contra C'oHtA connty G. Tl. VnRoy Gravrlly . . ...do ... do do Marin rounty i do do do do ... «io . ... o ' a i .2 V ■ •Si Alabama , CottuKe JlilJ . C. Molir l.'iKlit, rich .. do ; — do .;. .. do — do Virginia. ..do .... Fancy Gap IT. Slirivor , Moist . ..do do ... do . ...do ...do . do . .do . Itny lliarajuc. .. do .do. .do. ., .. do . .l....do . A. 11. Ciirtlgs Coral . . . do do . 176. Sidomwlou Madlkliodondron . itaglii: 177. l)ii.lu.liss;iliiilVilia.... 401 do TTiijiir Miiaconibc do. do. mi.r Ivoy 401 do i do . I I do . .do . inliiilis s:ilii iliiiia . liustic. t'ag.\ada 178. Ilnnitdia tcnax. 488 488 I do .. do... do... 500 I 740 GooiHin. 170. lliitiiolia I.uniuiiiosa (jiiin l^UiKtic. ^hittim Wood. 9:10 Texas ... 030 ....do... 1083 I MUeouri. 181. Itiunt-lin l>ri(ndi>.s IrtinWiii'd. Kiiilhrrn Hiieklhirn. 182. Ilnnu'lia I'uiio.ata Aiitti' Wi.inl. Pownward I'lum. Sii^nni rtunl. 183. MilMllHt>])s Siidivlt .--I HiVif i>i:i„. KliKXACKJ'.. 184. Diospyroa Virginiantt . l*frtimvton. 133 Tcnneaace. Hay r>i.s(ay:io , do do . .. do do do Umlirclla Ki-v ' do do Haiiibiidu do. Austin I C. Mohr . . do do Alleoton I O. W. Lettvrmnn. NasliTiUe A. Qattingor Low . Linieatono . ...do ...do AUiiriol . I 1 IJ I Florida ■ Uoc.-J Cliicrt Key ! I 4^8 I do UnpiT )f utaoomlra 4S8 ;....do ;... do STTEArACES. ISO. Syniploooa tinrUiria llurte Sttgar. Sictit Ltaf. IK7 Uali'sia dipt.ro Stuiv drvp Vrtt. SUver-Ml Tret. 01 . Miasouri. 01 ....do A.II.Curtiaa Coral... do. do. do . ..lo . a. W. I.A80 540 400 070 , 079 070 606 500 584 073 091 I 018 I 033 1252 947 0.9583 r^i 021 9Ufl 1237 1149 1050 1430 910 1022 1203 1395 ; 1171 ir 761 400 4:12 522 781 603 1028 076 I 1008 673 507 205 380 S62 616 osa 874 704 483 TBI 818 883 932 846 A. ]I. Curtlaii Low.. ...do ....do . 0.8710 ["1 1395 1 1337 0.8170 [[[ill 010 622 . 0,8110 Q] 010 603 0.8125,13 751 814 0.8410 ('■■■| 574 003 0.8240 0 607 784 »• «"»■!! 610 623 0.0704 j|-3 042 673 0.0577 jdJJjj 600 097 610 881 8.'(2 THE WOODS OF THE UNFll^D STATES. UNITICl) P.TATF.a UNDER TltANSVKItSE ST!?AIN— Coiitiuued. IiUKl.HCTIO.N, IN MII.l 1M11EL:H, INUKI: a rilKHHlIlK, IN KM.OIIUAMS OI'- so loo ISO •Mo\ o •am •i.'io smt ano ' («ft.) ' 0.0 0.0 8.0 5.0 n.8 7.8 0.1 0.2 5.2 10. 5 7.5 8.0 4. ;i 5.:i 6.0 5.0 ,1.0 3.B 4.1 0.5 10.0 10 1 10.0 7.0 7.4 4.0 K.2 6.0 6.5 8.S 8.0 8.0 6.5 8.5 7.0 8.0 7.6 7.4 12.0 IH. 5 15.0 0.2 11.2 I 24.0 14.0 10.3 'JO. 0 2. 0 27. M. 0 I 14.3 ] 22.0 17.8 ! "0.0 12 2 10.0 I 10.0 : l.^o 14.0 22.4 10.5 ! :ti.o 14.5 22.8 l.S. 8 25. 0 7. 8 12. 0 I 0. 8 15. 5 8. 5 , 12. 8 I 0.3 ; 13.0 fl. 8 U). 0 7.0 10.0 8 3 12. 3 j 13. 0 I 20. 0 I 10.7 I 31. B 2ifl ' 18.7 27.0 1.8 2tf.O ■ 3.5. n I ! ;i:i. 2 2. 8 ' sr<. 0 44. 5 I 10.0 n, (1 20.0 , 2."i. 5 22. 5 ^ 1.0 2.1.5 ' 30.0 31. 6 ; 2. 5 : .'12. 8 I 43. fl 43. 5 5. .'i I 40, 0 I 21.0] 1.2 21.0 2. 0 ! :';i. 0 4.8 ! 47.0 I I 2.3 3.1.5 2. 8 ' 3.-I. 5 :i1.2 44. 0 32.t j 34. 2 ! 10.4 1 28.0 44.5 44.0 40.0 12.5 10.5 10.2 20,7 0. 5 14. 7 10.0 15.0 12.3 13.0 0.0 21. 0 1. 0 17. 5 0. 0 18. 3 ^ 0. 0 13.0 ! 0.3 14.11 j 0.3 10. 0 I 0. 4 i 20.5 i 2.8 46.0 7.0 28. 5 I 2. 4 40. 0 7. 5 10.7 ; 1.0 I 20.2 ' 0.8 17.4 ' 21.8 22. 0 38. 5 18.0 ' 24.0 10.0 23.6 13.7 '. 17.0 14.5 ' 18.0 17. C : 21.6 j 31.5 ! 41.0 40.2 47.5 ,"^0. 0 41.5 3a 2 .51.0 30.0 too ' no ;ioo ssn Q CO « S T. , *;; a 5:1. 0 47.0 I 20.7 43. 5 10.0 21.0 IH.O 20.2 1 10. 4 20. 0 I i 7.3 11.0 I 15.0 I I 15,7 ! 24.8 3,'>. 3 1 10. 2 i 2.'>. 7 38. 0 I I 12.0 I 10,3 j 28,5 16.2 I 20.0 j 38.0 13.3 21.0 i 30.4 2.0 1 28.0 3.2 I 20.7 0.2 : l.'i.O 4. 0 '17. a 4.5 2.5 5.2 3.0 15.7 I 25.6 40.0 I 5.5 I 14. S I 23. 0 I 32. 0 14. 0 I 22. 5 ; 82. 0 ; 2i FOU I 2.6 2.0 33. 0 30.0 40.2 31.8 43.0 33.0 33.0 25.2 26. 5 28. 2 37. 2 30.0 30. fl 20.0 22.0 27.0 35.0 41.0 .3P,0 25,0 27,0 33.5 05.0 200 3S1 3.W 4:1:1 3k:i 20-1 233 200 ! 422 40.0 40.0 30.0 31.6 40.0 .37.0 37.6 32.0 3D, 7 ,33.! 43,5 ,51, 0 5,-,.o' I 30.0 30.0 30.0 10.0 50.0 i 70.0 111.6 .".2.5 i 70.0 115.5 38.0 62.0 I 73.0 .55.0 I 78.0 13.5.0 40.6 i 48,7 3,5.2 I 43,0 68,0 03,0 \ 44,0 I 60.0 43.0 60.0 78.0 4.5. 0 40.0 66.0 82.0 j 06.5 Kuiimrku. IJroKf, at kiHit S]inrhiH'n ('ioss-;:rainr(l .1.1 SuM.ii'o liri'itU 'riiifw nlVIJiifii' lliikrn on triiHioii nido . I.jii ;;o liakt* iiii u imlon siilr Ilroko nt lii'.dt ; IliiKi- I'li i nTiipit'Hsiuii Hiilo . SpfciMHii (Mdss.KniiniMl ; H|iliiiti'i' hIiuImI at laico knot . . f'rin'lii'il at iiiitcr Ix'aiiii^; Imiko with lino npIintciH lliokn at Knot 240 Sjii ( iiiicii iiiiss L'lniiMil ; sliiiitCTid; long Kplit witli grain . . 205 Tlirrw ntrilaki^ tVoni ti-nsinn hIiIo . 2711 I'mko al knot 404 SiMTiincn <'i'osH-^M'aini' with lai^'c Hiilint.r iit Unot... HI I)i>tVotiv(» H]ii-t-iint'n; \»nknat knot . 240 lli-okt' lit kiint witli niir lai;;)' txplintc 3G9 220 ! S|n'('inicii cTos.s-jirainoil; lar^p Hake on roniprcHsion ^ide . .. I I 400 ' Spet'iiiioii rro^^H irraiiii'il; Inoko ut knot 373 ! Spi'ciinru cross-grainrd; lirtio tliike from coniproMloii side 200 ' Spoi'inirii (TosH-jirahicd ; short hronk on ti^naion aido, flako from i>iui,ri'f,Hion aide. 75.0 ! 650 I 377 308 361 377 up ."^liLit liriMik on linaion siili'i llako from roniprratiinn side. Ilroko w ith lim- HplinloiH 1033 043 043 070 070 083 083 353 353 262' 202 » 203 • 203' 402 402 401 401 488 488 500 746 030 830 1083 333 1124 458 458 01 61 425 811 UKlKiitid 17iimi1lin)rlir.s hc'forohroakingi liroko with fluOBpllntei.y 811 Sqimi'u break on trnnion aiilc, huge flako on compression side do . 204 iSiMTinicn croaa.iiraiiu'd 1084 1084 1162 847 738 376 Mhattcrrd at lino ond 366 j Broke with largo spliulers I 738 370 FOKEST TUVA<:S OF NOimi AJIERICA. taulk in.— juoiiamojj of the riiiis'oirAL woods of the I,' I 'Wf Species. OLEACK.ffi!. 101. ViMxiiiiiH iiiHtiu'iivfvlin. A ah. 192 KrnxiiuiH Americana . While Ath. 060 i acu |. ! 114' ill> 114«| 114' I 114» 130 I 130 ! 212 I 227 I I 227' I 227'; 227' 2«7' 431 651 j 651 I 747 747 037 1045 104.'i 19-'. Fnixinus Amcricauil, rnr.Texeuais. 304 301 State Ai'izniiii .. do Mitttioiiri Mtelii|;ail ...do ,...d.i ...do Locality. Santa lliln iiiomit- aitis. ..do Collector. Soil. G. KiiKeliiiaiiiiiiiid Low C. S, Sai'uenu | ...do '....do Allcntoii j O. W. Lettenimii . do I)aiii.ville I W.J.lieal. . . ilo di> Ilmlsoii do LauKin^ I do ..do I'aiirtville ! ..do South L'ai'olinn — liomieaii's Deiiot — II. \V. liaveiul. I I .. do ... di> 1 do Clay.. ...do . <^:i"y Wet ...do.... Vii-Kiuia Wy theviUe ...do ; — do VOTiiioiit j Cha-lotte ...do :... do ..do ...do Virginia Teuiiea.see Aluliainii ...do ("leor^ia ...do Tex.is .. do . . do Wytlieville... Nat^hvilU> iCeiniH'i-'H mill . ...do liaiiihi'iili^e ...do -Viistin 11. Slirivcr ...do \ C. O. rriiiijic I Gnivclly. .. do ■ do ..do ...do ... ... do i... do .... II. Sli liver I 0. 0033 0. (ii'nr> u. «r>n2 0. 401^3 «. 5401) rDKKKICIKVIOl' IH-AHTICIir. □ 'lilH 1 Linie.Htoiie A. iiattin;;er . C. iMolir Alluvial . (1. 7,-i3,"i «. 0022 (I. .-11)20 |[^J 0..1U14|[i 0.0Wi4 j[._j o.o.wo jjY^ 0.(151)4 !Q If.-.!; «. 0347 s • lli- (I. (1013 0. 7213 .do . A. Il.t.'iiitiss ....do C.Mohr ...d. Ikivel'.l.iKtolu ...do Kieli.ealcaieouH . . 0. 7151 rn "■''-•'"' ik.l 0. (1702 ; [^ 1 0. 1'i417 0. OUliS t -i 0. (i.'il2 iZ3 0. ■y::io K. 72M '7'' ila^Miu'Ii'U et ts , Keiidiu^ J. Ktibiiisuii . . . lici do ....do I Texa.'* . . .. do ... l)aUa« ....do .1 J. Kevercliou i Diy, calcareoua. . ., do ! do 0. 8205 0. Kl!14 0. 77C2 lt)3. I''faxiiii'.s luibesceiis i:!'.' 22!> 221) 1050 194. I'raxiuuB viridia... drtrii Aih. ^Iielii;;an "N'eniioul .. ... .lo l.aii.siuj; ., Cliarl.iiio . ....do MaH.sai lul^e(t». . . . Top.stit Id W. ,7. Ileal : I'eol- I j C. (1. I'linfile Clay j do do ' J. lioliiiiKou liiverWidtuni 0.0410 jliliJ 0. 7005 ' i'^ ; 0. 0!.livilU> A.Galtiu;;er lUcli uplaud ... Texas ' Vieloiia C. itolir ' Kieli.Het . .. do do do till -J U..'> 18.0 20. 2 2.4 6.4 10.0 1:.. 0 21. 0 1.1 0.3 12.6 10.0 20.1 1.8 a.o 0.2 0.4 12.7 0.5 7.0 13.4 20.0 30. n 2.6 11.0 20. 6 33. 6 62. 2 7.0 0.0 12.4 10. 6 27.2 2.0 r..8 11.0 17.0 23. 2 1.4 0.0 13.0 20. 2 20.4 2.1 7.7 14.2 22. 0 32.0 2.0 ■joo : •j.'io 44.5 38.0 10. 6 60.0 30.0 17. 6 16.2 27.5 10.0 10.0 19.5 20. 3 22.0 23.5 16.3 13.0 20.7 17.0 10. 5 22. 5 41.0 33.2 22. 0 17. 6 16.3 18.4 17.7 33. 2 21.0 81.0 41.0 87. « 21.3 10.5 20.3 21.0 20.4 12. 0 30.2 50.0 28.0 24.0 30.6 33.0 04.0 64.0 22. 6 10.0 37.2 20. 7 20. 4 211.0 20. 0 29.3 31.0 IB. 3 10.0 27.0 21.2 20.0 30.0 JOO .-ISO I 23.0 J.. •> 46. 6 27.3 60.0 27.6 24.0 36.0 28.5 34. 0 10.0 41.8 38.0 31.2 43.0 44.0 30.7 24. 0 68.0 20. 2 20.4 34. 6 35.0 39.0 41.6 24.8 19.7 50.0 27. 6 36. 0 42.0 ,60. 2 44.5 2,1.'.' i 30.5 20. 0 30.7 30. 6 28. 6 04.6 3.6. 4 04.0 38.0 32. 4 47.0 38.0 45. 5 21.0 57.0 37.0 ,TO.O 30. 5 33.2 35. 0 50.0 60. 0 00.0 30.2 23.7 3.6. 0 400 60.6 41.0 46.5 47.0 38.2 20.0 48.: 47. 0 fl.'i. 0 37. 0 40. 6 I Sfl. 6 j .13. 0 38. 0 1 40. 0 ;;,-.. 4 47.0 46. 7 0.6. 7 62.0 41.2 I 51.0 42.0 04.5 50.5 00.0 20.5 84.0 72.5 S8.6 61.0 110.0 00.0 32. J •130 51.2 36. 5 300 46.0 79.6 03. 6 41.0 .68.0 sno .60. 0 B2 IteinarkB. 284 Si|iiiin> 1>rt'nl( on It'iision Hido with Inrgo flako on comiiroHt^ion hIiIo 247 ' il.. 3110 ; 260 : 201 I 444 ; -! 317 I 416 I 400 I 305 387 347 3117 4.62 5.60 360 413 343 ;i2c 177 200 2iil 431 4711 470 in 4.68 333 444 24.S liKiUi^ Willi coiirHci Hplinli'iH Liiiif;, Hliitttfi'etl lu't'iiU .SIjoi t lifi'iik nil U-iiHion Hiilt' Saii-wiind ; liroktt Willi liinmpliuturs lliokn with ('Oiil-Hr HiililitrlH Briiko Willi limi HpIintiTH liiiike witli liUK"' HpliiitorM on trnxioit Bido . Urokt' with lino Hplintcrn on ttiinion siilo . . Brokn with Iart;« Hpliutcrn uu tcnxlon xiilo. «1(. do . . do . Specimen iroHR-^raiiied ; broke with long HplinterB Isiiled I'rnni splinter on coriior S.piuii' break on teiiHinn Hide with thikcon comprcBHinn Hido.. Si|iiaif lirruk witli huge mduitiTH on tennion Hide llrokf Willi 1.1 !•;;(' HjiIintoiB on tension Hido do 000 000 39 » 111' 114' 114» 114« 114» 130 l.')0 Spec inn 11 eiosH-j^rrtiiieii ; brnko at knot Itinke w illi l.iriti s])]inli-rH on teimion Ride . .Speiinicn rros.i-;iriniied ; brnUo lit knot.. ... l*l(dve w itii liu i;e jijdiilti la on teimion Hido . IlrtiUe Willi line spliiiltrH on toiiHioii Hido... 212 227 227' 227' 207 •' 431 661 561 747 747 037 1046 1046 I'.riike w itii lino Hplinter.H Jlioke with fine Ftplinters; bneklt d on eonipioRHion Bide . (.'luidied lit cell! er bi'.uingi broku wilh Hiie Hplinters ^ r.rol;e witli large Hake on i:onipreH.si()n nidc^ I l''uii'-d I loin two l.ir;:e Hplinleis on an;;leH of tt-OBion eido j Sipi:'vi- break wilii liii;;e llaUe on <:onipreM.sion Mido ! ;i(:4 .■104 139 348 232 3.'0 410 403 421 400 603 374 400 406 289 270 Urokii will' .smalt Hp1iiifer.s S:ip-w-uod: sipiaro lilt ak, .splitting in a.\iB Speeiinen eroHK-jiraiiied; Kpiit ill il\iH Ilroko with fine BplintftiB do 220 ll'.lll do do .do Si|Uaru break on tonsion Hido; split in a%ln . Short break ; Hhiittered ilioUo Willi lluii BplinterB nt Rinall knot on coinprcBBion Bido . do Split and Bhiit toi ed Square break on tension stdo with large flake on comprrssion side . 308 308 438 048 048 0"( 0.67 057 liO OB 1'.'6 125 f ■■' 1^ ");■ ■ ^: i > -^'.-jyvvr^j^'p^YTr V ?>T2 FORi:ST TIWA'.S OF NORTH Ai\II<:RTOA. Taijij; III.— 13EUAV10U OP TUE I'lUNCIPAL WOODS OF TIIK Spocii'8. IIW. I'"rnxiiiiiH qiiailniuRuIala— cont'd . 107. rrnxiims Oiogiiiia. Oregon Ath. 188. Frti\iiin9 anmlmclfolln Black Ash. IJ nop Ash. Ground A$h. IfiO. Fon'slM-ra aniiiiiiutta. I'rifel. 201. Oniiifiiitlr.i:^ ,\nit»ricumi8 . Vfvil ll'emrf. liOIUiAfilXACKiK. 204. lloiirrcriii Knvuui'iisiB . Stro)!!/ Hark. 20ri. Klirci'a I'ili-ilica Knarkair 1)/. Aiiaqua. I.IONONIACK.^. •JOO. Cifalpa lii,;ii«iiioid(S Caliilpa. Cclaicha. llran Tree. Vigar Tree. Indian liean. 207. Cataljia opioin-a We*len\ Calalpa. \ 20-'', Chilopsirt aitM'jua Desert Willuw. VEUUKXACE.S:. I 210. Citii:^r''X\lmii villosam . . I FiMIc ir.-..,!. NVCrAr.IXACK.E. 212. Piaoni.i iilitus.ila PiijroH ll'c i((. Ilir/ Wood. Cork '>Voo,l. I'ork Iloiii/. , rOLYC.ONAI.'K.*;. 1 I 2ia. CocToldli.i I'lo- iilana I I'iyei.n I'lrnii. i.AruA'-K.r,. ; 21.'>. I'rlfiw <';ltnllliru«iS 1 lied r.iKj. 1 2K0 2HU' 201 518 nn4 0C4 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 loao 122 147 8^» 838 737 737 2S3 283 5S4 1137 042 MO 744 744 744 38 I 38 682 682 : 490 400 I 474 473 473 585 585 Statu. ICi'iiliii-li.v . .. ... ill) JTNwonri . . TomicRsi'e . . . On'Kiiii ..do ...do . . do do do ..do ...do ^lioliignu illiuoia Ma.isai'litiactta . .. do Locality. Mi'icff idlor'B fiHW-mlll. ..do roiiliiiid I'liinUiiio Vonipan.v. . do .do . do . tii'or^ia. ...do ... Paiihvillo . . M'aiiUo^'an. Duuvora .. . . do Malnbridgo. ..do Luuititjua ..do Florida Amito ...do Saint John's river . . do Koy I.ar;xo Ti>i»» Xew Braunfcls Alabama . Ouorgia... .. do .. do Miasunri .. do Stocktou UaiiiluidRo ...do. ...do W. M. I.hiiH'.v r.inivatonu ...do I (111 O. W. T.pttcrniaii. A. (iailiiip'r . . G. ]-*n^r1ioniiiiand 0. S. Saiyi'iit. ...do do. .do . do . do . do do . W.J. Deal I'nlMTt Doiijilaa J. IvobinHoii ...do A.ll. (.^urtlnH. ...do Sandy loam Kiel] linioHtono . Low, wet ... . ..do Wet, pculy.. Low, w:»t Uirl). loHm.y. ...do C. Mnbr ..do A.IT. Curtisa. ...do... C.Mohr. Clmrloston . . . .. do Arizona TiiBCon ..do do Florida Bay Biscnyne . . do ! — do I do . TTpjior T^Ictacombe Koy. ...do. . . do . do. do . .. do j Saint John's rivor . .. do !... do 215. Person CarolinoDBiii, rar, pnlus- tiia. 340 ; Alabama Mobilo county. ...do A. II. Ciirtisa .. do ...do C. S. Sargont . ...do G. KTi5 0. 0001 0. 4804 0. 4t;32 0. 0430 0.0410 roKFi'irii'Nr or Ki..\Hrionv. 070 007 051 010 030 842 888 740 478 425 1U02 1220 0. 5875 I 0..-I814 i 0.8702 I Hi 0.84,--5 g^j 0.7330 I^ 0. 7084 0.0640 0.4816 0. 4413 0. 43.'.2 0. 4.-.85 0. 4015 0. 4015 0.0103 0. 5716 1.03'23 1.03(i0 0.0884 0.0718 0. 97.12 0.6427 0. 6480 0.6216 m m m 0..'-.2I5:lil|U 814 0.7371 !{|^^! 070 0.73G.lijf^| 888 0.7.'-.75i[l! 814 010 872 1221 1002 1085 888 425 600 574 I 507 f-3|i 814 i 787 I; 763 li "* 655 1103 1320 405 1103 1017 814 814 814 1028 I 1104 U07 i 715 1107 734 U5I 731 0)8 820 030 7.'i7 013 803 781 720 474 340 4'2J 331 1085 738 12'20 706 814 012 1002 077 840 8'.'0 763 811 502 608 814 734 1.T28 1202 12J1 1015 1130 937 006 945 807 722 607 682 610 623 •Wl 460 888 691 840 673 704 595 514 469 674 680 1177 703 1338 1170 465 208 1221 937 1050 898 861 021 814 883 830 8'.'0 . i 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TBANSVERSE STRAIN— Com I iimed. 37;] UKPLKCTION, IN MII.I.IMI.TKIIB, IMKIl A I'llKBSUIIK, IN KILOUIIAHB, UK— SO ri. 0 7.0 7.5 8.0 5.2 .'I. 8 5.5 0.U 10.2 11.5 4.0 4.0 lOO 1.10 0.5 14. !l 11.0 21.0 14.0 21.4 15 0 23.4 10.3 15.0 111.4 10.0 10.7 10.2 12. 5 l.-i.7 •iOO lU. 3 I 20.0 00. 0 33. 0 20 d 23. 0 21.0 2.-.. 7 (aet.)| 0.0 2.7 : 2.3 3.S 0.7 0.0 j 0. 5 1.0 'OM !J50 :iOO .'I30 lOO 430 MO S30 I 20. 0 I I 32.0 j 32.0 ■ 3,'i.O j — r 20.0 :, 2:1.0 ,, 0.0 1 8.0 I 13.0 12. 5 0.0 12.0 I 10.0 5.0 ,5.5 6.0 8.0 5.G 4.0 4.6 4.5 5.5 U.5 7.3 8.5 8.0 6.0 I i 0.2, 0.4 9.5 8.8 4.2 3.7 0.2 : 14.0 11.5 12.8 16.6 12.0 18.0 22.0 20.5 18.0 7.3 j 11.2 8.0 1 12.7 8. 6 13. 0 9.8 18.C j 17.0 I 20.5 20. 0 20.0 31.2 88.7 27.0 16.3 17.8 18.0 14.6 24. 0 36. 0 1 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.7 2.5 3.9 4.R 2.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 21. 5 22. 5 22. 5 20.0 18.6 17.3 2.'i.0 I 44.2 I •11.0 I 40.5 { 2.'*. 0 :!o.o 28.0 34.0 :il.2 38.0 00.0 ,50. 0 60.5 30.0 11.0 30.0 4&. . 47.0 I 01.0 23.5 21.8 30.2 28.7 39.0 21. 0 I 28. 0 36. 0 10. 8 0. 6 20. 0 27. 5 . 35. 7 34.0 48.0 I 42.0 I 61.0 28.2 I 38.0 I 17.7 j 20.0 18.0 23.5 18. 2 i 23. 5 53.0 0.0 .'ifl.O ■ 77.5 14.0 10.0 18.4 11.0 11.0 12.8 I 10. 0 : ! 17.0 ! 31.0 37.0 2.4 4.5 25.0 32.5 !)3. 0 71.0 04.5 24.5 30.0 30.0 32.0 131.0 4t.0 41.0 21.5 20.0 31.0 , 18. 0 . 25. 2 1. 4 28. 0 35. 0 0;). 0 I 17. 5 49.0 81.6 74.0 I 31.0 37.0 39.5 40.0 8.3 7.3 ; 17.0 20.4 31.6 20.0 12.5 11.4 10. i 4.2 8.0 . 12.4 4. 8 ' 9. 3 13. 5 23. 5 j 1. 2 I 30. 0 j 2. 6 i 50. 5 6. 0 I 37. 0 ' 3. 0 I 17.5 0.7 13.0 0.4 24.3 I 3.1.2 .... I 30.7 ,18.0 18.0 15.7 ! i 16. 8 I 0. 4 19.0 ' 0.8 , 17.5 63.0 54.0 23.0 20.0 37.0 48.0 56.0 50.0 40.0 60.6 25.0 21.6 18.7 24.0 I 6.0 I 6.0 I 11.3 12.0 18.0 17.6 6.0 : 11.6 10.6 ' I 24.8 I 1.0 I 24.3 ' 1.2 I i 23.6 I 1.3 20.1 30.0 37.0 40.0 1. 31.0 25.0 I 31.0 i 40.0 90.2 ' 40.0 'I 24.2 24.0 32.0 I 43.0 30.0 50.0 51.0 67.6 go. o as 471 305 313 312 3511 32,1 313 311 140 150 31,'> 827 201 417 350 346 208 313 613 433 400 403 ItuiMurkH. S))c(;iiii<>]i croKt4.;4riiiii(-il ; i*plit FaiKil nt knot ItriiUo with cull^Kl^ K|>iiiitcrH; sliiilttTL'tl SIllltllTOll ... Sqiiai'f hieuk on tcnsimi r,itlc with n^lit in n\'u. Shulturnl SiM'tunit'ii I'l'o.'-K.u'raliH'tl ; Htjiiaii) liicak on tci1ai4.11 Hiilu, llaku on t-iMnprt'HHJioi Hiili'. S|M'cinn'ii cioMH-'.;i.iiuc(t ilo .Spvt-iiniin criiHrt-f^r.iiut il; tlalhu on toimion hIiIo .. Siifcinicn cioMs.^raiuril; liiuak Htartcil at knot . dn S({tuii't4 hrcak on t<'ii.>«inii .sidt! witli i'l.urHO HpIintoiB- Scpiui'o liri'iik witii twd Iarj;n hplititeia 3c|nani break on tcnsiuu .lidu witli co.iriM' Hpliiitorfi . ill) Square hreiik on tension side ; Hlinttorpd . do I S(iuuo break on ton^tion Hidf, splitting in tho axis witli One splinters. Ssp-wood; speciineu Clous-grained; bioku with long sidinlors do Specinieu cross-grained ; splintered . 308 { Specimen crnss-gruined ; H(|iiari' break ou toiisii>u sidu ; split in axis. I 291 ! 223 : 200 293 2rt7 251 Broke with coarse splintcr.s CrnHlicd at ei-'iitt-i' boarin;:: broke willi coarsp sidiniuvs ... do ilo (,'ru~bi;d at ci'Utor bom ing ; .h] lintmcd d.i 200 ' .Splinli-ii il "11 conier .j 201 i ::(io ,^in-('iiiu n fr.iwrt.^raiiiiHi SpiM-iim-n fn^4s-;;ritiiii il ; bi.-'ii .,t knots 400 I llniUe with tine .'^I'Untfr.^ 127 Spi-iiiui 11 en h.x-i.'i'.iiiiMl 1 r.iihd liutii hi rgii i;invtM'M .. . .»li» - . ^U} Oolluotor. U. W. [.I'tlcMinin . ill) .. lll> ...ill. A.OiiKliip'r..-. t'.li. I'llnnlc... .. tin .1. ItiiMnsnii nil h lii:im . ..iln . »1» Hnll. I.nw, liih ...ilo .Mluvliil .. . P' \ I'l't- .■* iMoi'i a. t'ur. Iiititiil! vkiuacim:. I'lmn^ 11 's-iilitUa. ('I'uiij' Klin. riiniiM fiilvii Hitl i:iin, Sllppfrji Kim. Mouse A. .'III. ? i 0 Sf*^ p t/i (I. nnHii 0. 4r.mi (i,4ri48 0. 4H'.'« 0. TiOiU 0. AH III 0, 07r.5 1 llHI'flrlKNT oi' iti.AHTicnv. m o i h .= rs J •O'S ri(i7 nni f)7l 02(1 4l:i 4(iri Ulil (i.',i (ini I17n mt7 fiia 48H Mil !IIM ;ia7 1125 3in KIK.I 11411 888 08(1 Coral . I I 0. Olio I ■"I ri'niw .\mrrirnim UV.i.v I. 111}. itiii^riVai) Kliii. Wiilfr Klin. V'lniiiM raopniosi* 7i'iii-t Kim. CoH- Kim. lliclvni Kim. nVii/cWm. Cliff Klin'. 326. Ulronsalata IFiMoo. Winiied Elm. 1124 324 1)2!) 1)21! i:i4 134 :Wii 4:;!i III HI 2S1 958 OSS lOllfi 1030 1040 1048 111!' UP' lUi" 110' 314 314 42S l;in 3S0 533 533 'I'l'xan DalliiB J. l!ovi>iition do ' . ilo t ilo ...ilo ' AiKidii O.Molir ilo '... do '... do lUcli lonni .. do . . do . do K.ntih'Ii.v .. Mi.Mionii iln \ I'linnnt 'rrrnrt.soo M;|..s.ulnliip(tK . il.> M i.s.vouvi Morri'I' riitnity .Mit'iiion ... do Cli.nl.ili,. Nii.-lnillo \V. M. l,iiim\v 1 Limi'Htiiiui U. W. I-i'llci'inaii. .1 Uicli, alluvial . do • . . do I'.li. l'iiili;Ii' I (iravi'lly . . .. I A.tlntliiiivi'r ' I'lav ' 0.031)1 [^ 0.0218 ;[ . 0. 11700 T"']: I "•™«!| J! |o.Rn7ii|[^^i ' 0.8082 ',("% I ! 0.W7S '|[]|[|; 0.7200 r"''ii 0. ii:i;i3 0.117(17 (1. 0821 Ain.M .Viliontum C S. Siii);,.|il tlrift . .1.1 do I . ilo ... Allnitmi (5. W. Lrlli'iinaii. Alliiviiil llllii' Toxiia : Colorado river .. do do Mas>;iohiisi»tls Daiivii'ti .. do do do Noilh UoaiUng .... .. do do .(.. C. Molir Alluvial do do W.d.Ili.al BigUapids do . . do I do . . do Hudson I ... .do . do I llorsoy '■ do ..do do i do Ti'iim-asi-o i Xaalivillo ! A. Ciattinger... i lir.iincau'B Di'pot ... 11. W. KRvennl . Davidflou oounty ... A. GattiuKeT... KempiTs Mill \ C. Mohr — do I du South Carolina ... Xcunesaoe Misma-iippi ...do do ..do Low, ijravolly . . Alluvial Kloh loaiu ...do ...do ...do.... Loam Alluvial . ...do .... 0.0020 o,7osojjjj:;i| 0.0177 jt;^' i ().0.-.Ofl [_'"jj 0.010S |j]iij| 0.7370 [^jl o.73.'->i) ["'■]; 0.7000 ,|2| 0.7159 l:"^l , ! ().8M2 f_^ 1 0.0245 '][;] \ 0.0830 [/-!j 0.74(;i 1^ 0. 7077 0 7400 0.7442 0.8708 0. 8015 0. 8243 0.7883 1170 7.-il 811 02(1 MO 07ll 10)7 814 1JI4 070 021 71S 751 720 4iiO Ml 828 811 li:iil 814 1130 000 1220 1103 051 452 574 610 007 872 8IIU 781 888 0111 531 1170 ii:io 111112 llllll 8,'i7 «7li 1)30 718 800 835 301 511 •8 880 708 301 703 058 000 07;i 308 4(1-1 037 075 7117 501 825 800 733 787 702 783 i):i7 o:i7 !i;3 712 OSO 11150 704 813 805 .'.74 i;m) 840 101(1 857 023 11 Oil 13111 1121 am 1221 1055 1073 1004 1302 IIOS 1208 1030 007 800 470 745 608 703 631 820 087 900 K»«J".»1 UK WOODS OF THE [INTrKD STATES. r,75 ITNITKI) STATKS TTNDKH, TI.'ANHVKI.'HK STI.'AI^— <'.iiitiiiii.«l. IIKKI.KITION, IN Mill IMKIKIIK, I M>KU A I'lirhHIIII', IN KIMXIIIAMH, (>|'- ao T l H.U 17.4 H.r. l.Ml 11.11 l!l. 0 RU 15.11 7.r. II. r, H.U IH.II 10. (1 Id r> 14 (I 'Jll. II 1.-..0 :ii.(i lAO iiH, 0 •£l 4 iin.6 lill. 2 22.(1 lilt, tl :iii. II I". 0 r.. M (1. .'i 0. r. n.o 7. K (1.4 n. II fi.n 4. K 0.(1 11.11 :>. II tl. K II. H 0.5 (1.7 IJ. 'J !l. (I ,1. 1) n. I) 1. II U.II 4.:i 4.(1 4.n 4.2 7.S 10.8 8.5 8.0 7.0 K. r, Vi. 5 n.ii ir..7 11.4 14. n 1 1. 'J 17.11 in. I! •JO. (I 11.0 I 1H.H I in n ( 27.5 !JO« 40. 7 ii;i. M !I4. 0 92. 5 4.'>. II 42. 0 O (wl.) 4... 2.7 17.0 •.'1.0 24. .'. ■-'7. 2 •Jll. 0 2:1. 5 40. 5 IH. 2 1 ill.O \ 44.0 n. 2 4 0 (1.0 1.1 !tO» •M. .', Illl. 0 114. 0 40. (I ■\t<. 7 IH.O 21.,'. !J30 (10. 0 47.5 47. 0 74. (I 0:1. 0 22. 5 27. 5 ;ioo 20. 5 20. 0 :i:i. (1 111.0 , (.'■..2 III..'': 1(1.0 10.4 11.4 1.5.5 17.0 Ill.O I l.'i. 0 10.4 Ill.O M.7 21.2 211. II 2J. H 20. 0 20. 11 21.2 20. 8 20. 4 Ill.O Illl. 11 i.n 24 5 0.0 42.0 0.5 47.0 112. 5 Illl. 5 42. 0 Ill.O .57. 0 (15 0 I 12.2 11.7 Ill.O i 21.0 , Illl. (I 10.5 ; 2H.0 17.0 , 2.1.0 2.5.0 '• 41.5 Oil. 2 i Ill.O j .II.O 40.2 11.5 17.5 2.5.5 11.4 17.5 ' 24.0 i 8.2 II'.O 10.7 Kl.li 10.1 8. 0 12. 2 0.1 111.7 7.5 11.0 7.7 11.7 14.0 : 22.4 22. II 10.5 IK. 2 14. 0 15 8 3X2 20.4 : aa.O 1 4.5. B 17. 2 28. 8 15. « 21.7 14. 2 ,23.0 411.5 34.0 32.3 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.5 3.1 11.0 3.0 2.2 11.4 0.2 2. 0 l.U 0. 5 II. 0 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 3.5 5.5 7.2 3.3 2.4 211. 0 2.1. 5 20. H 20.3 "Tl ■' 21.3 21.0 31.0 111.0 20.0 2.5. 0 711. 0 411.2 20. 2 24. 0 17.fl 211. n 111.7 IK. I 1.5.0 10.0 35.0 ' 47.0 4.5.5 3.5. 3 33. S 4(1. 5 .50. 0 iin.2 HI. 0 117. 0 I :iao , 100 iito .100 ano 37. a 30. 5 47. 0 31.5 411.0 27.0 2(1. II 112. 0 20.5 27.0 41.11 illl. 0 35. 0 .50. 0 35. 0 34.7 (10. 0 41.8 01.5 40.0 34. 5 71. 3 33. 2 31. 5 50. (I 47.7 4.5. 0 44.0 i 01.0 f.U. 2 51.2 47.5 I 112.0 80.0 no. 0 4.5. g 45.7 04.0 00.0 03.0 00.0 22 0 'JO. 5 31.(1 I i 21). n ll.i-. 5 511.5 21.0 20.5 34.0 211. 0 III). (I 3K. II 111.0 \ 24.0 211.4 20. 3 I 2(1. (I , 32. 0 4."..0 (.4.0 01.5 DK.2 I17K 302 1.54 IlliO 281 25(1 2i<7 1.57 lliH RoniKrka. Iiniki' nliiiil iinil h|iIII Ilinki' ^\l(li fliio Hpliiitorn . .'^llllll^'r|-H Stiull. hlrttl: nil t^'ilMioli n\tU). .Slip-Wlilill ; Hlllllil-rp nil li-liHinn hIiIh 1104 ■ lli-nkn Willi ciiHlHr .HplinlnrH ; HUlicil at knot. 422 ■ (1.5 s:i)i-wnnil ; Hpliiil<'l''-(1 niwnrn'Tn 41:^ • .1,. 3110 Urnl.r Willi (n(ir.'*n Hpliiitij-.H .... Illl ... iln ! 347 1 Itinki' Willi IliK! nplintorH 382 ' S(|tiiii'n liM'iik on ti-nsinii hiiIo, Hpilltin;; In axin. 245 I Spi'f'iiii'-iirrnHfi-jxriiiir'il ! 277 I Hrckn V. illl (inn Hpiiiiloi-H ' 4I!I ' ilci 1101 IliMikli'il mi roiiipi.'H..inii Hi. In; fino HplintrfH ... .5F1 r.rnki' Willi Hill' Mjili nil-is '. II7H Cniiliid lit coiilor liniiiiii".'; lirnko willi flno Hpllntnra . 4.50 Minkn witli film Hplilll«rH 407 ... ill. 407 ■ do 442 iln 371 do 318 .Sup- wood : failnd at knot 300 0.75 In'.iit woiid; Hplinlcii-d at comers 3.50 Iliokn with conrso splinters 384 Slipped from bearlii|!9; biinklcd Urge Rplintor on corner. 71 71 387 1187 440 814 814 854 8.54 7011 703 40o 4.50 4.5!) 324 324 0211 029 301 134 131 300 429 19 19 281 2HI 058 0.58 . 10110 iniio 1019 1049 1101 nil' 110» no* , ■' 123 303 1057 112 1)7 149 , ^fassacbusetts. ...do JliSBODrl ...do ...do J. Itevercbon ... do C. S. Sargent G. W. Letterman. .. ilo G. K. Vaspy. ...do Santa JCila mount- aina. ..do Arunld Arboretum.. .. do AllimtDii .. do ...do O. Enirelninnn and U. S. Sargent. ... do G. S. Sargent ..do O.W.Letterman. ..do ...do .MIeblgan Dansvillo ' W. J.Beal. Sfirliinan Lansliif; do MaHHa;-)iu»etts — j I'opsUi^ld I J. Robtason . Dry .. ...do. Conn ...do. .do. Bich loam . ...do Upland ...do ..do Rich ...do Bottom . ...do.. Drift Rich, allnvial . Clay. Rich, gravelly . ...•lo VI.A 1 he 0 a c.b S*c S^E ■t tb M Drift .. do MoiHt, alluvial . . . ..do Rii'li. moiat U))- lanil. G.avelly clay Gravelly bam . Drift llisaourl j Alli tun ■ G. W. Lettenuan . - Alluvial. Alieliiguu j llanavillo W. ,T, Ileal Giavelly. llliiioin I Waukugiiu Robert l)<)UglaR...E Loam.... 0. 5701 0. 5921) ^ 0.5:.13 1 5887 0023 723') 7558 7700 7727 ! 7020 7013 7154 7920 7882 0.3215 0. 3001 0. 6085 0.0878 I 0.0784 [ o.c.ie [ 0.6500 [ 0.0312 [ 0.0875 [ 0.0846 I 0.8011 1 1 0.7027 I 0.5724 I 0.B125 n .do 0.6205 0.5170 .do 0.4812 0. 5170 0. 5;i0'.) 0. 4820 0. 4.->70 0.43 IK 0.4375 a. 40411 U. :>8G4 0. 3205 0. ,Vjm 0. ii852 (1. .V.'i2 U. U031 llllll 12] Hi COErFTriENT OF ELASTICITY. Modulus of rapture. First deflec- tion. i Second de- flection. 509 488 674 097 751 820 407 415 469 010 685 712 787 849 808 555 552 738 478 528 755 761 697 846 642 664 771 626 610 762 787 763 891 976 g3b 820 669 661 586 976 1085 1024 317 257 278 222 199 407 230 1039 1002 087 8U 904 848 939 888 766 718 814 738 697 723 696 751 897 745 634 878 698 857 930 nil 0.39 957 1160 407 454 468 888 976 792 1130 1100 842 626 622 686 695 626 637 407 425 468 531 468 887 634 651 368 763 787 668 814 888 687 976 1017 640 1130 1221 606 007 6«7 fOO 48H 424 828 814 814 818 904 1030 1U20 904 070 706 872 070 726 rOF f r. § i i o s 488 674 751 820 41S 460 66S 712 840 808 S52 788 S28 755 667 846 S64 771 010 762 763 891 931. 820 BSl 686 08S 1024 257 278 .... 199 .... 230 062 DS7 )04 848 388 766 314 738 f23 606 197 748 178 698 130 nil 157 1150 54 468 176 792 00 642 22 586 26 637 25 468 88 387 51 368 87 668 88 687 17 649 21 606 07 fOO 24 828 14 818 30 1U20 TO 706 76 726 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVKKSE STRATX— ('onliiiucd. .77 UKFLECTION, IN MILM»ETKr.8, I'NDKB A I'BKBSVKR, IN KILOr.RAUS, OP— Kemarks. Sap.wood; broke tbi'ongli knot Spi'cini'^n crns3-;;riiiucil Biuki" with large S'.iliiiteis; Hliatteiud . IJimUo witli coarse aplintrr.s Fiiilt tl by hi-ndiii;^; fiiu' splintors Spi'finn-ii rro.-*H-j^iinneil; Ritlinlcrs on comers at knots . BroKp with 1:11 ;xo npl inters Ut'oUo with lnr;j:e Hnllo Si|iiai'i! break on teii.siou t^iilu w itb i:oarse splinters Ih'okc witli coai.-^c spl intern Sliattfrcd J larj;i', coarnt' HplintvrH Bri)lio at knot ; cnjirso splintrr.'* Sperini'-ii cro.ss-uraini'tl ; sjilit with grain HptH'inh'ii uiodie-gruini'tl ; broke with largo splinters. Squan^ bri'uk .... .1;. Spicim.'n er(WM-gra'':til ; split with gn Broke with rotirsc ttplinte do Broke with tbin flakes Failed from spliuteis *m the comer Vailed from thin seal \s ttn tension side . Broke Willi large, splinter.s do Bii>ke with tine .splinters . .. ..do Specimen cross.gruiued; Hplit with grain . Sipiaru break with coarse splinters lo a o 7.' 3 758 018 75 75 306 300 306 873 873 nil nil 652 652 480 486 508 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 253 21 126 126 Broke wi{h line »pliptirs 686 Brc^ke rtithlhiu Hakes from ten nlon side ' 686 I 1 S|u-t inien erit.s.*.i;i-aineil; ^^plit witli grain ' 048 Specimen eri>rtH.g ruined Spec i men t roi>s. :iMihed ; lindve u1 small knots Siiual'e break en tell.^ioll i>id<'; .«plit ill axis d< U48 16 16 76 76 t'rii^le .1 at center bearing; broke with long splintors (.'riiHlieil at C'nter bearing: broke wiili lino tplintore i 76* linak i 123 Ripinre bre:ik on tension side, splltiinK in axiii shattered . SptM imen eio8s.gi:iiiied : t*\ uUered lo .Spct'iiiien ciiiss-gruiued; long break stai i)d nt small knot. 893 1057 113 117 149 'M' i m '} iJi^ H P '■^^^" 1 i' 1 m- 'Ml . , iii^ C78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAIi WOODS OF THE Species. 239. Juglans nigra— cantinned. 240. iTimlniis tuyeetrls. 241. Cnrva oliv.Tfonnls Vceaii, JlliuoU Kut. 242. Cirv:! nllm Hiipll ijark Hickory. Hickory. Shag.hark MS. Con ;i Biilon(« JJia HhiUbaTk. Bottom Shell- bark. »1R 32.'> 407 430 7i;b 700 0.-il 031 41.T 415 072 072 State. Loc ility. Michiuiui Lausiut; .. Texas ! JliiUiia .... Ti'UiU'S.st'O . , . Floridii . . ilo C'li;>i!o9town Navy- v:iv(l. JJiishville Agi|tnl;l;:;l ...di. .... Tcxiis i N«w ISrannfiOs. do. I 322 3Lfl 32(1 a 3 29- US' 118^ ir.2 240 240 24!) 531 5ni .Wl 539 530 810 810 lO.IO 10f)« 1007 1007 Xfw Mexico ...do Cnlil'ciriiiiv ... .. do Misaissippi . . ...do Texas . . do do. PinoH Altos mount aiiiH. . do Collector. W. iT. Bcal J. Iveverchon . S. H. Pooli A. Gattingor . A. n. Curtias. do i. . C. Molir ... do Soil. Loam Alluvial .. Limostono Clny ...do lloiat, calcarconi) ..do Mas.^aclniactts. - . .. do Keiitmliy Xliclii;:a» ilo ■Missouri Vii'Lliuia .. do ... do MisB{8!li]ipi ... do , ...do . do .. do West Virginia... ...do ^^lls.*'ilcll^s(■tt8 ...do MlsHOuri .. ...dr CniitraCwta county ...do . GrccnvlMc ..do Uallag ...do . .. U. I... Greene Alluvial . . - do do . ... G. U. Vuscy .. du .... .do do I. C. Mohr ...do .1. Revcrchon . ....do Arn.'lil -Xilioritum C. S. Sart;ent ...do W. M. Linney. ^y.J.Bcal.... ...do G. W. I.ctternion . Tiidi upland ..do llanville Hudson Lausini: Alteutou Wyllievllle ... ...do ...do Kempcr'n mill ..do ...do ...do ...do Grafton .do Tepsfleld ..do A llontim G . \\'. Lottommu . ..do do ...do ....do ....do ...do Drift ....do Slialo Clay.'. ....do m m nl Clay ...do.... ...do.... Alluvial . ...do.... ...do.... ...do .... ...do.... n. Shrivcr , ...do ...do C. Mohr . . . ...do ..do ...do ...do C. G. Prlngle I . . . do ...do . . do J. Robinaon ', Rlchlnam.. ...do '. . . do fVllnvial .... 91 Kinlueliy ' Mirei i county ' W. M. Linney. 01» . do !.. do I. ...do 383 301 3UI 10S2 1082 1184 IIH 1164 isHouri do do A I do do ilo .... do .do .do do 1.... do. du. .do .do. do . do. .do. do. do. do . .do. .do. do . .do. do. do. .do. .do. •St u m 0. 60!9 0. Ol.-iS 0. S081 0. r.724 0. C933 0. (1949 0. 7483 0. 7386 0. G12!i 0. 7297 0.69V 7 (1. 0003 0. 7444 I 0. 7489 0.7181 O.CJ.-'i 0. 829.") 0. 79ij j 0.0710 0. 8085 0. 8035' IV (i217 0. 8108 0. 8041 0.8103 0.88.33 irVTil 0.8829 ';':.,) 0.8740 'r'"V 0.014* ,■ I 0.7098 X'J'Ji 0.7.509 lIFTl 0.7047 j^ 0. ffll4 ra 0. 8430 0. 8261 COEFFICIENT OF ELABTICITV. m m m m m .11', ..do -du ..do .do. .do. do. .do. .do. do. do. .do. .do. 0.7622 m 0. 7130 m 0. 11803 M LiiU 0. 0378 a 0. 0333 m 0. 9421 n 0.8H86 23 0.8648 m 0.0000 m 0.8834 0 7027 11 0.84H1 m 0.7762 m .= ? I --.f t^ 970 376 970 857 1221 1627 1221 930 697 600 775 020 042 004 470 Mi 1393 1320 1103 1350 1575 1627 1221 1085 1221 1320 1330 1626 1285 1479 1620 1028 800 888 1303 1221 B76 T20 731 660 939 H72 839 749 661) 1221 laso 1221 076 930 1136 921 1221 1627 1191 1017 088 679 842 097 031 076 490 542 1336 1356 1220 139.' 9 "S » 686 668 923 898 820 1137 923 937 402 949 468 520 457 676 581 600 1245 1240 1260 1037 l.")30 I 103B 1027 1191 1103 1320 ]!::2 1144 1100 1242 1479 1280 1305 I 1280 1«01 I 1444 l.'i20 I 1242 1575 I 1237 1027 I 1041 1028 I 1216 076 1137 021 ' 1073 ! l.-|02 1331 1350 1172 1002 1022 781 7.W 842 1223 720 1055 1(183 nOfl 0.''7 1172 1007 1116 K49 1(IS7 8.13 UW3 1191 1144 1526 13.12 180S , 1287 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 379 UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. IlP.nj!':TtON, IN M1I.I.IS1F.TK1IS, INDKB A rnESBUHB, IK KILOOKAMB, OF— I SO liool l/SO I iOO O SOO 330 (SL-t.)j I ■ 5.0 i().n ' in.o 'Ji.c i ' I I n.O I to. 5 : Ki.O I •2].0 5.0 I 8.0 i;i. 0 17.,'. .I. 7 I 10.0 Ifi. 0 -JJ. 0 4.0 I ao ■ !■_'.<; iH. II 3.0 I «.o i o.« ! lli.^ 4.0 8.2 ' v:.- ' v.r, 6.2 I 0.0 ,15.0 •J\.i) 0. (i I I 1.0 I I 0.2 I 0.7 : 1.2 i 0.2 ; 1.0 I 1. :< 21. 7 21.7 17.7 23.0 18.7 n.a 18.0 21.2 300 3SO 400 28. 0 1 28. In. 7 i 28. 5 i)8. 0 2 ;i7. 0 49. 5 0 I 32.0 0 I 21.0 0 ' 2!l. 3 41.0 '.;ao 3D. 2 28. 0 I :iO. 0 I 49. 5 7.0 7.4 0.3 14.2 J 23.0 14. 4 ' 21. 5 11.0 17.2 4SO 32. 0 I 40 0 7. 8 ! 14. U 21. ■JO. 0 2 1. » :;(i. 0 30O 2.0 ; 29.4 ; 38.5 1 50.0 i 08.5 112.0 ! 1.0 ; r)i.2 7.C , i.'i.o 2:1.0 5.4 10.4 n 0 10.0 1.T7 ' 21.4 t I 10.7 ; 32.0 i 51.5 o.n I 21.0 I 28.0 I. 1.=. 0 2D. 3 43. 0 I I '1.2 , 11.4 ' IC.O !0.K I 14.4 8.0 ' V:.2 I 17.0 7.0 10.5 - 11.(1 0.3 0.0 12.1 0.0 ' r.2 ' 12.5 8.2 1:1.11 IS. 2 8.4 12.7 10.8 7.4 I 11.2 ; l.->.3 C. 0 10.0 1.1 0 7.0 10.2 ■ 1.1.2 0.1 I 0.0: 12.0 0.4 !'. 0 12.5 0.2 0.2 12.0 (LO 0.0 1.'. 0 0.U Kfi 11.5 6.1 I 10.0 I M.C 20.0 R.Ci ' 10. « 10. li 22.0 I 8.6 ; 0.5 U.U 12.5 4. 0 ' 7. 2 I 10. 5 ' U. 2 5.0 D.S I 14.0 j 18.5 6.7 12.5 ' 18.5 I 20.2 5. 3 44. 0 01. 0 3. 5 { V ! 3.7 ! 7.: 4.2 ! 3.0 1 3.1! 3.0 ' 4.0 I 4.5 I 4.0 j 3.7 .1.0 n.2' ,1.8 I :i. 3 3.2 3.0 i I 0.4 ' 14.5 18.2 I 2X5 I ' I 0. !l ] 17.1, i 23.0 I 29.5 (I. fi ; 11.2 ; 17.6 ! 21.7 11.2 12.4 I 15. 5 ' ID.O I'. 2 ' :2.ft 1 ICO ' ID. 5 1.0 I Ul.O ! 2,"..0 '■ 33.0 I ' ' O.J 17, .1 : 21.5 28.5 0.8 ! 1.-1.4 I 10.2 ! 2,^7 0 2 j 13.2 10.(1 ■ 21.0 [ 21.0 0.3 .,1.;. , 17.0 i ! i 0.3 ' 12.2 ' l.'i.S , 19.0 0.3 ' i;t,0 15.8 ! 20.2 (1.2 ; 1:1.0 I 10.2 0.2 ; 12,5 ; 10.0 o.;t I 11,5 ' 14.2 0,0 I 20.4 I 20,2 1.0 I 23,0 I 30.3 1 I 0, 3 Ki. 0 : 10, 0 I', 5 ' 14.4 , If.O 20.0 lii.7 1H,2 :;:.. o 40.2 21). 2 1 34. r, 30.0 GG. 0 2.,. ,~> 23.0 24.0 43.0 30.0 3:1. 5 25. 5 .20. 0 23. 5 24. 0 25. 0 24. 5 22.5 45,0 54.0 2.'. 0 28. 0 4.1.0 37. 0 44.0 ;;2. 0 29. 5 20.0 no. 0 40.0 45.0 58.0 50.7 00.4 40.0 70.0 01,0 57,0 87,0 75,0 82,0 SSO 33,0 I 41,0 U.4 ' 19.8 21.2 ; 30.8 41. (i I I I i 1.4 27,0 30.0 [ riO,0 ^ 0,6 I 11,0 , i;,0 ::>.() 2.0 20.1 I 33,6 4.1.2 ; 00. 0 7.4 I 13.4 ! 21,5 I 30,5 ! It.fl I 13.2 I 18,3 I 10,2 15,0 I 20,5 5,2! 6,0 5,2 0,0 7.4 4.0 3,0 4,0 1 3, 2 I 31, 0 1, 0 lU, 1 1.1 ! 21.0 I 33,0 28,4 20,5 31,5 30,5 28,5 5a 0 74, 5 30,7 :.:.o 55, 0 I 40.0 35.0 39.0 40.0 0.7 11.6 14.7 10.1 I 40. 0 1 .'.•-i 0 25,0 31.4 :8.o i :ifl.o 3a 0 81,0 105. 0 38.0 48,0 11.7 10.0 21,3 ' 8, 2 ! 12. 0 10. 5 1 0. 4 ! g. 6 12. 8 7.0 , J0,2 13,6 : I.O 20.0 i 26,5 34,0 1.0 22,0 ; :io.o I 40.0 1.1 22,0 ; 27,5 I 36,0 47,0 (1.I.O 8S,0 78,5 4112,5 41,4 .''•4,5 40.0 59.0 43.0 ' 01.6 54.0 I 77.0 1130.0 84.0 55.0 1 100.0 55.0 I 44.5 j 69.0 64.0 59,5 , ... 49.6 49. 6 71. 2 70.0 ! ■6? I a % ' S2 KrmallM. 250 265 394 383 350 485 394 400 197 405 200 Specimen croas-grainod ; 8liatt«red Speciiuou ciu88-;;iain(Ml; sjilit at i:uni«T ('ruslicd at center bearinj; ; broko in long splinters. i S(im. re break; split from enil to end I S(]iiaru break on teut^iun Kide; split inaxia j do Specimen crosa-^jrained ! Shattered 1.12.0 104.0 7,->. 0 01.0 186,0 84.0 I ■ I I 0.0 16,6 21.0 0.4 ! 12,7 I 10.0 i I 0 4 I 14,0 I 17, 4 27.6 20, 0 22,0 86. 0 24. 5 27.4 46.0 30. 3 33.2 05.0 66.6 87. C 42.6 46.0 66.0 222 195 288 248 250 531 533 510 451 442 483 488 495 530 550 550 010 530 328 44t 519 485 458 Has 500 430 322 479 450 405 600 470 404 462 488 577 640 Sjiecinien erosg. pained; br„ko at knot Failed fioin splinters on enriiers Specimen ernsH-grained ; lirokoat knot , CroBH-fjrainiil ; broke witli larf;e .'splinters Defective specimi-n ; squaie break on tension side Split; did not break Specimen eross-graineil ; pipiare break on tension side ; split in axis Siiiiare break on tension sidt^ ; lon^ splinters Sap-wooti ; broi;e vitli liHi- splinters .... do IJioke Willi tino spl Inters r.roko Willi loiiij liiilie.s IVoni tension side., llroke witli lou;r. lint- splinter.* llroke i\i;li Iar<:i', eoitisi' splinters Sap-wood ; broke Willi line splinters do do. Cruslied at center bearinii ; tine splinters. do Pi II, etion of 88 millimetfrrt under pressure of 000 kilo{;rams ; some ernsbint: at lenn rbei'nn;;. Crushed at cenier Inaiing; tine splinters 0. 5 siip.wood ; eriislied at center bearing ; lino splinters Uroke witii long spliutera do. Bri'ke witli line splinters Sap-wood; limki witli line splinlers- do 0.5 sap-wood ; bnd,e witli lino splinters. Ilroke with two larjii' splinters on tension side Failed IVimi lh*.i li.ikes 011 back - ,. Slipped from bearings ; siilinioTtil Sap-woial ; slIppiHl Ironi lieHriugs ; did not break . Failed from tliin Itake;^ on back Broke witli line Kidint.rs 0.5 saji. wood ; biiike villi line spliutcm Did not break ; pu'.liiii through the bearings .... Broke with flue splinters do 318 325 407 430 780 700 951 951 415 415 672 672 322 322 320 320 29» US' 11R» 1,52 240 249 249 .Ml 531 .531 539 539 816 810 10,16 1050 1097 1097 do .do. 01 91« 383 383 383 .191 301 1082 1082 1104 1104 1164 il;f ; 1 rr f I'; '■ 'li ni 380 FORFJST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tabi-k III— behavior of THE rKINCirAIi WOODS OF THE Spooics. 243. Caryu milcatn— continned . 244. Ciirya •omt'niosa Mocker Nut. lilack Jliekory. Hull j\h(. Bia-bud llicko-nj. White-heart llickor^i. King Nut. 246. Cnrva porrlnn Pig S'ut. Itrown Hickory. Jilack Hickory. Smteh-bttd Hickory. 24fl. Carvft amara Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory. 247. Cnryii myristirfffomilB Xutme'g Hickory. 248. Ciirya miiintica It'ii'T llickory. Swamp Hickory. Hitter Pecan. MYKICACEa:. 240. Mviiiii ri'iifi>ift , iSnxiiierry. Wax Myrtle. 2.'.0. Xlyiica CaUfornica lies 1100 1170 234 348 e 6 88 88 121' 288 442 538 638 538 1061 1061 1098 1008 1188 1168 State. Ma.'sancbUHetta. ... rto .....lo Locality. North r.ondiDg . ...do ....•« n f ?= t; i a, CO V ' Ki.A8'ricnY. ' 1^ r". — r-. — Drift . ..do. ..do . I Mnasnolinsetta I Aruuld Arboretum . ... do ......... Missouri ...do Micliigiin MisBimri Tenu»'8pee . . . Alabama .. do ...do Massachusetts. . . ..do Missouri ..do .. do ...do ■\V. M. Linnty j Ulioa shalo do j do U. W. Letti'iiiiau.: lUih u|>l.uid ... C. Mohr I bandy C. S. Snrpont I llrift . do ! do no 1 Alhnlon G. W. lattcrinnn . liii b Im'.in ... ...do ! do do Dansvillo I W.J. Heal Gravelly clay i Alli'iituii 1 G. \V. Letti'rman , Kicli lo.im i Nasbvillo I A. Gattinpr .. .1 U^ilaiid Ki'inper's mill C. Slulir \ Alluvi.tl 0. 71H1 i^Ji |0.8tSl ij|||lj . o.7(i:;o [iiiyi .|0.7>7 [513 1 . 0..>-(!.-8 Ei . 0.8.iM,^^, . ' 0.7818 W':\\ (1. iiiiri-' :" ■ : 0. niif.B \f^\\ o.oo.'io ipi 0.8473 IIUII 0.8452 1^ do. do . .do . do. ...do ...do Urilt North Keadiug J. Kol>inson do «lo AUeiitoii I G. AV. Let l> rmau i I'linly , ...do 1 do do I 163 KI8 838 838 1:37 287 120 362 362 ! 362 740 740 740 017 do. .do . .do. do . .do. do . do . Mnpsarhuaptts Danvers J. Itobinsnu . ...do ..do do do I do lo South Caroiimi Bonupau's Depot . . . I H. \V. Karriicl . . ....do I — do ! do I ...do do do Mis8issii>|d ' Vielisburp C. Mohr . ...do I do ' do .do do . Georgia | Uaiubridiii' ....do ' do . du do . do A. II. Curtiaa. .. do ...do .do . do . n.siKl Ilii'i' I Uliil] I 0.6932 '^j 1 0.7463 ;|:'^| |o.8«;.«g: ' o.cy.in ;[.'"]' ,o.e«.4!|^j 0.8113 ^ •'''■ 0.8680 WvA 1 0.8500 If:--; liii'li ujihiud . Kii'h loam . . . ..do ...do .Ui Kich, 8\vauii>y . ...do 0. 81 .'13 0. 7804 0.8040 r "^ 0.8(.'8O P?'\ ,1 11 0.8036 iJjTyjl ■ 0. S3::n :'■ I Swauipy CtJPULIFER.*:. 251. Qurrcus alba . White Oak. 6811 C(i5 005 8 8 32 33» >2> I'Uiiida ... ...do Culiforuift ...do (Jhattalioochoo I C. Mohr i I Saiiil -IoIui'h river ... A. II. (.'urti.^a , Alluvial.. ..do ...d.i ...do 0.7380 '[||]l| 0.764(1 p"'i. I 0.78.3 glUl (ill Saudv Id.iui Santa ('tu;'. , G. Kn^rlinanii and IMih Ic.aiu I ('. S. .S.u->ieiit. do ' do do AIuNHachusetts 1 Aruohl Arboretum.., O.S.Sargout Drift . .. do Kentucky . ...do ...do . . do )....do .. do Mereereounty W. M. Linnpy LiriiPatoiin . Shalo Boylu county . 0 o.r, •-'0.8 l..'i 13.5 ■ O.i" dOO;:J.'SO iSOO JSO lOO J 30 S0O,S3O I i«. 0 ! :;o. 0 'JD. 0 •JI. 0 I "JK. 0 :iT. -J 14.(1 18. 0 I L'4.0 10.3 n.o O.H 10.4 I 10.0 0.2 7.0 8.5 8.0 0.0 12.0 8.0 8.9 8.0 ! I 13. 3 8.9 I I?.0 ! I 13.0 13.7 ' 11.1 I !>.0 I I I-J.O I 1.-. 8 13.8 n.o l.'). 0 14.5 14.2 10. n 12. 5 12.0 i;i.7 19.0 11.9 12. 7 U.fl 18.0 1.1.4 18.8 19.2 22.0 ' 10.0 I l.t 1.1 12.2 I 0. ;i I 21.4 I 1.1 20.4 20.0 14.2 17.5 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.1 ! 23. 0 20. 0 I 20. 0 ' 20. 0 ' 12.2 ! 15.0 22.0 I 28.0 i 20. 5 I 27. 0 20.7 20.2 ! 15.0 ' 18..) 18.0 22.5 ! 10.2 I 0.0 I 1«.0 ' 0.9 20.7 10.0 17.1 15.7 22.0 18.5 27. r> 2.5.0 21. 0 31. 5 I I 10. 1 2:1. 0 I n.3 in.o 18.5 ' 20.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 CO 1.3 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 2.2 9.0 8.0 I 7.6 0.0 1 8.4 ! 14.0 10 3 10.0 i 9.0 i 7.1 I 9.5 j 11.8 ' 14.0 13.7 19. 0 1.1 18.4 0.0 10.0 19.0 28.0 10.0 17.0 10.4 23.3 19.0 28. 5 28.8 32.6 21.2 IS. 4 27.5 19.0 18.7 l.:i 3 I 11.2 I 14.0 I 9.0 11.0 I I I 12.0 I 10. 6 I I 21. 0 'M. r, 15.2 21.5 14.7 ' 20.2 13.5 18.0 10.8 14.4 10. 6 I 20. D 0.3 I 15.0 0.1 12.0 1.0 10.5 :;. 0 31.2 1.2 22.0 1.1 I 21.0 0. 7 18. 2 0.4 15.0 i 17.0 11. 0 17. 4 10.0 j 9.7 j I 13. S j 11.0 8.0 10. S 10.3 14.4 23. 0 4.0 0.9 23.0 24. 0 1. 3 19. 9 1. 0 14.7 20.0 '' I.O 21.2 30.7 3.1 10.7 I 23. S 1.5 13.0 15.0 15.6 17.6 20.7 21.6 0.4 1.0 0.7 24.0 20.0 20.4 32.0 24.0 18.0 21.5 21.6 23.0 I 30.0 I 21.0 I 23.0 21.2 28.4 24.5 37.0 37. 5 41.4 31. c; 41.5 33.0 ■ 10.1 ! 37.1 ! I 01. u' 35 0 23.0 30.3 28.0 ' 30.0 ' 47.0 ; 27.0. 30.0 28.0 30.0 I 31.0 ' 52.5 ; 51. 0 57.0 I 41.0 M. U :j.o .18. 0 44.0 22. 7 47.0 ■ i 44.0 I 44.2 j 31.0 ! 37. 5 I .18.2 40.0 m.i) 137.0 50.0 I I 02.0 , 27. 4 33. 0 40. 0 ' no. 0 i 01. (I 80.0 :... 78.7 i I.... i ! 57.5 CO.O 30.0 I 40.0 I 00.2 I 70.0 49. 0 ! 00. 0 ' 24.0 21.3 37.0 fiU. .") 24.7 32.0 24.0 ; 30.0 19.0 23.7 14.7 I 1H.1 I 22.0 j 29.0 41.2 ; 07.2 30.0 ] 42.0 27. 5 I 30. 5 23. 6 SO. 2 lao 22.2 81.6 42.0 26.2 2a 0 32.0 33.0 35. 0 39.5 30.4 40.5 42.5 70.0 73.0 8.1. 0 55.0 41. 5 70. 5 42.5 39.0 30.0 22.0 37.6 80.0 50. 5 40.0 52. 0 I fl,'>. 0 44.0 40.0 01.0 .'iO.O 110.0 GO. 0 08. 0 84.0 75.6 73.0 50.4 50.7 .M. 0 30.0 20.0 52.6 lOi"). 0 81.0 i I 74.6 08.5 103.0 45.0 31.2 72.0 I 58.5 38.6 82.0 : 68.0 109.0 27.0 0 40.0 47.2 40.0 I 80.0 !. 42.4 I 00.0 . 42.0 I 69.9 31.0 23.0 28.3 28.0 37.0 I 40.0 ! 52.0 ; 70.0 ! 80. 5 I 38. 6 48. 6 87.0 i 47.5 I ! I C a 333 403 435 302 444 002 489 4f,0 450 578 500 374 480 344 400 390 474 497 473 411 399 Ui(jko \vith coiii'se .spllutoi'S. Finu Bpliuturs ; not liiokin . UroUi^ witli lino 9i)liiilcr8 i*ai)-woo(l p failed with two tliin tlnkis on back. Sap-wood; liroko with Ann splinters lU'f'kc Willi ctiaiHy sitUntora Sai>.wuod ; Itr.iko with line Hpliiitora 77.0 I 48.0 ! 450 483 890 479 618 653 037 454 393 400 409 »30 527 200 240 0..". aap.wnod: hroUo with tine aplintera di) Uroko with fine ai>Hntur8 do do Broke with fimi .spliuttTfl Bi'oliC at knot witli coarse splintera liiokc Willi dni' »|ilinii'r.s do Squurc break ou ttuaiou side ; siilit in axis Broke witli flue ajil inters do Broke with ('luiHe fipliiilers; flaked on tension side . do Broke with coarse aiilintcrs do Bloke with long splinters . Broke with tine splinters . do Broke with long splinters Broke with fine splinters . Uctiection 63 nnllimiters with a pressure of 600 kilograms; broke with line splinters. Shattered 0.5 sap-wood i failed from flakes on back Bloke Willi louj; splinters. .- Broke with ecuirse splinters FuUed from leiii: splinter on corner Broke with eciarse splinters Specimen eroas-grained Square break en tinsion side, splitting in axis 848 j Shattered 460 i Square break en teiis|ir .1... lio Clmllv.'^town Xavy- yald. .. do J. itoliinson. ...do S. 11. I'ool; . ...do ., 070 i (-.70 i I ' 08.-. U85 088 083 1027 ' I I 1027 1 1C20 [ i I . 1020 ' I I i 15, i 151 256 851 sei falilornia . ...do ... ifi'ddiii^ I (i. K. \asv\ Giiiyciiyluaio. •lo . Oiruoii I Wiidli i'«H;iw.n]ill.. (i. Knm Ijiiaiinimd I ('. S. Sarjicnt. ...do : d -i 1!) (1 21.5 2.'i.0 27.0 2.1. 0 Stjtiaro In euk on tension side, splitting in axis 0S5 : 1.7 2.0 1 20.0 ! -7 3 Kiipi'Iinen pi-nHA.tmlinoi1 . . . _ . 083 302 Sinmro liieiili on ti'iisinn 8i(li>, Bplittiiig in uxis 430 do 350 do 300 dn 988 6.U 11.4 10.7 7.0 1". 0 IS. 0 1.2 2,3.5 1.5 2.-..0 2. 5 33. 5 1.0 22.3 2.2 31.0 2.0 28.0 1 1.1 24.0 1.0 in. 9 70,0 088 1027 8.0 14 .■> -jxi) :i'2. :i 1027 5.5 7.0 0.4 e.4 5.0 6.4 8.0 6.6 lU. 5 10. 0 14 0 22.0 22. 3 31 n 49,0 393 281 450 420 447 380 280 381 Specimen croaa-sriiined i liroko willi long splinters do i ; 1029 1029 i:i. 0 ; 10. 6 ! 27. n 11.6 1 17.5 24.0 0.0 14.5 10.5 46.7 ii> n 70,5 07,5 00,0 105,0 37" 40, 0 60, 0 33. 5 43. 0 1 50, 8 iiJ. n 1 do 151 1 131 12.5 1 10.6 15. S 23.0 11. 0 1 17.7 ! 28.2 82.5 24.7 3.0 J.7 1.7 1 20. 2 33.7 25.0 250 do do . V ' 351 43.0 1 i 66,0 351 r "f: ■iltM,, 884 FOREST niJi:i:s of north a^ifrtca. Tatji.k 111.— DlOUAVIOll or TUE PRINCJirAL WOODS OF TUE Speolci. 254. QiicrriiH uIiIiihII.iIkv— coutliinc.l. 25.1. Qiii'min iimliilnta, vnr. Oniiibclil isertih Onk. 288. Qiiciri'im nmomnarpn liurrOiik. Mi'tiyeup Oak. Over- cup Oak. 2fi7. Qnoi cus l\Tnlii Oirrnij) Oak. Stcamp I'oit Oak. ICiK^r Whilf Oak. 258. Quorons Mrolor Kwamp Whilf Oat. 250. Qncrcus Sllolminii llasket Oak. Com Out. 880. Qiiprons Prinnn.. Chisliiiit Oak. Oak. Eoek Chtftmit Ml. Qnorrns nrinoide* TeUovOak. ChtttnutOak. Chin- quapin Oak. 771 771 417 417 SJ5 525 7!) 7U« 137 \n 310 810 432 831 0113 033 1071 1072 1073 545 045 645 702 702 !)4 5t 54' 54> 846 848 •JUl 240 524 524 7M 755 31 31' 35 434 925 925 34 34« 273 287 I Now MnxK'o... ...do ColoriKlo .. llll('»HI>« , lIlilluiH ... Tcxiw ...ilo Vermont... ...ilo , .. lUi MlHslHHlp])! . .. llO ...ilo riorkin ...do I'liuw Alius nioniil,. ItilM. . .1.1 EiiKoliiiniin'H rnriuu ...do HI. Ti'i'i' comity. ...1.. All.'ilmi WiuikcKiiii Diillim ...do TfnBlivllln K. I., (iii'i'iio ...do Kobort Douglas. ..do I \V. M. Uimoy.... ...do Ct.Vi'. Tiptt.-niinn. Koll.M't PoiIJilllH- . J. K.'vorili.in ...do .A. OattliiKor...;. Korky . ..do.. Wliiiu'lmijo lotiiity .i M.S. Itclili Aimtiii ... .. do Charlotto . ..do ..do K.'inii.'r'H mill .. ilo ..do t'llllttilllOOOllOO ...do Missouri ..do ...do .. do MrtwinrliusottB . . . .. do S.iiitli Cnrnltna . ..do Aliibamn .. do Florida ..do KenlucUy . ..do ..do Alloiiton ...do ...do . do W.'st N'l'wlmry Arnol.t Arlior..iui»i. . C.Molir ..do 0. 0. PrliiKlo. ..do ...do C.Molir ,...do ...do A. II. Curliss . ...do <}. W. L«t(i>rinan . . ...do ..do ...do .1. U.dMiison Alliiviftl ..do M.iIhI iijiland . liiili Ki.'li, moist ... ...do AllnvinI Iiiton.. ...do .... G. W. LFttomiou ...do I.imrKt.mo Wiiv.rly »liid.i Llm.'sttiiio Flinty 0. 84H1) 0. 80112 0. 7000 0. 8073 B m m 70:iO 7;i58 0418 8:i08 vrm 8400 7507 7455 7804 8313 8523 81.''.3 8153 (■^ 0. 7784 0. 7072 0.7808 0. 70.55 0. 70j>3 0. 0102 0.7182 0. 7443 0. ':>»» 0. 87.V.' 0.8080 1 'j; i I 0.8432 [31 0.8087 0.7808 0.7710 I ^ 0.0190 0. 9280 m I 0. 7313 0. 7528 0. 83.VJ 0. '1.5.52 0. 8207 0. 7.523 0. 71183 «. ^«40 0. OHCI 0. 9126 3 [ (•(IKFFK IKKTUF t KI.AHI KITV. E 8 tl g-J £^3 o 1 888 020 800 814 814 581 010 010 820 761 718 1)08 443 430 .323 514 628 679 1221 1221 10.55 1085 1103 1002 872 048 1220 070 070 090 1017 1028 008 030 007 019 070 03U 020 10.10 1140 1055 097 723 914 729 712 803 814 835 1052 004 013 1020 703 814 1034 1030 1073 866 1221 1221 1140 1285 1302 1041 1027 1.5.50 1020 1744 1.520 10.55 703 8.'I5 1100 070 1085 008 070 1085 937 1002 1140 1030 543 .502 581 051 003 702 1086 11185 1004 057 030 11100 070 130 1110 1110 1112 1144 828 840 1153 888 857 1127 1221 12.52 1219 1030 1149 030 1628 1084 1306 581 695 548 1028 1028 1130 1221 1221 1050 970 970 1140 1479 1.520 1455 070 10.50 1291 1221 1221 1277 8n» r.8i R2() 1)08 323 570 10B5 1(102 1220 (100 008 01b 020 losn 014 803 1052 1020 1034 SOS 1140 1041 1020 ior.5 1100 008 037 1030 581 702 1004 IdOn 1110 1144 1153 1137 1219 030 1305 540 1130 1050 1140 1455 1201 1277 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TKAXSVERSE STRAIN— Coiitiimca. so 0.5 0.0 8.0 0.5 11.0 0.5 4.0 4.5 5.U 7.2 4.K 5.2 5. 0 4.7 7.(1 11.7 0.0 5.4 0.4 4.7 4.0 3.8 3.0 2.8 0.4 r..o 5.0 4.0 0.0 7.5 4.5 6.1 5.0 4.4 5.0 6.5 4.0 4.7 3.0 8.4 1.0 4.0 6.0 il.3 5.0 4.0 UBVI.RCTION, IN MILI.rUErellH, VilVM A I'HBWI.'IIK, IN KlI.OnllAHB, OI>— ■oo ISO !JO«» O !IOO !iao .too :iso lironk nn lonnion *ii1o. HioUc Willi Ion;; H;iliiili;r oil I'oriior , llrol.n widi lino HpIiiitrrH Uroko Willi Iiir;:o r4])liiili>r on corner Sporiiiicii I rii:;,s u'liiiit'ii ; Hlurtoi! al knol. Hpot'iiiicii crosH-i^ruiiioil; Kplit SpIintoriMl al ctirmM-n , T.vplcal Hroko with lino Rplliito do Sipiiiio liiriik on triniiin Miil>' Fuili-d Troin miiiill npUiilcrH on comer . Fiiileil from lliiii UiikoM on buck Frtilcil IVoiii fino Hplintoi-H on corner... .^iinaro break ; criiHlird Iliolio with lino Hplinli'i'A Kaili'd IVoin loni; »iiliM(cr.K on lonnion iiirto . Drokoat knot in ccnti r of »lick Sqiiuri; break on teimion .side ISroko Willi sniall splinlers ; drew off betriug. . Ilroko with lonK splinters Sfpiaro break ou lonsion sido, spliltiug In axis . Ill oke with tine splinters Droko ut knot near tho end Spocliiicn cross-prainod ; spl it with grain Broke with line splinters do do do Failed from large splinter, starting at knot . Did not break ; drew from bearing Ilroko with fine splinters Square break on tension side, sjilitting in axis. Crnslied al bearing; brokn with fine splinters, . Sipiaro break on leimion side, splitting in axis ■ Sqiiiiro break with laiijo nplinters Failed from hir;,;© apliiiter on comer 385 25 FOB Ilriiko with Hno HpliiiterH lleflcelion Willi n I'lcssiiro of 000 kilograms, 68 millimeters; broke Willi line Hplinturs, Ilroko with luigo splinters Broke with tine Hplinters 771 771 417 417 525 526 70 79" 137 143 310 310 432 831 033 033 1071 1072 1073 645 546 546 702 762 64 64 &4> 54> 848 846 240 240 624 524 765 7&S 31 31> 35 434 025 025 34 34« 278 28T !■ ..1 in w j=^! '"!' I ;• rii If ' ^'' i 886 FOUKS'r TliKKS OF NOimi AiMKKlCA. Tai!m; 111.— 151011 a VIOlt OF TIIK i'KIN(311'AL WOODS OF IIIK Wi. Qm i-ciiH Doii^luiili Mountain llAife Oat. litu$ Oak. I'('i3. QiuM Ilia iililijnuifalia llV.iVf Oak. *J(M. (^>iii'MMiH uriHi'ft While y.i*. •JUtl. yiiiTiiiH Diiiaiidii 267. Qncroim virens Lite Oak. 26S. Qnorcus rliry«olopis Live Oak. Maul Oak. Ytlpm raito Oat. 9. Qncroiis Emorvi JUack Oak. '.'70. QiiPirns iipriifolia Jinetno. Cvatt Live Oak. 2,'l. Qiiproiid WisUiMil Lice Oak. K i. Qupirus rubra Red Oak. Black Onk. THE WOODS OF TTTK TTXTTKD STATES. UNITED STATES UNDETI TKANSVEllSE STUAIN— roiitiiiuca. ."87 HKKI.KCTION, IN IIII.I.IMF.IKIIH. IMiKU A fllKDMJUII, IN KII.OniUMR, OF— «» lOO ISO n.o 0.7 16.4 D.U 1). V 15.8 4.r> H.5 12.7 5.0 0.2 14.0 B.6 10.6 1 16.0 f.O l.'.. 7 23.2 ; 7.0 14.0 21. « 4. a It. 6 14.6 «.« 18.2 20.7 5.5 II. 0 1(1. 5 «.l r.'.4 10.3 8.4 6.f 10.0 a. 8 7.0 10.7 4.0 7.8 11.5 4,0 8.2 12.8 4.2 8.7 12.5 7.0 1X2 20.6 6.5 13.0 20.0 D.U 0.0 13.6 4.7 8.5 12. 2 4.0 H.O 12.0 3.8 7.3 11.2 7.8 1.0. ;i 2;i.7 1 4.« 10.2 16.0 5.0 10.3 l.\0 5.4 11.6 17.5 6.7 11.2 10.8 2.5 6.0 0.0 S 8 7.2 10.7 4.8 8.6 12.3 3.6 7.4 11.3 5.0 0.8 14.7 5.0 0.7 15.3 5.7 11.5 17.0 6,0 12. 0 18.0 4.0 7.8 11.5 6.4 12. 7 10.2 4.0 8.0 12.5 3.6 7.2 11.0 6.0 0.6 14.6 5.5 11.0 17.0 4.0 7.6 11.0 4.0 7.7 11.2 5.7 12.0 mo 5.0 10.6 16.0 I I t I «. I KeniarkH. 30O ' o 'MO 'j.w :iuo :tsn 4oo 4.io ! .loo ' saol '> (HCt.) \ 20.0 1.1 21. 0 1. 6 17. 3 1 1.1 Ifl. 0 1 1.0 22.0 ;i2. 3 30.0 20. 6 20.0 2.1. 0 27.0 14.0 14.0 15. 6 16.8 17.1 20.5 29.2 18.2 10.0 1«.4 14.7 21. 8 21.3 25.4 23.3 12.0 14.4 16.6 15.2 20. 6 21.7 23.7 24. 6 15.4 26.4 16.8 H.5 20.0 24.0 14.0 16.4 27.0 24.0 1.(1 2. 3 2. 6 1.2 2.6 1.6 2.0 0.2 (1.4 0.0 0.5 0.2 3.0 3.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.3 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.6 2.0 6.2 0.3 2.3 2.0 20. 5 21. 6 17.6 10.2 22. 0 ;:3. 0 31.0 21.6 23. 4 27. S -.4.0 14.5 15.7 16.2 17.0 3U.0 30.0 2H. 6 3:i. :, I 43. 0 I 1 28.0 130.0 46.5 22, 3 2)1. 0 0.5 18.2 16.6 16.5 16. 0 3. 5 34. 7 21.0 2.'). 8 24.0 12.2 14.7 10.8 16.8 20.7 20.7 24.7 24.6 15.7 20.7 17.0 14.6 20.0 24. 5 14 7 15.5 27.7 24.5 2.';. 0 28.0 42.6 40.0 30.0 32. 0 80.0 .l.'!. 3 ,02, 5 36,0 M.O 60. 5 4.'i. 0 41.0 I 61.6 40, (J .''>0,'O 72.0 70.0 68.0 01.0 03.0 1 ■ dI 525 Iliukii Willi Inn;; npliiitiTH. 4(16 (I» .'>0,0 71,6 »3. 0 ] ."mIi llioki' with flue Bi)liiitor» . 64,0 ' I ; 478 Kliiitleml; (MiwH-Kmliifd . fiO.6 61.0 ; 0,'i. 20, 6 I 38. » I 85, U 40, 0 48, 5 01.6 17. 0 21. 4 ' 2fl. 6 18.0 20.0 20.6 22.0 89.0 40.7 22.7 2.5.7 20.5 2&4 51.7 23.0 28.0 20.0 21.0 27.0 10. U I 24. 5 20.6 20.0 35. 0 33.0 16.3 18.0 21.5 19.5 27.6 27.0 32.6 33.0 20.0 35.0 22.1 18.7 26.2 81.0 18.5 10.7 30.5 33.0 02.4 39. 2 38.0 47.0 30.5 10.0 22.5 27.5 2.5.3 .37.6 3.5.0 47.5 42.5 26.0 47.0 28.3 23.6 34.5 41.0 2.3.0 i 25.0 28.0 32.0 33.0 35.0 69.2 35.6 32.0 33.0 30.5 62.0 61.0 51.5 2.3.2 28.0 35.0 32.0 53.5 46.0 33.0 49,0 35.6 20.0 46.0 52.5 28.6 80.7 63.0 80.0 38.0 34. U 40.5 66.0 43.0 43.0 38.0 4U.0 36.6 76.0 28.2 35.0 46 0 43.0 36.0 68.0 84.8 88.0 48.0 43.6 60.2 64.2 46.5 40.0 46.0 34.2 45.2 60.0 65." 06.7 . .-I 447 j Spcciim II (■i«HB.;:rainMi : Hjilit willip'ain. ...| 400 I SiK'riincii rrotm-f^riiiiird ; htiivtuil ut knot. . 73.5 73.0 59.0 66.0 50.0 45.2 67.0 43.6 02.0 43.0 46.0 54.0 60.0 120.0 . 413 . j 200 400 426 421 4.'>U 564 617 431 450 848 277 558 541 648 617 800 400 397 324 374 647 500 447 451 305 385 336 336 392 333 382 45.1 874 457 530 500 290 326 Si.eoiinrn cniHH-tJiMinrd; Hplil witli ;:ralii Snp.wodd; iinikc at knot 0,7,0 HU]vwniHl ; lit'art dt>f«i;tivp; tyitical breftV. 8pocini»n croBx-Krai'ivl ; xplit with gnin ilo Sprciinen croRKfcrrined; npUntcr on corner, lirolo with fine »plint«rs .do Spo-inirn rroHH-Kraicrd ; broke it Mnall knot do .do Speoinicn r.roHfi-gr»ined ; Btartod at knot . Bi'okit wilbfinc! splinters Fiiilc'd from hir^i^ pplintor on comer Speciuitai cro^M-Kraiiicii : lur;;o Hplintttr on ci, ner lirokn witii ciiaiHt' H]iliiitorH 323 3'.':i ,014 514 68H 688 066 6,5.0 iioa 11(13 404 790 7119 010 910 n,04 0,04 6I!I 61!) firi3 05:1 .Spi'i'iniiu i'niM«.;:r»iiird ; split with prnin Broke wi'ii flno N|diiitt>rH; liiiekled on eonipreHsion Hide, llioko witli l(*iig .scale Ilroko at knot near tho end Specimen cnms-;nT>i"od ; sqnare break on tensien side, spliltinKin axis. Broke with fine sjdlntei do Broke witli thin scale and fliio aplintere do lii oke with fino Hplinters Broke with coarse splinters Failed from scale on hack 0. 5 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, aplitting in axis . Failed from large splinter on each comer Specimen cress-grained Failed from long splinter on comer do Specimen eross-grained ; broke with large splinters. Broke with coarse splinters Broke with thin scale and fine splinters Broke with fine splinters Failed from long scale on back Broke with long, coarse splinters dO* era (ItC. 7 7 7 7 45' 46« 45" 02 140 141 146 215 215 217 alN 21E 020 WO I i i\ i '( I ( 4 if ft Mi ,x 11 h' s: 1 '!; M^ 8 '■ i ^ ! if 111 :■ ; i- ■ ! 388 I ■ ii I I.: i FOREST TIJKES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk 111.— UliilAVIUlt or TDK TIUiJCirAL WOODS OF TUE Spooles. 272, Quwnis niliro— r(mUiined....,.<'( 272. QuciriiH riibrn, var. Ti^mim. Hed Oak. 173. QuiTrun ('(iciiintii Iit.urlct Oak. 274. Qiicirim tinotni'ift litack Oak. Yfllow-liark Oak. (jueroilron Oak. Yellow Oak. Stuto. 1043 MnnHnc'liiiKetta. 104;i !... ilo 278. Qnercnd Kollozsll. Jilack Oak. 278. Qtiorcus ricra Ulack Jack. Jack Oak. 277. Qiiciciia falcatn UpanMt Oak. lied Oak. 278. Quprnis Cntosbrei Turkm Oak. Seruh Oak. Fori lea/ Mack Jack. Jilack Jf?. 031 031 17 17 30' 8(1' 30> 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 028 028 003 903 2C8 131 131 240 24.'! 205' 205> 548 .'i48 342 •:12 7T0 ViO Tulilla... ....«lo .. I-'loricIa . Li'cality. Noilh Itonding ... ilo A until!. ..do.. AHpulaga . MasRiichusottii. . . Aiuold Aiborotum. do do Kt'iitiiukr I Danvlllo Juii tion . ...do do .. do MlHHOuri... ..do ...do Virginia ... ...do .. do ...do TuDUCSSCO . OrcRon . . . .do . . ..do ... ..do ., MisBOiiri South Cnruliua. ...do , Virginia .. do ..do , .. do MiS89.si]>pi .... .. do ..do Allcnton... ...do ..do WytUeviUc ..do ...do ...do Naahvllle . . Saw.mill, Anhland . ..do Kttgene City ...do Alluntou. Goui'oau's Depot. ... do ■W'ytlioville .. do CurroII county ... ..do Keinpor'H niill . . . ...do Alubunia Cottagn Ilill . — do do 279. QnrrcuR paluntiix j 47 rill Oak. ^^icampSpaiiM Oak. Water Oak. I 282 282 Florida . . . do . . . Aspalaga . ..do Minaouri . ...do .... . . do . . . . 280. Quorcusar|ualic.t ! 204" Virginia Water Oak. Puck Oak. Potium Oak. runkOak. i 204' ...do .... 2043] .. do... 340 ' Alabama. 340 i....do .... 6U fill TonneiMae . ...do Alkntou . ...do . .. ...do .... Carroll county . ...do ...do Cottagonm... .. do Tnllahoiua ...do C'->ll«ctor. J. Koblnann. ..do C.Mohr. ..do... A. Il.Curtisa ... C. 8. Surgrnt .. do W.M. Linnoy... ..do .. do O. W. Lettcrnian . ..do .. do U. Shrivor ..do .. do ..do A. Gattlnger G. Kngi'Iuiannnnd C. S. Sargi'Ut. ...do O. H. Collier . ...do G. W. Lotterraan. U.W. llavonel... ...do It. Shrivor ...do ...do ...do ; C.Mohr ...do ...do ..do A. U. CurtiHS ..do G. W. Lottoriuau. ...do ...do H. Shrivcr . . . ...do ...do C.Mohr ..do A. Oattlngor ...do Hull. Drift.. . . do . Calcareous. ..do Clay. Drift ..do Sbalo ..do Slate Rich upland . ..do ...do Clay ...do ..do .. do ...do Clay. Rich loam.. ...do Clay ...do ...do ...do Rich loam ...do Barren, sandy. ...do .. do ...do Sandy loam . ...do ...do ,...do '•'2 L5S 0. 7.'i«0 0.74M U. K58U 0. ^'.VM 0.7US4 7102 8847 7284 7010 7032 84115 84U8 7510 .5432 5026 7102 7040 6040 0012 0841 0000 0875 m CHI] IB 0.7U88 0. 7,521 0. 7421 0. 6.107 0. 6767 0, 7837 0, 6033 0. 7875 0. 7014 0.6875 0. 7103 0.8305 0. 8442 Rich, alluvial 0, 7148 ...do 0.7671 .. do 0.7,">3I n m 1 m m 0, 6523 0, 6170 0.6158 :^ 0.7142 \m 0.7313 : sal 0.7560 0.7411 roi'.iKicn.vTDi.- i Ki.,\Hruiiv, 1 z. E V a "B o 762 Itrtiki' willt nintiiini HpIlnterH ... 17 Ilrriko witli BiuliB unit tlim BplluU-VH 17 ,1.0 4.0 0.6 8.0 14.5 12.0 20. 2 16.6 1.0 0.0 20.4 16.4 27.2 20.7 .'15. 0 27.0 45.5 32.5 68.2 41.6 446 642 36I 61.7 oao Droki' Willi tlnn HplintiiH 30» 7.0 13.5 21.4 31.0 3.6 31.5 42.0 68.0 80.0 135.0 407 itroko witli Bplit tliriiii^t) criitur imrallcl to proasuro 36> 6.3 V.O 5.S 6 8 10.6 12.0 10.5 It 0 15.8 18.5 16.7 18 0 22. 0 26.8 21.7 26 0 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 23.6 20.3 22.1 26 6 80,6 34,0 28.2 37.0 40.0 46.2 30.7 66.0 61.6 60.6 47.0 64.0 sas uao 504 307 478 339 Broko witli flnu HplinturB .... 74 74 67.7 76.0 86 244 8.7 8.3 8.5 4.3 17.6 0.0 0.8 8.6 28.5 10.0 10.0 12 8 43.4 14.0 13.4 18.0 D.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 44.0 14.0 13.4 18.2 235 648 638 4(>0 lid 244 17.7 16.7 24.5 22.1 20.6 33.0 27.0 25.6 44.0 33.0 31.7 65.0 4a 6 4a 6 60.6 51.6 247 .do .... .. 247 Fuilcil from livrge Bcnle ami (.'(iiirso apllntor . . 437 0.0 11. B 17.3 23.6 0.0 23.0 31.0 40.3 61.6 371 628 S.O 7.4 10.0 15.0 10.0 20.0 22.0 54.3 0.8 10.5 22.1 57.0 28.5 88.0 36.0 46.7 360 283 . ... do 628 063 9.3 17. 5 27.5 41.5 4.8 48.5 61.5 208 9K) 5.0 10.0 16.0 21.0 1.2 21.4 28.0 36.0 45.0 60.0 446 268 3.5 3.7 7.6 7.0 10.6 10.2 14.0 13.7 0.5 0.4 14.0 14.0 17.6 17.4 22.0 21.0 27.5 20.5 33.0 32.5 4a 6 41.0 64.0 65.0 500 467 181 Bruku with coaiHo t^pliuters 131 4. U 8.0 12. 0 10.0 0.5 10.0 20.? 25.7 33.0 42.0 444 Sqiiart) break uu tciiHioii hUIo, splittiu^ In nxis 246 3.7 7.0 10.0 13.7 0.6 13.7 17.0 21.2 2a 3 33.0 43.6 6a 0 60(1 I'niHbml at center bt'ui'iiiu ; broko witb fine Rplintera 245 3.2 8.5 0.5 12. 7 0.4 13.0 10.2 20.7 25.5 30.5 86.5 4a 0 C5.5 509 lU) 2fl.'>« 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 0.5 •16.0 20.0 ?.'..R 31.5 40.0 4a 3 500 Uruko wilb long, roarso MpHiiiui's 2B,'i« 3.2 3 0 6.1 0.2 0.0 9.3 12. 1 12.0 0.3 0.2 12.4 12.0 15- 4 LI. 0 19.0 ii;.5 33.0 23.0 2a 0 2a 2 34.2 36.6 4a 0 4a 0 63.2 ,540 002 648 548 .'-.. .''. 10.3 15.4 20.6 O.U 21.1 27.0 34.6 44.0 .W. 5 42:i Wutkv witb buj-c splinters 342 4.8 9.2 14.0 10.0 1.0 10.0 2.-). 0 31.3 39.0 50. 2 43H ■ !ln 440 308 264' Sqnaru bn nk on tcUHion siUo, HpliUin;; in axU 204> 4.2 7.6 11.5 16.6 0.6 16.0 20.0 24.7 31.0 37.0 47.0 403 Broke with linn Hplintnrt) ;il9 4.0 ti.0 4.0 7.6 0.6 7.8 11.5 14.6 10.9 16.8 20.4 14.3 0.6 1.2 0.5 16.0 20,7 15.0 20.4 26.6 19.0 26.5 34.3 24.0 34.0 44.0 3a 0 44.6 68.5 478 392 409 do 349 611 1 oae 47.0 64i ■ i \ 1 it •11 if ^ B r 1 If: €•00 rOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 2fl0. Qucrrns aqnntloi— continued 281. Qiii'iTiisIi.irlfolla. Laurel Oak. 2S2. Quorcns hctciopliylla Hartram't Oak. 2811. Qiici'dH I'inpivft L'ldand Willow Oak. Blue Jack. tyaud Jack. 284. Qancua liypoleuca I 742 742 750 750 SOI HOI 1171 Siat' Locality. Georgia | Hainbridgo . ...do '... do I Floritlft I S.iiiit .roliii'.4 river . . . do do ...do '... ,(o do '... do Collector. A. H. Ciu-tiaa . ...do ...do ....do ...do ... do Soil. AUuTlal . ...do.... S»iidy loam ...do I (;OEFKICIBNT OF I FJ,A6TIC1TV. 0.7415 ^ 0.8000 ^ o.8oa4 ^i m 1221 lasio 128f I SCO Now u orsey 1171 |....do 1171 ! . do I 3S2 I Alu'uwitt 074 Arizona . 074 ; . do iloiiiit Uolly ...do .. do Ciirmullp .1 Santa Kitfi ni.innt- I aiuH. .!....do , S. r. Sbarplea. do . . .do C. Mohr. . . G.EnSPlmannand C S. S.; oliiia-trs ' Arnold Arliorntnni . . | 0. 8. Sargent . . . do ' . . .do t ..do ...do t .. do Virginia ' Fancy Gap . . . . do do Tonnesiwe Mapsac'hiiBetts. ...do 44' j Kentiirky. 44> 11» 110 785 765 ...do Michignn ... do Florida ...do BS3 I MaasaclmRetta 858 |... do do 8S8 ! 11 11 877 877 ....do. 1M7 {....do . 1047 ....do . .. do... . . do . . . ...do... Naalivillo Arnold Arboretum.. ...do Mercer county .. do Danevilln ...do Chattahoochee .. do Hamilton ...do ...do Arnold Arboretnra. ..do OanTon ..do North Read ing ...do ...do II. Sbrlvor . . . ...do A.Gattlncer. do C.S.Sargent ....do W. M.Linney... ...do W.J.Beal ...do A, H. CartisR ...do J. Robtnaon .. do ...do C. S. Sargent . ....do J. Kobinsnn . . ...do ...do ...do Drift . . do .. . . do . . . Hoist . . . ...do .. Sandy . . . Drift ...do Hudson lUver shall ...do Grarelly ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ....do 0.7693 f^^ 0.7B57^f|; 0.6910 ra 0.720."> ;f«^' 0. .57.19 [^ 0.6909 fT^l o.mn [^] 0. .TOOo j7^; 0.4123 [|Hi| 0.5330 ^7i O.4.'>08 .^' 0.5050 d'j 0. 5053 0. 4930 0. 7333 0. 714G 0. 6332 0. 6416 9; 7871 0.6945 0.6892 0.6770 0. 7(HH) 0.7324 0.7250 Drift ...do Rich lonm . ...do m. m llil;! UIQ ii: m m Oil nl I lull 0.7784 0.7014 H! 0.8460 '1 '")! 0.8591 ilijljjl 0.8068 0.8182 i 12.^2 7.)1 713 ' 872 070 900 , 1017 128,-. 1002 498 j 8S8 879 ' 221 ' 085 ' 872 i 221 I 221 j VrVt 039 ' 221 221 970 103 221 285 395 82H 305 305 320 110 138 1302 ; 1284 78) ' 0:3 787 lO.W 842 840 1085 104S 1007 1017 NO 035 12^1 Jii:;i 1002 019 525 4).'^ 872 703 65) 010 1103 808 1039 867 888 875 1802 1312 1221 1235 lO.W 1026 1122 037 1302 1284 1302 1180 1007 1024 1130 1048 1221 1106 1232 1221 1305 12S6 1628 1446 1479 1289 1.195 8211 1390 084 1183 1209 1177 10b7 iTOK g TV. B li 3 *g = s •3 i« a S 128? 806 l.'iSO i:';i 1177 loss 1221 nil WHO 12P» 1!)20 1260 1338 HOB 108.1 947 1232 nil 094 1120 1108 S2S 872 41 1 703 85) fil» ic:) 899 1130 8B7 ■88 676 102 1312 !2I 1235 J.W 1020 ■-'2 037 02 1284 02 1180 07 1024 36 1048 21 1106 52 1221 1)5 1256 084 1209 10b7 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 801 URFLECTION, IN HM.UhBTKKS, UNDER A rREBSUBE, IN KILOORAUS, OF- SO loo lao 4.0 3.0 4.0 8.7 3.6 4.0 3.5 4.4 4.0 7.6 7.2 12.0 in. 3 S.4 5.2 4.3 3.9 6.5 0.4 ,5.0 B.O 4.0 4.8 3.8 4.6 9.8 S.S 7.2 4.0 4.5 5.6 4.0 4.0 4.S 4.7 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 8. 3 12. 2 8.0 11.0 7.4 11.0 7.4 11. 0 7 3 ; 11. 0 9. 0 I 12. 0 '(got.) I in. 8 13.7 17.0 i I 10.0 i 14.5 ' I 1.5. 0 i I 14.7 j 10. 5 i 7.8 ] 11.0 I 11.7 I I 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 o.n O.fi 0.5 0.5 17.0 14.0 17.0 lii.O 15.0 IB. 5 1.5.0 17.0 15.3 21.8 17.5 29 0 1 21.3 : 7.0 i 1.3 0 , lO.B 26.5 I l.s 1 27.0 10.1 10.0 0.0 7.5 12.5 12.4 11.0 9.0 9.7 0.0 6.0 9.2 18.0 11.2 15.0 H.4 9.4 11.0 7.6 8.0 9.3 8.7 15.0 ; 20.8 I 16.0 I 22.7 13. 5 i 18. B 11.2 I 15.3 i 10.4 1 2ao 19. 2 ' 27. 0 i ; ! 17. 5 ■ 24. 5 ' : i 13.0 I 18.2 ! 1.0 1.2 0. B O.B 2.1 1.0 1.0 0.5 14. 8 i 20. 0 I 0. 4 14.0 < 20.2 12.0 j 14.0 I 30.4 17.0 23.5 13.0 14.4 17.0 11.6 12.2 14.0 1.3.0 10.2 19.0 0.5 0.5 1.2 7.6 i 11.0 7.6 11.2 0.7 &e 8.0 14.2 18.2 U.5 7.8 i 11.6 3. B ; 7. 0 I 10. 0 3.0 3 6 4.4 4.8 0.0 I 8.6 0. 0 j 10. 0 7.0 10.4 7.0 11.0 8. 4 I 13. 0 .1.8 I 18.6 I 23.0 0.7 83.0 I 1.7 17.6 i 0.1 10.5 0.4 23. 2 0. 6 15.7 : 10.2 , 19.0 18.0 14.7 j 14.7 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 21.0 22.7 18.6 16.0 29.0 27.5 24.4 18.4 20.2 20.3 las 19.2 24.0 33.2 17.0 10.6 24.0 15.6 10.3 19.0 ia2 22.5 28.7 20.0 27.0 18.7 2,3.5 10.0 24 f 19.2 23.7 20.0 19.0 35.0 27.0 30.0 24.4 10.8 80.0 36.0 31.0 23.5 26.6 26.0 20.5 24.0 26.0 '.'4. 0 20. 0 36.0 33.2 29.5 30. r. 20.5 3,3.0 30.6 31. 0 ' 37. 0 i 46.3 42.5 36.5 60.0 58.6 46.0 37.6 40.7 37.0 42.0 48.0 I 40.0 : 50.0 I aiiw6 87.0 31.6 MwO 52.6 47.0 I 40.5 ! 20.5 82.0 44.3 47.0 40. 0 31.5 09.0 I 03.0 65.0 37.0 40.6 38.7 70.0 55.7 &ao 49.5 40.0 26. '< 31.6 ; 30.7 40.5 46.0 19.4 0.7 18.0 0.6 16 0 0.6 1.5.4 0.6 1,3.6 0.4 11. 5 0,3 13.6 1 Z.i I 14,0 0,t 0.4 i 10.0 0.6 I 15.0 19.6 18.6 16.5 15,6 14,0 12,0 13.7 14,0 22,0 16.0 31.6 20.0 21,0 25,0 23,7 19,0 19.0 26.0 29,0 83,0 20.0 26.7 31.6 30.6 24.0 24,6 32.0 23, e 30,0 19, 7 ' 2,5. 0 20.0 1 2.5.6 17.6 ■ 21.7 32.2 41.0 38.0 4L0 81,6 40,0 49,0 72,6 73 0 00,7 50.0 110,0 40,7 62.0 30.7 I 80.6 I 32. 8 I 42, 0 41, 0 i 62, 6 38,5 52,0 30,5 37,0 30,0 I 37.6 46, 6 : 68. 3 .58, 5 ' 80. 0 58.6 i 62.0 45.0 64.0 47.0 46.7 40.0 89.0 31,0 31,0 ■J7.0 63,0 61.6 40,0 49,6 40,0 6ro 32, 6 42. 0 16.0 17.0 18,6 22.0 1 18.0 I 22.3 22.0 27.0 28.0 I 34.0 28.0 i ;i.3. 6 48.0 14.6 0. .'• I 14.5 18.6 23,4 30.0 j 37.6 17,6 17,5 1.0 I 18,0 1, 0 18, 0 13,7 23.6 30, A 40, 0 31. 0 40, 0 .51.6 62.0 07,8 78,6 66.5 76.0 05.6 70.0 76.5 I 66.6 I 40,0 60.0 102,0 62.0 76.0 ■r a Eg 450 474 CSO 540 497 404 474 424 478 472 402 D48 ReiDBrbR, Spoclinea cross-crained llmke with coarse Bpllntera. Binki' witli largo aplintors llroku with lnr;,'c spliiitura iiud ncalo on tonaton side. 0.5 8,'ip-wuod; bruko with Hue apliotcra do (finished at center bi'iirini; ; broke with fine aplintors. SperiiiR'n croBR-^niiiied ; broke witli large apUnters . ■ Broke with fine splinters Cru8s.ci«ii]eeclmeu cnisS'gniliied i splintered on corner.. Failed flom scale on baok 742 742 756 7Bt 801 eoi 1171 1171 1171 352 674 074 40' 60 612 612 087 687 72* 729 67.1 673 IB 18 18 268» 258' 616 9 9 44« 44« 119 119 766 785 863 883 BS3 II 11 "77 877 1047 1047 '■'■ 1^ t % it k ) iif FOREST TREKS OF N0R1TI AMERICA. Table Ill.-HEIIAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Spoclea. ns. Cnrpiniin CHiMtiiiiium I/iinifKnm. llhir liffch. Wattr JiMcA. Jrnn Wood. BETULACEiR. IM. Botiilit lUlim tnr. nuimlifolln irAi(« IHrfh. dldfitU Jiirch. Oray Birth. MB. BetiilaiMpvTKSent Oano* Kirch. Whit* Birth. Pa- ^nrBireh. tM. BetnU ocoldentalis . Bladt Birth. «T. BotnU lutM r«UoK> Birth. Oray Birtli. 4a "3 7.'|i 7;i« 73' 1038 lU 10 X4K 72'J 722 «88 : 000 u»o io«s I 10«A I 1005 1000 lom 1007 1067 ta» 629 BUto. Liwality. ...do ...do M«8»«clinBatt8 . . . PftnriM 8 ...ilo Arnold Arlioroluni ...do. ...do . MoDtjma .. do MasMU'liuaptU... Aliinkn ...do ... do DuiTcr.i Mtumilu .- do TownMnd CbiUwit iulct . . . do Vermont | Cbnrlotto . ...do . i — do . . do . ..do. . do . . do . . .do do. do do . do do. Colorado Rngelninn ~'k CKDon CHlifomik StrBwlmiry ralley . 843 MaiuiacliiMOItii T)nnv«n» ct a . . do ... •01. Aliiuambra. AUtr. C. 8. Saritent . ...do ('. ti. I'liuglo ■I. Koliiuaou.. ...do Moiat loam . .. do Alluvial .... ...do ..do ..do nrift. ...do UravrUy ...do ...do 9C7 967 Ala«lia , Sitka . . do . . do . 991 Wa'tli'UKton t«rrt. Vuyallup . Ion. 991 ... do do I'aul Srhultao .. do O. GnROlmiinnand L' S. Siir(;iMit. — do 1| "S " d w ji; * to 0. 7708 0. 7707 0. 7852 0.7041 0. 7083 0. 7307 0. 6121 0. 616H 0. nP40 0. 6244 0.R948 0. 7034 0. 6133 0. 62:il) 0.6U21 0. 66n.'; 0.0614 0.6136 0. 0136 0. 04011 0. 602X 0. ri»u8 0. rma 0.7147 0. 7215 0. 0.Wt 0. 6047 0. 6.%73 0.0047 0.0710 0. oono 0. ftKIR 0. R8iri 0. 0:I3A 0.6273 0. 6;>40 0. 01411 0.7303 0. 74M 0. 7002 0. 8.'>70 0.8213 O.IM)ao 0.S017 0.K190 0.5244 ; COKFI'irlRST Of ' I Kc.ABTicnr. ! p m m m fi m pnrj 111 ill '"'■'Ti nilili nl 1^, iii'O: G L3 ■2? 921 957 1221 1285 1395 1305 888 930 1235 1395 857 921 814 614 40.'> 503 872 872 1110 1149 1221 1149 1221 1320 1030 1085 1221 1101 1520 1502 1028 1675 1395 1626 1085 1191 1320 1338 1350 1350 1285 1285 888 872 970 076 1628 1650 1575 1620 1575 100 1 1028 1028 1479 1628 1028 1084 1479 16.'tn 1953 1775 10311 1085 1221 1221 ia;io lOM 1221 1356 921 004 1039 1028 1395 1430 1471! 1603 1368 1302 1308 1415 1575 1602 «;o 1028 1017 ' 842 I 842 I 1017 888 807 I 1134 1356 1173 1055 1430 778 900 580 837 1088 1008 1181 816 994, 1165 1099 1228 IDAS 1017 1134 082 ,738 874 1303 1280 1210 1210 1320 1213 1245 1283 1041 075 9.t4 1005 9:i7 920 1280 1283 1294 105^ lias 701 703 830 820 TII1<: WOODS OF TIIK UxXmOi) STATES. DNITED STATES UNDEll TUAN8VEIISE HT]{AIN— C<.iilimi( 1 67.0 82. 0 85.7 44.0 30.0 86.0 26.5 20. 5 27.0 35. (I 32. 0 28.0 1)6.0 37.6 : 64.0 .... I 29. 2 ' 40. 5 00. 0 10 2 ' 20.0 24.5 15. 7 10. 5 i 24. 6 15.4 10.2 I 23.2 14 6 14.0 14.6 1H.0 21. T 17.0 20.7 17.7 ' 21.7 10. 5 24. 0 14.5 18.0 11.4 (1.3 (1.2 0.4 0.4 i:i. r, 13.6 13.0 13. 5 14. vi 23. 21. 26. 10. 32. 2J-.. 17. 10. 16. 17. 18. 0 I 45. 0 33. 5 ' 21. 7 20. .t 19. 3 33. 0 ' 33. 22. 0 .39.0 35.5 45.0 31.0 01.6 4.5.0 I 60.0 ; 08.0 35.6 ; 4.\0 34.3 I 4:. 5 64.0 : 1)3.5 33.0 38.5 48.0 60.0 40.0 58.5 37.5 511.0 83.0 B3.0 38.0 44.0 41.0 8.'i. 5 52.0 30. 5 ; 0. 0 20. 0 27.0 (15.0 40.0 43.0 13.Q 30.0 30. n 30.0 37.6 34. .1 21). 0 I 31.0 20. 5 33. 0 30.1 3K0 27.0 33.7 61.5 51 0 66.0 41.0 100.0 OK. 7 51.6 481 .".78 .100 4.'i0 000 330 388 2'i(l 3.'.7 4(12 43(1 5(14 848 424 407 400 624 4.MI 434 4K4 410 315 373 Ki|Uiii'0 lirc'li (111 tcnninii itUli-, HplittluK in nxln Iliolir with niiOH)iIliiU>i'H SprrliiHin cnmH-crtiiiii'il; laiU'tl fuiiii liir^n Aplliilvr on rnriior Sip; tire hriMiU ok IniiHiitn hhIo, H|ililllii^ In iixU j Di'llc'c linn Willi noo kilii)fi'nniH pirKHnro, 82 niilliniolnrHi brokowith linn H|illnli'i-H. I 8|ir('.liiii>ii ri'OHR-uriiiiti'it ; Htiirli'il ill knot j IJiiiHlitit 111. ct'iiini linuiinu: Hqiiiiro break on tniiHlnii hIiIo Dlnki'llt lilint CiiihIiihI lit (Mnlrr lniiTiiiK; liinkn with fliin (iiiMiitorn Sqillltr lil'i'ilk I'll ll'IINinn Hiill>. s|l)iltill^ ill Axin Ili-iikn Willi rnaiM' Hplililni'H l''iini'<1 I'liini Ki'uin anil Iniic nplintnr nii rornnr Spfriiiini i-tnM.'.>;rniiii il ; I ml.t' on I'oinrr llrnUn Willi rniir>i ..^pl in tela (.'I'lialiiil 111 ci'iiti r lii'Hiini:: lirnkn willi linn aplhitiTH ('iiiHlii'd ui n-iitrr liruiiii;:; Itt'vhc uilh larj^o nplintor nn I'orner . . . Hqunrn lirruk on It DHion Hitlf; liinUe wiiU aplinliTH I I I Spi-i'inii-ii I'loHH-uraiih il, l>Hil.n Hitli niarno Hpli.iU'rn I I (ImihImmI ut i-nntiT liciiriiij:; l.ioki \\ilti tliin nra't h .'.0. 0 ... 513 ! ! 47. 5 I 00. 0 550 57. 0 ' ... 510 40. :>:.... 62p1itilnf{ III ii.\iH. Hap-wiioil : Hpncininn ^■l■n«H-^raiIl^'^l ; »hatt«ioi! Sap woiul i rriiiilii'il iil ri nlcr Ikmii liiK ; broko witli ro»r«o KpllnUir on [ cfiinrr. ' Sap uoofi ; riiialiiMl 111 rnnlrr liiip iiitf ; lirokn wtiii roarHC hcuIoh. . - I'riiMlinil III rinlnr bi'iitin^; lirnkc Willi fliio nplliilnrn I ' .'> Kap-wodil; ri'ii^hiMl at rriiti-i- bi ariii^; brokr with linn HplinUTR.. I (1 7*iHHp.w«iinl : iMtiHhi'iliit rrntrr brnrin;' ; brokn with linn HpUntom Sap-wooil; criiKhnil nt cunt. rbnitriDKi bioko with fine HplintnrHou iiiiin r. llrart.wiiixl; rrtmhi'il nt ccnlnr bciiiint;; lirokn with tlno Hpllnti-IH . .Sap-waal; li.iiki' with I'lnii-Hc Hplinti'ia at cornnrH Siip-woDil; criiHlinil II. t'lJitiT limi'iii^;; brokn with conrnfl KpUntntH III CMI'llcrH. Sapwouil; rtiwliiiliil I'l'iili'i' lii'.iiin^; dpllntriril at (-nriidrH S.'ipwKoil; cniKlii'il al i-L'iiti!!' liuiiin;; ; hioki- witii lint' ajilintiMH on ii ii.siiiit sltlr. S [. w I, • I iimIh'iI 111 rrntin- hi-iii lii)4; Khattrri'il on ronuir Sap witnil ; np. i>itiii>ii noHM ^raiiM (I . Htaitml at knot Sti|i wooil : rriiMlMMl at cfiili-r hnarin^ ; hipiarn break on tonRlou hiiln, HplilliiiK ill ii\i^. ^ Hiip-wiiiHi ; npliiilcrril on (^niin ra . ' StiiiaiT br ik no teiiNioii Hiitn, Hplithng la uxin I Splintri'i'il on roini-ra Spi-i-inirn noHs i;riiiii< il Stpiarn bn iik on ti'nnion aiiln, npllttlii)( in axlfl do do . .Uu 528 H2» K43 843 l(l(;8 IIKU) Kino 1000 1070 1070 130 130 811 Kll 84 1! 843 4 4 231 8U 844 067 007 991 991 ^1 111 ill •i! 1* ■ t sH' i' N^ 6, ■i*'»^^-'^ A »;:<:•' i 394 FOREST TREKS OF NORTH AMERICA. Taulk III,— behavior of IHE rKINClPAL WOODS OF TOE Specim. 301. Aliiim rubra — coiitiniied. 302. .MiiiiHrhomliifoL It . Alittr. 3(«. AlmiiMililongifoIlft. Milfr. SUte. 10'J5 I Onsjion 1025 I... do .. 035 717 717 . . <1 ■ . . . Luca^ty.' CuUootor. Soil. &3 . I I a COFIFlrlKNI'OF g ' I'.I.AsriCITV. Poi'tliuwl Furniture ' G.Kiiifolmnniiaail ' - - do ! — do ABliland ! — do . Miaguuln I Soreno Wfttson . . do. I do . 1)79 Oregon Drain ! C.S.S»rKPnt 1)70 ...do .-do . W..t.. ...do . 0. 4731) u. noH4 1320 ! 1285 ; "I 1221 ' 1338 I 0.48.57 PI! 004 0.4M5 [^T'jl 679 0.4(ieC (Jlilli 729 MoiHtloam : 0.4405 .do. 30.'t. A Inns inratia ,sivel,lfd Alilti: Jloary AUer. j:ia,k AMir. SALU'ACK^,. 094 I Califunila ! Sun noniindiiio. 094 !J62 300. SalU Hi;:™ 855 I .. do do . W.G. WriKlit. ...do I Ma.sHOcliURC'tts Pauvi'rg J. Kobinsou ( Wi't loam... do i Topafleld Colorailo | ChDon CUy 307. Si\li\ :iin.ygdnloido8 • 908 Willow. i I 908 '... ilo do 911 :.. do 1... do . 30S. .'<:iliN 1 vi:'ata ; 690 Califorala iri(/.uc. ■ : 090 ...di Alluvia] 0.4375 'f-Vl 0. 4170 0.4049 jRj aBoo.") ""^ 0. 5330 0. 407.'< 0. 4(rn 0. 407(1 300. Siilix l.iBiandia, rar. lancifolla 04(1 — do i Straw Imrry TtJ'ey ' 981 I t 'ri'^'on Portland 081 -do do G. Knuiolniiuinand Moist, sandy. ('. S. Siugi'Ut. I do do ....do Moldt.ricb . . F.Skinner Alhivial do do 300. Siilix liHiaudra, var, i ■ 'iTiana 3i:i. Salix lUvoKci'iis 889 rtab .. 721 I Montana. tl3. Sali\ llavi',»ii>nti,»«r. Scoulerlana ..: 972 Washington tvr- Jilitcl.- Willoic. 1 1 rilory. I i73 do . : 816. SaHv l:i»iolopl« 0(19 I'nlifoniia Willoui. : 318. ropulus trcmoloidoa | 272' Colorado. Atpen. t^iiaking Atf . I 272' ... do .... I 1035 I MaasnclinaMts i 1085 ...do City Crsok caHsn ... M. K. .Tonen QraTelly Pallor'noaflon, Mis- Soronc. Watson . . . Ricb, moist . Honln. Soattln — G.En^^^Imnnnand Moist, sandy C. tS. .S:i-yout. . . do . . do do 0..'>341 0. 5284 0.4705 0.4375 0. 4014 m m 12 004 88.S 787 787 noa 407 I 010 I 488 5.54 4:9! 509 948 I 060 751 9' 8 913 I I T.51 787 900 905 738 507 701 696 077 1085 I 820 I 301 424 614 I 470 514 ' 488 I 488 ' I 0.4.08 p 0.60,57 !^ 0..'.7I9 'FT 512 m\ 330 625 1085 076 j 1028 21 305 1085 .''nntat'rui'. -. do . Alpine i T. 8. Itrandegeo . do do Danvers { J. Robinson do ,...1 do I 319. I'liiiiilns tirandidentnta j 847' do. J-o/ilar. \ ■ 847 . do . do. do. .do . .do. 820. I'i.,,nlur I;i;iMi|i;iylln 522 Tenneaaoe It:i,r CullfiiiW'od. Swamp Col- l.'turiHifi. Nashville ! A. Gattinfter 1285 1.175 0..5278 if.T'i! 1221 ' 1149 Sandy loam 0.6760, IT?* | 921 Damp 0. 39,55 . do 1 0.3885 Gi-»Tolly 0.4.553 ...do I 0.4828 .do i 0.4443 .dn 0.)388 AUavial . . 0.41,55 740 651 076 888 076 004 740 821. Po|ii;U.^ lui.,iMiiiffrft 001 Alaska Cliili'ool inlet Paul SebnltM . |. .. do | 0.4080 [FTf] 8.57 Jtnhtntn. Tftctnnahc.c. Halm t\f (liieait. Mil do. .do. do. I .do , 0.40;i4 8)<8 ' 321. I^lp^ln^^€iiuf)ii I'roHrt-jiiMinetl; ncaleil on corner Sqniiro bic>nk i.n tnnsioii nidii, HplittiiiK in ftiis Sap-wood ; rrof)B'^ain0 Brt»k<* with coar.'^t' .Hplinlern. .1 181 Sprrinii'ii (-]'088-;:iaini'd ; bplit with grain . ....I S18 , CruBl't'd at ro bnak on tcii.sion Hido, .spiitting in axiH ; 8lmtt«red . Spiviint^n tvoMH-mainid ; linked on ti-n.^^ion sido 313 23') 249 209 317 I CniNliid at rvnicr bcanng; Healed on tension aide . I 200 I CrnftlitMi at center bfuiing: Hhutterecl. SptTiiiH'M croMS-graini'd ; bruko at kni>t CniBliiii al ctiilir luarin;;; binko with tine aplintora . i 102S 1025 036 717 717 070 979 094 094 345 , Cnislirid at center Ix'Rring; Bpliutered; aquare break on touBion , Hide, aplittinR in axis. 300 Crumbed ,'\t center lieariuj;; broke with flno Bplinters 370 ■ Crisluit at center biarin;:; liroko with noarso splintera .347 '.'iiliIkmI at center brai iuj; ; lit,)ke with flue Bplinters. 240 Ilroke Willi long scale 231 SjKM'iiiien rro!tH.grained ; broke at knot. 300 CniHhed at center beiirinj; I 376 '■ Broke ' itU many line .splinters 297 ] Sp'.interedonconirr 319 ■ Crushed at center bearini;; broke witli fine splinters. 274 r .do. 246 226 Specimen aiTcct^'d with di-y rot; square break . do 207 ! Crushed nt center bearing; square break. 263 ... do 171 Specimen crosB-Krained ; broke at knot . 201 Square break with sraall splinters . 272 I 206 376 .do .do. .do. 866 90 ...do 851 ...do 851 ...do 8S3 ....d» Beverly. ...do... ...do... ...do ... ...do... ...do J. Itobinson . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ... Swampy . ...do ... ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... .5-- a 0. 3.'-..-.2 0. 3S1'4 0. 3477 0. .'il3A 0. 4858 0. 5001 0.4009 0. 4025 0. 4977 0. 5IUI0 a <(iKtTI86 654 818 820 635 722 328 880 483 551 460 60i) 460 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEU TltxVNSVEIlSE STllAIN— CoiiliniK'd. 397 DrKLRCnOM, IN Mn.l.lMKTRIU), UNUEU A I'llKHgUHK, IN KILOdltAMH, Or— SO I lOO tso 7.8 14.0 5.S It.l 6. 5 : 13. S 4.3 I 8.S li.8 \ 11. 0 4. 0 . 7. 5 4.0 ' 8.0 4.0 ! 8.2 ! 4.5 0.0 0.0 7. 5 11. 7 7. 3 I 14. 4 .'•..4 I 8.5 .1.0 ' 10.4 .••..O 11.7 0.4 12.3 1 i 7.0 13.0 i fl.O 12. 0 23.0 17.2 21.0 13.3 18.0 12.0 12. 5 12.8 n. (1 5.0 lU. U 11.0 5.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 21.0 0.4 18.0 7.5 10. S 7.8 15.0 a 3 10.0 8.0 las 14.7 20.0 17.5 33. 2 18.2 37.5 0.4 12.5. 7.3 13.4 0.0 17. S S.6 18.0 4.0 8.5 B.0 0.5 5.0 10.5 4.8 8.5 18.0 38.0 14.3 20.2 0.8 20.0 11. S 23.6 11.0 22.0 0.4 tn A 10.0 22.0 23.0 13.4 10.4 1H.4 20.7 18.0 10. 5 10. r, 1U.U .■!0. 0 :i4.o 28.0 24.0 23. 2 24.5 20. 0 SO. 5 03.0 19.5 20.5 27. 0 13. U 11.0 1X6 14.5 400 33.5 24.2 311.0 18.8 2.5. 0 1(1.0 10. R 17.2 14.8 21.4 14.0 W.4 47. B 54.0 ,5(1. 5 32.5 36.0 33.2 29. 0 43. 0 12. fl 26. 0 , 38. 0 63. 0 III' 32. 4 32. 0 10.0 23. 0 20.7 28.0 23.0 22.5 22. 0 22. 0 38.7 33.5 35.5 30.2 27.5 28.5 38.0 30.0 17. H 10.0 21.7 20.0 o 1 !JOO (HOt.) 1.4 2.5. 3 2.0 30.7 1.1 10.1 3.0 20. ,-. 0,4 10.0 0.3 17.0 0.0 17.5 1.7 21.8 0.0 10.4 2.4 33.0 2. 5 31.0 1.3 10.5 1.5 23.2 2.1 27.2 5.5 30.4 1.2 20.0 0.0 25. 5 0.5 23.0 0.7 22.0 0.4 22.5 4SO I 300 33.2 41.5 20.0 i 35.2 :iao .3a 0 20. 7 21.0 22. 4 25.3 43.0 47.0 2.5. 6 31.0 43.5 41.5 32.6 20.0 20.0 28.6 I 2.0 1.2 40.7 34.6 2.0 i.e 37.0 37.2 1.0 1.4 2.4 2.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 28.7 20.0 40. 5 40.8 18.0 i 10.0 i 22. 2 ' 20. 0 5.2 : s.6 50.2 55.0 S.2 I 8.2 40.5 30.0 55,0 23.0 24.0 31.0 20.7 48. 5 25.8 27. 5 20.0 33.3 62.5 34.0 42.6 45.0 3S.6 30.0 31.0 37.0 51. 5 33.0 35.5 30.0 400 400 , a « T — - 2:S; SOO'SSO' ss I .5 *) 231 258 381 324 385 400 363 240 347 317 203 330 300 llcmarks. Criifllinl at center lieuiiiif! ; Hqunio break on tenBian lide, tpUttinj; fnnxlH. CruHheil at center beurin{Z ; Hcjuaro break .du. Crnnhetl at center bearing ; broke witli fine Bpltnten . Cnislied at center bearing ; nhattered Cninbed at center bearing ; bmke with fine iipUntera . Sbattereil >lu Sturtul at knot ; Rpllntored at comer Kpecimnn crosH-graiued ; Hpllnlered on comer. Specimen croBs-grnincd ; »plit CriiBlicd at ci^iter bearing; H(|uuro break on tcoBion aide, apUtting in a.KiH. do Square break on tenBion aide, apUtting in axia . 247 i Slittttered 274 Uroko wltb flne splintera 204 300 334 270 270 104 188 232 225 191 249 250 168 150 151 250 284 250 279 849 350 271 308 140 102 200 235 200 217 200 Square break do Spot'iint'U croHB-gruiued ; abattered . do do Squnrx break ; Bplinterod do Square break on tenxion aide, apUtting in axia . do Broke with conrne splintera . Square break ; nplintered . . Square break ; Bplintered . ■ . Square break Square break ; split to end. ■ Square break do . lo . .do . Square break witli long aplintcra. Shuttered Square break Sbattereil Square break on tenaion aide, apUtting in axis. .do . Sqnare breiik Sipiiire break on tenaion aide, aplitling in axis Square breok ! ,,(iare break on tenBinn Bide, aplitting in axiu. Square break do 256 304 304 309 3«0 754 754 754 050 059 646 046 009 909 001 OOt 634 634 602 662 662 379 379 782 783 783 700 700 792 792 792 874 874 1090 1099 1017 1017 1011 1021 350 350 850 800 851 831 8«a % Il' ti il h I m 398 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Siioi^ic.s. 330. Chnii'.ToyiiiM'is Niitltnonsis TcUov) VyprtiD. Sitka Oyprett. 0U» Ui>3 983 994 094 994 1000 1000 831. Clmiii.TCvpariw Liiw«ouiana 1 701 Port Orjotd Cedar. Oregon Ce- State. dar. ' White Cedar. Lawion's C'lipresi. Ginger Pine. 332. CuprrflmiH maerocirpa. Monterey Cypreu. 3.13. CupremnR GoTeuiana 337. .Tiiiiijiciu.'i piieliyplilcca Juniper. 838. Jiiiiipernfl nccidflntnlifl, var. con- Juut U.S. Jvniprr. 339. JiniiptTus Vir^initiua iied Ccuar. A'arin. 840. Taxodiuin dintichuu Bald Ciipreii. Black Cypreu. lied Cypretk. Whitt Cypreu. Deeiduowi Cypreu. 841. Sennoin cignntca . Big Tree. 842. Segnoia Mmperrlmu . 707 675 675 691 691 1100 1100 692 092 1102 14 14 327 327 734 734 SOU 800 9J4 1249 1250 1251 12.)2 1253 1254 :-35 335 741 741 667 867 668 878 678 Alaska ...do British Colambia ...do Alaska ...do ...do .. do ..do Oregon . ..do... ...do I California . ...do ...do . ...do. ...do ...do . Looality. Sitka ..do Saw-mill, Victoria . ...do Peril strait ...do ...do Weidler's aaw-niill, Port laud. ...do Dean & Co.'s saw- mill, Marsbtteld. ...do do. HoDterey ...do Arizona . ...do.... Marin count; . ...do Calistoga ..do Santa Rita mount- ains. .. do Teziis I Anstin. Massachasetli : Arnold Arboretum .. do L..do Texas : Dallas .. do do Plot ida : Cbattaboocheo I ...do i do ...do. ; Saint John's river . ... do do ...do Tennessee . ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do Alabama . ...do Florida . . - --.do California. ...do ...do .do!, .do.. Chattahoochee. Wilson county. uo ...do ...do .- do .. do , Stockton .-..do Chattahoochee. ...do Xolare county . ...do ...do Roiatan rlrer. ...do Collector. Paul Schnltze . ...do G. Engclmaun and C. S. Sargent. do Paul Scbnltza . ...do ...do..: G. EngetmanD and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... ..do . ..do. -.do. .do. .do . G. R. Vnscy.. ...do W. F. Fisher . ...do G. Engelmannnnd GraroUy. C S. Sargent. ...do do Soil. Gravelly loam . ...do Dry ridges . . . ...do ...do ...do 8. B. Bnukloy Limestone Drift. ...do. C. S. Sargfnt... ...do J. RoTerchon Calcareoue. . do do A. II. Cnriiss — — do do do do : Sandy loam . do : do C. Mohr Alluvial.... A.E.Balrd... ...do ..do ..do ...do ...do C. Mohr Alluvial. — do !....do .... A. H. CuriiiB. . . . ...do G. Engelmannand ' Granite. C. S. Sargent | do I do ... .do. C. S. Sargent . ...do .do. °8 el S.5S 09 0. 5607 0.4220 0.5207 0. 5114 0. 5074 0. 4913 0. 6207 0. 5078 0. 61D0 0. 5230 0.4682 0. 5335 0. 6307 0. 6512 0. 5580 0. 5563 0.4834 0.5078 0.5630 0.5419 0.7347 .i m 5310 5302 6357 523U 5723 5354 5558 5385 4997 7373 6029 5671 6398 0670 5307 CUEFFICIKNT Olr ELASTICITY. 9.4907 [^ 0.4923 ^ 0.4107 ^ 0.4334 1^ 0.3420 ![1 0.3800 1^ 0.2687 Id I 0.4103 0.4211 814 888 [ 1221 . 1110 1103 i 1085 I 1320 j 814 751 609 614 595 610 787 814 787 904 888 588 444 488 718 581 S61 1163 1110 904 939 5«5 425 35B 674 787 I 814 976 1221 1101 1140 1122 1221 842 763 723 904 930 1221 1221 1028 1502 976 1062 1085 1086 452 450 514 542 010 592 457 407 610 630 505 695 851 696 1020 930 872 937 030 698 281 820 818 1029 1041 1052 620 669 636 342 783 738 734 460 601 614 ' 010 I 030 701 743 851 562 787 1052 I 840 1031 781 , 755 81-8 868 088 "474 542 097 695 603 1122 1163 904 939 806 888 750 304 409 860 520 703 675 666 687 698 595 611 444 ! 469 815 I 401 568 637 703 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATICS UNDER TKANS VERSE STRAIN-Coiitinued. 399 DKFLKCnoN, IN UIL.I.1MKTRR8, VNDEU A FIII88UBE, IN KILOOBAUB, OF— SO 0.0 5.5 4.0 4.4 4.2 4.5 8.7 6.0 8.4 5.4 4.C 8.0 5.0 4.6 0.5 ao 10.7 8.0 8.2 e.5 0.8 9.5 8.2 8.0 0.2 6.0 8.2 5.4 5.5 8.3 11.0 10.0 8.8 8.4 &7 4.2 4.4 5.4 8.2 1.2 11.5 18.8 15 8.3 lOO 12.0 10.0 8.0 a2 a5 a7 ao 11.8 18.5 10.6 ao 8.6 8.2 9.0 10.8 21.4 lao 16.6 24.0 15.6 ia4 13.8 ISO lao 15.0 12.0 12.5 12.5 13.5 'JOO I o j (sot.) I 24.7 21.0 16.0 17.0 17.2 17.6 11.5 15.4 17.5 24.2 15. 6 21. 8 12.0 16.4 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 9.6 ia6 13.5 35.0 27.8 25.5 24.0 25.0 20.5 10.6 19.0 16.0 15. 6 I 24. 12.4 i 18. 11.5 12.5 11.0 11.0 14.2 20. 6 lao 14.0 16.4 16.2 a7 a4 10.8 10.4 lfc4 22.0 31.0 17.6 18.0 12.7 lao 17.6 40.0 40.0 3S.0 32.6 34.0 2a 0 40.6 40.0 33.2 31.0 24.5 23.0 26.5 21.7 21.5 4 ; 28.0 0 ' 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.3 5.0 3.4 1.5 I 12.9 lao ia7 16.0 34.0 2a 7 37.0 36.0 17.5 17.9 23.5 22.8 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.2 O.S 300 ilSO 24. 6 I 31. 5 21. 2 20. 5 I lao 17.6 17.0 lao 20.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 IS. 0 19. 0 24.4 31.5 22. 4 29. 0 16 5 18.0 lao lao 49.0 41.7 35.7 32.4 34.0 40.0 40.5 I 33.6 I 32.0 , 24.5 23.0 26.7 22.0 21.8 29.0 21.0 l&O 22.5 22.5 5a 0 4&4 42.5 44.0 52.0 53.0 43.0 1.5 1.3 4.1 31.7 20.0 35.0 2a 2 I 27.7 34.7 25. 0 34. 0 1 34. 0 40. 0 54.0 27.0 18.0 sao 2a 2 1 2.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.2 3.6 2.0 0.6 80.0 39.0 87.0 ia2 ia2 24.5 23.0 35.6 88.5 26.6 48.0 24.5 24.0 33.0 80.8 62.5 84.6 300 41.0 25.5 2a 0 2a 5 20.0 24.0 37.0 28.0 20.0 2a 0 27.6 55.0 58.5 70.0 56.0 3a 5 35.7 43.5 35.0 .34.5 4a 5 45.2 66.0 sao 60,7 31.7 3a 0 39.5 37.0 31.5 25.4 33.0 34.0 73.5 47.2 45. 5 43.5 58.0 iOO 42.0 53.0 82.0 40.0 42.6 50.5 54.5 4ao soo 500 303 297 435 307 872 400 397 208 120 350 849 430 444 449 222 281 271 146 334 315 200 200 317 303 240 440 440 322 344 370 320 168 200 381 222 300 I 288 I 284 : I 293 298 218 20« 171 272 800 Kemarks. Sqnaro break; Hpllntereil Crusliotl at oonter beariug; sqiiaro break Crushed at center bearing; square break, splitting in axla. nnnnand C. S. Sargent. — do C. S. Sargent . A. H. Curtiss. ...do Q. B. Vascy . ...do C. S. Sargent ...do C. G. Pringle . . . . Intercolonial rail- way. ...do £d. Sinclair . ...do A. Grant — ...do , Grand Trunk rail- W.1V. .. do J. Robinson. ...do G. Engclmann and C. S. Siii'gcnt. C. S. Sargent do. G. Bufrelmann and C. S. Sar^jcnt. G. E. Vaacy do. Sierra Lumber Company. ...do T. S.Brandegee. .. do .. do SoiL Moiat, rich . ...do Alluvial... Calcareona . ...do Stony. ...do. Drift ...do Wet, awaropy . Drift . ...do. Moist loam . ..do Gravelly . ...do... do... I A. Triple ] do . I G. Engelniannand ; C. 8. Soigent. ...do 1| a 0. 4443 0.4525 0.4419 C.3239 0. 3230 0.3841 0.3648 0. 5289 0. 5243 0. 5.'>33 0. 6743 0.7110 0.5003 0. 4603 0. 4630 0.5003 0. 5135 0.4301 0.4090 0.6204 0.3671 0.3932 0.4022 0. 4088 0. 3608 0.3671 0. 4002 0. 3038 0.3710 0.4540 0.4323 ^ 0.3682 m 0.3690 ip^ 0.4301 0. 3027 0.3971 0.3363 0. 3307 m m CnRKFICIENTOF ELABTinjir. 1 t 0.4602 0.4612 0. 4733 0.4664 i I 0.5066 0.4587 007 761 542 MS 051 814 751 751 651 651 814 607 651 872 039 407 444 761 921 674 661 1085 1065 1030 763 775 976 842 688 872 1163 751 057 751 558 5C8 651 840 708 751 666 610 849 673 651 931 913 4:^0 414 840 930 692 638 1030 1062 1039 731 751 070 849 097 888 1101 740 021 I'- 888 888 740 740 814 814 763 787 740 740 751 787 661 1.7 787 836 381 381 370 348 679 673 I p. e o I 054 581 501 804 680 658 633 734 804 205 1148 1010 045 844 872 46B 808 623 682 804 424 635 654 087 i'70 \J7 MO 021 300 084 627 616 687 677 660 641 630 687 035 776 30a 464 7U1 -m i THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 401 UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Oontinaed. DEFLICnOM, m MILI.IMKTBRR, I'KUIB A rUKMUBI, UC KILOOBAMB, OF— SO 7.0 0.5 9.0 0.0 7.J 0.0 0.6 ao 7.6 7.5 0,0 7.0 7.6 6.6 6.1! 12.0 11.0 0.5 6.3 8.6 7.6 4.6 4.S 4.7 0.4 6.3 5.0 5.8 7.1 5.6 4.2 6.6 6.1 6.6 6.6 6.0 0.4 6.6 6.5 7.5 6.2 12.8 13.2 7.9 lOO 14.0 13.0 17.5 17.2 16.0 11. S 13.8 13.0 14.7 16.0 11. S 14.5 15.0 10.0 10.7 22.7 22.0 11.6 10.6 10.5 15.8 9.4 9.2 9.4 13.0 13.0 10.0 11.5 14.0 11.0 8.2 13.2 10.6 11.0 13.2 12.0 12.4 13.2 12.4 14.0 11.7 25.6 2&0 14. S ISO 21.2 19.4 20.0 20.0 22.4 17.2 20.0 20.0 22.0 17.8 21.5 22. S 10. S 10.0 34.6 33.0 17.2 16.4 25.0 22.0 14.0 14.2 14.8 20.7 20.0 15.4 17.8 22.4 17.0 12.5 20.2 16.2 17.0 20.8 ia2 18.7 20.6 18.8 21.6 17.5 41.6 46.0 22.6 30O 29.6 26.0 30.3 32.0 23.5 27.7 20.0 20.5 24.0 20.7 31.0 22.3 22.0 50.6 46.5 23.8 22.8 34.3 20.0 19.8 20.5 30.0 82.3 21.0 25.2 24.0 17.1 32.1 23.5 23.0 29.0 20.0 28.0 32.0 26.0 31.0 24.0 81.0 26 FOR o (•«t.) 2.4 U.4 U. .1 3.1 1.2 0.5 2.3 1.0 D.fl 0.3 2.0 3,6 1.0 1.3 1.3 0.7 3.8 1.3 0.0 1.2 1.0 2.4 3.0 1.0 2.0 0.8 1.2 900 aso 30.0 26.4 37.0 83.5 24.0 28.4 27.0 30.0 24.0 30.0 81.0 22.5 22. 2 40.5 24.2 23.2 35.0 20.4 21.0 21.0 31.0 33.5 21.8 25.2 24.6 17.6 34.2 24.0 23.0 29.0 26.0 29.5 32.8 27.0 31.4 24.2 82.0 39.0 33.6 38.0 34.0 38.0 31.5 39.0 41.0 28.7 28.5 08.0 32.0 31.0 40.5 29.0 29.0 28.0 30.0 36.0 24.0 35.0 80.2 35.0 30O 3SO 60.0 48.0 3a 0 40.0 62.0 35.6 35.5 02.0 36.0 46.2 32.0 42.0 43.0 47.0 01. 0 00.6 47.0 40.2 400 50.3 84.0 02.5 75.0 ooo soo ii II Bcmark*. 279 248 252 108 250 238 270 313 343 12(1 490 431 403 300 372 200 208 260 201 343 181 271 279 293 248 226 897 265 167 249 292 225 263 SqnkrobroHlc Square broaki almtti-rcd Sqnaro break Sbattcred with flakes on tension side Sqnaro break Square break on tension side, splitting in kzis . Square break Shattered hom end to end Square break Specimen with curly f;rain ; sqnnrc break on tension sido, splitting in axis. Sqnaro break on tension side, splitting in axis : shattered do Shattered , Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered . do Droko at small knot ut point of compression Square break on tension side, Rplittinf; in axis ; also broke at knot near the end. Square break with scale on tension sido Sqnaro break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered Square break; shattered Cross-grained Started at knot Crushed at center bearing ; sqnaru break do Square break do Square break; split to one end Square break Specimen cross-grained ; broke at large knot . . Crushed at center bearing ; splinter on comer . Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Square break do 293 Square break on tension side, splitting In axis . 246 I Shattered Square break 231 Crushed at center beating ; square braak 226 Square break 271 331 169 198 298 Square break; shattered. do Specimen cross-grained ; sqairo break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break at knot Sqnaro break; shattered. do i 710 711 711 712 712 713 713 714 714 715 078 978 62 277 277 651 051 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 788 707 707 1044 1044 975 087 987 608 730 730 810 819 810 Oil 993 882 - — i^ H ' I F 1 i ; pi I 1% |i ■ , ,,,™^ :.zs9l .; 1 tSi .i|B i ^^^ 1 ■ u 1^ 402 Speolra. 852. riniia rotloxit WkiU iiiiK. 353, PliKm I'lM'rviuiit ISfion. S'lil I'im. 355. riniiH t'lliiliii iHnon. Xul i*in«. 880, Flnim monnnlirlln . . Itnon. Xut ISne. 357. riuua llaUouiiaiHi , . 857 Piium Iliiiroiii'iiuni, ear. uriatata. f\)ilail Pine. Hickory IHnt. 868. IMuiin ri'slnnaa Rtd ISnt. Korvay ISm. 858, Piuaa Tnrreyiuia , 360, Pintm Aritonlcii . YeUov l\m. 801, Plnimiranderoita Tellow ISiu. Bull IHnt. 802. Plniiii Jpffreji Butt Pine. BUtek Pint. FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— lilinAVIOU OF THK PllINOIl'AL WOODS OF THK Ml 001 050 050 307 882 015 031 031 821 821 821 014 Statu, ArlioDa . ...do..,: Callfonila . ,..do 315 785 785 1074 1075 1070 1070 000 000 1154 1154 1155 1155 1156 010 020 630 630 I 632 630 I 688 718 718 731 731 •07 010 033 633 «67 667 Colnnulo, Utah ... Nevada , Califoruia . ....do Colorado . , do... ...do.... Novada . . 315 Mirliipiu . ...do Now lirunswtvk . ...do Vorroont ...do ...do ..do Califoruia ...do Ariiuiia ...do... ...do ..., ...do.... ...do.... Dakota Oregon CaUrorula ...do ...do ...do ...do , Moil tuna.. ..do California.. ...do Colorado... ...do California ...do .. do ...do Looallty. Santa Ktta monnt. iilim. ...do Sail Uipgo county . . . ...do CaOouCit.v Lowlntxni . Donvillo.. Siiott luonutoiui . ...do For«at City ...do ...do I'roapcot mountain . HcniKy ...do BridKoton . . .do Clinrlotte . ...do ...do .. do Sau Uiogo ooooty . ...do Santa lilta mount- ninii. ...do .do. .do. do. Deadwood Saw.fulU, Ashland . Strawberry valley . ...do Saw-mill, Straw- berry valloy. do Scott monntnins , ...do Saw-inlll, San Ber- nardino. ...do CoUootor. O. Enerlmnnn and C. STUarKont ...do...... a. 11. Vaicy. ..do K, WvKtoii . M. K. Jonoa. A. Trillin . . . O. Eiiiiolnmnn and do . Sargout. T. S. llriindegce. ...do ...do A.TilpIo W.J, Boal... ...do KitSinnliUr.. ...do C. G. Pringlo. ...do ...do ...do O. Eugoliuanu ...do C. O, Pringle. ...do ...do ...do ...do Robert Douglas . . Q. Engelmnnu and C. S. Sorgt'ut. do 8oU. UraTolIy . Rocky . . . OravoIIy. Rooky . ..do.. Rooky . Sandy . ...do.. Rooky . ...do.. ...do.. ...do. . . do . (iravoUy. Saw-niill, Son lier- nanimo. Saw-uiill, Ulssoula. . ...do Lassen's peak. ...do CaBonCIty ... ...do do .. ....do ...do W.U. Wright . S, Watson ...do SlerraLumberCom- pany. — do , Low, wot, swampy ...do B. Weston . ..do 6. Engelmonn and C. S. Sargent ...do....:. W.G.Wright. ...do , Dry, gravelly . ...do i^ m tli 0. 5201 0. 5303 0.0802 0.0342 0.0704 0.6HO4 0.0570 0.5023 0. 5714 0, 5113 0. 4087 0.4811 0, 0240 0,5482 0.5511 0. 4051 0.4101 0.4886 0. 478P 0. 6221 0.5104 0,6471 0. 5800 0,0570 0,7013 0, 4740 0.4006 0.4250 0.6034 0.4788 0,4814 0,4748 0,550L 0,4420 0,6070 0, 4502 0,4750 0. 4705 0.4803 0.5206 [^ 0.6277 0.5078 0.5758 0,5048 0,6328 ill coirriciKNT or KLASTleiTY, i a i. 1' ^i E s 814 840 68» 030 076 861 800 340 347 444 407 504 420 421 448 421 415 281 510 4.14 2»S 542 62H 281 051 000 668 608 574 460 888 888 771 842 703 080 651 084 604 1350 1305 606 1320 1875 736 1030 1030 806 888 840 070 1221 1110 773 070 1007 703 1030 1U62 813 1163 1221 70U 634 030 800 542 454 703 763 740 703 814 835 563 814 867 608 872 888 700 720 704 047 1221 1285 881 1366 1252 030 101 100 448 260 2(U 382 1221 1221 005 814 814 780 1285 1302 1041 1085 1110 700 1163 1103 818 1221 1221 783 1163 1103 785 313 305 301 271 247 438 408 506 085 417 304 310 1221 1320 002 1627 1470 1171 Toir rr. a 1^ « M9 «8» B70 8S1 448 181 IM 291 6t8 400 771 880 604 8V5 788 808 070 773 703 813 700 800 708 703 SS3 047 881 030 443 382 006 780 1041 786 818 783 79r> 301 438 t»5 310 802 1171 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 403 DirtlonON, IN mLLIMRTIIW, UNIIKK A I'HBWUIIB, IN KIIXIOIUMII, UV- 6.0 8.2 12. n 11.0 11.4 11.0 0.4 1.0 7.6 8 6 6.3 6.8 7.6 3.6 0.7 i.7 6.6 4.0 6.0 4.7 4.2 7.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 80 6.0 6.7 4.0 3.U 25.0 ia4 4.0 0.0 3.8 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.2 15.0 18.0 9.8 11.7 4.0 3.0 1IN> 11.6 10.0 28 0 24.0 23.3 23.6 21.6 18 6 14.8 17.0 11.0 12.8 15.4 7.0 7.1 0.4 11.6 8 8 0.7 9.2 ao 16.5 21.6 13.1 11.7 11.4 11.0 12.8 7.6 7.8 51.5 37.0 8.0 12.0 7.5 &8 8.4 8.0 8.4 33.0 30.5 19.3 24.8 7.4 6.6 ISO 17.6 15.0 37.2 30.2 23.2 25.7 17.3 10. U 24.0 10.7 10.5 14.0 10.8 13.0 15.0 14.0 12.3 22.4 34.0 20.0 17.0 18 0 10.6 19.0 11.5 11.6 80.0 67.0 12.0 18.0 11.2 13.3 12.7 12.6 12.4 54.0 71.0 30.0 11.0 0.6 ilOO 24.2 20.0 55.0 32.6 30.0 23.5 20.3 84.2 14.5 11.0 10.2 23. 5 17.6 2U. 0 10.6 10.6 30.8 50.3 27.5 2.1. 0 23.2 22. 1 20.6 16.6 16.6 16.0 24.8 14.7 18.0 17.0 16.8 17.0 O 1.0 0.8 7.0 40.0 1.-..0 13.0 3.2 2.6 0.9 1.1 3.0 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 O.U 0.7 0.5 1.0 7.5 1.0 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.U 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 3.8 0.5 0.4 ilOO 26 0 20.2 59.2 34.6 23.6 27.0 35.7 14.6 14.0 19.6 24.0 17.6 20.3 10 5 17.0 31.5 51.7 2a 2 26.3 24.0 22.1 27.0 16.3 16.6 16.3 26.3 16.0 18 0 17.0 16.7 17.6 41.8 15.0 13.2 ilSO 32.0 26,0 31.0 3C.0 46.2 18.8 17.8 26.7 32.6 23.0 28 0 26.0 21.6 41.5 73.0 30.0 31.0 20.0 31). 0 19.6 20.0 20.0 33.6 18.6 2,1.0 22.4 21.6 21.6 56.5 10.0 10.0 900 33.0 40.0 24.0 22.6 86.0 80.0 40.2 33.0 28 4 65.6 48 0 30.0 25.0 24.2 25.0 44.0 23.0 30.7 28 0 28 6 27.5 24.0 20.0 300 43.0 81.0 2&6 31.6 30.6 31.6 28 0 32.6 24.6 4ao ooo sso 36.0 0.0 204 303 148 216 101 120 120 124 238 200 820 290 290 382 390 344 286 830 800 347 841 346 300 800 2.10 253 328 276 876 307 180 163 386 333 444 327 349 334 830 167 187 250 185 386 600 .'(•niHrkii. Rpoiiini.)!! oroM-gralnod I fUlsd with long spUt. ilo Ilroko at knot ni'nr oikI . do Ilnike Ht knot. Hporimou croM-gralund i brOM nt knot . do do. 8(|iiitr4 362 293 610 490 625 1627 1027 908 1744 1684 1402 088 638 700 888 804 oec 1305 1302 1012 888 8i>8 502 921 939 773 1136 1085 706 607 651 707 775 760 861 542 637 647 376 368 663 1136 1163 1168 1221 1177 1172 465 465 682 607 697 662 761 781 866 542 628 4«> 452 438 T32 373 868 637 612 628 t20 596 668 674 670 630 771 076 076 680 1030 1066 1006 1231 1303 1060 051 800 1395 501 514 076 888 076 528 042 005 750 1018 937 286 347 743 676 700 738 820 1221 818 1002 703 872 670 1085 800 362 203 496 626 1B27 898 1684 1402 638 790 804 66C 1302 1012 888 502 930 778 1085 705 651 797 700 851 537 647 368 063 1163 1158 1177 1172 465 082 697 663 781 1 858 528 490 428 ! 722 358 03? 528 «28 558 674 630 771 076 680 085 lOOS 803 1059 -^ THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 405 UBFLXCTION, IN M1LLIHRTRK8, UNDKK A PBESSUBB, IN KIL00IUJI8, OF— SO 7.8 5.0 2.7 3.5 9.0 9.3 6.0 5.7 5.0 0.5 7.5 4.0 4. 7. 0 10. 2 14. « 10.5 10.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 18.5 15.2 8.0 0.2 11.2 0.0 27.0 10.7 0.0 .'!.8 15.3 11.3 7.5 11.0 10.4 9.0 15.0 12.7 18.2 26. 5 15.0 10.8 15.0 2(1.7 23.7 20.2 20. 0 I 43. 0 22. 5 j 32. 0 12.2 14. n I 17.0 i 14.3 ; ia2 20.0 21). 5 19.6 O (set.) 900 I. fl 32. 0 1.3 25.8 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.6 4.0 2.0 11.0 14.0 21.0 23.6 20.6 44.5 33.0 0.2 10.6 0.6 20.0 1.0 I 23.7 0.4 I 10.8 30.0 9.0 8.7 23.3 I 17.6 ^ 11.0 ' 17.0 , 16.0 I I 13.0 I 23.0 I 20.0 I I 27.5 I 40.0 I I 4.3 8.4 12.3 4.0 8.3 12.0 ' 10.6 21,0 32. 3 7.0 14.0 23.0 6.5 12.5 10.5 0.0 18.5 20. 5 10.8 22.8 36.0 18.1 27.8 41.0 0.0 18.5 17.6 33.0 28.0 8.2 7.2 15.5 24.0 5.0 10.0 10.6 4.7 0.0 13.3 4.0 T.5 11.8 45.0 12. 0 11.7 33.0 24.0 15.0 24.0 22.4 18.0 33.5 28.5 41.6 00.0 17.0 17.0 4.8 I 48.0 43.0 50.0 00.0 0 4 0.2 2.5 1.5 0.3 1.1 t.0 0.5 .1.0 2. 1 4.0 8.0 0.6 0.5 6.0 0.5 1.0 6.3 0.0 0.3 40.0 35.0 23.3 12.3 11.8 33.0 24. 5 16.0 24.0 22.5 18.0 34.0 29.2 42.7 6.3.0 17.0 17.4 51.0 33.0 27.5 46 0 62.6 03.5 >J90 .too 42.0 32.4 14.4 18.0 65.0 43.7 18.0 21.3 27.0 3^0 27.5 61.0 44.0 21.3 27.0 31.0 26.0 37.5 35.6 95.0 02.5 27.6 33.4 ■I- 16.6 14. 5 44.0 32.6 18.6 10.0 17.6 57.6 23.6 29. 4 ' 38. 5 I 23. 0 1 30. 2 45.8 03.5 37. 5 50. 0 I 00.0 88.0 21. 5 27. 0 «)0 O ' M" 71.0 35.8 47.0 71. 0 1114. 0 n.0 I 3.5 ; 41.3 3. 6 i 35. 5 1.2 I 23.2 18.6 0.8 15.0 0.0 18.0 16.3 47.0 30.8 23.3 18.0 3SO 71.0 400 21.6 27.0 23.0 21.3 29.2 26.0 20.0 25.7 38.0 08.0 33. 0 30. 0 I 34. 5 42. 5 430 SOO 30.2 03.6 04.0 20.0 I 30.0 24.0 I 28.6 48.6 52.6 sso 37.2 47.0 36.0 44.0 its ill O 386 324 447 400 122 148 317 288 328 315 350 340 300 286 345 125 224 426 624 837 284 432 240 330 330 340 363 270 283 494 500 Remarks. Siinaro break on tension side, splitting in axis Failed frum Inrgo splintor ou tension side Cruabcd at ceutvr bearing; failed ft-oiu tension sido . Foiled f torn large splinter on comer Broke at knot Square break at kuut Square break; splintered. Square break , do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; sbattcrcd . do du Broke at knot . Specimen cross-grained ; shattered . , do Sap-wood; square break. do Cmsbed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do Long split .it one end Long split 0.33 sap-wood ; square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered — do do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . do Shattend Square break on tension side, splitting in axf.i. I Broke with coarse splinters. .. .lo I 664 064 007 097 203 203 563 025 025 644 6U 1157 1157 076 070 576 570 82 fl 355 ■JK 388 .",88 3bU 38E 13 13 1046 104 U 83 83 201 Square breok on tension side, splittiug in axis 621 240 Oblique fhicture ! started at knot | 022 305 Sliattered ■ UtiO 213 , Square break HO'J 308 I Siiccimen erossgi aincd ; abattcrc ... do Citromllo .. — do do ... do Chunchula .. do ! do . .. do : do — do I do ...do !... do ...do. do. Florida I Snwniill, Kcy». . . do ... do . . . Pin'^» Cnbeusls SUuhPine. StcampPine. Bat- lard Pine, iteadoa Pine. 811 361 384 384 88S 890 890 1090 1096 84 Florida i Duvnl luiinty . 84 — do ...do. 84 |... do |....do 856 Alobanm Cottage IIlll . 8H !....do ...do Cedar ...do Korth Carolina . .. dc. Alabama ...do . i do .| Wilmington . .|... do .! Mobile |... do ...do ...do ...do ...do C. Mohr ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do A. n. Cnrtls* . ...do ...do E. Kidder.... .. do C. Uobr ...do do. .do . A. 11. Curtiaa. ...do ...do , O.Mohr ...do Sandy loam. ...do ..do. ..do. do . do. .do . do. do. do. Moist, innd) . ...do ..do ...do ...do %1 « a • g.5S CO J COEFFICIENT OF BI.A8TICIT1. », i- I 0.0524 0.6490 0.3516 0.4650 0.4035 0.3535 0.3500 0.4268 0. 5080 0. 4713 0.4912 ; 0.4917 0. 5191 0.4207 0.4839 0. 5129 j 0.0375 I I 0.8125 I 0.0950 0.0822 0.CI64 0.6632 0.7568 0.8800 0.7087 0.7066 0.0643 0.8410 0. 8006 0. 8706 0.7988 0.8728 0.7654 0.7242 0.7586 0. 74 oO 0.600S 0.6438 0. 7038 0.6739 '' 6203 0.6375 0.6862 Ci 111 0. 6934 ' 0.6646 0.8814 ! 0. 7718 \ 0.7710 I m 1221 1396 1479 634 642 220 244 244 601 505 574 814 1320 872 976 1030 1628 1526 976 1628 814 1628 1039 042 1053 2123 1628 1028 1430 1628 1028 1628 1684 1221 2035 2035 067 1628 1221 1808 1628 1086 1479 1470 lies 1479 1878 1981 1262 1416 1458 6U0 660 208 238 233 542 502 iU 709 1356 939 930 1086 1628 1576 1062 1628 888 1575 1086 030 1775 1713 1550 874 1055 1188 469 570 262 340 431 766 633 574 640 047 570 448 722 1160 i 1266 820 1240 820 1030 037 935 1266 1289 1172 1713 1472 1305 1289 1775 1393 1684 ' 1233 1628 ; 1397 1770 '. 1380 1302 ' 1170 1063 1287 2035 1322 967 642 1056 j 1064 1221 1046 1778 1137 1660 : 1062 1163 1459 1302 1191 1470 1165 lOOS IITO 1048 1181 1863 I 1370 1063 I 148* ST OF ITT. 1 a B "S S i il 1252 874 1415 1055 1468 1188 euo 4B0 Run v:a 202 340 431 766 633 574 648 047 670 448 722 1160 1266 820 1240 820 936 1260 1260 1172 1472 1062 1165 10S5 tlTD 1048 1181 1270 14H THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEB TKANSVBRSE STRAIN— Continued. 407 DEFLECTION, IN >III,UMETEB8, UKDBB A PBESBUHE, IK KILOOBAlia, OF— SO r.oo 4.0 S.5 3.3 7.7 7.0 22.2 7.8 6.9 6.7 14.8 14.8 47.0 20.0 I 41.0 20.0 8.7 &2 ISO 6.0 3.7 5.6 5.0 4.7 3.5 3.2 6.0 8.0 6.0 3.0 4,7 7.6 3.5 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.U 2.9 4.0 2.4 2.4 (.1 S.O 4.0 J.7 1.0 4.5 t.R 8.3 4.2 S.8 2.8 2.6 42.0 18.0 16.5 8. 5 17. 0 12.7 7.2 10.4 10.5 9.0 6.0 6.2 9.2 6.0 11.0 6.2 9.0 15.6 5.6 5.V 6.3 6.7 7.0 6.6 5.8 6.0 5.6 7.6 6.0 4.8 10.1 5.9 8.0 &6 6.3 a4 6.7 8.2 6.6 6.0 6.0 11.2 10.8 10.0 23.2 22.6 70. 5 29.0 ca.0 27.0 19.6 10.8 ia4 17.0 13.7 9.0 0.3 U.O 9.0 17.0 9.2 18.7 23.6 8.0 8.2 9.2 8.5 10.0 8.0 9.0 9.5 8.4 11.0 7.2 7.8 15.2 8.5 11.4 8.6 9.2 12.6 9.6 300 15.1 14.2 18.1 32.0 32.0 42.0 37.0 39.0 27.5 14.3 20.5 ia4 c aoo (set.) 0.2 0.3 3.0 2.4 6.2 3.8 6.0 1.4 0.3 1.0 7.6 11.3 13.4 10.0 7.8 7.3 12.4 12.4 18.2 12.6 23.2 12.3 18 8 32.6 10.7 11.0 12.3 11.3 13.4 11.4 11.6 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 0.8 20.3 11.6 16.6 11.0 12.4 I 10.8 13.0 16.3 16.5 18.0 10.3 10.0 1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.0 t.8 0.0 0.0 as 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.8 15.2 14.2 13.2 33.2 32.2 S50 19.0 18.0 16. S 43.0 3&0 40.2 27.6 14.3 21.0 18.4 12.5 12.7 18.2 12.3 24.0 12.3 18.8 33.0 10.0 11.0 12.5 11.4 13.7 11.5 12.0 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 10.0 20.5 11.6 16.4 11.2 12.8 16.8 ■3.3 0.3 16.6 0.4 16.4 0. 3 13. 2 I 0.3 10.3 I I o.a : 10.0 13.0 60.0 51.0 38.0 18.3 300 300 24.0 22.0 20.2 9.0 20.2 27.0 25.0 30.0 15.6 15.5 23.0 15.0 31.5 15.5 24.0 42.3 13.9 13.6 16.6 14.0 16.8 14.0 14.6 15.6 14.0 18.4 12.6 12.0 26.7 14.2 19.6 14.3 116 31.5 16.6 19.6 30.8 16.3 13.0 23.0 37.0 19.0 19.0 28.0 10.0 41.5 10.0 31.0 65.0 16.6 16.6 19.0 17.0 20.6 17.0 17.6 19.0 17.0 22.5 15.0 15.0 17.6 24.0 17.0 19.3 36.6 30.6 28.6 400 4SO 32.0 29.6 46.0 34.0 a2; chipped ten yearn; abandoned 1861 — ! I Sqoare break with large flukes on comers, (a) Boxed 1870 ; chipped ! Tonr years; specimen taken along chip. Square break tin tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four vears; specimen taken along chip. Broke with thin flalicH on bock, (a) Boxed 1870; chipped four years; specimen tuK-eii atmvu chip. Square break. Bonieirliut sliattered. (a) Boxed 1876; chipped lour years; specimen taken above chip. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1B78; chipped tw;) years. Broke with many splinters, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two years .. . Specimen cross-grained ; split Broke with flakes on back Broke with thick flakes on back .do. .do. Shattered, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago Broke with large flake, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty yean ago 31.6 409 ' Specimen cross-grained ; split 447 ! SneolmsD cross-grained ; broke with large splinters. 804 Sqi. »re break 642 Slightly splintered 626 30.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with large flat splinters on comers. ■ In the manafaclare of torpantine. 81 81 81 81 85 C5 86 85 243 243 957 357 358 358 350 369 360 360 361 !>61 884 384 386 300 390 1096 1006 84 84 84 856 S6« 408 P . 1 I '. !