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S-^lil'llSO^flAXJISO^^

3I0X0GRAPJIS

OF THE

I> I P T E II A

Of

NORTH AMERICA.

PKEPABED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN IX^TITl TfO.V

BY

11. L 0 E W

PART I.

EDITED, WITH ADDITlDXs.

BY

R. OSTEN SACKEX

WASHINGTON:
SMITHSOXIAX IXSTITUTIOX

APIUL, 1S62.

A D V E Pv T i S E M E X T.

The present publication is tlie first part of a \vori\ on North
American Diptera in process of preparation by Dr. II. Loew, of
Meseritz, Prussia (one of the liij^liest living aulliorities on the
subject), undertaken at tlie especial request of the Smithsonian
Institution. The materials have been derived i)rincipally from
the collection of Baron K. Osten Sacken, of the Russian Legation
in Washington, kindly intrusted to the author for examination.

As explained by Dr. I^oew, the work will appear in monographs
of genera and families, sufficient materials being at hand for illus-
tiating particular groups only, without relation to their systematic
sequence.

The Institution is under obligations to Baron Osten Sacken for
editing the work, adding species described by Dr. Loew subsc-
quont to the reception of his manuscript, and for correcting the
proofs. He has also added a monograph of the Cecidomyidie, a
ü;roup of much interest, and one to which it was considered of
importance to call the early attention of investigators.

JOSEPH hi:nrv,

Sacretar»/ S. /.
Smithso.nian Isstiti'tion,

Wasihsotos, Marah, 18C2.

AVCKrtKiP roK »VSVlCAtXi», tvtt, 1861.

»nii.AiiELPnrit:

PREFACEe

The impulse to write on Xorili Ainoriciui Diptera was «riven
to inc by liaron Ostcn-Sackeii, hIio, first by seiulin«^ me rich
collections of sucl» I>iptera and finally l)y intrustinjif me with tli«'
greatest part of his own Pipteni collected in North Aiiieriea, lias
enabled me to undertake this task, and, I hope, with some suece>^
If my observations had been written in Gorman, and published ii;
any of our German Transactions, I should have had good reas<?r.
to fear that the results would not become sufficiently known in
North -(\merica, and would at all events be longer in obtaininir
access there. I resolved, therefore, to give them in English, and
the Smithsonian Institution in Washington has added to the many
proofs it has already given of an energetic furtherance of any
studies relative to the natural history of North America, the
liberal resolution to jjrint my pajter on North American Diptora
at its own expense. If these jiapers, according to my intentioii,
contribute to the increase of the study of this interesting order of
insects, the princi})al thanks are due to the Institution and to
]»aron Osten-Sacken. As for the English text, I use, it is true,
the assistance and advice of a friend who is well acquainted with
the English language ; should, nevertheless, some roughness occur,
I beg that it may be attributed to some supplementary alterations
of my own, which circumstances prevented me from submitting
to him. I hope that shortcomings of this kind will be kindly over-
looked, provided my descriptions be not deficient in precision and
clearness. As I do not wish to remain the sole describer of
N. A. Diptera, but Lope soon to have many fellow-laborers, I
take the liberty of pointing out briefly what, in my oi)inion,
should be chiefly borne in mind in making and publishing such
descriptions. Without any disposition to find fault with others, I
believe I may be permitted some remarks, since for the last twenty

Tl

PREFACE.

years I Iiavc been occupied with the study of Diptera, and have
licen obliged to spend many hours in identifying (how often fruit-
lessly!) the published descriptions. What renders the identi-
fication of a very great number of the existing descriptions so
very difficilt, is the inexactness of the system used. For however
natural the axiom may appear, that a new species is only to be
located in the genus to which it really belongs, it is so little re-
spected by most dipterological writers, that a long list could be
made out of the instances in which they have sinned against it; in-
deed the number of cases, in which a new species has been placed
in a wrong family, is not small. It is not even always sufficient
to place it in the right genus, for as soon as this genus is at all
numerous in species, or the species are diöicult to distinguish, the
l>ccnliar group of the genns to which the new species belongs
should be pointed out, and if among the species already well
known there are any very similar to those described, thoy ought
of necessity to be specially mentioned. Consequently only those
entomologists will publish new Diptera with success, who arc
completely acquainted with the system of this order of insects,
whereas he who has a defective knowledge of it, far from advancing
science, lays impediments in its way. The first task, then, for
those who intend to come forth with satisfactory papers on the
field of Dipterology, will of course be to acquire a most complete
and sure knowledge of the system.

As an introduction to the following essays of a more mono-
graphic character, will be found a short sketch of the terminology
of Diptera, as well as one of the dipterological system. The latter
afforded me an opportunity of giving an outline of the North Ame-
rican dipterological fauna, as far as known to me at present. An
elaborate classification, equally detailed in all its parts, would
require not only a larger amount of materials than I have at my
disposal, but also, in order to be intelligible, a considerable num-
ber of plates. I am compelled, therefore, to give up such an un-
dertaking for the present, I hope, however, to be able to execute
it at some future time. Although I trust that my short sketch
will prove of some help to the student, by furnishing him occasion-
ally a useful hint, or guiding him r right in general, it will be readily
understood that in the prosecution of the study he will require more
detailed information. I will, therefori', briefly indicate the works
in which he may find it : Meigcn's Zweiflügelige Insecte7i (V vols.

I'RKFACE.

Vll

f

■
i

8vo. ) is still the Ijost work, cxliibiting tlie diptcrolopicnl system.
Ill order to obtttin iiiforniatioii on the progress which science has
made since Meigen's age, this work may be followed by the stuily
of Walker's JJi'/ifera Ilritavnmi. The excellent plates by Mr.
Westwood, and the systeuiatic nrrangcraent prepared for the most
part by Mr. Ilalidny, give to this work a value not shared by Mr.
Walker's other publications. Next to these I would name Mr.
Mucquart's JJijitvres JCxotiques, a work which, notwithstanding the
errors in many of its iignres and the carelessness of nearly all the
descriptions, afifords a great deal of useful information about the
systematic arrangement of Diptera.

After having accjnired a general knowledge of the system by
the study of these three works (or, if not familiar with the (Jernian
language, of the two latter only), the best plan will be to con-
centrate special study on one, or, at the utmost, on a few families
of Diptera, and to consult the monographic papers relative 1o
them, which are not ditlicuU to procure, in order to obtain a com-
|)lete and sure knowledge of characters within a more limited field.
For even the smallest field will always be found wide enough to
att'ord opportunities for the most interesting discoveries. This
nidde of obtaining a knowledge of the system capable of serving
us a solid foundation to valuable publications is certainly a long
iind tedious one. It may be considerably facilitated, however, by
tile use of a well determined collection of typical specimens of all
the families and genera, and it will afford me much pleasure to ex-
tend all assistance in my power to those who may prefor the latter
course; for both ray wish to become better acquainted with the
Diptera of North America and their desire to study the system
might well coincide to supply the wants of both parties,

I am always ready to send in exchange for well preserved N. A,
Diptera forwarded to me (address ^Ir. II. Locw, ^Meseritz, J'russia)
a reasonable equivalent in accurately named rei)reseutatives of the
genera. I should probably lie obliged, in most cases, to send only
European specimens, whereas, perhaps, it would seem more de-
sirable to have N. A. species. I>ut the number of species occur-
ring in perfect identity both in Europe and North America is
so surprisingly large, and, besides, there are so many N. A. spe-
cies exceedingly resembling well-known European ones, that the
best foundation for the study of N. A. Diptera would be a com-
plete collection of European species. It will be very useful to

Vllt

PREFAOE.

I)0th parties, if those wlio desire uii oxchunsc would rcmctnlter
that the Rmaller and smallest species possess the greatest interest
for nie, and if they would at the same time point ont to me such
families as tliey are chiefly desirous of knowinjj. .Moreover, it will
itc necessary to agree al)0Ut the way in which the equivalents might
be forwarded. In case I receive no sucli direction, I shall suppose
I am at liberty to send them by the kind intervention of the
Smithsonian Institution at Washington, through which I beg all
consignments intended for me may be forwarde«!.

I have no doubt as to a successful issue to my labors, if I con-
tinue to receive the same liberal and generous assistance from the
Smithsonian Institution and from Baron Osten-Sacken which I
have enjoyed from the beginning, especially if this commencement
contributes to increase the number of those interested in the study,
find ready to promote it by the communication of species taken by
them, in the same way in which Messrs. IJob. Kcnnicott, S. II.
Scudder, A. S. Packard, Edw. Norton, and others, have furnished
materials for the excellent paper of Huron Osten-Sacken on the
Limnohidse of North America.

H. LOEW.

Mkseritz, 3 Oct. 1SÖ0,

T.4BIE OF CONTENTS.

EMEKT OF bll'TKBA

'aciim

Advertisenu'iit .

I'refacB

Table of Content.i

On the Terminology of Dii)tera

Sketch of the SysTEstATic AnnAxoi
I. Neraocora
II. Biacliycoia
III. Coiiacea

05 THE North Ameuican TKvri:Tit.AR

1. Extent of the family

2. Its division into Tn/ppili,a and I)

3. Its natural cliaracter

4. Its relationship .

5. North American species hitherto recorded

6. Systematic arrangement of the species destnl,ed, with

their synopsis

7. Description of the species
Appendix I . .
Appendix II . . _^
Appendix III

On the North American Sciomyzidae

On the North American Epuydrinidae
Notiphilina

Hydrellina . ,

Epliydrina

FAOR

iv

V

ix

xi

1

5

15

4s

49
4!)
51

52
5t]

57

Ol

t;4

DI
!t4

[lit

129
131

140
158

CONTENTS.

PACK

<»M TUR XoiiTii Ameiiica.n C'EciiKiMYinAR. By R. O.ituii Sjiokf'n . l?:»

"n thü clasHiflcfttion of th<< faiuily . . . 173

Oil its liaMts . . . . . .17!»

Vu tla* ^'ol•tll American Ceciilomylae at jirf sent known If-i;

ALlitions ami Corrfctiuns

'J(i7

a

ON Tll^: TERMINOLOGY OF DirTKRA.

DiPTEUA have so much i»; common with other orders of insects
that the terras applied to the hitter, which I may consider ns peii-
erally known, may frequently be used for tiic former. I luive there-
fore merely to explain those terms which, on account of the pcculiiir
orKivnization of Diptcra, are either applied solely to the insects of
this order Oi are used in a more or less modified sense. It is well
known, how little the various authors ajjrce in the choice of these
terms, and how many of them seem to lind pleasure iit departinj^'
ns much as possible from the terms used by their predecessors.
This is a great evil, ngf^ravatinj^ the difficulty of understanding
Dip^'"iological publications, and impeding the progress of Diptor-
ology. It would take too much space to explain all the terms
used l)y dilFerent authors, and I confine myself to those only which
seem the most necessary and which I have used in this publication.
The following considerations have guided mc in their choice. I
think it a duty of a later author to accommodate himself to the
usage of his predecessors, especially those who have written staiul-
ard works, and at the same time to reconcile them as much as
])ossible where they differ from each other. The indispensable
innovations should be introduced only gradually and in conformity
with the established usage, since in such mnttcrs an agreement about
the terms chosen is more important than the mode of selecting
thera. Meigen, Wiedemann, and Fallen in earlier times, Zetter-
stedt and Macquart more recently, have in that respect a claim io
our attention. It has therefore been my object to assume the
position of an arbiter l)etween them, and to avoid such terms as
depart entirely from the adopted usage, except in cases in which I
might differ so much from my predecessors as to become unintel-
ligible if restrained by their terminology.

The head has a hinder plane opposite to the thorax, called occi-

XI 1

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

i'

»

])ut (occiput)', tlint region of it lyinji^ over the janclion of the licad
is tlie nape {cervi.r). Tlie part of the head which reaches from
the antennte as far as the occiput and is limited laterally by the
compound eyes, is the front {frons), the upper part of which is the
crown {vertex), the limit between the front and the occiput having
tlie name of vertical margin {maryo verticalis). The middle of
the front being often of a more membranaceous substance and
sometimes differing iu color from its borders, is called the frontal
stripe {vitta frontalis). On the crown, there are the simple eyes
{ocelli), being usually three in number and forming a triangle,
sometimes on a sharply defined triangular si)ace, the ocellar trian-
gle {trkuKjuhun ocellare). Most of those Diptera which undergo
their metamorphosis within the larva-skin possess, immediately
above the antennne, an arcuated impressed line, which seems to
separate from the front a small piece usually of the form of a cres-
cent, the frontal crescent {lunula frontalis). The impressed line
itself, which continues over the face nearly as far as the border of the
month, is called the frontal I'losure {ßssnrn frontalis). It owes its
origin to a large bladder-like expansion which exists at this place in
immature irangos, and which helps them in bursting the pupa case.
The frontal fissure of course is the ir-ie anterior limit of the front,
and the frontal crescent in fact belongs to the face; however, on
account of its usual situation, it is commonly considered as a part
of the front. In many genera the eyes of the males meet on the
front, so as to divide it into two triangles, the superior of which is
called the vertical triangle {triangulum verticale), the inferior tl'e
anterior frontal triangle {triangulum frontale anterius), or simply
the frontal triangle {triangulum frontale). The anterior portion
of the head reaching from the antenntc to the border of the mouth
or oral margin (peristomium) is called the face {fades). In most
Diptera it is divided into three parts adjoining each other, the
limits of which depend on the situation which the frontal fissure,
continued to the oral margin occupies in the developed imago ;
the form and mutual proportion in size of these parts are of the
highest value in the classification and distinction of the species of
Diptera. Beneath the antennae there are in many Diptera longi-
tudinal holes for their reception, the antennal furrows {fovece an-
tennales); the antcnnie lie iu them while tho insect is still in the
])upa case, sometimes even after its exclusion. That part of the
head which lies on the side beneath the eyes is the cheek {gena).

1

i

]

'^

I

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

Xlll

C

c

The compound eyes are sometimes encompassed in a larger or
smaller part of their circumference by a ring, somewhat swollen,
and separated more or less distinctly from the remainder of the
surface of the head ; it is called the orbit {orhita), the successive
l)arts of which may be called the anterior (orbita anterior sive fa-
cialis), inferior {inferior s. genalis), posterior {posterior s. occipi-
talis), superior {superior s. verticalis), and frontal {frontalis) orbits.
An orbit is also often spoken of, where no ring is distinctly set oft'
from the rest of the surface of the head ; in this case a distinct
color or some peculiar structure mark the nearest surroundings of
the eves.

The oral ports of Diptera, destined for sucking, are called tlic
sucker or proboscis {proboscis). They are either inserted ut tlio
end of a more or less cylindrical prolongation of the head, called
the snout {rostrum), or project from a wide aperture often occupy-
ing a great part of the under surface of the head, called the mouth
hole {cavitas oris). The common, fleshy root of the oral pans is
connected by a membrane with the border of the mouth. This
membrane often has a fold, sometimes of a quite horny substance,
and is then called the clypeus {clypeus s. prcelabrum) ; it is either
entirely concealed by the anterior border of the mouth and is then
usually movable, or it projects over it as a ridge and is then usually
immovable. The largest of the oral parts in most Diptera is the
fleshy under lip {labium), consisting of the stem {stipes) and the
knob '^capitulum labii) formed by the two suctorial flaps {labella).
Besides the under lip, the palpi {palpi) are most perceptible and
must be noticed in the description of the species. The remaining
oral parts are generally rather small and stunted, having the form
of bristles or horny lancets; they are considered as being the tongue
{linffua), under jaws (maxillce), upper jaws {mandibulce), and up-
per lip {labrum), the latter shutting the under lip from above.
These parts are not easily applicable in distinguishing species.

The thorax of Diptera as well as that of other insects consists
of three segments, the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the meta-
thorax. But in the order of Diptera the development of the meso-
thorax exceeds so nuch that of the two other portions, that it forms
by far the largest part of the whole thorax, and in the description
of Diptera is exclusively designated with the latter name, while
other names are given to the prothorax and metathorax, when
some particular part of them is to be characterized. The protho-

XIV

ON TOE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

'I'i

\\\

f >

rax being generally very little developed, sometimes forms a neck-
like prolongation which bears the head, and is then called the neck
{coUum). Sometimes the fore corners of the raesothorax or the
shoulders {humeri) are covered by a lobe of the prothorax {lohus
prothoracis humeralis), distinctly separated from the raesothorax ;
but it is not unusual for this lobe to be so soldered to the raeso-
thorax that it is not possible to discover a distinct limit between
them, except in general, by their color or hairs; it is then called the
shoulder callosity (callus humeralis). The prothorax sometimes
also applies closely to the anterior border of the raesothorax, and
has then the name of collar (collare). The raesothorax frequently
haä a transverse furrow (sutura transversalis) crossing the middle
of its upper side and ending on each side a little before the base
of the wing; its presence or absence as well as its form furnishes
characters important in the classification of Diptera. On each
side of the breast — the breast side {pleura) — there is beneath the
shoulder a spiracle {stigma prothoracis) still belonging to the pro-
thorax. To the back of the raesothorax applies the scutcheon
(scutellum), separated frora it by a furrow. Beneath the scutellum
a part of the raetathorax is to bo seen, called metanotum, generally
descending obliquely, often very convex, and on each side with a
more or less inflated space, called the lateral callosity of the meta-
notura (callus metanoti lateralis). The poisers (halteres) have their
origin beneath this callosity, and before either of thera we see the
spiracle of the raetathorax (stigma metathoracis). The mem-
branous covers which in raany Diptera are found above this spi-
racle, have the name of covering scales (tegulce).*

The abdomen is the third of the three principal parts of the
body, but we usually so call its upper side only, the name of belly
(venter) being given to the under side. The segments of the ab-
domen are of course, as in the other orders of insects, counted
from the front tc ili^ back; but the anterior ones are often soldered
together, while the posterior ones are stunted, and by their con-
cealed situation withdrawn from the eye; ranch caution is therefore
required in counting them. The statements about their nuraber
are frequently rather arbitrary and conventional, and often require
an explanation. At the end of the abdomen we see in the male
the appendages destined to take hold of the female in the copula

I

'

* Some authors call them squamcc. — 0. S.

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OP DIPTERA.

XV

3d

•

.

• !

{hypopygium), in the female the organ for laying the eggs {ovi-
positor) ; the former, if they have the form of pincers end are not
bent under the belly, are called the pincers {forceps), the latter
according to its form either the borer {terebra) or the style {stylits).
Both organs are of the greatest importance in the distinction of
species in many families, and their structure being generally very
complicated and varying much in different families, deserves a most
attentive study.

The neuration of the icings of Diptera forms so essential a foun-
dation of their systematical arrangement and is so useful for the
distinction of species, that its thorough knowledge and a scrupulous
and accurate denomination of its single parts and of their mutual
arrangeiiient is quite indispensable. Our first and most important
task will be to ascertain which parts of the neuration of the wings
correspond to each other in the different familirs, since this is the
only way to obtain a terminology in which corresponding things
are designated by the same names, and which, therefore, is not
liable to misinterpretation.

At a first and superficial glance, the neuration of the wings shows
so different a structure in the various families of Diptera, that it seems
impossible to reduce it to a common type. But, on a closer examina-
tion, we find that we can make out without much difficulty a common
type existing in its greatest simplicity and plainness in the Muscidse.
The framework of the whole neuration of the wings is formed by
the longitudinal veins {vence longitiidinales), which are connected
with eacl other by the transverse veins {vence transversce s. venulce).
The longitudinal veins spring from four trunks, iijsuing from the
base of the wings; the first and fourth trunks being the least de-
veloped, the second and third must be taken for the main trunks,
and consequently the longitudinal veins originating from them, for
the main longitudinal veins of the wing. To the anterior of these
two main trunks belong three longitudinal veins, the foremost of
which runs first parallel to the anterior border of the wing and
joins il at a greater or less distance from the tip of the wing ; it
is called the first longitudinal vein {vena longitudinales prima).
The second longitudinal vein proceeds from the first generally lie-
fore the middle of the vring, and reaches the anterior border cf the
wing nearer ♦o the tip. In a similar way the third longitudinal
vein has, again, its origin from the second. To the second main
trunk also belong three longitudinal veins, which are counted

XVI

ON THE TERMINOLOOY OF DIPTERA.

11

W.

i

J

ry:

it-/*

from the front to the back, and are called the fourth, Ofth, and sixth
longitudinal veins. The hindmost vein of the anterior main trunk
and the forenaost vein of the posterior main trunk, i. e. the third
and fourth longitudinal veins, are connected by a transverse vein
situated about the middle of the wing and called the small or raid*
die transverse vein {vena transversa minor s. media). Using this
transverse vein as a starting-point, we cannot easily have any doubt
about the position of each of these six main longitudinal veins.

The remaining neuration takes place in the following way : The
lirst of the four trunks emits a usually rather stout vein, forming
tlie anterior border of the wing; it either runs round the whole
border of the wing, attenuating a little towards its end, and is called
the marginal vein {vena marginalis), or it only reaches as far as
the fourth or third, sometimes even the second or Grst longitudinal
veins, and is then generally called the costal vein {vena costulis s.
rnsta) ; both these expressions can be used as identical without any
tear of incorrectness. The costal vein is sometimes interrupted in
one or more places, thus forming a number of successive portions,
a structure most characteristic in several families. Besides this
vein, a second one proceeds from the foremost of the four trunks,
which, from its being frequently absent, is not counted with the
other longitudinal veins, but is called the auxiliary vein {vena aux-
iliaris)', not far from its base, it is connected by the transverse
shoulder vein {vena transversa humeralis) with the costal vein. A
total or partial absence of the auxiliary vein, its structure, and the
peculiarities of situation which it has relatively to the first longi-
tudinal vein, are very characteristic marks for the distinction of
families and genera.

The first and second longitudinal veins are usually simple, the
third being frequently forked ; this furcation arises from its emitting
beyond the small transverse veia an anterior branch, which gene-
rally runs to the border of the wing between the second and third
longitudinal veins, and is therefore called the anterior branch of
the third longitudinal vein. Both branches together form the fork
of the third longitudinal vein, and that part of this vein which lies
between the small transverse vein and the point of forking of both
branches is called the handle {pedunculus} of this fork. Some-
times the foremost branch of the third longitudinal vein is con-
nected with the second longitudinal vein by a transverse vein, or
it runs into the second longitudinal vein instead of running to the

1

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

X711

i

r
e

border of the wing, and thus lias the appearance of a transverse
vein.

In most Diptcra there is no other connection between the tliird
and fourtli longitudinal veins except the small transverse voin, and
we can cross the wing between the third and fourth longitudinal
veins in its whole length without meeting another vein but the
small transverse vein. But in some families the fourth longitudinal
vein, abandoning towards its end its former direction, turns to the
third longitudinal vein and reaches it either at its end or a little
before it, constituting thus a second connection : there is a rarer
case when that connection is effected by a transverse vein placed
distinctly on the fourth longitudinal vein. A third connection
between the fourth longitudinal vein and the anterior main trunk
is formed in some families in the neighborhood of the base of the
wing; often there is only a transverse fold running obliquely from
tiie fourth longitudinal vein to the Orst; in some families it incras-
sates into a transverse vein.

The three longitudinal veins belonging to the second main trunk
usually begin to diverge quite near the base of the wing; the hind-
most of them, i. e. the sixth bngitudinal vein, is often distinctly
seen as the continuation of the common trunk, while the two ante-
rior ones uniting with their bases seem to form a kind of loop
which touches the main trunk only at one point. As frequently,
the fifth longitudinal vein represents a distinct continuation of the
main trunk; in some families all the three longitudinal veins appear
in equal distinctness as its branches. Between the fourth and the
fifth longitudinal veins there are in general two transverse veins,
which divide the space of the wing, included by the fourth and fifth
longitudinal veins, into three parts. The first of these transverse
veins is the anterior basal transverse vein {vena transversa hasalis
anterior s. venula hasalis anterior), the absence of which is charac-
teristic for some families; the second is usually the longest trans-
verse vein of the wing and is of the highest systematic value ; it
is called the posterior transverse vein {vena transversa posterior s.
venula jyosterior). Not unfrequontly another vein starts from its
middle, running to the border of the wing; it cannot be considered
as a longitudinal vein, and -is called the anterior intccalary vein
{vena intercalaris anterior). It must not bo confounded with a
branch emitted in some Diptera from the posterior side of the
fourth longitudinal vein before its tip.

B

Ir!

xvni

ON THE TERMINOLOOY OF DIPTERA.

I '

i '■

Near the base of the fifth longitudinal vein rises the posterior
basal transverse vein (vena transversa busali's posterior s. i-ennla
basalt's posterior), usually a short transverse vein, running to the
s' th longitudinal vein, but frequently meeting it only in a later
part of its course at a very acute angle, or even reaching the bor-
der of the wing, without having met that vein; in all these rases it
divides all the space of the wing lying between the fifth and sixth
longitudinal veins into two parts. In several families there is,
immediately beyond this transverse vein, another vein, the posterior
intercalary vein {vena intercalaris posterior), which proceeds from
the nfth longitudinal vein and runs to the border of the wing ;
sometimes it meets the fifth longitudinal vein before reaching the
border.

In that part of the wing wliich is behind the sixth longitudinal
vein, are spread the branches of the hindmost of the four trunks ;
it is entirely wanting in many Diptera, and exists in most of thera
only in a rudimentary state; therefore generally only onj branch,
or at the utmost two weak ones, not rcichir.g the border of the
wing, are perceptible; they are called the axillary veins (vena ax-
illares). Where the hindmost trunk is well developed, these veins
become complete longitudinal veins; they best preserve the same
name, but may be numbered as the seventh, and, where two exist,
as the seventh and eighth longitudinal veiud without any fear of
misinterpretation. In the case of such a great development of
this trunk, the foremost of the veins belonging to it is generally
connected near its base with the sixth longitudinal vein by a trans-
verse vein.

It results, from the foregoing exposition, that the anterior part
of the wing is divided by the three longitudinal veins belonging to
the anterior main trunk, and the posterior by the three longitudi-
nal veins belonging to the posterior main trunk, each into three
sections, an exterior one, a middle, and an interior one, while the
three sections of the anterior part of the wing are separated from
those of the posterior part by a middle stripe or band which ex-
tends from the base of the wing to its tip. It would be an easy
task to invent fit names for these principal parts of the surface of
the wing, from which convenient expressions would result for their
single parts or the cells of the wings. But it seems to me that
the introduction of such a new nomenclature would hardly promote
our principal end, the agreement of authors in the use of termiuo-

J

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

SIX

of
iir
I at
)te

10-

^

'

logical expressions, since it is not so much the nature of the re-
ceived terms as the consent in their application which we must
aim at. I therefore think it most advisable to retain such names
for the denomination of the wintr-cells, as arc already in general
use. ]5ut in adopting these names I cannot but mention that
many of them do not seem to be well chosen, and that I accejit
them only with the intention of bringing about a terminology
generally agreed upon.

I shall, therefore, call the colls belonging to the first section of
the wing the costal cells (celhi/a- costales), those of the second the
marginal cells {cel/nlae mar y in (ties), and those of the third the sub-
marginal cells {celhihi' siibiiian/iiiules). The latter are of the greatest
importance for characterizing families and genera, as well us for
the distinction of species. When the second and third longitudi-
nal veins are simple, and the third anterior section is consequently
undivided, there exists only one submarginal cell; but when the
third longitudinal vein has a branch running to the border of the
wing, we count two such cells, an anterior and a posterior one;
when the anterior branch of the third longitudinal vein is also
connected with the second longitudinal vein by a transverse vein,
the n'uiiber of submarginal cells amounts to three, among which
that, formed by the inner part of the anterior submarginal cell, is
called the interior submarginal cell ; when the anterior branch of
the third longitudinal cell a.ssumes the form of a transverse vein
runni.:^' to the second longitudinal vein, only an interior and an
exterior submarginal cell are distinguished.

Among the existing names, none is well applicable as a common
denomination either to the cells belonging to the middle of the
wing or to those of each of the two first sections of the posterior
part of the wing; I am compelled, therefore, though not without
reluctance, to give up the ai)plication of such names. Among the
cells of the portion just mentioned, there are three that have gene-
rally been too little noticed in the description of the neuration of
the wing. Their different forms give very good characters, the
more so as, on the whole, the differences, which the neuration
shows in the neighborhood of the base and costal border, have
always a higher systematic value than those occurring near the tip
or the posterior border rr the wing. Those three cells are i)laced
nearest to the base of the wing ; the first of them belongs to the
middle of the wing, and reaches as far as the small transverse

mil

m

zz

ON THE TKKMINOLOGY OF DirTEUA.

l!

f

r.

il

■I ,
h

■i.,;',

:|.

h-l.

vein ; the second bclonjfs to tlie first section of tlic posterior part
of tlic winir, niiil extends as far ns tlie anterior basal transverse
vein ; tlie tliird bi'lontrs to the second section of the same part of
the wilier, nnd joins tiic ))Osterioi- l)asal transverse vein. These
three cells may, in fjjeneral, he called the three basal cells {vvllnhe
basales). The foremost of them is jjenerally much longer than the
two others, a proportion which is usually indicated by the expression
of "one larjre and two small basal cells;" against this mode ofex-
l)ression nothiiifj cnn be objected, since it implies no \v > '•rtainty.
It is, however, a little jtuzzling to invent a convenient term, when
the posterior basal transverse vein, instead of rnnninp: to the sixth
lonpitiidinal vein, assumes the character of u loiifritudinal vein,
and runs to the border of the wing, so that the hindmost basal cell
joins the border of the wing. Not only in this case, but also when
the hindmost basal cell, though closed, is distinguished from the
second basal cell by a much more considuraljle length, it is usually
named the anal cell (ceUnIa analis), and then, consequently, two
basal cells are considered to be present. IJadly chosen as the terra
"anal cell" may be, it is, nevertheless, so settled that it will be
difTioult to remove it by the introduction of a more convenient one.
In certain families the great and very symmetrical development of
the three basal cells is characteristic ; they are then culled the
ternated cells (ccllnlfe tenmta), whieh term, though expressive
of the thing, seems to be superlluous. One of the most important
cells is that belonging to the lirst section of the ]iosterior ]iart of
the wing, and extending from the anterior basal transverse vein to
the posterior transverse vein, and l)earing the little transverse vein
on its anterior margin ; it is generally called the discoidal or discal
cell (celliila discoichtlis). When the anterior basal transverse vein
is wanting, which is characteristic in many families and genera,
this cell coalesces with the second basal cell, which then must be
considered as a part of the diseoidal cell ; if the posterior trans-
verse vein has disappeared, there is no discoidal cell at all. In
those Diptera which possess the anterior intercalary vein, sometimes
the part of the posterior transverse vein situated before or behind
this intercalary vein is wanting, and in that case the existence of a
discal cell is granted, which, in the former instance, is considered
as anteriorly opened, in the latter, as posteriorly opened.

The second cell of the middle of the wing opening in its border,
and those of the two first sections of the posterior part of the

ON THE TERMINOLOOY OF DIl'TEHA.

XXI

fer,
Itlie

winp, nrc onlltMl llie cells of the posterior ninrjrin, or posterior oells
{rvl/iifitposlrri'inrs), ami miinliercil as first, second, ete., Itcuiiiniiij?
witii tliat \vliiel\ Iteioiiffs to tlio miilillc of the wiiijr, and is liniited
at its base hy the small traiisvc'rsi' vein. It is evident that in all
I)iptera there are really only three posterior cells. They exist in
their typical simple form in the Mnan'div. The iirst of them 1)C-
lonps to the middle of the winir, the two others to the first and
second section of the jiosterior part of the wlnp:. The first is
usually subjcc' to no partition, hut is sometimes closed before
reaching the border. The second is fretpiently divided in two
portions by the presence of the anterior intercalary vein, and this
happens whenever the fourth lonjritudinal vein emits a hind branch
before its end; it even forms three portions when this branch
exists alonj? with the intercalary vein. In the genera havinji^ a
posterior intercalary vein, a bipartition of the third posterior cell
occurs. Thou<rh it wo'dd be very convenient to speak in all cases
of only three such cells, and to point out in the way indicated the
mode of tlieir further ))artilion, yet the ruliiiü: usa<re does not
admit of this, but counts all these portions as successive posterior
cells, whence iheir number sometimes amounts to six. When the
second posterior cell ami the discoidal cell are united in conse-
quence of the absence of the posterior transverse vein, the cell
formed in this way retains the name of second posterior cell.

The cells belonging to the third section of the posterior part of
the wing are not, usually, completely separated from each other,
and then are frequently termed the false cells {cellvhr spuriiv); a
better term for them might be that of axillary cells {vcUnlie axil-
hircs). They are numbered in the direction from the sixth longi-
tudinal vein towards the i)osterior angle of the wing.

As for the expressions ccsttil border, fi/>, posterior border, pos-
terior or anal ani/fe of the wing, they are understood by everybody.
The posterior angle is terminated by the axillary incision {iucisura
axillaris) towards the base of the wing. The wings of many Dip-
tera are provided with a lobiforin ai)pendage, the alar ajipcndage
{alula), reaching from the axillary incision to the innermost base ;
it must not be confounded wiili the covering scale that lies above
the poisers, and which has often been called I)y the same name.

In order to understand a very intricate neuration and reduce it
to the simple type, we must take care not to assume for parts of
the same maiu vein all those ramificalious which run in one direc-

I 'In;

i

xxii

ON THE TERMTNOLOOY OP DIPTERA.

h

'1

i I

■ ■ ii

tion. As tlircnds loosely drawn up in a frame, when stronply
strniued by transverse threads of dilTercnt length, must necessarily
adopt an angular direction, so do lonpitudinal veins, in consequence
of a varied situation oiid the Icnpth of the transverse veins. The
outline of the wing, the length of the longitudinal veins, the situ-
ation and length of the transvcise veins, as well as the area of the
two racmlrancs of the wing, stand in such a i-elation to euch other
that the wonderful effect of their hardening after the exclusion of
the insect will l)e a surface more or less even, hut in every case fit
for the performance of flight, the main agents of which are ajipa-
rently the anterior part of the wing, as being more stout and rigid,
and its posterior part, which, being in most cases united with the
former by the small transverse vein only, is more movable, and
acts as an inclined plane, propelling the insect during the motions
of the wings both up and down. It is in such genera only as
Syrilta, Bomhylius, Nemestrina, the habits of which require not so
much a rapid locomotion, as a constant hovering over a spot, that
a multiplied connection of the anterior and posterior part bf the
wing by transverse veins restrains the mobility of the posterior
part of the wing, and renders its propelling effect less sensible.

A correct understanding of a very intricate neuration is in many
cases by fur not so difficult as that of a very incomplete one. The
latter will be best obtained by observing, that in such wings the
three anterior trunks of the veins are not only incompletely de-
veloped, but also crowded together on the anterior part of the
wing, an uncommonly large space being allotted to the fourth
trunk. In this way, the striking narrowness of the anterior and
middle parts of the wing and the extraordinary dilatation of the
posterior part, find their explanation. Sometimes a closer exami-
nation of the surface of the wing will yield a useful result by our
observing the different kind of hair peculiar to the veins, and which
remains, though the veins themselves are wanting. All Diptera with
very incomplete neuration are baU fliers, since the greater flexibility
of the posterior part of their wings can but imperfectly compen-
sate the propelling effect of this part when sustained by a stronger
neuration.

The legs of diptera, like those of the other orders, consist of
four principal parts, called the hips {coxse), thighs {femora),
shanks {tibiae), and feet {tarsi). The hips consist of two joints ;
the second, smaller one, is called trochanter. The feet are gene-

.^t!

ON THE TERMINOLOQY OF DIPTERA. xxiH

rally Hvc-jointed ; the Hrst joint Is cnllcd metatarsus. At the tip
of the lust .-oint there are two claws (nnr,ues), am] under each of
them there is generally a membrnnnceous appendage called pul.
villus. Besides these appendages, many families have between
them n third single appendage of similar structure, which is called
e,>,po,lhon; in other families this organ is bristle-like, or altogether
vvanting. "

I have little to say nbont the expressions for the dilTerent cha-
racters of the surface and the clothing of the parts of the body of
P.ptora ; I will observe only that the gradations honrv (pruinosus)
dusted (polhnosus), mealy (fannosus), or pubescent (pnbesccJ
hairy (pilosus), bristly (setosns), etc., in their application must be
judged more according to a relative than an absolute scale, viz in
a family that has coarse hair the same is cal'ed hoiry. which in
another with fine hair is termed bristly, and so in similar cases
If we were not willing to do so, expressions would fail to point
out the existing difierences.

m

xxiv

ON TirK TKIlMINOIiOOY OF DIPTERA.

I

i^

Mf

! ;:l

■'ii

'i I-
a.

■i

1. Winr/ nf Ortiitis.

It. Traiisv(>isi' -«lionldpr-vpin (vona transversa liumpralls).

6. Auxiliary vein (venu imxiliiiii»).

c, rf, f-,J\ 'J. rtiiil /'. Kir«t, sciMiiil, tliiril, I'cmrlli, flfl)i, and sixth Inngitndinal veins (tph»

liiiiiiitiiiliniili's priiiin, hccumla, Icrtiii, iiuiirtii, i(iiiiitii, in hcxiii),
i. Siniill 111' iiiiililli' Iriuisversi' vriii (voim iraiKVi'i'sii niiiiDr s. media).
k. HiiidiT liaiKvi'isc vein (vena transversa pustcriur).
/, )n, )i, II. ('■'>Ial vein (Vena (■■istalis),
;), Anteriiir hasal transverse vein (vena transversa bnsalis anterinr).

7. l'e>teiiiir Inisal liansverse vein (veua transversa basalis posterior).
r. liinliinent nf tlio t'onrtli trniik.

s. Axillary iiieisien (incisura axillaris).

A, II. and ''. First, sccnud, uud tliird costal-celU (cellulae costales prima, aecuDda, et

tenia).
Z). .Marj-inal cell feellnia tnarci nails).
I'. Sulnnai^inal cell leelliilii siiliniarniiialis).
F, <•, and //. first, seeuud, and tliird pustorlorcelU (celluin po8terioreB prima, secunda,

et Ionia).
7. Piscal eell (peHnla dlscoidalls).

A'. First iir large liaMil cell (eelliila basiills prima s. major).
J,. Secnid basal eell, or anterinr id' tlie small basal rells.
jV. 'I'liird ba^al cell, or iio-iterior ol' tlie small basal cells.
A. Anal or axillary coriii'r of the wing (uugiilu» uualis s. axillaris).
O. Alar appendage (alula).

2. Willi/ iif 1:111 jii.v.

t. Anterior lirancli of tlio third longitudinal vein (veaao lougltudinalU tortlae ramim

aiilerior).
■u. Aiiti'rior intercalary vein (vona iutercalaris anterior).
'S. \Viiiij i>/ Diif^i/j) ii/iiii.
t. Anterior branch of the third longitudinal vein.
n. Anterior iiilerCLilary vein.
V. Posterior intercalary vein.

I

^1 ■

If

Din E R A

or

NOKTII AMEIUCA.

I.

SKETCII OP THE SYSTEMATIC AIIUANUEMENT OF DII'TEUA : WITH AN
ENUMERATION OF THE OEXEUA IIITIIERTt) IIECOIIDED AS FuUXD
IN NORTH AMERICA.

la, et

luda,

Our knowledge of the Piptcrologicul Fauna of North America
has hitely made rajiid progress by the groat attention paid to it
by IJaron Osten Sacken during his residence in Washington. As
a preliminary to further investigations, he prepared, in 185S, for
publication by the Smithsonian Institution, a Catalogue of the
then doscril)cd North American l)iptcrn, which had the great and
essential merit of nearly entire completeness. It cannot but bo
considered as a wise precaution that he did not enter upon a criti-
cal examination of the published species, as he well understood
that such an examination could only be the work of the coml)ined
efforts of many persons, and the fruit of a long toil of years, and
that consequently undertaking it would have indefinitely retarded
the publication of such a catalogue, so desirable for the advance-
ment of North American Dipterology. The impulse caused by
JJaron Osten Saekcn's Catalogue is already evident, and it has
proved a welcome and valual)le assistance to every one attempting
a more thorough study of North American Diptera, by an intel-
ligible arrangement of the already published species, not only
sparing him much laborious research, but also giving him the cer-
tainty of not overlooking a species already described. But although
this Catalogue presents a survey of all papers hitherto published,
and of the contributions of each author, it does not, and according

I
■•'4

I

ii

2 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

to its plan could not, aflbrd a survey of the North American
luiina Dipteruloijica, corresponding to the present state of sys-
tematic Dipterology ; on tiie contrary, sketching such a survey is
one of the tasks to which it looks forward to as one of the first
fruits of its jjublication. It would be quite inii)0ssible to draw
such a systematic survey of the hitherto known Xorth American
Diptera from the Catalogue itself, since it comprises the puljlica-
tiuns of the authors of dilVerent times and countries, of writers who
had the most did'erent systematic ideas and jioints of view, antl
since, in consequence of its plan, it could not but include such
papers as are devoid of any solid knowledge of systematic Dipter-
ology — to \vhi<'h, above all, the descri[)lions of Rob. Desvoidy,
and, in a still higher degree, those of 3Ir. Walker belong. Conse-
quently a survey of those families and genera which North America
really possesses, is to be acquired in no other way than from the in-
spection and careful investigation of the species themselves. The
rich collections of Baron Osten-Sacken have enabled me to examine
a number of North American species sufficient to allow me to ven-
ture an essay of the kind indicated. In this survey I have adopted
for the North American Fauna the same area as that of Baron
Osten Sacken's Catalogue, the materials upon which lestablish my
work corresponding to this area. Still it cannot be denied, as far
as I am able to judge, that this area, in its southern extent, reaches
beyond the limits of the North American zoological province. In
order to give a true, though of course not conqtlete sketch of the
North American l)ipteroloii,ical Fauna, I can, besides such s})ecies
as I know by my own inspection, have regard only to those the
systematic location of which is in no way aoubtful.

For many years past all Diptera have been divided into two
large sections, Nemoccra and Brachycem. In the Diptera of the
first section the antenna, having the fundamental form of a thread,
consists of many joints, two of them being called the joints of the
scnptts, the following those of the Jhtf/elliim. Tiie latter are all of
the same structure, although this structure varies in dilferent spe-
cies. The first joint of the llagellum, /. e., the thud of the whole
antenna, is never so Jistinguislted in size or structure that one
might consider the succeeding joints as its accessorial appendages,
nor is the connection of the joints (with the exception of the liibi-
onidcc, Mycctophilidce, and a few others) such as might lead us to

3

i

I
I

I

I

i

t

DIPTERA OF NOnTII AMERICA.

3

two

' the

'Ciul,

r the
ill of

SJtC-

lole
one
ges,
iibi-
is to

consider them as one, divided into several annnliform segments.
In the second . cctlon, the BruclnjcerH, the two joints of tlie scapus
are likewise separated; the third joint, or first of the (lagellnra,
usually differs by its remarkably developed size and its anatomical
structure, causing it to be considered as a sensorial organ about
the nature of which entomologists are not yet agreed. The suc-
ceeding juints of the flagellum arc much reduced in size, generally
very few in number, and often of unequal number in nearly related
genera, or even in species <5f the same genus. They even disappear
entirely in some genera {c r/., in Scenopintis). If they are e.xtant,
they have usually the form of a style or bristle, the position of
which, according to its nature, is in fact apical, although, from
the development of the under side of the third joint, the bristle
often seems inserted on it" back, or even, in some instances, in
the immediate vicinity of the base itself. In the genera, in which
the first joint of the (lagelluni is not of a remarkable size, the
following joints are generally more numerous, and either all or the
greater part of them share the jieculiar organization showing their
function to be that of a sensorial organ. They are applied at the
same time so closely to the first joint of the flagellum, that we are
compelled to cons'der all of them together as one, divided into
several segments, or the terminal one as a style or bristle of a single
joint, formed l)y the other joints of the flagellum. Consequently
the essential diflerencc between the sections Nvmoccr(( et Brac/iyccra
is this, that in ihe latter the number of joints of the flagellum is
not only smaller, but also that the lower joint, sometimes a few
joints, always the lower ones, rarely all, have a more distinct de-
velopment, and at the same time a peculiar anatomical structure
undoubtediy proving their function to be that of a sensorial organ.
It cannot be denied that those families of Bravlnjreru in which
several of the joints of the flagellum are so soldered together as
to form one compound and annulated mass, stand nearest to the
section of Nemocera, and that amongst these families the Xijlopha-
gidic must be placed immeiliately on the limit of both sections. It
is more difficult to point out a family of Soiniccra, which comes
nearer to the section of Urachycera than all the others; in general
the families of Jilt i/pfiiJce and JJiOiomdf/; may l)e considered as those
to which this station must be assigned. It is a fact that some dis-
coveries made in modern times have obliterated to a certain degree
the sharpness of the limit which was considered to exist lietween

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4 DirTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the sections of Nemocera and Brachycera. The fact known long
ago, that in some genera of Stratiomydfc and Tahumchu the joints
of the flagelhim not being closely compressed, do not form a com-
pact joint, has been rather neglected in this respect, perhaps be-
cause the Stratiomydcp- and Tahanidfe, by their wh.ole organization,
are rather remote from the Xemocera, and have so strikingly pecu-
liar characters as individual families, that their comparison with
the Nemocera has scarcely been thought of. The case was dif-
ferent when a similar structure was ol)sdVved in the family of Xylo-
phagidcp. After I had myself first pointed out the genera Ehctra
and Chrysothcmis, discovered by me in Prussian amber, INIr. Hali-
day found the still more surprising Xorth American genus Eitchi-
ceriis. I shall have hereafter to mention a second North American
genus of Xyhphayrdce, which has the flagelhim of the antennit; not
annulated, but really many-jointed. All these facts, however, are
not sufficient to compel ns at present to give up the separation of
the Xemocera and Brachycera.

Many authorities have likewise objected to uniting under the
head of Brachycera all those families which cannot be referred
to the Xemocera, esi)ecially and with the fullest reason, to the
union of the Illppohoscidce with the other Brachycera, since
both the history of their development and their internal and ex-
ternal anatomy essentially differ from them. They can only be
considered as a third section, co-ordinate to the Xemocera and
Brachycera, and having the same systematic value, and may Ije
named Coriacea, or they may be opposed to the other two together
as equivalent, and consequently be comi)rised under the name of
Eprohoscidea, that of Prohoscldea being left to the two other sec-
tions. I intend to follow the first of these two arrangements.

Of the families which I shall hereafter enumerate as belonging
to the Brachycera, the Phoridtc alone have occasioned some do(d)ts
about their title to this place, founded, if I judge correctly, on
the abnormal structure of their antenna?; these are considered^ as
one-jointed, wjth the terminal bristle consisting of several joints.
Judging by the anatomical structure, I for my part am unable to
see in the joint, which is pre-eminently developed and forms the
main body of the antenmc, more than the first joint of the (lagel-
lura, its peculiarity arising from the soldering together and stunting
of the two joints of the scapus, the covering of which is moreover
less horny than in the other families of Brachycera. This dilfer-

3

CULICIDAE — CUIRONOMIDAE. 5

encc, surprising as it is, docs not seem to me to have systematic
iiiil)ortance enough to require a separation of tlie Phoridie from
the remaining liruchijcem, and the less so as similar deviations,
though not nearly of so suuking a nature, also occur in other fami-
lies. I mention, as an instance, the remarkably stunted second joint
of the antennie iu the genus Ilaltericcrus llond. among the Duli-
chopidce.

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Fam. I. CULICIDAE.

Charact. — Ocelli none. Tliorax without transverse suture. Costal vein
continued round the margin of the wing, fringed with scales ; veins
in their last suhdivisions more than six iu number.

This family, rich in spooics, comprises only a small number of
genera. As such, the old well-known genera Culex, Aedes,
Anopheles, ai.d Couetiira are to be named first, being those
among which Meigen has distributed the European species. To
them may be added the genera INlEdAiuiiNA, PsouoriioiiA, and Sa-
15ETI1ES, separated from Culex by Kob. Desvoidy, the two last being
scarcely tenable, whereas JJef/drliina is acknowledged as holding
good. The genus ^Mociilonyx, established by uie, is very near tu
Corethra, dillering, however, by the abbreviation of the first tarsal
joint.

Species of the genera Culex and ANoniELES occur over all
parts of X. A., whereas ]NrE(iAuiiiNA and Psouopiigra are oidy
represented by single species belonging, as it seems, more to the
South, as is also Corethra by C. liwidlpcnnis Say.

Fam. II. CUIRONOMIDAE.

Charact, — Ocelli none. Thorax without transverse suture. Wings with-
out vein along the posterior margin ; costal vein ending near the
tip of the wing.

This family is not much richer in genera than that of the Cnllcidce,
but far more so in s})ecies. It contains the old and well-established
genera Ciiironomus, Tanyvus, and Ceratopogon, to which have
been added the genera llYDROBiENUs Fries (= Cort/nocerus Kuthe),

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6

DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

DiAMESA Mi'ip:., CoRYNONEURA Winn., and Clunio ITal., which is
so reniarkiil)le by the habitation of its larva. The species of Cera-
fopof/oti exhibit a f^ood deal of varied orcanization. A division
into a nunilicr of smaller genera, which is indispensable, has been
attempted, lint not exccnted in a satisfactory manner, and the
genera Lahidomvia Steph., Cumocides Tiatr., Pali'o.^iyia .Meig.,
SriiyKROMiAs Steph., and Priono^iyia Stei)h. can be only consi-
dered at present as snb-genera of Crnitopof/on. The genns TilA-
L.ASsoMYiA Schin. has been separated from Cliironomnft. Also the
genns MACUorEZA ^Nleig. must l)e nnited with the (1n'rono:n!(l<e,
and Mucquart i.s right in liiiviiig done so in his "Dipleres e.vo-
tiqnes." The genns Okviinei'iiila Hal. (= TiKiumidc« Kuthe =
Chenesla ^\'a(h{.) dill'ers from all the other Chiroiwi/iiche by the
veins of the wings rnnning without attenuation to, and the costal
vein being continued round, the posterior border. If we do not
establish a se;nirate family for it, its proper place will be here, but
as an anomalous genus.

The genera Ciiironomus, Tanypus, and CERATorooox are largely
represented in N. A.; the most interesting are the species of Vera-
tojxif/ati. Jleteroini/iu Say belongs here. Of the remaining genera,
I have seen only one N. A. species, which belongs to the genus
OuriiNEriiiLA, and docs not seem to differ from 0. testuceu Kuthe.

Fam. III. CECIDOMYIDAE.

CItaracl. — Ocelli often none. Tliorax without transver.se suture. Cox»
not olongiitoil, fcniora not thickened, tibi:e without spurs. Wings
liaving only few longitudinal veins.

It is rather difficult to define sharply this most interesting family,
and consequently to characterize it exactly. It contains a very
large number of extremely delicate and elegant minute species,
remarkable by long and easily rubbed off hairs on the wings and
the other parts of the body. The limits between the families Ceci-
domyidie (Gall-gnats) and Mijcetophilldce (Fungus-gnats) are not
very easily fixed, since Ziiyoneuru ]Meig. shows a combination of
the characters of both; the coxie being fur less elongated and the
spurs of the tibiie far shorter than in any other genus of Myceto-
■phllidcB; moreover, the antenna) are moniliform with verticillate
hairs, as is frequently the case in the Cccidumyidcc and never so

CECIDOMYIDAE.

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amojiij 3hicetophiU(hp. I>ut the total liahitns of the Zucjonexircp
boiiif^' nioro like lliat of the former than of the latter, and the tibial
spurs being so very short, that in some species they can only be
discovered by the closest scrutiny, I think I may be justified if I
add them to the Cecuhmi/hhc, though In many respects they agree
with the genus Sciara, which has its natural place among the
J/i/cffoph ilidce.

The whole family is divided into two sections. The first of
these, the Ceciiiomyina, have on the wings four longitudinal veins,
the two last of which often coalesce in the beginning of their course,
or are more or less incomplete. They have no ocelli, and the first
joint of their tarsi is much shortened. The genera belonging here
fire: IIormomyia Loero, DivLosis Locw, i'EcwoywJA Latr., As-
iniosDYiAA Loeto, ])iiiiu'iA J.ocw, CoLroniA Wnm., Evwosis Loeic,
AsYNAi'TA Locw, Lasioptkra Meij., and Ci-ixouiiynciia Loew.
In the genera of the second section, the Anaretina, between the
second and third of those veins of the wings which the first sec-
tion possesses, another longitudinal vein is inserted, being simple
only in Campylomyza, while it is furcate in all the other genera ;
the first tarsal joint is not shortened, and in all genera, with the
single exception of Cccidogona, there are distinct ocelli. To this
section belong: Campylomyza Mcig., Cecidogona Loew, Ana-
i;ete JIal., Catociia IM. (= jVacrosfi/Ia Winn.), Lestremia
JIacq. (= Diumesa Meig.), and Zyooneura Meig.

I have omitted here the genera Heteropeza Winn, and Spani-
OCERA Winn., not having had an opportunity of examining speci-
mens. ITi'teropeza seems to harmonize in many points with the
genera of the first section, but diflfors very strikingly by the totally
dilTerent structure of its tarsi, llondaui has established in this
fiuiiily a good number of genera, which are, however, quite un-
available, since the observations on which they are founded are
too inexact.

-i

Tery little information has thus far been published respecting the
Cecidointjithe of N. A. Most of the species sufficiently described
belong to the genus Cecidomyia in its restricted sense, as is now
in use; viz: Cec. destructor Say, .w/.'V/s Fitch, and /«V/cj Kirl)y ;
Cec. ffrossuhrice Fitch ought, as it seems, to be referred to the
genus AspiioNDYLiA ; some fine species of the genera Diplosis
aud Lasiuptera occur there. Out of the second section I have

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DiriERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

seen species of the jrcnera Campylomyza, Zygoneura and Les-
TREMiA. Of a new genus belonging to the same section, I have
seen only one incoraphjtc individual.

Fam. IY. BLEniAROCERIDAE.

Charact. — Ocelli three. Wings very ample, naked (/. f. with liairs only-
perceptible under a very highly magnifying Ions), witli cracks
caused apparently by folding ; no disuoidal cell. Posterior tibioe
with stout spurs, anterior tibire unarmed.

The genus Blephauocera Mocq. cannot, except by the utmost
constraint, be included in any of the existing families. Its nearest
relation is the Ceylanese genus Tanyuiiina Loew. I unite these
two genera in one small family, the name of which I derive from
the older of the two. The lihphurocendie differ from the Cccklo-
viijidce by the stout terininal spur of their posterior tibiie, from
the MycetophilidcB by their coxte not being elongated, from the
Bibionidce by the want of an empodiura and pulvilli, and by the
very little development of their prothorax. In the form and tissue
of their wings they are most nearly allied to the Sinndid<e, but by
the existence of ocelli, and by the long slender legs, they seem to
me to differ from them too much to be reunited with them. The
neuration of their wings is rather similar to that of the Cecido-
vnjldcc ; hwi Blepharocera has some more longitudinal veins, and
thus its neuration resembles that of Macropeza. Besides the longi-
tudinal veins, the wings show some fine cracks, perfectly similar in
both, and lookiug as though produced by the expansion of the
wings, which had previously been folded ; this mark is peculiar to
them, pointing to some peculiarities in their transformation un-
fortunately still unknown ; some certainty about the place due to
them in the system may, therefore, be expected from the knowledge
of their earlier stages.

I know only one N. A. species of Blepharocera very much
resembling that species which is spread over a great part of Eu-
rope. Blepharocera americana Walk, neither belongs to thia
genus, nor even to this family.

rSYCHODlDAE — TIPULIDAE.

Fam. y. PSYCIIODIDAE.

9

'.< •

Charact. — No ocelli. Body witli long, coarso hairs. Thorax without a
trausverse suture. Tiliia; without spurs. Wings overywhere with
long coarse hairs, many longitudinal veins, and only a lew trans-
verse veins ; no discoidal cells.

The genera of Psychodidce, on account of their neuration, form
two sections ; in the first, the Psyciiodina, there arc, between
tlie furcate longitudinal veins common to all genera, two simple
longitudinal veins. The genera of this section are : Psyciioda
Latr., PIIRICOMA Hal, Ulomyia Hal. (= Saccopteryx Hal. ol.),
PosTiicx Loew, and Xygmatodes Loew (= Nemapalpns ]\racq.).
In the second section, the PiiLEnoTOMiNA, wo see only one longi-
tudinal vein between the two furcate veins. The genera l)elonging
here are: Phlebotomus liond. (= H<rmasson Loew), Tinciio-
MYIA Hal. (= Phalcenomyia Loew), Sycorax Hal., Dii'lonema
Loew, and Phil^ematus Loew.

The small number of X. A. Psychodidce I have seen, belong
without exception to the genera Psytiioda and Pekicoma. In
Europe there have been discovered besides the genera Ulomyia,
Phlebotomus, Trichomyia, and Sycorax. From the smallness and
fragility of Psychodidce, it may easily be conceived why so few
N. A. species have still been detected.

I

Fam. YL TIPULIDAE.

Charact. — No ocelli.* Thorax with a V-shared transverse suture. Legs
very elongated ; the basal cells of the wings reaching beyond the
middle ; discal ct-U existing in most of the genera.

The want of ocelli, the considerable length of the legs as well
as of the basal half of the wings (the latter cause producing a
prolongation of the basal cells beyond the middle of the wing),
are the most essential characters of this family. Moreover, the
Y-shaped transverse suture of the thorax is of the greatest value,
since only ttie anomalous genera Pixa 3Ieif/. and Ciiionea Dalman
are destitute of it. It does liOt seem natural to attribute to the
former genus, on account of this circumstance, any other place

• Except in Trichoccra, where they exist. O. S.

10

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

1 I,. niT.

but nmoiif? llic TlpvUilo'. The abnormal structure of the thorax
in the winjiloss {?cnus C/tioiicn is less suri)risiiig, its form (lopontlinjf
chiefly on the situation and size of the alary muscles, and, however
it may diHor in some respects from all the other genera of y'ij)H-
Uihf, it would be still more inconveniently located in any other
family. "Whether the genus Polymeua Wlcd., which is distiu-
guishcd by its moniliform antennsc and the basal cells not reaching
to the middle of the wings, may be placed among the Tipnlidie,
appears doubtful. I should have thought it belonged to the tribe
Psi/vhiuliilcr, had not Mac(piart figuretl the thoi.u\ of Pvlyineru
fiisca with a distinct V-shaped transverse suture.

Tlie variety of forms prevailing in the family of Ti/ndidce has
caused the foundation of a rather large number of genera. In
order to facilitate the description of the new species and the iden-
tification of the dcscril)ed ones, a considerable increase of the
number of genera is indispensable.

On the whole, the TlpvlUhc may be divided into two sections,
the TiruLiNA having long, and the Limnoiuna having short palpi.
This division, indeed, is no natural one, since some genera with
long palpi agree in all the rest of their organization more with the
genera of the second than of the first section.

The genera of Tipnlukc hitherto established, as I know them by
sight, or, in part, by the definitions of their authors, may be dis-
tributed as follows. To the Tijmlina belong: TiruLA Linn.,
riuoxocEHA Loerv, Pacuyriiina Marq., NEnmoroMA il/iv'^., Cte-
NOPiiouA il/<?/^. , DoLiciiüi'EZA J/e/y. , OzomcTAiAMacq. , Ctenooyna
Marq., Gynoplistia Wcstiv., rTiLooYXA Wcslw., Meoistoceua

Wied., ApEILESIS Macq., PtYCIIOPTERA J\h'i(j., AlACROCIlir.E Locio,
PUOTOPLASA 0. S., I'TEROCOSMUS Widk., IIeSPEUINUS Wldk., 1>1T-

TACOMORPiiA Westw., aiid Riiampiiidia Mci'f/. To the section of
Limnohina ipust be referred: Limnobia J/c/ ., Gr.ociiiNA Mcig.,
RiiiPlDiA 3feif/., Geranomyia I/id. (= Aporosa ]\lacq.), Diora-

NOMYIA Slej)h., AnTOCIIA 0. S., ElEPIIANTOMYIA 0. S., LlMNOBIO-

RiiYNCiius fVestio. (= Tuxorhina Loew), DiCRANOPTY'CiiA 0. S.,
Teuciiolabis 0. S., Erioptera Meif/., Symplecta il/e/^. , Crypto-
LABis 0. S., GoNOMYiA il/e^., Gnopiiomyia 0. S., Cladvra O. S.,
Trichocera 3Ieif/., Cylindrotoma Meit/., Anisomera iVeif/., Ar-
riienica 0. S., Eriocera 3Iacq., Dicranota ZefL, Ula Ifal,
Amalopis im., Tricypiiona Ze/t., Evanioptera finer., Pedicia

Latr., LiMNOPHILA Macq., EpIPURAGMA 0. S., T>ICRANOPIIRAC.MA

Tri'ULIDAE.

11

I). S., hnovTRHA Marq., TiAsioMASTix 0. S., DAnvr.oi.Aiiis O. S.,
I'ltioNOLAius O. S. ; as JJiiiuoInna may also be iiuntioiuMl the t'üssil
^^ciiera which have been fuiiiid in rnissian an)l)or : 'ruiciioNEuuA,
Calohamon, IIai/loneuha, CiiiTONKURA, Tany.mkua, TaNYSI'IIVUA,
.STVUiNiioMYiA, Atauacta, aiul Ai.Yaiutiimia. As ^^onem of
(h)iil)ti'ul location we may add tlie genus I'olymkua Wicd., and tho
anomalous genera Dixa Meig. and Ciiionea Duhn.

"Wo know as jrcnera of TlpnJhia occurrinfj; in X. A. tlic follow-
injr: Tii'iJLA, Paciiykiiina, Ctkxoj'iioha, I'tiiaxiy-VA, rTYciioi--

TKltA, riU)TOI'l-ASA, IIesI'KKINIS, lIlTTACOMolU'IIA, and I'WAMl'UI-

DIA. About the genera and species of Z/w^i">i///a indigenous in
N. A., liaron Osten Sacken, in tho Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ls59, has published a detailed
and Valtmblo paper, which enters into a nioro complete and tho-
rough exposition of the system of this >ection than is i)ossible for
nic to give here. I must, therefore, refer to this pajjcr. The
species cnumeratLd in it, most of which are new, belong to the
following genera: Liinnuhla, likipitUa, Gerunomyia, Dlcrano-
»i/jic, Antoclta, Ehjihuiitomyia, Li ninohiorh ymhys , DlcfinioptijclKi,
Teticliolabis, JCriopkra, t^i/nijtlecta, Cri/ptulabi's, Gononii/i(i, Giio-
phomyla, Chidura, Trlrltucvra, Atilsumcrn, Arr/iciu'cd, J'Jrivct'rn,
DicrunoUi , Via, Amalupis, Pcdicui, Liinnophlhi, Epiplirdfjiini,
JJicn(noj)/irfn/ma, Idioptcra, Lasiumastix, Dactylohihis, and Prio-
noluhis; also Dixa and Chioneu are recorded as N. A. genera.

Note. — The spncial atteution wliicli I have, for several years, paid to
the family of Tijuilidai may serve as an excuse for my expressing here
my views on its distribution. Although these views are founded merely
on the study of tho species of tliis continent, the new character which I
introduce for the delinitiou of tho two principal sub-families may also
prove useful for the classilication of the Tijmlid'r of otlier countries.

I divide the American species of Tipidida', at present known, into three
sub-families, as follows : —

I. Thi- auxUiarij vdn ends In the Jlrst liiiigifinliiud n !ii ; besides tho hu-

meral cross vein, there is no other cross vein between the auxiliary
vein and the first longitudinal vein or the costa ; last joint of jialpi
very long, filiform, generally longer than the three preceding taken
together. Tii-ui.i.na.

II. T/ie nu.vdiarij vein ends in the costa; there is a cross vein between it

and the second longitudinal vein, generally more or less approxi-
mated to the tip of the Jirst longitudinal vein, sometimes more

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ririERA OP NORTH ameiuca.

removed from it townrds the baso of tho wings ; imljii In most
cases slidit ; last joint either very short, or, it' olongatoil, hardly
Ioniser than the three preeediny taken tog'-lher Li.M.Ndiii.NA.

