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180
SPECIKS OF THE GENUS MELILOTUS — LAVVSON.
Transactions Institute Natural Science of Nova Scotia.
(1
I
}
Art. IV. — On the Canadian Species of the Genus Melt- LOTUS. — By Pkof. George Lawson, Ph. D,, LL. 1)., F. R S. G, F. C. I., &c.
(Bead March 9, 1885.)
The object of the following notes is to invite the attention of observei'.s to the distribution of the species and varieties of Melilotus throughout Canada, so as to clear up some confusion that has arisen from imperfect observation, or mistake in nomenclature.
The Mdlloti are old world plants, belonging originally to EiH'ope, North Africa, and Asia; but we have in Canada at least two well-established species, and one of them, there is reason to believe, has been strengthening its hold ever since the days of the old French settlements at Quebec and in Acadia. In Europe, where these plants are more numerous in species and more abundant in quantity than with us, they are usually found growing on loose sandy soils; on lail way embankments ; rubbish- heaps; river and sea-shoro banks; \vhcre, from land-slides or gradual denudation, a close turf is prevented from forming, and, generally, where the surface soil has been denuded of its original vegetation and left loose enough for the growth of annual or biennial plants. They are especially pi'one to appear on ballast heaps. From the great centres of old world civilization they have spread as colonists over North and South America, to Bermuda, and to other parts of the world far distant from their original homes.
The plants described by Tournefort under the generic name Melllofiis were included by Linnieus in his genus Trifoliu in, wdiich he divided into five sections. The first section consisted of the Mdlloti, and, in the Species Plantarum, the capital letter M. for Melilotus is repeated c:i the margin before the trivial name of each species, thus :
,v^,,> ^
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182
Sl'FCIES Oi'" THE GENUS MELlf. )TLS — LAWitON.
Tlie Trifolium Md'dotus officinalis of Linntvu.s's Species Plantaruin ineltKletl three well defined forms that are now re- garded hy hotanists as well-established species, vi>5 :
1. The type, or normal form, whieli appears to haveheen long known in France and (HIum- parts of Southern Europe, although & comparatively recent addition to tlui British Floi-a, having been found in England for the first time about the year 1849 or IH'A), and shoi-tly afterwards in iScotlaml. It has been known to English botanists hitherto, mostly, as Lf. rt)'i'6'??si,s, Wallroth, but now appears in Sir Joseph Hooker's Student's Flora (edition of 1884) as M. OFFICINALIS Desrou.sscaux, although thd the officin- alis of Willdenow, so commonly quoted by authors.
2. Linna^us's variety />, variously named by authoi's Trifo- lium, Germanic urn, Smith ; M. vulgaris, Willdenow ; M. leucan- tha, Koch ; M. ALBA, Desi-ousseaux.
8. The varifitj' g, which has boon recorded as a native and not rare Biitish plant ever since the time of Ray, and which w^as known during the latter part of last and early part of the pres -nt centuiy as Trifollumi ojficitia.le, Hull, subsequently as Melilotiis offitinalis, Willdenow, and is now recognized as M. ALTissiMA, Tluiillier.
Of the above mentioned three species, two have hitherto been credited to Canada, vi/ : M. alha, Desr., and M. cdtimima,, Tluiil- lier. Respecting M. alba there is no question. It is a well known plant. It appears to be doubtful, however, whether M. altis- sima is established as a Canadian species, although it is so very connuon in Britain. All the Canadian yellow-flowei-ed spt^cimens oi MelilotiLH that have reached me, so far, belong to M. oJjIicina.Hs, Desr., not M. officinalis Willd. Whether the United States plant is M. altissima, or il/. officinalis, I have not ascertained. Possibly we may have both species on this continent, but the only cer- taint}' in the matter is that we do not as yet know the distribu- tion of either. ■ - -
1. Melilotus okficinalis, Desrousseaux. This species, although, like the others, varial)le in size, habit
and duration, being sometimes an annual, but usually
a
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specimens for ., ""'"-J^^as - . '"^^ on the
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184
SPEriES OF THE GENUS MELILOTUS — LAVVSON.