• 1 f ■f il i! P ft; h FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III—BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE lU'i BpeolM. Ml. Finn* CnbenBis— continaed., t83. PicpA nifnv Black Spruei. PIcMiBlba WhiU Spniee. tM. PicraEneclnmnni . Xfhilt Spruce. ns. Pirea punK<'na White Spruet. Bliu Sprue*. US. Firea Sitrhiniia Tidt land Spruc$. WT. Tsnga Canadsnais. Hemlock. a S Q O 483 403 231 231 373 770 778 704 794 880 880 513 S13 773 773 781 784 791 701 202 292 575 822 270' 270' i 070 i I 070 I I 077 ! I 077 I I01& I 1019 I I 1019 ' I 1020 I 1026 5 5 210 218 m 772 775 775 778 778 787 787 State. Florida . ..do... Vermont. . do... .. do Locality. ]3ay Biacayno. ..do Chnrlotto . . do Collector. A. H. Cnrtiaa. ...do C. G. Pringlc . ...do SoU. Uoral . ...do. as d GO coiFnciKNT or ■LA8T1CITT. « i IIiintiiiKton do . Cold, penty . ..do Gravelly Now Brunswick . llnyof Fundy Iiitcrcoloniid rail. I i way. — do ! -. do do Provinrti of Que. j D.iuvillo . . do i .. do... Grand Truuk mil- way. ... dcJ Now Brunswick . ...do Biidgeton £d. Sinclair. ...do do I Hew lliimpahire . . ' btnitford .. . . do . . do C. O. Piinele Gravelly . ...do ! do Tfew Brunswick . . It^iy of Fundy | Intorrolonial mil- i way. . . do do I do I .do BridKeton ! Kd.Sinclnir. . .do do ..:, ...do Amqui : A Grant ...do ! do Province of Que b*'c. ..do I Colorado Forest City . ..do. ..do. -do. ..do. ..do. ..do. .do. .do . T. S. Biiudegce.. ...do 0.8408 0.8043 0. 5001 0.5420 0.4587 0.4008 0.4910 0. 4290 0.4153 0.4425 r^ 0.4785 g^ 0.4455 'il] 0.4983 ^ 0.4579 ^ j 0.4606 1^ 0.44U iPi 0.4530 !p^ 0.4319 0.4103 In C. S. Sargent . do ' T. S. Brandcgce . Alpine ' do . do do . ...do do . Al.iska .. do British Columbia . ..do Sitk.i . . . do PanlSchultzo. ...do Sawmill, Burrard G. Engelniunn and inlet. I C. S.SurKi'Ut. . . do I do Damp. ...do. Featy. ..do. 0.3642 i^l 0.M11 <^\ 0.3805 'WFl' I. •og r 1470 1744 1526 1221 904 1062 1221 006 1221 976 630 787 070 1285 1103 ^ 939 ! 976 I 1221 I I 1136 I I 970 ; 554 I 751 I 888 Damp. ..do . ..do . do. Oregon ! Wridler'a saw.mill, Piirll.ird — do Saw mill, A.storia do . do. do. . . do ' Portland Furniture . Couii)any. ...do t do do . do . do. Maasacbusetts. . . do Vcmiont .. do Arnold Arboretum. . C. S. Snrgcut Drift . . . do do i Charlotte CO. Pringle. ...do I do Now Brunswick . . , Inlrrcolonial rall- .. do way. ..do . ...do I Bay of Fundy. . . do do ...do ' I ..do I . . .do I Dridgeton ..do do I ...do ..do . do ..do Ed.SiDvlair. ...do ...do.... Gravelly . ...do.... 0. 4070 0.4568 0.4038 0.3882 0.4398 0. 3517 0.3088 , I 0.3891 0. 3810 ' 0. 4210 0.3080 0. 4716 0.4600 0.5124 0.6120 0. 4922 0.4458 0.8400 0.3675 0.4811 0.480S m m ■ 0.3939 ||,|l| 542 0.4030 g"^ 444 0.3810 lUIJl 010 1062 1085 1038 1221 090 1110 642 fllO 763 787 1085 1017 1136 1136 488 432 670 660 V76 1085 i •a -a u 921 j 3 I 1479 1084 1479 I 1221 I 921 10C2 1221 I 1062 1085 888 872 769 1252 1130 976 976 I \?36 j 1140 I 1028 588 I 751 I I 864 I 574 444 ; 643 I 957 1085 \ I 114<» i 1062 I 1302 : 970 i 1085 I 651 i 642 814 781 1062 1007 1186 1177 470 432 688 665 976 108S 1064 908 930 002 098 504 834 717 701 687 741 736 703 813 702 680 731 811 703 767 420 548 577 441 387 539 734 741 682 635 776 614 678 553 431 574 580 738 707 900 1031 677 638 511 530 745 790 I o a I 002 098 504 est 717 701 687 741 736 703 813 702 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEK TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 409 DBFLECnOK, IN MILUHKTEBR, UNDIB A rKK88UIUt, IN KILOOBAHB, OF— SO 3.3 2.8 3.2 4.0 6.4 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 S.0 6.2 6.2 7.2 3.8 4.3 6.2 5.0 4.0 4.3 6.0 8.8 6.,'> 5.5 0.0 11.0 8.0 6.3 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.4 7.6 8.0 6.4 0.2 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.3 10.0 11.3 7.2 7.1 5* lOO 6.0 8.0 10.6 S.2 8.0 9.2 9.0 10.0 11.2 12.7 14.2 7.8 8.6 10.0 10. 0 7.0 8.5 0.6 10.6 13.0 11.3 17.0 22.0 15.2 10.2 9.0 8.5 9.2 7.5 10.0 9.0 15.0 16,3 12.0 12.5 9.2 9.7 8.0 8.3 20 4 32.6 14.2 14.7 lao 9.0 lao ao 10.0 6.8 8.D 10.0 12.5 16.4 14.6 12.0 13.8 13.5 15.0 17.4 10.2 22.4 12.0 13.0 16.5 15.3 12. U 13.0 14.0 20.4 19.0 17.4 28.0 35.2 24.7 15.2 13.4 13.2 14.3 11.4 14.8 13. U 24.4 24.7 17.8 10. J 14.0 14.3 12.8 12. 5 34.0 36.6 21.8 2!.7 lli.0 ir.5 300 13.0 12. 5 1.3. ,■> 10.5 22.7 21.0 16.4 10.0 19.0 21. 2 23.0 27.0 32.7 10.0 17. U 21.3 21.3 17.0 17.5 10.0 28.0 26.0 O (set.) 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 30.6 U2. 0 18.2 19.0 Jt.iJ 15.4 22.0 10.7 30.4 26.0 27.0 19.0 10.6 17.0 17.0 49.0 53.2 33.8 34.0 30.6 18.0 aoo 141 12.0 13.8 17.0 23.0 21.6 10.5 10.1 10.5 21.5 24 4 27.4 33.5 10.2 aso 18.2 10.0 17.0 22.0 30.0 0. 5 ^ 18. 0 1.0 ' 21.8 0.0 I 21.5 0. 7 1 17. 0 0.4 I 18.0 0. 0 ! 19. 0 22.0 20.0 27.0 30.0 31. .■ 37.5 45.7 21.0 23.0 29.0 30O 22.0 20.0 21.2 28.7 20.0 41.0 47.0 55.6 »30 20.5 2.5.0 28.0 30.5 400 31.6 20.2 46.0 20.2 31.6 20. 5 43. 2 * I 22. 5 i 20. 5 24.0 25.0 2.4 i 29.0 2.2 : 27.2 : 5.5 : 41. i I 1. 0 i 22. 3 0.7 I 18.7 1.0 ! 10.0 1. 5 I 21. 8 32. 5 0.4 1.5.8 21.0 31.0 26.0 27.0 1.5 22.0 1.0 20.0 4.3 38.0 1.0 25.4 2.0 27.0 0.0 10.0 0.7 10.8 0.3 17.3 0.4 17.2 7.2 !>1. 0 7.8 64.0 4.0 33.0 3.0 30.0 0.6 21.0 0.0 16.7 35. 3 28.0 24.8 25.0 22.0 22.0 00.6 72.0 .16.0 40. 0 34.0 .1 1: 28.6 31.5 33.0 28. i 27.0 27.6 24.0 86.7 83.6 30.4 30.0 4aO SOO ! 580 37.0 397 Remarka. Stiunre break Sqnuro break on tension side, splitting in axis. Sqiinre break with scales on bock 385 ' Crushed at center bearing ; square break 298 Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . 215 : Square break at largo knot 350 i Siqnari.' break 300 ; Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . 209 Square break 293 j do 310 I Square break ; split to end 314 I Broke with tlat scales on bad 300 ' Square break ; sliattcr< d ; 347 Crushed at eenter bearini; ; failed from flakes on tension side 338 I .Sqnnre break 294 j do 312 ! do 346 ' Cmehed at center bearing ; failed fkt>m thin scale on tension side. . 300 Crushed; square break 323 Br'>lie with Ihin scale on bark 179 Square break at knot near end 231 ' S(i«.iri' break 2411 Squnrc bri'ak with short spliiiters . 188 I Started nt knot . 105 do 230 Square bi oak . . 483 493 231 231 373 776 770 704 794 880 880 513 613 773 773 784 784 791 791 292 292 675 822 269 270' 270» 313 I Cnisiied at ei'utir bearing; broke with few thin spUntors | 070 310 I do I 070 201 I Cru.shed at ecuter bearing ; broke with flne splinters | 077 271 j Cruslii'd at center hearing; broke with thin Bake | 977 331 I Crushed at center bearing; broKO with flne splinters ', 1015 202 I Crushed at center bearing J broke with thin flak^ ' 1019 287 1 CruHbed at center bearing ; broke with Bne splinters . 230 Shftt t ercd 184 > Spcuimin ernss-grained; split 1019 1026 1020 246 ■ Shatte ed ! 6 250 ' S(iuaro bn'aU on tension siile, splitting in axis , 5 315 ' Ilroke with large tinkcs on hack j 210 Square bi-cak 219 .1 340 . 381 .| 440 .1 289 I Sqnaio break with long split in center .. ..do Square break on tension side, Hplitting in axis. Sh.ittercd 231 j Square break ; shattered 220 ! Square break . , 318 I S<|uare break; somewhat shattered 337 Square break I 773 772 775 776 778 778 787 787 } m' i I 4i 410 I'OREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE It *1 r £f < ; ^ ■ ■ 11. Specie*. 387. Tsnga Craadensis— eontinned . 793 703 sr 817 IMO 1040 1042 1042 State. Province of Qnebec ...do West Vlrgliiift ...do Locality. 1 Danville . ....do.... Grafton . . do... Collector. Grand Tnink rail- way. ...do I MaasnchuBettg. . ...do ....do ...do I Dfinvers ...do Xorth Reading; . ...do Tsnga Carolinlana 628 ' VortU Carolina — Henderson ville . Hemloek. Tsnga Mertensiana [ 071 Bajitock. 8M. Tsnga Pattoninna . 3H. Psendotsnga Donglasii Bed Fir. Tetlou) Fir. Oregon Pine. Dougloi Fir. 005 Washington ter- ritory. Alaska ...do. 080 British Columbia . 080 ....do 271« 271» 271' I 627 { 627 I 702 704 705 706 708 708 700 700 720 720 732 ! 732 ' I 881 I 881 073 STS 074 086 088 1008 1008 1011 1011 1016 1016 1018 1U18 1020 1020 Wilkesou. Sitka.... ...do Silver peak, near Froser river. ...do Colomdo Alpine. ...do do . do do .. California Saw-mill, Straw- beny valley. ...do ! do Oregon Sawmill.Marshfield. ...do ....do ...do ....do ...do ....do ...do Montana.. ....do Cnllfomia. ..do , do . E. I). Dean's saw- mill, Marsfalleld. do ...do ...do ...do ...do Saw-mill, Mispnnla. . ...do Lassen's peak ...do Jtah Salt Lake- ...do British Columbia ...do ..do ...do , Oregon British Colnmbta ..do Oregon ...do ...do. ..do. ...do. ...do. .. do. ...do. C. G. Pringlo. ...do J. Bobinson . . ...do ...do ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . O. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Paul Sehnltze do . SoU. Moist loam ...do Dr .•ooky . Rich loam . O. Engclmonn and C. S. Sargent. — do .1 T. S. Brandegee . ...do Gravelly loam . do Moist. ... do. ..do. G. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ..do ...do ..do ...do ...do ...d» ...do ..do S. Watson . ...do Sierra Lumber Company. ...do M. E. Jones ' Bocky . do. .do. Saw-mill, Burrard I 0. 8. Sargent . inlet I — do do ...do Saw -mill, Victoria . Saw-mill, Portland . do. i O. Eugelmann and C. S. Sargent, .do Saw-mill, inlet. ...do .... Burrard Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. do Weldler's saw-mlll, Portland. .. do Sawmill, Astoria . ..do Portland Furniture Company. ...do ...do. ...do . ...do. 0 . ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. do. ^ ill w 0.5264 0. 6248 0.4041 0.8748 0.500C 0. 5114 0. 4248 0. 4244 0.5335 0.5318 0.5902 0.6472 0.4590 0.4715 0.4852 0. 4786 0. 4H74 0.5735 0.5382 0. 4373 0.6690 0. 5705 0.5477 0.6687 0.6802 0. 4375 0. 4448 0.5345 0.5448 0.6227 0.5000 0.5601 0. 6705 0.5006 0.4000 0.6306 0.4596 0.6016 0. 4870 0.5501 0.5386 0. .1325 0.5960 0.6085 0.6120 0. 0135 0.4SS2 0.448S COXPFICIBNT or BLA8TICITT. •a o 1136 1221 057 814 763 751 1062 921 097 1017 1628 1520 751 775 814 657 1110 1744 1221 888 l.'>20 1136 1305 1875 1808 1085 1163 1062 1221 1221 1103 996 1163 1221 1108 1356 1085 1221 1252 1628 1221 1181 1628 1628 1628 1808 1110 e-6 i 1177 1286 980 814 746 763 1028 896 713 1017 1628 1470 763 787 842 888 1149 1628 1356 030 1628 1221 1395 1628 1808 1085 1085 1062 1221 1252 1163 076 1110 1221 1140 1486 1122 1101 1888 1628 1356 1181 1713 1628 1628 1744 1086 R7t J024 "^ d "tf*^ 1 « a 1177 83B 1285 JOU 980 814 140 S58 ' 848 «68 708 703 462 570 1104 1055 720 720 770 666 848 1050 937 672 1181 933 937 1249 1317 766 802 703 921 703 933 975 771 820 002 7C7 1008 764 898 OCO 696 too 698 947 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 411 DKFtACnON, IX UlLLIMBTEBU, UNVEB A PRKBeUBK, IM KILOOBAHS, OF— SO 4.3 4.0 S.1 6.0 6.4 6.5 4.6 V3 7.0 4.8 3.0 R.2 (15 •1.3 B.0 H.7 4.4 2.8 4.0 6.5 3.2 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.7 4.6 4.2 i.6 lOO 8.3 7.C O.D 12.0 13.1 12.8 0.5 10.9 13.7 0.6 6.0 6.6 150|300| O 1300 (HOt.)! 13.0 11.5 15.4 18.2 20.4 18.7 14.4 17.5 15.3 22.0 27.0 28.0 25.8 20.3 10.4 I 23.2 21.2 14.4 9.3 9.6 12. 8 ; 10. 5 12.4 18.0 11.6 11.0 8.5 6.0 7.2 10.5 6.0 8.0 7.0' 6.0 6.4 0.0 O.D 0.2 4. 0 I 8. 0 I 4.0 4.2 4.9 4.2 4.0 4.2 3.6 4.5 4.0 3.9 3.0 4.0 4.1 S.0 3.0 S.0 2.7 4.4 6.0 7.8 8.4 10.0 8.8 8.0 8.5 6.8 8.7 8.2 7.3 ao 7.2 8.2 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.6 0.0 10.0 17.0 10.6 1.3.0 9.2 11.0 17.0 0.0 11.6 10.4 9.0 8.2 13.6 13.3 14.0 12.0 11.7 0.5 ; 18.0 0.2 I 15.6 0. 8 22. 2 1.5 2.0 1.3 0.7 1.3 21.0 12.6 13.2 27.0 26.4 23.3 24.0 17.5 12.6 14.5 22.5 , r-Mj 15.8 13.} 12.3 11.0 , 18.7 I 17.8 I 10.6 ! 16.2 16.0 13. 0 I 17. 8 I 15. 6 22. 0 I 13.4 I 18.6 12.2 17.0 12. 7 17. 0 10. 1 13. 6 13. 2 I 18. 0 12. 5 ! 17. 0 11.0 14.7 9.0 11.0 12.3 as 0.0 8.8 8.6 13.3 15.2 12.5 14.5 10.8 12.0 11.6 11.8 11.6 18.0 21.2 28.0 28.0 20.0 20.5 900 23.0 10.5 30.5 3&0 33.5 27.5 23.7 32.0 300 29,6 24.3 47.0 43.0 1.4 0.4 0.2 1.1 1.4 0.0 1.0 j 0.0 ' u.o! 0.2 1.6 ! 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 I 0.4 j 0.6 ' 1.0 I 0.5 i I 0.4 1 i 0.3 1 0.3 0.0 I 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 21.5 12.9 13.2 27.9 20.7 23.7 24. C 18.0 1^6 14.6 23.0 12.2 16.0 14.0 12.5 11.2 19.0 18.0 20.4 10.8 16.0 18.0 22.0 18.5 17.5 17.6 13.6 18.0 17.2 15.0 12.2 14.8 16.0 12.3 12.0 11.8 12.0 18.0 2t5 16.0 16.6 36.0 35.6 32.0 33.0 23.0 10.0 18.2 10.7 20 5 55.5 48.2 44.0 15.0 20.3 17.0 15.0 14.0 24.7 23.5 26.5 21.0 20.8 23. 4 20.0 24.6 22.0 22.5 17.5 j 24.2 21.6 29.5 10.6 23.0 19.0 15.6 18.7 22.2 16.0 '.4.8 14.6 14.6 24.0 28.5 18.5 25.5 22.0 18.0 17.0 32.2 30.0 35.8 27.5 20.6 30.5 36.0 30.6 20.2 22.2 31.0 27.5 25.6 10.5 24.0 10.0 ia4 lao 18.5 34.0 330 39.0 30.0 64.0 61.0 400 1 480 SOO 42.4 24.6 25.0 41.2 24.0 29.6 23.0 31.5 27.8 22.7 20.0 34.2 36.0 45.7 38.5 28.0 35.0 26.0 31.6 30.5 34.0 38.6 27.0 39.6 27.5 24.5 SOO 39.0 I 33. 0 38. 6 1 34.0 45.6 29. 0 34. 6 51.6 45.0 24.0 32.0 23. 4 32. 5 22,0 28.0 28.0 81. C 44.6 u if h u 358 437 273 238 362 366 P 300 107 Remarks. CruBhcd at center bcarins with thin flake on tenaion side 7B3 Snnare break; long split in center { 703 S>inare break 817 do 817 Broke with flakes un tension side Square break on tension side, splitting in aiia Cmshod at center bearing ; failed with flakes on comer . Square break ; shattered Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot. 248 Storted at knots 471 ' Crnshed at center bearing! failed from flakes on book. t 456 Crashed; splintered 307 I Square break . 307 I do 831 284 362 448 400 244 504 398 400 533 562 327 342 300 303 350 300 393 410 320 350 385 336 4:. 326 383 384 297 384 207 404 426 447 460 Square break and split at end Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Did not break ; split through the center Square break ; slightly splintered .do. Flaked on tension side Sqnare break ; large splinters Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Crushed at ce'itor bearing ; square break Square break on iension side, splitting in axis . .do. Failed from large spiinter on comer . Specimen cross-grained; splintered.. Specimen cross-grained ; shattered . . do Failed from large splinters on comers Failed fh>m large splinters on one comer Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Failed ttom large splinter on comer Sqnare break -do. Failed from large splinter on each comer Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . . Crushed at center bearing; broke with flakes on back . Crasheil at center bearings square break; splintered.. Crashed at center bearing; broke with flue splinters . . Started at knot; splintered on comer Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . . Cracked at knot Crushed at center bearing and scaled on tension side . . Splintered .do. .do. 1040 1040 1042 1042 971 995 995 271' 271» 271» 627 627 702 704 706 706 708 708 700 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 (73 073 974 Oli6 989 1008 1008 1011 1011 lOlS 1016 1018 1018 1020 1026 ';\i.' •. in I' IS. h ii 1 i I ,1 ' I 412 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCJPAL WOODS OF THE 394. Abimsiibalpina Saliam. 395. Allies erandis Hhitt Fir. >9S. Abipsconcolor White Fir. Baliam Fir. 3W. Abif>ii Minnbilis 399. Ablennobill» JledFir. 400. Abies inagnifica Bed Fir. 401. Lnrix Aimriruna Lurch. Black Larch. Tamaraek. Hackmatack. 514 586 930 E16 .'534 703 1953 1169 1028 1055 1356 037 1479 790 734 703 688 717 1305 023 1356 1066 1436 037 1395 fc70 872 820 842 823 i^l;iP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Contiuued. 413 r 1 i>> — e Wi (j o g 1 a * 21 Tea 30 098 783 909 054 021 042 445 584 548 370 580 347 518 402 402 400 333 627 021 5S3 40» 703 704 004 700 700 810 00.'> 820 58i! 810 703 ? DBrLRCnoM. IN MIUJUKTEBB, CNUKB A rBKWURK, IN KIU>OUAIIB, OP— i Bemark*. 1 a SO lOO ISO ilOO O (»et.) 300 9SO 300 300 400 480 SCO ASO 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.5 5.0 RO 5.0 0.0 6.8 8.3 0.3 6.0 7.2 7.1 8.0 8.0 0.3 9.3 0.0 10.0 10.0 13.3 10.8 12.4 13.5 11. ft 15.2 14.4 13.2 12.4 11.0 13.0 9.0 9.4 14.0 12.4 14.0 14.5 7.4 7.4 7.8 7.7 7.0 7.7 19.0 10.4 18L3 6.0 f,.0 7.2 0.0 13.3 14.2 7.0 7.2 0.8 7.0 11.2 11. « 12.0 IZS 14.0 14.3 15.0 15.0 15.5 21.0 10.8 10.6 21.5 10.7 10.4 17.0 19.0 19.4 21.0 22.0 22.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.6 1.1 10.5 17.1 19.3 19.7 21.5 22.2 23 7 22.0 22.0 25.2 25.7 31.0 33.5 34.0 81.0 29.0 32.0 33.0 828 298 334 388 279 265 274 100 240 234 168 250 148 221 197 210 200 142 225 265 237 213 300 326 380 340 328 348 380 360 260 348 300 499 .460 400 337 800 300 894 456 400 371 350 351 1022 Sauaro break . .. 1022 042 42.8 do 642 623 do do 523 623 877 22.6 20.0 0.5 2.5 22.5 29.3 377 Crushed at ciiiter bouriugj square break on tenaion side, splitting in nxift. 449> 449> 24.5 1.6 23.0 30.2 Crashed at center boarinc' • flaked on back 449> 449> 22.0 21.0 20.6 17.0 32.0 2.4 35.5 820 8.5 ...do 820 a2 5.0 a4 5.0 5.0 7.4 0.3 7.1 7.6 3.8 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 2.1 8.2 4.0 8.5 T.O 7.1 3.4 8.8 3.8 8.2 6.8 8.0 32.5 4.4 35.0 820 820 1009 14.0 14.5 21.5 20.0 23.0 22.4 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.9 11.4 11.7 30.7 15.7 29.5 7.4 9.2 10.8 10.0 2L0 2Z4 11.0 10.8 10.0 10.3 18.2 17.8 20.6 21.0 32.0 29.0 32.2 31.6 14.9 15.0 10.4 10.2 15.4 10.0 40.0 22.0 40.8 10.0 12.0 14.5 13.2 29.7 32.0 14.6 14.5 13.2 14.0 20.3 2«i7 1.0 1.0 2.6 2.0 1.9 2.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 6.6 1.0 4.0 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 2.8 2.9 0.5 0.4 0.i> 0.4 3.0 2.0 20.7 22.0 34.5 30.0 33.4 32.5 15.0 16.0 16.8 las 16.0 16.2 49.4 22.5 43.6 10.2 12.0 14.6 13.6 30.5 32.8 14.6 14.7 13.6 14.6 27.0 20.6 1010 32.0 1010 529 529 44.7 43.7 18.5 21.0 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.8 94.0 30.0 02.0 12.7 16.0 18.0 10.6 40.4 44.0 18.2 18.6 17.0 18.8 36.0 36.6 04.0 63.5 23.4 28.0 32.5 30.0 27.0 29.0 039 Thin flake on back . 039 29.6 733 733 1004 1004 38.0 47.0 905 905 047 41.0 047 Sqiiare break on tension side, splitting in axis 047 18.0 ia6 23.6 25.0 66.6 63.6 23.7 23.4 21.5 24.2 49.0 19.0 23.0 30.0 24.0 20.0 4&0 29.0 88.0 Croshed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters 220' Cmshed at center bearins : broke with thin scales 220* Cmsbed at center bearins : broke with fine anlintera 774 Larse scale on tension sido ... 774 Shattered at one end 781 781 30.0 29.0 28.5 32.5 786 30.0 40.0 40.0 788 70} 7M 840 47.0 Tf! A Square break on tension side, splitting in axis .* 840 1'" i m . •]. 0. i fl i ;l ! ! m^^ I it I: 414 Speolei. 102. Lariz ocotilentoUii . Tamarack. PALMACE^. 40S. WMbinfCtontnaiifera.. Fan-Ua/ I'alm. FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Ty3LE III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINOIPAL WOODS OF THE 710 710 084 984 1000 1000 USO IISO State. Montana. ....do Washington terri- tory. . ... do ...do. ...do. California . ....do Locality. Miuonla. ...do.... Fulda.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do Agna Caliento. ....do Collector. S. Wntson . . . ...do W. Silcsdorf . I. ...do i....do .do W.O.Wright. ...do Sou. Motat. ..do. ...do . ...do. Dry, gravelly . ...do si ■ 111 CO 0. 0285 0.0000 0. 8130 0.83C4 0.8420 0.8370 0.6012 0.0307 COKFriCIKMT OF ELiUTICITT. I 1221 13S0 1028 lO'JS 1878 10S3 460 697 i. 1221 139S 1718 1713 1953 1953 403 723 I 914 1106 1289 1481 1287 1287 271 ! If B)-',: -'■■ 111'' i ^ Table IV.— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES Speoie MAGNOLIACE.S. 1. Uasnolia grandiflora Sig Laurel. BuU Bay. 2. Magnolia glonca SwtttBau. White Bav. Beaver Tree. White Laura. Svamp Laurel. SAPINDACE^. 54. Rapindns marginatna Wil " ■ irUd China. Soapberry. LEGUMI2;oS.£. 77. Sobinia Paendaracia Loeutt. Black Locutt. Yellow Locuit HAMAMELACE.S. 139. I.iquidambar Styrncitlua Sweet Oum. Slar.Uaved Oum. Liquidamber. Bed Oum. Bil' ttei. 346 354 807 1248 546 OLEACEiE. 192. Fraxinus Americana, var. Texenaia' 364 BIGNONIACE.£. | 207. Catiilpn Bpecioiia 38 Wettern Catalpa. UKTICACE.a:. 19 224. tllniii8 Americana _... White £lm. American £lm. | Water Win. I £28. CrItiB occidcutalls ' 800 Sugarbemj. Baekberry. \ JDGLAN'DACEiE. I 239. Jnelans ui!;;ra > 951 Black Walnut. \ 248. ConaaquBticu ■ 302 Water nickarii. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. i CUPULIFER^. 251. Qtiercna nlba . VMM Oat. State. Alabama . ...do Texaa , Now Tork. Alabama . Texas . MlBBonrl. ..do.... Maasacbuaetts — Texaa , ...do Miaaiuippi . Maasachnaetts ...do Locality. Collector. Soil. Cottage HUl | 'J. Mohr . do. .do. Dallas J.Beverohon Long Island . Kemper's mill . Dallas . Churloaton. ...do Arnold Arboretum Dallas New Braunfela . Vickabnrg Arnold Arboretnm ...do M. C. Beedle . C. Mohr . J. Beverohon *. . C. S. Sargent. ...do ...do J. Kuverohon . C. Mohr . ...do.... C. S. Sargent. ...do Rich loam 0.7347 J? 1100 8 1288 8 1481 » 1287 » 1287 13 271 >8 SS6 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. I (NITBD STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 415 DIFLBCTIOM, IN HILUMKTCIW, URUCB A I'aXMUBJt, IM KILOOBAUS, OF— SO 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.5 10.6 7.0 lOO ao 7.0 5.7 8.7 8.0 6.0 24.2 13.6 looisioo 12.0 ia2 10. 6 14. 0 a4 8.2 7.6 7.5 20.0 11.0 11.0 10.4 10.0 20.4 O (Mt.) 0.5 0,4 0.3 0.2 a2 0.2 1.8 16.5 14.0 11.4 11.0 10.4 10.0 33.6 900 21.0 18.0 14.0 13.6 13.0 12.6 »oo 27.6 22.5 17.6 16.6 16.0 15.5 3S0I400 sao I 2&0 20.6 19.6 10.0 84.0 24.7 23.0 22.7 18.6 ! 22.0 «so!aoo 46.0 28.6 26.8 27.2 20.5 36.7 32.0 34.0 47.0 86.6 t 11 BamMlu. 8(0 I C nulled ut contur boariug ; broke with flue ipUnterB 472 I do 650 j do .•- 632 Defleotlou with 100 kilogrunia = 46.5 •nllllmeteni broke with fine I aplinters. ,■. 548 j Cruahedatoontor bearing i flaked .' 540 Failed from targe aplluter on corner 116 250 Twisted and spUt. Square break 719 718 884 0S4 1006 1006 1160 118* UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE. )F 1 1 a ■a 17 974 8 816 2 861 1 1169 1 933 1 1172 1 69e ) 703 1118 916 968 802 688 DIFUCTIOM, IK lULLUIXTKnS, UXDKB A PBI88UUI, IK KILOOBAIU, OF— 400 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.6 8.1 800 1900 4.1 6.4 4.8 ' 69 4.4 5.2 4.0 5.1 5.2 4.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.4 6.6 7.7 6.0 7.8 7.9 leoo 7.5 V.4 9.8 10.0 8.9 0.5 9.2 ao 10.6 &2 11.0 11.0 6. 8 V. 3 8.6 12.2 0.8 10.2 12.4 14.8 (set.) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.2 1600 3000 9. 0 11. 2 9.6 12.4 9.2 8.1 10.7 n.o 11.0 9.4 12.3 10.0 10.3 16.0 9400 I 9800 12.2 10.2 14.2 a 2 10. 2 15.5 15.7 12.0 17.0 12.6 13.6 16.6 21.0 16.1 16.2 16.0 12.6 19.3 18.0 10.5 29.6 16.2 26.0 lae 15. 2 la 5 23.2 I 33.0 I I I 15.6 • 19.1. ia2l 24.4 i I 10.2 27.8 3900 26.0 10.! 20.6 25.0 seoo 25.0 26.6 35.0 sao si el 3325 2785 2003 3092 3184 4000 2361 2400 3815 3126 8193 8270 3043 2246 Remarka. Broke with large splinters on back Broko with largo splinters Broke with large flake on back Broke with large splinters on back Bioko frith niuny flne splinters Broku Mriiu mige splinters Crushed and split to the end Broko with tine splinter on one comer. . Broke with flne splinters Broke with largo splinter on one comer. Broke with large splinters on comers. . . Broke with large spiintera Broke with large splinters on back , do 840 354 807 1248 646 864 38 38 19 306 961 3«8 r*- •'[ 416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table IV.— BEHAVIOR OP SOME OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES UNDER li'll"!^ Speoie*. lot. Qaerciis MichanxU Batk4t Oak. Cow Oak. 260 Qunrcua Prinna OhulnutOak, Bock Ohutnut Oak. 276. Quercns KelloggU mack Oak. 280. Qiiprriiii luiiiatica Water Oak. Duek Oak. Po$ntm Oak. Punk Oak. BETDLACEiE. 301. AlniiH rubra Alder. CONIFEBa. 3\ib. Chntniccyparis HpbiBToldea White Cedar. 37(1. PliinnTiedn LMolly Pine. Old-field Pine. RoMinary Pint. 872. linui BerotiDa Pond Pine. 380. I'inuH psiustris Long-leaved Pine. Soulhern Pine. Qeorgia Pine. Yellow Pine. Bard Pine. SSI. Finns Cubensla Slath Pine. Swamp Pine. Bat- tard Pine. Meadow Pir - S24 524 025 003 349 850 S2 82 81 85 243 243 84 State. Alabama . ...do Looallty. Kempcr'a mill . . . .do ...do Ciilliiinii . Oregon ... Alabnina . Wnaliinaton ter- ritory. Aliibninn Eugene City CottH^e IIIU . iMiynllnp . Florida . = 0. 8GUD 0. 7213 0. 0788 0. cion 0. 7033 coirnciBfT or EtJUTIOlTT. 11 776 800 1085 626 1366 720 304 1061 1285 039 787 1430 1085 1221 1103 1163 697 745 1028 564 1820 610 1017 1302 821 751 1650 1007 12.^2 1221 1221 884 084 582 736 1144 624 376 792 820 933 904 1057 040 820 040 1029 fPi fTor g TT. f •s 1 1) s 097 884 745 B84 1028 ses 730 1144 S24 376 792 820 933 904 1057 040 820 049 1020 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. "TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE-Coutiiuicd. t 417 400 8.2 3.2 2.S 4.0 2.0 3.2 0.8 2.3 2.0 2.7 3.0 1.0 -M 2.0 2. 2 2.3 DBFLKCTION, IN UILMUltTEBI, UKDER A ritEIWUUB, IM KILOOBAMS, OF— 800 ; laoo 14mh> I 0. 3 I 10. 0 14. 0 & I j 0. 8 ! 13. 1 4.5, 7.0 I 7.8 I 12.0 3.5 a7 13.4 4.0 3.8 6.2 0.2 3.4 4.5 i 4.0 I 4.2 I 4.2 5.6 10.7 21.0 7.1 6.8 8.0 9.6 6.1 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 27 FOB o (act.) I'JOO 9.6 17.3 7.4 10.0 9.6 7.5 10.6 13.0 0.3 0.7 7.8 8.0 8.0 1.5 1.3 0.0 1.4 0.2 2.0 14.6 13.8 0.5 17.6 7.3 16.7 ilOOO 0.2 J 0.4, 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.7 7.6 13.0 13.4 7.0 0.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 10.6 18.0 9400 ilSOO 26.5 24.2 13.3 24.0 U.3 12.0 10.0 13.0 18.0 8.7 12.6 10.0 0.8 10.2 40.6 11.8 17.0 12.0 17.3 23.0 10.6 16.4 12. 2 12. 0 12. U 89. 0 33.0 3300 14.0 21.5 22.0 30.0 12.5 20.5 49.0 10.0 1U.0 16.3 3600 25.6 14,0 ■'7. .I 23.5 10.5 ii 4 If El 3010 1087 2513 Bemarkt. A lorgo RFOHon craok at oue coraori upliutercdonoppo. site corner. Sijlintt'rs on cornen 1789 1284 2703 2800 3184 3086 Split loogthwlae with small epUntem on cor- uers. Broke with large apliutera on comeii' Cruahod at center bearing i broke with fine apllntora. Broke with large splintera on hack i shattered Short, square break ; uo splinters . Shattrrcd . do.... 0.76 sap-wood j broke with large splinter on corner. 0 ."■ H ii.wiiml: bn)1(owltlil:iigi'»|iliuteioii comer... Mnc ,':i|niiit liiciik im li-iisinii side, »plittiug in axis 3207 ' 2709 3230 3013 Broke with largo Bpliiitpr on coiner ; somewhat shat- ttrcil. Sqimi p break on tciisiun side, splitting in axis Split between rings ut one end 524 »2S on 849 991 350 e> 83 8S 88 81 85 243 243 84 ;1 I ■11 1 i»iii!Bri|Hir#liM 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 266' i 266« ... do ....do Mississippi . ...do Wytheville ...do Fancy Gap .. do Selrors' mill | C.Mohr ...do I do ... H. SUriver. ...do , ..do , ...do Alabama '■ AVinston conmy ..' — do . I I do do do . Mississippi , Qnitman. do "... do ... . .do. do. Virginia Wytheville U. Sbriver . do ' — do i do . i 260 I. 260 . I 895 ! 818 ' 8)8 1231 I 1231 1232 1232 1236 1236 ...do. ...do. Fancy Gap do . do do . 'Hi i Sou. la... ill Rich loam . ...do Swampy . ...do... Clay limestone. ...do Rich, light ...do ...do ...do Remarks. Crushed fibers at 10 milliroetem knot 28 millimeters ttom end. Triple Uexuro Fibers cnished at 51 miUimoters from end. Fibers crushed at middle Rich, low. ...do Damp . ..do. Michigan TVest Virginia....! Grafton do ! — do Pennsylvania I Chester county do I do ...do '... do ! Lansing W. J. Benl . . . C.G Pringle. .. do ...do Tennessee . ...do ANONACE^. 0 Asiminn triloli Papaic. Cuilard Apple. ID. Anona luurifolia I'ond Apple. 211 Missouri. 211 ...do.... do . Saw.mill at Nash- ville. ..do P. P. Sharpies ...do ..do ...do A.B.Balrd.... ...do Mommcc river, JefliTson county. ...do G. W. Letterman ..do 73."i8 8066 7212 6369 6705 Fibers cnished at 76 millimeters I from end. 65»;2 I Triple flexure 5126 6570 7389 8333 6577 6527 [ 7357 I 8301 5647 6073 6806 7575 4063 6341 6636 6514 6160 6305 5874 Crushed in vicinity of knots at middle. Crushed fibers at 63 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 70 millimeters iW>m end. CruHhed fibers at 102 millimeters from end andou opjiosite side at end. Crushed fibers at 38 millimeters fi-nni niiddlc. CruHhfd tibeiB in vicinity of knots 03 millimeters from end. Opened longitudiunl crack be- tween rings. Crushod fibers at 63 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 128 millimeters from end. Triple fli'xure; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". Failed nt 6 niilliineters knot 51 millinii'tors 1'kiiii end. Fibers iriK^lK-d ut 51 and at 128 milliiiietfra from cud. Failed at knot at middle Fibers crushed at 51 millimetern fioni end ; uniile of cruHliing, 55°. Fibers oruHlicd ut 128 millimeters fiom end ; nnule of crnsbinjr, 65°. Fibers cniHhed at 70 millimrters from end i oiikIo of ci usiiing, 76°. Fibers cru»bc(l at middle .do . Alluvial . ...do .... 471) Florida Boy hisoayne . 479 .. do I. ...do do. t!»» j Swampy . ! 110 C.VXELLACE.?:. I 12. Csnellr. all.tt innVc tloiMi. Cinnamon Bail. Wild Cinnavwn. TERNSTl!(i;iIlACEJ5. 14. Ooi'donin T.a.'iianthun LobMty Hay. I'lin Bay. 1131 ...do EUiottsKcy. 1131 ....do ;....do do . do . C'oriil do 236 South Carolina.. 2M ... do , Bonneau's Depot . H. W. Rarenel do do tiliacej:. IT. Tilla A merieana Lime Tree. Bate Wood. American Linden. Lin. Bee Tree. 414 414 ....do. ...do. Alker do . do do . 2 I MiBsochnsett* 2 ...do 134 I Michigan Arnold Arboretum C. S. Sargent . do do Big Rapids I W.J.Bual.... Wot pine-barren . . ...do Swampy ' f700 ...do 6396 Drift. Gravel. Fibers crushed in vicinity of Itiiot 51 milliuietprs from end. ,5480 I Fibers cniHbcil nt 03 miliimetrrs I from end. 5006 ' do I 3402 : Fibers crushed at 114 niillimeters I from end. 3388 ' Crushi'4l nt knot 63 millimotera from end. 46110 Fillers cnished at 03 millimeters frttm end : anule of criishint% 0.5°, 4967 Fillers cnished on one side at middle. 12740 Fibers oruHhcd at middle and split I along grain. 12293 : Fibers cinslii'd near niidiUe; de- flected from heart. 6842 I Fibers onmhod nt knots near end 6732 f Fibers crnslied nt 63 and nt 127 millimelei'B lioiu end at knot* 10 niillinielers indiami'ter. Fillers iruKlnd ul Oil niilliineters from entl. Fibers ivushed nt lOniillimetem knot near end. 4287 ' FiliPi'H ci'iiHhod nt 19 and at K2 I milliiiK>tei's fioiu end. 4944 1 Fillers crushed at ITT millimeters from end. mUlimetero ftom end. I millimeterR of knots at 1 mUlimetcra ) mllUmeters 1 2 miUinieter* iIKwite sidv at B milllmetere nl crack l>e- B millimetora >8 millinielcrs 14 luilliniotorH mllliniotori (3 nilUlniotiTfi ,ru«hiii!.'.«r>°. one 8lnd ut kuota linnn't*'!*. f:i iuillliin>ler» no millimi'tp™ I mUHmctera THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF THE UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION. 419 FHUBURE, IN KItX>ORAHB, HEQUIRKD TO FBODUCK AN ZKDKKTATIOH, III HILMMETEBS, OF— 0.9S O.S1 m m m iiiiii \m m 1 2041 1724 I 2SF0 llf<2 1080 !>75 lUlO 1080 llil7 lUlG ll'JS E84 1111 I.TAI i:)S4 OKI I (ISO 1016 007 1025 740 6.10 1052 704 886 010 883 j 067 I 6«2 I I 043 1034 I 3074 .i3Il 035 535 o.ye 1.09 1334 1829 1.343 1420 1315 1370 1442 1610 1008 1325 I 1742 1047 1270 1524 1615 1006 1207 lOiJ 844 1288 1080 1012 1167 1116 804 »48 1420 1660 6577 6668 i I 1125 \ 1021 I I08B 1510 1184 1683 934 1167 70S 880 717 863 3447 2076 1647 1633 1633 1651 1606 1579 1600 1833 1238 1470 2005 ' 1887 ' 1111 1470 1810 1014 8221 2550 1433 1433 1420 1535 1420 1465 1563 1760 I 1170 ; I 1402 I 1882 17H5 1008 1388 1665 1787 1125 1388 1170 026 1307 1152 1084 1220 1166 067 1052 1010 1882 i I 7621 ) 8346 8523 8468 I 1243 1343 1116 1211 I 164L- 1746 1665 1760 1297 ISSS 92A )0OT I 894 ' 967 Lay 1.99 ' 1.V8 ' a.o3 a.as ' 9.54 ' 4.81 s.o8 3497 2806 1061 1603 1688 1737 1683 1665 1751 1032 1315 1538 2123 20e5 i 1143 I 1542 ! i 1901 I 2032 '< 1143 1175 1 147U I 1633 1229 I 1311 980 1433 1216 1120 1203 1202 1016 1111 1866 2019 1043 1533 1267 1186 1861 1201 1039 1157 8670 2921 1733 1667 1642 1805 1660 1716 1860 2010 1343 1606 2223 2078 1216 1010 1906 2082 1202 1606 1370 1125 1601 1302 1234 1429 1806 1075 1198 1941 2068 2132 2227 8573 ! 8822 I 0763 I 10206 1388 1298 1867 1846 1303 1048 1031 1462 1847 1032 1923 1442 nil 1043 8847 3016 1805 1742 1696 188V 1674 1774 1910 2106 1406 . 1660 2318 I 2191 I I 1247 I I 1678 I I 2082 I 2146 ! 1234 ! 1074 1415 1152 I 1656 I 134? I 1270 i 1479 I 1852 : nil 1229 2169 I I 2341 10014 I 1633 \ 1483 I 2006 1901 1497 1167 1071 3978 3112 1846 1760 1783 1941 1758 1824 j 1982 I 2245 j 1483 1719 j 2418 I 2203 I 1207 1742 2173 2105 1252 1737 1474 1103 1706 1870 1335 1620 I 1397 I 1116 I 1361 I 2254 I 2866 8081 I 10886 { I 1679 1488 2068 2060 ' 1642 1189 1093 I 4078 1000 1706 1763 2037 1787 1864 2068 2304 1624 1740 2486 2336 j 1320 1787 j 2246 I 2223 I 1297 i 1702 1524 * 1220 1746 1384 1352 1566 1456 1129 1288 2304 2477 9344 10090 1642 1538 2148 2128 1S78 U25 1120 4209 |. 3201 |. 1073 j. 1873 1792 2111 1833 1001 2114 2359 1538 1819 2636 I 2404 I 1343 1865 2318 2295 1815 1846 1565 1266 1801 1442 1601 1515 1162 1207 2330 2563 9671 11227 1701 1697 2318 3177 1619 I an I Remarks. Began tn shear llbeni Slipht shenrlnf; cftlbirs. Sheared flborn Slight ahoariiii; ol' libers. I do. Splintered at pitli ; slight shearing of fibers Indented witliout Hhearin j; fibers Sheared flirers Slight shearing of fibers do do Fibers sheared . do di) Indented withont sliearing fibers. Fibers alieaicd Indented wit hont shearing Ukors Slight shearing; Rliort specimen, 120 millimeters long; Hplit at biitli eudv Sheared fibers Sliglit shearing of fibers do Sheared fibers do do do do do .do. .do. Sliglit shearing of fillers . do Sheared fibers and openoil gralu. lilt middle; dellei-tcd fnilii be;ivl. ( riisli. il lilii'i-8 at 127 millimeters I'm in ! ntl. Ciu-^Iu'il libels lit k'lnt nmil!imr. ti'lHiii(liaUH;Ier; iinj.Ii-ot cvusli- iii.tr. -ILO. Ill it:le : I nisliinir of lila'rs ; spliu- t' ml iilimu nrain. rrariuicd siuideuly j sbaltired along ;:raiii. Fi' iM-a ernsbid at ndddle; iiuglo nl' n n^Ilini!. i-O'^. Split end til I'lid along grain Fibers iTUsbeil in vieinit\ of I. not .4. Fibers 1 r;i In d al US milUmetiTB troll) end. Split along grain.. Filicis eiusliid ;'t ,'!) mlllimnlerB ir '111 • ii't ; ilif. \v nif splinters. l'*.-iledii' l:( ill. i. inn tots Iroiii 1 nd; knot Til luiilitueteis t'roui end. Tiiplf lleMiie; Kniil near rml . . . . Fail'il at knnt 13 millimetem I'luui eud. Faib'd ill vieliiily nf knots 76 lull. lliailers IVi'lil rail. Flbi'i"' einsliid at 114 miUimulors t'roiu end. Flbem ri nslied at eud and nt 64 iiiillinii'ti'rs f'rnin end. Tripli' ll.'\uie; lilii rs I'ln-bed at 127 niidiiueleia liom eud 1 gruiii wavy. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 421 I rBESnUUB, IN KILOOBAUS, REQUIliEU TO rUODlXX AN INDENTATION, IN UILUHETXBB, OF— 0.33 O.S1 m m 47i 8'.;o 544 U12 co-j fil2 040 012 035 481 857 798 806 740 1701) 1610 4854 1709 1293 nil 2041 1179 1905 2717 806 B«3 485 2787 2926 2087 1531 1179 1551 1243 885 1338 1201 935 704 740 812 821 789 839 094 989 857 1093 1039 2920 2404 8663 5121 1996 1819 3016 1382 4128 4513 1134 1184 720 640 6851 6820 3607 4309 1792 2518 1806 1343 1987 1078 0.76 753 016 835 803 857 839 862 800 880 707 1057 808 1181 1111 3108 2858 11022 8392 2173 2032 3157 2141 6285 6262 1220 1352 753 662 7417 7107 4060 4831 2023 2835 1905 1452 2186 1882 1.02 707 1098 802 857 003 894 003 8r^D 034 817 1071 053 1216 1101 3330 3153 1256.-) 10614 2245 2068 8307 2259 50»3 5«7i, 1311 1388 803 071 8097 8210 4332 5035 2182 S075 1973 1533 2390 2014 1.37 704 1139 912 030 048 025 041 007 003 808 IIL'5 089 1201 1207 3475 3257 13502 11817 2269 2164 3429 2341 6987 5942 1315 1452 812 685 8099 4569 6343 2363 3289 2032 1583 2576 2136 1.9« I 1.78 817 852 1184 1247 053 i OSO 953 908 1002 1034 948 089 084 102a 948 980 1U43 1060 889 898 1175 1202 1012 1052 1320 1374 i:47 1297 3529 3620 3303 3515 14289 14742 12565 13245 2304 2318 2223 2277 3543 3647 2363 2395 6396 6423 6214 6419 1356 1443 1620 1509 843 862 708 712 9117 0426 9208 9435 4790 4899 6534 6670 2490 2008 8429 8002 2123 1087 1774 2726 2840 22S4 2360 a.o3 871 1302 1025 1039 1006 1021 1043 1010 112(1 912 12J9 1080 1120 1343 3097 3652 14946 13653 2468 2322 3742 2422 6046 6600 1456 1579 885 721 9707 9753 6035 6651 2604 8769 2232 1805 2071 2390 a.a8 018 1338 1001 1080 1107 1052 1080 1039 1106 906 1275 1139 1470 1400 3705 8710 14969 14198 2622 2368 3856 2499 6896 6804 1488 1616 903 739 3.S4 10024 5193 5074 2790 3910 2313 1846 3086 2580 960 1385 1095 nil 1148 1071 1107 1075 1220 S90 1311 1170 1504 1438 3819 3756 15105 14560 2667 2400 8019 2563 6985 6076 1501 1647 834 749 4.81 10433 6110 2980 4073 2396 1878 3166 2717 3.08 Bemuk*. Sheared lloers do Slight shearing of fibers . d« do do Shonred fibers 16103 15581 2880 2790 4626 3016 7802 7802 1740 1951 nil 852 11431 6986 3029 4831 2744 2200 3900 3193 16194 15740 3004 2994 4786 2257 7802 8165 1928 2078 .do., .do.. do., .do. -do. .do. .do. -do. :.do. Sheared fibers; split along grain 6heare 28S> 285' 320 320 1113 1113 476 1133 735 736 1086 1086 Sheared fibers ; split along grain 1140 ShearedfibeA 1140 487 487 462 462 476 475 452 462 280 280 484 484 (31 t ■•{. 41 1 I "i . iiii! I ■■( 422 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species- RHAMNACE.S. 42. Beynosialatifolta... Sed Iron Wood. Plum. Darling 4T Condalin ferrca BUuk Iron Wood. a, Bhamnus Caroliuiana . Indian Cherry, 47. Rhajions Pnrahiana Bearberry. Bear Wood. Shit- titn Wood. SAPINDACEa:. M. ^Bcnlna glabra Ohio Buekeyt. Fetid Buckeye. 52. JCsciiliir Cnlifomica.. Oalyfornia Buckeye. St. Ungnadia speciofia. Bpanitk Bwkeye. M. Sapindim marginatns WM China. Soapberry. Ml Hypelate paniiiilatn Ink Wtod. Iron Wood. 454 454 460 400 803 803 903 State. Florida . ...do... ....do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Oregon 207 ! Missoari. 297 |....do . 386 !....do . 386 I do . C84 Caiifumia . 084 ... ilo 044 I Texas 044 '....do . K. Hypelate triloliuta. WhiU Iron Wood. to. Acer macropliylluiii Brvttdletiiid Maple. CI. Aaarciioinatniii Vine Maple. M. Acer sarcharlutui] Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Ilard Maple. Uuek Maple, 3(« 307 028 028 403 463 ...do . ...do. ...do . ...do. 464 ....do .. 464 '....do .. I 382 I Oregou . 982 |... do .. 1023 i....do.. 1023 i... do.. 1013 1014 j I 298 I 208 ! 200 I 376 I 376 ! 400 1233 ' 1233 I 1234 j 1234 1236 I do Locality. Upper Metacombe do .do. do. Saint John's river. ...do Portland. AUenton. do. do. do . Marin county. ...do Neir Braunfcls . ...do Dallas . . . do.. Auatiu. ..do.. Collector. A. H. Carties . ...do do . do . do .do. O. Engelmannand 0. S. Sargent. G. W. Lcttermau. Soil. tit Coral 13426 ...do .do. .do. Bicb hummock . . . ...do Kich, allnvUl. lUuli, moiat . 13290 12406 7112 do . do. do . G. U.Va8ey. .- do ...ni cud. Fibers crushedat middle in vicin- ity of knot. Crushed nt knot 51 millimeters ; from end. Fibers crushed near middle i Triple flexure; develojx'd iiiter.<»ect . j ing "Cooper lines" at middle. Triple fli-xure; delleoted about 16 j railliraet4'rs without crushing. Triple flexure ; split uluug grain - . : ...do I I Fibers crushed at 102 niillinieters i from end ; angle of eiiL-tbiiig, 00°. | I Deflected and split along grain ... 1 Triple flexure ' Fibers cruslied at kuut 70 milli- I meters from end. i Triple flexure ; knot ueai end [ Fibers crushed at '.Ti and at 70 mil- j liiueters from end. ' Killers crushed near middle and I near end. ' Fibers crushed at knot at middle Fibers crushed near middle ami at 25 millimeters fnjm end. Fibers crushed at 127 millimeters i from end. Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters frem end. Fibers rnisbed at 25 miilinieters I from end. I Fibers crushed at 39 miilinieters I from end ut 8 millinietei s knot. | Fibers crushed at end; ct-ost- ' grained. ' Fiber;, crashed at emi ' I Fibers crushed at 23 miilinieters | IVeiii end. j Fillers i-rushed at 70 millimeters | from eU'l ; specimen split before , testing. I iillo and I 1 LiniiMle liaii'tcrit limrterH Iniotorfi |niolcr« I UmX. bnt'toi'-* llKifori' THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— ContiDued. 423 rBSasUBI, IN KILOOBAMg, REQUIRKD TO FEODVCK AN IKDENTATIOM, IM MILLUIITERS, OF— 0.9S 3016 3062 3447 2904 1338 1247 1656 4D0 975 1006 1001 1225 17CU 2073 210S 2064 o.ai 6260 6SS6 6033 6260 1837 1860 2404 798 1107 1179 1433 1592 2132 31S3 3103 3692 2767 1796 1796 1960 1633 1560 1225 2849 2359 2858 2004 2087 1724 2250 2132 2586 2540 2540 3901 2313 2617 2313 176S 2576 2168 4355 3357 31B7 2926 2318 3302 2''67 3583 4128 0.76 7802 8119 7680 8007 2032 198? 2758 885 1216 1452 1609 1801 2495 3280 3348 4513 3855 6716 4890 2422 2785 2495 1906 2835 2768 4944 3720 4026 3398 8239 3472 3606 S0S7 3792 4653 8928 Loa 8890 9617 9004 9480 2073 2073 2980 921 1247 1579 1051 1896 2576 3520 3520 4944 4404 6078 5480 2313 2U03 2563 2073 3C85 3039 5307 4060 4967 3000 3420 2613 3801 3267 4000 4745 4069 i.i»y 9753 10705 10115 10660 2195 2153 3075 071 1203 1701 1742 2078 2609 3742 3701 3307 4649 6419 5874 2604 3012 2013 2150 3252 3157 5579 4287 5263 3751 3602 2794 3983 3357 4240 4940 4200 1.S9 10524 11885 11113 11794 2218 2214 3202 1021 1847 1733 1810 2109 2785 3874 3874 5308 4872 6760 6205 2072 3110 2703 2232 3420 3280 6874 4313 5489 3892 3248 2849 41C0 8602 4382 5149 4332 I i.rs 11168 12383 11012 1^837 2304 J277 8280 1071 1397 1801 1802 2196 2867 4037 4037 6579 6002 6931 0432 2812 3:ilU 2707 2259 3574 3.03 11658 15109 12474 1S788 2300 2309 1116 1429 1846 1973 2259 2030 4195 4241 5974 5216 0023 4740 S6J3 4000 3810 2944 4287 3611 4423 5330 4427 7158 6054 2835 3248 2C58 2381 3701 3674 61U1 4800 5900 4160 3983 3067 4418 3706 4495 5434 4622 3.38 irii2 13789 13245 14765 8468 2360 3352 1157 1516 1928 2008 2327 2976 42C1 4335 6106 6426 7376 61-93 2026 3339 2985 2440 3828 3720 6260 4867 6101 4228 4066 8107 4581 8801 4581 5330 4673 3.S4 12610 14470 13903 15603 2618 2386 3470 1179 1547 1987 2127 2431 3075 44C8 4518 6214 6560 4.81 I S.08 17237 17500 2880 2858 3765 1429 1778 2331 2540 2744 3039 1928 2058 2836 3IS0 I 7557 7107 2980 3403 3012 2604 3747 6328 0328 4364 4164 3202 4708 3060 4690 6625 4831 i"L'fl2 5298 7100 6750 8210 6074 3260 3702 2076 2680 4834 4468 7530 7485 4809 47(13 3647 5443 4430 5648 U200 5370 5738 6033 7553 7430 RemarkB. Skeared fibers; split at ends . do -do. .do. do Sbeaic'.l fibers. Slightly sheared fibers ; split at ends . Sheared fibers slightly Sheared fibers; split at end . I 454 454 460 460 803 803 003 297 297 Sheared fibers. do .do. Sheared fibers ; split nt ends . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers . do do Sheared fibers ; split at sides . do Shenrotl fibers . , do do do do. 8346 8641 3683 4106 3697 3129 6307 6035 6074 Sheared fibers. Hli^ilit shearing of fibers; split at end . Sheared fibers do do do 5087 ' do 4899 do 7802 5239 5194 3901 Slight shearing of fibers . I 6169 6736 6078 .do. .do. .do. 684 684 944 944 307 307 028 928 401 484 082 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 208 208 200 370 376 400 1233 1233 1234 1234 1236 ^i '!l 424 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE . J I 8p«olu. 64. AoprBaccbiiiiiiuin— continued. M. Acer Bnccharinnin. rar.nignun. Black Sugar ilaple. 6S. Acer dnHTrarptim fc/t Mapte. Wliite ilapte. Cilrer Maplt. W. Acer riibi uni Ktd ilaple. mwamp ilaple. Sun ilaple. Water ilaple. 1235 213 213 Stete. Vermont. ....do... ...do.... 274'j liisaonri. 274' do i 757 : Florida .. 757 ... do ... . MiHsouri. ...do... Locality. Cliarlotte . 17. Neitundo ncproidea Jiox Klder. AehleavedilapU. 1107 1107 1052 20 20 530 630 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 Massaclinsctts. ...do ...do MiaBiH^ijipi ...do Georciii ....do ..do .. do Allinton ...do CliHttahoacbeii ...do Allenton ...do Collootor. F.n.Horaford. C.O.Pringle ...do G. W. Lrttornian . ...do Sou. Clay ...do Low, alluvial . -do .£•11 0070 81^90 A.II.Curtlas ; Clay . . . do I . . . do G.W.LoltoiTOiin.i Rich, alluvial ...do '' do Topsfleld . iT. Kubluson Low meadow . Arnold Arboretum C. S. Savi;out Drift , .. do do do Kompcr'a mill C. Mohr lUcb, mvumpy . do .....do do 13.iiubridge ' A. II. Curtins Low .. do : do ... do 10070 Il;'niarl.3 1756 1637 1851 1878 2164 2930 8765 5126 4763 4296 4967 3103 2703 8978 4060 8963 4332 3035 3083 4753 3606 2427 1046 2141 3257 2580 2758 2794 1433 1774 1660 2531 1801 1860 1665 1969 1946 2168 3103 3901 5353 5058 4522 5103 8207 2835 4069 4237 4160 4S13 3656 4473 4028 6401 3015 4377 4019 5080 3797 3137 3252 4872 .■1742 2440 2028 2214 3384 2703 2704 2858 1483 1855 1083 2058 1890 1931 1733 1091 2059 2177 3'.>93 4060 5706 5410 4669 5307 3343 2884 4264 4377 4346 4626 9.03 3788 4617 4104 5543 3801 4527 4009 623!) 3933 3203 3381 4085 38113 2472 2037 2231 3479 2776 2030 2971 tl.'JS 4781 4:1:10 5670 3892 4581 4:100 5339 4U33 .1397 iJ.138 5'203 3928 2367 2141 2330 3665 2890 107 3039 4.54 1556 1019 1660 1905 1733 1774 2672 2700 1982 2003 1996 2073 1801 1805 2046 2100 2160 2139 2218 2268 3434 35'25 4095 4206 5920 6283 5616 5869 4844 4080 6421 5334 3438 2026 3094 4380 4500 4482 4604 4427 4608 4MI1 4(ifl7 4.81 4037 4890 4441 6784 40J8 4753 4340 6452 3724 85'JO 3615 6298 4024 2083 2177 2400 3700 2035 3198 3139 1678 1951 1819 2794 2082 2114 1»35 2150 2.59 2269 8370 4395 6056 5112 3670 3620 3210 4604 4662 4672 3048 I 4672 5715 526-J 63'.iO 4808 5333 4944 6328 4831 4219 4204 6(128 4020 3175 2331 2722 4332 3403 3652 3901 1973 2168 2064 3062 2293 2440 2087 2381 1973 a.os 5353 6283 5713 6840 5'J03 5851 5389 0782 4881 4717 4.336 6.-^8 4870 4944 7485 6987 5307 2722 3039 4808 3742 4037 4332 2177 2308 2223 8311 2780 2177 2449 Itomarkt. Sheared fibers . 4346 5353 8074 4037 3705 40.37 .do . -do. .do. do., .do. .do. ..do .do ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. Sheared flbrrB ; xplltatend SUonrcd fibers do do Slight shearing' i)f fibers .do. do Sheared fibers . do do do 1236 213 213 274* 274« 757 757 1167 1167 1652 20 20 530 .530 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 290 290 311 311 Sheared fibers ; split at end | 645 Sheared fibers 645 I Sheared fibers ; aplltntond \ 736 ......do I 738 Sheared fibei h ; split stick . do Sheared fibers; cnislied obliquely at euch end. Sheared fibers; split at side:* Sheared fibers ; split at end . . Slliiht shenrini;; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end . . 830 467 467 405 405 441 do I 441 do '. 815 Shcaredfibers ' 815 Slight shearing; split at end 124T Slight sheariuK ; splitatcnds ' 12K Shearvil fibers : splltatend 124N Sheared fibers ; splitatends ! 124* i m - •'Mi % ;: 'f¥ Ills III m u m: u II 1. -It r^fl ]l III ;iii m 426 FOREST tree: OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk v.— behavior of THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Specie*. State. n. BobinU Neo-Mexleana ' 1031 ' Colorado. XocimC. I I 1031 ...do 80. OlneraTesota 6S0 Iron Wood, Arbol d« Bierro. 6JS0 n. Plaoidia Ervthrina . . ■Jamaica Dogieood. 82. CladraRtin tinctoria I'eUoiK Wood. Tetlow Ath. Gopher Wood. 564 964 33» 33 439 84. Sopbnra atllnis I 32S j 032 j 85. G>in'jooladaa Canndenais ' 296 K',ntuehJ Cofffe Tret. Coffee ' Nut. 519 1241 1242 1243 88. Oleditachia triacanthns Boneji Loeutt. alack Locust. Three-tJiomcd Acacia. Sweet Loetut. Soney Hhticke. 87. Gleditachia luonospcmia . Water Loeutt. 53' 53' 444 760 700 88. Farkinsonia Torreyaiia C78 Oreen-bark Acacia. Fato Verde. j 078 n, Cercis CauadeDBia | 436 Sedbud. Judai Tree. 1089 1090 1091 California. . ....do Florida. ..do... Kentucky . ..do Tenneaaee . Texas . ...do.. Missouri... TennesHeo . Missouri... ...do ...do ..do ...do Teuucssee . Florida . .. do... Arizoua . ...do... Prosopis jnlitlara Mesquit. Alfiaroba. Honey Loeutt Money Pod. 04. Prosopia i>uluM't'iis Screw Hettii. .^crew-pod Metf- quit Turnilta. 88. Acacia Gi'(>s;:ii Cafe Clew. 100. LyHiloiiiii lnii'.ili<]ua. IFiid I'aiitariml. ROSACK.S:. 102. Chr)-8ol>iiIaniiB Icaco. Ooeoa 2*lum. Tennesaee . Missouri... ...do ...do Locality. Collector. Trinidad W. B. Strong. ...do do Lower Colorado { G. Eiigelmann and valley. C. S. Sargent. ...do do UpperMetaoombe .cy. ..do. Mercer county. ..do Xaahville Dallas. Austin . Allenton . . Xashviite. Allenton . . ...do ...do ...do ...do Nafliville . Cliattahoocheu. ..do Lower Colorado river. ..do Nashville. Allenton.. ...do .. do 080 680 927 658 658 Arizona j Tucson . do do ... Texas ! Austin . Cnliforuia ■ Fort Yuma . . — do do 697 Arizona . 108. Prunii.i Amcricnna Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Ilorte Plum, 104. Fniuun angustifolia I OhUktuawPlum. Bog Plum. \ soo 1112 1112 480 68 68 834 Florida . ...do ... ...do... Santa Kita nionnt- UiUB. I)»ca Clilca Key . . Key I^irgo ...do ... do I Bay Biscayne Missouri ; Allenton. ...do j do Ti'xas Dallas... 435 I Tennessee ...:....; Nashville. A. n. Cnrtiss. ...do Soa Hi S.S it' II! Bemarks. Low, moist 10931 I Fibers crashed at 51 millimetera ' ttom end. ...do 1.... Dry, gravelly . ...do Coral . ..do . 6881 0548 W. M. Linney . . ..do A. Oattinger J. Eevcrchon . C. Mohr .do G. W. Letterman Low, rich . . A. Gattiuger I Limestone. G. W. Lettemian . . ' Alluvial . . . Limestone | 0934 ..do T Split along grain! obliqne fracture Shattered one end; cross-grained.. Cmshed near middle and at end .. I Alluvial : 7167 ; Crushed at end and at 102 milli- j metei-s from end. Dry, calcareous...! 7734 { Split along grain from end to end.. do. do . do. .do I Low, rich . ...do A. Gattinger . A. H. Curtiss . ...do ...do Dry, sandy barren Alluvial . .. do ... G. Bngelmann and ' Sandy C. S. Sargent. i ...do do . A. Gattinger . . G.W. Lettemian.. I Rich. .. do ! do ...do do Limestone . C.S.Sargent. ...do 10624 Triple flexure: took reversed bend neur middli'. Crushed at 13 and at 114 milli- meters from end. Crashed and split along grain in vicinity of knots. C.Mohr j Rich, calcareous . . 6. Engclmann and ! Sandy 0. S. Siirgeut. ; do .do , Dry, gravelly. A. H. Curtiss Coral. ...do I do . ...do i do . 9208 6160 S874 5434 5343 8119 7711 8174 9889 8799 0078 72S0 8119 8300 6701 6849 0034 10841 7462 10034 11431 11885 7053 8337 Crushed at end and at 102 milli- meters from en millimeters fnim { end. I Crushed ut knot near middle . . I Crushed near midiUe i Crushed nl knot 102 millirat'tiTs J from end. j Crushed iu vieiuity of kuiits at middle. Split alonK grain from eud to endi rrnshed near middle. Triple flexure I ...do Swampy G. W. Letterman. ...do J. Bevorchon A. Gattinger., Rich upland . ...do Rich Klver blnff . 8799 10796 6441 Crushed near middle; opened cracks along grain; split beiore testing. Crushed at 6 miilirocteis knot at middle. Crushed near cud ; cross-grained . . SpUt along grain from end to euil Crushed near middle . Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Cnuhed at 25 millimeters from end in vicinitv of Hmall knots. Crushed at 19 and at 89 mlllinieters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end and at and. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Coutiuued. 427 t rfiKSHUIIE, IN KILOOKAUB, ItKtiUIBEl) TO rUOUlj'CB AN UJDKKTATION, IN WIXIllBTCIIg, OF- ' ! ■ 0.3S o.ai I o.»e 1.00 100s 20il 1800 4300 2580 2313 lose 2518 3403 8357 3705 8250 4173 3892 2078 2840 2070 i 2041 1010 1050 1420 1352 1700 1170 2041 2132 2019 1462 1833 1110 1760 1033 1452 2713 2132 3011 1709 I 2381 2427 3720 3878 3810 6398 10387 4095 4020 2250 3210 4808 4681 2920 2028 1928 1787 2245 1905 2903 3074 3447 4155 4037 0849 11885 5120 5013 2350 3348 1.37 1.S9 5035 5002 4427 4241 7983 12073 5353 5420 2440 I 3434 4614 4400 1.78 4799 4558 9520 10014 I 14062 I 14787 i 5603 5702 3540 3543 5020 0010 2703 3024 9.03 5013 4786 llf.21 16407 0U33 0237 2762 3720 3.98 I 9.94 I 5120 ' I 4808 ; 5208 4831 12474 13246 16057 16510 6202 6434 8153 3367 3529 ; 2254 I 2322 2114 2232 ' 23C0 1928 1001 2082 2313 I 'J404 2168 ' 2208 2903 I 3071 4210 3856 2223 2690 2939 3266 17U9 2132 2291 2522 2527 2794 2263 2076 4332 4073 2948 3479 2395 4219 I 3007 5874 4105 3024 I 4.MH 4408 U214 4004 4566 1452 1800 1407 2341 1724 2054 1724 1860 2522 1780 2449 2132 3198 n?4 1566 1028 2685 2858 3153 2405 2404 3193 4577 4204 3G20 3620 2063 5439 5761 2703 2880 3057 3252 2707 2876 4700 4031 4000 4900 6332 0532 4967 5080 5239 5294 2037 2821 3484 2880 3163 t703 3620 1801 2800 3828 1982 2159 2967 8107 3638 8163 3039 2472 2427 2108 2054 2405 3379 4703 4408 3298 3701 2844 3026 3352 3071 5210 5103 6604 5J21 ■ 5025 5715 5874 5807 6105 6237 6300 2840 3847 6380 0000 2935 3940 6u74 I 6559 6200 0055 I 3847 I 2510 j 2522 I 2245 i 2812 2608 3501 5035 4058 3484 3788 3044 : 3184 3538 i 3153 j 5513 I 533U 0967 5738 5851 3933 2008 2622 2318 ■ Jfl39 2694 3847 5102 4700 3652 I 3901 I ! 3207 3208 3583 3293 5048 5425 7067 4105 2676 2672 2300 3075 2770 3046 5252 5020 3801 4024 3357 3388 3810 3343 5802 5521 7117 4.81 > S.08 5924 6602 6192 18008 7530 3402 4527 7100 7570 4200 2835 2758 2454 3180 2862 4014 5380 5203 : 3800 i 4(195 5280 3756 4026 7756 7847 2880 3720 3367 6102 3652 Rammrks. Sheared flben Shi ared flbora; split at end. Slight Bheariog; aplit at end . do Sheared fibers ; oiened seasoning oraok. Sheared fibers; split at end Sheared fibers. , do I a S e o 1031 1031 6.:o 650 504 5M 33 Sheared flbom 1 319 Sheared fibers ; split at end ; oompressod area con- i 9.'i2 taiued 3 mUlinietvTg knot. i Shearad fibers ; split at end . . . Sheared flbera Slight shearing; split at ends . Sheared fibers ; split at ends . . 5512 5934 607S Slight shearing ; split nt end . Sheared fibers ; split at end.. Sheared fibers 0350 do. C3.')0 ! do I 58C0 I 6169 5065 6114 2241 3006 3262 2331 3171 3367 3810 3892 2308 3248 3450 4150 I 3257 3221 4014 I 4150 I 2132 ! 2281 3343 3356 4832 2859 2445 3339 3000 4241 3484 I 3570 3443 3020 4527 I 2413 2540 4082 4717 3538 4173 3520 4201 3882 4536 3425 3705 6028 0849 6703 6486 7244 8210 0214 0940 0314 7349 5080 Sheared fibers and splintered at 6 niilUmeters knot. 5035 I Sheared fibers 4527 ' Sli'.'Iit slienriug, c'liuscd by uneven loading; season- I iim <>riifk. 4699 < Sbciirod lllurs 4105 7304 2486 3438 3653 4355 3007 8683 4705 8483 7508 7983 3130 4241 4491 2880 3937 4190 5058 4241 4473 4219 ! 4672 5670 I Slioari'd libers; split utend. Slight slicniing Sheared fll>er» Sheared fibers ; spUt at end . Sheared fibers -do- .do. .'10 IMl 1242 1243 53» 53» 444 760 700 078 678 436 1089 1090 1091 080 080 827 056^ 058 Sheared fibers. do do I 3130 3638 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared libers do Shenred fibers; split at end. Shtared at corner; 6 miUlmetors knot. 509 1112 1112 4 SO 68 0» 334 436 . ) m If -if iJ 1 > m ■J' :vi! If 428 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V— BEHAVIOR OF THE PIUNCIPAL WOODS OF THE Sjiocips. 105. ''niniia rrnnnvlvanirn WiMlM Cherry. I'in Cher rii. I'iijeun Vhtrry. lOfl. rniniiH iiiDliollnta.. Sliif. l.laek Sloe. 107. I'iuniiH>miirginata, var, molIU. 108. I'i'iiniis sprotinn , lltW Black Cherry. Rum Cherry. 109. PrnDiiB CnpiiU ynid Cherry. 1 10. rriiniiH . CiatwKus arborraoeiM State. 233 Vermont . 233 ....do OOO 606 008 008 ].'• 15 iiri 116 Georgia. ..do... Wnsliington tcr- liiorv. ... il.> MuHMicbusrtts... .. (li. Mii'liiKan ..do I 127 I Misaoiiri 127 148 317 317 868 400 703 763 lOK) 1053 418 418 637 1032 1062 1062 IISS 1158 883 883 808 808 10S7 1087 1088 1088 214 865 410 383> 607 ao7 ...do Illinois llicbigau ...do Vermont Virciuia or Mid- i\Uf Slates. Florida ...do Massachaiietts . . ...do New Heiicn. ...do California. Florida . Texaa . . ...do .. California . ..do trtah.. ...do. Delavrare ...do Pennsylvania. ...do ...do ...do Vermont. ...do ....do Sonth Carolina. Georgia ...do Locality. Charlotte . ...do Altamalia rivur.. ...do AYilkeaon.. ...do Roxbury ...do Lanaing IMngrillo Allenton ..do Wnukcgan . . Herncy ...do Cb.'irlottc .... Chiirlestown Navy. yiinl. Cualtahoochee ..do Topsfitlil ...do Collector. Soil. C. O. Priii«lo . ...do A. IT. Curtlas. ...do G. KnL'i'lmnnnand I), s. Korgeiit. ..do C. S. Sargent .. do W.J.lleBl ...do G. AV. Letterman .Jdo U. Douglas W.J.Bonl ■'.5=3; -P.S' .So* « J £ . a ^ w 3"" Cold, gravcll.v. ...do Clay.. ...do. Low, ricli . ...do Gravelly . .. do ..do .. do Kich loam .. do , Gravelly... KIcli ...do Gravelly... C.G.Pri'iglo . S.U.Pook ' I A. n. Cnrtlss . . . . ; Clay . . . . ...do !....do... ,T. Itiiliin^nn Gravelly ..do do . .. PinosAltosmoiint- E.L. Greene Allavial . ains. I ! ...do do do Strawberry valley G. Enirelraann and C. S. S.ir;ient. Jacksonville. Victoria ...do Santa Cmi . ...do City Creek cafion . ...do A. H. Cnrtias . C. Mehr ... do G L. Anderson. ...do M. E. Jones . ...do Eiamensi . ...do Nazareth . ..do ...do ...do Cbariotte . . . Huntington . Mount Mansfield Aiken Ogeechee . ...do W. M. Conby . .. d; Low, rich . Sasdy Kich, moist . ...do Rocky . ...do.. Clay.. ...do. J.Henry I Hoist. .do . do. de. C.G.Pringlo. ...do .. do. H. W. Ravenel . A. H. Cnrtiss . .do. do. do. Gravelly. ...do.... do . do. Rich. Low . .do. Ilomarks. Crunlied nt 3 inlllimeters knot 102 milliiDOter.-i IVoni eoil. 6480 CruHhed ut 102 niiilimetors fiom end. 7060 Cross-grained ; R])lit nt end I 8051 6003 10138 10250 72;i5 87:i2 0070 88UU 019!) 780! 8321 0005 6504 8773 0.-.71 8029 Crushed ilbers near tniddio . Cruslii'd at 6 millimi'tem knot 25 millimetert) i'loin end. Faili'd nt knot at end and split along irriilii. Triple flexure CniHlieil nt middle at 3 niillime- teiH knot. Cru.'tlieil at 32 niillimelers from end. CroHliiMl at 25' millimeters from miildle. Triple flo.\uro Cruslied at middle and ui end .... C^riiH*ied at end I CrciKlu'd at 127 iiilllimi'ter» from end. Cruulicd at middle Cnislied at enu nnd split oblii|uely along grain. Criit«lied at.*"! mill nneters from end autl Hplit o1)Ii i PnKtUIL'lli:, IN KILOUIIAUB, IIEQUUIIII TO rROUL'CB AN INDI'JITATION, IN UILMUETKUS, OFi— 0.93 ' o.ai 080 883 2IHJD 2313 075 012 o.re 1.09 i:s7 1483 4040 3583 10L>t lilt !!■ ■.nvi\ 5308 31U7 i 5D07 1073 2241 2ni!i ir.S8 I 2049 2177 Eli li*37 I lu81 I .2=0 j 1123 j 1J83 ; 1542 I 1724 I 2313 2U41 2041 2381 1588 IfiOO 2740 2073 1347 1G07 I 0280 ; 4073 1C84 I 1216 I I 6237 .■.480 2408 1443 1724 5851 4J27 1161 1252 C(UO 0820 2540 1.97 2880 2341 \ 3075 2536 1501 1706 0211 4740 1216 1343 0885 0237 20OO 3202 2067 2753 1050 18^,7 11 S3 22:.0 I 1705 2123 2350 I I I 2405 2713 I I 3538 I 2708 8311 IflCO 15C9 2330 2405 2812 3007 ! 4173 2177 ; 3221 3501 4106 3738 I 2:!13 2132 3221 \ 14.72 ' i 3153 ' 1 2048 ' 4060 I 4105 I 3O0O I I 4513 I 2070 5171 5334 ETOII 1078 2104 2305 3357 1792 2833 IIIU5 3783 2449 3052 1588 2099 1043 1533 080 14U6 957 1746 1005 2090 1343 1082 4009 4780 3074 5120 3198 0314 C8U4 2022 3171 4313 4128 3100 1056 1078 2254 3030 2350 4445 4200 3792 5216 5307 3009 5023 3011 7122 74C2 2858 3379 4831 4400 0170 1751 2880 1800 2078 1015 2300 2581 i27i 4432 4241 4143 3937 5534 5557 4101 5874 3001 7372 7983 3030 1.99 1.78 1538 1032 0555 5120 1300 1432 7003 6408 274B 3334 2771 3383 5017 4372 3702 1809 1701 3207 2567 1715 2703 3438 2713 2880 1041 2104 1000 2513 2713 3U03 4717 4000 I 4009 4087 6793 5809 4518 0205 4128 7h02 8523 3198 4101 3083 5207 4766 4055 1887 1028 1082 0759 5285 1347 1483 7221 0046 2840 3303 2844 I 1805 2840 3574 2^30 2948 2010 225D 1710 2370 2833 3164 4709 5126 4940 4210 C141 0105 4740 6482 4445 84G0 9.03 1060 2073 0872 5410 1303 1542 7326 6705 2089 3403 3020 9.98 1710 2114 7145 5533 9.94 1805 2104 5276 1470 1010 , 7372 6072 3048 3674 3071 1483 1087 7370 7112 3094 . Ked Haw. 94« 1081 428 426 926 238 767 I Tcxna . Locality. Broakllne. ..do AUrnton.. do Collector. Victoria . Miaaouri i Saint liOiila . Tennomre NaahvlUa . ...do I ilo Lonlaiana I Webator poriali . . Sonth Carolina. ...I Bonneau'a Dopot . Florida . I .'\iiii'ljiii'bi)'i ('nnodonala ' 241 Eontnoky Juncbrrr!/. Shadllu»h. Serv- i ice Tree. May Cherry. , 849 MnHsacbnactta. Aapalaga . 840 ...do . Bnimtlcld Station Dan era ..do J. Robluaou ...do G. W. Lettcminn ..do Boll. C. Mobr... n. ICgtsert. A. Oattinger. ...do C.Mohr n. W. lUvenel . . . A.II.Curtlaa Loam ...do Low, wet . ..do P.S II ^'1 <' S £ a C "* ' 0033 5806 7349 8346 Itcmarka. Alluvial . Criiahod at 64 lullliuiptera rrom nnd. Slmttori'd at end Triple flesiiio; amali knota Cnialioil at 127 lulllhiieli'ra from cud and Hplit along crain. 8606 , Cmahcd nt 10 millinirtera from end nnd aluni: onr t'lico. 8018 I CniHbC(lntniiddli'atknnt3niilli. luetcra in diamet^vr. Linieatone 7434 ...do 0705 W.M.Linne.v. •J.KobiuDOU... ...do llAMAMELACEiE. LiquiilambarStymciflua 54ii liweet Oiim. siarleaeed Qum. Liquidamber. Bittted. lied OMt».( ,'^4U j 1005 1 1093 .Vlubania Keniper'a mill C. Mohr . . . .do I — do '....do I I Aikan-iaa LitUo Kock ' G. W. Lctttriuau. I I ■ ■ do do do I I 1173 I JTew.reracy , Mount Holly... i;nizuPHORACE.a;. tliizophoni Manglo . ilangrove. COMBnETACEJE. t onornnmaerecta. Hiilton Wood. 11 ■■I 1181 I 1181 I 1182 I 1182 1183 : IIM 4(-.-> 4S5 480 480 ... ilo ikliasiiisippi . ...do do. S. P. Sbarjilea .... ...do Clay Damp, riob Dry clay Wavorly abalc... Loam 7280 712B 8437 11204 Cniabod at oacb and and at middle Cmahod at middlu at knot 3 mil. limotera in diameter. Cnialiod nt 10 millimetora knot 102 millimetora from end. Cmahcd at middle on one comoL . . Cniabo4l along one comer; de- lloctcd from flniahcd aids. Crushed nt 115 mtUimeter.m end; cross-grained. %m ten from BtlTH rain. fhim •tern from •e. nuts mini- I at middle. mot 3 mil- etrrs knot end. necomei.. onior ; de- THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. ITNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continned. 431 rRMBUni, IN KILOOnAM, RlqVIBRn TO I'nODirCB AN INDIXTATIOH, IN MIUJlUmRS, Or— o.9a O.S1 o.9« Loa i.ar t.M I 1315 1314 2041 1701 181B I 2440 1787 1203 I 131S 1483 lOOS 2041 1800 2440 1424 um 1334 771 1108 S078 .1080 052 1384 1043 007 1167 inii 0007 I 2404 !003 : 817 1270 2336 4U0I 2jtjtl 2818 218S U153 2676 2496 8074 32S7 23B9 2617 I 1014 ! 1)'83 ' 1006 1315 1814 2844 1506 1452 1702 1S20 ' 1452 1488 4173 I 4763 1 i I 4173 j 4401 1515 10T3 j 3765 ' .■.761 45'J7 I I 2010 2073 2101 1474 1006 3026 1588 1574 20U0 1056 1633 1078 58U6 6087 48M 5210 1706 2250 ! 4763 5042 5048 3130 3402 3720 I 4446 4831 3221 ' 3674 8902 3221 I 8788 , 4110 ! 8615 I 3040 4201 2100 ; 2223 2250 1042 2000 . 3162 I 1633 1060 ' 'I 1814 j 1023 ' 1637 , I I 6940 6713 I I 6308 6761 ! 2050 I 2472 I 5398 ' 0173 0033 2406 2670 2803 2400 2713 2808 1 3660 3037 4256 3085 3870 8611 aiso 8484 3788 4110 4446 4626 1 3706 4065 4300 ' 2948 3180 3370 1 8060 8320 1 3464 i 1 1.98 9^3 a.98 358^ 5103 4423 4401 4636 I 2264 ' 2313 ; I 2277 j 1574 ' 2186 3302 I 1715 '. 1760 I 2227 i 1914 I 2041 I 1806 . 7576 I 7212 ; j 6751 6101 { 2132 2640 ' 5851 6849 0,-.32 i 2980 2976 4483 3828 8983 4922 4482 8674 3742 4436 4708 4863 2381 2395 2377 1674 2850 3438 1700 1851 2300 2019 2001 1941 8000 7689 6078 0432 2360 2708 6160 7070 6796 3086 8071 4605 3992 4219 6013 4658 3742 3010 I 3866 I 6626 I I 4877 4022 6098 2477 2518 2413 1719 2472 350t 1D28 I 1887 i 2350 ; 2091 I 2168 2073 ; 8464 8052 I I 6306 ' 6600 6T50 7009 8207 3171 4869 4110 4891 S162 4781 I 8802 I 4066 I 4028 I i 5874 I I 4000 5112 6303 2536 ! 2004 I 2486 I 1760 2531 3661 ' 1941 1941 2440 2141 2273 2155 8307 8108 6086 4264 4581 5430 4944 4119 ! a.a* ; 4.st 4164 4101 I I 6066 I 5104 5310 6484 2645 2703 2527 I 1800 < 2070 3801 1073 2028 2586 : I 2291 2381 ' 2223 I I 8822 8387 I 2430 2844 I 6613 7303 7268 ^ 2531 I 2948 6963 7553 7475 I 9140 8063 i 6895 I 7226 ! 2626 ; 3036 ; 7294 7802 7770 8307 8484 5171 4891 4763 6534 6035 4287 4287 4204 6334 5480 5684 2717 2700 2540 19J2 2708 3042 2014 2050 2649 2345 2445 2273 9453 8013 7085 |. 7530 ' i 2790 |. 3116 I 3983 4064 5853 4806 6759 S.08 4206 Hheared fiber* 4783 do SllKlit •lienriug ; aplltntend. 6033 ' Bbean^d libers I 6360 ' do 7212 Shenri'd fibers ; split at end . 5851 I 648A Shouroil fibers . 4035 4090 7804 0350 6046 6782 3166 3289 2926 3280 4445 2313 6023 5761 6570 7983 7349 3329 3020 3121 .do. .do. Sboare .j....do Cliel)ac(opond. :....do ...do ..do ...do . . do 155. Nyasa niiitlora TJS ' r^oiitti CaioUim. . . j Btunn'au'a In'pot . 11. M*. ll.iveuel ... Larjif Tttpthi. i'ot!on Gufn. Titpttii (riiin. CAritlFOLMCK.r. ! V^ti I . . do r>.W Alalmra .-..'■.O ....do ! t:u4 licorya .. 004 ....do .do . I , 081 Cahi'ornia .1 370 Vi riiKint 156. Saii'lmrtis i:lant-a J:l./er. 158. VilfiMiinrn I.ent;ii:o Slm^iicrry. yinivi/bcrrj/. i 169. Viliiiriiiini jiiuriil'nlniin ( lie- iventiioky . . . Black JIaw. Stncj JUitth. lie . . ilo .. do 0;:ei(lifO river. ... do A. II. Ctirtisa . ■ do . 8732 7021 t Gravelly ■ 0004 ... do I 8981 Flinty Swampy , ...do .. Clay.. ..do . llich ...do ...do ...do Swampy ...do Aliiivial ..do Swampy ...do 8210 10367 10819 6893 7349 7892 8110 8414 8210 7089 0023 6577 7394 7022 7170 0390 6328 5035 5715 6123 5489 Ivcmarks. Sap.wood! triplo flexure j inter- aectiug ** Cooper liuea"; aplit at end. do Triido flexnre Triple llexuro : pplit at end.i: in- tcraeeting "Cooper Uock". Triplo lloxure ; pplit at tiuds Cmalied at middle . CraslieU at 182 inillimeterH from cud. Crnslied at 114 millimeters from end ; split along grain. Cniplied on one fiee al 2.'» niillinic. lets fi-om ini Triplo flexure Triple tl' Niire lii2 millimeters trein end. Triple flexure; hplil al end I 739 Georgia. UVmACKA:. 180. ExoBteninia Caribicnm . in. PInckneya pnlienn lleurijia Jlnrk. KltlCACE^C. 164. Vat jiitintii aiborenm. . . rurkltberri/. 165. Audroroed.a ferniginea. 166. ArliiiliiH Menzieaii. iiatiri'iia. I 400 Florida 466 381 343 343 1033 643 613 679 (79 ...do . South Carolina. Contra county. Iliuesbuig Ce.-la , G. II. Vasev Gravelly. 4400 I Slialtered at end; 10 niillimeterR knot. C. (i. I'rintle . Swaiiip.v J'SOO llercer county ...do Balnbrid:.:n I A. 11. (lurti-s W.M.Unney I Iluds.in Kiver lulCO I sliale. . - lnl)e ... I'l Key. ...do .. Alabama . ..do I'lorida . California ..do .. do ..do 11 In 111 on ....do J. 11. Millichamp CitnincUo r.Molir. .. do do .. Jnck.sonvllle ; A. U. Ciirlisg . Contra Costa Q. K. Vosey coMiity. I .. ilo ..' do 1 Coral 13381 I, . . do Sandy Hwump. Sandy ...do. Ilumnmck . 10000 4355 5874 7802 Kturin eoiiuty. . ...do ...do ...do. Giuvelly .. do ...do ...do I 730:l I 7750 7630 9648 Crusli'd near niidille; grain w:-.vy, ('rushed at ends in vicinity i»f kiK'ts; split ahuig grain. Crtishetl 3S millimeters Ireiu niiil. die. Crushed 2'i millimeters i'rtiin mid. die ; er(>H')-gralned. Shuttered from cnil to eiul Crushed at knot at middle; split along grain. Cruslied at knot 'J.' niillimi tera from luiihlle; opt-ued between ringo. Split nnd cruDlieil ut end; croap- grained. Tiiple flexiiie, deflected diago- nally. Cruhhed at 76 millimeler.s from end; cross. graiiuil. Triple flexure; splil at enda... do SLatten d and crublied at euda. Crualied flhers at middle I .iL,:;i.i r millinu'- cihIh liUimeterp i-ini iiillimetorn sniiii wi.vy. vicinity vt :liTi. I liont mill- I t'l'oiii mid- vXXi\ I.llr: split niUiiiM torn ntt ; iToas- imI (liii^o- •tiTrt IVoiu ciuIh utt'Utla... THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 438 PRIISSUItB, IN KILOUKAUB, BEQUIBEI) TO I'BOUUCE AN UiOENTATION, IK MILLIMETERS, OF- 0.35 m m m\ m 0.91 2041 1051 ec2 1051 222a 2068 I 1814 14u6 14&2 i 1338 i I 1702 I 2201 j 1051 j 1170 j 1633 I 1724 ! I I2ri7 1384 1001 1837 2132 2313 1043 1343 1407 1202 0.76 1.0!J 1.37 1.59 . 1.T8 a.O.1 ».3S 3.54 4.81 9.08 I Sematka. I 1402 3130 3130 2201 38Se 9833 : 2004 j 3198 2177 1814 1706 2707 8130 3740 1352 2676 2405 2531 2245 2600 2740 2622 2048 1520 10U5 2313 IGIO ia;;8 3403 3600 3606 4401 4r.00 8343 3550 2386 I inoo 1882 2440 2048 3447 500 1041 1005 1702 1315 2087 1041 1361 28 1041 8I8U 3329 2021 2010 2048 2744 2713 2513 3130 3130 2875 8130 1588 2041 2654 1783 2068 3701 3802 4418 4044 4944 3015 3742 2522 2150 2004 2010 3002 3438 5806 5701 1021 3402 j 3243 2600 2404 2685 2888 2313 FOB 4040 4854 3806 6010 6008 1406 3833 3742 3103 2004 2080 8243 2040 3600 j 3075 j 2259 ; 3002 I 2071 2890 2840 3857 3311 3003 8207 1078 2168 2803 1805 2150 3083 4000 4944 5243 5158 3810 3940 ! I I 2713 : 2254 : 2150 ; 8538 3702 3243 2330 3243 3148 3030 2021 3515 3529 8148 3348 1705 2254 3012 1023 4140 , i 4250 , 5325 j 5552 j 539R 4014 4104 2858 2245 3760 8002 8875 2404 3583 3807 3171 3107 3007 3650 3320 j 3438 1869 4355 ; 4400 0715 6711 5600 : i 4132 4287 I I 2071 , 2440 , 2:!:il , 3802 4241 3438 2405 8607 3447 ' 3811 3103 3856 3042 3473 3508 19C0 4527 : 4536 5878 5883 5779 4323 441>1 30b5 2608 2400 4073 4423 3407 2.')31 3910 3556 3420 3311 3983 3940 2218 4076 6207 4033 7439 7067 1074 41(M 4241 3402 S007 8243 8519 2«oa 5252 5512 4264 7088 7475 1078 4432 4522 3011 8048 3443 3720 8076 2381 2472 1 3130 8216 1906 2118 2201 28-0 5498 5715 6724 5060 4463 4600 8142 8460 7750 791f- 1792 1851 4800 6171 4749 4000 ;i633 4024 8260 3393 3620 3828 S831 8996 8243 3303 3574 I 3742 2014 i 2586 8348 ! 2105 2430 I 4077 ' 4717 [ 0146 6114 j 5020 ■ I 4480 I 4572 I 3143 . 2622 ! i 2400 4219 ' 4530 i 3588 2S07 I 4055 '. i 3083 I 3502 ' 3484 4105 4004 I 3715 3042 2050 , 2054 I 3425 j 2480 I 6874 6232 4840 8030 8074 : i 1806 9398 , 6102 4173 ; 3574 , 3992 4178 , 3561 6033 6441 4681 8981 8192 1041 6012 4831 4809 0419 0373 0123 4004 4708 3280 3039 i 2022 44UD 4720 3070 2017 4137 3810 8615 8579 4241 4204 3828 8946 2132 2708 8193 2308 2580 6288 6595 6162 9020 8301 1982 0306 I 6302 . 5189 4300 4491 I 8729 I 8846 4110 4800 4418 3692 3810 6761 6987 , 7500 j 7894 . 7212 5489 5579 3878 . 3153 3016 5307 5851 4190 8039 5120 4581 4)18 4190 0035 5216 4401 4545 2486 3085 4219 2009 6328 Slicarcd flbera. 0396 , do i 8608 do Rlieni I'd flbiTs ; split at end . 7038 , Sheared fibiis I 0829 6169 ; .do. do. .do. .do. Sbcari'd fibers ; Bplit at end. 517 76* 5861 I Sbcnrcd nbora 6350 ; 1 .do. 4801 I do 2804 , do 6887 j Sheared fibers on one cdgp . 6171 ! do 5013 ;9lif!ht skeariii)! 4581 ' Slight shoD.ring 6851 ! do i 5016 ; do 6305 2214 4944 1 Slicnrcd fibers 4944 do 2007 do ! 3334 i do 4491 I Sheared fibers; split at end . 3039 Sbcari'd fibers Sheared fibers; split at cud. Sheared fibers ; split at ends Slifibt slienring ; split at ends Sheared flbci« on one edge ; split at ends . 10705 I Sheared fibers ; radial split . ! do •I s SIS 812 1077 lorr 1001 9W got 60i CM 2422 Sheared fibers ; 4 miUiiiieters knot on indented area. 0918 ' Sheared fibers Slighl shearing; 10 niUliuioters knot at edgo . 6577 7076 6216 , 6716 4468 6120 4401 6085 657tt Sheared fibers. Sheared fiber* do do Sheared fibers ; split at ends . 750 813 813 833 833 834 634 83a 83» 1-28 128 65* 65* 604 604 681 370 110> 110« 73B 4«« 460 881 343 343 1033 843 643 era «7B H m It i li ^: W I; mv 1,1-: r-|?i! ii M "V ? 48<^ FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODH OF THE Species. IWl. Arbutus Xalapensis . UB. Ozydendrum arboremn ... Sorret Tret. Sour Wood. 170. Kalmia latifolia i Laurel. Calico Buth. Spoon | Wood. Ivy. \odo<1eii<1roD maximum . . . '.'«a( Laurel, liote Bay. 683 3S3 353 MS 515 Wf 262' 263 263 402 492 461 461 488 488 600 500 178. Bumeliii tconz i 746 170. Buuielin laungiuoaa 030 OumElattie. ShittimWood.l I 030 ' 1083 SUte. Locality. Arizona Santa Rita monnt- aina. do do Alabama . . ...do Tennessee . ..do Virginia. ..do ... Cottage Hill . ...do Kashville — ... do Fancy Gap . ...do SAPOTACE.a:. 175. Clirysopbyllnm oliviforme . 176. Sideroxylun Mostichodendron . I ilaetie. i ...do. ...di. . Florida . .. do... .do . .do. Bay Biscay ne. ...do . . .do I Upp«r Metacomlie ...do Jnp«rl Key. .do . 177. Diphulis salicifolia.. Biistie. Catmda. 181. Biiniclia lycioidps IronWuiid. Suulhern Buck- thnni. 182. Ituiiiclia citni'ata Ants' Mood. Doxonujard Plum. Saffron Plum. 183. MiiniiHops iSiol)eri mid DUly. EBKNACKa:. 184. Diospyros Virglniana. I'ertimmon. 333 1124 4.'i8 458 61 61 42S 8U 811 1084 1084 1102 . . do Bay Blscayne . ..do do . Collector. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Sou. Hi III Remarks. C.Hobr I Light, rich . ..do — do A. Gnttinger Sandy rock . do do H. Shriver . ...do Moist. ....do. .do. .do. A. H.Curtis8 . ..do do. do. Coral 10433 ...do I 8700 7122 i 5715 I 7430 7847 ; 8793 : I Cnislipd nrar middle at knots 3 millinirtprs In diameter. Split obliquely fiom middle to end, crushing libers at middle. Crusheil at 10 millimeters knot at middlo, Crushed lit 10 millimeters knot 25 uiilliuii'turs from middlo. Triple flexuro 6931 0840 7462 6577 ...do. .do. ...do. ...do . Georgia. Texas ... ....do.... Missouri . UmbrcUa Koy , ...do Bainbridgo do do. do. do . do . Austin I C. Mohr . .. do ^ do Allenton G. W. Lettorman. Tennessee i NashTillo { A. Gattiuger . Florida | BocaCliicaKoy...! A.H.Ourtiss . ...do. ...do. I UpnerMetacombel I — do 1 do . do . do. .do. I I . 10932 ; . 9880 ' I Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots at end. Crushed ut knot 51 millimsters from cud. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crashed at 3 millimeters knot at midtllc. Crashed at 25 millimeters from middle, df fleeting ilingnnitliy. Crushed at knot at ijiiddle; split obliquely. Split along grain at endj slight crushiug. Crushed at end ; oblique split .do 11952 do. .do. I 12565 11272 Triple liexure Crushed near middlo . .do 10931 Low . Limestone . ...do ...do Allnrinl . Coral .... Crushed at64 millimeters from end and split aloug giiiin. Crushed at 102 millimeters fram end in vicinity of knots. 7235 I Split obliquely from middle to end. 5489 Crushed at end . 5012 Crushed at 102 millimeters from end at 5 millimeters kuot. 6895 Dclleeted at middle; split at ends. I do. do. G. W. Letterman. .1 Rich upland . — do ' — do Missouri ' A llenton — do I — do Tennessee Xashville I West Virginia Grafton — do ' do t MisBOUii Allenton ' G. W. Letteiman..' Rich upland . do ' do do do . A.Gattingcr | Rich loam . C.G.I'ringle ' ..do ! I ' 1162 .STYRACACEiE. 186. Fvmplocns tinetoria 347 Ilorte Swiar. Swtel iMif. 347 W. Ilalesin diptcra ■ 738 Sniiw-drop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. 738 OLKAtE.«. I 'HI . Fr.txiniis pistocia'folia 660 AkA. I WO do. do . do. do. i do . do . Alabnmu ! Cottngo Uill : C. Mobr .. do ... Georgia. do . ... do ' . . . do Bainbridgo , A. II. Cnrtlss. Eieh... .. do. Sandy . 7825 7643 8913 5806 7892 7485 I S005 7394 ! I 7802 i 8,101 I 802O j 8415 I I 7901 ! 6146 I do do. Ari/.M» . .. d«.... Santa Kita mount- aloi. ...do 1 G. ICngrlmnnnand O. S. Hiirgent. do ..do Low .. do. do. do. 04H6 7304 6441 S874 Splitatend; cross.grainod; season, lug ciuck at middlo. Triple flexure, deflecting from knots. Cross.grniued ; split obliquely from end to end. Cross-grained ; split along season- ing eraeks. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. do Crnshed at end Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Defleeteil at 2.~> millimeters from miiidle. .... do Triple flexure, delhuted diago- nally ; intetsectiug "Cooper lilies'*. Crushed at 6 milliineters knot 70 iiiilliiiieteis ti'iiiii end ami at 3 uiilUiiieterH knot at end. Failed at tl inilliiiieters knot 127 inilliiiK tela I'ruiu end and split aloli;^ ;;laill. Triple liexure Ci iislieil at middle on one face ... Oui-hedat middle in vieiuity of 3 millimeters knot. r f ll iliago- Id (lingo- 1-rs from |\ Mttga- ' Cooper I Uiiiit 7« I liuil Ht .'I I c.t 127 lllll H)lUt I fiice lltyof 3 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. DNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 435 rRKSaUBK, IN KILOGBAUB, BXQUIIiEI) TO FKODUCB AS IKIIKNTATIOK, Uf UlLLlUSTBBe, OF— 0.9S 1520 2350 1951 J211 1407 22C8 2223 2041 1951 4210 1860 2767 2087 2177 075 007 1474 1364 075 1700 880 0.31 ii m p)h I D 2041 1746 .•:i40 1203 I 1837 1170 1307 1802 2132 0.76 1.09 l.il7 2586 3583 3062 2223 2214 2254 3280 3447 2767 2468 5570 3705 4536 4332 3420 3403 2466 2260 2155 1023 1407 2835 252: 2313 4355 3007 3130 34U2 3002 4530 3402 4002 4405 303B 2008 ITIIO 2336 2227 H030 2076 3083 3479 2676 2527 2586 3674 3802 2080 2708 4626 6171 4800 4082 3983 3425 3230 2431 2055 leoo 3148 2527 3720 5307 4401 3674 4U60 4450 3001 4204 4780 5557 4000 2744 1000 3221 4250 3751 2071 2604 30C0 4173 3107 2830 6464 5126 5586 5307 4436 ! 4327 3810 3833 2712 2108 1602 8425 3289 4281 6U23 5058 4001 4436 4008 5738 2871 2753 I 2008 1.99 3411 4482 3046 3153 2840 2921 4105 4287 3252 2880 6701 5425 5874 5480 4717 4608 4114 4073 2891 2250 1801 3633 3520 4581 5470 4214 4605 289 4604 6035 5484 0323 4095 I S080 2007 2064 2127 3153 2622 3425 2767 3520 2048 3787 1.78 3629 4662 4237 3284 3021 3003 4237 4432 3352 2904 7145 5742 6201 5761 5035 4844 4364 3116 2381 1800 3042 3751 4700 6805 6851 433-; 4il?l 5,-,01 a.o» 6005 6260 4854 5307 5715 ' 6568 I 5421 3801 4854 4414 3470 3103 3157 4350 4581 I 3434 I 3085 7430 6382 5087 5434 4049 4604 4527 8293 2472 1978 4024 3904 4044 7235 4527 5067 5800 648U I 6080 5421 5883 I 6736 ': 6006 I a.!*8 3040 4990 4554 3326 3207 4401 3502 3106 7693 6250 6677 6123 5670 5308 4808 4844 3497 2572 2073 4101 4178 5207 7521 0386 4007 5230 0840 5285 5661 6042 6881 5851 4105 5112 4005 3760 3493 3393 4581 4808 3507 j 3292 ) 9.94 4.81 4210 5207 I 4831 3866 3611 8438 4090 4800 3074 3302 7074 j 8219 6532 ! 0736 I 6040 7117 6296 I 0464 4922 6123 5670 4491 4287 3040 5534 5625 4264 3810 9753 8110 9.08 6421 6623 6360 6068 4626 7248 5479 SC03 I 303B 3057 2214 I 3360 2206 j 3407 2381 5013 3710 2035 2177 4350 4364 5470 7811 6713 4780 I 5362 < 6310 7040 5434 5811 6187 7049 6009 3086 2445 3080 3213 4150 3683 I 3810 3343 4:)»a ! 5648 6103 5207 8882 2703 2268 4518 4630 8020 6940 5534 6477 7235 5013 1 5065 \ 0310 7221 6246 3102 2604 3018 6441 6123 4854 3121 2703 5308 6078 4491 4150 Bcmark*. Shuored fibers. do .do. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . do , do Sheared fibers. 0026 7847 5002 3443 3085 5861 .do. Sheared fibers; split at end . do. .do. Slight shearing; split at end Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 121 mil- liujeters lung. Split at end Sheared fibers on one edge ; split at end Sheared fibers; split at end do Sheared fibers do. do. fl5V7 7462 9163 8279 1 0026 3561 4509 I 3074 4004 5025 , 0480 I 7060 8268 7031 8170 7417 3720 2003 ; 6146 7076 8302 8T9B 7530 7711 7758 8603 8301 3666 3230 Sheared fibers ; split at comer . Split at ends Sheared fibers do. do., do. .do. do. .do. .;o. do. .do. .do. 4491 : 5171 4355 476;i Slight shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers do. .do. Sheared fibers 5443 ' 6078 | Sheared lUicr.t niong one edge . 683 688 353 353 615 675 282;> 263* 263 263 492 492 461 461 488 488 500 600 746 030 030 1083 333 1124 458 458 01 61 425 811 811 1084 1084 1102 1162 347 347 738 OliO COO "till 11 fl^ 'HI I ^' I I :.^ii. i;l'|i ' >'' i( 1' ;i 436 FOREST TREES OF NOI^TH AMERICA. Table V— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Speolea. Remark!. Triple Uexnro do Triple (li'xnrp ; split at end Di'fleotcil diagonally; criisiied at '25 milUiiictoi'H I'roni niidille. Crushed nt 25 millimeters from end. Criifllird ut M8 niillinietcrH from middle; "Ciiuper lint fl." Crushed ut G4 millimeters from end. Crushed at 114 millimeters from end. CniHlied at middle , Cnislied at 32 millimeters from miil'lle. Cruslii'd lit r.I millinieters fVom middle; dftlcetcil dia.iioimlly. CrushiMt nt ^ millinieters knot 12 milliinetei-s from middle. Triple tlexuro , Crushed ut 38 millimeters from middli'. Delltcled diasontdly; maximum bend 3S niilliinetersfrom middle. Triple llexure do Defli-rtcd and fiticrs eruslied at 76 niilliiiieteiH fioiii end. Crushed at 3 millinu'ters Itnot at middle. Triple flexure 1 sjdit ut ends Crusliid ut end and at 7(i millime- ters from end iu viriiiity nf knots. Triple llexure; middle bend 10 millinieters from center. do Ifit. Fraxinus AiiiericAuo, rar.Tex- ensia. 193. Fraxiuiis pnbeacens 229' Vermont Jied Ash. ; 229'. ...do Triple Uexuro Cru.xhed at 0 niillimctcrs knot 102 niillimeleis from end. Failed at knot 04 millimetors from end ; einss-yraiiicd. Triple llexure 194. Fraxinus viridis Omen Afh. Trljile tlexurc, deQectcd diago- nally. Deaeeted at middlu Crushed at middle on one face . Triple llexure Ciusliod nt fiO millimeters from end, split tiuK between rings. Dellceted diagonally Triple flexure; middle bend 38 milliuieters eeeentiie. Crtished at 0 millimi^ters knot 51 millinieters from cud. Triple llexure US. Fraxinus platycariiA irn(«r Ash. MM. Fraxinus quadrangulnta nine Ash. Cmshcd ut 76 millimeters from enil. Triple IKxure. Triple llexure nully. do6ecte 3520 4491 3751 3674 4073 3810 2ti80 2935 4205 5330 5280 4332 4072 2540 5310 6128 2105 2037 4007 4545 3015 6210 2155 2205 4944 3030 3130 4210 4401 3742 3810 3882 5171 3.08 2413 2172 5570 3130 3357 Be marks. i 3856 4899 3924 2920 3002 3001 2978 4990 54S0 5131 4359 4703 4377 41IIU 4G20 4717 3583 334X 5035 0237 0078 4035 5421 2012 0373 7485 2427 2381 5042 5140 4128 <123 4900 4401 4206 4382 5285 I 5443 4300 3130 3420 3901 3089 6483 0010 6851 5333 Split at ends ; abort sprcimen, 120 mUlimetera long. . SD* Sheared flbers IM' do 1U» Split at corncrofRpouimi'D; fibers not sheared 114* do U4« Split at corner; slight shearing 114* Slight Bhonringi Hplit at end 130 Sheared fibers 130 Splitalcnd; ahearcd fibers 213 Sheared fibers 213 do 227* i do i 227* I Sheared fibers i spUtatcnd 227* Splitatend ..i 267' Slight slieariug of fibers 267* do I 431 Slight shearing of fibers; splitateutl I 551 I Slight Hhe;iriiig of fibers ! 551 Slioared fibura j 747 Slight nhciiring of Obers ! 747 Slixht shearing I 937 Slight Hlieaiing of fibers ; 1045 Indented without bhearing j 1045 do ; 364 Slight Bbearing; split stick j 364 4099 4423 5035 5035 3992 3405 5625 0940 0593 5202 5087 3157 7031 Sheared ObiiM do Indented witiioiit Hhearing . do. 229* 228* 1050 67 Sliiilit fhcuringof libers 308 Sheared fibers 308 Slight shearing of fibers | 438 do 048 Fibers did not shiar ' 048 Sbeared fibers. do .do. 057 957 S38 Slight shearing of fibers 68 8020 do. 68 2580 i Sheared fibers 125 2567 I do 12* 6509! Slight shearing of fibers | ZS*" I Sheared fibers ; splitatend 286* 4445 Indented section covers unsoand knot 10 mlUi- I meters in diameter. 6849 I BllKbt (hearing of fibers 201 618 m i> p '.i; ml:i ■:-) Sl-i'^V f 'i'ir •'' 1-1 > .. u , 438 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. . Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Sperles. State. Locality. 1 17. Frnxlnns Or«)(ficii- I Company. I 1 1 nii'n split oil". ... do do , 05.17 CtiiHliidat iiiiildli'; anvl •ofi'iUHli- I in.L'. 7.10. ... do do 0'2nS CiiisJK'ilat inidilh': aimloorernBli- in;.'. M^. — lio do !I7!1S CnLslii'il at ,'i! and at 111 niilliinu- ti rs iVniii end. 103. Fra\intt.i 8:inibncifoli;t mack Ash. Hoop Anh. iiionnd Anh. r:i Miiliij;iin i?:;o ila'isaclinHi-tfs . lO'*. For('.«t:era acuniitiata. 201. Osmaiitlius Ainerioann.s. Xttvit U'doif. BOKllAGINACEJI':. 204. lionrreria ITavauonsis. . titroiifj Hark. 205. Ehietia lUiptica Knackiiway. Anaqua. llIllXOXIACKiE. 206. Cat.-dpft bipuonioidi'fi Catalpa. Catawba. Itean Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian Hean. ] s;.'ii .. do ... ! 1 . 7:'.7 C.eorjjia. 7.17 . .. I'lo .. ranaville \A . .T. Ural '\Vi-t, peaty.. Daiiver.s J. l;ol»iiison liirli, lonniy. . .. do do do 0"j:i7 Criislied oiionfl'iico'2.'i inillimvti'ra JViini niidiile. 7C'.'l Triple lle\iiri ; middle bend 25 millimetcra leeentrie. 0441 do . liainbridge. ... do A. ll.Cnrtiss. . do (IIIK Sjdit frein end to end . 2(^:1 r.onisiiina. 2,'i.l . . do I .IM Florida ,'i.-'4 . . . do Aniilo ' C. Slolir Kleli. alluvial .1 OO.'S ('ruslied aliins; one faeo . . . . .do «lo do Saint Jolin's river .\. II. CnrliMs Sandy lo.ini . do .do do 1137 ....do . 1137 .. do . Key Larf;o ...do do . do . . . Coral .. ... do 042 Texas 042 ' ... do . New Ilr tnnlel.s ... C. Molir . . . ilo do Ivieli, alluvial ....do 540 Alabiima 744 tieor;;ia.. 744 . . do Stockton do : Low, wet. llainbridse A.ILCartiss Clay . . ,do do do . . . . 207. ('atalpa Hpeeio«ft . . . Wenl-ni Catalpa. HH liliasouii 3b do . . . Cliarleston . . . .. do ('. S. Sargent ...do Wet clay ...do 0003 8777 8110 10014 7770 B078 0305 0827 5625 5012 C068 6373 Crnslnd nt knot 04 milliincters I fioin end. Crnslied at 70 millimeters from end. Crn»lied at 102 niillinioterH from end. : ('riiBlied flbeiB at 38 millimeters I fVoui • iid. I CrortM.srainetl ; oblii]oe fraetnro j aliMiK t;r.iin. Cntslicd at one corner near niid- 1 die. Triple flexure, deflected diaso- nally. CiiiHbed at end Crusbi'd at 38 niillimoters from middle on one i'-.wv. Crushed at 3« ndllimeters from en. I'liHeii Carolinensls.. J;rd Hay. 215. rersea Carolinensls, tar. pal- uslris. 317. SassafVNS ofHclnale . JSaiia/rat. 4.13 4. -3 do . do do ... ' 1 do ... i i do do do !122l)2 do 'l•:3^:! .•^plit ailing iiriiin from middle to 111.1. Cnisli d at knots 102 millimeters Ir.'iii end. CniMlietl at 3H mitlimeterH from iiii'lill.' and iil end. I'ni.vlicil at iiiidille 5S5 ... do S8S . . do . do do . Saint .lobn's river — do do do . .do , .do . Saudy loam . . . . do 340 Alab;inia . 340 ....do ■ I Mobllo county [ C. Mohr ' Oamp,aaudy. do . 71 > Missouri 71 ...do .... Allenton. ...do... .do. do O. W. Letterman . . ' Low, rich . do — do 435.-I 3000 0-)48 8700 1 6216 ^ 0532 : 0060 6486 Split from end to end; badly 1 tiii'l^i'd in seasoning. do . Criinlii'd at rimillimetoni knot near middle. CmisIiciI at end Cmnlind at 64 mlllimetors fhim end. do Crnsbed at 51 millimeters ftom middle and at ends. CrushMl nt 3 niilUmeters knot 36 mlliimetcrs from middle. | THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 430 Kij rilKSBl'llE, IS KILOGIIAUD, liEQVIHEP TO rilOlUCK AN INDENTATION, IN MII.I.IMETEEH, OP- 0.3.5 O.SI : 0.70 I I =^1 14,12 lOGO I (HI) 1811 ■ 1407 i;ii5 l."'.l i:!7(i 1181) 2i;t2 ! 871 I 1307 i 27U j 2140 j 2223 2041 2087 2132 1S10 i:.42 two 735 717 DBS 703 1270 1 2070 2048 74 D 880 41'J8 2404 2200 23.'iD 2430 1842 l.oa 1.37 1.33 1.78 ; a.o» I I J_ I 1074 331H 2009 : 1837 2381 4335 2640 : 2807 2480 ; I 3758 ' 3334 I i 2790 ; 2308 I 1210 848 1001 1234 1008 1851 3052 4241 1302 1325 5308 3810 2504 2570 2505 2313 loeo 2004 2472 2380 1740 3801 2810 2205 2749 4000 2003 3021 2703 4482 3837 3:uo 3000 1334 871 ll^^ 1352 1170 2105 3091 4808 1515 1,)33 ' OJOO I 2010 ' 3030 17D2 1051 1551 1810 ; nil 2008 2880 2205 1806 1792 2C8!i 2703 21120 2440 2118 •JliOO 2C85 2054 2840 283-) 28(i;i 2022 2214 2141 28f'0 2880 1810 ; IK42 3!l8:i 4110 ' 3084 ;;3."i7 2;!31 2930 5308 3212 3334 3062 ! 4877 j 4140 : 3011 3293 1429 025 1207 1420 1229 2205 1 4204 5153 1 1 1000 1000 1 I ! 7o;ii I 4080 I I 2308 I 300U I 5048 3405 3500 3212 4067 4430 3878 3447 1488 044 1257 1488 1200 2301 4401 5302 1740 1728 7303 5310 2071 ' 2033 ' 2080 2749 2313 2J45 ;'.oii4 3010 1887 1204 I 3:,83 , 2481 I :!184 i 5020 i 3742 I 3056 I 3425 ' I 0210 I 4681 4037 3051 1324 080 ' 1302 1551 1320 2408 1 4704 I 5501 1778 1705 ' 74S5 I 5025 i 3075 ! 3089 3021 2S0.1 i:4;il 2345 32K;1 :ci2 iii:!7 4:i;l0' 3810 2570 3243 0123 3924 3788 3570 5371 4872 4155 3774 1679 j 1025 I 1347 I 1019 ' I 1353 I I 2558 4895 5052 1787 1851 7021 5800 3175 3180 3121 3020 2531 I 3302! 1!W2 I 4327 3002 2C35 6373 4150 4014 3710 5489 4990 4336 : 3001 ■ 1006 j 1060 I 1803 I lOUO 1402 ; i i 2058 I 3.38 9.54 4.S1 3248 3370 3878 3200 3357 3878 3221 320S 3020 3130 3243 3856 8074 0123 2005 4013 j 4155 I 2717 3134 6518 4287 4110 3842 6020 5171 4477 4037 1042 1080 1402 1074 1442 2731 5080 I 5102 5042 1 1801 ' 1706 I 1878 I 1028 5.08 Semulu. 2054 3148 1 I I 2530 • 20n3 Slight Hbearing of fibers ; split nt nnd. ..do ...do I 4128 ] du 1 34'" I Slinarcd Blicrs 3523 3501 4128 4150 .do. 3107 4355 4708 ! Slionrod lib(»r». I Sheared fiberH; uplit nt end. 2082 22U5 4713 i 4318 i 2733 j 3184 5370 5283 2012 4078 0050 7756 4432 '' 5489 4240 5058 3000 I 4763 6702 6343 4572 4150 I 1728 1089 1438 1710 j 1488 j 0577 0237 6230 4026 2028 1302 1701 1960 1724 2427 Slionrid fillers ; split nt end . 3480 Sliglit slioiirinj: of Bbera 6625 ' do I 3583 Sliearod fibers. 4287 ; All 8523 6625 6202 7076 0713 5831 I 6443 .do. Slienred lilicrs ; split at end ; short specimen, 103 niillinieters lonj;. Sheared libers I I .do.. .do. .do. .do. .do. 1433 1878 Sheired fibers; split at end; specimen 120 milli- meters lonR. Sheared fibers .do. 2803 I 3376 1041 3593 Sheared fibers ; split at end. Sheared libers .do. I 5216 1805 2006 8302 I 6008 I 0532 0730 1078 2177 10115 Slight .ihearini; of libers ; split at end. do 2001 Rlicarid (Iber.s ; Riilil at cud. \ do 10706 : Sheared fibers . 3230 2702 3157 2481 2010 2014 3330 2803 3339 2558 2037 2068 .1. 3429 2020 3516 2031 2127 2118 3403 2004 8534 3075 2717 j I 2165' 2104 ; 27S4 2108 2214 3024 3123 3878 2858 2218 2322 3724 3212 3937 2080 2205 2381 ■1788 325'i 8087 3066 2318 2400 Sliglit slioiiriiif: ; split at end ; short specimen, 120 miliiiueters ion;'. 004 064 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 830 83S 737 737 283 283 584 684 1137 1137 042 042 540 744 744 38 38 682 400 400 474 474 473 473 4300 I 3850 I j 4401 ! 3538 2604 2767 4522 Slieared fibe 4100 ' do I 4854 3878 2835 2808 .do., .do. .do. .do. 585 68» 340 340 71 71 440 1 1 t FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V— BBHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. 97. HMmfttM ofllolnttle— tontlnned. 918. TTmbelliilaria Caiiforaica Uountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tret. Cagi put. California Olive. Cali- fornia Hay Tree. ■ EtTPnOUBIACE.S;. sit. Dr\'petea crocra auiana Plum. While Wood. SIS. DrypetoR ciocpa, car. latifolla. UKTICACEiE. SBS. Ulroiis cnissifolin Cellar Elm. 3B3L TJlmns fiilva Jied A7i». Sliprery Elm. Moose Elm. SS4. triiuns Americana While i:tm. AmertcanElm. Water Elm. S. TJlmns raromosa Rock Elm. Cork Elm. nick- try Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. XTImnii alata. Walioo. Winged Elm. State. MUsourl ...do Tennesseo 'Went Virginia. ...do Massacliasctts. ...do Miasourl ...do Oregon . ... do ... 46£ 459 4S0 324 324 029 020 30< 120 m! 134 ' i I 19 I I 19 281 I 281 I 058 I l»>8 1030 1036 1049 110 lie 110» 116» 314 314 428 133 133 380 633 ass Florida . . . do . ...do ., Texas . , . . .do . ...do., ...do. Locality. Allenton.. ...do NashriUe. Grafton... ...do Danrers . . ..do Allenton . . ...do Coos bay. ...du... Upper Mctacomlie Collector. G. TT. Lettennon. ...do A. GattiDger C. G. Pringlo .. do J. Sobinson ...do G. W. Lottprman. ...do G. Engrlmann and C S. Sargent. ...do A. n. Cnrtiss . do. .do . 1 .do. .do . Dallas . ... do . Austin. ...do.. Kentucky . ...do Hiekigan . . iUissouri... .. do Sl^erocr county .. do DansTille Allenton ...do J. Kovcrchon . ...do C.XIobr ...do Soil. m AUavlal 5751 do 6328 Elch 6713 6418 6650 Rich loam ', 4559 do 6851 Low.allnvial 0341 do 6033 Itemuka. Coral . .do. .do. 9435 8754 10410 8250 8392 i , Rich loam i 7847 .do . do . do . 8414 5051 6781 W. 31. l.innoy ...do AV.J.Beal G. W. Lcttcnnan.. ...do ilasRacliu.setts A mold Arboretum C. S. Sargint . I I . - do ; do 1 do I I Missouri Allenton .do . do . To.xaa Colorado liver . . ...do do Maasacbnsetts , Dan vers — do ' do . . .do North Kcading . Michigan . . ...do ..do ...do ..do ..do Tennessee . Sonth Carolina Bonnean'e Depot Daasville... Big Kapids . ..do Hudson Herscy ..do Kasbville... .. do Tennessee . . Mississippi . ...do ...do Davidson connty . Kemper's mill ...do G. W. Lctternian. ...do C. Uohr ..do J. Itubinson ..do ...do Limestone I 7847 ...do Gravelly Rich, alluvial . ..do I 8573 0880 8437 8302 Drift , 8041 ,...di» 8573 I Alluvial '■ 7608 I ..do ! 6895 ..do ...do Gravelly ...do ...do W. J. Beal . . . -. do ...do ..do ..do .. do A.Gattlnger. H. W. Rarenel. ...do A.Gattingei C. Mohr ...do ..do ..do Low, gravelly. Alluvial Rich loam ...do ...do 5851 4990 7022 5579 0040 11385 0571 7847 0571 10387 10206 7340 I ...do.... ...do.... Loam — AUuvial . ...do.... 7847 7008 78S3 Crashed at 51 millimeters tiom end. Crnslied at middle and at 6i mllli- meters from end. Cruslioil at 32 and at 80 milli- meters from end. Triple Hexnro, deflected diago- nally. do Triple flexnre do Triple flexure; developed Inter- ftccting "Cooper lines". Triple lloxure Crushed at 25 milllmetors (h)m middle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed In vicinity of small knots Split suddenly from end to end Split suddenly ; oblique fracture.. CruKht'd at 51 millimeters from end. Cruslicdin vicinit\ of small knoto >0.! U'.iliiuu'ters from eutt. Ci uwiicd at end ; crus.s-graiued Triple i'oxure Peflectort ami cnislicd at end and at lOJ uiiiliniotcrsfruui end. CruHlicii at middle Crnalied at 102 niilllmeter.s from end. Triple flexure Cruslied iicjiv middle in vicinity of knot. Oeflcited; crushed at middle and cimI. Triple flexure , Triple flexure; luiddle bend ce- cemric. Cru.Hlii'd at middle; deflected di- ag(»ually. Ci'uslieil at knot 102 niilliineters ftotii end. Crushed at 10 millimeters kuut near n)iddle. Tri|)le flexure, deflected diago- naliv. ifi> Triples flexure; developed inter- seetiug "Cooper lines". Triple flexure; middle deflection 25 milliuietera occontrle. do Crushed fll>er8 at 32 mlUlmcton fr lu end. Triple flexure Crnshed at 25 and at 114 millime- ters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at small knot at middle.. Crushed at 13 millimeters knot at middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crashed at 10 mllllmetera knot 04 n:illimcters ffoni end. Triple flexure Triple flezare, -leliected dlago. nally. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UmTED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION-Continued. 441 FBMBVBB, IK KILOOILUU, SKQUIBID TO FBOUUCB AX IKDUTATIOM, IS HILUUKTIRa, OP— 0.'JS i] 0.61 nil 1071 1452 nil 1842 1270 1778 1275 1065 2010 1078 2177 3652 3130 ; I 1315 I 2e'i'0 2070 210D 1078 I 1003 1505 ' 1370 ' I 1551 ; 1468 1442 1802 1882 1778 2068 1060 1833 2250 2600 2744 3856 5670 4500 1878 3303 3856 3765 1814 147il 1932 2277 2073 o.re 1502 2350 1338 1905 1010 1960 1293 1769 1010 16«9 1324 1609 1636 2449 1796 2835 2006 2880 2201 3280 1838 1887 1170 1087 nil 2295 2291 2853 1096 2663 1678 2875 2586 3901 1474 2012 1078 2465 2381 3030 23Se 3403 1015 1588 1014 2100 1982 2381 2014 2068 2368 1.0ii • L'jr ' 1.59 I 2971 I I 2026 4854 6328 5108 1 2250 j 3620 4206 4196 2617 3257 3965 1665 1643 1078 2195 2164 2468 2078 2104 2440 3066 3057 5406 6768 5015 2477 3837 4635 I 4482 1010 2032 ICIO 1765 2223 2440 ' 2386 2527 2300 2481 2000 2S75 : 21G8 2377 i 2041 2180 ' 1014 2061 ' 1715 1787 1800 2014 2744 2058 3260 3515 3108 3434 3674 4037 2041 2164 2254 2468 2740 2071 3076 3266 3016 3108 3348 3620 4377 4677 3606 4002 3405 4264 i 1710 1669 2055 I 2254 ! 2250 ! I 2522 ' 2132 2259 2400 3103 3198 5013 4404 2708 2800 3620 4522 I 1760 1710 2123 2360 2377 2558 2177 2413 2531 3329 3334 1.78 1846 1765 2155 2413 2531 2621 2250 2468 2576 3357 5797 . 6092 ' 6373 7145 5874 2040 4040 4f00 4744 1855 2570 2085 2058 2971 2504 2330 2190 1882 2109 3139 3097 3097 4241 2268 2613 3184 3452 3366 3842 7439 7756 6110 6396 2803 3030 4237 4350 4609 5353 4053 5103 2322 2427 1909 2004 2007 2758 2709 2076 2038 3121 3212 2645 2753 2372 2504 2313 2431 1982 2118 2214 2304 3261 3452 3810 3004 3828 4028 4527 4695 2381 2477 2704 2808 3402 3583 3638 3765 3556 3605 4073 4200 5243 5557 4644 4881 2971 30:i0 3810 3992 4762 4S37 9.03 !i.a8 1873 1801 2200 2472 2672 2658 2336 2531 2622 6577 j i 7983 i 6500 3106 5516 5380 OKOO 2104 2860 3112 3089 3348 2844 2507 2549 2214 1037 1801 22SS 2480 2776 2699 2427 2595 2667 3501 3674 3561 3628 0804 8155 6740 3334 4531 ! 4690 5707 5011 2067 2277 2935 3207 3207 3438 2971 2003 2008 2331 240O ; 2430 3550 ' 3097 9.94 4.81 4916 4109 4182 4281 4880 6036 2576 2658 3035 3125 3738 3862 3010 4033 3747 3940 4400 4581 5007 6942 5110 5380 3202 3293 4150 4287 5114 B358 1982 1887 2304 2513 2862 2741 ' 2473 ' j 2035 ; 3484 i 4800 I 5905 I 5797 j 2744 i I 2359 I 2994 |. 3266 ' 3334 I 3529 I 3057 I I 2744 . i 2720 I 2354 \ 2522 1 3T74 ! 4281 I 4408 i S108 2708 3243 4019 4196 4119 4072 6069 I 5579 I 3348 ^ 4400 I 5567 j 2250 2608 2884 3561 3139 2838 3198 2008 a.o8 Bemsrki. 2440 i Sheared flbern Shcnrril flbora i iipUtatend. 2758 ; Shenroil ObcrB 3121 ' ilo I 3046 I • i % -^ .' 442 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. 227. FIniioiii ii(|iintUM 228. C.'ll H o. ciili iitiil iH Siiijarlicriji. llackberry. 228. CcIli.siicciili'ntaliM, var. reticu- l;iln. JJai'kbtTrif. Palo Blanco, 229. Ficus iuii-c:i 331. Finis ])i>i(iiiu-nlntii iriiii ^V;;. India-rHhhcr Tree. 232. Morns riilirn lletl Mulberry. 234. Marhir.'X nnniiitiaca Osarje Oraiifjtf, JioitttVAro. PL.^TAXACE,^. 235. I'lal.'inna (ircidciit.ilis , l^ycaiiiore. Jlutlon Wt,o.L J!,'ll:,iiliiill Trci: ]Yitler J!mh. 230. ri.!t;inii-i i;weinii.-.-\ Hi/eiimure. Jititlon Wood. 237. rintamis Wiishtii >';/cttiiiurc. JUGLAXDACICE. 238. Jii,:I.niHciiU'iiM Jlultrrnut. I)7ii7« Waliiul. State. 758 OIH 301! 30S 375 375 873 873 nil nil (1:2 4m 480 5U8 132 132 43,( 1244 1245 1240 1255 1255 2,'>3 253 21 21 120 120 GrIC Floilila . . . il.. . . . . . ilo . . . Locality. L'liltcctor. Clialtahiioilu'o... ' A.ll.f'iiitiB!* . i aoii. il e .. . s.srt ■r £ " Misstiuvi ...lo 'I'cxaH .. lUi T*'niH"si'<' .. v. iclioii ...do do I>avidson{'Ouiily..i A. lniltii.;:or ... do I - . (lit .'^al.iii ...do Saint Lonis. ...do •f. llobinHon ... .. do UoiiryEggort.. ...do Aiizoiia i Santa Rilanionnt- I ains. Flr)riila ...do ..do . Hay IJiscayno .. do MisKoiii'i ... do TiMinofiHt'O ^litsRoiiri ...do .. do ...do . .. 123 145 303 1057 Arizona .. do ^la.s.sai-Iiusi'ttR... ..do MiHsouri ...do ...do Michigan llllDois Michigan Massacliusctts... S^anta Uitamoiiu'.- : G. Kngelmannnnd ams. t ('. s. S.iigriit. . . do .. do j Arnold Arboretum C. .'>. Saigeut i . . do .. do Allenton ' G. W. I.i 1 1 irinan . . . do I . . do .. do [ — do Dansville . . Waukogan Lansing ... TopsUcld ... W.,T. Ileal Kobeil Douglas... \V..r. Deal J. Robinson Rieli, gravelly ....| 530S ...do 5058 Criedied at end i'lid at 102 inilli- ir.elels from rail, (.'lu^hi'it 111 mil and at 1J7 milli. ineli'is ti'iim i nii. Cni*.lK(l :it 1112 laiiliuirteiH I'rom end. Criisbid at 38 nnd at 127 niilli- lui-ters from end. Crnsbed ,it V. and ;it 70 tiiMliue'tei's froiu endaiiil >\>Vi\ iutmi !;taiu. Crushed at iiiidilli; of on.- faee Ti ip'e d'-xiire, di tierted diago- nall>. Triple ll>xnre Drift 0100 ..do 1 0390 Moi.st.alluviiil ....I 7021 ...do Rich, rooist up- bwd. Gravelly clay Alluvial Gravelly loam — Drift 7000 0849 0123 5080 4150 6373 Crushed at .'d anil at 127 millime- [ Ills t'liim I mi. Cruslied at 102 inillino'terH from ! end. Cmshed nt 04 millimeters from end. Cru-lied at 51 milliaieters from end. Ciiisbed nt 25 millimeters from end. Cnished at 19 millimeters from I end. j ('nisbedat 13tnilliini.'tersfiiim mid- ! die and at 38iuiilimetor8fronien(l. i Cruidied at 114 mill i meters fmm I end and at end. Crushed at middio I THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATKS UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 443 i\ rilKOBUIIE, IN KILOflllAMR, REql'lllKD TO mOIIVCK AN IKKRNTATION, IN UILMMETERB, OF— o.'is o..ti o.ro i.O!i 1.99 Q m 10 m m m ]3D7 11(10 Il;i4 I IJI." l-iun 'J0l)8 nil 17'J.l i-i(i Kilo i::.i liion 1.-79 2223 B22 U40 073 1751 1700 1321 1000 1003 loeo lOOJ lono 75;) 1134 031 1000 1041 Id"; If-llO 21141 3)03 2404 2C00 3030 2703 2740 2812 I 2003 3403 817 007 j 1080 i 2440 ! I 237fl ! I 2234 2141 nco 10.-7 2243 3X1U 3003 3; 07 331.3 3010 S020 3243 33:!0 3040 f02 080 1243 2000 2753 1073 2C40 2313 2010 2313 i 2003 3080 Tm 4740 1078 2103 14f'2 1082 1202 2404 1503 2130 1.305 j 1071 ' I 10.-fl 1338 ' 008 l.'>12 1(180 1452 703 1008 1025 1237 830 1203 703 008 740 1170 40-' 0U8 1021 1701 2078 2700 2.331 2700 2331 3070 5421 2331 2177 28,38 2277 1301 1137 1835 14,13 1.388 1300 1134 1.301 1301 1102 1313 GOO 1800 23l'C 2310 23.-i(l 2481 1700 1073 l.S!) : 1.7N '.J.O» 3.38 2123 2427 4037 3210 3102 3803 3175 3320 2070 3020 880 1030 1320 2840 2880 2108 2020 2070 2020 2070 5720 5000 2480 2341 3030 2377 1570 1257 10S7 1.3-JO 1000 1543 1202 1474 1433 1134 1406 017 1040 0030 ' 2.370 ' 4327 i 0488 j 3383 4073 I 3303 1 3605 3374 3010 ; 4373 883 1073 1005 2020 2080 2218 3010 2873 3010 2875 3701 5851 2022 2440 30S5 2140 1C05 1300 2114 1010 1742 1610 12.->7 l(il3 1470 1170 14C0 035 2023 2740 2022 2341 2072 4531 3083 3837 4332 3502 3742 3020 4000 4530 885 1110 2010 3002 3110 • 2838 2744 ■ 2100 2280 3184 3000 3184 3060 0010 0000 2703 2.-.81 3134 2540 1740 1303 2101 1083 1601 1C78 1300 io.no 1.302 1211 1402 007 2078 I 2904 3107 2>:iO 2071 2I8J 2J43 25fia 2f0l 4800 4(133 4103 4017 3024 4110 3837 4300 ! 45J7 24.30 2700 I 4733 I 3800 3031 I I 44.30 I i 3715 j 3074 I 3742 ! 4000 804 llGl 2004 3102 3200 240O 3248 3252 3218 3252 6010 0214 2880 "3*^7 4004 804 1175 2123 3200 3334 2481 3379 3313 3370 3515 6102 0390 2085 2.«85 2C40 3010 4080 4200 4J(H 4817 4064 4314 3887 4026 B071 808 1211 2101 3320 3470 a.a4 4.81 3212 3024 ,".I'W I 3810 I 2313 : 4353 4273 »i7.i.» I 4080 518U 4311 43.-10 4014 4110 4445 3340 47.38 003 1220 2313 3303 3513 3289 3348 2035 2708 1814 1840 1470 1.333 2203 23.39 1705 1812 18;!3 1903 1719 1709 1343 1350 1710 1731 1(B7 1710 1243 1200 1388 1C28 600 7(i8 2127 2173 2608 3.334 I 30.32 3534 3052 0328 6432 3094 2085 3429 2762 1001 1578 2404 1887 1087 1810 1303 1783 1709 1297 1660 717 2223 2681 3074 3713 3074 3715 C423 0577 3166 3000 3488 2820 1978 1028 2495 1032 2037 1800 1401 1840 1833 1302 1715 730 2268 30.32 0237 .3421 5210 5H51 4877 3120 4040 5070 0078 003 1420 2094 3833 4037 6:140 6U33 3820 63110 5307 SlliMllrll nil Slight Klicarlngof (11)1 Sll(>llll'(l llllClM Sli;;lit Khi'iiriiiK; split nl ouil Slicaiiiimiii-i SIi;;lit Hliniiiii.norniiiiM (In FHicr.i dill •!"( >lii'nr do ilo 5023 j Sli;;lit .slirniiii!,' of (Hum i Sli;;lit shiMirin?; Bfilit at <>nil 6192 Slusirirt Uliprs 3157 4309 4445 4309 4415 7107 6085 3107 3383 3788 3289 2313 2019 2894 2313 2381 2127 1009 2087 2108 1479 1996 866 2481 6350 .1.) 1030 Sliparcll flbor»i sppclrann 120 millimeters long. 1470 I Shearoil libera 2840 i (1(1. 4105 . 4518 .rto .rto 3620 4786 4944 I 4780 4944 I 1 7008 j 0805 j 4423 4062 3046 2486 2200 3044 2540 2590 2291 1792 2381 1533 75 75 300 300 375 375 873 873 nil nil 652 480 480 508 132 132 Sbenrod flbors; splltatend 1244 I Sbcared fibers ' 1243 .do do. .do. do. Sbi'ured flluTB ; split nlong gmin from end to end 1240 12.33 1233 233 253 Sluaiedllbers 21 Slight Nbearinjj of (Ibcra ; 21 Sheared libera | 126 Sbeari'd filiora 1 split at end 1 120 1 Sheared fibers do do .do. do. .do .do. 934 2620 Sheared libera ; split at end . Sheared libera do Sheared fibers 1 split at end . Sheared fibers do 6S6 680 648 648 10 10 70 76 76 « 123 145 3^3 1057 1 j 1 1 \i - ^4: \-^. I-; -ii r* P' '■ ■i 1 ,] ■■) ' i i'i-' •'. ( ;.i:;ii, •J. Si : i| v., ;( Tr 444 8p««iM. JnRlnnfi nifira . . £lutk Walnul. FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. tablb v.— behavior op the principal woods op the 340. Jnglann rnpestrU Walnut. 241. Cnr.va olivirformis /Venn. lUiuoiit Ifut. 242. Cfiryn nlli.^ i^ltell-lark Hickory. Shag- bark Hickory. SUto. 112 117 318 32t 407 7B0 700 051 051 415 41S 072 072 Looallty. Texas Dallas . Collector. Sou. W ChnrloHtown Navy I ynnl. yioridn ' Asimlaga A. U. C'lirtlsH HlMonri AUenton O.W. Lettorman.. AllaTlal | 0020 Michigan Damvllle W.J.Beiil OrareUy ; 8067 ...do LanHing do Loam i OOOS J. I'cvorclion AUnvlal 8. H. Pmik 1 0034 ' Clay 0070 i I I I ...do ...do ... do do 0084 'II Toxns Kow lirauiifcla C. Mobr ■ Moist, calunrcoua 8301 ...do ...do j... do I... do 0002 ■ I I New Mexico Pinna Altoa monnt- E. L.Ori'cno Alluvial. I niiia. I I do ,... do 1 — do . Remarlii, Cruabed at middlo Cniahrd at 102 niUUmetoTB from oud. Split obliquely from end to end . . . Ci'UKlied nt 10 nilllimetora from nilddlo. Ciiialud nt 25 lulltlniotora from iiiiUdli'. Criixlii'il nt nmiill knot 32 nilllimo. liiH from iiMdillp. Crnahcd nt middlo CriiHlii'il nt 51 mllllniGterH from mil. CiiiHlii'd at .11! iiiillimctcra from cud. I Califoruia t'ontrn ! county. ...do i do CoHta G. K. Vaacy . ....do 243. Cnrytt sulcata Big HheU-bark. Bottom Shell- bark. 344. Carrn tomentoaa MeektrNut. Block Hiekoru. Bull A'ut. Bigbud nil*- cry. WhiU-litart Hickory. Stnff Nut. 322 320 I 320 3 .'I 20 » 118^ 118^ 152 240 I 240 , 531 ] 531 530 530 I 810 810 I 1030 ' 1050 1007 !>1- 383 383 391 391 1082 1082 1164 1165 1166 1170 Misplsaippi Greenville ' C. Molir. dii do I do ... TexuH I Dallas J. I'.cvcrclion . do do do .do. do. do. do. • do . do. .do . i MaHHntliu!*('ttri. . . . do Kentucky 5M2 0532 I 8250 7258 0040 8250 6033 0577 DUOS Shattered «tic:k ntcnd Split nlong gruin in oblique direc- tion. Ci'UHlied at 51 millimetera from lud. 'Ji'uxlii'd ut 0 millimetcra knot at middlo. Split nt enda Trijde lluxure; dovel(i|ied inter. seetin^ "Conpor lluea". Triple llexum ^\riiiild Aiboretuin (J. S. Snrt;eut Drift do do do I 8301 Danville \V. .M. r.iuney ....; Sbolo ' 8808 Jlieliisnn Tliidson W'.J.lieal Clay 11431 — do '.. T.unain.:; do do 11507 Jlisaouri AUentiui G. W. Letterninu . liicli nplnud 10100 Virginia Wyllioville II. Sbrivbr Clay 10 178 .. do do do do ' 0I'34 Triple tlexuic, dcllected dinso. uully. Triple llexure ; 0(1 ])cr cent. Hnp. Wdod :