III. Sixth longitudinal vein (aintl vuiu of the former authors) obsolete.

I'tycuoi'teui.na.

The two first largo groups are further distinguished hy the structure of
the genital organs of tho male, whieh, in most of tho /.imnoliina, aru
rejireseuteil hy a foreejis, consisting of two movable, lleshy lobes, with
some delieato horny aiipendages ; whereas in tln' 'J'lj'ulliin the forceps is
a very eoniiiound oigan, eonsisting of manifold horny pieces, whieh, being
inclosed between tho dorsal and ventral jdates of the two last abdominal
segments, produce the elub-shapod appearance peculiar to tho tip of tho
■J, abdomen of this sub-family.

Thus founded, not on a single character, but on a combination of cha-
ractiTs taken from various organs, tho deünition of the two great sub-
families hardly leaves any doubtful case among tho Tiimlidv which I
know of. If oiu? character fails to give a satisfactory result, tho others
will generally remove at once any doubt as to tho relationship of tho spe-
cies. Thus, tho last joint of tho jtalpi of I'ldicia is unusually long; but
the auxiliary vein, ending in the subcosta, and tho i)resence of a eros^
Vein between it and the second vein, innuediately refer it to the Limmihlnit,
where this peinis naturally belongs on account of its habitus. (I have
ni'L'lected to examine tliis last joint in fresh specimens of Pullriii, but it
ajipears very i)robable that its disproportion with the other joints is far
from being so striking as is the case in the Tijiullnu.)

In Jllitiiiqih'nlia, the last joint of tho palpi is represented by former
writers to bo elongated. I had no occasion to ascertain, on living speci-
mens, how far this is correct. But the presence of the cross vt'in places
this genus among tho JAinnohina, where it naturally belongs by its habitus.
And even if this character should not be considered as sufficient, on account
of the extreme sliortuess of the cross vein, placed at the very tip of tho
auxiliary vein, the structure of the male genitals removes all doubt.

In some Pitrhijrlitiiiv there is, near the tip of the auxiliary vein, a blackish
dot, which might perhaps be mistaken for a cross vein. But should it
even be considered as a rudiment of one, tho length of the last joint of
the palpi, the structure of tho male genitals, etc., assign its place among
the Tipulind, where its habitus most evidently refers it.

In the singular genus Anlocha 0. S. the costa and the auxiliary and the
first longitudinal veins coalesce insensibly together, so that there is no
room left fo^" a cross vein. In this case, the shortness of the palpi an<l
the structure of the male genitals decide of its location among the Lim-
nobina.

I refer to my sub-family of Plychoptcriiia the genera rtychoptcra, Blllacn-
morpha, and Proloplasa (with its congener Macrochilv Loew). As to the
distribution of the other genera among the two remaining sub-families, I
agree with Mr. Loew, with the following excej)tious : —

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MYrF,TOPinLn)AE.

13

A'/(((;/(/»/i/'//V(, na shown nliovo, is more rcl.itt'd to tlio [.imiiohimt than to
thi' 'riiiiilliia; hy nil nic.ins it onght not to he st'pnrntcil from Kh/ilitintn-
iiii/lii, as Mr. hot'W docs H. In my iinjuM' on tlii> I.iniiiiiliiiui of this conntry,
I have oxphiini'il the close rdation.-hip of htitli. HhplKinhimi/iit is notliini^
hut a /ili(iiii/iliiill(i witlian enormously jirohmu't'd riistrum, the di'Vcl(i|)nient
of whiili lias also modilied the character of the iialjii inserted at its tip.
(dn-dii'iiiii/ld, with its lonff rostrinn and stunted palpi, stands precisely in
the same relation to J)lrr(iiii»iii/in.)

ti'i/iiiijilisliti Westw. (an Australian conns) and l^nlijiiKra Wied., hotli of
wliiili I know only from plates and descriptions, helong, I presume, to the
l.inniiiltiiKl,

J/is/iiriiiiis, Walk, helongs to the liihioulilii (see ray note in that family).

Ahout /V(>ocü.s//ii/.s AValk. I have no ojiinion what(!ver, not having seen
it, and ]iot heing ahle to estahlish any opinion on the descrijition.

To the list of genera already found in Nurth America, I have to adil
/hilirlinjiiza, Xi'phrotiiwtt, and prohahly ('ijliii<lfoloina, as I possess a species
aiMiarcntly closely allied to th(! latter. Finally, it is the ]ili)ce lirrt* to
notice that Mr. Westwood (Loud, and Kdinh. Thilos. Mairaz., l-llf)) has
descrihed a (ii/nojilislia annnlnia from North America. As it is hardly
IMdhalile that an Australian genus should also he rei>resented on tliis con-
tinent, it is to he presumed either tliat the genus is dillerent, or that tlio
statement is based upon an error of locality. O'ljiiojilisliu has pectinated
antenu.-c iu Loth male and female.

OSTE.V i^ACKRN.

' the

the

is no

an<l

Lim-

'laro-

the

ies, I

Fam. YII. MYCETOPIIILIDAE.

Charact. — Octdli three or two, in the latter case often hardly perceptihle.
Thorax without a transverse suture ; wings without discal cell.
Cox.'e much elongated ; all the tibia! with spurs.

Ou the whole, the Mi/cctojJii'liche arc so easily known that it noiild
ho suporlliious to give any more details ahout them. Tlie goinis
dilloring the most from the rest is iSciara, which shows some
adinity with the Cccidouiyidfc.

Tlie genera hitherto introduced in this family are the following:
CouDYLA Ming. (= ]ir<ic]njp(i1piix Mactj.), MycetoI'IIILa ^Vcir/.,
AZANA W((Ik., Le.JA Mciff., 15uLETlNA Sfopff. (= Leptnmnrphus
"Walk.), SciopiiiLA Mcifj., Scidbia Locw, TETRAfio.NEunA Winn.,
(Jnouiste Meiff., Asinpulum Latr. (= ßfacrorliipicha Winn.),

CeROPLATUS i^(//*r., LePTOMORPIR'S Curt., DlAPOCIDIA Iil(f/l. ( =

Mdcroneura Wum.), AchADA Locio, ]MYCETomA J/f(y., Plesias-
TINA Winn., DlTOMYIA Winn. {Symmerns Walk.), Platyiira
Mci<j., Platyroptilon Westw., Macro^era Meig., IJolitopiiila

ii

BT^

i

»:

i>

^

^€

y

!i:i

111

ii'ii

111-'

■I

14

MrTEn.v OF Nomir AMEinrA.

Mtlij. (=3 Mtssiifd Curt.), IlKiF.iiftTiiicrrA Lofir, Dianei'sia /.unr,
»SciAHA F(if>r., niid the jroiiiis iMoMONtis ]Viiä:, wliicli is unknown
1() iMo. I liiivü not moiitioiu'(l tlio ^■(MnIs Svnai'IIA Mii'j., •»pcmise
it scoiiis to Iiiivi' Ijcon I'mukIciI on'iui iii(livi(ln;i! of ii s|i('<'ic-i of I.ijn,
wliicli iio.s.so.>st'il an irrcj^nliirly foriiicd noiiration ; iit loast ns liir
ns I know, no second siiccimcn of Si/ikiji/iu lias been oaptiired
since .M(!i}ren's i"inc, wliile a similar anonuily of nenration of tlio
wings lias been observed several times in other Piptera.

Our kr.owledj^e of N. A. Mijrctojthilhhf is e\eeodinf,'ly incomph'tc.
I have .>.(on species of the genera MvtE'nu'iiii.A, Üm.KTiNA, Scio-

I'lllLA, rKTIlAdONEUHA, I'l-ESIASTINA, DlTOMYIA, ri.ATYUUA, ]Ma-

cuocKnA, IJoriTui'iiiLA, and Soiaua. JJesides these, the existence
of Ceu(iim-atl8 seems to be certain, and the genus DioMONUS,
which I have never seen, is founded on a X. A. species.

Fam. VIII. SIMULIDAE.

Clidfurf. — Ot'clli 710110. Thorax without traiisvci'so suturo. Wings witli
Very sliort hair only visihh) under a, vory hiyli niaiinifyiiig jiowcr;
l<'i;s short, tihia' without spurs ; iiontoriur tiliix ami lirrit joint of
tliu hind tarsi dilated.

Tlie jiresent family comprises only the genus Simulium Lntr.,
rich in species ami which cannot be placed in any other family. It
does not seem to be less rich in species iu X. A. than in Europe.

Fam. IX. BIIJIOXIDAK.

Charact. — Ocelli thren. Thorax without transverse suture ; prothorax
niucli developed. Wings without discal cell ; coxa' not prolonged ;
enipodium proportionally long, wliereas the pulvilli are wanting iu
sonio of the genera.

The family of Bihionidic is divided into two sections sharply
sei)aratcd from each other, and which it would be jiroper to con-
sider as distinct families. In the Scatopsina, which form the first
section, the palpi are very short, tlic puKilli wanting, the tibiae
without spurs; the genera belonging to them are: Soatopse
Gcojf'r., AypisTES 3Ieif/., Artiiuia Kirhij. To the second section,
the IJiBiuNiNA, belong: üilopuus Mcig., Biuio Geojfr., rENTiiE-

■■

\

m

,irfi.'?

nUYPIIIDAE — XYI.orirAdlDAE.

15

TUIA Mi!<h, CuAI'inil.A (iliiiin , ri.KClA ll'm/., IlLl'ElTENLfi Mitnj.,
rACllVNKlUA /fit., mid Sl'ODlt'S /.(icio.

Species of tlie peiieni Spatopse, Autiiiua, Dii.opims, I'lliTO,
ri.K('iA, and Kii'KiTK.NLM are known to occur in N. A.

XdIi. — At tlio tiiMi) wlif'ii this was written by Mr. I.ocw, iifillicr lif nor I
]in>ts('.«s('il sjii'cinirii-^ (pf till' (.'['■nils /A >;>' n'mix, wliicli its iMillior, Mr. \Vail<i'r,
r«ft*rrt'(l to tlio '/'iiiiiliil;r. llaviiij: nlitaincil sjH'ciniiMis sinci', »ollciti'cl \>y
Mr. K. Kciiniciitt nrar tin» (Jrcat Slav« Lake, I found tliat //• s/n rimis he-
|()iii,'s to thu /aiiiniiiil r, an.l is aiipait'iitly Hynonymous witli ,'^/-«(//(/< Locw.
Ai't'ordingly, I/isjiirlinis Walk, is to l)n uiIiUmI to tlio genera of this family
la'urring in N. A., ami stricki'U out from among thu I'ljutlitlu-. 0. S.

ut;

Fam. X. mivrii'DAR

f'liiirnrt, — Ocelli tliree, Tliorax without tran^ verso sntnro; winu's with a
perfect distal cell; euiiiudiuni similar ton pulvillus; pulvilli want-
ing.

Of this family also a single genus, RriYPims il/c/^., is known,
which has representatives in Europa, Asia, and .\. A.

Observation There is a genus Kpidapvs IFal., reniarkahle for

having no wings and no poisers, which 1 have omitted in the pre-
ceding enunieration of families, because I do not know it. It is
quite impossible to place it among the NycetophiUdcc, as Walker
does, if we characterize the fandlies as we have done. It rather
seems to Dud its place among the Cecidomi/ida'; but there is nothing
decisive to be said without the examiiuitiou of fresh specimens.

II. BRACHYCEIIA.

Fam. XI. XYLOrilAGIDAE.

Charact. — Tlie three basal colls very prolonged, the third lonj-'ifudinal rein
furcate; both int(.'rcalary veins always present: the marginal vein
encompassing the whole wing ; the third joint of the antenna' annu-
lated or divided into sej-arate joints, alway:; withe it stylo or termi-
nal bristle. Tibia) with spurs ; tlie empodium very developed ami
pulvillilbrm.

The genera belonging here are: Xylophaous Mcii/., Paciiy-
STOMUS Lair., JSluula Meig., Electba Locw, Cuhysotiiemis

Ml

16

PIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

jiH

IN'

k

.,.1-

m

Hil-

/,oe?t', Raciiicerus //(«/., CoEXOMYiA Latr., and Arthropeas
Zocjr. The new genera Cyclotelus, Piiycus, and Dimassus, es-
tablislied by Walker as belonging to the Xyloplioyidce, belong in
fitct to the Thcreviike; likewise Nonacris must Ije removed here,
but Walker's observations on its characters are far too superficial
to admit of any certainty in fixing its place; also Dialysis on ac-
count of the hairy, bristle-like antennal tip ascribed to it by Walker
might seem to be erroneously located among the Xylophayidee, the
characters of which he appears not to have understood,

Oemmjjia Latr. has often been separated from the Xyhphagühe
and considered as forming a distinct family: Oniomyidce, or for-
merly Sicarii. This seems to have been caused by the body of
Cwnoiui/id being stoul, whereas that of Xylophigvs and Suhuhi is
of a slender form. ^lorecver, the different form of the palpi, which
in Cirnoniylii are rather cylindrical and ending in Xyhphayns and
Sithtla in a button-shaped thickening, have been made use of to
justify the separation. But within a recent time forms of Cmio-
Diynhe have been discovered in which the structure of the body
and palpi is such as to form a link between them and the Xyhpha-
fjHl(c; from this, as well as from the agreement of their other
essential characters, results the necessity of reuniting them. In
case the separation should be maintaiued, Arthropeas ought to be
placed among the CmiomyidcB.

The fanr' of XylopluKjidie may be divided into three sections ;
CffiNOMYiNA, Haciiicerina, aud Xylopmaoina. The Cwnoniyi na
are characterized by their robust structure, the third joint of the
antenntc being annulated and pointed towards its end, the palpi
being cylindrical. The genera comprised here are C(Enomyia and
Arthropeas. In the Huclncerina the third joint of the antennie
is divided into separate and frequently very numerous articula-
tions, and the palpi are rather club-like ; the body is less heavy
than in the Qvnomyina, but less slender than in the XylophcKjiiia.
The genera Electra, CiirysutiieSiis, and Kachicerus belong
here. The Xyluphayina have the sle'ndercst bodies; the third joint
of the antennto is annulated and never strikingly pointed ; the
palpi have at their end a button-shaped thickening. The genera
SuuuLA, Xylophagus, and Pachystomus may be referred here.

I

5

m

I am acquainted with N. A. species belonging to the genera
CoiNOMYiA, Arthropeas, Raciiicerus, Suijula, and Xylopiiaüuö.

8TRATI0MY1DAE.

u

Two of tlie species of Rachicerus cannot lie well placed in this
genus willioiit a modification of its characters.

Observation. — I have to mention here the genus Bulbomvia,
wliich I established on two fossil species found in Prussian amber.
Wiicn I jiublished in 1850 my observations on the Dipterological
Fauna of amber, I thought it would be best placed among the A'^-
loph(i(j!d(e. But I perceive from a X. A. specimen belonging to
Pmlbninyia that its claim to that place is more than doubtful, and ,
at the same time that it is quite as difficult to assign it a fit place
elsewhere.

belong
joint
; the

rcnera

kcre.

rcnera

llAÜUö.

i

Fam. XII. STRATIOMVIDAE.

t'haract. — Throe basal cells much proloiigeil ; veins of the two main trunks
very crowded anteriorly; both intercalary veins usually existiuii ;
costal vein reaching only to the middle of the wing. Third joint
of the antennre annulated, sometimes divided into several portions.
Tibi« without spurs; empodium much developed, pulvilliform.

This family, rich in various forms, may be divided into live
sharply circumscribed sections. The first is that of the Ijeridina,
easily distinguished by the abdomen not showing five segments,
as in the other sections, but seven, a difference caused only by the
sniallness of the two last segments and their cuiicealed situation in
llie other sections. The lieridina have often been i)laced in the
family o{ Xylopharjidcp, but figure more naturally among the Stra-
iiomyidce. The genera belonging to them are: METoroNiA Macq
{— Liopiis Walk.), Beuis Latr., Actina Meiy., Exodontua

JiUtld., AcANTIIOMYIA Sek, UlVnYHA Mucq., CaMI'EPUOSOPA il/«f(/.,

perhaps also Exociiostoma Macq.; also the genus Oiiiromyza
Wied., which does not difler from Xenomorpha Alacq., may be re-
ferred to them. The second section is that of Saroina, rather
agreeing in the form of the body with the lieridina, and even
with the Hermetina, but dilfering from the former by the abdomen
consisting apparently of five segments, and from the latter by the
eyes of the rarles being much more approximated than those of
tlie females. As genera of this section may be mentioned Cacosis
\VaJk., AcROCii.(ETA Wied., Eudmeta Wied., Anai.cocerus Loew,
Salduba Walk., Toxocera Macq., IIorusTEs Jfacq., IvAniTocEUA

.^/r/C7.,BA8ENTIDEMA Macq., DlCRANOPItORA Macq., ClIRYSOCIILORA

Macq., I'tecticus Loew, Merosaruus Locw, Pedicei.la BifJ.,

9.

pi

mn

if

i

■I

i
•J

r, ■

^;| f!

k:

h

f

;i

18

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ChRVSONOTUS Loeir, SaROUS Fuhr,, ClORISOMA Eoiul, ClIRYSO-

MYiA Macq., ami ]\Iicrociirysa Locw. Tlie tliird section, ITehme-
tina, is well characterized by tlie elongated abdomen, the eyes,
which are equidistant and very remote in both sexes, and the
peculiar structure of the antennae, the third joint of which is
transformed into a ciliated lamel. The genera IIeumetia Luir.,
TiioRASENA Macq. belong to Ihom. The fourth is formed by the
Odontomyina, which are distinguished from the foregoing by their
broad body and from the following section by the less convex al)-
domcn and especially by the nenration, the longitudinnl veins of
the (hlontoinylna being more crowded anteriorly, the discal cell
being smaller, hexagonal or pentagonal, never large or subquad-
ratc; moreover, both intercalary veins are usually present, while
the posterior one is almost always wanti"g in the Paehtjynstrino.
The following genera may be referred : ;'.e Odontonnjina: Cy-

I'lIOMYIA Wtcd., CirOHDONOTA Gcrst., EUPARYPIIUS Gcrst., PyCNO-

malf.a Gerst., AMiiocERA Saund., Stratiomys Geoff., Odontomyia
Meirj., Inermyia Piiy., Nemotelus Geoff)'., O xycfai a Mei(/., IIete-
ROXYCERA Big., Ei'iiii'PiuM Ldtr., Clitellahia Meitj., Cyclogas-
TER Macq. (= Lnsiopii. IJrull.), Artemida W\dk., AissA Walk.,
]\[etai5ASIs Walk., Promeranisa Walk. The lifth section is that
of the Pachygnstrhw; it is distinguished by the longitudinal veins
being less crowded towards the costal border, by the magnitude
and quadrangular form of the discal cell, the almost general want
of the posterior intercalary vein, the short, generally much inflated,
abdomen, and its segments soldered together in some genera. The
genera belonging here are : TAciiYciASTER J/(?/^., I ■• raoTELEs/v'^ew,
Sternouritiies Zot^w, Platyna JFVed, Biastes I''.",, Ptiloceha
Wied., CriAUNA Loerc, Ulasucera Gerst., Si/koo'A Gerst.,
Panacris Gerst., Xerua Walk., Culcua Walk., F: aza Walk.,
Anacantiiella Macq.; perhaps also Piiyllophora Macq., and
Anisophysa Macq.

To which section of the Strntiomijid<v the genera Solva, Amp-
soh's, Tracana, liosapha, Thida, Sarugn, Gahaza, Adraga, and
Ohrapa, lately formed by AValker, are to be referred, the extreme
vagueness of the characters ascribed to them does not allow me to
determine.

The X. A, species which are now known to me belong to tlie
following genera: I. Beridina: Metoponia, Actina ; II. Sargi-

li
0

P<
an

w

al'

I j-n

f ■ 'i i'l:

m.

ACANTnOMERlDAE — TABANIDAE.

19

no: Sarcus, ]MiCROCiiRYrfA : III. Ifermetina: Hermetia : IV.
Odontomtjina: Cyimiomyia, Euparypiius, Stratiomys, Odonto-
MYIA, Nemotelus, Oxycera, Clitellaria } V. Pachygastrina:
Paciiyoaster, Ciiauna.

Fam. XIII. ACANTIIOMERIDAE.

Charact. — Basal cells much prolonged ; longitudinal veins not crowded
together anteriorly; two 'ntercalary veins always present ; marginal
vein running round the whole border of the %ving. Oral parts with
four bristles, even in the male. Third joint of the antenna3 annu-
late. Tibise without spurs ; empodium developed tr a pulvillar
form.

This small family contains only the two genera Acantiiomera
Wicd. and RArniORiiYNciius Wied. It differs from the Stratio-
myidce by the longitudinal veins not being crowded together ante-
riorly, by the marginal vein encompassing the whole border of th.e
wing and by the fourth cell of the posterior margin being closed.
It differs from the Tahanidce in the form of the oral parts and by
the tegula; being very little developed; as to the oral parts, I have
no absolute opinion of my own, but must rely on the communica-
tions of others.

No species of this family has been as yet disccvered in N, A.

\mp-
aiid

renie
e to

the

Fam. XIY. TABANIDAE.

Charact. — Three basal cells much prolonged ; third longitudinal vein fur-
cate ; two intercalary veins always present; marginal vein running
round the whole border of the wing ; tegulre rather large. Probosciti
of the male with four, of the female with six bristles. Third joint
of the antenme annulate, rarely divided into distinct joints, always
without style or bristle ; empodium much developed and pul /illi-
form.

The Tahanid(B are easily distinguished from the foregoing fami-
lies by the structure of the oral parts and by the size of the tcguUi;.
On account of the presence or absence of spurs at the end of the
posterior tibial they may be divided into the sections of Pangonina
and Tabanina; the former often, but not always, possess ocelli,
whereas, according to the observations hitherto made, they are
always wanting in the latter section.

To the Pangonina belongs, firstly, the genus Panqonia Luir,

I

H

M

m^-

20

DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

:'!

*.,

h

.i;r,l

Iff

■J«:.

:*i|;

^ ft ill-

4m

with the genera separated f:om it and partly connected with each
other by passages: PhiloUche Ilffgg., Dicrania [Nfacq., Peleco-
rkynchiis Macq., Codicern Macq., Nnceria Walk., Melpia Walk.,
Saiplia AValk., Tacina Walk., Phafa Walk., Chmis Walk., Osca
Walk., ÄczVwc Walk., PUnthinaV^aXk., ScarphiaVfv^k., and Lilcea
Walk.; moreover, the genera: Scepsis Walk., Silvius il/t'/</. , Me-
soMYiA Macq., Tabanocella Big., Ectenopsis Macq., Kiiinomyza
Wied., EuoDiORHYNcnus Macq., Gastroxides Saund., Puonopes
Loew, Chrysops Meig., and Nemorius Rond.

The Tabaniiia comprise the genera: Tabanus Linn., with 7V«e-
riopkctes Zell., DicHELACERA Macq., LepiselaqA Macq., Sela-
SOMA Macq., IlADRUSPer^, DiABASIS J/r/r»/., ACANTIIOCERA il/ac^'.,

Dasybasis Macq., IIexatoma Meig., and HiEMATOPOTA Meig.

Th# N. A. species which we are acquainted with belong to the
genera: I. Pangonina: 1. Tanuonia Zw^r., 2. SiLVlus il/t'i'y., 3.
Chrysops Meig. II. Tahaniua: 4. Tabanus Linn., 5. Lepi-

SELAQA Macq., 6. DiABASIS Macq., 1. ILeMATOPOTA Meig.

Fam. XV. LEPTIDAE.

Charact. — Tlireo basal colls imicli prolonged ; tliird longitudinal vein fur-
cate ; two intercalary veins always present ; marginal vein running
round the whole border of the wing. Third joint of the antennjB
simple, with a simple or thickened styliform bristle. Tibiaj with
spurs ; empodium much developed, pulvilliform.

This family is very easily distinguished from the foregoing
families by the simple third joint of its antenna;. A division into
sections has not been attempted yet, and would be useless for the
small number of genera hitherto known. The genera belonging
to this family are as follows: Dasyomma Macq., Chrysopila
Macq., Triptotriciia Loew, Leptis Fabr., Vermii-eo Macq. ( =
Psaiiunorycter Blanch.), Atuerix Meig., XoDUTis J/t'y. {= Ibisia
Rond.), and Spania Meig. (= Ptiolina Zett. = Leptipalpus
Rond.).

The location here of the genns Syneches is one of the many
errors which we meet with in the writings of 3lr. Walker.

I know N. A. species belonging to the genera : 1. Ciirysopila
Macq., 2. liEPTis Fabr., 3. Triptotriciia Locic, 4. Atiiekix Meig.
.Mr. Walker has also recorded a species of the genus Spania Meig.

,1^^:;

CYßTIDAE — IIIRMONEURIDAE.

21

Fam. XYI. CYRTIDAE.

;ing

( =

lany

:

icig.

Characf, — Thorax and abdomen inflated. Eyes occupying the greatest
part of the head. Tegnla) vaulted, exceedingly largo. Wings
naked, with variable neuratlon, sometimes very intricate, some-
times very incomplete ; the basal cells, when present, are of consi-
derable length. Terminal joint of the antenna; simple. Tibice
without spurs ; empodium much developed, pulvilliform.

Til is family is divided into the two sections of Cyrtina and
OxcoDiXA. In the former section the veins of the winj^s are strong
and well developed, and the neuration Is usually rather complicated.
It contains the genera: Cyrtus Lnfr., Pteropexus M<tcq., Epi-
CERiNA Macq., Panops Lam. (= Mesophysn Macq.), Lasia Wied.,
EuLONCiius Gerst., Psilodera Grijf. (— - Mesocera Macq.), Ptero-

DONTIA Grijf., ASTOMELLA L. Dvf., PlIYLIdS Erichs., OCNiEA

Erichs. (= Eriosoma Macq. = Exehisis Walk.), Pialea Erichs.,
Obsebius Cost. (= Pithogaster Loew), Physeoaster Macq.

The section Oncodina is distinguished by the anterior veins of
the wings alone being completely developed, whereas the posterior
ones are not only very incomplete, but also disappear gradually,
and frequently are hct completely connected. The genera which
belong here are: Oncodes JMtr. (= J/enops Meig.), Terphis
Erichs. and Ph liOPOTA Wied.

The X. A. species known to me belong to the genera: I. Ci/r-
tina: 1. Cyrtus Latr., 2. OcNiEA Erie/is., 3. Pterodoxtia Grijf'.,
4. Acrocera Meig., 5. a genus hitherto unnamed, and related to
Obsebivs, 6. EuLONCHUS Cers^, occurring in California. II. On-
codina: T. Oncodes Latr.

Fam. XVII. IIIRMONEURIDAE.

Charact. — Three basal cells much prolonged ; veins of the wings varying ;
third longitudinal vein furcate; the two intercalary veins present.
Third joint of the antennre simple ; terminal bristle simple or simi-
lar to a style, and consisting of several joints. Tibire without ter-
minal spurs ; empodium pulvilliform, but more frequently minute
as well as the pulvilli.

This family, usually called Nemestrinidce, must be divided into
the two sections Hirmoneurina and Rhynchgcephalina. The
first comprises the geuera: Hirmoneura Meig., Exeretoneüüa

i

I- .'•••J

vn

22

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

;.--<i

M«cq., CoLAX Wied., Thiciiopstdea Westw., and Symmictus Loew,
all of wliich are characterized by tlieir very short proboscis. To
the second belong the genera: Fallenia J/e/r/., Xemestrina Wied.,
Meoistoriiynciius Macq., Tricuopiitiialma Wesho., and Riiyn-

CHOCEPHALUS Fisch.

We are only acquainted with a single X. A. species belonging
to IIiRMONEURA Meig.

Fam, XVIII. MID A SID AE.

Charact, — Tliree basal cells much prolonged ; third longitudinal vein fur-
cate ; posterior intercalary vein always present, whereas the ante-
rior one is often wanting ; veins of the wings varying ; wings naked.
Antennre clavate with the third joint consisting of several distinct
segments. Under lip fleshy. Empodium very little developed.

To this family belong the genera: Midas Fuhr., Cepiialocera
Latr., RnoPALiA Macq., and Doliciiooasteh Macq. — Pomacera
Miicq. may also be placed here till its true place is found.

The N. A. species hitherto known belong only to the genus
Midas Fabr.

Fam. XIX. ASILIDAE.

Charact. — Three basal cells much prolonged. Third longitudinal vein of
the wings furcate, the two intercalary veins always present. Third
joint of the antennae simple; under lip forming a horny sheath;
empodium similar to a horny bristle.

This family, rich in species of the most varied forms, is divided
into three sections. The first of them is that of the Dasypooo-
NINA, differing from the two others by its second longitudinal vein
running into the border of the wing, whereas in the others it
unites with the first longitudinal vein before the border of the wing.
The considerable number of genera requires a further division into
two subordinate groups, the first of which comprises those genera
in which the anterior tibiae end in a hooked spine, whereas the
genera of the second portion have no such spine. Consequently
the genera belonging to the first group of Dasypogovina are as
follows: Dasypogon Meig., Saropogon Loeio, Lastaurus Loew,
MoRiMNA Walk. , Cyrtophrys Loeiv, Laparus Lot w, Bracuyriio-
Pala Macq., Cheilopogon Eond., Lagodias Loew, and Pege-

ii ;•• ^f-

ASILIDAE.

23

ein
it

ng.

uto
iiera

the
utly
e as
oew,

IIIO-
tOE-

siMALLL's Zoc»'. Those of the second group are: Micuostylum

Muvq., 3[E(IAP0LLI0N WdUc, Xll'IIOCERUS MdCq., DOLICIIODES
Macq., DlSCOCEl'IIALA Marq., SenouasiS M<tcq., PlesIOMMA j\lacq.,
Stenoi'ouun Loeiv, Batiiyi'ogon Loeic, 11 Amwvouos Loeiv, ITolo-
voiios L'ww, Eriopogon Zo«f, IIeteropogon Xoe?«», Isovooos Loeio,
Omgopuoon Loeic, Sticiiopogon Locw, Saropogon Loew, Dicra-
NLs Loew, Triclis Lvew, Euarmostus Walk., Prolepsis ]V<iJI:.,

('(iDULA Macq., CaUASA Wulk., PlIELLUS Walk., PlIILAMMOSIUS

Walk., Gastrichelius Roml, Dactiuscus Roud., Elasmocera
lioud., PiiENEL's Walk., Croiulocerus Lucio, Pycnüpogon L^ocw,
Anarolius L^oew, Acnepiialum Macq., Sisyrnopytes L^oew, \\\ix-
DiNTS L^oeiii, Ceraturgus Wted., DiocTRiA Mci(j., Teratopus
L.oe.w, Daspi-etis Loeio, Lapiiyctis Loeio, Scylaticus Loeic, IIy'-
penejes Loew, Spanurus Loew, Riiaudogaster Loew, Damalis
Wied., Leptogaster J/ei"*/. (=CoHyy>cs Latr.), Euscelidia Wtstw.,
and Lasiocnemus Loew.

The second section of the Asilido' are the TjAPIIHI.va; it agrees
with the tljird in the second longitndinal vein running into the
first, but diilurs from it in the style of the antcniue eitiier being
thick and stout, and generally only rudimentary, or (utirely want-
ing, whereas the antennue of the third section possess a distinct
terminal bristle. The genera of the second section arc: Lapiiria
Meiy., Lampria Macq., IIgplihtomera Macq., ]\Ieoapoda Macq.,
KlIOPALOGASTER Macq., ^IlCHOTAMIA Mcicq., AtoMOSIA Macq.,
TiAXENECERA Macq., Tapinocera Macq., PlIONEUS Macq., TiA-
VHYSTIA L^oeiV, NUSA Walk., SCANDON W(dk., DaSYLLIS LjOCW, La-

MYRA L^oew, Lamprozona Loew, Dasy'tiirix Ljocio, Tiiereutria
Loew, Ampyx Walk., Cormansis Walk., Ciio:rades ]l'alk , Acu-
RANA Uulk., Pseudorus Walk., PonoNOSOMA liond., and Dyseris
Loew.

The third section is that of the Ahilina, which is characterized
by its second longitudinal vein running into the first, and by its
antenna} having a distinct terminal bristle. The genera belonging
to this section are: Mallopüora Macq., Promaciius L.oew, Alci-
Mus L^joew, Philodicus Loeio, Craspedia Macq. (= Lilepharotes
Westw.), PoLYPHONius LoeiP, Apoclea Macq., Erax Macq., Eris-
TicusZoe?», Proctacantiius J/acy., Stenoprosopis Jfor«/. , Syxol-
cus Loew, Dysclytus Loew, Lopuongtus Macq., Triciionotus
Loeici, Dasopiirys Loeio, Protophanes Loeio, Dysmaciius Loew,
Eutolmus Loew, Machimus Loew, Mociitherus Loeio (= Helig-

i

"vVi

•''■'■1«

'■m

24

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

t

morenra Bij?.), Stilfnogaster Loew, Epitriptiis I.oew, Itamus
/»o«"»/', ToLMERUS Locxp, Cerdistus Loeir, Proaoomstes Loew,
AsiLUs Linn., Eccoptopus Ljocw, IIhai>iurouh Loew, Pamponerus
Loe\P, Antipiirisson L^ew, EcnTinsTUS J.oow, Antipalus I^new,
Philodicus L^oew, Lecania Mucq., Atractia Mucq., and Omma-
TiL's Wicd.

jMost of tlic X. A. AsiU(l(c, but by no means all, may be plrteed
in the frcncra hitherto established. I give, as far as I am al)lo to
do so under such cireumstanees, the followinjj list of genera l<no\vn
to me as occurring on that continent: —

I. Dasypo'ionina : 1. Dasypooon 3feif/., with several species
which will require the formation of some new genera; 2. MiCRO-
STYiiUM 2Iocq., 3. DiscoCEPiiALA Marq., 4. Plesiomma Mucq., 5.
Stenopogon Loevj, 6. Uatiiypoqon J.,oew, 7. Lastaurus I^oew,
8. Euarmostus Walk., 9. Piieneus Walk., 10. S'ricnopociON Zoew,
11. Ceraturous Walk., 12. Leptogaster j\Ie!g. The N. A. spe-
cies recorded as belonging to Diocthia Meig. are no Ih'oclrice at
all ; at least Dioctr. octopunctata Say is by no means a true
Dioctnu.

II. J^aphrina: 13. ^Megapopa il/c^cy., 14. Lapiiria i?/i?/^., 15.
Anprenosoma liond, 16. Lampria 3facq., 11. Ato.mosia Macq.,
18. Lapiivstia Loew.

III. Asilina: 19. Mallophora il/rtrf/., 20. Promaciius Zof^t»,
21. Erax Mucq., 22. Proctacantuus Jfacq., 23. Mochtiierus
Loew, 24. EpiTRiPTUS Loeio, 25. Ommatius Wied.

Fam. XX. THEREUIDAE.

Ckaract. — Three basal cells uuich prolonged; the two intercalary veins
present; third longitudinal vein furcate. Antenna) with a terminal
style of variable form, sometimes wanting. No empodium. Under
lip fleshy.

The principal genera belonging to this family are: Xestomyza
Wied., Barypiiora Loew, Cionopiiora L^gg., Exapata Macq.,
Thereua Latr., EcTiNORHYNCHUS 3Iacq., Anabariiynciius Macq.,
Tabuda Walk., Cyclotelus Walk., Phycus Walk., and Dimassus
Walk.

The X. A. species with which I am acquainted may be conve-
niently placed under the genus Thereua ImU-. In case the genus

'^

7>

4

^ ■': ;'

BOMBYLIDAE.

25

PsUoccphuJa Zott., which ilocs not appear to be well founded, should
be admitted, some species with nuked faces would be located in it.

lYZA

fcq.,
acq.,

ssus

nve-
euus

Fam. XXI. BOMBYLIDAE.

Clntract. — Three basal cells much prolonged ; anterior intercalary vein
present almost without exception, the posterior always wanting ;
third joint of the antenufe simple; empodium quite rudimentary.

This, again, is a family exceedingly rich in the most varied
forms. A distribution into several tribes would therefore be very
useful ; the two sections hitherto adopted, one of which comprises
the genera grouped round the genus Bomhylius, having a long
proboscis, while the second consists of genera more allied to the
genus Anthrax, having a short proboscis, do not appear sufiicient
to embrace all the forms which have hitherto been discovered. I
am unable to give a better distribution, and I think it will not be
possible to do so until the number of sections is increased to at
least five or six. The genera of ßomhi/Iidce are as follows: BoM-
BYLius Linn., Euuycarenus Loew, Tiuplasius Loew, SYSTfficrius
Loeio, Spaunopolius Lopao, Disciiistus Loew (= Bomhylisoma
llond.), Parisus Walk., Choristus Walk., 1 ' rterostylum Macq.,
Lasioprosopa Macq., Adelidea Macq., AcREOTRlcnus Macq.,
Apatomyza Wied., Thlipsomyza Meig., Amictus Wied., ]\[ega-
PALPUS Macq., PiiTiiiRiA Meig., Cyclorhynchls Macq., Dasypal-
pus Macq., CiiociDiuM Loetv, Geron Meig., Apolysis Loeto, Oli-
ugdraneh Zoeit?, ]\[uliü Latr. (= Glossista llond.), Chalcochiton
I^oeiv, Callostoma Macq., Sericosoma Macq., ToxoPiiORA Meig.,
Eniconf.ura Macq., Lepidophora Macq., Corsomyza Wied., Ecli-
Mus Loeto, SyfSTP.'^PU« Wied., Dolichomyia Wied., TJsio Latr.,
Platypygus I^oew, Cyrtoua Perr., Pleas Latr., Cyllenia Latr.,
Lagochilus Loeio, Anisotamia Macq., Lomatia 3Ieig., Oncodo-
CERA Macq., Plesiocera Macq., LioYRA Newm., Anthrax Scop.,
Argyrgmceba Schin., Xeuria Newm., Comptosia Macq., LiTO-
RiiYNCHUS Macq., Spogostylum Macq., Enica Macq., Tomomyza
Wied., Argyrospila liond., ExopRosoPA Macq., Autonia Z-ocjü.

The N. A. BomhylidcB which I have seen may be distributed
amongst the following genera: 1. IjOMbyliusZih?»., 2. Systcechus
Loew, 3. Sparnopolius Loao, 4. Lepidophora Westw., 5. Toxo-
PHORA Meig., 6. Geron Meig., V. Systropus Wied., 8. Ploas

K:^

i

■'

f

26

DlPTEllA OF NORTH AMERICA,

hl<

^ .

m'ü

■'"!

Iir-

m 4

wm

1^

f.'U '

IL' ', ■ ■

I"

1*1 : 'I

H^P.

I

Zr^/r,, 9. Anthrax Scop., 10. ARtiYuuMUiHA Schin., 11. Exopro-
soi'A ]\Iucq.

^Moreover, Macqiiurt lias fümidcd liis genus Oncudocera on a N.
A. spt't'it's, und described a N. A. species among his Anisola. lüc,
though it seems to l)e an alien there. Mr. Walker described some
N. A. species, wliich he placed under the genera Apatomyza AVicd.
and Phlhiriu ^leig,

Fam. XXII. SYIUMIIDAE.

Characl. — Throe bfi.sal colls mucli prolonged ; tliirdlongitudiual vein sim-
ple; a Hpurious longitudinal vein (rcud .siiun'n) between the third
and fourth longitudinal veins ; fourth longituilinal vein united at
its end with the third ; no intercalary veins, llypopygiuui unsym-
metrical ; no empodium.

This is one of the raost extensive families and includes about
eighty genera, the enumeration of wliieh seems to be superfluous
here. A distribution into sections, however desirable, proves
exceedingly difficult. To divide the family into genera with an
antennal bristle and genera with a terminal style would be no great
gain, since the number of the latter is very small.

I know the following genera to occur in X. A. : Volucella
Geoffr., Temnocera St. Far<j., Microdon 3Teig. (= Jphn'tis
Latr.), C^RW Fdbr., Serioomyia Meig., Tropidia 3Ieig., Syritta
St. Farg., Xyi,ota Meig., Mallota Meig., Braciiipalpus Macq.,
MiLESIA Latr., SpiIECOMYIA Latr., SoMULA Macq., CllRYSOTOXUM
Meig., Mixtemyia Macq., Mallota Meig., Helopiiilus ]\Ieig.,
Eristalis Latr., Plaoiocera Macq., Ocyptamus Macq , Bacciia
Fabr., Spiiegina Meig., Rhingia Fabr., Orthoneura Macq. ( =
Cnjptineura Big.), Paragus Latr., Cheilosia Meig., Cmryso-
ciiLAMYS Bond., DoROS Meig., Didea Macq. (= Enica Meig.),
Melithreptus Loeio (= Spliserophoria Macq.), Mesouramma
Zocjy, Syrpiius Fabr., Sc.i:VA Fabr., Platyciieirus St. Farg.

It results from the remarks of some authors that species of the
genera: Pipiza Fall., Chrysogastcr Meig., Fpistroplie Walk., Pa-
lydonta Macq., and Merodon I^atr. occur with certainty in X. A.

The genus ChymopMla Macq. founded on a X. A. species must
be entirely blotted out from the list of genera. For it is evident
that Bigot is right in stating that the specimen on which it was

I

.;>'■'

MYOPIDAE.

2T

founded was a composition of a body of n Mtcrodon with tlie head
of a C()iioj)S. Tiio {rcnus 7o.ro)iieriis Mnc(|. has not hoeu iiiculioncd
in the above list, it being (juite untenable. I jiidj^e Jh'iiicnis/>is
Xcwm. to be identical with Jlivrodon, Psnnts has been omitted,
because the species described under this name must be i)laced in
other pencra. The statement of Emuenis M('i<.^ oecuirinj;' in X.
A. is founded merely on an observation of Walker, and therefore
re(|uires further confirmation, ^faccjuart records a X. A. species
of the genus Psilota Meig., but this genus having been misunder-
stood by most authors, I do not venture now to mention it among
those truly represented in N. A.

(Cq.,
UM

;cirA
so-

i

i

Fam. XXIir. .AIYOPIDAE.

Charnrt. — Three hasal colls large, the third closed, more or less remote
from the posterior border ; all longitudinal veins siin{)le ; no inter-
calary vein. Eyes in both sexes broadly separated ; proboseis, with
few exceptions, imiuli prolonged; niaxilhe small ; the third joint of
the antennas with an apical style or a tiiick dorsal bristle. Uypo-
pygium symmetrical, turned under the abdomen. Empodium
wanting.

Omitting the untenable genera into which the genus Conops has
been subdivided by Kondani and the genus Jfi/opd by Perris, we
mention here the genera: Conups Linn., Pleuuoceivina J/f^cy.,
ZoDlON Liitr., ;Myupa Latr. and Staciiinia Maeq.

This family has been divided by some authors into two families:
Conopidfv and Myopid e, the former containing those genera which
have an apical style on the antenme, the latter being characterized
by a dorsal bristle of the anteniiiv. I cannot approve of this divi-
sion at all, since the difference between a style and a bristle, and
the difference of an apical and a dorsal position, according to all
experience, only furnishes characters of very inferior value for the
systematic arrangement, as we see in the families Stratiotnydx,
Bomhylidee, Syrphidse, Hybotidse, D<>Uchopidse, etc., where this
organ is sometimes apical, sometimes dorsal. AVe might as well
form two families on account of the proboscis being either straight
or geniculated. But the conspicuity of the difference in the struc-
ture of the antennae may serve to form two sections in the family,
CoNOPiNA and Myopina, the former of which would contain the
genera Conops and Pletirocerina, the latter the genera Zodion,
Myopa, and Stachynia.

i

m

m

' ■ "'.1

"b?

'T

1^.

I

S8

DIITERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Tlie N. A. species which I know belorifr to the jreiicni : 1. Co-
Noi'S Linn,, 2. Züdion Lutr., 3. Myopa /-'<//•., 4. Staciiynia Mucq.

Fam. XXTV. riPUNCULIDAE.

Chnrart, — Threo basal colls much prolonged, the hindmost cloaed nonrthe
border of the wing; tliird longitudinal vein Himiilo, the fourtli
ponietinu's almost entirely wanting, sometimes) furcate when perfect ;
no intercalary vein. Ihmil almost entirely occupied by the eyes,
front and face exceedingly narrow ; antenn.t) with a basal bristle.
lIyi)oi)ygiuni unsymmetrical. Tibi.o without spurs ; emi>odium
wanting.

This family only comprises the tlirce jrenera: Neiiroviiocerus
Zett, Pii'UNCULUs Latr. and Cualarus Walk.

The X. A. species known to me lu'long all to the genns
PlPUNCULUS Lutr.

Fam. XXV. SCF PINIDAE.

Charact. — Three basal cells very larg« , ..o third closed rather far from
the border of the wing ; third longitudinal vein furcate ; no inter-
calary vein ; third joint of the autennie without style or bristle.
No empodium.

This family possesses so many peculiarities that it is very dinicult
to find a fit place for it among the other families, though it ex-
hibits much afiinity with some of them. I would especially point
out the BomhyUdcB as deserving a closer comparison in order to
investigate their true relationship. At present it seems best to
follow those authors who have considered the genus Scenopinus
as the type of a separate family.

Some species of Scenopinus occur in N. A.

Fam. XXVI. PLATYPEZIDAE.

Charact. — Three basal cells rather large, the hindmost always ending
acutely, at more or less distance from the border of the wing ; third
longitudinal vein simple ; no intercalary vein. Antennre with an
apical bristle. Hypopygium symmetrically turned under the abdo-
men. Middle tibi» with spurs ; empodium wanting.

The genera which belong to this family are : Platypeza Meig.,
Callomyia Meig., Opetia Meig., and Platycnema Zett,

liri'l:

LONCn()PTK,llIt)AE — IlYnOTIDAE.

99

1 kiinw only OIK! species of IM-atycnkma, one species of Cai.i.o-
MYIA, mid two species of I'latyi'k/a occurring in N. A.

enrling
third

ith an
abdo-

Fam. XXVII. LONCIIOI'TEltlDAK.

< 'liaracl. — Tliree basal cell« of nioderat« size, of noarly efjunl length ; fourth
longitudinal voiu fiu'cato and united with tho lit'th near the base.
Antonua) with an i pical brintlu. Kinpodium wanting.

Tiiis family is also foiiiulod on a sinj^^lc p^enus wliich cannot bo
plaecil in any other family. Though in LoxciioI'Tkua llio basal
cells are Ijy no means larfj;e, yet their structure and the jrreat deve-
lopment of the sixth longitudinal vein seems to prove that thia
family should be reunited with ono of those already mentioned.
However, by the form of its neiiration and its anal parts it dillers
so widely from them, that it is very difficult to state in what their
affinity consists. Mr. Walker has lately added the genus Cauuema
to the family of lonehopterlda:.

LoNcnoPTEUA is found in N. A .

Fam. XXVIII. IIYBOTIDAE.

('haract. — Three basal cells complete, rather large, the third only a littUf
.shorter than the second ; posterior transverse vein of the base
generally running perpendicularly or at a somewhat acute angle
into the sixth longitudinal vein, and thus not being parallel to the
posterior border of the wing ; third longitudinal vein frecjuently
furcate; anterior intercalary vein often wanting, posterior never
present. First joint of tho antenn;o not much shortened, the third
more fre(iuently with a bristle than with a style, the bristle some-
times dorsal instead of being apical. Empodium membranaceous
and linear.

The three families : Jfi/botidic, IJmpuhx and TKcliyih-owidoc run
into each other so insensibly, that it is very dilficult to indicate
sharp limits between them. If wc select this or that character a.s
being of greater importance, we shall always obtain a different result
as to these limits. I maintain the family Ih/buliJoi only with the
view of falling in with the usual arrangement, since I am fully
satisfied that there is no sharp limit to be drawn between it and
that of the Empidx. For neither the more convex thorax, nor
the horizontal direction of the proboscis, nor the form and position
of the palpi, nor the simplicity or furcation of the third longitudi-

m

^

30

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

■' t

■111'

nal vein, nor tlic presence or absence of the anterior intercalary
vein are characters, on which — whether we use them singly or in
any combination — wc can found a satisfactory or sliarp dclini-
tion of both families. The resemblance of some Ihjhoildx with
some BomhyUdiK cannot be denied, but their place will never be
douVitful if wo consider, that in the Bomhylidfh the third basal cell
is open or only closed near the border of the wing, while in all
Ifi/bolidn: it always remains remote from that border. To the
family JIi/l>ofid;v may be referred: IJiiaciiystoma Mclg., llvuos
Fabr., Syneciies Ifd. (= Pfcraspifiii llond. = Jlnrpnnicrus
I)ig.), Syndyas Lonv, Stenoi'Uoctus Locw, Acarteiujs Loao,
]\Iegiiyi>erus Zora', Oedalea Meig., Eutiiyneura Macq. (= An-
th(ih'(( Zett ), OoYiiROMrA JAvV/., Triciiopeza llond. on account of
of its near relation with Urach ijstoma and \iEVTovk/.a JLicq. ou
account of its roscniblauce with Ocydromid. The two last genera
might as well be placed among the Fmjndiv, since they agree with
them in having the posterior basal transverse vein parallel to the
border of the wing.

Tue X. A. species which I possess belong to the following
gei 'ra : Ukaciiystoma Meig., IIyros F<d)r,, Syneciies \V(dk.,
Syndyas I.ocv, and TjEPTOPEZA Mucq. Zslv. Walker also describes
a species which he believes to belong to the genus Ocydromia 2Ici'j.

4

m

¥

•A ■'

m

Fam. XXIX. E.MPIDAE.

Charart. — Tliree basal cells complete, rather large, the third shorter than
thi- ^;l'uon^l ; posterior basal transverse vein parallel to the border of
the wing; third longitudinal vein frequently furcate ; anterior in-
tercalary vein present, tlie posterior wanting. First joint of the
antenna^ not much shortened, third joint with an apical bristle
sometimes i-esembling a style. Empodinra membranaceous and of
a linear form.

The genera belonging to this Aimily are : Empis Meig., Paciiy'-
MERIA Macq., ErIOGAöTER l\facq., AplOMERA Mucq., RlIAMPIIO-
MYiA ^Icig., HiLARA 3ktg., Raqas Walk., Gloma 3kig., Micro-

PHORtlS Macq.,\ lORMOPEZA Zelt., ItEAPIIILA Zelt, MlCROSANIA Zm. ,

and Cyrtoma Meig.

The X. A. species known to me belong to the genera: Empis
Meig., Paciiymeria Macq., Riiampiiomyia Meig., Hilara 2h'ig.,

€

^

TACIIYDROMIDAE.

31

.'ind CvRTOMA Mcir). 'S\\'. "Walker rccords a N. A. species belong-
ing to tlio genus GIloma Mciy.

■'J-

than

r of

iii-

Iho

riritle

ud of

CHY-

riio-

ICRO-

Zdt.,

iMris

Jciff.,

Fam. XXX. TACIIYDROMIDAE.

Cliaract. — Tlio hindmost hasal cell not always present, tho second hasal
cell sometimes coalescent with the discal cell ; when present they
are of a tolerable size, hut the hinduiost is always remote from the
honler of the wing ; third longitudinal vein sometimes furcate ; an-
terior intercalary vein sometimes present, the posterior never. First
joint of tho antenna? very much shortened so that the antenn.T may
easily bo taken for biarticulate. Kmpodium membranaceous and
of a linear form.

To tliis fiiniily belong the genera: ITemerodiiomia J/<'/y. with
('iiYiioMANTis J\o)id. and Mantii'e/a Rond., Phyllodromia Zvtt.,

TaCUYDROMIA Fuhr., DkYODKOMIA Jiond., ELArHROl'EZA 2hirq.,

I'latypalpus Mitcq., PnoROXYPiiA Jiond., Sciodromia //<d. ( =
Mlcrocera Zett.), Ardopteua ]\I<ieq. [=. Lcptoscchs Hal.), Clixo-
CERA Meig., with whieh IIeleodromia //«/. (= Paraiuesln Macq.,)
and WiEDEMANNiA Zett. may be properly reunited.

As genera occnrring in N. A. I enumerate: IIemerodromia
Meifj., Taciiydromia Fabr., Platypalpus jlfacq., Ardoptera
Macq., and Cltnocera Meiff. If we may trust Mr. WalUerV
statement, the genus Drapetis Meig. also occurs in N. A.

Observation. — With the Tacit i/dromidoc ends the series of those
families of liracliycera which in the greater develop'nent of their
basal cells diiler from the following, and, with the exception of the
Loiichoplcridrv, form a rather natural series, if a linear arrangement
may be spoken of as a natural one. The peculiarities, which also
characterize this series of families, and any of which, combined
with that just mentioned, suirice to place a family under this head,
arc the following: I. the third joint of the antenna; is composed
of a number of joints more or less soldered together ; 2. the third
longitudinal vein is furcate ; 3. one intercalary vein or both arc
present; 4. the emitodiuni is considerably developed. These pecu-
liarities characterizing the whole scries of families hitherto spoken
of are much lessened in the llyboiidiv r^nd Empnhv, and still more
so in the Tachydromidf«. TivniapVjra, Dacus and other genera
with the third basal cell more developed, are placed by most of
the authors lower down in the series of families which follow. Jo

4

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■i^' : ,

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I

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I.

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82

DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

order to retain the accustomed arrangement as much as possible,
I shall leave them in their usual places, though it would seem, that
a more natural arrangement might be obtained, were they added
to the above families which have the basal cells prolonged,

Fam. XXXI. DOLICIIOPODIDAE.

Charact. — First basal cell rather short, the second united with the discal
cell, the third small ; auxiliary vein running in the first longitudi-
nal vein ; third longitudinal vein simple, the fourth sometimes fur-
cate; no intercalary vein. Hypopygium symmetrical, bent under
the abdomen. Empodium small, membranaceous, of a linear form.

The principal genera are: PsiLorus 3Ieig., Sybistuoma MeUj ,
IlYPoriiYLLUS IIuL, Hercostomus Loew, IIyguoceleutiius Locw,

DOUCIIOPUS JI/(^?^7.,TACHYTRECIIUS Stoim., OUTHOCIIlLEZff/r., Cy.m-
NOPTEUNUS LoZiO, LyRONEURUS LoetO, rLAOIOXEURUS Loeic, Lian-

calus //«/., ScELLUs Loew, IIydropiiorus Fall, Campsicnemus
Hal, TniNOPiiiLUS Wahlh., Peodes Loeto, Aciialcus Hal., Sys-
TENUs Loeio, Syntormon Loeio, Synartiirus Loew, Porpiiyrops
3Ieiff., Rhapiiium Aleig., Xipiiandrium Hal, IIaltericerus
Rund., Smiliotus Loeio (= Machserhim Hal.), Argyra Macq.,
Leucostola Hal, Xematoprootus Locxo, Saucropus Loew, Xa\-
TiiociiLORUs Loew, Sympycnus Loew, Teitciiopiiorus Loew, Ankp-
sius Loew, EuTARSUs Hal, Diapiiorus Meig., Ciirysotus Meig.,
CiiRYSOTiMUS Hal, Medeterus Fisch., Apiirosylus Hal.

The N. A. genera which I am acquainted with aie : Psilopus
Meig., IIyoroceleutiius L^oexo, Doliciiopus Meig., Taciiytueciius
Stann., Gymnopternus Loew, Plauiuneurus Loew, Liancalus
Hal, Scellus Jjoew, Campsicnemus Hal Synartiirus Loew,
Porpiiyrops Meig., Argyra Mac<j., Leucost)La VmI, Saucropus
Loew, Xantiiociilorus L.ocw, Diapiiorus Meig., Lyruneurus
Loew, Ciirysotus Meig., aud Medeteuus Fisch.

Fam. XXXII. OESTIIIDAE.

Charact. — Antennrc inserted in rounded pits ; the middle part of the face
exceedingly narrow ; the opening of the mouth very small ; the oral
organs rudimentary. Tegulse large.

This family has often been considered as very distant from the fol-
lowing, but the late discoveries have brought to light forms which

St

'i

•y

I

,1

DEXIDAE.

33

are more nearly related to tliera. The following: p:eiiera may be
taken for those which constitute the family: Thypoderma Wied.
(= Cuterehra Clark), (.'Ei'irAU)MYrA lAitr., Cephenemyia L<dr.,
llYroDEUMA Clark, CtAstrus Mei(j., Aulacephala Mocq. and
Ctenostylum Mdcq. A thoronjijh limitation of these genera is
still wanted, and the name of Oestrus, instead of being dropped, as
wc see it done by some authors, may perhaps be again restored to
its former rank.

I have seen X. A. species of the genus Thypodeuafa, and others
of the genera Cepiialomyia and (Jastiius, introduced in America
from Europe. There is no doubt that species of IIypoderma
occur there also.

le face
^e oral

e fol-
kvhicli

Fam. XXXIII. DEXIDAE.

f'haracK — Bristle of the anteini;e hairy or pectinated. Thorax short.
First posterior coll of the wing slightly oi)ened, sometimes closed.
Tegulse large. Legs long.

The family Dexidiie agrees with the Tachinidse, Sarcoiyharjtdse,
^[uscidce, and Anthomyidoe, in having the tegulaa lai'ger than any
of the following families of the Brach;icera. These five families
liave been therefore united under the name of Mnscarioe adi/ptnitse,
and contrasted with the following, called Muscanse ucalyptnitse.
There is no possibility, it seems, to discover any other constant
character ; that which appears the most serviceable was pointed
out to me by Mr. llaliday; it is the transverse suture of the
thorax being usually of the same depth on its whole extent in
the Mnscarise caJyptratve, whereas in the Mitscariw actdyptrofix it
is generally distinct at each side and imperceptible on the middle
of the thorax. But a.^ some families among the so-called Musca-
rine acahjptraise have the tegnhü so well developed as to resemble
ihose of many Anthoinyidiv, a higli importance cannot be attached
to that subdivision. Should it l)e maintained, the tkstridsc ought
to be placed among the Muscaruv calyptratw.

The four families : DexidrT, Tachimdiv, Sarcophniidtr, and Mus-
cidne, agree in the first posterior cell being very much narrowed or
closed at the end, and dilfer in this from the family Anthowijidse.
The former have, for this reason, been comprised under the
coaimon name of Creophilee, in opposition to the latter, which

' "'■V'til

84

DIPl'ERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

p;,- ■■(.•!!■

I

recoivcd the name of AnfhopkUue. The differences in the orjjani-
Kation of tl>e Muscarise cdlyplratx are much smaller than those of
any two families among the first series of Diptera hrachycera,
which ends with the TachydronddfK, with the sole excei)tion of the
group formed by the IfyhotiJiie, Eiiij)i(I(x', and Tuchyr/romidap, \n
which a similar relationship exists. Consequently the families in
question here owe their existence much more to the immense
number of species and genera than to a real necessity, based on
differences of structural characters. Hence it is much more diffi-
cult to define their limits, and one must already be well acquainted
with a great number of forms, in order to attempt to i)oint out wilh
certainty the right place for new ones. In the limitation of these
families I have made use of what has been said about them in
Walker's British Uiptera; for however insufficient I may find it, I
know of nothing better to be put in its place.

In the family of Dexidse a number of genera have been already
formed ; as they still require considerable sifting and a much
sharper limitation than they have at present, it seems useless to
enumerate them here.

The N. A. Dexidse known to me cannot all be placed in the
genera hitherto erected. The species about whose position there
is no doubt belong to the genera: Prosena Si. Farg., Micropii-
THALMA Macq., DiNERA Ruh. Desv., and Estiieria Rub. J)esv.
There is also no doubt about Trichodura Mucq, and MEOAPROiio-
pus Macq. occurring in N. A.

m /t'

^^!.:M

Fam. XXXIV. TACIIINIDAE.

Charact. — Bristle of the antennae bare or with a very shc.t pubescence.
Tliorax sliort. First posterior cell closed or only slightly oijonod.
Legs short.

The immense extent of this family renders the formation of sec-
tions indispensable. It is best divided into four seelions, which
might perhaps be raised into families. The two first of them are
the Tnchinina and Ocypterina, both of which differ from the two last
by their abdomen being beset with long bristles. All Tachinina
have an oval abdomen, or when it is nearly cylindrical, its first
segment is much shortened. The abdomen of the Ocyptkrina is
always of a slender cylindrical form, and its first segment elongated.

SAUCOPHAGIDAE — MUSCIDAE.

85

The third section, the Oymnosomina, has a broad front and a
vaulted abdomen. The fourtli is that of the Pifasina, having a
very narrow front and a tiat abdomen.

My knowledge of the N. A. Tackinidse is a very incomplete one.
I know, however, the following genera: I. Tachinina: 1. Dejeania
Roh. Desv., 2. EciliNoMYiA Meig., 3. Jurinea Hob. Desv., 4.
Hystricia 3Iaeq., 5. Micropali'us Macq., G. Gonta MeUj., 1.
NEMORiEA Rob. Desv., 8. Blepharipeza Macq., 9. Belvoisia Rob.
Desv., 10. Tachina Meig., 11. CiiRYSOSOMA Macq., 12. Metopia
Me.ig., 13. Miltoqramma Meig., 14. Ilugera Rob. Desv., 15.
Masicera il/rtCfy. II. Ocypterina: 16. OcYPi'ERA Za<>'. TIL Gym-
Hosomiaa: 17. Gymnosoma i'W/. \Y. Phnsina: 1 8. PilASiA Za^r.
H). IIyalomyia Macq., 20. Tuichopoda Latr.

Fam. XXXV. SARCOPHAGIDAE.

Charact. — Bristle of the antennae plumose or hairy, with the apex bare.
First posterior cell only slightly opened or else closed. Tegul»
large. Legs stout.

All the N. A. species I have seen belong to the genera : Sarco-
PIIAGA Meig., Piiryssopoda Rob. Desv., and Cynomyia Meig.

sec-
hich
u are
0 last

IN1NA

i first

INA is

'ated.

Fam. XXXVI. MUSCIDAE.

Charact. — Bristle of the a'-tennae entirely plumose or pectinated. Body
never slender; thorax short. First posterior cell only slightly
opened or else closed at the border of the wing. Tegulae large.
Legs stout.

This family contains two sections: the Muscina with plumose
antennae, and the Stomoxyna with pectinated antenna?.

The N. A. species which I have examined belong to the genera:
MuscA Linn., Pollenia Rob. Desv., Cyrtoneura 3facq., Pyrel-
LIA Rob. Desv., LuoiLlA Rob. Desv., Calliphora Macq., and
Stomoxys Geojfr. The number of species whiul» N. A. has in
common with Europe is exceedingly strikinr,' in this particular
family.

v.:i

86 »iptera op north america.

Fam. XXXYII. aNTUOMYIDAB.

Charact. — Thorax with a complote transverse suturo. Fourth longitudi-
nal vein straiglit or nearly so, hence first posterior cell fully open.
Tegiila) rather well developed, though in many cases of no large
size.

The riches of the N. A. Fauna in this family have been very
little explored. I know species of the following genera only:
Antiiomyia Meig., Homalomyia Boiich., IIylemyia Macq., Am-
ciA Rnb. Desv., LisPE Latr., and CffiNOSiA il/e///. The notices of
!Mr. Walker about the occurrence of some species of Erij)hiu and
of one Dialyta appe« • to me very uncertain. •

it

'm

:■(

"■•■■; i,

Jlr*|:

Fam. XXXVIII. COr»I)YLURIDAE.

Charact. — Neuration of the wings complete ; hoth posterior hasal cells of
cor.siderable size ; auxiliary vein well separated from the first lon-
gitudinal vein ; first longitudinal vein hare. Whole lateral horder
of the front bristly; anterior border of the mouth with strong,
usually numerous vibrissa. Tibia? with spurs.

With the Cordyhiridse we begin that division of Diptera which
is called ncalyptratse, and the systematical arrangement of which
is still and will be an unsolved problem, till their structure has
been much more thoroughly studied than has been hitherto the
case. In the present state of our knowledge their subdivision into
a greater number of families seems to be the most advisable course
to pursue.