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ballast hills there, where he says the M<'/ilo(an is of compara- tively recent introduction, and they all prove to belong to M. vfficlmiliH, ])esr. That species may thus be regarded as an established plant at Windsor, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Mon- treal, and as "casual" or imperfectly naturalized at Pictou. At all of the stations where it is now permantmtly natural- ized, it probably owed its origin to the early French set- tlers. It is the species described in Vaillant's Flora Paiisi- ensis, and other French Floras of last century, and seems to have followed the movements of the French people. As regards the plants reported from New Brunswick, Ottawa, Belleville, Toronto, and Lond<;n, Out., they may or may not be referable here.
MelilotiM ojjieinulis. Desrousseaux, in Lamarck's Diet. IV., p. G3 (Koch), (179C,) Desfontaines, Flora Atlantica, II., p. 191, (Koch). Lois, Flora Gallica, ed. 2, IL, p. 128, excl. syn. Willd., (Koch). Koch, Synopsis Flone Gerujanicje ed. 2, 1, p, 18.'i (1843). Hook, fil. Stud. Fl. Biit. Isl., cd. 3, p. 9G (1884).
Mel'dotus officinarum Germania'. C. Bauhin Pinax, p. 331. Vaillant, Flora Parisiensis, p. 124.
Trifoltum Mel'doias ojjticinalis (a). Linn. Species Plan- tarum, p. 1078.
2\ viilijare. Hayne, in Schrader's Neues Journal fur de Bo- tanik, IL, p. 336(1807).
AMilotas diffusa. Koch, in DeGand. Flore Francaise, V., p. GC4, excl. syn. a DeCand. (Koch).
M. nrvensis. Wallroth, Sched., 892 (Koch). Babington, Manual Brit. Bot., ed. 3, p. 72 (1851). Hooker & Walker- Arnott, Brit. Flora, ed, G, p. 99 (1850). Hook, fil., Student's Flora Brit. Isl., ed. 1, p. 90 (1870).
Mdilotiis ojjiclnalis var. Jiorihus alhis. Koch, Synops. Fl. Ger., ed. 2, I., p. 183.
Trifoliuni Petltjnerreanum. Hayne, in Schrader's Neues Journ. fur de Botanik, IL, p. 337 (1807).
Mdilotus Petifpierrewiia. Willdenow, Enumer., p. 790. Reichenbach, Fl. Exc, p. 498 (Koch). Koch, Synop. Fl. Ger., ed. 1, p. 1G7.
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1-1-V ,.,.,,,, :^ T„,,,„tf i::,^;^;'";-: "I'-.t H.e 0..«„,, Tn,n,c «'»" about M„„t,,.a|. ^ ,; M, '' "',"""-''■ P"'''" »' Ontario ™nge „ c«„a.Ia ha., not .,:,'; ff ", "'""•''.^ P'ant, l.„t iu
■t. ob,e,.vo,..s »I,o„M „„^„ „,,,^^' ;''; ;" ' . '" S'ving localities for permanent hol.l. i„ H^^h^ ^ V "'' "'" P'"'" '•»-< taken «■'",';"; ;»■ -y yea,. 1; : .^^r:,*;^' ;* '-» l>ee„ e„,ti™te„ •
Motl.,i,„e, Botani,,„:,T^:--.- ^' ^--1.,, -^-rei-re-lie
Stn,.lo„t.'F,o,,, R,, I,sl..e,u' ^;f'"7; I- P- I«2. Hook ;■,"• '"« N. A,„. Plant,,, I. p a^^' . ^'''*"' EH.lio,,.,.apl,iea In i>. IOC assS). P- '*•'• *I-0"". Cat. Canai lla^^ I
P".ax P.3,1, Tou,-„efo,,,I„:t'R:'H^"'''- "''"■ '^ «-■'-' ta..„,„. p. 1078. ■^""«''*. ri.; L,„,„o„», Species Ran- •
7\/"T- ««-'»/ii,iof '■"""' '^■"''p^'-»- 1- p- .34 ■
380 (1812). ^ ^- ^^^^"" ^^- Hort. Kewensis, ed. 2, ly.
^ vulgaris VJu^^ ' ' ^'
-S P- 790 (I.och)^ (1,00). Spren. Svst iT '"^
J 85
ISO
sPKiiKs OF rni: <iesva mki.ilotus — lawson.