  • er cent, aap-wciod Triple Ib-xurei aplit I'loni end to cud ; 45 per cent, aap-wood. Triple diagonal llexure ; 60 per cent, aap.wood on concave aide. Triple tlexiire; 80 per cent, aap- wood on convex aide. Triple flexure; 30 per cent. aap. wood on concave aide. Triple dhigonul Ucxuro Triple flexure ; 50 per cent, aap- wood. Triple flexure; 5 per cent, aap- wood. Crnabed at 25 milliineterB from end. Cruabed at 25 millimetera from end and aplit along grain. Triple flexure; 95 per cent, sap- wood. Crnahcd at 6 millimetera bom end ; aap-woed. Triple flexnre ; aap-wood . do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 445 FBCMUHR, IN KILO0IUM8, nKQUIHBD TO FBOOUCB AN INDBMTATION, IN HILLIHrrRBS, OF— 0.38 : 0.S1 o.ye Loa VM 1740 1700 VMS 1470 2812 11105 1700 t.9r i 1.89 7<:-ViO<)d . do ludeutcu witbout sbearinK flbora ; sap-wood Sbeai id libers ; split at end Sheared fibers I ■ ■ 4067 5751 4817 3847 4581 3016 4831 4255 4708 4128 4146 1 5017 j 4944 4364 ^ 4405 I 3052 I I 3529 3001 6675 6920 5851 4341 6555 5243 57i>7 5013 4200 4872 ! 3085 6080 4509 4976 4291 5516 6159 6162 4495 5058 3280 6271 4090 6162 4482 4353 5180 6107 4608 4005 8750 3052 3710 6701 6214 0033 4427 6C40 4463 6204 6394 4744 48U8 3078 I 4008 : 5452 5634 \ 4844 4040 4106 I 6308 64S0 I 6070 634 1 5308 4040 6203 3425 5421 4877 6294 4626 I 8765 1 3882 8707 3887 5087 0114 0177 6704 6123 6390 4017 4726 7212 7430 6756 6087 0532 6704 6525 5756 4803 5058 6298 6280 3470 3520 5570 6806 4085 6116 6475 5052 4790 4908 6715 5579 4854 4536 4527 7417 7825 7439 5480 8437 6033 0804 7031 7625 6805 6101 0441 4037 0940 0033 6068 6761 5398 4044 4877 8142 8754 7623 5093 9103 Slight fliearing of fibers do Fibers did not sliear; npiit along grain Fibers did not aliear ; split at end SIi}:lit Khesring of fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers do Indented without sliearing fibers; sap-wood . lit 117 311 82S 407 76« 766 061 961 415 411 672 672 822 322 828 326 a i 20 » 118 118 I .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent. sop. wood. Sheared fibers ; 00 per cent, sap-wood . Sheared fibers ; 85 per cent, sop-wood. 249 248 631 631 639 539 816 816 1058 1056 1007 91» 883 7576 Slight sbeaiing of fibers. 8618 I do 7530 Fibers did not shear 0091 6713 4491 7570 6782 7146 6500 Fibers sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood Slight sbeariug of fibers Sheared fibers Sliglit sheariug of fibers ; 80 per cent, sap-wood Sliglit shearing of fibers ; sap-wood Sheared fibers ; sap-wood . do 391 891 1082 1082 1104 1106 1166 1170 72 72 i u il IV I . ;:'^' :■: ■-!: 44G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOK OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. S44. Cnrya tomentoeiv— coutinued. 24S. Carva I'ori iuft Fi;j Hut, lirown Tlickoini. Black Bickory. Stoitch- bu i Uickory. State. 234 I Misaonri. Lociility. CoUectoi. AUcnton. Sou. is? 5-2 f .— * a get G. W. Lcttcrmaa.! racli upland . 280 I ...du . (1(1 . du . ilo . 34« Ahibaina Citronidlo C. i-ohr . Saudy n2t9 01U3 0307 24C. Caiva ama. i BittcrXut. Swamp nickvri/. 247. Carya my riBtica'formis X'utmeg Hxckory. 24S. Cat ya a<|uutica , Water Ilicknry. Swamp Uickory Bitter Pecan. MYHICACEiE. 240. Myiii'tt icifera Baylicrnj. Wax Myrtle. 2£0. Myricu (^alifornica cupuLiF»;iLa:. 261. Queroiis nll>a Wliite Oa!:. tt.< ! A mold A iborctiini C. S. Sargent. . . dii : do do Diirt 8103 do ooo; I Mi»souii Allintou i G. AV. Litterman.j lUcIi loam ,109.')4 I , -do ..do do I do : 088!) I Micliit'im ' Daiisvillo W.J. Bcal Mi.>.soiiri ' Allt'Bton (!. NV. Leltiminii yruui'SBOC : NasUvillo V. Gattingrr Alubiiiiia I Kcinper'a mill C. Mohr Ma.ssa(:buRL-tts — : North Heading J. Robinson Missouri ; Allcnton G. VT. Littflnuan. .do. I .do. do . ...do . do MasHachusotts . . . ...do South Carolina. ... do ...do Mississippi . ...do... G*>or''ia. ...do... Florida . ...do .. GravcUv cHy — i Din t liicli loam i S7 j4 I'pland 8845 Alluvial 10424 Drift 0320 riinty . ...do .. 8392 8392 ...do do Eich upland 8210 . do do ' do i 0117 Danvers i J. Robinson | Eich loam \ 7983 do do do ' 8110 Bouncau'8 Depot . H. W. Uavencl ...; Eich, swampy .. ...do I do I do . do .do j Swampy . Viclisburg ; C. Mohr . ...do Bainbridgd ...do Chattahoochee. ...do .do. 1 A. H. Cartiss , Alluvial I do ! do . .. j C Mohr ■ do ... i. ..do Ilomaiks. Triple flexure ; middle deflection 1'5 millimeters eccentric j U.5 Hiijvwood. Cruslied at 13 millinieters knot l(i2 niilliincter.s lYiiai end. TiipU^ diagonal flexure; sap- \\ cod. Failed at knot at middle; 80 per t'l lit. sap-wood. Cnislied at 32 millimeters from ( nd. Triple flexure ; M:tp-wood Triple lli'xore, diagonal direction; sap.wi (id. Triple! tlfxure; niiildh^ deflection 23 milliuieiei.s I'rum ceuttr. Trijde liexuie do Triple flexure; middle dcflcolion 23 uHlliineters from center; 0.2 Ba))-uocid. Trijiii' flexure ; saji-wood .do . Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crusiied at 3 niiltinieters kntit 23 miilii.K tern lium middle. Triple til xurc do I .do j Saint Jolm's river A. 11. Curtiss Oiandy loam 7122 1 Triple tlexur 9253 Crushed at knots near middle 11158 ; Crushed at 51 niillinitti'rs from I middle; cross-grained. 8437 i Triple flexure, iliagonal tlcfli'c. [ tion: 80 per cent, sap wood on i ctinvex hide. 7280 I Tripb' flexure, deflected lingo. 1 naily ; niiudle liend 23 inillinie. I teis from eenier ; sap-wood. 7439 Triple Ilextire ; t-ap.woud 0208 Fibers erusbed at 102 millimeters from t lid. 7892 I FilieiH eruslntl at (( ntillinieters knots \0'2 niilliint'ti is tinrn end. 6.309 Triple flexure, diagonal dollec. I tion. do I 7CC6 Fibers crushed at 04 millimeters ! I'rom eml. 605 Califoruiit I Santa Cru/, I G. En^ii'lmann and I I V. S. Sargent. 003 ... do do I . . . do Kieb loam I 7983 1 Crushed fllieis at 31 mdlimi ters I { from Miiddte. ...do 9049 j Crashed flb.rsat eiiddlo J 82 j 823; 82'' I 40 { «>< 40> 49' I 49' I ! 113 113» 113» Massachusetts . ... do Kentucky ...do ...do Missouri ...do ..do ...do ...do Arnold Arboretum .. do iletcer county... Boyle county .. do Allentun ...do ...do ..do .. do Limestone ; 9103 8074 7779 Michigan I Big Eaplds . ... do Uansvilla . . . ...do do. C. S. Sargent . . ...do \V. M. I.inuey. . .. do Shale ...do I Slate G.W. Letlorniau .i Eich uplaml .. .do do ...do ! ...do ...do I do . . .do I do W.J. ileal ' Gravelly.... ...do I Sandy ...do do Drift 3570 DeScrted and sidit along grain . . ...do I 3333 I Triple flexure ; split ahing grain. I I Triple flexure do Crusiied flbers at end 0163 Triple flexure lUmillittieters from end. 7702 Triple flexure 8137 Triple flexure, deflerted diago. na'ly. 7823 Tripbi (lexurn 8301 Crushed flbers at end 6781 Triple flexure 8437 do 730T Triplii flexure, deflected dlsgn. nully. , t'lB fioni t wood ou cd linso- » innUiiio- viuui. itilliniotciH lilliin* ti vti 'tors from il lUago* THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 447 UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. iH riiESelRE, IN KILOCIRAUP, nEQUIIlEI) TO I'llOUL'CE AN INUKNTATIOK, IN IIILUUETKIIS, OF- 0.45 O.S1 m. m \nl iliiign- Wl 2404 :268 2350 2540 1U05 2048 2971 1170 324.1 3742 411U 3198 4400 4423 1760 O.ftt 4246 3047 4150 4550 3011 4090 4090 1028 1.09 1.3y 1.99 4401 I 4662 4831 3756 4445 3083 4662 4854 I 5171 3810 , I r.376 I 5307 2132 i 4073 'ieoi 5602 2250 I 2041 3130 2586 j I I 2041 , 2449 ! 1315 ■ 2U32 ' 2132 i I nil 1792 2812 1474 2890 2100 i 2440 I 2590 1678 : 1496 1203 1325 1474 1343 2041 21('4 1384 loni J 542 1 051 1412 2318 ::ni8 t»7 107H 1515 I I 3583 4473 4173 3742 4173 2744 3130 2094 2780 3674 401-2 2(107 4459 3306 4028 4028 20U3 2608 1073 2449 2232 1040 3230 s.-ffs 2041 2503 2767 ^ 3357 I 1 !12!1 t 3200 I 1774 I 2486 ' 2 '41 4101 con 4717 4281 4095 3370 3484 3311 3307 4480 4409 4200 4831 5307 4300 5924 5800 2413 3633 < 4740 4627 I 5294 j 5035 4327 ; I 4920 3097 3751 347S 3797 3010 8225 I 4572 5013 3221 34C5 3026 3216 2132 2767 2518 2050 3388 4042 2:01 3035 3130 34)'4 30."7 3i:o 3:r8 11132 •.(■■14 2513 2976 2713 2-.'18 34-8 4446 2440 32C6 31:20 3751 3311 •.■^3 3f01 2 ro 21 ro 2681 4831 5J25 6307 4649 5149 3828 4073 3020 4899 I 5194 4067 '• 4800 3089 3420 : 3538 4990 5283 5470 4057 5479 5316 3583 3330 23M 3198 2835 2313 3570 4808 2563 3370 3:52 3040 3.-C0 3738 3n«0 2100 3112 2654 5058 6738 5537 4899 5262 4032 4350 3761 1.98 9.03 I 3.38 j 3.S4 4.81 3.08 5013 5140 5280 4332 5013 5512 4527 6105 6010 2531 4486 5210 6670 4672 6386 6100 2613 4604 5421 5412 j 4708 5588 I 5851 5933 4854 4080 6577 6750 6341 6568 2703 2840 6305 6600 6782 7802 7756 3348 Itemai'ks. Sheared flbrrfi; aapwocHl. r Sliruicil tibiTM; ii]ilit at eud; specimen 120 millimc- tei'K hma. Slinari'd libera ; sap-wood 6023 7167 7167 6150 8523 8483 3583 Slight Hheariiig of fibers I split at end. Slif^lit Hheariu^ of fiberH; 40 percent, sap-wood. do Fibers did nut slic-ar ; sap-wood do 3992 I 420tl 5421 5108 3720 6851 4106 5696 6625 3738 3476 3348 ! I 2026 ; I 2354 ' I 3633 ! 5080 ! 2600 I 3447 I i 3774 , 4114 I 3701 ; 3806 ! 4173 i 21f8 i 3207 2713 6285 ! I 5060 1 I 5770 I 6067 5579 4146 4427 3910 4527 5034 5389 3015 6023 4386 5946 6tii7 3810 3603 I 2480 2646 3479 3057 2490 3742 5330 I 2867 3583 J 3C37 4332 3937 , 3078 j 4300 j 2263 3'.'98 2776 5316 , 6149 I 5033 ; 5248 I 5770 I ! 4314 4672 4037 4681 4.522 6214 6023 3910 3620 2640 3615 3130 2.'81 3842 5.539 2080 3002 4110 4405 4105 4110 4405 2400 3307 1800 5702 , 6314 6159 5512 j .5878 4445 4«04 41.50 4901 5738 5996 51525 I 5715 3074 j 4233 0101 i 6310 4072 6:'92 8983 3607 2713 3710 ; 32.57 , 2672 .-iOJl .5711 3075 3720 j 4268 4672 ', 4300 4200 4080 2308 3484 3030 5883 0382 6373 5606 6060 4545 4895 4210 0164 5851 4290 6423 4877 6509 6410 4110 3788 2758 3707 i 3370 ! 2722 4040 5906 3139 I 3810 i 4400 4872 , 6840 I I 7521 7486 6500 7031 5376 57.18 4080 7303 0895 7190 50U3 7653 7!)53 4672 4219 3311 4490 3847 3160 4446 0713 4210 508U 6861 4482 6202 i 4206 4922 1 4826 5070 2427 2740 1 3588 4210 3075 3134 7303 8047 8097 Slight shearing of iibers. , do -do. 7,1.54 7648 6851 6292 5489 do. .do. .do. 8006 I 7304 5479 7750 6166 7892 8210 5033 4513 do do Slight shearing of libers ; split at end . Slight biiearing of fibers Sheared fibers do ; Sheared fibers; sap-wood do. 254 280 348 8 6 88 8S 121 288 442 538 1051 1168 1168 .1 153 .| 163 .| 838 838 237 237 12» 302 362 . I Sheared fibers , 74* do ' 740 do 017 do , 017 3700 4740 4173 3.'>20 4672 7212 .do. Sheared fibers; 3 niillimetei'S knot in indented koc- tinn. Sheared fibers 4653 .5087 5579 53.")3 60.50 295;i 4513 3810 do. do. do. Slight sbiMiringof fibers; split at end Sheared filters Sll;;tit shearing of llliers ; split at end . . . . Slieared AIkts Fibers did not shear Slieiired llliers do... do do- 58e 005 COS 8 8 33 82» 32» 40 40 401 40« 40' 113 113» 113« I 'I « 1^ H f I. I r, '£::• s 448 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PBINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. \T $-:f ! SSI. Qnercna alba— continned . 252. Qmuiialiibala ^y|lile Oak. Weeping Oak. 203. Qiicrciis Garrynoa . ir/it(e Oak. 254. QiioiTusnlitiiHiloLa I'oil Oak. Iron Oak. 25S. QiiiTciin undulata, tar. Gam- IkIM. Sertib Oak. \' I 28B. (Jiifrcim nmrrorarp.» llurr Oak. itotii/cup Oak. Otcr-cup OaK. State. 238 238 250 250 251 251 259' 259' 403 403 443 . 547 I 647 ' 748 749 749 Locality. Collector. H. W. Baveuel . ...do South Carolina ...do Tii'f;iiiiu ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do Uai'.vlaud ...do (. .."do Tcnucsacc i JfasbviUo I .\. Galtir.^er Alabama Ki."m\icr'8 mill C. ilobr Bonncau'a Depot ...do i Wytbcvillo 1 II. Shrivcr .. do i do ...do ) do ...do do ...do I — do ...do do SoU. ill f.it| pi ...' ChailostowuNavy. S. II. I'ook . ^^'"- i..du ...do Florida ...do ...do MosHacliMselta ...do Cbattaboocbco- ...do .. do 1050 I 1050 I 1267 1267 670 070 986 985 988 B8> 1027 1027 1029 1020 ....do do North Koadiii;; . . do ! do Clmricstown Navy yard. ... do California ...do , Hcddiiig .. do ... I . do A. H. Curtisa . . do ..do M. C. Bccu.o .. ..do J. Kubiusun ...do S. II. Took . . ...do Kich, damp loam. . 10024 ...do 0G17 Clay '10020 ...do ' 9869 7570 0940 GiavfUy ...do... Bomarka. l^icb bottom . Alluvial ...do Clay ...do ...do I i . It. Vasey I G raTelly luam . do |....do Oregou I Woidlii'asaw.iuill O. Eusclmannaml 1 I C. S. Sargcut. . ..do !-.. do do .. do Portland .. do I do .. ...do ...do ..do ...do 37' Kentucky . I 37» 1.^1 161 250 361 361 771 771 417 417 526 626 79 79' do. South Carolina .. do rortbind Fumlturc Co'iipnuy. — do !. .do. .do. ...do I Jlich loam . . . .do do ...do ...do .. do ...do Hamidsburg ...do Bonueau'B Depot. ...do 9730 8437 8799 0049 0532 8890 9520 8033 . 8119 7847 7621 0396 7485 7303 9480 8302 7053 0532 7892 8256 7847 7430 8183 8483 8754 763U Ti iple flexure Cinslud at 89 millimeters from end. Cru.shpd nt 13 niillimt'ters fiora nii'ldlo. Crualii d at niiddlt?; .split pcipcn- dictiliu tu iiu<;H. Citislicd ou vm^ f;u"n at '-Ti niilli- ineturH fnim iiiiddK*. Criislicil nL IC niilliii.-f-ti'rs knot fit iiiiliinieters I'rom ( ud. Ti iple dia{;iiual lloxurc .do. Fiber.s rru.licd in (diliquo lines at middio and at nnls. riln rs ciUMhcd at 32 niiUinu'tcrs tVdni rnd. Delloi'tod at 102 millimeter.s ironi end : snlit at viu\. Tripio tloxurc; niiddlo brnd 25 niiIlii:U'tois linm center. do Cni.sbod (Ibers »t 32 niillinietora I'tom eid. Triple ll.-xuio, deflected di.igo. naliy. Tri]>le flexure, defleelcd diajio. n.'.lly: knot iit miilill.'. Cnisli'ed lit MJ niillinii-'er.H from Did; (^plit from aiii h> t ud per* ,11 udieular t<» iin.>. Sjilit tVoni end to end, opening Kensuii 4'iael! niillinieterH fioin t nd. Crushed at end in \icinU\ of knots Triple flexure : bearing dcleeiive do Triple flexure, deflected towarci heart. Tri!)lu flexure, dcflceti'd from heart. Crufhid at 127 niillinieters from end and split alon;^ grain. Triple flexure .do. .do . Missanri I Allenton . . Alabaum | Citronelle .. do : do I Florida | Aspalaga . .. do do W. M. Liuney Sbale | 7462 do ' do 6641 H. W. Karcnel . . . { lUch upland 10002 .. .do ' do 8709 CW. Letternmn..' «;lay ] 8437 C.Mohr ...do A. n. CurtisR . .. do New Mexico I'inos Altoa monnt- nius. ...do do Colorado . ...do .... Kentucky . .. do Engelmann's caDun. ....do ' E. L. Greene ...do Robert Douglas. . . ...do do I 6078 do I 0305 Gravelly barrona . 8018 do 7870 Mercer connty. ...do W.M.Linuoy. ...do Btcky . ...do.. Alluvial ...do... 7439 7061 eeoi 4681 8392 8119 ..do . Cnished at 8 iiiillinn tera knot at niiitdle. Trii>le dexure .do. Triple flexure { split along grain. Cnishod at 102 uiilUaieters from «-imI and split aloni: priiin. Crijshed at 6 niilliiMi ti is knot }U1 mllliMirtt.s from end. Triple flexure .do Crushed at 25 nillllineters from mhldle at 3 niiiliiiu'lern knot. Triple flexuie.' split aloug grain Cnisbeil at knots 32 millimeters friim middle tsoo KOI au 2:ill »U85 :i81.-> 2707 mill 2K5H '.IIM :i2H4 3:175 4rii» 2(1711 :iHiu 244U ;t47ii 21171 27iiri 3447 S747 30r.7 I ;i;!it :iiiin 2622 ::!I74 2IN17 1:111 2|K(1 mill S2I2 2085 :1742 :i,-)l.-. :i842 42:17 2767 :r;.-i7 :i(i2i 2048 m 28iW ;)i)26 I :io2i ' :ilii2 I 4:100 :)284 i :M47 :i47o 270B :t8:i7 i :i4>'4 i ;i507 4S27 :i742 42i8 4110 4Tl'4 :i4:iH ;i47ii I :i23(» ariiu 2410 4:1:10 ;i574 ;!0I2 : 4028 j 3742 1 4024 3ir,7 4401 3788 3(180 4(m,'> ;iiu7 :i7ii2 :i724 I24II 4527 :t484 3248 44U8 28.-18 3102 :ilOO 2023 I 2150 I 2803 :1343 4881 3007 :I056 701 4182 ' I 3005 4240 :i237 4005 :io«o 4013 :il25 4880 4527 44:16 :»147 30,13 • :i747 :)738 3048 39;i3 ; :i:)t4 : :i842 3751 :|842 3HU2 3:107 4:140 4155 :i42r> 4831 4110 :i20l 41:10 Olio 4250 15511 :i8oi 3037 3405 4078 :i4ll 3048 :i0,s:i 44115 4300 4:;05 43U1 3407 4000 42l'.4 4022 :i402 4581 MllS 50:15 4744 ;j4(i(i 442:1 4U5:i :ioio 410ft 422:1 358:i 4!I9II 4114 4042 5SS 5570 (1482 I 5:1:10 5208 5308 5007 4273 70:11 Slight sliL'iiriiiK "I'lilii'l's- iSli-iht BllOJllill};- (tl'lilnMr : (In 238 split iit end , 238 I 250 Filii-rs iliil not NlH'iii'; H)>lit nt oiiil 250 4f!IO Slu'iiri'il lilicMs I 251 11)01 440(1 Slight slieariuii iif lUniin; Hplit at t-ud . SIhiiioiI lilt(M-B: Hplit .It end 231 2591 Wtf" 403 .^piit 111 i'IkI -.. 40:17 Shiiiicil lil.iMs 44:1 02110 7045 Slit,lil slc<);iiiiii; 111' libera 547 5025 0033 Slmhl sli.riiiiiK 111' liliCTSi split litem' 547 748 Spill ill I imI T:{0I Iniluittil w il-li.ml HliPiiiitiii fllicra 740 4044 4545 4H.5-I Shrai'i'il lilu'i's; split at 8ulo of atick Slican-d lilM'is . 5470 4404 4240 Sliulit .sliiaiillKof Hl)i" 5042 Kiliol-s did not sin Slit'al'fd lilii'is. 4513 4890 ' .5747 0004 4017 4:1:12 48.54 5070 0214 .5570 5878 5330 5897 4:177 4705 0123 nooo 5:108 6000 (i:ihO 118.50 5701 0214 Hid lift sloar lihi-rs ; split at end 12.57 070 Slij;lil nIi, Slieaied tilu iil'lili.ra; splitatend : 070 I do ai'fd IUm'I'.s: spt'ciiiit'ii split into two pieci'H d lilii-rs ; split at I'lu Sluan-d liliris Slicaivd tillers: split at end llrS 088 1027 1(127 1(.29 10211 Sli«lii , liim 111' lUiers. 5579 ! Split at end i lllieis did not slienr 151 5400 I 5180 0,106 0872 ] Slifilit slieariiit;oltllierR 0:100 : Killers did liel slnal : split at end 447:1 40110 ; .SlisUt siie.iriiij. el' tiller 351 351 .50(1(1 5800 .Sheared tilie) .11102 Slitlit sheariiid of lllier 001(1 dii .-llr|3 .5042 .5210 0.305 Slieaied tlliers 5171 do Sll)(lit slieuriiix 111' Hbera. 7»» t I: '») von 450 Si' I FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEUAVlOll OF THE PKINGIPAL WOODS OP THE Speoica. 256. Qaercna maorocnrpa— cont'd. 2.^7. QtiprciiH lyratft Overcup Oak. f!i amp Poal Oal: Water },iiUeOak. 258. Querciis bicolnr Swamp White Oak. £50. QnirciiH IttichniixH JIatket Oak. Cow Oak. 260. Qiii'rnts Priniis . Chietniit Oak. nut Oak. Bock Cheit- 261. Qiicrrns prinoides TcUlw Oiik. Chettnut Oak. Uliiiiquapin Oak. M2. QnorciiH I)()tij.'IaHU Uiiuiiluiik H'AiM OaJk. oak. JBlu^ State. L 137 143 31(1 310 43S 831 0^13 033 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 515 702 762 12 12 54 54 54« 54' 840 £46 240 240 624 524 783 755 31 31' 35 434 o:;5 025 Missouri. Locality. Allcnt'in. Illinois { Waukouau . Texas ...do Tunuessee . Illinois — Tuxos ...do Yennont... ...do ..do Tennessee . . ..do Mississippi . ...do Florida ...do MassacliuButts ...do Missouri ....do ....do ...do Mussacliasctts . ...do Soutli Carolina . ..do Alabama ...do Florida .do Keutiicliy . ...do ...do Tennessee . Alabama . . . . do 4 I Kentucky 34< 273 2ii7 323 614 614 ... do MiR.«ouri ..do Ti-.XM Tonnrisee . . ....do 088 i Calirornia . t(« do. Dallas ...do Nasbvillo Winnebago county Austin ...do Charlotte ...do ..do Nasbrille A. Gattingor. do do Collector. G. W. Lottorman. liobcrt Douglas.. J. Reverchon ...do A. Gattingor M.S.Bubb C.Mohr ..do C. G. Tringlc .. do ...do Kenjppr's niili . . . ...do Cbattaboochee... ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Allenton ...do ...do ...do West Ncwbuiy ... Arnold Arboretum Dunneau's Depot . ...do Kemper's mill ...do Cbattalioocbee do . Bojlo cnuuty . ..do ...do Noahvillo Cullman ...do C.Mobr , ..do A. II. Curtiss . .. do C. S. Sargent .... ..do G. W. Lettcrman. ...do ..do ...do J. Koliinson C. S. Sargent U. W. Rurenul . ...do C.Mobr ...do A. II. Curtiss .. .do . W. M. Linnoy . ...do ...do A. Galtinger .. C.Mobr ...do Mercer county ] W. M. Linnay . . . Unjle cciunty | do Sou. Moist upland . Uich Kicb, moist . . . ...do Allnviol Loam AUoTial ...do Low ...do.... Alluvial . ..do... ...do .... ...do.... Drift ...do Alluvial ...do ...do ...do Low, swamp; Drift Alluvial . ...do .... ...do... ...do.... ..do .... do . Shale ...do Limestone Rocky upland . . Dry, rocky ...dD Limestone . Alleuton.. ...do Dallnn .... NasbvUle. ...do , O. AV. IiettcrmaD . { LiintHtuiiL' do I Flinty ., Calcareous. J. Jleverclion A. Gattiugcr. ...do Cont ra county. ...do Costo G. K. Voaoy . .do T Alluvial . ...do ... g rt « 9 "B O P.ac M Clay.. ....do. Waveriy shale 8754 7076 8600 8700 7265 8256 7053 6613 7083 7326 7038 5511 7303 8523 87,M 7756 0344 7530 7:i2 8506 8500 7083 8437 7(122 7421 6418 77.-e 7B47 7083 70.18 8346 8777 0208 lO.lOO 5042 0200 7802 7038 1M22 86K) 0270 016J 0117 02,13 Remarka. Triple flexure do Triple flexure ; split at end Crushed at middleof one fr a Triple flexure, deflected diago. n;illy. Cruslied at 10 mMlimetors ft-om euil. Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime. ters knot. Triple flexure, deflected diajo- nally. , do , Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Spilt oldiquely across the grain ; erofts.urnined. Crushed and split at ends Crushed at middle of one face Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Cruslied near middle; stick worm- eaten. Crushed near middle Triple flexnre ; split along grain . Crushed fibers at end Triple flexure ; split along grain . Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Filii'is enislied at ()4 uiillinieters from eiicl. Triple flexure, detiectid diago. luilly. Ti Iple flexure Triple flexure; split along grain. do Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure at 8 niilUmeteiB knot Iii2 mlllimitert Ircini end of ciuieave Hide; Hplil al end. Triple llesure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed fibers at middle. Cruslied tiliera at eud rnisliid fibers iil ;I2 and at 127 millinii-(e^ ■« fiuni ■ ml. C nulled an J split at end... Crimhi li fibers at 76 millimeters tVnin end Spilt ateiid; iiu»B grained Triple flexure; middle bend 25 niilliiiM ter^ fioiu center; do- liectnl i'limi lieillt. Cnislii il ui fi niiliiuielers knot 80 mdl' III ti r.H I'liini end. Cninliid imd split at end Ttiplft llixuie, drflc-tcd fioui li.iirl. Di llei ted Tninilil;neleiH from end and iplil iiliuig t'niiu Triple flexuie, ilcfleet • ...>.! Iieait, do 8700 I Cr»«bed liber;* at 61 r !.li u ten> I frnr •■■ ■'die. i>117 I Ciusl. I ei8 nearn''rti;i.- . THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 451 [ grain. (liiiBo- (liago- lit 127 (■ml 25 EKTATION, IN MILLIMETKRB, OF— 0.33 mui m 2676 740 1170 1078 1060 1542 1700 1078 C078 2744 looe 2858 2481 1452 2078 2041 1461 1005 1343 1087 2313 1028 2001 1051 1040 2350 1800 1202 3057 1860 215,-) 1542 186(1 2245 1452 1050 1588 1024 2613 2223 1170 2404 2707 176t O.Sl 3887 2070 2254 270O 2835 2540 2840 2020 3566 3456 2885 4500 4105 1706 2071 2631 2050 2640 2073 2776 2921 2368 3'J30 3108 2767 3030 2540 2050 3050 2004 3260 2177 3452 3320 2070 2080 2080 3100 3847 3348 707 4808 8720 o.re 1.0!) 4341 4817 3184 3420 2654 2812 2080 3134 2935 3160 2858 2967 3148 3361 3300 3574 3000 4336 3652 3937 3280 3470 5180 6600 4740 5102 2068 2254 8320 3574 2020 3180 2313 2563 2740 2008 2322 2405 3071 3311 3320 3683 3520 3683 2580 2744 3652 3010 3538 3856 3044 3330 34C2 3720 2867 2048 2:i41 2572 4002 44^2 3434 3847 3383 3074 2504 2713 3070 4042 33'I7 3074 3U30 3270 3325 3520 3311 3402 3503 3783 4219 4495 3007 3051 3425 3705 4281 4550 0042 6373 4401 4900 Lsr 5107 3583 3U80 3350 3303 3134 3484 3715 4604 4150 3701 5847 0010 2422 3833 3300 2722 3094 2076 3579 3955 3702 2935 4190 4040 3547 3078 3130 2770 4744 4173 oOOl 2021 4300 384 J 3434 3720 3501 3002 4854 4164 1.53 5403 3792 3230 3535 S5:'5 3248 3C05 3850 4044 4341 3882 6196 5860 2017 30011 3529 2985 3230 2844 3742 4100 3042 3094 4445 4287 3074 4150 3280 2030 4090 4409 3l. 3075 4531 3083 3574 3878 3701 4100 6103 4380 I 3969 4804 6713 (262 4104 6044 7008 6466 t.78 5622 3033 3434 3692 3638 3456 3779 4028 5035 4518 4114 0373 0112 2700 4114 3061 3157 3370 2970 4014 45U0 3083 3248 4604 4020 3878 4180 3447 311G 5171 4072 «.iO 3230 4020 4037 3720 4033 3842 4382 5202 45C3 9.03 4430 6210 7248 5707 6915 4042 3002 3792 3792 3024 2882 4155 5252 4613 4291 6500 6364 2035 4206 3751 3329 3534 3125 4178 4717 4237 3388 4735 4780 4028 4058 3606 3201 5; 10 4008 4101 3379 4880 4140 3856 4100 3928 4560 5498 5753 4527 5398 7512 6942 3.38 6033 4178 3801 3937 3919 3750 3904 4237 5430 4709 4301 6000 6559 3062 4430 3882 3438 3015 3201 4360 4044 4332 3520 4944 4071 414G 4849 3720 3375 6015 5120 4300 3470 4007 4191 3978 4287 4024 4708 5070 4904 4717 6679 7750 i 6214 3.94 4355 3910 4028 3983 3001 4004 4314 5570 4009 4613 6722 6605 3157 450O 3933 £593 3729 3348 4554 5149 4441 3601 5008 5158 43U9 6008 3842 3461 0793 6204 4300 3038 5J02 4246 4073 44:10 4150 4872 6838 51»7 4877 5717 7028 6300 4.81 7530 4717 4653 4881 4690 1763 6062 0577 0078 5307 7847 7666 3720 6443 4650 4336 4346 5470 0100 5035 4355 0078 0123 60S0 6U33 4382 4028 6849 6200 4705 S.08 7038 5126 5153 5353 6068 5307 7145 6668 6806 8119 8074 5652 4990 4026 5033 4831 S700 703 1 6851 6820 0985 9026 7600 6806 4000 0450 5025 6459 6759 6577 4332 7394 6827 Kemarks. Slight nlienrlDf; of fibers Short specimen, 120 millimeters long; split at ends ■ Slight shearing ; split at ends Slight shearing Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers do do do do do Sheared filters Slight shearing of fibers I spilt at end . Shtarud fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight ahcariug of fibers ; split at end . . , do Fibers did not shear ; split at end Slight sbeitriug of fibers Slicnred fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Filn'in did not shear do Slight shearing of Qbersi split at end. Filters did uotsbonr Fibers dill not shear; split at end Fillers (lid uut shear , Slight sboiiriiig of fibers do. 6285 Slight sliearing of fibers ; split at end.. Split at ends Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; split at end do 6298 i Slight shearinc of fibers . : Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. 7756 Sheared libers 137 143 810 810 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 545 762 702 li 12 64 54 54« 54« 846 846 240 240 624 624 765 755 31 31" 35 434 025 025 34 34« 273 287 323 6160 Slight sliearing of fibers j 514 7430 ; do 614 6000 SliiNind Qbirs; i'ldvu ted soetion covers 3 millimeters knot. I! f '.: 9934 1 do 688 I 8392 1 Fibort did not shear 688 ^^"rawfpww 'h ^ . , i mU 1' «; 452 FORES^J^ TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Taulk v.— behavior op the PllINOlPAL WOODS OF TUE Species. State. 2(13. Qnei Ills oblongifolla ' While Oak. I -04. QnerctiH jrrisoa ' While Oak. 1 2(!0. Qucrciis Durandii I J I i 267. Quorciis virona ' Live Oak. I 288. Qiu'icua clnypolepis Live Oak. Haul Oak. paraito Oak. Vol- 055 655 lion 1103 I 1103 I t 404 ! 1 I'M Cnlifnniia. ....do Arizona , Tuxns ... . ...do ..., ...do... Locality. San Uiugo county ...do Santa Rita nioiint- ninB. AiiBtiu ...do ..do Collector. Soil. as. .n'-'.S 9 ■• - - c-o i-af G. B. Vnaey ! Dry, gravelly. . . .do ; do G. Knci'li: annand Dry, rocky . 0. S. Siir):('ut. S. I). Buckley | Damp, calcareous . . do do do ' do Florida Charlostown Navy- S. IT. Puok do I Saint Jolm'sriver.! A. U. Curtiss. Sandy *J00 (Jui'ri'Ur* Kinorvi Jilack Oak. ' 270. QtuTcuH aj;ritblia Enceno. Coast Live Oak 271. QiierciKS Wislizeui lAve Oak. 272. Qiit'i-cus rubra Red Oak. Black Oak. 372, QncrcuH rubra, var. Toxana. I/ed Oak. 27J. l/uta'cuH c(K!cini*a . Senrlft Oak. 799 819 919 954 954 040 640 653 , 053 654 663 663 685 685 ' 7 7 I 45 I 45 45''' 80 89 02 140 141 146 215 215 217 217 218 920 920 1043 1043 931 931 do do Alabama Mobile county do do Texaa Matngorda bay do do Caliloruia. . ...do ....do ...do San Heruardino . ... do Murin county ....do do do C. Mobr Eich, sandy . do I — do do [ Sandy loam . do ! do W.G. Wrinht ...do G. K. Voscy ...do Arizona ' Santa llit;i numnt ■ G. Enp'lmunn and aiUM. ] C. .S. tSiirgont. I i California Marin county j G.lt.Va9By do ; ilo I do .do ; Auburn ..do . do . Masstichusctts i Arnold Arboretum ....do '....do Kentucky Mercer county — do ! — do ...do do G. Kuficlraauu ...do C. S. .Sargent . . ...do W, M. Uniiey. ...do ..do Gravelly. ...do .... 0260 7621 7666 j 9140 I 7892 8618 : 10478 , 0707 i 9034 8105 ■ 8036 C.')77 74;il) 8S45 0480 0072 7483 liemarkn. Stick Hbnttercii t HcnHoniii^ crackrt. Stick Hbattcrcd at knots and sea. .soiiin*.^ crackn. Ciusbi'd at 3 niilliniitcrH knot '.''> millimotcrH I'nuu end. Triple tiexuro ; split along grain . . Crusbcd at knots 51 niilIimoter» tVtun i-ntl. Failed lit knolH 51 and 76 milliiiio. ; tcrfl from cud. ' Cru.Hlicd at uiiddlc and Hplit ; cru.s.s. (iriiincil. Cru.Hlifd lilnTH at 115 millimeter.^ from midiili' and at -5 milliiiii'- tcr.H fi'oui cud. Triple (Icxuio; dovclopcd inter- Hccting "Cooper linen". Ciu.-^hed tiliei-H atend; B]>litalong Hide. Cru.Hlieil tillers at middle, 6 milli- lueters ftoin knot. CimhIkmI in vieinity of knots 102 niillinieters fVoni'end. 1 Triple II ex lire [ Ciuslied fibers at 32 millinuiters t'roin miildle. Crushed tlliursat end Crushed at knot .ll millinicti() r.i7i ■i;i.-i-t 4;i;iL' 7.'I40 : 57111 4G2(i 411117 71183 ' «437 8!I81 9300 IU17S ' (1477 079.1 7l'8I 494U 4904 riilli7 rio7i (j214 C410 9707 7;i72 fi;)ri:i ■ 54«» r)0r)7 ulild 54(10 :ii:w 1 I 17J4 . 1701 2440 I 17(19 ; 1879 ' 1(1111 -"«■' I 1033 j 20S7 ! 1010 ! 2758 ; 1424 ! l.V'O '■■ 2313 1415 1037 1043 19U5 871 lU'H 1706 2109 2132 18(19 1078 1778 19.-.1 nil lt'37 17(19 19(15 1500 11184 1505 1724 2493 i 2109 1120 I 5534 3742 2971 4408 i 3311 3029 2!i9t 41101 412S , 3U02 I 34SU ! I 4072 ' 2070 j 2004 I ;i85(i i 2085 i 2295 I 2040 I 2h;b 1051 ; 1851 ■ 2970 : 2880 ; 2540 : 2014 ; 2254 2570 ; I 2104 2245 2522 I 2464 [ 2031 I 1010 I 1(178 i 2118 j 2400 ; 3310 ! 343H ' 2527 I 0441 4145 3579 ■ SOtO I 385(1 4400 3709 4415 4922 4187 3978 5093 3303 I 3030 ' 4454 3110 2495 2395 2280 1955 1955 3393 3153 2802 2104 2372 2722 2558 2531 2099 2672 3012 1951 17i>7 2418 2703 4332 3882 2800 j 0782 4922 3892 3308 4140 4908 41511 41177 5421 4495 43(M 0283 4851 :;4U2 2(194 1 2022 ■ 2400 2028 1987 3083 3357 2971 2518 2858 j 2835 ' I 27()7 2753 j 2808 I 31(10 2028 1833 25te 3334 4772 4140 3071 7r 5170 '' 4259 5057 4430 5252 4391 41171 5025 I 4fl4 I «om 4000 3479 5058 3005 2899 2744 2440 2130 2123 1 3892 j 3513 ; 3171 i I 2422 ' 2081 I 3020 I 3'i«3 1 2899 j 2944 I 2089 ; 3320 ! 2140 IHMV .■7(r7 3484 i ! 4971 4359 3234 I 7358 5470 4491 5851 4503 5002 4744 52cU I 5005 5107 4877 I 4971 5121 3890 3167 I 2939 ! 2580 * 2280 ' 2232 ' 4033 3783 3379 2020 2785 , 3171 3588 \ 3075 j 3075 I i 3121 I 3643 2209 I 1978 2908 I 3m S252 4563 5043 I 5800 7570 5"(I0 4753 COOO , 4922 5874 i 5053 5557 0141 ! 5280 j 5248 ! 7303 4020 3797 5043 I 4082 1 i 3200 I 3075 ! 2090 I 2313 ' 2205 4359 : 3083 3543 2803 2914 3293 3107 3193 3100 3212 3885 2263 2041 2085 »07 attn 4844 3074 7802 7970 5920 j 01U5 4999 0J23 5053 0128 5339 5720 0332 5512 5570 48»1 3900 , 5851 ' 4204 j i 3470 3289 2785 I 2408 2350 450O 4200 :i(!5e :!890 3021 3420 I 3.'*8 ! 3310 ! I 3243 , 3343 3701 2318 j 2105 .li;i4 3438 I S«80 5002 I 9.94 4.81 9970 I 7506 '. I 6777 ! 5800 5987 , 1157 S.ON Koiiiarks. 1293 Shonred flliore 055 Split lit oiirta ; HJip'WOOfl 055 Split ^it i'IkI 0377 7122 7U31 Sli;;lit Hhcaliim 111' libi'in 7000 do 5285 0332 5280 0311 55,s4 5878 0000 5110 4U92 0005 4482 I 3092 3434 2817 2530 2481 4053 ; 4355 3851 3003 3130 3525 3750 S3e3 ! i 3388 I 3452 ' 3797 2354 2104 3225 3570 5711 8205 0382 5543 0513 5302 '. 0577 5850 0u78 0745 5029 5929 8192 5312 4223 0250 4005 I 3783 3488 2875 2500 I 2530 , 4854 4491 3951 3076 3175 3011 3937 3401 3570 j 3579 3040 I 2440 2200 3302 3629 5850 '■I-O 4100 \ 9117 7011(1 0940 7402 10047 Shcand tllmis 8415 Slight !ilic:iii:ii; iif lilii'i-s. 8097 7439 (1985 7892 7212 7054 7000 dii 7502 Sli;;Iit Hlicarin;: ol' libuiH; ftjdit at end . Split at ond 8845 Slight sin 111 iiij;iif libera 818R .. do 7021 8483 7924 800(1 do do 9594 .. .. I Sliiilit HJicaiiii;: of liherH; split at ond. 0577 5013 7157 5398 4445 . 4033 3300 3021 2958 5715 5398 ' 4559 " 3774 3783 4300 I 5058 I 4164 j. 4204 |. 4264 . 7258 j Sli^bt rtbt-arin^ oi'tlbora. do 5070 2804 2622 4415 0508 0008 S112 I 791(1 I do 0305 I do I ( Sliiilit sln'aiiiit;(tt'li1ierH: split at end ... 1 do 3074 ! SliPiilid lllicls I SlipariMi (lla'iH; split ;il fiiil. 3357 Sheared liber.s S1ip;ht Nhcariiii: of libers; split at end do 4990 Slic;.rid llbiiM Slij:bl slieaiiiij; of fibers 1 split at end 3901 Slieari'd lllieis I . ... Split at .11.1 r.851 ' Sheared llbiis Sheared lib. r.<; split ul end ... 8plit at end do I 8plit at end : sliiirt speeimcn, 120 liilUiDietcr« llHI§ Ztmt .Shefiivd fibers ■>im .... do Split lit end 48.54 Split lit end. liliiiH ilid iiot sheiir 7349 Blicurt'd iil».rw : .*plit at end 7439 SUislit Hbevrinic at Uberii . . . S71A Fibers did ■« .. i : Species. 374. Qnerenn tinrtoria Slack Oak. Tellow-hark Oak. Qiurcilron Oak. Tellou) Oak. 275. QuonMtsKcIloggU. Jllack Oak. 276. Qm>rrii3 nijirft Mlack Jack. Jack Oak. 277. Q'ii>rcvis f:ilcita Spantth Oak. Jled Oak. 278. Qui'iTim Ciitesliml 'J'lirl.ri, <),ik. Serjib Onk. J'i.i-k>'it U'itf Black Jack. Jilack Jack. 270. (ill reus ]iMlii.stns 2'in Oak. Sivanip Spanish Oak. Water Oak. 280. Qiiori'ii" aqn.Tlioa Walcr (Mk: Dick- Onk: Pot- mm Oak. I'unk Oak. 281. QiinTr-ns l.Tinlfolia Laurel Oak. 17 17 36 86» 36> 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 C28 628 963 063 268 339 131 131 243 245 265' 28.>' 548 548 State. UossachusetU... ...do Kentucky ...do ...do MiHSOUl'i ...do ...do Vli'Kiula ...do ...do ...do Tcnnesseo Oregon , ...do ... ...do ... ...do... Mis.sonri Alubuiua ■ South Carolhm. ...d.) Viiginin .. do ...do .. do Mi»H{8.s!ppi ..do 342 342 770 770 47 47 ' 282 282 204' I I 204'' I 204'; 340 ' 340 Mil 511 ' 742 742 Alabama ...do .... Florida . . do . Missouri . ...do .... ...do .... ....do ... LowUty. Collector. C. S. Sargent., .. do AmoU Ai borctum ...do DunvlUe Juuct-lon ' W. M. Linney . — do I do . ...do [ do . Alli'Dton ...do ...do Wythovillo . . ...do ...do ...do Naabville O. W. Lottci man . ...do .. do n. Shrivcr ...do ...do ...do A. Gattinger Sawmill, Asblamli G. Engclmnnn.ind C S. Saigiut. ...do Eugene City. ...do do . G. n. Collier . ..do AUonton ' G. W. Lctterman.. I Citiouillo I C. llobr BouEcan's Depot.. . do Wythevillo .. do Carridl county ..do Ki-niper's mill ...do II. W. Kavenel . . Cottage Dill... .. do Aspalaga ...do II. Sliriver . ...do ..do ...do C. JloUr. ... ...do |2S 5 B~ Sou. a ., . S a j = " ec .t2 * a Drift ...do Shalo ..do Slate liicli ujdaDd . ...do ...do C'ly ...do ...do .. do ...do Clay... Sandy ...do ...do A. U. Curtiss . I Kieliloam. ...do Clay 8800 0081 7530 0617 7326 8600 Kcmarks. Crushed at end, also at 102 milll- nicti VH IVom end. Crushed U bi rs near middle Crushed 6t millimeters from end nt '.\ millimeters knot. Cruslieil tillers on one faeo at 13 miliimc teis fnun middle. Deth'i^tcd and split alcuig grain tVnm end to middle. Tiipio lle.Nure, deflected parallel to rings. 8256 5534 5103 8003 ! 0562 7660 Triple lle-ture, deflected from lieart. Triple llexu)e, deflected parallel tn rin;;s. Cru.sliod and split at end; briltle. Crnslied at 13 and at 7u millimeters I'rinu end. Crushed at end 8233 8301 0300 { 6806 I 7706 8142 0208 0163 0730 Crushed ut 19 millimeters from end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from ellii. Triple flexure , Crusluul and splintered at end . . . Splintered at end Triple flexure Crushed in vicinltv of small knots ...do 10083 ...do 9008 ...do 9081 Uieli loam 10006 ...do 0270 Barren, sandy. ....do ...do Allinton. ...do . .. ...do .... ...do .... 0. \V. Letterniau-. Itich, nlliivlal I do , do .do . .do . do . .do. Virginia i Carroll county ...do.... . . do ... . Alabama . . . .do .... ...do ...do Cottngo Hill . ..do Tennessee. Tnllahoma.. ...do do Georgia Baini>ridgo . ...«» do 7S0 ! n«Ms TliO ....4*... II. Sliriver , ...do ..do C. Molir 1 Sandy loam. I ...do i....do ! A. Gattinger ' d« ...do do A. ILCurtLss i Alluvial .do ' do 0800 77114 7212 7507 8437 81511 689.-) 7001 7974 7802 7530 8709 8700 7107 7371 b2:0 8506 Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Cruslicd nt 25 and at 10.> niilli. nu'ters I'inm I'Ufl. Crushed ut 19 millinu ter.s from end. ('rushed at 25 ndllinu^tors from end. Cnislieil iinone fai'eiit 25 niilliuie. tei-s from u>iddte nn:| at rinl. Crushed at 102 ndlluncu-rs Irom I n Crushed at 04 millimeters from eiui. (;ru>lH.d at ki.nts at niiihl'e and nt .'.I niillinrters fntrn end CrusluMi at. i> nullitn* ters knot 70 Mlillnne'ers Ironi einl. Crush' d lil)eis at Tuiildle , Saint John's rircr.: do I do — do udy loam . ..do 8596 7884 Cru-^lied nt HO millimeters from end in \iuinity of small knots. Triple flexure Cnished in vicinity of 3 inillimo. ters knot 10-' millimeters from end. '8 from -a fiom iIU» ami wiiot 70 'rt from vliUlH. lilli'iio- 'H Iruui THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Ooutinued. H! PBISBUnB, IN KILOeBAHS, BKQUIBED TO FBODUO AN IKDIMTATIOM, IN WLUlirntitS, Or— o.as 2032 1542 1037 2313 2318 17GB l!i63 ig:>s 1343 835 1315 2019 1547 1709 1042 989 1229 2U48 2707 2330 975 1987 14(10 1728 13H4 2430 17:i 2008 1792 1597 2118 1338 o.ai o.ro 1450 21J9 1024 140U 1078 17C9 IMO 1542 1293 2313 2149 2522 3100 3407 2903 3200 2858 2201 1509 2313 2422 2277 2072 2495 2232 1800 4024 4110 3438 2230 2;i»5 1814 2503 2400 2033 2807 2753 2477 2770 3411 2203 2008 2039 2109 1842 1955 2070 2245 2085 2313 2405 2081 4 ISO 3357 3003 3529 3992 3130 2322 1033 2570 2007 2481 2790 2081 2840 2141 4277 4010 3701 2709 2572 1887 2799 2017 3203 3248 2890 2703 3.'21 3905 2040 i.oa 28:.8 3311 1542 2020 2856 3705 ICIO 3030 2293 3075 2.'11 1932 2U03 2700 2400 3130 2749 3851 3347 4219 3420 2812 2840 3012 3543 3842 3819 4436 8230 2380 1074 2790 2807 2720 2803 2713 2907 2313 4495 4240 4042 3053 2722 2087 2683 2744 3488 3330 3000 2833 3301 4239 2821 1.97 2480 3343 2359 2087 2008 3139 2744 3475 3012 419G 3129 4482 3720 2880 3012 3103 3074 4004 4028 4717 3383 2305 1751 2970 3035 2880 2917 2776 3000 2372 4072 4491 4204 3284 2803 2215 3021 2835 3038 3097 3302 3020 3730 4300 2935 1.53 2703 3484 2480 2155 2173 3311 2800 3002 3218 4495 4002 4735 3942 3048 S134 3379 3742 4123 4300 5013 3588 2454 1842 3153 3213 2130 3003 2890 3184 2513 4834 4099 4572 3433 2958 2440 3130 2994 3828 3933 3429 3160 1.78 8075 S348 852S 3083 4237 4518 5398 3810 2518 1878 3232 3338 3193 3020 2994 3352 2580 5020 4881 4922 3005 3098 2622 3298 3125 3942 4110 «.03 3615 3302 4000 3815 4817 5071 3130 3715 2527 2214 2205 3484 3002 |p37 3393 4781 4314 5035 4164 3202 3039 8847 2670 2341 2413 3074 3221 4128 3(;06 5013 4300 6202 4340 3221 3434 3593 4037 4400 4040 5670 3892 2503 1928 3388 3443 3407 3020 3075 3453 2017 6262 5007 6044 3828 8230 2707 3402 3207 4082 4204 3731 3447 4403 5303 3310 a.98 3361 8520 3747 4110 4026 4935 5015 4004 2049 1951 3574 3360 3547 3139 3193 3.54 3202 4033 2733 2400 2481 3901 33fl8 4191 3783 6239 4000 5401 4500 2694 5407 6202 5210 3933 3302 2980 3407 3339 4178 4380 3fS2 3579 4717 6007 3470 8470 3050 3850 4187 4880 6103 6146 4190 2m. 2078 3005 3047 3083 3225 3221 3352 4160 284') 2758 5570 5107 5407 4110 3425 3133 3374 3438 4327 4322 3083 3088 48.11 5700 3538 4.81 4173 4340 4491 4980 C283 7212 4944 3083 2404 4377 3710 3830 6480 6392 0214 4877 S.08 6532 7005 3248 2634 4899 4037 Remuka. Slight shearing of Qb«ni; aplit at end . do do Split at end ; fibers did not shear Fibers Indented without shearing Split at end ; fibers did not shear Indented without shearing fibers Split at end Sheitrud fibers; spilt at end Sheared fibers Split at ends Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do 3933 4128 2434 I 231)5 I 4000 ! 3338 1 4443 I 3910 I 5416 i 4790 ' 1 5601 I 4192 3393 4327 2980 2493 2070 4173 3(132 4020 4037 5015 4919 5847 4304 5210 4780 4408 5831 0918 4287 7021 7060 4150 3311 2948 3121 4377 3334 3080 0849 5761 0730 7349 Sheared fibers Sli<;lit shcariu<; nf fibers ; split at i^nd Shalty stick ; split at ends do Sli^dit Bhcnring of fibers Sheared fibers; split at end . Sllglit sheai-ing of fibers; split at end . do Split nt cud SIi|;lit shearing of fibers ; split at end . Split nt end ; fibers not sheared Slight slicariug of U1)ora ; split at end . do do Sheared fiiwrs Sheiirt'd fibers; split at end ,. S]i;4lit siicariug of Ql)ers ; split at end . SheariMl fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split ot end . Slight siieaiing of tllxM-a; split at end . Fibers tliii not slu'iiv ; split at '.mhI . . . . . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers; split at end Fibers did not shear; split at end do TudiMiti'd witliout siiearing fillers Slight slieaiiug of fibers; split at end. Slieared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . 7521 Sheared fibers Split at end; fibers did not shear. 455 17 17 36 36« 36« 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 028 628 063 963 208 339 131 131 2)5 245 205' 205' 548 548 342 342 770 770 47 47 282 282 2C4' 204« 204' ,349 349 ,111 511 742 742 758 7.36 736 i ::? t u li t ! ? - I J ■« ■,i< ■ I i » I I **s ■I 1 1l tl 45G FOREST TREKS ()F NORTH AMERICzV Taum; v.— r.KIIAYIOU OF THE PPvlNCirAL WOODS OF TDE 8iH<'ios ':i<\. (,llli'trl>)l!nili('ii|ll -ri»nf!n irrl. 801 HUl (^ui'li US hi'ti'iopli lUiitnttn'it Oak. vll.i 1171 1171 State. FlorlilH ... «lo 802!) (.)ii(-ii iir« cinciia i 'i->~ l/iliunl WnUw Onl.: litiie ,;«./.■. Siffd .lack. I (^iiiiii-iis liyi'f't m a 1I7.1 I tl74 (}ii' iTiiH inil'iiciirlii : 40"^, Sl.iiHilf (ink. Laurel Oak. 40' , r>(i , 111 -I AhiliaiiiH I Cltifmollp C. Molir I'iuc.bani'ii 7107 Adzdiia • Santa liUaiMoiint- ' G. Kii;X(*linannnn(l Dry, rocky ' 7107 ninw. I I*. S Sarpent. ' 1 do I ilu do 222J liciiiarkt' (MiihIikI :\I 2:. iiillliniotcrH from Oilddli'. ('rUNli'il al Hi) iiiillimi'leiM Iroiii ohil and at (Mid. CrUHlicd at J.'i iiiillinK^tiTH knot. Ill inHliiootciH IVoiii cud. CniHlicd lit 102 iiiillini(-lci-H from end. Split at end and n|iliutei('d at 102 niillinicteiH IVdii) end ; liiiltle. Triple llexiiic, dellecled dingu- ually : Hplit at end Ci'oHH t:i'i>iirn-ii» dilisilh.ni 087 luiiUiiik Oak. Clanliiut Oak. l-iiii-h Oak. OK" TcniicHsee do ridlahoiiia . do A. (i;iltini;( r MoiHt, Hilicooiis . . ! 5087 do 6480 CruHlied iit 7U inillhueterx l^'oni end. ; d'liiilied at 1!) inilliineteifi knot at I end. I Triple (lexure Ciilitoriiiiv Marin eouiity j tl. li. Va.iey Gravelly 10404 do do .. do do ' 87'i4 t-'iisi.iliopsi.s clii^\..-vipiiylla . (*Uiii-:> l.s 18 23K1 2.W- 510 II 0 44- 441 110 Hi) 765 ' 70.'. 85:1 853 II 11 877 877 1047 1017 40 7:1 73 1038 - . do Alendocino county A. Ki Uo;;j; . do do do AikansuH Hot Sprin/is .. (1. W. Leileinian Sandy loam. . . ,do ... do do do 5651 8250 8150 7080 ,Mii"!'iclinsett8.. . Arnold Arboretiiiii I'. S. Saijienl Drift 4137 do do , .. do do 5208 \'ir;;iiii;i Fancy Gap .. ..j U. Sliriver Moiflt j 7235 do TnilicHsee . do . . . Xashvill,. do do . A. Giitl'iiner. . . . Sandy 7483 6373 .Ma»H!i«-liiiHettM Arnold .Vrliiiu^t mil r. S. Sargent Drift 1 7847 do do . . do do 7070 Keiitiicivy Mercei county .. W. II. I.iiiiioy. . . . HiulHoiiKivorHliale 7506 . do do do do 8000 ilidiipm Dansville W.J. Hull ' Gravelly 18822 . . do do do do i 8340 Florid' f:li;rtliilio.iclice .. A. II. Curtinn .. do ! 6400 do do , ! . . do do [ 0827 Ma.sMieli(iM'tt8 llainiltoii J. liidiiiii'On do ,8278 do do do do 723.'» (iruslied iil 38 niillinictcrH from middle lit Tl niilliinet(>rs knot. Triple tlexure: middle liend 25 iiiilliiiuiterK from middle. (!ru»licd at end at 3 niillimetcra knot. Cruslied at end CruHlicd at 51 niiliiiiiotern 'from end. ('riirilicd ;it 5 loillimetcrs knot .'>1 ntillimetei-H from middle. Triple llexiiie, detlcct(d ]iarnllel to I'in.UH. CriLsIicd 2.'i millinictci'H from mid- dle al 3 uiilliinelerH knot. Crushed nt 25 niiUiiiielerH from cud ('rushed at U)2 millimeters from end. Cruslied iit 41 millimeters freiii end. Cruslied at 32 niillinieter.s from middle and split iiloiif; prain. Crnslie 1 at 04 iiiillimetcrs from end. CIiiisIkmI at 70 iiiillimcter.s from end. Cruslied at 25 and at 127 niillimc- tciH Iroin end. I Crushed at end j Crushed at middle and at end < do Arnold ArlHu-etitm C S. Sargent . do do do ...do Danvers .T. Itoliiuaon . ... do do do . . . do North Heading do do do . ... do Missuuri Allciiton G. W. Lett«?miun. Kentucky Mercer county W.M.I.iuuey ...do do do Masiuicliusetta Danvers J. KobhiHon Drift 9300 ...do 0»:i4 Rich loam 0707 ..do C3.'J9 7983 : 8641 I Dump, alluvial 6003 , Trenton llmeHtouo 9390 ...do 8573 ; Gravelly 8949 Criisheil at middle in vicinity of 13 miltimetcis knot. ' | (_'iuslie(l ill end Cni.'lied at 25 millimeters from 1 end. C'l'iislied 111 10 millimeters from i .nd. Cruslied at 51 uiillimetL>i'8 from : niiddh'. I Triple lle\iir<^; middle hclid 25 mil- i lillletelsecc(!Utric. I Triple llexiire Crushed at dQ iiiillimctets from I end. Tiiple tlexure, detiecteil diago. nally iierpcndicul.ir to rin^s. CriisliVil at 51 luilliineterd frotu (rud ; opened grain. Detlected at middle and split ut ends. Triple llexnre , KXT\TIil\, 1\ MII.I.IMRTKIIR, OK— m ^mrn ,11 113 m m m o.a.i ItHU 14SH) «0H 0.rit O.TU I.O-i l.'iT 1.9'i ; l.TN 4.0S { 9.98 9.AI 4.H1 JI.08 1010 1851 i!nr> 127U 21:18 IIIIU 1143 171)'i 18110 1080 1825 1125 575 l»38 1(25 880 871 2223 1452 nil 2G;I1 1073 leoo 1542 1370 lli83 1452 KmK 2132 1073 1547 1315 1542 17i'2 iroi 1247 i 20KO 2UB5 2713 1878 204lt I 34(12 ' 3153 258(1 I 2245 321(1 '■ I 2S35 I 2540 20.11) I 3012 1452 1(!00 ■ 1452 I 1338 ' 1474 I 15iii; 12«4 1401 10H0 2803 2223 2744 3103 2740 27(i7 2201 2123 2427 2241 : .'1352 2301 3470 3U30 258(j •J381 1 2')72 I 2707 ; 2454 257U 3:h8 W74 3157 3438 2021 3157 2155 22B1 2022 2058 352S :;70O 4128 44bO 3402 3112 2741 3402 3248 28U0 3153 ! 33U0 I KflO 1778 1 1740 1524 1 I 1642 j 1700 j 1424 I 1037 1220 3(J.-i7 2530 2071 3320 J 3134 3010 2513 2350 2(i40 2480 3002 3713 3874 3402 2885 2740 ! 2035 3012 2785 2035 I 3847 3011 .1434 2021 3005 3420 3125 1774 l(iG5 1740 1787 1.524 I 1715 j 1207 ! 3212 I 2713 I 3102 3525 3248 3203 2703 2400 2835 208a 4155 3720 SI03 3130 3200 I 3060 3103 3330 3403 2477 2617 M'J^l 3375 3078 4101 4717 1 3788 3020 3130 30:!7 4U44 4201 j 3078 ! I 3052 2713 4332 S15:i 30HV 4164 3878 4037 3343 4205 3011 j 3801 3203 I 3438 8384 i 3.-.h;i 3525 ! 3(102 I 1733 I 1837 1802 1 1087 i 3538 44U 3051 3002 381(1 lOUO 1814 ' i lOU j 1840 1010 1774 13)7 3407 I 2.S58 3284 ' 3052 3411 3403 2806 2658 2085 2840 I 3800 4001 ! 1802 2005 2136 2J27 2028 2182 1014 1078 2010 , 1010 j 1(W7 InOO 14.^.2 ■■ I 3004 I 4140 2804 : 3130 43S0 3083 3348 3017 < 3184 3320 3515 3438 3330 3652 I 3121 I 3470 : 3774 ' 3.'.52 3503 2004 2753 3121 2004 4327 3202 4622 4210 35,10 3303 ;Wfl3 3700 3503 3503 2118 1078 i7.-;(i 111(11 l.".2il 3771 .128s 358;; j 3874 I 3011 I 3710 j 3121 ! I 2375 3207 3071 I 4527 , 3438 I 4840 4423 I 3720 i 3588 i 3000 3055 3801 3774 I 4403 4t27 , 1 4164 4300 j 3828 4001 2844 3007 ; 3738 3878 4463 4550 5343 4341 4100 4513 4100 4631 4436 4137 3116 ' 4010 ! i 4072 , 5043 1 i 4000 \ 4572 I 5052 , 5202 5013 I 3788 : Kemarkg. 0050 I Sliffht KlicdiiiiK of fllit'TB Sli|{lil Hli('iiriii|{ III' llbonii spUtntcnd. S512 5570 5025 7107 Olio 0214 4078 3756 3!lC(i 4101 2073 2280 2041 2204 2028 l.KM 1082 I. ".07 3005 3120 3701 3051 3007 42(1. 3S78 40.'*2 4318 21(15 : '2351 2205 I 2Il'2 ' 2073 i 1 1887 2037 104 7 I 4037 35(15 ' 3707 3087 I ::oi5 .5035 4:100 , I 3S87 41(14 4430 ; 217.1 2450 2305 2214 2250 2123 . 10.'I2 I '2001 j. 5874 5171 4831 .•11.70 5308 tin .ll«. Hplit lit (111(1 . Slight nliuiiio): (if tllKTH: BplH ut onil Slu'iircd llliciH Inili'iilril withniit iilixiiriiig flbcrg . (Ill Splil at rlliU . • Id ImUiuti'tl without Hliciiriii}; lllierB . Sli^lit slicacili^ 111' Olirr.^ 4800 5443 Shcillcil llli. Is 5202 I 5738 I (Ill 801 801 1171 1171 074 074 40« 40'' 50 135 512 512 087 687 2580 2004 j Shciiii il lilii r» ; .s|ilii ati'iitl 720 ' .... <1(. 720 I ' Sli);lit nlioaii ;: of libers 1 split at end ; 573 (ill 130 jiheaiTil lilidi'H 413 2554 do 2227 3850 3028 3280 3348 3048 3080 3338 3443 3202 3138 4058. 41^54 3015 3774 5080 5252 4004 48(l.S j 3833 3087 ■ 3742 30:17 3605 3702 4000 427;l 3078 4110 3802 4037 1706 4100 3005 3874 4132 : 4000 : 4033 : 3450 3103 3570 8.5.52 5080 , 3024 j 5470 i 4008 4110 i 4040 : :ioio ; 4;i55 4210 4140 2(141 4854 4401 43U1 4740 4581 4130 j 3720 4173 Sbcarcil llb.i-s ; Hplit nt ends . Sliearrd llboiH ; split ut end.. do 18 18 258' 258» 510 5025 I SI (Mllcd libi'l'a ' 0 -l,);lit sbiuriuj; of liliors; feplit atcnd 0 4877 Shcaiiil libera 44' 5140 do I 44' 4000 ilii , 110 j Slieared liber. s ; split nt end 110 4581 Sheared libera 765 I Sli'ibt shearing of fibers i splitatond 705 I do 853 0078 48,54 0713 5042 4800 4000 .do. 8,W U I I 5480 5307 4044 .do 877 do 1 877 5570 ; Slicbt shearing of fibers 1047 5,570 do 1047 ' Split at end..) | 46 0010 Slit;btHbeaiiiisof rtburs j 73 Sheared tibois I split nt ends 73 ,5470 Sheaied llliers 1 10:i8 ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 Hi B&2 |22 ^ |£0 12.0 11.25 1.4 11.6 P; ^ /^^ ^^/ ^ -^ /A ''W om w Photographic Sciences Corjwration ^ \ ^N <^ ^. >^ \ >- 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WIUT»t,N.v. USM (7!6)S72-4S03 ^ 6^ , •■ ■ ^Sr"r?^^-MJV'','>''i''.-'H'-'4"i"^yiVll. ■.»V*-n'J.'|JJWf«fJ I l1 458 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table v.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeolM. a o Stete. Locality. Collector. Sou. §53.3 111 III Kemarka. BETULACEiE. 294. Bptnln nllia, var. nnpnlifolift .. While Hinh. oldJieldJiirch. Gray Jiirch. 10 10 848 £23 22G 722 722 330 830 090 990 10C5 1065 1000 lOuO 1007 1007 528 029 843 843 1008 1068 inoo 1060 1070 1070 130 1.30 841 841 842 842 4 4 221 221 84) 844 810 007 007 001 001 1026 Mnssachnaetts — do Arnold Aiboretum do C.S.Sargent ....do Drift 0123 5307 6202 Triple floxnre parallel to rings Crunhod at 0 niillimet'-rs knot 102 niiliinieteiH I'roiu enil. Crushed and split at middle ...do do Danvcrs Charlotte J. Kohinaon C. G. Pringle Canm Jlirrh. White Birch. Paper liirch. do do ....do Montana do Sercno Wataon . . - do Wot ....do 8340 0713 798? 8800 0480 0.i77 3340 7485 7485 7552 7847 9002 5070 6840 8270 10070 0034 10093 lU62ri 10841 9208 10206 7339 7122 7249 70C6 onoo COCO 9072 882.3 11022 10031 9480 10115 Crnshed at 102 millimeters from iiiil. Cni^licd at 2.'i niillimeters from iiiiilille; (lefleeietl di.'igniially. Cni^lii tl at 3J iniliiinelers from liiittilie on one fu-e. Cni«h(d at 25 uiilliii etera from cnil. CriTslu'd at middle at 3 mitlimetcrs l\tlOt. CniMJicd 70 niillinu'tera from end at 3 iiiitliiiK^ti-rs iuiot. Ciu.sheil at U niillimeters knot at miilillo. Ciu.slieii at 0 millimeters knot at midille. Cruslied at 38 niil'.imetera from end. Crii^h'Ml at 0 millioietera linot 38 IDituiiM'telh^ I'roiii 1 ml. Crni^lieii at 70 miiiinieters from end iinil at futl. CrnslK il at 38 millimeters from midille. Cruslied at middle: opened grnin Iliiee-l'ouilhsihelengtiiof rtii( k. Cruslii (1 at uiiildle and split along grain. Cruahcd at 51 luillimcters from end. do ... do . . Massachusetts ■lo Townscnd do ....do Chilcoot inlet ....do do ....do Vcimont do CO. Pringle do ... do do do ....do .. do do do ....do ....do ....do do do . do Engclniaim'sranon StrawUeiTy valley. Robsrt Douglas... G. Ergolnmnn and C. S. Surgout. J.Robinson do Wet, sandy Wet, peaty Black Birch. Califoi-nia Massaibusetts ....do I'dlow Birch Gray Birch. do ...do ... do ...do ...do ....do Charlotte CO. Pringle ...do do . do . ... . do Triple diiiL'onnl flejuro perpcn- (lu-uiar lo liiij: 1. Crushed at 61 luillimetera from ei.d. do ..do ... do ... do ....do ....do ...do ...do ....do . ..do ....do Crushed iit 3 niilliniiters knot 25 inilliliietei's i'v. Ill iiiidtlle. CiUHhed at uiulilio Crushed at 5 millimeters knot at III llllle.. Crii^liid (It 10 iiiilliim'tera knot :|J iiiillini'tt'iH liMiii eiitl. Tiiplf llexiiie pi-ijM-iiiliiiilnr to I illL!H. Ciie-li' d at 44 miliiiiiete?-a from iiiidill.i. Triple llexui'U fnwurd heart Criisii.d nt 0 iiiilliini ti'ia knot 38 nilliiliielel'H lliiin end. CiMHJieil at 31 niiliimetera fTom nii.iill.'; ilelleiliil ill ■L'lll div. Tliple tli'Mlle: Timlille liiiiil ,32 niilliineli is eie. iilrir, Cni-linl at h'J niillimeters fioni i'ImI. ....do do ....do ....do 298. Bctnla iii'Ta Alleuton O. W.Lettennan.. .. do Moist loam ...do lied Birch. Hicer Birch. ....do ... do Massachiisntts ...do ... do .. do North Andorer .. .. do J. Bohiuson ....do Alliiviul ....do .. do ... do ... do do ... . .. do ... do S89. Botnlii lentiv .. .do ...do Vonnont ..do Arnold Arboretum do CS. Sargent ....do Drift Cherni JUrch. Black Birch. .•^}i'cf't Birch. Mahvtjanu Birch. ...do Charlotte .. do CO. Pringle ....do Gravelly ...do ... do Massachnsott* — -.do Diinvers do . . Crnshed at 102 nilllinieterB from iiiil. Ciiislied at 10 niillimetcra from middle. . do .. do Pepper's mills .. Sitka W.M.Canby Paul Schultzo HeuNHlf Aider. Ml* AlniiB rubra Alaska 6976 0033 0010 0829 675B Crushed nt 32 mlllluiotera frimi ihiililh'. Alder. ...do .. do ... do Wa'-lilngton torrl- liiry. ... do rnyHlliip ...do O. En'-'elniannand C. S. Saigiiut. ('rushed nt 70 iiiilliuietera from eiiil. Triple flexure 1 luiilille lienil 51 II illiiiieleiH ecreiiti ie. Criislii (1 ut 23 rjillimt'ters from niiddlo. Portlimd Eiirnitiire Coiupauy. ...do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. PNITED STATES UNDER COMPKESSION— Continued. 459 rnBSBUllE.IN KILOQIlAHfl, IlEQUIRED TO PBODUCK AN IKDENTATIOK, IN klLUMZTEBB, OF— 0.33 ei m 1179 1048 1400 1170 830 lltuG 1180 1134 1343 1384 030 1270 ISfil 075 10-Jl 1170 794 930 740 1748 1742 1520 131-1 1210 1343 1842 1021 1223 I'.'IO 880 804 1M7 1120 21.10 1407 0.51 IOCS 1170 1019 1547 2223 IGGO 1003 1073 1078 1701 1941 2028 1470 1740 1338 1488 1533 13J5 1837 1320 2350 2022 1987 1700 2028 18K7 2495 1542 2108 1497 1343 1379 2123 1515 3501 244U 2085 2330 127U 1810 1080 IOCS 1774 075 TOT 1270 1724 2004 12.-.7 1301 0.96 1778 1507 2332 1787 1170 2114 2223 1878 2004 2108 1583 2C04 1883 1529 1033 1C56 1447 2168 1424 2580 2S58 22U 1087 2254 2118 2099 1733 2472 1037 in4j 1S42 2254 1024 4iU 2713 1.0!} 3080 2731 1932 1347 19:'3 2223 1851 1515 I 184C 1701 2409 18C8 1325 2230 2359 2028 2214 2304 1087 2313 2005 1592 1715 1709 1570 2340 1533 2722 3002 2104 2168 2449 2254 2858 1851 2085 170U 1801 1000 2377 1737 4380 2894 1.37 8334 3030 2023 1397 iiino 2377 1910 lais 1955 1709 2495 1032 1356 2205 2493 2118 2295 2391 1790 2427 2077 1710 1819 1802 1083 2450 1597 2607 3139 2477 2282 2507 230H 2948 2000 2790 1851 1923 1703 2522 1851 4572 3130 l.Sil 3407 32UI 2008 1474 2032 2481 2032 1009 2053 1877 2540 2014 14G0 2391 2049 2250 2440 2331 1804 2490 2182 1790 1802 1978 1705 2599 1CC9 SO.'JO 3311 2570 2345 2708 2481 31U7 2132 28t;9 1982 1982 1835 2620 1890 4733 3230 1.78 3.03 3720 3411 2164 1492 2127 2372 2168 17S6 2108 1037 2604 2105 1565 2531 2740 2345 2549 2676 1941 25M 2295 1883 19?1 21 SU 18)0 2083 1751 3121 3470 2731 2504 2758 23911 3221 2241 3010 20i;4 2040 1910 2717 2000 iMI« 3397 3850 3583 2218 1547 2177 2KI0 2232 1800 22i3 1991 2654 2150 1615 1649 2844 2431 2076 2785 2023 2078 2391 1932 2040 2209 1341 2744 1605 3243 3574 2794 2572 2894 2054 3313 2345 3065 2.'05 2159 19f.7 2803 2087 5112 3574 3.!I8 4(173 3801 2259 1619 2254 2753 2295 I 1040 i 2322 2073 2703 2209 1808 2731 2948 2545 2771 2882 2091 2748 2513 2028 2073 2304 2023 2802 1892 3357 3001 2880 2009 2998 2749 3450 2463 3102 2308 2182 2037 2t04 2141 8257 3658 3.S4 4205 3U55 2341 1828 2308 2808 2350 1987 2300 2173 2748 2254 1783 2799 3018 2635 2867 2905 2177 2799 2595 2114 2200 2391 2082 2930 1937 3501 3774 2998 2770 3071 2799 3574 2507 3216 2345 2232 2082 29S9 22C5 5413 8815 4305 41Ul 2400 1005 2354 2030 2427 2078 4.81 2071 8311 2070 2087 3334 3529 3198 3470 3543 2076 3288 3207 2303 2067 2939 2567 3318 2395 4332 4423 3052 3000 4241 3130 3742 2381 2563 3074 2209 6300 4620 6210 61122 2812 1932 281)3 3374 2427 2449 I S.08 3108 2903 3705 3940 3029 3801 3847 2994 ReimrlM. Sheared flhcre Slight shearing of fibers ; split at cod. do Shoarcd flliors ; iiidi ntcd section covers 3 milliiue- tl'M kiKlt. Slight ftht'aring of fibers; split at eud Slicareil fibers 2858 3357 Slijiht slicrriiic of filters; indeuted section covers 3 miliinit'ltlH Unnt. Slij;hl slieariu^' uf fibers; split at end do Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; split at end do do Slight Khearinfj of fibers ; split nt end Slijjlit sher>riiig of ilbera Slight shearing of fibers; split at end 3632 2690 Sheareil filters; split at end. Slight shearing of fibers 453C I 4590 ' .do. do. 407: Shi':ired fibers; splic ntend. SM^ht Hliiaiipir of fibrrs ; split at end . Shi'iinMl filler?* ; split at end Split iit cihIh; fibeisdid not shear Sheared fibers 10 10 848 223 223 722 722 830 830 090 990 106S 1065 1006 1006 1007 1087 528 629 843 843 1068 1068 ' 1060 1 ' 1069 1070 4011 2880 2912 2799 4105 2948 0022 Split at end; fibers did not shear I 1070 Sli;:ht-h.aiingof fibers I 136 I She;neil libers; split Mt end | 136 Sheand fibers 841 Slight HljeMiiiigof fibers 841 .do. .do do. .do 5701 Sliglit slieiirin;; of fillers ... 0701 do I Sheared fibers ; split at end . 812 842 4 4 844 844 810 2041 Sho:md fibers I 067 ' I 3039 do 987 3910 .... do. 319K ' do 2722 do. I 901 001 loas i ^ 11 4G0 FOREST TREKS OE NORTH AMERICA. Tatjlb v.— 13EriAVI01l OF THE rKIKOIPAL WOODS OF THE Specicp. 301. Aliuis rubra — continued . DOS. xVlniiH rliombifoliu . Aider. Aliiiis oblongitblia . AMci: A lulls iiiciuin flifcklril A Uiir, Boary Aider. ISliuk Aider. SAI.ICACKiE. Siilix tiiyra lilitck WWitw. Siiiix niiiygtlalnidos Kdlou: Salix hi'vigata. iri»oif. TiUO. Siilix lasiautlra. var. lap.cifolin ;tOO. Salix tasiaiiilra, rar. Feudlc- I iiiiia. 'AVi. Snlix liavosfcua Salix tlavi-NrfiiH, var. Scoule- riana. mark WiUino. 1025 635 717 717 970 979 State. Oregon . ...do .... Montana. . . do ... . Locality. Portland Furniture CoQijiany. Anlilnnd .. MiHHoula . .do Oregon Drain . do 1 . . do . California. . . do San llornardino . ...do I 314. Salix IIi>iik>'riana . 374 232 855 008 908 911 Oil 690 640 981 981 889 721 721 , 972 i 972 I 966 I 960 ' Vi'iTOont ...do lilaasachusettB . . . Colorado . ...do .... ..do ... ...do .... California ...do Hiueaburg . Sliclburne . TopHtield . . Collector. G. Knm'lnmnnand C. S. Sargent. ...do Serono Watson . . ..do C. S. Sargi'nt ...do SoU. Hi m W. G. Wright, -do C. (1. Pringle. ...do J. Robinaon Wet ...do Moist loam . ..do Wet loam . 7258 Semarks. Crushed at 102 niilliiucters from end. '022 CruHlied at 25 niilliinetors from uiiiidh-. 4900 CriiHlicd at 114 niillinietf-rs from i-nd at 3 inillinii'tt'ra knot. 4800 Criihlied at 1(>2 miltime(i'r.s from I I'nd on ont' face. 5171 I Ciushi'tl lit 25 ntillinietiTH from I niiddlo. 6300 ; Triple llcxurc 4415 j CruHhnl at 8.1 millinieterrt from end at 3 niillimetevH knot. 44.W Cruslii'd at 102 niillimclors from I end at 3 millimtttcrs knot. 4017 Crnshrd at 25 millimetorH from middle. Wet, sandy Wet loam... Cafion City . ..do . . do ...do . Santa Cruz . . . do E. AT'i'Ston . . do . do . . .do G.Engi'Unanuand C. S. Sargent. do ...do , Strawlierry valley Oregon 1 Portland . . do I do Utah Citv (.""rofk cafion Moist, sandy. ...do 1 4645 2277 3493 4355 5171 3878 5012 5216 Triple dexare perpendicular to rings. CnislKMl at 5 millimeterH knot 51 inilliincter.s from end; cross* grained Crusliiil at 6 niillimot<'rs knot at midtile. Triple tlexiiro; Hjdit along grain 111 t ween rings. C lusliod at 51 inillimetera from end , split along grain between rings. Cruslii'd lit 5 uiilliinfters knot 51 iiiilliiiii'terH from midillc. Triple di'Xiiri' do I . do Moist, rich... 4373 F.Skinnor [ Alluvial ' 6942 I 1 do i .. do 00,-in I M. E. .Tones Gravelly Montana I Pattce's cafion, ' ttlsHoula. do j. . . .do Wasliington ter- j Seattle, ritory. . . do . Oregon . ...do ... do Winchester bay ...do Sereno Watson .. .! Rich, moi^t . 1 ...do 1. . . .do (r. Engelniannnnd I Aloist, sandy C. S. Sargent, i do do 4581 0632 j 6532 8074 6805 Crushed at .'il niiltimcterH from end in vicinity of kiiols. Cnislieil l:i niiUitiietels from mid- dli> at 2 iiiillimi-ters knot. CriLsliid at Wl niilliinelei'H from end and at end. Crushed at in niilliiiietei's from middle at 3 miliiiaeters knot. Cruslii'd near middle on one face.. t'ruslied at 3 niillinieters knot 76 niilliuii'ters from end. t'i'Ushi-d at middte do do . . ! Sandy saline ! 7031 .....Ao ' 66'.'3 Crushed lit 5 iiiiliiini'M'rs knot near inithile. Triple flexure, deflected diag- imallv. Trijili' llrMire 316. .lis. Salix hisiolepis iri7/oii'. PopillllS i .'IMIluliiMl'S Ani>rn. l^iiakinij Avp. .110. PopiiluK grandldentatA J'ojdar. .'120. l'ii|.iiliis hrlriojihylla h'inr Cnitiinirood. Swamp I ('i,ll„IIW:(:d. 321. I'opuliis li:tlsaii'ifi'ra Jtali/itin. Tucauiahae. Jialm II/ (lilrad. una California I 272'' S.iutaCruz G. Kngi'lniannnud I Randy loam : Oino ! S. ('. Siirgent. 272 10»fi 1035 847 ' 847 I Colorado i Alidne... ,. do I... do.... MaHsachusetts. . . ' Danvers . . do do . . . . . do . . . do . T. S. limndegeo . \ Damp 4219 ...do j . do I 471T .1. Robinson \ Gravelly ! 6200 . . do do 6042 do do . 52! !•» I '1 Tcunessee . .'. NashvilU' do . do. (."nislnil near middle on one face. Criishi d at 51 and nt 114 millinii'- (ri .s ti'oiu i-iifl ; split along graiu. Tiipli' (lexiiii' paiidlel to rings . Crnshiil at 3S luillimehrs from iniildle on one face. ' Cruslii'd at 89 miUiuietvrs from I'll I. do 6829 Triple flexure; iiiiddle bend 38 I uiilliiiieleiH eerelilric. Alluvial 14627 Crushed at Hi inilliuieteiM knot I 1U2 niillimrtiis from end. 061 Alaska . 321. PopnIuH balaaniifera, car.oan- dleans. 0«1 1064 1064 do Massachusetts. .. do ChiUoiit Inlet i Paul Scliniti'.o ...do Tnpsfleld . ...do . . do ' 4672 Crushed at il milliuiet"! s knot '25 I j iiiiilinietiTs lioiii end. do ....do '5570 Tiipli' flexure; iiiiildle bend 32 ! milliui' lirs ei rentrie. >T. Robinson. ..do GrnvuUy , 4.')27 CrnHhed at 76 millimetors from ; end. do 4300 Triple flexure pirpendlenlur to liuus. " t'U r^^'^^ 'T'r'f' "T -" v?^,-F THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 401 UNITED STATES UNDEll COJiriJESSIOX— Contiuucd. riiE»»UUE, I.N KU.OI.IlAJlb, Ml;l lIU-li lo ;1I0I>111; AN IMiEMAIIO.N, IN J11I.UMHF.K8, OF— o.-ja 0S3 01 B 631 409 590 607 030 658 007 U44 063 1043 40U O.Sl 0.70 1.0'J I l.Sr l.5!j 1.78 3.03 •i.'iH i 3.34 1243 1520 053 857 044 1030 1089 939 r.'03 •Mi 10?4 ' I rj2o I !io; ! 1352 160.' 1043 003 1052 1111 1120 998 I 1461 1529 17U0 1851 1071 1080 048 998 1B28 ! 1715 1084 1175 1202 053 1016 S8j 131,-. 12U2 1K61 1134 1030 635 003 071 771 802 1021 10(iO i4o; 12(17 11U7 1220 1252 11121 1(187 l.WO 140(1 I 048 658 821 862 1851 1184 735 1397 12C7 040 885 658 i 844 885 I 817 885 1307 1143 1202 1361 1016 1080 1424 1087 1560 1270 943 1170 1379 1397 1384 1082 1633 1125 1229 1257 1120 2064 1202 739 1565 1261 034 880 j 1569 1207 1252 1438 1075 1094 1488 2123 16") 1388 1016 1266 1470 1565 1615 2108 1706 1028 1361 1347 1479 1166 1184 1569 2218 1674 1447 I 1680 1311 I 1565 I 1597 1678 2359 1769 1937 1120 1043 1193 128H 1302 1207 1006 1152 1084 1270 1347 1361 1225 1084 nu 1080 1126 1030 1075 043 1052 730 807 2168 1257 758 1637 1315 080 I 003 I I 1288 I 1170 I 1125 i 1110 I 852 I 2241 1270 771 1710 1366 1030 057 1384 1238 1166 1167 903 1719 1442 1.393 1547 1234 1210 1651 2280 1760 1647 1120 1384 1615 1674 1710 2486 1651 2291 1811 807 1756 1411 1075 998 1438 1288 1166 1198 957 1824 1529 1447 1642 1306 1257 1710 2350 1801 1509 1170 1438 1724 1729 1810 2507 1937 2301 1352 830 1824 1470 1120 1034 1611 1848 1170 1201 1002 1760 { 1805 2008 1179 1120 1315 1397 1402 1266 1806 15/4 l.'i24 1674 1347 1306 1814 2482 1846 1624 1220 1488 1787 1801 1960 2685 1006 2454 1388 848 1905 1524 1101 1080 1547 1384 1220 1302 1043 2132 1234 1166 1347 1415 1443 1311 1041 1642 1,>74 1733 1393 1352 1023 2604 1802 1674 1200 1.133 1833 1855 2010 2731 2009 2518 1303 862 1082 1669 1170 1120 1303 1261 1820 1084 1010 2200 1279 1220 1388 1483 1480 1343 2032 1733 1619 1814 1452 1624 1951 2590 1928 1715 1302 1579 1865 1928 2078 2858 2118 4.81 9.08 2254 2486 I 1442 ' 1407 1669 1 1678 1765 1624 2395 2155 2010 2168 1774 1833 2305 8020 2214 2032 1.570 1905 2132 2313 2481 3311 2541 2686 1547 1647 1860 1878 2064 1774 2505 1397 898 1691 1578 I 1211 1170 ' 1415 1306 laoi I 1125 , 2518 2232 24-tO 20U5 Hemarks. Sheared fibers i «pUtat end 1025 Sboiircd llburs. do do do do ... do. Sliplit Hhi-ariii<; of tiburs; split at end; specimen 120 luilliniett'i'A louu. sunlit Hbciifing of libers 1 .33 I do 232 855 008 908 911 911 690 690 040 981 981 889 721 721 072 972 966 966 669 272» 272« 1035 1035 847 847 061 061 10.'>4 1054 i! lit 'I 4G2 I- .5 (■,.,v i\ -! ■■ IB' FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. 322. Popnlim niipL'tifolin., Mtack ColUmwood. 823. PoptiliiR tilcliocnnift Ulaek Ciitlunwood. Baltam Cotttrnuood, 824. Popniiifi monilifura C'oltonwiiod Xceklaee Pop- lar, Varolina Poplar. Big Cottonwood. 825. Popniiis FrcmontU. Cottunwood. 825. Popnlnn Freraontli, var. Wis- lizcni. Ca((u. iiiilllinotcrH IVi do Alaska . ...do.. Sitka : Paul Subultze 5897 ...do ...do 7031 Hiitiah Coliirabia . Saw-mill, Victoria. (>. En;;elnianii and | 8210 i I C. S. Saigi'iit, . . do ' do I . . do I Alaaka ' Peiil Htiait Paul SchtUtze ...do ... .. do .. .. do .. ...du . — do . do . Wpidler'H aaw-mill, I'mlland. ...do Dp;ni iV f "o.'m »uw- iiiill, Miirslifii'Id. ... (Ill do 332. ClipiTH^ns iii;MTnr:irpa . 333. Cupi't'ssus (rovcniaiia 3ns. •Tiiuipei'UH occidt-iitalia Jiiviper. 33S. Jiinipei'ii.* orridontalin. var. t'UIljUi^rlls. Jtfiiipir. 330. iTiiiiipiriis Vir;;iniana Kea Cedar. Havin. 07.) e75 on I 1)91 1100 1100 024 . 021 93H 931) 1102 1102 327 327 734 734 800 80O 837 837 1055 10.55 1240 1250 12S3 Cnlifuiiiia lo MoiltlMI'V . Ilo 7779 7711 7439 G. Kiiuflniaunand ! 7217 C. S. Sai yent. ! ' -.do i 6907 do . ...do . . .do . . . do . I ...do. ...do. do ' Marin county .ilo ' . . . ilo do Calistoga . . . dii ' . . do G.]{. Vaaoy.... ...do W. F.Fishor... ...do .. ilo . . do . Vn-kii plains. .. do Texas . . ... do .. ... do . ... do ., do . . . do . . . Floiida . . do . . Austin .. do ...do ...do G. Kn^idiuann and 0. S. Sai'pont . do I C.MoIii- do . . . . S. B. Buckley ....I... do Gravelly loam . ...do Dry rldgea . ...do ..do ...do Ijimestoni' ...do ...do ...do .... 7235 ! 7462 7666 Cruslu'd at 70 niilliiniti't-s t'l-oiii end ttt 3 inilliiiii'li-r'H knot. Crnshc'1 iii niiilillr in viiinily of , 3 niillinirti'i's knota. CruHln-il at end; opi-ned uniln Crushed !i( 3 nnliiiiiitev.M Kiml 'A inillinieli'i'H troni end. Cnt..*li0il at 3:i initlinietera from end; opi-ni'd 1)1 i v.'ecn liiijrs. CruHlii il ;il 2.') iinil at 127 nillliine. tei'H IVoiii end. Triple di.i^nn.il lle\uri' ])arii]li-l to riniiH. Crir^lied at 3S niilliineteiH IVoiii end. t^rnrthed at 04 inillinieterH triini end. Triple tlexiiro; middle bond 38 niillinieteiH eerentrle. Crnabed at 35 ndllinieterH from end. CriiHlii d at 13 niillimi-leiH knot 38 niillimeteis IVi.m middle. Cnisbeit :t( 31 millimeter.-^ iVoni end. Criialied lit 25 and iit 102 niillime- tfvs from end. Crnalied at 25 ami at 51 millinii'- . terafroni end; .Mplit :ilo!m yniin. ('rual)eil at end luidai 102milliiiie. ters fiom end. Crusbed at 51 millimeter.s from end. 1 5603 { 7349 6253 ■ I 4872 I Triple fle.xiire do Crushed at middle ; end sbatteied ; split alonf; ^Eralu. Split alouK (.'rain ; shattered 9040 Hhnttered stick at 127 railliinetera from end and at I'ud. Dallas I J. Koverrhon Calcareous . do j... do do Chattahoochee A. H. Curtlss do do ;... .do do I do Saint John's river 1 do ... do ! ..do. .do. Massachnsetts.. .. do Danvers . J. Robinson do do. do Topafleld I do . . . do do I do . Tennessee . .. do ...do Wilson county. ...do ...do A. E. Baird ...do ...do Sandy loam . ...do Drift ..do Gravelly ...do 9662 0804 7172 74.10 7015 "219 7031 .•|715 5120 4044 5H5I ' 7076 8256 6870 6677 Trinle dtajiunni ilexure perpeii. ; diriiliir to rinua. Split nldiiiuriv ; eiiiss.y;rainedaud kmita. I t'riialie'l at 102 millimelern iVniii ' I ml ;:iiil aplit uloli^ ;riiiiii. Triple lli'Mire ; !niiliUe beliil ;J2 niitlimi-ti-ra eei elitlie. Criisbeil at 2."i iinil iit 127 millime. lers I'riini i ml. Cl'lialied jit ;> millimeteia knot 2.*i milliiueieiH from end. Crnflii il lit 10 millimeteia knot 13 niiliimiti-i-M finm end. Opened ;:iain at 6 millimi'teia Knot iieiir middle. Triple niiiuonal llexare p;tiitll. I til linj:..*. .... do (^'riialii il in \'ii'itiity of 13 milUnie. tela Kiiiil at miildle. CruKllrd at lllidiile; defiei'ted (.'riiaheil at knot at middle Cruabed at kniit near end Triiile diaiinnal Ilexure perpen dieular to riiiga; openi d crain. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 465 FBKBSUltE, IN KlLOOBAHg, BKQUIRED TO mODUCE AN INDENTATION, IN MILLIHETEnB, OF— m\ m\ o.as 840 G40 aso «26 403 022 044 544 549 522 721 one 749 1125 1320 1542 8G6 COO OtO 1656 17(:0 1406 1805 604 1728 1343 1610 1778 1474 1740 0.31 0.7« 581 I 084 j 889 ; 053 j 735 ; 608 ! 1025 ■ 075 I I 885 I 7,6 uro 1592 J 247 I 1442 ; lf37 : I 2032 ; 1420 o:>3 060 3311 3200 2540 2413 1574 2427 2431 2459 3593 3134 3402 I 720 1034 039 1139 802 803 1103 1125 071 1103 1302 1767 1320 1515 1082 L118 1520 1080 1116 3511 3010 2558 2118 2558 2925 2622 4291 4046 4033 Loa 702 1075 062 1184 871 821 1315 13)1 1012 1048 1393 1842 1303 1507 2073 2205 1529 1120 net 3742 3620 3311 2572 2404 2622 3134 2681 4653 4359 4264 i.ar I 1.39 1.98 I 803 1116 003 1243 880 835 1365 1356 1025 1080 1488 1800 1442 1083 2114 2254 1579 1170 1202 3860 3724 3425 2019 2563 2771 3202 - r)8 4817 4SI3 4414 812 1166 1030 1279 894 839 1415 1411 1057 1120 1517 1019 14U2 1333 2104 2400 1579 1211 1207 3951 3797 3515 2673 2620 2853 3307 2826 4944 4649 4626 848 1211 1061 1293 003 644 1474 1483 1003 1166 1588 1900 1547 1774 2214 2354 1051 1229 1266 4051 3660 3647 2703 2681 2944 3393 2809 5i03 4854 4726 !>.03 I 3.38 ' 3.34 857 1234 1084 1302 021 857 1506 1551 1120 1175 1642 2000 1592 1819 2259 2404 1087 1275 1311 4104 3001 3720 2739 2731 3012 3434 2953 5158 4953 4795 875 I 1270 j nil I 1315 944 880 ; 1565 1579 1129 1210 1724 2032 1047 1800 2400 2481 1728 1306 1325 4187 4014 3783 2803 2709 3094 3484 3016 5221 6080 4899 1270 1120 1329 962 889 1610 1642 1157 1234 17C0 2067 1687 1890 2331 2513 1746 1329 1301 4214 4078 3642 2621 2817 3134 3515 3094 5294 6668 4962 4.81 1007 1452 1306 1429 1034 3.08 1126 1574 1452 1420 1089 998 1 1080 1805 I 1973 1028 I 2132 Bamarkf. 1300 1406 2028 ?313 1006 2214 2380 2835 1928 1400 1520 4717 4241 3160 3606 3862 3574 5987 5579 2790 2994 2155 4967 4527 3348 3901 4001 6305 Sheared fibers do ... do do do do Sllcht shearing of fibers I 852 do 852 sso 350 850 850 851 851 Shcari'd filers , 969 Sli;;lit shearing of fibers ] 969 Sheared fibers ; split at end , 983 Slipht shearing of fibers ; split at end 083 I do , 994 Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; 3 niillimoters ; 004 knot. Sheared fibers lOOO .do. 1000 do 701 Split along grain i 707 do ,..„..^r^.^,^^r.i 707 Slieared fibers Sheared fibers; split at ends . 675 675 Sliglit shearing of fibt r.s ; indented section covers ' 691 two 3 miliiinetersitnots. Slight sliearing of libers ; split at comer ! 691 Sheared flbera j 1100 do ; 1100 Sheared fibers ; split at ends ; worm-eaten 624 do : 624 Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . . Sheared fibers ; split at ends. 939 1102 1102 1087 1207 1687 2014 1932 2381 2068 2132 2186 2162 2844 22.J0 2214 2690 2304 2236 2935 2349 2259 3030 2395 2304 3060 2449 2341 3094 2504 2330 3139 2004 2566 3438 3202 Sheared fibers ; 327 Sheared fibers; split at end { 827 do 734 I 1384 1011 8:!9 817 1061 2091 1700 1438 1270 1928 2291 19C9 1363 1424 2245 2341 2028 1705 1511 2 50 2303 2082 1733 1533 2518 2454 2118 1765 1574 2540 2486 2159 1778 1579 2572 2549 I 2173 j 1790 1028 I 2017 ' I 2590 ' 2214 I 1810 ! 1631 2649 2608 2286 1624 1665 2681 2989 2527 1951 1878 3030 3221 2672 2074 1996 Sheared fibers. do do do 800 800 837 887 Sheared fibers ; split at end 1085 1588 1203 2790 2404 3066 2694 318R 2840 3334 2986 3443 3039 3565 3153 3588 3292 3674 3720 j 4264 3293 3348 39U1 4196 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers 1241 12S0 3(» roil ■fl'-l IIIIMI 4Gt) FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TAnLi; v.— liEIlAVIOlt OF THE rUINCIPAL WOODS OF THE ' }| .. . '\ ^f! 5 I* 1 Spccloa, 1 B 9 635 .535 5.2 542 741 741 6.57 657 673 673 710 711 711 712 712 713 T13 714 715 078 078 62 62 277 277 651 651 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 797 1044 1044 976 987 987 6S8 Stnte. Looallt.v. Collector. C.Mobr ....do Soil.. Longitudinal com- 1 presgion: Cltimate stn-ngtb. in kilos. Roniarlia. • Stoclilon ....do Alluvial 8020 7031 0760 6750 6328 6697 0341 6078 6017 7301 7122 6.52:1 7970 5262 5307 7122 6042 7340 6.105 C608 8700 72.58 7349 70O8 7838 5570 .5670 5308 5230 0214 4427 4210 6160 6305 5800 4005 6842 5625 6534 4967 6123 4081 4944 6441 Cnmlied at 64 niillimetera from end. (;iu»lied at 51 milliniof . do ....do Floridu Cbattaliooohce ....do C. S. Sargent ...,do Alluvial ftinking Crdar. Saiin. ..do .. ....do .do .. ...do A. H. Curtiss do Calcj>reou8 ....do ... do ... . ...do S4C. 'i'orri>;v-ii Ciilifonilcn California Xtiliiieg. Stink- ing Cedar. 847. Pinun Slrolnia CaliforDia . do Marin county ....do ("r. 11. Vnsey ....do Stony .. do . ... Crushed r.t 01 millimeters from middle at 5 niillinielers knot. Triple tlexiii'e .... MasFachusettR . do Arnold Arboretnm ... do C. S. Sargent .do .... Diift Crnabrd at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 01 millimeters from end. CriislMjd at 70 millimetera from eud. Criislied lit 10 niillimetera knot 3H iiiillinieleis I'rnm middle Ciualieil at 1(1 inillinielera knot 51 inilliiiH tela iieni end. Crushed nt 51 rnd nt 114 millime- ters Iroin end. Criislu'd nt 1(12 milllinelers from ind. Crushed at 13 mllliuioters from end. WhiUl'ine. Weymouth IHtu. do Vermont Charlotte C. G. Prlnglo Intercolonial rail- way. ..do Wot, awampy . . . ... do .. do BridgetoD ...do Ed. Sinclair ..do ...do Province of Quebac ...do A. Grant ...do ...do ...do Grand Tmnlt rail- way. .. do Crii'lied nt Ot millinietera from niidillo. Ci iislied at end and .it 32 uiillime- ti'i'H from middle. Crualied nt 45 millimelera from miildle. Criislied nt 83 millimeters trom eud. Crualied nt 70 mlllimitera from end. Triple flexure parnllol to rings ... Crualied at 13 millimetera ft-om end. Criiabed at three places near ends . ...do Massaolinactta.... ...do Rending J. Robinaon ...do Drift ...do . ..do M8. Finns monticola Britisli Columbia . Ha8tin|rii'"an-mill, Burrard inlet. Caniade mount. aiDH. ... do G. Engelmnnnand C. S. Sargent. C. 8. Sargent ...do IVAife I'ine. Moiat loam .. do . ... do 349. Pinna Ltinibertiaiui CalifomiB Snw-mill, Straw. bcrrv valley. (t. Eniieluiannand C. S. Snr^ent. Sugar Pine. iMi THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER 0OMPKES8ION— Continued. rRKHSUIIK, IN KlI.nnttAllH, [IKglllRii!) TO IMinDL'CR AN IN'DKKTATinN, IN MILLIlimiBS, OF— t o.i» ; fe 0..1t I 0.9« I.04 liiv m IB: a: ■jiilifl; m pi S 404 440 hk;i gH9 403 880 830 S6;> sea 780 C'.'O 61' 7o:i 8r.7 j 74!t . 7Hri 707 1424 r.-.'o 104o 1120 O.Vl osn 800 I 8;)0 I ir.«7 1 i:!00 { i;f.'5 i I'jii'i 010 B80 1078 1352 14B2 1257 OHO I 1030 071 I 1052 i.ar 93» O'Jl 1742 1415 1483 1320 1084 1098 852 1012 702 780 1048 1300 833 t.M 1002 044 1787 1483 1620 1350 lOSg 1106 1.78 9.0» I I 1774 m -^^ 2440 3052 2:!r>0 ! 3085 1050 licl 2331 2341 1257 1023 1013 1520 1021 1071 053 640 008 521 1452 1203 1135 nil 1542 885 021 I ICOfl j 8f0 821 ICOl nil I 871 ' I 1075 930 860 008 1110 921 2731 4037 2853 4150 387K I 4024 2013 2M0 2118 2835 3035 2200 1033 ' lfi8'< 071 789 i 499 ; 520 i i 930 531 8(in 500 080 712 002 535 002 030 708 780 1075 862 I 1210 903 05;! 871 857 1034 ' 1028 I iiMi ; 1211 i 1343 ' I 1883 ' 1048 ' ora : ll!43 . 1030 j 762 I 885 ; 1152 I 944 I 1262 002 ■ ! 1052 I 962 ' 025 I 1210 984 1080 048 898 95!t 1180 957 1710 2050 1201 1193 1950 1075 902 1080 1075 803 012 1207 971 1302 980 1003 1025 975 1275 2926 4296 4150 2971 8125 2254 1742 1805 2118 1297 1447 2087 nil 980 1125 1120 844 944 1261 084 1320 1002 1130 1075 1108 1311 1002 1084 008 931 975 1325 1002 8003 4360 4265 3121 3270 2313 1700 1842 2205 1347 1483 2227 1116 1012 1166 1161 852 957 1320 1025 1347 1U48 1189 112') 1034 1338 1060 1007 1824 1520 1509 1415 1134 1225 1025 1107 1030 044 062 1393 1043 1003 1034 1804 1551 1610 1447 1148 1288 I 9.9H I 9.94 1030 1157 1035 002 1034 1442 1080 4436 4380 3366 2345 1851 1800 2250 1370 1511 2304 1120 1021 1207 1207 1301 1034 1370 1071 1234 ; 1161 1078 1366 1139 1062 1905 1588 1019 1483 1161 1320 1034 1193 1039 984 1075 1470 1098 1175 1080 1941 1019 1042 1529 1184 1442 4.81 1334 1247 2205 1882 1790 1792 1320 1624 4518 4473 3367 3456 2303 1896 1041 2259 1303 1524 2427 1134 1052 1220 1247 839 993 1411 1060 1384 1075 1275 IICO 1008 i <388 1061 1221 1049 1007 1098 1501 1120 4581 4613 3488 3515 2386 1941 2046 2304 1429 1538 2454 1152 1093 1247 1270 898 1025 1488 1116 1397 1093 1311 I 1184 1120 1424 '. 4031 4726 1179 1370 1116 1210 1633 1266 a.o8 1338 2087 1932 1087 1400 1701 1452 Remarka. Hhi'mod libera ; apUt nt end Slight Bbi^itrini; of flbero sunlit BhearloK of flliern ; split at end. Shonrod fiborn ; npllt at corner Sbeanxt fl bem do do. .do. 1306 1792 M03 &i21 3661 2440 1904 2087 2341 1447 1651 2,503 1101 1111 1297 1293 921 1039 1520 1148 1420 1116 1347 1220 114:1 I 4287 5480 5851 Hhoared tlberH ; iipUt at end .' .Sheari'd flbrrn ; nplit niong grain Slight ahcarluK of tlliem; HpUt along grain. Slieared flbera; nplit along ([rain Sheared tlliors do Sheari'd tll>erH ; split at end Split at enda . Slirari'd fii>er8 ■ do I Split at i-nda . 4527 I Sheared fibers; split at ends . I 2713 I I Shenrpd fibers; split at end.. 2245 24 13 ' Sheared fibers 1450 I 2481 26,-flnii I'iiion. Xut rine. US. Plnii!) cMlii1i.s J'ii'ion. .Vii( I'ine. 3M. Pinii»inoii<>i)li.vlla... I'iiton. .Vh< rine. 357. Piiiii»B»1f27 Crnnbiil at 10 milllnieti'rs knot 7(1 inillitneters I'rnm end. Arizona Snntu Uitaniount- G. Knuelninnn and nins. ('. S. Sur;;L'nt. do do do I 4740 Triple flexure . 6S5I do Califumia San Dii'^o tnunly. G. It. Vasey. — do ... do ... do Colorado CaDonClty E. \Ve»ton Gravelly I Lcwlston M.K.Jones ' Roeky Utah Nevada Danville . ... A. Triple... Gravelly.... Califoniia Sentt niniintuins .. G.Knf^elmannand Rocky I t". S. Sarj;ent. do do ■ do do . Colorado Forest (Mty T. S. Bnindegeo. ...do Nevada Micbigan ...do Now Brunswick . . ..do Vermont ...do ...do ..do California ...do ...do Arizona . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do ... ....do... do do Prospect mountain A. Tiiplc. Rocky Hersey W. J. Beal . . do do Bridgefdu Ed. Sinclair. ...do Charlotte . . . ...do ...do .. do ... do C.G.Pringlo. ..do .. do .. do ■| San Diego county . G. Kngt Inianu Sondy do. do . Santa Kita mount- ains. ...do do. do. do. do. do. do .do. .do . 8020 7621 52(12 5,->70 4037 4740 4703 60.13 M»' .'■|0I2 8301 7107 81(15 6(123 .'5042 7340 6886 440U 4876 C.G.Prinple. ...do ..do ..do ..do .. do Rocky . . . . do . . ..do . ....do .. ...do .. ...do .. Cnixlieil lit 38 mid iit FO uiillinie. ti'i's tVnni i>i)d ; opened gijrin. ''luslie*! at 32 nillliiiM'teiH from end; t.plit iiltlitpicly iilnn^jxrain. ('ni>'>iiil at 64 Mili;MM'ter.>< from I ml at Id millinii tern I. nut. Tiiplf tlc.xure (^iiiKhid lit end at .I milllmi'lei'H l>m>l. Split oblii|iiily nlonj; KTiin I^illf'd at 111 niilllincterH k:uitHat iinitdlc. Tailed at 10 milllnietc is ki.ol T(l lllil>ilnetrl'n fl (im i-ad. ('imnIimI at 3 nillliincti'rH knotH lit niiilille. Crnslird at 32 millimcterH from riiil : eioHH-triained. Cm sited Jit end Craslied ;it midille and nt 3 milli. inrti-iH Kijot 2.'> millimeters tii'ui nridclli-. CmisIh-iI at 'A milliiiifters from fiid. UriiHlied nt 64 millimeters from eini. ('rushed at 10 millimeters knot 2.'i niiiliiiirti-rs fioiu end. < 'ruHhed u( i-nd Crushed at 2.'i anti at 114 milll. merer rt from emi. (.'rrislii d jit 25 and at 76 miltime. tev.H from end. t'rirshid nt 51 millimeters from en I Crushed at 6 milliinotcrs knot nt middle. Cnislied nt 2.'i ami at 102 niilH. meters from errd. Triple tlexiriei mlildlo bend 61 millimeters eccentric. 748.''> I Crushed at 2,'i end. 7349 Ciiished nt end milllmctors from 5330 Shattered ot end. j 03."i0 Crushed at 51 millimotern from eii.l. Ii0)'0 Crrishi'd at 25 millimeters knot at «Mid. 4014 ■ do Dakuta Oregon CaUiornin ... ...do ...do ..do ...at Dead wood Robert DongVis . . .[ G ravelly . Sawmill, Ashland G. Engelmanii and I C. S Sargi'nl . St ra \v berry valley do I 701.1 do. Sawmill, Straw. berry valley. ..do do. do. do. Sawmill, San Bcr. W. G. Wright. nardiiio. I I.ow, wet, swampy ...do 530 3020 3765 8256 5042 7756 Oushed at 51 millimeters from end. CriiHlicd at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexnre perpendicular to lings ; knots. do Triple dexaro Crushed at 51 millimetera ftom end. do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 469 nBglllllKI) TO rilODlTIt an INDRMTATIOK, in MII.I.IMKTKIIB, Of— Iffi m 111 1 m: m M m m m m m liiili IITP) 1201 1134 2023 1407 1006 1702 0S3 871 1211 1442 1110 1307 071 802 744 80ij 504 703 ' U.")3 f02 1270 i:i:!8 )4,'.2 1021 I 1034-1 1089 lUlO »30 !'07 080 I 1157 1452 ims n:i4 1U21 10«!> 1824 1325 1400 1042 1700 1710 1005 1800 1032 j 1 2070 3157 2380 2008 270O 3U30 2123 2345 2100 2506 2014 2450 1811 1800 2130 2280 1600 1500 2000 2105 1034 1157 1170 1275 1110 1343 1400 1583 030 102.-, 080 1243 1025 1087 lOCO 1305 1574 1397 1301 ; 9711 1724 ! 2400 K08 1343 1170 1429 1034 1370 nil 2000 2177 2480 2155 2132 2291 1710 1837 I 1420 1087 1524 13f8 1UD3 18-)] 2408 17li-> 14 -ill 1189 ; 15*2 1073 2005 3243 2736 3210 2481 2744 2058 1023 2301 1010 2200 1220 1325 1433 1047 I 1080 nil 1420 1170 I 22ri8 2223 23r>9 I 1700 I I 1802 1488 . 1724 j 1570 14C8 1181 1870 j 2.->18 ] 1S33 ! 1533 I 1275 j 1824 I 1032 I 2032 ! 2053 3411 I 2840 j 3388 I 2540 2885 I i I 2713 1087 ' 2477 1074 2208 1288 I 1305 I 1470 1 1700 I 1134 ! 1157 1401 1234 \ 2327 2201 2440 1804 1041 I 1524 " 1774 1507 1429 1207 1 005 2008 1851 1001 1325 1087 l.rs a.03 9.9(1 3.94 2073 2118 3620 2020 3403 2054 8021 •2753 2023 2670 1705 2350 1338 1424 1407 1724 1100 I 1202 1520 1288 \ i 2360 2350 2480 1040 1001 . l.-^OO 1805 IfiOl 1450 1257 1978 2007 1883 ICCO 1343 1700 1583 2073 2123 2182 3011 2008 3074 2717 3125 2880 2050 2045 I 1751 2431 1870 1483 I 1551 . 1705 1207 I 1238 1509 I 1343 , 2431 2400 2527 lODI 2028 1 1U15 1833 1010 1497 t 1302 i 2040 2740 1932 1733 ISO,') 1790 1524 lOHt 1700 1042 2227 10V?4 I I I 2114 2160 2200 3070 3085 3850 : I 2753 I 3?12 ' 2021 2001 2703 1801 2527 1415 1647 1584 1787 1234 1200 1001 1370 2440 2477 2405 2041 2073 1000 1882 1037 ' 1524 1338 2082 31^03 1!>4u 1 17S7 1411 1840 ' 1547 1120 1774 1087 2400 1005 2160 2223 3738 3210 I 3002 ' 2RS1 I 3311 I 2063 2130 ' 2771 1833 2022 I i 1442 I 1674 \ 1024 1801 1270 1203 1033 '■■ 1415 2499 2572 2518 I 2118 ' 2100 I 1002 : 1800 I icni ' 1538 ' 1301 2118 2853 '< 1900 1851 1483 1800 1670 1130 1700 1724 2341 1087 2200 4.81 a.08 Renuiki. 1837 1201 1073 1041 2007 IB32 2406 1982 ; Sheared flben. I I .do. .do. .do. 1334 2033 2078 I 2868 j Sheared flbum ; opened ((rain »t eud and along one ! fuce. I- 2273 I 3833 1 3260 ' 4140 2804 3857 j 2085 2108 2700 1842 2081 1470 1010 1005 1837 1311 1320 1000 1452 2564 2505 2630 2141 2570 1710 1905 1050 1505 14U2 2155 2903 1082 1001 1529 1932 2670 4400 3860 6013 2000 : Shearrd flberR. I 2736 .do. 3830 2032 3811 2108 2048 1*78 1800 1901 2032 1407 1620 1923 1700 2948 3010 Split at eud ; Indented aeotion covers 0 mtlUmutere I knot. 2768 Sheared fibers I 4864 Slight BhenrtnK of fibers 4204 Sheared fibers Shoamd fibers ; split at end. do 3720 Sheared fibers. 8638 2070 3616 2381 3470 2023 2108 1033 2087 .do. Ao. .do. .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. do Slieared fibers do Sheaicd fibers; split at end Sheared fibers do I Sheared fibers; split nt end. 3100 Sher .-cd fibers 3201 do Sheared fibers ; split at end . I I 1073 I 2836 I 1000 I 1778 1805 1010 2330 3200 2214 2177 1700 2200 .do. 2020 , Sheared fibers I 2205 HE Off- -I Iv kh ii '.:'f^ I Ilonmrlis, Crushed at end . I CriiBlioil lit M inilliniptovp fior.i eiiili llliiiilliinotorri ItiiotateiHl, Ci iiriliud lit mifUllu Tripli* dinffonni fli'xuri'; knots niMr iiiitlttlo. Tiijilr iliiiizDiKil tl"\mi'i C milli- nii'tiTrt knut at n^d vin^H ; iniddlo l>uud (I niilii- niett'rHcixontiir. ObU(|U(^ Hplit ITS milli.neti^rH loiip, sopar.UinK stick. Cruwlicd ut 51 niillinictcrs fn)ni end. Triple diagonal floxuro Sliattcrt'd ciid : rrtiHliL'dnt lu'Jiuil- liiiieti l> IVoia i ud. Cruslied xt lOU iiiilIimotcr« from I'IhI. Criislicd at .'d uiillimettTs from unil. (/'nislicil at 38 niiUiinc't«rs *'vom .>lul. C'luslioil ut 10 inilliinrti'rs Itnot lit niilliini'tf'r.4 IVma : nd. Crusltctl at 8'J inilliniftcrH from .lid. Cruslifd nt 10 iiiilliniotrra k»iot 10- inillinM'tf'rs tnim oiid. t'riislic il at 5 inilliiiiettrH knot nt niiil.llc. Tripli- fln^iiir; niiddlu beud 3.5 lilitlilUi-tt'iH fcrcntric. Fnili'd at l.'l indliniLtiTH knot at niidfllt'. (*ni8lH ( '■> niiiliuii'- 1 terHkiiot.'il inllliiiietei'H from end. i CriiMiied at eiiil at 111 loliliiiioteiH j I^IKit. I CriiHlieil nl i;i ludlliueters knot 70 i iiiilliiiielerM IrnMi eud. I THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 471 } OF ? HE tI»>ITED STATES UNDEll C0MPKBS810N— Continued. Uiniotoip fvor.i ii'8 itnotatciiil. icxuro; knotH ■Miiv; 0 milli- lidtllc Iu'ihI. ) at 6 niilUniiv oxuro i)aralIol ) Ituud U niilii- illi.netorBlong, llinictcra fruni iUimetors from Uimeters from Iliii)('t4iu illimotorH from t)>i'B knot. 71 iniUimetcfB lllunctora from Ht mi(1nion*l. 1 t 13 tiiillimotttiH I I liniotrrn knot 70 ' PRBfiSUKE:, IN KIIiOOBAMe, B£(jt'limD TO i-KODK K AN .MiKNTATION, LN 5I1LLIMKTEUB, OF— 0.-M 0.31 1021 1160 807 ia25 Viu-: 17U9 S85 iras \ I I I ' ! I 0.y« ! ].Oa 1.37 1.3!) l.»N S.0.1 !).!|8 'i.H4 4.N1 3.08 m eh: '0 IL'Ol ir.-fi 80-.' 771 lo-.'l i.-'7!) ; 170!) i i:ii5 I'JiW ur.'i •jr. im:> 1787 VM-2 I»06 883 1U71 007 1 OTII 1061 B»8 i 807 10S2 1202 1778 1470 2014 IbBO 1225 -m 1247 817 1406 DSS 14S6 309 1093 767 1166 1179 1207 1982 lis: 1447 l'J43 1764 880 1093 862 UJO li47 1433 025 1R20 1828 2223 iM2 2218 93S 1270 703 1179 26M 3479 2658 425S 1B20 2132 1043 1678 1211 1796 1116 3073 1 :2u 170D 171:8 ,:i70 1483 1 2070 I 1202 j 1143 ' 1501 ' 1438 1152 1306 1261 1347 2218 1529 1919 1161 1193 1497 1678 2295 2844 1343 1P70 3761 48M 2318 2023 2032 2350 1201 .302 j 132 ,. 11)05 ■ 1082 18UI 1833 2,73 i 1U46 1479 1509 1937 2853 1005 I 2000 2341 'Ji. ; 1229 1170 1588 1402 1193 IGIO I 1062 2214 j 2332 1362 I 1397 1374 I 1424 1560 I 1624 1619 1674 1379 1297 2372 150% 2060 1216 1276 1560 1801 2341 3089 1374 1474 I i:i(;5 , 2023 1880 1001 2250 i»no 1547 1624 2000 2930 2078 2685 1252 1108 ' 1065 1520 1252 2041 ' 2363 i 1470 ; 1479 I 1665 1710 i 1424 , 1320 1276 1325 1633 2449 ! 3207 ' 1303 '. 3901 4019 6239 5461 2305 247V 2127 2186 2096 2104 2014 lUOU lliU'i 2105 Ml 2 21H4 28:i0 1270 122i) 1715 1565 1302 2087 2413 1533 1647 1701 1746 1456 1347 ! 1393 i 1466 2433 1666 2118 1620 ' 2518 I 1706 2223 '347 1406 1674 1866 1901 2631 I 3302 I 1402 I 1442 I 1483 2481 2604 > 4150 5070 2568 3241 2106 2527 I4U2 I 2008 I 1928 1347 1452 2114 I 20(10 1987 I 2028 2309 ; 2345 2004 1051 ' 1715 21CS 3071 ; 2250 2894 2108 2409 1574 j 1574 1489 1379 1674 I 2563 1737 2263 1442 1466 1701 ' 1028 2505 3357 1433 1501 4250 6729 2608 2277 22311 3399 131)1 1470 2155 2098 2091 2308 2082 1087 1755 2223 3116 2300 !004 1288 1279 1243 i 1252 1774 ; 1846 1379 1601 1329 . 1374 2200 2543 1616 1010 1715 I 1737 1778 I 1816 1624 1397 1637 2635 1700 1 2322 I 1497 ' 154'' i 1733 I 1073 \ 2658 3488 1452 lirii 4359 6625 I 2638 j 2300 2260 2640 , 1397 1542 2186 2123 2141 2418 21U 1751 1790 2280 3175 2372 3075 1293 1275 1910 2259 2699 1651 1660 t746 1838 1538 1429 1666 2672 1819 2368 1647 1697 1774 2005 2740 3679 1492 1631 4409 5634 2708 2341 2268 260O I 1438 1570 2218 2182 2182 2ni 2150 177" 18,'2 2354 3293 2410 3180 1311 1288 1064 Kemarka 1078 1878 Sheared fibiT». 1709 1028 do j 2540 j 2085 do 2495 ! 2004 do I 2120 2849 do 2-.9 Slionrcd fibers j eplit at end. do 2UU4 2087 2812 3765 22J3 2277 do Sbearud flbiTs Sheared fibers ; split at nnds Slight nhearinp; uf fibers ; split at ends . SU|;ht sheariug of fibers ; split at end . . Shoured fibers ; split at iiid 1647 I 1685 14C0 : 1433 2313 2654 1687 . 1715 )7C0 1669 1509 : 1470 1669 2713 1865 2418 169" 1637 1766 2037 2844 3802 1520 1665 4622 655; 14'I7 !4L'7 2223 18U 1610 2607 3107 2023 ; 1073 I 1969 I 2118 ' 17flS I 1 089 1579 21(14 1787 2810 SUcari'd fibers. do do oiiLared fibers; split at end . Shesi'Otl Abel's .do. 2214 2186 1068 1905 1746 Slight Bhearmg of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do do. Shean d fibers -, split at end . Sheared Jibers .do. 2994 2768 M66 1096 { 2019 1 2223 3281) 4219 1678 i;87 5210 5?6I 2963 2182 2336 3626 4491 ' 1706 1883 3851 Split atends) fibers did not shear Sheared fibers -, spill at ends Split at end ; fibers did not shear Indebted withoat shearing of fibers. Sheared fibers ; split at ends Split at end ; fil)era did not shear Sheared fibers di do do .do. do do 2740 3030 1 3202 ; 2368 2613 2286 257'- 2633 2731 Sheared fibers; split along grain. Sbcaied fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared tlbei s SliKlit shearing of fillers ; split at end . 718 718 731 007 910 033 033 667 087 604 8(M 09, 997 293 293 603 625 025 644 644 1167 1167 676 676 676 576 82 82 366 366 388 888 389 380 13 13 1040 1046 83 83 021 622 1169 ■'l^^pRfP'^" l^CTflV}*'^ >. j j ■■1 t I '^•**-, ^ ■ I. 1 ^ i { '■ ¥ r;,i, i 4 1 ' -. ,'i If! 5 1 i 472 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OP THE Species. 8T3. PinuB inops— continued S?4. I'inns vlausa Sand Pine. Scrub Pitt*. Sprvce Pine. 176. Pinna pungcns Table-mountain nne. Uiek- ory Pine. 376. Pinnx ninrli^iita Obi»po Pine. Uiihop'i Pine. 877. Pinnn mitis Tellow Pine. Shortleared Pine. Spntre Pine. Hull Pine. LocalitT. Monnt HoUy . do Collector. Soil. Sis m . P.Shaiples ' Clay.. i ..do do . Apalacbicola { A. H. CnrtinR ] Dry, Mtndy barrens do do — do Wythevilli' ' H. .Sliri\ or I . du .do. Clay.. ....do . Marin lonnty ' O.K. Vasey j Gravelly. 1» do — do — 878. Pinn» ):l»l3S1 8063 7621 4763 7983 10138 Reniarka. Crusbed al middle on one face . . Triple diagonal flexure Tiiple Hi'xiir.i parallel to rings; knotM at niludle. Crnshed at kn Us at middle Triple lloxtire perpendicular to rini28. Cruiibud at 80 millimeters trom end ; split at end. Crusbeil at 114 millimeterH ttom end at 3 millimeters knot. CiuhIiuI at 1U2 milliiuotvra from end. 1<2 142 544 !:44 704 764 ;i!l4 n94 780 7S0 879 870 81 81 (.5 8S 243 243 ,102 302 3.17 ,157 35K ■.W 359 880 I 360 361 361 384 884 '. 385 385 I South Carolina .. . lionninuK Depot II. AV. Kavenul Itich upland { 5466 j ...do do do ...do I 5308 Mississippi tioiiii'svilli' C, Molii- j Low, sandy i 3130 ... do do ilii L...do 20«'l Florida Cbattalioorbei' . . .' A. II. Ciirtiss I i*ow, wot 53T . I Low, snudy ^ 5104 ...do j 4044 • 60WI ' 77.'>0 8188 Crushed at 51 niillimett>rR from end. Crui-hcd nt 70 millimeters from end nt 10 millimeters knot. Ti iplo flexure Triple flexure itarallel to rin;;s . . . Cruslied ;{2 millimeters from mid* die in vieinily of knot. Crushed at end at 13 millimeters knot. Triple tiexure ; opened gtaiu A. II. Ciirtiss I Sandy loam.. ..do ' do I . . 4lo ] Moist, sandy . . ..do 1 do 6813 8302 10077 8018 0321 dci ..1 11204 1 Crushed atO millimeters knot 76 millimeters frimi end. Crushed and opened between rinizs at end. Crushed at 89 millimeters from enil. Crushe'l at 3 millhueters knot at iiiiitdle. Split ol>1ii|nely ; stiek broke in two (lieees. Crushed .-t in to 70 millimeters I'roni end. Triph' tiexure parallel to riiui.^ . . . CriishiMl ai i:t mdlimeters from end. Crushed at 10 milliuu'ters fium end. Crusheil at middh' ...du 1011)0 H. W. Kavenel . . Dry, saudy 7}^7 CrusbiMl uearmiddlo do I do ! 8105 I C. Mohr I Sandy loam il0478 ...do '...do il0O47 Citronelle i — do do . ....... di» . . do ' . . . do . .. do Cliuiiebula. . . dti do .... do tlu — do do . . . .do do . . . do tlo .. do ..do .. do ..do ..do. . . do Florida Sawmill, C'edar A.H.Curtiss. I Keys. do '...do do . . do . ..do ...do ...do do. ...... do ..do . . . do . . do . . do . . . do 10560 11830 Ilii.lO {luail i IIUU8 1 1 003 1 100611 Crushed at 51 millimeters fnmi end. t.)i'usliett at 38 millimeters I'rom end. Crushed at ItH inilllmet«>r8 ft'om miihlle, Cnished at end Triple tiexure Crushed and splintered at etid . Crushi d at iniiiiUe do 100.11 ... I 977,-. ! 00.14 I 8063 0017 I'rnslied al 32 millinieters from enil. Cru48 1000 1542 2:i40 1005 1810 2812 1.09 2100 1656 1883 1615 2060 1515 1551 2481 1624 1941 1506 1311 1284 1592 1787 1393 1633 1501 1520 140C 1301 1996 1728 1778 2064 3012 1882 1515 1568 I 2558 1833 2071 2405 ;i447 , 2037 j 2971 ! 3438 1006 1706 I 2885 ' 2078 , i.gfy 2028 8076 2804 2218 1715 1910 1705 2136 1601 1624 2613 1724 2028 1565 1335 1338 1660 1864 1470 1 1778 I 1583 1628 I 1416 i 1443 I 2622 i I 2087 j I 1778 18C0 ; 2100 2994 , 10 1037 1740 2822 1!I41 3(139 2040 3184 2214 2812 3061 2i:i6 1778 i 3026 I 2818 2I6.-I 3248 2400 2400 1801 1961 1733 2232 1706 2076 i 1810 I 2096 16b6 I 1415 I 1303 I 1728 j 1028 I I 1529 I I 1851 ! 1637 1687 1424 1520 ! 26.^1 2168 1873 IfilO 2101 2812 2023 1710 1796 21.35 203" 3um 2808 3502 3153 j 3751 : 22'0 I 1914 I I 3110 2295 225(1 1.S3 1.7S 3343 3411 2440 2513 2377 2436 1814 1846 2032 2118 1756 1787 2286 2345 1756 1787 1756 1810 2702 2781 !l.03 2154 I61U 1442 1429 1700 1982 1569 1078 1710 1719 1438 1574 I 2209 1647 j 1479 M38 ; 1810 2005 1015 .'out 1778 1700 1524 1(142 3466 2572 9.»H 3.94 2477 2536 1860 1869 2191 2250 1801 1824 2386 2431 1842 1901 1887 2790 1864 I 1928 1987 2250 1665 1500 1470 1851 2014 1660 2064 181) 1810 1597 1087 2790 28H5 2048 j 2269 2313 2386 1941 1091 2050 1987 2046 2150 2273 2322 2363 2880 3075 3193 2250 25''2 2622 1702 1864 2431 1892 1973 2041 2040 2«7« 2003 2127 2182 2254 3289 3388 3484 2890 3071 3108 3543 3683 375(1 2640 2676 2768 2817 2994 3103 3887 3878 3033 2341 2422 2480 200(1 20K2 2132 3100 ;ijifl 3.MIH 2350 243(1 2522 2300 2359 2U(i 2604 2640 2676 1923 2331 1910 2490 1946 2037 2295 1687 1533 1483 1901 2068 1683 2001 1382 1842 1628 1705 3021 2440 2236 2409 3257 2703 2480 2114 31)25 I 2205 { 3529 I 3270 3842 ' 2X85 3310 4014 I 2581 I 2177 I 3357 j 5572 ! 2t!)5 4.S1 &MI^ llemarka. Split at end 2994! 3188 I Shenrod flborB . 2880 2132 Sheared fibers ; split at cuCs. 2359 ; Sheared flbnra -" •• I 2201 2495 2767 2304 1951 2009 2341 ... I I I 2785 I 2790 3139 . . . 2«66 2345 2699 1701 1800 j 1565 1746 1616 1633 1941 , 2186 2000 , 2404 Sheared fibers ; eplit along groin . Sheared fibers Slteared fibers ; split at end. do Slight shearing nf fibers ; split at end. Sheared fll«'r» 1172 1172 279 279 321 321 671 671 278 278 1716 I 2146 1923 i 1855 j 1V69 I 1792 i i 3062 ' . 2486 j. lODU 2454 2330 2032 1769 2004 3221 2917 1951 1879 1851 I 2336 '. I 2785 i , 21!1 . 2653 ,. 2585 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end { 318 I Sbnaredfibers I 142 do j 142 .... do 1 644 do .do. .do. I Shearedfibeii,; Sroillimetersknotin indented section. Sheared fibers; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split nt end 3866 2286 2440 3302 2003 2581 2108 3134 2350 3633 2690 2971 4160 3896 2998 3452 4101 4808 21154 I 3030 2263 2740 3411 2(13 "« : 3107 2.-.93 2813 5216 Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Split ut end ; fibers did not shear Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight Hhearing of fillers ; split at end Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers; opened seasoning cracks... Slight shearing of flborH ; split nt end do Sheared fibers ; split ut end Split lit end ; fibers diil not slieai- Sllg'.it shearing of fibers ; split ut end Split at end ; Hliera did not shear Sp^ll at ei ' ; MfiM shearing of fibers do Sheared fibers : split at end Sheuriil libers Slight shearing iif libers; split at end do Sheurctl filters; split at end Slight shearing Kl'tllii'rH: Hplit at •miiIs 544 704 764 394 394 780 780 879 870 HI 81 85 a'. 243 243 302 302 357 367 358 358 359 3.'>9 300 360 301 361 384 384 38S 885 'i • i • ti. 1 474 FOliKST 'IMMOF.S OF NOimi AMKIiI(\\. Tauli: \.— UEUAVIOU OJ' TIIK ritllSClJ'AL VVUODa OF lUfi »A'.r.-?laSnT3S5*!&esa!rt.^---JW-*vasND -sj:-" ■- "TT'.agrT' .- ■•TWT——TT- 'aar'ii I-.* wPsKAfTh'-'s^- 3«t. rimiH \iiil\isttl»— coiillmii'il ailti , Ni>illiCiiii>llim ami ' . . ii.i t.m'ttliU Wilmlnutou .. .1.. . I'mIIi'iIiii Soil v. Milclrr ,. ,u> w 1" -• a'- 2 y 5 « jj C '■ K< tllltl ks SHI, rilmHi'ulMMiKlK i »4 KlmUlii I Diiviil nimil.v MiuA /Viif. .S'lPii 111 i> /"ill." I I J.'.udiril /"III.-. XtnMl<'ir Ml. ...lid |...|U» /"iiir [Oil Aliilmmii .. ■r ;iM ! 4D!) 4IK) .1.1 Florliln ...tU. ,. rmttiKK mil ,. .1.1 . IIhv IWf».'a\ \w . ito A. II. ClIlilHH. ... ll.) C. Ml. 1.1 ... A. II ClIltlllH ...lUi I M.iiHi.ni.ml.v . . iU> ...do .1.. I ..ml do lirjcd Krt.i7 . . 1 ;"«'.' . . lilMA IIIIKI SlC. IMi'i'ii nil'. Ill 2:11 ■ Vniiiinit I t'liiiil.>tl(> .. ■jai 7T0 n« 7M mo (ISO ll.< Uiiiitliicl.iii .. .1.1 ....ill. N.'W Hn.tiHwi.-k . ' l*iiv .ll" l''.niilv I . . , .1.. . . .1.1 rnivliu'.MiUJuoli.'.' I'mivilU. . . . till . (In , New lUimswl.U . Hii.lsvl.m . . ,...!.. .1.1 . . f. (i I'rlni;!.' .1.1 . , .1.1 Iiili'irol.iiiiiil mil wii\ . . . .1.1 ... Colli. iM'iiiy i Will ... till iitnu* } Oinviilty O'.M'.' , IWOfi , mm I (imuil Tvoiik mil ' i MM wiiv. ' ....tlo ! I «il7;i Kil.Slii.liilr. .1.1 DO. IMfMiiUi* M3 N.'w IIiiiii)i.Hliin. siiiitr.ml t". (i. I'rliiitli. . Urnroll.v . .M.I ... d.i . . .1.1 .lo !....ilo ... I rtLH> Prtk.ifji , 'V»'i-i\ "HjHirtk — . K. U.iii^liiM I. ...do.... I 6404 i i 4OTU j ftin ('rm-li.Ml lit iiiIiIiIIk mill III I'niiillll iii.'li'r.H li'iiiii iiiiilill.'. ('iiihIi.i.! III. Til lllllllllllitiMH rii«li .Mill. CniHliril III. M inUllimlcrii liiiiii .'Mil nil. I lit mid. 'I'lljil.' II. \iiio CiiikIi.'iI III ;i'.' mid III. lO'J iiilllliiii.. IrlH I'l 1)111 I'llll. ('riinliml III Til iiilllliiintiim I'lnm .111.1. Spill iililli|iiiliit'H kii.itn nt iiii.lilli' mill lit .iiid. ('iiihIi.iiI lit ti«l llillllllirtiirN tViilii niil. Ci'iikIiimI lit 0 iiilllliii.'l.iin kiiiit M i iiilllliiiiit..m li.iiii iiit.l.ll... friiHli.'.l lit niid.llo III tl iiitllliito. j ItM.". kll.il. Tiililii tl.i\.ir.>; iiililillii liiMi.l 'J.% j tllilllllt.il. >t't4 ...-(M'iltli.-. CiiihIiimI at 2iv iiiillliiiiili-iN IViiiii IMIll. (*niiiiin)i.. . . .1.1 do . .' I'. S. Swu.'iu ... Pimty.. T, S. lli'.iii.l(>^« MRl) .1 «am j . 4(I!I7 . !IH8;l I . Mtrj :iiHii Criinliiil lit .liiiilllnirti in l.iMi .'I iiilllliii.'t.'rn li.iiii .'lilt. rriiMli.1.1 lit i:t iinlliiii. l.-i I l.iiKl lit llllllUllV ('rimtiril lit .'ll iiiilliiii.'ici.i It. III. iiiiil.llo. friiHliiiil lit :t iiiillini.'t.'. ^ I. II' I '>! IV.iiii 11.1 i'iiii.li.'.l nt HI iiiiltiiiii'|i"M I.iiot ^fi 1lllllllll.'tl>m il.'Ill llliilillr CiiinIi.'.I III III iiiilliiii. I. > ^ 1.11 'I MIL' lllllllllll>l.>l'l. Iliilll IM.tl. t'iiii>li..l III 4.'. iiilllliii. I. ll r>"iii iiiliUll.i. ('I'llnlliiil III .'ll lllllllMii'ti IK lli'li t'llil. CiiihIi.i.I at Til liilllliii.t.is ri.uii I'lid. I'IIImIiImI at til lllillitllrtlMH IV.IIII .'lid. Trlplo tlioui'O |iiiiii.ll.i knot Ml iiilllliii.'IrrH l>ioin iiiid. 'ri'lplii ll.'\imi AI|iliio do . .. do «... do . . do do . Umiili ' 40411 I ... do ] rra ... do 4,M.'i !>:o AliWka Sitkn . 970 ... do do . . I'linli^-biilUo. ...do lUiOX 1)146 977 lliitUh C.dnnililA S;iw-iiitl1, Uiirmnl tl. l-*ii^.ii 1P19 do 1019 ...do . MH ... do . lOiM do AN'.MilU'r simw null. I'.irilaiul Sawmill. Antoriii do rortlmid Kiiinitoii' i'oiupiuiy. do ..." do .lo .1.1 do . do . WT t>n|r> t'»Q*dMi«u . > UiMxu-huiU'tt*. . . Arnold ArlH ll.'Xiiro paiHlIrl to riii^n. . . . Tripio ll.'xiiiti ptM'iioiidl.'iilai' lo iiiii:«. ('iiinlii'd at 04 luilliiiioti'iH I'liini IMI.I. , ('riinliixl nt 70 loillliiirt.'rH liMiii IMI.I. ('nmlii'd nl middio ; augloof . niKli. ill)!, K.1'>. ('iimlKMl nt 70 iiiiUliii.'l ID riKIIU IK AN IKIiKM A I IHN, IN MII.I.IMK IKIIH, III'— i o.'jJi n.ai 0.7W i.ovs i.-jr llllll: ii Ifwnl SI L.i ra L.J 11 "ml O o: El' l.tir. r.i;; nil rjii;i ' rjvii ■.':ii;i ■JUKO IWI7 ] ir.,':, Mill IM'I -111 1171 ii;i,'i ii;i5 77(1 7:m 7'.'e tt70 .MUI 740 114M U'JO 7M 007 104a DOT 1007 817 I 771 111 17 MIH7 i:.ir. ' IHIO lr.^H :i7H!i 4 IIKI ;ii:io iiiii, IIKM III! I'JIIK iii:iii mill iii:iii iwii iiw 1257 l»ll 122U KOO lUOl H04 002 1021 I04!l 1170 ir>ir> M4 0H4 1402 0411 1234 11102 1574 I 807 ; 12.17 i Olio ' 848 I I 025 I 1120 ! U80 I i 1084 I 848 ; IMl ■.'111 , iriiiii ! IHirj won ;iiih:i I7HI1 ' ;i20H liij i.vii: IIHII r.'iii mir.; 11171 lUil MIMI iiiii:i 1 1 711 11125 111117 Iil4:i I 907 I 10U» I OHO 806 I 1071 I 1071 r.'U4 1507 857 1025 , 1401 U02 1257 1415 1 1128 871 111211 740 808 { 0.14 , 1170 1026 i 1108 804 0f3 i.ftii ! I.7N i«.o;i IKH7 2:11:1 ir.112 m:i2 171111 411711 5080 III.IK i I ir.'ii I .'pl-M mini I 11'7» I lU.V.' I 1102 I miiH mil 112.-1 1202 11188 1447 laiiii 057 1128 1007 903 U2B I1U9 ms 1005 882 1900 1524 984 120,1 1479 1700 944 I 1247 7l'0 I 957 071 1108 j 1062 1275 I 021 093 1117:1 I 2i;ii ' |i;k7 : i|l8'J mM 12.17 5252 :il.Ml 152(1 111:17 I IVll 1:1112 i;i7« 112.-. ir.'o 114:1 I mi IL'2.'. 14211 H88 m:ih IU12 lun 10.10 iu:io 1170 1184 IU25 1710 80O 1008 1505 1010 1324 1.120 1705 006 1388 8.10 1021 1010 I 1220 ' 1071 1297 1002 1016 215.1 ■.'.■illll I.m:(i ir.,s llllll |:l'5 1 1112 I nil I Mil mill 1111:1 12(11 14:18 I. '.21 MI'K 10411 ' 1H19 10,14 1370 1000 1820 003 1406 800 IU48 1048 1270 1111 1306 1107 1*52 ! I 22211 2277 23511 2(154 •:^l^r. 21144 a.ON Kriiiiilkn. HIIkIiI hIm mini; 1.1 llhriu. k|iIII iil ciiiIh ... niii'linil llliiMH. >|.lll ill I'liiln I7III ' 17:17 , I71II1 IH24 V 21178 I "1511 2277 2331 [ 2785 '■ .'11.11 I :.'r.':i ■.•.■;iii 2:iiM iji'.l .i:i(iii iiiK l,v.'7 5:i7ii .■..(11 :n.M 11.11 Sllj^lli nIm'IIIIii^ nl llllll-H; liptll. lit. I'IhIh . , . ill. (Ill SIlfllM'll IIIm'I'H; H|ilil III cIhIh Slll'lll'l'lj lUirlH ; Nplil III I-IkI ; llldl'llll'd Hrt'lillll COVCfH HI niilMllir.-( ! 476 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE f.?; f- I 'K t! ;,•!/ i Species. i sut«. Locality. Collector. Soil. Hi HI' Remark H. .M7. TiaKtt CMudenais— oontlnaed. 210 772 772 775 776 778 778 787 787 793 793 817 817 Vermont Charlotte C.G.Pringlo ! Gravelly 7892 Crushed at 51 millimeters from midilli'. ... do way. ...do 1 knot. 5307 Triple llexure jiorpendienlar to 1 rings. 1 5489 Cru(*lird nl 45 niillimetent from ....do Bav of Fandv .... ... do do do Hn 1 niidille. Tiiple th'xure; midill» bend 51 millimeters eeeentric. 1 ...do do 5035 ...do do vieinity of knots. S058 Ciiishi'il at middlo at 10 millime- Bridgeton do Ed, Sinclair ...do Grand Trunk rail. way. ... do C.G.Pringle ...do J. Robinson ...do ...do ... do A. h. ^ ,. tias .... G. Eugelmauu and C. S. Sargent. Paul Schultzo . . ters knot. ftA.*il CniHlliMl Hi 76tiiil1inietel h from end: ...do opened grain from etid to end. 0301 Triple llexiue peipeutlit-uiar to 1 lings. i 7403 Crushed at 0 millimeters knot 64 niillinieters from end. 8.140 CruKlied ut 13 to 23 millimeters from emi. 6323 Crunlied at 10 millimeters from middle. 0101 Crushed at 32 niillinieters from middle. Moist loam 6827 Crushed itt 76 millimeters from i-iid. do ' 5516 Triple Hexiire 6480 Crushed at 70 miUimeteni (Vum end. 5126 Crushed nt .'il niilliuieter.s from middle. Dry, rocky 01 JO Ciuslu'd at 5 iiiillimeterH knot near middle. Rich loam 1)165 Criialied at 70 iiiillimcters from Province ol' Quebec ...do West Virginia . . . ....do Danville .. do Grafton do 1040 1040 Maasachiisetts ....do Dauvent . , do 388. TsQga C'ait)linianii 1042 1042 023 971 995 005 980 080 271» 627 702 704 ...do ...do North CaroUna.... Washington ter- ritory. Alaska ...do BritUh Columbia . ....do North Reading.... ...do Hendersonville . . . Wilkcson Sitka do Ilemtock. 380. Tsuqa Mertensiana Hemlock. end. 7021 Ciu.-died at fi iiiilliiiieters Uiint 45 ... do 'U.l.-, niillinieters from end. 300. Tituga Pattoniana Silver peak, near Fraser rivftr. ....do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do T. S. Ilrandogee . . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Gravelly loam 5t03 do ' 0341 middle. Triple llexure; middle bend 38 niillimeteis eceenti ie nt 3 milli- MiohM-s kniit. .<.S1. Fseudotsnga Doiiglasii Sed Fir. TtUow Fir. Ore- gon Pine. DougUu Fir. middle. Moist 6613 Tiiiite lli-xiire California ...do Oregon ...do Saw.ralll, Straw- berry valley. middle. 0390 Crushed ut end and ut 102 milli- Sawmill, Marsh. field. ...do E. B. Dean's saw- mill, Marsbflold. ... do ....do ...do ...do ...do Sawmill.MisKOuItt .. do LaHseu'speak ...do Salt Lake .. do ... do meters from c'lid. 5480 1 Triple tlixure pirpendieular to rings. ....do 705 fin do 8700 20.')50 end. 706 708 708 709 700 720 720 732 732 881 881 973 ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do ....do Crushed . :t 80 millimeters from end. ... do 11022 7303 end. Crushed nt 25 millimeters fi-om end ut 3 millimeters knot. ...do .. do 7212 OUll. H. Watson niidtlle. ... do California ....do Utah ...do IllitiMh Coliimliin ... do 8030 8020 7802 0805 0305 7238 7770 8600 9O20 7570 7680 7760 end; shattered end. Triple flexure; middle bind 38 millimeleiseieentiie. Crimlied at 10 millimeters fmm cud. Siena Lumber ('iinipanv. . . do M.E. Jones ... do CiUrtliuil at ;; Mitlliiut'tcrtt kiiott* '.Iti milliniftn-ri truin cml. CriiHlii'iI at IJ iiiilUiiii«terN knot at inidtUe. ...do Sawmill, Uurrard in lot. ...do ...do ...do C. 8. Sargent ..do 973 ... do 974 .. do 974 ... do 986 .. do 080 Orcpon 1008 IIHtlxht'cdiinibia (?riiHlitMl lit ;tH iiiilliHiotcMH tV4mi Oi-iiHhfd lit fit inilliinrtors from riiit. . .u. Triplu flcvuitJ . . do ...do Sawmill, Victoria. Saw-mill, Portland Saw-mill, Biirrnnl mil t. G. Eugelniaiin and C. S. Saigiut. do ('nmlictl lit Ki'oiipof l^nntrt 2't mil* liiH«)ti'iH iruru niidtUt'. ( ^i-iiMii(>il Hiiil HliHlttiri'd lit rnil .... ... do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 477 I rREFKrilK. IN KlIOORAUg, IIRgUIHEO TO PIIODUCE AN IHUENTATION. IN MILI.IMBTKII8, OF- I 0.3S ; 0.31 O.V« ; 1.09 i.-it 1.S4 l.tS 3.03 il.38 Pi/ni m I 23 m 883 707 use 003 730 704 O'.'S 400 13S8 nil 341 .•.7-.' i;i38 470 058 1184 503 012 1400 m\ m\ 1400 880 ' I 739 1300 1338 1101 800 1700 1134 lOI-U 122V 1035 071 802 1583 1833 1315 802 loss 885 747 780 053 830 8:.2 908 iico : 1343 ! 1108 044 1311 1474 8:.7 I8:i3 1402 70S 703 1034 1800 867 ' 771 I 1180 848 j 1170 I 2032 I 802 1315 1089 ' 1438 1051 1170 1089 2141 209O 1533 1120 2291 2078 1207 I 1170 I 1108 1438 1107 2200 1041 1032 !i:.7 1814 , 1210 ; 1089 I 802 132CI 1080 1120 1267 1474 12P8 1021 141.-. 1401 084 2041 l.V.l 780 7R'"> llL'9 1837 1093 817 1842 971 1315 2132 1438 1533 2118 1270 1100 2440 2200 1066 1189 2523 2308 1247 1089 1238 1S13 1 1220 2M& 2482 2118 093 1982 1225 1152 ori.! 1470 1207 804 1320 1315 1538 1352 1075 1411 1401 1048 1307 2223 1501 1086 I 2277 j 1311 ! 1221 2670 2322 1710 1257 2070 2409 1297 1293 1300 1500 1200 2313 2646 2264 010 1941 1202 1.02 1002 1647 1302 075 1307 1433 I 1028 I 1442 I 1107 I4iri 14U6 098 1048 1 2218 2241 1 1000 1733 803 844, 820 862, 1103 1247 1037 2008 1225 1300 871 894 1928 1 1000 1003 2313 1551 I 2345 1325 1284 2807 2301 1742 1203 2817 2499 1352 1429 1370 1515 1320 2245 259.'