As for their exterior, the Cordyluridse, mostly approach to tiie
Anthomyidve, and namely to the species of the genus CoenosUi, but
the smaller size of their tegula) and the less incomplete develop-
ment of the transverse suture on their thorax serve to distinguish
them. On the other side they are closely allied to the Helomyzidoe,
in which, however, the front bears bristles on its upper half only,
the two posterior basal cells are smaller, and the costa of the wings
is always brisily.

N. A. possesses species of Cordylura, some of them very inter-
esting, and a number of ScATOPiiAGiE among which several coin-
cide with European species.

>'-i>i,

,1

- \

tue

nit

op-

:uish

idle,

)nly,

rings

nter-
,'oin-

UELOMYZIDAE — SCIOMYZIDAE,

Fam. XXXIX. IIELOMYZIDAE.

87

Cliarar/. — Neiiration of the wings complete ; costa bristly; first lontritndi-
iial vein not nlibreviated, but bare : the auxiliary vein is often
rather approximated to it. Front bristly on its ujjpiM- half only ; a
stout bristle at each side of the anterior horde'' of the mouth. All
the tibis with spurs and outwards before their tips with a more or
less developed erect bristle.

The close relation of the Ilclomijzidiv to the Cordi/lun'd/v in-
duces me to assign tli in a place here, altIion<i-li the consideration
of the smaller size of their two posterior basal cells would remove
them to a more distant place, in the neij^hhorhood of the dvomy-
zidse and Heteroncnridve. In fact both families are related to
the If do III yzi die; but they differ from them by their having 'he
first longitudinal vein abbreviated and the auxiliary vein lying
close by it, and besides the I/etc ranciu-idie have the peculiarity of
the costa of the wings being without bristles.

The known X. A. species belong to the genera IIeix)MVZA and
SciKKNOMYZA. Souie of them are likewise identical with European
species.

Fam. XL. SCIOMYZIDAE.

Charact. — Neuration of the wings complete ; two posterior basal cells of
rather considerable size ; auxiliary vein well separated from the
first longitudinal vein. On tlie lateral border of the front before the
. ertical bristles there are two bristles, one behind the other ; face
I -oportionately long without distinct furrows for the antennic ; bor-
d n' of the mouth sharp, without vibrissie. Middle tibi.-e wit'i a
g eater number of bristles at the tip ; all the tibiae on the oatside
b( fore the tip with a small iipright bristle.

I know X. A. species that belong to the genera Sepedon, Teta-
nocera, and Sciomyza. Some of them are most nearly related to
European species, others seem altogether identical with them. If
we place, and we may well justify our doing so, the genus DuYO-
MYZA among the Sciowyzida', it must also be named as a genus
represented in X. A.; one of the two species of this genus occur-
ring there does not seem to differ from the European Dryomijza
iiiilis Fall. The genus Actora Mciy., which agrees with the
Seiomyzidse in many characters, may be referred to them without
any great difficulty but on account of its deviation in the struc-

" ■. ;;

[ i

i.

I •'.

i

88

DIITEKA OF NORTH AMERICA.

^If

tiire of llio fiifo, tlio clinracter of the family wonUl hnve then to be
slightly altered. Mr. Wnlker has descriljed a N. A. species which

he contends to belong to Actora.

Fam. XLI. PSILIDAE.

Vluiract. — Body elongated, with short hairs and almost without bristles.
Neiiration of the wings complete ; the auxiliary vein lies close by
'.lie first longitudinal vein, but diverges from it at its end and runs
towards the border of the wing ; by a transverse fold most charac-
teristic in this family running from the tip of the auxiliary vein as
far as the base of the third posterior cell, the outward end of tlio
auxiliary v-in is obliterated; the posterior basal cells are very
large. Front with only a few bristles in the neighborhood of the
crown ; face receding ; opening of the mouth small and with no
bristles at its border. Only the middle tibim have spurs, and all
the tibiic are without erect bristle on the outside.

This family is represented in N. A. by the genera Loxocera,
PsiLA, and Chyliza. The N. A. species, which induced Mr.
AValkor to form a new genus ProchijUza, placed by him close by
Chyliza, belongs to some other family.

I; k' :

Fam. XLII. MICIIOPEZIDAE.

Charact. — Body slender, elongated, with very short hairs and very scarce
bristles. Legs proportionately short ; only the mildle tibi;c have
spurs, these being generally very small and weak ; no small erect
bristle on the exterior side of the tibia). Neuration of the wings
comi)lete ; first longitudinal vein bare ; tlie auxiliary vein is very
close by it and diverj^es from it towards its end only ; the two
posterior basal cells are very large. Front with some bristles in the
neighborhood of the crown only; bordering of the mouth without
vibrissiB. Last segment of the abdomen of the female prolonged
into a blunt, cylindrical tube.

The family Micropezidse comprises genera which differ among
each other, both in the form of the head and the structure of the
antennie and oral parts. The head is sometimes rounded, some-
times more elongated ; the bristle of the antennte is generally dorsal,
but in some genera apical ; the clypeus sometimes very much de-
veloped, sometimes only rudimentary; the palpi sometimes large,
sometimes small, but never rudimentary. The clypeus being very
much developed and the proboscis very much thickened in the

' I* '•■';''"ii'''

ORTAMPAE.

80

poiiiis Tirnldjitrrd Mn('(|., this fiimily approaolips so miicli to tho
Ortnlhbr, tliat the l)iir('iu'ss of tlie first loniritiidiiKil vein, tlio
(liUbreiicc in the structure of the female ovipositor, iind the corro-
spondinp: dilforonee in tlie structure of the male appi'iidii<res, must.
l)e considered as the chief characters, which distiiifrnish it from
them. The Scpsn/tr, too, are rather nearly related to the Micro-
pezidir, hut are distinjruislied from th'^n not only l)y the structure
of tl.o female ovipositor, but also by their palpi being always rudi-
inentaiy.

The N. A. 8])ecies I know of are: one true Caloisata, nume-
rous T.KNiAi'TEU/E, and two jMickopkz.i:. Whether the X. A.
species which Mr. J\. Desvoidy refers to the genus Nebius, really
belong to it, aj)pcars to me most doubtful, as they seem to be
I'aniaptcrcn all together. The genus Lissa Mci;/. occurring like-
wise in N. A., in most characters agrees with the Mlrropezldte, and
may provisionally be placed among them, till a more convenient
place in the system will be j)ointed out for it. The genus Eume-
ToriA erected by Air. Macquart on a N. A. species, is also related
to the latter, and may likewise obtain here a provisional i iace.
IJoth these genera differ from the great bulk of the J/icropezidce
by having the legs less slender, the tarsi less abbreviated, and the
last segment of the abdomen not prolonged so as to form a cylin-
drical tube.

the

Irae-

fsal,

de-

i-ge,

rery

the

Fam. xliii. ortalidae.

' 'Jiaract. — Neuration of tlie wings complete ; auxiliary vein separated from
the first longitui.linal vein and running to tlie border of the wing
in tlie usual way, under an acute angle and remaining jierfectly
distinct in its whole length; third longitudinal vein generally
wi*h coarse hairs ; two posterior basal cells large, and tin* outward
one frequently prolonged in an acute angle. Front with bristles on
tho upper part only; no vibrissfe at the border of the mouth;
clypcus commonly very much developed, and proboscis often very
much thickened. Middle tibi.'c alone with spurs ; no tibi» with
an erect bristle on the exterior side before the tip. Ovipositor of the
female rather flattened and horny, consisting of three elongated
segments, forming three drawers like those of a telescope, and end-
ing in a simple point.

The family of Ortalidoi is exceedingly rich in variously shaped
organizations, which caused a considerable increase of genera in

40

DIl'l'r.IlA OF NOIITII AMKRICA.

I

I.

i i;

■■**-.:

'f-

it. Uiifdrtiiiuiloly most uf tlieni nre founded on clinrnctors so vn-
ria'ilc lliiit, llioy uro of very little use, mid it seems liest to retiiiii
the (»Id !iiii|ile licncrii. Wv I'eel the more eoinitclli'il to do so, iis
miiiiy speeies exist Iii.l^ in N. A. cannot be relVirud to uny of tliü
modern j^encrn.

'I'iie \\!iui(! of the OrluUiUe may convenii'htly l)e divided into
two seetions : the iirst, which may be mimed Tktanupina, has the
front more iironiinent, the face receding', the openiiifj^ of the month
rather small, the clypeiis less developed, und the ))roljoscis less
thieli ; in the second, the Outalina, the front is not prominent,
the elyp<Mis very much developed, the opening of the month much
wider, and the i)roboscis much thicker.

The \. A. Fanna possesses in Pykuota a pjcnns of the first sec-
tion, purtieularly striking, and even somewhat deviating. Among
the other N. A. OrlaUdw known to mo there is only one speeies
belonging to Ckpiiama, whereas all the rest belong to the genus
OiiTAMs, if we take it, as Meigen did, in a wider sense, and are
distril)uteil especially among the genera Ceroxys, OrUilts, litcdlia
and Ddphinia^ of modern authors.

Fam. XLIV. TJIYFETIDAE.

Cliiiract, — Neiiratiou complote ; tl»«' oml of tlio auxiliary vein runs steeply
to the border of the wing and becomes olisolot(> ; first Iongitu<linal
vein always with bristles, the tbii'd fie(iueutly, the filth soiuetiuies ;
two posterior basal cells rather large, the hindmost is often prolonged
to a point. Front on each side witli two rows of bristles, one of
which is more above and interiorly, the other below and exteriorly.
Border of the mouth with no vibrissa'. Clypeus none or rudimen-
tary. Proboscis never incrassated. Only the middle tibiie with
spurs ; all tibiie without erect bristle ou the outer side l.iefore the
tip. Ovipositor horny, consisting of three elongated retiactile
segments like the drawers of a telescope, the last of which ends in
a simple point.

They are divided into two sections, Dactna and TiiYrETiNA.
In the former the female abdomen, before the ovipositor, has ap-
parently only four segments, the Jifth segment being diminutive
and entirely concealed under the lifth ; in the Trypctina the five
segments are all ecpially developed.

As the Dacina, represented in Europe only by Dacns OIccc,

LONCIIAKIDAE — SAPIIOMY/IDAE.

41

wliicli livi's on tlio olivc-treo, mid Pctiifdji/inrii riij>!hitii, oxclusivcly
clciKMidcnt on tlie lomon-trcc, arc in nil respects slrun<rers in tlie
Kiiropeiin I'nunii, so tliey appeiir to he no unlives of X. A.; no
species of this division 1ms liilliorto been noticed tliere. The Trij-
pcliiui, on the contrary, are represenled there h\ nninerons, pnrtly
very handsuni(i species, all belonging to the genus Tuypeta in
Meigen's nnd Wicdenumn'a sense.

Fam. xlv. j.oxchaeidak.

Cli'irart, — Noiivation comploto ; tlie auxilijuy vein iiiuh to tlio border of
till! wint? in the usual way, umlor im acutu angl« and without be-
coming obsolete, and is very near to tiie tlint longitudinal vein ;
this vein is bare ; the two posterior basal cells arc small. Front at
oacli Hide with a single row of bristles ; border of the jnoiith with-
out vibrissa) ; clypeus rudimentary. Miildlo tibife witli spurs ; all
tibi;c without erect bristle on the exterior side before the tip. The
ovi])ositor of the female consists of three joints and is rather horny,
quite llattened, and ends in a sinii)le point.

They are divided into the PALLorTKUiXA luiving more slender
logs nnd u broader front, and the LoncHvEina with stouter legs
and a more narrow front.

There is only one species in N. A., that I know of, belonging
to the genus Palloptera : of the second division I have several
species of Loncii^ea, a part of which seem to be identical with
European species.

Fam. XLVI. SAPUOMYZIDAE.

Charai't. — Neuration complete ; auxiliary vein of the usual structure, fre-
'liiiMitly very much approximated to the lirst longitudinal vehi ;
costa of the wings without l)ristles or marginal spine ; longitudinal
veins without peculiar hairs ; posterior basal cells small. Front
with a singhj row of bristles on each side ; no vibrissa; on the border
of the mouth ; clypeus rather rudimentary. Only the middle tibiie
have terminal spurs ; all tibi;e with a .small erect bristle on the
exterior side before the end. Ovipositor of the female not horny.

N. A. has numerous species of the genera Sapkomvza and
Lauxan'ia, and a few species belonging to Pacuyceuina Macq.,
a genus detached from Luaxonia.

': W

'-'■I

f-h

■ - V.

¥v.

. *!

d

w

1

p|)

49

PIPTEHA Ol NOUTIt AMEUICA.

'I "

Fam. XLVII. I'll VCODHOMI DAE.

Charact, — Thorax, Hcutflliiin and aliddinon Hat; pluuiw cxnist'tl nbovo the
coxM-, Front hristly; lionh-r of the mouth hairy, witli no disliiict
viliriss.'i'. liCgH stout, tiliia' with spurs ami cadi u'itli an i-rcct hair
or small bristlo on tho outsido lidoro tho tip ; the (Irnt Joint of the
jiostcrior tarsi not ahhrcviatcil ; last joint of all tarsi onlar^Mfd, with
stout claws and long piilvilli. Nouration of tin» wings uoiiipltito ;
auxiliary vein distinct in its wliolu length; costa without bristloH ;
basal I'tdls not small.

A certain roscMiiUlaiuH! with tlic Jiorhorultc can l)y no nioaius he
ovcrlonlvc'd ; however, tiio I'/ii/c'idroiiin/ff are roailily (listiii<fiiishc(l
hy tlie eonipieteiiess of tlie auxiliary vein, tho ahseiiee of tlie vibrissas
so reniarival)lo in tlioso, by tlic first joint of the posterior tarsi not
beinj? abltrcviated, and by the increased size of the last joint of nil
torsi. Tliey appear to have more true relation to the Jfclomyzidw,
bnt from I'lese too they are snflieiently distinguished by tlic costa
of the wings having no bristles and the border of the mouth having
close hairs, but no real vibrissie.

Of this family I have seen only one CffiLOPA cajUnrod in N. A.
It was remarkable by the exceedingly strong spines of its legs.

>

Ch

. '-t :.'■

Fam. XLYIII. IIETETlOXEUniDAE.

Charact. — Ntnirati<*n of tho wings complete, bnt i\u' first longitudinal vein
rather short, and tlu« auxiliary vein very much ajiproxiuiated to it ;
costa without bristles ; basal cells small. Front with long bristles ;
border of tho moutli with a vibrissa at each sido ; dypeus not deve-
loped ; palpi broad and proportionately large». Legs, and especially
the tarsi, slender ; middle and posterior tarsi with spurs ; all the
tibiic without erect bristlo on the exterior sido before the tips; claws
and pulvilli very small.

I know five X. A. species of this family, four of which belong to
the genus Heteroneuka J/e/</. ; the fifth cannot be conveniently
placed in any of the genera as yet established.

cor
rat:
api
pro

fon

1

Ne:
spe

li /■ '.'. f!'

1'-^*

>l::-2'.

ally

the

;lawfi

Ü

orOMYZIUAE — KEI'HIDAE.

Fam. XI ax. OPOMV/IDAK.

48

i'lidrurl. — Front witli stout luistlcs iiViovn ; clypi-uH nulinn'iitary ; boidtT
of tliii iiioutli oitlier puboHceiit or witli long Imirs, tho foriMiiost of
wliiiih .«otiR'thiicH I'diiiis a distinct vilirissii. I'robosuirt nliort ; jialpi
ratlicr small. Midillo tiliiu' with a distinct, jiosterior til)ia* with a
very short spur; th«* i-xtcrlor siiU» of the tihiiu without tMcot small
bristlo ht'forti thu tip; claws and pulvilli small. Wings oloiigatod
and narrow, with no bristles at thocosta; the axillary incision and
alulai art) cither wanting or very diminutivo. First longitudinal
vein much abbrciviated ; the auxiliary vein becomes obsolete before
reaching riunjiletely the first longitudinal vein ; the latti'r emits,
shortly before its eml, towards the costa, a branch, whicli may lie
considered as the eml of the auxiliary vein ; basal cells small.

No species boluiiying to this family lias as yet boon noliced in
X. A.

Fam. L. SEPSIDAE.

Chnrdcl. — Head rounded; front bristly: border of the mouth more or less
liairy, the foremost hair often imitating a vibrissa ; clypous rudi-
mentary; proboscis short; palpi exce(!dingly small or wanting.
Abdomen ta])ering towards the base. Middle tibia? with distinct
spurs; claws and pulvlUi small. Neuration of the wings complete;
the auxiliary vein distinctly separated froni the lirst longitudinal
vein ; the two posterior basal cells rather large.

Tlie most essential cbaractcr of this family is the rtitlimciitary
contlition of tlie palpi. With this exception its characters are
rather similar to those of the MicropeznUc. The genus CephuUn
approaches very much the St'psidce in structure, hnt its incrassated
proboscis, its large and broad palpi, and its considerably develoj)ed
clypous prevent it from being reunited with them ; it must, there-
fore, remain among the OrUiUdce.

The species of Sepsiikc occurring in X. A. belong to tlie genera
XemoI'dda and Sepsis, and are, in i)art, identical with European
species.

t

\

I'

t il

•i ■ ''•i'li'i

;:t .

,n'i

.i:i

f«'->

■^:

:i ;

If

44 DIl'TERA OF NORTH AMERICxV.

Fam. LI. DIOPSIDAE.

Characi. — Neiiration of the win;"' incomplete f'oin dio absence of the
fore-most 01 the two sni.ai basal cells ; the auxiliary vein very mucii
apiiroximated to the lirst longitudinal vein. Head prolonged iu
two lateral apophyses bearing the eyes ; front bristly only on the
upjier part ; border of the mouth witli no vibrissie. Anterior femora
incrassated.

One si)e('ies, or — if tlio second one. described by Dr. A. Fitcli,
should rciilly prove different — two sjj'jcies of tlie genus SriiYRACJi-
riiALA Siiy have hitherto been found iu N. A.

Fam. LII. riOrillLIDAE.

Cliaract. — The auxiliary vein, on its whole length, is coalescent with the
fust U>ngitudinal vein; wi.h this exception the neuratiou of the
wings is complete. Front with some smnll bristles above only ; bor-
der of the mouth with a vvbrissa on each side ; clypeus rudimentary;
legs rather stout, almost of the structure of those of the Scioiiiijzldie;
middle tibi.x' with spur.-,; all the tibiie without erect bristle on the
exterior side before the tip.

The three X. A. species of PioniiLA which I have seen arc quite
identical willi European ones; a fourth dilfers so much from all the
known Piopln'he in the form of the head and the structure of the
antennic, that it must be considered as the type of a now genus.
It seems to be the same species on whicli .Mr. ^Valker has founded
his genus PROCiiYLir'^A ; if that be really so, he would, by assigning
it a place immediately by Chyliza, have shown that he had i)een
fully mistaken about its true relation.

Fam. LIII. EPIIYDRIXIDAE.

Characi. — Face convex, with no distinct furrows for the reception of the
antennw and without vibrissje, though fre<iuently beset with hairs or
biistles ; clypeus very much developed ; opening of the mouth large ;
proboscis incrassated with a swollen chin. Neuratiou of the wings
incor,ii)lete ; the auxiliary vein distinct only at its base; the fore-
most of the two small l)asal cells reunited with the discal cell.
Miildle tibi» with spurs.

They arc divided into three sections : NotiphUina, Ihjdrdliaa,
and Ki>hijdriaa. The Nulipliillna are characterized by the second

m

OEOMYZIDAE — DROSOPHILIDAE.

45

joint of tlic antentifc bei'nf^ nngniciilatc. The JfijdroUinn nntl
J-^p/n/rlrinn, in which that joint is not unguiciihitcd, dilVcr from
each other by the foraicr having the eyes hairy and tlie latter
bare.

The X. A. species hitherto recorded have been so badly charac-
terized that there is no possibility to decide to which section, and
of course far less to which genus they belong. The species which
I am acquainted with and '.ave described in the following pages,
are distributed among the three above named sections as follow- ;

1. NoliphiUna: 1. Dicii^P-TA il/e/^. with two European species;

2. NoTii'iiiLA Fall. Gve species ; 3. Paraumna Loc^v, one species ;
4. Fkilgpa i^«//. five species; 5. Discoceuina il/acy. five specits.
II. Jlydrelliiia: G. TIydrellia 7^(?.s?'. six species; 7. Philyuria
ÄCHÄ. three species. III. Epiii/drina: 8. Ociitiiera Z«<?-. four
species, one of which is identical with a European species; 9.
lUiAcriYDEUTERA Loew, one s})ecies ; 10. Parydha Stenh. two
species; 11. IOpiiydra Full, one species; 12. Scaxelt,a J)esv.
three species, one of which cannot be positively distinguished as
yet from a European species.

Fam. liy. geomyzidae.

Characi. — Front with stout bristles above; bonier of the montli with vi-
brissre. Clypous rudimentary. Middle tibire with sjiurs ; all the
tibi.-e with a small erect liair on the exterior side bei'oie the tip.
Wings with bristles on the costa ; first longitudinal vein exceed-
ingly abbreviated, and the auxiliary vein so approximated to it
that it is distinctly separated from it only towards the base ; the
two posterior basal cells very small.

I ku<i\v only one s; ecies of this family indigenous in X. A. and
l)elonging to the genus Diastata. ]Mr. Walker records an insect
whicli ho believe« to be likewise a Diastata.

Fam. LV. DROSOPHILIDAE.

Charact. — Front wltli bristles above; faiM^ with distinct sub-antennal far-
rows ; at the border of the mouth there is a feeble, freijncut! y rather
indistinct small vibrissa. Middle tibi.-e with very feeble siinrs; on
the exterior side of the tibiie there is either a very small or no erect
bristle before the tip. Wings without bristles on the costa; the

46

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

first lon^^itudinal vein is exceedir;,!/ abbrevi.;tH(l ; of the auxiliary
vein tliere is only a rudiment ; the di.scal cell is u^lually, but not in
all genera, united with the foremost of the two small basal cells.
Claws and pulvilli very small.

Xiimcrous species of DuosoniiLA are found in X. A., some of
wliicli are perfectly identical with European species, and one Ste-
OANA, tlie diiference of which from the European Steyana hypuleuca
is at least liable to doubt.

V-}

f"

I- 'i

r : i

■ 1 ' r :

tit

*\

Ai

Fam. lvi. oscinidae.

f'luiracl. — Front without bristles, the crown having only a I'ew short ones ;
border of the mouth without vibriss:e, which, however, are repre-
sented sometimes by a small hair on each side. Middle tibije with
small spurs ; all the tibite without erect bristle on the exterior side
before the tip. Costa of the wings without liristles. The auxiliary
vein is completely wanting; the anterior of the two small basal
cells is united with the discal ceil, the posterior one is totally
wanting.

The N. A. species of this family known to me are distributed
ainonji' the genera Ciilorops, Crassiseta, SiniOiNELLA, Meromyza,
and UsciNis. The species described by Wiedemann under the
name of Jloinalura plumbella likewise belongs ' .. the genus Sijjho-
nella. Macquart has established a genus, Ectecei'uala, on a
N". A. species, and he says it is nearly related to PUttyccphala and
Eurina; if that is really the case, it must also be recorded here.

Fam. LVII. AGUOMYZIDAE.

Charact. — Front with strong bristles ; border of the mouth with a vibrissa
on each side. Middle tibice with a terminal spur; all the tibise on
the exterior side without erect bristle before the tip. Wings with-
out liristles on the costa; first longitudinal vein very short, and the
auxiliary vein connected with it at the tip ; basal cells existing, but
small ; postiilor transverse vein geneially far distant from the bor-
der of the wing.

The N. A. species which I have seen belong to the genera Agro-
MY/A, Luijioptera, and .Mimchia.

V.

Ch

whi
spe
one

<:\u

!i.:v

?■

.J ' ■ J

m

^

nth-

tlie

.lit

bor-

IBO-

PHYTOMYZIDAE — ASTEIDAE — BOUBORIDAE — rUDUlDAE.

Fam. lviii. piiytomyzidak.

47

Charnct. — Front Lristly ; Vorder of the month with vibrissa on each side.
Middle tibiae with spurs ; all the tibije without erect bristle on the
exterior side. Wings without hristlos on the oosta ; lirst longitu-
dinal vein very short ; auxiliary vein connected with it at the tip;
basal cells existing, but small; posterior transverse vein wanting.

The genus Phytomyza is represented in X, A.

Fam. lilX. ASTE I DAE.

Vharact. — Front bristly above; border of the mouth with a vibrissa at
each side. Middle tibim with spurs ; all tlie tibiie without erect
bristle on the exterior side. Wings without bristles on the costa;
lirst longitudinal vein exceedingly short ; auxiliary vein connected
with it only at the tip; second longitudinal vein very short-, two
posterior basal cells as well as the posterior transverse vein want-
ing.

5(0 N. A. species of this small family is as yet known.

Fam. LX. BOUBORIDAE

dharac.t. — Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen flat ; front bristly ; face exca-
vated, with a vibrissa on each side of the border of the mouth ;
clypeus developed; first joint of the posterior tarsi abbreviated.
Neuration of the wing incomplete, only a commencement of the
auxiliary vein being at best visible ; the hindmost two basal cells
are not complete in all genera.

N. .' se«ms to possess numerous species of the f?enus Uorborus,
which have not yet been carefully compared with the European
species. One species taken in Cuba is identical with an African
one.

Fam. LXI. TilORIDAE.

('harac.t. — Antenna) apparently single jointed, witli a long bristle. Wings
with several stout veins running into the costa, and tliree or four
weak ones, which run across the surface of the wings and are not
ci)mpl«steiy connected with the liindinost of the stout veins, from
which they appear to issue. Femora flattened.

liaay species of Tiiura seem to occur in N. A. ; their form, as
fur as I am acquainted with tlieiii, differs in no way from tliat of
the European ones.

I

!

M

I

«A\

I

^.■^■

i%

I, A a

^^
111 ,1

4

-Vr

i

■■1:1

äii'k-j

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ifi;

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l ' ■■. •"

1

J ■

t.

: il •

1

1

1

k

'•iff

||,:';

48 DII'TEBA OF NORTH AMERICA.

III. CORIACEA.

Fam. lxii. niPPOnOSCIDAE.

Charcicl. — Head flattened; first joint of all the tarsi, or at least of the an-
terior and middle tarsi, abhreviated.

N. A. possesses species of the genera IlirroiioscA Li'tm., Mei.o-
riiAGUS Latr., Ornitiiomyia Leach, and Olfeusia Wicd., several
of which are perfectly identical with European species.

Fam. LXIIL NYCTERIBIDAE.

Charact. — Head not flattened; first joint of all the tarsi ratlier long or
very long, in comparison with the following.

One Strebla only and a si)ecies belonging to a new genus are
known to me as occurring in X. A.

(■■ ■

h '

ii^'

1

H

m

,|.

;
1 '

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, i

1 .

'v^'

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i\..

'■%

. 1
■ f

M*"

lg or
3 are

II.

ON THE KORTII AMERICAN TRYPETIDAE.

1, Extent of the family Tuypkthj^i;.

In stating tliat the family of Trijpi'ildcc comprises the genera
Tr;ipctci Meig. and Danis Wied. v,e define its limits as exactly as
is possible before having develo-ped its character.

The genns IVypeta was founded by Meigcn in TUl(jor''s Marfrczinc
II, 277, 94. Siiortly after, the same genus was published in
Schrunlc's Funna Boica under the name of Trvpanen, and still
later, it apjieared in Latroille's writings, in a more vague circnm-
scri])tion, under that of Tcphritis.

The number of species belonging to it has so much increased
since the time of its creation, and so considerable differences in
their organization have been observed, that not only the limits of
the genus have become a little uncertain, but also the necessity of
a division into smaller genera was felt, and more than one attempt
to satisfy this want has l)een made.

The first attempt, abortive both from the choice of unfit charac-
ters and from the vagueness of the observations used as foundation
for the characters, was made by Ilobineau "Oesvoidy, who distri-
buted the species known to him among the genera Eiisina, Sfi/fia,
0.rijn(t, O.rijp/iora, TcrelUti, Forellüt, Xi/phosi<i, Sitarid, OrcUia,
Teplmlis, Urophora, Aciiira, PrioncJJa, Sphenelht, UrcNia, Achiia,
antl Na'eta, to which his genera AciiUa and Strauzia must be also
added.

Subsocj'iently Macvpiavt reunited these genera into five : Uropho-
ra, TvrclJia, Tephritis, Aciiu'a, and Kimiui, to which he added the
genus Cerdtitis .M'Leay, which he had previously described himself
under the name of PetaJophura. Ijater, in the "Diptvrcs exotüpies,"
he added Acanthonein-a, Campyloceni, ]\lcrav((ntJia, I'oxiira, and
Epirprellit ; the four last, however, if we may depend on his de-
pcrii)tions and figures, must be placed among the Ortdllda-.

Mr. Walker, in the " List of the Diptera of the IJritish Museum,"
adopted the genera of R. Desvoidy, after modifying the characters

> 1

i

I

i ^'

vm

irc^

; rt: ^

50

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

iHf

r

;■?':!(•.

1 ; i

li #

of several of them, a..d retained tlie genera Anomoia and Euleia,
wliicli lie had previously founded liimself; besides, he erroneously
broupht again among the Tnjpetidcn the genus Camptoneuru, which
Ma('(iiiart had formed on Trypeta picta Wied., and correctly placed
among the Ortulidce,

The most recent attempt at a detailed classiGcation of the Eu-
ropean species of the old genus Trypeta is that given by Rondani
in his "ProdroniKS Dipterologue italicfe.'''' lie retains — though iu
a much altered sense — the genera of 11. Desvoidy : O-ryna, Uro-
phoni, Jiivelh'a, Tephrilia, Acinin, Aciura, TereUia, and Orellia,
and adopting the genus Ceratitis ]N[. Leay and Myopites Breb., he
creates the following new genera: Gom'yhsstun, Qirpomyia, Cera-
jocera, Clietostoma, Epidcsmia, Myolrja, Sputludhui, Diiliryca, and
Oplochela. Hut these genera are less fit for reuniting what is
really allied, than for isolating out of their nearest relationship
such species as are distinguished by any specific peculiarity and for
crowding them inordinately together. Tlie dichotomic division of
genera from single characters without any indication of the true
generic distinctions, renders it impossilile to refer to them the
other species described by authors, and it is not at all sufficient
for this purpose to name a typical species, especially as some of
these typical species have not yet been described, and the correct-
ness of the names of the others is not proved. Moreover, the
characters ascribed by Rondani to the single genera are not all
quite certain, and some of them, for instance the scutellum of
Myolrja, which is said to have two bristles, the scutellum of Cera-
titis six bristles, appear to be errors of the observer.

If we add to what we have said already that the genera Xar-
nuta, 77icmara, Calantra, and Arayara, erected by Walker in the
"Proceedings of the Linnoian Society," with some prol)ability
belong here, and that perhaps the genus Dasyncura Saund., and
Rachiptera and Elaphroinyia Bigot are Trypetidce, both the va-
riety of the forms belonging to the genus Trypeta Meig. and u
picture of the chaotic state into which their arrangement has been
thrown will be sufficiently illustrated.

The genus Daciis, restricted by Meigen to the Dacus Oleu-
Fabr. (the renowned blight of the olive) and used by Wiedemann
in a wider sense, is nearest related to the genus Trypeta Meig. ;
Fabrieius, who formed this genus, comprises so different species
in it that we may scarcely consider it as a creation of his. IIow-

cat(

Olew
emaiin
Meig. ;
pecies

How-

division OF THE FAMILY INTO TRYI'ETINA AND DACINA.

51

ever strikinf? the difference may be between the greatest part of
the species of Trijpeta and the hirger naked species of Daciis, yet
sonic of the latter approach very much to the hirgcr species of
the polymorphous genus Tnjpetn, and show the near relation of
both genera. Wiedemann, misled by some I'ri/pcta', had become
uncertain about the limits between the genera Dacns and Trypeta,
or he would not have placed the large Brazilian Trypeta paruUela
among Dacns. One of the surest marks for separating both gen-
era is furnished by the structure of the female abdouien, which in
Trypeta shows five, in Dacns four segments before the borer, the
fifth being very short and concealed under the fourth. None of
the other character», however marked they may appear, is so con-
stant as this. Macquart has already justly observed that the
whole of the first group of Dacns Wicd. is not only a stranger to
this genus, but cannot even remain in the same family with it;
therefore giving it the generic name of Scnopfcnna (which must be
mended into Stenopterina), he assigned it its right place in the
Ortalidic, as will be detailed in the sequel. Among the new gen-
era introduced by Macquart, Leptoxys and Enicocera, perhaps also
Cardlaccra, may be very nearly related to the gonus Dacus, which
cannot be, however, asserted positively, on account of the insuffi-
ciency of ]\[acquart's statements and the incorrectness of his figures.
The genus Bactrocera, founded by Guerin, seems also to belong
here. The same, perhaps, may be said of the genera Itioxa and
Stnuneta, formed by Walker in the "Proceedings of the Ijinneau
Society," while the genus Dasynenra of Saunders, which Walker
in the "List of the Diptera of the British Museum" places near
Dacns, seems to stand much nearer to Trypeta.

The specii'3 of the genus Trypeta, and those smaller genera which
either have been comprised in Trypeta or founded in its neigh-
borhood, together with the species really belonging to Dacus and
the smaller genera subordinate to or co-ordinate with it in a simi-
lar way, form the family Trypetulce, one of the group of closely
related families of the Acalyptera which are characterized by their
corneous ovipositor.

2. Division of the family into Trypetina and Dacina.

A division in two groujjs may be established as above indi-
cated. The two groups would be: Trypetina, with five distinct
Kegraents of the female abdomen, and Dacina, with apparently four

r.vv.i

M

m

r-

s^

52

niPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

''

'1 1

M

h'i

seji^niciits. Tlio latter, moreover, have some peculiarities in the
structure and neiiration of their winjjs, wiiich, however, allow of
no very sharp limitation. Most i'reijuently a dilatation of the
second hnsal cell and of the space between the third and fourth
lon<ritudinar veins (in consequence of which the second longitudinal
vein is pushed towards the costal margin) and the jjosterior angle
of the anal cell extended in a long point, arc the most striking
pecnliuritics in the slrticture of the wings. ]>ut a sharp limitation
of the two groups is perhaps not to be urged too much, as transi-
tions from the one to the other are certainly not wanting, and
another division (piite as useful seems to be possible. In the moan
time the groups Trtjpefiua and JJticiuu, as we have delined them,
are characterized as well as our purjiose requires. We have now
to fix the relation of the family Tri/petlila' to the nearest families,
particularly to that of OrluUihe, since almost all authors have mixed
the species of these two families. For this })urpose we want only
to find out the natural character of the family, which cannot be
ol)tained but from a close examination of the greatest possible
number of species and from a careful a])preciati()n of the system-
atic value to be assigned to the observed peculiarities and diil'er-
ences.

'Mi.

i?>

•■ ii

li!'l'

3. Kdtxrol character.

After examining nearly 300 species from different parts of the
world, I believe I may si)eak as follows about the organization of
the Tn/pciidce.

The bare eyes, in both sexes, are separated by the front, which
is of equal ))readth or only a little narrowed anteriorly. The mid-
dle of the front is not sharply separated from the lateral lists, but
has often a diÖerent color. The front is even, usually with an
almost microscopic, rarely with a longer pubescence, sometimes it
is totally bare. On its vertical Ijorder it always bears two very
strong bristles, rather distant from each other. Two short callo-
sities, usually little perceptible, run from them, converging but
faintly anteriorly, and bearing one or two bristles directed upwards.
On the vertical border itself there are two bristles, each near the
upper angle of the eye, and in the middle behind the ocelli there
is another pair of bristles, sometimes very stunted. This is also
the case with a pair of bristles directed anteriorly, and inserted be-
tween the ocelli. More anteriorly on the front there are, at each side

"^

the
of

jut
an
is it
>'ory
jllo-
but
Inls.
the
icre
also
be-
side

I

NATUKAL CIIAUACTER.

68

of the orbit, two or three stouter bristles, but frenernHy less stout
in tiie Dacitia than in tiie Triijwliiin, wlicreas in tlie lualcw of some
Triipetina tiie) are tliicl<ene(l into spines, or even inserted upon
hiteral processes. The little crescent cut oil" by the frontal fissure
is often very distinct, though never very larjre. The antenme are
directed downwards, the third joint elongated or long; the bristle
nearly bare, or with a very short pubescence ; only in a few spe-
cies it has longer hairs, but is never pectinated. The face shows
below each antenna a flat excavation, more deepened in those few
species which have a keel in the middle of the face ; the anterior
border of these excavations forms a more or less distinct eleva-
tion, and sometimes almost a keel. The cheeks are more or less
hairy; in a few 7Vy/>f'</«« the furthermost hairs almost have the
appearance of viltrissiX), which, however, are neve; present. All
more naked species have also less hairy cheeks. The proboscis
is never much thickened; the suctorial flaps are sometinies very
short and rather broad, sometimes rather long, sometimes of an
extraordinary length, as for instance in the species of Myopltes
]3reb., where they seem to become much stouter, which was the
reason why a species of 3/i/ojf)i(es was placed by Fabricius in Slo-
mojri/s. The prolongation of the suctorial flaps is proportionate
to that of the stem ; not unfrequently in most neaiiy related species
the structure of the proboscis seems to be very diflerent; but on a
closer examination this dill'erence appears not to be essential, and
cannot even always be used in characterizing the small genera into
which the genus IVypeta Meig. has been divided. Among the
Davitia I have never seen a species with a very prolonged pro-
boscis. The oral cavity is large, sometimes very large and widened,
and not seldom a little prolonged at its anterior border ; its form
depends very much on that of the proboscis ; for in those si)ccies
which have a very long proboscis, the anterior border of the
mouth is usually also much more projecting. The palpi are eith >r
more applied to or more laid npon the labium, when it is retracted
into the mouth-hole ; their form is more or less spatulate, and
generally more elongated in those species which have a long pro-
boscis than in those with a short one. The clypeus owing its
origin to a duplication of the skin which connects the stem of the
labium with the border of the mouth is narrow, and being con-
cealed within the mouth-hole can only be seen anteriorly in those

|:'M,

?E-

54

niPTERA OF Nonrn America.

i^. -i-i

V' ■hßl'^

iij '

spet'icR ill wliich the anterior part of the perialoma is more draw»
upwards.

There is no atrikinpf peciilinrity in the structure of the thorax.
The transverse suture, in n};-rifnieüt witli nearly all the Aciilypteriv,
is distinct ii: the neij^hborhood of the lateral horder, and totally
obsolete in the middle of the thorax. Tlie bristles of the thorax
not only offer good specific characters, but sometimes also prove
very fit for the separation of genera. In that respect the bristles
of the middle of the upper side of the thorax deserve attention ; in
those species in which their number is the most complete there are
three jiairs, one before the suture, the second behind the suture,
the third a little before the seutellum. More fixpiently only the
second and third pair of these bristles ar«: present, sometimes only
the third ; in almo>t all African species of Dacus they are all
wanting. Besides these bristles of ihe middle of the thorax there
are two ' vs of bristles on each side; the exterior row consists of
four bristles, the first of which stands on the humeral callosity, and
is often wanting in the Daciua; the second has its place before
the transverse suture ; the third, which is often much weaker than
the others, in the lateral diliilalion of the transverse suture ; the
fourth above and a little behind the base of the wing. The inte-
rior row consists of three bristles oidy, corresponding to the three
last bristles of the exterior row, but is placed a little more back-
wards than these. The seutellum, whicli is more or less convex,
generally bears four stont bristles, but in many Daclna and some
Tnjpctlua oidy two; there is sometimes on each side a weaker
bristle between the stuut ones.

The abdomen of the male shows only four distinct segments, the
last of which is more or less elongated. The abdomen of the female
1ms five segments before the borer, and the last of them in the
Tryprtina is always distinct, whereas in the Dacina it is very
small, and so concealed under the fourth segment that the abdomen
of the female seems to consist only of four segments. That seg-
ment w Inch is usually numbered the first, and will also be numbered
so in the following descriptions, seems to be composed of two
segments soldered together. In many Dacina we also see the next
segments more or less completely coalescent on their upper side.
The borer of the female is always of a corneous substance; it is
formed of three segments, which are retractile like the drawers of
a telescope, and often very long; the last ends in a simple more or

NATURAL rriARACTER.

69

the

male

tlic

•cry

mien

seg-

lered

two

next

iide.

it ia

rs of

•c or

I

less sliarp [»oiiit ; tlie (irsi so^^inoiit is eillier more coiiicnl, or more
cylindrical, and then usually thick at its hnae, or it is (|nit<; Hat;
in most species it is Fiairy, in others it is beset with hairs at tlie tip
only; in others niyain ih (piitc bare; its length varies exceedingly
in the vari<Mis species; the second and the third segments of the
borer are always bare. To the length of tin- l)()rer of the female
corresponds that of the thread-like junis of the male. 'J'he hairs
of the body are sometimes line and short, sometimes coarse and
long; in the latter case the posterior margin of the abdominal
segments is generally beset with bristles, wliich in the species
having fine and short hairs, are either totally wanting or are pre-
sent oidy at the ])osterior borders of some segments, most friMpiently
on that of the last.

The legs are always of moderate length, and of a rather ro)»ust
structure ; they are beset everywhere with short hairs, which be-
come longer on the upper side of the posterior tibiie of some species.
There are usually some lohL'^er bristles on tiic under side of the
anterior femora, and frecpicntly also on their upper side ; sinular
bristles exist on the posterior femora of several species, and some-
times even on the middle femora. The tips of the middle tibiic
arc always spurred ; otherwise, the tibiie have no bristles. It is
very characteristic for all the Trijpctida' that the erect bristles
arc totally wanting, which some allied families, for instance the
Sapromtjzldce, possess on the outside of the tibia}, not far from the
tip. The first joint of the tarsi is always prolonged. The claws
and pulvilly are small, and of eijual form in both sexes.

The neuration of the wings is that of Aatlyptcrit in its highest
perfection, and shows many characters peculiar to this family.
The auxiliary vein is separated from the first longitudinal vein,
though often approximated to it, especially in some Dacina; it
never runs in the usual way, that is, at an acute angle and with
equal distinctness as far as its end or even iiicrassating towards the
border of the wing, but turns suddenly towards it, and, at the
same time, becomes much more indistinct, the more so as the
space between its end and that of the first longitudinal vein is
incrassated. At the place where it runs into the border of the
wing, the latter bears a small marginal spine, quite indistinct in
many species, and which cannot, therefore, be considered as one of
the characters of the Trijjxtidce. Generally the whole length of
the first longitudinal vein is beset with bristles ; this is also most

b»«>1

■,,:'fj

■I

I' ••

¥; ' m

66

DllTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

! ri'i

IViMjuoiitly tlio case with tlio buso, or a nTciitcr part, or even the
whule leiif^th of the third lon^itudinni vein ; iiiikIi mure suldoiii
there are bristles oti tlie fifth hxi^itiuiinid vein. Tlie twu Hiiiall
Itasal cells are proportionately large ; the posterior of them, i. e.,
tiie anal cell in most, but not all species, has its posterior angle
drawn out into a j)oint. The thiekening of the costal vein idways
reaches to the fourth longitudinal vein. The surface of the wing
has in all species a microscopic pubescence.

Krom the above enumerated structural pecidiarities wo may de-
rive the following characters for the family of Trypetida:: —

I. The borer of the female is corneous, three-jointed, and ends in
a simple ]ioint ; the ])enis of the male answers the borer in
length, and is thread-liUe and not divided at its end.

•1. The front is broad in both se.xes, and there are stout bristles on
the anterior part of its lateral border, not belonging to the
row which descends from the vertex, but forming a separate
row which is placed nearer to the lateral border of the front.

o. There are spurs at the end of the middle tibiic, and no bristles
whatever on all til)iie, except, in a few s|)ecies, bristle-like
liairs on the upper side of the posterior tibiie.

4. The neuration is the completest among the Aaili/ptera ; the
auxiliary vein takes a steep turn towards the border of the
wing, and becomes indistinct towards its end.

4. On the relutiotis of tliis fiDiiily,

The family most nearly related to the Trypetidce is that of the
OrtaNdcc, The two i)rineipal characters, by which the former are
disting\nshed from the latter, are the stout bristles existing on the
anterior part of the lateral border of the front, and the steej) direc-
tion in which the tapering end of the auxiliary vein runs to the
border of the wing. Both these characters are very constant ;
should it happen that one of them is less sharply ex|)ressed, the
other will be the more striking, and so an absolute certainty is
aflbrded about the limits of these two families, the species of which
have hitherto been so much mixed together.

The PidlopteridcB and Lonchceidce are not quite so nearly related
to the Trypetidie as the Ortalidce. They also want the bristles
on the anterior part of the lateral border of the front, and the
end of the auxiliary vein never shows the peculiarity which cha-

•m^

ON THE N. A. 81'ECIE8 IIITIIEU'IO llKtollDKI).

67

ich

ted
les
the

nu'torizes tlic Tnjjtci!il<r, Mi>rt'ovcr, their biisnl cells are snmlhT,
and the first hjH^'itiidiiial vein never has any Iiristh'S, Imt (inly ii
short pnbesoencc like that of the remainder uf the s^nrfuee uf tlic

The Ldii.vanlihc and Saprnmiiziihe have still less relation to the
TriipetiiUf, They are readily distinv:nished IVoni the Tnntctidw hy
their middle and hind tilda' i>eini^ spurred with bristles before their
tip, and the outside of the tiliia; bearinjj; an erect bristle before the
tip; the first longitudinal vein of the wings has no bristles, and
the end of the auxiliary vein never has the character jiecnliar to
that of the y'ri/pctidn'; the two posterior basal cells are small ; the
bristles on the anterior part of the lateral liorder of the front are
wanting ; in this respect we must not lie deceived by the rows of
bristles, which run from the two bristles of the vertical border,
and which, being more scattered, extend farther anteriorly; there
always exists oidy a single row of bristles, whereas the frontal Ijris-
tles ill the Tnjpctldtc always form two rows on each side, one of
which may be called the superior and interior, the other the inferi(jr
and exterior.

With the exception of the families mentioned above there is no
other so nearly allied to the Trypetldu, that it would be necessary
to point out its differences.

5. On the N. A, species hitherlo recorded.

What has been written about the N. A. Trijpetidoi is very little in
amount. No species at all of the section DncUia has been described.
I have, however, seen the fragments of a fly captured in Cuba,
which belongs either to Daciis or to one of the nearest genera of
the OrhdUUe; but as it is one of those osculating forms between
the two allied families, nothing can be said with certainty about its
systematic place before having seen a better preserved specimen.

The X. A. Trypetoi hitherto recorded are as follows: —

1. acidusa Walk.^ unknown to me, is either a relation of Trtj\). susiicti^a

and uiiicdlnr, tlie descriptions of wliicli will be given liereaftor, or
belongs to those species similar to them which have the lifth longi-
tudinal vein also beset with bristles.

2. albiscutellata Ilarr. must be omitted, since it is undescribed.

3. antillarum Macfj. belongs to the OriaVuhr, being erroneously placed

by Macquart in Urophora, a genus of the Tiypetina.

4. arcuata Walk, diflfers in nothing from Trup. flexa Wied. and belongs

to the Ortalidx.

5S

DIPTERA OF NORTH AIM ERICA.

'■{.■'■:

•■.■:i-

If.

•\n

0.
10.

n.

armata /?. Disr., published by the author as Stntuzia armata, is Tryp.
loaijipe.niiis Wied. % .

asteris llarr.; the description being unfortunately inaccessible to
me, I can say nothing about it. The name is preoccujJed by Mr.
Haliday.

avala U «//>•., quite unknown to me; Mr. Walker's statements are not
suflicicnt to decide whether it belongs to the Orfalidu: or not.

beauvoisii R. Denv. ; the description is too bad to allow its true
position to bo determined ; but it is certainly not among the species
known to mo.

caiiptera S<iij is Tn/j), sjximn Wied. ; the ohhn' name deserves the
preference, the more so as that of S.ay is not correct.

cinctipes llnrr. is an undescribed species, and must be therefore
omitted.

comma Wii d. a good species and readily recognizable ; not possessing
it, 1 cannot give a more detailed description ; but having seen it in
some collections, I subjoin a fugitive sketch of the reticulation of
the v-ing (Tab. II, lig. 28), trusting that by this figure and Wiede-
niaiui'.s description the species will be recognized. It is not quite
certain whether Macquart's Acinia comma is the same, since he says
thrt. th.i posterior border of the wings has a large clear spot, whicli
was not the case with the individuals of the genuine Tryp. comma
Wied. which I have seen. The clear drops near the end of the
sixth longitudinal vein being very much crow(b.H], their eventual
coalescing into a larger clear spot does not seem impossible.

Ocinigera Walk, is identical with Trijp. lovgipennis Wied.

cornifera M'alk. is a slight variety of Tn/j). lonc/ijicnnis Wied., in
which the bands of the posterior border of the wings are obsolete,
which is not seldom the case.

culta H7f(/. (not ctdta, a misprint corrected by Wiedemann himself).
It is a relation of the European Trjjp, reticulata Schrank, and Wiede-
mann's description is sufficient for recognizing this species. On
Tab. II, flg. 29, I subjoin a sketch of the reticulation of the wings,
which I made several years ago; though the circumference oi the
wing may not be ^uite correct, yet the species will, I hope, be recog-
nized from it.

dinia Walk: seems to be a Tnjpeta related to the European Tnjp.
ro/niulirentris P'all., tibialis R. Desv., etc. It may stand nearest to
Tryp. insf'cta, the descrijition of which follown hereafter.

electa Say will be exactly described in the sequel.

fimbriata ^facq. is Tryp. culta Wied.

flavonotata Macq. is Tryp. electa Say.

flexa Wietl. is by no means a Trypela, but an Ortalis not rare in
collections.
20. fucata Fahr, seems to be a true Trypeta, but will be rather hard to
recognize, unless an original specimen can be compared.

12.

Hi.

14.

ir>.

10.
17.

18.
19.

4

2(J

28,
21).

30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

V ■

ON THE N. A. SPECIES HITHERTO RECORDED.

121.

in

lete,

On

'->JP-
st to

•e in

rd to

23.

24.

A).

20.

2:».

30.
31.
;52.
33.
34.

fulvifrons Miirq. I l.anlly conceivo how Macqnait could locate among
Urojiliorn a species which is an Ortnlis, and notliing else but Ortalia
am (I Wiod.

inermis R. Dn^v., puhlished hy the author as Slrauzia inermU, is
Tri/ji. Ian;/!/)! mils Wit'd. J-

interrupta Maiyj. soems to ho an Orlalis related to IL rina rujitarsis
Maiq., if it is not a mere variety of this species, so variable in the
color of its body; moreover, it is so vaguely described that it is not
possible to say anything with certainty about it.

latipcnnis Macj., described by Macijuart under the name of Pliiiy-
stoma lulijicnnia ; it is, however, certainly a Tri/iifln, and I hope
not to bi mistaken in identifying it with Triip. sjKirsa Wied, ; the
representation of the head is certainly nothing but the invention of
the draughtsman, or a foreign liead had been glued to the speci-
men.

lichtensteinii Wied, I have seen this beautiful species about six-
teen years ago, and made a sketch of the picture of the wing, which
I give in Tab. II, fig. 25. The bristle of the antenna is tliickened
at its base in a rather striking manner.

longipennis ]\'od. will be more accurately described in the secjuel.
Tlie name of it is ascertained from the inspection of the originals.
It is surprising that Wiedemann does not mention tlie thickening
of the fiontal bristles of the male, though the males in his collection
sliow it. Perhaps he had specimens enough to satisfy himself that
this leculiarity is not constant.

marginepunctata Macq. is unknown to me.

meiliginis Filch belongs to the Orlalidue, and is Ilerina rujitarsis
Macq.

mevarna Wall:., a Tnjpda which has the apex of the wings only
T' Uculated, and is allied probably to the European Tryi). stellala
Fiissl. Among the below described species Trypeta solaris may
have the greatest resemblance to it.

mexicana \Yi<d. seems to be a Trypela; the original perhaps exists
in the Berlin Museum. It is none of the species known to me.

narytia 11«/^. I believe it also to be a Trypeta; it is likewise not
among my species.

novaeboracensiöi I'itch is the same species as Tryp, sparsa Wied.
and vitliptera Say.

nigriventris Macq. probably a Trypeta of the group of Tryp. rotundi-
reiilrl^ Fall.

obliqiia Macq., a Try/i, fa, which seems to be nearly allied to Tryp.
sunjtoisd from Cuba and Tryp. utiirolor from New Granada, but diflers
from both by its small ti »iisverse vein having an inclined position,
ami the lirst hyaline band running uninterruptedly from tiie border
of the win« to the anterior of the two small basal cells, whereas in
tliose species It la interruptud not far from the costal border.

I

m

■■■■ '%^Wi\

( V

w

ill

f

i

i ■

1

^

rii

\

*]■

1

-

iWrn

35

3G,

37.
38.

3D,

40.
41.

60 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

obliqua Saij soonis to be r(!lalerl to the Kuropi'iui Tri/p. Ami/ Dog.
cand the below dcMcribcil Tn/p. j)nl/)<is<i from North Wiscon.sin ; the
Latter has on its abilomen four rows of black spots, whereas Tryp,
(ililii/iin Say has only two.

ocresia WalL: apparently relate^^ to Tri/p. uiilralur from New Cfranada,
but it cannot be identified w'.'.a this or any oth-r species known to
nie. The description given by Walker is very vague.

picta Fdlir. a ('niiipfoneura and consequently an Oridliihonn species.

quadrifasciata JInc/. I believe it to be a Trifpcla which I do not
])()ssess. *

quadrifasciata Walk, belongs to tlie Orhili die and is ILrina nijUursis
Maeq.

quadrivittata .^facq. belongs to the Orhilldir.

scutellaris Wud. I have seen the typical individuals of this beau-
tiful species in the Berlin Museum sixteen years ago. If I recollect
right, there were bright bands of a more black than brown color on
the two last segments only of the abdomen in the male, but on all
segments in the female. I was surprised to see in the female the
markings of the wings (Tab. 11, flg. 27) more extended than in the
male (Tab. II, fig. 2f.).

sciitellata \Vi<d, a Tn/pda ([uite unknown to me.

septenaria Hurr. must be omitted as being undescribed.

solidaginis Filrh has been amply described in the se(iuel.

sparsa Wnd. T give a detailed description of it.

tabellaria -' ' /(, not among the Tri/petiv known to me, nor does it
seem to belong to them, but is probably an Ortalida,

tribitlis Uarr. not described and therefore to l)e omitted.

trimaculata Macq. is the same variety of Trij}). lomjipeniiis Wied.
which Walker has described under the name of Tri/j). coniijlra.

trifasciata Harr, must be omitted as being undescribed.

villosa /'. Denv. may be a Tri,pela, but is so badly described that
there is scarcely a i)ossibility to recognize it.

42,
43.
44.
4.''),
4U.

47.

48.

4D.
50.

I MK

f\'. ;• <n

1 r. ,l^i ;

The result of tlie remarks given about the ctiumcrated 50 species
will consequently be as follows : —

1. Five species must be omitted, because they have never been

d'.'soribed : aUnscuteUuta Ilarr., cindipes llarr., septenuria
Ilarr, trlbulis llarr., and trifasciata llarr.

2. Fourteen species must be blotted out as identical with species

previously described : arcuata Walk., armata 11. Desv,,
cdliptera Say, cornigera Walk., cortiifera Walk., Jinibriata
]\[acq., ßavonotata Macq., inen/iis 11. Desv., latipenuis
Macq., marginepunctata Macq,, riie/lir/inis Fitch, novcebont-
ccnsis Fitch, quadrifasciata Walk., and trimaculata Macq.

■:i

it

ietl.

nes

)ecn
uiii

cies
sv.,
Hita
mis
>/-a-

1-

ON THE SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEiVIENT OF THE Sl'ECIES.

r,i

3. Of tlic remaining thirty-one species seven, tlio five first with all

certainty, the two last with great piol)ability, mnst bo i)lacod
among the OrUiUdcc. These are : (udiUaniin ]\Iacq., Jlexa
AVicd., fulvifrn))s ]Macq., pirtd Fal)r., fjiiddriviUiiia Macij.,
iiiterrupta ]Macq., iaheUuria Fitch.

4. ronsLM(Uontly twenty-four N. A. Tnjpetce have been descril)e(l,

namely: f/f/f/ws« Walk., asten's liarr., rav//« Walk., bcciK-
I'oisii R. Desv., coiinna Wied., cvlfa Wied., düiüi, Walk.,
clrrtd Say, fucata Fabr., lir/itciisteiitii Wied., loiir/ijipiuiis
AVied., wevtiviia Walk., niexirand Wied., Xari/tia Walk.,
■}u'f/rif('ii/ris Maccj., ob/i{jnii Maeq., ob/if/iKi Say, orrcsiti
AValk., (jiiadn'fascidld ]Macq., scutidhois AVied., scutclldld
Wied., soUdaginis Y\ii:\\, ><paisn AMed., and rif/osa 11. Desv.

5. Of these twenty-fonr species I possess four oidy [now five. —

0. S.], which I shall fully describe l:"reaftcr ; they are: c/cc/a.
Sav, /oin/ijjoniis Wied., sniiditghih i'itch, sjxtrsd Wie'd. [and
oldi'ijiid Say. — O. S.]. ^Moreover I have seen in other col-
lections four sjiccics ; they are : conima Wied., ciiltd Wied.,
Ilchtciisfciitn Vs"n'x\., and sridellaris Wied. As an addition
to my paper 1 subjoin the descriptions which AViedeniann
has given of them, and accomi)any them with drawings of
the wings, which, however, on account of their being only
fugitive sketches, have not the same claim to correctness as
the lignres of the wings of the other species.

T). On the systematic arrdvgenicnt of the sju'cies t<> he descrihed.

Besides the above mentioiKMl fjur speeies I have to describe
iiiacteen new ones, which I leave all united in the genus Tinpcla.
Though they tlill'er in their organization, I think my ctnirse is l)otli
reasonable and proper. It has been already suHiciently shown,
how very uncertain the limits of the family Tri/pelidcr. are. P'or
the immediate purpose, it will lie (juite snllicient if insects of other
families are no longer mixed with these. The number of accurately
known species must increase considerably, l^efore a convenient
cliissilication can be thought of

The smaller genera hitherto founded on the various forms of the
TnjpetiiHi are partly formed on i;uroi)eati species, jtartly estab-
lished in a very superficial manner on single species of other parts

f I

f i

i

t '

::■*'.

*.' i

)'/;i

V-'4

fW

tlr.

'i

ill'

it ;■■

M

; t

f '

i M.

V'

la' i'iy' ' ' ^- ■ i.

•I.

62

DIPTERA OF NORTFI AMERICA.

of the globe. Among the former there are some, wliirh are avail-
able or may be rendered available by removing the aberrant species
from them ; the remaining genera eitiier have no claim to the names
of genera, or are understood by different authors in so different a
sense as to render their adoption more perplexing than useful.
lUit a few of the available genera are represented in North Ame-
rica. Tiie genera created for single species have usually been
established on account of a single striking character, no informa-
tion being given about the otlicr characters ;, so it will be next to
ini[)ossi))le to place new s[)ecies in such genera without incurring
the risk of gross mistakes.

Such being the case, I will be justified, I think, in comprising
all species under the head of Trypchi, in the sense of !Meigen and
Wiedemann. I should be glad indeed if by the oonununieution of
numerous species I was enabled to divide the X. A. Tri/petina
into smaller genera. To obtain numerous species is only possible
by breeding them, which is a very easy task ; for the larvae are
easily discovered ; they live in stalk-galls, or in berries and berry-
like fruits ; but most frequently in the flower-heads of Coiiipositcp,
among which they prefer the Ci/naroccp/xiltc to all others.

To prevent any misunderstanding I fimilly have to observe, that
in the following descri{)tiüns, by the length of the borer I always
meant the length of its first joint only, which is also comprised in
the indication of the length of the fenuiles. The length of the
whole borer depends so much on the more or less extension of its
three setrments, that no certain measure of it can be s;iven.

Synopsis of the species (h scrilxd in the sequel,*

, ( Wings pictured (reticulate or banded),

( Wingri not pictured, hyaline.
„ ( Wings banded.

I Wings reticulate,
o ( Third longitudinal vein witli bristles.

( Tliird longitudinal vtiu without bristles.

, f Abdomen black.
I Abdomen yellow.

3
15

4
10
1 discolot, n. sp.

S

* If a species is not found among those enumerated in this synopsis,
before pronouncing it to be new tV.n *.;wf»iidiees I and II should be con-
sulted. Tliis table contains f^n\y .'ipeuics doocrH)ed from specimens, and
imt merely quoted from other ivorki!. O. S.

in

the

its

2

26

3

16

4

10

sp.

pais,
cou-
iiixl

SYNOPSIS OF THE PPS^r-lES DESCRIBED IN THE SEQUEL.

fi3

2 longipennis Wit d.

a

7
obliqua Snij.*

P J Face very receding.
l Face not receding.

„ f I5ack of the tliurax not striped.
( JJauk of the tf.oiax striped.

_ f Altilonieu witii Mack dots.
I Aliilouien witliout blade dots. S

(■'flio band rising over tlio posterior transverse vein is connected witlx
I the preceding ou the posterior border. 3 fratria, n. sp.

1 Tlie band rising over the posterior transverse vein is not connected
L witli the preceding. 4 suspensa, n. sp.

"Die two middle bands of the wing diverge towards tlje posterior
border. 5 unicolor, n. sp.

The two middle bands of the wing are converging towards the jioste-

9^

rior border,
f Thorax and abdomen difl'ering in color.
* Thorax and abdomen of the same color.
( Color of the body yellow.
( C<dor of the body black.
^., I Abdomen with black dots.

10
11

13

14

I Abdomen without black dots.
( Basal third of the wing hyaline,
X Basal th'.rd of the wing pictured.
( f^eutellum yellow.
( fcScutellum black.

Tr ( ^\lngs much widened.

I'M . T 1

{ Wings not widened.

/ Tip of the wings with an uninterrupted white seam
IG ■! Tip of the wings with an interrupted white seam.

,_ f Proboscis geniculated.

I. Proboscis not geniculated.
,£, ( Stigma with a limpid droi).

t stigma without limpid drop.

C electa »V«*/.

7 insecta, n. sp.

11

12

14

8 palposa, n. sp.

13

vernoniae, n. sp.f

9 suavis, n. sp.

10 cingulata, n. sp.

11 polita, n. sp.
16
17

12 sparsa Wiai.

13 rotundipennis, n. sp.

18
19

14 clathrata, n. sp.
15 humilis, n. gp.

,„ ( Reticulation of the wing not radiating at its tip. 20

I. Reticulation of the wing radiating at its tip. 21

Front exceedingly broad.

moderate breadth.

ical half,
surface
o., ( The whole reticulation equally broken.

I. The reticulation broken much less in tlie middle
no ( Abdomen yellow.
( Abdomen black.

o.| ( Front ex(

( Front of
01 ( Wings reticulate only on the aj ici

( Wini's reticulate on their whole S'

IG soliäaginis Fitch.

17 seriata, n. sp.

18 Solaris, n. sp.

22
19 Eequalis, n. sp.
23
24
26

* See Appendix HI.

t Ibid.

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64

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

., I f Rotioiilation paler in the middle.

t- Rt'ticulation everywlicro of the same color.

20 festiva, n. sp.
21 bella, n. Hp.
'The curvature inside of the first posterior cell cousiderahle.

22 latifrons, n. sp.
The curvature inside of the Ui^i, posterior cell very small.