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(Kocli). Kocli. Synops, Fl. Ocrtn,, od. 1, p. KiO. HaV)ingtf)n, Manual Brit. Bot., e.l. n, p. 72 (1.S:>1). Hook, c^ \Valk(^i-Arnotb, liiit., Fl.. 0(1. (), p. 08 (1850).
M. i('ti"itrit/t((: Koch, in DoCandolhj's Flore Fi-aiieaise, V., p. 504 (1815). Scrin^'c, in Dei and. Prodronins, II., p. 187 (1825.) Wi^ht, (;at. Ind. Plants, No. 807. \Vi«rht & Walker-Arnott, Prod. Floiu) Penins. Tiuliii' (Jii«!nt., [». l!)0 (excl syii. alfiHHlma, Tlniill). (IS.'U.) I'.ock, Hot., p. 78. Torrey & Gray, Fl., N. Am., I., p. 321. Torrey, Fl., Ni-w York, I., p. 171. Oray, Man. Bot., N. IT. States, ed. 1, p. 108. Hook, Biit. Flora, ed. 5, p. 78 (1842). En<.,di.sh Botany Supplement, t. 2080.
.'J. Melilotus ALTissiMA, T/milller.
This species is readily distin<fnished by its dull colored, .some- what flattened, pods, which are (listindl ij pnbcsctnit or scahrous; the staudaid, wings, and ktiel of the flower are ecjual in length.
Many of the iiumurou.s h^calitics given for this ipucius in Can- ada and the Unite<l States probably belong to M. oJflcinali>i, Desi'. I have not, so far, seen a Canadian specimen of M. ultlssima. ' ".
MclilotaH altlssima. — Thuillier, Flore des environs de Paris, ed 2, p. .S78 and 83. (1700.) Loiseleur-De.slongchamps, Flora Gallica, II, p. 4. (1807.) (Seringe.) Seringe, in De CandoUe's Prodromus, II., p. 187. Hook, fil.. Student's Flora of Brit. Isl., 3 ed., p. 00, (1884).
Trt folium o<JorriJum Hive MrlUotus vulgaris f, ore lideo. J. Bauhin. Rail Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarnm, ed. 2, p. 105, (1000).
Trifoliuiii Mdilotus ojfficinaHs (g.) Linnaeus, Species Planta- rium, II., p. 1078. Willdenow, Sp. Plant, II., p, 1355. Sturm, Deutsch. Fl., fasc. 1, p. 15. (Seiinge.) Hudson, Flora Angliea, ed, 2, p. 822 (1708). Withering, Arrangement of Brit. Plants, III., p. 045 (1700). Linn, Syst. Veget., ed. Litchfield, p. 501 (1783). ; •.:
TrifoUum ojfficlnah.—nuW, British Flora, p. 162 (1700) ; ed. 2, I., p. 216 (1808). Smith, Flora Britannica, p. 781 (1800.) Willdenow, Species Plantarum, III., p. 1355 (1801.) Hooker,
Sf'KCIKS OF THK f.'KNMrs Mr.I.rr.OTLJS — LAWSON.
187
Flora Scotiea, p. 'M). Smith, Kii<,Mish Flora, III., p. 2!)7. Aiton fil., ilortiiM Kcvvensis, ed. 2, IV., p. .'M) (I Hi 2.) The follo\viii(r Is (]()\il»tfnl: — Ki<,'olo\v, Fl. Ho:iton, p. 10!),
Trifollinn M('lili>tiiH (dtlssi)niun. — Gindin, II., p. 210 (Koch.)
Trifolium altinfthnuin. — Lois, Flora (iallica, II., p. 4 (DC, Koeli.)
Mellfotits q^chuiJifi. Willdenow, Enmiuiratio Hurt. Hcrol., II., pp. 7cS0-')() (Seriiigc, Kocli). ^E.ler, Flora Danica, t. 1):J4 (Seriiige). Sorinj.,'0 in l)i'(.'an(loll<ys Prodroimis, II., p. 18G (182.")). Koch, Synopsis Floia; Oeruiuniea) ot Helvetica;, ed. 1 p. 106. Hooker, I'ritisli Flora, ed. '>, p 78 (1842). Hooker &; Walker-Arnott, Brit. Fl., p. 08 (18.')()). Babin^rton, Manual of British Botany, ed. .'{, p. 72 (IS.->1). Hook, fil.. Student's Flora Britisl) Islands, ed. 1, p. 00 (1870). The following are more or less douhtful : Elliott, II., p. 100. Torrey, Flora of 'New York, I, p. 170. Torrey & Gray, Flora N. America, I., p. :120 (18:^8-40). Chapman, Fl. Southern N, S., p. 00. Gray, Manual, p. 128. Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, I., p. 182. Macoun, Catalogue, 1878, p. 11, No. 400. Jones, Tiansactions Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sc. Watson, Bibl. Index. Hemsley, Bot. Bermudas, Challenger Report, Botany, vol. 1. p. 28.