> 2300 1012 1800 12:0 12.i2 1048 1588 1347 1002 1415 1492 1724 1547 1157 1447 1683 1080 2246 1702 857 871 1288 2141 1362 930 2032 1139 1461 I 1633 I 2305 1592 1778 1828 2436 1361 1320 2768 2472 1778 1352 2971 2596 1370 I 1529 I 1411 ' 1547 1301 2109 2635 2346 1010 1778 1338 1302 '. 1080 1047 1907 I 1000 1438 1651 1778 1016 1170 1479 1037 1143 2246 1833 871 808 1325 2269 1397 080 2078 1647 1010 24B7 1400 1860 2799 2245 1833 1374 3004 2072 1384 1042 1447 I I 1828 1433 2132 I 2713 1 2400 ' 1084 1500 1411 1343 1120 1074 1452 I 1110 14C0 1037 1861 1087 1211 1538 1706 1170 2260 1828 907 948 [ 1306 2300 , 1415 , 1021 I 2001 1087 ; 1960 ' I 2631 1447 1400 ' 2800 2500 i 1 1800 I 1411 3257 ; 2740 i I 1400 ' 1700 1407 1074 1483 2246 2768 I1UI 1605 14C1 1306 1139 1728 1488 !>.S4 1152 1511 1710 1010 1737 1234 1028 1761 021 OMl 14112 •j;i54 1416 1034 2123 I 1170 1220 ; 1201 1697 1050 1733 2405 2558 2040 1737 lOM 2576 1470 1434 2030 2045 1932 1405 3411 2821 1483 17U5 1638 1719 1500 2360 2821 1170 1628 1778 1069 2006 1252 1674 1700 4.81 1220 1700 2078 2404 2313 1301 1837 1000 2241 2282 039 1034 1002 I 1120 HM 1710 a.08 1429 Remarks. 2722 1407 1990 2141 2381 1420 i I n-1 2141 ' 1302 1709 2081 I 1700 I 2068 2599 1601 1401 2731 1087 1501 3567 2017 1611 1824 1674 1774 1556 2430 2012 2076 . 1520 2330 1620 2223 S0.')3 2019 2381 2800 1715 ; 1605 ' 1687 Slight ilieariuii; .if fillers; split at end Shonri'd flbcre ; xplit at end Sliflftt'od fibers; Hplit from end to end Slight rhearingof fibers; split at end do Sheared libera , do do .Split lit end Slight xhiaringof libers; split at end do Sheuri'il lilierH ; Hplit from end to end Sheiiiid flliiiri SIi;:ht she;irini; of tibers ; split ut end Slie;iiiil libers; split nt ends Sheiired iiiiera Sii;:lit sheai iug of libers; split at ends 240r> SIi^'btHb(';iring:i| ^1 ..; mi I i' H •f ,?- {. r - « ■ i i I ! ! Species. 31)) I 1 '391. FaeiidotBUipt Dongluii. var. niacroi'arpa. Bemiotk. 3a; ;io;i. :)»4. Abies Fmspri ItaUaw. She Baltam. A liics balssmna HaltamFir. Balmo/OiUad i\r. Abies siibalpina Ilaltam. 305. Abies grandis . nhiie t\r. Abies eoneolor White Fir. Baltam Fir PseiiflotHiipi I)oauUsil— ennt'd 10U8 1011 1011 I 1016 : loie ' 1018 I I 1018 1020 1020 1022 1022 042 642 .')23 623 877 449< 440> 440' . 820 I. 820 1010 1010 520 520 630 630 738 733 1004 1004 965 965 617 647 British Calnmbla Oregon Locality. Collfotor. do Saw-mill, Bnrrard O. EugelmnDn and inlet. ' C. 8. Sargcut. Oregon Kuilway ' do mid NiiTigation Company. do do .. do I Weidler'ssttW-miU, { I'orilnud. ..do ;... do Soil. iS i 2-2 « •a|| Komorks. do .do ...do . ...do . Snw-niill, Astoria do . ...do do . do. . . do Portlnnd Fiiiniture . . Compnny. ...do do — '. do .. do ...do . do do . do. do . 8P81 8790 j 080.1 ; 8081 .' 979.S .'10002 .] 0602 ., 7802 . 7660 . 8346 .. K)92 j Criihhed at 33 milltnieters from uiiddle. Crui^hrd at 3 niillimeters knot at middle. Criislird ut 10 niilltinet* > .< Inot 76 millimeters tVoni eun. CniHlicd ul Wi ml iiiietcrh from enli1i(|ni'ly: pieees flow from ' mnehitie. 7D3K CruHlii'd nt I113 millinieteni fkt>m end : opened grain. 5874 Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 31 millimelerH fi-oni end. ri-239 Ciii^ ! 774 i 774 Oregon Cascade ains. do do . . . V do .do California | Soda Springs ...do Vermont ... do ...do ...do New Brunswick . .. d* .do . Charlotte ...do ...do ...do Bay of Fundy . do G. Engelnmun and ' Gravelly loam . . . C. K. Sargent. \ do I do C.O.Pringlo ' Cold, swampy. do ' do do ' do do do Bich 7235 ' Crushed nl 51 millinietein from end. do 7270 Crushed at 25 ndllimeters fiiim ' middle. 7258 Crushed at 51 millimelers from j end. 0068 ! Triple tlexiire; middle bend 25 ! niilliiiieters eccentrie. 12021 Crushed at 25 millimeleis from middle. 10387 Triple flexuie: middle bend 25 I niillim' terseeei utile. 6840 Crnshed nt U millimeters knot at I middle; split fnmi end to end. 8166 ' CrushtKl at middle ; split Intereolonial rail- way. do 7892 i Crushed nt 13 niillimeters knot 61 i mlUimeters from end ; opened ! between rincs. 9V95 ! Crushed at 64 niillimeters from middle at 25 millimeters knot. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 479 i I'lIF.SHria-. IN KII.0(IBAM8, RRqi'inKH TO I'llODI'l'K AN IMll:NTATUI,\, IN Uir.LIHKTRRH OK— I ~ 0.4.1 0..11 o.»e i.o90 663 ; 631 499 i r>22 740 ' 852 1131 1134 I i 604 I 680 1350 ' 1184 844 1021 1270 1225 1030 1724 2087 I 1306 1I6C 1107 908 1211 lt20 780 8A2 84<4 1452 1551 1520 I 830 835 1010 925 821 817 820 817 B17 1002 ' 776 \ 1134 1110 I I 1243 1179 ; 1709 1533 1633 2368 1143 7»4 2264 1433 1216 1157 1048 1297 1189 807 95:1 886 1497 1633 1583 984 939 993 1080 030 8U4 866 057 1093 I 1 804 { 1180 ! 1207 ; 1338 1229 2087 1G28 1728 2600 1247 1134 1279 2241 I 14-0 1276 j 1202 1075 1343 1220 aw 930 907 1406 1610 1624 1061 9V5 1048 nil 044 I 030 889 839 I 830 609 I 712 I 112.-I 971 iin« 12711 1438 1270 844 88U 930 8C2 930 1002 ; 1505 1701 1842 : 1610 1696 1778 ■ 1016 1003 1148 1583 1760 1800 1 2241 , 1778 180O ; 2876 ' I 1343 ' 1862 I 1996 1520 1334 1267 1125 1303 1284 944 1U02 002 1203 1615 1669 1003 1002 I 1978 I 1656 1388 1302 1184 1430 1329 1002 nil 093 1315 1092 ' I 1728 i 1039 1107 ! 1202 1 1267 1093 1139 980 97."i ^94 1125 1007 857 912 762 I .803 i 1143 ; 1166 1002 1025 1210 1247 1320 1347 1633 1592 1275 i325 998 \ 1001 j 1941 I 1892 I I I 1175 I 1014 i 2391 ' 1080 1098 I I 2106 i 1969 1207 1082 2472 1940 i I lOfiO ir>88 I 1429 1352 1234 1.'.37 I 1384 I 1039 n57 1 1030 1470 1778 1746 1125 ! 1157 1080 1306 1184 1176 I 1211 2073 ; IIIOO I 1447 I 1303 1284 j 1615 ' I 1447 1071 i 1198 I 1080 { 1651 I 1846 1760 i I 1633 1 1488 ! 14211 1843 1660 ' 1483 1102 ■ 1211 : 1107 I 1761 1 .10 1824 ' 1987 1660 I 1524 I 1438 j 138M 1737 1506 1134 1252 1143 1805 :!)6o 1842 I 2676 1462 1724 1642 S.08 2003 1565 2078 I 1361 1429 1306 1987 2177 2082 Sbeari-d flhoni do 1008 1011 1624 2313 2400 2186 Sbearrd tlbeni i aplit at «ud j 1011 Fibera did not ahcar t split at end ' 1016 SI Iglit RhcarinK of flbcm ; apllt at end I 1016 , dci I 1018 i do I 1018 do ! 1020 Sheared flbera 1020 sunlit HliearinK of flbera ; apllt at end j 1022 Slii-ared libers ' 1022 1170 1103 1202 1379 I 1442 lllli 1129 1160 1306 1379 1365 13!i7 1447 > 1211 ; 12118 , 206 1442 1217 i 1201 1284 ; 1474 do. .do. do. do. 642 042 523 623 j Slii-bt HlK'arinB of fibers; split at end; 4 DiUlimi'tera 377 I knot ill iiidi'iitftl section. ' 1588 I Sb.Mri-d fibers 440 1597 I do I 440' 103U I 1001 ! 1110 1110 I 1270 I 1374 ' I .do 080 ' 1007 I 1030 I 1039 1012 i 1034 1052 ; 1080 1102 ' 1270 I i i i I 1052 I 1030 I 902 817 1170 ! I I 1062 I 1279 i 1402 1692 I 1470 j 1116 I 1129 : 2218 ' 2050 I 1252 2050 ' 2549 ''. 1987 ' 1012 8U 1179 1084 I 1320 I 1438 1769 : 1633 1157 ; 1166 226S 2123 ! I 1275 j 2073 ' I 1066 866 1193 1098 1338 1405 1824 1592 1210 I 1193 I 2345 2173 1311 2118 440> 449' Slicnred lllwrs; split at end Split ntt'iid 820 I 1057 1 1170 1 1225 I Slieui-ud fibers i split lit oiidH 820 i ! I 1098 1225 I 1379 885 ' I 2581 ; 2640 I 2050 ! 2114 1202 1 1116 13U1 ! 1511 1860 1624 1257 1234 2413 2214 I 1325 ' 2141 ; 2717 I 2104 1302 1225 1610 1746 .do. Sliuht shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split nl uiid . 1700 1905 1860 1420 1452 2858 2586 I 1474 ! 2404 I 2948 2440 do Sheared fibers do Fibers did not shear ; apllt at end . Sheared flbera ; apllt at end 3221 1661 2586 3130 .do. do. 1010 1010 520 620 639 639 733 733 1004 1004 Slight shoariliK of fibers \ split at end : 965 Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers. do 1982 2073 2150 2939 3026 3039 1388 1420 1442 ' 1 1447 1470 1474! 2263 I 3502 ''. 1470 I I 1483 ' 2381 3506 1197 150G 3612 1.138 l.-i38 1746 1769 SI icli t Khetii-luii; of fibers ; split at ends Sllnlit sbenrlut! nf fibers; split at end; apocinien 120 niilliniet(>rs liiu^. FiliiMs illd not shear; split at end; specimen 120 miliiineti'rs liiii);. Sliiilil she. Mini; of fibers; shattered atiok ; apeoi- nii'U I'JO iiiillinu'tei'H \an%. SlifiUt sheai ing of fibers ; split at end do. 647 647 22«i 22<> 226» 228< 774 774 'Ai r i ii 480 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.-BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Spei'iea. 401. Lariz Amcrlcanft— oontlnned. M2. LarixoccidentaliB. Tamarack. PALUACE^S. 40e. WaahioRtonia flUfera . Fan■l*(^f Palm. 8Ute. 781 781 786 786 706 705 840 840 719 710 084 084 1006 1006 Locality. Collector. Nnw Brnnawlok . . | Bay of Fiindy Intercolonial rail- I way. do do tlo ■ do j UridKoton . ■ do I do . •■ 1 1 Danville.. ..do Mnssacbnaotts... ...do I ...do Wcniinm . .. do Ed. Sinclair . ....do Grand Trunk rati. wav. ...do J. Eobiiisoii . .. do Montaua > Misaoiila i S. AVatHon . I ...do . do. do. ^aoliiugton terri- tory. do Fuldrt ;. W.Sikmlotf. ...do. .. do do . .do. do. .do. do . do . Soil. 8147 8142 0300 7600 0480 8437 6007 7530 0307 IU047 Moist 11648 do l:!033 do nw:> do 10000 Swampy ...do .... Ba Kemarka. 1159 Califomin Apia Calieutc . 1150 !....do do W. ('. . WriKlit ' Dry, gravelly 1481 do ! do jHOO Triple floxniv Crushed at 25 mllUmetera ttom middle. , do Cniahrd at 51 millimnters trom middle. Cnialicd ut 64 miUinietera ttom middle. Cruabcd at middle Triple dexure parallel to ringa; interHccliiij; *'C«»oi>cr liuca". Crnalicd at lt'2 milllnietcra from end ou one face. Triple iloxure CruHlu'd ut 04 millimeters from end. CruHlicd at .11 millinii'tors lYom cufl lit :t iiiilllin<'tciH knot. Crn.sItMi at 3 niillinictcrH knot 10 niillinictcrH from end. Crn.slii il ut 2.') millimeters from iniddlc. CruMlied at 00 mllUmetera f^-om end ; opened grain. Split olilicptclyi fractmo 228 mil- lin)t>tel'H loll;;, .^plit liipii'ly; fracture 305 mil- linicteia Ung. :» *i THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 481 FBUBVRB, IN KILOOKAHB, BEQUIUKU TO fllODUCK AN INDENTATION. IN UILMUBTKUB, OF— 0.9a o.at 0.76 093 1125 1220 1270 17BS 1005 862 034 1025 703 1203 1270 730 1111 1180 1002 1315 1420 1315 1733 1842 1179 1769 1802 953 1674 1774 1211 1452 1570 131S 1451 1547 1633 2336 2360 lesc 2681 3134 H06 1660 1005 818 508 670 813 1207 lS2fi 1.0i« 1311 2041 1076 1325 1288 1506 1087 1046 I860 1696 1610 2345 8348 2040 617 1307 t.*7 l.A!> 1388 1401 21B0 2254 1125 1189 1347 1433 1320 1388 1561 1050 2083 2168 2028 2108 1028 2000 1706 1860 1710 1792 2400 2545 3376 3470 2150 2300 068 680 1443 1407 1.78 1538 2346 1220 1633 1429 1760 2227 2259 2019 1946 1910 2081 3062 2301 708 1651 9.03 9.98 9.94 1001 2422 1261 1624 1442 1860 2313 2300 2050 1087 1087 2803 3750 2600 736 1610 1674 2504 1302 1092 1461 1906 2422 2490 2118 2082 2040 2948 8901 2540 76g] 1628 1774 2872 1325 177B 1501 1041 2472 2636 2186 2118 2123 3004 4061 3673 776 1650 4.81 2313 8198 2087 8085 3030 2541 2449 2563 946 1032 a.o8 2686 2313 2713 1048 1006 Semuks. Slight aheaiing of flb«ni Slight ahearlng of flbera ; aplit at end . do do , do do Shpsred flbfrni apIlt at end; Indented aeotion cover* 6 nillllnivtrrB knot. Slight ahearlng of libera ; apllt at end Shonred libera Slight ahearlng of flbera; apllt at end do do do Flbera did not ahear Sheared flbera Slight ahearlng of flbera. 781 781 786 786 705 795 840 840 710 719 984 984 IMM lOOfl 1159 1168 31 FOB n . i I FJ^RT III. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIU ECONOMIC ASPECTS. 481 — ■ . :>iv;*'^.'^>v.j'!rTr' JS*K!rV' I? fSHft I ti ' iJ?-*! THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED SiATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. GENERAL REMARKS. The maps of relative average forest density joined to this report are intended to illustrate the present productive capacity of the forest covering of the country (map No. IG, portfolio). They are based, except in the case of the extreme western states and territories, upon the returns of enumerators. In states originally wooded all land not accounted for in the returns as cleared or treeless, or otherwise known to be destitute of tree covering, is treated as forest. The county is taken as the unit, and is seldom divided, unless varied topography or different natural features in diflferent parts makes i'urther subdivision desirable. In the western states and territories, where topography determines forest distrioution, county lines are disregarded, and the estimates are based upon special reports of census experts, or upon the i)ublished reports jf the various government sur\ oys, maps, etc. The condition and jiroductive capacity of the forest covering Lave been carefully investigated at nriny points in each county or unit region, and the area covered with forest, obtained in the manner described above, is multiplied by the average stand of timber or other useful wood. The results thus obtained are necessarily greatly generalized to conforrc to the scale of the maps used. The following statement represents the value of the forest cro], of the United States for tJae census year, so far as it has been possible to obtain it: Saw logs $1^8,838, 8CU Wood used for domestic purpoHes as fuel (estimated) 306,950,040 Wood .sod by rcilroads as fuel 5, l'J6, 714 Wood used by steamboats as fuel 1, 81'.^, 083 Wood used as fuel — In the manufacture of brick aud tile :i, 978, 331 In the manufacture of wool 423, 231) In the manufacture of suit 121, G81 In the production of precious moials 2, 874, 5U3 In other mining operations 673, 692 Charcoal used as fuel — In uiauufacture of iron (4, 726 114 I a manufacture of precious mutals . . 29, 306 In tl'.ii twenty largest cities 621, HIG Xaviil htor.'s 5,000,000 Southeiu moss .WO, 000 Railroad tics (29,534,094) 9, 800, 247 Fence posts (for fencing railroads) 180, 009 Uncultirated vegetable substances useil in the manufacture of mcdiciuos 587, 000 Uncultivated nnts 78,640 Hoop-poles 1,947,316 Wood used in the manufacture of— Handles Wheel stock Wo(m1 pulp Baskets Excelsior Oars Shoo pegs Hand-made ubiogloa $897, 170 1,360,892 1, 974, 074 314, 12S 150,800 81,000 7., 000 47,952 Total 490,073,094 These returns are incomplete aud often unsatisfactory. Many important items are omitted entirely. It was found impossible to obtain statistics of the amount and value of the wood (posts, split rails, etc.) used in fencing, with the exception of i)osts used by railroads. The amount of material thus consumed annually must be very large, probably exceeding $10l),000,0t)0 in value*. No returns of the amount and value of the bark of different trees used in tanning leather have been received, and there are no statistics of the amount and value of the unsawed limber produced — spars, pile.-, telegraph aud other poles, hewed timber, hard wood exported in the log, ship.s' knees, etc. — that is, all timber not manufactured in saw-mills into lumber. The value of the timber of this sort cut in the United States every year must be very large. The returns include the railway ties laid down by completed roads, and do not embrace those usetl in the construction of some 10,000 miles of new road built during the census year. It was found impossible to obtain oven an estimate of the amount and value of the cooperage stock produced outride of regular sawmills, and tiie returns of handmade shingles only include those made from cypress at a few points in the south Atlantic region. Ma])le sugi.r to the amount of 36,570,061 pounds and 1,796,048 gallons of molasses were produced in the forests of the United States during the year 1879. No statistics of the value of these products have, however, been received. Statistics of the value of material consumed in the mitnufactnre of excelsior, wood pulp, wheel stock, handles, shoe pegs, baskets, oars, and hoop-poles are incomplete, and do not fully represent the value of the wood used. Tlie statistics of the value of wild nuts and wild vegetable substances collected are very incom])lete, and it has been found impossible to separate the value of the imported from that of the native wood used in the manufacture of veneers, an industry cousuming a large amount of high-priced hard wood. Gould complete returns of the forest croj) of the census year have betiu obtained it is not improbable that it would be found to exceed $700,000,000 in value. TUi: 1 UMBKU INDUSTRY. The following table represents tlie vulmni', by .states and territories, of the lumber industry of the United States for the census year, as derived from the returns of the enumerators on the schedule of manufactures, and from the reiKirto of special agents for manufactures in cities having at the time of the Ninth Census 8,000 or more inhabitants. No distinctioi'. between the dilferent kinds of wood sawt^d was attempted in the enumeration: 486 I'^il U4\ 486 THE FOREStS OF THE UNITED STATES. I a 3 4 6 8 7 8 S 10 11 u u 14 IS 16 17 18 U » n » 94 18 38 n 38 39 80 81 32 33 34 38 STATISTICS OF THE LUMBERING INDUSTIJY OV THE StatM and Tenitortea. Th* United States . Atobuna .. Alaaka.... Ariaona . . . Arkansas . California . Colorado ConnecUcat Dakota Dulaware Dtatrjot of Colombfa. Florida . . Ckwrgia . Idaho ... Illinois . . Indiana . Indian territory . Iowa Kanaas Kentncky Louisiana Maine Maryhuid ICassachnsetta . Mloliigan Minnesota Mississippi. Mlasonid .. Montana . . . . Nebraska ... Kevada New Hampehii-e Now Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania .. 39 ! Rhode iHland... 40 Snrih Carolina . Tonni'9«t>«. Texaa Utah Taraont . . VlrRlnia... WMhln|i;ton... Wast yirginla. Wlaoonsin W/SMiBS 1 ? t 25,708 354 13 319 251 93 300 39 8« 1 135 655 48 640 2,022 328 146 670 176 848 369 606 l,St9 234 296 881 36 38 9 284 2« 3,822 778 2,362 228 2,827 49 420 766 324 107 688 007 37 472 704 7 Capital. AVBBAQB NUmXR OV RANDfl XXFLOTKD. DoUari. 181, 186, 122 1,645,655 Maxinvim : \f„i„ at any one I T "* Si-T;; lir above time in in»e.p, the year. '" y**"' 2,798 102,450 ! 1,067.840 6,454,718 I 481,200 657,300 118, 750 259, 250 2r>, 000 2, 219, 550 3,101,452 192,460 3, 295, 483 7, 048, 088 141,664 1,611 126 2, 985 ( 4,945 1,605 1,262 451 64r> as 3,240 4,971 311 5,799 16. 252 77 1,690 3,423 870 699 •»» 378 25 1,945 3,298 162 3,652 9,920 4, 946, 390 262, 975 2, 290, 558 903,950 6,339,396 1,237,694 2,480,340 39,260,428 6,771,145 922,595 2,867,970 208,200 93,375 132,000 3,746,790 1,657,395 74,675 13, 230, 934 1, 743, 217 7, 944, 412 1, 577, 875 21,418,688 1, 066, 265 2, 004, 603 1, 060, 052 272,750 3,274,260 2, 122, 925 ■2. 456, 460 1,068,020 19,824,059 26,700 4,155 831 5,140 1,614 9,S36 1,769 3,130 30,8C6 3,m 2,113 6,678 .174 295 4,765 1,066 282 17,609 5,334 IB, 277 1,185 21, IGC 260 2, .188 !1,587 4,579 845 4,601 5,812 891 3,768 14, 07B 68 2,528 507 2,506 013 ^4eo 1,216 1,948 22,782 2,73. 1,123 3,468 142 136 35 3,066 760 172 11,066 2,938 8,769 566 14,443 139 1,4.11 3,677 :i, 136 175 2,411 J, 922 405 2,057 7,748 Females above 15 years. 425 143 23 I Children and yonth. 5,9C7 86 94 4 199 413 9 94 38 183 23 30 1,360 100 47 95 48 91 548 13 463 18 37 141 40 10 160 4 126 467 Wages paid daring the yt>ar. DoBan. 31, 845, 974 424, 156 33,875 237, 864 1, 096, 736 112,981 178,386 54,974 40,694 6,000 562,249 554,085 33,867 787,867 1,671,740 825,244 66, 757 671, 939 200,063 1, 161, 142 223, 786 431, 612 6,967,905 924,473 197, 867 ««8,644 47,915 29, 313 9,892 548,556 179,693 24,240 2,102,972 447,431 1, 708, 800 242, 154 2, 018, 450 33,143 221,963 549, 222 732, 014 fiS, 175 426,053 540,231 200,539 459,945 2,207,218 8.380 MATKIIIALS. Value oi' lotH. Vnlae of mill soppilce. Dottan. 189,836,869 1, 517, 986 Dettart. 6, 318, 516 DO, 640 126,486 I 1,009,954 I 2,05.5,636 i 654,600 609, 024 269, 235 229, 763 a2,000 I 1,763,617 1 ,1,049,43r< I 213,691 2,959,537 ] !>,290,438 i- 4,023,661 421, 738 2, 238, 888 1, 106, 280 4, 754, 613 1,041,836 1, 827, 497 30,819,003 I 4, 408, iii- 1, 190, 903 3,113,049 257,320 153,823 I.I^TSO 2, 159, 461 842, 752 lOO, 145 8, 628, 874 ], 400, 610 8, 603, 127 1, 294, 703 11,378,589 116,083 1,170.088 2, 006, 124 1,900,794 216, 610 1,039,775 1,864.288 1, 174 006 1, 307, 843 12, 219, 097 24,725 I 5,300 ; 00,441 I 186,868 I i 46,794 I 32, 545 12, 640 13,612 I 2,000 I 103, 596 147,720 16,875 185,368 336, 669 118, 224 25, 711 171,855 80,779 197,344 64,959 76,608 1,432,360 120,587 28, 214 102.243 20,778 11,055 11,020 113, 530 47,227 16, 910 490,389 86, 523 292, 079 36,639 I 576,841 1 4, 803 J 67,273 136, 701 186,981 21,655 82,093 119,489 14,070 67, ,'.29 252, 370 2,026 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 487 UNITED STATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING MAY 31, 1880. 1^6,701 188,081 21, OM I 85, M3 I 11P,48» j 14,070 I 67, .'.M 2t>2,3'0 j ,(126 Lnmlier (board meuare). Feet. 18, 091, 356, OeO 2S1,861,000 10,715,000 172, 50'!, 000 304 7(lj, 000 03, 702, 000 04,427,000 *», 280, 000 31,572,000 4,000,000 a 247, 627, 000 451, 788, 000 18, 204, 000 b 334, 244, 000 015,943,000 (412,578,000 45, 381, 000 305, C84, 000 133, 472, 000 566,656,000 123, 336, 000 d 205, 244, Oto 4, 172, 572, 000 563, 974, 000 168, 747, 000 < 399, 744, 000 21, 420, 000 18, 585, 000 21, 545, 000 292, 267, CUO 109, 679, 000 11,195,000 1,184,220,000 241, 822, 000 010,832,000 177, 171, 000 1, 733, 844, 000 8, 401), UOO 185, 772, 000 302, 673, 000 3*.'8, 008, ( 1)0 2^ 700, 0«0 322, 042, OW) 316, 030, 000 100. 170. 000 180,112.000 1,542,021,000 2,060,000 Laths. Number. 1,761,788,000 14, 147, 000 ,150,000 6, 527, 000 2, 420, 000 4,925,000 1,719,000 664,000 317,000 1,000,000 20, 101, 000 17, 438, 000 750, OoO 625,077,000 28, 031. tfOO Shingles. Xuiiiher. 5 555,046,000 5,427,000 Staves. Number. 1,248,226,000 2,857,000 1, 760, 000 61, 768, 000 188, 718, 000 27,214,000 7, 192, 000 j 4, 828, 000 506, 000 800,000 1,640,000 3,063,000 270,000 e 79, 924, 000 26,000 26,866,000 7, 745, 000 184, 820. 000 7, 955, 000 d 16, 947, 000 461, 805, 000 88, 088, 000 7,908,000 j £20,839,000 I 2,620,000 ' 3, 061, 000 25, 332, COO 4, 235, 000 615,306,000 26, 034, 000 4,610,000 Sets of headings. Number. 146, 523, 000 437,000 350,000 1,203,000 12,000 650,000 791,000 2,014,000 I 110,000 964,000 2K!, 071, 000 1, 385, 000 26, 389, 000 Spool and bobbin stock (board measare). Fett. 34,076,000 Valne of all other products. 33,000 4,000 30,000 1, 957, 000 e 128, J 00, 000 8,15, 000 25, 253, 000 30, 10.1, 000 426, . '130, 000 I 4,429,000 d 19, 667, 000 j 2,684,717,000 j 194,666,000 I \ 355, 000 (8,832,000 9,627,000 5,335,000 660,000 ' 49,464,000 8, 948, 000 ' 107,000 I 79,399,000 I 13,340,000 I 50,625,000 I 18, 246, 000 I 183, 740, 000 I 10,000 ; -.3, 133, 000 21,275,000 1 14,131,000 1, iKI, 000 [ 10, 74r). 000 14, 401'. UOO «, 6,"i0, 000 12,071,000 ■J 15, i:ij, (;0(i ■too, 000 486,000 67,086,000 13,717,000 722,000 305, 711, 000 8, 707, 000 23, 148, 000 220,000 02, 376, 000 16, 227, 000 21, 002, OOO IW, 821, 000 7, 825, OOO 00,000 21,426,000 24,876,000 5, 010, 000 I 288,601)000 \ 1,086,000 10, o:i(!. (KIO 14, 2U.'i. OOll U:, .VJJ, UOO I 0,298,000 ! .Vi, 711,000 (i, 223, OUU 3,010,000 ;t, 005, 000 to.'. »22, OOi) 8(r..ooo ' 31, 364, 000 40,000 20,000 63. .,64, 000 45,000 214, 246, 000 8, 174, 000 3.3,000 3,312,000 160,000 383, 000 1,8(0,000 I 21,897,000 I 547,000 i. 13,426,000 .« 672,000 6, 038, 000 3,363,000 ?, 491, 000 166,000 3,073,000 883,000 22, 130, 000 571, 000 26, 779, 000 1,003.000 1,253,000 25,000 80, 062, 000 ; 365,000 ; 38^,00O ' 4, 342, 000 10,401,000 03,000 570,000 ! 140,000 j 326,000 3,700,000 6,S00 Dottara. 2, 682, 668 1,010 3,000 700 12,930 500 2,000 13t 999 3,975 60,200 16,807 146,760 Total valne of nil proilncts. Dollan. 233, 208, 720 Itnnic according to value of I products. 38,343 3,400 76,665 16,470 182,618 149,894 44,396 631,406 21,100 6,340 I 7,007 1,900 1,100 68,613 j 40,386 13,219,000 14, 333, 000 ' 23,000,000 . 41,902,000 ; 8«, 645, 000 I 1 ,572,000 j 920,000 416, 000 I 800,000 2o5,263 7, 196 ! 196,788 '■ 10,600 I 393,044 : 174 41,700 72,998 , 10,860 1,765 ; 2,676 I 30,366 I 1, D.VJ, 000 7.408,000 40, 195 16'., 171 2,649,634 216, 918 1,793,848 4, 428, 960 1,051,296 1,076,456 436,792 ill, 060 ' 50,000 I 3,000,201 4,875,310 349,635 .5, 003, 037 14,260,830 6,186,628 682,007 , 4,064,361 I 1,764,640 { I 7,933,808 , 1,813,332 3, 120, 184 52,449,928 7,366,038 1, 920, 335 6,265,617 i 527, 605 ' 265. 062 ! 243,200 I I 3,842,012 I 1, 627, 640 173,030 ' 14, 356, 010 2, 072, 796 13, 864, 460 2, 030, 463 22, 4.17, 350 240, 579 2, 001, 507 3, 744, 006 3, 073, 449 ;i75, lot •i, 2.'*, Blfl :i, 4;:4, 16« 1, 734, 742 2, 431, 8.17 17, 052, 347 40,090 a Includinu 77,600,000 feet iiiniiuf.icturod tr.iin Iii;;» cut in A'abauia. t Ini ■i i states and Territories. The Cnited States. Alabama.. Alaska Ariiona .. Arkansas . Califumia. Colorado Cuiinecticiit Dakota , Drlawari' District of Columbia 13 319 251 96 300 39 Florida 13.i> Georaiu : 655 Idabo I 48 niinois I 640 Indiana 2, 022 Indian territory . Iowa Kansas Kentucky Loiiisiiiua llainc Maryland...... Mnsaauliuiietts. Micbignn Minnesota MisstAslppi . Missouri 2iliintnna Nebraska. . . Xevada 328 146 670 175 S48 ?69 606 1,649 234 205 881 38 11 s- u IhUt. 7,048 4,306 7,880 3,347 25, 716 5,013 2,110 2,B17 3,015 25, 000 MUUDKU OF IIAN'lia ' EWLUVKO. II 8.8 7.9 0.7 S.0 19.7 16.6 4.0 11.6 7.5 35.0 e 5.8 4.6 10,441 2..0 4,735 ], 7.6 4,009 5,149 3,485 Xow Hampshire ' 680 Now Jersey j 284 New Mexico i 26 NewYoik 2,822 North Carolina 770 Ohio i 2,352 OreBon I 228 I'onnsylvauia ' 2, 827 KhodelHlund ' 49 Sonth Cnrolinu 420 Tennessee Texas rtiil Veimoiit... Vir^'inio ... WasbinKton ... W.'st Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoroinu 755 124 107 688 907 37 472 704 15,080 1,801 3,418 r 165 , 7,475 I 3,3$4 i 4,093 I 23,808 I 28, 930 3, 127 3,255 ' r>, 783 ' 2,4.'-.7 14,U06 5,508 5,836 2,870 4,688 2, 240 3,378 0,920 7,670 2,044 2, .-lis 2,G.'i5 : 5, 126 2, 549 i 4, 7.TO I 2,340 I 06,390 1 ;i, .his I' 2<«. 159 .\ 3,S14 6.6 9.0 8.0 6.0 6.6 13.7 9.0 2.0 7.6 4.6 26.0 15.0 5.0 3.6 6.0 6.0 12.6 5.7 7.7 8.6 11.0 4.8 5.0 18.7 10.0 7.0 7.0 11.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 3.7 10.8 6.0 7.0 0.5 .5.0 7.5 5.0 .5.5 0.0 3.5 3.8 8.S 7.8 3.0 3.0 14.7 12.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.0 MAtERULLS AMD LABOB. Value of logs. Dolls. 6,436 Valne of mill sup- plies. Dollt. 240 4,288 256 9,729 408 3, 166 I 190 •?, 190 744 6,808 2,030 6,903 2,672 32,000 13,064 4,055 4,452 4,624 4,600 476 108 324 158 2,000 708 225 352 200 166 12, 2# 2,888 3,341 6, 3l'l ,5,007 2,823 ' 3,015 I 18, 700 18,8.30 { I I f 037 I 3,534 ! 7, 148 I 4,048 I 16,865 4. 5 j 3, 176 2.7 jl 3,319 6.7 !| 3,861 4.0 Ij 3,067 4.0 ii 1,921 4.0 2.5 5.0 3.'0 3.5 ,.•.658 5, 678 • 4,732 2, 369 2, 785 7.0 5.0 2,657 l<.0 9.8 5,804 7.9 3.5 2, C24 0.6 8.6 { 2,819 6.0 4.0 1 j 2,055 24.0 13.6 31,730 8.0 4.0 2,770 20.0 12.0 j 17,380 0.7 5.5 3, 532 300 176 256 462 232 170 126 868 516 j I 95 116 577 290 1,224 167 166 050 173 111 124 100 204 98 100 181 I 577 I 202 ; 119 : 131 Waees paul during the year. Dollt. 1,236 1,198 2,567 744 4,305 1,176 594 1,410 473 6,000 4,166 845 700 l,23u 777 2. 513 457 1,003 1,143 1,369 006 712 4,225 3,950 I ,671 I 760 1, 332 771 1,000 806 633 932 766 576 r!6 1,062 ! 1,032 ' 676 i .528 j I 727 I 2, 262 il 600 :| 020 I 595 1 1 Lumber (boaid measure). Feet 703, 000 1.2,000 824,000 541,000 1, 214, 000 664, 000 215, 000 761,000 367, ono 4, 000, 000 1, 834, 000 690,000 380, 000 522, 000 453,000 Laths. Shingles. Ko. I 68,000 I 40,000 1,258,000 310, 000 456, 000 702,000 068,000 334,000 338, 000 2, 530, 000 2,410,000 572, 000 453,000 69.5, 000 .357, 000 2, 394, 000 129, COO 386,A)0 430,000 419,000 311,000 387, COO 777,000 013, COO 172,000 442,000 400,000 . 1, 01,5, 000 240,000 460,000 348,000 11,000 20,000 10,000 61, 000 6,000 15, 000 4,000 1,000,000 150, 000 27, 000 10, 000 40,000 14,000 244,000 40,000 40, 000 44,000 218, 000 21,000 28, 000 280,000 376,000 27, 000 23, 000 73, 000 Xo. 216, 000 15, 000 136, 000 194,000 553,000 283,000 24, 000 12 1, 000 6,000 23, 000 39, 000 88,000 24,000 13,000 73,000 31,000 4,000 28, 000 17,000 21,000 80,000 65,00a .56,000 28,000 43,000 14,000 28, 000 10, 000 390, 000 6,000 37,000 170, 000 503,000 12,000 32, 000 1, 668, COO 831,000 18, 000 10,000 207, 000 Staves. Xo. 48,000 6,000 23,000 6,000 8,000 1,000 Sets of head- ings. Spool and bobbin ■tocL. 1,000 1,000 5,000 62,000 i 0,000 6, 000 I 1, 030 3,000 ' 1,00( 38, 000 140,000 10, 000 34,000 1,000 73, 000 44,000 35,000 121,000 33,000 2,000 13, 000 Feet. 1,300 Valne of other prod ucts. Total value of aU prod- ucts. DolU. 104 2,000 12,000 4,000 3,000 13, 000 2,000 24,000 4,000 46,000 22,000 54,000 98,000 38,000 27,000 108,000 11,000 10,000 2,000 102,000 I 28,000 40,000 7,000 24,000 91,000 11,000 5,000 8,000 i 18,000 347,000 87, 000 80,000 9,000 3,000 6,000 I 19,000 1,5,000 2,000 1,000 77 2,000 104 6 1,254 26 72 117 23 113 88 215 406 73 322 00 i i 18 i "i S3 20 86 142 101 9 7,486 16,609 6,623 17,045 10, 951 359 11,174 4,780 60,000 22,668 7,443 9,340 7,911 7,062 19,000 4,700 6,066 10,083 r,356 4,914 r., 149 31,807 31, 478 0,509 (,, WO 14, 058 6, 0",-. 27, 022 5,0:1 5,731 6,090 5,087 3, 445 380 5, 420 I 4, 329, 000 1 143 I 074 II 381,000 SS8 I a, 206 ! 2, 100, 000 I 376 911 {{ 423,000 , 177,000: 97,000 I 639,000 ^ 26, 000 8, 000 I 89, 900 4, 000 j 305,000 1,220,000 I 117,000 10,000 43,000 lS3,0«0i 83 ; 5, 80.'i 46 I 8, 005 130 j 7, 944 3 4,000 4,837 06 ' 4,960 82 I 11,338 1< : 3, 606 3 ', 4,7:16 33 3, 786 i ....I 46,885 86 216 6, '62 26, M« 6,866 territories is STATES. Value of olliei 1 prod- ucts. Total value of aU prod- ucts. DoUt. VoUt. 104 9,078 7,486 77 16,600 6,623 12 17,045 7 10, 051 43 350 13 11,174 4,780 . 2,000 60,000 104 22,668 6 7,443 . 1,234 0,340 26 7,911 72 7,052 117 19,000 1 23 4,700 113 6,066 88 10,083 215 r,3S6 406 4,014 73 fi, 140 322 31, 807 00 31, 478 18 6,509 8 I,, 000 S3 14, €68 20 6, 07,-i 27, 022 86 5, CO 142 6, 731 6,690 101 6,087 » 3,445 i 83 5,805 40 8,005 1 130 7,044 3 4,009 U9 4,837 1 80 4,860 32 11,838 1< 3,606 8 4,736 33 8. 780 40,886 8S 5, '62 216 26,bti« 6,866 S- :^A ■It. V iiEiy\K^]'MK;r:~ 'ik tiik ':iTn;'':i"'r TEil'I'F CFN^■"JS '1?"''H1^' UlKTK'i r'':'/,7'l-';^ if I ■I il w t r fr It' It ■' I ,! ■-'" !! rl I! . 11 .f THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 489 Michigan is tbe greatest luraber-prodncing state in the Union. The valne of its Innibcr product, with that of Wisconsin antl Minnesota, exceeds one-third of the total vaUie of all the lumber manufactured in the United States. This enormous development of the lumber business in the lake region is due to the excellence of its forests, the natural advantages of the country for manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forests and the treeless agricultural region west of the Mississippi river. The extinction of the forests of the lake region may be expected to seriously affect the growth of population in the central portion of the continent. The country between the Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains, now largely supplied with lumber from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, must for building material soon depend .upon the more remote pine forests of the Gulf region or those of the Pacific coast. A gresit development in the now comparatively unimportant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. Now centers of distribution must soon supplant Chicago a.s a lumber market, and new triinsportation routes take the place of those built to move the pine grown upon the sliores of the great lakes. It is not probable, however, that any one point will ever attain the importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution. With the growth of the railroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests remaining in the country toward the center of the continent, lumber will be more generally shipped direct by rail from the mills to the consumer than in the past. In this way the pine of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas will reach Kansas, Nebraska, and the whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico will be supplied by rail with the pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of Minnesota and Dakota must draw their lumber by rail, not as at present from the pine forests covering the shores of lake Superior, but from the fir and redwood forests of the Pacific coast. FUEL. The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census jear. The estimates of the amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquiry addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families in each state using wood for fuel, and the result tlins obtained is taken as the total state consumption : WOOD USED AS FUEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. Use. Ford^moslicpurpimeR a« below By railruiuln By 8t>>anil)ont» lu mining; ituil amalgamating tho preoiouR mctaln In utiic:r niioing operations Cords. 140, KIT, 439 1,071,813 787, 882 358,074 266, 771 Valne. $306, 050, 040 5, 126, 714 1. 812, 083 2, 874, 593 673, 692 Um. I Oonla. I In tlio mauufaci lire uf brick and tilu < 1,157,522 I Til tbe luaniifacturo of aiilt ' 540, 448 In tlie niamifacture of Wdol | 158,208 Total I 145,778,137 Valne. »3. 978, 331 121, 681 425,239 321,062,37.1 ESTIMATED CON.sUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. Number of persons nsing wood for domestic fuel. 32,375,074. States anil Territories. Cords. Value. States and Territories. Alabama Ala.ikii Ariziina ArU iinsas California , Oolor.itlii (jonuertlnit , Dakota , Uelawaiit DiHtrict of Cnlnmliia. I'Miirlda 6,070,754 $8,727 Qia Idaho Illinois ludtana Indian territory Iowa 170, 017 3, 92J, 400 1,748,06" ^2lj. I lU .'■>2!>,6,39 422,948 177,306 : 26,902 609, 046 5, 910, 045 99,910 5, 200, 101 7,059,874 724, 572 5, 095, 821 7. 693, 731 l,0;i8, 783 2,371,532 3, 028, 300 7.51,311 80, 706 1.230,412 8, 279, 245 38l>, 68G 14,136,662 13, 334, 729 4,090,049 I 14,611,280 ivansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a) Mar^'laud Massircbu8rtls(a) Micliigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada Now Hr.rapsltire.. New.Tersey New Mexico Ni'W York Cords. 2,00.5,4.19 I 7,994,813 I 1,944,858 1,215,881 i 1,1.52,919 880,041 7, 838, 904 l,6i;9, .568 8, 090, 758 4,016,373 119,947 908,188 l.':5,276 667,719 642, .'■>98 160,946 11,290,975 Value. »7, 328, 72.1 13, 313, 220 4,607,415 4,078,1.17 3, 170, 941 4, 613, 26.1 13, 197, 240 5,873,421 7,14.5,116 8, 633, 465 460, 018 3, 859, 843 972, 712 1, 964, 009 2, 787, 216 1,061,360 37, 509, 364 ti Ineliiilinu ii .tni:ill amount imported fnim Caniida. (•ON.sr.Ml>TION iii<''duction of precious metals 07,687 Total 1 74,008,972 Vftluc. ».521.310 4,726,111 29, 306 6,276,738 .9"! w i . 490 l^HE FORESTS OF THE UNITED Sl^ATES. 11 a ' The forests of the United States, in spit« of the great and increasing drains made ujjon them, are «;upablo of yielding annually for many years longer a larger amount of material than has yet been drawn from them, even with our present reckless methods of forest management. The great i)ine forest of the north has already, it is true, safi'ered fatal inroads. The ]>ine which once covered New England and New York has already disapjteared. Pennsylvania is nearly stripped of her i)ine, which once ajjpeared inexhaustible. The great northwestern pineries are not yet exhausted, and with newly-introduced methods, by which logs once supposed inaccessible are now profitably brought to the mills, they may be expected to increase the volume of their annual i)roduct for a few years longer in rcsimnse to the growing demands of the great agricultural population fast covering the treeless midcontinental plateau. The area of pine forest, however, remaining in the great pine-producing states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota is dangerously small in i)roportion to the country's consumption of white pine lumber, and the entire exhaustion of these forests in a comparatively short time is certain. The wide areas now covered in New England by a vigorous second growth of white i»ine, although insignificant in extent and productiveness in comparison with the forests it rejdaces, must not be overlooked in considering the i)ine supply of the country. These new forests, yielding already between two and three hundred million feet of lumber annually, are Mi^lM. W'l r (, WStt i, B ^nl, 1 i ^B HkI^J I 1 ' 'ffilf'^ ^m]t 1 ; *i| I ■ ! ' [ ti^ I ' W'\ '^ f *•' * «!■ r' ' ? i i ' i I ti t 1; t 'in f ii ?!l h; Wii Li. fu ; ^-iS^rf 'n • W, '' 1 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. FOREST FIBES. 491 The extent of tlie loss which the country sustains every year from injury to woodlands by fire is enormous. An attempt was made to obtain, by means of circulars of inquiry addressed to enumerators of the census and other persons living in every town of the United States, some estimate of the actual destruction of forest material in this way. More than 30,000 of these circulars were sent out. The information obtained, often vague and unaati!»factory, after a most critical examination, in which all doubtful or contradictory returns were entirely thrown out, is presented in the following table and accompanying map. It must be borne in mind that estimates based upon information obtained in this manner are liable to very considerable error, and due allowance must therefore be made for inaccurate or incomplete returns. Many towns, and even counties, in vhich forest fires are known to have occurred during the year 1880, made no returns whatever, and the returns of other counties were excluded. It is therefore fair, perhaps, to as.sume that the following table, inaccurate and unsatisfactory as it no doubt is in manj respects, at least does not exaggerate the auiiual loss inflicted upon the country by forest fires: TABLE OF FOREST FIRES OCCURRING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR. .. Areas bnmed, in acres. Value of property de- stroyed. CAUBXS or riBB. StatcR mi Territories. i ri 1.5 1 a 1 5 i > o H a 1 i i G i ■3 i 9 t S S ! 1 C 1 i 3 i to S i 3 •J 1 1 1 ThoUniteil Stotes 10,274,089 660,160 $25,402,250 197 1,152 508 628 72 35 262 12 9 32 66 10 2 2 3 3 121,225 j at 16 4 20 8 Alaska A rizoiia 10,240 858, 115 356, 815 113, 820 r,6, 000 250,470 ■140, 750 935, ,100 3 2 2 27 0' 1 1 20 23 7 1 Califoruifi 28 10 6 1 . 4 6 Colomdo 2 2 DAkotn .::;....::::.."": ' 4 ...... 6 2 6 2 1 2 DelnwArc 3,305 15,675 District ot Colambia Florida 105, 320 706, 351 21,000 48,691 00,427 1,000 11,017 7,080 566,047 64,410 3.5, 230 41, 076 13, 809 238, 271 2.50, 805 222, 800 788, 040 88,020 69,000 167,620 202, 000 45, 775 130, 335 11 21 2 15 2 2 16 3 27 23 ■ 3 t Georgia 1 Idaho 2 19 6 niinuis 20 52 "jo" 12 1 4 Indiana Indltin territory 45,470 14,700 2.17, 635 6,800 123,315 37, 425 102, 202 08.5, 085 1.39.-., 110 78,505 294, 8li6 1, 12.S,000 26 6 1 12 16 S3 48 IS 1 1« 1 8 83 2 20 U 37 50 14 17 20 1 7 6 Xanaas a 1 10 1 i Kentucky 2 12 27 51 2 39 31 40 161 40 8 14 1 . .. 1 Maine 8 6 8 ■ r 1 i MasKiK'luHcttn 10 3 a 1 Mlclii};»n 1 8 1 Minni'iint;! 0 1 10 1 .. MIhhoui'I 1 1 1 1 1 XfViiil.t 8.710 ,'., 0,->4 71,074 0I,0.'I4 140. 401 S», 102 74, lU ins, 320 088,738 19,000 , 2.'i4, OSO 273, 000 1,042,800 48,460 320, 044 713,200 15.->, 280 725, CIO », 25!-., 000 CAUtlEH OF FIBK SUt4M and Torritorics. r Clearing land. i > i 1 c n i J i 1 1 1 1 i 1 u S i. 3 a 1 i 11 Q (B 11 1 g 1 U 10 19 19 3 c 14 7 3 I 2 14 10 4 4 3 t 0 20 10 to 22 58 s 13 7 18 2 12 8 13 15 1 1 VirtclniA AViiHhinftton AVtHt Virgiuia 2 6 8 1 8 Wyoming 3 1 The liup;ost nmnlu'r of these tiros of any one chiss was tracod to fanners clearing land and allowing their bni.sh (ires to escape into the forest. The carelessness of hnntera in leaving fires to burn in abandoned cauii)s, next to farmers, was the cause of the greatest injury. The railroads were responsible, too, for serious damage to the forest from fires set by sparks from locomotives, while the intentional burning of herbage in the forest to improve l>astHrage often caused serious destruction of timber. Only tlie value of the material actually destroyed by fire is included in these estimates. The loss of timber by tire, great as it is, is insignificant in comparison with the dain.age inliicted upon the soil itself, or with the iuflueuco of fire upon subsequent forest growth. If a forest is destroyed by fire all trees, old and young, giants ready for the ax, antionally favorable climatic conditions, a growth of trees recovers the burned suiface, pojtlars and scrub jtinea replace the more valup.ble species of the original forest. The damage inflicted upon the iwrmanency of the forests of the country by browsing animals is only surjiassed by the injury which they receive from tire. The custom of turning domestic animals into the forest to i)ick up u scanty and precarious living, common in all parts of the country, is universal in the southern and central portions of the Atlantic reg-' >!i and in California. Sheep, cattle, and horises devour immense (piantities of seedling trees, the future forests of the country. They bark the trunks and destroy the vigor and often the life of larger trees. Hogs root up young pines nnd other i>Iants to feed upon their succulent roots, and devour the edible fruit of many trees. Jn this way not only is the permanence of the forest endangered, but in the case of (iecidiious fon'sts their composition is often seriously afteeted. Species with thin-shelled edible .seeds, pines, white oaks, chestnuts, and beeches, are unable to hold their own against species with bitter or iinpalutuble fruit, on account of the excessive destruction of their seeds by lioga and other unimuU. u a I )ilSS(>(I loii ill oruiii. bark lite) tu lU'iice |)i>cie8 [)ecicK iinuU. !■ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 4\)'S In tlio central portions of the Atlantic region tiio general replacement of the swcct-fniited valuable wliitc oalis in the young forest growth by the les.s valuable bitter-fruited black oaks is noticeable, and seriously endangers the future value of 1 ho forests of this wiiole region. Tiie damage inflicted ujion the California mountain forests by sheep is iiiunense; tliey threaten the complete extermination of these noble forests, and with them the entire agricultural resources of the state. The pasturage of the forest is not only enormously exitensive in the destruction of young plants and seeds, but tMs habit induce? the burning over every year of great tracts of woodland, which would otherwise be permitted to grow up naturally, in order to hasten the early growth of spring herbages Such linvs, esjjecially in the open pine forests of the south, do not necessarily consume the old trees. All undergrowtli and seedlings are swept away, however, and not infrequently fires tlius started destroy valuable bodies of timber. This is especially true* also, in the coniferous forests of the Pacilic region. The railroads of the country, using in the construction and maintenance of their permanent ways vast quantities of timber, inflict far greater injury upon tne forests than is represented by the consumption of material. Railway ties, except in Califcn-nia, are almost invariably cut from vigorous young trees from 10 to 12 inches in diameter f that is, from trees which twenty or thirty years ago escaped destruction by fire or browsing animals, and which, if allowed to grow, would at the end of fifty or one hundred years longer nffonl immense quantities of valuable timber. The railroatls of the United States, old and new, consume every year not far from <)(),00(),()(K) ties ; the quantity of lumber iu G(>,OUU,000 ties is comparatively not very great, and would hardly be missed from our forests; but the destruction of 30,000,000 vigorous, healthy young trees, supposing that an average of two ties is cut from each tree, is a serious drain upon the forest wealth of the country and should cause grave apprehensions for the future, especially in view of the fact that in every part of the country there are now growing fewer .seedling trees of species valuable for railway ties than when the trees now cut for this purpose first started. The ct)ndition of the forests of Maine is interesting. They show that forest preservation is perfectly practicable, in iha Atlantic region at least, when the importance of the forest to the community is paramount. The prosperity of this state, born of the broa«l forests of pine and spruce which once covered it almost uninterruptedly, was threatened by the prospective exhaustion of these forests, in danger of extermination by fire and the ill-regulated operations of the lumbermen. The very existence of the state depended upon the maintenance of the forest. The treat forests of pine could not be restored, but the preservation of the few remnants of these forests was not impossible. Fires do not consume forests upon which a whole community is dependent for support, and methods for securing rhe continuance of such forests are .soon found and readily put into execution. The forests of Maine, ohce considered practically exhausted, still yield largely and continuously, and the i»ubli(! sentiment which has made possible their protection is the one hopeful symptom in the whole country that a change of feeling iu regard to forest jn-operty is gradually taking i)lace. The experience of Maine shows that where climatic conditions are favorable to fore.*'t growth the remnants of the original forest can be prest-cved and new forests struction of cities located along their banks, and th(> siioliation of broad areas of the richest agricultural land. The.se mountain fon'sts ouee destroyed can only be renewed slowly :md at enormous cost, and the diingers, iictnal and prospective, which threaten them now offer the only real (^ause lor general alarm to be found in the i)resent condition of the tbrests of the United States. Other forests maybe swept away and the country will «'xpeiienee noJhing more .serious than a loss of mat<'rial, which can be juodticed again if the i)rice of lumber wr.irants the cultivation of frees as a commeicial enterprise; but if the forests which (-ontrol the How of the jrreat rivers of the country perish, the whole community will sutler ividesjiread calamity which no precautions taken after the mischief has been done can avert or future expenditure prevent. ■"Wf^Wi^WWy^^W^ m i'F' I' 1'*^ ■'. ' 51* 494 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. MAINE. The forests of the Northeru Piue Belt orce extended over the state of Maine. Pine and spruce, with which were mingled maple, birch, and other deciduous trees, covered the entire state, with the exception of the immediate coast region between the Kennebec uud the Penobscot rivers, a region of hard- wood forest; hemlock was common. The original pine and spruce forests of the state have been practically e lires of railroad. Hard- wood timber i.s particularly flue and abundant through" the central ])ortion of the state; farther north the forest is more generally composed of coniferous trees. Tlie lumber business of southern and central Maine attained its greatest importance as early as 1850. In that J «^ar spruce was for the first time driven down the Kennebec with pine, and the proportion of spruce to pine has since steadily increased, until, in the season of 1879-'8(>, only 20 per cent, of the lumber cut on that river was pine. The lowest point of productive capacity cf the forests of Maine has probably been passed. Tlie reckless disregard of forest property which characterized the early lumbering operations of the state has been replaced by sensible methods for preserving and perpetuating the forest. Thi3 change in public sentiment in regard to the forests has followed naturally the exhaustion of the forest wealth of the state. As this disappeared the importance of preserving some part, at least, of the tree covering, the source ci the state's greatest prosperity, forced itself upon i)ublic attention ; for unless the forests could bo perpetuated, the state must lose forever all commercial and industrial importance. It has followed that the forests of Maine, as compared with those in other i)arts of the country, are now managed sensibly and economically. They are protected from fire principally through the force of public sentiment, and only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of land. In the southern counties the young piue now springing up freely on abandoned faruiing lands is carefully protected, and large areas are planted with pine lu regions where the natural growth has not covered the soil. The coniferous forests, under the present management, may be cut over once in every fifteen or twenty years, producing at each cutting a crop of logs equivalent to 1,000 fleet of lumber to the acre, of which from 6 to 7 per cent, i.s ])iue, the rest si»ruce. Forest fires, which formerly inflicted every year serious damage upon the forests of the state, are now of comparatively rare occurrence. During the census year only 35,230 acn s of woodland were reported destroyed by (ire, with an estimated loss of $123,315. These fires were set by farmer i in clearing land, by careless huntens, and by sparks from locomotives. Tlie following estimates of the amount of ])ine anJ spruce standing in the state May 31, 18S0, were iirepared by Mr. Cyrus A. Packard, of Augusta, land agent of the state. They were made up from the results of actual surveys, and have been reviewed by a large number of experts most familiar with the condition of the forests ia >(i . . ... r.o,ooo,ooo ' 1,000,000,000 50, 000, too .'>00, 000, 000 Siilnf f'loix, MiicliiaH. N'urnij.Miijrus, uud Uuion river* and other Rmnll ntreoma .. Tutul 200, 000, 000 1 Jl.ll, O.rtI, (.00 473,000,000 ^000,«OU,VOO 1 1.18,823,000 ! 301,0'.H),000 Cot for thn oenaue year endiug Muy 31, 1880 , with which e immediate rsis common, cut in every headwaters y connected large size is e Penobscot iborhood of through the 50. lu that to 2)ine has ir was pine. s disregard by sensible forests has ' preserving pon ]>ublic industrial ountry, are 3 )f public e owners of s carefully soil. The producing Qt. is j)iue, re now of itroycd by ntens, and prepared 1 of actual forests ia 3 w LTEPAFTMn^NT l:F THE INTF.Hl l.'R ■71 . t, &4 un '1 If r>,'A:N: ■JrA'liAUi-'.:ii!RK \'K!:MOtJT MA3oA:'H;!j!. ! s i Wit il lilj ^ 1*1. 'i I 'rt^ . ? "ill f ■ ii < .-tV I ^ \i THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 495 Quantities of logs cut in Aroostook couuty are driven down the Saint John river and manufucture»' in New Brunswick. During the season of 1879-'80 tliero were handled in this way 70,000,000 feet of sjjrucc, 4,500,000 feet of pine, 2,800,000 feet of cedar, 1,500,000 feet of squared pine timber, 1,000,000 feet of squared birch timber, 110,000 feet of squared larch timber. Of this 70 per cent, of the spruce and 80 per cent, of the pine were returned to the United States manufactured into lumber, and the whole of the cedar in the form of shingles. Important industries dependent for material upon a supply of hard wood have long Oourished in the state. Large quantities of cooperage stock, woodenware, handles, spools, bobbins, etc., are manufactured, and more recently the production of wood i)ulp and excelsior, principally from poplar and other soft woods, has assumed important proportions. Manufacturers from nearly every i)art of the state report a deterioration and scarcity of the best timber, especially oak, which is now largely imported from Canada or replaced by southern hard pine. Birch, however, is still abundant, and is largely exported in the form of spool and bobbin stock. The manufacture of potasii, once an important industry of the state, has been abandoned as unprofitable. Several establishments engaged iu the manufacture of tanning extracts from hemlock bark are located in the state, and the numerous tauneries upon the Penobscot river consume large quantities of the same material. The demand for hemlock lumber is now good, and the logs, after being stripped of their bark, are manufiujtured into lumber and not allowed, as iu other parts of the country, to rot upon the ground. A recently-established industry is the maiuifacture of kegs, barrels, and woodenware from pulp made from chips, brush, and other waste material of the forest. Partial estimates of the hoop-pole industry give a product of 5,449,200, valued at $75,612. During the year 1879 153,334 pounds of maple sugar were produced in the state. ANDEOSCoaGm cotTNTY. — Onc-lialf of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth ; it contains, hqwover, considerable bodies of Hue ftrstgrowtli white pine. Manufacturers of cooperage stock '."eport loak exhausted, other hard woods scarce and of inferior quality, and that no second-growth timber is of suflQcient size for use. A large amount of excelsior is manufactured, princij)aily from poplar. AuoosTOOK COUNTY. — Nine-tcnths of this county is reported covered with forests, the clearings being confined to the neighborhoods of the rare settlements along the river bottoms. Logs cut in this county are largely rafted down the Saint John river, and little lumber in proportion to the cut is manufactured within its limits. The production of cooperage stock and other articles requiring hard wood in their manufacture is rapidly increasing, and with abundant material such industries seem destined to great development. Cumberland county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, principally of second growth. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of material, especially hard woods, now nearly exhausted. Spruce and poplar in large quantities are manufactured into wood pulp. Franklin county. — Three-fourths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally confined to the northern portion. Staves, hoop-poles, handles, and excelsior are manufactured in large quantities. Hancock county, — Seven-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, largely composed, toward the coast, of second growth white pine. The northern portions contain fine bodies of large hemlock. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report deterioration of material; ash especially has become scarce. Kknnkbec county. — Four-tenths of this couuty is reported covered with woods, largely second growth. Merchantable spruce and ])ine have been everywhere removed. Considerable areas are again covered with pine, and the wooded area is increasing. Next to Penobscot this is the most important lumber manufacturing county in the state. Numerous mills located on the Kennebec river saw logs driven from its upper waters and from beyond the limits of the county. Large quantities of poplar and spruce are consumed annually in the manufacture of woor yv; 4T^' 49(5 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. I '5' Piscataquis county. — From eight to niiie-tcntlis of tliis county ia reported covered with forests, the soiilhorn portion only bein^jr c'csired of the original tree growth. Saoadaiioc county. — Onc-hulf of this county is reported covered with woods, principally second growtli. Consideriiblo second-growth white jtine is now growing up upon abandoned farm lauds, and the wooded area of the county is increasing. Mannfacturers rejwrt all timber of Kufficient size for use scarce and of inferior quality, and apprehend early exhanstion of hard woods suitable for mechanical purposes. SoMKKSKT COUNTY. — Five-sixtlis of this county is rei)orted covered with woods, the southern portion «mly being cleared of its forests of spruce and pine. Excelsior, handles, woodenware, etc., are largely manufactured. Hard-wood tind)er of all sorts is abundant and of excellent quality, with the exception of black ash, now scarce and in great demand. Wai>do county. — From one-quarter to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, generally of second growth. The wooded area is now gradually increasing by the growth of white pine on abandoned farming lands. MaiHifacturers re])ort a scarcity and deterioration of timber of all kinds of sufflcient size for use. Washington county. — From eight- to nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the southern portion considerable areas contain scattered bodies of large ])iue, and through the center of the county are large tracts of first-growth hemlock forests. No future scarcity of lumber is apprehended. York county. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods ; it contains large quantities of scattered pine. Second-growth pine is spreading on abandoned agricultural land, and the forest area is increasing. Wood pulj), cooperage stock, and handles are largely manufactured. Timber of all sorts is reported OS depreciating in both quality and quantity. No immediate scarcity, however, is apprehended. NEW HAMPSHIRE. The forests of New Hampshire were originally composed of a belt of spruce, mixed with maple, birch, and other hardwood trees, occnpying all the northern part of the state and extending southward through the central portion ; the southetistern part of the state and the region bordering the Connecticut river were covered with forests of white pine, through which considerable bodies of hard wood were scattered. The original white-pine forests of New Hampshire are practically exhausted, although in the northern counties of the state there still remain a few scattered bodies remote from streams and of snail size; once of great extent and importance, these forests have disapj)eared before the ax of the settler and lumoerman, or have been wasted by forest fires. Large areas, however, once covered with forests of i>ine, have grown up again, especially in the southern part of the state, with this tree. No estimate of the amount of this second-growth pine standing in the state has been possible; it furnished during the census year a cut of 99,400,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The remaining forests of the Btate, considered as a sounre of lumber supply, are composed of spruce, more or less mixed with hard woods, of which the sugar maple and the birch are the most valuable. In the northern part of the state largo areas of the original spruce forest remain, although these bodies of timber are now only found at a considerable distance from streams. Fires, which at different times have destroyed vast areas of forest, especially in the northern part of the state, are now less fre(iuent and destructive. During the year 1880 but 5,954 acres were reported stripped of their tree covering by fires. Of such fires twelve were set by sparks from locomotives, seven by the escape into the forest of fires originally set in clearing laud for agricultural purposes, six by sportsmen, one through malice^ and one by the careless use of tobacco. The basis of the following estimate of the amount of merchantable black spruce {Picea nigra) lumber standing* May 31, 1880, in Carroll, Coos, and Grafton counties, where alone the spruce forests of the state are now of commercial import 11 lurc, was furnished by Mr. G. T. Crawford, of Boston, and verified by the testimony of other experts: BLACK SPRUCE (Picca nigra). Comities. Foit, board mcamiro. 60, COO, cuo 1,000,000,000 450, 000, 000 Cirroll ... . . Coos Grafton Tetat 1, 510, 000, 000 153, 175, 000 Ciit for llm opnRns year fiidini; May 31, 1P80 (inilnding 26,CC0,Cfl0 fool. Hiiwoti on the Coiiiioelicnt rivoi, in MaKHnrtuiKctts). It is ronghly estimatetl that the spruce forests of the state contain over 33,750,000 cords of hard wood and 165,000,000 feet of hemlock. the soiitlicrn jond grow til. oded iiroa of erior quality, portion only anufactnrcd. I, now scarce generally of >ued farming ids. In the if the county intains large ic forest area ts is reported e, birch, and li the central 30vered witli il white-pine e there still ptance, these [ires. Large of the state, possible; it rests of the d woods, of Teas of the stance from if the state, if their tree |he forest of one by the it standing commercial t)erts : Iwoud and DEPARTMENT C^ TH!-; I^'KRICR TKMTH -e:n:iVZ OF "'KK tNlI'F.r. r.TATES BS 3t> 16 Ml D U 11 St? yi 'f . -■■S'm^iiiiiiWtn'^-^'^^^'*-''- IV, i I I .11 '■L.II t\ if Ulil it ilii departm;-:nt op the intkh;or TENTH CENSUS OF THF HNITKr,' .•'TMSf Si air i5 it> 16 lu !> NITHr; ■■TA'I SR, THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497 Partial returns of the boop-ijole iudiistiy give a production dui-iug the census year of 4,225,000, vahied at ^29,280. I7ew Hampshire is fourth auioug the states in the iniportatico of its maple-sugar product. During the year 1879 it produced 2,731,945 pounds. Belknap county. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is rei)orted covered with woods. Cauroll county. — Five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the northern portion there are still large areas covered with an original growth of spruce. Large quantities of charcoal are nutnufactnred in this county, and the usual method cf lumbering adopted here and very generally in northern New Hampshire is first to cut the spruce largo enough for saw -logs, taking all trees C inches in diameter 25 feet from the ground, and then cut for charcoal all the remaining growth, hard wood and soft, even the young spruce. As the land cleared is of little value for agricultural purposes, it is allowed to grow up again with wood. Deciduous trees come up at first, and these are sometimes, but not always, followed by spruce. It is necessary to exercise gieat care in order to prevent the newly-cleared tracts from suflering from fire, as the material lor charcoal, cut into cord-wood, is often left on the grouml until the second season. Mr. C. G. I'ringle, who studied the forests of this region, furnishes the following notes upon the forests of Carroll county : " The forests on the mountain sides between Crawford's and Bartlett are composed principally of the yellow and paper birch, the sugar maple, the red maple, poplars, the black spruce, and the balsani fir. About Bartlett scattering specimens of white pine make their appearance. In the more level part of North Conway the red and the pitch i>iue and the hemlock become common, while on the more sterile, sandy plains farther down the Saco these Junes with the wliite birch constitute the principal arborescent growth. "The tract known as Hart's location, lying partly in the White Mountain notch, includes 10,000 acres, 2,000 of which bear 15,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock — rather more of liemlock than of spruce; 10,000 acres in this tract will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The town of Bartlett, partly cleared, still has 40,000 acres of woodland, which will yield an average of 5,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock and 15 cords of hard wood. Sargent's grant covers mount Crawford, Stair mountain^ and a part of mount Washington. On this tract are 15,000 acres of timber-land, carrying 20,000 feet per acre, chiefly spruce. The Thompson and Meserve purchase comprises portions of mounts Washington, Jeftersou, and Madison, and covers 12,000 acres. Two thousand acres of this will yield 30,000 feet of spruce and hendock per acre in nearly equal proportions. The remaining 10,000 acres will cut 25 cords of hanl wood per acre. The Bean purchase lies north of the town of Jackson, and covers 40,000 acres. It is occupied by a dense forest, amounting to 20,000 feet of spruce and hemlock and 20 cords of hard wood per acre. Originally there was considerable pine on the streams and sides of the mountains in this vicinity, i)articularly ou mount Kearsarge, but now there is little left. Twelve and twenty-five years ago much of the town of Bartlett was burned over, and a different growth has come up — white birch, poplar, bird cherry, etc." A large amount of cooperage stock, excelsior, and an average of 1,000 cords of shoo pegs (from birch and maple) are annually made in this county. Consideraljle damage to oak and poplar caused by the ravages of the army- worm [?J are reported. The natural increase of timber is said, however, nearly to equal the present consumption by local industries, and scarcity is not apprehended. CiiEsniBE COUNTY. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Coos COUNTY. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests. The following is extracted fixim Mr. Pringle's notes ui)on the forests of this county : "Everything east of the Cojiuecticut lakes aiul about the upper portions of Indiau i t'erry streams is original forest. Such also is the condition of the Cihnanton, Atkinson, and Dartmouth College grants and the towns of Dixville, Odell, and Kilkenny. All the eastern portions of Clarksville, Stewartstown, Colebrook, Columbia, and Stratford are forest, and nearly all of Wentworth's location, Millstield, Errol, Dummer, Cambridge, and Success. In these forests the spruce will cut 5,000 feet and the hard wood about 50 cords per acre. There is considerable hemlock, but even less pine than in Essex county, Vermont. Not much of the region has been burned over, and spruce comes into the soil again but slowly after clearings and fires. "In the township of Kilkenny, in the n.ountains east of Lancaster, there are 10,000 acres of forest still untouched, though a branch railroad from Lancaster into this Ibrest has been surveyed, and may be constructed in a few years, for the purpose of bringing tlie lumber down to the mills at Lancaster. Lowe and Burbank's grant is a wilderness, three-fourths well timbered and the renuiintler a mountain ridge of nearly bare rock. Bean's purchase is nearly iimccessible aiul but little lumbered. Stark, on the upjter Ammonoosuc, is badly cut over, only about one-quarter remaining in virgin forest. About one-half of Berlin is uncut ; also the northern half of Bandolpli, the south half of Gorliam, and the south quarter of Shelburne. Considerable land in Success was burned over some years ago, as well as some in Stark and in the eastern jmrt of Berlin, but fires have not lately been very destructive in the New Ilanqishire forests." A large amount of cooperage stock, handles, wood pulp, shoe pegs, etc., is nmnufactured in this county. Abundant nmtcrial, with the exception of ash, is reported. Grafton county. — Ouo-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern and central portions. Shoe pegs, cooperage stock, wood pulp, and excelsior are largely manufactured. The amount of material is considered abundant for the present consumption. 32 FOB 498 THE FORESTS OB^ THE UNITED STATES. I I i i; UiLLSBOBOuan COUNTY. — Oiic-lialf of tliia county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growtli. A\ largo amount of cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured. No deterioration in the quality of uuitcrial is reported, although at the present rate of consunipliou it must soon become exhausted. MiniRisiAOK COUNTY. — One-half of tins county is reported covered with woods. Cooperage stock, handles, and excelsior are largely manufa«!tured. A sliglit deterioration in the quality of material is reported. RoCKiNCriiAM COUNTY. — From onoquarter to five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woodn, mostly second growtli. Strafford cottnty. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. Iloop-po'.es, eoopen-vge stock, etc., are hirgely manufactured. Wood of all sorts is reported scarce and rapidly inereiising in value. VFilMONT. The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and !Maiiie, are varied in composition. About tlie shores of liike Chiimitlain several western trees (irst aiipear, and tliroughont the state the forest is more generally composed of deciduous tluiii coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, sjiread over tlie high ridges of tlie (ireen mountains, tiieir foot-iiills being covered with hardwood trees and little pine or hemlock oecnriing in llie valh'ys. .\ fon'st of white pine once stn tched along tlie banks of the Coiiiiectieiit, and great bodies of this tree occurred in tlie iioiiliwesteni jiart of tlie state, adjncent to lake Cliiiniplain. The original wliite- pine forests of the state are now in'iictieiiily exhansted. TJiey are represented by a small amount of secoiul-growtli pine only, wliieh fnrnislied r»,0()() feel of lunilier, board measure. Tlie forests of Vermont now sutler comparatively little iVom tire, although at ditl'erent periods during the last tifty years very serious (ires have laid waste great areas of forest in the (Ireen Minintain region. During the year 1880 ,'{,941 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by lire, with an estimated loss of $18,UiO. Of such tires ten escaped from farms into the fon'st, live were set by locomotives, two were traced to the carelessness of hunters, and one to malice. Large amounts of cooperage stock, woodenware, fnrniture, paper luili), excelsior, veneers, etc., are manufactured throughout the state. ^Material for these industiies is fast disappearing, and a great deterioration in quality, especially of oak, ash, and chestnut, is rejiorted by inanufacturers. Vermont surpasses all other states in the mamilacture of maple sugar. During the year 1870 11,201,077 pounds were proider the prosjiects tor future local suiqily favorable. Calkdoma county. — I'rom onc-thinl to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly c^nlinetl to the northern and western portions. CiiiTTKNDKN county.— About ouc-fiftli of this couiity is reported as woodland. The following extracts ai-e made from Mr. I'liiigle's note upon the forests of Vermont: "Except on the summits of a few of the high(>r jieaks of the (ir'»en mountains, where black spruce and balsam fir grow to the cxclnsion of other tre<>s, the arboreal growth is composed of a large number of species. In the vnlh\vs antl on the foot-hills, and even on the slojies of the higher mountains in their lower portions, hemlocks mingle with sjiruee, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chiefly, for there is little white birch seen in northern Vermont ) ; basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant than the trees first mentioned. Between the isolated ])atches of spruce and fir about the summits of the mountains antl the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species. y THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499 " To estimate tlie area of valnnble orifvinal forest still standing in the Orecu monntaius is not an easy task. The belt extends from the Cauaita line to Massachusetts, and even into that state. Tlie outlines of this belt are made very irregular by the cleared and settled valleys which rr.n up among the mountains, and by reason of forest clearings, so that its widtii is constantly varying as we proceed from one end to the other. "The woodlands of the plateau, some 10 miles broatl and elevated from tiOO to 300 feet above lake Ohami>luin, lying betwc n the foot-hills of the Green mountains and the lower plain beside the 'ake, occupy, for the most part, rocky hills, and are comj)osed prinine with straight and clean shafts towering high above all other trees, unless is excepted the red pine, of which a tew si)ocinions are mliiglod with them on the gravelly banks of the lake, vying with the white pines in height and beauty of trunk. At certain i)laces on the shores of this lake, and particularly along the slngyish streams connecting it with lloiuid pond below, are considerable swamps occupied chiefly by larch. It is ))k'asiiig to observe and to learn from guides lliat tills lake region of the Adirondack woods has suffered but little fVoni forest fires. It is only limited areas here and there on the shores of the lakes and ponds or along the rivers that have been devastated by fires originally started in hunters' camps. Seldom do these fires spread far back Jroin the water, a fact which is to be attributed, it is believed, to the wet and mossy condition of these woods; yet, when they have been hinibered, as is the case lower down the Ilacket river, and a considerable proportion of the trees have been removed so as to expose the brushwood, etc., to the drying influences of the sun, much the usual liability to lire exists here. " It is safe to assume that 2,500 square miles fairly represent the area of the virgin forests of the Adirondack wilderness. This area will average 3,000 feet of spruce (board measure) per acre, or about five bi iion feet in the aggregate. The auiount of hemlock, variously estinnited from 300 to 10,000 feet per acre, will cut at least 2,000 feet per aero, or o,000,000,00«) foot in the aggregate, or i> s equivalent ; when the bark alone is considered, 3,000,000 cords of bark. The pine hardly, if at all, exceeds 200 t'ct per acre, or 320,000,000 feet in all. The hard wood growing over this entire region will fairly average 40 cords per aero, or 04,000,000 cords. "Glons Falls is the great sawing center for the lumber cut upon the upper Iludson. This business here has passed the juaiit of niaxiiiiuin prosperity and begun to decline ; not that there was any necessity for a diminution of the yearly crop of logs from this field, if the forest could be i)rotected from devastating fires. The lumbeiman leaves standing, as tar as possible, the spruce trees too small for the ax, and these, the overshadowing growth being removed, grow with incroased vigor, so that good crops of timber could be harvested from the soil ev^ry thirty or forty J ears, were it not that over at least one-half of the area lumbered fire follows the ax, burning deep into the woody soil and inducing an entire change of tree covering. Poplars, birches, and bird cherries, if anything, succeed the s|trnces and firs. From this cause alone the lumboring industry of the region must dwindle. A large area utterly unadaptod to agriculture is being made desolate and nearly valueless, and its streams, the feeders of the water privileges and canals below, become every year more and more slender and fitful. These fires are largely set by reckless sportsmen and hunters, with whom this region peculiarly abounds in summer. They are careless in their smoking; they neglect to watch and properly extinguish the fires lighted for camp and cooking ])urpo8es, and eometinu's they even delight to set fire to the dry brushwood of lumbered land in lawless sport. Again, to some extent, a class of petty jiioneers follow the lumberman, obtaining for a trifling sum a title to a little land, or, squatting without rights, sot fire to the dry brushwood loft by the lumberers, and allow the fire to spread at will, devastating thousands of dollars' worth of property for the mere convenience of saving themselves the trouble of burning boundary strips around their fields, which might not cost them labor to the amount of $10. The laws of Xew York in resi»oct to the sotting of forest fires are totally inadeqmito to jirotoct the IVn-ests. The opinion prevails in the forest region of northern New York that a growth of trees removed is foUowed by a similar growth, the result of young seedling trees loft in the soil, except in the ease of jtine. ' Pine once cleared off" is never renewed,' was the in\arlal»le remark. This of course ))iesumes that fire is kojjt out of the cleaiing, for after a fire has consumed the brushwood and much of the 'duff' or vegetable mold, and with this all the young seedling trees, and even the soods of trees that may be in the soil, an entirely different growth from the hemlock and spruce springs up. Esispborry bushes are the first to appear, the seecls of which are dropped by birds flying over the clearing. Bird cherries generally appear among the first trees, the seeds being dropped everywhere in a new country by birds; ^ ■5 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503 poplars and small willows also appear early in a burned district, their downy seeds being widely distributed by the wind. It is only through the agency of the wind that the seeds of birches and conifers can be disseminated, and spruces and hemlocks must needs appear, if they return at all, as tardy stragglers. " Not many miles above Glens Falls the Hudson flows out from among the lowest outposts of the Adiroudacks and winds through a plain which reaches from near Troy to the vicinity of the southern ends of lakes George and Ohaiuplain. The soil of this plain is sand deposited by the waters of former periods. The bills which bound this l)laiii on the northwest are piles of sand, gravel, and bowlders, evidently the moraines of a glacier which once flowed through the course of the Hudson. All this region, from Troy to Luzerne, among the foot-hills of the Adirondacks, must formerly have been covered with pine ; among the hills and near the streams white pine, and in the more sterile central portions of the plain, red and pitch pine. Today there exists of these species scarcely more than a scanty and scattered second growth. "Thirty or forty years ago it was thought that all the accessible spruce in the valley of the upper Hudson had beeu harvested, but there is to-day nearly as much sawed at Glens Falls as there was at that time. At that time nearly all the timber standing near this river and its larger tributaries had been cut. Such as stood 5 or 10 miles back from these streams and all that was growing in the valleys of the smaller streams, or higher up the mountain slopes, would not pay the cost of hauling to the larger streams ; but it is this timber which now furnishes the i)resent supply. Logs are now driven out of streams which were then thought incapable of being driven. By damming streams so small that they may almost dry up in midsummer, throwing the logs into their courses during the winter, either above or below the dams, and in s[)riiig-time, when the dams are pouring with the floods resulting from the melting of deep mountain snows, tipping the planks of the dams and letting loose the torrents, tlie logs from remote places are got out to the large rivers where they can be driven. All the rivers of this region, however, are steep and rocky. The logs come down with their ends badly battered, and often with gravel and fragments of rock driven into the ends in a manner to injure tlie saws. They must, therefore, be 'butted' before being sawed} that is, a thin section is cut from each end, and on this account the logs are cut in the woods 4 inches or, for the worst streams, G or more inches longer than the standard length. The standard length for all logs brought down the Hudson is 13 feet. The character of these streams is such that long logs, for spars or other purposes, cannot safely be driven through them. Such sticks are certain to get fastened among rocks and cause bad jams. As already stated, the lumber business upon the upper Hudson is well advanced in its decline, and a score of years hence it must become insignificant under the practices now pursued, and the future of this valley gives little promise of prosperity ; the soil is inferior in quality and not adapted to agriculture, while the timber, once the chief source of its prosperity, is nearly exhausted. " As a lumber market Albany ranks second in the United States, or next to Chicago. White pine is the variety of lumber most largely handled here, and two-thirds of it comes from Michigan by way of the Erie canal, the remaining one-third coming from Canada through lake Champlain, the white pine contributed by New York being an inappreciable quantity. Most of the lumber firms here are merely commission dealers, although in two large mills considerable lumber is dressed before being shipped. The region supplied by this market includes the banks of the Hudson, New York city. New Jersey, and the shores of Long Island sound. A little reaches Philadelphia, and much is shi])ped to foreign ports from the city of New York. A great deal of the lumber handled by Albany dealers, however, does not go to Albany at all, but, sold by runners, is sent direct by railroad from the Michigan mills to points south of New York. The lumber trade here is still in full prosperity. " Leaving the beautiful Mohawk valley at Home, the traveler by the Home and Watertown railroad soon notes a less improved region, and one, indeed, less capable of improvement. For a long time the road stretches over a sandy plain ; in the higher portions of this plain, not far from Rome, the red and pitch pines are seen, and in the wetter places hemlocks and black spruces appear, with white birch, black ash, etc. On the higher, undulating lands, 20 or 30 miles north of Rome, white pine and hemlock seem once to have been the most abundant species of the forest ; they now exist only in broken and scatterea ranks, although numerous stumps give evidence of a former heavy growth of these two species. Northward from Albion the country gradually rises, hard wood becoming more and more common until on the limestone banks of the Black river at Watertown the patches of woodland are mainly composed of birch and maple. Yet the soil continues sandy, and at a little distance from the river is favorable to the growth of pine, and I can readily believe that all this sandy tract east of lake Ontario was originally covered with a heavy growth, principally of pine and hemlock. The pine was long since harvested, and now the mills and tanneries are consuming the hemlock. On each of the small streams that flow into lake Ontario are established saw-mills which cut quantities of hemlock yearly. Little, however, is sawed at Watertown, although a limited amount of logs is driven down to Dexter at the mouth of the Black river, and there sawed; yet once the neighborhood of Watertown and Dexter was a great center for the production of pine lumber. This region (chiefly its swamps) still yields a little black spruce. The lumber sawed along the Rome and Watertown railroad at Williamstown, Richmond, etc., is mostly sent southward to Syracuse and other ])laces to meet the demiind there for coarse lumber. The lumber yards at Watertown are mostly filled with Canadian pine. "Carthage, in Jefferson county, was once an important lumber center. The 'Long falls' of the Black river furnished unlimited water power. Immense quantities of pine and hemlock lined the banks of the river and covered ii;i 504 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. is' '! ' m li'i * if ' il i %': . Ml; the plains of tho vicinity ; northward lay a heavy pinery. Canal-boats laden with himber were towed through the river to Lyon*H falla and thonce by canal to Utica. Now the pine is nearly all gone from thia region, tho saw-uiills are rotting down and only a little heudook is sawed hero. " That portion of tlio »tnU) which lies along the Saint Lawrence river as far oast as the vicinity of Malone, and extending some 25 miles back from the river, seldom exceeds 250 feet above the sea-level and is, for the most part, clayey loam, tlat an«l mcII lulapted to agricultnr(\ This tract is now pretty well settled. Proceeding to tlie soutlieastwnnl and rising to an altitude of 250 feet a wide region of sandy soil is entered, cold, damp, and unfit for agricultural purposes. This is the region of foi-est lying northwestward of the mountains in the southern )H)rtions of Saint Lawrence and Franklin counties, an«l has not yet been badly encroached upon by the ax and &iv. Tho dostrudion of this forest would be a |>ul>lic calamity, so useless is the soil for any other purpose than the i)n)du«'tion of timber, and so harmful to the settled country below wouhl be the conse(pu»nces resulting from clearing it. This forest is, no «loubt, capable of yicl«ling, peri)ctually, an annual crop double that now drawn from it. This estimate, of course, is based upon the su|»po8ilion that tires are prevented. Itut this side of the forest is less invatle«l by lires tlian the valley of the Hudson river, and tires do not burn so deeply into the soil nor consumo so nuu'ii ol' the vegetable matter ; they arc, et)use»nu'utly, less fatal to the continuance of timber growth. •'At Canton, in Saint Lawrence eoniily, and in its vicinity as Ihr down as Itnck's bridge, below Morley, is sawed all the lumber cnt on the (irass river. From this point the hunber is shipped principally to Massachusetts and (\>nuet'ti«'ut by rail, both via Rome and via Plattsburgh and House's Point. "Colonel t\>lt»)n, of Norwood upon the Kaeket river, c.\plaine«l to me at length the nu'lhods employed by him in the lumber business, and, as nearly the same melhods ar^^ pursued throughout this region, I give his account. Several weeks of tlu> sununer he devotes to exploriiig the lands of his (■om|)any, to decide from what tract the stock of lofis lor the following year shall be drawn. In the settlements near the nnirgin of the forest are men whoso business it is to cut and haul onto tin? iee of the river during winter the tind)cr desired by the hunber companies. Contracts are made with these nu'u to harvest the timber above a certain diameter on certain spc(!itied tracts belonging to the company. The eontra<'torsgo to their respective lields of labor as soon as the snow is ofsnthcicnt depth, taking into the wihmIs a force of men, horses, and supplies, and bnihling i'umps in the vicinity of their work. When a full stock of logs is placed on the river, and the s])ring Hoods break up the ice and set the logs going, other contracts iue made with the saiiu* or other nuMi to drive the logs into the booms of the dillcrcnt mills at a stipulated jnico per log. If, as is usually the ease, logs »)f several ditVerent companies are on tho same river, all are driven down in coiiunou. and the tirive is called a Minion drive'. Arrived at the ui)permost boom — tbrmed by chaining together logs tloating on ''^e surface of the water and hehl in jthu'c by occasional piers, strong but rude structures of logs ttlUnl in with rocks, located above the tirst sawing station — the logs belonging to these mills are sorted out and turiu'd into the dilVercnt booms, while those belonging Ih>1i)w arc sent on their way down the chaiuicl. Oiu'e within the boom of the mills to which they belong, they an* again assort e«l; the pine, liendock, and the spnuHi are separated, and the ditferent grades are lloated into sej)anite booms or pockets which lead down to tlie^* standing diuflgured the landscape on every sido. "The species of trees obMcrved embraced all thostt common in northern woodlands. In one locality black cherry was remarkably abundant. Formerly the saw-millH of Colton cut pine, aH there was a larger pr«>portion of this luml>er upon the Racket than is usually found in northern New York; now they do little buHUCHs in any lumber. "As we passed up along the river T saw small sn pry and roll the logs into tlic current, Hpr.nging about on the pile us the logs roll from under their feet. Not unlieqiuMitly logs are left by tlui Mubsidiug wuters among tlu» nxiks at some distance from the nuiin channel of the river. Files of nuMi on eacli sid*^ tlien sei/.e them witli their cunt hooks iiud, spiawliing through the shallow water, bring them by main force into llie channel. ISoiiietimes logs become iiiHteiied among the rocks wlu're the current is so swift that they cannot be reached by a l)oat t»r in any otiier way. Then hooks attached tt» ropes are thrown out from the shore; the logs are grappled and thus hauled olV into tlie current. The drivers work Huu«lays and we(Oi (lays, fair weatlu^r or foul; llieir oc<;u|>ation is full of peril, and men an; lost <;very year. Huch are usually, as a driver assured nu', 'men wiio do not know wliere it is safe to go.' Hut sometimes the most careful men becouu; mixed with the rolling logs or seized by the current «tf lh»i waterfalls ami art! swept away. "Franklin county contains !H(r),'J7!> acres, and Ml/tiH) acres are still believed to be tind)ered. The timltercd portion lies in the south end of tlu^ county, and because it is not waten^d tlirough much of its area by sln^ams of suflicieut size for driving out. the logs, miuth of tin; tind)er is ina<;cessil)le, or rather, the prices of lumber do not yet warrant hauling the U>gs long distaix-es. The country across the line of the O^^densburg an li,H(t((,()l() ponndH of mapl«« mi^^ar. Tlie followiiit; extriielH are made from Mr. l'riiit;le'H re|)ort upon tlie ])rinei|:al liimberpnidnein^r regionH of tlie Htate : "Originally the broiid pine beU of nortliern I'ennHylvania, (KTiipyiii^ the region drained by the nnmerouH BtreaniH eonHtitntiiif^the headwateiH of the HiiNipieliaiina, exteiid«'d from MiiN<|iieliaiiiia eoiinty, in the nortlM-antern corner of the Htate, we.stward throiiKh Kradford ami Tiopi(;oniitieH to Pottereoniity, !iithiMif;h MiiHctoiinty never had aH much pine iih the otlieiH, and theiute HoiitliweNtwanl over ('ameroii, l'lll<, anart of 'I'iofra eoiinty. Now there Ih but little pine left in HiiHtinehanna and llradford coiintieH, tlicHe count i(>H beitiK thicUIy Mettled ; and in Tio^'a eoiinty, from which one tiriii alone Imih cut four billion feel, there now remain Htandin^ but liitle over one billion feet. The greatcNt ]>art of the pine now Htandin^ in the I'eniiHylvania forcNtH In on tin* upper wateiH of the West llraneh of the HiiNipiehaiimi, in IU, and Olearfleld eonntieH. In Home of the coiiiitieH adjoining theNc, iih MeKean, there wiih oiiee, and ntill may be, a little pine timber. ''Active liinilH^riii)r o|>eralioiiH on the Went liranch of the HiiHiinehanna were be(;tin in 1850, when tiie lioom of the HiiHipielianna ISooin (!ompi ly was conHtnicted at WillianiHport. At tliiH plaiMi the RieiiteHt part of the lumber on the West llraneh in Hawed. At Lock Haven, Uf) milcH above, on the name river, advantajje wan tuken of tint ieeder-dam of a eaiial to t'oiiHtniet another boom, and a few com pan ien operating in lumber urit now loi;ated tiiere, aitolit one tenth iih much lumber beiii;; Hawed an iH handleil at WilliiimHpCMt. Home of the compaiiieH, liowever, are removing from Lock Haven to the larger center of WillianiNport. Ilelow VViliiaiiiHport no Iojjm '"'" striven, but a little timber m]iiared by the ax in Hie wooiIh and left at full leiifrtli in made into iiiftH and taken down the main Susipiehanna. Home of thin in nawed in the towiiH on the river, ami the n;mainder Ih taken to the large inarketH to nnpply the «bunaiid for Hipiarcd timber for Hhip-biiilding, eti;. " WillianiHport in Hitiiated on the north or left bank of the Went Mrancli of the HiiHcpiehaniia, and for 1! or .'t niilcH along the river Hide are ranged the millHiiiid lumber yiirdn of the thirtyfoitr lumber companieH operating here. We vinited a large numbi^r of niillH and found niiutli tlii^ Haiiie metliodH «^m|iloyed in all. The logH are (liHt nlit up by gang hiiwh; then eiuOi board or plank is put through an edgc^r, where two cinailar hiiwh cut a Htri|i from each Hide to give the board ii Hipiare and Htraight edge; the boardn are then aHsort«Ml into two or more gradcH, loaded on triickH, and moved over tramwayH whitjli ramify through the Iiimber-yardH adjaicket.>t and other jiortioiiH into latliH, and the fragmentH and ntripn which will not even make laths are <;arrie(l to one nide and added to a burning pile The fragmentH tliiiH burned (rather than thrown into the river) coiiHtitiite the only wante, for the Hawdust Hiipplies the on^incH with fuel. This Iwing cut cliielly from heart-wood makes better an«l more canity haiidliMl fuel than the sap- wood strips. I'Jven these are, however, often cut and juit up into biindlcH of kindling wood for liity use. " III the woods the treen are nawed into logs 113, 10, or IS feet in length, as can be done to the bcKt advantage and the least waste of timber. "The West Hrancli of the HuHquehnnna inust be an except ionally fine river to drive, Judging from the comjiaratively iinbattered condition of the lof;H Hcen about the millH. Tlie Hmaller stieams in the woods are furnished with tlood-daniH, and from these extend throughout the timber belt numerous narrow-gauge railroadn, tramwayn, and slidcH for bringing down the logs. Little hauling is done u|ion wagons or Kleds, the ground in the woods being too rough, it is said, for hauling logs with teams. It is jirobable tliat snow does not till up tlio deprcHsiouH and Hinootli the Hurfuces to the same extent as in the northern woodn, "The lumbermen of thin place at first were content to send their liimlxT to market in the Himplest shajte, but of late, as the supply ditniiiishes more and more, mills and hIiojih are being built for the manufacture of doorH, Bashes, blinds, ]>ackiiig-boxes, furniture, etc. Soino companies have so exhausted their itiiie lands that they can in future , sell stumjiage to manufacturers. "The following table, giving the amounts of lumber raftxul out of the Huscpieiianna boom at Williamsport Hince the record has been kept, may be of interest as showing something of the rise and decline of the lumber business at this important center. The greatest prosperity or fullest develoiunent of tlu^ business was attained, as will be seen, in IHT.'J. After that year, with the steady decrease of the sui)ply of ])ine and the consequent increa.se of expense in securing logs, the annual stock steadily diminished until bSTT. Dining the past three years the increasing demand for lumber has stimulated the operators to greater activity, but more than to this cause the jecent gain in the yearly stocks is duo to the siibstitution of hemlock for pine, the ratio of hemlock to pine 'smTW^B^^SSL^in ^r^^liiTfr.-'^.y I :t|i' 508 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. being at present as 1 to 4, although the average for the last seven years is but as 1 to 10. As the supply of pine timber is exhausted, hemlock will be more and more bandied until it will become the most important timber of this region. The summary is mnfl^ for the last eight years only: Years. I 1862. isr,". 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. li-71. 1872., 1873., 1874. Xtunbcr logs. 106, 953 405, 175 511,540 370, 392 615, 373 833, 3S8 853, 603 1,080,511 1,099,777 C43, IL'9 1,484,103 1, 562. 4C0 D89, ii86 Feet, !)oar, 681 72,421,468 lis, 831, 494 163,196,511 165, 338, 380 223, 060, 305 2ii.\ 180, 973 116,001,181 2!I7, IS"., 652 318,342,712 180, 734, 382 Tears. Niuuber logs. lect, board mcasnre. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1S80 (toXoveinbcr21). 187J to 18S0 (eight years) . . . Locs rinininiii)! in river ' November2I, 1880 1,096,897 715, 087 589, 827 017, 652 1, 040 278 713, 768 7.393.455 210, 746, 056 134, 306, 203 106, 944, 257 112,009,602 190, 549, 111 128, 558, 050 Deduct bt'inloi'k AVilliimisport iiiiie,lS73-1660 1,382,342,272 25, 000, 000 1, 407, 342, 272 140, 734, 227 1, 260, 608, 045 " It is proper to add that the variatious in the yearly stock of logs shown above are in some measure due to a greater or loss liroportion of each annual cut being !_ft behind in the woods or in the streams, from varying supplies of water or from other peculiarities of the season. " The lumber manufactured at Lock Haven and Williamt port is shipped by railroad and canal to Baltimore and Philadelphia and to iiitorinediate cities and stations. " I found it more difficult to obtain information of the extent and limits of the hemlock woods of Pennsylvania, and of the amount of the standing timber and the annual crop of hemlock, than I did to get the same facts respecting the piae. Lumbermen agree that there Avas originally far more hemlock in this state than pine, and they speak of it now as inexhaustible, which is not strictly true, for it is doubtful if it holds out to supply the increasing drain iiunk' upon it by tanneries and sawmills for more than twenty-five years to come. Large quantities of hemlock have bof n wasted. Much that grew intermingled with the pine has died after the pine has been removed, partly from exposure to fuller sunlight and summer drought, and partly to forest fires induced by and following Inmber operations. In the early days of the tanning industry of this region, when hemlock lumber was esteemed of little value, iuid vhene\er of late years the 'uiaber trade has been so dull as to ofler no inducement to send to market the trunks of the trees iV-I'.ed for their bark, large quantities of these have been left in the woods to decay. Now, however, with a good marlcot for hemlock luuibcr, tanning companies owning hemlock lands, or the contractors who fnriiish the tanneries with bark, buying for this purjiosc stumpage from the proprietors of the timber-lands, often own saw-mills i i the timber region, and cut and .ship this luml)cr to market by railroad. " Inasmuch as hemloc!', besides mingling more or less with pine throughout the pine belt, seems to have formed a border entirely around the pine, the extent of the hemlock woods, as well as the tiuantity of hemlock timber, has always been much greater than of pine, beginning in Wayne county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state, the original hemlock forest extended westward through the northern tier of counties as far as Warren county, in the vicinity of lake Erie. Thence its bounds may be traced southward through Forest, Clarion, and Jefferson, and thence eastward through Clearliehl, Center, Clinton, Lycoming, and Sullivan counties. Now tho northeastern counties are for the most part cleared, and not only have the outskirts of these woods been cut ofi on all sides, but their continuity has been comjiletely broken up throughout its w hole extent by countless clearings and settlements. Yet, however much the hemlock forest has sutleied, it possesses to day greater value than did all the pine standing in 1850. (^uite neglected a few years ago, hemlock is appreciating rapidly in value and importance, and ere many years shall have passed it will be almost the only kind of lumber known in the Williamsport market. The best grades of hemlock bring as high a price as scrub pine, the product of the shorter and more knotty trees grown on high laud. Although as a rule Pennsylvania hemlock is of suiieiior quality, much of it being nearly as good as spruce, yet here, as well as elsewhere, considerable variation in quality is noticed. Lumbermen classify hemlock into two kinds, red and white, according to the character of the wood, but the more intelligent among them attribute the diflerence to soil and situation. White hemlock, being sounder, firmer, and straighter grained, constitutes the highest grade, lied hemlock is more brittle, more inclined to splinter, and liable to be found more or less decayed when the trees have gained full si/e. In this conditicm trees are said to be 'shaky'. Such timber is generally foui..l on bottom land.s, while the hemlock of high hillsides is apt to be short and scrubby. The ([uality of the hemlock seems to deteriorate west from the center of the slate. The Pine Creel hemlock is considered better than that of tne Sinnamahoning, and this better than that on the Alleghany. Seldom more than two good logs cau be obtained from a trunk, the third and fourth log.s being generally inferiiu- and knotty; 8,000 feet per acre is hero considered a good yield of hemlock, and 10,000 feet a large yield. " From William, jiort to Lock Ilaven tho valley of I he We.s1 Branch of the Susquehanna is usually less than a mile in width, being bounded by abrupt and rocky ridges a few hundred feet in height. At Lock Haven we THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 509 altiuiore aud aseeuded tbe ridge on the sonth side of the river, some 800 feet in altitude, in order to examine the moderate forest growth with which it was covered. In favorable places scattering specimens of white pine indicated the crop these hills have yielded the lumberman in former years. Hemlock, also, was scattered over the hillsides, but even as late as the present year most of the trees in this immediate neighborhood had been felled for their bark ; their peeled trunks lay strewn over the hillsides, being left to decay within a mile or two of the saw-mills of Lock Haven. The summit of the ridge afforded a good view of the surrounding country. Parallel ridges of a similar altitude, and which appeared more heavily timbered, lay back of the one on which wo stood ; between them were seen narrow valleys occupied by farms. On the lorth or opposite side of the river successive ridges rose higher and higher as they receded from the river, and in the distance seemed to lose themselves in a plateau whose altitude was equal to that of the ground on which we were standing. The gentle slopes and rounded summits immediately above the river showed smooth, cultivated fields interspersed among woodlands of deciduous trees. The more distant heights displayed a darker forest growth where hemlock and pines predominated. " From Lock Haven to Warren, the county-seat of Warren county, even on the hillsides overlooking the river, close to the banks of which the railroad crept, but especially where we were able to look into the deep runs coming down to the river by a gradual descent from the table-lands of the divides, seldom more than a few miles back above tbe river, we saw much original forest still standing and principally composed of hemlock. Some white pine appeared as scattering trees or in groves, and some hard wood. The proportion of hard wood increased as •we ascended the divide between the waters of the Susquehanna and those of the Alleghany river. ''On the summit of this divide the forest had a truly nortliern aspect, except that we mssou the spruce, not seen in Pennsylvania. The dark foliage of the hemlock mingled with sugar maples, beer ,-., ,.,{1 birches. For many miles above Lock Haven it was a second growth which occupied the hillsides, n. tb'i growth of white oak, chestnut, locust, etc., which had followed the lumberman aud forest fires. Considerable sc <>i '^ growth white pine was seen iu a few places, but on this none of the present generation seem to set much vame, and I have yet to meet any one in the state who gives a thought to encouraging aud preserving such growth. To consume the forests as speedily as possible, satisfied with what can be realized from them in the operation, appears to be the spirit which rules this region. Alternating here and there with the original forest mentioned above were seen all along the railroad leading through this timber belt, but especially in the vicinity of the settlements and lumbered districts, tracts which have been ranged by fire. Sometimes the fires had spread from the clearings into unculk'd timber, killing everything, large and small. Sometimes 'hemlock slashes' had burned over after the trees had been cut and ' peeled '. Always the charred stumps thickly dotted the ground, and the blackened, halt-consumed trunks strewn over the soil in confusion gave to the landscape an aspect of complete desolation. Tbe bird cherries and poi>lars, which in the forests farther north soon cover and hide from view siicli wastes of ruin, are wanting here. " I learned that the best hemlock grows on the steep sides of the deep runs, and that uiwn the summits of the divides were considerable barrens, the soil of which was sometimes too poor to support any arboreal growth. Farther to the west the summits of the dividing ridges are occupied by hard wood chiefly, although hemlocks mingle with the beeches and maples. "Arrived at Warren, we find that we have passed through the woods and are in a long-settled and well- improved country, and, judging from the scattered jiatches of woodlands occupying the low hills within vii'w, the region of hard-wood forest has been reached. The coniferous forest belt only extends into the southeastern quartei' of Warreu county; the northern and western portions, lying beyond the Alleghany river, yield oak, chestiuit, hickory, etc. Originally there was a little pine scattered over the southeastern portion of Warren county, but this has been mostly cut, and hemlock remains, as it ever has becTi, the most important timber in this i)art of the county. In Forest county, next south of Warren, pine is local, being scattered in small quantities throughout the county. On the highlands there is nuu!li hard wood, beech, nmple, and white wood existing in belts between the streams. This, however, may be called a hendock county. In McKean county a central table-land is covered principally by a growth of niajtle, beech, etc. In the remaining portions ot the county the timber is chietly hemlock. The valley of the Alleghany river, in the eastern part of McKean county, is mostly cleared and improved, l^lk comity is one of the best counties for hemlock. Through VAk, the southwestern corner of McKean, and the southeastern corner of Warren runs the IMiiladelphia and Erie railroad. Along the line of this road, as it passes thiongh this portion ot the timber belt, are located the largest tanneries of the United States. These are consuming the hemhick of this region i\t an enormous rate, and, in addition to the vast amount of bark which they consume, large (luantities are shipped out of the region by railroad. The lirst important tanneries of Warren county were established 111 or 15 years ago, and at the luesent rate of consuminion the hemlock of this county can hardly hold out L'O years longer. The land, after the forest has been renu)ved, is excellent for agricultural purposes throughout this region, and on all sides ))i(meers are making themselves farms. These men jtrefer to begin in the undisturbed forest rather than locate on the slashes, because they can pay for their land with the hemlock bark which it yields; and from a radius of i~> miles bark is drawn and sold at from ?t 50 to $5 a cord to the tanneries. On an average, four trees yield a cord «)r ton of bark, the cfpiivalent of 1,000 feet of lumber, board measure. In Warren county from 5,000 to 0,000 acres of hemlock were cut down in 1880, and there is no iiossibility of this growth being renewed, for every [\m{ of slashed laud is eventually burned over, and sometimes the burnings are rei)eated until the soil is nearly ruined for agricultural ])urpose8. From the dry ilushes the fires extend to a greater or less distance through the living i I 510 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 \ 5 ' ^1 f'i . f 111 'I : I' 4 i \ woods, ruining not only heavy bodies of hemlock, but also destroying the belts of hard wood intermixed with tho hemlock. Notwithstanding stringent legislation in this state upon the subject of forest fires, they seem inevitable, and especially so in the slashes. They spread from the clearings constantly made throughout this timber belt by the settlers, and, as the forest abounds in deer and its streams are stocked with fish, hunters and fishermen are always in the woods, and from their camp fires spread many confiagrations. Many fires here also are set by a tribe of half-civilized Indians residing in this region, to burn over the huckleberry fields in order that the bushes may renew themselves and yield fuller crops ; or, where it is so easy to start a fire and conceal its origin, many doubtless ariise from malice. " In this region the aspen springs up on land upon which tho hemlock has been destroyed, but thin tree manifestly does not thrive as it does in northern woods. Yellow and black birch, bird cherry, beech, maple, white oak, chestnut, black cherry, etc., are the trees which spring up slowly among the briers, and cover burned land with a rather meager second growth. If a few i)iues have been left on the hilltops they may scatter a few seeds and give rise to some saplings, but as regards heinlocU, fires kill it out clean, seedlings and seed; and if the 'i)eeler8' and the Hros happen to leave any scatterij'if trees standing, those, being more sensitive to changed conditions than pines, are seldom able long to survive as seed bearers. Tho bird cherry only thrives on cold, wet soils here. There is another phase of the slaughter of the hemlock forest : As the pine forest gives out, largo numbers of laborers turn to the hendock woods and find employment as bark peelers. In the pine woods work is mostly suspended when spring arrives ; then larger numbers of men come into the hemlock woods than can find work at satisfactory wages, and these sometimes set fires in the slashes, which spread into the living woods and kill large f,- 'ties of hemlock. To save tho bark it must be peeled at once, or before it adheres to the wood and becomes i ill by worms, and thus emplojment is given to a larger force of men. The pine now remaining in Clearfield county is mostly found in the northern and the southwestern portions of the county. The eastern and southeastern portions are now principally cleared and improved, as the entire county is destined to be, the soil being principally a strong, clayey loam, excellent for farming purposes. Already four fifths of the pine timber originally standing in the county has been removed ; most of the hemlock, which orginally about equaled in amount the pine, remains. There are no tanneries in this region, and after the piue is cut the hendock is next harvested, the bark being saved and shipped to the tanneries below to the amount of from 5,000 to 0,000 cords annually. Fires are here sometimes started by hunters in order to clear away the young second growth, that they may be able better to see the deer. One important reason which hunbermeu have for ])lanting their saw-mills near the woods, in preference to driving all their logs to the sawing centers below, is that they can then work into shingles, etc., many trees which, being defective by reason of rotten spots or other blemishes, would not be worth driving down the river. Such trees are seen standing here and there all through the woods, having been left behind by the lumbermen. Sometimes persons buy this culled timber and erect shingle-mills, etc., to work it up. " With respect to the maximum yield of pine per acre, it would seem that 10,000 feet was a good yield for tracts of 400 or 500 acres in extent, although smaller tracts of 50 acres and upward will often cut 25,000 feet to the acre, and even a yield of 100,000 feet to the acre has been reported. The rough nature of tho surface in all this region often necessitates the use of slides to bring tho logs from the forest to the streams. They are constructed by pinning to ties of hemlock some 3 feet iu length hemlock logs about a foot in diameter placed side by side, their inner sides above the point of contact being hewn with care to form a broad V-shaped trough along which the logs may be slid. Except where there is considerable descent logs cannot be slid unless the weather is frosty, when the slide can be kept icy by means of water sprinkled over it from time to tin)''. Slides sometimes are built for 6 or 8 miles back into the woods, usually following up some run so as to get an even and gentle grade. By this means the greatest part of the logs come down to the streams, for sleds are not used in this country. Most of the hazard of lumbering dei)ends upon the lumbernnin's abilitj' to slide his logs successfully. They cau be cut at any time in the woods, and almost any year can be driven to the mills when once in the water, but mild weather interrupts sliding and deej) snows imi>edc *Vx. 