2:i melanogastra, n. sp.
ji|, ( Htit'ma fuscous. albidipennis, n. sp.*

( Stigma pale. alba, n. sp.f

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1. T. «liscoloi* LoKW. '^ . (Tab. II, fig. 1.) — Lutea, ahdominc nigro,
alarum fasciis quatuor ohliquis fuscaiiis, prima et secunda juitice, tertia
et quartä postice couuexis, venil longitudinali tertiä setosil, venulis
transversis valde approximatis.

Lutoous yellow with the abdoi on iilack ; wings with four very obliijuo
brownisli bands, the two list being anteriorly, two last posteriorly
connected; third longitudinal vein with bristles and the two transverse
veins njiproximate. Long. corp. (i.l3. Long. al. Clfj.

Yellow with a rather glossy black abclomcii, which color becomes
more blackish-brown near the base. Front proportionately rather
narrow; three bristles at each side are of a browner color and
directed anteriorly. Antennic yellowish, not reaching as far as
the border of the mouth; bristle of the antenmc thin, apparently
naked. Face descending rather straight downwards, but little
excavated. Opening of tiie month i)roportionale!y large. I'ro-
boscis short, palpi somewhat prominent. Upper side of the tho-
rax with short yellow liairs ami yellowish-brown bristles; it has
no pale stripes, but there is an obsolete, paler, longitudinal stripe
between it and the pleura?. Pleune of the color of the upper
side of the thorax, with yellowish bristles; the neighborhood of
the coxie is blackish. SentcUnm with four bristles. Abdomen
with short I)lack hairs. Legs yellow, anterior femora with ochra-
eeons bristles on the under side. "Wings glassy with four very
obli(pie brown bands, which are partly tinged with brownish-
yellow on the inside. The first band b gins at the base of the
wing, where it is connected with the second, runs over the anal
cell as far as the base of the third posterior cell, and, including the
fourth longitudinal vein, projects a little, whereupon leaving the
latter, it bends towards the posterior larder of the wing, which it

* .'^ee Appendix III.

t Ibid.

TUYrETIDAE,

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roaches in tlic middle l)ct\voen tlic tips of the fourth .iiid fiftli h)n-
"•itiidiiinl veins; its color is yellowish-brown near the base of the
wings and dark brown ))cyond the l)asal cell. The second band
runs first from the base of the win<,^ to near the tip of the first
lonu'itndiiial vein, then crosses the winj^ obliipiely, on the b(jrdor
of which it includes the tip of the I'lflh longitudinal vein; the two
transverse veins are included by it in such a way that their anterior
ends are placed exactly on the outside border of the I)and ; the
color of this band is brownish-yellow with darl<er l)rown edges
which gradually overcome the lighter color at the posterior eiul ;
also that portion of it which covers the stigma and the space imme-
diately beneath it, is dark brown. The third band Ijcgins on the
costal border immediately behind the stigma and reaches the jios-
tcrit)r border immediately behind the tip of the fourth longitudinal
vein; it is brownish-yellow, edged with dark brown, the posterior
end being likewise dark brown. The fourth band begins a little
liefore the tip of the second longitudinal vein and runs on the bor-
der of the wing as far as thc^ fourth longitudinal vein, where it is
connected with the third band; its color is dark brown, being
brownish-yellow only at its anterior end. The two transverse veins
arc very near each other and very steep; none of the longitudinal
veins is extraordinarily arcuated ; the second, third, and fourth
longitudinal veins diverge a little at their tii)S; the bristles of the
third longitudinal vein arc very distinct and reach as far as its tip.
Jiuh. Cuba. (Kiehl.)

Ü. T. longipeiiiiis Wikd. % k J. (Tal.. II, fig. 2^,39 .)— I'lnva,
angusta, rivulis fasciiscjue alarum aiigustaruui llavo-fusoanis, facio valile
rt'coileute.

Yellow, fjleuJei"; tlio narrow wings with brownish-yellow rivulets and
bands ; the face much receding. Long, corp. U.17 — I'.-G. Long. al.
0.22—0.30.

ÖYX. Trijjiila hinijipeninn Wuodkmaxx, Auss. Zwoill. II, 4S3, 12.
!<trauzia armata 11. Dusvoidy, Myod. 71'.', 2. {%,.)
Stfdinia iiurmis 11. Dj'.svoiuy, Myod. 71^, 1. (90

T< phrltis trimacidala Macijuaut, Dipt. exot. II, 22lj, S. Tab. XXXI, fig. 3.
Tri;jii til cornigcra Walker, List. Brit. IMus. IV, 1010.
Triipita cornifcra Walicku, List. ]?rit. JIus. IV, lOll.

Tery variable both in size and in the color of its body and wings,
yet readily recognizable. In the palest indi\iduals the whole body
is yellow, only a very small dot immediately above the base of the
5

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DII'TEllA OF NORTH AMERICA.

win{!:s and the tip of the borer being l)lack. In darker individuiiln,
the following markinprs appear successively: 1. A bliu'k double
spot in tlie middle of the anterior border of the thorax ; 2. A
l)Iack spot on each side of the scntcllum ; 3. A broad black stri|)c
on each side of the metanotum ; 4. The black jxjsterior portion of
the lateral stripes; 5. The black anterior i)ortion of the lateral
stripes ; 6. The double stripe in the middle of the thorax, abrni)tly
ending in its centre. The head is rather bright yellow ; front very
prominent, face much receding; opening of the mouth not widen-
ed; palpi and pro!)()scis short, yellow, the bristle with a very short
pnljcscence. Frontal bristles black, the superior ones considerably
stout, two of them on each side in the male assume the shape of
straight spines, n little incrassated at their tips; in smallci males,
however, the.se spines are not seldom only little stouter tlrin in the
fenmles, and of the ordinary form. H^he lateral border of the thorax
and the superior border of the plenno may have a pale yellow
color in life ; in dry specimens they are very whitish. From the
pale yellow scutcllum a broad pale yellow stripe extends to about
the middle of the thorax. Hairs and bristles of the thorax black.
Scntellum with four black bristles. Abdomen i)roportionatel}'
very narrow, with rather long black hairs. ]>orer about half as
long as the abdomen, with the tip only blackened. Legs yellow,
anterior femora with black bristles on the under side. AN'ings
narrow and very long, more elongated and pointed in the nudes
than in the f males, but not always in the same degree ; the brown-
ish-yellow stripes and bands leave the following clear spots : 1. A
space near the costal border between the transverse humeral vein
and the ti[) of the auxiliary vein, and having usually a brownish
spot in its middle ; 2. An oval space immediately below the
stignui between the third and fourth longitudinal veins ; 3. A tri-
angular space immediately beyond the tip uf the lirst longitudinal
vein, and reaching from the costal border as far as the third longi-
tudinal vein ; 4. An arcuated band running obli(piely from the
costal border between the two transverse veins as far as the fifth
longitudinal vein ; 5. A triangular space on the posterior border
filling up the second i)Osterior cell, with the exception of an edge
along the veins ; 6. An arcuate oblique sennfascia beginning on
the poHlerior border before the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein,
and rnnning as far as the third longitudinal vein ; 7. The alary
appendage, the po«terior angle of the wing, and a large space

TUYrETIDAE.

6t

edge
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vein,
I alary
■space

afljoininp: it, and lyinc^ Ix'forc the last lonfritndinal vein. Tlio
traiisvorso Ininieral vein, and the space of the costa near it, are
usually lilnck as well as Ihc space of the latter, where the costal
spine is inserted. Tlie brownish-yellow hands of the winjjs liavc
narrow brown cdjres, and are in a p^renter or less extent I»rown
near the tip and the jioslerior border of the \vinf,'s. There are
specimens in which the l)ands are much more extended, bnt those
havinjif a })art of them obsolete arc more common ; this f'adin}:^ f>f
the picture of the winti^s is most frcrpicnt in the neighborhood of
the itosterior border. The posterior transverse vein is a little
oblifpte; the ti|is of the third and fourth longitudinal veins are
curved. The circninrereitce of the wings is not always the same in
the males; those the frontal bristles of which arc most thickened
appear to have the most prolonged and pointed wings.

Jltih. Aliddlo States. (Osten-Sackcn.)

Ohsei'Vdtion. — I have had an opportunity of examining the
typical individuals of Tryp. lonyipeiuils Wicd.

3. T. fratria Lorw. 9. (T;ili. II, lii,'. 4.) — Tola lutea, thoraco noil
vittato, alarum rivulis fasciis(nic Jutoo-t'iiscanis, raaculam ovatam pellu-
ciilaiii in i)ostLM'iori! cuUuIjc 'lisuoidalis parto iiHliiil(,'iit!l)iis, veuil loiigi-
tudiuali tertiil setosii.

Totally luteous yellow ; tlie thorax without stripes ; the wings with brown-
ish-yellow rivulets ami l)aiiils, including an ovate pellucid spot in the
pojiterior part of the discal coll; the third louLjitudinal vi'in with bris-
tles. Long. Corp. 0.22. Long. al. 0.22.

llather dark yellow with the scntcllum paler and an almost
wliilish-yellow, not sharply limited stripe, running from the shoulder
to the liase of the wing; the metanotuin at each side with a dot-
like bhick spot. Front of moderate breadth. Antenna) yellow,
little longer than half the face, with the bristle apparently bare.
Face receding only a little, and slightly excavated below the an-
tenme. rroboscis short; palpi slightly jirojecting. Bristles of
the thorax black. Hairs of the abdomen shoii and black. JJorer
very short, not flattened, concolorous with the abdomen. Legs
yellow, tibia) and tarsi paler than the femora; anterior femora with
some black bristles on the underside. The i)ictiire of the wings is-,
yellowish-brown, and of the same form as that of the 7'liiroi)ean
Tnjp. Heradel Linn. The part of it adjacent to the base of the
wings reaches from the costal border as far as the dark brownish

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nil'TERA OF NORTH AMEIUCA.

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sligiim, Imving, however, between the triinsverse hmnenil vein and
the li[) of the unxiliiiry vein a rulhei* largo nnil almost hyulino
spaee ; it inehules between the third and i'üurtii longitndinul veins
an oval transparent spot near the base of the diseal ee'l ; it eovers
the whule of ihe iwo posterior basal cells and (ills nj» tlu) two first
thirds ol' the diseal cell, rnnning then in a darker color buliind
the (il'th longitudinal vein as I'ar as the tip of this vein, from vvhenee
forudng a hand, it rises above the posterior transverse vein and id
connected with the remaining picture in the neighborhood of tho
small transverse vein. From the latter place a bund runs obli(pieIy
to the costal border, where it seams the lip of the wing and pro-
ceeds as far as the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein ; on the
third longitudinal vein it endts a parallel branch running to tho
posterior border. Tho last portion of the third longitudinal vein
is only slightly curved ; the jiosterior transverse vein is slightly
obliipie ; the small transverse vein is perpendicular and more than
one and a half of its length from the i)osterior transverse vein.

JlaO. United .States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation 1. — Tryp. fratria resembles exceedingly the yellow
variety of Tryp. IJcntdei Linn., and agrees with it especially in the
piet\ire of the wings ; but it differs from it by its shorter and pro-
portionately broader wings, by tho greater distance between tho
two transverse veins, and tho curve of the last portion of the third
longitudinal vein, which is less considerable. I found also tho
borer ol the palest females of Trijp. Ihradci always black, whereas
its color in Trup. fratrla agrees with that of the abdomen.

Observuliou •!. — I have been of the opinion for some time that
this species might be Tryp. varipcnnis Macq., but after a closer
examination I find this not admissible, since in ^ract^uarfs figure
(Dipt. exot. II, 3, Tab. XXXI, f. 1) tho band rising from tho
posterior border and seanung the posterior transverse vein includes
a large clear s[iace l)ehind the fifth longitudinal vein, which does
not exist in Ti-ijp. fndrUi, and the i)enultimate band is united with
the first near the second longitudinal vein, whereas in Tryp. frutrla
this uinon takes place at the third longitudinal vein. The state-
ment of the metanotum of Tryp. varipeiuiis being black, whereas
in my specimen of Tryp. frutria it is marked with a black dot on
each side only, could not be considered as decisive for seitarating
the two s[)ccies, since the species of this group are very variable
in their colors.

*

TRYPF.TIPAK.

69

J. T. su«*|M'iisa LdKw. %. (Vth. ir, fl','. f).)— Tdta lut.'n, tliorace
11011 vittato, iilarmii fascÜH fiiscanis olili'Hii-i, jiosticn .liviT^fiitilms, vi'iul
IdiiL^itiuliiiali ti'itiii, sot()s;\.

Totally liitcons yellow; the thorax not sti'i'iil ; tlic wiiies with ohliiiuo
iiriiwiiish liaiids divcriting postoriorly ; tlif IJiii-'l loir inidiiial vein with
bristleH. Long. i:oi [i. (>.:2I . Long. al. (i.ll::— ('.U3.

Pni'k yellow. Front ptiror luul pülor yellow; frontal liristles
bhiek, rather short, and not very stout. Anleiinje yellowish, almost
as loiiu; as the laee, with the hrist! • vi i^ thin, and haviiii,^ a very
deliente and short pidiescence. Face a little receding, with jiro-
]iortionately rather dee]i furrows for the reception of the anlennie.
Opeiiini? of the inoutli rather widened ; l)order of the mouth sharp.
Proboscis rather thick, with the snctorial Haps a, little prolono'cd.
Pidpi broad. Upper side of the thorax without stripes; its jiube-
seence yellow and exceedinj^ly short, bristles black. ScutelUini
with four black bristlop. Metanotum colored alike with the rest
of the Ijody. Hairs of the abdomen sliort and pale, bnt the bris-
tles at its end black. Ll'j,s yellow ; anterior femora not very stout,
with some ])lack bristles nn the ander side. "Winss not very Ioiil'';
their marking's are mostly u lowish-brown, and leave the following
hyaline spots : 1. A small trianjrular one on the costal border
immediately behind tlie lip of the first loncitwdinal vein, reaching
as far as the third lonjritndinal vein, and joining there a hyaline
spot which lies below the stigma between the third and fourth
longitudinal veins; 2. An oblicjue band slightly curved, which
rises on the jiosterior border, near the tip of the last longitudinal
vein, and ascends between the transverse veins as high as the third
longitudinal vein ; 3. A triangular spot of the ]iostcrior border,
occupying the greater part of the second posterior cell, and reach-
ing with its ape.K to a little beyond the fourth longitudinal vein ;
4. An oblique band which begins at the posterior border, imme-
diately beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein, and ascends
as high as the second longitudinal vein, so that the two oblique
clear bands almost meet with their anterior ends. The small
transvcr.se vein is at the end of the second third of the discal cell,
and, like the posterior transverse vein, has a slightly oblique posi-
tion ; the end of the fourth longitudinal vein is distinctly curved
forwards; the posterior angle of the anal cell is drawn out into a
long point.

/lab. Cuba. (Poey.)

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14540

(716) 872-4503

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DIPTEKA OF NORTH AMERICA.

5. T. linicolor Lokw. %. (Tab. II, fig. (5.) — Flava, thoracis vitti:»
scutelloqiie miUto pallidioribus, fawuiis alarum fusco-llavoüceutibu.s, pod-
tice divergeutibus, vend longitudinali tertiä seto.sd.

Yl'IIow, tbe stripes of thu thorax as well as th« scutellum much paler ; the
biownisb-yeilow bands of the wings diverging posteriorly; the third
longitudinal vein with bristles. Long. corp. 0.2l!. Long. al. 0.27.

llalher pale yellow. Front a little brighter, of luoderale breadth ;
frontal bristles black, the superior ones rather stout. The yel-
lowish antennie are nearly as long as the face, bristle very short,
beset with a very short and delicate pubescence. Face a little re-
ceding, the furrows for the reception of the anteniuo proportion-
ately rather deej). Opening of the mouth rather widened, border
of the mouth sharp. Proboscis rather thick, with the suctorial
flaps slightly prolonged ; p'-lpi broad. The upper side of the
thorax, above the base of t'le wings, shows a stripe running from
the suture to the posterior border of the thorax, and aas in the
described specimen rather a whitish color, which seems to have
been pale yellow in tiie livv.g insect; of the same color are the
shoulder and the space behind it, the scutellum and a large spot
aljove the poisers ; a broad stripe of the same color seems to run
from the middle of the posterior border of the thorax to nearly its
middle. The dark stripes usual in other species are indicated by
rows of blaekiah spots; they may, however, have become visible
only after the drying up of the insect. The short hairs of the thorax
are pale yellowish, the bristles black. Scutellum with four black
bristles. Metanotum with a black stripe on each side. Abdomen
with pale, very short hairs and brownish-black bristles at its end ;
last segment a little prolonged, with an indistinct brown longitu-
dinal line on each side. Legs yellow; anterior femora with some
brown bristles on their under side. AVings rather large; th^^ bands
are brownish-yelluw with brown edges, entirely brown near the
posterior border and the tip of the wing; the clear spaces which
they leave are as follows : 1. A very oblique one, interrupted on
the third longitudinal vein, with its anterior end forming a trian-
gular spot, placed beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein,
and running through the base of the discal cell as far as the base
of the posterior basal cell ; 2. A band, having the form of an S,
rising on the posterior border, near the tip of the last longitudinal
vein, and, after running between the transverse veins, ascending as
high as the second longitudinal vein, from whence it turns again

;■ 1 ,.1

■U'

TRYPETIDAE.

71

to the posterior Ijordcr, wliicli it joins in the nei}.':hborlioo 1 of the
tip of the fourth longilmliiial vein ; 3. A largo triangular spot of
the posterior border, which occu})ies a great i)jrtion of the second
posterior coll, and with its tip reaches beyond the fourth longi-
tudinal vein. The stignui is long and rather dark brownish.
Transverse veins straight and steep ; the fourth longitudinal vein
is distinctly curved forwards at its end, as in Tryp. puraUchi Wied.;
the posterior angle of the anal cell is drawn out into a large point.
JIah. New Granada. (Schott.)

-5;

) •*'

6. T. electa Say. 9. (Till). II, fii;. 7.)— Flava, thoracis vittis scutel-
loqiie multo palliilioriljus, alls fuscano-fasciatis, vena, longitutlinali tiTtii
setosä, tibiis posticis iiigro-ciliatis.

Yellow, tlio stripes of the thorax as well as the scutellnm mueh paler ; the
wiiiL's with straight brownish hands ; tlie third loniritudinal vein with
bristles and the upper side of the posterior tibiie ciliated with black
b^:^tlerf. Long. eorp. d.lil). Long. al. 0.2'.).

Sys. Tnipria vhcta Say, Journ. Aead. Philad. VI, IP.*), 1.

T'pliritisjlavoiwtata Macuuaut, Dipt. exot. Suppl. V, ili5. Tab. VII, fig. 9.

This very distinct sj)ccies has in the picture of the wings a
great resemblance witli the European Tr>/j>. dltmuiUt Fail. Yel-
low. Front of middling breadth ; frontal bristles black, rather
stout. Face slightly receding, with rather deep furrows for the
recci)tion of the untenme. Antenme yellow, reaching only a little
beyond the middle of the face ; the bristle bare and very thin.
Opening of the month largo, Ijut not yvidened ; border of the mouth
rather sharp, but not projecting. Proboscis small; palpi rather
broad. On the upi)er side of the thorax there is a pale yellow
(almost ivory color in the dry specimen) stripe running from the
shoulder to the base of the wing, and a second above the base of
the wing running from the suture as far os the posterior border of
the thora.x. Another stripe of the same color runs from the middle
of the posterior border to beyond the middle of the thora.x, where
it is gradually pointed and obliterated; the stripe lying above the
base of the wing is interiorly edged with black in the described
specimen. ITairs of the thorax short, pale yellowish ; bristles
black. Scutellum of the color of the pale stripes of the thorax
and a black spot on each side of the bnse of the lateral border; !.
has four bristles. Pleurie with a pale yellow longitudinal stripe in
its middle and two black little spots above it. Abdomen yellow,

n*-'" ■ •'

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72

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

with short black hairs and bhicli bristh,'s on the posterior Ixirdcrs
of tiic two hist segments ; the last segment has a dot-like black
spot on each side near the base. Borer short, thick, not llattened
at all, a little ronndcd at its end, of the color of the abdomen,
and covered 'vith black hairs. TiCgs yellowish ; anterior femora
with l)lack bristles on their nnder side ; the nnder side of the
middle and posterior femora with some black bristles only near
the tip, the bristles being shorter on the middle femora; the pos-
terior tibi;e on their whole upper side arc densely fringed with
rather long black bristles, which allbrd a very characteristic mark
of this species. Wings liy;Uine, with brown bands. The first of
these bands is the least regnlar, and runs from the transverse
humeral vein as far as the end of the anal cell, the posterior angle
of which is drawn out into a long point ; this anal cell, as well as
the basal cell lying before it, is brownish-yellow. The second
band, beginning with the short stigma, runs over the small trans-
verse vein, and, after crossing the discal cell, reaches the posterior
border, on which it is connected more or less distinctly willi the
posterior end of the following band. The latter begins on the
costal border before the ti[) of the second longitudinal vein, and
after running over the jiosterior transverse vein in a straight direc-
tion, reaches the posterior border of the wing. Its anterior end is
perfectly connected with the last band, which seams the wing as
far as a little beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. I5e-
iween the second and third bands there is still a yellowish-brown
line drawn perpendicularly from the costal border to the third
longituditnvl vein. Transverse veins straight; the small transverse
vein is a little beyond the middle of the discal cell.
JIub. Florida. (Osteu-Sacken.)

T. T. insecta Loew. 9- (T^^^- H» f^g- *^-) — Thorace iiicrro, capite,
abiloinine pedibu-.ijtio Intens, alarum nigrarura incisuri.s luarginalibus
guttulis(ßie inter venarum longitudiualiuni tertiam et quartani tribus
vel (juatuor pellucidis, vena longitudinali tertiä nudä, setis scutelli
duabus.

Thorax black; head, abdomen, and legs hiteous ; wings black, with limpid
Micisious on the borders, and three or fonr limpid drops between the
third and fourth longitudinal veins; third longitudiual vein bare;
scutellum with two brii^tles. Long. corp. 0.14. Long. al. 0.14.

Of the group of the European Tri/p. rotundiventris Fall. Head
dirty yellow. Front rather narrow, more so towards its anterior

TUYI'KTIDAE.

78

/ ;

\

^

>

i

end ; frontnl 1)ristlos 1)ro\vn ; llic row of ratlicr lonj? bristles at
the posterior orI)it wliitisli. Anteiiiiic yellowisli, nearly as long
ns tlie face. Clieeks desceiuliiij!; only a little lielow the eyes.
Thorax mid scuteliiim lilack, the neij?hl)orhoüd of tlic coxiu hrown.
]lairs of the thorax short, i)alo yellowish, bristles brown. Seutol-
liini with two long brown bristles. Abdomen brownish-yellow;
borer not qnite so long as the two hist segments united, much
broader at the base, broad and abrupt at the end, flattened, con-
colorous with the abdomen. lu'gs y(!llow. Wings black, with
pcliueid spots. On tiic costal border there is a small spot liefore
tie triMisverse humeral vein ; a similar spot projecting a little from
•Jie first longitudinal vein lies beyond the transverse humeral vein,
and a smaller one between it and the tip of the auxiliary vein ;
it is followed by two triangular spots of ctpial size, the first of
wliieli is immediately beyond the tip of the first longitudinal
voiii, and touches the third longitudinal vein at its junction with
the small transverse vein. On the posterior border of the wing
there an; six clear excisions, the two iirst of which coalesce with
the grayish hyaline axillary angle of the wing; the third reaches
the üfth loiigitiidiual vein ; the fourth lying belii:ul the tip of the
fifth longitudinal •ein is more cloudy than the others, and goes
a liUlc beyond the fifth longitudinal vein ; the fifth accompanies
the steep posterior transverse vein at its hind side, and reaches as
far IS the fourth longitudinal vein ; the sixth has a more inclined
position and a sharper tip, with which it reaches the lil'th longi-
tudinal vein. In the middle of the broad first posterior cell there
is a considerable hyaline drop ; a much smaller drop is seen at the
anterior side of the fourth longitudinal vein, in the middle of its
penultimate portion, and one or two hardly visible drops at the
antepenultimate portion of this vein. The second longitudinal vein
is slightly undulating, and diverges more than usually towards the
end from the third longitudinal vein ; the posterior angle of the
anal cell is druwn out into a prolonged point.
Hab. Cuba. (Pocy.)

.'H'-'i

1^^(11

'

II'

4

J 4 DIVTEUA OF NORTH AMERICA.

8. T. I>iil|»osn LcKW. %. (Tall. II, (Ir. !».) — Flava, alxloniiiio imnc-
toniiii iiinrormu .m-iifhus (ßiatuor piuto, alis hyaliuis luteo-fabciatis, vouä
loiiu'itiiiliuali t'srliil uudii.

YelloH-, abdoini'ii with four rows of lilack <\otH, wings liynliiio witli liitcons
liaii'l.. and the third loiigitiidiual veiu Laro. Long. cori). 0.12(J — 0.27.
Loii'^'. al. ('.1^(5.

It, is nearly allied to Tri//), arctii Vc^., hi/r/nv Ccderli, etc.
Yellow; front )jrif,'hter yellow, rather broud; frontal l)ristle.s lilack-
isli, the small bristles of the posterior orbit whitish. Antennte
yellow, (k'seendinfjf a little beyond the middle of the face, their
third joint rather broad ; the bristle of the antenntu apparently
bare, with the base slightly incrassated. Face a little receding,
excavated in the middle, so that the border of the mouth is pro-
jecting ; the furrows for the reception of the antcnnte rather flat.
Opening of the mouth very wide; proboscis thick and short; palpi
broad, rathe" large, with some small black Ijristles. Thorax with
a large gluisy black .'jpot in the middle of its anterior side; its
upper side blackish, with the exception of the lateral and posterior
borders, and of a large triangular spot which rises from the poste-
rior border; hairs whitish-yellow; bristles blackish; two of the
latter, inserted before the scutellum, are placed on larger black
dots, and two I)eforc them on smaller dots. Scutellum with four
bristles, yellow, only a little Idackened at the base of the lateral
border. !Metanotum black. Pleurie with some brown spots, and
above the posterior coxic with a small black spot. The third,
fourth, and fifth segments of the abdomen have each at its anterior
border four small black spots, the intcvmediatc ones being more
ap}troximated ; the fifth segment is much prolonged, and has,
moreover, a Idack spot in each posterior corner. The rather coarse
hairs of the abdomen are yellowish on the first segments and the
anterior part of the middle ones, the remaining ones are black.
Legs yellow; anterior femora with black bristles on the under
side. The color of the I'icture of the wings is brownish-yellow in
my s))ei;'mcn, which is apparently a little faded ; it extends on the
costal border from the base to the tip of the first longitudinal vein,
and, on the first portion of this extent, reaches as far as the fourth
longitudinal vein, and on the second half as far as the third only.
From the tip of the first longitudinal vein a band runs over the
small transverse vein ; a second band runs from the costal border
over the posterior transverse vein ; these two bands become more

TUYPETIDAE.

75

ol).sok'te towards the jtostcrior horilcr, and almost coalesce in its
ni'inliborhood. The first uf ihem is also connected vith a stripe
which edges the fifth lonjritndinnl vein. The edge of the tip uf
the wing is iierl'eetly connected with the second i)and, and reaches
a little beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. The anal
cell is brownish-yel'ow. Transverse veins steej) ; the small trans-
verso vein a little before the last third of the discal cell.
Ilah. Northern AViscousin. (Kennicott.)

r I

9. T. RUavis Loew. %. (Tab. II, fig. Id.)— PivHi'In flava, unicolor,
alaniiii liyalinaiiun liturä lias-ali fasciiscjut; tiibiis iiigricaiitibus in torniam
litcrx- Ö conllueiitihus, vena longitmlinali tortiii nmla.

Palo yelli)«', uniuolorous ; wings hyaline, with a blackish has.il stripo and
tlircti blackish baiuls couihieu. in an S-shajjed uiuik; third longitudinal
vela nake<l. Long. eorp. 0.20. Long. al. O.-l.

Of this species, very conspicuous by the peculiar picture of its
wings, I unfortunately possess only one individual, much injured
in carrying. It is everywhere i)ale yellow, and its thorax and
seiiiellnni have no trace of a ]>uler picture. Hairs very short,
wliiiish-yellow on the ui)per side of the thorax, rather blackish
on tlie jtleune; bristles all black. Scutellum with four bristles.
Wings hyaline ; the veins at the base of the wing yellowish ; a
blackish not very striking sirii»e runs from the tip of ihe basal
hiuiieral vein to the )»osterior angle of the anal cell, which is drawn
out into a point. The reniaiuLler of the picture ol the wings con-
sists of three very broad, rather blackish bands ; the first runs from
the black stigma, widening gradually perpendicularly to near the
posterior border, where it is connected with the second, which rises
over the posterior transverse vein as far as the costal border, and
connects there completely with the third band which seams the tip
of the wing. The connection of the first and second bands is
somewhat interrupted by a clear incision reaching from the poste-
rior border a little into the discal cell. Above the end of this
incision there is another clear spot. Stigma small ; none of the
longitudinal veins unusually curved ; the small transverse vein is
somewhat before the middle of the discal cell and below the very tip
of the first longitudinal vein ; thi. posterior transverse vein is only
a little arcuated ; the two transverse veins are steep, not perfectly
perpendicular.

Jldb. Middle States. (Osteu-Sacken.)

M»*-.;!

fl

76

DIPTERA 0^ NORTH A:MEIUCA.

lO. T. cineillatn L"e\v. 9. (Tai). If, fii,'. 11.)— Niu'i-a, cajiite
li<'(lil)US((uo lutciis, tlioracin inargiiie lati-rali Rf'utt!llo(|ii« flavis, iiiarginu
Heeinontoriini abilominaliiiiu sinf,'ul()nim jiostico alliitlo, aliiniui Iiyali-
imrum fasciis (juatuor innictoijuo apic .li iiigris.

Black with the head and logs Intcons, thn lateral horders of tlio thorax
and the scntollum yellow, the jiosterior horders of the ahdoniinal seg-
ments whitish ; wings hyaline with four hands and an apical dot black.
Long. ooip. 0.'1'2. Long. al. ('.20.

It bclonjrs to tlic rolntionsliip of tlio Europcnn Tri/p. rnrasi
Linn. (= siijtuiUi. Mcij»". ), a jfrnnp wliid» mnst not be confowndocl
with that of Trjip. soIsliti'nUs Linn., closely alike in its colorinjoc.
I>hick. Ilea J rather dark yellow, front brij^htcr yellow, of middle
breadth, with rather lonjj black bristles. Antenna? reachinf? to a
little beyond the middle of the face, last joint rather narrow, and
with the anterior corner rather shiu']). Face straitrht, descendinjr,
with moderately deep furrows for the reception of the antenna' ;
border of the mouth Ijy no means ])rominent. Proboscis and palpi
short. Thorax black ; the humeral callosity and a lonjj:itudinal
stripe running from the latter to the base of the winpj arc brijrht
yellow. The bristles of the thorax and the four bristles of the
yellow scutellum black ; the l)ase and j^^reatest i)art of the lateral
border of the latter black. Mctanotnm and abdomen jrlossy black,
the latter with broad whitish (perhajis more yellow in life) edges
of the posterior borders and black hairs. IJorer exceedingly
short. Legs dark yellow; femora a little brownish at the base:,
the anterior femora with small brown bristles on the under side;
the two posterior tiltiio with short black bristles on the npi)er side.
AVings somewhat l)road, especially in the neighborhood of the base,
with four black bands and a little black sjiot at the tip. The first
band runs from the basal humeral vein to the posterior angle of
the anal cell, which is drawn out into a point. The second is
broadest, running from the black stigma beyond the fifth longi-
tudinal vein, and ending abruptly in the middle between this vein
and the border of the wing. The third, which runs over the pos-
terior transverse vein, is also rather perpendicular, and completely
reaches the posterior border of the wing. The fourth band is
perfectly united with the third on the costal border, and reaches
the posterior border behind the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein,
so that it has a rather oblique position. 'J"ho small apical spot

TRYl'ETTDAE.

n

iiiclndos the tip of llic iliiril loiijfiludiiml vein. IJolli ti'unsvcrso
veins lU'o straight und perpendicular.
Jlnh. Middle Stales. (Oslen-Sacken.)

11. T. polita T,(.i;\v. 9. (Tal). \\, fl^^ TJ.)— Atra, niti.ln, capitu
IHMliliiiHtitiü tlavi?<, sciitclli) tiiiiiiilo, alaiiiiu alliiito-hyulhiaruiu luacula
liasali aträ, fasciisnuo trilms latissiiuis fusco-uinris.

Dt.'i'ii Maok, s'.i

uiuu

lii'ail and Icqs yt-llow, siiitcllina inllatcil ; wings

rliitisli-liyalinu with a basal Maok spot and tliii'u very broad brownisli-

black bands. Long, eoi'i). 0.

Long. al. 0.17— 0.18.

Delongs to the relatiunship of the European Tri/j>. Wicdemaimi

>l

th

le species of which chiolly agree in their inllaied scutelluni
and short wings, vvliile they dilfer among each other nuich in the
structure of their face. Front bright yellow, Ijeautifnlly yellowish-
brown above, conNiderably broad; frontal bristles IdacU. Antennto
yi'llowish, descending to the ndddle of the face, and having a black
bristle, the pubescence of which is exceedingly short and hardly
visil)le. Face whitish-yellow, a little receding, its niidiUt rather
flat ; l)order of the mouth not prominent at all ; opeiung of the
mouth rather small ; prol)oscis and pali)i short. The inferior part
of the occiput is wliilish-yellow, the superior blackish. Thorax
rallier convex, altogether glossy black, bare, but the broad lateral
stripes are bordered everywhere with a row of yellowish short
hairs, and the broad middle stripe is divided by a longitudinal row
of such hairs. IJrislles black. Scutollum shining black, very con-
vex, as if inflated. .Metauotuni lilack, with an indistinct whitish
relk'ction. I'lcurio shining black, with a few still" yellowish hairs
and some black bristles. Abdomen black ; the hairs rather stilT,
whitish on the posterior part of the flrsl segment ; on the second
and third segments they are black, except the hindmost ones of the
posterior border, which are whitish; on the two last segments they
all are whitish. IJorer shining black, flattened, pointed, abundantly
as long as the abdomen, with very short black hairs. I-iCgs dirty
fuscous-yellow; femora not much incrassated, the anterior ones
with a few black hairs on the under side. ^Vings short and rather
broad, having the transverse veins very approximated and perfectly
perpendicular ; they are rather whitish, with very broad brownish-
black bands. Their innermost base is yellowish, then follows a
large triangular rather deep black spot, which reaches from the
costal border as far as the axillary incision of tht wing, and only

^.n::i

■■•• ■■ , If

fll

■■■t'..t'

'iM{ W]

■,'■ '.'■ ; ' '

78

DirrERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

little exceeds the bnsnl colls. Tlie two (irst lilar-k or hrowiii.sh-
blnck liiinds arc united on the costal hordcr, s(» n.s to form nii
inverted V; the second of then» runs from the sliujin.a over the
transverse veins, and has a more ineli'icd position tliiin tlie llrst;
the isolated third hand has ii jiosition similar to that of the second,
nnd seams the tip of the winj; some distance hcyond the tip of the
fourth lonjritudinal vein, witliont couleseing anywhere completely
with the l)order of the wing.

Ifiih. ^lississippi. (Sehanm.) "Washinjjton. (Osten-Sacken.)
Ohxcrviiluni. — Tile IJra/.ilian Iraj/fiarti ronncrd Macq. (TMpt.
e.xot. Suppl. Ill, 04, Tal». VIT, fi-^-. 10) has the picture of the
winjjs rather similar to those of Tri/p. pollta. ]5nt being greenish-
black, and having the last band of the wings comi»leteIy connected
with the preceding, and running straight on with the costal border,
but not reaching the ti}> of the third longitudinal vein, it i.s evi-
dently dillorent from Trijp. jxilita.

11. T. siMirsa Wii:n. % .niid 9. (Tnh. TI, (ig. 1.3.)— Fnsc.a, alls latis-
siiuis, nitundatis, iiigris, albitlo-guttiilati.s et mavgine apical! albo ornatis.

Brown ; wiiiu's very liroail ami roumlcil, li!;u k with small droiis, and tho
apical burder whitish. Long. corp. 0.27 — O.ItO. Long. al. O.llt!.

Syn. Ti-ii/utii sjiur-(t WirniniAxx, Auss. Zweitl. II, 4!12.
Tfjiiniii v,ilii,lcnt Say, .loiirn. Acad. I'hil. VI, ls7, !?.
Pliilj/stf, wa l<iti/<iiniis Macijl'Akt, Dipt. exot. II, ?,, 200. Tab. XXVI, fig. 8.
Aciiiid inirii'hiiriifi list's FiTin, First Reji. etc. 07.

Of a brownish-red, sometimes more brown color. Front broad,
brownish-yellow, frontal bristles black; tho bristles of the poste-
rior orl)it whitish-yellow. Antenme descending below the middle
of the face, their bristles with a short, but distinct pubescence.
Face excavated in the middle, and marked with two large deep
black dots ; another small deep black spot is between the antenna
and the anterior angle of the eye. Eyes with three very distinct
transverse bands. Fal^tl dark brown, usually blackish at the tip;
suctorial (laps a little prolonged. On the upper side of the thorax
there are usually two or three darker longitudinal lines, and a
broad dark-brown edge of the lateral border. The short hairs of
the thorax and scutellura are whitish-yellow, the bristles of both
black. Of the four bristles placed in the middle of the thorax, tho
two first are near the transverse suture. Pleura; above with whit-

f

r 1

-m

TUVl'KTIKAE.

79

isli-ycllow, below with binck Imirs, the hristlos mixed anintiL' thcra
hhielc. Tlic nli(hiineM nsunlly l)eiirs two rows of jarire lihickish
ppots, of a rather (iiuidraiifrnlar form, leaviiijr between I hem n
brown middle htreak, and not oom|»h'tely renchiiig tho iiosterior
border-; of the single seunnents ; Pometimes they extend so much,
that oidy the [tosterior borders of tlie se<i^ments retain a pak'r color,
wherciis the wliolc surfaee is bhickish. IJorer lilaekish-brown,
fiometimes with a red spot on each side, a little pointed, rather flat;
its first segment is a little lonfrer than the two last segments of the
abdomen taken together. The hairs of the abdomen are mostly
bhiek, a fi.-w light ones l)eing among them. liCgs i)alor reddish-
brown, the anterior femora often }»artly blnckenod, with some l)laek
bristles on the npper and nndor sides. Wings exeee*lingly liroad,
with the uninterrnptod whitish seam of the ti[) forming a narrow
ereseent ; on their surface there are numerous clear drops rather
C(pially scattered, but totally wanting in that part of the black
color whi(di adjoins tho white crescent, as well as before the first
longitudinal vein. At the lip of the first longitudinal vein, a small,
clear, but little distinct stripe is seen. The small transverse vein
straight and periicndieular, the posterior one a little curved and
stee[).

Jlnh. Northern Wisconsin. (Kenidcott.)

Ohservdtion. — I possess a si)ceimeu, which is distinguished by its
much paler, almost dull testaceous color, its loss enlarged wings
and the somewhat larger size of the clear drops, but as to the other
characters agrees so perfectly with the ordinary specimens of Tri/p.
sjxtrxc Wiod. tlu't 1 do not venture to declare it udillerent species.

13. T. l-otlllldilloniiiH Lokw. 5 (Ta1>. IT, fig. 14.)— Fihi'm, alls
latissiinis, rotuiidatis, uigris, an)i<lo-,iruttulatis et iu luarginilms ante-
riore et ajiicali maculas mimitas albidas gcrentibus.

nrowii ; wing« in-oatl and rounded, Wack, with very small wliitish drops
in till! niidille, and small wiiitisli spots on the costal an<l apical horder.s.
Long. Corp. O.iiS. Long. al. 0.2(5.

Of this species I have oidyone specimen, which is unfo; innately
so much injured in the journey as to prevent me froui giving a
fall descrii>tion. However, as it is very nearly related to y'i>/p.
sparsd Wied., it will be rccogiuzed even from my incomidete de-
scription. The color is the same ; the wings are still shorter and
broader, especially the cell which lies before the first longitudinal

M ■ •

*i

80

KIl'TKll.V Vi' NOIITU AMKItICA,

vein is miifli ln'oiider ; tlie lliinl loiijAii' .liiiiil vein is miifli more
uiiilnliitcil, mill lliu lust porliuii uf tin; i'oiirtli loii^'itiidiiiul win in
slutrlcr tliun llio poslorior transverse vein, wlicroas it is u iiiilc
lon^iT in ^V'/y*. xjinisu. Nuno of I he drops on tlie winjfs of lim».
Sfxiisa is of II more coiisidcniltle sizo tliaii the otlicrs, wliireas
Trill». iDtundlpvnnis lias such a drop Ijotween the third and fourth
longitudinal veins, opposite to tliu l)U»c of the diseal cidl ; tlio
drops lire in Kt-'"i-'i'"l i'<|milly distrilmled in '/V///». si>iirsit, they
arc iiiiich more irregularly grouped in '/'rini. mtitiiih'iii.nuis ; the
äi/e and numlier of the drops diminishes u lillle from the liiise
towards the apex in Tiiip. s/>iirs(i; their number only, not their si/e
diminishes in 7'riii>. rulinn/ijn'iiiti's ; their size increasing louiirds
llie po>terior border in Trini. sjinrsa. this is not the case in '/'im».
rotunilliniuih. In i'l'in*- sjxirsd the white crescent seaining the
apex oi' the wing Is entire, in 7V//y<. rii/inidii^ciuiis it is ili,>,>(ilved
into several spots. l''iiially, the anterior border of the wings of
Triij). r(i/ini</ijicHitis bears u row of small clear spots, wlicreas
Trill». fi>iir.'«i has no trace of them.
J/ii/>. Middle tstutcs. (Ostcii-Saekcn.)

14. T. l-laf lirata Lor.w. J. (Tut). II, ilj,. 1,").)— Caiia, cajpil«' iiedi-
luis'iut' llavis, fouioribus litunl nigui .sigmitis, iilis rare ivticulatis. i^tig-
luati! atro ulbo-gattato, puii.-tmiiio luoiliic iii(jilaoto, probosciile biovitur
pciiiuulatil.

Wliiti.--li-gi'ay ; licad anil logs yellow; wings witli a diffiiso retiunlation,
and till) lilack .stigma including a liniiiiil drop; oral liorder laodi'iatidy
l>roloiigt'd, proltoscia shortly geuiculated. Long. corp. O.llJ Long. al.
0.13.

Head yellowish; the lateral borders of the front, the face, and
the much descending cheeks whitish. The Ijristlcs on the front
black, on the sides of the vertex and posterior orbit white. The
face with rather deep subanteniial furrows prolonged to the oral
border, which is not very projecting. Antcnme fulvous, rather
short ; the anterior corner of the third joint a little acute ; the
second joint with very short black hairs ; antcnnal bristle )>lack
and moderately long, with the pubescence scarcely visible. Tho-
rax and scutellum whitish gray, with short pubescence and black
bristles. The scuielluiii bears four bristles, the two apical ones
being much shorter and less stout than the lateral ones ; its tip is
sometimes yellow. The whitish-gray abdomen has two rows of very

TUYI'KTIDAE.

81

'■ 1

ili>lm('t Mack spots. Tlic liiiir iiml even llic l)ristl('s on (lic< hind
liortlor of lli(! lust stj,nii('nl me wliiic. Tlit! Hut ovipositor is jrlossy-
l)Iack, as lonj,' as tlic two last scgrnoiits of llio alxloinoii and niodiv
ralcly taperinj; towards tiie tip. 'I'lio Icjrs and ai<tcrior co,\a! arc
(link yellow, with white Iniir.s; tlic thi>;!is with u l)luckish Htripu
soniowhat covered with whitish dust. Wind's not very narrow, hyn-
lini', with the base very slij^htly yellowish; their i)lack relieiilalion
is not very dense and not very delieate, extendin«? towards the liaso
of tlm winj? as far as the l)iise of the diseal cell, and dissolvinj;
towards the a.xillary anjric into some scattered spots; stijjnia Idnck,
with a whitish dot; the niiddlo and posterior transverse veins rather
approximate.

J/ob. .Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. — The proboscis of this species beinj? .short with the
suctorial Haps init moderately prolon^a-d, attention is to be pnid to
its true place, which is among the species with a genicuhited pro-
l)0.scis.

15. T. lllllllilis liOi-.w. %. (Tall. 11, Iil;. 17.)— Cinerea, cajuto pe<l'
ImsiiiKi llavis, feuiorilms nigiis, iilis ram rotieiilatis, stigui.ito alio nmi
gattato, pt'i'istouiio valdo luoduot«», juoltoscido guiiiculata.

CiiifretPiis ; head ami leu's ycllciw, with tlic fciiioia l>Ia<;k ; reticulation (if
tint wings (litfu^e, ami tlio black sÜLniia incltiiling iiu liiiipicl didji ; oral
liorder much prolonged ; proboscis geniculatod. Long. corp. O.Ci). Long,
al. 0.1.

Amoiif; the kindred of the Eurojican Tryp. r!oii;/tif-iI(i TiOow,
l)ut in its habit more resembling 7V//^>. uliainlhii Fabr. Head
yellow, considerably prolonged anteriorly. I'ront yellow, dis-
tinctly margined with white at the orbit; frontal bristles black.
Face excavated with the anterior border of the month much pro-
longed. Antenna3 bright yellow, proportionately large and broad,
reaching as far as the i)rolonged border of the mouth ; the ante-
rior corner of the third joint a little pointed ; the second joint with
very short black hairs ; antennal bristles very long, black, with a
very short and hardly visible pubescence. Thorax and scutellum
yellowish asliy-gray with short wliitish-yellow hairs and black
bristles. In the middle of the thorax there are four bristles, the
two foremost being very near the sutnrc. Scutellum with only two
long bristles rather distant from the tip and not close by its lateral
border. Metanotum black with grayish pollen. Abdomen ashy-
6

"^'

./■'■-if

82

riPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

B> jji'i

irray witli two rows of rather larcjc blackish spots. Its liairs are
whitish ytliow ; .^oiue black bristles on the posterior border of
the prolonfred last sejrnieiit. Tip of the iirst joint and the second
joint of the coxfc rather dark yellow. Femora brownish-black,
with dark yellow tips. Tibiie and tarsi dark yellow. V'inrrs pro-
portioMat"ly rather long and narrow. Their reticulation is black,
rather diifusc and coarse; the base of the wing as far as the base
of the discal cell has no reticulation. The black stigma includes
no clear dot. ^Moreover, the reticulation of the wings is somewhat
variable. Transverse veins rather near each other.

Ih'h. Cuba, (roey.)

Ohscrvdtinn. — I have a female likewise captured in Cuba, which,
I think, belongs to the present species. It resemljles the male in
everything but the femora, which are darkened to a much sfiialler
extent, and not with black, but brown. The borer is black, flat,
about as long as the two last segments of the abdomen taken

together.

1«. T. solidn^tiiis Fitch. % and 9. (Tat). 11, fit:. lO.)— IJnfo
fci-ni^'iiioM, caiiitf ]i('ilil)iis(iuo tlavioi'il)nH, froiitt; latissima, si-tis sriit(>lli
vallc coiivfxi (Inalnis. alis fusco-reticiilatis, i'lcisuris una aiitcriore,
«liialuis i)(istL'iioril)us apiceqne hyalinii», parcissime fusco-niaculatis.

Browiiisli-fcrniiriiions with the lieail and logs more yellow ; front very
broad; scutelluni very convex with two bristles. Wings reticulated
witli fuscous having one limpid space at the costa, and two at the
posterior border scarcely dotted with fuscous. Long. corp. 0.2(). Long,
al. 0.20.

.Sy.N. Aciiiia solidar/liiis FiTcn. First Rep. 00.

This remarkable species, which, according to 'Sh'. Fitch, produces
round galls on the stems of Solidngo, has no near relations among the
European Tij/fnUe. In consequence of the extraordinary breadth
of its front, the breadth, and convexity of its thorax, and the in-
flation of its large scutellum, it has the appearance of a large
Li/xd-d. It is brownish ferruginous. Head more yellow, face
almost whitish. The bristles of the unusually broad front are
black, smaller and weaker than in most other species, so that one
might easily be tempted to refer the species to the OrUtlidre, if the
structure of the auxiliary vein did not prove that it belongs here.
Face deepened in the middle, prominent again underneath. An-
tenna; yellow, short and broad, the third joint having a rather dis-

TIlYl'ETIPAE.

33

tinct.but not shnrp anterior corner; bristle of tVic nntcnnrp with a
hardly visible puljcscenoe. Openinpj of the month very wide ;
palpi and ])rol)Oscis short. Thorax very convex and broad ; on its
npper side in the middle u?nally a donblc stripe ending abrupt!}
i)ehind, the posterior part of the lateral stripe and a longitudinal
streak above the base of each winjr, black. The short hairs of
the thorax are whitish yellow, its delicate bristles black. Scutcl-
Inni very convex, quite blunt; the posterior pair of bristles which
in most species exists at the tip, is liere always wanting so that
there is only one bristle on each side near the lateral border ; a
second weaker bristle is seldom inserted immediately beside it.
Abdomen broad, especially in the male, which has also the last
segment a little prolonged and rounded. Borer of the female a
little longer than the two last segments taken together, moderately
broad, and quite flat, red, blackened at its extremity. Legs rather
dirty yellow, femora more brownish. "Wings rather large and of
more equal breadth than usual. The reticulation of tlic wings is
almost umber brown with small pale brownish drops and hyaline
marginal spots very rarely dotted with brown ; the first of these
spots is triangular and extends from the posterior border to inside
of the discal cells ; the second is much sniallcr, but also of tri-
angular form, and reaches with its tip to the fourth longitudinal
vein ; the third forms a margin along the apex of the wing, reach-
ing from the tip of tlie second longitudinal vein to the tip of the
fourth longitud'nal vein ; the last spot forms a small oblique tri-
angle extending from the costal l)order to the third loniritudinal
vein, and lying immediately beyond the tip of the first longitudinal
vein. A costal spine does not exist. The first longitudinal vein
is more hairy than bristly; the transverse veins arc perpendicular;
tile small transverse vein is almost at the end of the second third
of the discal cell ; the hind angle of the anal cell has only a short
point.
7/f^^>. New York. Cl^r- fitch.) Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)
Observation. — This species '.as so many peculiarities, that it
might easily be considered as the type of a new genus. The broad
front, broad and convex thorax, a scutelliim having only two bris-
tles, the first longitudinal vein alone being hairy, and the absence
of the costal spine, would be its most essential characters.

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84

DirTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

11. T, scriata Loew. % . (Tab. II, fig. 18.) — Flava, alis concoloribus,
per liiaculas minutas iiigiicautes, seriatim dispositas, reticulalis et uigro-
lirabatig.

Yellow ; wings of the same color, margined with black and reticulated
with small blackish spots, ari'auged iu longitudinal rows. Long. corp.
0.124. Long. al. 0.20—0.27.

Ilatlior bright yellow, quite uiiicoloroiis, the hairs and bristles
also yellow, the latter, however, appearing brown when seen in
a certiiin light. Front rather broad. Face descending rather
straight, strongly excavated, however, in its middle. Proboscis
short ; palpi rather broad and short. Scutellura with four bristles.
The wings are proportionately long, and of very equal breadth.
Their yellow ground color is rather obsolete in the middle line of
the cells and on the posterior border. The reticulation of the
greater part of the wings is effected by blackish angular specks
arranged in two rows between each two veins ; only the axillary
angle has a connected blackish-gray reticulation formed by clear
drops. Immediately before the tip of the auxiliary vein begins the
black margin of the wing, which encompasses the apex and pro-
ceeds to the ai'villary angle, growing gradually paler in its progress,
and meeting several interruptions ; the most remarkable of these
interruptions are a rather hyaline spot Immediately beyond the
tip of the first longitudinal vein, and a row of similar round spots
along the posterior border, the two first of which in the second
posterlo" cell, the following more frequent towards the axillary
angle. The third longitudinal vein bears very distinct bristles
from its base as far as the small transverse vein. The small trans-
verse vein is nearly at the end of the second third of the discal
cell. The posterior transverse vein is not quite perpendicular.
The hind angle of the anal cell is prolonged into a moderately
long point.

JIub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

IS. T. solaris Loew. $> . (Tab. II, fig. 19.)— Cana, capite pedibusque
luteis, puncto humerali et altero ante alarum basim flavis, alis albohya-
linis, macula magna, subapicali nigra, biguttatä, et radios octo emittente,
ornatis.

Whitish gray ; head and legs luteous, a dot on the shoulder and another
before the base of the wings yellow ; wings whitish hyaline, with a sub-

I .

d'i.

t'-sr-

TRYl'ETIDAE.

85

apical black spot includiiiL,' two linipiil drops and eniittini: eight rays to
the border of the wing. Lmii,' corp. 0.17. I.oiig. al. (Mil — 0.17.

One of the frroup of the European 7'. stclJaUi Fuessl., cometn
Locw, gnapluih'i Loew, etc., and very niucli resenilding these
species. Head yellow; front rather broad; frontal bristles black-
ish ; the bristles of the posterior orbit whitish. Front a little
prominent, face slightly receding and a little excavated in the
middle, so that the borer of the mouth projects again. Antenna}
rather broad, reaching down to beyond the middle of the face, with
the bristle having a very short, hardly visible pubescence. Open-
ing of the mouth very large ; proboscis and palpi short. Thorax
whitish-gray with a pale yellow dot at the shoulder angle, and a
second immediately before the base of the wing. The short hairs
of the upper side of the thorax are whitish, the bristles blackish ;
of the four bristles in its middle, the first pair is very near the
suture. Scutellum with only two long bristles. Abdomen whitish-
gray at the base, more ashy gray towards the end, with short,
whitish-yellow hairs, the hind border of the last segment having
black bristles. L'orcr shining black, flat, tapering towards the
end, nearly as long as the three last abdominal segments taken
together, with black hairs. Logs dark-yellow. Wings whitish
hyaline before the ti])s, with a large radiating spot, incumbent to
the costal border; this black spot includes two clear drops, one
of wliich on the costal border immediately behind the tip of the
second longitudinal vein, the socond between the two transverse
veins at the ante ior side of the fourth longitudinal vein. The
first ray runs from the anterior end of the small transverse vein to
the stigraa, in which it vanishes ; the second is shorter and reaches
tiie costal border between the tip of the first longitudinal vein and
t)ie black spot itself; the third and fourth rays run to the tip of
the wing, reaching it at the tips of the third and fourth longitu-
dinal veins ; the fifth and sixth cross the second posterior cell ; the
seventh includes the posterior transverse vein and reaches the [)os-
terior border of the wing, whereas the eighth reaches only to the
fifth longitudinal vein. The small transverse vein lies outside of
the black spot ; yet in its whole neighborhood the surface of the
wing is brownish, and a small ui'>yspot lies immediately before it.
Transverse veins approximated, perpendicular ; the small trans-
verse vein rather far beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein.

JIah. Georgia. (Osten-Sacken.)

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86

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

19. T. aeqtlUlis Loew. % . (Tab. II, lig. 20.)— Flava, uuicolor, alin
wqualiter fusco-reticulatis, guttis hv.Muis plerisque uiajoribus.

Yellow, unicolored, with the brown reticulation of the wings very uniform
and most of the linipicl drops of conaiderable size. Long. corp. 0.22 —
0.23. Long. al. 0.23.

Totally yellow, also the hairs and bristles, only the anterior
fronial bristles and those at the hind liordcr of the last abdominal
segment being brownish. Front rather broad and short. Face
descending nearly straight, excavated a little above; the border
of the month not projecting. Antcnnse yellow, slightly descend-
ing beyond the middle of the face, third joint rather narrow, bristle
with an extremely short, hardly visible i)nljesccnce. Opening of
the mouth small, a little prolonged anteriorly, so that its form is
almost triangnlar. I'roboscis and palpi of middle size. The first
pair of the bristles inserted in the middle of the thorax, is very
near the transverse suture. Scutellum with four bristles. Ijegs a
little more slender than usual, tarsi longer; anterior feniora rather
thick, with remarkable, pale yellowish bristles ou the under side.
Wings of rather equal breadth, hyaline with a brownish reticulation
of unusual uniformity. !Most of the drops forming it are rather
large ; those on the costal border are more oblong, and separated
by short blackish-brown rays ; the color of the reticulation near
the border of the wings is considerably darker than in the middle
of the wing. The small transverse vein lies far beyond the tip of
the first longitudinal vein, and a little beyond the third fourth of
the discal cell ; the posterior transverse vein is a little oblique.

JIab. Illinois. (Kennicott.)

rJO. T. festiva LoKW. ^ and J. (Tab. II, fig. 21.)— Flava, unicolor,
terebril f<rnunft; valde t'loiigntä fusc,^, alls liyalinis iiucqiialiter retlculatis,
in apice radiatis, picturä in basi et disco Havescente, prope marginem an-
ticum et in triente alarum apicali uigro-fusca.

Yellow, unicolored ; the borer of the female brown and very prolonged ;
reticulation of the wings unequal, radiated in the apex, yellowish at the
base and in the disk, dark fuscous near the borders and on the apical
third of the wing. Long. corp. % 0.17—0.18, f 0.20—0.23. Long.
al. 0.22.

Kather bright yellow ; hairs and bristles almost all of the same
color, only the anterior frontal bristles as well as the bristles of

m:

TllYI'ETIDAE.

8T

., Y

the hind border of the last abdominal segment brownish, and the
short hairs in the middle of the abdomen mostly blackish. Front
of middle breadth. Face rather narrow, descending almost per-
pendicularly, slightly excavated; border of the month not promi-
nent. Antenmc yellow, reaching a little beyond the middle of the
face ; the third joint not broad, with the bristle having a very short,
hardly visible jjubescence. Opening of the month rather large,
raised a little anteriorly. Pro!)oscis and palpi of middle size.
Checks descending a little beneath the eyes. The foremost of the
two pairs of bristles inserted in the middle of the thorax is close
by the transverse suture. Scuteilum with four bristles. Abdo-
men sometimes brownish-tawny, leaving the hind borders of the
scgnuint paler ; this color seems to result from desiccation, since in
some individuals the abdomen is uniformly yellow. The borer is
conical, narrow, not flattened, nearly as long as the four last ab-
dominal segments taken together, blackish-brown in well-colored
individuals, red with black extremity in more recent individuals.
AVings hyaline, the reticulation being blackish-brown, paler and
yellowish-brown near the base and in the middle of the wing. In
the middle of the wing there are only a few drops of considerable
size, four of which are remarkable for tkoir regular i)osilion and a
more whitish appearance ; one of these droi)s is above, the second
before, the third behind the small transverse vein, the fourth in the
discal cell nearly before the jJOuterior transverse vein. The reticu-
lation sends the following Ijlackish-brown rays to the border of the
wing : 1. A narrow one to the middle of the exterior costal cell ;
2, A narrow one to the tip of the auxiliary vein ; 3. A broader
one, the end of which is sometimes separated as a spot, to the
middle of the stigma, and another being sometimes confluent with
it, to the end of the first longitudinal vein ; 4. A narrow one
rising from the first of the four drops enumerated above; 5. A
very broad one reaching the border of the wing between the fore-
going ray and the tip of the second longitudinal vein ; 6. A ray
running to the tip of the second longitudinal vein ; t. A ray end-
ing between the tips of the second and third longitudinal veins ;
8 and 9. Two rays running to the tips of the third and fourth
longitudinal veins; 10 and 11. Two rays crossing the second jjos-
terior cell, the second of which joins the reticulation, which is
formed by a few large drops, and fills the hind part of the wing as
far as the axillary incision. Small transverse vein a little inclined

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nrannA of north America.

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t'xtoriorly, ]»lacetl at tlic end of tlic sccoiul tlilrd of the discal cell ;
posterior transverse vein steep.

Jlah. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken.)

!21. T.lit'f .a LoKw. ^andf. (Tab. II, fig. 23.) — Flavo-cinerea,rai)ite,
IH'ilibus ali(l(mii)it'(iuo lutcis, hoc apicoiii vorsua nigricante, alis iii,i,'io-
retic'ulatirt, in ajiice radialis, giitt's disci paucissimis, pone venulaiu
transversam uullil.

Yellowisli gray; head, h\crs, and abdomen yellow, the latter blackened
towards tlio end ; retieulation of the wings radiating at the apex, black,
with very few drops in the middle; no drops at all beyond the small
tiansverso vein. Long. corp. % 0.12 — 0.13. f 0.13 — 0,15. Long. al.
0.11—0.12,

Head rather pale yellow, front and antenna; sometimes darker,
the former being of middle breadth, sughtly narrowed anteriorly.
Face rather narrow, nearly perpendieulac, slightly excavated, the
anterior border of the mouth again projecting a little. Antenna;
yellow, reaching to nearly the border of the mouth; the third joint
somewhat broad, with the bristle having an extremely short, hardly
visible pubescence. Opening of the mouth very large, a little raised
anteriorly. Proboscis and palpi rather large. Cheeks descending
a little beneath the eyes. Thorax yellowish-gray. Scutellum of
the same color, pale yellow at the tip, to a larger or smaller
extent, with four bristles. ]N[etanotum black, but dark gray from
its being dusted with paler. Abdomen dark yellow, black towards
the extremity; well preserved si)ecimens show distinctly that this
black color is produced by each of the last segments having two
large blackish spots, which leave an intermediate streak, and the
posterior border yellow; in most specimens these black spots are
not distinct, or only the hind borders of the last segments are
l)alcr. Borer black, rather broad, narrower towards the end, flat,
little longer than the two last segments taken together. Legs
yellow. Hairs of the whole body and all bristles yellowish, oidy
the very short hairs of the borer being black. The reticulation of
the wings is blackish-brown, leaving only the innermost base of
the wing free, with the excc|)tion that it has some blackish spots.
In the middle of the wing there are so few clear drops, that the
l)lack color is not only continuous, but also occupies most part of
the surface ; in the sub-marginal cell there is only one clear drop,
near the hind side of the second longitudinal vein and a little beyond
the small transverse vein. Between the third and fourth longitu-

TBYTETIDAE.

8'}

(liiinl veins tliore is only a sinjrle clcnr drop on the anterior side of
the antepenultimate portion of tlie fourth Ion«?itudinal vein. The
want of that drop which is usually inside of the said interval be-
yond the small transverse vein, is very characteristic of this species,
as is also the consideral)le depth and blacker color of the convexity
existiiif; there. In the discal cell there is ahvajs one drop on the
liind side of the penultimate portion of the fourth lonj^itudirial
vein, and one or more such drops on the anterior side of the
fifth longitudinal vein. The third jiosterior cell and the axillary
angle of the wing have a reticulation produced by a few, propor-
tionately large, hyaline drops. The reticulation of the wings
emits ten rays to the borders, corresponding to those of Tryp.
fesiivn, except that the first ray of the latter species is wanting
totally in Tryp. hclla, and the two rays described under Xo. 3 in
Tryp. festiva are reunited into one single ray in Tryp. hella ; the
last ray in Tryp. hcUa is usuaily connected again with the remain-
ing reticulation ; in this case the second posterior cell also con-
tains a separated clear drop. Posterior transverse vein not ([uite
perpendicular.

Jliih. AVashington. (Osten-Sackcn). New York. (Dr. Fitch.)
Ohscrvdtion. — Among the specimens forwarded by Baron Osten-
Saeken there \.'as one bearing the name of Aciuüi belhi Filch. I
have therefore adopted this name for this fine new species.
Note. — Very commou on Ambrosia artcmisunfolia. — 0. S.

%l

22. T. latifl'oiis LoEW. 9. (Tab. II, fig. 22,)— Obsciira, capite, tibiis
tar!«i.*(iuo Üavesceiitibus, fronte latissiinä, scutello couvexo biseto, ali.^
latiusculis, parce et satis spqualiter nigro-fusco reticulatis et in apice
breviter radialis, bulla celluhe posterioris prima; permagna.