M. macrorhha. Persoon, Synopsis, II. p. 348. Seringa in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, II., p, 187 (Koch).
3. Melilot'JS Indica, Allloni.
This is a small, procumbent or ascending, rarely erect, plant, with branches spreading from the base. The raceme." are .short, of very small, almost sessile, crowded flowers, and elongate in fruit ; pods globose-ovate, wrinkled.
This species occurs chiefly in the warmer parts of the south of Europe and in India. There are specimens from Brazil in the Edinburgh University Herbarium. In North America it had been found, when Torrey and Gray's Flora was published, only at New Orleans, as a recent inti'oduction. It has since appeared in California. It was collected by myself on Wandswortli Com- mon, near London, in 1851, and, subsequently, elsewhere in England by other botanists, but it does noi appear to have
188
SPEC IKS OF THE f J EN US MET.Tr.OTUS — LAWSON.
becoiiH! peniifiiiotitly imtuinli/tMl as nn Kii<,Misli plant. Neither (loiiH it soom to linvo spread in tlio Atluiitic States, nor to have reaclu'd ( 'ana'ia.
Iiidicd app-jars to liave been the first specific name, coupled with the ^eni.'iic term Mrl!luti(n, npplied to this plant, for the juiblications of Allioni, who ^ave it, cxtendiMl (so far as can be ascertained,) oidy froVn 1755 to 178!); but I have at present no means of i-eference to Allioni's works, [)ublished at Turin anil Paris. Desfontainc's' name, /xirvltloi'tt, undei' which this ])lant has more generally passed, was not ])id>lished till the year 17U!>. Th(i Trifolltuii txirvijlorum of Klirliart is a totally difierent plant, a true Tt'ifollnm, the T. sfridam, of Linnseus. — See Sclirader'.s N. Journal, I J., p. 112 (KSOS.)
MelUvtiiH Ind'iid. Allioni. Bentham in Mart. Fl. Bras. Smith in Ilees' CyclopuMlia. »
Irifoliiua Md'doiUH Indica d. Linn. Species Plantarum, p. 1077. Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, III., p. .S88 ; in E. I. 0. Museum, tab. 411.
M. iiari'ifloro. Desfontaine, Fl. Atl., II., p. 192. Serin<^'e in DeC'andolle':-, Prodromus, II., p. 187. Hook., Conip., Bot. Ma<,'. I., p. 22. Lawson, Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin., 1851. Torr & Gray, Fl. N. Am., 1., p. 321. Gray, PI., F.ndl., p. 33, PI. Wright, 11., p. 41. Brewer & Watson, B;jt., Calif., I., p. 132. Wallieh, List of E. Ind. Plants, No. 5943. Wight & Arnott, Prod. Fl., Pen. Ind. Orient, p. 190. Hemsley, in Botany of Beiniuda, Ciml- lenger Report, Bot., L p. 29 (1885;.
M. occidentalis. Nuttall in Torr. & Gr. Fl. N. Am., I. p. 321.
M. minima. Roth, Nova> Species priosertim India- Orient- alis, p. 3G1. De Candolle, Prod., II., p. 189. Sprengel, Syst. Veg., III., p. 208.
The following is a List of the Species and Varieties of Mdilohis, as described in 1825 by Seringe, the monographer of this genus in De CandoUe's Prodromus, Part II., pp. 180-189. It will show the distribution of the several species as known at that time, before railroads and ocean steamships had influenced their
SPECIES OF THE GENUS MELILOTUS— LAVVSON.