'operation; so Haxt in open winters lumbermen are sometimes compelled to do their sliding in the night time, when ice will Ibrm on the slide. The logs, stripped t)f tln^ir bark, are drawn singly, by horses with chains, from the places where they have fallen to the upper end of the slide. When a suflicient tiumber — from 0 to 40, according to the grade and the size of the logs— have been placed end to end in the slide, the hook of a chain is driven into the rear log near its forward end, anil 'orses are attached which walk a tow-i)ath formed on one side of the slide, and push ahead of them the ' trail ' of logs, thus bringing them down to the stream. "Only in the late autumn and in the winter is it thought expedient in Pennsylvania to fell pine; if cut iu summer, when the bark will part from the wood, the sap-wood soon assumes a bUickish a|»i)earance and disfigures the lumber. As a rule hemlock is here cut and peeled in sutiimer, at the time when (tperations in pine are suspended; thus by alternating operations in pine and hemlock the hands are kept employed throughout the whole year. In cutting trees the several parts of the work are aliotte'ilmington, Philadelphia, and even to New York. New Castle county. — About one-quarter of this county is reported covered with woodland, mostly of second growth and attached to farms. The largo establishments for the manufacture of gunpowder, located in the neighborhood of Wilmington, consume large amounts of willow wood, generally grown for the purpose upon farms in their immediate vicinity. Sussex county. — One-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woodland. Numerous small mills, obtaining their supply of logs from the immediate neighborhood, saw oak for shipstufiT. MARYLAND. The northwestern portion of the state, crossed by the ridges of the Appalachian system, was once covered with the forests of white pine, hemlock, birch, and maple peculiar to this mountain region. The central portion of the state, extending from the mountains to the shores of Chesapeake bay, was covered with oaks, hickories, gums, and other deciduous trees in great variety, the eastern peninsula largely with diilerent species of pitch pine, occupying sandy plains, or mixed with deciduous trees. In the mountain region considerable bodies of the original forest remain upon the highest and most inaccessible slopes ; in the remainder of the state this, where the land has not been permanently cleared for agriculture, is now largely replaced by a second growth, or — the best timber at least — has been everywhere culled. A large amount of cooperage stock was formerly manufactured in this state. This industry has, however, greatly sufifered from the deterioration and exhaustion of the local supjily of timber ; manufacturers report the best stock nearly exhausted and the substitution for oak, formerly exclusively used, of elm and other inferior woods now brought from beyond the limits of the state. During the census year 41,070 acres of woodland were reported destroyed bj' forest fires, with a loss of 637,425. These fires were traced to the carelessness of hunters, to locomotives, and largely to the escajjc from farms to the forest of fires set in clearing land. The principal lumber manufacturing establishments using Maryland logs are situated in Garrett county ; these saw white pine, hendock, and oak to supply a limited local demand and ship to Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Wheeling; considerable oak timber is sent to Europe from this county. During the year 1879 the northern counties produced 170,070 pounds of maple sugar. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The original forest has disappeared fi'om the District of Columbia and has been replaced by a second and third growth of oaks, scrub pines, and other trees. The area occupied with woods is probably slowly increasing. A single saw-mill, situated in the city of Washington, s;vws logs grown beyond the limits of the District. VIRGINIA. The forests of Virginia, like those of the Carolinas and Georgia, fall naturally into three divisions, dependent upon the elevation and soil of the different parts of the state. The mountains and ridges of its western border are ift !l W'^sf^Wf^ln^?W?^f^^Wf!WF^'W^ ( 512 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. covered with a heavy growth of pine, hemlock, white oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and other northern trees; over the region extending east of the nionntains oaks, princiiially black oaks, once formed the prevailing forest growth; through these are now mingled long stretches of various pitch pines, occupying exhausted and barren soil once al streams. Large bodies of cheriy are found in Greenbrier, Nicholas, Webster, and other counties immediately west of the mountains, and a large amount of hemlock is scattered through the valleys and ravines of the nortlieastern i)art of the state aiul along the western slopes of the AUeghanies. The area stil! oc(Mi])ied by white i»ine is estimated to extend over 310 s(|uare miles, an5,280. Of these fires the largest luimber was traced to the careless clearing of land for agricultural ])urposes, although many had their origin in sjjarks from locomotives. The maniilacture of c()oi>erage stock is fast increasing in imjtortanee, and seems destined, with the exhaustion of the more aiicessible haid wood forests of the country, to assume a much greater deve]oi)ment than at present Large quantities of black walnut, yellow po]>lar, and oak iu the log are shipjted to northern markets and to Europe. 1"he following notes upon the forests of West Virginia are extracted from Mr. Pringle's'reitort : "Eute'ing West Virginia at Keyser (New Creek) by way of Cumberland, Maryland, we find ourselves in one of the narrow valleys lying among the low abru]»t ridges of the northern AUeghanies, among which we have been traveling since we reached the vicinity of \Villiamsp(ut, Pennsylvania. Coming south from middle Pennsylvania, however, the forest growth covering the long mountain chains within view fnmi the railroad becomes heavier and heavier, the evidences of fire ami ax largely disapj)eariiig. On the hills above Keyser fewer evergreens api)eared than I had previously seen. A few slopes were itrincipally occupied by pine in variety, but the mountains of this ! if" i I ■ TjN^^^-9i^-:-1^'. f^,^n^^f^%]V^ "" n trees; over brest growth; rreu soil once elt, generally tbo principal cen tlie pines mtitiea of the slight inroads uited to ciirry ?st remaining y, Tennessee, iiost ontirely characteristic ^320,944. Of \es. sat quantities he log. The f Lynchburg lucetl in the lit of secoud- I'uel, and this g of oak and itate. > high ridges ihich are the |)rnce forests luable hard- ■en cnlled in nt body of cherry, and n and Ohio hrough the t about the IS, Webster, throngh the mies. The 000,000 feet touceverte, U $140,000. ->,2S0. Of Dugh many exhaustion at i)resent to Europe. vos ill one have been iisylvania, 'avier and ap])eared ins of this ll ■ f Mi \ m th ' THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513 re^on were covered with a growth of deciduous treeH, white, black, red, Spanish, and chcBtnut oaks, hickories, butternuts, black waluuts, yellow poplars, locusts, elms, sugar mnploH, etc. At Piedmont some 9200,000 have been expended in the construction of a boom on the North Branch of the Potomac. At this i)oiiit, as well us ut Swuuton and Deer Park, on the Maryland side, there are mills sawing chiefly white oak, and also considerable white pine, spruce, hemlock, poplar, white ash, etc. Some spi uce which had not been seen or hoard of in the timber belt of Pennsylvania is found 20 miles above Piedmont. The market for lumber manufactured here is chiefly eastward. Much of the oak is sent to Europe, partly in the form of squared timber, partly cut 0 by 12 inches and from 15 to 20 feet long. The mills at Swanton and Deer Park are located on the railroad, and cut timber is hauled to them from the vicinity. The mills at Piedmont are fed by logs driven down the river from the western j-.ortions of Mineral and Grant counties, West Virginia. This lumber is chiefly oak, spruce, and hemlock. Great diflicnlty is experienced in driving this part of the Potomac, as it is a swift and rocky stream. Logs, especially oak, constantly lodge on the rocks or banks, and there has been great diiUculty in maintaining the boom and dam at this point. '* Rowlesburg, in Preston county, owes its existence as a lumber depot to the fact that the Cheat river, upon which it is situattd, as it passes through the Briery mountains, for a distance of 25 miles below this point has so narrow and rocky a channel and so swift a current that it is not possible to get the logs farther down the stream. Above Rowlesburg the Cheat river is a good stream to drive, and any one of its branches can be driven from a point 125 miles above that point. From the mouth of the Black Fo -k, 30 miles above, the timber is brought down in rafts rather than as separate logs; this is because there is no boom as yet at Rowlesburg to stop the logs. There are small booms on Black and Shaver's Forks, many miles above Rowlesburg. Scattered along the river at some distance above Rowlesburg there arc a few small mills, the product of which is floated down the stream on rafts. The timber of Preston county between Rowlesbuig and the vicinity of the mouth of the river is oak, poplar, chestnut, ash, beech, j'ellow beech, hemlock, basswood, and hickory. "The timber of Canaan valley, in Tucker and Randolph counties, is largely hemlock on the lower lands, on the higher situations and slopes sugar maple and beech ; and, as soon as a suitable elevation is reached, spruce is mingled with black cherry. In other portions of Tucker county and on the tributaries of the Cheat river, flowing out of Randolph county, the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, ash, spruce, cherry, black walnut, white pine, etc. This, however, is not a black-walnut region, and there are here nowhere more than scattered trees ; a careful search has failed to find any great body of this timlier here. It is estimated that 2,500,000,000 feet of yellow poplar are still standing in the valleys of the Cheat and its tributaries. " Shaver's Fork is heavily timbered with spruce. A boom has been constructed at Grafton, on Tygart's Valley river, a main branch of the Monongahela. It is a rough stream, unfavorable for lumber operations, and for a distance only of 10 miles above Grafton is smooth enough to admit of the passage of rafts. All lumber has, therefore, to come down in separate logs, and only such kinds as are light enough to float well can be got down. For this reason there is very little except poplar sawed at Grafton. Oak is too heavy to be driven successfully, and as it cannot be tied up in rafts with poplar, as is done on the Cheat, the stores of oak timber growing in the valleys drained by this river must wait the building of a railroad to bring them to market. The yellow poplar still standing in this region is estimated at 300,000,000 feet, and on the higher grounds, especially about the headwaters of streams, there are fine bodies of black cherry mixed with other trees. "At Parkersburg are located the mill aud shops of the Parkersburg Mill Company, situated on the banks of the Little Kanawha, a short distance above its confluence with the Ohio. This ia the only company operating in lumber within the city of Parkersburg. It manufactures about 6,000,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly poplar, some oak, and about a quarter of a million feet of beech. Little black walnut can now be obtained here, and that of inferior quality. Rough lumber and manufactured articles of wood find a market in nearly every direction, west, north, and east. I was astonished and delighted to see how closely the lumber was worked up and the great variety of articles manufactured from slabs, edgings, culls, etc., which in other mills are so generally thrown into the waste pile. Broom handles, corn-popper handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles of many descriptions, and fly-trap bottoms are but a few of the articles which are turned out by millions from odd bits of wood, few of which are too small to make something or other from. The company executes orders for articles used in manufactories widei" distributed over the country from Cincinnati and Chicago to Boston and New York. Poplar is used for broom handles, and beech, maple, sycamore, black walnut, cherry, etc., for smaller articles. This company does not own and operate timber lands, but buys its logs from parties who deliver rafts to its mill. Form^irly much lumber was wasted in this region in clearing lands for farms, but now proprietors of land find it to their advantage to cut and save their logs, which they bring down in rafts themselves or sell to parties who make a business of rafting. Once out of the small streams, the logs are easily rafted down the Little Eanawba during favorable seasons. "There are no booms on the Little Kanawha, except temporary constructions for special purposes, which are broken up by every flood. Several years ago it was supposed that the timber on this river was nearly exhausted, bat it continues to come down in undiminished quantities to the value of some hundred thousand dollars annually, in addition to railroad ties, staves, etc. It is only about 40 miles up the main river, and to no great distance back tiom the stream, that the supply of oak is exhausted. The river is a hundred miles long, and abont its upper 33 Kt'B m 514 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. (Ml 11 ».( Pill »,U >- 1^ "Hi,,.?:.: ^- -,' S- -''.-- «' \< .. iX-^.'".'". O' ■"■■ ',1 '"'"• 11 q ^ \ I. ^ .i ^' ^^ < S L 1 I. .,_, , , ,p <.v- ,.V../..i...T, '^ ^ . *V ' c >. A V p o L iK^\ ; / , .' i^? V f<^ ■ ■ .' ' f V N. r i I, ! t— - Y \ ^--. \/'- J ^ NOinil (Ah'OMNA .siiiiwixt. iiii: iii.>>ii;ii!rTi(i.\ iiK nil iim l■l>|||;.^|s vvi III sn.ii.'i. iii-.i-'i;iii;ni i. in ii;i l.l .\illi:i» IMllSTIIV. i-t>Ml II I.I) 1 Mil I. nil-, I'll'.i I (lu.\ n| ■' .s .-^ AKi I Vl . .sIM n.M. \i,| N I mill ,:i.^- \\}^>'- ttmm&mmmm^^^ l"1 j^^^^i^i^tii^"-' '*~ |p. . '\l. |M< ! II I .lli'slx-r 11 , |1*I. I ' 'i ill li H ^ .«^E THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 515 ■' The valley of the New river is only lumbered for from 3 to 5 miles from the stream, although the walnut has been gathered 10 miles farther back. This is a rough country in which to lumber, since the streams cut deep into the earth, and New river cannot be driven. " Konceverto is situated on the G reenbrier river at the point where the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad first meets this stream as it descends from the AUeg^aany mountains. Here is the boom of the Saint Lawrence Boom Company, and hero are located three or four lumber firms operating steam-mills. One of these, the New York Hoop Company, uses two million hoop-poles per annum, chiefly hickory, manufacturing hoops for flour barrrels, pork barrels, hogsheads, and tierces, besides strips for boxes, etc. The process of manufacturing hoops was explained to me as Ibllows : The poles, of assorted lengths and sizes, are jtassed through machines which split each of them into two, three, or four pieces, and these are put through other machines which plane flat the inner side of ciicb strip, leaving the bark iutacl. The hoops thus lu ale are tied into bundles and shipped to New York. " The Greenbrier river rises in the limestone sinks in Randolph county, whence it flows southwesterly through the fertile limestone valley between the Alleghany and the Greenbrier mountains for a distance of 120 miles, emptying into the New river at Uiiiton. Flowing through .such a valley it is not a rapid stream, but from a i)oint 12 miles below Travelers' liest, on its headwaters, it is line for raiting. Yet the stream needs some improvement, especially by the closing up of back channels into which the logs are borne by high water, to be left in swamps when the flood recedes. " Only a small proportion of the timber of the Greenbrier river has been removed as yet, and it is estimated that in its valley white oak, white pine, poplar, cherry, hemlock,, walnut, and ash enough remain to make 1,000,000,000 feet of boards, and that there are not less than 500,000,(K)0 feet of white pine in this region, occupying a belt through the center of both Greenbrier and Tocahont'.s counties. The eastern limit of the black spruce belt on the headwaters of the Elk and Gauiey rivers, the most exttn,sivo and valuable in West Virginia, coincides with the western limits of the white-pine belt lying in rocaliontas county. Its south(!rn line runs rorthwesterly from the south end of Tocahontas to near the center of Nicholas county. From this point its western line runs northeasterly ;hrough the center of Webster county to the vicinity of lluttonville, in Ilandolph county, the northern enil of the belt covering the upper waters of Shaver's Fork of the Cheat river. Over this belt black spruce is scattered more or less densely, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly the northern slopes and tilt »uuimils of the mountains. " 111 is believed that 10,000,000 feel of black walnut, in paying quantities, could still be gathered in this part of the state, and that there would then bo left an equal amount so scattered that it could not be profitably collected at present prices." NORTH CAROLINA. The forests of North (Carolina were once hardly surpassed in variety and importance by those of any other part of the United States. The coast region was occupied by the conifeious forests of the southern Maritime Pino Belt; the middle districts of the state by a forest of oaks aud other hard-wood trees, through which the old-ficUl pine is now rapidly spreading over worn-out and abandoned farming lauds. The high ridges and deep valleys of the Appalachian system which culminate in the western part of the state are still everywhere covered with dense forests of the most valuable hard- wood trees mingled with northern pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of this mountain region has protected these valuable forests up to the present time, and few inroads have yet been made into their stores of oak, cherry, yellow poplar, aud walnut. The L. .d-wood forests of the middle districts, however, have been largely removed or culled of their finest timber, although the area of woodland in this part of the state is now increasing. These new forests, usually composed of inferior pine, are of little economic value, except iis a source of abundant fuel and as a means of restoring fertility to the soil, preparing it to i)roduce again more valuable crops. A larger proportion of the pine forest of the coast has been destroyed in North Carolina than in the other southern states. This partof the state has long been theseat of important lumbering operations, while the manufacturo of naval stores, once almost *'xclusively contined to North Carolina, and always an important industry here, has seriously injured these forests. The original forests have been practically removed from the northeastern part of the state, the great region watered by the numerous streams flowing into Albemarle and Pamlico sounds; and although some lumber, largely second gn>\vth pine trees of poor (juiility, is produced here, the importance of these forests is not great. The merchantable i)ine, to. has been removed from the banks of the Ca])e Fear and other rivers flowing through the southern part of the state, iind altli(»ugh these streams still yield annually a Inrgo number of logs, they are only procured at a constantly increasing distance from their banks and with a consequent increasing cost for transport. Forest flre.1 inflict serious danmge upon the )iine forests of the south. During the census year 510,101i acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest liies, with a loss of |;)57,!t80. The largest number of these lires were traced to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, to locomotivew, hunters, and to malice. • Manufacturers of cooperage and wheel stock, industries which (Uice flourished in the eastern and central portions of the state, already sutler from the exhaustion and deterioration ol' material. Such industries, however, are increasing in the extreme western counties, and promise to attain there an import!'. ut development. »?^ PI 51(5 THE FORESTS OF Till. UNITED STATES. If'; . * iM:| The following estimate, by counties, of the niercliantablo i)iue standing May 31, 1880, so\ith of tlio Nettso river, (he only part of tlio state where it is of eonimercial iniimrlance, was prepared by Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington. It is based npon aotnat snrveys and (l.c reports of u large number of timber-land experts familiar with the difl'ereut counties still occupied by the forests of long-leaved pnie: LONG-LKAVKD PINE (/'iiiiw jxi/iiWnii). CoiintlM. Illailon UiuiiHwtck .. (MlHtllAlU Cohiinliiifi ... Ciiniliuilttiul . l)ii|ilin H«i'ii( rw>t, bo«rii« VTOrcnilinir May 31. iwn, pjchisl^nif i 108,411,000 90, iimOOll I'l'l'l rut III lIlIM lllirHIKlllll'I'lll III All I'lllHlI* Nliil pHinlit'o ■inintlH itiiil rIkii^ tlio r;iiiilir(> ihmI Ni>use ! rivi're, irliii'li in l«ii;«>ly luliluliy pUio (/'inuf Tenia). | :i i: NAVAL STOKKS. Small tpiantities of o.nde iiirpeiitiiu were i)rodncptl npon the coast of North Carolina, between the Pamlico and Ciipe IVar rivers, soon alter the earliest settlement of the country. It was sent to (Jreat Ibitain or converted into spirits t)f ttiipeiitiiie and rosin for hdiiic c()i>snni]>tioii. The demand for f.hii)s' stores had greatly increased the North (^arolina pioduclioii as early as ISIS, iiltliongii the tield of operations wiis not extended sonth of tho Cape Fear river, nor iiuire tliiin 1(10 miles from the coast, until lS;i(!. The large demimd for spirits of turpentino created during that ye^r induced ntanntacturers to test the yield of trees on (he wejst wide of the Cape Fear river, up to tliiit time coiisidfied unproductive. The result was satisfactory, although t)verproilnction and low jiriees deferred iiiiti! ISIO ilie development of this region. Since lS-10 this iinlnstry has bt>cn giadually carried southward. Naval stores were ])rodiiced in South Carolina in 1S40, and in Cicmgia two years :ter. Tur|)enline orchards wero esliihlished in Florida and Alabama in 1S,"m, and mon> recently in Mississippi inul eastern Louisiana. The naval stoves manufactured in the Cniteil Stiites are principally produced from tiie resinous exudations of (he Ion; leaved pine (/'i»i».s' /)(i/i(.v7»i.s'), and in small tpiantilies from (he loblolly jiiiie ( /'ihh« '/Wd), and the slash pine (/'i/ii(.t Cnbtnuis) o( the Florida coast. The trees selected lor "lio.xing" are usually from 112 (o 18 inches in diameti>r, althoiijih trtvs with trunks only 8 implies thiDUgh ait> now s(unelimes worked. A deep cut or "box" is nuide in the trunk of the tree, by a cut slanting downward, some 7 inches in depth, and generally 112 inches above tin- ground, and met b.\ a sccoml cut started 10 inches above the tlist and running down from the bark to meet it. In this maiiaer a segment is removed from the trunk and a triangular trough Ibrmed 4 inches deep and l inclies wide lit th" top. Two such boxes, or upon a largo trunk sometimes fdin. are made (ui each tre(>. A "crop", the unit of i)roduetion among large operators, cnnsists of 10,000 such boxes. The boxes are cut early in November with a narrow-bladed ax siiecially manufactured for the purpose, and (he trees are wcuked on an average during ihir(y(wo weeks. As soon as (he npper surface of (he box ceases (ii cxndf tieely, it is "hacked" over and a fresli surface exjaised, (ho dried resin adhering to the cut having been (irst carefully removed with a sharp, narrow, steel scrai)er. The boxes, especially after the first season, are often hacked as often as t)iu'e a week, and are (hus grndually extended upward until upon trees which have been workeil during a number of seasons the ui>i)er surface of (he box is often 10 or IL' feet above the ground. For (he;e long boxes (he scraper is attached to a woo«len handle, generally loaded wi'.h iron at the lower end (o facilitat'.' (he operation of drawing down the resin. Once in four weeks, or often less frequently, (he resin caught in ih.' nottom of (he box is remov«'d into a bucket with a small, sharp) <'val steel spade attached to a .short wotidei! handle. The juoduct of these "dipi.ing.s", as this operation is ca!lo4J, is placed in barrels and trausported «<> the distillery. 1h<^ first season a turpei, tine orchard is worked boies aro usually dipi)ed eight times, yieldi-ig iin average of 300 barrels of turpentine to the ", or "Holt white gum turpentine" — the product the tirst year the trees are worketl; " YeUow dip"— tl:e proiluct of the second and su«-cee(ling years, and becoming darker colored and less liquid every year; "Scrape" or " Hard turpentine" — the product of the scrapings of the boxes. Uosin is graded as follows: "W"— Window-glass; " N"— Kxtra pale; "M"— I'ale; "K"— Low pale; "I"_ Good No. 1 ; " I!"— No. 1 ; "(}"— Low No. 1; "F"— (Jood No. li; " H"— No. 2; "!)"— (Jood strain; "C"— Strain; «i j{''_(;„tumon strain; " A"— liliiek. Window gla.ss is the lightest gra(h', an«l is roduclion of inival stores during the (umisus year were prepared by Mr. A. II. Van Bokkelen, of Wilmington, Ntnlh Carolina, to wlunn I am indebted for much inlormation in regard to tho methods used in carrying on this industry: Stnt««. Aliiliania Kloi'iilit OiMirjitii LoiiUliiiia. MinHiMHippI North ('firoliiia Sontli CnroUim Totol ... Tnrpentlno. nosln. OttUont. ItarrrlH. 2, (lll.'i, 000 ir>H,48a 1, o:io, 3.10 68,281 3, lf)l,.'iUO 277, ROO 200, 000 20, OUO 2.'iO, (100 20, 000 6, 2711, 200 (103,1)07 4, &0», 200 3X1, IMO 17, B«5, 2B0 1, M2, 170 Eighty thousand barrels of tar v" r« manufactured during the census year iu North Carolina, and 10,000 barrels in the other southern states. Tho total value of this crop of naval stores at centers of distribution, and of course including freight from the forest and difierent brokerage charges, was not far from $H,0(l((,()()0. The net profits of the industry, even in the case of virgin, trees, is very small, and ut present prices is believed to be unprofitable except to the most skillful operators. The low juice of southern timber-lands and the facility with which rights to operate tracts of forest for turpentine have been hitely obtainable in several states have unnaturally stimidated (troduction. The result of this has been that manufacturers, unable to make a profit except from virgin trees, abandon their orchanls after one or two years' working and seek now fields of operation ; the ratio of virgin forest to the total area worked over in the production of naval stores is therefore );onshintly increasing. It is estimated by Mr. Van Bokkelen that during tho years between 1870 and 188(» an average of one-tliird of the total annual pro■ i BURNING OFF DEAD HERBAGE. The pine belt of the coast, in South Carolina as well as through its entire extent from Virginia to Texas, suffers from fires set every spring by grazers for the purpose of improving the scanty herbage growing among the trees of this open forest. These fires run rapidly over the surface strip)>ed by tlie fires of previous years of any iu'cuninlation of vegetable material, witiiout inflicting any immediate injury upon the old trees of the forest unless a turpentine orchard is encountered, when, the resinous surfiices of the boxes being once fully ignited, nothing can save the trees from total destruction. If the mature trees of the forest are not under normal couditiouH trrcatly injured, however, by tliis annnal burning of the dead herbage beneath them, the foivst itself, as a whole, sufler* enormously from this cause. Slight and shor> lived as those fires are, they destroy the vegetable mold ujwn tb* surface of tlie ground, all scds and seedling trees, and 'all siirubbery or undergrowth, which, in protecting tb* germination of seeds, insures the continuation of the forest, 'i iiey deprive the soil ol fertility and mak** it every year less able to support a crop of trees, and in thus robbing the soil they influence largely the coinpusition of succeeding crops. Few ytmng jiines are springing up anywhere in the coast region to replace the trees destroyed, but where seedlings protected from fire appear ni)on land long subjected to aniuuil Inmiiug, they are uoually, although not universally, of less valuable species, and not the long leaved pine which gives to this fort^t its principal economic importance. These annual fires are slowly but surely destroying tlif value of the Southern I*in« Belt. They destroy all seeds and seedling trees, the fertility of the soil, and its power i" produce »gaiu valuable specieeu ■^ ■■R en generally ated that 20 n down and by operators I'un through 0 remove all ed, has then and to give nte of these T'he surface in this way 10 itely north lits, covers hard-wood rees. The d over the rough the lis inroads r Georeria. the banks Dugh vast iug a few ed except it Indian n barrels er points a loss of y sparks 3, suffers he trees of any t unless ling can grfatly , sufters pon th" .5 *' iti 1 1 i'l r >■ I !! ,1 I 1 i; The following is an estimate of tbe amount of pine timber standing in the state May 31, 1880 : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinus palustrU). Conn ties. feet, board measure. Conntiea. Feet, board measure. Conn ties. Feet, board measure. 543,000,000 134,000,000 35, 000, 000 410,000,000 38, 000, 000 281, 000, 000 60,000,000 733,000,000 298,000,000 117, 000, 000 82, 000, 000 246,000,000 06,000,000 330,000,000 578, 000, 000 339,000,000 45, 000, 000 653, 000, 000 ; 417,000,000 334, 000, 000 90,000,000 299, OUO, 000 183,000,000 6, 000, 000 950,000,000 19,000,000 17, 000, OOO 47,000,000 70,000,000 21,000,000 22,000,000 191,000,000 488,000,000 206.000,000 291, 000, 000 40,000,000 1,064,000,000 128, 000, 000 236,000,000 236,000,000 10, 000, 000 65,000,000 52,000,000 164, 000, 000 379, 000, 000 18,000,000 791,000,000 35, 000. 000 2,000,000 Polk 38,000,000 408,000,000 126,000,000 21,000,000 28,000,000 188,000,000 191,000,000 44,000,000 768,000,000 63,000,000 598,000,000 104,000,000 311,000,000 84,000,000 32,000,000 18i, 000, 000 80,000,000 240,000,000 160, 000, 000 48,000,000 292.000,000 152,000,000 612,000,000 Baker Glascock Pnlaski Baldwin Berrien Bibb Bandolnh Hancook Haralson . . . Schley HniTiB Screven Irwin Talbot Burke JefTerBou Tattnall JonoB Telfair Terrell Clay Lee Tbonaa Clinch Liberty I^wvdes Upson UoUuflSe Ware HcIntoBb Miller Dooly MitcheU Webster Wilcox jjarly MontiiomerT Wilkinson £cbol8 Muscogee Worth Total ranlding 16,778,000,000 Emannel Pierce 1 220,000,000 | Cnt for the censna Tear endiof; Ma> leaved pine and mixed growth). 31, 18(0 (exclnding 28,335,000 feet cnt in the region of short- 272, 743, 000 The principal centers of lumber manufacture are situated along the coast at Brunswick, Darien, Savannah, and Saint Mary's. Logs sawed at these points are now driven down the various streams for a considerable distance from the coast. Large quantities of pine lumber are also manufactured in different mills located along the lines of railroad in Appling, Polk, Floyd, and other pine counties. Savannah and Brunswick are the principal points of Tistribution of the naval stores manufactured in the state. FLORIDA. The forests of the Southern Pine Belt cover the state as far south as cape Malabar and Charlotte harbor. The long-leaved pine is replaced along the sandy dunes and islands of the coast by oaks (of which the live oak is alone of commercial importance), scrub pines, and palmettos, while a deciduous forest, largely of northern composition, occupies the high, rolling lands in a large part of Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, and Madison counties. The pine foists gradually decrease southward in density and value, and south of latitude 29° N. are of little present commercial value. Forests of pitch pine (Pinua CubenatH), however, extend far south of the region occupied by the more valuable long-leaved pine bordering the coast and covering the low ridges of the Everglades. Great areas of swamp occur every where through northern and central Florida, covered with forests of cypress, red cedar, gum, and bordered with bays, magnolias, and other broad-leaved evergreens ; while the hummocks or low elevations, covered with rich soil and everywhere common, bear oaks and other deciduous trees, often of great size. South of cape Malabar and Tampa bay the character of the vegetation changes, and the North American arborescent species are replaced by the semi-tropical trees of the West Indies. These occupy a narrow strip along the coast, caver the keys and reefs, and spread over some of the hummocks of the Everglades. This semi-tropical forest is confined to the saliue shores of the innumerable bcays and creeks of the region, or to the coral and sedimentary calcareous formation of the keys and hummocks. The species of which it is composed are here at the northern limits of their range; individual trees are comparatively small and the forests of the southern extremity of the Florida peninsula are commercially unimportant, although sufficiently extensive and varied to supply the scanty population of this region with lumber, fuel, and material for boatbuilding and the manufacture of fishing apparatus. The forests of Florida have not suffered greatly from fire. Much of the state is uninhabited and unfit for agriculture or grazing. The danger, therefore, of fires set in clearing land for farms spreading to the forest is less than in other parts of the south, while the numerous streams and swamps everywhere intersecting the pine forests and the natural dryness of the sandy ridges, thinly covered with vegetable mold, check the spread of fires when started. During the census year 105,320 acres of woodland were reported as burned over, with an estimated loss of $00,900. The largest number of these fires was set by grazers to improve the pasturage for their stock. ,|iiiiiniB.!LWJ,W DZPAJiTMEI IHT£R10R •hiliii-. Ilini 1 ( , liilt 1'|! ■ r K 1? H it ■ i ' ^'^ 1 'f ji : ii ' r i' ' B' U if't f !i t ' m » r, 1 ^- THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 521 The following estimates, by counties, of the long-leaved piue still standing in Florida east of the Apalachicola river were prepared by Mr. A. H. Gartiss, of Jacksonville; those for west f lorida by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama : LONG-LEAVED PINE {Pinua paluaMs). Countie*. Alkcbn* Baker Bradford BrcTard , Calhonn Clay Columbia Duval Bsvarobla Hamilton Bi'mando Hillsborough Cut for the renana ypar and Rawed in western Feet, board ueaHure. Connttea. Holmes... Jackson .. Jeffenon . Lsfajelte . Levy Liberty . . . Madison . . Manatee.. Marion ... Kassau ... Orange ... Polk S2S,000,000 144, 000, 000 138,000,000 03,000,000 ei, ooo, 000 77, 000, 000 455, 000, 000 07, 000, 000 go, 000, 000 311,000,000 142,000,000 ]62,'JOO,000 cnilin,,' May 31, 1881 (excluding 77,500, Florida). Feet, board measure. Conntiea. 150, 000, 000 233, 000, 000 23, 000, OOO 425,000,000 346, 000, 000 75, 000, 000 122, 000, 000 200,000,000 I 315,000,000 104,800,000 87, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 000 feet, estimated, grown in Alabama Putnam Saint John's . Santa Ilosa . . Sumter Suwannee . . . Taylor Volusia WakulUk Walton Washington . Total ... Feet, board maoanre. 121,000,000 68,000,000 213,000,000 ion, 000, 000 622,000,000 218.000,000 59,000,000 72, 000, 000 408, 000, 000 187,000,000 6,615,000,000 208,054,000 In this estimate no account is made of timber remaining on lands which have been cut over, or of that injured by the manufacture of turpentine. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Peusacola, Millview, and Blackwater, in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. The logs sawed here and at other points upon Pensacola bay are driven down the streams from the forests of Alabama, the accessible pine in this ])art of Florida having been long exhausted. A large amount of pine lumber is also manufactured at Ellaville, in Madison county, upon the upper Suwannee river, and at Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and at various points upon the lower Saint John i cr. Logs driven from the lower Suwannee river are sawed at Cedar Keys, where are situated the most important mills in the United States devoted to the manufacture of red cedar into pencil stuff. Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and Fernandina are the largest centers of distribution for the naval stores manufactured in the state. The following extracts are taken from Mr. Curtiss' report upon the forests of Florida : " In visiting western Florida I have had particularly in view the examination of the timber of a part of the state which is unlike all others in physical conformation, and consequently in vegetation. This region differs but little from the country bordering the southern Alleghanies, and may perhaps be regarded as the southern terminus of the Appalachian range. It commences about 40 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico, and extends northward between the Chipola and Okalokonee rivers into southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama. North of this there is little to connect it with the southern mountains except the rugged banks of the Chattahoochee river. The surface is undulating, hilly, often precipitous. The soil, like that of the Piedmont region of Virginia and Carolina, abounds in red clay, and is therefore adapted to crops which do'not succeed in other portions of Florida. The vegetation is extremely varied and interesting, comprising most of the plants of northeastern Florida, a large portion of those found in the Piedmont country and in the rich river bottoms of the interior, and a considerable number found only on the limestone with which much of this country is underlaid. In the river bottoms, which ara inundated at seasons, there is found a great variety of trees, some of which attain a size probably not equaled elsewhere. In this small portion of the state of Florida is to be found nearly every species of tree growing within the limits of the state, except those semi tropical species found on the coast south of Cedar Keys and Mosquito inlet. Fully fifty American arborescent species here reach their southern limit. A few species show marked diminution in size, and all northern species which extend southward of this Chattahoochee region here attain in Florida their largest dimensions. "There are two trees in this region of particular interest, as they are not known to grow anywhere else; these are the stinking cedar (Torreya taxifolia) and the yew (Taxus Floridana). There is reason to believe that the Torreya occurs also along the Wakulla river, and perhaps elsewhere in the state, but there is no positive knowledge of its occurrence except along the Apalachicola river, on the limestone hills which border it at intervals on the east "The forests of this region are still almost intact. Some poplar and tulip wood is cut from the river banks for northern markets, but the valuable timber on these rich shores is as yet almost untouched. The country southwest of this region, though of very little agricultural value, contains an immense quantity of the best cypress timber, hardly yet disturbed by the lumberman. "Two mills have recently been established at Apalnchicola, one of which saws nothing but cypress lumber. The product of this mill is sent to New Orleans. As white-pine lumber must soon become scarce, the attention of dealers ought to be directed to southern cypress, which will prove a good substitute for it. Although there is plenty of valuable pine in this country the swamps render it somewhat inaccessible, and the mills at Apalachicola ft i ;'; 1 ■ 1 :1 \ 1 '^y.'-zT^r,- •J-'f- '! t Vi .1i I hi lll 111 522 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. are more easily supplied with logs rafted down the river from Georgia. Many hewed logs of large dimensions are shipped from this point. The country near Apalachicola in surface and timber growth is much like that of northeastern Florida, all the good timber having been cut. "PENCIL OEDAB. "The favorite variety of red cedar, of tall and straight growth, is becoming scarce, but there remains a large quautitj' of quality snflQciently good for pencils in nearly all sections of the state north of a line drawn from capo Canaveral to the north end of Charlotte harbor. There is no red cedar in southern Florida, the Dixon mill at. Tampa having exhausted the supply within reach of that place; but new mills have been established near "Webster, in Sumter county, and at the head of Crystal river, at present the best source of supply. "CYPRESS. "The main body of cypress in southern Florida is located in the 'Big Cypress', a region of which I have beard much from persons who were in an expedition which went through it during the last Indian war. They entered it at the 'Little Palm hummock', 18 miles northeast of cape Bomano. Traveling east about 12 miles they came to the 'Big Palm hummock', when they turned and traveled nearly due north for six days, averaging 12 miles a day. Their guide then informed them that the cypress extended 12 miles farther north; so it would seem that the main body of the 'Big Cypress ' has a length of about 85 miles and a width, as they think, of about 20 miles. The cypress grows in belts running north and south, the main central belt being about 6 miles wide and consisting of largo timber. There are narrow strips of cypress and pine alternating with prairie, although probably two-thirds of the whole region is covered with cypress. According to these estimates there must be at least 1,000 square miles covered with cypress timber in this region, which in times of high water could be floated out by the numerous creeks and inlets flowing toward the Gulf. There are also large quantities of heavy cypress on the swampy borders of Peace creek, the Hillsborough river, the Withlacoochee, etc., many trees squaring from 2 to 4 feet. "The long-leaved pine extends south to Prairie creek, in about latitude 27° N. The pine between Prairie and Peace creeks, which is sawed at the mill near Ogden, belongs to this species. Timber in this region is quite shaky, and from all reports it is evident that the yellow pine in Manatee, Orange, and Hillsborough counties is quite inferior, being mostly of the rough-barked, sappy variety called in this region bastard pine. The long-leaved pino occupies nearly the whole of the interior of the peninsula north of a line drawn from Charlotte harbor to cape Malabar. At its southern limit 1 saw trees which measured over 2 feet in diameter and which would furnish logs 30 feet long. "Pitch ])ine (Pinus Cubensis) appears on the west coast at Margo, 10 miles north of cape Romano, and extends northward to Prairie and Fishhead (jreeks, being the only pine of this region. From Charlotte harbor northward it is confined to a belt from 10 to 15 miles wide, bordering the Gulf, extending to Tampa and as far northward as Pensacola, being also scattered through the interior. This tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter or 50 feet in height, and will aflford a great quantity of framiug timber, although it will be probably generally used in the production of naval stores, for which it is nearly or quite equal to the long-leaved pine. "One of the most important facts in regard to the pine forests of Florida is their permanence. Owing to the sterility of soil and the liability to inundation of most of the state, it is certain that but a very small portion of Florida will ever be cleared of its forest covering.' - Taking into consideration the great area covered with valuable pine forests, and the fact that there will be a continuous new growth if the spread of forest fires can be checked, only trees of the largest size being cut, it is evident that Florida will furnish a perpetual supply of the most valuable pine lumber." The following notes upon the pine forests of western Florida were furnished by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama : " The pine forests occupying the region between the valley of the Apalachicola river and the banks of the Choctawhatchee, and from the headwaters of the Chipola to the bay of Saint Andrew's, are yot mostly in their primeval condition and contain a vast body of valuable timber. The district between the Choctawhatchee .and the Perdido is the seat of the oldest and most active lumbering industry of the whole Gulf coast. The numerous streams flowing through the pine forests of eastern Alabama to the large bays upon the coast of western Floiida make fully 4,000 square miles of southeastern Alabama comparatively accessible and tributary to the region from which the lumber finds an outlet by way of the bay of Pensacola. "The better class of the somewhat elevated and nndulating timber-lands which surround Escambia, Blackwater, and Saint Mary de Galves bay were long since stripped of their valuable timlier. These forests having been culled time after time during the last quarter of a century, are now completely exhausted. The low, wet pine barrens, with their soil of almost pure sand, which trend eastward along the shores of Santa Rosa sound and Choctawhatchee bay, have never borne a growth of pine snflicieutly large to furnish more than a small supply of timber of very inferior quality. The ridges between the Choctawhatchee river and the Yellow river are also, for the most part, arid, sandy wastes, never yielding more than a few hundred feet of lumber per acre. L?i* f Hill i i mcnsions are like that of oains a large rn from cape >ixon mill af; 3ar Webster, ' have heard entered it at came to the miles a day. lat the main The cypress ing of large birds of the y[uaro miles 3 numerous ipy borders Prairie and uite shaky, es is quite !eaved pine 'or to cape irnish logs 3d extends northward northward 50 feet in ed in the ing to the portion of valuable checked, the most f Mobile, £8 of the in tlieir ihee and umerous I Florida ion from :!k water, n culled barrens, hatchee of very St part, ia ill' f. 4i I? ■■it ^ 1 '^ p , ; |v;|.,; : |'|i! h 'Jfjlii 1 i||l ; ■ ,Mi^ i -I®!?' 11^ ' II . i-i i ^11 W i' thp: forests of the united states. 523 " Tho well-timbered portion of west Florida coinmeiices with tlie sontliern border of Holmes connty. This region ia now, however, nearly oxbnnsted alonji water-conrsea largo enougli for rafting, while of late years canals and ditches dug into the foreat afford facilities for floating timber growing remote from streams to the mills. According to those best informed regarding the amount of timber still standing in this section, there ia scarcely enough left between the Escambia and Clioctawhatchlaiii extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles inland from the shores of the (irulf. Great regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, although the demands of the rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have alreat.y stripped of their tree covering many of the low hills of northeastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood of Mobile bay, from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and flowing to the Gulf through western Flonaa. The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores. Duriug the census year 569,100 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by Are, with an estimated loss of $121,223. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters. The manufacture of cooperage and wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of ,vood is still in its infancy iu Alabama and the other Gulf states. Such industries, iu view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near future be largely transferred to the southern states. The cypress swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment to many persons, principally blacks. The following estimate of the amount of pine standing iu the state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinu» palutiriB). Regions. Feet, board measure. 4,055,000,000 2,000,000,000 10,000,000,000 1, 750, 000, 000 900, 000, 000 180, 000, 000 18,885,0(0,000 West of Perdido riTer In the CoDtraJ Pine Belt In the Walker County dietrict Total Cut for the ceusiiH year endinK May 31, 1880 (inclndinK 77,600,000 feet, eatimated, grovrn in Alabama and sawed iu neatern Florida). 245,300,000 SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinu$ mitU). In the Central Pine Belt 1,875,000,000 432,000,000 In the CooHa River basin Total 2,307,000,000 Cot for the oensns year eodin - May 31, 1880, aune reported. ^si Alleghany road-leaved the rolling Saint Clair ihes nenrly ientral belt ; are mixed xclusively, y 100 miles ccur in the 3. nds of the ow hills of jhborhood state and ores. :ed loss of iters. ufancy in covering the near ployment . Charlea % ;ts !•■'■,,( r R r' ■ ; 1 1! ill ij^i -ll! ;! THE FORESTS OF rHE UNITED STATES. 525 In this estimate no account is made of smalii timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres which have been cat .over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed, or on 600,000 acres injured by the manufacture of turpentine. There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt proper, with which it mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is greater, although generally of poorer quality. Mobile is still the principal center in the state for the manufacture of pine and cypress lumber ; a large amount of pine lumber is manufactured also along tbe line of the railroads penetrating the pine belt in Etowah county, and considerable hard wood is sawed in counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment. Mobile is alsu the distributing point for the uaval stores manufactured in the state. . The folk wing noios upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report: "THE MAUITIME PINE REGION. "West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-called 'second bottom', composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of 15 to 25 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within " lo 18 miles of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, flat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas sparsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved pines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated with a fc" Coni/eree, and with the wooded swamps which e^^tend over the depressions about the base of the higher land, auu ueratiou of the cypress, threatens to exclude it from localities where formerly this tree attained its greatest perfection. In swamps open to the influences of light and air, and not liable to p.oiouged periokls of inundation, a growth of seedlings and small trees, especially along the banks of the smaller tributaries of the larger streams, springs up The extremely slow growth of the cypress, however, during all stages of its existence, even if young trees spring up, destroys all hope of an adequate supply of this timber to meet the wants of coming generations. Trees of small size are as frequently cut as large ones. Saplings from 4 to 12 inches in diameter even are cut I'ud supply the farmer, the builder, i'nd the mechanic with material for many useful purposes. Logs not over 30 inches in diameter, however, are not worked up in the Tensas mills, which o:ily use logs of larger size, the sai)lings being sent in "afts with pine logs to the saw-mills of Mobile. It is rare that a tree over 3 feet in diameter is found iierfectly sound. Trees above 4. feet through are almost always invested with sigus of decay. Xo timber seems to be open to so many defects as that of the cypress. Many of the trees are ' wind- shaken ' ; that is, portions of the body of the wood have separated iu the direction of the concentric rings, causing annual splits which extend throughout a great length of the trnuk, and if occurring repeatedly in the same stick render it unfit for use. A considerable number of the larger trees are rotten in sections. Logs cut fronx such trees may api)ear perfectly souud at both ends, but are found hollow and rotten in the interior. The inspection of cypress logs requires great experience and care to protect the buyer from loss. But there is one disease which particularly affects this timber, the cause of which is a perfect mystery to all interested in the matter, (o) From the center of the tree outward, although never extending into the sap-wood, occur great numbers of spindle-shaped, narrow excavations with perfectly smooth, rounded walls more or less tapering toward the ends, parallel with the bundles of woody libers and nearly regularly disposed in the direction of the annual rings of growth. These cavities vary from one-half an inch or less to a foot in length, and are found from a few lines to i*n inch in width. They are lllled with a yellowish-brown powder, the result of decajed, woody substance, although the walls of the cavities appear perfectly sound and unaflected by decay. These excavations are calleu 'pegs', and timber so afi'ected 'peggy' timber. The cavities have no communication with the surface apparently, and remain always inclosed within the surrounding belt of sap-wood. It is only in the case of very old trees that the larger cavities produced by the junction of the pegs sometimes reach openings produced by external decay or accident. Undoubtedly these pegs cause the large hollows so often found in the center of large-sized and apparently perfectly healthy trees. Some of the timber of medium-sized specimens is honey-combed with these pegs. Such peggy stuff is aseful for poles and pickets, which are found not less durable than if made from solid lumber. "Two varieties of cypress timber are recognized according to the color, firmness, and heaviness of the wood, and are known as white cypress and black cypress; the latter has darker, closer grained, and more resinous wood than the former, and will sink in water. Its weight makes impossible the transportation of black-cypress logs by floatJJig under ordinary circumstances, and the lumberman, unable always to recogiiize these peculiarities of the wood iu the standing tree, cuto a chip before felling, which thrown into the water indicates, by its floating or sinking, whetiier it is black or white cypress. Trees of the heavy variety are deadened during the months of August and Septeuiber by cutting a deep ring through the bark, and in the spring of the second season the timber is found siidiciently light to float. " The cypress region of southern Alabama, \n hieh must be regarded as one of the great resources of its forest wealth, commences upon Mobile 'ivcr, about 10 or 18 miles above its entrance into Mobile bay, extending through the lowlands upou both banks of this river, in Baldwin and IMobile counties, where itcovers an extreme area of from 75 to 8U square miles. It extends northward to the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, covering a This injury to the cyprcsM in cauxcd by a fungoid plant not yet dorerniinod, although widely distribated along the Gulf coast.— C. 8. 8. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527 large tracts in the delta between them, follows uorthward the course of these streams, and covers the extensive Hwauips which border their banks and the mouths of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile Kiver region the largest supply of cypress can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbee, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson. Duiii!5j the freshet of the present year (1880) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the mills on the Tensas. '• Baldwin county. — A quarter of a century ago a pine forest, unequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth, and supposed at that lime to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole extent. To-day this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery railroaw hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain; in entering them the second division of the sylvan vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, which must be regarded, on account of its extent as well as the variety of its vegetation, as one of the important natural features of the region. I am of opinion that the deciduous-leaved trees have an equal representation in this forest with the : r 7T i^l 528 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1! conifers. This certainly wnp the case before the settlement of the country, but as the broad-leaved trees occui>y the best land, the areas of hard-wood forest have been more reduced by the demands of agriculture than have the forests of pine. "The distribution of the different species of trees throughout this region depends upon the nature of the soil and the topogra])hical features of the country. In general it can be stated that the marls and calcareous Tertiary strata which form the lower ridges and more or less undulating uplands and plains are chiefly occupied by trees with deciduous leaves, and by a few yellow pines. Here oaks pr«'dominate, and especially the post oak {Querctis obtusiloba), which prefers the level or gently-swelling ground with a generous, warm, and open soil; with it IS frequently found the black oak {Quercun tincioria), the Spanish oak and black-jack upon soils of poorer quality, the last, particularly, prefcn-ing one of closer, more argillaceous character mixed with fine sand. The black-jack finds here its best development, rivaling often in size the post oak ; it enters largely also into the undergrowth of the post-oak woods, forming dense thickets on lauds too poor to sustaiu a heavier tree growth. "The hickories are unimportant features in the foiests of this region. In the dry uplands they seldom attain more than medium size, although in the more shaded and richer situations the mocker-nut and pig-nut are not rare. "The long-leaved pine, on account of the broad extent it covers, its gregarious habit, and the splendid growth it attains here, must be regarded as the most important timber tree of this region. Confined to a siliceous, dry, and porous soil, it occupies the high ridges invariably covered with a deposit of drift, often found widely spread over the more elevated highlands. For this reason the pine forests crown the hills and cover the more or less broken plateaus. They are found also toward the southern boundaries of this region, where the sands and gravels of the drift of the lower pine region encroach upon and mingle with the strata of older formations. Under these cu'cumstunces it is evident that the line of demarkation between this and the pine region of the coast is difficult to determine. The best distinction is found in the fact that in the pine lorests of the lower pine region the growth of pines upon the uplands is never broken by patches of oak, and that the short-leaved pine never occurs there. Another point of distinction is found in the nature of the second growth, which springs up after the large pines have been removed. In the pine woods in the region of mixed tree growth the subsoil, of Tertiary origin, seems more favorable to the growth of oaks than to a second growth of the long-leaved pine. This is replaced generally by oaks mixed with the short- leaved pine and various deciduous trees. It is safe to assert that the southern limits of this region coincide with a line following the northern boundary of the coast drifts, along which the lower strata have completely disappeared be neath it. "Pike county. — On the broad ridges which form the divide between the waters of the Pea and Conecuh rivers, upon a purely sandy soil, are found, within the forest of long-leaved pine, tracts with strictly-defined outlines from a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth presents no unuHual features ; it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights. Surrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an Indian name the meaning of which I was unable to learn. " The trees are of small growth, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, rc.ther trees. The timber, both in quality and quantity, is unsurpassed by that growing on the best sections of the lower pine region. The manufacture of lumber and its export to northern markets has only been carried on in this region to any large extent during the last three or four years, and it is now rapidly assuming large proportions. The most important saw-mills in this region are situated on the Hue of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elmore county, and produced in the aggregate 07,000,000 feet of lumber, board measure, during the years 1879-'80. Considerable lumber is also produced along the line of the Selnui, Itome ami Dalton railroad, in Chilton county. "Naval stores are not yet manufactured in this region. "The pine region of the Coosa. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stretches from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estinmtcd to cover from 400 to 450 square miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Logs are driven down the Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at this place has been carried on for a number of years, and amounts to an average of 20,000,000 feet. -M\\ "NAVAL STORES. "The manufacture of naval stores in the centinl Guli' states is almost entirely restricted for the present to the forest contiguous to Slobile and to the railroad lines leading to that i)ort and to the southern confines of the pine belt in Mississippi. It is only during the |»ast two seasons that turpentine orchards have been worked near Pascagoula, Mississipj)!, Pearl river, and in eastern liouisiana above Covington. The first turpentine distilleries were established o» the Gulf coast a little more than a quarter of a ('entury ago, along Fish river on the eastern and Dog river on the western shores of Mobile bay. The business soon assunu'd such proportions as to lead to the destruction of the M I'oii I i! Hill IN u IP ??'/? ir^ 530 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. *'- ! ) 1:: forests covering buudreds of square miles, particularly in Baklwiu county. The production of naval stores in this county, as well as in tbo lower part of Mobile county, has at present nearly ceased, on account of tbe exhaustion of the forest. It is, however, now carried on with the greatest activity on tbe line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad. Between Mobile station, in Mobile county, and Quitman, Mississippi, there art* at this date not less than thirty-three stills in operation, while along tbe Louisville and Nashville railroad there ba\o been during the last five years flfty- three stills established in Alabama and Mississippi. These, with few exceptions, are (controlled by Mobile capital, their whole product being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the board of trade of Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region. "According to tlu statements contained in the report for 1880, the crops amounted in the years 1879-'80to 25,409 barrels of spirits of turpentine and l.'>8,482 barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, between 1873 and the close of the business year of 1880, 100,000 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 800,000 barrels of rosin have been l)roduced in this same district, (a) " The increase in prices during the last few years for all kinds ef naval stores, and particularly the active demand for the best class of rosin, have given an increased impetus to this business, in consequence of which many of the older orchards have been abandoned and new ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the present season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to '>e obtained of .the production prior to 1875, but it can be safely assumed that up to that year 250 square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875 must have involved a further destruction of 040,000 acres, or 1,000 square miles of forest. With the low i)rice at which pine lands are held there is not the slightest regard paid to the utilization of their resources, and under the i»resent system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of obtaining the quickest possible returns on the capital invested. "It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the refuse of sawmills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. Ho obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 25 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligneous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of lightwood he obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 62^ gallons of tar, and 60 gallons of pyroligneous acid. The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of pine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced 22 gallons of spirits of turpentine." , MISSISSIPPI. The forests of Mississi^jpi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated in the northern central part of the state, presented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a belt of lon{,f leaved ])ine, occupying the coast i)lain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Vicksburg and Meridian. The northeastern portion of this long-leaved pine forest spread over a high rolling country, and here the pines were mixed with various hard- wood trees ; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area was covered with forests of the short-leaved pine. The remain«ler of the state was clothed with a growth of hard woods, which in the swamps of the Yazoo delta and the bottom lands of the Mississippi river formed vast and almost impenetrable forests, where cypresses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home in the deep, iiiundateil swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value. The pin* forests have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula and I'earl rivers and from their i)riiicipul tributaiies within the southern tier of counties; the most accessible timber has been cleared from the Biloxi, Blind, Jordan, Wolf, and Tchefuncta rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad. The long-leaved jiine of Mississipi>i is, however, still practically intact, and these forests are (iapable of sni)i)lying an immense amount of timber as soon as the means of transportation can be furnished ior it. A small amount of pine has been cut in the northeastern pine region from along the line of the Memphis and Charleston railroad. The hard-wood forests outside of the bottom lands have been largely cleared from many counties in i)i'oviding for the rei|nirenu'nts of agriculture. Such land when abandoned is again covered in the central part of the state with a growth of old-Held piiu', and in the north, and especially in the northt astern counties, by a vigorous growth of short-leaved ]»ine {PhtuH mitix), which seems destined to become the most important timber tree of that region. The forests which cover the swamps of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypres;, which has long been cut in the Yazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the New Orleans market, has become scarce. During the census year 222,800 a<;res of woodland were rei>orted destroyed by fire, with a loss of $78,500. Of these fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to improve panturage. a These figures differ somewhat from those prepared by Mr. .Van Bokkelen. See page 493. — C. S. S. 1 stores iu this exhaustiou of Ohio railroad, in tbirtytUree Ivo years fifty- mobile capital, reports of the f9-'80 to 25,409 [1 1873 and the isiu have been active demand ih many of the ng the present 875, but it can tion since 1875 le low i)rice at ces, and under I sole object of submitting the , with the view us of spirits of om one cord of oligueous acid. . day, produced t area, situated i consisted of a lie state to the ^leridiaii. The the pines were viug toward the !rn boundary of nsidcrable area growth of hard ormed vast and iud their home alue. •earl rivers and as been cleared n the line of the still practically I the moans of line region from ics iu pioviding )art of the state rigorous growth } of that region. e cypres:-, which 1H8 market, has 1 of $78,500. Of aring land or to • lii'iii'.'Itfnat ftlUh \p i 1 hS V l< i fltT"--- > THE FORESTS OF '11 IE UNITED STATES. 531 Establishments for tbe manufacture of wagons, wbtM-l stock, coopcragi', etc., Lave been established at different times in the northern part of the state. The industiies, however, which depend npon the hard-wood forests for material are still in their infancy in Mississipiti, and are capable of enormous develoi)ment. The following estimates of the standing-pine supply of Mississippi, May 31, 1880, were prepared by Dr. Charles Mohr, who carefnlly explored the forests of the state : LONG-LEAVKD PINE {Pinus palusMn). Beglons. Fi'ot, board measnro. In reKion weat ef Peail rirer, tributary to tbe Cblvngo, Sulut Lomii, i 6, 800, OOO, 000 anuNuw OrleauH railroad. East of Pearl rlTor 7,600,000,000 Begion of mixed growtb, ozcluaive of 200,000 acren injured b; the 8, 800, 000, 000 ninnufactuiuof turpentine. Total Cut for tlie ceuBua year ending May 81, 1880. 18, 200, 000,000 108,000,000 SHORT-LEAVED PINE {Pinus mitin). In tbe uortbenstem lielt In nortbern region - uiixed growth . 1,000,000,000 5, 175, 000, 000 Total . 0, 775, 000, 000 Cut for the census year ending May 31, 18Sn. 7,775,000 In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 2,912,000 acres which have been cut over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed. The region of mixed growth, which adjoins the pine belt ui)oii the north, contains a smaller number of pine trees per acre than the pine belt proper; but, the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is here greater, although generally of poorer quality, tlian nearer the coast. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of Pascagoula river, in Jackson county, at Mississippi City, in Harrison county, along the lower Pearl river, upon the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroatl in Lincoln county, and in the nortlieastern counties, where are located many small railroad mills, manufacturing in the aggregate a large amount of yellow-pine lumber {Pinus mitis). The pine forests of the, state have up to the present time suffered but little damage from the manufacture of naval stores. Turpentine orchards, however, have been recently established in the vitiinity of the coast, lu-ar the mouth of the Pasciagoula river, and at other points in the coast counties. Tiie following remarks are extracted from Dr. Charles Mohr's report upon the forests of Mississippi : "The pine fokesus op southeun Mississippi. — In the vicinity of Scranton, near the mouth of the Pascagoula river, little is left of the original pine forest. The old clearings are covered with fine loblolly pine, from 40 to 00 feet high, upon rather close, dry soil. The pitch pine {Pinus Cubensis) forms dense groves, witli seedling trees from 20 to 30 feet in height npon lands of lighter soil extending to the sea-shore. Oaks are not common. Fine groves of stately live oaks, however, line the banks of the river up to Moss Point, 4 miles distant. "The annual export of lumber during the last four or five years has average f i i ■* P 1 1 Li !(• 'I . ' i m i I" ■ I n 11 I . :;■.!! ^ 532 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "Tlio vaHtiu'88 of tlio titnluT roHonrccN yoi contiiiiiotl in tlio region cmlmuuMl in Hk> nor(li«os of almost jniro snnd so froipiontly found in tlio jiiiio bolt of Alabama. "Tho low, tial, inoro or loss wido pino lands boriloriii}> upon tho marslios of l!io I'oast aro sparsoly oovorod with jiino, wliilo tho troos ^rowiiifj in this wot, boj^fjy soil^dovoid of ilraina;;o and ovorlying a subsoil impoivioiis to wator, aro stnntod and of littlo valuo. Tho lowor pari of Ilariison roniity is oovorod with tlioso jiiiio nioadows, wliioh fact aooonnts for tho ooniparativoly small importaiioo of tho bay of Saint hoiiis as a liiinborprodiioin;; oontor. "At roarliiiKton, on tho IVail rivor, is ostablishod tho hiifjo sawmill of Toitovoiil & Favro, oap.iblo of. prodnoiiifi l()tMM)>. foot of liimlior a day; at Loj-toii, 'J milos farthor up tho rivor, aro two mills, and .'» milos above thoso, at (iainosvillo, tlioro is aiiothor. Tho larjjost jiarl of tho l();;s sawod at tlio.so mills is out upon tho banks of tho Aboloohitto orook, in llanoook ooniity, and its tributarios oxtondinjj; into tho lowor part of Marion oonnty, 50 or (10 milos distant. Tho romainilor ooiiios IVdiii tho banks of tho Poarl and tho nppor and lowor Littlo rivors, wliioli omply into it 10 milos abovo ('olnmbia. "Tho oypross is noarly oxhaustod from tho lowor IVarl rivor, and tho 20,000 or .'{0,000 foot of this liimbor wliioli »ro sawod annually at IVarliiifitoii aro dorivod from tho oyi>ross swamjis on tho nppor watois of tho J'oarl and Jaokson rivors, wlioro tlioro is still a hu'tio amount nf this tiinbor of tiiig jiropor moasiiros to i)roti'ot the timber wealth upon the luiblic domain from depredations of 8ueh onormous extent forces itself ujion the most casual observer, while to one who looks closer at the conseipiences of the continuance of the existing state of alVairs the urgency becomes appallingly aiqiarent. The everincreasing consumption of timlHT at the mills upon IVarl river, of which one alone can cut 100,000 feet of lumber u day, will prove a powerful stimulus to a pcojilo who, since the development of the lumber business in those regions, Imvo almost completely abandoned their former agricultural and pastoral |)ursnits and now deiiond entirely for their support ui)on cutting pine logs, to supply this enormous demand at the expense of the public i)roi)erty. Already plans have been made to invade this region by tramways and railroads, in order that its timber may be brought to market. This is true, too, of the n'gion between the Pearl and the Amite rivers, down to the mnrshy lands of cuwtern Louisiana, a region in which the forests arc also particularly good. "In the state of Mississippi it is safe to estimate that, after deducting 25 per cent, for areas of swampy and cleared land, ".),(KX) sqmire miles are still covertnl by forests of long-leaved pine. The ])roduction of this region during the census year amounts to 108,0(M),000 feet; of this, (>0,000,(MM) finds its outlet at Pascagoula, 30,000,000 by Pearl river, 6,000,tH)0 by bay of Saint Louis, and PJ,000,000 by the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad to northern markets. "In the northern part of Harrison county wo crossed a tract from which twelve years ago a liurricano swept a belt a quarter of a mile wide of lUl tree growth. It is intenisting to note tho growth which has since sprung up among the prostrate charrcd trunks of the pines still found lying about in largo numbers. Black-jack oaks, tho largest not over 12 feet in height, are mixed in almost equal numbers with stunted, thin saplings of the long-leaved pine. These plainly exhibit the helplessness of the struggle to which these oftspring of the groat timber tree are suVijccted under the induence of repeated conflagrations wherever the oak scrub has sprung np and added fuel, in the abundance of its leaves, to the fires which annually sweep through these wooHH. Alon^; tlio railroad, as it, IravorKOH tlir flat ]>raiii(' ro^^ion, tlio country Ih nparscly wooded; lar;^'(> traclH of tlic prairie lands have alwayw lieen dcHtitute of trccH, and ilui woodlandN with which they were intersperNcd were cicarcti at the llrst Hcttlenieiit of the coiinlry. What reniaiiiN of the original foiest ^lowth is now confined to localities tooditlicnll nrdraina^^e to niakeat^ricultiire prolltahic, and to the hanks of streams snl>ie(^t to innndation. More or less extensive patches of woods are fonnti also on the led;;cswhere (he limestone rock comes to the snrfa(;(>. In the swampy land llie willow oak, the water oak, the black K''"'? sweet unm, while ash, and alontJ the ponds willows ami cotlonwoods, prevail. Tin- post oaks, white oaks, and <;ow oaks ar«> mingled )nor(> or less freel;,' with these trees in localities enjoying Ix'tlcr drainage. Ulackjack and blai^k oaks, mixed with various haws, vibnrinims, and persimmons, occupy the rocky Hals. No magnolias were seen in this region. The red, willow, and water oaks, the sycamore, and the sweet ^iim abound aloii}; the str«>amH here, and are so common as t(» pcr ur<- yet covt'ied with the remnants of tlut oUl oak forest. Here the Spanish and post oaks predominat)^ in numbers ; then follow the black oak antl the scarlet oak, while the shell bark hickory and the iinarker nut form but ii small part of the tree );>'<>^vtli of these uplands. The bottoms of the Tns(Mimbia, altlnnijirh subject to fre(|nent overflows, are covereil with a |>riineval foi'cst not inferior in luxuriance and variety to that of the Mississippi river bottom lands. White-oak timber of the finest (jiialily is found here in the (greatest ahuiidanc(; and perfection. The most, itommon species is the () to 'Mi inches in diameter, to the acre. It is known to the inhabitants here by the name of cow oak or basket oak, bciiiK easily split into narrow, thin strips. The wocal is extmsively used in the manufacture f eonsiderable Htrenjjfh and durability. N«!xt. in fretpiency follows the willow oak, and then the over-cup swamp oak {(JtinriiH li/ratii), and finally the red oak, found especially on the outskirts of the forest. "The white ash is not so fre(piently seen here as elsfiwherc in similar localities, and does not seem to thrive on these still", cohl soils. It is in part re|)laced by the ureen ash, which here attains the size of a lar},'e tree. The black {jiim is very common, and where the. soil is least subjected to ov,erfh)W the true white oak is found, with lino groups of beech, overtowcred by larj;e jKtpIars. Amontj tlu^ smaller triM-s the mulberry, hornbeam, holly, and abundant pa|>aws must be menti(Mied. "The pine hills in the eastern part of Ahiorn county are reached at a distance of (! or 7 miles In a southerly direction from Corinth, i'ine occurs on the dividiuf; ridges between the waters of thi' Tuscumbia river and Yillow creek, or toward the south on those between the Tombi},4>ee and the Tennessee rivers. A short distance, west of Glendale station the dretaceous strata disappear under the ferru{;inous sands, and mixed with a stunted (growth of post oak and Spanish oak, pines a|)pear, formiufi vast forests on the crests of the hills. This pine (I'inuH mills) takes possession of all tlni old «'learinf;s and fiehls thrown out of cultivation. The rapid };rowth of the seedlin;,'s, which spontaneously spiiiifj up thickly after the leuioval of the broad leaved trees, leaves no chance; for the seedling oaks. It is therefore a «'ertarnty that in the fulun* the short-leaved pine will be almost the sole forest tree in this part of the state, outside of the bottom lands, and that it will probably extend its domain far beycmd the ori{;inal limits of its growth. "The aspect of these |)ine woods resembles ost and Spanish oaks take the jiUkm! of the turkey and th« Hidaiul willow oaks, while tho black Jack is common to both these regions of identical geological formation. The flora of the two regions also presents the same general features ; the asters, goldenrods, sunllowers, and various leguminous plants are often the same or belong to closely-allied species. The pine clad drift hills int*'rs]ieised between the Carboniferous and Creta«'eons regions are parts of the northern interior drift belt which extends throughout Alabanni. The region of the short leaved pine of northea.'.tern Mississippi exJfUids from the southern border of the valley of the Tennessee river to Uw southern extremity of Itawamba county, and is on an average 10 miles in width, embracing an area of nearly (iOO square miles. Of this region, after the deduction of the fertihi bottoms of the Tombigbee and Yellow Creek Vfiiley**? where no pines are found, two-thirds ('an be regarde«l ;is occupied by the pine forest. As th«' sole sui)jdy of i>ine lumber in the northern part c)f the state, this region is of great importance. Several saw-mills, nom^ of which have an annual ca]ia(!ity of more than 3,(MK),00() feet, are established t>n the railroad line at Clendale, lUirnsville, and tiear luka ; portable saw-mills are worked also thrcaigh this forest in its whole extent, their product being liaided in wagons for miles to the nearest station on the Mobile aud Ohio and tho Memphis and Charleston railroads. The largest shipments are made from l^nrnsvillc and Corinth. i 534 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 11:1 "The second growth of the short-loaved pine, which in already growing with great rapidity in northern MlNHiHNJppi npon exhausted fields thrown ont of cultivation and wlierever the forest has been cut from the ridRos. should bo protected and fostered by the owners of the soil. The care bestowed upon the natural seeding of tills useful and valuable timber tree, and in assisting it to gain a permanent foothold on lands regarded as unfit or uni)rcfitablo for agriculture, of which tons of thousands of acres are now found in this state, would lead to ri'sultH of great benoflt to the comiiiunity. The people have it in their ])ower to replenish tlieir timber resources, fast failing through the ever-progressing destruction of the original forest, without other outlay than simply assisting nature in her efforts to recover from injuries sustained in the wholesale destruction of the forest. The restoration of the forest over vast areas, now barren and unproductive wastes, wonld add vastly to the general welfare and prosperity tlaongh the intliience such forests would exert upon the climate and salubrity of the country, by the shelter they would otter to insei^tivorous birds ever busy in the destruction of insects injurious to farm crops, and by the formation of ))rote('tive scn'cns against the cotton-worm, the most destructive of all insects in this part of the country; for it must be admitted as an undispnted fact that the destruction caused by the cotton- worm is far less npon the small farms w'.iere strii»s of woodland divide the fields than njmn the jdantations in the rich ]miine lands where large areas are destitute of woods. Such forests wonld serve as windbreaks for crops growing in field and orchard, and as protection against the washing away of the light soil so peculiarly adiipted to the cultivation of the great staple of the country, thus preventing the ruin of many proart of these and Choctaw and the western ]»art of (Oktibbeha counties; from Kosciusko, Attala county, it extends over the whole of Winston and tlu^ western j)art of Noxubee counties, being merged, south of Neshoba in the western part of Kenij)er county, with the region of mixed tree growth. This pine forest 8ui)plies a sufficient amount of lumber for the local demand, and portable sawmills are found near the large settlements from Kosciusko to the southern Ijjnits of the region. It forms a prominent feature in the eastern Gulf states by its geographical position, and must be regarded as one of the distinct divisions which might be designated as the region of th(^ central pine hills. Botanically this region ditters from that of th? mixed tree growth, npon which it borders toward the south, by the njore e(nial distribution of the ]nnes among the oaks, and i>articularly by the total absence of the long-lcavcd i)ine and other conifers, with the exception of the loblolly pine and of 8(!attered cyi)res8 along the river banks, and by the absence of the great magnolia (ilf. (irandiflora). The second forest growth in the northern ])art of this region consists almost ex<'lusively of the short-leaved pine, which southward is associated with the loblolly pine. The short-leaved pine will in the future be the chief forest tree of this region. "I have iiersonally seen but little of the flatwoods proper, having only tonched their southern limits in Kemper county. It is a region of close, cold soil, devoid of drainage, and covered with a stunted growth of post oak; and in its economic as])ects as a timber region, or l»otanically, is of little interest or importance. "Wkstkkn Mis.sissiPPi. — Id Coi)iah county, below the village of Terry, fifteen saw-mills are in operation along the railroad, obtaining their supi)ly of logs from the heavily-timbered hills in the neighborhood. This lumber is shipped by rail to Saint Louis and Chicago. This business has already reached large proportions and is still increasing rapidly, the mills running without intermission at their full capacity throughout the year. " IJeyond Crystal Springs the eountry loses its rolling character ; the pine hills disappear, and a short distance above the northern boundary of Cojnah county, near Terry, a different geological formation is entered, and a strongly-marked change in the vegetation takes place. Horizontal strata of loam, inclosing layers of what appears a whitish sand, stretch northward over a vast extent of level country, and the long-leaved pine disappears with the gravels and sands of the drift. "North of ilie i»ine region a large amount of rich land between the Pearl and Mississippi rivers has been brought unde Itivation, especially along the bottoms of the Pearl river and along the principal railway lines. At Jackson, on tl . I'earl river, little is left of the original tree growth which covered its banks. Still enough is left, however, to shuw t!.at it was chiefly composed of sweet gums, white oaks, elms, white ashes, etc. The railroad from Jackson to Vicksburg i>asses through a I'ertile agricultural country, where only small strips of forest remain between the large plantations and farms. Pines are not seen here, and the black walnut, originally so abundant among the oak and hickory forests which covered this region, must now be regarded as entirely exterminated. Beyond the Blackwater, in the hilly region of the bluff formation, the great magnolia covers the hillsides, although in the vicinity of Vickslmrg the hills for miles around the city are entirely stripped of their forests. " Vicksburg is the center of a considerable lumber indtistry. depending for its supply of timber upon the cypress rafted down from the mouth of the Yazoo river. The first mill devoted to the manufacture of cypress lumber was established in Vicksburg in 18G5. Before that time all the timber from the Yazoo valley was rafted down the Mississippi river, mostly to New Orleans, as is still the case with the greatest number of the rafts. A second mill has lately been built at Vicksburg, and the combined annual capacity of the two is ten or twelve million feet. No W THE FORESTS OF TTTE UNITED STATES. 535 lits ill Kemper mniiiifiictnrcd lutnbor is Hliipped from Jure fiirtlHM- HoutJi than Haton Rouge, nearly the wliole production beiiiR conHumed in the erection of small dwellings in the MissiHsipj)! and Yazoo bottoms. The logs received at these mills average 25 inches in diameter, witli a length of from 30 to 70 feet. "The hillsides in the neighborhood of VicUsburg, when thrown out of rnltivation, are seen covered with a stunted growth of locust, ("hickasaw idiiins, and other shrubs. The original forests of the blnft' hills consist of extensive groves of stately magnolias, stretching down the slojies and mixing with large white oaks, Spanish oaks, beeches, and towering ])oplars, covering the mossy ground of the small valleys witli delightful shade. Many of the magnolias are from 18 inches to iJ feet in diameter. The full-grown trees, however, .show that they have already passed their prime; the npper limbs have begun to die, the base of their trunks being often rotten and hollow. Small specimens and sapling or seedling trees I (iould not find. The large trees are cut down to supply the neighboring city with fuel, and it is inevitable that in a (!0 .iparativcly short time these magnolia groves will have disa]>peared, and that t\wne delightfully-shaded hilis must share the desolation which surrounds the town. " Thk Yazoo Delta. — Indian bayou, one of the small watercourses between Pearl river, Deer creek, and Suntlower river, has a sluggish current even in time of high water. As is the ease with all the streams of the Yazoo delta, its banks are elevated often to a height of 10 or l.'i feet above the surface of tlu* water, thus affording excellent natural drainage for the adjacent country, which is covered with a j'ellow-brown loam of unsurpassed fertility. As the land, however, recedes from the bank:-; it gradually sinks down again toward the level of the bed of the stream, and the watercourses, following the general dire(!tioii of the Mississippi river, inclose corresponding lines of depression nearly level with the beds of the streams. These troughs between the bayons and rivers arc one of the characteristics features in the topography of the Yazoo delta. They are of various extent, depth, and shajte; flat and wide, they form tracts of dark, wet forest swamp, more or less dry in summer; or, narrower and dee|)er, they form swamps rarely ever entirely free from water; sometimes they are inundated wooded niar.shcs and cane brakes, or ponds and lagoons more or less shallow and studded with the mighty trunks of the cypress. When ilicso depressions are of considerable depth, lakes, presenting o])en sheets of water sometimes miles in «'xteiit, an^ formed, their iiiarjins, only, overgrown with the cypress. Upon these features depend the great diversity of the forest growth which yet covers the largest jiart of the Yazoo valley. Along the elevated ridges fronting the streams the white! oak, the willow oak, the shell-bark and mocker-nut hickories, the black walnut in great numbers, the yellow poplar and the sassafras large enough to furnish canoes of groat size, the mulberry, the Spanish o.ak, the sweet and the black gums are the princi|)al tbre.st trees,, witli an undergrowth in the openings of dogwood, various haws, (-rab apples, wild grapes, buckthorns, etc. In the forests covering the lower lands, which slope buck to the swamps and reservoirs, the cow oak takes the place of the white oak, while the over-cup white oak occurs everywhere in the more or less saturated soil. Here the sweet gum reaches its greatest size, and here grow also in great perfection the bitter-nut, the elms, hornbeams, whit(! ash, box-elder, and red maples of enormous size. The honey locust, water oaks, and red and Si)anish oaks are equally common. Here, among the smaller trees, the holly attains its greatest development, with hornbcans and wahoo elms, while papaws, haws, and privets form the mass of the dense undergrowth, which, interspersed with dense cane-brakes, covers the ground under the large trees. " The region covered by these splendid forests of hard woods possesses a wealth of timber of the most valuable kinds and in surprising variety. They occupy by far the greatest part of Sunflower and the adjoining counties between the Mississippi river and the hills which border upon the Yazoo to the east. Most of the clearings made in this region before the outbreak of the war, by the ])lanters settled lower down, have since been abandoned and arc again densely covered with the young growth of the trees of which the forest was originally composed. During the last few years, however, the country has been entered again for cultivation by a class of small farmers, who from being farm hands have now risen to the position of independent landholders. It is astonishing to see the utter disregard of these settlers for the forest wealth of the country, which in a short time could not fail to be of great commercial value. On the shores of Indian bayou may be seen clearings with hundreds of the finest black walnuts among the ilctadened trees, while many of the noblest specimens of this valuable timber tree are felled for fence rails or trifling purposes. The amount of oak and hickory timber destroyed here annually is amazing. It is generally believed, however, that not one acre in fifty over this whole region of hard-wooroperty of the state, planters have added many of these cypress tracts to their estates by ))urcha8e ; many others ha »'e been acquired by companies formed to construct artificial channels by which the timber may be floated to the nearest streams. The richest and most extensive of these groves of cypress, already more or less in the hands of ci'Mitalists, are found along Steele's bayou, between Deer creek and the Sunflower river, in Washington county ; between that stream and the lower course of Bogue Phalia, aud between the Mississippi river and Black creek above Greenville There is also a very large body of cypress inclosing the ' California brake', upon the Little Sunflower, in the counties of Bolivar and Ooahoma, extending through Tallal'.atchie county to the Yazoo river. "The traflic iu cypress biuiber in the Yazoo region dates from 1830. In 1838 it was commenced upon the Sunflower river and Deer cieak, teu years after the first settlements were established upon the banks of these streams; since that time rafts have been sent regularly to New Orleans, aud camps of lumbermen have been established in every direction, the forests, particularly those upou the public domains, being regarded as the Uiidisputed property and lawful prey of the log-getter. In consequence the cypress groves have been, if not entirely destroyed, largely culled of their best timber wh,.