Obscure ; head, tibiie, and tarsi yellowish ; front very broad ; seutellum
voiy convex, with two bristles ; wings rather broad, with the blackish
reticulation rather uniform, but little crowded, and emitting short rays
at the tip ; the first posterior cell with a very large convexity. Long.
Corp. 0.3(t. Long. al. 0.27.

The single specimen of this species which I have seen being oily,
I can say nothing certain about the color of its body. On th'^ upper
side of the thorax there is a broad, simple intermediate stripe, and
on each side a bipartite lateral one, moreover a darker streak above
the base of the wing. Metanotum black, shining. The last abdo-
minal segment shining blackist>-brown. Head yellowish ; front

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90

DIPTERA OF NORTn AMERICA.

exceedingly brond ; frontal bristles blnck ; on the Iftteral border
there arc only two, bent anteriorly. Face jjcrpendienlur, deeply
exeavnted in the middle, gradually projecting ajrnin below. Aii-
tennie yellowish, short, very broad, the third joint having a distinct,
though not sharp anterior corner, the brisi'e witii an exceedingly
short i)ubesoenee. Checks naher broad. Op^ ning oC the month
large; prol)oscis short; pulpi very broad and jtrojeeling much
over the border of the monih. The short hairs of the thorax arc
whitish-yellow, the bristles black ; the anterior one of the two pairs
of l)ristles inserted in the mitldle of the thorax is very near to tiic
suture. Seutellum very convex, with only two bristles. IJorer
shining black, a little longer than the three last alxlominal seg-
ments taken together, conical, not llattened nt all, a little iiillated
at the basal half. Femora almost black at the base, further on
brown, yellow at the tip; tarsi and tibiie yellow, the latter brown-
ish-yellow towards the base. "Wings rather broad, covered entirely
with a black reticulation; the drops in it are more numerous,
larger, and hyaline on the borders of the wings, much more scarce,
smaller, and mostly yellowish-brown in their middle. There are
eight short, blaekisli-browu rays on the portion of the costal bor-
der lying beyond the tip of the lirst longitudinal vein and at the
ti}) of the wing. Hetwee'i the third and fourth longitudinal veins
there is only a single hyaline drop before the small transverse vein.
Transverse veins perpendicular; the convexity of the first posterior
cell very large and deep, rendering thereby its surroundings rather
uneven.

J/nl). Carolina. (Zimmermann.)

23. T. ilic'lanogastra LoF.w. % and 9. (Tab. II, fig. 23.)— Flavo-
ciiierea, abiloiniiio nigro, capite pedibusque flavis, alis hyalinis, iiigro-
retienlatis et in apico breviter radiati.s, guttis disci pancissiinis, buUil
cellulse po.sterioris primre minima, scutello biseto.

Yellowish-gray; abdomen black, head and legs yellow; wings hyaline
with a black reticulation, short apical rays, few discal limpid droi>s, and
a small convexity in the first posteriov cell ; seutellum with two bristles.
Long. Corp. % 0.09— 9 0.12. Long. al. 0.12.

Yellowish-gray, with a black abdomen. Head yellow; front
bright yellow, of middle breadth ; frontal bristles brown, but aj)-
pearing yellow in a reflected light. Face rather narrow, descend-
ing straight, excavated in the middle, gradually projecting again

t-,'. ....

i

1

TRYPETIDAE.

91

beneath. Antemioe ycllowlsli, rutlier broad, with tlie tliiril joint
liavin}^ a distinct anterior corner, and the bristle with a siiort,
liardly visible jjubcseence. Eyes almost round. Cheeks narrow.
Opeiiiiif? of the mouth large; ])rüboscis and palpi short. The
short hairs of the thorax jiale yellowish, the bristles brownish ; the
first of the two pairs of bristles in the middle of the thorax very
near the transverse suture. Scutellum of the color of the thorax,
but usually yellow at the tij), with two bristles. Abdomen and
njotanotum black, rather jjloss) ; the short and scattered hairs of
the former pule yellowish. IJorer Hat, shinin«;: black, ncaily as
long as the abdomen. Legs yellow. "Wings hyaline, with the
reticulation blackish and a little interrupted, leaving oidy the
innermost base of the wing free. T!ie fallowing hyaline spots
jtroduco the reticulation on the I)orders of the wing: one before
the tip of the auxiliary vein; two between the tips of the first and
second longitudinal veins, and sometimes a drop immediately l)efore
the ti|) of the second longitudinal vein, live oblong incisions limit-
ing the four rays emitted to the tij) of the wing; a clear drop
touching the border beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein,
often confluent with a drop lying immediately above it, and forming
thereby an incision ; three droi)S between the tips of the fifth and
sixth longitudinal veins, the intermediate of which is the largest ;
a drop immediately before the tip of the sixth longitudinal vein,
and one in the axillary angle. On the middle of the wing there
are the following rather large clear drops : one on the hind side of
the second longitudinal vein, a little beyond the small transverse
vein ; the others on the anterior side of the fourth longitudinal
vein, one being before, the other behind the small transverse vein;
one on the anterior side of the l;fth longitudinal vein, and a little
before the smal' transverse vein, hiiving sometimes a small drop on
each side ; a very large drop in the middle of the third posterior
cell, and a very minute one at the innermost base of this cell.
Huh. Cuba. (Poey.)

■r.»f>: 'fi.

AITENDIX i.

I give here as an appendix a translation of Wiedemann's descrip-
tions of four species, which I have formerly seen, but have not
before me at present.

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PII'TKRA OP NORTH AMEUICA.

1. T. li4-lif(>iiHf('iiiii WiKD. (AiHS. Zwoill. If, 4i»7, 31.) %. (Tub.

II, n«. ur..)

Clay-oolorod ; wings with the tip, a «(lunro «pot on tlie hind l)onU»r, an
oljIi(|ue hand and Home dots, brown. Long. corp. 0.12.

Front and aiiteninc rntlier brifjlit yellow, uU the other jmrts
more or less honey-yellow, turninjjj to «-laji color on the tliora.x.
The fiiscons color of the apex of the vvinj? extends farther alonj?
the anterior than on the jjosterior Imrder, and forms r. little tooth
on the fourth lonpfltudinal vein ; a larji^c scinaro frscons spot is
sitnated on the hind border, and includes the jiostirior transverse
vein. IJotwecn this spot and the brown apex there is a triangular
almost hyaline space, having a very limpid drop in each corner,
and includinpf a small fuscous spot on the hind border of the win«;.
The anterior corner of the square fuscous spot is connected with
the stigma by an oblique fuscous band, including the small trans-
verse vein ; there are besides a small fuscous dot above the fifth
longitudinal vein, and another slightly larger below this vein, and
also a brown margin of the small basal transverse veins; some
pure limpid drops of a rather large size are seen near the Ijordera
of the larger brown spots.

Hub. ]\[exico.

Ohscrvation. — The bristle of the antenna) is thickened nenr the
base in a striking and peculiar manner. In each of the sinuses of
the large hyaline spots of the wing there is a large whitish drop,
not a clear one, as Wiedemann states.

2. T. Scutellaria Wied. (Auäs. Zweifl. II, 484, 13.) % a.m\ 9.
(Tab. II, figs. 2(i, 27.)

Thorax with the lateral border spotted with black ; scutellnra polished,
brown with a reddish stripe ; abdomen marl?ed with blackish-brown
bands ; wings with brown bands and spots. Long. corp. 0.2(J.

Antenno3 pale ochreons ; front isabel la-colored, with the upper
part gray. Middle of the thorax grayish, with two darker stripes
and some little dots. Scutellum polished, with the lateral borders
dark brown and the middle reddish. Abdomen very pale gray at
the base, with a fuscous band, a little interrupted in its middle ;
the third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments each with a similar
band at the base, but more interrupted in the middle and attenuated

•iMf

TRYPETIDAE.

93

townrds tlie sides. Ovipositor Itroiul, red on eacl» side of tlie base,
till' ii'iiiiiiiider gray, witli the lip fnsoous. Wings with a lirowii
blind ruiiiiing over tiie 1-asal transverse veins, but not attaining the
jjostenur border; nnd with a complete band l)efore tiie niichlle
transverse vein, emitting anotlier oliiicpie band which crosses the
two transverse veins and runs to the jjosterior border. Tip of the
wing brown. The costal portion of the space, inclnded by the
second band and the brown of the tip, if? tinged with l)rown on
its biisal half, whereas its apical half is yellow and spotted with
brown l)eforc a small hyaline margin of the brown apex ; ojie of
the brown spots in the yellow half reaches the third longitudinal
vein.

Iliih. Mexico.

Ohsni'ntion. — The nnmber nnd size of tlie black' spots on the
lateral border of the thorax is rather variable. In the female the
abdomen has alternately gray and black bands; in the male only
the two last segments of the abdomen are shining black, with the
exception of the posterior borders. I am not sure whether this
species is a real Trypcta, several characters seeming to prove that
it 1)el()ngs to OrtiiUs. Many years have elajjsed since I have seen
it ; besides, at that time I was not quite certain about the true
limit between the Trypetidce and OrtaUdie.

M^'

3. T. comma WiED. (Auss. Zweifl. II, 478, 4.) J. (Tab.- II, fig.
28.)

Of a pale brick color; thorax with yellowish hair; wings fuscous, with a
liuipiil costal triangle, including a fuscous comma. Long. corp. (i.*23.

AntenniB of a light clay color, with the third joint very short.
Face of a very pale, front of a more saturated clay color. Thorax
with yellowish hair. Scutellum and pleurte brownish-red. Abdo-
men a little paler. Ovipositor polished, with the extremity of the
tip black. Wings fuscous, with numerous lighter little dots, grow-
ing almost hyaline towards the hind border. There is beyond the
middle of the costa a triangular limpid excision, including a central
fuscous comma, reaching from the costa to the Grst longitudinal
vein ; the tip of the wing is, in an almost imperceptible manner,
margined interruptedly with hyaline. Poisers yellow, with the
knob brown. Legs rcddish-ochreous, tarsi paler.

Hub. Kentucky.

W^

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94

PIPTRRA OP NORTH AMKIUCA.

Ni>le.—,'J\u]\i\nit by tlio diameter of the i)i(.'tnre niul tlir vena-
tion of the wiiif(s, tliis spceies s'jenia to have some relation to T.
tit)/i</(ii/iiiis I'Mtcli. [[ possess speeiniens from Maryland wliieh
answer this description, except tliat tlio alMU)men is brown, and
that there is an elonpile<l liyaline spot at the tip of tlie sixth
h)n;riliidiniil vein. .Mac(pnut (Dipt. Kxot. II, 3, p. 220) had
evidently a similar specimen Iiefore liim, and took it for Trypeta
coniiiia. I incline to believe that ho was right. — (). S.]

•1. T. CUlfa AVu;i>. (AuHS. ZwoKl. II, 48i!, 10.) J. (Till). II, Hg.
20.)

I'lilo rcddisli-yollow; wiiiHS lirownisli-ycllow, n\nik('(l with liin|ihl (linj)8
mill !i liliu'k (lot towards tin' tiji, tin» lionlcrs being liniiiiil and ra<liateil
with bi'ownistli-ycllow. Long. corp. d.:?.

Antennse brownish-yellow, with the third joint very short. Face
yellowish, very jtolished, with three black dots. Front oehreons,
on encli side with a, deep black dot near the antenme. l']yes golden-
prcen, speckled with i)nri)lish. Thorax almost brownish-yellow,
with indistinct darker stripes. Scntellnm polished, with two t)lack
dots at the tip. Abdomen oehreons, with bristly Iniirs and indis-
tinct fiiscons spots. '\Vin^''s shining, clay colored on the disk, from
which several day-colored rays, margined with brown, ran to the
boHers of the wing; on the disk there arc several lin.j id drops
encircled with black, iind some brown si>ots appearing violet in a
certain light, and farther towards the apex there is an impresseil
blaik dot; on the posterior border, towards the l)ase, some limpid
drops may be seen. The costa has two or three snuiM bristles at
the end of the anxiliary vein.

JJub. Savannah,

■■ >!

APPENDIX II.

In ordor to complete this paper on N. A. Tri/pctidip, it ha.'! been deemed
\isefiil to reproduce the descriptions of the species of this family found in
former authors, but as yet not identilied by Mr. Loew. As four of the
descriptions of this category are already presented by Mr. Loew in the
first appendix, I give here tlie remaining, according to the list of species
on p. Ü1. Four species only from .Jamaica, described by Mr. Walker, have
been omitted, as their descriptions, published in English, will always be
easily accessible to those desirous to extend their collections to the West

'»m.

TRYPP/riDAR. V

liHÜnn Islntid«. (TI108O npccii'w nrc : 7'. nridu^n Walk., List of Dipt. Hrit.
Mus., vol. iv. 1». li'14; T. nn-'siti, iliM. ji. Inld ; '/'. nniln, ilii.l. p. IoJm;
7'. iliin'd, il)iil. ]». I(i4('.) Tlic ilfsciiplioii-i piilili-<lifil in fcitcL'H l.iii'.'iinL'fS
I havo traii^ilati'il into KiigÜMli ; iill iiitüisuri'iiifnt.s liavo Imcn reiluciül to
tuntlir« uf nil iiiuh. U. ii.

5. T. riicnfa Famu. (Syst. Aull. W2\, 'JI. Kiit. Syst. IV, :;.'|), l!i4.)
Miisr-a luitotuiis setiiriis, oiiicrt'a, uiio tcstaoeo, iilis riisi'i.s, nibo

]llMU'tlltis.

//>il>. In AtiicrioiD iiicridionnlis iiisulis. Dr. IMiiifr.

C<jri)ns parviiiii, ('iiicromii, iino solo testaceo ; uitu l'iisctr, jiiiiictis
niiinLTosissimis all»is. Ociiü viridcs.

Aiitoiiim! witli a bristle, Iiodv c'iii('i'<)iis, onus tpstncoons, winjrs
brown, spoltcd with white. (Ishinds 01 South .VniiTica.)

IJody small, ciiierous, the amis idoiie testaceous; winj^s brown,
with ininierous white dot.s; eyes ;,'reen.

(Tliis is tidveii IVoiu J'Jutum. JSi/st. ; the dcseription in S>/st. Anil.
is still shorter.)

«. T. iiiirytia Wat.k. ^ (Walk. List. ftc. IV, p. l(»2o.)— Fusca,
ciiii'ii'o tccta, capitt) fulvo, nli(loiiiim! jiiccc), liasi fiilvo, palpis antiMiiiis,
pcililiusi|iitf fiilvis, alls liuipiilin, fusco ijuadrifasclntis. liHiij,'. corii. 0.1.
Loni;. al. al)oiit ('.2.

IJody brown, thinly clothed with siiort black hairs; head and
chest lieset with very few black bristles; head tawny, adorned with
white l)looin, which occupies only the sides of the crown ; sides of
the face without bristles ; cpistoma not prominent ; eyes red ; fore-
part sli}:;litly conve.v, its facets a little larj^a-r thai» those else-
where ; sucker black, clothed with tawny hairs; palpi tawny;
feelers tawny, shorter than the face ; third joint downy, nearly
conical, rather more than twice the len<^tli of the second, sliji'htly
angular on the upper side of the tip-; bristle black, bare, tawny
and stout at the I)ase, rather more than twice the length of the
third joint ; chest covered with }j:ray bloom ; abdomen pitchy,
shiiung', spindle-shap^'d, tawny at the liase, much longer and a little
narrower than the chest ; legs tawny, clothed with short black
hairs; claws black; wings colorless, adorned with four l)lack
bands ; the first, second aiid fourth bands extend but little ))elow
the fore border; the third attains the hind border and includes the
two cross veins ; wing-ribs and veins tawny, the latter dark to-
wards the tips, and in the dark parts of the wing ; the distance

■»'■•J. -.i;' '

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96

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

between tlie cross-veins is less than the length of the middle cross-
vein ; noiscrs tawny.

J/ab. Florida. (.Mr. Donblcday.)

T. T. liievarna Walk. 9. (Walk. List. etc. IV, p. I(i23.)— l-'usca,
cinoivu tfcta, alulomiiiH basi ciuereo, apice nigro, palpis, antennis, i)t'(li-
l)usi|iu' Ailvis, alls albis apico I'usco radiatis. Long. corp. O.lo. J^oiig.
alar. O.'-it.

l>o(ly dark tawny, thinly clothed with tawi>y hairs, covered wilh
{.'".•ay bloom, which has a tawny tinge on the breast; head tawny;
bides of the face withont bristles ; epistonia not j)roininent; eyes
brassy, adorned with green and »)uri)lc ; forei)art rather flat, its
facets larger than those elsewhere; sucker tawny, clothed wilh
tawny hairs ; palpi tawny, beset with tawny bristles; feelers tawny,
u little .shorter than the face; third joint nearly linear, downy,
very slightly rising on the upper side at the tip, which is trun-
cated, full twice the length of the second joint; bristle black,
tawny :nid rather thick at the base, rather more than twice the
length (if the third joiut; abdomen obcoincal, tawny, gray at the
base, Ijlack and tapering towards the tip, much longer than the
chest; legs tawny, clothed with short black hairs; claws black;
wings white, adorned near the tij) with a large brown spot, wliieii
is darkest along the foreborder, and sends forth nine rays from its
paler part; it includes two distinct white dots, and along the
border are others incomplete; it has a tawny tinge above the
middli.' cross-vein, which is sei)araled from the lower cross-veiu liy
very little less than the length of the latter; both are perpendicu-
lar ; wing-ribs tawny ; veins black, tawny towards the base ;
poiscrs tawny.

Hub. Florida. (Mr. Doublcday.)

S. T. lllt'xicaiia WiFn. 't,. (Auss. Zw. II, .'ill.) — Fu?cano giiscä ;
pcdilias luteis ; aba bruiuioiw, l>asi guttisij[ue uiaximam partem iiiaigiua-
libiis llmpidis. Long. corp. O.o;».

Antenna) reddish yellow; face paler; front of a more intciise
yellowish red; mesothora.x brownish-gray; abdomen more bhivuish-
gray, distinctly pubescent with yellow ; bases of the wing hyaline,
only with two brown streaks between the costa and the next
vein ; the remainder of the wing, about three-fourths of it, of a
saturated brown ; the anterior border with two pairs of oblicpiely

,« v

TRYPETIPAE.

97

'-■ti 1 J.* .

elongated limpid drops ; a somcwliat liirgcr one at the lip of the
winsr ; eight or nine drops on the posterior liorder, two of whioli
arc larger than the others ; three drops in a longitudinal row be-
tween the third and fourth, and several larger and smaller drops
between the fourth and fifth veins; legs bright honey-yellow.
JIab. Mexico. (Dcrlin Museum.)

9. T. SCUtellata Wied. 9. (Auss. Zw. II, 41)4.)— Fusca, scutello
nibiilo ; alls extroma. basi, fasciis, punctis^ue Liuia fascitliiue anteapicali
eluttl fuscis. Long. corp. 0.2G.

]>ody rather slender. Head broader than the thorax. Last
joint of antennse elongated, linear. Antennso and hypostoma
somewhat reddish yellow. Front brownish-red. IJody of a shade
of brown which holds the middle betwc(Mi the color of chocolate
and that of cloves. Thorax with a grayish rellcctioii. t^houUlers,
scutellum and occiput somewhat pale reddish-yellow. Abdomen
narrow, incisions and a longitudinal line, at least beyond the middle,
somewhat whitish. AVing with two bands at the root ; the anterior
one is broader and somewhat curved, the i)üslcrior one is narrowed
and more straight, running over the usual cross-vein ; both are
entire and have the middle cross-vein between them. Ueforc ihe
tip of the wing, which is white, there is a somewhat obsolete band;
before this bai\d is a transverse streak nnd still more internally,
between the third and fourth vein, a brown dot. Legs brown,
;'emora in part reddish brown.

Jfab. Mexico.

10. T. iiiai-a;iiie|»iiiictata Mac.). (Hist. Nat. Dii.t. II, 4(;4. 9.
'J'ljilirilis.) Long. c(irp. O.oli.

Thorax with a grayish down ; alulonien reddish fulvous ; wings
l)liickish; several white spots nioug the borilers.
JIab. rhiladelphia.

11. T. o1)li<|lia Mac.!. (Hist. Nat. Dqit. II, 4(14: I^'i.t. Kxot. 11,3,
2:!;>. Tab. XXX, f. 11. T.phrlli^.) Lone. <-oip. (».-J:!.

Vellow ; metathorax with two black spots. A\'ings at basis,
along the anterior border and three obli(pie transverse bands; a
hyaline spot at the anterior l)order, l)rownish ferruginous.
' J/ab. Cuba.

1.*
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98

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Xolr. — The description has been translated literally, although it is not
very clear, and the figure, without description, given in the Diptere'« Exo-
tiques, does not seem to agree with it. — 0. S.

I'i. T. quadi-ifasciata Maccj. (Dipt. Exot. II, 3, 22G, 7. Tab. XXX,
f. 8. %; Tephr'uis.) Long, coi-p. 0.24.

Head, proboscis and anteniiie ferruginous ; antennal bristle
tomentose ; thorax brown, witli a whitish down anteriorly. Abdo-
men brown, with brownish incisures; legs testaceous; wings
brownish fulvous with four hyaline oblique bands, reaching the
posterior border; the third of them touches at the same time the
anterior border. The spaces between the hyaline bands are ful-
vous, margined with brown.

Hah. Georgia.

13. T. nigi-iveiltris Macq. 9. (Dipt. Exot. Suppl. V, 124; Uro-
phnra.) — Testacea ; abdomino nigro; alis fuscis, niargine oxternoduabus
niaculis, interne una macula, disco duobus punctis limpidis. Long,
corp. 0.25.

Proboscis, palpi, face, front and antennae testaceous ; thorax
testaceous ; its dorsum brownish with a slight whitish down. Ab-
domen black, shining ; legs fulvous, the last joints of the tarsi
brown; poisers yellowish-white; wings brown; two hyaline, tri-
angular spots about the middle of the anterior border ; interval
between these two spots yellow ; a similar spot on the posterior
border, nearer to the tij) ; two small, oblong spots, likewise hya-
line, about the middle of the disk ; neuration normal.

Hub. Baltimore.

14. T. lioauvoisii Ron. Desv.
Lenu'th 0.32.

(Myodaires, etc., p. 7(30. PrioncUa.)

Antenna) and front yellowish ; face whitish ; thorax brownish-
gray on the back, pale fulvous on the sides ; abdoiiien whitish,
annuluted with reddish-black, with the last segment reddish ; legs
pale fulvous ; wings hyaline with four reddish-brown fasciio.

This species was contained in Talisot de IJeauvois's collection,
and probably comes from the United States.

15. T. Tillosa Hon. Dk;

TRYPETIDAE.

sv. (Hill, Prionilla.)

99

M:

Tliis species, the antennal bristle of which is liairy, has the body,
the front, the Icga and the antenii-i; yellow ; the back of the thorax
shows interrupted, shiniiij,^ black lines; two transverse whitish
lines on the abdomen, the last segment of which is black ; wings
hyaline with four flavoscent fasciae.

Patria like the p'*<^ceding.

16. T..asteris IIakris.
Long. Corp. 0.2.

(Treatise, etc., 2cl edit. p. 498, Sd edit. p. G20.)

Of a light yellowish-brown color, with paler legs ; wings broad,
rounded at the tip and clouded with brown in large spots, forming
three wide, irregular bands across them. (New England; pro-
duces swellings, as large as a walnut on the stems of the native
asters or starworts.)

APPENDIX III.

The manuscript of Mr. Loew was already prepared, wlien he received
from me four Tri/petw not described in it. The first is a species of Say;
the three others have been published by Mr. Loew since, in the /Jirlinir
Entomolof/ische Zeitschrift. I reproduce here tlie description of T. uhlii/ua
Say, as well as those of the other species, the latter in English translation,
as they appeared in Latin. 0. 3.

IT. T. obliqua Say. % and J . (Sc;/, Journ. Acad. Phil. VI, p.
ISO.) — Flava, ala3 fasciis obliquis flavis, fusco-uiargiiiatis, abdomen
seriebus duabus puuctorum nigrorum.

Yellowish, wings with oblicjue yellow bands, margined with brown ; abdo-
men with two series of black dots. Long. corp. 0.1 — 0.13.

Body pale brownish-yellow ; wings with a definite yellowish
costal border, and three very obli(iue bands i)roceediMg from the
costal border ; basal band terminating on the posterior border
midway between the fifth and sixth longitudinal veins ; middle
band terminating at the ti^) of the fifth vein ; outer band termi-
nating at the tip of the fourth vein ; yellow margin of the costal
border ending a little beyonil the third vein ; the bands are edged
exteriorly with a black line, which is dilated into a spot at ti}),
thorax with two black dots behind ; scutel yellow, pale ; abdomen
with a series of black dot^^ each side. The wing-l)ands are parallel
and equidistant, the intervals are as broad as the bands.

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DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

w; 1 ■.'

Jfuh. Indiana. (Say.) Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken, on Ver-
nonio, in August.)

Nntc. — The above description, which is Say'.s, will he sufficient for the
recotriiition of the species. I have modified the terminology to make it
agree with that iised in this publication, and will only add that the third
longitudinal vein bears some black bristles, that both cross-veins are
obliiiue, that the posterior portion of the fourth vein is distinctly arcuated
at its base, and that the tip of the wing has a peculiar whitish relloction.

0. S.

l.H. T. alba LoEW. % and 9. (Loew, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1861,
p. 345.) — AlUida, alis concoloribus ininiaculatis, fronte, pleuris, scutello,
seirmentorunifjue abdominalium singulorum margine postico pallide sul-
pluueis, facie cum antennis, ijedibus et torebra obscurius flavis.

Whitish, wings whitish, without spots, front, jdeur», scutellum and the
posterior border of the abdominal segnients pale sulphur-yellow ; face,
antenna?, legs and borer of the 9 darker yellow. Long. corp. (».13 —
0.17. Long. al. O-lf)— O.IC.

Antcnnaj of nioclorate length ; tip of the third joint round,
bristles with a very short pubeseenec. Eyes largo, «almost round;
checks moderate. Oral opening moderate, rounded, proboscis not
gcniculated, palpi short. Scutellum flat, with four bristles. J5orcr
of the 9 flattened, ferruginous-yellow, longer than the three last
segments of the abdomen taken together. Wings whitish, all the
veins very pale, and, except the first longitudinal cue, bare; pos-
terior angle of the anal cell acute.

Hub. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken; taken on Vcrnonia novce-
boraccnsis, iron weed, together with the two following species,
and with T. obliqita Say; in .Vugust.)

19. T. al1»i(1il»eiiliiH LoEW. % and 9. (Loew, Berl. Entom. Zeit-
schr. 18U1, p. 34."i.) — Nigro-cinerea, thoracis dorso albicante, capite, tho-
racis vittii laterali scutcllo4ue sulphureis, alarum albidarum stigmate
fusoo, terebnl fcomina^ atra.

Blackish cinereous, thorax more whitish above, head, a lateral strijie on
the thorax, and the scutellum su'.iihur-yi'llow, wings whitish, stigma
fuscous, borer of J black. Long. corp. 0.17 — 0.20. Long. al. 0.18 —
0.10.

Antennae moderate, ferruginous-yellow, tip of the third joint
rounded, bristle almost bare. Eyes large, almost round ; checks
moderate; proboscis not geniculatcd, palpi jhort. Thorax dusted

Iff

1

TRYPETIDAE.

101

with wliitisli above, with n short, whitish pubescence and black
bristles; scutellum with four bristles. Abdomen with black hair.
]>orer of 9 (lattcned, biack, witli black hair; a little lonj^er than
the throe last joints of the a'nlomen taken together. Feet brown-
ish-black, trochanters, knees, tip of the tibia; and, the tarsi yellowish
ferrnji'inous. Wings whitish, stigma brown, all the veins, except
the first longitudinal one, Inire, pale yellow on the basal part of
the wing, brown beyond it.

Hub. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken, on Vernonia, in August.)

20. T. vcriioiiiac Loew. % and 9. (Loew, Berl. Entom. Zeitsch.
18C1, p. 346.) — Ilelva, metanoto iiigro, capite, thoracis vittfl, lateral!,
superiore pleurarum parte et scutello pallidiu.'*, antennis, terobra, pedi-
l)U.S(iue obfcurius llavis ; alarum diniidio apicali fas-ciis tribus fuscis
subretieulato, prima, iucompletä et ob.soletiore, secuudä Integra, tertia
postice abbreviate.

Pale yellowish, metanotum black, head, lateral .stripe of the thorax, upper
l)art of the pleurre and sciitcllum pal»; yellow, antenna;, borer and leg.s
darker yellow ; apical half of the wing subreticuhited with three brown
bands, the first of wliich inconii)lete and less apparent, the second entire,
the third abbreviated posteriorly. Long. corp. 0.18 — 0.22. Long. al.
0.17—0.18.

Head yellow, orbit of the eyes narrow, with a silvery reflection.
Antenna; ochrcous, third joint oblong, bristle almost bare. Oral
opening rather large, rounded, proboscis not geniculated, palpi
moderate. Eyes large, oblong. Thorax above clothed with a
short, whitLsh pubescence, and with faintly brownish bristles.
Scutellum flat, with four bristles. ^Metanotum black, dusted with
whitish. Abdomen yellowi.sh luteous {ex helvo luteum), with black
hairs on the lateral margin and on the last segments; remaining
portion with yellow hairs. Borer of 9 ochraceous, shining, some-
what flattened, equal to the three last abdominal segments taken
together, clothed with soft, blackish hair. Legs fulvescent.
Wings subhyaline, subreticulated with fuscous by means of three
irregular transverse bands and some small apical spots; the first
band, which is much al)breviated posteriorly, starts from the infus-
cated base of the stigma and runs obliquely towards the central
transverse vein and frequently becomes obsolete, leaving, however,
a brown cloud on the transverse vein ; the second band is narrow
and straight, extending from the costa to the posterior margin ;
the third band is unequal, abbreviated posteriorly, and coalescent

'•M

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102

DII'TEUA OF NOKTII AMERICA.

\}M

with tlie spots on the costa. First longitudinal vein beset with
bristles, tlie others naked.

JIab. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken, on J'eriionia, in August.)

'■t'

Ndfr. — The iirst of the hands on the wings terminates posteriorly in a
faint hrown lino, running along the discal cell and parallel to the longi-
tudinal veins ; the second and third hands heing more or less coalescent,
the space hetween tlie second and the tip of the wing may be described as
brown, with five round, hyaline spots (one between the costa and the
second longitudinal vein ; the second, just below the first, between the
latter and the next vein ; the third between the same veins, but nearer to
the tip of the wing ; the fourth on the fourth longitudinal vein, just behind
the posterior transverst» vein ; the fifth and largest at tlie tip of the wing,
between the third and fourth longitudinal veins) ; second posterior cell
hyaline, except a matgin along the veins, which is clouded. The brown is
more or less intense in dilferent specimens, and hence the hyaline spots,
especially the posterior ones, are sometimes less apparent. — 0. S.

liijlf'^!

III.

ON THE yORTII AMERICAN SCIOMYZIDI.

The family Hciomijzidte is principally based on the three genera:
Sciomyza Fall., Telanocera Dum. and Sepedun Latr., all occurring
in Xorth America, and on the genus Thecomyia Terty.

The attempt to subdivide the second of these genera has been
made in various ways, but without success. I omit, therefore, to
mention the genera thus formed, especially on account of the
scantiness of mv materials.

Sciovujza has been also subdivided into smaller genera, namely:
Graphomyza Macq., Pelidnoptera Rond., Ctcnulus Rond. and
Cahbaea Zett., the last of which, differing from all the other Scio-
myzUUc by its much smaller basal cells, may be considered as an
osculant genus. Some of the species placed by Meigen in Scio-
myza belong neither to that genus nor to the Sciomyzidfe at all.

The characters distinguishing the Sciomyzida' from all the other
Acalyptera are as follows. The anterior frontal border more or
loss prominent ; face receding, proportionately long, with the oral
border sharp ; no distinct furrows for the reception of the anten-
niü ; no vibrissa? on the oral border ; the front with two bristles,
one behind the other on each side before the lateral bristles of the
vertex; the costal vein of the wings uninterrupted, without spine,
reaching to the fourth longitudinal vein ; the auxiliary vein dis-
tinctly separated from the first longitudinal vein on its whole
length ; the two basal cells much developed, rather large, smaller
only in the osculant genus Calohnea Zett. The legs have short
hairs and very few bristles, and are of moderate length and rather
stout, but not clumsy ; all the anterior legs, especially their tibiae
and tarsi, arc more developed than in the allied families; all the
til)ia3 on their outside before the tips have a small, erect, more or
less distinct bristle ; the intermediate tibiic have a certain number
of stout bristles at the tip ; the fore and hind tibias have a single
weak bristle.

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DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

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Si/iiopsis of the Xorth American genera,

, f Tho third joint of the anteniiro uot circular. 2

I. Tho third joint of the antenniu circular. Sciomyza Fall.

' Antennre only a little prolonged ; front not excavated ; eyes not pro-
tuberant. Tetanocera Dum.
Antonn;e much prolonged ; front excavated ; eyes protuberant.

Sei'edon Lair.

Gen. I. SCIOMYZA Fall.

Only three X. A. species of this j^fcnus have been descri'. 3cl, all
by ^Ir. Walker. His description of Sciom. mitica is niailc in so
careless a manner that it is quite imposKil)le to recogni/e it, and
Sci'om. pardUela ^Valk. seems to be no Sciomyza at all. Hciomyza
nifjripnlpa Walk, is certainly not among the three species known
to me. The scantiness of my present material scarcely warrants
my nnJertaking to describe the N. A. species of Sciomyza, but I
will present what I have to say about them, in connection with the
Sciom yzidce generally.

There is no reason for discussing here the smaller genera sepa-
rated from the old genus Sciomyza, or to point out the subdivi-
sions to be made, since the three species known to me belong all
to the group of the typical species of Sciomyza.

Synopsis of the Species,*

J f Wings spotted. 1 nana Fall.

\ Wings not spotted, the transverse veins only clouded with brown. 2
(, f The two bristles on each side of the front extant. 2 obtusa Fall,

I The foremost of the lateral frontal bristles wanting. 3 pubera, u. sp.

1. S. nana Fall. % and 9- — Cinerea, thorace vittato, alis nigro-macu-
latis.

Gray, with the thorax striped, and the wings spotted with blackish. Long.
Corp. 0.1—0.13. Long. al. 0.11—0.14.

Syn. Sciomyza nana Fallen, Sciom. 15, 12. — Meigen, Syst. Beschr. VI, 18,
19.— Zetoekstedt, Dipt. Scand. V, 2109, 18.

Quite agreeing with the European specimens. Ashy gray.
Front opaque yellow, with the ocellar triangle and the lateral

* The fourth species, added when the manuscript was already iu press,
is not included iu this synopsis. — 0. S.

m-"''r'^

SCIOMYZA.

105

stripes rencliiiif? ns fur as the middle of the front, yellowish-'^rray.
Antenna) ycllowisli-forrufvinous, nsiially paler at the base, with the
blackish-brown bristle beset with a short pubescence. Face
whitish. Uitpcr side of the thorax with four brown loiifritudinal
linos, the two intermediate ones approximated and confluent with
their hind ends, the two lateral ones narrower and less complete.
Seutellnm with a broad brown middle stripe. Pleurtc brown, in
the middle with a broad longitudinal stripe pollinusc with yellow-
ish, and a similar, but more indistinct longitudinal stripe more
underneath. Abdomen brownish-gray, pollinoso with paler on the
lateral border, the posterior corners of the segments being whitish.
Forelegs black, with the coxic and the last joint of the tarsi whitish,
and the extremity of the knees brownish-yellow. ^Middle and hind
legs browni.sh-yellow, with the tips and upper side of the hind
femora brownish black ; tips of the middle and hind tibinc black,
the last joints of the middle and hind tarsi brownisli. The dark
color is sometimes more, sometimes less extended on the posterior
legs than is descrii)ed here. Wings hyaline, slightly grayish ; the
co.stal border is nmrgineil with blackish, from the fip of the first
as far as the tip of the second longitudinal vein ; from the end of
this nmrgin a blacki;;h transverse band runs as far as the fourth
longitudinal vein ; between it and the small transverse vein there
are two small blackish s})Ots ; the small transverse vein is clouded
with blackish ; the posterior transverse vein is a little curved and
marked with a larger blackish spot at its anterior end, and a smaller
at its posterior end, both of which but rarely coalesce so as to form
a complete margin.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. S. obtusa Fall. % . — Fusco-cinerea, antenuarum seta plumatä,
venis alarum transversis fusco-liinbatis.

Grayish-l)rown, the anteiinal bristle plumose, the transverse veins clouded
with blackish-brown. Long. corp. 0.22. Long. al. (.•.22.

Sy\. Scioiiii/za ohtusa Fallen, Sciom. ] 3, 4, var. a. — Meigex, Syst. Beschr.
VI, 12, 6.— Zetteestedt, Dipt. Scand. V, 2099, 10.

I see no difference between the single N. A. individual I possess
and that European species which is generally considered as the
true Sciomyza ohtusa Fall. But to prevent misunderstandings I
must observe that there exists another species hitherto undescribed,
diflering from Sciom. ohtusa Fall, by its autennaj having a shorter

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106

PII'TERA OF NORTH AMEIUCA.

pcctimitcd l)ristlL', but otlicrwisc resonibliiifr tliiit species so iiiiicli
tliiit it is eomiiumly conCoinided with it. (Jriiyisli-lirown. I'ront
üpiuiiio yellow near its anterior borcler, reiiiaiiider yello\vi>li-rerni-
t^iiioiis ; llio oc'ollar triaiii?lü niul the lateral stripes ri'aeliing
beyond tlic middle of the front are yello\vi.>li-j;ray. Anteniuo
yeilowlsli-ferrnginous, with the bristle dark brown, yellowish-
brown at the ))asc, and luivinj; black hairs of moderate length.
Face yellow. Upper side of the thorax, with the e.xeeption of
the lateral borders, more brownish than gray, with darker brown
lonjritudinal lines, the two intermediate ones beinj;- darker and more
distinct, the lateral ones doidiled behind the sntnre. Scntellnm
flat, yellowish-brown, pollinose with grayish-yellow. I'leiir;e ilark
brown, with a broad, more chestiuit brown l(Jii<?itndinal stripe
running from the shoulder to the base of the wing, and having
underneath a hardly distinct longitudinal stripe formed by paler
pollen. TiCgs rather dark brown, csi)ecitilly the anterior ones.
Tips of the fore nnd hind til)iie black ; tarsi blackish towards the
end. Wings grayish-brown, clouded with rather smoky brown
near the costal border ; transverse veins clouded with blackish-
brown ; the posterior transverse vein is slightly oblique and
straight.

J/ab. Illinois. (Kennicott.)

3. S. pillicra, Lorw. % — Fuspo-cinoren, setH antennarum brovittT
plumatil, nietatarso autioo albo, vcnis alaruni trausversis fusco-limbatis.

Grajish-browK, tho antennal brisstlo brovi-iiluniose, the first joint of the
antüi'ior tarsi whitisli, ami the traiisveiso veins cloiulod witli blackish-
brown. Long. Corp. 0.21. Long. al. 0.21.

Front opaque, sordid yellow near the anterior border, remainder
more yellowish-ferruginous, with the occUar triangle and the late-
ral stripes brownish-gray, the latter reaching to the middle of the
front, the foremost bristle wanting. Anteiimu ferruginous, bristle
brown, with a shcfrt pubescence. Face pollinose with white.
Upper side of the thorax grayish-brown, with but little distinct
darker brown longitudinal lines. iScutellum flat, a little paler
than the upper side of the thorax. Pleurie rather dark brown,
pollinose with whitish, without distinct longitudinal stripes.
Ground color of the abdomen almost brownish-black ; on each
segment there is a large triangular, not pollinose, spot, its tip
reaching as far as the hind border of the segment, the remainder

« ,'

TETANOCEUA.

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of tlic sopniont is covered with wliitisli pollen, whii-li is niiuli iiioro
dense on tlio hind border, nnd makes it iippeiir quite pale, wlierciis
on eaeh side, nenr the liileral border, ihere is a vestij^e of a less
l)()I!ltiose,(lark spot. The exterior jjenitals of the male are yellow-
ish-hrdwn. I.vj^a almost lilaekisli-brown, the intermediate ones,
as well as all knees, part of the hind femora, and ii great part of
the hind tibiie, more yellow; anterior coxie yellowish, with a
whitish relleetion ; first joint of the fore tarsi whitish ; the follow-
in}? four blaek ; the intermediate tarsi have a rather pale brownish-
yellow ground eolor, rendered much darker by their short blaek
liuirs, their two last joints appearing brownish t)n the upjier side;
the hind tarsi are like the intermediate ones, but have the three
last joints blaekish. Wings grayish-hyaline, with the transverse
veins margined with blaekish, the posterior transverse vein straight
nnd (piite perpendieular. IJesides the want of the foremost lateral
bristle on the front, this speeies is distinguished from the other
Bpceies of Sclomyzti by its abdomen having the blaek hairs denser,
longer, and finer than those.

Hub. Middle States. (Ostcn-Saeken.)

I?>

4. S. luctifcra Loew. % . (Translated from Boil. Kiitoni. Zeitschr.
18G1, p. 345, by I?ar. 0. Sacken.) — Nigra, tliorace cincreo, fauiu albü,
antennis ot fronto fulvia, coxis anticis albis, pedibus nigris, tarsis poste-
rioribus sordid« albis, alis nigricantibus, marginc costali nigro-liinbato.

Black, thorax cinereous, faco white, antonnto and front fulvons, fore coxa3
white, feet black, posterior tarsi of a dirty whitish, wings tinged with
blackish, costal border margined with black. Long. corp. 0.13. Long,
al. 0.1.

Small, black. Face, cheeks, and the inferior part of the occi-
put, white. Antcnnaj and front fulvous, lateral- stripes of the
latter abbreviated anteriorly ; ocellar triangle and the ujiper part
of the occiput cinereous. Thorax dark cinereous, with black
hair. Fore legs black, their coxte white, with a silvery reflection;
posterior feet black, trochanters and tarsi dirty whitish, their apex
black. Wings of moderate size, tinged with blackish, with a
rather broad black margin near the costa.

Hub. Pennsylvania. (Osten- Sacken.)

Note. — In younger specimens, the black color of the intermediate pair
of feet is more or less brownish.

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108

DIPTEUA OP NOIITII AMKUICA.

aen. II. TI:TA.\0C'I:IIA Dum.

Aniontf tiic rcconUnl N. A. spct-ips of Tvlannrem, Tcf. hnsrll
has Ix't'H chnrat'torizetl so iiisiillicicüitly hy ildl). Dcsvoidy, tliat
there is no possil)ility of iiloiitilyinj^ it. Tii. cfiiKidensis, (l('scril)t'il
by .Miicqinirt, is also iiii!\iio\vii to nic. 7'«7. f/iiffn/<tn's Wit-d. is
mentioned hy ]Nr(i('((imrt as a native of Norili America; l»ut I must
consider tins statement as a mislalxe, sinee tlie eliuraeters lie gives
do not a}?reo witli tlic deseription of '/'el. giitti(f<iris W'm\.', Ijut
wliat species lie has talien for 7'i'/. f/iittnfitris has not as yet been
niaile out. As to tlio otiier described species, tlie following paper
will give all the necessary information: —

3

Si/ii(ij)sls of the Sjifciis.*

f Wings reticulate«!,
t Wings not rutitnilatod.

( JJristlo of thu luitunnie iihunoso witli black,
t IJristlt' of tlio antiMiu.'u iilunioso with white.
( Front with thrcü shining stripos.
( Front without shining stripes.
Posterior transversts vein ohli(iuo and curved.

2
11

3
Ö
4

ß
1 Clara, n. sp.

M

Tosturior transvorsu vein almost perpendicular and straight.

2 valida, n. sp.

Femora spotted. 3 pictipes /^"ew.

Femora quite unspotted. 4 pallida Luciv,

Thorax without stripes. 7

Thorax with stripes. 8

Femora entirely yellow. 5 Qavescens Locw.

Femora very brownish at the base. 6 arcuata Lorw.

The brown margin of tlie costal border of the wings interrujited by clear
s]>ots. 9

Cost.'il border of the wings with an uninterrupted brown margin. 10

The reticulation of the wings shows double bands consisting of spots
arranged by pairs. 7 combinata Locw.

The reticulation forms no double bands at all. 8 sparsa, n. sp.

Posterior transverse vein straight. 0 costalis, n. sp.

Posterior transverse vein much curved. 10 saratogensis Filch.

Posterior transverse vein curved and rather steep. 11 plebeja, n. sp.

Posterior transverse vein curved in the shape of an S, and very ob-
lique. 1- plumoaa Locw.

* Tlie two species (Nos. 13 and 14), added when the mmiuscript was
already in press, are not included in this synopsis. — 0. S.

10 1

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TKTANOCERA.

100

1» T. Clara Lokw. 9'~^<'t''' itUfinifinnn nlgro-pUinii'M i ; vittjp in
fiontd l.'i'vi^'nt.'u tres ; nliu pnrco ot gnwse rotlüiiliitro, vonil trnnsvi'isu pos-
toriorü obliijuii.

Brirttlo of tlio autciiiiM! phiinoHo with lilnck, front with tlirco HhiniiiL; sti ipcM,
reticulation of the wings simrsu and conrso, poatorlor trnnsvoiuH vein
obliiiuu. Long. cor]). U.3'2. Long. nl. ().Ü2.

A bcnulifiil lurfre species. Pale yellow. Face white, not much
rceedinf?. rulpl and jjrohoscis wliitish-yellow. Front rather (hirk
oclireous, with tliret very sliinin«; lonjjitndinal stripes; the iiiiihllo
one distinctly widened towards its anterior end, tlie lateral ones
near the l)orders of the eyes and reaching oidy very little lieyon«!
tho foremost frontal bristle, heiice not much transgressinic the
ndddic of the front. Anteniuo oelireous, the two first joints short,
heset with l)lack hair, the third a little lunge" than the two first
taken together, moderately l)road and only m )derately pointed;
the hhiek bristle with dense, very long, black lit irs. Neitlier tho
lateral Itorders of the front, nor the yellow occiput have black
spots. Thorax yellowish, with two brownish middle stripes sepa-
rated by a broad line, and on each side with a more indistinct and
less complete lateral stripe. Seutellum with brownish midille and
yellowish borders. J'leuriu whitish-yellow, with a narrow lirown
longitudinal stripe on their superior Ijorder. Alxlonien without
distinct markings. Legs whitish-yellow, the end of the tarsi only
a little blackish ; posterior femora with a short, not very close
pubescence on their under side, and only one or two longer black
bristles on the second third. "Wings large and rather broad, some-
what tinged ^ilh tawny; the whole stigma and the broad clouds
of the suiall and of the posterior transverse veins brownish-black;
also the tip of the wing margined with brownish-black ; before the
second longitudinal vein there are some small, rather indistinct,
brownish-black spots, and about four or six larger and darker
transverse spots between the second and third longitudinal veins,
running from vein to vein, tlu; last of which are most distinct, and
include small rudiments of veins rising from the sicond longitudiiud
vein ; l)etween the third and fourth longitudinal veins tliero arc,
beyond the small transverse vein, two or three brownish-black
transverse streaks running from vein to vein; on the posterior
side of the fourth longituiiinal vein there are only two very small
brownish-black spots, one before, the other behind the small
transverse vein, which, I sui»i)ose, are not always present. The

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DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

rfniaiiidor of tlie wings is unspotted. The posterior transverse
vein is üljUrpie and moderately curved.

Hub. Trenton Falls, X. Y. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. T. valida Loew. 9- — ^'^^^ antennannn nigro-plumosa ; vittre fron-
tales ties l.-pvigatrc ; al;c parce et grosse reticulata;, veiiil transversa, poste-
riore perpendienlari.

Bristle of the antennre plumose with Mack, front with three shining stripes,
reticulation of the wings sparse and coarse ; posterior transverse vein
almost i)erpeniticular. Long. corp. 0.29. Long. al. 0.2i).

Pale yellow. Face ycllowisli-white, only moderately receding;
])al|>i and proboscis whitish-yellow. Front orange-yellow, with
three very bright longitudinal stripes; the middle stripe not dis-
tinctly widened towards its anterior end, the lateral ones reaching
a little beyond the foremost frontal bristle, which is inserted rather
lower than in the preceding species, so that the lateral strii)es
reach a little nearer to the anterior border of the front. Antenna)
ochreous, having the two (irst joints short, with black hairs; the
third a little longer than the two first taken together, moderately
broad and only a little i)ointed ; ihe bristle of the antenna) with
dense, very long, black hairs. There are no black spots on the
lateral border of the front, nor on the yellow occiput. Thorax
yellowish, with indistinct brownish longitudinal stripes. Pleura;
whilisli-yeliow, with a narrow brown longitudinal stripe on their
supeiior border. Alidomen without distinct markings. Legs
whitish-yellow, with the tii)s of the tarsi a little blackish ; poste-
rior femora with short, not very dense hairs on the under side and
only two longer l)rislles on the second third. Wings proportion-
ately a little smaller than in the foregoing species, somewhat tinged
with tawny. The stigma, smaller than in the foregoing species, is
brownish-black ; the transverse veins and the tip of the wings are
clouded with brownish-black ; before the second longitudinal vein
there are six or eight small but distinct brownish-black spots; be-
tween the second and third longitudinal veins there are four or five
darker ones running from vein to vein, the last of which are more dis-
tinct; between the third and fourth longitudinal veins there are, be-
liind the sn)all transverse vein, four or five brownish-black transverse
ütreaks; at the posterior side of the fourth longitudinal vein there
are two rather large brownish-black spots, one before, the other,
larsrer one behind the posterior transverse vein ; on the anterior

TETANOCERA.

Ill

nnd iioptcrior sidi's of the fiftli ]onn;ittulinal vein there ce some
small hrownisli-bliiek altoniatinp^ spots ; the rcnuiiiicler of the wing
is iinspotled ; the posterior transverse vein straight and rather
perpendicular.

Observation. — Although this species is very similar to the fore-
going, and I have onl}' a ;jingle individual before me, its specific
distinctness seems to be beyond doulit. The straight and rather
steep posterior transverse vein, the lateral frontal stripes reaching
farther forwards and the middle frontal strijie not being dilated
anteriorly afford the best characters for distinguishing Jet, vulida
from Tet. dura.

3. T. l»it'til»OS LoKW. ^ «and J.— Seta cintonnarum nigro-plumosa;
vitta* frontales hevigataj nullte ; alaj cont'ortini guttato-retioulatte ; femora
maculata.

Bristle of the antenna; plumose with black, front without shining stripes ;
wings densely retiuulated with conlluent fuscous spots and limjiid drops,
femora spotted. Long. corp. 0.24— (>.2(J. Long. al. Ü.2;]— Ü.2Ü.

Syn. Tdanoctra pict'uxs Loew, Wien. Eut. Monatsch. Ill, 2!)2.

Front almost more pale brownish than yellow, opaque, l)esct, on
its anterior part, with s])arse short black hair, rising from hardly
visible dark dots; hardly a trace of an excavated middle stripe;
all that gloss whic!; other species possess is totally wanting, nnd
only a fine whitish dusted longitudinal line is visil>le. Each side
of the front near the border of the eye a brownish-black dot, and
more forwards between tlie anteniue and the anterior corner of the
eye another small brown or blackish-brown sjtot. The face is
silvery white, and recedes only moderately; its middle is marked
with a very small black spot ; on the cheeks tliere is a brown or
blackish-l)rown longitudinal streak. The first and second joints of
the antenuK are yellowish-brown ; the third is more yellowish-fer-
ruginous, scarcely longer than tlie second, not much pointed, its
upper side being distinctly excised; the black bristle has a brown-
ish-yellow base, and a scanty, rather long black pubescence ; some
individuals differ by tiie color of the antennio l)eiiig (piite ferrugi-
nous bi'own. The npperside of the thorax is quite opacpie, brown-
ish cinereous, closely covered with small dark Inown dots, whicli
coalesce to larger s[)0ts, forming four rows, and having a rather
variable size. Scutellum gray, in the middle brown, with small
dark brown dots, on the borders with four black dots bearing
the ordinary bristles, the hindmost of which are far longer than

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DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

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the others. Tlie grouiKl color of the abdomen is more blackish
than that of the thorax, the posterior and the lateral borders of
the sejrments being usually more brown ; besides, the abdomen
is covered with a rather light dust and beset with small brown dots
coalescing near the lateral border into a row of obsolete spots,
and in the middle of each segment into a longitudinal spot, so that
a dark middle stripe, interrupted by the incisions, is formed. The
sixth segment, being clavate in the male, has a large blackish-
brown si)Ot on each side, leaving in the middle a grayish or whitish
mark, resembling, as it were, a cup. The ground color of the
femora is little visible, being covered with light dust and speckled
with black dots ; immediately before the tip they are surrounded
with an almost black more or less visible rina-, and an almost con-
colorons spot before this ring on the under side. The tibiiu are
yellowish-brown, wiih the tips blackish; the tur>'i I'ave the same
color as the tibin-, but are generally a little paler; usually the ante-
rior ones have the three last joints, and sometimes a great luirt of
the 6rst, lilackeued, whereas in the remaining tarsi oidy the two
last joints, or even the last alone, h blackish. The wings are more
gnttated than reticulated ; the color of the posterior part is more
gray; immediately along the longitudinal veins, and in the neigh-
borhood of the costa, it is much darker and almost brown. The
largest drops, the color of which is almost white, are scattered
over the posterior part of the wing; on the anterior part they are
placed near the longitudinal veins ; on the costa, between the tips
of the first and second longitudinal veins, there are only three
small clear quadrangular spots.

Jl'ib. "Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

Uhscrrati'in. — A series of specimens enables me to con.j :■ r ih's
species with the closely allied European 7V^ umhrarvm lAwn. 7 le
resemblance of both is so great that I cannot but suspect that they
are identical. Xo diflerencc of structure existing between them,
the larger size and browner color of Tct. ])iciij)es alone ad'ord a
constant distinguishing character. Future observations will per-
haps enable us to decide whether Tct. pictipes is Merely a climatic
variety of Tct. iiiubrantiii or a dill'erent species.

.V"/'. — I posr-t'ss a .specimen from Great Slave Lake, II. B. T., and
have seen anotlier from Maine, both perfectly agreeing in size and color
with the European specimens. Is this fact to be considered as a proof of
the identity or of the diversity of T. picliprs and T. itmhrarum? The
answer to this f^uestion appears to me far from certain. — 0. S.

TETANOCERA,

113

4. T. pallida Loinv. % nwA 9. — Seta aiitonnnnim nigro-jiliiniat.i;
vittii' frontales la'vigat.r luiU.T ; ii\x contVitiin giittato-iftiriilata' ; ft«-
iiiora iuuuaculata.

Bristle of tlio aiitonihT plumoso with black, freut without shining stripes,
wings rather densely retienlated with dark sjiots and limpid drops,
femora tjuite unspotted. Long. eorp. lt.2J). Long. al. t'.-7.

Syn. Titiinocira pallida Loew, Wien. Knt. Monatseh. Ill, 'I'.U.

Yellowish-brown, opaque. Front more yellow, opiupie, without
black si)ot near the orbit, the excavated iniildle stripe very narrow,
not glos>y; between the antennie ami the anterior corner of the
eyes there is a small brown spot. Face white, coiisi(U'ral)ly reed-
ing;, excavated in its middle more than in most other species. An-
tenna» yellow with the third joint hardly ns loii<jf a.s the second, its
superior edge not distinctly excised, and its end very little pointed;
the antennal bristle blackish, with the l)ase only yellow, and the
blackish hairs rather loiifj, but not very close. Upper side of the
thorax not punctured, with four complete brown lonfj,itudinal
stripes, and on its posterior half immediately beside the lateral
stripe, a fine, less distinct, brown, loiij;itudiual line. Scutellutn
with a brown middle stripe. IMeura; with a broad brown lonjj;itu-
diiud stripe at the superior border, the remainder I)eiiij^ everywhere
whitish hoary. Abdomen unicolorous, with a blackish middle line,
and on each side a brown linear stripe, all of them interrupted at
the incisions. Legs yellowish, with the tips of the tarsi a little
blackish. Wings somewhat yellowish towards the base with the
reticulation moderately close and rather guttated, darker brownish-
black ut the costal and apical border; before the second longitudi-
nal vein there arc about six small clear dots, which do not reach
the costal border itself; the small transverse vein is some distance
before the middle of the discal cell, and the posterior transverse
vein is very distinctly curved.

Hub. Middle States. (Ostcn-Sacken.)

5. T. flaTesceu!« Loew. % . — Seta antennarum alho-plninosa ; thorax
punetii latus ; alaj confertira guttato-retieulata} ; femora tota pallido lla-
vescentia.

Bristle of the auteiina; plumose with white, thorax punctured, wings densely
8

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114

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

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reticulated with dark spots and limpid drops, fomora quite yellowish.
Long. Corp. 0.33. Long. al. 0.2li.

Sy.v. Tetaiioco-a fl(t>-(sci)is Loew, Stott. Ent. Zeit. VIII, 123. — Lokw, Wien.
Knt. Monatsuh. Ill, 2')1.

Pale yellowish-brown, somewhat shaded into testaceous. Face
wiiite, rather considerably receding beneath. Antenna) yellow;
the third joint, when viewed sideways, nearly as long as the broad
second joint, not distinctly excised on Its ui)i)er side, little pointed;
the antennal bristle yellowish with close, white plumation of mode-
rate length. Front yellow, ojjaque, with the excavated, polished
middle stripe distinctly tapering anteriorly ; on each side of the
orbit there is an oblong oval black spot of rather considerable size
and another more anteriorly, between the antennye and the anterior
corner of the eyes. Upper side of the thorax marked with close
small brown dots and besides with four rather incomplete rows of
small dark brown spots far distant from each other. Scntellum
rather convex, glossy, almost blackish-brown, a little dusted with
whitish near the base, and having a terminal dot formed of whitish
dust. Pleura; with a conspicuous, parallel, brownish-red longitu-
dinal stripe at the superior border, below which they appear paler
from their whitish dust. Abdomen with a dark middle line and
near each lateral border a broad, brown one, all of them inter-
rupted at the incisions ; the fourth and fifth segments bear each a
glossy yellowish-brown spot more distant from the border than the
lateral lines. Legs brownish-yellow with the tips of the tibiae and
the whole of the tarsi api)earing darker in consequence of the
greater density of the l)lack hair, whereas in reality the two last
joints only of the anterior and posterior tarsi are blackened ; the
under side of the jjosterior femora is beset with very numerous
short and many longer black bristles. "Wings rather broad and
obtuse, with the whole surface con'-sely and rather uniformly reti-
culated, so that there are no fasci«; some larger brown spots on
the costal border, but no clearer si)ots on the apical border ; the
siiii'U transverse vein is very far from the discal cell, and the pos-
terior transverse vein is only little curved and rather steep.

Ildh. Carolina. (Zimmerman.)

Observation. — When naming this species I overlooked the fact
that Kob. Desvoidy already has n. Tet. flavcsccns. Consequently I
should have altered the name, had I not before me a larger number
of specimens of Tet. arcuata proving that this species is rather vari-

TETANOCERA.

115

able, and that therefore its distinctness from Td. ßavescens is not
quite certain. Should the identity of both species be proved, the
name of "ßavcscctis^^ as being preoccuj)ied must be dropped, and
that of Tet. arciiata adopted for the species ; should, however,
future observations prove their distinctness, it will then be time
enough to choose another name for Tet. ßavescens.

6. T. arciiata Loew. % and 9.— Seta antennarum albo-plumosa ;
thorax punctiilatus ; alaj confertim guttato-reticulataj ; femora; antica
basim versus fusca.

Bristle of the antenna; plumose with white; thorax pnncturerl, wings
densely reticulated witli dark spots and limpid drops ; anterior femora
brown towards the base. Long. corp. 0.18 — 0.3. Long. al. 0.2 — 0.23.

Syn. Telanoccra arcuata Loew, Wien. Eni. Monatsch. Ill, 29rj.

So similar to the foregoing that it is very easy to confound
them, and after the detailed description which I have given of Tet.
ßavescens, it will be quite suiTicient to point out the characters by
which Tet. arcuata dilTers from it. It is always a little smaller, "
sometimes much smaller than Tet. ßavescens ; its second antcnnal
joint, too, seems to be comparatively smaller and narrower, and the
small brown spots on the upper side of the thorax beside the small
dots, arc distinctly sraallo?. The anterior femora are to a consider-
able extent brown at *ae base ; their tips as well as the base of
the posterior femora are not seldom very brownish ; the anterior
tibia; arc blackened to a certain extent, and the posterior libite
have this color at their very tips ; the three last joints of the anterior
tarsi are blackish.

Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sackcn.)

Observation The more specimens of Tet. arctiata I was able

to examine, the more it appeared doubtful to me whether let. ßa-
vescens ought not to be taken merely for an exceedingly large and
})ale variety of Tet. arcuata. The only difl'erencc existing in the
structure is, as it seems, the somewhat smaller breadth of the second
joint of the antenna; in Tet. arcuata; this is a very trifling one,
and perhaps only a character belonging to smaller specimens.
The narrow arcuated band running over the posterior transverse
vein of the wings, by which the first specimen which I received
was distinguished, was either more indistinct or quite wanting in
the specimens sent to me afterwards.

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116

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

7. T. cuilllliiiata Loew. 9. — Seta antomiarum albo-plumosa ; thorax
vittatus ; aire niaculato-reticulata>, maculis fasciaa duplicatas efficienti-
bus, limbo marginis antlci obscuro nuUo.

Bristle of the autonii.i) plumose with white, thorax striped, wings reticu-
lati'd with dark spots forming double bauds, costal border without dark
margin. Long. corp. 0.2(J. Long. al. 0.22.

Syn. Tclanocira combinata Loew, Wien. Ent. Monatscli. Ill, 295.

Rcddish-browii, more ncorn-colorod on the abdomen. Front dark
yellow witli the middle strijje broad, imi)ressod, polished, narrowed
anteriorly, a small blaek dot being on each side near tiie orbit,
and a seeond more anteriorly between the antenna) and anterior
corner of the eye. The face wliit«, not much receding, rather ex-
cavated in the middle. Antennic yv-^l'ow, third joint short, with
the upper edge margined with blackish and not distinctly excised ;
the antenna] bristle yellowish at the base, with a white plumatiou
of moderate length. Upper side of the thorax almost brownish-
ferruginous, with broad lateral borders dusted with whitish; the two
longitudiiuil stripes in the middle are blackish and covered with
dense white dust. The scutelluni is of the same color as the upper
side of the thorax, and has the sides dusted with whitish. The
pleune too resemble the upper side of the thorax in their color,
appearing however, with the exception of a longitudinal stripe on
their superior part, of a paler shade, on account of their whitish dust.
Immediately before the poiscrs there is a very conspicuous, rounded,
brownish-black i,pot. The abdomen is more acorn-colored; it has
a black middle stripe not sharply bordered and interrupted at the
incisions, and a rather broad, polished, brownish-red stripe at
some distance from each lateral border. Legs brownish-yellow,
the tibiic a little darker than the femora ; the tarsi blackish towards
their tip. AVings rather yellowish, having the reticulation formed
by narrow, gray stripes in the middle of the intervals and by
brown spots reaching from the longitudinal veins as far as these
stripes; the brown spots are arranged so as to form distinct double
bands running across the wing; the last of these bands is at the
very tip of the wing, the penultimate runs between it and the pos-
terior transverse vein ; the antepenultimate runs over the posterior
transverse vein itself; there is besides, anteriorly, the beginning of
a double band before the penultimate band ; the small transverse

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TETANOCERA.

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vein is a little 'leforc the middle of the discal cell; the posterior
transvoi'se vein is a little carved and rather steep.
Ilah. Middle States. (Osteu-Sacken.)