189
spread ovor the world. A few additional species have been subser;uerit.y desciibed in the Annales des Sciei'ces Naturelles, and other works, and i lodifications and corrections have been made tlie in nomenclature, in several instances ; but 1 have liinited the list, and retained the names strictly as given in the Prodromus :
Section I. Gailorutls:
1. M. Kocliiani. Willd. Enumeratio Plantarum. Hort. Bot. Bcrolinensis, p. 790. (1809.) Germany and France,
2. M. de7itata. Ibid. Hunj^ary,
Var. h. awjustfolid. Wallroth, Schedulfe CriticcB Fl. Halens., I, p. 394. (1822).
3. /!/. linearis. Cavanilles (ex Peisoon, Synops., II. p. 348 1807}. Spain.
4. M. BiUhenica. Bieberstein^ Flora Taurica-Caucasica, p. 50G, in note. (1808.) Sarepta, Syria.
5. il/. indaTiospertML Besser MS. (1824) in DeCand. Prod. (1825). Crimea.
0. 21. officinalis. WilM. Enum., p. 790. (1809.) Europe. Vnr. b. iingiiicidata. Seringe in DC. Prod. II., p. 187 (182.5). Berne and Geneva.
7. M. i^idustris. Kitabel MS. (183.5) in DC. Prod., II. p. 187 (1825). Hungary.
8. ? M. arhorea. Castagne MS. in DC. Prod., IL, p. 187 (li25). Cultivated around Constantinople.
9. M. nltlssimu. Tliuillier, Flore des environs de Paris, ed. 2, pp. 378 and S3. (1799). Paris.
10. il/. leucantha. Koch, in DeCandolle's Flore Francaise, ed. 3, v., p. 584. (1815.) Europe.
h. ungincidata. Scringe in DC. Prod., Pars II., p. 187. (1825.) Around Berne.
11. M. macrorhiza. Persoon, Synopsis, II,, p. 348. (1807). Hungary.
12. il/. parviflova.. Desfontaines, Flora Atiantica, II., p. 192. (1799.) Barbary, Italy, France.
13 ? M. segttalit. Seringe, in DeCandclle's Prodromus, Pars 11, p. 187. (1825.) Estremadura, Spain.
100 SPECIES OF THE GENUS MELILOTUS— LAWSON.
14. M. Polonica. Persoon, Synopsis, II., p. ••^48. (1807.)
p. 188. Poland.
15. M. Taurica. Seringe in DeCand. Prod., II., p. 18».
(182.5.) Crimea. ^.
IG. M. Italica. Lamarck Encyclopedie Methoaique, botan-
ique, IV., p. 65. (1796.) Italy.
17. M. gracilis. DeCandolle, Fl. Frangaise, V., p. oOo. (1815.) Southern parts of France. , ,. , tt
18. M. pallida.-Bes^ev MS. (1824,) in DeCand. Prod., II., p. 188. (1825.) /olhynia, West Russia.
19 i M. suaveolens. Ledebour, Enumeratio Plancarum Hort. Bot. Dorpatensis. Supplement. 1824, p. 5. Near Nertschinsk,
Dahuria.
Section 2, Plagiorutis.
20. M. arvensis. Wallroth. Sched. Crit., p. 391. (18^^.)
Germany.
Yai: h.alb'ifivm- WalkoLli, 1. c, p. 392. , tt
21. M. degans. Salzmann MS. in DeCan*'' ^ro^' I^-' P-
188. (1825.) Corsica. ' tt
22. M. Besser -a. Seringe MS. in DeCand. Proa., 11., p.
188. (1825.) Crimea?
Sections. Gampylor litis.
23 M Messanensis. Desfontaines, bl, At.., 11., p. i^'^- a799.> Barbarv, Sicily, Piedmont. Straits of Messina. Said io be 'the Loto^ of the Greeks ; Lotus of the Romans, Virgil Georgics, B. I., 84 B. III., 394.
24. M. sidcata. Desfontaines. 1. c. (1799.) Algiers. Alex-
^"vat h. Liljanctica. Seringe, in DC Prod., II., p. 189. (1825.) Mount Lebanon.
SPECIES IMPERFECTLY KNOWN.
25. 3f. Baametti Hornemann. Hortus Reg. Bot. Hafniensis Supp p 84. (1819.) INative country unknown.
26.' M. minima. Roth, Nova) Species Plantarum, p. 361.
India. , , ^ _„ ^ .
27. il/. Neapolitana. Tenore. Prod, bupp., L, p. 66. Cata- logue, 1819, p. 57. Near Naples.