-rever it could be obtained without investment of capital, that is by simply floating the logs to the streams at times of freshet and overflow. "The cutting of these cypress forests is not wisely regulated under the ownership of the slate. These lands have been thrown into the market at 50 cents an acre with the condition of settlement. Beneflcial as such a law might prove in the disposal of lands iit ibr cultivaiion, it results, iu the case of timber-land unfit for the plow, in the reckless destruction of one of the surest sou'-ces of public revenne. The state thus sells for 50 cents what on its face is worth to the purchaser lumdreds of dollars, and which, when deprived of its value and rendered forever worthless, will be turned back to the stiite again. "Much of the destruction of the timber can be traced to wasteful methods practiced by the negroes. Under present methods any one having rentetl a plantation will, for the most trifling wants, cuf down a tree, regardless of size, and without any ettort to preserve for future use the parts not immediately wanted, so that the next quarter of a century will probably see the entire destruction of the vast quantities of timber stored in the whole of this great territory." LOUISIANA. The const of I^ouisiana is bordered by saline nuirshes and savannas extending inland from 10 to 40 miles, or is covered with a scattered growth of cypress occupying extensive fresh-water swamps peculiar to the region. In Vermillion, Calcas' u. Saint Martin's, an«l Saint Lundry parishes considerable treelchs areas, open grassy prairies in the borders of the forest, occur. With these excei)tions Louisiana wasoriginally covered with a dense and varied forest growth. The Maritime Pine Belt covered the eastern portion of the state nearly to the i^mite river, or until checked from further western development by the alluvial deposits of the Mississippi. Forests of i)ine, too, occupied the western part of the *Mate north and south of the Hed river. The pine flats of Calcasieu were covered with forests formed almost exclusively of the long-leaved pine, which, farther north, mixed with oaks aud various hard-wood trees, extends over the high rolling country whii^h stretches from the Sabine northeasterly nearly to the Ouachita river. The northeastern part of the state was covered, outside of the broad bottom lands of the rivers, with a heavy forest of short- leaved ])ine {PinitH mitiH) mixed with upland oiiiks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The bottom lands and all that part of the state bordering the Mississippi were covered with a heavy growth of the trees peculiar to such low, rich soil throughout the Gulf region. The high blufis which occur at difi'ereut points along the Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, and other streams flowing through the western part of the state were covered with a noble forest of evergreen magnolias min^vied with beeches, water oaks, and gums. The most valuable forests of the state are still almost intact, although the pine has been cut from the banks of the I'earl river and some of its tributaries, ami from along the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad, to furnish the New Orleans market with luml.er. Pine has also been cut along the Sabine river, from both forks of the Calcasieu, along the Red river in the neighborhood of Alexandria and Shreveport, and more recently in ('atahoula |)arish, along Little river. The river swamps and rolling hills in the eastern and northern l)art8 of the state still contain vast bodies of valuable hardwood forest yet untouched by the ax. The forcf^s of Louisiana, uninvaded as yet by the mainifacturers of naval stores, have not greatly sufl'eri'd from forest fires. During the census year only (i4,410 acres of wootllaud were reported as burned over by fire, with a loss of only ^(>,800. These fires were generally set to improve pasturage, or by careless hunters ejimpiiig in the forest. A small amount of cooperage stock is made in New Orleans almost entirely from cypress and pine, although that city has long been an imporUiut print of export for oak staves and headings brotight there from Arkansas and J without outlet, ees, confines the produces timber ime of the year still i-etain their e state, piantera ed by companies ns. Ttie richest are found along hat stream and nville Tliere is the counties of snced u{)on the i banks of these men have been egarded as the n, if not entirely ipital, that is by e. These lands il as such a law for the plow, in 0 cents what on cndered ibrever egroes. Under »e, regardless of he next quarter e whole of this 0 40 miles, or is :he regiC'U. In assy prairies in nd varied forest r until checked 3, occui)ied th« cd with forests ous hard-wood o the Ouachita rivers, with a lus trees. The 'th of the trees t points along a were covered in the banks of ; New Orleans nc river, from lort, iiiid more and northern eatly Hnfi'eri>d ?r by fire, with unipiiig in the M I tine, although Arkansas and RKif ' .; WW : 11 : f i &'<• i-ilt 1 til •1 ' THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 537 TenneKseo by river. T]ic magnificent liard woods common over much of tlio state can supply abundant material I'ur many important industries wliich already at the north sufler fron> the exhaustion and deterioration of the local timber supjdy. The following rough estimates of the amount of t he long leaved and short-leaved pine standing in the state have been prepared by measuring upon a large-scale map areas occupied by the i)ine forests, which coincide al'nost exactly with geological formations. From these areas the totals of clearings as returneed east and west by rail, and in small schooners to Mexican and West Indian ports. A comparati^ '3ly small amount of lumber is manufactured at New Orleans from logs cut in eastern Louisiana and towed through lake L'ontchartrain and the canals to tlie city, and along the river front from logs rafted out of the Ked, Little, Black, and other streams of northern Louisiana. New Orleans, however, is principally supplied with lumber sawed at Gulf ports, in spite of its position with reference to the most valuable hard-pine forests upon the continent, its large local demand for lumber a.id all saw-mill refuse, and its facilities for export, which would seem to indicate that it must become the most important center of lumber manufacture and distribution in the soutii. SnuiU (pumtities of pine lumber have long been manufactured upon the Red t'wer near Alexandria; short leaved pine (Pinus mitis) is sawed at 8hr3veport, and in small quantities for lociil consumi)tiou at othir points in the northern parisiies. MOSS (HNNINO. New Orleans is the center of the " mo.ss-ginning" industry of the United States. The "moss" {Tillnndiiia uaneoiden), a common epiphyte, growing in great (]uiii)tities u])on the cypress, live ouk, and other southern trees, is gathered, by men known as " swampeni", in the swamps of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. The moss when gathered is piled near the swamps and allowed to rot during ten or twelve months. It loses in this process alxtut 90 percent, of its weight, and is thiui shipped to New Orleans, where it is cleaned, dried, and ginned, losing in this latter operation 'Mi p'>r cent, in weight. The prepared moss is used in upholstery, either alone or > 538 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. HI/ Pi '"h 'AT •' L' mixeil with linir. The product of the New Orleans factories is principally ahii)p('(l to tlic western states, a comparatively small amount being sent to Enrope. Six moss factories are located in New Oricans, and there are also small establishments at Plaqnemine and at Morgan City, Louisiana, and at Pensacola, Florida. New Orleans received during the year ending August 31, 1881, 3,500bales of rough moss, weighing ](),000,000 pounds, and valued at $315,000. A considerable amount, however, is ginned in the country atiiiy gathered. The wages earned by the swampers, too, are not large, and the gathering of moss is only resorted to when more profitable employment upon farms cannot be obtained. The following extracts are from notes of a hasty journej' made through the forest region of western Louisiana ' »y Dr. Charles Mohr : " For the investigation of the important pine region of western Louisiana I selected Alexandria as my starting point. Situated almost centrally between the forests of long-leaved pine which skirt both sides of the Red Kiver valley. Alexandria is the seat of the actual lumber trade and the ))oint where the lumber interests of this great timber region must bo developed in the future. Little is left of the vast cypress swamps which once covered the alluvial lands on the Mississipjji river below the mouth of the Eed river and the lower basin of that stream. It is only in the most inaccessble swamps, cut off from all communication with the rivers, that patches of this timber remain. The ever-increasing demand for this lumber has almost exhausted the available cypress of the Red River country, and cypress is now .irawn from the forest farther north bordering the Black and Ouachita rivers. The lowlands along the river front, subject to inundation and devoid of drainage, present in their tree growth the same features as ti>e low forests of the Mississippi and the Yazoo valleys. The bitter pecan flourishes here luxuriantly, and with it the white ash, the swamp over-cup oak, the persimmon, sycamore, sassafras, sweet gum, and cottonwood. The green ash is common, and in better-drained localities the willow, white, cow, and led oaks appear, with elms and occasional pecans. Twelve or 15 miles below Alexandria the first pines are seen looming up in the forest; upon a nearer approach they are recognized as the loblolly. A short distance farther uj) the river, upon sandy blulfs fronting tiie western shore, fine specimens of the short-leaved pine are observed, associated with black oaks, Spanish oak, tiie black-jack, and nuuiy of the shrubs peculiar to the drift of the coast pine region east of the Mississijypi. The wide bottom lands of the river upon which Alexandiia is situated extend west to bayou Bceuf. This district, unsurpassf '. in fertility and regarded as the garden of Louisiana, has but little left of the forest with which it was once covered. The pecan trees alone of the original forest growth have been spared from the general destruction. Of these, fine specimens line the roadsides and dot the fields. The unsightly honey locust occupies the waste low places, in company with a second growth of willows, hackberries, and catalpas. The shores of bi\, ' 'iiEuf are covered with a variety of trees. Cypresses line the brink of the water; beyond these, sycamores, bitter gums, sweet and white gums, pecans, watc* and willow oaks, red and white elms, red maple, and ash occupy the gentle acclivities, with a dense undergrowth of smaller trees — the dogwood, several haws, wahoos, catalpas, Carolina buckthorn, southern prickly ash, etc. Ascending the ridge to the nplands the deep alluvial soil is left behind, and the light sandy loams of the Tertiary strata make their appearance, and with this change ot soil rhe vegetation changes as suddenly. Stately loblolly pines rise above the groves of post, black, and Spanish oaks, and where the ridge descends again to what might be called the second bottom of bayou Ba>af, a forest of white oak is entered, which contains a stand of timber seldom equaled. On the long, gentle swells these are associated with fine Spanish oaks, a few pig-nuts and mocker-nuts, and in the depressions with red oak, elms, ash, and other trees found on soil of good quality in the same latitude east of the Mississippi river. •'The hills formed by the sandstone drift gravels rise suddenly from the plain covered with tie forest of the long-leaved pine, comparing favorably both in the size and number of the trees with the best timber districts in the Coast Pine Belt of the eastern Gulf states. Trees under 12 inches in diameter are rarely seen, as is the case everywhere in these umlisturbed primeval pine forests. The soil of this region is closer, more retentive of moisture, and richer in plant-food than that in the Maritime Pine Region east of the Mississippi. The pines here are therefore of more rapid growtL and below the standard of qnality for which the pine produced on the poor, siliceous ridges of lower Mississippi and Alabama is so highly valued. The numerous streams which cut their way through these pine hills are fringed with many of the evergreens peculiar to the eastern Qulf const; and magnolias, the r«'d and white bay, wax myrtles, willows, and the devilwood are common. " The i)ine region west of the Red River valley sjtreads westward to the Sabine, forming i)art of the great i)ine forest whi'h extends far into eastern Texas. Southward it constantly increases in width , and its lejigth from north to south, where it verges upon the lower maritime prairies of the Calcasieu, is not less than 100 miles. It includes the whole of the parish of Vernon, the largest part of Calcasieu, and jmrtions of thejjarishesof Natchitoches and Rapides, covering an area of about 4,500 s(|uare miles. The northern poition of this belt is one vast primeval forest. The small inroads made by the scattered settlers and the few small saw-mills which supply a small local THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 539 tern Louisiana demand are too insipiiiicant to be taken into aeconiit. In the soutltern portion of this forest the saw-mills on the Sabine river and at Lake Charles liave already removed some timber from tlie banks of the principal streams. " The region of long-leaved pine which skirt.s the eastern conflues of the Red llivcr valley, and which at its Bonthern extremity almost tonehea the river banks, may be ealled the central pine region of west Louisiana. The village of Pineville, opposite the city of Alexandria, is the center of the lumber trade of this region. The high, undulating uplands formed of the Pliocene-Tertiary strata which here front the river bear a growth of loblolly and short-leaved pine mixed with upland oaks. A few miles to the eastward, however, upon the hills covered with drift, the forest of long-leaved pine apjiears. The surface in this central pine region is more broken, the soil poorer, more porous and siliceous than west of the Red River valley, and the timber produced licre is of unsurjiassed quality. An average of ri(»t less than fifteen trees to the acre, with a diameter of over 15 inches 3 feet from the ground, grow here. The i)roduction of lumber is limited to saw-mills situated 7 or 8 miles from the river. They have been gradually removed from its banks as the timber was exhausted on a line 7 or 8 miles in length north and south from Pineville. The production of these mills amounts in the aggregate to 40,000 feet a day. The lumber nninufactured here supplies the jiopnlation of the Red River valley as far west as Shreveport. " Tlie rolling uplands which extend to the edge of the river at Shreveport are covered with a heavy, cold, clayey soil almost impervious to water ; they bear an open growth of oaks, among which the post oak is the prevailing species, finding here the conditions most favorable to its growth. The Spanish oak, invariably called west of the Mississippi river red oak, with fine black jack makes up the larger part of the tree growth. Hickories, represented by the pig-nut and mocker-nut, are not frequent, and are of small size. The blirck oak is found in localities with somewhi.t rocky surfiice and loose subsoil, while white oaks occur along the base of declivities where an accumulation of vegetable matter has been deposited. The undergrowth in these woods is scanty, and consists for the most part of seedling oaks. Where, however, the forest has been entirely removed, the loblolly pine takes exclusive possession of the soil. These oak forests reach to the northern confines of the state and extend west into Texas. In their southern extremity toward the pine region the soil is better, and the white oak becomes the prevailing forest tree. My attention was directed to the fact that since the removal of the raft of the Red river the drainage of the upper part of tVe valley has been greatly improved, and many of the lakes and swrmps formerly continually inundated are now dry, svhile the swamp forest growth, including the cypress, is dying, or has already d >A. "Opposite Shreveport tlie valley spreads out into an extensive plain from 8 to 10 miles in width, descending imperceptibly »s it recedes from the bank of the river. These lowlands are mere swamps, often deeplj- overflowed by the backwater of the river, which finds its way through the numerous bayous and inlets which intersect this plain. The forest growth covering these swamps i» of inferior size, ajid consists of but few species. The cypress occupies the overflowed swamps, but it is always below medium size, and I did not notice a single specimen 2 feet in diameter. The saline, gypsum soil does not seem suited to its full development. The water locust finds here its favorite home. It is very common in moist localities not subject to constant inundation. The wood of tiris tree is fiii hard iind durable as that of the common honey locust, and is employed for the same pur])oses; that is, in the manufacture ot stirrups, blocks, hubs, etc. The green ash is frequently seen here growing with the wahoo, hornbeam, holly, and privet, aiul forming broad clumps of great luxuriance beneath the larger trees. After passing Cross bayou the land gently rises, and, with better drainage, the trees of the swamps disappear and are replaced by a more varied and valuable timber growth. The white ash and white and red oaks are the more common treos in the woods which skirt the base of the ridges forming the east iru limits of the valley of the Red river. At this j)oiut they are separated from the low hills of the Pliocene sandy loams by a pretty, clear stream, the Red Chute, wliich runs swiftly over its bed along the base of the uplands; these form long, gentle, swelling slopes, or spread out into broad flats more or less d-'ficient of drainage. The ridges are all wooded with upland oaks and short-leaved jtines, while the loblolly i»ine, with water and willow oaks, sweet and black gums, cover the depressions and damp Hats. The tree growth upon these ridges is vigorous. 1 have nowhere found the short-leaved pino of finer proportions, equaling in size and length of clear trunk the long-leaved species. This region of the short-leaved pine, with its low, heavily-timbered ridg»'s, is similar in character of soil and vegetation to the pine hill of central and northern Mississiitpi, and might be designated as the region of the pine hills of northern Louisiana Between lake I}o«lcau and lake Bibtineau the suriace of the country is very often imperfectly draine«l, and tl.ere the loblolly pine is the prevailing tree. A few miles back of Rellevue, in Ilossier parish, the level forest is interru])ted by a slrij) of prairie from 1 mile to 3 miles wide, covered with a cold, soapy, gray soil imi)ervious to water. On these natural mead«»ws no tree or shrub is growing, exciept a peculiar Crntmjnn, new to nie. (<() It is a small tree or large shrub, forming strictlydefined, impenetrable, dense thickets a few rods or of several a(!res in extent. In its arborescent form it rises to a height of frwni 15 to 20 feet, with a more or less bent trunk 0 or 7 inches in diameter, sjireading its (!rooked liad)s at a height of from 4 to G feet above the ground. The fruit is said to be as large as that of the api)lo haw, sweet aiul edible; it is eagerly eaten by swine, which fatten upon it. This tree is here called by the jieople 'hogs' haw'. a Cratagv* brachyacanilia, Sargent and EnKeluiaun. 540 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ,1 i 4 ''On the decline wluch leads to the valley of bayou Dauchitta, the flatwoods give way to a fine growth of Spanish and post oaks, elms, and gums. * "The western bank of the bayou is confronted by hills of the post-Tertiary sands and gravels which westward form a successijn of steep ridges heavily wooded with the upland oaks and short-leaved pine. The narrow creek boltoms inclosed between these ridges are watered abundantly by springs ami clear streams shaded by white and red bay, hollies, azaleas, and kalmias. The greine-hill region is sparsely settled, and, remote from w iter and rail communication, its original stores of pine and hard-wood timber have scarcely been touched. "An intimate knowledge of the forest growth in this section was obtained by an excursion over the hills to bayou iJauchitta above its entrance to lake Bistineau. In the localities of the best drainage in this valley the cow oak is very common, mixed with the white and post oaks, while sweet gums, black gums, water and willow oaks, and hackberries occupy lower situations. On the immediate banks and in tiie sloughs small cyi)ress trees are common, mixed with the bitter pecan, the hornbeam, the water locust, and the sycamore. The loblolly pine takes possessiim of every opening in the forest, descending the high hills, while numerous haws border the edges of the forest. In the bottoms and along the declivities, the Chickasaw and the American plum are found of larger size than farther east. Loblollies and hickories with the black and post oaks occupy the lower declivities, and upon the heights the yellow pine mixed with upland oaks forms tine forests." TEXAS. The most important forests of Texas are found in the extreme eastern part of the state, where the Maritime Pine Belt of the soutli Atlantic region extends to about midway between the Trinity and the Brazos rivers. A forest of long leaved pine occupies most of the territory between the Sabine and the Brazos south of the thirty-first degree of nortli latitiule, reaching south to within 20 miles of tiie coast Beyond the long-leaved pine forests, forests of the loblolly pine, mixed with hard woods, stretch westward oO or CO miles, while north of these two regions a third division of the pine belt, comi)osed of :i heavy growth of sliort-Ieaved iiin«' mingled with upland oaks, occupies the rolling ridges which extend northward to beyond the Bed river. The swamps which line the larger streams flowing into the Gulf, especially within the limits of the pine belt, still contain large bodies of cypress. The quality of the Texas cypress, however, is inferior to that grown east of the Mississip})i river, and probably one-third of the tim\)cr growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Nueces rivers is "pegiry" or aft'ected by dry rot. West of the ))ino belt open forests largely coi:)i)osed of post and black jack oaks occur, gradually decreasing in density, and finally, west of the niiu'ty-seventh degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west, however, the "lower'' and "upper cross-timbers", two rennukable bodies of timber, composed of small and stunted specimens of these oaks, extend from the kndian territory far south into the prairie ''egion, occupying long, narrow, irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial deposits overlie the limestone of the prairie region. A belt of forest, largely composed of ])Ost and black-jack oaks, varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of the Trinity nearly to the "S'ueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of from 50 to 00 miles inland, the trend of the coast. The bottom lands east of the one hundredth meridian are lined with the deciduous trees which occupy similar situations in the eastern Gulf states. Near the coast the bottom lands of the large rivers, often several miles in width, are covered with dense forests composed of enormous trees. Farther west the bottoms gradually narrow, the number of arborescent species covering them decreases, an«l individual trees are small and stunted. West of the Colorado river the forests of the Atlantic region are rejdaced outside of the bottom lands by Mexitian ibrmsof vegetation ; the hills are covered with a stunted growth of mesquit, Mexican persimmon, various acacias, and other snmll trees of little value ex<;ept for fuel and fencing. An imi)ortant tree in the forest of western Texas is the cedar covering the low limestone hills which occui)y hundreds of square miles north and west of the Colorado riVer, in Travis, Bastrop, Hays, Comal, and adjacent counties. West of the one hundredth uu>ridian all forest growth disappears, with the exception of a few scattered cottonwoods, elms, and hacikberries, confined to the narrow bottoms, and a shrubby growth of mesquit, which covers the plains of western Texas, furnishing the only fuel of the region. The mountain ranges, outlying ridges of the Rocky mountains, which occupy the extreme western part of the state, are covered with an open, stunted forest of western i)ine8 and cedars, with which mingle the post oak, the yellow oak, and other species of the Atlantic region. The pine belt coveritig the eastern counties of the state is alone important as a source of lumber supply. Areas of river-bottom land covered with trees are, as compared with the area of the state, insignificant in extent, and these river belts of forest are entirely insufiicient to sujiply even the mere local wants of the nearest settlements. The «)ak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western prairies and plains, are, except along their extreme eastern borders, composed of snmll, stunted trees, often hollow, defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway tics. The forests of the western niountains are ne growth of licb westward narrow creek wbite and red ing. In these ' common and urthward into ottcnis of the V iter and rail er the hills to his vaHey the er and willow cyi)rcs8 trees loblolly pine dor the edges )und of larger L'clivities, and the JSIaritime !()s rivers. A he thirty-first pine forests, of these two I upland oaks, iue the larger OS of (ry press, luid probably od by dry rot. ly decreasing arther west, 1 and stunted long, narrow, II. A belt of southwest of W to tiO miles he deciduous of the large ther west the lual trees are :oni lands by mon, various ivhich occujiy and adjacent Tew scattered which covers •idges of the itt'd forest of lantic region, iiilier supply. I extent, and settlements, less western ifteu hollow, Duutauis are > 'I r r; nil il c V- IT 1' 'jf'titap.: THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 541 /■ N* .^i not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is probably no exaggeration to say that west of the pine belt, and with the exception of the small amount of hard wood found on the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree flt to manufacture into first-class lumber. The pine forests, tlierefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern provinces of Mexico, which must draw their building material from these piuerics. Tlie position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory destitute of timber, although adapted to agriculture and grazing, and wliich must soon bo covered with a considerable population and a net-work of railroads, their richness of comi)08ition, and the facility with which they can be worked, give to them perhaps a gi'cater prospective value than that possessed by any body of timber of similar extent in the United States. During the census year 509,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by fire, with an estimated loss of $273,990, Of these fires the larger number was set to Improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the mesquit over a great extent of territory. Small amounts of cooperage stock and woodenware, principally for local consumption, are nitanufactured in the eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abundant supply of material. The following rough estimates of the amounts of the three kinds of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, were made by multiplying the average stand of timber per acre by the county areas occupied by the pine forests, these being obtained by deducting, from total areas of the county, estimated areas covered by clearings, bottom lands, swamps, etc. : Coantioa. Long-leavrd pine (Pinut paluttrit). Sbort-lcaved pine iPiniumitit). LobluUv pino (IHnut Tada). Feet, board meature. Feet, board meature. 336,000,000 Feet, board meature. 1, 763, 600, 000 1,190,400,000 Angolina l,340,F0O,O0O Bowie 2,380,800,000 570,200,000 2,470,400,000 2,230,400,000 448, 000, 000 598,400,000 Cum 585,600,000 Franklin Oriniea 211,200,000 627, 200, 000 1,827,200,000 Hardin 1,241,800,000 narris 2, 326, 400, 000 521,600,000 483,200,000 Hondorflon Honaton 3,216,000,000 2,634,400,000 Jofforson 288,000,000 2,147,200,000 233,600,000 Libiirtv 41,600,000 Madison 1,187,200,000 2, 326, 400, 000 729, 600, 000 1,555,200,000 Kacogdocbos 1,216,000,000 2,112,000,000 230,000,000 1,193,600,000 2,720,000,000 35, 500. 000 33,000,000 518,400,000 Orango 1, 107, 200, m PoIIj 473,600,000 Red Kiver 272,000,000 2,492,800,000 1 RU8l( 115,200,000 1,648,000,000 1, 625, 600, 000 Sabine San AnguRUno. . .... .. .... 1,833,600,000 Sbelbj 1,884,800,000 425,600,000 2,035,200,000 806, 000. 000 Smith Titus .. . . Trinitv 61,000,000 2,650,400,000 1,987,200,000 Tyler 1 Uiwliur 1,392,000,000 i 20, 000, 000 Van Zaudt Wallter 1,590,400,000 1 19,000,000 i Waller ; •Wood i 1,600,000,000 Total 20,508,200,000 ' 26,093,200,000 j 20,907,100,000 Amount cut for the year ending May 31, 1880 . . . . 66, 450, 000 0140,420,000 i 61,570,000 a Including 30,290,000 shiugles. ; 'i' 542 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ul ll'T ' ^1 J' ! ) The principal centers of lumber manufucture in Texas are Orange and Beaumont, on the Sabine and Nuccea rivers, above 8a]»iuu pas^.. Long-leu ved pine and cypress are sawed here and shipped east and west by rail, and in small quantities by schooner to Texan and Mexican ports. Loblolly i)ine is sawed at a number of small mills upon the line of the International and Great Northern railroad in the counties south of the Trinity river, and a largo amount of short-leaved pine is manufactured in the mills upon the line of the Texas Pacific railroad in the northeastern counties, Longview, in Gregg county, being the principal center of this industry. The product of these mills is shipped west by rail to supply settlers upon the prairies of northern Texas with building material. The following extracts are derived from the notes upon the forests of Texas made by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile : " West of Marshall, upon the Texas Pacific railroad, the surface of the land becomes more broken ; the soil is lighter, more porous, and favorable to the growth of the short-leaved pine, which soon becomes the prevailing forest tree in the woods extending toward the west. Longview, a small town at the junction of the International and Great Northern and Texas Pacific railroads, is situated almost in the center of the short-leaved pine region, and is the seat of an active lumber business. These forests of short-leaved pine, more or less interspersed with oaks, extend to the northern boundary of the state, and southward with an easterly trend to the confines of the region of the long-leaved pine. The short-leaved pine finds its western limits near Mineola. At Palestine, in Anderson county, the uplands are covered with a loamy, somewhat sandy, soil underlaid with a heavy clay. Here a more or less open oak forest is common. The black oak abounds, with the Spanish, black- jack, blue-jack, and post oak, the last, however, always the pi evading species. Next to the post oak the black- jack is the species of widest distribution in Texas, the two species being always found associated together from the northern confines of tha state to the prairies of the coast, and from the east to the treeless regions of western Texas. The bois d'arc {Madura aurantiaca) is common along the banks of the watercourses in eastern Texas, attaining a size large enough to be economically valuable. It is here, however, most probably adventitious from the region in the northwest, where it forms an almost uninterrupted belt of woods from 4 to 10 miles wide, extending from a short distance south of the city of Dallas to the northern frontier of the state, entering the Indian territory between Sherman and Paris. This tree attains a height of from 45 to 50 feet, with a diameter of from 1 foot to 2 feet, and is of ureat value. '^ The timber growth immediately west of the Brazos is stunted and scanty ; large areas of grass land intervene between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disappears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, in gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Milam county a belt of open post-oak woods from 20 to 25 miles in width is entered. It extends from Beltou, in Bell county, southward to the upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of poor quality, sandy, gravelly, and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable mold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near Bastrop; a tract of loblolly pine is found covering nearly four townships, or about 90,000 acres. During the last twelve years all the useful timber on this isolated tract has been cut down. A second growth of pine, however, has sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the land, and promises in a short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper part of McLennan county, near Waco, and extending to the northern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross- timbers of the Wichita. It is known as the 'lower cross timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly 150 miles long, with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and Fort Worth. At a distance of from 20 to 40 miles west of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boundary of the state, with a long western spur following the valley of the Brazos as far as the ninety-ninth meridian. This oak forest is known as ' the cross-timbers '. " Taken as a whole, the country west of the Brazos river, c cept the basin of the Colorado, is a poorly-timbered region. The mesquit was first met with on the declivities of the prairie, which verge here upon the valley of the Colorado. The wood of this tree is hard, finegrained, tougb, ueavy, and of great durabilit}% In the western portions of the state, almost entirely destitute of other timber <;i( wth, it serves, according to its size, a variety of purposes in the economy of the stock ranch, and is there invu!)i sprung up te influence e, assist its h feeds the year after 19 :} ^am II u h. 1 i ■ 1 I i ii ■■ li tii . i; .11 i « ■if .1 M ■'^' DF.l'AR'I'MKNT CF THE INTK!',: , 'R ; ,'Tf- '--^ ■-»■ ■'-■ ,J-1 '^v-;: "I " ^-''"•^■^ i ~ ii:\V*:,-' '■- ^'•.'' 7"'' 'r" " ■: - i .^ : ■-': '"V ' '■ ^ I ■■ ^- ' . , UOvt' , ■"■'1, ■, itlKinLN, W -v-^. J • * jtlFH. r^ ,*t4.HiT» ' 5 (• 0 t T ?^*^?i "'**''''' ;^fi;;""^*« W. PHERSON i - " ' i -- J !^ TAN 'On ' '■'kh- *fKt^ ".1-1 1 I - -'r -',N- 1 - • S A? 1 '■r(\ tK )C'. ■kRC h , V- \ i)i:\sri-^ oi loiU'-.s I s r.i.Mi-rt I I) ; \iii n mi i.iiihi ruts • : J I rt..ii'i ,. ,,mi |..'i .1'- '"> s --s \ ^., r ! "^S A- ±._. il v\ [=•* '( ! ■v^^ ^^^ UJ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 549 " West of the Colorado river the pecan^uiit is pn important product, forming one of the staple articles of export. Shipments of this nut irom San Antonio average annually 1,250,000 pounds, obtained from the bottom lauds of the Nueces, the Kio Frio, Medina, and Bio Concho. A million pounds, obtained irom the Colorado, Guadalupe, Bio Blanco, Fierderelis, Sabinal, Llano, and San Saba rivers, are shipped from Austin, and about a quarter of a million more from Indiauola, gathered on the lower Guadalupe, San Antonio, Colorado, and other streams flowing into the Gulf. The nuts are worth, on an average, 5 cents a pound to the gatherer. *' On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terraces leading to the table-land of northern Mexico, the woous are confined to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The open plains on these table-lands are either entirely destitute of ligneous growth, or, when covered with deeper and more fertile soil, support low copses of mesquit. The western juniper is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding 35 feet in heigi; t, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a bro.:d, round bead. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, fine-grained, bard, and heavy, and in density and durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks sufQciently long to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough construction, posts, palings, etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which surround the channels of the headwaters of the numerous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these hills. Here it forms open groves, with scarcely any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees. These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue the large springs which form such a striking feature in this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few of the. ful'-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil. Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upper part of the Colorado valley, extending toward the south a short distance below New Braunfels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered trstcts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boernc, in Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties." INDIAN TEEBITORY. The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies,^south of which a heavy body of forest composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with a maximum width in the Choctaw nation of GO miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of pine, varying from 10 to 30 miles in length and 2 to 4 miles in width, occur on Sx)avina creek, Illinois river, Salina river. Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 25 miles west of Beams, a station upon the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Smaller bodies of pine are found, too, cast of Beams, and at Striugtown, where lumber is manufactured and shijjped southward by rail into northern Texas. The bottom lands of all the streams flowing through the eastern portion of the territory are heavily tinibei'cl with hard mco Is, and especially those of the Neosho, Verdigris, Arkansas, and Canadian rivers contain great bodies of the finest bl j,ck walnut now growing. A particularly fine growth of this timber extends along the Verdigris river for 50 miles above Cotteeville. West of the region of heavy forest the country is covered with an open growth of upland oaks, among which the most itrominent are the post oak and the black-jack. These forests are interspersed with prairies, olten of considerable extent, which gradually occujjy the whole country outside the bottom lauds. Farther west, between the ninety-seventh and ninety ninth degrees of west lougitiule, the "cross-timber<»" enter the territory from the south. They are composed, as in Texas, of a stunted growth of post oak and blacicjack, and extend nortiiward aci'oys the territory in straggling patches into southern Kansas. The main belt of the "cross-timbers", about 70 miles wide at the Texas boundary, gradually becomes narrower toward the north and northwest, disappearing, at about longitude 99° west, upon the ridges south of the Cimarron river. No returns of the amount of lumber manufactured in the territory have been received, nor other than the most general information in regard to its forest covering. ABKANSAS. Heavy forests cover the state of Arkansas, with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally contlned to Praiiie and Arkansas counties, north of the valley of the Arkansas river, and the western borders of the state. North of the Arkansas river tiie foro.sts are mostly composed of the deciduous trees of the Mississippi basin, through which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, in whicl^ the short-leaved pine, the only si>ecies found in 'If ' III J I 'I 544 THE FOREStS OF THE UNITED STATES. northern Arkansas, is niixod witli tlic lianl woods. The soutliwestern part of the state south of the Arkansas river and west of the broad, level jdain of the Mississippi is covered ontside the river-bottom lands with an almost continuous forest of i)ine, in which the short-leaved species occupies the high, dry ridges a.id the loblolly the moist soil above the bottoms. Great bodies of cypress cover the extensive swamps that stretch along the eastern border of the state or line ;he bottoms of the White, Arkansas, Washita, and Red rivers. The hard- wood foresta of the state are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the finest oak, walnut, hickory, and ash timber. Black walnut of large size is still widely scattered over the state, and is partif'ularly abundant in the valley of the Red and other S(mthern rivers. The pine forests are almost intact. Settlements made for agricultural purposes have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few yesirs has pine lumber been manufactured in the state, except to supply a verj' limited local demand. Recently, however, comparatively small quantities of lumber manufactured at inimerous railroad mills, principally established south of the Arkansas river, have been shipped north and south out of the state. The forests of Arkansas have received comi)aratively little damage from fire. Pine generally succeeds pino even on burned land, although upon certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black and red oaks, or, in the southern part of the state, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lands. During the census year 858,115 acres of woodhuid were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $259,470. The lai'gest number of th'jse fires was due to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, or to hunters camping in the forest. Industries consuming hard woods are still in their infancy in Arkau-sas, although doubtless destined to attain an important development. Rough white-oak staves are largely manufactured in the White River country and in the northeastern part of the state for eastern and European markets. A considerable trafiic exists in the southwestern counties in the wood of the Osage orange, used for wheel stock, and more recently as i)avemeut in Saint Louis and other northern cities. The following estimates of the amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas May 31, 1880, were prepared by Professor F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville : SHORT-LEAVED PINE {Pinua mitU). ■ . ■ :> Conntios. Feet, boaid meu«ui'c. i Ciiuiitien. •ri-> il Asbley . . Baxt<>r... Boone . . . Bradley. . Calhoun . Canx)ll... Clarku... Clay Columbia . .. Craigbvnd .. Cross Dallas Dorsiy Drew Faulkner . . . Fulton Garland Grant Gicene Henipstoad . Total. 1, 655, 187, i;4, 1, 1 10, 1, .IIO, 1.-.9, 1, •2X0, 3, 1, 866, 18, M, 1, n,')9, 728, 482. 42, 146, 1, 805. 207, 38, 1,17fi, 000,000 1 oou, uoo otio, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 OOO, 000 000,000 000,000 ! 000, 000 000,000 0(111, 000 000,000 j 000,000 I 000, 000 , 000,000 ! 000,000 I 000,000 I 000,000 I Hot ''tiring lIo\N ard Indepontlenco . Izard .rcffcrson Jobnsoii La Fayette .... Loc Lincoln Lillle Uivcr ... Lojian Lounko Miidison Marion Miller Monroe Montfjomery... Nevada Nowtun Ouachita Feet, board measure. 1,348,000,000 ' , 2.'>4, 000, 000 93, 000, 000 242, 000, 000 518, 000, 000 248, 000, 000 586, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 105, 000, 000 000, 000, 000 551, 000, 000 20, 000, 000 55, 000, coo 207, 000, 000 622, 000, 000 , 80, 00(1, 000 2, •81,000,000 '.,453,000,000 767, 000, 000 1, 384, 000, 000 Counties. Feet, beard measure. Perry Phillips Pike Poinsett Polk Pope Pulaski Saint Francis. Salino Scott Searcy Sebastian Sevier . Sliarp .Stone T'nion Vanllureu White Yell 1,023. 21, 1, 695, 45, 2, 592, 208, 008, 7, 03S, 1, 516, 166, 213, 069, 35, 179, 2, Ml, 435, 2't, 1,306, 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000,000 000,000 on, 000 000, OOO OOO, 000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, OOO 000, COO 000, 000 000,000 300,000 000, oeo 000,000 000,000 Cat for the ceoana year ending May 31, 1880 (including 57,943,000 shingles and 2,881,000 laths) . 41,31.5,000,000 129, 781, 000 TENNESSEE. {■■■ ' U w. I «-n* - '- -tr ■ . ■ £'" " Jr-v 1 .1 ■■ ^ 1 1 I ,'■. !» I ■! The western counties of Tennessee are covered with heavy forests, similar in distribution and density to those which occupy the Yazoo region of western Mississippi. The river swamps in this part of the state still contain !argo bodies of cyjjicss, while the hills are covered with oaks, hickories, and other hard- wood trees. The central portion of the state, now largely cleared for cultivation, was once covered with forests of hard wood, remnants of which are still found upon rocky ridges or land unfit for agriculture. Nearly through the center of this middle district, extending north and sovith, "the cedar glades" occupy an ext^'iisive region of Silurian limestone. Here the characteristic growth consists of red cedar {Junipirus Virginiana), often forming stunted forests of considerable extent, to the exclusion of other species, or is mixed with the honey locust, a characteristic species, also, of this well-marked n*gion. le Arkausas :h an almost loblolly the the eastern ivood forests oak, walnut, particularly Settlements V years has ly, however, hed south of icceeds pine sed of black ds. During of $259,470. era camping ted to attain intry and in id for wheel ere prepared lity to those )ntain !argo tral portion ts of which lie district, Here the onsiderablfl ilso, of this ill w '%' ' if V iii ; 5 ill \ i' H'; \k i ! THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 545 The eastern part of the state, occnpied by the Gauiberlaud plateau and the high ranges of the southern Alleghany mountains, is covered with a heavy forest of oak and other hard woods, mixed at high elevations with hemlock, pine, and spruce, and constituting one of the finest bodies of timber now standing in the United States. It contains, besides white and cbestnut oak of fine quality, much yellow poplar, black walnut, and cherry. In f'e southeastern counties, especially in the valley of the Tennessee river, the hard-wood forests have been, however, already destroyed over largo areas to furnish charcoal for the iron-manufacturing industry established here. During the census year 985,430 acres of woodland were reported devastated by flro, with a loss of $5,254,980. Of these fires the largest number was set in the careless clearing of land for agriculture or to improve grazing, and by hunters, locomotives, etc. Mr. A. G. Willey, of Manchester, Tennessee, has supplied the following statement in regard to the effects produced upon the forest growth by the annual burning of dead herbage to improve pasturage : "EFFECT OF FIRES UPtiN THE FOEEST. "The practice of burning timber-land, said to have been of Indian origin, has been continued by the white settlers. The native grasses do not die down when killed by frost; they simply die standing, and the young grass in the spring has to push through the old tuft, which is often 6 or 8 inches high. The fires are set in the timber and old fields to burn these tufts, that stock may graze +" r or six weeks earlier than if the old herbage had been left upon the ground. In the barrens and on the Cumberland plateau the timber is principally oak of various kinds, which do not shed their leaves at once when killed by frost, or rot when partially green, but remain dry upon the trees and fall gradually during winter and spring. The largest portion, therefore, are on the ground in February, the time when fires are set. The eflect of these fires is to destroy all the natural sources of fertility, grass, leaves, and fallen timber. Had these been allowed to accumulate, what are now called barren lauds would be the most fertile in the state. The practice kills, too, the young trees, so that some of the most valuable timber that the land is suitable to produce is unable to stand. The black-jack, post oak, black oak, etc., however, on account of the protection aflbrded by their thick bark, are able to gain some headway, and so crowd out more valuable trees. The state law makes it a misdemeanor with heavy i)enalty for any one to set fire to and bum a neighbor's land; but the difiiculty of detection and conviction in such cases makes this law non-effective. These are the causes and ettects of forest fires in this section; they never occur here in summer." Considerable cooperage and wheel stock is manufivctured in Tennessee, but, except in the eastern part of the state, manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of the best hard woods, especially white oak. In the eastern counties the manufacture of oak staves and other industries using . hard woods are capable of large development. The principal center of lumber manufacture in tlie state is Nashville, where several mills saw large quantities of black walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, oak, etc., received by raft from the upper Cumberland river in Tennessee and Kentucky. The local market takes about one-third of the lumber manufactured hero, the i-emainder being sent north and east by rail. Memphis, on the Mississippi river, is also an important manufacturing center. The mills here are largely supplied by rafts from Jlissouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and saw largo quantities of cypress, ash, poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hardwood lumber numufacturod in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion, and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jeilorson, largely from logs obtained in the vicinity of the mills, is principally consumed locally. KENTUCKY. The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cyi)res8, gum, and various water oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, was once covered witli the oaks, walnuts, aiul hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and southeastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain great bodies of the best hiid wood, especially black walinit, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are particularly fine and abundant in Boll, Harlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the falls of the Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upper waters, and inaccessible to rail communication, are still practically uninjured, and probably unsurpassed in the amount, quality, and value of the timber which they contain. The destructiou of forests to supply numerous iron furnaces with charcoal has been great in the northeastern counties, and no small part of this region has already been cut over. During the census yea'.- 550,047 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $237,635. Of these fires by far the largest luimber was traced to farmers carelessly clearing land for agricultural purposes. In Barren, Edmonson, and other central counties extensive tracts of ])rairie existed at the time of the earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these i)rairie8 in the midst of a heavily-timbered region is ascribed to the annual burning to which they were subjected by the aborigines. With the disappearance of the 35 FOR J" :i'^ I'll I ?! 1, i> ' ' m. ii^i> i. ' ^T? 546 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES Indiuus trees sprang up, and this region is now well covered with a vigort^us grovrth of bluek oaiis of diftereut species. White oaks, however, are not abundant, and other species common to the region, such as the walnuts, the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the effect of tires in checking the subsequent grov-*h or development of many useful timber trees. PASTURAGE OP WOODLANDS. The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and soutliern portion of the United States, suffer severely froni the almost univei'sal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice is only more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proportionately larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled iigricultural sections of these states tlie r:"tio of woodland to total area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlonds necessitates, or at least induces, the annual burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What ;^he fires spare, browsing animals devour ; hogs root out seedlingis, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks, are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests of tlie more thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this chaugis of forest composition must be ascribed to the preference of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the n)ost valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by the constant stamping of animals and consequent 2)ackiug of the land about the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual dying of old trees left standing in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. The spread of the mistletoe {PhoradendronJIavescens), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it does not flourish or increase rapidly in the dense forest, and cannot sii.ead except by the agency of birds), is a cause of serious injury to the forest of this whole region. It slowly but surely destroys the trees upon which it obtains a footliold. The black walnut especially suffers from tlie growth of this parasite, which seems destined to destroy tlie finest walnnt timber left standing in the settled portions of the southern central region. Large quantities of cooperage and wheel stock are iirodneeil all over the state, and manufacturers generally rejwrt no scarcity or deterioration of timber, with the exception of white oiik. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of the Tennessee river, in McCrackeu county, where a large amount of cypress, sycamore, gum, oak, walnut, and other lianl wood is nuiuufaetiired for the northern mo^kot from logs rafted down the Tennessee and other streams flowing into the Mississippi; at Frankfort, where poplar, oak, ash, tvalnut, pine, cherry, liickory, and maple logs, rafted from the upper waters of the Kentucky river, are sawed, the lumber being shipped north and east by rail; and at Louisville, where walnut, poplar, and oak lumber is manufactured for local consumption. The mauufacture of pumps and water-pipes from logs of the Jersey pine {Pimts inopn), at one time an important industry at Louisville, has, since the gf eral introduction of city and town water-works, become unremunerative and unimportant. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 547 NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. OHIO. The forests of Ohio were orifiiually c.oinposed of deciduous species, auioug which, in the eastern and especially m the northeastern counties, w'litt; pine and hemlock existed in isolated bodies of no great extent. The original forest has now been generally removed, except from Ottawa, Miami, Montgomery, and a few other western counties, and from swamps and other lands unfit for agriculture f everywhere the walnut and other valuable timbers have been culled, and Ohio must soon depend almost exclusiv«'ly for the lumber which it consumes ui>on the northern pineries and the hard wood forests of the south. During the census year 74,114 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $797,170. Of these fires the largest number was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to hunters, sparks from locomotives, etc. The production of cooperage stock has long been an imjiortant industry in the state; it has ali'eady sufiered from a scarcity and deterioration of white oak, for which elm, beech, maple, and poplar are now often substituted. Manufacturers of wheel stock, furnituie, woodenware, etc., report abundant material for present eonsuMiption. Ohio is sixth among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The business is widely distributed throughout the state, generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills, which threaten the rapid destruction of the reujuauts of iier forests. INDIANA. Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous tiees. Along its western borders these were internipted, however, by numerous small prairies, the extreme eastern outposts of the great treeless region which, toward the north, extended over the counties of IJenton, Newton, and Jasper, and over considerable portions of Lake, Porter, La Porte, Pulaski, White, Tijipecanoe, and Warren counties. These i)rairies have gradually ileereased in area with the settlement of the country, and those originally of small extent are now covered with a vigorous growth of the forest trees of the region. The forests of Indiana are characterized by an almost entire absence of coniferous trees. Stunted white and gray pines occupy the sand-dunes which border the southern shores of lake Slicliigan, and "the knobs" — low, gravelly hills of small extent, in the southeastern river counties — are covered with a heavy growth of the Jersey pine. Swanii)s in the soutiiwostern counties contain cypress, which finds here the northern limit of its distribution. The broad bottom lands and low ridges of this ])art of the state are covered with a forest growth probal)]y unsurpassed in the development of individual trees, and rarely equaled in the richness of its comi)osition. The forests of the state have been largely removed in the develo])ment of its agriculture. No large bodies of the original timber remain. The black walnut with which the forests of Indiana once abounortable nulls and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the ])resent rate of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance. 'I I hi i 1 I I ILLINOIS. The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southern j)ortion of the state, the broad bottom lands of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and the southern third of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state was covered by broad, rolling prairies. Tin- forest growth in this i>rairie region was confined to tL narrow river bottoms and occasional open park like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black-jack, or post oaks, known as " oak openings", 548 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ' 'I: througli which the prairiu ilr.'',s swept, destroying ull uudcrgrowtb, without doing great injury to the full-grown trees. Pi-airle Area have gradually decreased in frequency and violence since the settlement of the state, and these open groves are tiow tilled with a vigorous growth of young seedlings aiid shoots ; their character! >tic features have disappeared, and the area of the forest is gradually increasing. The shores of lake Michigan are covered with a stunted growtli of white pine ; the dry, rocky hillsides in the western part of Union county, one of the southern counties of the state, bear a few yellow pines (Pinm mitis), and cypress is found in the southern river swamps. With tliese exceptions, of little in)portance commercially, the forests of Illinois are composed of deciduous species. During the census year only 48,G91 acres of woodland were rei)orted destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $4i">,775. These fires were generally traced to hunters, and to farmers permitting brush flres to escape to the forest. The production of cooperage stock was once an important industry in southern Illinois. The business has greatly diminished, owing to the exhaustion of the local supply of the best hard woods. Bass, gum, hackberry, elm, sycamore, and other woods formerly considei'ed of little value, are substituted for oak, and Illinois now receives most of its hard wood from Kentifcky, Tennessee, and other southern states. Illinois is eleventh among the states in the volume of its lumber -manufacturing interests. It owes this position to the fact that many large mills sawing pine logs rafted down the Mississippi river from the forests of Wisconsin are established within its borders, and not to the extent and value of the forests of the state. The manufacture of Illinois-grown lumber is small and totally inadequate to supply the wants of the piesent population of the state. Chicago, owing to its general commercial importance and its position with reference to the great pine forests of the northwest, has become the greatest lumber-distributing center in the world. According to the statistics gathered by tha Northwestern Lumberman of Cliicago, and published in that journal January 29, 1881, there were received in Chicago tluring the year 1880 1,419,074,000 feet of lumber by lake and 145,563,118 feet by rail, a total of 1,505,537,118 feet, an increase of 90,817,127 feet over the total receipts of 1879; 650,922,500 shingles were received during the same year. Lumber was received from the lake ports during the year ISSO, as follows : FoiiitH (if slitpmcnt. v4 Ahuapeo Alpcuii Anhlanil lliiy <1»' XiHjuet. . na.vfiild Benton Blark Creek .... lilaikniver Canada ports . . . Caneville Cedar Kiver Charlevoix Cht'ljoy^au Clay Bank Copper Ifnrbov. . Crost* Village ... Depere Dueklnke Eaianalia Ford Kiver Frankfort Grand Haven . . . Green Bay Hamlin Haneoek Holland Kewaunee L'Anse Loland Lim-oln Ludlngtou Lndwig'a pier .. M«ekina\r City. Mani.stee Munitonroc Marquette MaAonville Lumber. Feet. 150,000 i 4,517,000 ' 5,200,000 ;i, 070, 000 080,000 :i, 87(1, 000 4. 825, 000 ; fi, 858, 000 755,000 j 200, 000 i 17, 383, COO ' 1, !)41, 000 33, 250, 000 Shingles. I^umher, I'oiuta uf shipment 1,311,000 100, 000 050, 000 70, 000 233, 000 2,'.0, 000 1,340,000 5,182,000 17, 85(1, 000 D, 505, 000 90, 160, 000 I, .577, CJO 12, 822, 000 300. 000 8.57, 000 110,000 9, 430, 000 970, WSI 1,295,000 103, 7i;(, 000 125, 000 275, 000 165,217,000 7. ,000 2,411,(100 1,030,000 1,011,000 3, 457, COO 0, 91.">, 000 114, 000, 000 22, 502, 000 11, 02«, 000 5, 881, 000 000 300, 000 34, 330, 000 250,011,000 300, 000 622, 000 Menomiiioe Monaatiqite Hntikegon North Bay Oconto Ontonasiiu 0.s('oda .*. Packard's pier Paul's pier Pensaukeo I'entwater Perry's pier Peshtij;o Picrport Point Saint I*niaee. Portage Lake Port Huron Port Shel Ion Ited Kiver Itogers City Kuginaw Kiver Snint Joseph Saupitnek SaultStc. Mario.... Silver Lake South Haven Sturgeon Bay Suaniico Traverse Whitetish Bay White Lake Total Recei]it8 by rail . Grand total . Lamber. Feet. 22.5,110,000 202, 000 451, 8.54, 000 110,000 11,003,000 2, 503, 000 730, 000 2, 081, 000 5C0, 000 0, «flC, 000 9, 590, 000 45, 000 51, 000, 000 3, 355, 000 12,985,000 7;!5, 000 344, 000 180, 000 200, 000 1,960,000 11,926,000 1, G62, 000 4, 014, 000 522, 000 2, 185, 000 3, 650, 000 11,640,009 3,065,000 23, 280, 000 730, 000 (16, 603, 000 Shingles. 1, 419, 1174, 000 145, 563, 118 { Namher. 7011, 000 23, GOO, 000 305, 000 2, 880, 000 3, 190, 000 25, .572, 000 7, 920, 000 3, 867, 001 4, 000, 000 600, 000 300, 000 19, 078, 000 2,480,000 24,750,000 583, 340, 000 67, 582, 800 1,665,637,118 650,922,600 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 549 Lumber was received by rail during the year 1880, as follows : Xnmca of lines. Bnltlinnro iiml Ohio rnilroiul Chini^o itiul Alton raitioiut CliiciiKii mill KuKtciii llliunmrnilrcmil Cliicn;:!! iiiul (iraiid Tiimk rullway ('liira;,'n II ml MortliwcHtfiii riiilway Chiini^d. I)iirliii;!toii, ami (Jnliiry inilrond CliU'aj;o, MilwiiuUpc, ;tii(l Saiiit I'aul railway Cliirnco, lliiiM; Island, anil ratitlc railway llliuoiH (,'i'ntral railroad Lake Slioro nail Mu'hi;:an SitiitUern railway Mii'lii^^an I 'rntral railroad I'ittHlinr^li.Ciuciiiuati, and Saiut f-iiuls railway. Pittflbiirgh, Fort Wayiip, and (Miifago railway.. \Valia»h, Saint I.iinl», and I'ai'itlo railway Linntior. Feet. ShlDK-KS. fi'itmbtr. vm, 000 098, 000 71)», 00(1 .ln«,4l« 7:;7, noil 710,800 47;i, 000 l.".!4, 000 040, 000 g;io, 000 708, 000 4HI,000 .%7, 000 610, 000 70, 000 80, 000 41, Of.', 000 13, 180, TiOO 1,385,000 f<, 1 K<, 000 SO, 000 Total . 145,1163, 118 e7,nS2,8O0 The following account of llie early lumber trade of Chicago is condensed from a paiier prepared by Sir. George W.'notchkiss, secretary of the Chicago lumber exchange, and priuted in the Nortlnvcfitcrn Luniberman under date of March 19, 1881 : "Colonel Mann, residing at Calumet, brought the (irst raft of lumber to Chicago. It was square buihling timber, poled from the mouth of the Oalnmet to the mouth of the Chicago river. The value of thi.s raft was ffHW. and its owner found considerable difficulty in disposing of it. In 1834 or 1835 Captain Carver opened a luuiber- yard on the river bank, near the present site of the State-street bridge, and about the same time a man named Harri.soii owned a small schooner which went to some point across the lake and brouglit in white wood. This little vessel could not enter the river, on account of the bar across its '"outh, and her cargo was uidoaded upon scows and rafts, which were floated southward for half a aile or more, around tlie end of the bar, before they conhl be headed for the deep water of tlie river. In 1835 or 1830 a man named Rossiter had a small dock and yard on the river, between Clark and La Salle streets, and by this time other yards were started on the river. About tlie year 1830 a man named Cainmack had a pit-mill ou the north branch of the river. His son acted as pit-man, the old man being the top .sawyer. It is not unlikely that ths first lumber used in Chicago was manufactured by this metliod, although about the same time a wind saw-mill was located not far from the present Kinzie-street bridge, which found abundant occnjiation in sawing white-wood timber, which then grew in the immediate neighborhood, mixed with elm, ash, basswood, and a few oak trees. History does not record, however, that the market was overstocked by the jiroduet of this mill, or that the lumber dealers of that day hurried to issue a new price list low enough to crush the aspirations of their dangerous competitor. In fact, history is so perfectly silent upon the subject of this sawmill that it is probable its work did not cut much of a figure in the lumber trade of that day, and that, in fact, it proved a veritable wiudmill, of less caliber than the muocle of the Cammacks, who no doubt found greater profit, if harder work, in driving their pit-saw. Captain Carver's lumber-yard was on the river bank, just west of the present State-street bridge, having a light, temporary dock, ujion which the small vessels bringing lumber to the river unloaded. There was at this time (1836 or 1837) no other lumber-yard in the village ujion the river. Captain Carver afterward (about 1839) sold out to George AV. Snow, who occuiiied the same ground for a number of years. " The earliest lumber of which Mr. Hilliard has any recollection came from Saint Joseph, Michigan ; but shortly after his arrival at Chicago a man named Conroe built a mill at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Jones, King & Co., who were then doing a hardware and general business, received and handled his lumber as a side issue. A small pocket saw-mill, built by a man named Huutoon, iu 1836, was located on the river bank not far from the present Chicago-avenue bridge. It was too small to do much work, but was esteemed a very useful and really wouderful mill at that time. The North Side was pretty well timbered with elm, oak, and white wood, and from this timber the mill obtained its stock. After the streets were cut out the wet nature of the ground compelled one who would visit this saw-mill to pick his way to it by jumping from log to log. It was so far from the village to the mill that it was seldom visited, except by those who enjoyed a Sunday walk and could find no objecti'.e point of greater interest for their stroll. The lumber-yard of Tuckerman & Kigginson was located in 1843 on the north side of the river, near the present northwest end of Clark-street bridge. Clark street above Kinzie street had been cleared of timber, and a clear view was to be had as far as the eye could reach in a westtrn direction, brc ;en only by a few scattering trees which had been left as sentinels upon the plain. At this time George W. Snow had a yard on the river, uear State street, and a Mr. Rossiter had also a yard between Newberry & Doles' warehouse, on the south branch of the river, west of what is now Clark street. Barber & Mason had a yard a little farther west, near Wells street. J. M. Underwood and Sylvester Lied each had a yard ou the west side of the river, neat Randolph I;' J w u { II: 550 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. street. This was in 1844. Mr. lliggiiisoii uhtaiiied bis Kupply of lunilier iu tljose daj-a from Hall & Jerome, of Menominee, Michigan, Elisha Bailey, of Pcslitigo, Wisconnin, and Fisii, of Depere. In 184.') he haA a contnuit for 1,000,000 feet witli William F. Ferry, of Grand Haven. Lnmber came also from Kalamazoo river, Saint Joseph, and, Muskegon. In 1.S14 ]Mr. Iligginson purchased a cargo from Jlr. Kose, of Muskegon, and, as it was a beautiful lot of lumber, running '.Mi\ \ivv cent, ujiper grades, ho wa.s willing to i)ay a good ])rice, obtaining it at $5 75 per thousand feet. The first cargo nf Saginaw lumber which reached Chicago was brought by James Fraser, one of the original propriotons of the plat of Bay City, who built two mills at Kawkawlin, in latter years known as the Ballon mills. This was in the year 1847 or 1 848, and tl>e cargo attracted a good deal of attention, because it was the first lot of circular-sawed lumber that had ever been seen by any of the dealers, and because of its general (ileanness of ni>pearance, the attractiveness of a lot of circular-sawed sidings among it, Jid its excellent quality. All these combined to make the cargo a novelty in its way, and it found a sale at $8 per thousand feet, an extra good price for those days. Average cargoes at this time were quoted at $6 60 to $7 for mill-run lumber, culls out, and it did not need a very coarse piece to rank as a ciill. Culls were rated at half price. The retail market held common lumber at abont $8 during the summer, and $9 was asked for dry lumber through the winter. Common included everything below first and second clear ; third clear, selects, picks, and finishing grades generally, being an invention of a later day. First clear sold at from $12 to $10, and second clear at $10 to $12 ; clear, undressed flooring brought $12, and common flooring $10. The lath trade was mostly in what was known as board lath, although narrow lath arrived in small quantities. The trade of the city in 1843 was about 12,000,000 feet, and this was considered as remarkable as to us were last year's sales of 1,500,000,000 feet, or about 140 times as much more." MICHIGAN. Michif.an once possessed a tree covering of great density, richness, and variety. The hard-wood forests of the Ohio vaP'iy covered the southern portion of the state, extending to just north of the forty-third degree of latitude. North Oi this hard-wood belt the character of the forest changed ; the white pine appeared, occupying the drier and more gravelly ridges, and, gradually increasing in size and frequency, became the most important element in the forests of the central and northern portions of the southern peninsula. In the northern peninsula, especially in the basin of the Menominee river, it covered the sandy plains almost to the exclusion of other species. The forests of hard wood, occupying low, rich soil between the pine-covered ridges, were valuable in their stores of sugar maple, birch, ash, beech, oak, and other northci'n trees, while the swamps common in the northern pait of the state abounded in tamarack and yellow cedar of large size and excellent quality. North of the central portion of the lower peninsula large tracts of barren plains exist. One he most extensive of Inese tracts occupies a conside.able portion of Crawford county, covering an area of sei undred square m'les. A second barren region exists in Lake county, and there are others in Ogemaw and Ic. -./unties ; similar barrens occur in the northern 2}eninsulii, the largest iu Schoolcraft and Marquette counties. The soil covering these barrens is a light sandy loam, supporting; a stunted growth of gray pine, birches, poplars, and scrub oak. These sandy plains owe their existence, perhaps, to the continual burning of the forest, prostrated possibly, in the first instance, by tornadoes, and thus aflbrding abundant material for a fire hot enough to consume the vegetable mold of the surface and render the soil unfit to produce a second growth of heavy timber, or in many instances any tree growth whatever. Serious inroads have already been made upon the forests of Michigan. The hard wood has been generally cleared from the southern counties, now largely occupied by ftirms, and the timber remaining in this part of the state, in small, scattered bodies, can hardly suflBce for the wants of its agricultural population. The merchantable white pine has been cut from the banks of the principal streams and the shores of the lakes, and what now remains is remote from water transportation or scattisred in isolated bodies of comparatively small extent The hard-wood forests of the pine belt, however, although greatly injured by fire in parts of the state from which the pine has been cut, and invaded along their southern borders by agricultural settlements, contain, especially in the northern third of the lower peninsula and.throngh the northern peninsula, vast quantities of valuable timber. FOREST FIRES. The forests of Michigan have long sufiered from destructive fires. These have generally originated in the neighl»orhood of the loggers' camps or upon the farms of the agricultural pioneer, while the virgin forest has generally, although not always, escaped serious conflagration.s. The timber prospector and the Iiunter are responsible for many fires in the primeval pine forest of the northwest ; but, as a rule, fires follow sind do not precede the lumberman. The reason is obvious: The logger in his operations leaves the resinous tops, branches, and chips of the pine trees scattered far and wide; these by the following uiidsununer become dry as tinder, and afford abundivnt material to feed a fire started by a careless hunter, log-cutter, or farmer clearing lai;d near the forest. Such fires, which too often follow the cutting of pine forests of the northwest, have inflicted incalculable injury upon the country. They have destroyed vast quantities of hard-wood timber; they have consumed the young ■4^ 21 11 & Jerome, of 1845 he had a ulamavoo river, CRon, and, as it »rice, obtainiag •light by James in latter years al of attention, and because of nd its excellent ' thousand feet, lill-rnn lumber, ce. The retail !r through the inishing grades 0 to $12 ; clear, :nown as board >0,000 feet, and times as much 1 forests of the ree of latitnde. lying the drier int element in nla, especially species. The their stores of rthem part of e he most > undred r>. ^v/unties ; lies. The soil ars, and scrub St, prostrated ^h to consume timber, or in leen generally is part of the merchantable id what now extent The om which the ecially in the le timber. v-eK'*' ■W, nated in the in forest has iuinter are V Jind do not IS, branches, f tinder, and Hid near the iiioalculuble L'd the young II [ir ft' I ■:|i !« 'r -1 *■; ■fr f' A ill; '! i; ' ■ ( 1 ; \m DEPARTMENT uF ^T'HE IN7ER10H «• r wf --. -f-,- l.hilJK.VI) t I'li.li-j 1 ' I.I p.', Mnt H jt'lf.ln Itn-i . rK:\ ■ - • p ■ "" i: 1. ■■' t I- ; •I \ ■ t !! f\ HI ■I'll I i Julius I. >• »ll . Ull Il '1 i !n ■ t '^ -i IM -'■ v^' :tl- ) h.J^ «'v^^ua*4«'^J'^s^ sjL jsiai±, .i^is 4iV£ic' N ■ ^'! » - •! , ,rj u ''n DEFARTMXin OT Tlir IRTHRIOH or -lUK Iinilh.l' .-'.TATF:. IrirT^.'ti h ( » IiII' S.-.il. ip^tiim: nia "i-iiiiniiiniiiiii'i"'"iiT" NiTiBaririBmnMiTr n. timiKj' .-.TATf::; 1 If! '■ 'i I it i'i 11' 1 if, •: 'i , ■ ( w %^ i , 1 1 'i S'l in '^ •'! ^. % i ;| iTiT arn r'Ti "ii [ra~i~ '■n"^-~if7r t'=ia='=™=»" THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 551 pine trees loft by tto logger; they have robbed the soil of its fertility, and made it unfit to produce another crop of pine until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents. In the dense, uncuUed forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absence of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground ivS strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips. During the census year only 238,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of 8985,985. Of the 207 fires reported, IGl were traced to fires set in clearing hmd for agricultural purposes, and which escaped to the forests; 59 to hunters, 13 to sparlcs from locomotives, 3 to smokers, while only 1 was reportetl set by Indians. The liard-wood forests of Michigan have long aflbrded abundant material for large and important industries engaged in the production of cooperage stock, haud'es, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc. Manufacturers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, however, a scarcity and general deterioration of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of th« Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, winch a few years ago were considered of little value, are now in great demand and are fast disappearing, except from regions remote from railroads. Much hard wootl, especisilly in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for manufacturing purposes by partial burning. Next to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other 8t»t«. During the year 1879 3,423,149 pounds were manufactured in the state. m STATISTICS OF GKOWINO TIMBER. . The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. 0. Putnam, of Bau Claire, Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower peninsula especially, of Mr. G. W. Hotchkiss. These, as well as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained by comi)iling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given represent estimates, and not facts. Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are diflicult to obtain and always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread, presents greater difficulties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and mor« easily studied crops of the field. The estinmtes of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from tha ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and trees are now generally estimated and cut as small as S inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount of standing pine had been estimated upon the 8-inch basis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. I'utuam's figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in different parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The following figures, however, are bt lieved to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity of the northwestern pineries. They cover the eutii-e region, and these pine forests now contain no gieat body of unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the country's lumber supply: WHITE riNK (Pinim Sirobun). ! H Begiona. LOWER FENIKSULA. BnaiiiR of strrnniH flowing into Srtginaw bay, including Saginaw river an.btim, Kowcenaw, Baraga, Miirquctto (wi«t and north »,'f McnoniiiU'e baitin),and Mi-nondnio (eawt of Menominee basin) cuiinlieH, Sebooleiaft, Cliipitewn, MaeUinue, and Dt^lta euuutien Total Cut for tlieeeimna year radlnRMiiv 31, 1680 (liieluding 106,482,000 »bln- glCH and 34,20(1.(10(1 latbH). 4, 008, 773, 000 1,000,000,000 2, 400, 000, 000 2, COO, 000, 000 6, UOO, OCO, 000 328, 438, 000 m m ■\Ui 652 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 'if i An cstiniat<3il amount of 575,500,000 cords of bard wood is distributed over some 20,000,000 acres in the lower peninsula. Of this about 20 per cent, is suitable for lumber and cooperage stock. Tbe cut of bard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 103,821,000 staves and 18,507,000 sets beadiugs, and including 6,038,000 feet of spool stock), was 440,944,000 feet. In scattered swamps tbere are standing some 5,000,000 cords of yellow cedar ( Thuya occidcntalis). From Menominee and Delta counties the merchantable piuc has been almost entirely removed. Baraga county contains little pine, and Keweenaw county a single considerable body some 30,000 acres in extent. The northern portion of Ontonagon and Marquette counties is cbicUy covered with hard wood. An estimated amount of 124,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed ov« r some 10,000,000 acres in the upper peninsula. ' The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties), was 1,145,000 feet. The southern counties of tbe upper peninsula contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow cedar {Thvya occidcntalis), estimated, in tlio aggregate, at 02,500,000 cords. Some 7,000,000,000 feet of hemlock lumber and 7,000,000 cords of bark still remain in the state. Michigan is first among the states in the volume and value of its lumber product. Its principal centers of lumber manufacture are Muskegon, on the shores of lake Michigan, the shores of Saginaw bay, in Bay county, the Saginaw river, in Saginaw county, Manistee, and Menominee, in the upper peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw was long tbe seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however, has departed with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its watershed, and the center of manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Huron across the peninsula to tbe waters flowing into lake Michigan. Lumber was first manufactured in the Saginaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later a second mill, with an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Saginaw, In 1830 the fl'-st shipments of lumber were made from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber lor shipment. The commercial panic, of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the development of this business, and it was not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1814 tbere were 23 mills upon the Saginaw, with an aggregate capacity of 60,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, mauufacturing 425,000,000 feet of lumber, while in 1873 there were 83 mills, which produced that year 567,000,000 feet. Since 1870 there has been an almost steady decrease in the number of mills operating in tbe Saginaw valley ; the number finishing their "cut out" is fast increasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased, their production has increased, their present capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber manufactured upon the Saginaw is trans[»orted by lake to Ohio and Xew York ports, and thence to tbe principal eastern markets, although a considerable amount is shipped by vessel to Chicago and Milwaukee, apd thenco distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty years ago logs which would run 25 per cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 per cent, was tbe rule, and as high as 75 per cent. " uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs were then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below the tops, and only the largest trees were selected. Xow land which has been cut over three times is f.one ovor again, and lumbermen are satisfied if logs yield 10 per cent. '' uppers ". Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Michigan lumbering operations by railroad logging; by this means mills are able to obtain a constant supply of logs by railroads built into the forest for tbe purpose, and this supply can be regulated almost entirely by tbe demand. Tbere are several roads in difl'erent parts of tbe state doing this business, the principal being tbe Flint and Pere Marquette and the Lake George and Muskegon River railroads. Tbe growth of this business in tbe Saginaw valley and at Muskegon, Manistee, and on tbe Flint and Pere Marquette road is shown by tbe following table extracted i'rom BraiJstreefs of Febru.-:ry 6, 1881 : TearB. Saginaw valley. Mnskegnn. Manistee. Flint nnii Poro Marquette railroiid. 1865 1866 1867 200, 000, 000 209, 000, 000 429, 207, 808 448, 000, .583 321. 3-0, 063 623,307,353 f)21, 700, 027 645,285,278 080,070,401 589, 225, 404 584, 843, 701 572, 229, 472 651, 507, 94,S 558, 079, 674 780. 182, 286 048, 174, 274 108,606,700 157, 408, 300 288,502,200 213, 002, 000 267,789,000 108,802,600 2!in, 000, 000 315,000,000 376,035,037 224, 571, 527 309 638,418 1868 .. . 1869 1870 121, 221, 395 142, 309, 817 155, 550, 720 179, 820, 243 182, 218, 383 108. 09(1 107 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 209,52.5,019 147,724,241 312,285,951 ! 1.52,221,518 340 990 055 178 .549 KRO 432.431,670 380, 000, 000 211,722,030 211, 071, 000 14,357,670 87,485,547 in the lower vood for tho 1(1 iucluding 10,000 cords raga comity » the upper ilroad ties), and yellow 1 centers of county, the aginaw was y, however, le center of lowing into I mill, with were made r shipment, luid it was aggregate 100,000 feet las been an ■ "cut out" decreased, the lumber 3 principal ipd thence Twenty de, and as tree below cone ovor y railroad ?8t for the 1 difl'ereut eorge and ?e, and on Fel)rn.~ry THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553 The following extracts are made ftom Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Michigan: "The southern boundary of tho pine forest in Michigan may be represented by a line drumi from Surnia westward across the state nearly to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river. Originally the pine foreb> c. vered the northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 1835 gave the amount of pine then standing as- 150,000,000,000 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The present estimate of the pine standing in the whole state, the northern peninsula also included, is 35,0(IO,000,Ot>0 feet. There are now remaining no large bodies of standing jiine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams has all been cut. Tho pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to float the logs. The beat pine in the state has been cut. The belt of pine which ran through the center of the state, extending north from the southern boundary of the original pine forest for some 75 miles, contained the best pine in the northwest. This pine was what was called by lumbermen 'cork pine', a soft white pine, large and sound, with ii. thick bark. Tho quality of the pine of the Saginaw valley was particularly fine, too ; that on the west shore was of smaller size. "The standing pine on the lower peninsula of Michigan is estinmted at 29,(100,000,000 feet, of which there are in the Saginaw valley about 7,000,000,000 feqt, including the pine upon the Saginaw-, Au Sable, and Cheboygan rivers and their tributaries; on tlie streams flowing directly into lake Huron there are some 8,000,000,000 feet more; making 15,000,000,000 feet upon the streams of the east shore. On the western shore of the state there are 14,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Kalamazoo, Black, Grand, Muskegon, White, Pentwater, Aux llec Scies, Boardman, aud Pine rivers. As before stated, the quality of the timber in the eastern portion of the state is better than that upon the west shore; this is smaller and partakes more of the sapling nature, while that on the east shore is largely cork pine. The pine of the east shore and Saginaw valley is largely used for finishing lumber, and should be transported to the east; indeed all the pine in the lower peninsula of Michigan is wanted at the east, aud none should be sent west. The pine of the western shore is suited for fencing, llooriug, and dimension stnfT, being smaller and containing more knots aud sap. "The largest bodies of pine left in the lower peninsula are in the counties of Presque Isle, Montmoreuci, Alpena, Alcona, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Crawford, Missaukee, Wexford, ]\Ianistee, Grand Traverse, Lake, Osceola, Clare, Giadwin, and Charlevoix. There are bodies of pine also in other counties from 15,000 to 20,000 acres in extent which have not yet been cut. The pine left in the lower peninsula is generally scattered through hard-wood timber, into which the settlers are now entering, clearing the hard-wood forests ami exposing the pine to destruction by fire aud wintlfiill. This destruction has largely increased with the settlement of tlie country, and will incaease still more unless stringent measures can be taken to protect the pine forests from waste. "The southern part of the state outside the pine belt was originally covered with a dense forest of hard-wood timber; this regiou is now largely settled and is the farming region of Michigan. There is a large amount of hard-wood timber of commercial value still scattered through this farming country, particularly in its middle and northern parts. Along the west shore as far north as the straits of Mackinaw the pine has been cut in large quantities, but there is still a large amount of hard-wood timber left upon this area. "The pine of the northern peninsula of Michigan is ^^timated at 0,000,000,000 feet. This includes the pine from the Saint Mary's river westward to the Wisconsin line and the mouth of the Montreal river, and upon the south shore of lake Superior. It is divided as follows: " 1. On the Menominee river and tributaries, 1,000,000,000 feet. " 2. In the western portion of the peninsula, not including the Menominee and tributaries, but uicluding all west of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Escanaba and Marquette, 2,400,000,000 feet. "3. East of the lino of the Chicago and Northwestern railway, 2,000,000,000 feet. " The largest bodies of pine in the northern peninsula are in the counties of Chipjiewa, Mackinac, Schoolcraft, Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon. There is also quite a large body in Keweenaw county, covering perhaps ' 30,000 acres. Ontonagon county, which extends along the south shore of lake Superior for nearly 100 miles, for 35 miles back from the lake is mostly covered with hard-wood timber, with a little pine along the streams, but not in sufiicient quantities to estimate. This is also true of the northern part of Baraga and Marquette counties, extending along the southern shore of lake Superior, a distance of 125 miles from L'Anse to Onota, in Schoolcraft county. There are here a few small bodies of pine scattered through the hard wood, but it is needed by the settlers, and has no export value. The quality of the timber upon the Ontonagon aiul Presque Isle rivers and the ujiper Menominee, growing among the hard woods along the south slope of the Penokee iron range, is similar to that on the western shore of the lower peninsula. This timber is, however, somewhat diliicult of access. The streams over which it must be driven (the Ontonagon and Presque Isle) are rough, broken, and require considerable improvement. The pine east of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Marquette aud Escanaba, on the east half of the northern peninsula, is of poor quality, and may be classed as 'sapling pine', with occasional groves of what is called 'big sapling' scattered through the hard woods. " In the upper ]ieninsula of Micliigan, according to the Lake Superior Canal Company's reports of examination and estimates of cord wood, there is an average of about eighteen cords of wood per acre over the whole area ot the peninsula, of wiiich two-thirds is hard wood and one-third soft wood. M 554 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. i ' "In Menominee and Delta counties, the soutliern part of Sclioolcraft county, and the extreme southern part of Marquette county are quite large quantities of tamarack and yellow cedar. From most of these lands the merchantable pine has been removed, and where the flres have not destroyed the cedar and tamarack the niilroad companies are cutting the timber and shipping it to the prairies for telegraph poles, ties, and posts. It is stated by the ownersof the lands, who long since cut the pine from them, that llio cedar and tamiirack trees left upon the land have netted them more than the original i)ine harvested. What makes this timber so valuable is its close proximity to the railroads and the ease witii whicli it can be shipped by rail or over the waters of Green bay. This shows the necessity of preserving tliis kind of limber for future use, antl of not abandoning it for taxes, as has heretofore been done, or allowing it to bo destroyed by lires and windfalls. " There are on the Menominee river some 9,000,000,000 feet of standing pine, one of the largest bodies left in the northwest. More than half of this, however, lies in the state of Wisconsin. About 200,000,000 feet of lumber are manufactured annually upon the Menominee. All the mills upon the river are located at its mojith, in the towns of Marinette and Menomonee, in Wisconsin, and it is considered next to impossible to build more mills at that point. The river is here narrow, ancl the facilities for holding logs, shipping lumber, dockage, etc., are quite lin)ited in jiroportion to the amount of timber left in the region tributary to this stream ; and this body of jiino may therefore be considered to a certain extent in reserA'e, and likely to outlast many larger ones. There is little danger from fire on this river; the pine which is left grows upon the hard-wood ridges, interspersed with broad areas of swamp.'' WISCONSIN. The great prairies of the central Atlantic region once found their northeastern limits in southern W^iscousiu. The forest covering of all the southern part of the state was confined to the bottom lands or open upland groves of stunted oaks of no great extent or of more than local importance. The central part of the state was jovered with a dense forest of hard woods, oaks, ash, maple, cherry, birch, and the other trees of the northern forest, through which, upon gravelly or sandy ridges, great bodies of white pine were scattered. These pine forests gradually change in character and decrease in productiveness as they reach northward. Lakes are more common, and swamps of tamarack, cedar, and spruce occupy in the northern part of the state a considerable pro])ortion of the forest area. The pine trees in these northern forests are smaller and more scattered than those farther south, although generally less intermixed with hard woods, and aflbrding lunibt. if poorer quality. The forest area has somewhat increased in the prairie region of the state since its first settlement and the consequent decrease of destructive prairie fires. The growth of trees has gradually spread from the bottom lands of the streams to the hills, and the oak forests upon the uplands have gradually encroached upon the i)rairie, losing their open, park-like character by the appearance of a young growth which Inu sprung up among the old trees. The pine has been destroyed along the entire southern borders of the pine belt, along the banks of the principal streams, and from the lines of railroad, while the hard wood has been often greatly injured or d«stroyed by fire in those parts.of the state where pine has been cut. The amount of pine still growing in Wisconsin is nevertheless large, although it should not be forgotten that the best and most easily accessible has already been harveoi.ed. What remains is generally remote from actual lines of transportation, and often, especially in the extreme northern part of the state, of comparatively poor quality. During the census year 406,298 acres of woodland were reijorted destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $72.^,010. The largest number of these fires was set by farmers in clearing land, or by sparks from locomot'ves. The manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of the best varieties of hard woods, and the substitution of beech, elm. and other woods for oak. The following estimates of the amount of timber standing in Wisconsin May 31, 1S80, were prepared bj' Mr. e. C. Putnam : WHITE PINK (/'i«H».s7)o6««). Itiisin liitsiii liusiii l^isiii Shore KegioDH. nf Suini Cniix i-iviT iiiiil tribntarifs <)t'(,'liiitiii'\vii liver and tiilintaries of lilaik liver ami trilmtariiH of Wi.-*roiihin rivt r and trihiitarieH nf \\*iiir river ami ti-iltntarioa of Oeonto river anil tribntarieH of I*fH!itiKo liver and triliutariert of Miiionionie river and tiibutaries (in WiHennain). of lake Siipei ior Total Cnf Ml iiNiiH year en':iii!i May .11, I8S0 (inehidin^' l.Oi'T.OM.OOO tliiugles anil o'I^.Uul,(lUO laliisj. Fcot, boaid mrasurc. 2, noo. 000, 000 l.'., 000, Oflo'^OOO 900, 00(1, 000 10, 000, 000, {rOO 000, 000, 000 ,100, 000, 000 1,!")00, 000,000 fl, 4(10, OIM), 000 ;i, Ci;o, 000, 000 41,000,00(1,000 2. 007, 209, 000 liF.PAK'.MKNT jK I'HK l!rrT>ino 's. There is rspersed with n Wisconsin, md groves of jovered with rest, through >ts gradually ;ommon, and ortion of the irther south, lent and the )ottoni lands raiiie, losing old trees, anks of the n- destrojed V'isconsiu is heady been ially in the a ted loss of omot'ves. ties of hard ned by Mr. M ■:i!' i; IfP Tn'K'mT;Iv-.S''r.liU« r« — riiT] ->Wi-WiW '^^^m ■Tf fw^*^a*i»;;5r^- ~ i UVuU- i { jrl .* W !l THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 555 Of this amount 485,552,000 feot were inniiurest, away from the large bodies of mixed hard wood an and Oconto, wliich derive their logs i)rincii)ally from the Oconto river; at Peshtigo, on the Peshtigo river; at Marinette, en the Menoi'ionee river; on the Wisconsin river, at Grand llapids, Stevens Point, ilosinee, Wausau, and Jennj-, the terminus of the Wisconsin Valley railroad, and at Necedah, on the Yellow river. Along the Wisconsin Central raihoad, from Junction City to Ashland, ine mills of more or less capacity at every station, the most important being at «);;ein(i, Ashland, ^Nledford, and Unity. Upon the iilack river the i)rineii»al mannfacturing points are La Crosse and I'lack Kiver Falls. On the Chicago, Saint Paul, ."Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, at Fairchild, are the large mills of l'\)ster & Co., who are engaged in mainifacturing the timbi r lying between the lilack river and the waters of the ('lii,)pe\va, included in the Chippewa estimate. On the Chij)pewa river the largest manufacturing establishment is the r.iissis.sippi Kiver Logging Company, composed of iifteen of the heaviest concerns upon the Mississippi river. These tirnis obtain their stock mostly froip the Chippewa river, the logs being driven down to its mouth into what is calletl the 'lleef Slough boom', where they are separated and formed into rafts and towed to the difl'erent mills bilow. This company cuts on the Chippewa about l()il,000,000 feet a year. The i»rineij)al manufacturing points on llie ('liippewa deriviiig their logs from its basin are situated at Waubeck, Dnnnville, Menomonee, Meridian, and Eau Cl: lo(;ated, ami at Cliipj)ewa Falls, the comity seat of Chippewa county, the Chipi)ewa Lumber and Boom Comi)any has a large water-mill, with a capacity of Or»,()0(>,(IOO feet a year, besides several smaller concerns. The railroad extending from Chippewa Falls eastward throngii Chijjpewa a'ltl Clark connties into Marathon county, and joining the Wiseonsin Central railroad at Abbot t^sioni, jjasses through a liard-wood ctiuiitrv. Several (inns are already established upon tiiis line and have coiiiiiienced t!>e manufaetuic of staves and tlie production of hard-wood lumber for wagons, etc., and are developing a large business. This road runs through one of thetliiest bodit's of hard wood in the state, »M)ntainiug large imounts of oak and maple growing on a line soil suitable tor farming. The Ciiippewa IJiver eonntiy now contains the largest body of white pine of the best quality left in the states of Micfhigan, Wisconsin, and ^linnesota. It is, however, being very ri;pidiy cut. "It is found in going north toward the heads of the streams that the timber stanjH'wa Falls, mill, with a )pewa Falls rai raihoad "s line and c, and are eontainiiig )nntry now ilinncsota. •ge groves^ ts they cut lan Carther 'II or yield where tlw. rer soils in a southern ay appear extents ol forest was enonionee leneing at I' .'50 miles is left are the Haiut i from the [factories. Northern Lake are I of small 1 railroad ''On the Eau Claire river the timber is small and sound, growing very thick and long; there are frequent instances where 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lumber have been cut upon a 40acre lot. One tree was cut on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of this timber, especially upon the main Chippewa or West Bi'auch and a portion of the Flambeau, is called 'big sapling pine'. Of the true cork i)ine very little is found in the northern part of Wisconsin, probably because the soil is not strong enough to permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very fine pine having been cut in the hard-wood forest upon the lower part of the river, and some fine groves are found even as far north as the Tomahawk and East Branch. The Flambeau river, or East Branch of the Chippewa, has also, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine. " On the Jumj) river are some fine bodies of pine, nearly api)roachuig in quality Michigan cork pine and running hugely to ' uppers'. This is true also of the pine upon the Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattered among hard woods and is of tine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to Cornell university, lying in townships 33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the divide between the Chii)pewa and Ked Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres have been made. On the Saint Croix river are many barren areas timbered with scrub ])ine, patches of Norway pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. The soil is sandy, and fires ruu over the country every year. South of these barrens, in Poik, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and Fierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard-wood land, upon which the greatest i)ortion of the timber is now standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This bo;'y of hard wood contains a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for genera' im: i,, facturing purposes. It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agriculti •■ ' logging operations. "In Clark county, which lies partly in the Chipi)ewa aiul i)artly in the Black Hi ii n';^i »n, are large bodies of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon laud valuable for farming i)urpose-., .'liis growth extends as far north as the nortluvrn line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wood counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions; The same body of hard-wood timber continues east toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, AVaui)aca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown, Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaukee. Large tracts in these counties are, of course, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the oi!i)ortiinities for cheap farms are plenty. " Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully •> per cent, is not covered with timber; this includes swamps, lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern part of the forest area, < ver a region from 3."» to ."iO miles in width, th»' hard wood predominates, only about one-fifth of the forest growth being jtine. North of this hardwood region projter, perhaps one-half of the forest growth is pine and other soft woods and the rest hard woods. I lenilock is -scattered through the pine forest outside of the heavy hard-wood areas. A careful estimate of the hemlock timber now staniling gives the fol!(»wing results, the divisions agreeing with those used in estimating the standing i)ine : On the Chippewa river, upon 3,000,000 acres, l.>,r>00,0(iO,0()0 feet of hemlock ; on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,000,000 acres, ."lOl^OOtMKX) feet of I endoek ; on the Black river, upon 3.J0,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hendock; in the country east of the Wisconsin Biver division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menomonee rivers and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1 ,r»00,000,000 feet. "The total area in the state on which hemlock timber grows is about 10,500,000 acres, containing, roughly, f>,rt( M),000,000 feet. The <)uality of the hemlock tind)er in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and noitlieru Peunsylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the tind)er when jieeled can be driven down with the pine and sawed at the mills into dimensicm stuff for use where coarse lund)er is lecpiired. *'lleiu>rally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into th(! hard-wood lands already described, along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut; north of thif-, and extending northward somewhat indelinitely, the mixed gn)Wth of hard wood and i>ine, growing ui)on aoW adapted for agricultural i)urposea. The open meadows in this region are covered either with grass or cranberry nnirshes, alike valuable to the hunber and farming interests. .About the head of the Flambeau river are large open s)iaces rtinning into groves of heavy pine timber. These o|)en spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying uji and the tind)er is gradiudly spreading over tiiem. There are bodies of timber scatteieortions of the state outside of the original forest area, but the amount of this timber is relatively so small tliiil it cannot be considered of comnu-rcial importance, and hardly sup[ilies the wants of the population occupying the thickly-.settled southern counties. "Five .thousand men are employed in the jtiiuuies of the Chipi)ewa river. They are expected to cut during the logging season about 000,000,00(t feet t)f logs, or an average i>er man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not applicable to the northwestern pineries generally^ for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther from the streams, the average cut ]ter nuui is not as great, aiul 80,000 feet per man woidd perhaps be a fair average, taking the pineries of the whole northwest. 1; I 'I h 'I' 558 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. " The auitual increase or growth of timber is countcrbahinced by the aiimial waste by wiudiiills and the uatuial decay of the ohl trees. The loss to the forest by lire is an uulvuown quantity, but it is quite a large amount, probably 5 per cent, of the whole. The lunibernieu waste the log which runs into the to[» of the tree; this is knotty, but usually souud, aud would nuike good merchantable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because there is a good deal of work in trimming the knots aud cutting oif the limbs. From an ordinary-sized tree four Kj-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this to]) log is L'2 inches in diameter at the butt and will scale from 100 to 1-0 feet. Loggers are paid so much per thousand feet by tl;e lumberman, and tlie amount they receive is so small that they caiuiot allbrd to sj>eii(l the time to finish ujt and lake out the fifth or last log, which is th«>refore left in the woods and lost. Nearly one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The lires about flie old choppings, or where lumber operations are going on, are jtrincipally caused l»y the carelessness of woodsmen in Imnting up land-lines, or of driving-crews on the river in the si)ring who leave their lires, or by explorers in tlie forest dnriug the montli of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings th(> dried i)ine boughs and other timber left on the grouiul get very dry, and fire once started burns with great rapidity and violence. '• As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is soouar or later bui ned over. Tlic lire destroys the young trees aud changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that the next crop which conies up consists of briers and poplars, and then hard woods. When pine is cut off" or burned it does not come in again, and 1 have never seen any old clioi»|)ingsof pine come uj) with pine again, even when some trees were left and tjic ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a pine forest growing on good soil the small trees left standing, if prottcted from lire, will continue to grow." ' i: .AlINXESOTA. The >Jortliern Pine Belt finds in Alinnesota its extreme western limit in the United States in longitude l>jO30', and its soiitli western limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern aud western borders a narrow terriloiy covered with an oi)en growtii of hard wood separates the forests of pine from the jirairie, which occupies all the sontbern and western j)ortioiis of the state. The same general features which eliaracterize the pine belt of Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The i)ine in the southern port ion, confined to gi-avelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the forest changes in character, the i)ine being small aud of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren land covered with stunted birch, gray pine, and scrub oak occur, while the whole country is thickly studded with lakes and with tamarack and ci-ila r swamps. North of the Mississip[)i liiver divide tlu; country is more open ; the forest is stunted and of little value, and iiiiie is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar. The forest giosMli liere occupies ])erhai)s two-thirds iiie lias been removed from the jiriucipal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the region tributary !<• I ike Superior and in the vicinity of Ked lake, is now inaccessible or of comparatively inferior . 