8. T. sparsa Loew. % and 9- — ^»-'ta antpnnarum albo-plumosa;
thorax vittatus ; ahe uiaculato-reticulatiB, fasciis duplicatiö iiullis, limbo
marginis aiitici obscuro nuUo.

Bristle of tlie antennfc plumose with white, thorax striped, wings reticu-
lated with dark spots forming no double bands, costal border without
dark margin. Long. corp. 0.24. Long. al. 0.22.

Yellowish-brown, opaqne. Front dark yellow, with the middle
stripe broad, impressed, polished, not narrowed anteriorly ; a small
black dot is on each side in the neighborhood of the orbit, and a
second is more anteriorly between the antennte and the anterior
corner of the eye. Face white, not much receding, rather exca-
vated in the middle. Antenna? yellow ; the third joint nearly as
long as the second, a little excised on the upper side, rather pointed ;
the bristle of the antennte with the base yellow, its pubescence
whitish. Upper side of the thorax with two brown middle stripes
connected posteriorly and separated anteriorly, and not reaching
the anterior border of the thorax; two broader lateral stripes are
of the same color, but not so distinct. The scutellum also is of
the colour of the thorax, but dusted with whitish on the sides.
Pleura; paler than the upper side of the thorax, having, towards
their superior border, a brownish-red longitudinal stripe continued
as far as below the poisers. The abdomen has a very indistinct,
dark middle line interrupted at the incisions; on each side, at a
distance from the lateral border, a brighter stripe not differing
.«ensibly in co^or from the general color of the abdomen. Legs
pale yellowish; tibite not darker than the femora; tarsi blackish
towards their tips. "Wings only little yellowish ; the reticulation
is formed by very narrow, gray stripes running in the middle of
the intervals, and by brown' spots reaching from the longitudinal
veins as far as the stripes; the brown spots are arranged so as to
form no double bands, showing only the anterior indistinct begin-
nings of some narrow simple bands, the number of which is three,
besides the narrow margin of the tip of the wing. The small trans-
verse vein is a little before the middle of the discal cell ; the pos-
terior transverse vein is only very little curved and rather steep.

Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

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118

DIPTEUA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ohscrvniion Tet. sparsn difTers too much from Tct. comhinatn

in the markings of the wings to l)e considered as identical with it.
I have, however, to remind, that they agree much more in their struc-
ture than is usual in nearly-related s})ccics of this genus, and that
my oi)inion, formed on I'ery scanty materials (1 9 of Tel. combi-
nuUi, 1 % and 1 9 of Tel. sparsa), cannot but have a very second-
ary weight. Nor will the difference in the markings of the thorax,
however striking they may seem, solve the question, since, in some-
what immature specimens, they always appear inconstant, and are
often variable even in quite mature ones.

9. T. costaliä LoEW. %, — Seta antennarum albo-pluniosa ; thorax
vittatus ; al.« grosne r.iacnlato-reticulatic, margine autico auguste uigro-
limbato, veuil transvorsä posteriore perpendiculari, rectiX.

Bristle of the antenn.-c plumose with white, thorax striped, wings reticu-
lated with coarse dark spots and the costal border having a narrow black
margin, posterior transverse vein perjiendicular and straight. Long,
corp. 0.17. Long. al. 0.17.

Yellowish-brown, somewhat tinged with reddish, opaque. Front
yellow, with the middle stripe broad, excavated, and polished, not
tapering anteriorly ; on each side near the orbit there is a small
black dot, and more anteriorly a second larger one between the
antenna) and the anterior corner of the eye. Antenna) yellow, with
the third joint a little longer than the second, but little excised on
the upper side, not much pointed. Antennal bristle with the base
only yellow and covered with a close white pubescence. Face white,
rather considerably receding. Upper side of the thorax dusted
with whitish on the lateral borders; in the middle, there are two
complete longitudinal stripes, formed of whitish dust and bordered
with brownish streaks, which arc not quite distinct and interrupted
in the middle of the thorax. Superior part of the pleura) with a
brownish-red longitudinal stripe continued to beneath the poisers.
ScutcUum yellowish. Abdomen unicolorous, having no trace of
darker stripes in the described specimen. Legs whitish-yellow,
not distinctly blackened at the end of the tarsi; under side of tho
posterior femora with small short bristles. Surface of the wings
a little yellowish, with the stigma and a margin of the costal border
black ; this margin runs from the stigma as far as the fourth longi-
tudinal vein, being very narrow as far as the tip of the second
longitudinal vein, and then broader; there are about six or seven

.i

TETANOCERA.

119

i/fv

small dear spots on the anterior side of tlic second longitudinal
vein; the remainder of the coarse reticulation is little connected,
and formed of rather sparse small blackish spots; the small trans-
verse vein is a little before the middle of the discal cell; the pos-
terior transverse vein is distinguished by its being perfectly straight
and perpendicular.

Ilah. Illinois. (Osten-Sacken.)

10. T. sai-atogensis Fixcir. % .ind 9.— Sota antennarum albo-plu-
mata ; thorax vittatus ; al;e confurtim Htiiato-retiunlatiO margine antico
lato fusco-llmLato, vena transversa, posteriore flexuosä.

Bristle of the antenna; plumose with wliite, thorax striped, wings striped
witli gray and reticulated with darker dots, costal liorder having a broad,
hlackish-brown margin, posterior transverse vein undulating. Long.
Corp. 0.2—0.22. Long. al. 0.18—0.20.

Si'N. Ti'tnnocira saratogensis FiTCii, Report I, G8. — Loew, Wien. Ent. Mo-
natsch. Ill, 29(j.

This species, which is readily distinguished from all the N. A.
species known to me by the costal border of its wings having a
broad blackish- brown margin reaching as far as the second longitu-
dinal vein, has been accurately described 1)y Dr. A. Fitch in the
above quoted place. Tt strikingly resembles th Euroi)ean 7'et.
pratornm Fall. After examining a great number of specimens of
the two species, I found it impossible to discover any constant differ-
ence in their structure; but the brownish-black color of the costal
border of the wings as weil as the spots along the longitudinal
veins in all the N. A. specimens reach farther towards the base of
the wing than is the case in any Eurojican one, besides, in the
former, the color of the club-like male genitals is very dark, whereas
in the latter it is much Jight'a* and almost yellowish. Whether
the two hoary stripes of the tl orax really are more distant in 2\l.
saratogensis, as they seem to be, I dare not pronounce with cer-
tainty, since some specimens from Northern Europe approach in
this respect the American ones. Moreover the space between
those stripes in N. A. specimens as well as in European ones, is
sometimes altogether yellow, sometimes bordered with distinct
brown longitudinal lines, sometimes entirely brown.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Mr. Loew referring to Dr. Fitch's description, without giving one of his
own, I reproduce the former here. — 0. S.

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120

DIPTEIIA OP NORTH AMERICA.

Tin licfiil nliovo in u'oMi'ii yell()\v witli twoHniall riinty atripoH on its fore
part, 11 \i\aek spot at liiisu !ui(l dot enoh sido anteriorly, almost in <'oiitac't
witli till! eye, and a second one, nlso bhudc, on tlio anterior inartri'i, lietween
the vyo and tlio nnteiinie. Fa^io silvery white. Aiiteniiiu light yellow,
second joint lonjjer than liroad, with flno short black bristles along its
upper and nndi-r «dgi» ; third joint tinged with l)rown, narrow and eurvod,
its n|>per side being concave, its lower side convex, and nearly parallel
with the uiii)er sido, but slightly narrowed towards tho apex, which is
rounded ; seta yellowish white, iiliniiose. Thorax jyalo dull yidlow, witli
a faint darlicr stripi! each s'de of tho middle, which stripes have an ash
gray rellection when viewed from the front ; clothed with a short blacli
beard and a few long black bristles. Scutel ash gray with two nearly
erect black bristles eac.i side. I'oisers yellowish white. Abdomen dusky,
clothed with a short bla« k beard, hind edges of the segments pale dull
yellow. Legs pale yell« w, with a flue black beard, and the spine-like
bristles at the end o*" tho shanks black. Wings iridescent, smoky brown
on the outer and apical margins, hyaline towards the axilla, the space
l)otween divided into numerous squaro hyalino spots by dusky longitudi-
nal stripes, one stripe being placed in the middle of eacli cell and sending
short transverse branjhes to tho veins at regular intervals; veins and
veinlets black.

11. T. plleliejil LoEW. %, and 9- — Seta antennarum nigro-plumosa ;
ala; non reticulatte, vena, transversa, posteriore modice arcuatii, subper-
pendiculari.

Bristle of the ar tenure plumose with black, wings not reticulated, with
tho posterior transverse vein moderately arcuated and nearly perpendi-
cular. Long. Corp. 0.28—0.29. Long. al. 0 3.

Yery allied and similar to the following species, but certainly
different. Acorn-colored. Front yellow ; the usual black spot
near the orbit totally wanting. The excavated polished middle
stripe of the front is not enlarged anteriorly ; the polished lateral
stripes are very broad and glossy, yet do not extend far beyond
the middle of the front. Antonna3 dark yellow, the third joint a
little longer than the second, rather distinctly excised on its upper
sido ; antennal bristle black with long and very clothe black hairs.
Face considerably retreating, yellowish with wliite reflection. Upper
side of the thorax, scutellum and pleurae quite as in the following
species. Abdomen brownish-yellow without darker middle line
nor lateral stripes in tho pair I have before me ; but in well colored
specimens they may exist. Legs as in Tet. plumosa. Wings
brownish-yellow margined with blackish-brown on the whole of
the costal border, beginning at the base of the stigma and being

TETANOCERA.

121

"I If ,

Hi

exteiulc'il nt tlio apex to u little beyond the tip of the fourth loiif^i-
tiidiiml vein; there are besides jrrayisli stripes between the h)ngi-
tiidiiial veins; the transverse veins aro margined with (hirlc browii-
isli-l»lack ; tlie small transverse vein is in the ndihlle of the discal
fell ; the posterior transverse vein is distinctly eiirved, but not iu
tlic sha})e of an S, and has a rather steep jiosition.

Jliib. Middle States. (O.sten-Saeken.)

ObservutiuH 1. — This speeics is very similar to the European Tet.
elata Fabr., but dilTers by its posterior transverse vein, which,
although more arenated, has n steeper position, by its nnteniuc
being a little broader and the black hair of its antennal bristle
being much closer.

Obaervatioii 2. — From Tct. plnmosa this species not only differs
by the form and situation of the ))osterior transverse vein, but
particularly by the considerable breadth of the polished lateral
stripes of the front, which in Tttanocera plumosu ure exceedingly
narrow.

IS. T. plnmosa boKw. % and 9. — Si-ta antonnnrum nigro-phimosa ;
alas non reticulata, vena tranäverisa posteriore bifloxa ot vaUle obliciuil.

Bristle of the antcainio plumoso with black, wings not reticulated, with
the posterior transverse vein hiarcuated and very obli<iue. Long. corp.
O.ai— 0.39. Long. al. 0.128— 0.3r).

Sy.v. TctanocAra vidua Macquaut, Dipt. exot. II, 3, ISO, Tab. XXIV, fig. 7.
Tetanoccra jiluiiiosa LoEW, Stett. Ent. Zeit. VIII, 201. — Loew, Wien.

Ent. Zeit. Ill, liDO.
Tvlanoci ni struthio Walker, List of Dipt. IV, 1086.

A species of iue relationship of Tet. arrogans, ehtta, etc.
Acorn-colored. Front yellow, with a small brown dot instead of
the ordinary lateral black spots on each orbit ; the excavated pol-
ished middle stripe of the front being of middle breadth, and but
little enlarged anteriorly; the polished lateral stripes very narrow
and obsolete. Antenmii dark yellow; the third joint as long as the
second, rather distinctly excised on its upper side ; antennal bristle
black with long and very close black hairs. Face rather receding,
yellowish with white reflection. Upper side of the thorax with the
lateral border broad, dusted with white and the three central longi-
tudinal stripes likewise covered with whitish dust and leaving be-
tween them two complete narrow reddish-ferruginous stripes which
unite on the hind border of the thorax and run over the scutellum.

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122

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Plcuni! with a nnrrow ferriif^inous loii^^itiidinal stripe on the supe-
rior bonier. Abdomen neorn-colored, with a darlxer middle stripe
interrupted at the ineisions. Le^js brownish-yellow, tibiie usually
a little darker than the femora, tarsi blaekened towards the tips.
Win<i;s brownish-yellow, marfrined with blaelvish-brown on the
whole of the eostal border, l)e<,Mnning from the base of the stigma
and ending a little beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein ;
moreover, there arc usually dark gray stri|)es between the longitu-
dinal veins ; the transverse veins are nuirginod with dark brownish-
blaek ; the snnill transverse vuin is plaeed a little before the middle
of the diseal cell ; the i)osterior transverse vein is very arcuated in
the shape of an S, and has a very oblique position ; in most spe-
cimens the fourth longitudinal vein has some small stumps, most
of which are emitted from its inner side, each being inclosed in a
dot-like brownish black cloud. Such specimens resemble very
much the European VW. amiurin Fabr.

Hah. Sitka. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)
Observation. — The name of 2\t. vlcina if »reoccupied by R.
Desvoidy.

13. T, triangularis Lokw. J. (Translated from Herlin. Entom.
Zeitscli. lS(jl,p. 344, tiy B. Osten-Sacken.) — Glandicolor, thoraco bili-
neato, frontis opacjc vittulis lateralil)us Irevigatis, subobsoletis, fossnlA
meiliil (listinctil, non dilatata, subtriangulü, anteunarum setA pilis longis,
rarioi'iljus, iiigris plumata, alis lutescentibus, unicoloribus, venis traus-
versis fusco-limbatis, posteriore siibrectä.

Acorn-colored, thorax with two lines, front opaqne, its lateral stripes
shining, almost obsolete, the furrow in the middle distinct, not dilated,
siibtriangular, antennal bristle with long, rare, black hairs, wings lutes-
cent, unicolorous, transverse veins margined with fuscous, the posterior
one almost straight. Long. corp. 0.20 — 0.27. Long. al. 0.27.

Occiput yellow, with a large shining-white spot. Front bright
yellow, entirely opaque, the ordinary lateral stripes shining, narrow,
almost obsolete ; the furrow in the middle distinct, shining, not
dilated, very shortened, subtriangular. Antenna) rather short,
ochraceous, last joint a little longer than the two preceding taken
together, ferruginous at the tip, bristle with long but rather rare,
black hairs. Face shining-white, immaculate. Thorax above
with two darker, very approximated, lines. Abdomen unlcolored.

u>-

TETANOCKUA.

123

lit'ffs lutcona, tlircc last joints of tlie fore tnrsi, one of tlic inter-
mcdinto ones, and two of the hind ones, binclvisli ; liind femora of
the nude l)esot helow with hUwk bristles. Wings hiteseent, .mico-
lorons, fore nnd npiciil Itorder not elonded, fninsverse veins nmr-
gincd with Ijrown, tlic |M)stcrior one iihnost straiglil.

J/ah. Nortli Ked llivtir. Ilngiisli lliver. (II. Kennieott.)
Observation. — Very lilvC Tit. sylvaticn Meig., hnt «till nearer
allied to Tct. vniro/or Loew, dislinet from tiie former by the frontal
furrow, whieh is very mucli abbreviated here nnd by tlie anterior
niarpiii wldeli is not sliining; from the latter, whieh it also exeeeds
in size, by the striped thorax, und the narrower and less obsolete
frontal furrow.

14. T. rotlindicoi'IltHLoKW. % ami 9. (Translnted from tho Berlin.
Entoni. ZL'itschr. Isdl, p. ;544, by 1{. O.stcn-S.ickcn.) — Kx Imlvo glaudi-
color, fiontisopacje vittulis lateralilnis orcUnariis Huljliuvigatis, ilistinctis,
fossulil media a'tjuali usque ad anteriorem froutis marginum producta,
nntt'iiiianim articulo tntlo ovato, supcriiis non exci.so, seta pilis iiif,'ri3
longis, sed raris pliunalil, alls lutcscciitibus, costic dimidio .seciindo et
apice angusto fuscis, venia transversis fusco-limbatid, posteriore sub-
recti.

Pale yellowish ncorn-colorod, tlio ordinary lateral stripes of the opaque
front rather shining, distiiiot, the intonuediate furrow (Mjual, extended to
the anterior margin of the front, third joint of the untennie ovate, not
excised superiorly, bristle with long black, but rare, hairs, wings lutes-
cent, the posterior half of tho costa and the apex with a narrow brown-
ish cloud, transverse veins clouded with brownish, the iiosterior one
almost straight. Long. corp. 0,'2G. Long. al. 0.22 — 0.2(5.

Occiput yellow, with a heart-shaped shiinng-white spot. Front
bright yellow, opaque, the ordinary lateral stripes .shining, rather
broad, the intermediate furrow shining, of equal breadth, entire.
Antenna) short, ochraceous, third joint ovate, iiot excised supe-,
riorly, the bristle with long, black, but sparse hair. Thorax above
with four darker lines, the intermediate ones entire, the lateral
ones interrupted, not seldom all four obsolete. Abdomen unieolor-
ous with a rather obscure lateral vitta, which is generally obsolete
in the male. Legs luteous, last joints of the tarsi black, hind
femora of the male beset below with black spines. AVings lutes-
cent, the posterior half of the costal border with a paler, the apical
border with a more saturated infuscation, transverse veins clouded
with fuscous, the posterior one nearly straight and perpendicular.

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DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ildh. North Red River. Enplisli River. (Robt. Kemiieott.)
Observalinn. — Stumps of veins proceed sometimes from the pos-

terior side of the fourth longitudiiuil vein.

Gen. III. SEPEDOX Latk.

All the described species of the genus Sepedon agree much in
their structure and arc very readily and sharply distinguished from
those species of TeUnwccra which approach them in the whole
structure of the body, as, for instance, Tet. ohiilerata Fall, and
gruvilts Loew. The most strildng difl'erencc consists in the form
of the heads with the protuberant eyes, the excavated front and iti
the second antciinal joint being very much prolonged and attenu-
ated. Among the four N. A. species known to me three fully
agree as to these characters with the described species, but the
fourth considerably ditlers from them by having the second anten-
nal joint, though much prolonged, not attenuated, but broad as in
the species of the genus Tetanocera, while its head is in every
respect that of a Sepec/ou, so that, if we will not ."orni a new genus
for it, it oaiinot by any means be placed in Tetanocera; I consider
it as the typ of a new group of Sepedon.

1

1 fuscipennis Loew.
2

Si/iinpsis of the Species.

J Second joint of the antennic broad.
I. St'cond joint of the antenna? narrow,
f Hind femora slender and very much prolonged, with a brown ring be-
! fore the tip. 2 macropus Walk.

IIukI femora rather much thickened, with no brown ring before the
tip. 3

Under side of the hind femora in tho male with a deep excision and
3 -j two teeth. 3 armipes Loew.

a of both sexes simple. 4 pusillus Loew.

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i -j two teet:

y Hind femora

1. S. filscipeiiiiis Loew. % and 9. — Rufo-brunneus, secundo an-
tennarum articulo lato.

Chestnut-brown, seconri joint of the antenn:»' broad. Long. corp. 0.2ö —
0.27. Long. al. 0.27.

Syx. Stjiciloii fuscipennis Loew, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 2'J9.

Of a rather dark chestnut color. Head a little paler. Front
with a very wide excavation and an oblong black spot on each side
near the orbit, and a deep black dot-like one below each antenna

i^:^

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SEPEDOX.

125

and a liltlo removed rrotn the orl)it. Antenna} of the color of the
head ; the second joint, allhongh elonj^ated'as in the other species
0^ Sij)i'<Ioti, is broad as in Tctdiioccnr and with lihnek hairs; the
third joint a little darker, rather aentely ovate, Itlaekish at the tip.
Anteiinul bristle white at the tip, and with a white pubescence, its
two first joints and the base of the third beinjif black. Upper
side of the thorax in well-preserved .specimens with a brown
longitudinal stripe on each side; its middle is fine whitish hoary,
and marked with four darker lines not cpiite reaching the hind
border of the thorax, the innermost being by far more distinct.
The scnlillum, too, the greatest portion of the pleniio and the
coxtu are whitish hoary. Abdomen rather glossy, with a very
blight vestige of whitish hoar. Legs i)ale chestnut-brown, hind
femora with the apical half darker, and the greatest part of the
under side beset with rather scattered black spine-like bristles;
the anterior and jjosterior tibi:« at the tips and the tarsi blackish,
the middle tarsi chestnut-brown at the base. The very delicate
black hairs on the upper .side of the posterior tii)iie are much
longer in the male than in the female, and in genend longer than
usual in the species of this genus. AN'ings clouded with dark
smoky brown, more yellowish-brown towards the costal liorder ;
the tnuisvcrse veins with narrow blackish margins; the posterior
transverse vein is considerably arcuated and has a very oblique
position.

JIak .Middle States. (Os' i-Sackcn.)

2. S. lliacropus Walk. %. — ToslaceuSj.natciin.inim arlicniiosccundo
tenui, t'eiuoribus jiosticis lon^issimis, gracilibus, fusco-aniiulatis.

Yellowish-red, second anteiinal joint iinvrow, po.steiiov femora very long,
slender, and marked with a brown ring. Long. corp. 0.;5. Long. al.
0.3,') lin.

Syn. Sepcdon macropns Walkkh, List Dipt. IV, 1078.

Yellowish-red, with the inferior portion of the ])leura} as well
as the hips having a bright white rellection. I-'ront without lateral
spots. Face glossy ; l)elow each antenna is a l)lack spot distant
from the orbit and surrounded with a white rellection on the pol-
ished face; another spot with bright white rellection rnns from
the under side of the eyes down the cheeks Antenna; yellowish-
brown ; the second joint is slender and dark brown towards the

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DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

tip : the third joint blackish with tlie antenna] bristle beset with a
very short pubescence. Thorax with a rather distinct reddish
ferruginous middle stripe continuing over the scutellum (it may be
more marked in better preserved specimens). The abdominal
segments each with a browner margin of the hind border. Legs
very elongated with very short spine-like hairs; the bristles on the
under side of the very long, straight, not thickened hind femora
are likewise very short; the hind tibia) slender and almost straight.
Color of the legs brownish-yellow, the tips of all femora being
brown and the posterior femora having besides a brown ring on
their last third ; the anterior and middle tibiiü have only brown
tips ; the posterior tibia) are quite brown with a very broad
brownish-yellow ring before the tip; middle tarsi yellowish-brown,
more blackish-brown towards the tip; hind tarsi quite dark brown.
Wings clouded with brown; posterior transverse vein slightly
curved, not very steep. This description has been taken from a
rather old specimen.

JJab. Jamaica; (Walker.) Cuba; (Poey.)

3. S. armipes Loew. % and 9. — Bmnnens, antennarnra articulo
secundo teniii, femoribus postlcis incrassatis, in mare subtus profunde
excisis et jiropo basim bidentatis.

Brown, second antennal joint slender, hind femora thickened, in the male
with " deep excision on the under side and two teeth near the base.
Long. corp. 0.18. Long. al. 0.18.

Syn. Scpcdun armipes Loev,', Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 2!)8.

Xot dissimilar to Sep. spiin'pes, but darker and somewhat smaller.
Head pule yellowish, with the front and upper part of the occiput
brown, the former having a black spot on each side ncr the orbit
and a black dot below each antenna a little removed from the
orbit. Tlie two first joints of the antenna) brownish-yellow, the
second attenuated as in most species of this genus; the third more
or less lanceolate, black with the base only yellow. The first
and second joints of the antennal bristle dark yellow, the third
with the base blackish, the remainder being white with very short
white pubescence. Upper side of the thorax finely hoary in the
middle, on which some dark longitudinal lines are visible. Pleu-
ra3 dusted with white. Abdomen rather glossy, pale chesinut-
brown or almost yellowish-red at the tip. Legs brownish-yellow,
the femora paler, especially towards the base; the hind femora are

SEPEDON.

127

somewhat spotted with brown at the tip; their under side 1ms
a rather deep exeision, and immediately before this excision a
coarse, almost two-headed, hook, and farther to the base a smaller
obtuse tooth, the space between the excision and the tip being
beset with short black bristles. The femora of the female are
simple. The posterior tibiie of the male are much arcuated at
the bejrinning of their last third, the two first thirds being almost
quite straight; the tibial of the female are of a very similar struc-
ture, but not quite so much curved, by which character it is most
readily distinguished from the female of Sepedon jmsilhis, the pos-
terior tibiai of which have a slighter and much more uniform
arcuation. The anterior tibitc arc gradually blackened towards
the tip, and also the anterior tarsi are rather black, the second
and third joints only being paler than the rest; the middle tibia?
show no trace of black, but the tii)s of the middle tarsi are blackish
as well as those of the hind tarsi. "Wings smoky gray, more
yellowish-brown on the costal border; the transverse veins with
narrow black clouds; the po!^tt/ior transverse vein is but little
curved, and rather steep.

JIah. Middle States. (Osten-Sackcn.)

4» S. piisilllis LoEW. % and 9 • — Brunneus, antennarura aiticulo se-
cundo tenui, femoribus posticls iucrassatis, iu utroijue sexu simplicibus.

Brown, second antennal joint slender, femora thickened, simple iu both
sexes. Long. corp. U.18. Long. al. (J. 18.

Syn. Sipedon pusillus Ldinv, Wien. Knt. Monats jh. Ill, 209.

So very similar to the preceding species that a short enumera-
tion of its diiTcrenccs will be sullicient to characterize it. Tiic
male is most readily distinguished from that of Sep. urmipes by
its hind femora being sin, ule. The females of the two species are
rather more diflicult to separate ; the most certain dillerence is
given in the form of the hind tibiio, wliioii in Sfp. piisil/its are
slightly and uniformly bent in their whole length, whereas in the
female of Sep. armipcs the arcuation is not only more considerable,
but also aflects chiefly the last third. All other dillerenccs are
either uncertain or trifling; namely, tlie structure of the third joint
of the antennas does not ailbrd any available character for distin-
guishing the two species, in op[)osition to what I was inclined to
sup))cse when I had only a few specimens of both of them.

JIab. Middle States. (Osten- Sacken.)

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128

DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

Observation. — The genera Actora and Dryomyzn, differing in
some clmractors from the true Sciomyzidce, are not comprised in
the above exposition. I have not seen the N. A. Actora, pub-
lished by ^Ir. Walker as Actora ferriKjiuea. The two N. A. spe-
cies of Dryomyza I know, fall both into that section which is
characterized by a hairy third longitudinal vein ; the flrst is, as it
seems, identical with the European Dryomyza änilis Fall.; the
second, though resembling in its colors Dryomyza ßaveola Fabr.,
may easily be identified by the subjoined description.

Dryomyza simplex Loew.— Palllde flava, nltens, fronte et an-
teiinis saturate flavis, opacis ; alfe cinereo-hyalin;t>, vena loiigitudiuali
tertiil iiilis loiigls vestittl. Long. corp. 0.i28. Long. al. 0.31.

Polished, pale yellow. Front deeper yellow, opaque, with the
short pubescence and the bristles black. Antennai concolorous
with the front ; antennal bristle with rather long and black hairs.
Wings liujpid, with a distinct yellowish-gray tinge ; the tnird
longitudinal vein beset with long hairs; the posterior transverse
vein obsoletely clouded with grayish, the small transverse vein not
clouded.

Hah. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

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ON THE NORTH AMERICAN EPHYDRINIDAE.

The family of Ephydnnida: is taken licrc altogether in the extent
which was ^\\Gn to it by Stenhamniar, the diligent monographer
of the Swedish species, and by Walker in his work on the British
Diptom, ijie latter founded on Haliday's valuable observations.

The characters easily distinguishing the Ephydrimdoß from all
the other families of Diplera acuh/ptera may be set down as fol-
lows: Face more or less, often considerably convex; either with-
out any impression at all beneath the antennae, or moderately im-
pressed, but never provided with membranous antennal furrows.
AntennjG short, first joint small ; antennal bristle either nearly
bare, or pubescent, or pectinated on the ui)per side only. Oral
cavity rounded, in most of the genera of considerable size; cly-
peus distinct, in some genera retracted in the oral cavity, in the
remaining genera prominent over the oral margin, in some of them
of a rather large size; palpi small; mentum short, more or less in-
c.assated. Thorax rather quadrangular; scutellum proportionately
large. Abdomen of very variable form, consisting of six seg-
ments in the males; the fer'oles have one short, and generally not
distinctly visible, segment more. The sixth segment being al-
ways small and generally much concealed under the fifth, the struc-
tural relations depend on the conformation of the five first seg-
ments; of these tlie first is often much shortened and sometimes
nearly connate with the second, a circumstance which has led
authors to omit it in the enumeration or to count the two first
segments for one; this is to be borne in mind in order to understand
their descriptions; in mine, I have always counted the first seg-
ment as distinct, however difficult it may be to observe it. The
fifth segment is also of very variable structure, gciierally nearly
equalling the foregoing in size, rarely considcraljly longer in both
sexes or in the males, still more seldom much smaller, in which
case the fourth segment, especially in the males, is longer than
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130

DIPTEBA OP NORTH A3iERICA.

usual. The liypopygium of the male, which attains a considerable
size in some species only, is turned down, and generally, together
with the small sixth segment, encompassed by the lateral border of
the fifth abdominal segment bending down over it. The anal ex-
tremity of the female, except in a few species, is entirely retracted ;
for this reason, the sexual difference of many species is somewhat
difTicult to ascertain on examining single dry "specimens. Wings
on their whole surface covered with microscopical hair ; the costal
vein consists of three parts, the first of which reaches from the base
■ 0 a little beyond the transvers«» humeral vein, which, quite in its
neighborhood, runs over to the costa; the second from thence to
the tip of the first longitudinal vein, where the third begins.
These three parts of the costa' vein are not to be confounded with
the three segments of the costal vein so frequently used in charac-
terizing the species; the latter are reckoned from the base of the
wing to the tip of the first longitudinal vein, from thence to the
tip of the second ongitudinal vein, and from this to the tip of the
third longitudinal vein. The auxiliary vein is distinct only at its
very Itase and then coalesces with the first longitudinal vein ; the
second basal cell, i. e. the anterior of the two small basal cells, unites
with the discoidal cell, the ordinary separating vein disappearing,
so that the discoidal cell apparently reaches very far towards the
base of the wings; it is not at all unusual, that on a closer examina-
tion a rudiment of the obliterated transverse vein may be seen ;
the posterior of the two small basal cells or anal cell is generally
imperfect and very small. Aluloe small. Legs slightly bristled ;
in some genera the species have some longer bristles on the upper
side of the intermediate tibice, which in all genera are provided
with spurs.

Most of the species, if not all, live in the neighborhood of water
or in moist places. I have observed many years ago, that the
food of several species chiefly consists of Infusoria. The larvaj of
those European species, the metamorphosis of which is known,
live, at leasi by far most of them, in water, some exclusively in
water which is very decidedly salt ; two of them are leaf-miners.

General division of the Ephydrinidae.

In order to facilitate the determination of the already numerous
genera of Ephydrinidce it will be useful to subdivide this family in
several sections, which may be done as follows : —

NOTIPHILINA.

131

1^

Second joint of the antennm unguiculated at the end, or at least, the
upper side of the intermediate tibize beset with a few strong bris-
tles. I. NOTIPIIILINA.

Second joint of the antennre not unguiculated, the intermediate tibife
never have long bristles on the upper side. 2

!Eyes hairy, oral cavity never of considerable size, anterior femora never
incrassated. II. Hydrellina.

Eyes naked, oral cavity generally very largo. III. Ephydkina.

The second joint of the antennae is called unguiculated (toiffuictt-
latum) if it bears on its end a bristi j directed forwaru, whether it
be thickened and long, or thin and short. In the latter case it is
often difficult to perceive, particularly in the genera Paralimna
and Corythophora, which in the whole structure of their heads
approach very much some genera o^ Efhydrina; yet the presence
of several long bristles on the upper side of the intermediate tibiae
and the color and markings of their abdomens point out too
evidently their relation to the species of the widely spread genus,
Notifhila, to be overlooked. The hairy eyes will be sufficient
in general to enable us to recognize the Hydrdlma; in those
genera, the species of which have densely pilose eyes, the hairs
are often exceedingly short; but their presence even then is easily
known by the whitish reflection shown by the outline of the eyes.
In the genera with scattered hairs on the eyes there are some spe-
cies in which it is very difficult to perceive the single small hairs;
in order to distinguish them with certainty from the Ephydrina, it
is to be borne in mind that in the latter the eyes are much more
rounded, that their faces are narrowest just where the antennae
are inserted, and considerably Increase in breadth immediately
below, w ereas the Hydrellina have always more oblong eyes, and
their faotJ have their least breadth beneath the antennae; the oral
cavity als > is never so strikingly wide as in most genera of Ephy-
drina; moreover the clypeus in those species of Hydrellina which,
on account of the indistinctness of the pubescence of the eyes,
might be taken for Ephydrina, is very little developed.

I. NOTIPHILINA.

The second joint of the antennae distinctly unguiculated, or the
piesence of some long bristles on the upper side of the interme-
diate tibiae will refer any species to the present section, the genera

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182

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

of which have, witliout exception, an aniennal bristle with long
pectinations on the upper side.

Division 1. Tlio costal vein readies to the third longitudinal vein.
' Abdominal extremity of the male with elongated bristles.

Dich A ETA Meig.
Abdominal extremity of the male without elongated bristles.

NoTipuiLA Fall.

Dirisinn 2. The costal vein reaches to the fourth longitudinal vein.
1 i Ul)pci' side of the intormediato ti'iire with some long bristles

1-^

( Ui)per sidi
( Upiier »id

Upper side of tlie intermediate tibia) witliout long bristles. 3

'Wings with a costal spine, posterior transverse vein perpendicular, legs
not prolonged, clypeus very prominent. Pakalimna Loiw.

2 \ Wings without costal spine, posterior transverse vein oblique, legs pro-
longed, clypeus hardly projecting beyond the oral margin.

CoiiYTHOPHOUA Lo^W.

Abdomen sharply edged, apparently three-jointed in both sexes ou
account of the minuteness of the lirst and lifth segments.

TiUMEKiNA Macq.
Abdomen not sharply edged, fifth segment not so strikingly short-
ened, or only so in the males. 4
A ( Abdomen broad. Discomyza Mcig.
\ Abdomen not broad. 5
f Superior luJf of tlie face not carinated, third joint of the antennae
5 1 more or less oblong. Psilopa Fall.
^ Superior half of the face distinctly carinated. G
/ Eyes oblong, cheeks not descending much beneath the eyes.

6 < DiscocERiNA Macq.
'■ Eyes rounded, cheeks descending very much beneath the eyes. 7

7 / Clypeus very prominent beyond the oral margin. Athyrocslossa Lnew.
\ Clyiwus projecting very little beyond the oral margin. Uecamede Hal.

Of the enumerated genera I know Dicliceta, Notiphila, Paralimna,
Discomyza, Pstlopa ,anCi-üiscocerma as occurring in North America.

Gen. I. DICIIAETA Meio.

This genus is closelj' related to the genus Notiphila. ]}oth are
distinguished by the remarkable stout spine of the second joint of
the antenna); the face is perpendicular and only moderately con-
vex, the clypeus small and scarcely prominent beyond the border
of the mouth ; moreover, in both, the intermediate tibiae arc beset
on the upper side with some long and stout bristles, and the thick-
ened costal vein terminates already at the tip of the third longi-
tudinal vein. The characters distinguishing both genera from each

■v:

DICIiAETA.

133

other are ns follows: Tlic species of Dlchfcta have longer and
stouter bristles; the mystueidal bristles on the side of their face there
are less numerous, but much longer and stouter; moreover, in the
males of Dichceta the penultimate segment of the abdomen, on its
posterior edge, is provided with a transverse row of very long bris-
tles, and on the tip of the last segment, al)ove the anal opening,
there are two bristles inserted near each other and curved upwards,
which is never the case in NulipliiUi.

Only two European species of Dk-lucta were hitherto known. The
two species occurring in North America are identical with them.

Synopsis of the Species,
Last segment of the abdomen in the male prolonged in a conical point.
,1 1 caudata /'((//.

Last segment of tlie abdomen in the male not prolonged in a conical
point. 2 bievicauda Lonv.

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1. I>. caudata Fall. % and 9- — Nigricans, segmento abdominall
pcnultimo in mare sctis decern elongatib armato segmeutot^ue ultimo in
conum producto.

Blackish, the penultimate segment of the male abdomen with ten long
bristles, the last segment conically prolonged. Long. corp. 0.17. L. .ig.
aL 0.17.

This well known species is distinguished from the following by
its somewhat larger size, the greater ni'.mbor and the length of the
bristles on the posterior border of the penultimate segment of the
male abdomen, the conical prolongation of its last segment, and the
much greater length of the two stout bristles inserted on the tip
of this prolongation.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten- Sacken.)

Note. — A detailed description of this species is to bo found in Meigen,
Zweifl. VI, p. 62.— 0. S.

2. D. 'brevica^ilr Loew. %. — Nigricans, segmento abdominali pe-
nultimo i* mare setis sex elongatis armato segmentoque ultimo breviter
aouminato.

Blackish, the penultimate segment of the male abdomen with six long bris-
tles on the posterior border, the last segment but little pointed. Long,
corp. 0.16. Long. al. O.KJ.

The differences pointed out in the description of the foregoing
species will be sufficient to distinguish this. The greater part of

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184

DIITERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the tfirsi is dull red, as in Dich, caudata, but generally somewhat
paler.
Jliib. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Nolc, — This Hpeoies has been described for the first time by Mr. Loew in
1860 in liis paper: Die Europwischai Ephydrinidtn (in Loew'a Xcuc Dil-
iraiije, VII, p. 5).— 0. S.

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Gen. II. IVOTIPIIILA Fall.

The characters of this genus result from what has been said
about Diclucta. Tiiose which distinguish it most easily from the
following genera are the intermediate tibia) being provided on the
upper side with single long bristles, and the thickened costal vein
terminating at the tip of the third longitudinal vein.

AVe need scaj^'iely mention that but few of the species dcscril)ed
by the older authors as NotlpkUce, belong to it, in the restricted
sense necessary here. Taken in this sense, about sixteen Eurojjcan
species have to bo referred to it, some of which, however, are not
yet duly established. In North America it seems to be repre-
sented by numerous species which, compared to those of Europe,
show nothing heterogeneous in their organization. The same
observation may be made with regard to the South African spe-
cies which occur on the Cape of Good Hope.

4

Si/nopsis of the Siiecits.
Palpi blackish. 1 scalaris, n. sp.

Palpi yellowish. 2

AntennjB quite black. 2 bella, n. sp.

Third joint of the antennae red at the base. 3

Upper side of the thorax with a broad brown lateral stripe.

3 vittata, n. sp.
Upper side of the thorax without broad brown lateral stripe. 4

Abdomen with irregular brownish-black semifascise, each formed of

two spots. 4 carinata, n. sp.

Abdomen with two brown spots ou each of the intermediate segments.

5 unicolor, n. sp.

1. ]V. scalaris Loew. % and J . — Obscure cinerea, facie angusta
fulvosceute, antennis palpisque nigris, abdomine fasciis nigris, lineä
longitudinali cinerea interruptis picto, pedibus nigris, genibus tar.sisquo
posticis testaceis, tarsis anticis testaceo-annulatis.

Dark ashy-gray, the small face yellow, antennje and palpi blackish ; ab-
domen with two transverse fascia?, interrupted by a gray middle line ;

NOTirniLA.

185

legs Mackisli, knees ami liind tarsi yoUowish, anterior tarsi aunulated
with yellowirfli. Long. corp. 0.13. Long. nl. 0.1 15.

Very much rcsonibliiij; Nuliph. nliyinusa Hul. (which Is identical
with Nofi'pfi. tarsdta Stctili.), but its narrower face (listinj?iiishcs
it from that niul nil the related Kuropeiiu species. Palpi Itlnckish.
Antemuc entirely black ; front with yellowish-brown on black
ground. The same is the case with the upjter side of the thorax,
which has no broad longitudinal stripes, but only u faint trace, often
indistinct, of live fine, brown longitudinal lines. The scutellum Is
colored as the upper side of the thorax, but generally with a rather
lighter gray border and lonjritudinal line. Abdomen gray, with
brotid brownish-black fasciic occupying more than the anterior half
of each segment, and being interrupted by a gray middle stripe ; tho
last segment In the male Is almost entirely black, and has a gray
middle stripe on its anterior half. Femora and tibiie black ; the
knees and the extreme tips of the tibiio brownish-yellow ; the fore
tarsi black, having the Innermost base of each joint yellowish ;
the posterior tarsi yellowish, with the tip brownish. Wings pel-
lucid brownish-gray, with brown veins ; the second segment of the
costal vein being nearly twice as long as the third.

Ilab. Middle States. (Osten-Saeken.)

*2, ]\'. liella LoEw. % and 9 • — Cinerea, antennis totis nigris, palpia
flavis, vittil thoracis ntrin(]uo laterali, pleurarum supuriore, scutellitiue
margino laterali brunneis.

Ashy-gray ; antennre entirely blackish, palpi yellow ; a longitudinal stripe
on each side of the upper side of the thorax, a longitudinal stripe ou
the pleurre, and the lateral edge of the scutellum, brown. Long. corp.
0.14. Long, ah 0.17.

Face yellowish. Eye-rings rather broad. Cheeks descending
considoral)ly beneath the eyes. Antenna? entirely blackish. Front
gray, viewed sideways rather whitish ; the divided black middle
stripe is more or less covered with thick light-gray dust, which Is
sometimes of a yellowish tinge, sometimes more light-gray ; near the
lateral border [^ofthe thorax ^ — 0. »S.] there is a broad, well-defined,
dark-brown longitudinal stripe. Such a strii)e runs on the upper
part of the pleuraj from the shoulder to near the base of the wing.
The brown color of the lateral border of the scutellum continues ou
the posterior border of the thorax as a short beginning of a stripe.
Abdomen with four rows of long, triangular, blackish-brown spots,

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mi'TERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

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the interior of wliich arc a little longer tliiit tlic exterior ones.
Coxiu and femora black, covered with lij;ht-gray hoar; the tips
of the latter brownish-yellow. Til)iiu and tarsi rather i)ale lirown-
ish-yellow, the hind til)iii! with a l»r()ad, the niiddhi and fore til)iic
with a narrow blackish-i)r()wn ring, which is sometimes wanting;
the last juint of the tarsi brownish. In the male, the middle
femora, on the ander sitle, arc besot with short, but very thick,
black huir, the middle tibiic on the nnder side fringed with very
close, short, black jaibescence. Wings grayish, proportionally
long and narrow; veins brown; the second segment of the costa
nearly thrice us long as the third.

J/ub. Middle Slates, (Osten-Sacken.)

3. ^'. vitfalil LoKw. 9- — I'^asca, facio laeto ochrncoil, antennanim
articiili tertii basi sonlido rut'il ; tlioracMS vittfi lateral!, iilcuraiuni snpe-
rioic scutelliiiuo iiiargino latcrali obscuru bruunuis, abdoiiiiuo iiiacularum
nigrarum seriebus (juatuor pirto, femoribus iiigris, tibiis late iiigro-aunu-

latis.

Brown ; faco bright ocliracoouH, third joint of tho antenn;o dull red at the
base ; a longitudinal stripe on each sidt; of the upper side of tlu* thorax,
a longitudinal stripe on the pleura) and the lateral border of the scutel-
luni dark-brown ; abdomen with tour rows of black spots ; femora black,
tibia; with a broad black ring. Long. corp. (Mü. Long. al. O.IS.

Tho most robust among the known \orth American siiccics.
Fnceofmidd/ breadth, rather bright yellow. Palpi yellow. An-
tennae black, tiiird joint at its base dull red for a considerable dis-
tance. Front, thorax, and scutelluui dusted with brown. Tho
upper side of the thorax has on each side, near the lateral border,
a broad, well-defined, dark-)irown stripe, and, moreover, on its
middle, some much less distinct brown longitudinal lines. Pleura)
grayer than tho ujtper side of the thorax, above with a broad,
dark-brown, longitudinal stripe, running from the shoulder to tho
base of the vving, and another incomplete brown longitudinal stripe
immediately above the longitudinal suture. Lateral border of the
scutellnm blackish-brown. TJi)pcr side of the abdomen dusted
with gray and having four rows of black spots, those of the two
interior rows being longer and more triangular, those of tho exte-
rior rather shorter and more trapezoidal. Femora black; tibioe
and tarsi yellor/ish, the former with a broad brownish-black fascia,
which, on the anterior tibia?, leaves only the base and tip free ; the
tarsi, on account of their hair, appear darker than they really are.

.■&■

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NOTIPIIILA.

137

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Wings (listinetly tiiit,a'(l with brown; vjiiis hrown ; tlie second
segment of tlu( costal vein Kcarcely twice ns lung as tlic Ihiril.
Hub. Middl) States. (Oslen-Sackcn.)

4« "%• cni'ilinta Lokw. 9. — Cinerea, fdcio mipuHtil coiicolorc, anli'iin.i-
nim iiitiiuli tcitii bnsl rufil, tliornci:* dorso Hcutullo<|uo brumn'is, «lnlo-
miiic t'jisfiis interniptis nitrro-lpniimcis, jiostii'i; t'liiarginiitiH, [»icto, ]i('ilil)us
iiifiris, tiliii.s tarsisiiuo iKwlcrioribus tiistiicoirt, tihiis iioiticis iiii,'i()-imnu-
lati^.

AHliy-Rrny, tlio ii.inow face nsliy-pray ; baHo of th<> tbinl joint of tlin an-
ttMUKo It'll ; iiii[)t!r sill« of tho tliorax and scuttilluni brown ; abibmien
with intcniiiitcil bbaitkish-brown fnsci.'c, wliioli aru ('niarginatt'd jioste-
riorly ; b'gn black, iniiMlo und postuiior tibim and tarsi brownish-yuilow ;
hind tibiic with a black ring. Long. corp. 0.13. Long. al. 0.10.

Face gray, rather narrow, indeed remarkably narrower and with
a more extended and sharper keel on its upper part than in tho
similar European species Nutlph, annnlipes Stenh. and Nutiph.
dorsuta Stenh. Palpi yellow, ritennu; black ; the third joint with
the basal half yellowish-red. Front, u))pcr side of the lhora.\', and
scutellum, grayish-brown, or even almost brownish-yellow; u|)i)er
side of the thorax without lines or stripes, rieiira) ashy-gray,
brownish above. Abdomen on the basal half of each segment with
two blackish-brown semifusciic, emarginated i)osteriorly, which on
the last segment dissolve themgelves more or less into tho two
spots composing them. Anterior legs entirely black, only tho
knees and the extreme tips of the tibiio being brownish-yellow.
Middle and posterior tibioe and tarsi brownish-yellow; hind tibia)
with a brownish-black band; tips of the tarsi brownish. "Wings
of a rather dull gray, veins brown ; the second segment of the
costal vein a little more than twice as long as the third.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sucken.)

5. IV. linicolor Loew. % . — Flavo-cinerea, facio laetius flavS,, abdo-
minis segnientis duobus intermediis bruuueo-biiuaculatis, lemoribu3
nigris, genibus, tibiis tar.si.s4u0 llavo-testacuis,auticis fuscaiiis.

Yellowi.sh-gray, face of a brighter yellow ; the two middle segments of the
abdomen each witli two brown spots ; femora black, knues, tibiio and
tarsi brownish-yellow; the fore ones moie brownbsh. Long. corp. U.13.
Long. al. O.IG.

Entirely yellowish-gray. Face bright yellow, rather broad ;
cheeks descending beneath the eyes a little more than usual. Palpi
dark yellow. Third joint of the antenna) with the basal half red-

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DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

dish-yellow. Thorax without lines or stripes. Abdomen very
nnicolorons, having only on each of the two middle segments two
triangular brown spots of middle size ; of the two exterior »"ows of
spots, which generally occur on the abdomens of the Notiphilcc,
nothing is to be seen here. Femora black, appearing gray in
consequence of their being dusted, with ycllo'vish tips. Tibia) and
tarsi brownish-yellow ; fore tibiie towards their tips and fore
tarsi brownish on their whole extent ; the posterior tarsi only
with their last joint brown. The short hair, resembling fringes,
on the under side of the middle femora and tibio3 is rather thin.
AVings rather sandy-yellowish, particularly at the base, the second
segment of the costal vein is a little more than twice as long as
the third. This species resembles most the European Noliph.
(juttiventris Stenh., but is easily distinguished from it by its smaller
size and more yellow color, by the cheeks descending deeper be-
neath the eyes and by the much less spotted abdomen.

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Gen. III. PARALI9IIVA Loew.

The characters of this genus, of which I hitherto only know South
African and North American species, are the following. Structure,
colouring, and markings as in Notiphila. Eyes much rounded ;
front and face very broad, the latter slightly convex ; eye-rings
broad ; cheeks descending very deeply beneath the eyes ; clypeus
prominent ; palpi narrow ; terminal bristle of the second joint of
the antenna; very small and hardly visible ; the third joint of
the antenna) very distinctly hairy on its upper side and tip ; the
antennal bristle with long rays. Structure of the thorax, scutel-
lum, and abdomen as in NotipMla. Middle tibia; on their upper
side with three long bristles, the first being very near the base, the
aocond immediately before the middle, and the third not far from
the end. Wings as in Notipldla, only with the exception of the
thickened costal vein being extended to the tip of the fourth lon-
gitudinal vein.

1. P. appj'K'icillata Loew. % and J. — Brannea, fronte, tliorace
suutelloiiuo obscurius punctatis ; facie fasciisiiue interruptis abdominis
nigri canis ; palpis, antennis pedibusqne nigris, tarsorum anticorum
posticorumque basi rufä ; alls cinereis, venis transversis et venulA, ap-
pendices e penultimo venre quaitte segraento ascendeute nigro-limbatiä.

Brown, front, thorax and scutellum with darker dots ; the face and the
interrupted fascia; of the black abdomen are grayisU-white ; palpi, an-

•;>' .'

PARALIMNA.

139

tennfe, and tarsi black, the fore and hind tarsi red at tho base ; wings
gray, tho transverse veins and an additional veinlet being placed on
the anterior side of the penultimate segment of the fourth longitudinal
vein, are bordered with black. Long. corp. 0.1(3 — 0.18. Long. al. 0.10
—0.18.

Face dusted with grayish white, usually with some more brown-
ish spots, sometimes with a more yellowish-gray tinge ; it is slightly
convex, but not even, eye-rings broad ; viewed laterally, they show
at their upper end two black spots, united by a white transverse
line, which disappear when viewed in other directions. The very
projecting clypeus is of the same color as the face. Proboscis
thick and black ; palpi narrow, rather long and black. Antenme
black, the third joint in certain directions with a whitish-gray
reflection; the hair on the upper side and the tip remarkably long.
Front brown, anteriorly with some small dots, further back with
some nearly black spots. Thorax and scutellura brownish, with
numerous close, small, dark-brown dots ; pleura) also dotted. Ab-
domen brownish-black, rather opaque, on the posterior border of
each segment with a whiiish-gray, very opaque fascia, a little
widened on its middle, and intersected by a brownish-black
middle stripe. The two hn^ es of the gray fascia of the second
segment are sometimes coiineetcd on their posterior margins; the
fifth abdominal segment of tho male is a little longer tiian the
preceding. Legs entirely black, the fifth joint of the fore and
hind tarsi clothed with shining felt of a bright reddish-yellow ;
the first joint of the fore tarsi at its base, and the first joint of
the hind tarsi almost to its ti^), are usually red ; paler specimens
have also the first joint of the middle tarsi red ; in darker ones
the first joint of the anterior tarsi is entirely black. AVings gray,
veins brown ; the second half of the costal vein, the end of the
third longitudinal vein, and nearly the whole fourth and fifth lon-
gitudinal veins, nitlier black ; the transverse veins and a small
stump, emitted by the fourth longitudinal vein about the middle of
its penultimate segment, black and narrowly bordered with black ;
the second segment of the costal vein more than twice as long as
the third.

Huh. Middle States. (Ostcn-Sacken.) Georgia.

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140

DIPTERA OF NORTn AMERICA.

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. Gen. IV. DISCOJNfYZA Meig,

The characters of this genus are as follows. Head more or less
orbicular, with very sharp borders of the vertex ; second joint of
the antenna; ungiiiculated, the third oblong, with long pectinations
of the terminal bristle. Face not keeled, rather convex, receding
again towards the edge of the month, uneven, on the sides with
coarse warts and wrinkled. Clypcus entirely concealed. Abdo-
men flat, broad, on account of the shortening of the first segment
apparently consisting of four rather eipially broad segments.
Wings proportionately broad, third and fourth longitudinal veins
parallel at their ends.

There were only two species hitherto known; the following
North American species deviates a little by its head not being so
strikingly orbicular, and by its abdomen not being so broad, but
more flattened.

1. I>. balioptera Lokw. '^ .— Is'igra, thorace punctiilato, anteniiis
geniliusiiue nilis, tarsi.s postfiioiibus flavescentibiis, alis fnsco-niaculatiri.

Black, with dotted thorax; aiitomiiB and kiieos yellowish-red, middle and
posterior tarsi yellowish ; wings dotted with brownish-black. Long. corp.
0.15. Long. al. 0.14.

Head shining black, really not so orbicular as in Discom. in-
cvrva, but the vertical border likewise very shar}). Front ante-
riorly with two rather flat depressions, placed near each other; the
more shining lateral border of the front rather wrinkled. Antctina}
yellowish-red, the upper border of the second and third joints
a little darker ; tiio antennal bristle with long pectinations. The
middle of the face narrow and rather transversely wrinkled ; its
lateral parts with coarse warty wrinkles; the eyes surrounded
with a line white line. The upper side of the thorax and scutel-
luai appear to be dusted with white, but have a rather indistinct,
exceedingly fine and close punctuation, leaving only small traces
of the white dust. On the i)leura3, where the i)unctuation is more
distinct and much coarser, the whitish dust is more visible. Abdo-
men black, rather shining, exceedingly flat, narrower than in Dis-
com. liicvrva, the cause of which may be that the up))er horny
plates of the abdomen are turned down to an unusual extent; the
last segment of the abdomen rather smaller than the preceding

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PSILOPA.

141

ones. Legs black, knees yellowish-red; middle band of the posterior
tarsi pale yellowish, having the' last joint rather blackened. Poi-
sers whitish with darker petiole. Wings short and broad, clouded
with grayish ; the small transverse vein is below the tip of the first
longitudinal vein ; the posterior transverse vein rather distant from
the margin of the wing and rather obliqne ; the two last segments
of the fourth longitudinal vein of equal length ; the second seg-
ment of the costal vein less than twice as long as the third ; the
transverse veins with broad brownish-black borders ; a spot of the
same color lies between the third and fourth longitudinal veins a
little before the posterior transverse vein ; a larger spot of the
same color lies before it on the costal margin, reaching to the third
longitudinal vein and being connected with an equally large,
blackish-brown spot on the apex of the wing, which almost attains
the fourth longitudinal vein.
JJab. Cuba. (Poey.)

Gen. V. PSItOlM Fall.

The characters of the genus Psilopa are as follows. Second
joint of the antenna; with a stout spine ; third oblong, the bristle
with long pectinations. Face on its upper part without any keel,
slighlly convex everywhere, not wrinkled on its sides, receding to-
wards the opening of the mouth. Clypeus eilhor quite concealed
or scarcely projecting beyond the oral margin, ^liddle til)iic with-
out long bristles on their upper side. The costal vein thickened
and attaining the fourth longitudinal vein.

This "noia is represented in Europe by about twelve species
known w ah more or less certainty. Its representatives in North
America seem to be more numerous; a number of them are distin-
guished from the European ones by a more robust structure and a
more strikingly dusted appearance, and by their faces l)eing not
exactly smooth and their cheeks descending a little deeper beneath
the eyes ; but neither the number of the species of this group
hitherto known is large enougii, nor are the characters such as to
render a generic separation necessary. On the contrary, it will be
sudicicnt for th« present, to put these species together as a sub-
divifeit« of the genus Psilopa.

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DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA,

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Synopsis of the Species.

Division 1. — Middle of the face slightly convex without any elevation on it.

- ( Thorax finely aciculate. 1 aciculata nov. sp.

I Thorax polished. 2

{Posterior part of the thorax and scutellum bronze-colored.
2 acoriacea nov. sp.
The whole body pure black. 3 atra nov. sp.

Division 2. — Middle of the face slightly convex with some flat longitudi-
nal impressions.

, / Abdomen black. 4 umbrosa nov. sp.

( Abdomen steel-colored. 5 caeruleiventris nov. sp.

1» P. aciculata Loew. 9. — Tliorace scutelloque nigris, transverse
subtiliter aciciilatis, capite abdomineque aut ex cupreo aut ex viridi
teuescentibus, antennis flavis, pedibus nigris, tibiarum apice tarsisque
flavescentibus, basi alarum sublutesoentium nigra.

Thorax and scutellum black, transversely with fine scratches ; head and
abdomen either coppery or greenish brassy ; antennae yellow ; legs black,
tipB of the tibiie and tarsi yellowish ; the rather yellowish wings with
the base black. Long. corp. 0,09. Long. al. 0.1.

Antenna? entirely reddish-yellow. Front and face shining,
either dull coppery or even almost metallic black, or metallic
green. The thorax and the proportionately large scutellum black,
hardly brassy, everywhere covered with close and exceedingly
fine scratches. Abdomen polished, shining, the color varying in
the same way as that of the face. Legs shining black, knees in-
distinctly yellowish-brown ; tips of all the tibia) yellowish as well
as ail the tarsi ; last joint of the tarsi blackish at its tip only.
Poisers brownish-l)lack. Wings rather clay-colored, blackish at
the base ; this blackening of the costal margin reaches a little be-
yond the middle of the first segment, on the disk of the wing only
as far as the basal transverse veins ; towards the posterior margin
it extends in such a way, as to occupy half of the corner of the
wing lying behind the fifth longitudinal vein, but it becomes at the
same time very pale.

Bab. Cuba. (Poey,)

2. P. scoriacea Loew. 9- — Atra, nitida, colore in posteriore tho-
racis parte scoriaceo, in scutello obscure .rneo, proboscide pedibusque
nigris, tarsis posticis fuscis, alis cinereo-hyalinis.

Black, shining ; the posterior part of the thorax scoriaceous ; scutellum

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143

dull brassy ; proboscis and legs black, hind tarsi brown ; wings grayish-
glassy. Long. corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.13.

Shining black. Head proportionately broad, shining black ;
above the antenna) with a small, dilated spot dusted with whitish.
Face broad, shining black, viewed laterally, more brownish-black;
viewed from above it appears as if dusted with white. Anten-
nae deep black ; antennal bristle with long pectinations. Probos-
cis and palpi jjcrfectly black. Thorax shining black, scoriaceous
posteriorly; immediately before and on the flatscutellum the color
is more of a dull brassy green. Abdomen shining black, slightly
dusted. liCgs black; the posterior tarsi appear rather dark brown
to the naked eye, viewed through a lens their color is almost dull
whitish, the dark appearance being caused by the black hair.
Poiscrs white. Wings grayish glassy; the second segment of the
costal vein is not half as long again as the third.

Huh. Xew York. (Schaum.)

3. P. atra Loew. % . — Atra, nitida, proboscide halterumque capitulo
albidis, basi tarsorum posticorum rufä,, alis hyalinis.

Shining black, proboscis and knob of the halteres whitish ; base of the
posterior tarsi red ; wings glassy. Long. corp. Ü.12. Long. al. 0.16.

Shining black; head broad, front shining black; the small
white-du.<tod s})ot above the antennae and the whitish, exceedingly
fine dust of the broad, shining black face are scarcely perceptible.
Proboscis yellowish-white. The palpi seem to be black. Antennae
black ; the bristle with very long pectinations. Abdomen shining,
scarcely with a trace of dust, rather narrow and flat, apjiarently
consisting of four segments, the first being very much shortened ;
even the sixth, however, is perceptible. Legs black ; middle and
hind tarsi red at the base. Halteres with blackish petiole and
white knob. Wings glassy, slightly grayish ; the second segment
of the costal vein not quite half as long again as the third.

Ildh. Middle States. (Osten- Sacken.)

4. P. llRllirosa Lokw. 9- — Nigra, fronte, thoracis dorso et sciitello
poUine brunueo-cinereo tectis, facie griseo-poUiuosa, antennis tarsorum-
que basi ex rufo flavis, alis adversus marginem anteriorem nigrioantibus,
halterum capitulo albo.

Black; front, iipper side of the thorax and scutellum dusted with ashy-
gray with a fuscous tinge, face dusted with whitish-gray ; antennae and

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DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

bases of all the tarsi reddish-yellow ; wings blackened towards the costa j
knob of the poisers white. Long. corp. 0.13. Long. al. 0.14.

Black ; front, thorax and scutellura thickly dusted with ashy-
gray with a fuscous tinge. Antenna; reddish-yellow ; the bristle
with scattered pectinations. Face thickly dusted with whitish-
gray, rather of uniform breadth, with more numerous bristles on
the sides than in most other Psilopce, generally slightly convex,
with the lower i)art a little projecting, but towards the border of
the mouth again remarkably receding, rendering thus the opening
of the mouth smaller than is usual in this genus. Proboscis and
tarsi blackish. Pleura2 brownish-black, shining. Abdomen shin-
ing black with very little visible dust. Legs shining black ; tarsi
reddish-yellow, the three last joints of the foremost, and only the
two last of the hindmost ones being black. I'oisers with brown pe-
tioles and white knob. Wings clouded with grayish-black, becom-
ing gradually black towards the costa ; the posterior transverse vein
scarcely perceptibly margined with blackish; the second segment of
the costal vein more than half as long again as the third.

Hub. Cuba. (Poey.)

5, P. caerilleiventris Loew. 9. — Capite thoraceque cinereis
opacis, abdoiuine chalybeo nitido, antennis palpisque llavis, pedibus
nigris, tarsis posterioribus rufis, alis hyaliuis vittA. latissima atia, mar-
gini antico contigutl, pictis.

Head and tliorax opaque ashy-gray, abdomen shining steel-blue ; antenna»
and palpi yellow ; legs black, posterior tarsi red ; wings hyaline, with an
exceedingly broad, deep black longitudinal stripe ou the costa. Long.
Corp. 0.15. Long. al. 0.1 (J.

Front ashy-gray. Antennas reddish-yellow. Face whitish-gray,
slightly convex, with rather slender small bristles on the sides;
oral cavity small; clypcus projecting a little beyond the border of
the oral margin, I'alpi pale yellowish, a little broader than usual.
Upper side of the thorax ashy-gray without any gloss. Pleurae
thinly dusted with grayish, and consequently blacker and rather
glossy. Scutellum dusted with brown, shining black at the tip.
Abdomen shining steel-blue ; the first segment but little shortened,
the second as long as the first, the three following longer; even
the narrow sixth segment is distinctly visible. Legs black, the
foremost with dark brown knees ; middle and hind tarsi yel-
lowish-red with blackish-brown tip ; the fore tarsi have only

► i r.

DISCOCERINA.

145

the base brownish-red. At the costal margin of the wing there is
a broad, deep-black band, running from the base to the tip of the
third longitudinal vein ; its posterior limit runs from the base of
the wing along the middle of the discoidal cell to nearly the pos-
terior transverse vein, recedes from it suddenly almost to the third
longitudinal vein, follows this vein first at a little, then gradually
at a greater distance, and lastly turns to its tip ; the posterior
part of the wing is rather dull glassy, and almost grayish at the
axillary angle ; the veins in the latter are brownish, those in the
blackish parts of the wing black. The place of this species in the
system is very deceptive ; for at a superficial view the thickened
costal vein seems to reach only the third longitudinal vein ; but
this deception arises from its color being black as far as the third
longitudinal vein, and very pale between this and the fourth.
Hah. Cuba. (Poey.)

Gen. VI. DISCOCERIi^A Macq.