'J'he lar;;est number of these lires was set in clearing laud or by sparks from locomotives. The niiinufactiiie of coojierage stock to supply the large fiouringniills of the state is an important industry. Manufactiireis report a growing scarcity and general di'terioration of material. IJasswood, elm, and ash are largely used; oak is interior in (piality to that grown farther cast and south. The following estimates of the amount of pine timber stamling in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were preinued by Mr. H. C. Putnam: WIIIIK PIM: U'iiihx .'Illl'. MlsniMipiii liMTiiiMi liiliiilariiH 2, !Hiu, OOO, 000 Kjiliv lake luiil Itainy I.ako rlvi'r ;tOO, 0(KJ, Ool) l!i .1 I.iiKi' live: ami otlu i liilpiitaries cf Mif Keil river nOO, OOO, OOil Sainl Limis ! ivir and (ributaiii's ;i, 500, OoO, WIO Sliori' of lalio Sop. lim K70, 000, 000 . I'iPlal 8, 170, 0U«, 080 flit fur Ihi- ii'iixiiK y.ar, Piirlim: Slay .■)!. IHfU (hirliiilinn 187,830,000 .140,0117,000 »!iiii;;l. X anil ■'■.■i.u^s.Ollll liilljK). In the belt <>{' hard wood cxteiiiliiig west and south of the pine region, and consisting of white, red, and burr oak, sii„'.>r maple, j)op!,ir, etc., it is estimated that .'!,.S10.0(»lJ acres of forest remain, capable of vielding an average |i iii.i n^i»aB:t,iigjii L !jij.L il the uutuiiil rge amount, tree; this is iver, because zed tree four )utt and will imouut they log, which is d lost. The carelessuess f iiies, or by old cuttiugs i with great -'st is sooner und, so tiiat H' or burued 1 when some lived troin » ow," ude i>dO 30', 1 borders a lirie, which Tlie ])ine iii I' north the ivcred with ^ and with is stunted How cedar, productive ept in the ly inferior ily by (ires ted loss of industry, re Iargel.\ ej)iued b> und l»urr I a\('ragt» XraiH i:ENf.Trs Of THE UHnEU iTATEf MAT OF MINNESOTA SIIOWI.NC. rUK DISTRIBt'TIOX OF "" i; rUK DISTRIBt'TIOX OF FOKK.STS, | n Sl'KClAI. HEUiKKNCE TO THK >' I.r.MllKH IN1)|-.STHY. ^^^ THY. ('i>Mi'n.i:i> I'NnKii thk uihkction »v (■ S S.MHillNT, SI'Kt'lAr. AliK.M' I '', I ; i'! ■I '■;:* w^ I'ii M THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 559 of 16 cords of wood to the acre, or 57,600,000 cords. The cut for the census year endiug May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 7,825,000 staves aud 547,000 sets of headings), was 30,884,000 feet. Minnesota is the eighth state in the importance of its lumber-ujauufacturing interests. The principal centers of manufacture are Minneapolis, upon the Mississippi river, the Saint Croix river in Washington county, the Mi88is.sippi river in Anoka county, and Duluth, near the month of the Saint Louis river. The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Minnesota: "The great hard wood forest of Minnesota lies to the south aud west of the i»ine forest, extending north and northwest from Freeborn aud Mower counties on the southeast into Marshall county, and to within 50 or GO miles of the boundary-line between Canada and the United States. This body of Iiard wood, wliich is some 300 miles long Ijy about 20 miles wide, borders upon the prairie, and is the extreme western body of timber of any commercial, value east of the Kocky mountains. This forest covers about 3,840,000 acres of huid generally valuable for agricultural j/urposes, besides its timber, which will average about 15 cords to the acre. The surface of the la.ul is level or geutly undulating, well watered, particularly the so-called 'park region ' which lies iu Becker, Otter Tail, Douglas, Stearns, and Todd counties, and in fact extends through Wright, Hennepin, (^arver, Le Sueur, Kice, and Steele counties. "Xorth and east of this belt of hard wood the piue forests conuueuce at a j)oinL where the southern line of the Wisconsiu forest crosses the Saint Croix river, near Taylor's Falls. They extend northwesterly through the counties of Chisago, Isanti, Mille Lacs, Benton, Morrison, Todd, Otter Tail, Becker, l\)lk, and Beltrami, nearly parallel to the line of the hard-wood forest, and, crossing Ifed Lake river, extend round to the north of lied lake, and thence easterly, reaching the shore of lake Superior at the Grand Portage. " The general character of the pine in Minnesota is similar to that of northern Wisconsin, although it contains more sapling i»ine and a smaller percentage of ' uppers.' It is generally somewhat scattering and in smaller groves. Large areas of barren land within the forest proper are covered with hireh, through which are scattered patches of small i)ine, while large areas of swamp bear only tamiira<-k and cedar. The piue of Minnesota is estimated as follows : "1. On the portion tributary to the llainy lake and Uainy Lake river, including the Big Fork, the Little Fork, and the Vermillion rivers, 300,000,000 feet. This stands upon streams which flow northward. This pine will naturally be sent to Manitoba. "2. On the northern shore of lake Superior, east of Duliith, and covering the waters tributary to lake Superior, of which very little is surveyed and no area is given, 870,000,000 feet. "3. On the waters of the Saint Louis, including the Clociuet, White Face, and other small streams, 3,500,000,000 feet. "4. t)ii Red Lake river and its tributaries. The great body of pine in this division is principally upon Red lake and Red Lake river. It is estimated to contain 000,000,000 feet, although it is netirly all unsnrveyed. "5. On the Mississippi river and tributaries above Minneapolis, 2,!)00,000,000 feet. "About one half ot the pine has been cut in Carlton county; it has all been cut in Pine county with the excepiion of that growing in a few townshijjs. It has nearly all been cut iu Chisago, Kanabec, ilorrison, and Crow W ing counties. A great deal of jtine, too, has been cut in Cass county, while Todd, Otter Tail, and Wadena have all bevn lait over. The juincipal bodies of i)ine now remaining are located in Cook, Lake, Saint Louis, Cass, Itasca, and Beltrami countit's. There were a lew thousand acres growing on the Roseau river, where it runs into northwestern .AIiniiesota,but this has all been cut by the Canadians. There is no hemlock or spruce in Minnesota. There are occasional ritlges of hard wood within the jiine fon'st, as in Wis(ronsin and ^lichigaii. "A large portion of the northern part of the state is as yet unsnrveyed and but little known, except that, in the region extending from .U) to 100 ujiles south from the international lini', there is little pine of commercial value. It is an (ipen country, full of bogs, swai'ijis, rocks, and wide areas of worthless land; this region extends from the Arrow river cilear through to the international line, south and west of the Lake of the Woods, and to the Vermillion lake. "Along the line of the Northern Pacific railroad aiul north and east of the Mille La1 I a ;i "I'OKKSTS ON IM)1A.N KKSKUVATIONS. "Referring to the Red Lake Indian reservation in Minnesota, and other Indian reservations on which the i)ino remains uncut, amounting in the aggregate to I,()00,00O.()Uil feet, it may lu> said tlial they are nearly all unsnrveyed, und are generally covered with a he.ivy pine I'oresI, and that liie lands are unlit lor agricultural purposes and only ■ ■B|{ ! 1 J f f H ^■^H s ; ■ |i' ■ ^^Hf ' : ' ^ i fMBn 1^! ^: 1 a&Bi ^P P|||! : ills* f if * y f y- j if ^ I'ltf ^ |\ r ■> 1', ' 1 ' „;i .13 \ 1 '1 iiS i Hli ) ■m^ *lr'w ; 1 . It ' 1 ift f ' 1 % ; ii ■ I i i 560 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. I 1 valuable for the pine timber which grows upon them. These reservations should be held as loufr as possible by the government as a timber reserve. They should not be surveyed and subdivided except so far as may be necessary for their protection, and they should not be offered for sale until some necessity, now unforeseen, arises for their disposal. The 1,000,000,000 feet of pine should be held until the amount for which it can be sold is needed by the Indians, or until a price near its value can be obtained for it. By selling- the land now the value of the timber cannot be realized, while the interest of the settlers who may hereafter enter ujion the prairies would seem to demand that some reservation of pine should be made for tliem, if jjossible. Tiie proposition to bring these lands into market, subject to pre-emption and homestead entry, is against the interest of every one except the few worthless tramps and irresponsible persons who may seek to enter and i)rocure a title to these lands; and even if the land was so c^ 1 to homestead and pre-emption entry, the aim and purpose of these laws could not be carried out, for no farm' will be made nor homesteads improved in this Indian country. "The White Earth Indian reservation is largely covered with hard wood, there being no pine upon more than a quarter of its area. The land is desirable for agricultural purposes, and may be utilized for the settlement of Indiiins, or under the homestead and pre-emption laws by whites, but the pine lauds are unfit for cultivation, and the homesteading or pre-enii)ting of them should not be allowed." IOWA. Iowa lies within tlie i)rairie region. The broad bottom lands along the river of the eastern part of the state once bore heavy forests of broad-leaved trees. Farther west the tree growth was less heavy in the narrower bottoms. All over the state, however, forests lined the streams and often spread, especially in the southwestern counties, over the uplands. Since the first settlement of the state the forest area has increased by the natural spread of trees over ground protected from lire, and by considerable j)lantations of cottonwood, maple, and other trees of rajiid growth mvide by fanners to sui)i>]y fuel anlied with logs from the i)ineries of Wisconsin. The amount of Iowa-grown lumber manufactured is insignilicant. iMIS8()lTRl. Southern and southwesjtern Missouri was originally covered with a dense forest of hard woods, thrimgli which in the southern counties extensive areas of the short-leaved piue (ritfun mitis), covering gravelly ridges and the low Ozark hills, were common. The nortliern and western limits of the true finest region may be delined by a line entering the state from the southwest, in the soutlieiii i)ait of Jaspt'r county, and jiassiug iiortlieasterly tlirongh Dade, Cedar, Saint Clair, Henry, Uenton. Morgan, and Cooi)er counties, and then northward to tlie borders of the state. West of this line the timl/cr is i.irgely confined to the broad bottom lands, in belts often 2 or .'5 miles in width. Farther west these become narrower and less heavily timbered. The extreme northwestern counties, Atchison and Xodawaj*, are almost destitute of timber. The forests of southeastern Missouri still contain great stores of valuable timber, although the best trees liave been cut in the neigliborhood of all settlements, and for a distance varying from 5 to 20 miles back from all lines of railroad. This is especially true of the best white oak and of black walnut, once common, but now almost exterminated in all parts of the state. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a gi nving scarcity of material everywhere, and are now forced to obtain oak from Arkansas and eln; and basswood from the rivers of southern Illinois and Indiana. The further development, however, of the railroad system of soutiiern Missouri will make available for manufacturing jairposes a large amount of valuable timber now remote from trans|»ortation. During the census year. 783,04(i acres of woodland were re]»orted destroyed by lire, with an estimated loss of $204,865. These tires were traced to careless hunters, to tires set in clearing farming land, to sjjarks from locomotives, etc. A gratifying improvement in the condition of the forest in the parts of the state tirst settled has followed the enactment of a fence law jneventing the general ranging of stock through the timber-land. A young growth has sprung up among the older trees and along thi' borders of woodlands protected from browsing animals, and these young forests are valuable in their ])rospective yield and as an indication of the methods which must be adopted to preserve and perpetuate the forests of the whole Atlantic region. sHible by the be necessary ises for tbcir 3eded by the f tlie timber luld seem to these lands »w worthless 1 if the land ried out, for u more than Bttlenient of ivatiou, and »f the state 0 narrower uthwesteru the natural , and other it(! of their cooperage ted loss of [position to Wisconsin. iifiii which id the low by a line y throiish er.s ol' the 3 miles in count ios, !l'' It'^ ij rccs have 1 iill lilies )w almost fi>rcoutary to covering stiito, a troams, iiii! and Jiaii, of 'iiltiiral shes in West ng the % f ,. I rf*-- ;fv>-i THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. r)G3 A large amount of lumber is manufactured in the eastern counties in proportion to the extent of their forest but much of the best timber of the state has been cut, and Kansas must soon depend, even more than at area present, upon the forests of Arliansaa and Louisiana for its lumber supply. Considerable plantations made in the eastern and southeastern counties by railroads and in connection with farms promise abundant success. All attempts, however, to raise trees in the arid central and western parts of the state have resnlted in failure. During the census year 7,080 acres of woodland wore reported destroyed by Are, with an estimated loss of $14,700. The largest number of these fires originated upon the prairie. ^c^irs-^-!S^5"-«1»:^'!l,iVa5^!l*t«Jiiyi!¥»WIJ|M'iJ^ .564 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. h. I WESTERN DIVISION. MONTANA. !', i M hi The forests of Montana pic conliueil to the liigb mountain liin^os wliicli occupy tbe western part of tlie territory Tliey are dense anil inii)ortant ni)on the slqies of the Coiur d'AlCne and otlier high ranges. Farther east, along the eastern sloj)es of tht Eocky mountains and then outlying eastern ranges, the l]ig J>elt, tlie Little IJelt, the Crazy, the Snow, and the Dear mountains, and the ranges south of the Yellowstone river, the Yellowstone, Shoshouee, and Big Ilorn mountains, tlie forests are more open, stunted, and generally eoniined to the highest slopes, the borders of streams, or the sides of eafions. A narrow fringe of eottonwood, green ash, and willow lines the bottoms of tLti Missouri, Y'ellowstone, Tongue, Rosebud, Jlilk, and of the other large streams of the territory; and a few stunted pines and cedars are seattt'red along the river blutl's and the highest ridges of tlie Powder IJiver, the Wolf, and other ranges in the southeastern jiartof the territory. The remainder of the teri-itory, the eastern, northern, and southern portions, are destitute of timber. The heavy for'^sts of northwestern i\Iontana, largely eomjiosed of red lir, yellow piiie, and tamarack, and containing great bodies of white pine (Piniis moiiticoJa) and considerable valuable sjiruce {I'Icca Engdmanni and P. alha) constitute, with those covering" the adjacent Jiiountains of Idaho, one of the most important bodies of timber in the United States. East and west of this forest a treeless country, adai)ted to grazing and agriculture, and destined to support a large jiopulation which must obtain its building material ai:d railroad supplies from it, extends over thousands of square miles. The development, too, of the imiiortant mining interests of southern Montana and Idaho is dependent ujion these forests, their only valuable source of timber and fuel supply. These forests guard the headwaters of two of the great divers of the coiitiiieut, and in regulating their How make possible through inigation the devotion to prolitable agriculture of a vast territory now an almost arid waste. The forests, largdy eouijiosed of the lodge-iicle jiine {Pinitu Murnii/d'id), which cover the outlying eastern ranges of the liocky mountains at an elevation of from .~),((t)0 to 10,000 feet above the ocean level with a dense growth of slender trees oi- on jioor soil and in exi)osed situations wii!i an open, scattered fon i. are, as sources of lumber supply, of comparatively little value. These forests, however, contain valuable supjilies of fuel and abundant material iov railway ties. They guard, too, the How of numberless small streams, and their importance in this conneetion shouhl no) be overlooked. The most imjiortaut forests, commercially, of the territory are found along the valley of Clarke's Fork of the Columbia river, between the Horse riaiiis and the Idaho line; here the westwa white pine reaches its greatest development, becoming an important i)art of the forest growth. The valleys of the Saint Ifegis de Borgia and Missouhi rivers contain great bodii's of valuable lir and ])ine, which spread also in great luxuriance over the mountains east and south of Flathea 1 lake. Fires destroy every year large areas of the forest covering the mountains of the western division. The long, dry .summers ai.d the character of the forest, comiiosed as it is almost entirely of coniferous resinous trees, favor the .spread of forest lire.s. They increase ra]>idly in number with the increase of populati(Hi,and threaten the entire extermination of the forest.: of the whole inteiior Paciiic region. During the census year 8S,01'0 acres of ibrest were reported destroyed by (ire, with a loss of .*!, 1128,000. These lires, few in number, were traced for the umst part to caidess hunters, ])ros])ectors, anIil.v, of iiaterial for tiuii should •'orlv of the t« «reate.st ^oryia and 2 over the The long-, rees, favor the entire i of forest ' the most »1 in the Montana r. Sereno I area of Cascade ^^ esfern and the 0 sqnai-o lountain ilaho, on I w nrr ii tf i M^ I M i , »; 7 HI! . i , 1 I ' ^ teii 1 v< I^H 1 1^ I^H Hi ■ 'i 1 mMMI THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 535 the north by the irregularly-broken country which lies north of the Spokane river and of that portion of the Columbia which has & westerly course in the same latitude, and on the west by the (Jascade range, while on the south the circuit is less completely closed by the somewhat complicated system known as the Blue and Salmon Eiver mountains. " With the exception of a single county (Beaver Head) in Montana this entire region is drained by the Columbia river, since the Rocky Mountain divide, or the main central divide between the headwaters of the Columbia and of the Missonii, forms tho boundary between Idaho and iNIontaua only as far north as 45° 40', when it turns abruptly eastward for 75 miles and then again northwestward to thi^ British boundary in continuation of the line of the Wind Eiver mountains of Wyoming. "As will be seen from the detailed account which is to follow, the general character of the forest growth throughout this region is remarkably uniform, both in the kinds of trees found and in their manner of distribution. The trees of the most constant occurrence and tliat form the mass of the forests generally are, first, the red lir {Pseudotsnga DotigUmi) and yellow pine (Finns pi nderona), gradually giving place at higher altitudes to Ficea Engelmanni and Abies subal2)in(i or Fiiuis Miirruijana ; while of only somewhat less extended range, though sometimes more local in their distribution, are the larch [Larix occidentaliH), cedar [Thuya giganiea), tho white pine {Pinus monticola), the hemlocks {Tsuga Mcrtcnsiana iuul, less frequently, Tmiga Fattoniana), Abies grandis, and the baisam popliirs. Abies amabilis only is confined to the Cascade mountains. Xo other species occur of sufficient size to be of importance as timber trees. "In order to indicate more particularly the extent aiid distribution of tho tree growth, the territories will bo taken up in order by counties, and an estimate given of the area covered in each, though necessarily of the actual density of growth and amount of available timber (varying from square mile to square mile, and much of it never seen) no estimate can be given of such probably approximate accuracy as to be of any value whatever: " 3IONTANA. " Beaver Head county (4,i.'30 square miles). — This county, nearly eciually divided by the one hundred and thirteei til iiieridiaii, is surrounded on three sides, north, south, and west, by the Rocky mountains, and is divided into two portions by a lolty spur which sets oil' in a northeasterly direction from the middle of the western side. Tho valleys of Beaver Head river and Red Rock creek to the east and south of this spur are treeless, except that the latter stream is boi'dered with a considerable growth of Populun tnigvstifolia, often CO feet high and a foot or two in diameter. The region to the east is scantily suiipliod with timber of any kiiiil, while the northern flanks of the llocky Mountain range as far as the head of Horsi^ Plains creek are only siiariiigly timbered on the ridges and in some of the canons, the trees small and mainly red fir, with some Fiiius albicaulis, the summits and exposed ridges wholly bare. " The broad dividing spur, which includes Bald mountain and several other peaks from 10,000 to 11,000 feet high, is about ;U) miles in length by L'O in breadth. The peaks are bare above 0,000 feet, and the western slojtes hiive some timber in the upper ravines alone. The trees at 7,000 feet are mainly red fir, giving i)lace above to a small growth of Finns Murrmjana and P. albieaidis. On the eastern side of the spur there are deep, densely-wooded valleys, the timber said to be chietly red fir, 2Vr(Vf L'ligclmitnni.iunl Finns Mumtiinna. On Rattlesnake creek in this region there is a single saw mill, lli miles lioui Bannock City, which supplies the town and neighboring mining camps with lumber. When a better (piality is needed it is brought across the mountains from the Lemhi River district in Ididio by a road <'ro,-;.sing the range at the head of Horse Pliiins creek. The fuel used in r>annock City is hauled some 12 or 15 mili'fi, ehielly from the Rocky mountains. Beyond the hciul >f Horse I'lains creek (where the liald Mountain spur commences) the range for about 40 miles changes in character greatly, becoming higher, broader, and more rocky, witli ragged, snow-clad peaks from 10,000 to 1L',()00 feet high, and with high, rocky spurs to the cast, separating densely-wooded valleys difficult of access and rarely visited. The forests here come down to the western eears, of large size, and with its usual massive habit, and is henceforth the most conspicuous forest tree along tlie usual routes of travel, coming farther down into the valleys than any otlier tree, and more lieqnently attaining a large size, probably I'rom its less liability to serious injury froiu tires. The desciMit t'lom this southern divide to the Bitter Root valley is well wi;oded with large trees of the yellow pine and red fir (with at Mrst some small Pinus Munniiana), which continue to be the only trees seen bonltTing the valh'y. Tliese mountains were crossed by me on the IjoIo trail up the Lolo creek, and by the 3hdlan road, which follows the Saint Regis de Borgia river. In the lower canons only yello\'- pine and red fir are found, of the usual scattered growth— the trees rarely nnuih ovei !* feet in diameter — with larch and Abies stibalpina coming down the .side gnlclics, and wiiite pine in the middle canon. The yellow pine gradually gives jdaceto Picea J-Jiil/elinaiiHi, Abies subalpina, and A. (jrantlis, thougli none of lliese reach the size which they attain on tho Idaho .side ( f 'he range. The large timber is mostly confined to the neighborhood of the streams, where the larch and white pine sometimes reach a diameter of ;> or 4 feet, but it becomes much smaller upon the ridges, ami in the upper canons rarely is more than a foot or IS inches through, while the mountain slopes are usuallj' much burned over ami covered with fallen timber, hugely of Pinus Murrayumi. The largest and most abundant tree in the upper caiions is iirobably the Pivva ^.njelmniini. Small trees of the Thuya gigantca are also occasional, but nowhere in northern .Montana does it become large enough to be of iini>ortauce. The Thuya and Abies grandis extend as far south as the Xez Perc<5 creek. I think tiiat no hemlocks were seen on the Jlontana side of the range, but they may occur. ■'Xorth if the Mullan road to Clarlie's Fork the eastern slopes of the range continue well wooded. On the eastern side of the county the low spur of the Rocky mountains lying to the east of Bitter Root valley is to a large extent bare, l)ut has some young yellow pine (known as 'scrub piiu>' or 'blackjack pine') and Pinus Murrayana. Api ioaciiing Ilellgate river the timber lu'comes mort' prevalent in the raviiu's; and in the government timber reservation near Missoula, where there is a sawmill run for government purposes, the timber was found to be yellow pine and led fir (not large) and considerable larch — line trees 2 teet in diameter or more and 100 feet high. In Granite canon, iu the mountains north of Missoula, where tliere is also a sawmill, the lower canon was occupied by yellow pine aiul larch, with souie red Hr rarely over a foot through, and in the np])er canon Abies subalpina ami Pit ea Eiuielmanni -.1 \\n)i \u iVimnvti'V. On the nnmnlain siiles altove the canon the limber is, as usual, small and worthless for lumber. In the eastern portion of the Flathead Indian reservation a very high and rugged vange of mountains extends nearly as far north as the lu'ad of Flathead lake, and ])arallel with the main Rocky Mountain range, which Inu'c enteis the county an 1 continues :'.cross the noithern boinidary. Both of these ranges arc throughout densely wooded, though on the eastern side of the Rocky mountains the tindier wholly ceases a few miles (S or 10) below the summit, giving place to the open grazing region of the upjicr Jlissouri. On crossing over the lower eml ol' tin* western range, from llic liig Hlackf'oot to the .locko ri\t'i', the timber was found to be at first almost entirely yellow pine, with red llr and larch in the gulches, the yellow pine (teasing toward the divide (at 5,000 feet altitude) and Pinus .Uunayana taking its place, but reappearing on the northern side, with occasional Picea Kngcliiianui and even small Thuya gigantca. No white pine was seen. Tl.e same trees probably continue northward to the boumlary (the larch is re|)()rted tiom about ;;0 mil(;s south of the boundary). "The remainder of thtt county, lying west of the Flathead River valley, is wholly ( ccnpied by mountains, of less altitinle, but, so far as is known, generally densely wooded, with the exception of some of the spurs toward the Flathead river and Clarke's Fork and some small prairies ixirdering the streams. "The total timbered area of the county is estiniated at 17,000 sipnire miles." i ' WYOiMIN'G. The highest inouniain ranges in Wyoming only are well timbered. The high rolling table land which occupies the central part of the territory is destitute of all tree growth, while the low raugea which rise 1 . i h I'l./'^au mtana fch, and scrub va JUngelmanni a be the latter ty from Idaho, 11 latitude 45° of 8,000 feet. i the limit of not generally } streams and iles from the na rates them Koot valleys, assive habit, own into the ity to serious Hi large trees le only trees , and by the 1(1 red fir are lies subalpina )]accto Picea on (ho Idaho lie larch and in the upper bnrnod over in the upper ; nowhere in xteml as far gc, but they ed. On the is to a large Murtayana. tiient timber found to bo )0 feet high. ■as occupied 'baJpina and , small and :ed vaoge of y Jlountain ranges are eases a few ossiug over a be at first 1' divide (at occasional iy continue untains, of us toward b occupies ^fifi ;!! mm fm Sii' A if ,| ^^ ,r m ' f I F ? j I '; 4 4 !;-■ ifi m-: m * [' f' 1 :? !:■! ■ ' .!■• ■ r 1 1:| i'ilj ■^' THK FORESTS OF THK UNITED STATES. 5G7 o < a:; o o !' o and border it on tlie south are eitlier treeless or onlj- snpport a few stunted yellow jjines or firs widely scattered or forming suinll, isolated patcbes of open forest upon the biybest slopes of tbe most sheltered ravines. The most important forests of tbe territory are those in tbe northeastern corner covering tbe western extension of tbe Black hills of Dakota, those upon tbe foot-hills and slopes of tbe canons of the Big Horn mountains, and the dense forests of small lodge pole pine (Pimm Murrayana) which occupy all the northwestern portion of tbe territory studded by the system of uiountains surrounding the Yellowstone park. The most valuable timber of tbe Big Horn mountains consists of yellow pine (Pinua ponderoaa), attaining on the foot-bills suflicient size to furnish saw-logs. Probably one-third of this timber on tbe east side of the mountains has already been cut to supply mills located upon the streams from Crazy Woman creek to Tongue river. The table-land on both sides of tbe range between tbe crests of tbe foot-hills and the base of tbe Snow range is covered with a belt, from 8 to 10 miles in width, of small white tir [Abies siibaljnna). The trees are small, rarely exceeding 8 or 10 inches in diameter. They atl'ord, however, useful material for fuel and fence and telegraph poles. This forest has sutfered seriously from wind storms and lire. > heavy growth of cottonwood, with which is mingled a little green ash, occujjies the banks of all the streams of the Big Eorn region, with the exception of No- Wood creek, flowing from the western think. Tbe forests of the Yellowstone region, composed for tbe most part of small lodge i)olo pine, are conlined to tbe mountain slopes and high valleys, at an elevation of between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. These forests are capable of supplying great quantities of fuel and fencing material. They contain, however, little timber suitable to manulacture into lumber. Tbe forests of all this arid central region suti'er seriously from tiie. These increase with tbe settlement of the country and inflict great damage upon tbe forest. In northwestern Wyoming, however, tbe forests of lodge-pole pine {Pinus Murrayana) destroyed by tire reproduce themselves, and the area occupied by this species in all tbe Rocky Mountain region is increasing. This is due no doubt to tbe fact that fire does not destroy tbe seeds of this species, protected in the cones, which remain closed upon the trees for years. The beat of the fire causes tbe cones to open and shed their seeds upon tbe burned surface of tbe soil, where they germinate (luickly and freely. During the census year 83,780 acres of woodland were rejiorted destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $3,255,000. These fires were set by Indians, trappers, and i)r()si)ectors. A little lumber, in addition to that manufactured in the Big Horn region, of which no returns have been received, is sawed in tbe Medicine Bow and other ranges in tbe southern part of the territory. A large amount of fire-wood and many railroad ties are cut in the southern mountains and delivered bj" chutes along the line of the D nion Pacific railroad. COLORADO. Tbe forests of Colorado are confined to tbe mountain lan ges and high valleys which cover the western half of tbe state; the elevated, rolling plateau which extenly occupy this part of the United States. The deciduous trees of tliis entire southwestern region, often of considerable size, are generally hollow, especially the oaks; they are of little value lor any mechanical purpose, although att'oidiiig abundant and excellent fuel. During the ceusus year (if,(K31: acres of woodland only were reported »lestroyed by lire, with an estimated loss of ■■>(Ul'.(t7r). A small amount of coarse lumber, principally yellow piue, is manufactured in the territory, mostly iu the counties of San ]\Iiguel and Santa Fe. New Mexico, liowever, like Colorado, obtains most of its lumber by rail from Chicago. ARIZONA. Northern, western, and southwestern Arizona are destitute of true forests. Kavines in the inesas of the high Colorado plateau of northern Arizona are occasionally covered, however, with stunted junipers. Cottonwoods and willows line the banks of the Colorado river, and tli(> ironwood, the palo verde, the mesquit, the suwarrow, and other .Mexican forms of arborescent vegetation are found in the valley of the Gila and the deserts of the southern part of the territory ; individual trees are, howtiver, widely scattered, nowhere forming forests in the true meaning of the word. The low lava ridges and arid lake beds with which the southwestern part of the territory is covered are entirely destitute of tree growth. The mountain system culminating south of the Colorado plateau in the San Francisco mountains, and extending southeasterly through the middle of the territory into New Mexico, is well timbered. The high ranges whicii spring from this central elevated plateau bear heavy forests of yellow pine and red flr, the plateau itself if ' as I 'I'l Ai''T'.'K!r:' uF'i.'ip: ..t'- i'k^i- furniahed lug centers jpaired by ^ntuin the In lit of the luble mills, |g centers, l^'er, ill the extensive Itlo lumber 0 elevated ccasional omotimes •CO of fuel litory are intaiiis of .st.s of red per cover e central >\v pine is K'casioiial io Grande a Diablo, and 7,00a 'lie banks le ano>/o8 'appears, iitain flno S3 bigliest iiiiboiiiig imient of ban will specially fuel, ited loss y in the ' by rail he high ids and )w, and )Ut]icrn leaning ;overcd 8, and ranges t itself ■f— H- Di'ixsi TV or TORIES rs (HlMlMl.f'DrNDirll riintUUTTUINOK (•,.S.SAK(;K.N"1. sI'liClAt. .V.hM Si mIp H"' too tTAT MiLit I hiBW^ ;i : 1 Mi : :! NEW MEXICO JaUisHtmftlolith ^: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) l!l 1.0 IM I.I s. 11.25 1^ 2.5 2.2 12.0 Ii4 / V HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WKT MAIN STMIT WnSTH.N.Y. 14SM (71«)I73-4S03 "^.V^ '^ ) <• m o-A^ 4^ £>l ^ ;\ >^ rF l'..S.S,M((' Sl.ll MllOB O 10 tU .1(1 iU 50 Ai-('/,U^A .liilitis MM't)S( I'liM . THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5GI> MTKl' STAI-KM UW .iuiiii<« rttfii M ( .•.iiir being covered, over thoasands of square miles, with an open growth of yellow pine of considerable si^e. The streams and bottoms of the high mountains are lined with deciduous trees, of which the cottonwood, the cherry, the ash, the a'der, and the walnut are the largest and most important. The group of short, detached mountain ranges which occupies with a general north and south trend the southeastern part of the territory is covered with a rich and varied forest growth. The highest slopes are covered with forests of pine, in which, in the Santa Catalina range at least, great bodies of splendid cypress (Cupressus Ouadalupensis) are found: a little lower the red fir and white pine {Pinus rejfexa), different oaks and junipers with a inadrona, are scattered over the dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. These in turn are replaced below 5,000 feet with an open growth of small evergreen oaks. The bottoms of the canons and the borders of the streams between 1,000 aiul 8,000 feet elevation are lined in these mountains with hackberry, sycamore, cottonwood, willows, cherries, and ashes. The arroyos in the mesas are often covered, as in southern New Mexico, with noble groves of mesquit, or in drier situations support a stunted growth of acacias, yuccas, cacti, and other desert plants. The yellow pine is the only tree of Arizona of great importance as a source of lumber supply. Oaks and other hardwood trees are invariably defective and of little value except for fuel. The red tir, white pine, and cypress occur only j>t high elevations, and are generally too scattered and too difficult of access to make tlieir manufacture into lumber practicable for the present at least. The pine forests of central Arizona and southwestern Xew Mexico are of great importance to the development of the treeless regions which surround them. No other body of timber of any extent or value exists near the southern boundary of the United States between the pine belt of eastern Texas and the forests of the Califorijia mountains. These southern interior forests have nowhere yet greatly suflered. Their inaccessibility has i)r()tected them, llailroads, however, uow either penetrate this forest region, or will soon do so, and these, with the rapid development of the mining industry now going on in the soutliwest, threaten these forests with the dangers which are fast exterminating those of Colorado and Utah. During the census year 10,240 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $50,000. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and Indians. Pine lumber is sawed in Pima and Pinal counties, principally upon the Santa Oatalina, Santa Kita, and Ilaacluica mountains, to supi)Iy important mining centers in this part of the territory. It is also mawufactured in isniall quantities in portable mills near Indian reservations and other centers of population throughout the forest region. Returns from 13 mills onlj", situated in Pima, Pinal, Apache, and Yavapai counties, have been received. Southern Arizona is now, in spite of its tine lorests of pine, almost entirely supplied by rail with lumber manufactured in California. UTAH, The Uintah range, occupying with an east and west trend the whole of the northeastern part of the territoiy, the Wahsatch mountains and their southern extension, the San Pitch and the Sanpete ranges, extending north a:id south nearly through the center of the territory, and the mountains which bound on the east the great Colorado plateau, bear at high elevations fir, spruce, and pine forests of considerable extent. The foothills of these mountains and their high valleys are dotted with an open growth of nnt pine, juniper, ami mtmntain mahogany (Ccfcocarpus). The high Colorado plateau and the arid deserts of western and southern Utah are treeless, with the exc«'i)tion of a few stunted junipers and nut i>ines which struggle for existence upon some of the low mountain ranges, and of willows and cottonwoods which line the banks of the infre(|uent and scanty streams. The western tlank of the Wahsatch mountains north of the fortieth degree of latitude has alieady been almost denuded of its best timber to supply the wants ^ftlie agricultural and mining settlements of the Salt Lake region, and the scanty forests of the territory have everywhere^ sull'ered serious loss from fire and wasteful methods of cutting tind)er and railway ties and of manufacturing charcoal. During the census year 42,805 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $1,042,800. These fires were set by Indians, woodcntt<'rs, careless hunters, and prospectors. Small cpiantities of hunber — i»ine, cottonwood, and a little spruce — are nmnufactured through the Wahsatch region, tiie principal centers of nuinnfaciture being Beaver City and Cedar City, in the south, the neighborhood of Salt Lake City, and Cache county in the extreme northern part of the territory. Utah is, however, almost eniiicly 8U|>plied with lumber from the eastern slopes of the California sierras and from Chicago. Small tanneries in Salt Lake City obtain a supply of red fir and spruce bark from the neighboring mountains. The following notes upon Utah forests, made dining the i)roseeution of a special investigation into the nicat- l)rodncing capacity of the territory, have been supplied by Mr. !■]. C. Hall, a special agent of the Census, in the division of "3Ieat Proibu^tion in the (J razing States and Territoriis": "The timber of the Wahsatch mountains, in Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber counties of Utah, hardly sullices for the wants of tho settlers. The trees from which lumber is obtaine.l are cedar and a vai-iety of white jiino {PinuH Jlejiilin). Some fir {PseudotxiKja Doiiglitsii) is found, but it is not common north of the latitude of Salt Lake City. This tree likewise furnishes an inferior kind of lumber. In general, in Utah, north of latitude 40°, tho west I m mm ,>■■ 1 570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. II m .■1 : AM i ■■'4 i'l^n I 11 !*'tSl''; ,,' 1 1 I u > 4 1^ iii 1^ i base of the Wahsatcli mountaius has been stripped of the available timber, so that in the accessible canons, especially in the neighborhood of settlements, it is laborious and expensive obtaining posts and poles for fencing, to say nothing of smooth planks, etc., for building. Cottonwood and cccasionally box-elder are found fringing the river bottoms of the sections described. "Tlie Oquinh mountains, on the east of Tooele county, and the Onaqiii mountains, 30 miles west, contain cedar and considerable red flr, the latter a tree which I am told is not frequent in the Wahsatch range. The mining camps of Salt Lake and Tooele counties have largely depleted the timber areas of these mountains. More timber is standing on the Ouaqui hills than on the Oquirrh range. From the vicinity of the latter to Cottonwood and Bingham CaQon mining districts the dearth of good fencing material is very noticeable throughout Box Elder, Cache, Kich, Weber, Morgan, and Salt Lake counties. Willow withes, stone walls, cottonwood poles, and sod walls flanked by ditches are among the devices for barriers against stock incursion, all pointing to the lack and costliness of lumber. " Lake range, west op Utah lake. — This range of low mountaius contains scattered black balsam and red fir. In winter this range is visited from the settlements of Utah valley, and the trees felled and sledded across the lake on the ice, to be used by the railroad and by farmers. No pifion pine was found in the Oquirrh or Onaqui mountains. "The San Pitch mountains, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 111° 52', contain sparse timber — a so-called white pine (Pinus ^fkxilis), scrubby cedar, and some other evergreen trees — at a high elevation and unavailable as lumber. No good clear planking suitable for building is obtained from these cuts. "Tlie low ranges west of Juab valley and flanking Dog valley. Dry valley, and Ferner valley, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 112°, contain straggling cedar and some red fir difficult of access. The timber of the whole region north of latitude 39° and west of the main Wahsatch mountaius is meager and inadequate for the purposes of the Mormon settlers. "Fencing about Salt Lake City is of poor construction and costs $200 per mile of pine poles and cedar posts. I saw some posts of white balsam (Abies concolor) 50 feet long, obtained from the canois of the San Pitch range, used for fencing. At Springville, in Utah valley, posts of cedar were pointed out which were in good condition after fourteen years standing. Were it not for the existence of the 'no-fence' law, which enables a farmer to cultivate unfenced ground and claim damages from incursions of stock, the Utah farmer would be very badly oflF, not having means to purchase fencing material in a countrj^ so ill supplied with timber. The cedar which abounds here affords a lasting supply of fire- wood and posts, but for poles or plank the region depends largely upon imported lumber, especially for building plank, joists, etc. " Upon ranges flanking East and West Tintic valleys, Juab county, in latitude 39° 50', longitude 112° 30', the timber is not abundant; it consists of red fir and black and white balsam, from which rough lumber for the mining camps of Mammoth, Tintic, and Silver City has been extensively taken. Cedar of the usual dwarfed kind growls abundantly along the upper slopes of the foothills, and is used for braces and posts in shafts of mines. " Sanpete Valley ranue (longitude 111° 30', latitude 39° 20').— The Wahsatch mountains, on the east of Sani)ete valley, carry on their si)urs and through the deep caiions facing the valley some of the best timber found in Utah. It is largely used by the Sanpete settlers. Yellow pine, black and white balsam, red flr, cedar, and poplar constitute the varieties of trees found. The yellow pine, less abundant now in accessible canons, furnishes, it is claimed, a clear an«l firm lumber, fit for building, and not surpassed by any variety in Utah. The range west of the Sanpete mountains — i.e, the San Pitch mountaius before spoken of— carries on its eastern slopes and caiions considerable balsam of both varieties and some red flr and poplar about the headwaters of creeks. Little yellow pine is found on the San Pitch range; at least, none is taken out at present, although I was told considerable had already been lumbered from such cafions as were penetrable. Fencing of cedar posts and poplar and balsam poles is largely used in the valley ; cedar posts and iiine plank are also used in fencing meadows and fields. In no other valley of Utah are the ilormons so well supplied, ajjparently, with fair lumber of native growth. Except for furniture and house trimmings, no imported wood is used here. "Sevier River mountains (latitude 38° 30' to 39° 10', longitude 112°).— TheTushar mountains and the Valley range, on the west of the Sevier valley, are supplied with meager timber, especially the Valley range. In no part of Utah have I noticed so few and so limited areas inclosed. Timber is said to exist in inaccessible places only on the Wahsatch range to the east of the valley. This is true in regard to the ranges west of the Sevier valley, where the character of the tree growth is inferior to even the average poor quality of Utah forests. Black balsam, white balsam and red flr grow in both ranges, but are approached with great difficulty. The indigenous scrub cedar prevails often in thick groves along the foot-hills, especially on the Valley and Tushar ranges to the west of the valley. Several saw-mills at the mouths of caiion streams on the East Wahsatch range have for several years ' worked up all the available lumber, but the prices asked for lumber — from $35 to $45 per 1,000 feet — place fencing material beyond the reach of the Sevier farmer. " All the way up the Sevier valley, and along its south and east forks, fencing is limited and lumber high, a sure proof of the inadequate supply of trees on accessible mountains. " Fish Lake plateau and mountains (latitude 38° 33', longitude 111° 50') contain a considerable quantity of the Iiievailing timber of Utah, as do also Thousand Springs mountains. 'i . , i! DEPARTMENT OF 'mE INTE! ■OTNTH CEIISUS OF THE (TNI 'j-:p SIATKS, , contain cedar iniugciunpsof )erisstaiuliiig iigliain Cauon , llicb, Weber, ed by ditches umber. ilsam and red led acrosH the •rb or Onaqiii II latitude 39° whole region irposes of the 1 cedar posts. Pitch range, )od condition i a farmer to badly oflF, not liich abounds pon imported ! 1120 30', the or the mining d kind grows es. •n the east of timber found ir, cedar, and us, furnishes, ic range west s and cafions Little yellow jiderable had balsam i)ole8 In no other for furniture in b TAH lul'i.sHi.-n'" ..Mil- i t ^ H" 5',} -il ( ; §,{ \M 11 ':f'i i Hi J iu i . i(r yi'l XENTH CENSUS Or THE UNITKD STATES. luUllsBiriiHCo.Iilh np:vada Til n : ft:' NITED STATEK, THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 571 JuUiUiRi<ly the treeless agricultural region of eastern Washington territory and Oregon with an abundant sujiply of excellent bmlding material. Tho following extracts are nnule from I^lr. Sereno Watson's report upon the forests of the territory: "This territory north of latitude 44^° is occupied by the Kocky and the liitter Koot mountains, forming its eastern boundary, with their broad, timbered, iiiterlaeiug spurs, which terminate in tho high, mostly treeless platean which extends frtun near the Spokane river in a southeasterly direction to this parallel of latitude. The southern and southwestern portions were not visited by nu', and the statements regauling them are to some extent conjectural. " Lkmui county (5,530 square miles). — In tho extreme eastern portion of this county, where the mountains are crossed by the Utah and Northern railroad, scattered trees of red fir are first met at an altitude of 0,000 feet. Beaver canon, up which the railroad passes, is well timbered on both sides nearly to its head at G,G00 feet altitude with red Iir only, but the oroad plateau at the summit (C,SU!) *'"et) is treeless. In tho lu^^eral canons (8 to 10 miles long), coming out near the mouth of Beaver canon, there are two saw-mills, one of which was visited. The timber was here Ibund to be contined to the south side of the cahon, and consisted almost wliolly of red fir (here called 'red i)ine'), averaging from 20 to 22 inches in d'lmeter. Tho largest log seen measured 32 inches at the butt. A 'white pine' proved to bo I'icea Engehnunni, ami a 'bird's eye pine' was Vimia Murrayana^ both small, as was also tho balsam (Abies sitbaljiina), which was found some 3 or 4 miles up the canon. The yellow pine did not octur here. "It is i)robable that the cafions westward along the range are similarly timbered as far as the Lemli agency. Here the character of the range changes (as stated under Beaver Head county, Montana), becoming higher aud more rugged, and the rinioi Murraymm is probably more abundant, at least at tho higher altitudes. The yellow pine also ai>pears, but at what point is uncertain ; it is certainly Ibund at Gibbonsville, on the North Fork of tho Baluiou river, and it probably extends still farther southward. Tho Salmon Eiver mountains, lying between tho Lemhi river and Bock creek, are reported to be well tind)ered. The southwestern i)ortion of the county I presume to be nuich more open. "The total timbered area is estimated at from 1,5(10 to 2,000 square miles. "Idaho county (10.100 square miles).— The high and crowded spurs of the Bitter Boot mountains till tho entire northeastern portion of this county, extending to the line of the South Fork of the Clearwater, mostly densely wooded from base to suinniit. The foot-hills and 1>lateaus between the streams are more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and red fir. The valley of the Salmon river is probably comi)aratively treeless, and the low mountain range between that river and the Snake is scantdy timbered. "Estimated timber area, 4,000 square miles. "Wasuinoton county (3,000 square miles). — I have but little intbrmation in regard to this county. Tho southern portion has bet'u surveyed, and is probably nearly treeless. Tho rest appears to be more mountainous, aud nujy be scantily tiud)ered. "Wooded area (say) 300 scpuire miles. "Xkk Perck county (3,400 s(|Hare miles). — ]\laiidy high plateau, at about 3,000 feet altitude, in tho southeast more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and re«l fir of good size, on the western side nearly without timber or with occasional yellow pine. Toward the head of Potluck creek some yellow pine and red fir are found in the valleys, aiul in the northeast the sjjurs from the Eocky mountains enter the county, covered iu addition with the larch and Thuya yhjuntcd. East of tho Indian reservation the county extends up into tho iiiountains in the tbrm of a narrow gore, and is heavily timbered. The portion lying south of the reservation iu the angle between the Snake and Salmon rivers is occupied by low mountains, mostly bare. "Total timbered area estimated at 750 s(|uare miles. " SnosiiONE COUNTY' (5,950 sqiuiro miles). — Wholly moi.iitainous and covered with forests, with the exception of some prairies and open country near the Clearwater and lower portion of the Lolo Fork. "Ininiediately after crossing the divide by the Lolo trail from Montana, at an altitude of 0,000 feet, the Ibrest consisted of .4ti<',s'*»/(rt/^jtHrt and Pivea EiKjclinannl, with young A/>(V» •««(/« and 2's«flfa il/cr^CJ^s(aHrt, and occasional larch and red fir, and ui)()u the (.'reeks some small Thuya and Taxus. The trail soon ascended the ridges and followed then; for about 100 miles at an altitude of Irom 5,000 to over 7,000 feet, doubtless to avoid the fallen timber which niade the cafions inii)assable, though enough of it was found ou the route followed. The timber on these ridges was often small and scattered — Abies suhalpina and Ficea EugeJmanni, with Pinua Murrayana and P. all)icavlis — or on the damper northern slopes with larch and red fir, balsam, hemlock, and sometimes the mountaiu """Tfl DK''AirrMfc;N'7 CK THr IMTTTRIOTi. TVNT!! cr.vr,'':' ;liiteau is an open growth of yellow pine and red fir, citen quite liirge, with young trees ititermixed, and some Picea Engchnanni and the two Abies in the wetter places. Considerable timber is cut nnon the Lolo Fork and Clearwater and floated down to the mills sit Lewistou. It is uncertain how far south along the main range the above large variety of trees continues. It is probable, in m;' oi)inion, tliat the Thuya, Abies grandis, Tsuga, Pinus monticola, and Taxus do not pass beyond the headwaters of the Clearwater, or, at the fartliest, that some, of them may reach the North Fork of the Salmon river, while the larch may ])ossibly be found iu the Salmon Kiver mountains. "At the nortlier extremity of the ctunty, along the TMullan road, which from the Coeur d'Alfine mission follows up tlie canon r the Cojur d'Aleue river, instead of following the spurs, a distance of 37 miles, the swampy bottoms were fouivd heavily timbered with Thuya, red fir, Abies grandis, and Tsuga Mertensiana, with some larch and P/.TK-s' monticola. Someof i. e drier bottoms had been burned over, ?nd were mostly covered with Pinus Murrayana. Some Populus balsamifera occurs, 3 feet tlirough, or more (as .also on the Montana side). The sides of the ridge were also n3arly bare. The Thuyx, which exclusively occupied some of the swamps, attaining a large size, ceases at the base of the dividing ridge, where also ihe Picea Engchnanni and Abies SKbalpina come in. The range above Cceur t''A!ene ciuon, and bounding the county on the north, is not heavily timbered, much of its upper slopes l>ein|T; bare. *' Total timbered are.i estimated at r;,000 squais milea. "Kootenai county (5,530 square miles). — The portion south of the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane rivers belongs mostly to the Cobur d'Alfine Indian reservation, and is timbered, with the exception of open meadows upon the Coeur d'Alene and Saint Joseph rivers and upon Hangman creek. The timber is principally yellow ])ine and red fir, with some Pinus ^furrayana, and fine bodies of cedar (Thuya gigantea) near the western borders of the lake. North of the Coeur d'Alene river the road from the mission to the fort i)a8ses through a cedar ( Thuya) swamp, with many large trees, from 3 to 5 feet tlirough, traversing cafions filled with a mixed growth oi Abies subalpina and A. grandis, larch, hemlock, Picea Engelinaniti, and red fir. This latt or growth continues for some miles below t'.ie fort, where the valky opens out into the broad t^pokane i)lain, which extends northeastward toward Pend d'Oreille lake withor.t trees. The mountains south of the lake are low and not heavily timbered. The portion of the county north of Clarke's Fork and of Pend d'Oreille lalce has, so far as I know, never been explored, but is jirobably mountainous and for the most part well timbered. " Estimated timber area of the county, 4,500 square miles." WASIIINGTOX. Washington territory west of the suiumit of the Cascade range is covered with the heaviest continuous belt of ibrest growth in vhe United States. This forest extends over the slopes of tlie Cascade and Coast ranges, and occupies the entire drift plain surrounding the wat 'rs of Paget sound. Tlie highest mountain peaks and the sand- dunes of the coast are treeless. The narrow valleys of the ('owlitz and Chehalis rivers are dotted with small oaks and other deciduous trees, and oaks and stunted yellow pines occHi)y with an open growth the barren Steilacooni plain south of Piiget sound; with these exceptions western Washington territory is covered with a magnificent coiiiferou « lorest. The most valuable and generally distributed limber tiee of this region is the red or yellow fir (Pseudotsuga J)ouglasii), forming about seven-eighths of the Ibrest growtli. The valuable red cedar ( Thuya gigantt-a) and the hemlock (TsUga Mertensiana), oilew coverii;;; extensive tracts, especially near the bise of the Cascade mountains, are common ; the noble tide-land spruce adds value and imiiortance to the forests bordering the coast. The forestk which cover the upper ridges of the Cascade mountains are juincipally composed of firs (Al)ivs amabilis and A, nobilis), spruces (Picea Engclmanni), various small jiines, hemlocks, etc. These elevated forests, often of great beauty, are of little economic importance. East of the Cascade mountains the forests are less dense, and are confined to the mcuutain ranges. The great plains watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers are entirely destitute of tree covering. L* 11, 574 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Stevens countj-, wliicli is broken and mountainous, witli the exception of the narrow valleys «u(l occasional small prairies, is covered with a heavy, open forest {growth. Tiie most valuable trees of the forests of this county are the red lir, the yellow pine {Pinus pondciosa), the white j)ine (Pinus monticola), the larch (Larix occidental is), and the red cedar. The forests of Spokane county are confined to the spurs and ridges of the extreme eastern part of the county, and consist of the yellow pine, red fir, and larch of smnll size and inferior quality. The forests of Yakima county cover about one half of its area, beinp confined to the eastern slope of the Cascade range. The forests covering the eastern slopes ol these mountains are only surjiassed in density and value by those extending over their western flanks. The yellow pine occupies the lowest slopes with an open growth of large trees. Above the pine the red fir is the prevailing tree. This at a greater elevation is succeeded by hemlock and larch, with w^hich are mingled fine bodies of spruce {Picca Engclmannt) and hemlock, while the forest growth below the timber-line consists of firs, pines, and mountain hemlock. Tlie western portion of Klikitat county is covered with heavy forest growth, similar in composition and density to tliat of \akima. Walla Walla county is destitute of timber except in the extreme southeastern comer, where the spurs of the mountains .ire thinly covered with a sparse growth of yellow i»ine and larch. Columbia county is without forest except along the ridges and summit of the Blue mountains, which are covered with yellow pine, larch, and, above 5,000 i'eet elevation, with a continuous growth of lodge-pole pine (Piiivs Mitrrayana). Wliitman county is destitute of forest except in the extreme southeastern corner, where there is a scattered growth of small yellow pine. An estimate of the actual amount of tunber standing in the territory is not possible with the existing knowledge of the country, and none has been attempted. The quai...ity of merchantable timber, however, standing in western Washington territory is enormous ; a yield of 200,000 feet of lumber to the acre is not at all exceptional, while over fully 20,000 square miles a yield of 2r),0G0 feet to the acre might be expected ; such estimates certainly would not exaggerate the productive capacity of these noble forests. The forests of Washington territory, especially in the more thickly settled jwrtions west of the Cascade mountains, have long sutfered from destructive fires. The injury inflicted by such fires is ])roportionately less, however, in the humid coast region than east of the mountains, where the dryness of the climate prevents the reproduction of the forest once destroyed. West of the mountains young trees of the species of the original forest, and especially the red fir, soon densely cover the burned surface and grow with astonishing rapidity and vigor. It seems reasonably certain, therefore, that, whatever may be tlie fate of tlie forests which now cover western Washington territory and Oregon, they will be succeeded by forests of similar composition, and that this whole region, ill adapted in soil and topography to agriculture, will retain a permanent forest covering long after the other great forests of the continent liave disappeared. During the census year 37,910 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $713,200. These fires were set by Indians, by whites in clearing land, by hunters, prospectors, etc. Tiie forests bordering the shores of Puget sound, the strait of Juan de Fuca, and the lower Columbia river have been culled of their best trees for a distance inland of 1 or 2 miles to snpjdy the important lumber- manufacturing interests of this ])art of the territory. The product of western Washington territory during the census year was 153,980,000 feet of lumber, 0,550,000 latlis, 910,000 shingles, and 23,000,000 staves— by far tlie largest part being nmnufactured in the mills located on the waters of Puget sound. The first saw-mill built \\\w\\ Puget scolu, as well as Populus balsnmifera, Betula papyracca, and Ahius of considerable size. The hills bordering the Columbia above Old Fort Colville are treeless. The drift-wood brought down by the riveris said to be chiefly cedar (77(«yrt fiffV/rt/irf^). "The Colville Indian reservation, lying between the Okiuakane and the Columbia eastward, is comparatively little known, being crossed by but two trails, one leading directly westward from Old Fort Colville, the other following the Kettle river, and for nnich of the way not far distant from the British boundary. As seen from the Columbia and from the heights bordering the Okiuakane, this portion appears to be more open and grassy than that east of the Columbia, and, especially toward the south, more like the bare plateau of Spokane county. Okiuakane valley itself is narrow, with mainly a desert vegetation of sage-brush, Purshia, and other like representatives of the Great Basin flora, which seems to find here its only passageway northward to the British boundary. The hills eastward have thinly-scattered pines, which occasionally descend into the valley. The northern trail from Old Fort Colville shows the lower valley of Kettle river to be well wooded, but abo\e, ojiening out into grassy i)rairies and bordered by grass-covered hills or with scattei'cd yellow pine, red fir, aud larch. Upon the more densely wooded ridgos and ravines were also found Picca Engchnanni, Abies subalpina, Pinus Murraynnn, and Thui/a. " The main ridge separating Kettle river from the Okiuakane (about 5,000 feet high and 12 miles from the latter stream) was well grassed upon both sides with large Picca, Pscudotsuga, J'inns pondcnmi. and Lari.v alon;; the creeks upon the eastern side, and on the west the Piuusjmndcrosa only. The ridges above the Okiuakane to the north appenred treeless, wliile the northern slopes of the nearer hills l^o the south were i)retty well covered with underl)ru.sh. West of the Okiuakane, between that river and the Jlethow, the country is much like that to the east — high and broken, wiiii scattered patches of timber, which becomes more general toward the northern boundary. U|;ou the Metliow aud Similkanieen creeks there are oiien, grassy valleys of (lonsiderable extent, but for 12 miles from the moiilli of the Methow the hills close iu upon it and are considerably wooded. The rest of the county, from the Metliow to the Weuatchee, is occupied by spurs from the Cascade mountains, which reach the banks of the Columbia ; these are exceedingly rugged and almost inqiassable, being seldom traversed, even by Indians. A loot trail leads from the headwaters of the Jlethow over t(» the Skagit, and a trail which has been passable for horses crosses the ridges between the upi>er Chelan lake and the Weuatchee, but it is described by the Indians as dangerous and long disused by them. The whole region is ])robably lor the most part well timbered excei>t along the Cohnnbia river, where the mountains for from 10 to 15 miles back are but scantily wooded, the pine (Pinus ponderosa) and rod tii occasionally reaching to the river. Heavy tiuiber is reported about the head of Chelan lake, commencing at about 15 miles from 1 u m ii ^ i I > ' I If' r ill r)7(? 'IMII-: KOHIOSTS OF THE UNITED STATES. p*}' •i;?. t-i H |« 1 ■ ! W ^k li .4Uu tlu» fool, mostly yollow piiio, but iilso red i\v, soiiio ryff>-/,r, ami Hinall Tliujiit. Tlid oiith't to IIiIn luko is Ihruiif^Ii a «l(>op <*iirioii, 1111(1 IS obstructed l),v tails iiiul rapids. Tlio Woiuit«;IuH« Hows (liroiif^li a more open valley, and, at leaHt in lii^li water, eoiihl lie iise\tends in a southeasterly direction to tlit< Columbia, Ibrcin^ that river to mak«^ a bend eastward. Tiiis .spur has an altitude of about r>,()(>() feet, and its higher iKMtherii slopes, ov*>rld tlr, and lar(^li. The .southern hIo])(\ as seen from I'.llensburf;, appeared nearly bare. 1 ero.ssed the ridne about 17 miles abovt' the mouth of the Wenateliee and a few miles *'ast of tlu> hi^jli, exceediii;;ly rocky, ami snow covered peaks ealletl by IVIet 'lellan ' Rbiiinl Stuart'. It was found mostly well wooded, but the trees not exceedin;; I or 'J feet in diameter, and nsnally small red tlr and yellow piiu>, with at leii};lh some Ahirn i/rnnilis and riinis moulivoUt, rarely a small Tliiii/d, on the hi;;her rocrky ridges small larches, ami at the summit some riinis M una nana. The same trees weri^ found on \\n\ southern descent, exceptiu";' the I'iniis moiilirola. Larj^c' »'ottonwoods (/'<»/)»//«.%• ^r/<7/(*(7(»7«r) occurred on lIuM^rceks. Month «>f this raii^ic the spurs rec»>de, Icaviii';; a comparativ«'ly Unci sajiebrush rcfjion, wholly treeless, from TiOlo 70 iniliis broad, between the Colnmbia and Yakima, and crossing' the lower portion of the latter river. " Helow tlii^ month of the Schwaiik, which is at llu^ head of what is known as ' Killitas valley', on the Yakima, the fiiot hills of the 4'ascade moniitains extend to the Yakima river, a distance of about .~>0 miles from tlu^ summit, of the r.iuij*'; but the lowt>r portions of these spurs are bare, or with only scattered ]Mnes on their nortlK^rn slopes, antl the chief rcliaiu'c of the settlers for fenfiu>»aiid fuel is upon the asjiens and cot ton woods borderinj,' theHtream.s. Followin,:* up the Yakima Irom the mouth of the Schwauk, the valley for lOor IJ miles is thinly tilnb(^red with ])ine and red tir. I'or 17 miles more there is some larch on the ridfjcs, and in tlit> bottoms t^ouw Ahiis ()ra>iilis, »:u\ rarely a small Tliiiiia. Timber and lit>s ha*l been «>xtcnsively cut here for tiie railroad and lloated down the river. At this jioint the yellow pine and tamarack ceas(>d, ami a deiis(>, heavy growth be;;aii and continued formostof the way to the summit (L'O or L'."i miles), consistiiifj of red tir, hemlock, Ahiis unuidis ami .1. aiiiahilis (all thesti from 'A to 6 feet tliriiiifih and L'OO feet liifih or more), I'iniis iiii>nliivl<( (IS im-hes fhroiijjh), and 'riiiii/a ('2 feet in diameter). One siiruce, not over L'.\ feet throufjh, had a hei,y;ht of L"-'r» feet. " In like •naiinex, iii»on the Nachcss river, the open sam'brnsh coiintr,>. extemlcd iiImmH lOor 12 miles from its month, with only cottonwood alon<; the stream. Scattered pines then comnuMice, with at leii^tli red tlr, but it is some L'."> or ;>'• miles more befort> lii'avy timln'r is reached. -V small ^rove of oak ((,>Hrr('H,v (r'(f»v7/((»i(f) is found al the mouth o\' the Schwauk. the only i)()inl upon the Yakima where it occurs. It is also fre(|iienl aioiifif th(> Nai^hcss for ;> or I miles, commenciiij;' at about 1- 'nilcs from its mouth, but small and rarely over (I inches in diameter «)r 15 feet in hciiilit. In Satas valley it is abtiiulant. .Vloii;; the southern border of the ct)niily there is apiiii a Ion;; spnr extendin^i east troni mount Atlams to within about XMuiles of the mouth of the Yakima. This spur has an altilmle of about l,."i(>(t feet, and is nutslly covered with a scattered {•rowth of y«>lIow pine, red llr, and Ahivs unnulin. "Tlu" entire wooded area of the county may be estimatetl at about I, .">((() .scpiare miles. "Ki.iKiTAT corNTV (LVUH) sipiaic miles). — The spur eastward from mount Adams, just spoken of, covers much of the northern portion of this county an«l atlbrds a }jood supply of excellent timber. The area may be estimated at 7r>0 sipiare miles. The hiy;h ridjie overlookiiij; the Columbia from The Dalles eastward is perfectly bare of trees." OT{E(U)N. The heavy forest of western AYasliinjrttin territory extends throU{;h western Orcfjon. The m«»st valuable timber tree of the rejjion is the red or yellow tir ( IWiuiotsiiya Poiifilasii), which forms fully seven-eijjhtlis of the forest. The tide land si»ruce (I'Ura Sitclniisis) abounds aloiifj the coast, ami the red cedar (Thuya fjiffanlca) and the hendook (Tsupa Mtrtt'itsiana) are common and of larjje size. South of Coos bay an important forest of I'ort Orford cedar {Chamariiparit iMirsoiiiana), mixetl with the red tir and the tide-land spruce, occurs. The valleys of the ^Yillalnette, rmpqua, and l{o};ue rivers contain an open, scattered growth of wliite oak (Quereuti Oarrpana), now jrraduiiUy iuereasiiifj by the recent {irowth of yoiin,v, luul, lit liMiat ritl^tw on cnuh UK) (KHUipy tho iuhI vt'tliir, tho 0 oiiHlcrn HpiifH () iiiaU(^ a bend i; Dio inoutli of tlinil Hl(»]tO, UN (llO Wt'Mllti^lllW Moiml Stiiurt,'. null rctl fir and ' liij;lu'r nxiky 1 tho Hontliorn urccks. Houth I r»(l to 70 niihm Ml llit> YaUiiiia, 1)111 tli(^ Htiiiiiiiit. oi'tluu'ii nIoihvs, i;,' tlioHtn'mns. KM'cd with pino t'H jirinidis, and lowii tho riv»M'. loriiiost of tho llioso tVoin ',i to t ill diaiiM^toi). ! iiiilos IVoiii its hI llr, but it is >('() is I'oniid at i{j the Na(i|ioss diaiiiotor or I ft s a^aiii a lon^ lis spur lias an 1 Ahitu ff rand is. tkoii of, «'.ovor8 0 aroa may bo ird is i)crfoctly ahiablo tinibor lio forest. Tiic d tho hondock 't Orford ccchir h of wliito oak tho tiros which tho 8U}?ar pino brost occur in iinnicnso size, [io8 of splendid scattered, and 37 i!r ' § I 3 i 1*. i If If '^ TJPIV-.P"'MKNT of THH- WTKrUJK .. f»n 'I'FHTH CKN.'?!;.-; [It' TMK MTJiTVPI P'!V>,'1'.'-.S %> i' * 11 Ui ,1 -I iM r 'ij '■'*| . if if i! »^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 577 ^ Till* forostH of Wasco Romity, on the weatern alopp of the Cascade range, when alwve 3,000 feet elevation Rre ii!il)()rtaiit. The most valuable trees are the red flr, the yellow pine, and the larch. The eastern part of the ctmiity is (!ovcred with a lijrht prowth of pine, principally yellow pine. The sIoi)Ps of the IMue mountains in Uniatillii and Union counties are covered with an oi)en, stunted forest, consisting 4)f jed flr, yellow pine, larch, and, above 4,000 feet elevation, a lieavier continuous growth of lodgopolo pine {PinuH Mtirrayana). Luke county is destitute of timber except on the eastern h\o\w of the Cascade mountains and the southern part of the county, which contain a light forest growth contined to the high ridges of the mountains, and principally composed of yellow pine. (Iraiit and IJalier counties are treeless except in the northern i)art, wLere the Uhie mountains are covered with » light, open growth composed chic^fly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub iiine. The forests of Oregon have suffered serious hisses from forest Arcs. Along the Coast Range, from the Colund)iii river to Port Orford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, tires have raged nearly every summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble llr, spruce, and cedar. Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spring up again and cover the burned surface, but the loss in material which the state has suH'ered in this way i.s incalculable. Forest fires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the census year, however, only 13L*,l}-'() acres of wootlland were reported destroyed by tire, with an estimated loss of t593,8."i(). These fires were set by hunters, Imliuus, and by farmers clearing haul. The abundant sj)ruce, cedar, cottonwood, ivsh, maple, and alder of western Oregon have developed flourishing industries. At Portland large quantities of ash, maple, and alder are manufactured into furniture, and cottonwood, spruce, and cedar sui)[»'y numerous establishments engaged in the i)roduction of (loojierage stock and all kinds of woodeuware. The supply of this material is large and of excellent ((uality. The principal celiters of the I amber-manufacturing interests are at Portland, where flr, spruce, cottonwood, and hard woods are sawed for the local n)arket, and at Emi)ire City and MarshUeld upon Coos bay. Port Orford cedar and red-fir lumber are n)anufaetured here, and ship])etl by schooner to Portland, 8an Francisco, and Mexican and South American Pacific! iiorts. The first mill was established upon Coos bay, at North Bend, 4 miles above Empire City, in 18r)3; other mills were soon built, and in 1854 the first shipment of Port Orford cedar was made to 8an Francisco. Great quantities of this timber have been cut, while fires have destroyed even more than the ax. The tire which raged through the forests of Coos bay for three months in the summer of 1807 destroyed cedar estimated to amount to between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber. This tree, however, reproduces itself very rapidly, and after the forest has been burned over it is the first arborescent species to reappear, springing up generally in the third year. The heaviest continuous l)ody of I'ort Orford cedar now standing is on cape Gregory, extending south to and beyond the mouth of the Coquille river. It is about 20 miles long by an average widtV " ""^ miles, and lies along the western slope of the foothills of the Coast Range, extending to within 3 miles of t. i. In this forest two- thirds of the trees are Port Orford cedar, the others tide-land spruce and a lew red firn. « is ereat danger, however, that the Port Orford cedar, one of the most valuable trees of the American forest, will si, iiuinated as a source of lumber supply, so far as this generation is concerned. The following notes upon the forests of Wasco, Umatilla, Union, Grant, and Baker counties, the oidy portion of the state visited by Mr. Watson, are extracted from his report: "Wasco COUNTS (17,700 square miles). — The timber of this county is contined almost wholly to the steep eastern slopes of the Cascade range; the low spurs of the Blue mountains, which enter the county on the east, bordering .lohn Day's river and scmthward, being only i»artially supi)lied with pines, etc. I know nothing about \Valker's range and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no wood. The trees of the Cascades are doubtless nearly the same as those to the north of the Columbia, the larch reaching to the headwaters of the Deschutes river, the most southern locality for it that I have seen mentioned. "The total more or less wotided area may be estimated at from 2,500 to 3,000 square miles. "Umatilla county (G,100 square miles). — The Blue mountains occupy the southern and eastern borders of this county, aud are the only source of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, especiall}' in the ravines, the trees growing to a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, spruce aud balsam (Abies stibalpina and A. grandis). "The wooded area is about 1,500 square miles. " Union county (4,300 square miles). — This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on the west and north and the Cedar mountains on the east, separated by the valleys of the Grande Ronde and Wallowa rivers. A large portion of these mountains is well timbered, the amount decreasing toward the east. "The wooded area may be estimated at about 2,000 square miles. "Grant county nouth op latitude 44° (5,800 square miles). — This portion of the county is traversed by the valley of John Day's river, to the north and east of which lie tLe main ranges of the Blue mountains, which are to a considerable extent well wooded. The mountains to the south are low and probably scantily timbered. 37 FOB ' f i : •! if,; 578 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. •'Fifteen linndrod square miles is probably a liberal estimate for the wooded area. "Bakkb county kobtii ov latitude 440 (3,801) square miles). — This section is bordered ou the west by a hig'i range of the iJlue uiountaius, which is well limbered. The remainder is almost wholly without timber. "The estimated wooded area of this ooiuity is ')00 square miles." CALIFOKNIA. The heavy forests of California are confined to the Coast llange, the eastern and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and the groiii) of mountains joini'tg these ranges in the northern part of the state. They extend from the Oregon boundary south to latitude 34° 30' north. The most important trees of the Coast Range forest are the rer.wood and the rod iir. The tide laud spruce and the hemlock of the Northern Coast Forest extend as i'ar south as cape Meudocino, although less generally multipiied and less valuable than in Oregon and Washington territory. The chestnut oak [Quercim denni flora), species of pine of little economic importance, and the broad valleys of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, lying betwi-.en the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada, are covered, except at the south, with an open growth of oaks, often of immense size, although of little value except as fuel. The eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada are covered with a heavy forest, in Tliieh yellow pines {Finns ponderosa and P. Jcffreyi) are the prevailing and most imiiortant trees. South oi latitude .50° 30' the forests, both of the Siena Nevaoa and of the Coast Range, become gradually less heavy and less valuable tluui those covering the mountains farther north. Two degrees still farther south Uiey arc open and scattered, and have little economic value. The i)ine and fir foree.3, however, which cover the upper slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges are important on account of their isolated position in a region «lestitute of tree covering, and supjdy a considerable local market with lumber. The northeastern and nearly all the southern and southeastern portions of the state are almost entirely destitute of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and junipers are, however, dotted over the low mountains of southwestern California, and willows and cottonwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest ridges of the Inyo and other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevatia, and arborescent yuccas {Yiicm brevi/oUn) form upon the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangeness of its growth than in economic value. The narrow belt of redwood which extends along tuo western slopes of the Coast Range from the bay of Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. Few trees equal the redwood in economic value. No other forest can compare with this in productive capacity, and no other great bodv of tiinber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable of producing 75,000 feet of lumber are not iincommon, while a yield of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 feet of lumber per acre is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of Sau Francisco bay, both north and south, and thiough the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible to streams and railroads have been culled. Heavy bodies of redwood are still standing, however, in the Sinta Cruz region, and in Unmboldt county in t-he valleys of Eel and Mud rivers and Redwood creek. The largest nnmber of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwooon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern California, and to Mexico and South America. 1 the west by a t timber. 8 of the Sierra !y extend from ' forest are the titl as fai' south igton territory, on in the coast erra Xevaila is ma), the yellow •iithern portion lensely covered 0 and tlie San , with au open s of the Sierra 1 the prevailing > gradually less south tliey are )ver the upper tiou ill a region itirely destitute 7 mountains of own the highest nd iii'boresceut Lhe strangeness "oiu the bay of standing. Few ipacity, and no le trees capable feet of lumber borhood of San st accessible to ;ho S'lnta Cruz largest number • at Eureka and le shores of the > raft logs down ; west fronj the ro, breaking up numerous bars iso forests must ?s to the mills. Trinidad and at ■edwood Inmber nty ; Westport, , in Jlendocino ber distribution hern Oalifornia, 38 ' n , P n 11 tr'' ■ In IF i I p III 111! IIIIIE / •\ / t / ::<^-. s ^ H •r Z .> X y 1 ."^ ? -^ Y -» >^ •tt r^ 3 ^ ^ 1 ^■^ £ - ^<^ z^ ■■^ 'J. 4- »w -iv:^- / r.. I 1 i.^w>,'i:Jw'j!iy^W.'i«)i J, ;. fV, I i u: :.> ... .1 'y oS* ^---H ' %, VSrjH? ,?^''"' THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 579 The followiuy estiuiatvs of the ainomit of accessible redwood stiinding May 31, 1880, were propaied by Mr. E. L. Alloa, secretary of the lledwood Manul'acturers' Association of San Francisco. They enibnice only such portions of the forest as can be reached by water, or may in the future be penetrated by railroads, and do not include the small, isolated bodies of tind>er growiiif;' in inaccessible caflons: IJEDWOOD (.St'f/Moirt etmpirvimiH). Rpgious. Fi'Ot. bnnid incasuic. From the Orcgiin b4iiindary to tli« iiionili nf Iti'dwiuxl inrk , 8O.1, 00;), Cop From tlio inmitU of Kcihvood I'lKik to tliu iiioutli of Slad river II, OOli. Olio, 000 From till' moutli of Jlud rivi:r totlin luoiitli of Kel liver '.', 145,000,000 From li;e moutli of Kel river to tlie iiioulli of Maltoli river 4, 4."iO, iinO, 000 From tlie looulii , 000 rests, etc 12,000,000 Total ISO, 0.35, 000 Xo estimate of the amount of pine and fir lumber standiiij; in the state is now possible, and none has been attempted. An enormous amount of pine of excellent quality, both white and yellow, is contained in the sierra forests. These forests have been invaded by the lumberman at only a few points; their inaccessibility and the cost of getting to market the lumber manufactured in these mountains have thus far preserved them, and these sierra forests, if protected from fire, will serve as a reservoir from which the whole Pacific coast can draw its lumber supply long after its more accessible forests have disappeared. The forests of California sutfer seriously by fire; during the census year 3.')6,815 acres of w.oodland were reported thus destroyed, with an estimated loss of $440,750. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and by farmers in clearing land. Great injury, every year becoming greater, is inflicted on the mountain forests by stockmen starting fires to improve the herbage of the alpine pastures. These fires destroy undergrowth and young trees, and often consume great quantities of valuable timber, which does not grow again upon these exposed mountain slopes. PASTURAGE OF MOUNTAIN FORESTS. The permanence of the mountain forests of Califoi'nia is severely endangered, moreover, by the immense herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year, at the commencement of the dry season, to graze. From the foot-hills to the highest alpine meadows everj^ blade of herbage and every seedling shrub and tree is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs are able to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep acclivities tread out the roots of grasses and other perennial plants and loosen the surface of the stony soil, which, deprived of the protection of its vegetable covering, is gradually wjished into the valleys, choking the bottoms of streams and preparing the way for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the siena forests; and the destruction of these iorests is certain, if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheep pastures is continued. The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as soon as they appear above the surface of tlie soil is limited to the life of the fully grown individuals which compose it. A period of unusual climatic conditions, the demand of an increased population for lumber, or the novr unforeseen attacks of some insect enemy may at any time sweep awsiy the old trees of the sierra forests. There are no young trees growing to replace them, and it is doubtful if the forest could ever regain its foothold upon the steep and exposed slopes of these mountains once entirely stripped of the protection of their present covering of trees. The sheep which threaten the destruction of the sierra forests threaten alsc *he agricultural prosi)erity of tlic state; the streams heading in the sierras and watering the great interior valleys of California are i)rotectcd in their flow bj' the forests growing about their upi)er sources. If these forests are destroyed, and the protection to the surface of the ground which they afford removed, the immense accumulation of the winter's snows must melt suddenly in the spring; brooks will become torrents, sweeping with irresistible force gravel and stones from the .iiountain sides down into the valleys beh)w, and burying rich bottom lands in ruin. And this is not the only danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which supplies the mountain streams melts slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season; i", on the other hand, the snow melts siuldenly and rapidly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by I ; M MM 580 . TIIR FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Li J $ I its <'(|null.v siuhloii (lisiippcaraiifc, and the torrent will suddenly diminish to a slender brook or entirely disappear. Irrigation, without which agriculture in a large part of the Pacific region is impossible, is dependent upon the constant and steady flow of streams formed by melting snow, and as the forests which cover the mountain sides are essential to prevent the sudden melting of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any large or comprehensive scale. The forests of California sufl'er from wasteful methods of cutting. Oidy the best and most accessible young trees are cut; often a noble pine capable of producing 25,000 or 30,000 feet of lumber is felled, a few split shingles Unide from the buttcut. and the rest of the tree left to rot upon the ground. The preference of the railroad companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood ties causes an immense and needless waste of this valuable timber. A great amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out the ties, and when trees after being cut are found to split badly from any defect in the grain they are abandoned and left to waste. The forests of California, unlike those of the Atlantic states, contain no great store of hard woods. The oaks of the Pacific forests, of little value for general mechanical i)urpose8, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory, gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California produces no tree from which a good wine cask or wagon wheel can be made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the develojjment of grape culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its 8ui)ply of oak. Woodenware and small cooperage stocic are manufactured in large quantities, however, from cottonwood, spruce, alder, and red and white fir. Wiue-butts and water-tanks are universally made from redwood, which is probably uii8ur])assed for such purposes. ' The large tanning industry of the state consumes, in preference to all other material, large quantities of the bark of the chestnut oak (Quercua densiflora), once a common tree in the forests of the northern Coast ranges, but uowbecoming scarce and in danger of speedy extermination. The princii)al centers of lumber manufacture outside of the redwood belt are situated along the line of the Central Pacific railroad, upon both fianks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in Butte, Tehanm, and Mono counties, and in the San Bernardino mountains. Lumber nmnufactured npou the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas is largely shipped eastward by rail to supply Nevada and Utah. The product of the mills situated west of the mountains is largely sent to San Francit ' ■ ^-M' AtftitJi o/y ' '/'■''■'A MoiitA, i^, MAP OF A PORTION OF CALIFOriNIA SIU»WIN(iTilK niSTIUnrTU»N(»K Till- iih;F)W()()i) r()Ki;srs WiTII SriHLU. IlKI'MltKXCl-; TOTMK MWIUKU INUrSTHV. roMI'll.Kli rxUKIl THK IJIMKITION UP {'..S.SAIUJKNT, SI'KCIAl.-MiKNT. laiu. • - i.i:i.i:m) lim Stiinilin*^ KiMuinhI lb(M|U'>i.i K<-in|Hnvin ^^HSI ^tc'^iini (-iiiitiii.Miiic Hi'atti'nnlj IhmIic:. ttf imirti'sKil'lt* HHB hits Ih^ci) i-i'iiuivfil • f.uritr «fnunhtits i^t'h'fiinnotl Umbt'v ha*T hfi'n nit (hvri Ihe.vf nrrns ofnfni//v tilonu Iftr .vtrrtims antf III fHHln\r ttio .rma// to b^ ituli.-atni on thf nittp ■ -^BT .hiliii<.f'irn:<('«.lilh ■IH) Mlill' n.i,. ik'U III t>i?h Effi If! II «5i m s • GENERAL INDEX. [NOTR — In this Index the names of familien are liiiUratoilby "Small cai'h ". (if npcclcH In "Uomnn" typo, Bni) of nynonymB by " Italiet".] Abl«» , 11,12,16,573 A bieii alba ( Pifca iil ha) AbifM atba (Picoa IJogclmaoni) . Abim nlba ( Picea iiij^ra) AbicnUba, var. aretica Abus alba, var. cierulea Abies Albertiana 204 205 203 204 204 208 Abie 3 aiiiabili.s 213, 250, 253, 250, 346, 412, 478, 573, 570 Abieit amabiliff (Abit'A oonoolor) 212 Abies amabilis (Abies graniliH) 212 Abie» rmabilia (Abies iuu;;nlfli.'») 214 Abies A laericana 203 Abies aretica ( Plcpa alba) 204 A bies aretica { Pipi'a nigra) 203 Abies aromMtiea 212 Abies balsaiiiea 210, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478 Abies baLiamea (Abies concolor) 212 Alnesbalsamea, var. Fraaeri 210 Abies balnami/era 211 Abies hifiilia 21 1 Abies braeleata 8,213,240,316 207 214 204 206 207 207 204 I Abies Uridfjesii Abies eampyloearpa Abitt Canflrfen«i« (I'ieea albn) Abies Canadensis (Tstiga Canadensis) . . Abies Canadensis (Tsuga Merteusiana) . Abies Carntiniana Abies ccenUea Page. 214 202 203 205 266 205 207 215 20» 209 205 203 203 Abica iiobilia 214, 2.-i0, 2.')5, 259, 346, 412, 478, .173 Abies mugnifim (Abies niibilis) Abies Mariana Allies Mart/'Mndica Abies Memitsii (Picea pungens) .. Abies Menziesii (Pieea SiU'liensis) . Abies ileiiziesii J'arryana Abies Afertensiana A bies tti icroca rpa A bies 111 itcroiiata A bies mucronala palustris. Abicti nii/ra ( I'ieea Kngeliuanui) Abies niffya (Pic* a nigra) Abies niijra, \ ixr. nibra Abies eoneoliir 9, 212, 251, 255, 259, 204, 346, 412, 478, 570 Abiet denticutata 203 Abies Douglasii 209 Abies Douglasii, var. tnaeroearpa 210 Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia 200 Abiet EttgelmaniU 205 Abies Engehiianni ptauca 205 Abies falcata 206 ! Abies Fraseri 210,251,256,259,346.412,478 !j Abits Oordotiiana 212 Abies grandis 7, 212, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 505, 566, 572, 573, 575-577 j Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 , Abies grandis (Abies coneolor) 212 XdiM grandis (Abies siibalpinn) 211 ij Abies grandis, var. densijlora , 213 ji Abies grandis, var. Lowiana 21 Abies Iteterophylla 2C Abits Ilniikerianii 20 Abies Ifudsoniea 21 Abies lasioearpa (Abies coucolor) 21 Abies lasioearpa (Abies subalpina) 21 Abies laxa 26 Abies Lowiana 21 Abiet maeroearpa 21 Abies niihilis (Abies maguiilca) A bies iwhiiis rohusta Abies Parsonsii Abies Patliyni Abien I'attoniana Abies I'attuuii (Tauga Uertenaiana) . Abies I'altiinii (Tsiiga Pattoniana) . . A bies pcndiila Abies religiosa Abies rulira Abies rubra, var. aretica Abies rubra, var. cairulea Abies l^itcbensit Allies spi'eies (Tsnga Caroliniana) . .. 214 214 212 208 208 208 ' 208 215 185 203 203 204 206 207 Abies subalpina 211, 2.51, 255, 259, 204, 346, 412, 478, 504-.'i67, 672, .';73, 575, 677 Abie„ sutialpina, yar./allax 211 A bies tari/olin (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) 209 Abies taxifolia (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Abies trigona 206 Abies venusta 213 Abies Willianisonii 208 Acaeia 6,10-12,14 Aeaeia Jiahamensit 64 Acaeiii Oerlaudieri 63, 248 Acacia biceps 62 Acaeia csculenta 63 A eaeia frondosa 62 Acacia glauea 62 Aeaeia, Green-bark 60,280,362,426 Acacia Oreggii 13,63,249,262,362,426 Aeaeia latisitiqua 64 Acacia leucoeephala 62 Aeaeia pulverulenta 63 Acacia tephroloba 63 Acaoir, Threotbomed 69,280,360,426 Aeaeia Wrightii 63,249,282 Acer ■ 10-12 48 48 51 Acir barbatmn (Acer glabrum) Acerbarbatnm (Acer sacchariDum). Acer Odlifomicum % 681 i h 582 GENERAL INDEX. I I hp' m Pane. Ae«rOanadmtt <• Aetr (Mroliniana 8* Acor I'Irilnntnm 47, 240, 2,13, 2S(1, 274, 338, «2 Act'r eocciiitiim IM) AiorilMMVcinium 4», 280, 2r>3, 238, 278, 358, 424 Acrr Dt>iifflanii 48 .\(u^r I>rum7no7idii 50 -livr t'Hoi'(ir]nnn .. 40 AniKl.ihrum 47,2.'i0,274 Ai'cr ifltnieum 50 Actrniiindlilcntatiim Ill, 48, L' 10, 270 Act iiiMcroiili.vIlnni 47, 250, 2!i3, 258, S.W, 274, 358. 422, .'.70 Arrr niottlamim 48 Acer Xot'intto 51 Acfr iiiiirttvt 49 Acer jntltnatum 47 Acer jiarnjtoruvt 40 Aoci- rinimylvuulcuiii 40, 250, 274 Affr Penimtilrnnicuin (Acer fipioatnin) 40 Acer nilinim 60, 250, 2.')3, 2.")C, 250, 27B, ;i 58, 424 Acpr rnliriini, rar. Ornnimonilii f.0,2.)0,27fl Acfr riihnim, var. paltUlum 40 Acer HA'chiirinuni 48, 240, 253, 2.''ifl, 259, 270, 358, 422 A rcr firrhnrimim ( AciT (In.syrarpum) 40 Aerr pnrcAn -iiiuwt (Acor finrclmrinnm, car. nif;nitn) 49 Acer fliiuclinnnum, var. iii),'nmi 40, 240, 2,53, 250, 2,59, 270, 350, 358, 424 Acer tia<^eharum 48 Arer nanijiiineiim 50 A iM r s|ii<'!it iim 40, 2.50, 274 .1 (?<•>• Ktrialii III 46 .t err trijia rlitiim 48 Acer rir^nlnm 47 ArhriiK runrifoUa 103 Aefiran m^mmoiia 103 Acliran pallida 101 Arhrtia taliei/iiliu 101 A chriiK terrain 09 AehraH /apotilla, var. parrijlora 103 Actual t'nol valno of some of tho more important woods of the Uiiltod Stnti-« .• 850-3,53 Adelia acuminata 112 .fflscnina 10-13 bacillus Culifoniica 43,250,25,1,2,56,274,422 JF.tetilut camea 42 J^uetiliig discolor 43 J^gml'iiiecliinata 42 yT;s<^iil lis tlava 43, 250, 274 iF^siwliis lluva, rar. pur])iira3ceii8 43 iEHOuIus Rl.ibra 42, 260, 253, 256, 274, 422 JKteuliiii Ilippocaatantim, var. glabra 42 Jiteulut V ippocattanvm, var. Ohiomtit 42 jEteulun Uippoeantanum, var. pallida 42 JCseulim hybrida ; ; 43 JCkcuIuh lutea 43 JEteulua neglecta 43 .Xtculu» oetandra 43 JEieuluf OhioenHn 42 J5»cuZ«« pallida 42 .Xneuliit fnn'a, var. di»eolor 43 .^Meulun Watnoniana 42 Aga*tianit tecundifiora 67 Ageria Ca»»ena 86 Ageria geminata 36 Ageria heternphytta 35 Ageria obovata 88 Ageria opaca 35 Ageria paluttrin 36 Alabama, central, pine bolt of 529 Alabama, evpreas swamps of the Tensas river in 62S-S27 Alabama, rnstern, foreatH of the Ch,ittaboacheo, mixed forest growth, etc., In 527,628 Alabama, forests of the Tennessee valley in 628, .529 Alabama, liirabf-r indnatrj- and mannfactnres from wood in 486, 487, 524, ,525 Alabama, Moliilc the principal center of wood manufnotura in 625 Alabama, pine forests of Baldwin county in 327 Page. Alabama, pine region of the Ooora in 629 Alabama, production of naval storeii In 617,627,6211.5,10 Alabama, rank of, according to valneof Inmber prodaota 4H7 Alabama, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohron the forests and the turpentine industry of 625-5.10 Alabama, statistics of forests, forest Ores, standing timlwr, etc., In...40l,524-.''i10 Alabaniii, taliular Htatement of the amount of Long- and Slioitloavcd Pino standing In tho forests of. Slay 31, 1880 524 Alaliania, the forests of Pike county in 528 Alabama, the Mailtime Pine lieglon In 626 Alnskit, HtntlntlcH of fiirvsts, forest tires, standing timber, etc.. In .'iXa Aliieka, the Northern ('oast Forest In .VO Albany, Xrw York, rank of, as a Inniber market .003 AMrr ( Aliiim oblonglfolia) 103, 3':«, 3tit, 400 Alilir(Alniis rliomblfolln) 10,1, 321i, 394,4 1«) Ahlirrni;{iuca 06, 249, 254, 257, 202, Andromeda /erriigiiua, viir. arboretotnt Andromrda/ermginfa, var./rulicoia Andromnda ])lu)nata Andromeda rhomboidalit Andromeda riijida Anona Anona gla)>rn Anuna laiivllolift 23,250,253,258,208, Anona pcndula Anona «pe«ir» ( Auona lanrifolia) Anona triloba i ANONACKyK ! 23,253.250,260, Anonyvioft aquatica AnthoineUg (fsfivalit AntAomelai Douglarii Anthi>:i den /lava Anthomelet glanduloia Anthomtle» rotundtfoUa Anttktmetm turbinata AnU' vYood 103,294, Apple, Ainurlcnn Cmb Apple, Cnatard 23,206, Apple Haw 82,286, Apple, Oregon Crab AppkPond 23,260, Apple, Sevon-yoar Apple, Soathem Crab Arbol do Hk-rro 66,278, Arbor-Titffi 176,330,350, Arbntua Page. 85 84 85 85 84 3U4, 428 7:, 284 4N,44U ;iri0, 420 350,418 4H0 480 10, 13 33 33 31 33 33 33 a.'iO, 420 300, 424 88 372. 4:;8 11,15 »8 !I8 3flH, 4;:2 nii 06 37 uu 06 10,13 23 3.M,4I8 23 23 23 354,418 124 82 75 82 82 77 82 308, 434 72, 284 354,418 364, 430 73, 2M 351, 418 95, 290 72,284 360, 426 396,462 11,12,15 Arbutus lauri/otia 07 ArbutuM maerophylla 9? ArbatusMonzleali..,. 87,249,254,257,292,368,432 Arbutus Itemictii (Arbntaa Texana) 97 Arbutus Mm;:ieiii ( Arbntua Xalapensls) 97 Arbutus proeera 97 ArbutUH Toxana 97, 219, 292 Arbutus varietis 97 ArbutOH Xalnpensia 97,249,254,257,292,368,434 Arbutus Xalapemit (Arbutus Texana) 97 Ardlsia 11,15 ArdiaUk I'iokerlngia 100, 249, 292 Areas bamod over and value of property dsxtroyml by fonwt Area during tba oensas year (««, also, nndor atate headings) 491, 492 I'age. Ari/.(ina, lunilMiorMoavi'd X'iuostnndlug in I lie liiiesiHof, May 31, 1880 .-41 Aroniaarhorea R4 A ronia arhut\folia 8:1 *1 fonia Jtntryapium 84 Aronitt rordata 84 A ronia oralis 85 ArrowwiMnl 38,272 .1 miirofa tpinosa 55 Ash 107,206,208,870,434 Asli and spcelflo giavlty nf wood* ;48-2.M Asli, llla, ?nM AhIi, Trlrkly (Xnnllioxyluni Clava-IIcrculU) 30. 270, 3.'i0, I " A sli, lied 109, 290, 370, 430 A sll. .'Si'ii 30. 270, 350, 4-.'0 Ash. spi'ciflo gravity, and wciglit per oubic foot of dry specimens of tlir w Is of tho United States 'iW-wW AHh.Waf.r 31,270 Aali,AVatpr 110,208,370,436 Ash, "Whito 107, 200. 350, T,v, 4;iii Ash, Y.llow 57, 278, ,3f.O, 4Jfl Axhl. lived Maple 61,276,300,424 Asiiiilnii 10,11,13 Animinu eampaniflora Asimiiia triloba 23,250,253,250, Anp, i^uikin;: 171,328,350, Aspects, rconomii'. nf the foreata of the United States Aspen 171,328,350, Atlantie Plain, Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atliiiitlc region, the Athmllo ret;'""' western third of the, reniarka on AvoniKe runiher of hands employed in the lumbering indnstry of the rnited States Avenige size and product of saw-mills iu each state and territory A vi('enni£ Avieennia nititla Ariccnnitt ohlongtfolia A ricmnia tomenlosa 23 3I>«,4I8 394,400 483-r.KO 304. 400 4 3-0 4 4H0 488 .... 11,15 .117,240,302 117 117 B. BiiM Cypress 184,334, Biilni of Gilead 173, Balm of Gilcad Fir 211 Balsam ( Abies Fmseri) 210. Balsam (Abiussubalpina) 211, 34fl, Balsam (Popnlna balsamifera) 173, Balsam Cottouwoo4, Bay berry Illfi, ;U'J, Boan, Indi.-in 115, ;)U0, lieuii Tree 115, ,100. Bearberry 41, Btwrwoml 41, He.ivfr Trio 20, 2Gfl, aS4, Page. 354, 418 372, 438 a(<8,4:tl 414,418 .154,418 374, 440 414.418 :i80, 44n aT2, i-M rt7'j, 4.if! .■:.W, 4'.".' .•|58, 422 414,418 111' llfcch, Bluo i,''n. :!'.'2. .in.'. 4.10 Beel Behavior of tho principal woods of the United States under transverse strain .154-415 Benthamidia fiorida 90 BetuJf 11, 12, 15 JieliUa acuminata 158 lletiila allia, subspecies cotmnutala 100 Bftula aUia, subspecies oeeidentaUn typica 160 Betula alba, subf . eciespapi/ri/tfra 100 Jictula alba, subspecies ^apj/ri/ern, var. eommunit 160 lietula alba, subspecies papyr\f'era, var. eurdi/olia 160 Bftula alba, sul)8peci'»s populiJ,>Ua ITiO lirtula nlba, var. papyri/era 160 Bclulaalba, rar. populifolia 159, 250, 255, 258, 324, .150, 4.'i8 Bttiila alba, var. populifolia (Betula papyrifera) 100 Bilula angulala loi Bftula Canadensis IGO Betula ca '•pini/olia 162 Betula eordi/olia 160 BrtuUi excelia (Betula lenta) 102 Betula ixtelsa (Betula latea) ici Betula jjtandi i 100 Betula ineana ; 164 Betula lamUota joi n, lulu lenta 162, 249, 255, 258, 324, 302, 4.-8 Betula Icnta (Betula alba, var. popalifolia) LTO /JcfiiJa (I'lXa (Beluialutea) 161 lietul.i hue.i 181. 250, 255, 21)8, 202, 324, 392, i-iS !;<■ tula nigra 161, 250, 255, 258, 262, 324, .192, 458 lletula nigra (Betnla lenta) 162 iMuIa nkjni (Betula papyrifera) ICO Bol ula oeci.leutalis 160, 2:10, 256, 2.18, 324, 392, 458 Betula o8,.172, 438 Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162,324,302,458 Black Birch (Betula occidentalis) 160,324,392,468 Bind; Calaljaah Tree 116,300 Bhick Cherry, Wild 68, 2.' 2, 302,428 Black f 'ot tonwood ( Pnpulns angnst ifolia) 174, 330. ;in t, 4(52 Black Cottonwood (Pupaluatricbocarpa) 1 174, 330, 391,402, 576 Black (.'.vprtss 184,334,3.10.398,466 Bla.k I ; i.m 02, 20(1, Mii. 432 Black Unw 94,200,380,432 Black Hickory (Caryo porcina) 134,310, S.'lO, 380,448 Black Uickory (Carj a tonientosa) 134,310,3.10,380,444 Black liills region of Dakota, remarks by Mr. Bobert Douglas on thb foreotsof the .161,562 Black Ironwood 39, 272, 3.18, 422 Black .Tack (Quercus Cateebwi) 151,320,388,454 Black, Tack (Quercus nigra) 160,265,320,350,388,484 Black .tack, 1- orkedleaf 1.11, 320, 38«, 4,14 Black Uieb 216, 346, 3.12, 41?, 478 Black Locust (Oleditschia tria Bueida Bucerat 87 Biicke.ve, California 44, 274, 3.1,o, 422 Biicliiyn, Fetid 42,274,3.18,422 BiRkpye, Ohio 42,274,3.18,422 Bnikcyi', Spanish 44,274,422 Bnckoye, SwfOt 4.1.274 Backthom, Southm-n 103,204,368,434 Buckwheat Tree 38,2"2,3,i(l,42(^ Bull Bay 19,208,354,414,418 Unll Xiit 134,310,350,3,sil,444 Bull I'ine (Pinnn Ji'ffnyi) 193,338,4(12,470 Bull Pine (Pinna mitis) 200, 340, 3.10, 400, 472 Bull Pino (Piniwpondoi-osa) 193, 3,18, 350, 40L', 408 Bull I'inr (PinuBSahiniana) 105,338,350,401.470 Biinu'liti •. II, 15 liuindia (tnfiiitti/olia 103 Biimella nrhorea 102 Btinu'lia chryguphyUoiden 101 Bunielia runcata -. 103,249,254,294,368,434 BumcUa /iiruffinea 102 Btimeliu ja'tidiimima 101 Hnmili:ihinni;inoK:i 102,250,2.54,257,204,308,434 BuincUa lanvginota, var. maoroearpa 102 Buiuc.'ialv.'ioidia 102,249,264,257,294,368,434 Bunielia lyi'ioides, ear. reclinatam 103 Bituieliit uiiicrocarjm 102 Bujnelia Mastichodendron 101 Bumilia vtttr9im/oUn 103 Bumt^iia obluniji/otia 102 Iltintiiid pallida 101 Binnrli't ]inn''/!l6ert i'enn«!/li)anica 66 Ctrasus persici/olia 06 Cerasus serolina (Pronns demlss*) 69 Cerasus serolina (Pmnos serotina) 68 rern«M« tpha^oearpa 70 Cerasus umbeUata t7 P«ro»«» Virginiana t» Cercidium floridum 60 Cerris 10,12,14 CeiTis Canadensis 81, 260, US, 256, 280, 362 42« OerHs Oanadtntit, var. pubsietm 61 Ctrcis occi^lentalis 61 t'crc in oceidenlalis, var 61 Oercis occidentalis, rar. Ttxmtit 61 Cerei^ renlformis 61,249,280 Cercmuiipus 0,10,12,14,560,671 r'ri'oriirjiwi Mn/ir/oHiM 71 Oercocarjius betuloidSB 71 Cerrnrnrpus lireri/olius 71 Crrrorarpvs intrieatUM 71 Cer.ocarpiis ledil'oliun M, 71, 249, 284, 350, 428 Cericuarpiis ledifollns, var. intriCfitas ' Tl t^ercoearpus parvlfulina 71, 24tl Mt Cen'ororpus parvlfollus, rar. glaber 71 Uercorarpus parvil'olius, var, paaoldontatut Tl GENERAL INDEX. 587 Ctreus 10, 12,U Ccrtns KlRRDtPue 89,251,-JKS 105 Chap«»t« . i,21U Chttnupcyparia 11, 12, 1 (1 | ChamaeyparU Bourrierii (ChanifDOypariB Lavrsonlann) 178 ' Ohamaxj/parlii Baurtierii (Jnniperus occlrti'Titalls) 181 ChamteejtjMirU cxcHta 178 1 Chanin'O.vpftrls LuwBoniana 8, 178, 2,'W, 255, 2,')8, 3m, 398, 404, B76 Chamircypniis ..\itka™«i8 178, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, ^,64, 580 ! Ohamacmtarit Nulkamirii, rar. glauca 178 , Vhamtecifparin Xulkanut 178 Cliamu'Cypniis, one (if the cliarncturistlo and most valuable trees of thi> (;oa^, TTtaii. and New Mexico, Chicago tlie principal source of supply of lumber fur ,5(i8, ,56(< Coliibrlna Id, 13 Oolubrina reclinata 41,249,274,3.58 CoMllRKTiCKiK 87, 25:t, 257, 288. 304, 430 Comparativi' value of woods 252-2.55 ConipriHsion. liehavior of the principal woods of the United States under 418-481 Condalia Comhilia feiToa 39,249,253,2,56,272, Cunilalia obovata 12, 40, COXIFEU.K 4, 176-216, 255, 258, 330, 382, 396, Couiieclient, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, Connect iiut, rank of, according to value of lumber products Count cticut, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ... C'onnecticut. tlu: N"orthem Pino belt in ConocarpuM Conoearpui aejit\fi)lia CuuocarpuH electa 87,249,253,2.57,288, Conoca/ptm erteta, var. proeumbsna .V CaiU'Cttrpitu procv mbent - Conocarpus raeenima Consumption of wood for domestic purposes daring the census year, esti- mated. 10-12 3.58, 422 249, 272 410, 525 600, .501 487 500, .501 500 10,14 87 364, 430 87 87 87 489 (Niral Sumach .54, 278, 360, 424 Cordia 1i.l5 Cordia BolsNieri 114,249,800 Cttrdia Fhridnna 114 Cordia jityhndi/oHa 113 Cordia .S'besteua 113,249,300 Cofdi't ittieeintta 113 Cork Kim 123,304,374,440 Corkwood 117, 302, 372, 438 CoiiNAC-K.'K 90-93, 253, 257, 288, .166, 4:10 Conuis 10-12,14 Corn tin (ilti'rna 90 Cornu^iilteniifolia 90,240.288 Cornus Ihirida 90,249,263,2,57,260,288,300,432 Cornut florida (Comns Nuttallli) 91 CoriMis Nutlallil 91,249,253,2.57,288,380,433 Vorjiidin ralmrllo 217 CoUniiK Amrrir.^iiui 6B !;l r.88 GENERAL INDEX. I s li ^ r-i^ V- fV- Pnpc. Oolinut coggygria 52 Cotton Guin 93,290,350,360,432 Cottoiinnwl (Populiis Fremontii) 17.i, 300, 300. 