The second joint oi" the antennaj has a distinct spine, the third
is rounded ; the bristle pectinated. The face on its upper part is
distinctly keeled, in the middle more or less inflated, receding
again towards the border of the month. Clypeus projecting very
little beyond the border of the mouth or entirely concealed ;
checks moderately descending beneath the eyes. The costal vein
attains the fourth longitudinal vein. Upper side of the inter-
mediate tibia) without stout bristles. Discocerina stands between
the genera Psilopa Fall, and Hecamede Hal., being distinguished
from Psilopa by the more rounded form of the third joint of the
antcnnaj and the keel on the upper part of the face ; from Heca-
mede chiefly by the cheeks descending much less beneath the eyes.
I can describo only two North American species of this genus, yet
four are known to me as occurring in Europe. [Three more
species, reproduced below, have been published by Mr. Loew
since. — O. S.]

1. D. lacteipennis Loew. % . — Cinerascens, opaca, antennis, geni-
bus, tibiarum apice tarsisque flavis, alis albidis, vena costali atra.

Opaque, asliygray; antennae, knees, tibiie at the tips and taidi yellow;
wings whitish with deep black costal vein. Long. corp. 0.11. Long. al.
0.12.

Very similar to the Earopean Hecamede costata Loew, but easily
10

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146

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Mm

distin punished by its cheeks descending mucli less bcncatli the eyes.
Front with yellowish-gray dust. Antennse reddish-yellow, the third
joint a little infuscatcd on its apical margin ; bristle with a few rays.
Face a little more yellowish than the front, distinctly keeled on its
upper half, then moderately convex, and receding a little towards
the border of the mouth. Eye-rings downwards rather broad ;
the u})permost of the bristles, Inserted near the eye-rings, is more
removed towards the middle of the face. Cheeks remarkably de-
scending beneath the eyes for a Discocerina. Palpi pale yellowish.
Upper side of the thora.x and scutellum rather light ashy-gray.
Pleurae more whitish-gray. Abdomen light ashy-gray, appearing,
on account of the shortness of the first segment, to consist of four
segments, the last of which is at least as long again as the penulti-
rnp.te. Femora and tibiic black, the former with the extreme tips,
the latter with the base and tip yellowish to a greater extent. Tarsi
yellowish with blackish tips. Ilalteres whitish. "Wings whitish,
especially if viewed in an oblique direction. Costal vein black,
the other veins remarkably paler; the second segment of the costal
vein is a')ont half as long again as the third.
Hab. Washington. (Osten- Sacken).

^■i!;c:.:

3. D. parva Loew. 9 . — Obscure cinerea, opaca, abdomine nigricante ;
antennis, genibus, tibiarum apice tarsis(iue llavis, alis cinereo-hyalinis.

Dark ashy gray, opaque, abdomen rather black ; antennre, knees, tibia) at
their tips and tarsi yellow; wings grayish-hyaline. Long. corp. 0.07.
Long. al. 0.09.

Though similar to Discoc. lacteipennis, it is easily distinguished
by its much smaller size, nearly black abdomen and grayish-hyaline
wings not showing any trace of whitish color. Antennaj brownish-
yellow, second and third joints brownish on the upper margin ;
bristle with four or five long rays. Face dusted with whitish-gray,
very distinctly keeled on its upper half, farther beneath rather con-
vex, and receding a little again towards the border of the mouth ;
in proportion to the size of the insect, it is narrower than in Dis-
coc. fdcteipennis. Eye-rings exceedingly narrow, not becoming
broader downwards. Among the bristles standing in its neighbor-
hood, the uppermost is a little more advanced towards the middle
of the face. Cheeks descending only a little beneath the eyes.
Palpi brownish-yellow. Upper side of the thorax and scutellum
blackish ashy gray, opaque ; the pleuraj likewise. Abdomen gray-

"H-

DISCOCERINA.

147

ish-black, opaque, almost pure black aud shining towards the end ;
first scf^mciit not strikingly shortened. Femora and tibiie black ;
knees, tibite at their tips and tarsi yellowish, llalteres white.
Wings grayish-hyaline, with blackish-brown veins; the second seg-
ment of the costal vein is at least half as long again as the third.
JIab. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

w >•

3. D. Ol'liitalis Loew. % . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zoitachr.
ISUl, p. 3;j4, by R. Osten-Sacken.) — Cinerea, opaca, colore thoracis magia
in ochraceum, abdominis in nigrum vergeute, anteunis rufis, oculorum
orbitii candidil, alis hyalinis, segmento costali secuudo tertii lougitudi-
nem modice siiperante.

Cinereous, ojiacjiie, color of the thorax merging in ochraceoiis, that of the
abdomen in black, antenna) rufous, orbit of the eyes shining white,
wings hyaline, second costal segment a little longer than the third.
Long. corp. 0.0G5. Long. al. 0.07.

Head obscure cinereous, opaque, orbit of the eyes rather broad,
not dilated below the eyes, shining white. Face rather broad, the
upper half distinctly keeled, the lower half convex, al)Out six small
bristles each side, which are more distant from the orbitic than is
generally the case in this genus. Cheeks moderately narrow.
Antenna; rufescent, third joint rather obscure. On the upper side
of the thorax and on the seutel the cinereous color merges in
ochraceous ; pleurae somewhat hoary. Abdomen darker than the
rest of the body, black towards the apex, very slightly glossy.
Femora black, hoary, with a whitish pollen ; tibiae and tarsi yel-
lowish, the former with a broad brown ring, the latter with the tip
brown. Kälteres white. Wings pure hyaline ; second segment of
the Costa a little longer than the third.

Hah. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. D. simplex Loew. (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr., p.
SöTj, by R. Osten-Sacken.) — Cinerea, opaca, anteunis nigris, setis faoiei
utrinque duabus, genis latioribus, tarsis flavescentibus, apicem versus
nigris, alis hyalinis.

Cinereous, opaque, antennae black, two bristles each side of the face,
cheeks rather broad, tarsi flavescent, black towards the apex, wings
hyaline. Long. corp. 0.07. Long. al. 0.09.

Yery like D. lacteipennis, but easily distinguished by its black

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148

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

nntcnnne, the snuillor niiinber of faoiiil bristles and their difTerent
position, finally, by its hardly whitish wings. Cinereons, opaque.
Front rather brond, a little darker than the remainder of the body,
with an impressed longitudinal line on eaeh side ; f''ontal lunulo
very narrow, whitish pollinose. Antenme blaek, a whitish Polli-
nose dot on the upper edge of the second joint, bristle ]»ei,'liiiated
with four or live long hairs. Face moderately broad, gibbous, its
upper half distinctly keeled, the lower one convex, receding at the
a[)erture of the mouth. Two bristles on each side of the face,
approximated to the eyes. The very narrow orbit of the eyes
becomes broader on their under side. Cheeks broader ihan in
most Discocerincn. The cinereous color merges into yellowish on
the thorax ; on the upper side of the abdomen, especialls towards
the apex, it becomes more distinctly hoary. Vwl concolorous to
the rest »,f the l)ody, hoary with a whitish pollen ; anterior tarsi
yellowish, blackish towards the tip; hind tarsi entirely obscure.
Ilalteres white. Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with an impure
whitish, costal \> ui not incrassated.
Hnb. Maryland. (Osten-Sacken.)

5. D. Iciicoproctil Loew. 9 . (Tnanslated from Rerl. Eiitora. Zoitschr.
18Ü1, p. 355, by II. Osteu-Sacküu.) — Cinerea, abdominis atri segmeuto
ultimo uiveo, alls liyalinis.

Cinernoufs, abdomen black, its last segment snow white, wings liyaliue.
Long. Corp. 0.OÜ4. Long. al. 0.07.

Front brownish-cinereous, opaque. Antennio rufous, third joint
fuscous, bristle pectinated with five or six long hairs. Face yel-
lowish-white, its upper half keeled, the lower one convex, furnished
on each side with three strong bristles. The narrow cheeks, as well
as tlie whole orbit of the eyes, are whitish. Upper side of the
thorax blackish-cinereous, opaque, with short l)lack hairs. I'leuraj
whitish pollinose. Scutellum concolorous with the thorax. Ab-
domen black, opaque, last segment rather short, shining white.
Fore coxae black, with a white reflection, yellowish at the tip ;
trochanters yellow; femora black, cineruscent with a whitish pollen,
tip yellow ; fore and hind tibia) black, yellow at basis and apex ;
the intermediate ones entirely flavescent ; all with a whitish re-
flection on the upper side; tarsi yellow, last joint blackish. Wings
hyaline, the third segment of the costa is equal to two-thirds of
the length of the second.

Nab. Maryland. (Osteu-Sacken.)

■■i-

HYPUELLINA.

149

II. IIVDllKLLINA.

Tlic tribo of HiidreUhia. is cliaructorizod hy the hairy oycs, the
abpoiico of a spine on the second joint of tlie untcniiiL', and the
absence of \ou\f bristles on tlio upper hide of the middle tibiiu.
The eyes i» some genera ni'' covered with very slio 't, clo.s(! hairs ;
in other genera lliese liairs are only scattered, hut nmeh longer.
IJalidfiy restricts the JIi/drcllitKi to the genera Gliniunlhe, Jli/ilrel-
lia, and Atissa. It seems that some other genera, as Pltilijuria,
Ifyndhiii, and Axysla can by no means lie separated from the
njidreUiiin, to wiiieii tliey are mach more closely relate ' than to
the EjiIijidrhKi by their whole organization, and chielly by the

of

strnctnn! of the heail. liie iiairs on the eyes oi some speeu^s
the three last named genera lieiiig very sparingly scattered, and
therefore difTicnlt to o!)serve, perha|)s it will not be snperflnoua
to remark that in the Ifi/dreUina the eyes are always longer and
the face is narrowest beneath the eyes, whereas in all Ephydrina
the eyes are roaiider, the horiznutal diameter being sometimes even
longer than the vertical, so that the antennic stand where the eyes
are most approximated, and the face increases much in breadth
immediately below them. Moreover, in the lUjdrdlnni the hole
of the mouth is never strikingly widened, and the face downwards
never projects much, whereas the great width of the oral cavity
and the great projeetiu-.i of the inferior part of the face is a most
striking character for the Kphydrlna, excepting only the genera
Pelina and Ochlhera. A confusion between the two last nanied
genera with any genus of the IlydrdUna is sufliciently prevented
by the entire bareness of their eyes.

The genera of llydrellina may be arranged as follows: —

Dirisioii 1. Eyes with exceedincjly close hair.
, ( Antennal bristle witli a short pubescence.

Glenantue Hal.

Antennal bristle pectinated.

2 ( Face convex
tPa

IIydkellia DiSV.
Atlssa I/aL

PniLTORiA Stcnh.
2

2-^

ace impressed.
Dirisioii 2. Eyes with scattered hair.
( Face with bristles ou both sides.
* Face almost bare,
r Costal v-'in running to the tip of the fourth longitiidinal vein.

IIyadina Ilal.
Costal vein running to the tip of the third longitudinal vein.

AxvsTA Hal.

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150

DIPTERA OF NOIITII AMERICA.

North American si)cclcs of tlic genera IftjdrelUn anil PhtJi/fjria
only arc known to mo.

Gen. I. IIYDIIKLMA R. Desv.

Tlie species of IhjdveJl'M are very easily recognized l)y tiie very
sliort but exceedingly close puliescencc of the eyes, »ml l)y the
])ectinations of the antennul bristle. The otlier cluu'aetors are :
Second joint of the antcnniü not unguiculated ; face rather narrow
and perpendicular, sliglitly convex, receding a little towards the
border of the month ; opening of the mouth not widened ; cheeks
descending very little beneath the eyes. Legs rather slender ;
middle tibi«) on their upper side without bristles ; costal vein ex-
tending to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein.

Synopsis of the Spucies.*

Anterior coxro yellow.

Anterior coxte blackisli.

l''aco snowy white.
. Face not white.

l''atü browniäh-blnck, opaciuo.
. Face yellow.

1 ischiaca, n. sp.

2
2 hypoleuca, n. sp.

3
3 obscuripes, n. sp.

4

IFai'o (larkyellow, narrow, much (lilated hclow. 4 Bcapularis, ii. sp.
Face pale yellow, rather broad, but little widened below.
5 valida, n. sp.

1. II. isclliaca LoKW. 9- — Sub.Tncscenti-fusca, antennis nigrls, facie
punctoiiue frontali albis, thoracis niargiuo antico plouriscjue canis, pudi-
bus ex fusco nigris, coxis anticis, genibus, tibiarum apice tarriorumque
basi ex rufo flavis.

Somewhat brassy brown, antenna; black, face and frontal dot white; ante-
rior border of the thorax and pleura; whitish-gray, legs browiii.sh-black,
anterior coxa», knees, tips of the tibia; and base of the tarsi reddish-
yellow. Long. corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.11.

Face of medium breadth, slightly dilated below, without keel ;
the ground color in the middle is more pronounced, giving it rather
a brownish aspect; on each side of the face there are four little
bristles, one above the other. Palpi yellow, cheeks a little de-
scending. Antenna; entirely black ; the bristle in the described
specimen has seven rays. Front proportionately broad, dusted
with brown; the dot immediately above the antennae white. Upper

* The species No. (5 has v^t been included in this synopsis,

— 0. S.

IIYDIIELLINA.

151

side of tlio iliornx (liisk-il with l)rown; its aiiteriur lionler, kIiouI-
ders, liitoriil border und i»U'iini' jjruyisli-wliitc witli wliitc dust.
Scutellurii liko Iho upper side of tlic thorax, only ii little nioro
glossy. Abdomen uhnost blackish-brown, not very shiniiijr, but
also little dusted. lie^s lirownish-black ; fore coxse yellow, some-
what Infuseated at the base ; nil the knees brownish-yellow; end
of the foremost til)iie for a little distanee and the end of the mid-
dle and hindmost as far ns the ndddle, reddish-yellow; fore tarsi
only at the base, middle tarsi as far as the middle;, the hind tarsi
ns far as the end of the fourth joint, reddish-yellow. Poisens
yellow. Wings a little grayish ; second segment of the costal vein
nearly half as long again as the third. lliidnU. isrhiaca is rather
similar to the European species: fnlvicvps Stenh., pi'fitnrsis Stenh ,
and hidceps Stenh. ; from the first it is sullieiently distinguished
by its broader face being dusted with whitish ; from pilitarsls like-
wise by its broader and whitish-dusted face, and moreover by the
pure white color of the frontal dot, the much whiter dust on the
shoulders, anterior and lateral borders of the thorax and pleura.',
and finally by the much more extensive ))ale color of the legs ;
from laticops by the rather less breadth of tiie front and face, by
the wings showing uo whitish appearance in any direction, and by
the less extensive pale color of the logs.
JIab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

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S. II. liypoleiica I.oew. 9* — Subrenosfenti-fusca, anteiinis iiit'i-is,
facio puncto(iue front.ili candidin, thoracis niargine antico et margino
laterali, pleuris ventretjue albo-pollinosis, iieJibus nigrls, metatai^is
posticis rufis.

Somewhat brassy-brown, antenna) black, face and frontal dot pure white ;
anterior and lateral borders of the thorax, pleura?, and the whole under
side of the abdomen dusted witli white ; logs black, first joint of the
hind tarsi red. Long. corp. 0.11. Long. al. 0.12.

Very similar to the European //. incnna Hal., which Mr.
llaliday thinks to bo the same as //. ranunciiU, previously de-
scribed by him. Face snowy white, not very narrow, underneath
broader, slightly keeled in its whole length, beset on each side
with three small bristles. Palpi yellow. Cheeks descending but
little below the eyes. Antenntc black ; antcnnal bristle in the
described specimen with five rays. Front dusted with brown,
opaque ; anterior border, but especially the shoulder and lateral

■■a,

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L:a-:;CT- ...,.,_

I'iy:

152

DIPTEUA OF NORTH AMERICA.

IV,"

border dusted with whitish ; the foremost beginning of n grayish-
white middle line is indistinctly indicated. Pleura) dusted with
whitish. Scutellum dusted with brown and opaque. Upjjcr side
of the abdomen only a little dusted, and therefore a little greener
and Icps opaque. The under side and the part of thg upper ab-
dominal ])lates which is turned downwards, covered with white dust;
this dust extends to the upper side of the abdomen on the poste-
rior part of each segir.ent. Legs black; firsi joint of the middle
and hind tarsi yellowish-red; first joint of the fore tarsi brown at
the base. Poisers yellow. AVings hyaline, rather grayish ; the
second segment of the costal vein distinctly half as long again as
the third. This species differs from //. iiicann by the pure white
dust on the anterior and lateral borders of the thorax, as well as
on the pleurae
Jhd>. :Middle States. (Osten-Sackcn.)

¥>■■■ :^''\]

I'i

3. II. obsciU'icops LoEW. % . — Subrenescenti-fiisca, abdomine magis
virescente, antennis iiigris, facie brnnnco-nigrä, puncto frontali albido,
pleuris cinereis, podibiis ex fu.sco iiigris, tar.sis posterioribus in basi
iiigris.

Brassy brown, abdomen more grecni.sli, antennm black; face brownish-
black with a wliitish frontal dot ; pleurie ashy gray ; legs brownish-black,
base of the middle and hind tarsi red. Long. corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.1.

Face rather narrow above, a little widening underneath, not
keeled, of a brownish-black velvety color; on each side there are
three small bristles, one above the other. Palpi ytllow. Cheeks
descending very little below the eyes. An>,^nna3 black, in some
directions with a whitish reflection; antennal bristle in the described
specimen with six rays. The dot immediately above the antenna)
dusted with whitish, but not strikingly so. Front and uj)per side
of the thorax dusted with brown, opaque ; anterior and lateral
borders of the thorax as well the shoulder without pale dust,
Pleunx; pale ashy gray, more brown above. Scutellum of the same
color as the upper side of the thorax. Abdomen brownish metal-
lic-green, somewhat glossy; first segment much shortened, second
and third of equal length, fourth a little longer, fifth as long as
the second and third together, rather broadly truncate at its end,
somewhat convex. Legs brownish-bla(!k; first joint of the pos-
terior tarsi yellowish-red ; the first joint of the foremost tarsi
brownish-red only at the base. Poisers yellow. Wings hyaline, a

HYDRELLINA.

153

little grayish; the second segment of the costal vein scarcely half
as long again as the third. Not possessing any of the few Eu-
ropean Hi/drcUife witli dark colored faces, I cannot point out how
//. ohaciiricops differs from tlictii.

Hab. Middle Slates. (Oritoii-Sacken.)

4. II. SCilliUlai'is LoEw. 9. — Suba;ne.scenti-riif^cn, aiiteinii^ iiigris,
facie ochracea, puncto I'rontali pallidius llavo, intcnUini alliido, thoracis
inargino antico, hnnioris pleurisquo albo-pollinosis, pedibiis nigi'i.s, mo-
tataisis posticis riiÜH.

Brassy-brown; n'.iteiinne black, face ocbracooxis, frontal dot paler yellow,
sometimes wliitisli, anterior border of tlie thorax, shoulders, and pleiu'fe
dusted with white ; legs black, first joint of the hind tarsi red. Long.
corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.12.

Very similar to JT. hypoleiica, notwithstanding the different color
of its face, but certainly not a variation in color of that species.
Face a little narrower above than in the latter, quite as broad
underneatli, tlius appearing more dilated below, likewise keeled on
its whole length, but more distinctly and a little less obtusely; on
each side of it there are three small bristles; its color is dark
ochraeeous. Antenna) black ; bristle with five or six rays. Front
dusted with brown, opaque, narrower than in H. hypohncn; the
dot immediately above the antcnnic is dusted with paler yellow or
whitish. Tliorax dusted with brown, opaque, the dust not being
so thick as to prevent its color from inclining a little to greenish;
its outermost anterior border and the shoulders are dusted with
whitish; the dust of the pleura) is of the same color. Upper side
of the abdomen greener than that of the thorax, slightly dusted,
but also slightly glossy; its under side and the part of tlie upper
abdominal plates which is turned downward, arc bnt thinly dusted
with whitish. Legs black; first joint of the posterior tarsi yellow-
ish-red ; first joint of the anterior tarsi brown at the base. Poisers
yellow. Wings glassy, rather grayish ; the second segment of the
costal vein more than liall' as long again as the third.

Iluh. United States. (Schaum.)

5. II. valida Lonw. 9- — Intor majores sui generis; glauco-cinerea,
tota opaea, faide latiusculi'i inllide ocliracea, antenuis pedibusiiue nigris,
basi t(J)-oruui omnium rufä.

Belonging to the Itiigeat species of tl»U genus ; greenish-gray, opatiue every-

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154

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA,

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where; face rather broad, pale ochraceous ; antennrc and legs black;
base of all the tarsi red. Long. corp. 0.12. Long. al. O.l.O.

Face rather l)road, becorainj]^ a little broader upwards, only
slightly keeled above, ochraceous, with three small bristles on
each side. Palpi yellow. Cheeks sligh^'y descending. Antennas
black; antcnnal bristle in the described specimen with five rays.
Front greenish-gray and oi)aqne in consequence of its grayish
dust; the dot above the artenna3 has a still duller yellow color
than the face and is not conspicuous. Upper side of the thorax
and scutellum greenish-gray and opaque from its whitish-gray dust.
Pleurae a little paler greenish-gray. Abdomen grayish-green,
opaque, vith the fifth segment considerably longer than the fourth.
Legs black; tarsi yellowish-red as far as the end of the first joint;
also the knees, chiefly those of the hind legs, are of this color.
Poisers yellow. Wings relatively to the length of the body, large,
hyaline ; the veins in the neighborhood of the base pale ochraceous ;
the second segment of the costal vein about twice as long as the
third; the posterior transverse vein does not stand quite perpen-
dicularly to the longitudinal axis of the wing, but is slightly
oblique.

Ilah. Middle States. .'Osten- Sacken.)

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<v,. II. foi'IUOSa LoEW. 9- (Translated from Bcrl. Entoui. Zeitsehr.
18(J1, p. 35.5, by R. Osten-Sacken.) — Atra, thoracis uorso, abdnminis ui-iice
marginlbusque nitidis, fronte, tlioraci.s macula lateral! peiniagna scutul-
loijue aterrimis, opacis, facie, puncto frontali, pleurarunK^ue vitta supe-
riore, candidis, femoribus nigris, tibiis tarsisque pallidis, alis cinereo-
hyaliuis.

Dark, thorax above, tip of the abdomen and its borders shining ; front, a
large spot on the side of the thorax and scutellum deep black, opatiue ;
the face, a dot on the front and a band on the upper side of the pleurae
shining white, femora black, tibi;e and tarsi pale, wings cinereous-hya-
line. Long. corp. 0.057. Long. al. O.Ü'J4.

Face moderately convex, not keeled, bright shining white.
Cheeks very narrow, black. Front and superior part of occiput
deep black, velvety, with a striking shining white frontal mark.
Antenna? l)!ack, third joint rufous, margined with black above,
bristle pectinated with scattered black hairs. Thorax very shining
above, on each side a large, deep black, velvety lateral spot.

HYLllELLINA.

155

Scutelliira deep black, opaque, with a narrow snbcinereous border.
Pleuro3 black, with a broad, shining white band above. Abdomen
black, opaque, the apical half as well as the lateral borders shining.
Femora black ; tibiie and tarsi pale yellowish, the upper edge of
the former with a white reflection, terminal joint of the latter
black. Haltercs pale lemon-yellow. Wings cinereous-hyaline,
second segment of the costa somewhat longer than the third ; third
longitudinal vein ending at the very tip of the wing; posterior
transverse vein occupying the middle between the basis and the
tip of the wing.

Hab. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. — This species, although very much like Philhyfiria
picta Fall, and the allied species, proves to be a true Ilijdrellia on
account of the short and very dense pubescence of its eyes.

Gen. II. PIIII.VCJRIA Stenh.

ITaliday has employed for this genus the name ITijärina, given
by Rob. Der.oidy; l)ut as this name, being derived from ILjdra,
is also used in the fiimily of Poljipl, it seems more advisable to
adopt for it the name Phlhj(jria of Stenhamraar ; otherwise this
name would not be used at all, the two other genera, which joined
with the present, form the genus Phih/f/na of Stcnhammar, being
already possessed of their authorized names, Ilijadina and Axysta.
The genus Plnhj(jna, taken in the jn-esent sense, may be character-
ized in the following manner: Second joint of the unteiiuie not
unguiculated; antenna! bristle with a short pubescence. Eyc„ dis-
tinctly hairy, rather rounded, but higher than broad, slightly pro-
minent. Face descending obliquely, narrowed upwards, receding
a little towards the mouth, the anterior border of which is a little
pointed; on both sides there are distinct bristles. Clypeus unde-
veloped ; mentum rather thickened ; cheeks slightly descending.
The costal vein attains the fourth longitudinal vein ; the posterior
transverse vein is rather distant from the border of the wing.

1. P. fuscicoi'liis LoKW. Fusco-cinuro.a, alKloinino riigricanto, facie
flavesceiite, jietlilnis nigris, tarsis rufis, in apiuo fuscis, alls cincrascen-
tibus, cellula discoidali et gutta pone venam trausversam T;->steriorem
limpidioribus, venis transversis fusco-limbatis.

Brownish-gray; abdomen blackif=h, face yellowish; wings gi'ay with the
discoidal cell and a drop behind the posterior transverse veia more bya-

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156

DIPTEUA OF NORTH AMERICA.

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lino ; transverse veins margined with Llackish-Lrown. Long. corp. 0.9.
Long. al. 0.11.

It lias a certain resemblance with Phlhjgr. femornta Stenli. and
interriipta Ilal., namely, the form of its face is almost as in the
latter, and likewise more yellowish on the middle, whitish on the
lateral borders and towards the cheeks. Antennte blackish, ap-
peariiif^ whitish-gray in certain directions, brownish on the inferior
border only, when held against the light. Thorax grayish-brown,
on its anterior border dusted with whitish-gray; its darker stripes
are obsolete, but more visible in the neighljorhood of the anterior
border, where they extend a little into the brighter gray color.
Scutellum as the upper side of the thorax. Pleura) gray. Ab-
domen grayish-black, more black towards the end, not glossy.
Legs black, tarsi yellowish-red as far as the fourth joint. "Wings
grayish with a hyaline spot behind the posterior transverse vein
and with a rather clearer discoidal cell ; the clearer color of the
latter is only seen if the light shines through the wing and the
wing is looked at in an oblique direction, while the clear sjjot be-
hind the posterior transverse vein is distinctly seen in every direc-
tion. Tile two transverse veins have only a very narrow and
ill-defined dark margin, and tlie posterior transverse vein is a
little less distant from the posterior border of the wing than is
usual in this genus; the second longitudinal vein being very long,
the second segment of the costal vein is more than twice as long
as the third.

Hah. ^liddle States. (Osten-Sackcn.)

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3. p. opposita LoF.w. % . (Translated from Eerl. Entom. Zeitschr.
181)1, p. Sfjlj, by R. Ostcn-Sacken.) — Ex cinereo fusca, abdomine atro
nitido, alarum vonia longitudinalibns secundü, tcrtia et quartä nigro-
punctatis, veuis transversis late nigro-liml)atis.

Cinereous-brown, abdomen black, shining, the second, third and fourth
longitudinal veins of the wings spotted with black, transverse veins
broadly clouded with black. Long. corp. 0.07 — 0.0!). Long. al. 0.0!)5.

Cinereous-brown, opaque. Ocellar triangle large, concolorous,
rather indistinctly separated from the remainder of the front. Two
basal joints of the antenme black, the inir 1 iili .jk, with the bases
and the apical Uulf itapurely ruftmii, fc'ate aai'j"->v,-. black, with a

IIYDRELLINA.

157

W'liitisli pollen, its middle portion flavcsccnt below. F.iciid orl)itaj
of the eyes narrow, witli a white reflection. Thorax obscure,
cinereous brown above, with very narrow, obsolete darker lines.
Plcur« dark cinereous. 3cutellum concolorous with the thora.x.
Abdomen black, very glossy, a large obscurely cinereous opaijue
basal spot, not attaining the posterior margin of the second seg-
ment. Legs yellowish ferruginous, last joint of tarsi black, base
of femora sometimes fuscous. Wings cinereous hyaline, veins
black ; short stumps of veins clouded with black, proceed from the
second, third, and fourth longitudinal veins; the third vein emits
fonr such stumps, all of which, except the last, are opposed to
similar stumps on the second vein ; the last segment of the fourth
vein generally emits two stumps ; the ordinary transverse veins are
broadly clouded with black. The second segment of the costa ia
almost twice as long as the third.

Ilah. Pennsylvania. "Washington. (Ostcn-Sacken.)
Observatiun. — Phif. opj}osita is very like P. punvtulo-nervosa
Fall., but distinguished by a more brown color, a more narrowed
face, darker legs and antennse, a larger i)ortion of the al)domen
colored with black and by a smaller number of dots on the wings.
The facial orbitic of the eyes, which are much narrowed in P.
opposita, evidently prove it to be a distinct species.

Note. — Some specimens have./iVfi stumps on the third vein, opposed to
four on the second, and more than two stumps on the last segment of the
fourth vein. 0. S.

3. P. debilis Loew. % . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1801,
p. Sail, by R. Oston-Sacken.) — Nigro-cinerea, opaca, antennis totis nigris,
fronte aträ opacä, triangulo ocellari niaximo, nigro-cinereo, ultimo abdo-
minis scgmento atro, nitido, pedibus obscuris, genibus, tibiaruiii anteri-
orum apice, tarsisque tlavescentibiis, horum apico nigro, alis oiuereo-
hyalinis, circa veuas transversales infuscatas limpidioribus.

Blackish-cinereous, opaque, antennre entirely black, front black, opaque,
ocellar triangle very largo, blackish-cinereous, last K(-gment of the ab-
domen black, shining, feet obscuie, knees, tip of the anterior til)i;c and
tarsi yellowish, tip of the latter black, wings cinereous-byalin(!, with
clearer spaces round the infuscated transverse veins. Long. corp. 0,ü5.
Long. al. 0.ÜÖ4.

Blackish-cinereous, opaque. Front black, with a very narrow
white Diargioal Hue on each side and the rather large ocsllar

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DIPTERA OP NOlU H AMERICA.

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triangle, blackisli-ciiicrcoiis. Antennae entirely black. Face yel-
lowish, orbits narrow, whitish. Thorax above with very narrow
almost obsolete lines. Abdomen a little darker and less opaque
than tlie thorax, last segment black, smooth. Legs blackish,
knees and tij) of the anterior tibiie yellowish, hind tibinc either alto-
gether blackish, or marked with a narrow, very obsolete pale ring,
tarsi yellowish, their last joints blackish. Haltercs impure white,
knob somewhat darker. Wings cinereo-hyaline, with clearer
spaces round the infuscated transverse veins, second costal seg-
ment almost twice as long as the third.

Ildb. Pennsylvania. (Ostcn-Sacken.)

Observation. — This species is very like Pldlygr. femorata Stcnh.,
but distinguished by entirely black antenntc, by a less obtuse an-
terior angle of the ocellar triangle and by a conspicuously longer
second costal segment.

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III. EPIIYDRIXA.

The EpJiydn'na are well characterized by their quite naked, prom-
inent, and usually much rounded eyes, by the second joint of their
antenufe not unguiculated, and by the middle tibia; without spinous
bristles on their ui)per side. IJy tlie genus Pelina they are nearest
related to the latter genera of Ifydrellina. The raentum is much
enlarged and swollen in almost all the genera, the oral cavity
generally of large width. The genera with less widely opened
mouth, as Pelina and Ochthera, so manifestly bear the chief cha-
racters of Ephydrina, that no doubt can arise about their systema-
tic position.

The genera of Eplnjdrina hitherto established may be arranged
as follows : —

Division 1. Clypcus prominent.
I f Tlie small basal cells ol' the wings complete
I The small basal cells of the wings waatiug.

3

Oral cavity proportionally narrow.
, Oral cavity exceedingly wide.
Fore femora not thickened.

{Fore fe
Fore fc

;mora much thickened.

Canacb Ual.
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4

Pelina Ilal.
Ochthera Latr,

1 Costal vein attaining the third longitadical vein.
Bbacbtokctxeba Lotto.
Costal vein att&ining the fourth longitudinnl vein. 6

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EPHYDRINA.

159

"Faco on oadi siilu with a long bristle; lateral border of the mouth

Pauydka Sti nh.

lateral border of the

llALiuiroTA IJal.

Epuydra Fall,

2

Ilythea Hal.

3

TiciiOMYZA Macq.

4

ScATEiXA R. Desv,

C-ExiA 11. Desv,

I without bristles.

1 Face on each side with several long bristles

I mouth with bristles.

Division 2. Clypeus retracted in the oral cavity.
, ( Claws .almost straight, pulvilli indistinct.

( Claws curved, pulvilli distinct.
2 / Oral border quite bare.

•al border with bristles.

are.

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( Ori:
q ( Antennal bristle bare.

* Antennal bristle not b
. ( Antennal bristle pubescent.

( Antennal bristle pectinated.

The North American Ephydrina known to mc belong to the
five genera : Oclitliera, Jirachydeutera, Porydra, Ephydra, and
Sculvlla,

Gen. I. OCIITIIERA Latk.

One of the most distinct genera of Ephydrina. Front very
broad ; antennal bristle above, with three rays. Face above
moderately broad, with two furrow-like longitudinal impressions
approaching each other very much on the middle, then diverging
from each other as they descend, and finally continued in a direc-
tion parallel to the lateral border of the mouth ; on the surface of
the face there are some fine and short hairs, but no bristles at all.
The face and cheeks descend very deep beneath the large promi-
nent eyes, but are again contracted sensibly towards the opening
of the mouth, rendering it smaller than in any of the other genera
of Ephydrina. Clypeus having the form of a small flat lamella,
projecting beyond the anterior border of the mouth. The fore
coxa; a little prolonged ; the fore femora exceedingly swollen,
furrowed on their under side for the reception of the curved liliise,
which terminate in a spine, and beset with a few small bristles j
the first joint of the hind tarsi more or less thickened. Tlic costal
■vein of the wings reaches to the fourth longitudinal vein ; the
second segment of the costa is proportionally very long; the pos-
terior transverse vein is very oblique ; the third and fourth longi-
tudinal veins converge rather remarkably towards their ends.

Ohscrvoiion. — Th. Say has described a fly as Ocldhcra empifoT'
mis; but on a closer consideration of his observations on the an-
terior femora, the color of the iusect, and its email size, it becomes

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160

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

indubitable lluit he has been docoivecl relatively to the true charac-
ters of the geniis Ochlheni, and it is to be supposed that his Ochlhcra
empiformis is an insect belonging to the Tachydromidic.

, ( Face with deep Llaek furrows and dotä.
( Face without black furrows and dots.

Synopsis of the Species.

1 exBcuIpta, n. sp.

2

.T ( First joint of the hind tarsi but little swollen. 2 mantis Deg.

" \ First joint of the hind tarsi much swollen. 3

n i Tarsi black, face broad. 3 rapaz, n. sp.

( Tarsi

red, face narrow.

4 tuberculata, u. sp.

r '-"lifiw

1. O. exscillpta Loew. %. — Facies angustissima, lineis punctisq.ie
exsculptis oruata ; tibi;«" anticoe rufae.

Face exceedingly narrow, with shining-black furrows and impressed black
dots; fore tibiic red. Long. corp. U.KJ. Long. al. Ü.1J. '

A readily distinguished specie, not quite equalling the three
following in size. Front narrower than in all the other known
species, almost entirely covered with a large shining spot having'
the form of a regular trapezium, near which the color is velvety-
l)lack at the borders of the eyes and brownish on the anterior cor-
ners of tiic front. Eyes larger and longer than in the other spe-
cies. Face unusually narrow, dusted with yellow; a shining black
furrow runs from the tubercle placed in the middle of the face to
the border of the mouth, and has on each side a similar furrow,
the under part of which is laterally continued in a parallel direction
to the border of the mouth ; the lateral parts of the face have
some impressed, rather coarse, dots. Clypeus sensibly smaller
than in the other species. The fore femora black ; the fore tibiae
and tarsi red, the first joint of the latter a little longer and a little
less pear-.>;haped than in the other species. The middle and the
hind legs black ; the tips of the knees r.nd the tibia; on their first
third red ; the first joint of the middle tarsi red as far as the tip,
the following joints being so only at the base ; the first joint of
the hind tarsi is very little s /ollen, the second and following joints
red at the base.

Bab. Cuba. (Poey.)

K-

OCIITIIERA.

161

2. O. mantis T>p.n, % and 9- — Pedes nigri, tibÜH intermediis iion
dilatiitin, tarsorum iiitorinediorum basi ruffl,, metatarHo postico uiodicc
incrassato.

Legs black ; middle tibiro not enlartjed, midiUe tarsi reil at the base, first
joint of the hind tarsi only little swollen. Lonq. corj). 0.2-1—0,2').
Long. al. 0.2.

I am quite uniiblc to (listin<riii<li tliis species, so eominon in tlie
Middle States of tlio Union, from tlie Kiiropeaii Orhlh. »unitis.
It is true, indeed, that in most American specimens the eyes are a
little more distant from each other than in the European; but this
difl'erenco in some cases disappears entirely; nor do tlie European
specimens altofrether apree in this resj)e<t. The color of the face
is liiv(i\vise as varial)l(! as in the European specimens. As mark-
ings, distiiiguishiiij^ this species from tlie two next ones, which
resemblo it, very much, the following may be noted : The ground
color of the legs, in well-colored specimens, is black, only the mid-
dle tarsi being red from their base for a very varialile extent. The
middle tibiue are considerably narrower than in Ochth. rapnx and
tuberv.ithita, and entirely dusteil on their anterior side; the iirst
joint of the hind tarsi is very lillle swollen and rather long.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

3. O. tllliercillata Loew. 1;. — Pedes ni^ri, tibiis intermediis subdila-
tatis, tar.sis omnibus obscure rufis, metatarso postico nii,'ro, valde i i<;ra8-
ftato.

Legs black; middle tibisR a little enlarged ; all the tarsi d.uk red, the first
joint of the hind tarsi black and very much swollen. Long. corp. Ü.18.
Long. al. 0.17.

Very similar to Ochth. mantis, but its face is considerably nar-
rower in its upper part, and the elevation in the middle of it forma
more distinctly a small double knob. The middle tibiixi are broader,
on their outer edge sharp. er, and polished on a great jrnrt of its
anterior side; the knees of the hind legs and all the tarsi brown-
ish-red, the last joint of the latter more brownish; the ürst joint of
tbe hindmost tarsi black, much swollen.

Hab. Illinois. ( Schaum.)
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4. O. rapax Lof.w. % . — INmIoh ni.m'i, tiliiis intorniodii.s sub^liliitntis,
tarsorum intormeilioriimbasi rufil, nmtatarso pontifo vnlde iiicrnnsato.

Logs l)lack, iiii'Mlc tiliia; a liftlo cMlargciI, midiUi' tarsi rcil ;\t tlii' liasc,
first Joint ot' tlm liiml tarsi inucli -^vollon. Long. corp. (t.lü. Long. al.
(1.17.

Yory similar to Oclilh, tiiliercuhttn in tlio form of tlio icfjs, only
tlio iiiiildlc tibiu! arc of a loss equal breadth, bill buconic st-nsibiy
broader towards their end. It is also very easily distinf^uished
from Oclith. tuhercuhito by its broader and shorter face showing
only an exceedingly flat elevation in the middle. Legs entirely
black, only at the base of the lirst joint of the middle tarsi there
is a slight red tinge; the first joint of the hindmost tarsi is still a
little shorter and thicker than in Odilh. nitintis. The wings have
rather a more distinct blackish-gray clouding than in the other
species. It differs fi'om Oc/dh. mantis by its shorter face, the flat-
ter elevr.tion in the middle of it, and the much shorter and thicker
basal joint of its posterior tarsi.

Hub. Carolina. (Ziinmermann.)

Oon. IL URiCIIYDELTERA Lokw.

Eyes naked, proportionately rather largo. Front exceedingly
liroiid. Second joint of the aiitcnnai not unguicnlatcd, as large
as the third, the latter rounded ; antennal bristle with unusually
long rays. Upper part of the face deeply impressed on both sides,
and with a keel, resembliijg a nose, in the middle; the lower part
of it is very prominent. The anterior end of the oral margin very
much ascending and allowing the convex clypcus to appear. Be-
sides, the whole face is quite bare, with the cheeks descending
but very little beneath the eyes. Legs quite bare, rather slender
and long; anterior tarsi elongated and exceedingly slender; claws
small and delicate, pulvilli rather indistinct. Costal vein of the
wing reaching oidy to the tip of the third longitudinal vein ; second
longitudinal vein exceedingly short and curved towards the costa
like an arch, so that the third segment of the costa is several times
longer than the second; the small transverse vein is unusually dis-
tant from the l)ase of the wing; the posterior transverse vein is at
a little distance fron) the border of the wing and has a nearly pcr-
pendicnlar position; the last segment of the t'uurtb iougitudinal
vein is mach attenuated.

/til!.

TIRACHVKKI'TPIIA.

K.:?

1. n. diiiiidiata I-oi:w. 9- — t^uptTius bmniioa, iufoHus tota can-
did».

On tlio upper siili« lirown, on tho whole under BiMo vvliit«. Long. corp.
(i.i:?— 0.14. Lonu. al. 0.14—17.

Diirk brown mid entirely opnfine on tin whole upper side. In
well preserved speeiniens there are, on the uppiT side of the thorn x,
two soniewhiit grnyish-brown, approximate. i, loni^'itndiiial lines,
which commence at the anterior end of the thorax and stop before
reaehin«? the posterior end; between ihein there is the trace of a
fmo pale middle line, which becomes more distinct at the posterior
end of the thorax and is continued throuj^h the scntellnm; there
are besides two other loii;;'itndiiial lines, which, beiiif:^ nearer the
lateral border and interrupted in the neij^hborhood of the suture,
are not truncated posteriorly and continnc in iistinctly on the lateral
borders of the scutcllum. Some specimens show very faint traces
of these markings of the thorax. The keel, reseniblinji; a nose, on
tho upper part of the face is dark brown ; the remainder of the
face together with the clweks, and the inferior half of the occiput,
breast, iuid pleura», as well as the part of the upper abdominal
plates which are much turned downwards, are almost silvery white;
this color on the last abdominal segments ascends a little to the
upper side of the posterior borders. Legs in well-colored indi-
viduals bliiekish-brown, only the apical third of the femora and the
first half of the posterior tibiic being more or less reddish-brown;
in less distinctly colored siiecinicns often only the ti])s of the tibi«
and the tarsi are blackish-brown, all the remainder being brownisli-
yellow. Wings hyaline with brownish-black veins, sometimes more
clouded with grayish in the neighborhood of tho costa ; the third
segment of the costa is twice and a half or three times longer thao
the second.

Hah. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. — A female sent by Poey from Cuba differs from
those received from l>aron Osten-Sacken by its brown wing-veins
and clay-yellow legs, the tarsi only being of a dark-brown color;
but it is only a paler colored s})ecimen of Jiruchj^d. dimidiata,
which became htiil jialer in the cunrsc of time.

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164

PIITKUA ill NimTU AMERtCA.

Oen. IIF. PiKYDRA Stenh.

U'^-:W

Form of tlie body short and stout. Thorax and sculcllum very
convex Front very broad. Antennal bristle on the upper side
with a sliort pnbeseenec, whieli in some speeics is dillicult to
perceive ; bare towards the end. Face very broad, not so much
vaulted as in the true Epinidnr, but with a convexity descending
more olilifpiely, on eaeli side willi a very cliaracteristic, long, curved,
hair-liivc bristle, l)eneath whieli are some shorter hairs, hardly per-
ceptiltle in some species, ('iyi)eus prominent. Cheeks deseend-
inir l)eneath the eyes. Tiateral borders of the mouth (juite bare.
Mentuni exceedingly thickened. Legs short and rather clumsy.
The small transverse vein of the wings is behind the middle of
the discoidal cell, eonsefpuütly proportionately far from the base
of the wing ; the posterior transverse vein is not very near the
border of the wing, and hii-: a more or less oblique pcsition ; the
alula is strikinuly large.

The species cf this genus may be divided into two sections, the
first of which comprises thickly hairy s[)ccies with very convex faces.
In North America only naked species, belonging to the second
section, have been as yet discovered ; they are very similar to the
European species of this section ; however, they apj)ear to have
more plastic diderenees than these, and to be consequently more
easily distinguisluid from each other. This can be said at least of
the four species known to me, none of which is provided with the
small appendage of the second longitudinal vein distinguishing
some of the European species.

Sijnnpsls of the Species,*

, / Scutellum witli conical warts.

I Hciiti'Uuni witlitnit conicai warts.
., ( ^cutollum with two wart.s.

t Scutellum with four wares,
o f l"'ace nearly perpondioular.

I l''ace descending obliquely.

2

3

1 bituberculata, n. «p.

2 quadrituberculata, n. .'^p.

3 breviceps, n. sp.

4 paullula, n. sp.

* Tlie species No. 5 has not heen included in this synopsif. — 0. S.

PARYDRA.

165

1. P. bifiibercillata Lokw. % and 9 — I'-x bruimoo mni'scfMis,
ali.s cinereo-hyaliiiiä, veuid trnuävuisis nigij-liiubatis, scutello bituber-
culato.

Brassy-brown, wings grayish with blat-k margins of the transverse veins ;
scutellum with two warts. Long. torp. 0.17 — 0.18. Lung. al. (MT.

Very similar to Parydra iniiiilii Full, in sizo, form, imd color.
Face proportionally not vciy prominent, dusted witli Itrown ; the
characteri.stic bristle on cacli side proportionally slender ; npwards
near it, but a little more townrds the niidille of the face, is a rather
distinct, impressed spot; the shorter hairs inserted beneath it are
hardly ])erceptible. Orljita* and cheeks very broad ; clypeus very
prominent. Antcnnaj black ; antennal bristle hair-like and bare
towards the end, stouter about the middle, and with a short pubes-
cence on the upper side. Upper side of tin; thorax with rather
indistinct stripes; the rows of fine punctures, inclndinji; the strii>es,
a little more distinct than in the other species. Sciitelhnn at the
tip with two not approximated warts, bearinj? at the end the two
usual small bristles of the scutellum. Le^^s dark, with only the
tarsi usually red with lilnck tips ; there are individuals with much
darker tarsi ; the white reOeclion at the l)ase and tip of the til)ia'
not very striking. Wings clouded with grayish, having brownish-
black veins and black margins of the transverse veins, in the
neighborhood of which the surface of the wings is more distinctly
hyaline ; the second segment of the costa is nearly twice as long
as the third ; the ends of the third and fourth iongitudiinil veins
parallel. There are some specimens, the faces of which are dust^^d
with dull whitish ; but these certaiidy belong to the same species.

Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

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2. p. quadritllbercillata Lokw. ^ an-l 9 .- -Nigro-.rnea, alls
hyalinis, veuis transversis intenlinu nigro-liuibatis, scutello (juadritu-
berculato.

Brassy-black, wings hyaline, transverse veins sometimes niargiiie<l witl»
blackish ; scutellum with four warts. Long. corp. 0.17. Long, al. 0.17.

Similar to the preceding species in color, but a little blacker,
not quite equalling it in size. Face generally dusted with vhite,
the dust less frequently quite yellowish on the upper part ; the
under part of the face projects somewhat less than in Pitnjilrn hitu-
berculata; the characteristic bristle on each side is very slender and

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lUl'TKltA ».F NoKTIi AMKKICA.

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rutlipr short; no impressed spot in its nei^^liborliood ; tlic sliort
small hairs beneath it are scarcely visible ; eye-riiijrs and cliceks
veiy l)r()ad, bnt the latter a little narrower than in Pciri/(fr. bltu-
bcrriifdfd. Antennie black ; the bristle towards its end excessively
slender, beini; stonter to about its middle, and ])rovided «)n its
upi)er side with a hardly distinpnishoblc pul)escence. Thorax
rather Indistinctly strijied ; the two longitudinal lines formed by
fine scarcely visible i>unctnrcs. Scutellum on its tip with two very
approximated conical warts, on the tips of which arc the tw(» small
bristles usually inserted at the end of the scutellum ; on each side
there is a similar tubercle, ending likewise in a snndl bristle. Tibito
and tarsi usually brownish-red, with blackened tips ; but there are
specimens with the tibia; cpiite black and the tarsi brown only at
the base, the remainder being (jnite black ; only in recently devel-
oped specimens the anterior side of the til)iie is dusted with white
on their whole length ) this white dust is generally interrupted
behind the middle of the tibia». Wings proportionally a little
longer than in the other species ; the second segment of the costa
is about one-half longer than the third; the last segment of the
fourth longitudinal vein is unusually long, showing the trace of a
slight convergency towards the third longitudinal vein ; the liflh
longitudinal vein is truncated immediately behind the posterior
transverse vein ; otherwise the wings are hyaline with a very faint
grayish tinge ; the veins are brownish-black as far as the base, or
freiiuently brown or brownish-yellow in the neighboriiood of the
base; sometimes this brownish-yellow color on the costal vein ex-
tends to far beyond the middle of the wing ; the transverse veins
in most specimens are not margined, or show only a trace of black-
ish-gray clouding ; but sometimes they have rather broad blackish
margins, the surface of the wing being clearer in their neighl)orhood ;
these margins are found particularly in specimens which have a
blacker coloration and almost entirely black legs. The deviations
are more remarkable than those occurring in the other species of
Parifdru; but there arc various transitions between them, which
make it improbable that there is more than one species.
Hub. Middle States. (Osteu-Sackeu.)

I'AKYltUA.

167

3« P. lirevicepH L<>k\v. 5. — Nigro-.-unea, faciosubperiiendiculari.scu-
tello luuticu, veiiis .ilariini transviu'sis obsuuii' liiiiliali;).

Blackish-aeneous, faio ratlu-r luTpciKlicular, scuti'lliiiu without warts;
transverse veins of the wing margined with obscure. Long, corji. c.ltJ.
Long. al. U.ltj.

IJIai'kisli-aencous. I-'nce dusted witli Itrown, loss projoctiiif;
than in any otluT Purydra known to nio, consc(iueiitly almost
quite pcrpendiciilar. Orbita' excessively narrow ; the characteris-
tic small bristle on each side of the face is of moderate length and
rutlier slender; beneath it there are a few shorter distinctly visible
hairs. C'lypeus very narrow; checks broad. Anteiiiiie black;
the bristle rather slender even at its basal half, hair-like towards
its end, with a short but distinct pubescence on its upper side
reaching beyond the middle. Thorax rather indistinctly striped ;
scutellnni without tubercles, as is the ease in the Europear» species.
Femora black. Tibiic reddish-brown, with a little white reflection
at the base and tip, but in the specimen now before me it is too
rubbed oft' to alford any certainty about its extent and nature.
Abdomen rather shining, almost with a ban.^ of whitish-gray hoar
on the posterior border of each segment. Wings rather tinged
with grayish, having blackish margins on the transverse veins, the
surface of the wings being more hyaline in their neighl)orhood.
The second longitudinal vein is consideral)ly shorter tlian in the
two preceding species, in consequence of which the second segment
of the Costa is but little longer than the third ; the ends of the
third and fourth longitudinal veins are purallel ; the fifth longitu-
dinal vein curves a little posteriorly at the second half of the dis-
<!oidal cell.

Huh. Middle t?tatcs. (Osten -Sacken.)

4> P. pailllllla LoEW. } . — Ouiuium minuti.'^sima, facio proclivi,
genis augustis.

Vtry small ; face projecting obli(|ueIy, cheeks very narrow. Long. corp.
O.ÜÜ— (I.U7. Long. al. O.tttJ— O.OT.

A very small species, of which I have only a single somewhat
immature specimen, so that I am unable to say more of its colors
than that they appear to differ little from those of the other species.
Face descending obliquely, and therefore rather projecting with
its lower parts ; the characteristic bristle on each side rather long

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and unusually near tlie herder of the mouth, ('lyi)cns and cheeks
excessively nanow. Antennic black, the bristle with fine pubes-
cence to beyond the middle. Scutellum without marginal tuber-
cles; t(ie two small bristles on its tip rather distant from each
other. Win<rs in better colored individuals undoubtedly with ntuch
gray clouding and blackish margins of the transverse veins, in the
neighborhoud of which the surface of the wings is more glos.sy;
the second segment of the costa is oidy a (il'th longer than the
third ; the ends of the third and fourth longitudinal veins with a
trace of a slight divergency ; the liflh longitudinal vein extends to
the border of the wing.

This species is very similar to Purydra pnsilla Meig.

A. P. abbreviata LoRw. %. (Translated from Borl. Entom. Zeitschr.
18(jl, p. I';')?, by R. Osten-Sacken.) — Minuta, aiitcnniti tibiis(jiit! ferru-
ginei-i : aire infuscat«? guttis ali<iiiot liyalinis distiiiftissimis oriiatnp,
. •gnit'iito co.st.-B tertio setuudi longitudinem paulo excedeute, venia lon-
gitiiilinalibus tertiä et quarts distincte divergentibus.

Small, aiiteniL-E and tibise ferruginou.s ; wings infuscated, with .several
liyaline, very distinct dots, third segment of the costa somewhat exceed-
ing the second in length, third and fourth longitudinal veins distinctly
diverging. Long. corp. 0.07. Long. al. 0.(i7.

Olivaceous. Antennae obscure ferruginous, the two first seg-
ments and the upper edge of the third, black ; the whole bristle
has a short pubescence above. Face moderately sloping, the or-
dinary bristle on each side is not more approximated to the peri-
stoma than in most of the congeners. Cheeks narrow. Scutellum
not tuberculated. Legs black, knees, tibiai and base of tarsi fer-
ruginous ; the whitish pollen, generally extant on the tlbiie of the
allied species, is wanting here. Wings rather short, distinctly
infuscated, marked with seven rather large hyaline spots ; second
longitudinal vein with a very short, hardly perceptible appendage ;
third and fourth veins diverging near the apex ; second costal
segment almost equal in length to the third.

Hub. reunsylvauia. (Osten-Sackeu.)

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Oen. IV. EPH Y »RA Fall,

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Tlie liniry, exceedinfrly voiilted, and very projecting: face, the
very larjre openinfij of tlie mouth with ciliated border, tlie con-
cealed clypens, the nearly straijrht and rather lon{? claws, and
the indistinct pulvilli, characterize the penus Kph\jdra. The bris-
tle of the antennsc is usually pubescent, soineliiiies almost pecti-
nated with short rays. The jrcnera nearest related t<» Ephi/tlm
are Cania and SrnteUa, the claws of which are curved and the
pulvilli distinct. The {^enus Tlrhoinyzd is not so near to the «renus
Kphi'ilra and may be easily distinguished from it by its unusually
large ])ulvilli.

1. E. atl'O-vireils IjOKW. % and p. — Obscure viridis, nitida brun-
neo-pollinosa, anteniiarum articulo tertio uniidli, setil brevissinie pube-
rulil; % quinto abdominis segnieiito prajcedente bro/iore, liyj)opygio
brevi, tuargineni segineuti quarti posteriorem non attingeutu.

Dark green, glossy, dusted with l)rown ; third joint of the antenna; with a
liair, the terminal bristle with very short pubescence; %, liftli ?:egment
of the abdomen shorter than the fourth, liypopygium short, not reach-
ing the posterior border of tlie fourth ventral segment. Long corp. 0.17
—0.18. Long. al. 0.17—0.18.

E.xceedingly similar to the European Ephydra micans Ilal., so
that I am unable to distinguish the female of the two sjjecies, but
the much shorter hypopygiura of the male characterizes the sjjecies
as a distinct one. Dark metallic green, very shining, but with
brown hoar on the front, thorax, and abdomen, which, distinctly
appearing on an oblique inspection of these parts of the body,
makes them appear brown and opaqne ; this brown color is least
visible on the abdomen. Antenna) black ; third joint on its outer
Bide near the base with a single bristle-shaped hair, wliich is longer
than the joint itself; antennal bristle oidy with very short pul)es-
cence. The front and the sloping space extended between the
antenna' and the highest elevation of the face are shining green or
bluish-green. Face dusted with white, which, according to the
observations made in the allied species, may not be a constant
marking; border of the r'outh in both sexes with short and rather
fine cilia, quite as in Ephydr. micans Ilal. The ground color of
the legs i.'i greenish-black, covered with dust, shining blackish-
green on the rubbed parts. AVings clouded with blackish-gray.

Hah. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

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11IPTEUA OF N(»UTH A.MKIlKm.

Oou. V. NCATi^M.A Hon. Desv.

This gpiins contains only smaller and generally not niclallic
species. Front and luce very broad ; eyes rounded ; face usually
very convex, hairy and bristled ; border of the mouth ciliated ;
opening uf the mouth wide; clypeus concealed; cheeks nioderat-jly
broad; mentuni swollen. Second joint of the antcnn:e not ungui«
culated ; antennal bristle with line, usually very short i)ubesceiicc.
Claws curved, pulvilli distinct. Costal vein of tho wings reaching
to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein ; the small transverse
vein generally almost exactly beneath the tip of the first longitudi-
nal vein; the posterior transverse vein not apjiroacliing the border
of the wing. The nearest genus is Catnia, dilfering, however, from
Scdtc/la by tho pectinated bristle of its antennie.

m-

1. S. favillacea Loew. 9. — Cinerea, facio alld, alis cinereo-hyalinis,
obsoleto (luadriguttatis.

Ashy-fjray; fac9 white; winps grayii^h-liyalino with four indistinct clear
drops. Long. corp. 0.12 — 0.13. Lour;, al. 0.13.

This si>ccies resembles most the I'^uropean S. sorbilhins Hal.,
which is identical with S. argtjrostoma Stenh., but ditfers from it
by its more considerable size, more roughly haired face and gray
color of the dust on the posterior part of tho cheeks, on the infe-
rior part of the occiput, on the pleuraj and under side of the abdo-
men, on all which parts it is whitish in that species; S. facilldcea
wants also the clear drop lying beyond the posterior transverse
vein in S, arf/yrostoma. The upper side of the whole body is
covered with grayish-brown dust, which on the middle of the tho-
rax and on the scutellum does not conceal the shining of the ground
color ; the large spot lying on the middle of the front is shining
greenish. Face very convex, dusted with snowy white, with rather
rough hair and the usual row of curved upwards bristles. Open-
ing of the mouth wide, with distinct black cilia on the borders.
Antennae black ; the pubescence of the bristle is a little longer
and more distinct than in most species of this genus. Upper side
of the thorax not distinctly strii)ed. Plerrt« dusted with yellowish-
gray, on their superior border with rather brown dust. Under
side of the abdomen, femora, and upper side of ihe tibia; with gray
dust. AVings clouded with grayish, having black veins ; of the
five clear drops, peculiar to so many species of this genus, that

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SCATELLA.

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lyinjf Ix'yoiid tlio posterior truiisvcrso vein is entirely wniitinp, and
tlie reiimiiiiiijf iire niMier itidistiiu't ; the second se<rnient of tlie
Costa is lit least four times as loiiir as the third; the third und fourth
lonpltudiiial veins arc parallel towards their ends.
J/uli. Middle States. (Osteii-Sueken.)

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9. ><. lllKOilH LoKW. % and 9. — Ni;,'ra ; ala' Ili^'l■iL^1l)t^>s, guttis liyali-
iiis i|iiiiiiiiie ill disco <lualnisc[UO olisoletioribus in aiiiuo piula;.

Ulaik ; wiiiu's hlackish witli fivo clear drops in tlio niiddlc and two more
indistinct ones towards the tip. Long. corp. ('.11. Long. al. O.l;!.

It dillers from the Kuropean Scat, staipidlls only hy somewhat
more acute winjrs, its somewhat less convex face, and the stripes
of the tl'orax beinp; a little more distinct ; perhaps on cxamininf^
a larger numher of specimens it may prove to be only a variety
of it. Black ; face with Ijrownish-gray dust, rather convex, only
a little impressed beneath each antenna, hairy and bristled, with
distinct black cilia on the border of the mouth. Antenniu black ;
the bristle with an excessively short, but yet distinct i)ul)escence.
Cheeks exceedingly narrow. Front dusted with grayish-brown,
the spot on the middle of it a little glittering. Upper side of the
thorax likewise dusted with brown, but not without all gloss, with
two distinct whitish-gray longitudinal stripes, but little distant
from each other and beginning on the anterior border, but not
reaching nearly to the posterior border ; besides there are two
short lateral stripes of the same color, beginning at the shoulder-
corner. Scutcllum of the color of the tipper side of the thorax,
only a little more glossy. Abdomen black, rather glossy towards
the end : the fifth abdominal segment of the male is almost twice
as long as the fourth. Legs entirely black. Wings clouded with
black, having five glassy drops on the middle, in the nsual position ;
besides there is an obsolete spot, forming an indistinct clear droj)
near the border of the wing between the tip of the second and
third longitudinal veins, and another still less perceptible spot in
the cloudy color beyond the tip of the third lougiiudiual vein.

Hah. Middle States. (Osten-Sackeu).

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172

DIPTERA OF NOUTII AMERICA.

:i. S, ObHolrtn Lokw. 9 . (Tmnslatfil from HitI. Kntom. Zeitschr. 1801,
|). y.^S, \>y R. Ostfii-tiackfii.) — Opaca, cajpito toto, mutt-llo iilcuiis(jut) ex
llavo, in'itoic I't iilMloniiii« t-x caiio uiiien is, aiili'imis i)('(lilm>(|ui) ni^iis ;
ahc hyuliiiip, dilute uinurascuiitus,gutti.s liiupidiuribus (luiiitjuu ubHoletiä-
Kiinis.

Opncjii«, tliH wholti li(«nil, scutellum and ])li'urfn ytdlowiHli-oiinTeous, poctu«
and alHloiiieii hoary-uiiuTcous, aiitfinia! and ft-et Mack ; wiiig>> hyaliim,
with a j>alo uiiifrcous tinge; five almost obsolete clear spots. Long,
üorp. 0.07. Long. al. O.dS).

Ilcnd altoj^ctlier yellowi.sh-ciiit'fcona, untcnmt' black, face very
vaulted,* peristoma ciliateil with moderate iiairs. Thorax coiico-
lorous with the head, pectus sultglaucons. Scutellum yellowish-
cinereou.s. Abdomen hoary-cinereous, subglaucous, o]ia(pie. Legs
altogether black, slightly pollinose with white. Ilaltercs impure
yellow, stem browi.. Wings hyaline, tinged with very pale cine-
reous, marked with live clear very obsolete spots ; transver.se veins
not infuseated ; second costal segment more than thrice longer
than the third.

Hub. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

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ON THE NORTH AMKUICAN CKCIDOMYIDAE.

BY BAUON R. OSTKX-SACKKN.

It is a pcculinrity of tlio fiimily of i'vciihnnnuhp that its natural
history has always been stiidiod in chjso cnniicction with its («hissi-
fication. This is owiiif? chiclly to tlic fact that fhc tjall, tlic |>r(Mliice
of the insect in its lirst stnfre of life, is «rciionilly a more striking
object in nature tlian the insect itself. The latter small, tiny, dif-
ficult to preserve on account of their extreme delicacy, still more
dillicult to distiiif^uish from their con^feners on account of the uni-
formity of their ap|)earancc and colorin<r, would afford a very un-
satisfactory object of study, nidcss in connection with the varied
deforniiitions which their larvae jjroducc on plants. 'I'he study of
this family, different in this respect from most of the other lamilics
of insects, cannot be prosecuted apart from the observation of living
nature, and for this very reason will always lie a monopoly of the
naturalist so situated as to afford such observations.

The aim of the present paper is to direct the attention of
American entomologists to this most interesting suliject, by giving
an account of the observations already made on the Xortli Ameri-
can Crci({ai)iiji(!<p, as well as a general introduction to the study of
the liabits and the classifier lion of this family. The latter has been
e.Ntrocted chiefly from the two following admirable monographs: —

LoEW. Or. II. Piptoroldcri.-clio Beitriitro, Part fourtli, Posen. T^fjO, with a
plate. (Coiitiiins a iiioiioiiraiih of tlic Kiiiopfan < 'i liilinnijiilr.)