4ii2 Cottiinwooil ( Popiilus Freinontii, nar. VTisHzenl) 175, 300, :i!ia, 4(i-J Cottonwood ( Populii:! nioniUfcra) 17.^ 330, 3,-)0, 31)0, 402 CottonwoocI, Italsiini 174, 330, 3114, 402 Cottonwool!, I!i); 175, 330, 3.'iO, 30(1, 4C2 Cottonwiioil, lilac U (I'opulas an;;n8tit'oIia, 174, 330, 304, 4CJ ('(ittoiiwiiMil. liliiik (Topulns trichocarpa) 174, 3,30, 304, 4C2. TiTO Coiti.nw.ioil, Rlvrr 172,328,304,400 Cot ton wnoil. S wauip 172, 32ti, 304, ■iCO vJoUiinwouil, White 17.^ 3.30, 300, 402 (i.wthik 141,310, 3.«4, 410. 4.-)(l,. -133 Crab, Ainiriian 72, 284. 304, 428 Crab, .Swr.ts.cn^fd 72, 28 1, ,304, 428 Crub Applf, American 72,284 Crab Appli'. (JruKou 73,284 Cruli Apjile, Sontliern 72,284 Crabwooil 121. .301 CrnfiCRUH 10-12. 530. .'.73 Cratiejriis O'stivalig 82, 250, 23,3, 2.'iO. 280. 3(U. 430 f!rftta';;uH ajiiit'olia j'l, 240, 280 Cratajins arliorim'ens 75, 250, 253, 2.iO, 284, 304, 428 Oratmfiin (irhitti/olia 83 Crata-vuH li.'jtierifolia 82,248 CraUf'r/uit I^''nciana 77 CrafaMiii.i lir.uhyai'antha 7."), 249, 284, i)30 Cratfgna I'arnliniana 82 Crane, is eoeiinoa 77,240,280 CrattV'ius co^cinea (Cratu';;urt toiueutoHa) 70 Cra/'rrjjts '•occiiira. var. cordata 70 Orafa'-r^it ■'ocrinrii, var. jnollis 78 Crata*;;iis eoceinea var. olif^anilra 78 t Crata-uu.s etterinea. vfir. piiptili folia 78 Crat(rgu8 t'occinra, var. tjipira 78 Cratavuus I'oc* 'oea, >-ar. viridin 78 CratiV;vts coccinea, var. liritlid (Crata'jius tonientosa) 70 i CratiUtf lis .onlnta 80, 249, 280 Crafayi'.* roniU'iria 72 Ci-attrijMA Vounetitinr. 70 Cratir-ii» ( 'i iis-:;alli 70. 240, 253, 2.56. 280, 364, 430 Cralfrfjvti Crus'jiiV.i (f'rata'ijuseooeiuea) CraUV'jtta i'ntAfja'M H-'rata'gns tomentosa, rar. puuetata) Crata';;u.H(.'ruagalIi, lar. linearis Crat.Ti;ns Cni.'< -salli. rar. ovalifolia , Crata';iii.-» Cro.spalli, rar. priinifoiia Crata'trUM (?rii.-*-;raIii. var. pyraeanthifolia CrahrfiuH Crun 'jalti, var. pyracatithi/olia (Cruta'jnia arboreaeeus) . VrtttvjUH Cni.--'iafli, var. mtici/vlia Vrattfatm Cruit-ifalli, var. npUndrns Ctatt'fjiiK ciinei.htlia Cratiej;uH l)oii;:li,Aii Cralirgim lUipHea (( 'rata',;u9 aHtlvalinl CratcrijuaeUiiiUca (Crati>'(;ii8 flava, ror pnbesreiiB) ,.. CratH'i;ii9 llava , Crnttriiutt rfara (t>at)P;jnH tlava, rar. puboaoenii) Cratcffjitu Hara (Crata'UUrt t(Hneuto.Ha) Crat(P'.iit:tf1ara (Ciata-^riLs tonii'UtoHa, var. ptinetata) Cratir>jitit tfiira. vai-. lobata 77 80 76 70 77 70 75 70 78 80 .75,249,284 ... . 82 83 .82, 249, 28C 83 T« 80 82 CratiTKiis riiva, var. pubrHeena . . 83, 249, 25,3, 250, 280, 364, 430 CratiTgru Ittzvona Crat«tin« subvlllosa 78,249,253,256,286,304,430 Ci'altigim Tvxana T8 Cri!tii;:iis to ntiwa 12, 70, 249, 2.53, i;56, 280, 3m. 130 Cru'aijiiH ti.inrntota (.SmelancbiKr Canadensig) 84 Crattrgun toinvjitona, var. molliit 78 ^''•'atirguti Oimrntom, var. plicata 8i> Crata';:ii..i tin>ieutosa, i*..r. piinetata 80 Cnittpguit tnmentoHU, var. pyri/olia..^ 79 Crat(rg'is turbinata 82 iyattrtjuH Virginiea 83 Crutif'tjuM viiidm (Crata'jiUrt coceinea) 78 CrattrfftiK viridis (CratH'guB llava, rar. pubenccns) 83 Cralirgi'K Watnoniana 70 Ct-i Hi'entia 11, 15 ("r-'Bcentia ciiciirbltina 110, 250, 300 Cifimiliit latl/tdia 110 Crvnrentia Uthift'ra lift Crt'timitiii 'ih'irata 116 Cri'gcpntia nrata 110 Crcscnititi toxicaria 110 Crop, I'ori'Mt, of llii^ United Ualea lor the census joar 48,'i Cneninlier Tree (^tlajiuoli' acnmiData) 20, 200, 3r>l, 418 Cnennib.r Tree (Mage .liaeordaM) 21,200.3.54.418 Cuenmber Tree, Largo-leaved 21,200,354,418 ( 'ucuiiilicr Tree, Long-leaved 22, 200, 3.''.4, 418 Cuprei>]>iiiurita ditticlia 183 Cupns.-iii.-t 1, r.'. 10 CiiprrsxuM Americana 178 Cuprcitmin .{rbor-vitir 170 CiipregKua Arizonica ' 180 Ciiprcg/itiH attenuata 1"8 Cti}ircintun t'.ili.f'-rnica • ■"'* Cupromt Califiirniea graeilU (CnpressiiaOoveiilana) 179 Cupretsut Cali/nrniea graeilit (Cupresaua Marnabiana) 1*<0 Ctiprcfuuttcvrnuta I'O Vvprfgtug dittieha 183 riipreanuM diiiticha, var. imlricaritt , 18.1 (^ipri'HAUH dinticlui, vnr. hutani 183 CuprfHuuH dititicha, var. patent 1*^3 (JuprcuHuit fragrans ' 1"8 Ciiprcnun (jlandulom l'*' CnprrnHiiH f-.ov, niana 179, 2B0, 25S, 258, 332. 398, 464 CiipresMim (j uiidaliipeuaU 180, 250, 332, .W8, 569 Ouprnnti UarUmgii '"" GENERAL INDEX. 589 Page. 70 77 83 «1 7d 80 «2 70 M n 81 7S 80 7r, 77 80 75 80 80 7il 84 ..13,74,2.|'J,L'S4 75 76 75 74 78 3, 200, 280, 364. 4aJ p.t 85 5, 256, 286, 364. 43U 7S 1, -56. •JSi;, ri(M, .tun 84 7rf , M 80 70 82 83 78 81 70 _ 11,15 ...110, 250,300 116 116 116 IIU 116 485 20,260, li.y, 418 21, 206. S.'H, 118 Jl. 260. 354,418 .'2. 206. 3.^4. 418 183 I.', 12. 10 178 17« ICO 178 171 170 180 1 TO I8.I IH.I 183 183 178 ICO S. ,132. 31)8. 464 I, 3:12. ."68. .'i«0 i:n Ouprofut Bartwegii, vbt, fattigitUa OuprutuM Lnmbertiana Oupretiiu Lawsoniana Cupieasua Uncnnbinnn CupresaUH iniicrocarpa 8,179,250,332, Oupretiru macrocarpa (Cuprcgans Oiiadalupensis) Oupreaut macroearpa, var. fattiffiata Oupretfiu Xootkatentit Oupretnufi Xutkaenais Ouprengug thyoidet CUPIILIKKU* ) 37-150, 254, 257, 258, 312, 380, Ciirlisn, A. n., remnrkii on the forests of Florida by Custard Apple 23,260, Cvpress, Bald 184.3.14,350, Cypn-ss, Black 184,3.14.3.50, CyiirenB, Docidaons 184,334,350, Cj press, LawBon's ''"'. 332, 3.50. Cypress, Monterey ''''■ ''^-i ci press, Kcd 184,334,3.50, Cvpress, Sitka 178,332, Cypress, Southern, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt C.vpress swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama — Cypress, White 184,334,350, Cypress, Yellow 178,332, CVRli.LACK^ 37,38,253,256,272, Cyrill.1 ' CyriUa CaroUniana Cyrilla futca ta CyriUa panicxdata CyriV.d parvi/olia CyrUla polyfitachia Cyrillii racciniflorft 37,249, CyriUa raremoaa Pago. 179 179 178 IflO, 248 398, 464 180 179 178 178 177 114,446 521, .522 •3.54,418 398, 466 308, 466 398, 460 308. 404 898, 404 398, 466 398, 464 4 52f>-527 , 308, 406 398, M4 356, 420 [9, 11, 13 37 37 100 37 37 272, 356 37 Dfthoon 35,270,356,420 DahoonUolIy 35,270,356,420 Dakota, luni1>er industry and mnnnfoctnrers from wood In 486, 487, 561 Dakot;t, rank of, according to value of lumber pioducts 487 Dakota, rem.irks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of the eastern portinn of 501 Dakota, remarks l)y fir. Kobert Douglas on the forests of the Black Hills region of ....'. 561,562 Dakota, statistics of forests, forest (ires, standing timber, etc., In 581, -562 Dalea IJ. 12,14 Dnlia spinosa '•5, 2,'i0, 278 DarlinsI'lun 39,272,358,422 Daiifta hirta 52 I). ciduouB Cypress 184,334,350,398,466 DeeiduoiiH Kcirost of the Misaiwi r (Sambucus glauca) 93,290,360,432 Elder (Sanihucus Mexicana) 94,290 Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51, 270, .100, 424 Elder, Box ( N'egiindo Callfomlcum) 51, 276, .160, 424 Elder, Poison ,M, 278 Eleiui, Gum 33, 270, 3.'* 3."0, 420 Elkwmfd 21,200,3.54,418 Elm, American 123, 304, 3.50, ,174. 414, 440 Elm, Cedar 122,304,374,440 Elni, Cliff a23, 304, 374, 4 10 Elm. Cork 123, .104, 374, 440 Elm, Hickory 123,304,374,44" Elm, Moose 122, .101, 374, 440 Elm, Ked 122,304,374,440 Elin, Rock 123,304,374,440 Elm, Slippery (Freniootia Caiifomica) 26,268 Elm, Slippery (Ulmus fulva) 122,304,374.440 Elm. Water 123, 304, 350. 374, 414, 440 Elm, White (Ulmus Americana) 123,304,350,374.414.440 Elm, White (trimusnuemosa) 123,301.37,, 140 Elm, Winged 124,304,374,440 Emetila ramulofa 36 Eneeno 147,318.380,4.52 Endolropit vlri/olia 40 EuiCArK.f 96-09,254,257.292,308,432 l^rylhrina pitcip^Ua .57 F,u;:inia 10, 14 Eugenia axiUarin 80 Eugfiiiio JtnrueitHit . 88 590 GENERAL INDEX. I'liKf. EiiRcniu huxifollft 88, 2ji'nia tliniricala 88 ]:ui;ciii.i l.iiitflpca 80,24«,288 /.'i/f/i'/im motitatia 88 F,HK<'iii;im()nlUi>In 89, 240, 25;i, '257, 288, aofl, 4;i0 Ku'jmiit witrtoides 88 r.uiji'iiia pc.lUna 88 Kii-iMii.i pniTOni 80, 2411, SM, 257, 288, ;IU«, 430 J'xnji'nHi iti'iiijenf 88 Ihhjcuui trijtltiwrfiti (lun^tMiia Itnxifolln)^ 88 J^iri;fniii h'it'lincrriti (liu;;fiii.i iiiuiiticoln) 80 Klioujimlt. 10, 13, i;i KuonyiiuiM Dlroiiiivpui'iMis 38,240, 272 I'Koni/tHim i'aroh'nfrmiit :I8 t^uonytnvit Utti/tdius \iH Kri'lioui'.iACK.l-; 120, 121, 2M, 257, 302, ;t74, 440 Exftrcarhi Iticida 121 Kxustcniiiiii 10, 14 Exdstinnnii CaribiCHin 05, 240, 203, 257, 205, 200, 300, 432 Hxuthea oblomji/idin 45 ExiHiimuutii bv Mr. S. P. Sharpies 247,2.51,204,265 Eysiiiliaiiltia 10,12,14 Ki/Sfiihixriitia amorphoides 55 JCyMiihardfia amorphind4'ii, var. orthocarpa 55 EyHi'iilianUia orthocar]ia 1.1, 55, 249, 278 F. Fa'.', 410, 476,60.5, .578 Fir, Ui'il, thr uiiist iniportant tiiulier tii^eof the Pacillc re;;ion 7 Fir, White (.Vbii'^ . oiioolor) 213, .146, 412, 47R Fir, White (.Vbies ^'raiiilln) 212, 340, 4r2, 478 Fir, Yellow 200, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, .570 Fires, etl'ei'l 08 soil. Bill r>lil,9U2 ■l!)l,.'ill r>ii 620-.Tj;i riiii,,vjo .i7i-r.7» ri4V-ri.")U 401, niT 401, r>4:i 41)1,. iro 108 106 I KiiiitiiH 401, Ki'iilmky 4»l. I.diiii'iana 401, SLihic 401, AIllVN IiiihI M.IHHlCllllHUttX 401, Miclilftiui 401. Jliiiiii M)ta 401, Mlsiiisiippi 401, MiHHUiiu 401, llontiiia 401, KobrasUa -• N i^vailn Nmv Ilaiiiimliii'o 401, New Jora(\v New iMcxico Ni-w York J 491, Nortli Ciiroliim 401. Olili. OiOK"" 401, IVniiMvlvaiiia 401, RliDdo iHlaml 491, .S.Milli Ciiroliiin 401, 'I'oimeBHCO 40'J, Toxns 40.', Utah 402, Vciiuimt 402, VliBiiila 402, WaNtiillU'tnu 402, West VirRiiila 402, Wisr-dllniu 402, Wynminir 402, iMmalH, iiiiiHiilaiii, ol'Caliloriiia, liOury by griiziiiK <'attloti) Ibti FoivHtH 111* North America, guuiTAl iDiuarkH on t\w ruicnt.i of tlio I'l'iili'iil pi lie liillH of MiHHi)4rii)>pi roi-dHlii of tbc (Jliallaboocbiio, uiixcd forest urowtb, etc., in eastern Ala- bama Forests of tbo Northern I'ino Bolt once extended over the state of Maine . 401 FohhU of tiio TeniieHsne valley in Alabama 528, 520 ForiHl-iof llin Uuiteil Slates in their economic aspect* 483-,i)80 ForcHtt iif the Va/.ooilelta in Mississippi 535,530 ForesU of \\;estern Mississippi 534, 535 Forests oit iudiau leservations iu Minnesota 550. .500 Forlieille.if lilaekJaok 151, 320, 388 454 Foxtjiil I'in.. 101,386,402,468 40 41 40 40 41 26 25 5i;_', .'.«:) 515. .Md .03il-,-i4(i 401-4i.m 401,511 5(111, 501 .ViO-554 55S-n(iO 03i|-.MIfl .5011, .Mil 5U4-5(i() 5i;2 ■10 1,. 571 40O-40H 401, SOU 401,rill8 601-.M)B 51.';-518 •t01..517 5"(i-.57H 500-510 500, 501 518,510 544, .MS 5.io-,-,n 5UO-.571 408-511(1 511^512 .57;i-.'.70 512-515 554. 558 5(l«. 507 570 3-10 634 527, 528 J^Vatigulu Cftli/iiniica FriDigula Oulij'orniea, vai', tomtnttUa . Frangula CnroUniana Framjula fraijilla Frangula Piirthiana Frauklinin franklinia AUitamaha Fraximis 11,12,15 107 112 107 108 108 Fraxinuf itciiminata Fraxinns allia iiVdj-iH iM alba ( Frax inns A niorieaun) Fraxiiiuii utUcan» (I'raxiiius Auerir.ana, iiai'. nilcrooorpa). Fraxinu.H alliitiann (Fraxinus .\niericana, var. Texensis) .. FraximiM A niericana 107, 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 206, 360, 370, 436 ■Fra.rin no ,4 mmcana ( Fraxinus phitycarpa) VI Fraxinna Americana, Vitr. Oaroliniana 110 Fraxiiivg A lurrieana, var. Jwjlantii/olia 100 FraxiitUH Americana, var. lati/olia 107 FiaxiiniM Aineriraiia, rar. micioeitrpa 108 FrnxiniiH Americana, vnr. pittieiteeng 108 /Vaxi»«».lwii'n'can(i, var. iiuadrangiilala .- 110 Fraxinut .1 incrieana, var. 3 Fuel value of woods, method of dctcrmluiuR tbo , 247, 251, 252 Ill 108 110 112 112 107 112 107 110 109 112 Ill .100,240,251,206 i07 109 107 100 107 107 108 112 110 112 108 Ill 110 Ill 100 110 108 110 112 110 1IIK 200, 1170, 434 108 p.. 'm. 1 m i 592 GENERAL INDEX. t «' i . (7 t u n Ifi Fage. Gardenia elvaio'/olia 85 OolgurTrw 113,300 Gonmii, (listribntioD of 10 Guncral rpnmrks on the forOHts of North America 3-10 Oonipn 10.14 r.onipa Maritime Pine Brit in 519 GiMHf (Juittus 90,'.>S8 Oil/a ntabiei t(tx\foUa 185 Uiganlalnrf W'rllinglonia 1 84 Oinjicr I'ino 179,332,350,308,404 (Jlaniberry 28, 208, 356, ^^0 UUuic.uH Willow 169,328 OI.MlitRclii.i 10,11,14 69 59 50 59 50 50 QtfdiUchia aquatica Olnlitschia bracfn/carpa Ukdi tehia Carolitientin Oleditfrhia eietjans OleditKchin iniTin it (Glcditschia monosperma) Gledituchia inerm is ((ileditschia triacanthos, var. inermis) Glcditschia macrantha 59 GMilschia Mclilobn 69 Glfdilailiiamcnospemia 59,249,253,256,280,362,426 GlediUsch ia npinosa 59 Gledittchia triacantha 59 Gloilitschia triacnntlios 69,240,253,256,280,300,426 Gli'ditmkiu triacuutlioH. par. brachycarpos 50 Gkditscliia triarantbos, car. inermis 50 Glediltchia triaeanlJioii, var. monotpenna 59 Goojte-foot MapU> 46,274 Gopher Plum 91, 290, 366, 432 Gopht-rwood 67,278,360,426 Gonlonia 10,11,13 Gordonia Franklini 2.^ Goribmia Laaiauthus 26, 250, 253, 286, 265, 268, 3M, 418 Gordouia pubesceus 2,'). 248 Gordonia iij/ramidali* 2."i Grape, Si-a 118,302,438 Gravity, specibc, ash. and weight per cubic foot of dry speciinous of the wooiIh of the United State* 266-349 Gniy nir.h (netula alba, var. popnlifotia) 159, 324, 3.'KI, 392, 4.i8 Gray Bireli (Betula lutea) 161,324,393,4.^8 Gray Pine 201, 342, 35J, 400, 472 Great Laurel 90, 292, .308, 434 Great Plains, the 4-6 Gri>en Ash 109,298,370,430 G reenbark Acacia 60, 280, 362, 426 Grtmml Ash 111,208,372,438 Guiiiacum 10,13 Oiiaiacitm anffittti/olium 29 Guaiaeum sanctum 28,240,263,266,268,336,420 (hiaiaann rertieaU 28 Gui'ttarda 10,15 Guettardaelliptica 06,240,290 Guetlarda Blodgettii 96 Guiana Plum 121,302,374,440 Guilanditia dioiea 58 Gum, Bl.ick 02, 290, 366, 43J Gum. Cotton 03,290,350,300,432 Gum. Doctor 54,278,360,424 Gum Elastic 102,294,368,431 Gum Klcml 33,270,360,366,420 Gum, Red 88, 286, 350, 36(, 414, 430 Gum, Soar 92,290,366,432 Gum, Star-lMved 86,286,3.50,304,414,430 Gum, Bweet 86, 288,360, 361, 414, 430 Pngi». Gnm, Tupelo 03,290,350,366,43: Gumbu Limbo 33,270,356,420 Gurgeun Stopper 88,288,366,436 Gl'TTlFEll/P, 23 a^mnnnlhfg lueida 121 ai/mnobalanui Catetbyana lit Gyninocladus 10, 11 14 Gyniuucladus Canadensis 88,240,253,256,280,360,420 Gtjmnocladiii dioiea 58 H. Ilai'kliorry (Ccltia occidentalls) 126,300,376,414,442 ILickb.ny (Cdtis occidentalls, par. reticulata) 126, 3o6, 370, 4 »2 Ilaikuialack 215,340,352,412,478 Halosia 11,15 IlalcMin diptera 106, 250, 254, 257, 294, afl.^, 434 llalcsia parviflora 106 llalesia rttieulata 105 Halesia ti-lrnptera 106,250,290 Unlm ia eorni/clia 80 7/n Itn in Jlnbellata . . 7T llalmia lobala 79 llalm ia punctata 80 Ilnlmift toittentosa 7i) I1AMAMKI.ACR.A!.- 85,86,253,250.286,364,414,430 Ilaniiunelis 10,11,14 llamamelit androgyna 85 IlamavicliM cori/ti/oUa ttt Ilamamditt dioiea ' 85 UamamHiit macrophylla 85 JIamamflis parnfolia 85 Ilamanmlis Virginianq, vat. panifolia 85 Hamamelis Virginica 85, 249, 288 Hard Maple 48,276,358,422,676 Hard Pine 202,342,352,406,416,472 Haw, Apple 82,286,364.430 Ilaw, Black 94,290,306,432 Haw, Hogs' 7,'>. 284 Haw, M.iy 82,286,304,430 Haw, Parsley 81,286 Haw, Pear 79,286,304,430 Haw, Purple 40,2rj Haw, lied (CratiEgns ooocinea) 78,286 Haw, Ret (Cratajgus tiava, rar. pnbescens) 83, 286, 364, 430 Haw, Scarlet (Cratiegus coccinoa) 78, 280 Haw, Scarlet :;rat«egus snbTlUosa) 78,286,364,430 Haw, Sniall-K it<'d 81,286,304,430 Haw, Summer (Cratasgusflava) 83,286 Haw, Summer (Crahegus dava, var. pubescons) 83, 286, 304, 430 Haw, Yellow 33,280 Hsjel, Witch 85,286 Hemlock and White Pine standing in tho forests of Pennsylvania May 31, 1880, tabuliir statement of tho amount of 5u« Hemlock (P.seu(lot8Uga Douglasii, var. macrucarpa) 210,348,412,478 Hemlock (Tauga OanartensLs) 207, 265, 344. 352, 408. 474, 50f5 Hemlock (TmigaCaroliniana) 207,20.5,344,410,476 Hemlock (Tsuga Mortenaiana) 208, 265, 344, 410, 476, 673, 676 Heteromchs 10, ",14 Heteromeles arbutlfolia 83,249,286 neierometet Frrmontiarui 83 JTcyderia decurren* 170 Ileymattoli rpinoia 3* Hickiirea. apiiies 133 Hicldriit* amara 135 Hickory, Bigbud 134,310,360,380,444 Hlckor}-, Black (Carjoporoina) 134,310,350,380,446 Hickor.v. Black (Carya toraentosa) 184,310,350,380,444 Hickory, Brown 134, 310, .350, 380, 446 Hickory Elm 123,304,374.410 Hickory. Nutmeg 13^ 310, 350, 380, 448 Hickory Pine ( Piniis Balfonriana, var. aristata) 191, 336, 40 J, 468 Hickory Pine (Finns pungens) 109,340,350,404,472 Hickory, Shag-bark 133,308,350,378,444 Hickory, Shell-bark 183,308,350,378,444 Hickory, Swnmp (Cary» amara) 135,310,350,880,446 Hickory, Swamp (Carya aqtiatloa) 186,310,860,380,414,446 GENERAL INDEX. 593 Page. Hickory, Switclibud 134, 310, 350, 380, «a UlcUory, Water 186,310,350,380,414,448 Hickory, Whito-Iiimt. 134,310,350,380,444 Uicoriua intcgri/olia 135 liicroithylliii Castine 30 Hippoumuo 11,15 Uippomnno Mnncibolla 121,250,304,400 Hoary Aider 105, 3.'0, 394, 4C0 Ilogriumd'niuusanguitifolia) 80,282,302,420 i lIo^IMiiiii (Kliiis Motopiiim) 54,278,300,424 1 Ho;; I'liim (Ximonia Americana) 31,270 I Uo;;n' Iliiw 75,284 Holly, AiiHTlcan .36,270,358,420 Holly, Ciiiiforula 84,280 \ Holly, Dahoou 35,270,350,420 Honey Locust (rtloditscliia triacanthoa) 59,280,360,428 ' Honey Locust (Proaopisjuliflora) 62,206,280,350,362,426 Honey I'od 02,265,280,350,362,428 Honey Slmcks .50,280,360,426 ' Hoop Ash 111,298,372,438 '• Ilopea iinetoria 105 ' HopHornbcnm 11>8, 322, 300, 4.58 Hop Tree 31,270 I iIorDl)cnin 150,322,392,458 Uombiain. Hop 158,322,390,450 Horse rium 85,282,362,428 Hone Sugar 105,294,388,434 Hypi'nte 10 llypeiate oblonffyfotia 45 nypciate paniculata 45,240,272,358,422 Hypelatotrifollnta 45,249,272,422 Hyperanthera dioiea 58 Hypericum Larianthiu 25 I. Idaho, lumber indostry and mannfactnres from wood in 486, 487, 572 Idaho, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Idaho, rcniai ks by Mr. Sercno Watson on the forests of 572, 573 Idaho, statistics ol forests, forest fltes, stAnding timber, etc., in 491,571-573 11.1!: 10,11,13 Ilex tKsliviilii 37 Ilex avtH;iuiit 87 Ilexangustifolia 85 Jlex aqui/oUum 36 Ilex Ca)iailcn8i« 85 Ilex Caisena 86 IlcxCassine 86,249,272 Ilex Casdine (Ilex Dahoon) 85 Ilex Cansine,fi 36 Ilex Caisine, var. angiuti/otia 85 Ilex Catslne. var. latifolia 35 Ilex canninoiites 35 lloxDiihoou 35,250,253,256,270,356,420 Ilex Dnhoon, rar. nngustifolia 35 Hex Dahiion, ror. niyrtlfolia 38,250,270 Ilexdecidua 37,249,272 Hex Floridana 86 Ilex laurl/olia 36 Ilex laxiflita 85 Ilex liguttrifolia 36 ilex Iir;u«(rina (Ilex Cassino) 38 Ilex ligustriHa (Ilex Dahoou, var. angustifolia) 36 Ilex myrtifolia 36 Hexopaca 84,260,263,256,270,356,420 37 35 36 38 Ilex prinoidet Ilex quereifolia Ilex religiota Ilex rotmari/olia Ilex romitoria Ilex WaUoniana Il.lCINE.E 34,253,256,270,356,420 liUnois, lumber industry and mannfactnres from wood in... 488,487,648-550 Illinois Nut 132,308,350,378,444 Illinois, rank of, aciiording to valdo of lumber products 487, 648 Illinois, atatistir* of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,647-560 38 FOR Page. Incense Cedar 176,830,396,462 Index to riatalogue of Forest Trees 220-243 Indiana, 1 imlicr industry and nianufncturcs tr^m wood in 488, «. 7, .547 Indiana, rank of, according to valuoof lumber products 4»7, 547 Indiana, HtatiHtirn of forests, forest flrrs, standing timber, etc.. In 491,547 Indian Beau 1 15, 300, 372, 438 Indian Cherry 40, 272, 368, 422 Indiiin territory, stutiatics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . 491, 643 ludia rubber Tree 127, 306, 376, 442 Industry, lumber, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the 548 Industry, lumbering, of the United States, average number of hands em- ployed in the 488 Industry, luniboring, of the United States, general remarks en 486-493 Industry, lumbering, of the United States, statistics of, for year ending May 31, 1880 486,487 /113a /or/ex ; S4 Inga OuaJalupcjuit 04 Inga microphj/lla 64 Inga rotea 64 Inga VnguU-cati 64 lukwood 46,274,358,422 Interior Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 8-10 Iowa, lumber industry and manufactures from wood In 480, 467, 560 Iowa, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487,500 Iowa, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 500 loxylon pomi/erum 128 Iron oak 139,312,38? 448 Ironwood (Bnmelia lycioidce) 103,294,308,434 Irouwood (Carpiuus Caroliniana) 159,322,392,456 Ironwood (Cllftouia ligustrina) 88, 272, 350, 420 Ironwood (Cyrilla racemillora) 37, 272, 356 Ironwood (Hypolate paniculata) 45,274,358,422 Ironwood (Olneya Trsota) 60, 278, 360, 426 Ironwood (Ostrya Virginiea) 158, 322, 390, 4.56 Ironwood, Black 89,272,358,422 Ironwood, Red 39,272,358,422 Ironwood, AVhite 45,274,422 Islay 70,284,304,428 lUaCyritta 37 Ivy 98,292,368,434 J. Jack, Black (Quorcus Catesbmi) , 151,320,388,454 Jack, Black (Quercus nigra) 160,206,320,350,388,454 .lack. Blue 153,320,390,458 Jack, Forked-leaved Black 151,320,368,4,54 Jack Oak 160, 205, 320, S.IO. 388, 454 Jack, Sand 153,320,390,450 Jacqnlnia 11,15 Jacquinia armillaris 100,249,292 Jamaica Dogwood S7, 278, .300, 428 Jersey Pine 199,340,350,404,470,548 Joewood 100,292 Joshua, ThA 219,348 Joshua Tree 219,348 Judas Tree 61,280,362,4.8 JUQLAXDACEvS 130-136,254,257,300,378,414,442 .11,12,15,251 133 133 134 135 132 135 135 132 135 131 I Juf7latM catAartica 130 Juglans Juglant aVba (Carya alba) Juglantalba (Carya tomcntesa) Juglanialba aeuminata Jixglantalba minima Juglant alba ovata Jvglani amara Juglana angustifolia (Carya amara) Juglant angustifolia (Carya oliveorormis) Juglant aquatiea Juglant Calif omiea Jiiplan* catAartica Juglans cinerea 130,250,254,257,260,306,376,442 Juglant compretta 132 Juglant cordiformit 135 Juglant eylindriea 132 Juglant exallata 132 Juglant glabra 134 * 'l Mi 594 GENERAL INDEX. ' Fage. 182 183 133 136 Juglttiu IllinoincniU ' Juglam larinioia J'uglatu mucronala Juglam myriatiea-formU Juglanii uigra 131, 2S0, 251, 2S4, 2S7, 200, 308, 350, 870, 414, 444 131 134 130 180 132 132 182 182 134 134 184 134 132 Jugtani nigra oblonga Jvglmu obeorilata Juglam oblonga Juglatu oblotiga alba Juglatu olivcr/ormit Juglam oualU Juglatu ovata Juglam Pecan Juglatu porcina Juglant poreina, \ar. obeordata Juglann porcina, var. puifarmU Juglam pyri/ormii Juglam rubra JuRlttns iiipeBtris 18,181,250,251,254,257,308,378,444 J,.glaiu rupettria, vnr. major 131 Juglant tq uamom . . 132 Juglam luleata 133 Juglana tomentoaa 134 .luncberry 84, 236, 3W, 430 Juniper (Jimiperus Cnlifoniica) 180,832 JnnlpiT (Juuiperna Californica, var. Utahensis) 181,332 Jnnipor (Juiiiperus occiduntnlis) 182,332,464 Juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis, car. coi^ugens) 162, 332, 3118, 464 Juniper (Tunipcrus uccidentalis, var. monosperma) 182, 332, 350 JunipiT (Juniperus pacliyphlffia) 181, 332, 398 Jnniporus 11,12,16 Juniperua Andina — - 181 Juniperut arboreseeng 182 Juniperui aromatiea 170 Juniperut Sarbadentia 182 Juniperus Califomica 180,250,332 Juniperut Californiea, vnr. osteotperttta 180 Junipi'ru9Californico,Tor.Utalion8i8 180,250,332 Juniperut CaroUniana 182 Juniperiu Cerrotianut 180 Juniperut ezeelta 18J Juniperut foelida,v!ix. Yirginiana 182 Juniperut Hermanni (Jnniperua occidentalis) 181 Juniperut Hermantii (Junipcrus Yirginiana) 182 Juniporna occidentalis 13,181,250,332,464 Juniperut oecidtntalit (l' Kentucky Coffee Tree 58, 280, u60, 42b Kentucky, lumber industry and manufactures from woo7, 268, 330, 418 Linden, American 27,268,350,350,418 Liquldambar 10,11,14 Liquidambar maerophylla 86 LiquidambarStyraciliua 86,250,253,250,260,286,350,304,414,430 Liquidambar Styraeiflua, var. Mexicatui 80 Liquldamber 86,286,350,304,414,430 Liriodendron • 10, 11, 13 Liriodcndron procera 22 GENERAL INDEX. 595 Vugfi. Lirlodendron Tnllpircra 22,250,253,250,259,206, 180, 3M, 418 Live Oak (Quereus chr>-»olep';> 140,318,386,482 Live Oak (Quorcnu vlicns) 145, 26j, 316, 380, 452 Live Oak (QiienUB WlnUzcni) 147,318,380,452 Live Oak, Ciast 147,318,380,452 Loblolly liny 25,20:1,208,354,418 Loblolly, LuiiK' iind Short-Icaycd Pinu standiDg in th« forosln of Tuxiim May 31, 1880, tabular fitatemcDt of the nmonntof 541 I,«blolly I'ino 107,340,380,404,410,470,510,841 Locust (Robiiiia NeoMexicana) 66,278,300,426 LocHHt (Kobi-ila PBeudacacIa) 55,278,350,3^0,414,424 Locust, 111 Jk (Ok'dltdcbiu triacanthos) 50, 280, 300, 428 Locust, Black (Koblnia PseudacaclB) 55, 278, 350, 300, 414, 424 LocUMt, Clammy 86,278 Locust, Ilonoy (Gledltscbla trlacantbos) 59, 280, 300, 426 LocUHt, lloucy (rronopis jnlillorn) 62, 205, 280, 350, 302, 426 Locust, Swwt 59,280,360,420 Locust, WatiT 60,280,362,426 Locust, Yellow 55,278,380,300,414,424 Lodgopole riue 196,338,350,404,470,564,574,577 Logs rafted out of tlie Susqaohanna boom at WlUiamsport, Pennsyl- vania, from 1802 to 1880, nnmbor of 608 Logwood 40,272 Long- and Sliort-leavod Pine ataudlng in the forests of Alabama May 31 , 1880, tabular statenicDt of the amount of 624 Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Louisiana May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 337 Long- and Short-leaved Pino standing iu the foi-ests of Mississippi May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of. 631 Long-leaved Cucumber Tree 22, 280, 354, 418 Long-loavi'd, Loblolly, and Sbort-leaved Flue standing iu the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541 Long-leaved Pino 202, 342, 352, 400, 416, 472, 510, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541 Loug-leaved Pino standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 521 Long-leaved Pine staiiding in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabular statement of tiio amount of 520 Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 516 Long-leaved Pine standing iu the forests of South Carolina May 31, 1880, tubular stntoment of the amount of ' 510 Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pino Belt .■ 4 Louisiana, lumber industry and manufactures ftrom wood in 486, 487, 530, 537 Louisiana, moss-ginning industry in 537, 538 Louisiana, prwiuction of naval stores iu 517, 536, 637 I j Louisiana, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 j ; Louisiana, remarks by Or. Charles Mohr on the forests of 538-510 Louisiana, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .491, 536, 540 ! Louisiana, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 537 Lumber and sbiugles received at Chicago during the year 1880, amount of. 548,540 ''' Lumber for Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, Chicago tlie principal | sousce of suppl y of 508, 569 } I Lumber industry and manuntctures from wood iu — y, Alabama 486,487,524,525 Arizona 480,487,809 Arkansas 480,487,844 California 480,487,578,580 Colorado 480,487,567,508 (Connecticut 488, •'87, 500, .'Wl Dakota 480, 487, ,661 Delaware 486,487,511 District of Columbia 486,487 Florida 480,487,521,523 'Georgia 480,487,819,520 Idaho 480,487,572 Illinois 480,487,548-850 Indiana 480,487,547 Iowa 488,487,500 Kansas 486,487,503 Kentucky 480,487,546 Louisiana 480, 487, 536. ,537 Maine 480,487,494 190 Marvlnnd '. 486, 48'/, .ill Masmieliusetts 486,487,500,501 Michigan 486, 4.S7, .551 .6.62 Minnesota 480, 487, .658 Mississippi 480,487,531 Slissouri 480, 487, .600, . 501 Jlimlana 480,487,5114 Nebraska 480,487, .502 Nevada 480, 487, .571 New llampsliire 480, 487, 407, 408 New Jersey 4t-0, 487, .5(10 P.ige, Lumber Industry and manufaoturoa from wood In— coutinncd. Now Mexico 480, 487, .5(iH New York 480, 4n7, .502-.W. Noitb Carolina 480,487,51:. Ohio 480,487. .547 Oregon 480, 487, .577 Penuyslvania 486, 487, ,500-510 KluHle Island 480, 487, .500, ,501 South Carollutt 480, 487, ,618, 510 Tennessee 480. 487, ftlS Texas 480, 487, W I , M2 Utah 480, 487, .500 Vermont 486, 487, 498-.500 Virginia 480, 487, 512 Wasliington 480,487,574 West Virginia 480,487,512-615 Wisconsin 480.487,5.64,5.56 Wyoming' 480,487,867 Lumber industry, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the .548 Lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in Michigan 552 Lumber industry of the United States, general remarks on 485-493 Lumber market. Importance of Burlington, Vermuut, as a 490 Lumber market, rank of Albany, New York, as a 503 Lumber trade of Chicago, early 54fl, 5.60 Lumbering industry of the United States, average number of band.s employed iu Lumbering industry of the United States, statistics of, for year ending Moy31, 1880 Lumbermen of Washington territory, wasteful methods of Jjj/onia arborea Lyonia femigitiea Xj/onin rigida Lyslloma Lyuiloma Jiahammtii Lyslloma iatisliiqaa 64,250,282, Madura . m. 480 480,487 .674 98 06 90 10,14 64 302, 420 11,15 Madura aurantlaca 128, 249, 254, 257, 306, .370, 442, 542 Madeira 34,270,350,3.50,420 Madrofla 97,292,308,432 Magujlia 10,11,13 Magnolia acuminata 20, 250, 253, 256, 259,260,35*, 418 Magnolia a urimlaris 22 Magnolia auriculata 22 Magnolia eordata 20,250,253,230,266,351,418 MtignoUa De CandoUii 20 Jlagiwlia fragrant 20 Magnolia Fraseri 22,250,253,250,266,351,418 Magiuilia glauca 19,250,253,2.50,206,354.414,418 Magnolia glauca, var. lati/olia 20 Magnolia glauca, var. longifolia .' 20 Magnolia granditiora 19,250,253,250,200. 354, 414, 418, .534 Magnolia grandijtora, var. elliptica and obovata 10 Magiwlia arandijlora, var. lanceolata- 10 Magnolia tongifolia 20 Magnolia mncrophylla 21,250,253,250,200,351,418 Magnolia, Mountain 20,260,354,418 Magnolia pyram idata 22 Magnolia trijtetala 21 Magnolia Umluella 21, RSO, 253, 250, 200, .3.54, 41? Magnolia Virginiana, var. a. glauca 2'; Magnolia Virginiana, var. p,/oetida 19 Magnolia Virginiana, var. c 20 Magnolia Virginiana, var. tripetala 21 M.VONOLI ACE.B 10-22, 253, 250, 266, 354, 414, 418 Maliogany 34,270,3.50,3.50,420 Mahogany JJirch lOJ, 324, .'t'.e, 4.58 Mahogany, Mount;iiu, and the Nut Pine the most important trees of tlii^ Interior Forest 0 Jlaliogany, Mountaiu (Cercooarpus ledifolins) 71, 284, 3.50, 428, 569, ,671 Mahogany, Mountain (Cercooarpus parvifoiius) 71, 284. ufl'.i, 571 Maine, forests ol tlie Northern Pino Belt once extended over the state of. 494 Maine, lumber industry and mauufacture.s from wood in -186, 487, 494-490 Maine, rank of, according to voluo of luml>er jiroducts 487 Maine, statistics of forests, forest (ires, standin ; timber, etc., in 491, 494, 490 Maine, taliulur statement of the amount -if Pine .ind Spruce stauiliug iu tlio forests of, May 31, 1880 494 Jl,\i.i'ir.iu.ui;.K 28, 2:^, 250, 20.1, .156, 420 Maliiigli ia luciJa 28 Malut nngusli/olia 72 Jf«It(«ciiroii«ii« 72 5i)G GENERAL INDEX. ^^nt'l 1 I r. 3; 'I I'i' I '., MitlitH tllrcrti/oliii MiilifH micrvi'itriui curonariit Maluti rivuhi Ha MatiiH umtpffi'iri'tm MaltiH util't'iiritiittt MalK-ltillrrl Muurli<,nc'i'l. Moiintitiii 64, IITH, Matuunvllti vfim'}i(tta Mau-r.>v.i 87,285,288, Maiijjiiivo, Dliick Man!.T(iv.-, Wliltii 87,288, Mnplp, Axli'Iinvcil 51,276, Maiilci. Illmk Sueur 1», 270, 3,50, Mopli', lliDadloav.'d .% 47,274, Maple, Dwarf Maple, G<)ime-fm>t Maple Ilaiil 48,270,358, Maple, Miiiintaln Maple, Kill M, 270, Maple, i:mk 48,270, Maple, Silver 40,270, Maple, Soft (Aeer ilaA.vcar|>iiiu) 49, JIB, Maple, Soft (Acer nibnim) .50,270, Maple, Stripcil Maple, Sugar 48,270, Maple Hiigar aiicl moIantteR protluiml in the Cnitetl Sliitea in 1870, amount of. Mapio, Swamp 50,270, Maple. Vino 47,274, Majile Water 50,270, Maple, White 49,270, Maritime I'ine DeUin GeorKia Maritime I'ino Delt in MiHHlssippi Miirilinie Pine llelt in North Carolioa Maritime Tine Region in Alabama Marlbcrry Maryland, lumber induHtry and manufactiireH from wood in 460, Maryland, rank of, acconlin^ to value of lumber product 8 Maryland, atatiHtics of forosts, forest firen, standing timber, ote., in Mns.saeliUflettH, lumber indnntry and ' 'anufacturea from wood in. .480, 487, Ma».iasbuHettfl, rank of, accord '.,}; to value of lumber produets Maa!/Ua Mmpitun acfri/ttUa Mffipilus (T-stirdtin ilefpiltis apii/olia Iffjtpilus a rhnrea ilefrpiius arhuti/olia Mespilnit AznrnUia Me*qiil\i» hcrheri folia llcepiliie lioseiann Mcupiluti Calpodendroti Mttpiliit Canadentit ». . . ilespiluK Canadctuit, var. cordata Mespitut Canadenrit, var. obovalit Meitpilui Caroliniana Mft'-piluJi coccitiM. MftpUus ciirdata MrgpiUts corni/nlia 2[c8piliis Cnts-fjalti MenpiluH Cruigalli, var. pyraeanlhi/olia MexpiluM CritK-fjoUi, var. saliei/olia Mtipiliis cunelfnlia (Cratn-ung Cms galli) Mcipilut ciitwi/iilia (CratteguH tomentOHa. var. punctata) ifrtipiluti cunei/ormis ihtpilut tUiptiea (Crattcgua Cms gallii PoKe. 73 72 7il 13 73 121,304 300,424 121 304, 430 117,302 364, 430 360, 124 358, 424 358, 422 48, 274 40,274 422, 070 40,274 358, 424 358, 422 358,424 358,424 358, 424 40, 274 368,422 485 358,424 358, 422 358,424 358, 424 510 .'>32 515 625 100,202 487, 511 487 401, 511 ,500,501 487 600, 501 500 368, 434 386, 4.'i2 361, 430 364, 430 410, 474 350,420 45 50 80 82 81 84 83 81 82 77 70 84 84 86 82 77 76 76 70 70 80 76 76 itttpilut eltlptiea (Crato-'gua flava, var. pubeweni) iletpilu. flabcUnta Metliilut ilara ifffipitugilrjcitipina Mfnpiliin tjhmdidosa Metipilut hiemalin ilrnpHuH InHfuUa Mtfpitui liiieariii iUtpUut tobala Mftpitiiit Iticida 3fefpiliia lucida, var. anffuili/oHi. MetpiUit Michauxii Metpiliit monngi/na, var. apii/oUn MetpiliiM niiea ilfifjiUut odorata MettpiluK orali/tilia ilctplliit I'hamopymvi Mfiliiliit populi/olia itvtipituH pruinoaa Iteipilim pninflH/olia ifenpUuH pnini/ulia ile»pilu» pubetem* ilffpiliit punctata Menpilui pyri/olia (Cratagtis lomentoMt) MetpiUii pyri/olCa (Cratu'gns tomentosa, far. punctata) MetrpUut Totundifolia (Cratn'gua cncclnea) , Mftpiltif rotundi/olia (("raln'gnH Cniagalli, tor. prunifolia) Metqjiluit »aliH/vlui Mefpilut tpalhulttta Met.pi'ti» tilitr/olia Metpiluu turbittata Me*pilu$ viridif Mrfpilus Walsoniana Mapilut Wendlnndii Meaquit 02, 205, 280, 3,'iO, Mcsquit, Screwpod 02,280, Meaquit the moxt Impoitnut species in the valleys of the Atlantic-Mexi- can region Method of determining the fuel value of woods 247, Alethod of determining tlie Htrength of woods -. Metopiiiiii Linna'i Mexican Banana Mexican Forest of southern Texas, extent of Mexican Mulberry Mexican Persimmon Michaitria sesiilU Michigan, deslructivi'nessof forest fires in Michigan, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 480,487, Michigan, lumber industry of the Saginaw valIe,Y in Michigan, nuiple-sngar product of Michigan, rank of according to value of lumber products Michigan, remarks by Mr. II. C. Putnam on the forests of Michigan, statisties of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in.. 401, Miidilgan. tabular statement of the amount of White Pino standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 ifimo€a biceps Mimosa frondom Miinoia glauca 3limosa Ouadaliipctitis Mimoia latitiliqua Mimosa leucoecphala - Mimosa rosea Mimosa Vnguitcati Mimnsops Mimvsops disieela Mlmusops Sieberi 103,240,254,257,294, Minnesota, forests on Indian reservations in Miuur-iota, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 480, Minnesota, rank of, according to value of lumber products Minnesota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of Minnesota, statistics of forests, forest Arcs, standing timlwr, etc., in..401, Minnesota, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 Minnesota, the Korthom Fiuu Belt in Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, Deciduous Forest of the Page. 8» 77 82 82 77 8:1 70 711 76 77 83 81 34 70 70 80 78 TO 70 77 77 80 79 80 7(1 HI 78 82 78 70 77 362, 426 362,420 0 251, 252 219, S. (i 126, 3(10 105,204 25 .MO 551,653 532 551 487, 552 553, 554 5:0-.554 551 62 62 02 04 64 62 64 04 II, 15 103 368, 434 S!>9,660 487, 658 4»7,5i:0 550, 60(1 5.58-5C(' 65.". 558 4 GENERAL INDEX. 597 Mil iHHtppI, forpMH of tliii (TDtral pine lillla of R'l^ JIlBsliiHlppl, foirstH of til" Yiizoo iIbUii ill M.I, b'M MlniiiBKlppI, liiniliiT iiiiliiHlrv unci innnufiicluiid from wootl In 480, 487, Ml MlrtHiHHippI, piiii) f'iin>H(H nf Ihu iiortliciiHtfi'ii count it'H of .'i.l'J-ri34 MlHHlHHlppl, pniiliii'tlon ol' iiiival HlorcM In .'>17, 5111, 53'J, 5IIU .MlnginHippi, rank of, acrorillii); to vnliiu of liiinbor iirotlucta 487 MiHKUnippl, iciimrkH liy Dr. Chiirli'B Molir on tlic forenlH of KU-.iat) MUnlHHippi. Hoiitlii'in, pliiii I'oriiHlH of r>;il,.'):i2 .MiHulsslppI, ntiitlstii'u of forcKtu, foront llri'n, Htniiiliiig timber, «(«., in. .401, .lillO-KIU Mi««l«Hi|ipi. tabulur Htiitiiiicul of tlio nmoiint of l.oiin- nncl Sbortleovwl rini' HtuudiuK in tbo forests of, Miiy III, 1880 Ml Ml8«iH,ippl, thoMuritimo I'lmi Belt in M2 Mi:iHiHHippi, wc8t»«rn, forentH of 5114, M5 Minnouil, lumber IniliiHtry and manufactnroii from wood in 48e, 487, 50(1, SOI MiHaouri, rank of, according to value of liimlicr products 487, .'iol MisRouri, stiitiaticH of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in..401,560, 501 Mobile tbo principal contor of wood manufacture In Alabama 525 Mocker Nut 134,810,350,380,444 MockOningo 70,284,302,428 Mobr, Dr. Cliarles, remarks on the forests and tne turpentine industry of Alabama by Mohr. Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Florida by Mobr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Louisiana by Mohr, Dr. Charles, remorks on the forests of Mississippi by Mobr, Dr. Charles, remarks on tho forests of Texas by Molasses and sugar, maple, prwluced in tho United States in 1879, amount of Montana, lumber Industry and manufactures from wood in 480, Montana, rank of, according to value of lumber pioducta Montana, remarks by Mr. 8ereno Watson on the forests of Montana, stntistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, Monterey Cypress 179,332, Monterey I'ine 196,340, MiWHoElm 122.304, Mo080W(Hm1 Jforiu Caiiudi'H*!* (Lamarck and Riifinesnue) Morns microphylla 12, 128, -Woriiji ^[iseourientil) J/i!io (Moms microphylla) ilorunparri/olia (Moras rubra) ilunia reticulata Moras riparia Morua rubra 127,250,254,257,260,806, ilorua rubra, var. Ganadentit Mnriia rubra, viir. itusita Jforiw rubra, viir. tomentota Mortis acabra MoruH tommxtosa Moss-ginning industry iu LoiiiBlana MoHsy.eupOuk 140,265,314, Mountain Ash ( Pyrus Amerlaana) 73, Mountain Ash (l'yru.s Bambueifolia) 74,284, Mountain forests in California, pasturage of Mountain Laurel 120,302, Mountain Magnolia 20,206, Mountain Mahogany and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the Intoiior Forest Mountain Mahogany (Corcocarpns ledifolins) 71, 284, S.W, 428, Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns parvifolius) 71,284, Moil Mt ain Manchinoel M, 278, Mount. till Maple Mountain Plum Mountain AVhite Oak 143,316, .Mulberry, Mexican Mulberry, Red 128, .306, Myguida Myglnda pallens 38, Mtjlocaryuni liguHtrinnm Myriea 1 ilyriea ecri/tra, var. arborfiiimiii. ityrica ctri/er^i, var. latl/olia. . . .' itiirira crri/cra, viir. iiietlia Miiriea Cfri/cra, var. jminiln ytyrifit I'l'iinni/lvanica Myrit-a Xi'lajtensii MvtttiACK.B MVIISIXAI'ICK Myrsine MijrHine Horibu nda Mlinine FloriJana Myinine Knpanea Mvin AiK.E , 525-MO 522, 523 .5:18-540 531-530 542,543 485 487,564 487 50.';, 500 564-566 308, 464 404, 470 374,440 46, 27-1 127 249, 306 127 128 127 127 127 376, 442 127 127 127 127 127 .W7, 538 3M,448 284, 428 364, 428 579, 580 374, 440 3.->4,41H Myriea Califoruico 137,249,254,2.57,312, Myriea Carolinensit Myriea cerifero 130,250,2.54,257,312, Ityriea cerxfera humilit Myriea cerifera tempervirens * ityriea eeri/era, \ar. anriuiit\folia 0 309, .571 50il, .I?! 300, 424 40, 274 34,ir;G 380, 4.50 128, 306 370, 442 10, 13 249, 272 38 1,12,15 380,446 130 380, 440 136 136 1,30 . ...136, 137, 2,T4,2,';7,312, (HI, Myrth', nine Myitb.Wax ^fyrtu» azillaris Myrtut buxyfoUa ilyrtua ChytraeuUa . Myrliis diehotoma . . . Myrtus montieola . . . MyrtUM Poireti ifyrtuM procera Page. 136 130 136 136 136 1.17 3hO, 446 100, 292 11,15 Ill) mt an, 2411, 292 257, 288, 306, 430 41,272 130,312,380,440 88 88 88 88 Naked Wood (Colubrina recllnatu) 42, 274. 358 Naked Wood (Kngcnia diehotoma) 88,288 Nannyberry * 1)4, 290, 432 Naval stores, production of, in Alabama .517, .527, 529, .530 Naval stores, production of, in Florida 517 Natal stores, production of, in (ieorgia 517 Naval stores, pnidii' lion of, in Louisiana 517, 536, .537 Naval stores, production of, in Mississippi 617, 531,ra2, .'>36 Naval stores, produitiiin of, in .N'orlh (.'urolina 516-518 Naval stores, produetioi, of, in South Carolina 517 Nebraska, lumber industry andmanulaetiires from wood in 486,487,562 Nebraska, rank of, according to value of lumber protliicts 487 Nebraska, statistics of forests, forest flre.H, staiuiing timber, etc., in 502 Necklace Poplar 175, 330, 350, .IftO, 402 Nectandra 11, 15 yectandra Bredemeieriana llii Nectandra AVilldenoviana 1 ] n, ^49, 302 Xegutidiumfraxinifolium .'1 Negundo l(^-i:t Negundo aucroides 12, 50, 230, 253, 256, 270, .160, 424 Xegunio actroides (Negundo Californicnm) 51 Negundo Californicnm 51, 250, 253, 2.50, 270, 360, 424 Xegundo Cali/omicum (Negundo aceroidcs) 51 Xegundo/raxini/olium 51 Xeg*'-'do lobatuin 51 Xegundo Merieanum 61 Xegundo tri/oiiatuni 51 Nevada, lumber inrpncn to Its forcKt gengi-npliy Nortli AmoiU'aii foroatu, gi'ucral rpiimrk» on tlio North Atlnntic. lUvlHlon, extent of foraatH, Htniiilinf; timlier, fonwt tIroH, ctr., in till' Nortl: C'liiolinn, cnulra of tarnnil roain prodnceil In Xortli C.iinlinit, Inmlicr iiiilnntry nnil inanp.'ictiin'H from wor:li ('iirolinii. nink of, noronlinK '.n vnlui r.^ luinlior products Korlii I'luiiliniv, gtatiatics of Ibreiits, n.-t tlroii, stnnilinR tiniliur, otc, in 41X1, ^' >rtli C.ii'dliiui, tiilinlnr ntnloniont of t)i« uninuut of Long-Ivavrd Pine jindiiinii. tJic forests of, Mny :il, 18K0 Nurtli Caiolinii, llie JJnritiinc I'iiie Bel! in Nortlieni ('eiilrul division, extent of forests, forest tires, standing timlM-r, etc.. in t lie Xortlieni Foieat in t!io Atlaniie rt»gion Xorlliern Korest in tlie Paeilie re^iion, extent of t lie Norlliiin Pine Helt. foicataof the, onee extended over the State of Ma-no Xorthiin Piin- Hell in ('onneeticnt NortluTii Pine H(»ll in Miissaehiisetts Xortlu'iii I'iiie Itell in MiiineMit;> Norlliern I'iiie Ilelt in Mew York Nt^rlliern Pine Ilelt in Klioth- Island Nivrlhein rine Hell in I lie Atlantic region Norway Pine 1»J, 336, 350, .M3,310,3.'>0, Nut, Hitter Knt, Hull ..13t,310,3.'H), Nut.cotree S8, :;80, \ut, Illill.iis 13.', 308, 3.-.0, Nnt. King 134, 31il, 3.1ip, Xul,.MiKker Page. S01-M6 fiOI-TiOO Nl 3 3-16 4IH-510 517 487, 515 516-518 487 515-518 516 M5 547-503 3,4 7 404 500 500 658 601 600 4 402,408 380, 446 380, 444 300, 426 37'*, 444 380, 444 .134,310, 3.'>0, 380, 444 Nnt, Pig 134, 310, ,1,^iO, 380, 446 Nut Pine mid the Mountain 2bInhogany the most important trees of tiio Interior Fi Nut Pine (I'inus eeniliroidea) 100, :i3fl Nut Pine ( IMiiiis edulLs) 100, 330, 40'J, 408 Nut PiiU' t I'inus nionophylla) 100, 336, 3.'i0, 402, 408 ' i: ' "ine (Pinus Parryaiia) 180, ,3:in, 403, 41^8 i, S ..illi.w .■ll.L'TO i / • ;-.g, California 186,334,400,406 ij Nutmeg, Hickory 13.->, 310, 3.'i0, 3K0, 440 | Nyct.\i;ixacb.1! 117, 254, 2.'«7, 302, 372, 438 j| Xvs.s« 10,11,14 II Xynmt .Xfifia Xi/^itn NysHa Xlitma Xtiiixa Xijfi^a Xjifna .Vl/JIJ((T Xygm Xi/ntii Xt/Hml Xiittxa .Vl/Mrt Xl/UKtl Nyssa Xijitiia XjJMKA Nyssa Kyt$a antjuligan$ II lUJttlogd (tijurttica (XyssA sylvntica). ariiinliea ijN'j'ssa uniUora) .. hiiiiirn Cannitfnats canttii'ans capitata Cftjtitata, var. ffraniiidentata . <\irnlii\iana , cfivi (jcn tl)^ntii'utata ;irtuulidfntata Ill ^ 'jrij'olia fMoiifiinii iiiultirfont iniiltiilora, var. tylvaliea Otjtrhc ..•1,250,253,257,200 .92, 250, 253, 257, 260, 200, pdluittrit s\Ivatica ti'iiica (ii»n ( Xyssn cnpitJita) ttimfntota (Nyssa iinitlora) uiiinora 02, 250. 253, 257, 260, 200, 3.'iO, I'lVItXit 03 03 02 02 »2 02 01 366, 432 03 o:? 01 02 93 93 91 02 »^ 01 03 360,432 91 03 386, 432 02 Oak, Dliick (Quorous Emoryt) US, 2V, 318, Onk.Illack (Quorcus Kolloggtl) 140,265,320,388, Oak, Black (Quorcus rubra) 148,265,318,350, Oak, Black (Qiicrcns tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388, Oak, Blue 143,310, Oak, Burr 140,26,5,314, Oak, Chestnut (Qiiercus densifloru) 155, 265, 822, 390, 458, 670, Oak, Chestnut ((jucrcus priuoideg) U3, 2Cii, 316, Oak, Chestnut (Quercus Priuns) 142,28.5,316,350,384, Oak, Chinquapin 143,26,5,310, Oak, Coast Live 147,318, Oak, Cow ,...141.310,384,416, "(, 322, Oak, Pin 152,320, Oak, Possum 162, .320, 350, 388, flak, Post 1,39,312,382, Oak, Punk 152, 320, 3.'i0,388, Dak, Quercitron 149, 26.'>, .'118, 3.")0, Dak, Ued (Quercus fnleata) 161,205,320,350, Oak, Red (tjiierei's rubra) 148, 26.5, 318, , 3,10, Oak, Ued (Qnerciis rnlira, var. Texana) 148, 318, (Jak, Hoik Chestnut 143, 265, 316, 3,';o, 384, Oak, Scarlet 148, 318, Oak. Scrub (Quercus Catesbiei) 151, .'120, Oak, Scrub (Quercus undiilata, var. Gambeiii) 139,311, Oak, Sliingle 151, .322, Oak, Spanish 15I,2iW,.320, 3."i0, Si.^ ( )ak, Swamp Post 140, 314, 3.')li, Oak, Swaniji Spanish 152,320. 0..K, Swamp White 141,311, Oak, Tanlmrk 15.5, 20", 322, Oak. Turkey 151,320, Oak. T'pland Willow 1.53, 3'JO, Oak. Valparaiso 140,318, Oak, Water (Quercus ai|uat ica) 1,52, 320, 3,50, 388, Oak, Water (tincrcus paliistris) 152,320, Oak, Water White 140, 314, , '1.10, Oak, Weeping 138, 31'2, Oak, Wliile (IJnercus alba) 137. 26.5, 312, 3.50, 3'<0, Oak, While (QucnnsGaiTyana) '. 138, 312, 3.50, .'182, Oak, While (Quercus griNCa) 144,310, tV.k, While (Quercus lobalai 138, :;|2, Oak, White (Quercus oblongifolia) 144, 316, Oak, Willow 1,54,32-', Oak. Yellow (l^ucreus prinoides) 143,265,310, Oak, Yellow (Quercus tinctoria) 140, 26.5, 318, 350, Oak. Vellowbark 149, 205, 318, 3,''iO, Obispo Pine 200, .'140, tKnoc-arfutu refjia Ogeeihie Lime 91,290, t)liio Buckeye 42, •.'74, Ohio, lumber industry and niannfaeliiivs fWim wood in 486, Oliio, rank of, according to value of lumber prwincts Olilo. statistics of forests, forest tires, standing timber, etc., la tll.At'l Oak, Bartram'a 1S3, 320, 30O, .■„'W OaU, Basket 141,316,384,410. 1.-.0 Oldliehl Hinh 150, .324, 3.50, Obllli'ld I'liio 197, 340, 3.50, 4(V4, Old .Man's Beard Oira .Imrricantt Oi.K.vci* « 106-113,264,257,298, Olive, California 120,802, Page. .388,453 416, 454 386, 452 4.54, 628 886,450 284, 448 578, .580 384,450 416,4,50 384, 4.50 3B6,4{i2 450, 533 418, 4.54 3K2, 448 388,454 390, 4.56 300, 454 3(^6, 452 386, 452 386. 4.52 386, 452 384, 448 386, 4,50 4.50, 533 384, 448 300, 4.5(1 300, 4.56 F98, 4.54 410, 4.51 448. .5'J8 416.4.54 388, 4.54 388, 454 .'l!^0, 452 388. 4.53 410, 4.-.0 .'188, 4.V2 388,451 3,S4, 4 18 300, 4.56 4,-.4, 5'J8 381,4.50 •.m. 4.54 384,4.->0 .303, 4.56 368, *H 300, 4.56 3K6, 4,52 410.454 388, 4.51 384, 150 .'l.'i2, 418 414,440 448, 576 ;i86, 4.52 ;18'J, 448 380, 452 :'!lll, 1.56 384, 456 3.S8, 4.5« 3,^8, 454 404, 472 218 .366, 432 3.-18, 422 <.--, 547 487,587 401, 647 34,270 .392, 458 416.470 113, '298 lis 370, 434 374, 440 GENERAL INDEX. 599 Page. Olncya 10,12,14 OlneyoTeaoto 66, 249, 2M, 256, 273, 800, 420 Orange Mock 70, 284, :I62, 428 Orange, Onago 128, i)06, S70, 442 Orange, Wild (Prnnua Carolinlona) 70,284,302,428 j Omngc, Wild ( Xanlboxylnm Clava-nercnlis) 30, 270, 350, 420 j Orchkloearpum arittimim 23 ! Oregon Ash 111,298,372,438 Oregon Cedar 170, 332, 3a0, 308, 404 i Oregon Cni)> Apple 73,284 Oregon, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 480,487,577 | OroKonPine 200,205,344,352,410,470 Oii'gon, rank of, according to ralno of Innibor pro inMiiiia aculeata 1 2, (iO, 2.50, 280 Pnr!> iusonia iiiliropliylla 60, 219, 280 Purliinsonia Turreyana 80, 250, 253, 250, 380, .362, 426 Parxley Ilaw 81,280 PaHania dejtuijlora 155 Parirt Cali/iirnica 43 Pavia canica 42 Pitrin dinffdor 43 /'iiri(i/fiii« 43 Piivitt f/labm 42 I'avia htjhrlda 43 ■ Pavut lutfn - 48 y'ui'i'i nrplrcttt 43 I'a rill iinllida 42 Pnria n'tilminiana 42 PwuliOiiU ((^iierrus densiflora) 166, 26,5, 322, 300, 456 Pencil O.ik ((Jm-rciis Pbellos) 1.'4, 323, 300, 456 Pencil. Wild 70,384,362,428 I'liir Ilaw 70,28". 304, 130 Page. Pecan 182,808,330,378,444 Pecan, Hitter 130,810,830,380,414,440 Peran-nut, the, an Importont product west of the Colorado river iu Texas 543 Pencil Cejrmn coceineum 77 Phwnopjpvm eordatum 80 Phfpno]>i/runi elliptictiTn 82 Phcmiiipynnn pvpuliJiAinm 78 Phamfipf/iinn pruinotuin 70 Phirnnpyru m upalhulitum 81 Phn^nopfn'iiin xiibrillomm 78 Pho'ntipyrum Virginicum 82 Phit-nopyrum viride 78 Pliipunpjirum Wtndlandii 77 Phiilinin arbuti/nlia 83 Phntinia aalici/olia 83 Picen 11,13,10,575 Picon nll.ii 12, 204, 260, 256, 258, 263, 342, 40", 474, .502, 564 Pieeaamnbilit (Abies nmnbilin) 213 Picon ajnnbilis (Abies subalpina) 211 /'ireo baltamta 311 Picea baltamea, var. tongyfolia 211 Picea bl/nlia 211 Picea braelenta 213 Picea Cali/ornica 208 I'icea Canndemii 206 Picea C'triilea 204 Picea concohr 212 Picra conrnlor, var. violacea 212 Picea Ihntgtaeii 209 Pie.'a KnKcliniinni 0, 205, 251, 26.5, 258, 20.5, 342, 4C.8, 474, .'■;61-.5fl7, .572-.575 PIcra Franeri (Abies lialsaniea) 211 I*i«d, the clinracteristic tree of the Sonthern Maritime Pine Belt 4 I 520 I! I I 510 I Fine, Meadow 202, 34:', .3.52. Pine, Monterey 106, Pino, Norway 102,386, Fine, Nut (I'inus rembroidesi Pino. Vut (I'iiins edulis) 100, Pine, Nut ( I'inus mouopbylla) 100, 330, Fine, Nut (Pinus Parryana) inn. Pine, Nut, and the Mountain Mahogany the most important trees of Inlorliir Forest Pine, Oblspn 200, Pine, Old-fleld 107, 3'10, .UO. Pino, Oregon 200,26.5,314, Fine, Pitch 198, 340, 360, 401, 470, 5:'0, Pine, Pond 108, 340, .r.O, 404, Fine. I'rinio'H 201. 312, Fine, R.d 102,336, Pino n-Kiiin ofiboCnosa in Alabama Pine. Uiincmary 197,340,3.50, Pine, .'fond 100, I'iiie. Serub (I'inus Ilaukaiana) 201, 3-1 J. Pine. .Scrub (Pious clanaa) 199, 406, 416, .340, 404, 350, 402, ...190, 336, 402, 350, 402, 336, 402, tho 340, 404, 401,410, 3.52,410, 522, .'i2."i, 410,470, 3/12. 4(16, 350, 402, 404,416, ;m. 4114. 3.VJ, 400. 340, 404, 474 470 468 336 468 468 408 0 472 470 470 .531 .527 472 (OH 520 470 472 472 472 Page. Pine, Scrub (Finns contorta) 104,338,404,470 Plue, Scrub (Pinna inops) 100,340,350,40-1,470,520 Pine, Short-leaved 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 530, 531, 530, 53T, 541, 544, 560 Pine. Sbcirt-lcavid. standing in tho forests of Arkansas, May 31, 1880, tabular slntement of tlie amount of 544 Pino, Slash ...202,342,352,406,416,474,516 Pine, Southern •.'02,342,352,400,410,472 Pine, Spruce (Finns clausa) 109, 340, 404, 472 Pine, Spruce (Pinus glabra) 201,840,400,472,527 Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,400,472 Fine, Spruce (Pinus Murrnyana) 10.5, 338, 350, 404, 470 Fine, Sugar 188,338,350,400,460,576,578 Pine, Sugar, an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Pino, Swainp 202,342,352,400,410,474 Fine, Table-mountain 100, S40, 350, 404, 472 Pine, Weymouth 187,334,350,400,466 Pine, White, and Hemlock, standing in the forests of Pennsylvania, May 31, 1880, tabalar statement of the amount of 606 Pine, White ( Pinus llexilis) 188, 336, 400, 468, 560, 670, 671 Pine, White (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472 Pine, White (Pinus monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466. 564, S74, 576 Fine, Whito (Pinus reHexa) 180,336,402,468 Fine, White (Pinus Strobns) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, .506, 551, 564, 658 Fine, While, standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statement of tho amonnt of 661 Pine, White, standing in the forests of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular statement of t be amount of 558 Fine, White, standing in the forests of Wisconsin May 31, U'80, tabular statement of tho amount of .554 Pine, White, the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4 Pine, Yellow, an important, characteristic tree of tho Coast Forest 8 Pine, Yellow (Pinus Arizonica) 102,338,402,468 Fine, Yellow (Finns mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,520 Fine, Yellow (Pinus palustris) 202, 342, 352, 400, 410, 472 Fine, Yellow (Finns ponderosa) 193, 338, 550, 402, 468, 562, 665, 674, 578 PiDon (Pinns edulis) 190,336,402,408 Piuou (Pinna monophylla) 190,313,350,402,468 Pinon (Pinns Parryana) 180,336,402,408 Pinus 11,12,16 Pin un Pinua Pi MM PinuM Pinut Pinus Pinut Pinua Pinua P'nva P'nua Piii'» Pinu* Pinus Pinua Pinus Pinua Finns Pinua Pinua Finns Pitiua Pinua Pinua I'inua Pinua Pinua Pinua Pinua J'inua Pinua I'inua Pinua Pinu.H Pinua Pinua Abica Americatia . , Abiea Balaam ea ... Altiea Canadenaia. adutica , alba albicaulis 189,260,255,268,336,400,468,565,572, amabilia (Abies amabilis) amabilia (Abies magnifica) amabilia (Abies snbulpina) Aiufrieana (Picea nigra) A mericana ( Tsnga Canadensis) Americana rubra ariatata Arizonica 102,250,255,258,338,402, auatrali* Bttllomiana 101,250,25,5,258,330,402, Balfouriana (I'Iiiuh Balfouriana, rar. aristatu) Bulfoii riana, rar. oristata 191, 250, 255, 258, .336, 402, bataa ifa balaamca, var. Fraatri ' Banksiana 201, 250, 265, 268, 26:1, 342, 3.52, 40 J, Bankniana (Pinus contorta) . Bea nitlryi Benlhamiana Bolanderi Bmiraieri brachf/f 'era brnrtcata Cttli/on\ica (Pinus insignis) Californica (Pinus tuberoulata) , Canadtnaia ( Picea alba) Canadenaia (Tsiiga Canadensis) Canadtnaia (Tsiiga Mertensiana) .•(■inliioldes 100,2.50, cr mbroidea (Pinns albicaulis) etmbroiiita ( Finns edulis) 206 211 202 100 204 673 213 214 211 203 206 202 1111 468 201 468 101 468 210 210 472 194 103 103 104 194 103 213 196 106 204 206 207 336 189 190 GENERAL INDEX. 601 rage. 194, nas, 404, 470 ISO, 40-1, 470, 529 137,541, 544, 560 1, 1880, 544 406, 416, 474, 51G 1)52, 400, 410, 472 109,340,404,472 340, 400, 472, 527 340, 350, 40«, 472 338, 350, »04, 470 400, 460, 576, 578 8 352, 400, 416, 474 S40, 350, 404, 472 334, 350, 400, 466 rlvanin, 506 468, 560, 570, 671 201, 340, 406, 472 466, 564, 574, 576 180, 336, 402, 468 ..•iOO, 551, 554, 558 tabular 551 tabular 558 tabular 1)54 4 Bt 8 102, 338, 402, 468 ), 350, 406, 472, 529 !, 352, 4CC, 416, 472 !, 562, 565, 574, 578 ..190,330,402,468 0,3:3,350,402,468 . 180,336,402,468 11,12,10 206 211 202 190 204 to, 468, 565, 672, 573 213 214 211 , 203 , 206 202 101 >5, 258, 338, 402, 468 201 >5, 258, 336, 402, 468 101 is, 258, .336, 402, 468 210 • 210 J3,342,3.''>2,40J, 472 194 193 193 104 194 193 213 196 .., 106 204 208 207 100, 2.'>0, 338 18S 190 PftKC. Pinus ChUniahuana 194,250,255,268,338,404,470 Pluusclauaa 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 Pinus commutata 205 Pinua concolor 212 Finns contortii 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pinus eontorta (Pinus miiricata) 199 Pinti» eontorta (IMiiu.i Murraynna). 104 Pinus con'uWa, v ?. Ilolaitderi 194 Pima eontorta, var. lalifoha 194 Pinus CouIt(rl 105,250,255,258,340,404,470 Pinua Craigann 193 Pinus Cubcusis 202, 249, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406, 416, 474, ,516, 520, 522, 525 Pinu» Oubcnsie, var. terthroearpa 202 Pinut drfltxa 103 Pinu* Douglatii 209 Pinut Douglaaii, var. brevibraeteata 209 IHnu» echinala 200 Pinus Edgariana 199 Pinus Bdulls I 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,402,468 Pinua EUiottii 202 Pinua Engelmanni (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Pinua Engelmanni (Pinus ponderosa) 103 Pinus flcxilia 13, 188, 250, 255, 258, 339, 400, 468, 5fl9-,571 Pinua flezUia (Finns albicaulia) 189 Pinua flexilia, var. aliteaulif 189 Pinua ftexilia, var. maeroearpa 188 Pinua flexilia, var. reflexa 189 Pinua flexilia, var. aerrulata 188 Pinu* Fraaeri (Abies Fraaeri) 210 Pinua I'raaeri (Pinua rigida) 197 Pinua Fremontiana 190 Pinua fulilia 190 Pinuf. glabra 200,250,255,258,263,340,406,472,527 r'inua grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus grciidia ( Abies concolor) 212 IHnua grandit (Abies grandis) 212 Pinua Orozelifri 187 Pt'nus Uudaonica 201 FinuRiunps 198,250,255,258,203,340,350,404,470,529,546 Pinua inopa (Pinus eontorta) 194 Pinua inopa (Pinus Murrajana) 194 I'intu inopa, var. (Pinus mnricata) 199 Pi'iiusiiiops, var. clauaa 199 Pinus insiRiiis 8,196,250,255,2.58,340,404,470 Pinua inaignut maeroearpa 196 IHnua inaignit, var. hinata 196 Pinua intermedia 215 Pinus .Joffreji 9,19,3,250,255,258,338,402,470,578 Finns Lambert inna 8, 188, 251, 25,5, 258, £36, 350, 400, 460, 576, .578 Pinua Lambertiana, var, (Finns flcxilis) If 8 Pinua Lambertiana, var. breri/ulia 188 Pinus iarici'na 215 Pinua Laricio, var. reaiiioaa 101 Pimta Larix 218 I'iuua Larix alba 215 Pinux Larix nigra 215 Pinua Larix rubra 215 Pinua laaioear jKi ( .Vbles concolor) 212 Pinua laaioearpa ( Abies subiiipina) 21 1 Pinus Llateana (I'inus ci'nibroides) 100 Pinus /.lai'L'amt (I'inu.t I'arryann) 189 i"i?ius Loddigeaii 197 JHnua lophoaperma 192 Pinua Lowiana 212 Pinuj Lyalli 216 Pinua maeroearpa , 195 l*inua macrophylla 193 Pimia Mariana 202 Pinua Menziraii 200 IHnua Menzieaii, var, eriapa 206 I'inut itertrniiana i07 Pinua niierocarpa , 'il5 Pinus niitiH 4,200, 250, 2,")5, 2.' 8, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, ,'iJ7, 520-5.11, 633, 530, 637, 541, 544, ,^K)0 Pfn'M miiis, vnr. pauiMra 2U0 I Page. I Finns roonophylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,350,402,408 ; Pinus niont icoln 7, 187, 250, 255, 258, 330, 400, 460, 584, 505, 573-576 1 Pinus inuricata 109,250,255,258,340,404,472 Pinua ynurieata (Finns eontorta) 194 Pinus ? lurrayana 9, 104, 250, 25,5, 258, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564-.567, .572-577 i Pinua nigra 202 t Pinua nobilia. 214 j Pinua Xultallii 210 Pinuaoateo.perwa 100 j Finns palusti is: 4, 201, 249, 255, 258, 203, 342, 352, 406, 410, 472, 516, 519-321, i 524,531,537,5)1 I Finns palustris the characteristic tree of tho Soutliem JTaritime Pine i Belt 4 i Piuus PaiTyana 189,250,25,5,258,3,30,402,408 i Pinua Varryana (Pinus ponderosa) 19:1 Pinua Pattoniana (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Pintia Pattoniana (Tsuga Pattoniana) 208 Pinua pcndula 2' 5 Pinua ponderosa 8, 9, 192, 250, 255, 258, 203, 338, 360, 402, 468, 562, 565, 667, !)74, 575, 578 Finns ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. . . 8 Pinua ponderoaa, var. Benthamiana 103 Pinua ponderoaa, var. Jeffreyi 193 Pinua ponderoaa, var. scopulorum 193 Pinus porphyrocarpa 187 Pinua pungens 199,250,255,258,340,350,404,472 Pinua radiata 190 Pinus reticxn 189,250,255,258,330,402,468,568,569 Finns resinosa 101,250,255,238,263,336,350,402,468 Pinus reainoaa (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Finns rigida ...197,260,255,258,340,350,404,470 196 200 198 203 191 204 201 Pinua rigida (Pinua insignis) , Pinua rigida (Pinus niitis) Pinua rigida, var. aerotina Pinua rubra (Picca nigra) Pinua rubra (Finns resinosa) Pinua rubra, var. eiolaeea Pinus rupeatria Pinus Rabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pinua Sabiniana Coult*ri 105 Pimia Sabiniana maeroearpa 106 PinuH serotina 198, 249, 25,5, 258, ,140, 350, 404, 416, 470, .527 Pinus Shasta 189 Finos SitKlairil 190 Pinus Sitchenaia 200 Pinua species (Abies subalpina) 211 Finns Strobus 4, 1«7, 251, 255, 2t>», -JOS, 334, 350, 400, 466, 404, 500, 551, 554, 658 Finns Strobus tlie characteristic tree of the Northern Pino Belt Pinua Strobua, var. alba i'inus Strobua, var. brerifolia Pinua Strobua, var. eompretaa Pinua Slrubua, var. monticola Pinua Strobus, vni. nieea Pinua ayleestris, var. divaricata 4 187 187 187 187 187 201 Finns T.cda 197, 250, 266, 258, 263, 340, 350, 404, 410, 470, 512, 510, .541 197 108 202 107 197 200 19S 209 204 Pinua Tcvda, var. a Pinua Trrda, var. alnpecumidea Pinuf Ta-da, var. helerophylla Pinua Ta'da, var. rigida Pinua Tada. var. tenuifolia Pinua Ta*da, var. variajilia Pinus Tirda, var. VIrginiana Pinus taxifolia Pinua tetragona PliiUH Torreynna 8,102,2,50,25.5,258,338,402,408 Pinus tuberculata 106, 251, 265, 258, ,340, 404, 470 Vinua tuberculata (Pinus insignia). Vinw variabilis Pinua venuata Pinua Virniniana Pinua Yirginiana, var.tehinata... ri«cldln 109 200 218 108 200 10,14 Piacidia CarthagenentiM 57 Piscidia Erythrina 67, 210, 253, 230, 278, 360, 126 Plminia 11,15 602 GENERAL INDEX. W-^ Page. rUautn nculrata 117 PisonlftobtiiBata 117,250,254,257,802,372,438 ristacin 10-12,14 Flstociii Aloxicana M Pitch IMno 198,340,360.404,470,520,522,525,531 Piauxolobium/or/ex 64 nnieeolobium Ouadabipentit 04 PiOiecolobium mierophyllum 04 Pithecololiinin DnguU-cati 64,249,282 Planera 11,15 PlonoraMqiintica 124,250,254,257,306,376,442 Plarura Gmelini -• 124 rianera Itiehardi 124 PUinera ulmifolia 124 Platanack.e 129,130,254,257,300,376,442 Platanns 11,12,15,251 Platanut Cali/omica 129 Plaianu I hybridal 120 rintamu lobata 129 Platanut Mfxicana (Platanns racemosa) 129 Platamu Mexicana (Platanns Wrlghtii) 130 Platanns occiilcntalis 120,250,254,257,306,330,370,442 Plata n iw o<-Hdentall> (Platanns racemogn) 120 Plalaniirt racemosa 129,250,254,257,300,376,442 Platanut raccmoia (Platanns 'WriBlitil) '. 130 J'latanut vubjarit, var. angulota 129 Platiums Wrightii 130,250,254,237,3110,370,442 Plum, Ciiiiaila 05, 282, 302, 4;6 Plum, Chickasaw CO, 282, 302, 420 Plnm. Cocoa 65,282,302,420 Plum, Darling 39,272,338,422 I'him, Downward 103,294,368,4:14 Pinm, Gopher 01, 290,. ■)00, 4.12 Plum. Guiana 121 302, 374,410 Plum, ITos (Prunus nngnstifoHa) 00,282,302,420 Plum. lIoK (Rhus Metopium) , 54,278,300,424 Plum, Hcij: (Xinicnia Americana) 31,270 Plum, Horse 0!;, 282,3(12,4:'H Plum, ilonntain .U, 270 Plum, I'iReon 117,302,372,4.18 Plum, Saffron 103, 2M, 3t!8, 434 Plum, "Wild 6.-., 282, aOi, 426 Poison Elder 31,278 Poison .Sumach 31,278 Poisonwood (Rhns Uotopinm) 54,278,300,424 Poisoiiwood (Sehastiania lucida) 121, 304 Poi.vpuUiH arrjrntea Pninilut Atbrnientit P()|iulus lialsamifera 12, 173, 231, 255, 258, 328, 394, 460, 573, V' pulut bahami/era (Popnlos tricliocarpa) Popul.ii bnltami/era lancenlata Pnpuhit baUa m i/era , vur - Pnpiiliit baltami/era, var. anfftu)ti/olia Popuhit haltamxfera, var. Cal^urnifia Pojiuins l)al»amifer«. inr. candieaiis 173,250,2.3,3,258,330,394, Popxihinbabta mi/era, vnr. fftn^iintt Pt>j)»htK Caiiatlcntit (Populus balnamitera, ran candicansl ViipiibiH i'anadentit (Populus uionilifrra) Pnpuhit ('anatlentit, var. anffH*t\folia Popuhin eandicnnt P'lpulut eurdi/olia Pace. Populiu deltoide 174 Populns Frcmontil 176,250,255,258,330,300,463 Popnlns Fremontii, tor. Wlslicenl 175, 250, 265, 258, 262, 330, 396, 462 PopuUu glandtiloia 175 PopnluB grnndidontata 172,260,255,258,328,304,460 Populus grandidenlata, via. pendula 172 Populus hetorophj'lla 1V2, 26C, 256, 268, 328, 394, 460 Populut heierophylta (Populns balgamifum var. oandioans) 173 Popului heleTophyUa,vaT. argentea 172 Populut lifHgata (Populus moniltfera, .4fton, e(o.) 175 Popiiluj tei>ti;a(a (Populus monilifem, ITort.) 175 Populut lati/olia 173 Populut Ijindleyana 175 Populut maerophylla (Popnlns balsamtfera, rar. oandicans) 173 Populut maerophylla (Popnlns monilifera) 176 Populut Marylandiea 175 Popnlus monilifera 174,251,256,258,262,330,350,396,462 Populut monili/era (Popnlns Fremontii) 175 Populut moniH/era (Populns Fremontii, far. WisUzcni) 175 Pojiulut negleeta 176 Populut On tarientit 173 Populut Taeamahaea 1T3 Populut trcmuiiformit 171 Popnlus tremnloides 12,171,250,255,258,328,350,304,400 Populut Irepida 171 Populus trichocarpa 174,251,255,258,330,304,462,576 Populut Irichocarpa, var. cupulaUt 174 Pojmlui rimxpta 173 Populut Virfjiniana 175 Porcdia triloba 23 Pnrkwood 117,302,372,438 I'orliera 10-13 Porlierivangustifolia 29,249,208 Port Orford Cedar , 179, 332, 330, 308, 404, ."0 Possum O.ak 152,320,350,388,410,434 Post Cedar 170,330,300,462 Post Oak 1.30,312,382,448,528 Post Oak, Swamp 140,314,3.30,384,450 PricUlv Asli (Xanthoxylum Americannni) 29,268 Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clavn-Hcrcnlis) 30,270,3.30,420 Prince's Pino 201,342,352,400,472 Principal woods of tho United States under compression, behavior of the. 418-481 Priueipnl woods of the United States nnder tiansvcr-ne strain, behavior of tho 354-414 Prin;;le, ^Ir. C. G., remarks on the Inresta of Xew Ilanipshire by 497 Prinsile, llr. C. G., remarks on the forests of New York by 501-508 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on (he forests of Pennsylvania by 507-510 Prin.ile, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Ycrmoutby 498-500 Priuitle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of West Virgiaia by 512-513 Pn'jiojf dealdutu 37 Pritrlmrdia fllatnentota 217 Privet 112,298,372,438 Product and average size of saw-mills in each state and territory 4S8 Prmluction of naval stores in Alabama 517, 527, 529, ,330 617 817 517 517 .31. 517 .10-12,14 02 01 420 01 62 420 .373 420 03 420 CO 68 68 428 Pi'oduction of naval st(»rcs in Plnrida Produeticra of naval stores in Georgia Production of naval stores in Louisiana PrfMltictioii of naval stores in ^lississippi PnMluclion of naval stores iu North Carolina . Production of naval stores in South Carolina . Proso|ds . 12, 61, 240, 253, 256, 265, 280, 350, 302, Proso/iit Kinorjti PntunpiH ijlanduloga - Prosopisjulitlora Protopii odorata (Prosopis iuliflora) Protnpit odorata (Prosopis pubescens) Prosopis pnbescens 13, 02, 249, 253, 236, 280, 302, Prunus 10-12,14, Prunus Americana 12,65,249,25:1,250,282,302, Pninus Americana, rar. mollis Primus angustifolia 00,249,2.3.3,2,38,282,362, I'ruuut bnrealit Prunui Canadfnii* Prunut Ciipollin PruunsCapuU 68,249,282, GENERAL INDEX. 603 P«g6. Pruntu Carolina 60 Pnmus Caroliniana », 249, 263, 258, 284, 382, 428 Prunui cartilaginea 88 Pruniii Chitata 88 Prunui* coeeinea 85 Primus dcmiSBa 89,248,253,256,284,362,428 Prnnua emargiuata 87,250,282 Primus einarj!ina1a,rar.mollta 87,253,256,282,382,428 Ptiimit hiemalU (Pnmus Americana) 83 Priinut hiemalU) (Pranns / moricana, var. mollis) 85 Prumm ilicifolia 78,249,253,258,284,384,428 Prvnut inntitia 66 Pruniia lanceoUUa 86 Prunua lAuritaniea 80 PniH'is Mitiistippi 85 Pninui inoi^'i (Pnmus Americaua, rar. mollis) 63 PninutmoUit (Pnmns omarginata, var. mollis) 87 Pruntii nigra 65 PnniHS Pcnnsylvanlca 12,88,250,282,428 Prunvt pertici/olia 60 Pninitg pumila 87 I'ninng gfi}nperrirena 89 Piumiasmotina 68,250,258,258,259,282,303,428 I run i(« tcrrati/oUa 60 PiuuiiHspliiviocaipa 70,249,284 Prii n-is spinosa 6') Pniuns umboUnta 67,249,282,428 PniuHs Viiginiaisa 08 Prtinit* Virginiana (Pnmus serotina) 68 Prtiiiua Yirginiana, var.demitsa 60 Pscmlacacia oiloratu Pgcuili>])etahm glandulosum Pgftulopetalon tricarjmtn ]*seu(1otsu;;a Page. QuoiHa Siinarfdm 32 Qnorcitron Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 QuoTcns 11,12,15 Querons acutidcns ,. 155 4 Purplo Haw 40,272 Pursliiii 573 Putnam, ilr. II. C. remarks on f'C forests of Micbigan by 533, SJH Putnam. Mr. II.C, romarka on tbe forests of Miimesoln by 559,600 Putnam, Mr. II. 0., romarknon tlio forebfs of tbecaatorn portion of Dakota by 601 Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on tbe forests of Wisconsin liy 5.'i5-658 Pvrua 10-12,14 Pyrus Americana 73,230,284,428 Pyrua A mericana (Pyrns aambueifolia) 74 Pyrufl Americana, var. mierocarpa 74 l'yru»aii};u»lirolla 72,240,284 l'lir:iii aiifupa ria ( Pyrus Americana) 73 Pjirua a iiiuipa ria ( rvrus samliueifolia) 74 J'j/rita Jlartramiana 84 Pj/ruti lUitrfiainum 84 Pyrus loriiiuuift , 72, 249, 253, 230, 269, 20O, 284, 304, 428 Pjirua rorunaria (I'yius augnstifulia) 72 Pyrua mninaria, var. anguitifolia 72 Pijrua dieeraifolia 73 Pyrua fuaca 73 Pf/rua gttiudiilftaa 77 Pyrtta uiicrocarpa 74 Pyrua ornlit 85 Pynia rivularis 73,243,284 Pynia naniluu'ifolia 12,74,2,10,253,230,284,384,428 Pyrua riibfoidain 73 Pyrua Wiingmhciuiiaiia 84 Q* Quaking Asp 171, 328, 330, 394, ItlO Quattia dioica 32 139 141 , 139 137 137 137 137 137 147 145 Quercua aqualiea 152, 249, 254, 258, 262, 320, 350, 388, 410, 464 Quereua aquatiea (Qnercas nigra) Quereua aquatica, var. attenuala Quercua aquatica, v&r.cuneata ^)i<('r(!i« o^im'ica. var. t'/o;i(;oto Quereua aquatica, var. heterophyVa Qucretia aquatica, var. Iiybrida Quereut aquatica, var. indiriaa Quercua aquatica, var. laurifolia Quorcus aquatica, lor. myrtifolia Quercua ISaniateri QuercuH 1>erbcri(1ifo1ia 150 152 152 152 16 153 152 152 155 135 155 Quercua bicolor 141,249,254.257,201,314,384,460 Quercua bictilvr, vav. Michauxii 141 Quercua bifulor, var.mollit 141 Quercua bicolor, var. platanoidea 141 Quercua Urcwcri 155 Quereua Cali/in^iea 149 Quereua Caatanea (Qnercus prinoides) 142 Quercua Cualanea (Qnercus Prinus) 142 (JiiercUH (;atesba'i 151, 249, 254, 2,'i8, 320, 388, 4,'>1, .323 Quereua Chinquapin 143 Qui'icua chrysolepis 148. 249, 234,23s, 318, 3Pfl, 452 Quereua chryaolepia, var. vaeeinifolia 140 Qnercus cinerca 153,250,265.2,-.8,3M,390,450,625 Quercua cinerca, rar. pumila 156 Quercua cinerta, var. serieea 1 53 Quercua coccinca 148,249,234,238,318,388,4.62 , 147 148 147 149 134 146 150 144 Quereua coeeinea, var. autbigua Quercua coceitua, var. microearpa Quercua coreiiieri, var. rulrra Quereua coccinca, var. tinetoria Quereua cou/erti/olia Quercua eraaaipocula Quereua cuncata Quercua dccipieut Quel cua denait'.ora 154, 249, 2.34, 238, 205, 322, 390, 450, 070, 680 Quereua diacolvr 149 Quercua diaeolor, vnr. triloba li^l Qu.ircna Dou-laMi 1^3,249,231,234,238, 310, ;i8tl,4.-,0 Quercua Pouglaaii, var. Qamhelii Quercua Douglaaii, var. Necei Quercua Drunnnondii Quercua dunu>aa Quercutt duiuoaa, r(ir. bnliata Quercua Durandii Quereua echinacea Quer:^ta echinoidea Quarcua elongnla Quercua Knioryi Quereua ICmoryi (Qnercus undulata, ear. Gambelii) 139 Quercua lalcata 150, 249, 2;U, 2.38, 262, 265, .320, 350, 388, 4.14, 523 139 138 139 135 136 145, 240, 231, 2.34, 238, 310, 380, 4.32 133 135 160 . . . 12, 140, 249, 254, 238, 205, 318, 3fi0, 432 Quereua fulcnln, var. Ludovieiana . Quercuafnicnia, var. pagod, 258, 322, 3D0, 450 QiH'iTU8 ilicirolia 155 Quiicusinibricaria..... 164,249,235,258,322,390,450 Qucreun Jaeobi 1 38 (Jiioi (118 Kcllopgli 140, 260, 254, 258, 201), 320, 388, 416, 454 Quercus lanin 1 51 QuiTCua liuirifolia 162,240,254,258,320,390,451 Qiiercug lauri/olia hybrida 152 Quercus hurifitUa, var. aaita 152 Quercus lauri/olia, var. obtu»a 152 Qu -reus lobata 138,240,254,257,312,382,448 Quorciia lubata, rar. fraticosa 155 Quercui lobulata 139 QuercuK longi^landa 138 tjiicrciis lyiata 140, 240, 254, 257, 201, 314, 350, 384, 450, 533 Quuicus nmcnicarpa 140, 240, 254, 257, 261, 205, 314, 384, 448 QucrcuH macrncarpa, var. abbreviata 140 Querent ma'-rocarpa, var. minor 140 QuercuM macrocarpa, v,ir. olioce/ormia 140 Querent Uanjlandica 150 (JiuTcus Michauxii 141, 249, 254, 258, 201, 316, 384, 410, 450, 533 Quercug montana 142 Qucreug Morehus 147 Quereut iluhlenbergii 141 (Jiierciig myrtifolia LW QuercuH nana 1,")2 Querent Xead 138 QiiMciLs niRra 150, 249, 254, 258, 265, 320, 3.i0, 368, 454, ,525 Quercut nigra (Qiicrcns a(inatica) J "i2 Qticreus nigra (Qaercu.s tinctoria) 149 Querent nigra aquatiea l.')2 Querent nigra digitata l.'iO Quereut nigra integri/olia 1,10 <}tiercuH nigra tri/ida l.')2 Quercut nigra, var. (Qucreaa heterophylla) 153 Querent nigra, var. latifolia 150 QiHTi'iiR obloiiRifolla 143, 240, 251, 254, 258, 316, 380, 452 Quereut ohlongi/olia \ 140 Querent oUimgi/olia, var. brevilobata 143 Quercut nbtuta ■ 1,52 Querent obtuti/olia. var. brtvihba 145 Qucicua obtUHilolin 138,240,254,257,261,312,382,448,52.1,528 Quercut obtutiloba, var. depretta 140 Quercut iibtuMluba, var. parvi/olia ISB Quercut (Erstediana jsg Quercut oleoidet 145 Quercut olieo'/ormit 140 Querent oxijaden ia 146 QiicrcMiB jKiIiiHtris 161, 240, 254, 258, .TJO, 388. 454 Qutrcut paluttrit ((Jiierciis rubra, rar. Texana) 148 QiKTOiiH parvifulia 130 Quercus Phcll.w 154,249,255,258,322,300,450 Quercut Phellot anguttifuUa 154 Querent I'hellot X eoeeinea 1,13 Qitercnt Phellot latifolia 154 Qucrc.uH I'liolloH pumila 16,1 Querent J 'hellut y, tinctoria 1^3 Querent rhcllot. viir. (QucrcuH hotiTophj-lla) 163 Quercus I'liellos, var. arenaria 155 Querent 1 'licUut, var. eincrea 153 Querent I'hellot, var. humilit 1,14 Querent Vhetlot. var. imbriearia 154 Querent I'hellot, var. laurifolia 152 Querctu Phellot, vav. tempervirent 146 Qni'rru" rhellos, var. Bcrlcea 155 Querent Phellot, var. riridi* 154 QucrcuR priDoldes 142, 240, 251, 254, 268, 261, 202, 288, 318, 384, 450 Pnge. Quercus Prlnns 142,240,254,258,201,265,316,350,381,416,460 Querent Prinut p. (Quercus cinorca) 15S Querent Primis (QuercuH MichnuxU) 141 Qyerent Prinut Chinqtiajnn 143 Quercut Prinut humilit 142 Qnrrens I'rinnt paluttrit 141 Querent Prinut platanoidet 141 Quereut Prinut purnila 142 Querent Prinut tomentota 14] Querent Prinut, var. acuminata 142 Querent Prinut, viii.bicolor i4i Quercut Prinut, vav. discolor 141 Querent Prinut, vav. lata 142 Querent I'rinut, var. lliehavxii 141 Quercut Prinut, var. »ion(i°coI(t 142 Querent Prinut, var. oblongata 14J Querent I'rinnt, vav. prinoidet 143 QuercuH pumila 165 Querent pungent 144 Querent Jiantomi 138 Quercus reticulata 144,249,310 Querent retimlata, var. Qreggii 144 Querent retuta 145 Quercus rubra 147,250,261,264,268,202,266,318,350,386,452 Quercut rubra p. (Quercus coccinea) 148 Querent rubra (Quercus IvellogRii) 140 Querent rubra (Quercus tinctoria) 140 Querent rubra maxima 147 Querent rubra montana 150 Qfiercnt rubra ramotittima 151 Querent rubra, var. ditteeta 151 Quercut rubra var. latifolia 147 Quereut rubra, var. montana 147 Querent rubra, var. rnncinata 147 Quercus rubra, ror. T.'xana 148,240,254,258,318,388,452 Qvercut San-Sabeana 145 Quercut tempervirent 145 Querent tericea 155 Ifuercnt Sh umardii 1411 Qncrcnii tinuata 137 Querent Sonomensit 140 Querent tpicata 144 Querent ttellata 130 Quercus ttellata, var. depretta 140 Querent ttellata, var. Floridana 139 Querent ttellata, var. Utahentii 139 Quercut Terana 148 Quercus t iiictoria 149, 249, 254, 258, 202, 205, 318, 350, 388, 454, 528 Querent tinctoria, var. angulosa 149 Querent tinctoria., vav Calif ornica 149 Querent tinctoria, vav. tinnota 149 Querent triloba 1,10 Querent nliginosa 152 Quercus uuilulat.'i 13, 155 ^«rci'« undulata (Quercus Dnrandii) 14.1 Quercus uudulata, var. Oambelii 139, 249, 254, 257, 314, .381, 448 Querent undi-.lnta, vav. gritea 144 Quercus undulata, vav. oblongata 143 Querent undulata. vav. pungent 144 Quercut undulata, vur. Wrightii 144 Querent vaceini,folia Mt, (fiurent velutina 1 14!) Querent tillotn 139 Quercus vireus 146,240,254,258,262,205,310,380,4.12 Querent Virginiana 145 Quercus Wlslizeui 147,240,254,258,318,386,452 B. Randia elutic^olia 05 Itapanea Ouyanensis 09 Itat tie-box 100,200 R«I Aali 109, 200, .370, 130 lU-ii Buy 118, ,302, 372, 438 Red Birch 161,324,302,458 Ri'd Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) 183, 332, 308, 404, !At Bed Cedar (Tliuya gigautoa) 177, 330, 3»6, 462, S7», 675, 570, .180 GENERAL INDEX. 605 Page. Bod Cherry, Wild 06,282,428 KcflC.viircBS 184,334,350,398,460 Kid Elm 122,301,374,440 ; Hod Fir (AW«« niagnlfica) 214,340,412,478 i IJod Fir (Abies no))ill8) 214,340,412,478,573 :; Kcrt Fir (PBCiidotsiiga DoaRlasii) 20D, 205, 344, 352, 410, 470, 365, 575 '\ Red Fir tho most important timber tree of Iho PociBo region 7 i| ItedCium 86,280,350,301,414,430 ] lied Haw (Crata'gus cocclnea) 78,280 lied Unw (C'riitingus flava, rar. pabeacens) 83, 260, 304, 430 . liodlnmwood 30,272,358,422 JtedMapl.) 60,270,358,424 ' Red Mulberry 128,300,370,442 j Bed Oak (Qiiercus falcata) 151, 205, 320, .150, 388, 404 | Red Oak (QuercuH rubra) 148,205,318,350,380,452 j Rod Oiik (Quercus rubra, ror. Texana) 148, 318, 388, 452 j Bed I'ino 102,330,350,402,408 | Bod Stopper 89,288,300,430 \ Redbud (CorclH Canadensis) 01,280,362,420 | Bedbud (Cereis renifonnis) 61,280 | Bedwood 185,334,350,398,406,579 i Redwood Belt the m"st important feature in the Coast Range of the { CoastForest 8 i Bedwood of California, economic value of tho 678 i Bedwood standing in the forests of California May 31, 1860, tabular state- ment of the amount of 579 Region, the Atlantic 3-6 Region, tho Pacific 6-10 Remarks, general, on the forests of North America . . . „ 3-10 Reynosia 10, 13 Rcynosia latifolia 39,249,253,250,272,358,422 Shamindium revoluluin 30 RiMMNACE.E 39-42,253,250,272,358,422 RhamnuB 10-13 Jihainnu8 atni/olius 41 Rhnmnus Califiirnicn 40,250,272 Rhamnus Cnlifoniioa, far. tomentella 41 Rhnmnus Ciroliuiana 40,250,253,250,272,358,422 Jihamnug ellipticus 41 Itha mmm ferrea 39 JUiamnuslirtijjatus 30 lihammiK lauri/oliiia 40 Jihamnug oleifoliua 40 Khaiiinns Piirshiana 41,250,253,256,272,358,422 RhaiimuH tamentellut 41 Rhizophora 10,11,14 lihiznphorn Americana 86 Rbizophiira Mangle 86,240,253,257,265,288,304,430 Hhizophora racemoga 80 RmzoriloUACE.B 80,87,253,257,288,361,430 Rhode Island, limiber industry and manufactures from wood in . -486, 487, 5U0, 501 Rhode Isluud, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Rho:lu Island, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., In 491,500,501 Rhode Island, the Northern Pino Helt in 500 Rhodoilendron 11, 12, 15 Rhododendnm maximum 99, 250, 2!')4. 257, 292, 368, 434 IthBdodendran maximum, var. album 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. purpureum 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. rogeum 9*) Rhododendron procenim 99 Rhododendron jiurpurettm 60 Rhododendron I'urghii 99 Rhus 10,12,14 Rhug arborcgeeng 33 Rhug Cwjidenge 52 Rhuscopailiua 63,250,253,256,278,300,424 Rhug C'fxiUina, var. angugtialata 53 Rhug copallina, var. angugtifolia 53 Rhui eopalllna, yar. inteffri/olia 63 Rhus ropuUiua, ror. lanreolata 53, 260, 278, 424 Rhug eopalUna, var. latialata 53 Rhug eopalliita, var. lati/olia 53 Rhus ropallinfl, rar. leucantbs 63 Rhut eopallina, var. terrata 63 Page. Rhus cotlnoides 62,250,276 Rhug eotinug 52 Jihug glabra 53 Rhug hypgelodendron 52 Jihug leucantha .13 RhusMetopium 54, 240, 253, 256, 278, 300, 424 Rhug Toxicodendron 64 Rhustyphina 52,250,278 Rhug tijphina, var. laeiniata 52 llhug typhina, var. viridiftora 52 Rhus venenata .'>4, 2.')0, 278 Rhug vemix 54 Rhug viridijlora 52 Hivcrairch 101,324,392,458 River Cottonwood 172, 328, 304, 4!)0 Rohinia 10,13 Kobinia fragilig 55 Itobinia giutinoia 50 Rohinia Neo-Mexicana 13, 50, 249, 253, i.lO, 278, 300, 426 Rohinia Pseudacacla 65, 240, 25?, 2.10, 2.10, 278, 350, 300, 424 Rohinia viscosa 50,240,278 Rock Chestnut Oak 142,20.1,316,350,384. 410, 4.50 Rock Elm 123,304,374,440 Rock Maple 48,270,358,422 Rocky Mountain region, northern, report by Mr. Serene Watson on the forests of tho 504,505 ROBACK/E 64-85,253,256,282,302,426 Rose Bay 09,292,308,434 Rosemary Pine 107,340,350,404,416,470 Rosin and tar produced in Kortb Carolina, grades of 517 Royal Palm 218,348,352 RUHIACE.E 95,06,203,257,290,300,432 Rum Cherry 68,282,302,428 RUTACKiB 29-32,253,250,208,350,420 S. Sabal 11,10 Sabal Palmetto 217,2.10,348,352 Saffron Plum 103,294,308,434 Sage-brush 578 Saginaw valley in Michigan, lumber industry of 552 Saguaro 00,288 Salicace^e 105-17.1,255,2,18,320,304,400 Salix 11,12,10 Salix 170 Salix ambigua 105 Salix amygdoloidcB 13, 106, 250, 255, 258, 3;0, 394, 460 Salix argophylla 188 Salix ar,^uta 167 Salix arguta, var. lagiandta 107 Salix Bigeloiii 170 Salir Iligelocii, var./ugcior 170 Salix brachyca rpa 168 Salix braehystnchyg 170 Salix brachijgtachyg, var. Scouleriana 170 Salix Caroliniana 166 Salix chUirophylla, var. peUHa 171 Salix cordata 170 SaXix cordata,\ia./aXcata 165 Salix cordata, rar. vestita 170,250,328 Salix cragga 109 Salix euneata 171 Salix discolor 169,250,328 Siilix discolor, var. eriocephala 169 Salix discolor, var. prinoidea 109 Salix eriocephala .* 109 Salix exigua 168 Salix falcata 165 Salix Fendleriana 167 Salix flavescens 109,250,255,258,328,394,400 Salix flavegceng (Salix flavescens, rar. Scouleriana) 170 Salix fla» escens, rar. Sconleriann 170, 250, 255, 258, 328, 394, 460 Salix Jtavovireni 165 Salix fluviatalig 168 Salix Uartwtgi 171 Salix Jlindgiana 189 « 'M 606 GENERAL INDEX. Pase. Salix IIindtiana,yaT. tenuifoKa IW Salix noffmanniana 167 S:illx Ilookcriana 170, 260, M8, 460 Salix Itututoniana 16S Salixhuiiiilui,\iiT. Hartwegi 171 Salix liEViKiitn 167, 280, 255, 258, 3£6, 394, 400 Salix Iiuvigato, car. angastifoUa 167 Salix licvigata, var. congesta 167 Salix lancifolia 167 Salix laalamlra 167,250,826 Sjilix laaianrtra, rar. Fcnilleriana 167,250,255,258,326,394,480 Salix lasiandra, var. lanclfulia 167, 250, 255, 258, 326, 394, 460 Salix lasiolepia 170,260,256,258,328,394,460 Salix laaiolepit, var. aiii;u«((/'olia 171 Salix latiotepit, \aT. Bigelovii 170 Salix la8iolepi«,\tit.faUax 170 Salix lasiolepis, var. lati/olia 171 Salix ligu»trina 165 Siilix luDKifulia 12,168,250,326 Salix longifulia, var. amjuitittima 168 Salix loDgir3, 266, 274, 358, 414, 422 SajilnduH 10-13 Sajiiiidujt acuminata 44 Sapind lit Dm m mondi 44 Page. Sapindui faUatut 44 Sapindtu inaquaXii ^^ Sapii'dasmarginatas.., 12,44,240,253,274,358,414,422 Saplndna Saponaria 46,249 274 Sapindut Saponaria (Sapindus marglnktas) 44 SaI'otack* 100-103,254,257,292,368,434 Sarcomphalut Caroliniamu 40 SasaafnM 120,802,374,438 SasaafraH otncinalu 110,250,264,257,260,302,874,438 Satinwood 11,15,31,270,356,420 Savin (Janipomg Virginlana) 183, 822, 308, 464 Savin (Torreyataxifolia) 166,834,400,466 Saw-milU iu each state and territory, average sice and prodnot of 488 Scarlet Haw (Cratffigua coccinea) 78,286 Scarlet Haw (Cratiegiu aubvillosa) 78,280,364,430 Scarlet Oak 148,318,388,452 Scha-fleria 10,13 Schctffrria buxi/olia 39 SehiTjferia eompleta 30 Scbicfferia friitcaccns 39,249,272 Schafferia lateriflora 120 Schoutbaa eommutata 87 Schubertia dittieha 163 Sehvbertia tempervireni 186 Screw Bean 62,280,362,426 Screw-pod Mesijuit 62,280,362,426 Scrub Oak (Quercus Catesbaei) 151,320,388,454 Scnib Oak (Qiiercas nndulata, var. OambeUi) 139, 314, 384, 448 Scrub Pine (Pinus Banksiona) 201,342,352,400,472 Scrub Pine (Pinna clansa) 199,3.10,404,472 Scrub Pine (Pinna contorta) 194,338,404,470 ScnibPine (Pinna inops) 199,340,350,404,470,529 Scutia/errea (Condalia ferrea) 30 Scutia/errea (Rejmoaia latifoUa) 3D SeaAah 80,270,356,420 Sea Grape '. 118,302,438 Seaside Aldur 162, 326, 4.')8 Sebaat iania 11,15 Seboatiania Incida 121,240,304 Sebettena icabra 113 Selected woods of the United States nnder transverse strain, behavior of: specimens elgbt centimeters square 414-417 Semi-tropical Forest of Florida 6 Sequoia 8,11,12,16 Sequoia gigantea 184,261,265,258,334,398,466.578 Sequoia gigantea (Soquoia sempervirens) 185 Sequoia Haflnesquei 206 Sequoia religioia 185 Sequoia aemperviress 184,260,266,268,263,334,350,398,466,579 Sequoia Wellingtonia 184 Service Tree 84, 286, 364, 4 SO Sevenyear Apple 03,200 Shad Bush 84,280,364,430 Shag.bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444 Sharpies, Mr.S.P., experiments by 247,251,264,265 She Balsam 210,340,412,478 Shecpberry 94,290,432 Shell-bark, Big 133,310,378,444 ShcU-bark, Bottom 133,310,378,444 Shell-bark Hickory 133,308,350,378,444 Shingle Oak 154,322,300,450 Shingles and lumber received at Chicago during the year 1880 548, 549 Shittimwao<1 (Bumolia lanuginosa) 102, 201, 308, 434 Shittimwood (RbamnuH Purahiana) 41, 272, .LW. 42'2 Short- and I..ong'leaved Pine atanding In the forests of Alabama May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 534 Short- and Loug-leaved Pino standing in the forests of Louisiana May 31, 1880, tabular statement of tliu amount of 537 Sbort- and Loug-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Misaissippi May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount »f 631 Short-leaved, Loblolly, and Long leaved Piue standing in the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 541 Short leaved Pine 200, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 587, 530, 531, 536, 537, 641, 64'1, 500 Sbort-leaved Pine standing in the forests of Arkansas May 31, 1880, tabu- lar Rtatomcnt of the amount of 544 Shrubby Trefoil 31,270 GENERAL INDEX. 607 Page. 44 !>34 537 S31 Pnge. Sideroxylon 11,15 Sid*roxylon Oarolineme 101 Sideroxylon ehryiophyUoidet 101 Sideroxylon euneatum 103 Sideroxylon deeandrum 103 Sideroxylon lanuginotum Ivi Sideroxylon lave 103 Sideroxylon liieioidee 103 Sideroxylon Maatlcbodendron 101,240,254,257,292,308,434 Sideroxylon pallidum 101 Sideroxylon reeliruUum 103 Sideroxylon ealicf/oliuvt 101 Sideroxylon lerieeum 101 Sideroxylon tenax (Bameha luingliiosa) 102 Sideroxylon tenax (Bamella tenax) 101 Siliqiuulrum eordalum 61 Silh-top X'almetto 217,848 Silky Willow 171,328 Silver-bull Tree (Haleaia diptera) 105,204,368,434 Silver-lioU Tree (Haleaia tetraptera) 106,296 Silver Maple 40,276,358,424 Silver-top Palmetto 218,848 Simarubii 10,13 Simaruba amara ^ 32 Sitnarubaglauca 32,260,253,256,270,356,420 Simaruba medieinalie 32 SiHAUUUEiE 32,253,256,270,350,420 Sitlia Cypress 178,332,398,464 Size, average, and product of saw-mills in each state and territory 488 Slash Pine .202,342,352,400,416,474,516 Slippery Elm (Fremontia Cnllfomica) 26,268 Slippery Elm (Ulmusfulva) 122,304,374,440 Sloe 67,282,428 Sloe, BUick 07,282,428 Sniall-fmitedHaw 81,286,364,430 Smooth Alder 181,326 Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105,294,368,434 Snow drop Tree (Balesia tetraptera) 106, 206 Soapberry (Saplndus marginatus) 44,274,358,414,422 Soapberry (Saplndus Saponaria) 45, 274 Soft Mnplo (Acer dasycarpnm) 40,276,358,424 Soft Maple (Acer rubruni) 50,776,358,424 Sopliora 10,11,14 Sophoraaffinis '....58,249,253,256,280,360,426 Sophora secnndiflora 57,240,278 Sophora tpeeiota 57 Sorhtie Ainerieana 73 Sorbut Amerieana, var. mieroearpa 74 Sorbut aueuparia (Pynis Americana) 73 Sorbin aueuparia (Pyrus H.imbucifolia) 74 Sorb{iH aueuparia, var. a. (I'yrns Americana, var. mieroearpa) 74 Sorbtu auctiparia, var. p. (Pyrm sambncifolin) 74 Sorbut aueuparia, var. Anierteana 73 Sorbite humifuea 73 Sorbite m ieroea rpa 74 Sorbtu riparia 74 Sorbin tambuci/olia 74 Sorbue SiUheneie 74 Sorrel Tree 08,202,308,434 SonrGura 02,200,300,432 .Sour Tupelo 01,290,300,432 Sourwoml 08,292,368,434 SoHtli Atlantic division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in the 511-523 South Carolina, lumber industry and mannfuctures from wood in .486, 487, 518, 519 South Cni-olina, production of naval stores in 617 South Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Soulli Carolina, Htatistics of forests, forent Arcs, standing timber, etc., in 401. .'■.18, 519 South Carolina, tabular stuteme.-t nf the amount of Long-leaved Pino standing in the forost* of, May 31, 1880 519 Soulli Caroliua, tlie Coant Piue licit in 518 Southern Buoktliorn 103,294,368,434 Southern Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing tim- ber, etc., in the 524-646 Page. SonthemCrab Apple 72,284 Sontbem Cypress, next to the LoDg-leaved Pine, tbechaTBOteristlo tree of theSoutboru Maritime Pine Belt 4 Southern Maritime Fine Belt in the Atlantic region 4 Southern Pine 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 4i„ Southern Pine Belt in Florida 520 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca bacoata) 219,348 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canallonlata) 218,348 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata) 219,348 Spanisb Bnckeye 44,274,422 Spanish Oak 161,265,820,850,388,454,528 Spanish Oak, Swamp 152,320,388,454 Spanish Stopper 88,288,306,430 Species, distribntion of 12 Specific gravity and ash of woods 248-251 Specific gravity, nsh, and w light per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States 266-340 Specific gravity and transverse streagthof certain woods, relation between 250-264 Specimens of wooils, where deposited 247,248 Speckled Alder 165,326,394,460 Spice Tree 120,302,374,440 Spindle Tree 38,272 Spiraa Calif omiea 70 Spoonwood 08,292,368,434 Spruce, a species of, the characteristic tree of the Colorado mountains. . 0 Spmce, Black 203,205,342,352,408,474,400 Spruce, Blue 205,344,408,474 Spruce Pine (Pinus clausa) 109,340,404,472 Spmce Pine (Pinus glabra) 201,340.408,472,527 Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Spruce Pino (Pinus Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470 Spruce standing in the forests of Xew Hampshire May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 490 Spruce standing in the forests of Vermont May 31, 1880, tabular state. nient of the amount of 408 Spruce, Tide-land 206,344,408,474,580 Spruce, VThito, the most iniportaut tree in the Pacific reciou 7 Spruce, White (Picea alba) 204,342,408,474,502,564 Spruce, White (Picea Engelinanui) 205, 205 342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574 Spnice, White (Picoa pungens) 205,344,408,474 Spruces. Black and White, the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest 3 St.igllusb 04,200,366,432 Staghorn Sumach 53,278 Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc.. extent of, in the— North Atlantic division 404-510 Korthern Central diviniou 547-563 South Atlantic division 511-523 Srnthern Central division 524-546 WesV'-n division 564-580 Standing timber, forests, fores'* fires, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 491,524-530 Alaska 580 Arizona 491,568,509 Arkansas 491,543,544 California 491,578-580 Colorado 401,567,508 Connecticut 500,501 Dakota 401,561,562 Delaware 491,511 District of Columbia 511 Florida 491,520-523 Georgia 491,510,620 Idaho 401,571-673 Illinois 401,547-650 Indiana 491,6*7 Indian territory 491,643 Iowa -.491,. WO Kansas 491,602,503 Kentucky 491,545,540 Louisiana 401,530,540 Maine 401,494-490 Maryland 491-511 Mtts'sachuaetU 491,500,501 Michigan 491, 5.')0-.')54 Minnesota 491,558 560 Mississippi 491,5,10-536 Missouri 401,. 560-501 Montana 401,504,566 Nebraska 502 Nevada 401,571 New Hampshire 491,496-498 Now Jersey 491,506 New Mexico 401,668 New York 491,501-606 North Carolina 401,615-518 Ohio 491,547 Oregon 491, .'i7fl-578 Pennsylvania 491,506-510 Khode Island 491,500.501 608 GENERAL INDEX. »'li t 5 A' • 1.? ft 5 ' f Pace. StandioK tinilinr, foreatii, furcat Ores, etc., statlatlcs of, in— continued. Sniitli Ciiroliiia 401, r.l8, niO TcniHHHeo 41)2, S44, MS IVxiis 4«J, M0-54;i Ittflh 41)'.>,riflll-.-)71 Virmoiit 402,4118-fino Vii-cinirt 4l«,Ml,r>12 WiiHliiuuton 4»2, D'a-fwfl ■VVwt Virginia 41l-.',5ia-Sir) ■\Vi8ionniu 40i!, B54-r)58 Wjoiiiiug 49J,r«l,0«7 Slar-Icnv.iil (iiim 80, 286, 350, 304, 414, 430 StatlsticH of tlie Itimbeilni; industry of the United State* for year ondiug May 31, 1880 480,487 Stkkcim.iace >; 28,268 Stinkins(;ednr(TorroyaCalifornictt) 180,334,400,466 Stinliiiig Codar {Torroyn taxifolia) 186,334,400,406,521 Stopper (Uupcnia lungipen) f^O, 288 Stopper (Eugenia montlcola) 80,288,368,430 Stopper, CiurBcou 88,288,366,430 Stopper, Kod 89,288,366,430 Stopper, Spanish 88,288,360,430 Stopper, Wliito 80,288,360,430 Strain, trnuHverse, bebnvior of selected woods of the United States under : speciuioiis eiglit contiuiotcrs square 414-417 Strain, transverse, behavior of the principal woods of the United States under 354-411 Btren;!tli of woods, method of determining the 2S2 Slreugtli, transvorso, and specilic gravity of certain woods, relation be- tween 259-264 Striped Dogwood 46,274 Striped Mnplo 46,274 Stroiitbocarpa odorata 62 Stro mbocarpa p ub€icen9 62 Strong liarlc 114,300,372,438 Styphnolnbimn affiTie 58 Stvkacai-k* 105,106,254,257,294,368,434 Sugar and molnssos, maple, produced in the United States in 1879, amount of 485 .Sugarlieny 126,300,370,414,442 Sugar Maplo 48,270,358,422 Sugar Maple, Klack 49,270,350,3,18,424 Sugar, itiapic, product of Michigan 551 Sugar, maple, product of New York 501 Sugar, maple, product of Vermont 498 Sugar Pine 188,336,350,400,466,576,578 Sugar I'iue an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Sugar Tree 48,270,358,422 Sumaeh, Coral 54,278,360,424 Sumach, Dwarf 53,278,300,424 Sumaeh, Poison 54,278 Sumach, Staghorn 53,278 Summer Ilaw (Crat.Tgus flara) 83, 266 Sum aer Haw (Crata'gus (lava, var. pabescens) 83, 280, 304, 430 Susquehanna boom at AVilliamsport, Pennsj'Ivania, number of logs rafted ontof, 1802 to 1880 508 Suwarrow «... 90, 288 Swamp Cottonwood 172, 328, ,104, 4("i Swamp Hickory (Carya amara) 13!>, 310, 31)0, 380, 446 Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatica) 136,310,330,380,414,4)6 Swamp Laurel 20,206,354,414,418 Swamp Maple 50,276,358,424 Swamp Pino 202,342,352,406,416,474 Swamp Post Oak 140, 314, 350, 384, 4.10 Swamp Spanish Oak 152,320,388,454 Swamp White Oak 141,314, 38J, 450 Swamps, Cvprcss, of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-527 Sweet nay 20,266,354,414,418 Sweet Birch 162, 324, 392, 4.'>8 Sweet Buckeyo 43,274 Sweet Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 Sweet Leaf 105,294,308,434 Sweet Locust 59,280,360,426 Sweet-scented Crab 72,284,304,428 Swietenia 10,13 Swietcnla Mahogoni 83,210,253,256,270,350,356,420 Swirtenia Sene!)alenii$ 33 Switch-bud Hickory 134,310.350.380,446 Page. Sycamore (Plataoua occidcntalis) 129, 300, 350, 076, 442 Sycamore ( Pla tanus raeemosa) 120, 306, 370, 442 Sycamore (I'latauus Wrightii) 130,300,376,442 Sympiocos 11,15 Symplocos tinctoria 105,250,234,267,204,868,434 T. Table-mouutalu Fine 109,340,350,404,472 Tacamahao 173, 328, 394, 100 Tullowberry 28,208,360,420 Tallow Xut 34,270 Tamarack (Larix Americana) 216,346,353,412,478 Tamarack (I.,arix occidcntalis) 216,348,414,480 Tamarack (Pinus Murrayana) 193,338,330,404,470 Tamarind, Wild 64,282,302,426 TanbarkOak 165,265,322,390,456 Tan Bay 26,285,208,354,418 Tannin in the bark of certain species, percent, of 265 Tannin values of the bark of various trees 265 Tar and rosin produced in Korth Carolina, grades of 617 Tar, turpentine, and rosin industry of North Carolina 516-518 Tattodii species (Sequoia semperviiens) 186 Tazodlum 4,11,18 Taxodium adaeendetu 183 Taxodiuni distichum 183,250,255,258,334,350,308,168 Taxodium dUtiehum/a$tigiatum 183 Taxodiuni dittichum, var. mierophyUtttn 183 Taxodium dittichum, var. nutani 183 Taxodium dittiehum, VAT. patem 183 Taxodium nigantemn IM Taxodium mierophyllum 183 Taxodium, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the charaGteriatio tree of the Southern Maritime Fine Belt 1 Taxodiw^ eempervireiu 185 Taxodium }Vashingtoni%num 184 Taxus 11,12,16,672,573 Taxuabaecata (Taxns brevifolia) 185 Tairuii baceata, var. Canadeiuil 185 Taxus liouTsierii 185 Taxus brevifolia 185,250,255,258,334,400,406 Tttxm Canadeimt 185 Taxus Floridana 180,250,334,521 Taxut Lindlcyana 185 TaxuK montana 186 Tennessee, cCTectof fires upon the forests of 546 Tennessee, lumber iudustry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 545 Tennessee, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Tennessee, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., la.492, 544, 545 Tennessee valley in Alabama, forests of the 528, 520 Tekx»TK(EMIACE* 25,26,253,256,208,351,418 Tetranthera CaliJ'omica 120 Texas, Cedar au important tree in 540 • Texas, lumber iudustry and manufactures from wood in 186,467,541,542 Texas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 187 Texas, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 542, 543 Texas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 492, 51(K543 Texas, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved Pino standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 641 Texas, the pecan-nut an important product west of the Colorado river in . 543 Tliatch, Brickley 218,348 Thatch, Brittle 218,348 TlieJosh'in 219,348 Thorn, Black 70,280,361,430 Thorn, Cockspur 76,280,364,130 Thorn, Newcastle 76, 286, 3fl<, 130 Thorn, Washington 81,288 Thorn, White 78,286 Throe-thorned Acacia 50,280,360,428 Tliriuax 11,16 Thrinax argontea 218,210,348 Thrinax Oarberl 217 Thrinax parviliora 217,360,348 Thuya 7,11,12,16,666,672,573,575,576 Thuya Craigana 176 Thuya txeelta 178 Tl>nya gigantea .-. .177, 251, 255, 258, 330, 306, 462, 685, 666, 572, 673, 575, 576, 680 GENERAL INDEX. 609 265 617 ... 51&-518 18S ... 4,11,16 183 350, 398, 4ea 183 183 183 183 181 183 the 4 185 184 !, 10, 072, 573 185 185 185 334,400,466 185 250, 334, 521 185 186 540 480, 487, 545 487 402, 544, 545 ... 528,628 208,351,418 120 540- 487, 541, 542 487 ... 542,543 402, 510-543 641 in. 543 ... 218,348 ... 218,348 ... 219,348 286,304,430 280, 364, 430 286, 304, 430 .... 81,286 ... 78,286 280, 360. 426 ... 11,16 218,240,348 217 217,360,348 573, 575, 576 176 178 575, 576, 680 Pngn. TAuya ^antea (Llbocedrus deonrrena) 176 Thuya Lobbii 177 Thuya Stemieni 177 Thuya obtuta 176 Thuya orciilentali* 176, 251, 255, 258, 262, 330, 350, 306, 402, 553 Thuya oeeidenlalU, var. plicata 177 TIniya otlorala 176 Thuya ptienta 177 Thuya Sihirica 170 Thuya nphceroidalit 177 77i Hi/a tphctroUlea 177 Thuya IForeano 170 Thuyoptii borealU 178 ITiuyoptit eupretnidei . 178 Thuyopaii TchugaMoy 178 Thuyopiii TchugaUkoym 17H Thylax^raxineum 20 Tlilo-lund SpniPO 206,344,408,474,580 Tilla 10,11,13 TUiaaUia 27 Tllla Americana 26,250,253,256,208,356,418 Tilia Amerii-ana (Tllla Amuriciina, var. pnbosccns) 27 Tilia Americana, vnr. heterojthylla 27 Tilia Anmricnna, var. iml)pHCini 27, 250, 253, 250, 2flS, 350, 420 Tilia Americana, var. Tfatteri 27 Ti'Ii'a Vannileuaia 20 Ttiia Caroliniana . 27 glabra 20 grata 27 liotcropliylla , 27, 2.'i0, 233, 256, 208, 356, 42» heterophyUa, var. alba 27 lall/olia 20 laxiflura (Tilla Amrricana, var. pabescent; 27 Uaiflora (Tilia Iiotoropli.vlla) 27 neglecta nigra puheacena puhcMcenft, var. leptophylla . stcnopetala truiicata Tilia TUia Tilia Tilia Tilia Tilia Tilia Tilia Tilia Tilla Tilia TiU:t Tilia Tll.UCK.i; 20-28, 233, 250, 208, 3.W, 418 Timber tii'c of tlie Pacific region, the Bed Fir the most important 7 Timber, ntanilin^, forests, forcHt Area, etc., extent of, in the — North AtlnuticdiviHi(m 404-510 >iortliern Centi al diviaion 547-50il South Atlantic iliviKiou 511-5J;) .Soutlieru Central diviaiou 6J4-540 Wcsteru divisiiin 504-580 Timber, Htanding, forests, forest tiros, etc., statistics of, in — A iabamn 491, Alaslta Arizona 401, Arltansas 401, Oalifornia 401, Cohinidn Connecticut 491 , Dakota 401, Delaware District of Columbia Florida 401, Oeorgia 491, Idaho 401, Illinois 401 Indiana Indian territory Iowa Kansas 491, Kentucky 491, Loiiisiana 491, Maine 491 , Maryland a\ iiHsachnset ts 401 , M icliigan 491 , Mluncpota 491, Mlsslssinpi 491, Misso-'rl 491. Montana 491, Nebraska Nevada New Hampahiro 491, Now tlersey New Mexico New York 491, North Carolina 491, Ohio Oregon 491, I'ennsvlvania 491, lEhode Island 491, S;r .^ 1 11 Uf^ P«ge. Ulmiu racomoM 133, 249, 3M, 2&T, 200, 3M, 374, 440 VImuinibra 122 nmbeUoUriit 8,11,12,15 UmbcUulariaCalifonilM 120, 310, 2M, 2ST, 303, 374, 440, 576 VmbnlUTreo 21,260,354,418 VngDwlIk 10-31 Vngnadia heptaphyUa 44 Vivnadia hettrophyUa 44 UnsnadU apcclos* 13,44,250,274,422 ITplnnd Willow Okie 153,320,300,450 Uro§tigma p»dunatlatum 127 VBTICACKiK. 122-128,254,257,304,374,414,440 ITUib, Colorado, and Now Mexico, Chicago ths prinolpal soaroe of supply of Inmbcr for 508,660 (Tub, lumber Induatry and mannfacturea from wood In 486, 487, 560 Utah, nuik i>f, orcordiog to ralue of lumber productii 487 Ctab, remarks by Mr. E. C. Hall, on the forrata of 600-571 IT tab, statlatics of foieats, forest Hrea, atanding timb<>r, cto., In 402, 500-571 ITvaria triloba 23 V. VaeolneiB 7 ya«:ininm 11,12,15,573 Taccinium nrboreum 06,240,292,432 Taeeinium diffiuum 96 Taeeinium mueronatum 06 Val pnraiao Oak 140, 31 8, 386, 452 Value and amount of charcoal used for domestic and mannfacturing pur- poses during the census your 480 Value and amount of wood used an fuel in mnnnfuctures, etc., during the ornsua yiar 480 Value nnd amount of wood usi'd for domestlo pur]>oses during the census year . 480 578 Value, rconomic, of the Red wood of Califoruia Value of property di'Htroyi'd and arms burned over by forest flres during the census year [tee, alio, nnder state beiulinKs) 401, 402 Value of tile forest crop of the United States for the oenans year 485 Values of woods, comparative 252-255 Vanquelinia 10,12,14 TauqueliHia corymboia 70 Vauqiioliiila Torreyl ,70, 249, 284 Vbuiiknack* 116,117,254,257,300,372,438 Vonnout, lumber industry and mnnufacturea from wood in 486, 487, 408-500 Vermont, nmple-sugar protluct of 498 Vermont, rank of, according to valuoof lumber products 487 Vermont, romurka by Mr. C. G. rrini;le on the forests of 498-500 Vermont stiitiaticR of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ..492, 498-500 Vermont, tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the state of, May 31, 1880 408 Viburnum 10-12,14 Vilmnium Lenlago 94, 249, 200, 432 Viburnum piunifallnm 84,240,253,267,386,432 Tiburnum pruni/ulium, vur. /errugineum 94 Viburnum pyri/olium 94 Vine Maple 47,274,358,423 Tirgilia liiUa 57 Tirijilia teeu niifiora 57 Viriiiuiii, Inmlior industry and manufaotnres from wood in 486,487,512 Vireinia, rank of, acoording to value of lumber products 487 Virginia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc.. In .. .492, 511, 512 W. Wafer Ash ; 81,270 Wahoo (Euonymusatroparpureus) 38,272 Wahoo(TiliaheteropbyUa> 28,268,358,420 Wahoo (CImnsalata) 124,304,374,440 Wailiaeinerea 1,30 WalKa nigra 131 Walnut 131.308,378,444 Walnut, Black 131,308,350,376,414,444 Walnut, Wbita 130,306,376,442 Wasblngtonia 11,12,16 Wasbingtimla flilfera 217,250,255,259,348,414,480 Washington territory, lumber indiutry and manufactures from wood In ■. 486,487,574 Washington territory, rank af, acoording to Talue of lumber prodncta . . 487 Washington territory, remarks by Mr. 8ereno Watson on the forests of. S7S, 570 Page. Washington territory, statlstlo* of forest*, forest flraa, itandlng timber, etc.. In 4»2,573-87« Washington territory, waateftil methods of the lombennen of 674 Washington Thorn 81, 2M Water Ash 110, 298, 370, 439 WaU'r Beech (Carpinns Carolinlsna) 150, 322, 393, 43« WaU-r Beech (PlaUnus oMoldenUlis) 139,808,350,376,443 Water Elm 123,304,350,374,414,440 Water Hickory 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 446 Water Locust 80,280,382,426 Water Maple 60,270,358,434 Water Oak (Quercns aciaatica) 162,320,350,388,416,454 Water Onk roidea) 178, 3.10, 308, 416, 404 White Ce73, S74 White Spru«e (Pleea punffena) 20», 344, 408, 474 White Spraoo the meet importaot tree In thePacUo region 7 White Stopper 89,288,388,430 White Thorn 78,288 White Walnut 130,308,376,442 White-heart Hickory 134,310,360,380,444 WhltewoocMCanellaalba) 24,288,354.418 Whitowooachuaett« 486,487.600,501 Michican 486,487,551,552 Minneaiita 486,487.538 Miaaiaaippi 486.487,531 MlKROuri 466,487,560.561 Montana 486.487,564 Nebraaka 486,487,562 Nevada 486,487,671 NewUampahire 486,487,497,498 Ncw.loiTMiv 486.487.606 New Mexico 486 487.508 NewYoik 486.487.502-505 North Carolina 488,487,615 Wood, mannfactnrea fron, and the Inuher iDdnatry In— eontinned. Ohio 4H6, Oregon 486. PennavWanta 486,4X7. Rhode lalund 480,487. South Carolina 486, 4hv, Tennoaaeo 4HH, Texaa 480,487. UUh 486, Vermont 486,487, Vhvinia 4H6, Waahlngton 480, Went VIrKlnIa .• 488,487. Wlac in 4l'8,487, Wyoming 486, Wood uaed aa fuel In raannfaoturee, etc., during the eenana year, amount and value of Wood uae00-510 .'■00. SOI 518,519 487, M5 .'41, 542 487, 569 4U8-50( 4H7, SI2 487, 574 612-516 5.54, 6.'>6 487,567 489 252-256 261, 262 232 350-353 418-481 3,'>4-414 Wooda, relation between tranavorae atrenglh and aprclflc gravity of rcrtaio 259-264 WtMMla. apeelHc gravity and a«h of 248-251 Womla, whore apcelmena of, weru do|iosltod 247, 248 Wyoming, lumber induatry and maiiufacturea ft'oni wood in 492, 567 Wyoming, rank of, acoonling to value of lumber piwlucta 487 Wyoming, atatiatlca of foreata, foreat Area, atanding timber, etc.. In. .492, 566, 567 X. Xanthoxylum 10,11,13 Xautlioxvliini Americanum 29,250,208 Xanthoxlyiim aromati«ui» 30 Xanthoxylum Caribieum 30, 240, 263, 256, 270, 356, 420 Xanthoxylum Carolinianum 30 .YanfAori/Iuin Catetbianum 30 Xanthoxylum Clava-IIercnlia 30, 250, 253, 256, 270, 356, 420 XanOioxylmn Olava-Herculi* (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29 Xanthoxylum Clarallereuli» (Xanthoxylum Caribicnm) 30 jroiitAox!/li(m. Clacallereulit, var 30 Xanthoxylum (JlavaHerculia, ror. frutiooaum 30, 250, 270 30 29 20 30 30 30 30 29 Xanthoxyluin Floridanum Xanthoxylum /raxineum XanUioxylum fraxini/oliwn (Xanthoxylum Americanum) Xanthoxylum fraxini/olium (Xanthoxylum Clava-IIcrcuUa) Xanthoxylum Aintutum Xanthoxylum lanceolatum XaiitAoxj/luin mocropAyUuin Xanth&xylwn mitt Xanthoxylum Pterota 31,249,270 Xanthoxylum ramiflorum 20 Xan'AoxvIum tri«arpum (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 28 Xanthoaylum triearpum (Xanthoxylum Clavo-IIercnlia) 30 Ximenia Ximonia Americana . Ximenia montana . . . Ximenia multiflora . . 34, i0,13 249,270 34 34 T. Taupon 36,272 Yazoo delta in Miaaiaaippi, foreets of the 635, 536 Yellow Aah 67,278,360,428 Yellow-bark Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 Yellow Birch 161,324,392,458 Yellow Cypreaa 178,333,398,464 Yellow Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476,676 Yellow Haw 83,386 Yellow Loouat .55,278,350.360,414,424 Yellow Oak (Qnorcna prinoidea) 143,26.5,316,384,450 Yellow Oak (Quercua tinetoria) 149,265,318,350,388,464 Yellow Pine (PinuaArizonica) 102,338,402.468 Yellow Pine (Plnus mitia) 200, MO, 360, 406, 472, S2B Yellow Pine (Pinua palnatria) 202,342,362,400,416,473 Yellow Pine (Pinusponderoaa) 193,338,360,402,468,602,666,674,578 Yellow Pine an important and ohanetariatie tree of the Coaat Forest. . . 8 (J12 GENERAL INDEX. TcUow Poplar Tellowwood (CladmstU tiuctoria) . . . YoUowwotMl (Scbn-fforia frntcscens) . Tew (Taxus brevilblia) Yow (Taxus Iloridaua) Topon yac-» .. Tuctia angutti/olia, var. elala Ttic:^ angtutifoUa, var. radio$a Tiicea baccata Yucca brevifolin Tage. 22,266,354,418 67,278,360,426 39,272 18:), 334, 400, 466 180,334,521 36,272 11,12,16 219 219 6,12,219,251 WS .9,13,218,251,348,578 Pago. Yacoa kianalicDlata 218,249,348 Tueca Draeonii, var, arbore»eent 218 Yucca elatn 219,260,348 Tueca filamentoia ai9 Tueca Treeuliana 218 X. Ziztjphut Dominigentii 41 Zizijjihm cmarginatui 39 ZTGOrUYI.LACIiB 28,29,253(266,208,350,420 11, H' m ir? IP I f t' -l.t Page. 218,249,348 218 219,260,348 319 218 41 39 253) 256, 208, 350, 420 1