WiNNKKTZ, .1. Bi'itrag /.u ciii' r Motioirraiiliiu der (ialliiui<k.'ti. In the Lin-
na'a entomologica, V'<1. VIII, Berlin, Isöß, wiiii four t late.s.

I, On (lie classification of the CEClDOMYlDiE.

In the sketch of a systematical distribution of the Diptera, given
by Prof. II, Loew in this volume, he has mentioned the diflticulties
attending a sharp definition of this family, and has shown that it
may be naturally divided in two seeiions.

The species embraced in the first section, which he calls Cecido-
myina, have four longitudinal veins on the wings, the last two of

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niPTEiiA OK Nftnrir AMKnicA.

wliicli often conlcscp in the Itc^rimiiiip of tlicir coiirso, formiii^r n
more or Iosm distinct fork. 'I'licy liiivo no ooi-lli, nncl tlio first joint
of tlicir tarsi is nincli sliortcni'd.

TIk! second section, wliidi Prof. Tioew calls AiudcIIiki, lias one
Ioi\f,'itndinal vein more, wliicli is inserted lietween the second and
tliiril veins of the lirst section; this supplementary vein is simple
in ('<ii)i/)>/fi>>ni/:a nnd fnrcate in all the other frenera. The first
tarsal jrtint is not shortened, and in all the jrenerii, with the excep-
tion of Vvcliloijoiiif, there are distinct ocelli.

The first section, which contains all the gall-prodiiciiiü; (\'cii/<>-
nn/iikc ut jjrescnt known, comprises two p;enern of Meij^eii and a
third j^eiius, discovered Ity Mr. Winnertz, and of which hut a .sin-
j?le species is deserihed. These three genera are easily distin-
guished by the neuralion of their wings, which are always pubes-
cent, and may be characterized as follows : —

Ccvi(fotu//i(t Meig. Three or four longitudinal veins; in the first
case the third vein is forked, thus representing the third and fourth
veins, which are coalescent in the greater part of their extent (ligs.
1, 2, and 4; in some rare cases a l)rauch of this fork or the whole

Fie. 1.

A^yuuina.

without verticils, from 13 to 3ß-jointed.

fork becomes obsolete, as in fig. 3);
in the second case all the four veins
are simple (fig. 5). Surface of the
wings hairy ; margins with long cilia.
Antennte long, moniliform or cylin-
drical, generally verticillate, seldom

CKPIT10MYIA.

175

i-'ii/. •;.

flillllh'I'i'Ul.

S/uiiiinrrni U'iiiii. Tliroo loiijritiidiiml veins, which nre nil siin-
])lt' (not forlvod); tliu first t'losc l)y tlio
cosla, the socoiul at soiiie <listiiiK'L' IVoiii
it, l)iit roachiiij; tlic inarj^in of tlic wiiij^
before its tip (li;;. (1). Ifuirs on tlio
surface of tlic wiiifjf scaly. Aiiteiiniu
tilifortn, l."5-ji)iiit(.'(l, joints (.'hjnjriitcd,
cylimirical, witit »i sliort pnljcscence und
witliont verticils.

Liisinji/rnt Mei^-. Three h)nfritndinal veins, the first niitl second
of which rnn very near tlie rosea and are so closely nppro.xiniated
as to he hardly discernible ((ig. 7).
Wiiiffs rather short and i)rond. An-
tennu' from IT» to '2().jointc(l ; Joints
siibjrlobnlar, ses. ile, with short vertii'ils.
('I'ho siib-frenns Clhiorhijnrlid Lw. has
been formed of the Lastoptenp, having i,!i>i..i.i, ,.i.

the month ))r()Ion<red in a rostrum.)

The consideral)le nnml)er of species containod in the penns Crr!.
(hmiiilii Meig. and the great variety of their structure have made
a subdivision necessary. The following tal)ular arrangemoni of
the sul)-genera now adopted has been e.xtraeted, with a few modi-
fications, from Mr. Winnertz's work, although the subdivi>ioii
itself is chiedy due to Mr. Locw.

V\^. 7.

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CECIDOiUl'IA Meio.

I. AVings with three longitudinal veins, the third either forming
a fork (tigs. 1, 2, and 4), or l»ecoming more or less obsolete towards
the tij) (tig. 3).*

A. Cross-vein placed between the root and the tip of the iirst
longitudinal vein, as in figs. 1 — 3 : (in this .section the cross-vein
is frc(piently almost obsolete.)

Cecidnmyid Loew. The second longitudinal vein reaches the mar-
giii of the wing a little hofüre its tip (although in most cases
this distance is very short, as in fig. 1). (Jenerally llic sumc
number of j'uinfs in the antenncc of the ^ and 9; joints either

ill''

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i ■

li-^ ■

* In ex.imining the wings of the Cecidom^n.T, care must bo taken not
to mistake for a vein a longitudinal fold which generally exists between
the seeoud and third longitudinal veins.

176

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

I

r-

* J

*

* 4

t

J^K«'

'

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pcdicelled or sessile (sometimes pedicelled in the (-f and sessile
in the 9; sometimes of the same structure, pedicelled or ses-
sile, in botli sexes).

Diplosis Loew. The second longitudinal vein reaches the margin
of the wing at or beyond its tip (tig. 2). AntentKE of the male
2() (2 -)- 24) jointed, sometimes with one rudimental joint
more; joints pcdicelled, simple joints alternating wit!» double
ones (Tab. I, f 11 and 12), seldom all joints simple. Antennae
of the 9 14 (2 + 12) jointed, sometimes with one rndimental
joint more; joints pcdicelled, cylindrical.

Afphoiidi/Ua Lw. The second longitudinal vein reaches the margin
of the wing a little beyond its tip (as in fig. 2). Antenna) of
both sexes with the same number of joints; the latter cylin-
drical, sessile, with a short pubescence and without verticils.
(A single European species is known.)

Hormomyia Lvv. The second longitudinal vein reaches the margin
of the wing either at or beyond th/^ tip. Thorax more or less
fflhbose, fieqiiently extending over the head In the form of a
hood. Joints of the J* antennae pcdicelled; those of the 9
l)odicelled or sessile.

Colpodla Winn, The second longitudinal vein forms a curve before
the cross-vein and joins the margin a little beyond the tip of
the wing (lig. 3), Cross-vein rather large, oblique, (A single
K'.u'opcan species is known in the female sex only; the joints
of its antei.iiae are pcdicelled. This sub-genus, which is un-
known to me, must be very difficult to distinguish from Epi-
dosls. )

B. Cross-vein very oblique, originating at the root of the first
longitudinal vein (fig. 4).*

Dirhtza Lw, Second longitudinal vein hardly undulating before
the cross-vein; joints of the antenna; sessile or almost sessile
in both sexes. (A single species is known.)

* The sections A and B, as defined by MM. Loew and Winnertz, seem to
be somewhat difficult to distinguish. According to the hatter, tlio cross
vein in the section B almost assumes the appearance of an intercalary
longitudinal vein; it begins at the root of the first longitud'nal vein, runs,
although very indistinct, alongside of it and then turns obliquely toward»
the second longitudinal vein, which thus almost appears to be its continu-
ation, or, in other words, to have two rootj.

CECIDOMYIA.

ItT

Epidosi's Lvv. Second lon«ritu(Hnal vein sinuose before tlic cross-
vein (li}]^. 4) ; joints of the antcnuie pedicelled in both sexes;
their ntiniber variaiiie.

II. Wings with four longitudinal veins (lig. 5).
Asy/Kipta Tvvv. The cross-vein is sometimes like tliat in section A,
and then (ho second longitudinal vein is not sinuated ; some-
times as in section J{ ; then the second longitudinal vein iy
sinuated, like in Epldosis (fig. 5); iu this case also the collure
is a little prolonged.

The classification of the section Anarvtina Loew, is very imper-
fect; almost nothing is known about their habits, and even their
position in the system is doiddfid. Mr. Loew considers them, at,
least provisioiKilly, as a sub-section of the CecUlotnyldu-, whereas
Mr. Winnertz ])refers to isoiiite them as a di.stinct family, placed
between the CwidoitujUu'. and the Mijcvtopliilidce, and having many
points of relationship to both.

Following the authority of Mr. Loew in this volume (p. 7), I
will conllne myself to the enumeration of the genera which he
refers to this secliun, adding only short sketches of their characters
as I lind them in the former writers.

I. OfU'lli extant;

Wings l);ir.! or .almost l)an>; third loni,Mtii<linal vein forked, th." two

following veins simple.

Antenn;^ lO-jointed ; % vf rticillate, jointa pedieelled ; 9 \n\\wA-

cent, joints sesHile; liranclies of the fork of tlie 3a longitndinal

vein very aren.ited at luise (fig. 8, wing). /v(io.NKLM!.\ .lA/y.

Antonn.'B Ü-jointed, sliot t, hliyhtly i)ul)ertceat ; joints snl.sessile, siil»-

glol)ose (lig. !), wing). A.nakktk IluL

Wings puiieseent ;

Tliird longitudinal vein forked.

The upper l.ram li of tlw fork forms a douhl.! enrve. nlmont in the

shape of an S ; (see Plate I, .'ig. l,'}.) T.!iT0XY<iA l.w.

The upper t)ran(li of the fork forms a single smootii curv.: ; ^

anteninu l'i-joint(!d, veilieillate, joints pc<lic.'lled ; $> a[:!<'in;;ij

l('-join»ed, pilo.se, joints nionilifonn (lig. 10, wing).

Catocm.v Hal.

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178

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Foaith longitudinal vein foikeil ; antennje ll-20-jointe(l ; % moni-
liform, pilose; joints pedicelled ; y submonilifonn, joints ses.silo,
pubescent (fig. 11, wing). Campylomyza M(i<j.

II. Ocelli wanting; third longitudinal vein forked ; first longitudinal vein

very short ; wings pubescent ; autennai % moniliibrm, vertiuillate ;

9 submoniliforni, jmbescent.

Antennie l(j-jointed (lig. 12, wing). Lkstremia Mucq.

Antenuijj 11-jointed. Cecidogona Lw.

m

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fi^r. 10.

Caiiipyluuiyza.

Lobti'i'iiiiii.

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For further details as well as for the references, see Walker, Diptera
Britannica, Vol. Ill, which alsu contains beautiful figures of all the genera.
As to the new genus Tritozijgn Lw., formed on an American species, Mr.
Loew thus characterizes it in a manuscript note of his : —

" The whole stnictiire of its body shows the nearest rchition to
Campylotnyza ; the form of the legs and wings is as in that genus;
the wings (Tab. I, fig. 13) have the same short pubescence and cilia,
and the three ocelli are just as distinct. The dilTerences are the
following. 1. The vein, which in the second section of Cecidounjidcc
is added to the number of the veins of the fir.<t section, is not
simple, but forked, in 'he new genus, and therefore ajjproaches in
some measure the genus Aiiarcte ; 2. The very thick longitudinal
vein is not forked as in dunpylvmyza, but simple. The new genus
cannot be confounded with ultiarete, the species of which have a
much more slender structure, a very elongated first joint of the tarsi
and the third longitudinal vein of the wing bipartite as far as the
base. From Lestremia and Cecidogona it differs in quite a similar
manner, and besides by the presence of ocelli, which are wanting
in both genera. The antenna; are mutilated in the single specimen
which I have before me (a male from the District of Columbia),
therefore I can say nothing of the number of their joints; their

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)

3

[1

CECinOMYIA.

no

structure is Jis in most Campijlomijza;. The number of tlio joints
of the aiitennte being of u higlier vahie, among the Gali-gnuts, for
the distinction of species than for tliat of genera, since almost
every genus comprises species with very (lilferent nnmhers of joints
of the antennie, I abstain from giving a name to the species known
to me so incompletely ; as to the genns, which can never be mis-
taken, I pro|)Ose for it tiie name of Trituziiyn.''^

II. On the huhils of the Cf:ciD0MYiD^T5.

The food of tlie larvtc of Cecidoniijia is of a vegetal)le character.
A few apparent exceptions will be mentioned below. They
furtliermore seem to live in preference on livlnrj plants; neverthe-
less several species of the sul)genera Ejn'dnsls and J)ij>I-)Sis, liave
been reared by Mr. "Winnertz from decaying wo(jd ; ^'cc J'itseico//is
Meig. (?) has been reared by IJonche from decaying l)nlbs of tulips
and hyacinths. (Instances like that of Cec. biro/or IJouclie, f'.iind
in dung during winter, must be received with caution, as the larvie
may have gene there for transformation only.) Although the
majority of these larvio attack the soft and green parts of plants,
some of them live under the bark of trees, in the cones of pines
{('ec. strolii Kalt.) or in fungi {Dlplosis pofi/poji ^Vz., As>/ii(rjit(t
lufjuhrls Wz., etc.)"*

Again, most of the larva? are monophagons, that is, ea(.'h species
lives exclusively on a certain species of plant, or, at !ea.>t on clu.-^ely
allied plants; ^Ir. Winiiertz remarks that even those found under
the bark of trees follow the same rule. Exceptions are Cec.
sisymbrii Sehr., which, according to Mr. Winnertz, inhai)its in
May and June a gall on Berhcris viift/an's, and from June till No-
veml)cr a somewhat diifercnt gall on Xfis/urti'mn si/lrcsfrc (Winn.
1. c. p. 209 and 231) ; Cfcid. urciKifu Wz., has been fijiinil in the
pappus Qf dilVerent syngenesists, in decaying wood and fungi.
Besides these, there is a class of larvic which live as gmsts or
parasites in galls formed by other C('cii/<ii)i>/i(t' {Ci'c (n-i<ij:Iiihi Wz.
and pacldii Wz. live socially in the ileforined buds of Fro.rnuis
excelsior; Diplosls socutUs AVz. irdnibits the gall of l^a^inplvra
ruht ; Dipl, üh'mlh Wz., has l»een reared from the same gall with
Vec. salict'na Sehr., etc.); or by Jcari {('cc. pere;/rinii Wz., and
similar cases, observed by Loew.) Some even live in the society
of Aphides. According to Mr. Winnertz the larvie of the sub-
genus Diplonis lu'incipally, share those jiarasilical habits ; even

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180

DII'TERA ÜF NOUTIl AMERICA.

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thohc liviiijr »iiidor tlic bark of tioos oi- in fi.iijri nrc st'ldoin ruitul
niotio, l»iit (or the most part in tlie society of oilier larva; (Winn.
I. c. )). 2(1(5). Tims, the larva of a speoios of Di/>fosis has been
found in a stem of Surothrium seopuriiiiti., together with larvuj of
Jlyh'sliiiis and Ajiion.

Amoiij'' the larvie with an eX(;eptional mode of life, those should
be nieiitidncd which live on the snrfuce of the plant, as that, ol>-
served l)y Mr. Loow on the leaves of Veronica J{i:ccabiin(jii, or tliost;
of Dipfosis ci'oniittis W'A , and J), eoniitjilnnjn Wz. fonnd on the
leaves of a :•ose-bll^h ovcrj^rown with thefnngus Ceonid ntininfnn/,
on which they feed. The American species, prol)ably also a JJij)-
losis. which I have called (\'c. (jlulinosa, aiid which will be (lescribei}
l>elow, has a similar mode of existence on the snrfaec of hickory
leaves.

The {greater nnmljcr of larva; penetrate inside of the plant, so
as to be concealed from view durinjif their development. Their
presence is «renerally indicated on the outside of the plant by some
deformation. Mvery part of the plant, from the root to the (lower
and the fruit, is liable to such attacks. Uiit each species of <.\'ri-
donnjiii always attacks the same part of the plant, and ilelbrnis it
in the same way. (Kxceptions seem to be rare ; <\:c. (rvnndo- AVz.
has Iseen reared from two galls of dillcrent shape, both found on
the poplar ; the insects dillered only in size).

The deformations thus produced are very numerous, and several
nnsuccessful attempts have been made to classify them accordiu};-
to the nature of their ori,u,in and their shape. At one extreme of
the series is the true gall, a vegetable growth of c(jnstaiit and de-
Unite form, attached to the plant by a very small })ortiun of its
surface and not otherwise deforming that p'irt of the jilant (of this
class are, for instance, the numeions galls, tlescribed below, on lln;
leaves of the hickories) ; at the otlier extreme is the sin)|)le defor-
mation, folding of a leaf, swelling of a leaf-rib, arrest of the growth
of a l)ud or a stalk, etc.

The egg of d-ridomijia is elongated, rounded at both ends,
orange-yellow, or whitish. The time within which the larva is
hatched is very dillerent, and depends on the state of the wea'her;
in a great heat, the hatching sometimes takes place within a few
hours; generally a few days are re(piired. Mr. Loew supi^jses,
however, that the species having but one yearly generation remain
much lunger in the state of eggs.

IT ••/: '•.!!.«%,

.1 '- ^V ]

CECIDOMYIA.

181

Wlion first Iiatclicd, tlic Inrva is colorlops, transpnroiil, witli a
trnnpliicont f^rcen, yellowish or rcil stomnrli; lator in life it assumes
(lifTercnt sliades of red (orniiijo, pinkish, cochciiillc-red) or becomes
yellow or whitish ; the color of the same specie.'", may also some-
what ehanirc with ajre. All these larvtc have the extraordinary
tinnd)er of fourteen joints, thus affordintran apparent exception from
all other larva- of insects, which, as a jrenoral rule, have thirteen
joints. The snpernumerary fonrteenth joint is placed between the
head and the first thoracic (stig-mn-hearinp:) segment. It may be
considered either as a part of the hr-ad, or as a proloiifration of
the first thoracic sec:;ment. Nniiiber au'l position of the stiirniatii
are normal; one pair on tl;e first thoracic scfrment, and eight
pairs on the first eight abdominal segments, so that thn ninth or
last segment bears none. Sometimes the last pair of s-tigmata is
renu)»-..d from its nsnal lateral position, more towards the middle
of the segment. In one case (Ot. ^)//// Peg, and the American (\
pin? iiinju's) this last pair is placed apiiarently on the ^^<,7 segment ;
but this segment is in reality the eighth, the ninth segment being
in this larva unusually small and concealed under the eighth. The
stigmata arc horny, more or less nipple-shaped projections.

The skin of most larvto appears finely chagreened under a strong
mngiiifying power; in some cases it is perfectly smooth. The
dorsal segments of Crr. xarnf/iamnt T.w., C. r/fiiisfa' T,w., etc. are
uneven ; those of (^. rrarrcr TjW., C. (jnrmis TjW., r*. fnxdrnUix
Bouche, etc. are furnished with Ijristles or sparse hairs : those of
C. entomdphihi Ferris with hairs arranged in regular rows ; those
of Cecid. pint Degeer, and of two larva^ which I found in tliis
country ((\'c. pint I'nopis 0. S. and fee. f/bih'nnsn, nov. sp.), have
rows of fleshy, setiferous caruncles along the back. (Tt is to be
noticed here that both 'Degeer and Diifour, in descril)ing such
larvic, mistook the back for tlie veiit'er, and descrilied these carun-
cles ni^ pseiidnporls. See TH'g. Mi'm. VI, Tab. XXVI, fig. 11 — 10,
and Dnfour, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr., IR.'JS, p. 203).

The last aV)doininal segment is smooth and rounded, or furnished
with two setiferous tubercles {fee. pint), sometimes uneven and
bristly, or excavated, or armed with a pair of horny processes,
frequently curved upwards. Dufour saw a larva use these pro-
cesses for leaping.

The structure of the head and of the organs of the mouth is
but imperfectly known. "What Mr. Hatzeburg saw (see his paper

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ii) \\'icj:maiin's Arcliiv, vol. vii. p. 233, with a pliitc) nnd wlmt I
Imvc fomii] coiiCirined by my own ohscrvatioiis, mny l)0 ri'diict'il to
tlie f'ull(»\vin<r ; Tlie horny ]»arts of the head consist of a riiiLf with
two proco. ses extended backwards ; a soft, fleshy swellin«^ which
protrudes through tliis ring is taken by J{atzel)ur{^ for tlie hilduin ;
two openiufrs in tlie uijper part of llic rinp^ emit a pair of two-
jointed orjrans which this author and Tj. Dufour believed to l)e
j>a!pi, but which I would rather consider as nidimental a»itenna%
especially on account of their position on the upper side of the
litad. {fiuboulbene and I'erris entertained the same view.)

On the under side of the body, at the juncture of the lirst
thoracic se;,'ment with the supernumerary (14lh) segment, there is
a luMMiY, more or less elongated jjiece, i)rojecting with its anterior
])art, whereas its po.jterior end is concealed under the skin of the
tirst thoracic segment, and more or less translucent. This organ,
the use or the homology of which is unknown, is peculiar to tlu^
larviu of Ccciilo/ityia, and seems to be seldom wanting. (I founil
under the bark of a tree a full-grown larva which, for its structure
I Itelieve to be a Cecidomyia, altl»ough it showed no trace of this
breasti)oi,e.) It may be that tliio organ is \ised for locomotion,
although I hardly would consider it as homologous to the jL-eudo-
pods of the larvie of Chlronumus and Cerutopoyun. If the sup-
plementary (14th) segment be considered as a jtart of the head,
this breastbone might be taken for the meutum, in analogy to the
horny nientuiu of the larva) of the I'ipnlaruc. The form of this
organ is variable in different species ; sometimes it ends anteriorly
in two i)oinls, with an excavation between them ; sometimes in
one elongated point ; or it is serrated, etc.

The remaining part of the under side of the body sometimes
shows other orga.'^s of locomotion. The larva of Cec entomophila,
according to Perris, has three slender, elongated, pointed, sub-
corneous, approximated projections in the middle of every ventral
segment. Cec. fiiscicuUis IJouche (IJouche, Naturg. der Ins. \i.
25), has a pair of elongated, pointed pseudopods under each
thoracic segment, and three such pseudopods under each abdomi-
nal segment. IjoucIic's figure of the latter closely resembles
Perry's ügure of the pseudopods of Cec. entomnphila.

T'he motions of the larvie, except those few, living on the surface
of the leaves, are generally slow ; but those which change their
abode before assuming the pupa state become very active about

\m-

?

CECIDOMYIA.

183

4-

that peridil. Winnertz oliscrvcd an cxtraordinnry nctivity in some
such larvae after a thnndor storm ; they left their hidinfr-places an-
der {rromid, aiul crawled al)iiut restlessly for some time; tliey did
the same after every thunder storm, some of them even two niontlis
after havin«? left their jralls.

Tiie larva; of several speeies, for instance, TVr. fah', Cor. j)isi,
and Orid. rinnlcls, have the power of leapinp:. Mr. J-oew remarks
that all such larva- helon«,' to the sul)-g'enu8 J)ij>f<>sis. Cec. jx.pnll
Duf. performed its leaps by strainin«? the horny hooks at the tip
of its al)domen ai^ainst the under side of the thoracic segments.
(Dufour, Ann. Sc. Nat., 2e ser. XVI, p. 2r;Y.)

"The want of horny or;.rans of mastication," says Mr. Winnertz,
"authorizes the supposition that a lesion of the i)lant does not take
place; it is much more i)rol)ablc that the larva has the i)Ower of
producing in the plant some peculiar irritation, which causes an
overflow of the sap necessary for its food. How little the larva
requires for its support is evident from the circumstance that it
attains its full growth and development in a gal! just large enough
to inclose it, a gall apparently hermetically closed, for the most
part with hard walls, which do not show the least sign of internal
lesion, it seems even as if a certain amount of moisture alone
was suflicieut to sustaiji these larv;e, especially when a great num-
ber of them live socially in the same gall (from ten to fifteen larvtu
in the pea-sized hud of Cunlaniine pnttensis; from fifty to si.xty
in another kind of gall, etc.). Another proof of the small quan-
tity of nourishment required by these larv.'e is, that no CKcreaients
are to be found in their place of abode."

"The oidy c.vception known to me of this extreme frugality,"
says the same author, "are the larvai of two species which live on
the leaves of the white rose, attai-ked by the fungus Ceovia mlnid-
tum. These larva? not only lick the sap e-vuding at the bottom of
the heaps of spores, but they also greedily consume the spores
themselves, and their intestinal canal is always filled with them,"

The observation of Yallot (Mem. de Dijon, 1S27, p. 95), that
a larva of Cecidnmyla {C. acarh-om) found on the s',;rface of the
leaves of C/ielidoninm feeds by sucking Acari, as yet requires con-
Jirmation. Winneri/. saw Cecidomi/ia-\ar\'ai living as guests in
deformations produced by Aran', greedily lick their hosts, but he
never found in such g'dls an empty skin of an Acnrus. As to tlie
larv;e of Cecido»i)jla inhabiting galls, produced hy other spccie.v;

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184

DU'TKUA OF NORTH AMEIUCA.

' .-iW.'.-'..-

of the anme «^cmis, it is a question, accordinj? to Wiiinert/, wlii'thcr
they talve tlic same lood with their hosts, or live on thoir cxero-
inc'iitf. Pen-is (Mein, de Lille, X, p. 274, with fi,^ures) fonnd
twill, outnmupliila in an insect-l»().\, iivinj; on the excicnients of
the niinntc Avari aljoundiiij? in sueh boxes; he eonijiarcs them,
apparently with '^mn\ reason, with the larvic of Cccidumi/iu found
nnder the bark of trees, amoti<r the cxerenients of the xylophagous
insects. These larvie underwent their transformation in the cor
ners of the box.

It is very proljable that tlie larvie of CwliJomyla, like most of
the dipterons larva-, do not undergo several monltin<.^s. I do not
lind any mention about it in the authors. Only Dr. Harris states
thai ('. trlticl easts olf its skin before going under ground for
transformation.

Jk'fore assuming the pupa state, some larvje of Ce(idumyu( leave
their galls and abscond themselves under groutul, under dry leaves
or moss, or under the bark of trees. Other larva-, on the contrary,
undergo their transformation within their gall.* \\\ both cases
the pupa) are frequently, although not always, inclosed in a cocoon.
Winnertz positively denies tliat. the larvie spin this cocoon ; ac-
cording to his observation, the latter is, so to say, exuded by the
larva. He found that iarvie which had fastened themselves to n
leaf, were encircled within twenty-four hours by a wliite halo, con-
sisting of tiny thread-like particles, which seemed to grow some-
what like crystal-needles ; the larva during this time remained
perfectly motionless. The cocoon is perfected within a few days,
and even then, under a strong magnifying power, no genuine
thread is perceptible.

The mode in which the pupa state is assumed has been de-
scribed by Dr. Harris in a posthumous paper published in the
Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 18üO, p. HU.
"The approaching change is marked by an alteration of the color
of the anterior segments of the larva, which (in the case of Cen'd.
Salicis Filch) from orange become rod and shining, as if distended
by blood. Soon afterwards, rudimentary legs, wings, and autenme
begin, as it were, to bud and put forth, and ra])idly grow to their
full pupal dimensions, and thus the trausforn)ation to the pu|)a is

* The larva of Ceriil. ti-rminalis Lw., according to Winnertz, varies in
its lial'its. It sometimea goes under ground, and souielimes transforms
Tvithin tbe willow leaves deformed bv 't.

CKCTI»()MYIA.

ISJ

completed." Tlic pcoiliarity of tliis process is, that the transfornm-
tion is iiiulerfroiic ivithwl shaldiiKj fhv hn-vu skin, ami, ns tin; suine
observalioii lias l.ecii repeated l.y Dr. Harris on the larva' of C.
dcstrint.,,' Say and C. trlUvi Kirl)y, it is very pr()l)al)Io tliat it ap-
plies to all the larva« of the peims. I do nut fmd this faet men-
tioned in the Kuroi)ean anthors.

Instead of a coeoon, the pupa of Cer. dcstrticfor Say is inclosed
in an ohlonir, hrown eas.v which is nothing but its own hardened
pnpa-skin. "The u.rva of this in.seet, says Dr. Harris (/. <:), when
it has come to its f,q-owth, remains fixed and motionU>s on the
culm of the wheat. Its body contracts and soon takes the form
and color of a fla.\--sced. While this chanj-'e is {?oing on e.xlernally,
the l)ody of the insect <:radnally cleaves from its outer dry and
brownish skin. When this is carefully opened, the included insect
will 1)0 seen to bo still in the larva state. It docs not cliaii.i;'e its
condition until a few days before it discloses the winged insect,"

etc.

Cen'd. (/nain'iu'rola Kalt, and another Cecuhmyiu, mentioned by
Dr. Filch as forming an imbricated gall on Afjrostis httcrljlom,
undergo a sinnlar kind of transformation, their pnpic being inclosed
in the dry larva-skin.

However diflerent the mode of transformation of CvritJ. piiii
Dog., C. piiii marit'uiurVtwl, and Crr. piin t'liopis 0. S. may ap-
pear, the puptc of which arc inclosed within a cocoon of resin, it
is in perfect analogy with the preceding instances. The process
by which the cocoon is formed is exactly the same as that de.-cribed
above by Dr. Harris. The larva of the American species C. pint
iiiopis O. S. observed by me in the environs of Washington, fastens
itself to a pine leaf and remains motionless until the resinous sub-
stance which it exudes abundantly, begins to harden; the larva
then gradually frees itself from the contact of the cocoon-like case
thus formed. It is very probalde that this cocoon is nothing but
the outer larva-skin, saturated with resin.

The pupio of Cccidonujicr show a close resemblance to tho<c of
the Tipiihcftimju'oJa', especially those of SriKra. As in the latter
genus, the bases of the antenn;e are often produced in points ;
these frontal projections are sometimes long, approximated, and
resemble horns {Cec. sarothmnni, see Winnertz, 1. c. Tal). I, f. G,
or Ci'c. verbasri Diifour, Aun. Sc. Nat., 3e ser.. Vol. IV, p. Ö-21,
with iigures, 1S4Ö); in other cases they are smaller and at suiiio

'■ -A

1'

•"■-1

.' •■*

"1 'i '

'■■?

18ß

i>iPTF.nA OF Nonni AMKUir.\.

t

m

um'-''

(lislmu'C from onoli ollicr (Ccc, sx/in'tia, C. irrom'nr, (»tc. , sco W/.,
1. c. f. 3, 4). lU'liiiul tliosc lioriis, two pairs of Itristic-likc jtro-
ocssps may l>e oliscrvod in most iiiipa*. Tlic first pair is also on
the head, close by tlic horns, the ,s. 'ond on tlic tliorax. I»olh
vary in size and strcn;^tli in different spceies. Tlic sceond, tho-
racic pair, has l)cen taken l»y some antliors for a spiracle. Tlicsc
])rojt'ctions and horns, especially the frontal ones, aid the pupa in
worlcinj? its way tlironj^h the pall or from tinderfjrroiind, licfore
enterinfjj its hist staj^e of existence. The dorsal segments of the
nhdomen are, for the same purpose, frecpiently ronjih with spines.
The tip of the abdomen is sometimes smooth; in other instances
it bears a few lirislles.

After tlie exclusion of the perfect insect, the piipa-skin remains
frequently hiiUfjjinj!; on the outside of the pall.

Some species of Cceldotuijla have oidy one, others more than
one yearly generation. The summer generation of the hitter kind
remain but a short time in the pupa state; the winter generation
much longer.

The larvie of Lasloptcnt resemble those of Ccrülomyla in their
structure as well as in their habits. They fre(pieutly have the
f?nme reddish color and the peculiar breast-bone. L. ruhi Heeger
and the X. American L. vifis O. S. jiroduce swellings in the stem
of the itlants which they iidiabit. L. pnsi'lla Ileeger forms galls
on the leaves of Sunrhus, L. cerris KoUar on those of the oak
( Quercus cerris).

III. 0)1 the North American CKClPOMYlyi; hitherto ohserved and

their (jalh.

The species of X. A. Cecidomyice at present known, may be
distrilxited into three categories, according to the extent of our
knowledge concerning them. About the si)ecies of the first cate-
gory, nothing but the description of the i)erfect insect is extant,
its habits remaining unknown ; as to those of the second category
we are acquainted with the first stages of their existence, especially
with the deformations they produce, without knowing the perfect
insect; finally, to the third category belong those, the habits of
which, as well as the perfect insect, are described.

The following is a synopsis of the species recorded by previous
authors, as well as of those mentioned in this paper: —

•■• .»ft»:*.-"-
' ■'. ."""v

:'^r

T

CKCinOMYIA.

187

I. rc.feot insect dcscrined, liubits mikiinwii.

• Dr. A. Fitüh, V.nnny on tho Wheat-fly, otc.

C. oriinifi Say, LoimV Kxiicil. Ai«it. i>. :ir»7. Wm\. Auhs. Zw. I, -;!, 2.

(', riiliiilirii ritcli.

C crriiiliii V\U'\\.

C, ti r;iiit(t Kitcli.

C tliornririi Kitcli.

('. .ipniiijirnni Wülk. List of T>ipt. Urit. .Mus. I, :in.

('(iiiiiiiiliimi/z'i Kriiirlhitic Si\y, .loiirn. Acad. I'liil. IH, 17, 1. Wicil. Auss.

Zw. I, 2-J, 1.
Trilnzi/iid, s]!. Lw. (sc« p. 17^).
Diplonia iiiiii-rii.f Lw. Tlio I'ollowiiig note on thin new spocics was furtiisliod

by iMr. Locw : —

" Gall-jrn.ats cannot be ivcocrnizably <lcscril)c(l from sinjrlo dried
specimens, nnloss they are distiiiirnislied by some striUin? peculiar-
ities. I feel no temptation nt all to describe species which have
no such pocnliarities, and allow myself an except ioii only with tho
followinjj: Dlploais on account of its remarkable I)cau'y.

.;fi.

^t

D. lliamis Lf.i-.w. % and 9. (Tal.. T, (il's. 11 and 12.)— FlaviMa,
thoracc t'liscn-vittato, aiitcniianiiii articulis ni^ris et iialtiilis altfrnanti-
l)us, alls violaceo-macuktis, tibiis tarsisqiie iiigro-annulatis.

Yfllowisli, thorax with fuscescent stripoa ; the joints of the antenna- .ilter-
iiately black and whitisl, ; wiiiu's witli violet-blue spots ; tibia« and tarsi
annulated with blaek. Long. corp. O.OS. Long, ah 0.11.

Yellowish ; the joints of the ar.tciinic alternately black and
yellowish-white, the simple joints being black, the do"ble joints
vellowish-white: also the hairs of the black joints are black, and
those of the lii?ht ones lijrht. Thorax with three brown longitu-
dinal stripes coalescing anteriorly, the intermediate one reaching
only to tiie middle of the thorax, the lateral ones running as far as
its posterior margin. Abdomen without dark bands. Coxse yel-
lowish. Fore and middle femora black on the upper side and
tips, the outermost extremity of the tip being yellowi>h ; hind
femora with a black line not reaching far beyond the middle, and
with the tips black. Tibi;e black ; anterior ones with a very broad
yellowish ring beyoml the middle, the hind ones with such a ring
at their base and a second ring I)eynnd the middle. Anterior tarsi
black on the first, short joint, at the base of the second and at
the tips of the second, third and fourth joints ; the hind tarsi have
the same markings with the exception of the base of the second

"•11

1«8

DIITF.UA OF NOUT» AMEUICA.

u

• '; ■■;/ ':
''*^'''' ''■':'■/■■

'.»i-TS'i.i

■.'•>

'S. ■

joint, wliic'li is not Mnclv. I'oiscrs yollowisli, tlio 1)iiso of tlip Iviiol)
liliiclusl». Wiii!:;s ydiowisli, iii»|tt'!iriiij:f iiliiiost truldcn yellow in an
oidirpio direction, witli liii;ilit !-|iiits of ii violet rcdcction. lU'fore
the rioc'ontl loiifritndiniil vein (Ik r<' iirc two sncli spots, tlic first
immediately beyond tlie tip of tlie fiiNt lonfiitndintd vein, tlip
«I'l'ond Ix'tween tlic first nnd the tip of tlie second lonu'itndiniil
vein, between tlic second und tliird lonj;itndinal veins there arc
three vioKt spots, the first of wliieli is the hirpcst ; il is sifinited
under the first costal spot nnd runs far towards the liaso of the
wiiifT in the form of a wedfrc wilhont sharp liniitali<in ; llie second
is the snndh'st, aiul is placed Iiclow the yellowish space between
the two costal spots; the tliird is a doulile spot aiiiiost S shaped,
nnd nintcd to the second costal spot with its anterior end. IJihind
the third lon<j;'itMdinal vein the violet color prevails to such an
cxti'nt lis to leave only two golden spots, one of which is jdaccd
behind the anterior Iiranch and the other ininiediatcly behind the
])os1erior branch of the third lon^riliidinal vein. Tlie cilia of the
wings are (piite pale yellowi.>li, but bltickish where llio violet spots
reach the margin of the wing.

l/(ih. Washington. (Ostcn-Sacken.)

This species reseni')les very nmcli the European J)ij>Iosis pavo-
7)1)1(1. Loew, bnt is easily distinguished from it by the sniidler ex-
tent, of the violet color of the wings, the smaller extent of the
black color of the legs, and the sharper limitation of both colors.
Whctjier the male of JJi'jiIosis pnvovlnu has likewise tlie joints of
the antennic alternately dark-colored I do not know, as I did not
succeed in discovering it; judging, however, by the appearance
of the anteiniiü of the female, this docs not seem to be the case."

TI. Galls or larva} known, perfect insect unknown. (The descrip-
tion of these galls and larva; is given below, nnder the indi-
cated numbers.)

Oil hickories, Ctiri/a, of dilTeicut kiiuls, seven species, besides one belonging

to the third ciitegoiy. (Xns. 1 — S.)
On the gold(>n-roil, Suliilttijn, ai iWlYvivni kinds, two species, besides other

two belonging to the third category. (No>!. ft — 12.)
On V(irrl)n'iitn (or ^/(////»ss'rcfV» ?). one sjiecies. (No. II!.)
On the scrub pine {Pinus innps), two species. (Nos. 14 and 15.)
On the red maple (Acer ruhntin), one species. (No. 17.)
On the ash {/•'rii.riniis ami ricaiHi), one species. (No. 18.)
Oji tlie ojiks of dillereiit kinds ((^ii' reus), four species. (Nos. lO — 22.)

r

CWIDOMVIA.

ISO

o "

On th- uil.l irnipo ( IV/m), '>"" Hinnios (No. 24), . liK'« nnoth.;r Imlwiigiii.^

to til.' tliinl c.'itt'f.Mny.
On tlic li<'inl.,.|iin (('ori>iini.i nmifie>iiin) orin »in'cics. (No. 'l^u)
Oil th.' tiilii.-tri'.' ( l.iti»<t, tiilrnii hilii'lj' nim), two cpocicH. (Nos. Hü ami 'J.'. )
Ou ll.c willow (><///>), Olio ,-pcc:ius (No. US), Wsi.lcs ono l»;loii^iiig to lli.'

tliinl luitcgory.
On liu/m'ii ns/iih-d, OIK! siu'cics. (No. "<".)
On tho liliifUlK'iry {liuhus rill„^„s), one rti.ccics. (No. M.)
On .I'/r.'.s'/.s hiln-ljliini (.'), <'»'' ^^l"'«^'! ''•■'• (N<>. :5"i.)

III. ri-rloot insect doscribcil, ami Us hiUiits known.

On till.« oorijalri (wliuiit, ry«-, <'ti'.).

f About tho liaMtM of thcso w.-n-icuowii insects, sfe
('. (I<.ilrurh,r any. \ Dr. Harris's Tioatiso, eto., aii'l Dr. Filuh'rt iiapiTH :
('. tritici Kirl.y. j Tlio llfssiun Fly (Tr.ins. N. Y. Statu Agric. Soc,

t vol. VI), and Tho Wheat l"ly (ihiil. vol. V).
C, riihiiirnhi Morris. See Dr. Harris's Treatise!, p. 4';.').
On the looust {Ruhiuia jiti iidiiitnii-ld),

('. rohiiiiii: llahl. Anier. .lonrn. Ai-'rie. and Sc., vol. VI, T.K^. Mariis,
TreiUisc, etc., p. 4.')2. (llahleuiairs ])aper is also lepiodiiced in the
I'ruc. ]i.>slon Soc. of Nat. Hist., vd. VI, .laniiary, \>i>\K) The larva
livi's upon the leaves, the margins <d' which it defoniis into a roll.
It, is evident, from Mr. II. 's dcsci iplioii of the perfect insect, that
it belongs to the .sub-geiiu.^ /Ji),l<..'<ii. (.^co also Fitch, Iteports, vol.
II, No. ;i;VwJ,)
{,'. ps.udnanirir Fitch, lleports, V(d. H, No. WM. Tlio laivn; injure the
teiitler young leaflets near the tip of the stem, cansiic-; ihein to he
folded like a little pod (in .July and August). They tiansforiu
under ground.
On tho gooseberry {Rtbis urti crisjin).

C. yrussulari.i Filch, licpoits, vol. 1, p. ITd, and vol. II, No. IfiO. The
bcriies turning red prematurely ami becoming putrid, euntain the
blight yidlow laivie. Dr. hoi'W thii)l;s that the iierlcjt insect b.i-
loiigs to the sub-genus .Is/./,.» /.■////''(. (.See p. 7.)
On the willow (.S(W/j: ri^iiihi and S. lacidii).

C. Salicis Fitch, Am. Quart. Joiirn. Agile, and Science, vol. I, p. 21)".
(See al.-^o Dr. Harris's paper in I'u.c. Dost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. Vil,
January, It-Gt).) The gall is a woody tumor, surrounded by the
dry and biiltle Urmiiial bud, at the tips of the t'Aigs. It outains
but a siiiKh' larva. The name of the siiecies must be changi-d, as
there is already a Kuioiiean ('. sulitis. I propose to cull it C. njiili .
On the alder {Alnus sirnilnlti).

C. st-rrulal(i: O. S. (See below, No. lij.)
On the hickory (Carya).

lHjilosis fdi-ij I' O. S. (Sue No. 1.)
On the wild grape.

•4
'.1

■I

'rt.

■;>

190

DiPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Lnsinptrrn ivV/s 0. S. (See No. 23.)
On tliu goIiU'ii rod {Sulidaijo).

V, soli lilt i/i II is Lw. (See No. 9.)

C. /iirii]„-s 0. S. (See No. 10.)
On Cliri/siij,sis iitfiriiina,

C. c/irijfopsidis L\v. (See No. 29.)

In conipiirinj^ this list witli vsiiuilar ciiunicnitions existinj^ for
European Cevidomyice, but few cases of analogy will be fuund.
ISucli cases are, for instance, the habits of C. plni Inopis, nov,
sp., which correspond exactly to the European C. plni I)e<rcer;
the gall of C. strobikndes, nov. sp. , on the willow, which is repre-
sented in Europe by G. slrohllaua Bremi; the analogy between the
gall on Frdxinus americunci (No. 18) and that of ('. butidaria Wz.
of the Enro[)ean ash, is more doubtful ; likewise that between the
deformation of Ccrubesceiis, nov. sp. (Xo. 20) on the oak leaves,
and a similar deformation descril)ed )iy Mr. Loew (('. <piercus Lw.)

Two galls occur on the American wild grape, whereas none has
been discovered on the European grape; likewise, althougli eight
galls are already known to occur on the hickory (C<iri/<i), none is
recorded as belonging to the European walnut {Jtujluus). Al-
though galls have been found on the European maple, alder, and
blackljcrry, they are different from those recorded below on the
American species of these trees and shrubs, liuhlnia, Liriudcn-
droit, and in some degree Sulidoi/o, being peculiar to America,
their tjalls could not, of course, l)e expected to be found in Europe.

(

ii: •'■^.•|-.'■■ ■

%■'■'*'

1^;.

& ■ ♦'■'■■?;1. l.

I will proceed now to give a condensed description of the ob-
servations which I had occasion to make on Cecuhmiijup. during
my residence in this country. Those observations were made in
the environs of Washington, unless otherwise mentioned. I have
followed a practice adopted in Europe, in giving names to species
known only on account of the deformations they produce, the per-
fect insect not Iiaving as yet Ijcen reared. This affords the advan-
tage of being able to designate each described gall by a lixed
name. In order, however, to distinguish such species from those
the gall-lly of which has been reared and described, the first are
simply put down as new species (n. sp.), whereas the names of the
authors have lieen mentioned after the spicilic names of the latter
(Ew. or O S.)

'.a

CECIDOMl'IA,

191

1-8. Oil hickories (Carijn) of dilTerent kinds.

Tlie iiiiinoroiis galls of Cevidow>ji<e occurring on tlio hickory arc
foiiiiil iiKliirereiilly on tlie various species of this tree. I liavc
noticed also that whenever a spot is found where one of the galls
occurs in abundance, some of the other kinds are sure to be found.
Thus tlie galls of Cec. liolotriclia and those of Diplosis cary<f, or
those of the latter with the galls of Cec. tiihlcohi are frequently
uiet with on the same leallet.

These galls may be distributed as follows (the numbers from 1 to
8 corresponding to those of the descriptions given below) : A . True
galls, fastened to the under side of the leaf and breaking oil" easily.
u. IJare. 1. SnlKilobnhir, with a sn)all nipple at the tip, diani.
0.05 to 0.1. 2. EloiKjated u)noH shttped, a little larger tiian the
preceding. 3. Conical, contracted at base, blood red or ]>urplish.
4. Cylindrical, erect, inserted in a cylindrical socket, b. l*ul)es-
cent. 5. Subglol)nlar, with a nipple at tip (or short onion shaped),
l>ubescent with ferruginous. 6. Subglobular, without nip))le at
tip, finely downy. 1). Other deformations. 7. Swelling of the
midrib at the l)ase of the leaf. S. Yellow spots on the leaves;
larva living on the leaf not within it.

1. JJ/j>l(tsis c(ir//(C Ü. S. Gall subglobular, smooth, seedlikc,
0.05 to (».1 in diameter, with a small nipple at the tip. In sum-
mer they are yelluAish-green and their shell Is soft; in winter they
become brownish, and the shell, although thin, is hard and woody.
They begin to grow in June. I gathered them in October, when
the larva was full grown.

Each gall contains a single larva; it is white, and stouter iii
proportion to its length than most larvie of Cecidumi/ia. The
breast-ljone has two sharp poiiit.s anteriorly, with an ex(.'avation
between them; the tip of the last abdominal segnient has no horny
processes. It undergoes tlie transformation within the gall. The
pui)a resembles, by the structure of its head, that of C. .sarof/iinnni
\Vz., ligured by Mr. Winnertz in his monograph (/. c. tab. I, f. ('.);
uajnely, the pointed projections at the basis of the anlenn;f are
closely appro.ximated and not remote, as in other species.

After having kept these galls on moist sand all winter, I ob-
tained the fly in April, (Description drawn from a fresh specimen.)

D. cai-yae 0. S. (^ and 9.— Antenmc pale; J' 26-jointed:
alternate joints a little larger than the intermediate ones; verlieib

' .'if'l

•ill-'

T

192

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

If

■ '-■■<;*.■"«'».■,■'

;^^:

moderate; pedicels between the joints rather short; 9 14-jointed,
joints subsessile ; front and month pale ; coiiarc with a blockish
edge posteriorly, ending on both sides in a short, black streak on
the plenne ; thorax pale, with' three broad, almost contli^iious
blackish or gniyi.ih stripes ; the intermediate ono is snliounoilbrni
and sTij,flitly capillary towards its posterior end, which, for this
reason, appears slightly billd ; it does not reach the scntellmn ; the
lateral ones are rounded anteriorly, narrowed posteriorly, and end
jnst before the scutellnni in a short, black streak, comniiinicating
with a l)ro\vn triangle on the side of the scntelluni, so that the
latter, being jtale itself, is inclosed on both sides by the black
streaks and the brown triangles; a couple of black dots are visil)!e
on the pleura! ; a pale brown spot on the pectus, Ijctwecn the first
and the second pair of coxai ; a brown sjiot at the basis of the
lialteres, which are pale; abdomen reddish, hardly darker laterally,
and with a tuft of hair on each side, near the posterior margins of
the segments ; legs j)ale, with a nunute, appressed l)lack pubes-
cence, which makes them appear blackish; wings iinnnicidate; the
second longitudintd vein j(jins the costal at the apex of the wing
or immetliately l)cyoiid it ; cross-vein indistinct or none.

2. C. ctn-ijiccohi, n. sp. (Jail somewhat larger than the preced-
ing, elongated onion-shaped, with the tip prolonged in a ])()int,
pale green. Found through the summer either in separate clusters,
or mixetl with oiher galls, for instance that of 0. hohttricha.

3. (^. sitiitjiüiiokntn, n. sp. Gall conical, narrowed at the basis,
blood red or purplish, about ^).\^ high and 0.12 l)road. I found
them for the lirst time about the middle of July. At this time
they were solid inside, except a narrow hollow near the basis which
cohtuiiied the small, somewhat yellowish larva, with a distinct,
pointed, spear-riha[)ed breast bone. These galls occur in nume-
rous clusters on the same leallet.

4. (\ tnltifo/d, n. sp. (Jail narrow-cylindrical, erect, about 0.15
or more long. They break olf easily, being inserted in a small
protuberance on the leaf, with a sharp-edgeii socket in the centre,
in which the cylinder fits exactly. Their color, when ripe, is more
or less l)rowni.-ih, pale greenish at ba^e. 'i'hey are hollow inside
and contain in October a \vhiti,>h larva with a breast bono ending
anteriorly in a single, elongated point. They generally occur in
clusters. iSoinc of these galls are found covered with u viscous
fluid.

CECIDOMYIA.

103

::(i

end

Early in summer I frequently found a go.lI of the same form, l)ut
smaller, generally reddish at the tip and easily distinguished by the
absence of the basal piece in which the other is inserted ; it is
simply fastened to the leaf by a minute pedicel. Besides, it occurs
always singly, frequently on the edges of the leaves, whereas the
other gall is for the most part found in clusters. Is it the same
species ?

5. C. hohtricha, n. sp. Subglobular, pubescent, onion-shape i
galls. Diara. up to 0.1 or a little more.

They resemble the galls of D. caryce in shape, bat are somewhat
larger and covered with a pubescence which is pale when the gall
is young and growing, and becomes rust-colored in the stage of
ripeness. I have observed two modes of occurrence of these o-ails •
either they are scattered in numbers, as many as a hundred on the
same leaflet, or they grow in a row along the mid-rib of the leaflet ;
in the latter case they are generally larger, and being packed close
together, assume an irregular shape. It is very probable that these
two forms belong tj two difl'erent species, and in this case I would
retain the above name to the first foria. Galls of the first form
begin to grow in June; in September and October I found the
white larva apparently full grown. The breast-bone has one elon-
gated point anteriorly and two projections on both sides, about the
middle. At the same time I find in my diary that in some of these
galls (it is not distinctly stated which), I had found a pule orange,
apparently full grown larva, with the breast-bone ending anteriorly
in two triangular points with a rectangular excision between them.

6. C. persico'ides, n. sp. Gall round, 0.1 to 0.2 in diameter,
smooth, without nii)ple-shoped tip, yellowish or red, clothed with
a delicate down like that of peach, and looking somewhat like a
diminutive fruit of this kind. I found these galls more seldom
than the others.

7. C. cynipsea, n. sp. Rounded, irregular, hard swelling on
the under side of the hickory-leaf, on the midril), near the base of
the leaf, about half an inch long. When I found it (in .July) it
was pale yellowish, and contained, in several small hollows, minute
whitish larva;, with a breast-bone narrowed anteriorly and ending
in a point.

8. C. (jhUinnsa, n. sp. The small yellowish-orange larva forms
no gall, but lives in the open air on the under-side of the leaf, to
which it is attached by a viscous substance probably secreted by

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194

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

tlie leaf. The presence of the larva is indicated on the other side
of the leaf by a round yellow spot. The structure of the larva ia
peculiar: it has rows of fleshy, pointed tubercles along its back,
like the larva of G. pini inopis (described below), with which it
nj^rees in some respects in its habit of fastening itself to the sur-
face of the leaf by means of a viscous substance.

9. C. soUduyinis Lw. Gall on Solidago produced by the arrest
of the growth of the stalk, which causes the leaves to accumulate
round the same spot and thus to produce a large iml)ricated de-
fori-.dtion. It begins to appear already in July, but the flies
escape only late in the fall. The following description of gall and
fly have been prepared by Mr. Loew : —

" The gall (Tab. I, fig. 8) represents a globular head of the size
of Ig to 2 inches formed by hundreds of leaves, tlie exterior ones
being only little altered, the interior ones becoming more and
more narrow ; on a closer examination we easily perceive that this
structure results from the coalescence of several deformations at
the tips of abortive twigs ; in a specimen which I dissected I
counted five such shortened twigs. At the top of each twig there
is a single gall, without compartment, somewhat of the shajjc of a
very small seed, and having in its interior a cavity widened a little
undernec^th. The tip of one of them (Tab. I, fig. 10) show'cd at
its end three small convergent lobes, giving it the appearance of
being produced by three coalescent leaves. I could not discover
this structure in the others ; I found only a rounded, rather irre-
gular opening at the tip. The insect which produces this defor-
mation likewise belongs to the geuus Cecidomyia in the restricted
sense.

C solidaginis Loew. % and 9. (Tab. I, fig. 4— 7.)— Fiisca, ab-
dorniue fasciis rufis et nigris picto ; antennarum flagellum in mare arli-
culis 20 vel 21, iu foeminä circiter 18 ; alee pilosse, uigricantes, venula
transversa nulla ; terebra foemiuie modice elongata.

Fuscous, abdomen with black and red bands ; flagellum of the antennre
with 2U or 21 joints in the male, with about 18 in the female ; wings
hairy, blackish, without transverse veinlet; borer of the female mode-
rately long. Long. corp. % O.ltj, J 0.17. Long. al. % and j O.lO —
0.17.

Thorax with the pleuras sometimes brown, sometimes dark fus-
cous, with black hairs. Abdomen of the female with distinct

CECIDOMYIA.

195

black and red transverse bands, tlie liittcr less distinct in the
male ; hairs of the abdomen blackish with a lighter reflection.
Antennie of the male with 20 or 21 brown flagellar joints with
rather long peduncles, the uppermost being much smaller than
the preceding; the verticillate hairs very long and rather light.
The female has generally some flagellar joints less, and its johits
are round, with shorter hairs and without any peduncle. The
female ovijjositor has a very moderate length and is little pointed.
Legs of the female black without white reflection. Legs of the
male much longer and more slender than those of the female; hind
tibiae and tarsi everywhere with a white reflection, which, on the
fore and middle tibiae and tarsi., is chiefly seen on the under
side. Poisers black. Wings blackish on account of their close
and long hairs ; between the first and second longitudinal veins no
transverse vein is visible; the second longitudinal vein towards its
end is very little curved exteriorly ; the anterior branch of the
third longitudinal vein is distinct and nearly straight." (Descrip-
tion drawn from dry specimens.)

10. a hirtipes O. S. Rounded gall at the tip of stunted stalks
of Solidago, sometimes nearly an inch in diameter, smooth, brown-
ish on the outside, solid inside, containing several larvjs in difierent
compartments. I found them iu August, and obtained the fly on
the nth of September.

C. hirtipes O. S. 9.— Antennae reddish-black, 22-jointed,
joints short, subcylindrical, almost subglobular, gradually decreasing
in size towards the tip, separated by pedicels which are shorter than
the joints, verticillate-pilose ; head dark reddish with black hairs
on the vertex; eyes contiguous on the front; thorax blood-red, its
back blackish, the usual three stripes being almost coalesccnt and
separated by rows of erect black hairs ; collare blackish above ;
pleurte blood-red, with indistinct black dots; scutellum and meta-
thorax red, the first with black hairs; halteres reddish at base, the
club deep black ; abdomen red, upper side of the segments with a
blackish, apressed, rather sparse i)ubescence ; cox» reddish, feet
deep black; wings with a dense, blackish pubescence; costa black,
especially along its middle portion ; second longitudinal vein reaches
the margin at or close by the tip of the wing ; cross-vein indistinct.
(Description drawn from a fresh specimen.)

11. C. curhonifera, n. sp. Pale, circular spots, surrounded by

196

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

'•/V^ '.■ ■

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;-i^

a pnrplish-black ring, on the leaves of Solidago; uiuler each spot,
inside of the leaf, several larva?. I found them commonly in Au-
gust, and observed that the hollow space within the leaf was fre-
quently filled with a hard, black substance, not unlike charcoal.

12. C. racemicola, n. sp. Bud-shaped gall among the racemes
of Solidago. It has about 0.1 in diameter, is green, and looks
exactly like a bud, but is easily distinguished from the buds of
Solidaijo by its stout, rounded form. Each gall contains a single
reddish larva. Not rare in September.

13. C. vaccina, n. sp. Gall on the leaf of Vaccinium (or Gay-
hissacia ?), in the shape of a cock's oorab. I found near Wash-
ington, in October, one single leaf with two galls of this kind,
arising from the central rib. The largest of the galls was about
0.15 high and 0.2 broad about the middle. They were green, and
resembled pretty much a cock's comb, or, still better, an oyster,
fastened by its hinge. After having been kept for some time on
moist sand, both burst open exactly like the valves of a shell, and
a reddish larva escaped from each. Both wandered for some days
in the bottle in which I kept them, and inclosed themselves after-
wards in delicate semitransparent cocoons, formed above the sur-
face of the sand, between some chips of paper which I had provided
for them. Unfortunately, both died without undergoing their final
transformation.

14. C pint inopis, n. sp. Resinous cocoon on the leaves of
the scrub pine (Pinus inops). Similar cocoons have been observed
on the European pine, and described a century ago by Dcgeer.
Katzeburg, in his Forst- Insecten, describes and figures the same
cocoon, as well as the larva and the perfect insect, G. pini Deg.*
Dufour (in the Ann. Soc. Entoraol. de France, 183S, p. 293) gives
an account of a Cecidomyia with precisely similar habits, which he
observed on the South European pine (Pinus maritima), and which
he called C. pini maritimce.

The larva producing these cocoons is remarkable for two rows
of oblong, pointed, fleshy protuberances along its back, and a
similar row on each side. (See Ilatzeburg, Forst-Insccten, III,
Tab. X, f. 14, L.) Early in April I saw some of these larva)
emerge from a small hollow between two terminal buds, where
they had probably spent the winter, and crawl along the leaves,

* See the same figures of cocoon and larva in Wiegm. Arcliiv^, etc.,
vol. VII, p. 233.

CECIDOMYIA.

197

aided in this by a resinous substance which they exuded abund-
antly. Having reached a certain height on the leaf, they stop and
remain quiet till the resinous substance covering them becomes
hard and assumes the shape of an oblong, whitish, semi-transparent
cocoon. Then the larvn may be seen moving to and fro inside of
this cocoon. I did not succeed to rear the fly from the cocoons
which I brought home, and when I returned to the same spot in
the woods about a month later, the cocoons were already empty.

According to Katzeburg's statement the European species spends
the winter in the cocoon. The American species, as just shown,
forms its cocoon only in the spring. As, nevertheless, it may be
identical, or at least closely allied to C. pini Degeer, I subjoin here
the description of the latter, translated from Mr. Winuertz's mo-
nograph. (Compare also llatzeb. 1. c. Ill, p. 159.)

C. {Diplusis) pini Degeer. ^ Antennae somewhat longer than
the body, brown, basal joints yellow, verticils snow-white ; joints
strong, stout, on short pedicels, double joints three times as long
as the pedicel, the last joint with a very small, nipple-shaped pro-
jection ; hypostoma and front pale reddish or brown ; palpi reddish-
yellow ; thorax brownish-black or black, with two rows of white
hairs from the coUare to the scutellum, and one row from the shoul-
der to the origin of the wing ; pectus blackish ; pleurae reddish-
brown ; halteres white ; abdomen reddish-brown, with white hair,
forceps blackish ; feet brown with white articulations, under side
silvery-white ; posterior feet with a silvery-white reflection when
viewed in a certain light ; wings milky white, with a white pubes-
cence, the costal and the two first longitudinal veins brown, the
third longitudinal vein pale; transverse vein pale, but distinct,
very oblique, situated a very short distance beyond the middle of
the first longitudinal vein ; third longitudinal vein straight, turning
towards the posterior margin in an obtuse, rounded angle ; the
second longitudinal meets the costal immediately beyond the tip of
the wing.

9 Antennae a little more than half as long as the body, brown
with gray verticils, basal joints yellow; joints of the flagellum
about five times as long as the pedicel, last joint ending in a small
bud-shaped appendage ; hypostoiiia reddish-yellow ; front reddish-
brown ; palpi and thorax as in J*; halteres brown ; abdomen red-
dish-brown, with short whitish hairs, more dense and with a silvery
reflection laterally ; ovipositor short, yellow, with two small oval

198

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMKRICA.

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lamcls ; femora and tibioc and the anterior pair of tarsi superiorly
black or black-brown ; Inferiorly white with a silvery reflection ;
the posterior tarsi have the two basal joints black or black-brown
superiorly, silvery white inferiorly; the three last joints are silvery
white, sometimes with blackish articulations ; wings gray, irides-
cent with a dense, blackish-brown pubescence and brown veins ;
cross-vein distinct, very oblique, situated a little before the middle
of the first longitudinal vein; second longitudinal as in ^, the
third likewise, although almost perpendicular to the posterior mar-
gin. Length J* 9 0.1 to 0.15.

1."). C. brach yuteroldes, n. sp. Swelling at the basis of the leaves
of the scrub pine {Pinus inops). In consequence of this swelling
the pairy leaves diverge, their bases coalesce, and the sheath at
the basis of the bunch bursts. In July these swellings contain
several small reddish larvuj ; in winter I found them empty, but
having observed some larva! hanging on cobwebs near these galls,
I conclude that they undergo their transformation under ground,
and were caught in these cobwebs in the attempt to leave the gall.

The habits of this Cecidorayia seem to be very like those of C
hrovhi/ntera Schwiigr. living at the base of the pairy leaves of the
European Pinus sylvestris. Still, the latter produces no gall or
swelling whatever, and causes the leaves only to wither ; it also
goes under ground for transformation. (See Ilatzeburg, Forst-In-
secten, Vol. Ill, p. 160.)

ir». G. serriilatce 0. S. Deformed terminal buds of the common
alder (Alnus serrvlata).

The buds appear enlarged, rounded, pointed at the tip, having
from three to üve lines in diameter. In autumn they are greenish ;
in winter withered, brown, and frequently covered with a whitish
efflorescence. Each gall contained in October from two to six red-
dish larvaj, lodged in the same compartment. In winLer the galls
are found empty, as the larvie go under ground. By keeping some
of these galls, gathered in October, on moist earth, I obtained the
fly in the following April. It belongs to the sub-genus Cecidomyia
Loew. The description has been drawn from fresh specimens.

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C. serrulatse 0. S. J* »"^ ? .—Head and antennoe brownish ;
mouth and palpi paler; antenna} 18-jointed in both sexes; joints
verticillate and on moderately long pedicels (J*); subcylindrical,
subsessile (9); thorax blackish superiorly, the usual tb;ee stripes

■■■ :'5-...

CECIDOMYIA.

1Ö9

leaves

being coalesoent; their intervals are indicated only l)y longitudinal
crests uf erect hairs; a reddish spot before the scutelium; the lat-
ter brownisli will» two black streaks at the basis; sternum brown-
ish; tlie rest of the thorax, as well as the abdomen, arc of a bright
red, especially in the 9, where this red color is more apparent, the
abdomen being so much more distended ; dorsal segments uf the
abdomen brown (which color is produced by numerous and exceed-
ingly minute scales, appressed to the body); stem of halteres pale,
knol) obscurer; basal half of femora pale ; their apical half, tibiiu
and tarsi browtdsh; wings margined with a brown pubescence
anteriorly and round the apex, especially in the 9; cross-vein not
ai)parcnt; the second longitudinal vein reaches the margin a short
distance before the apex.

17. C. ocellaris, n. sp. Ocelliforra, red spots on the leaves of
the red maple (Acer rubrum). They have about 0.3 in diameter ;
the margin is bright cherry red, and there is a round patch of the
same kind in the centre. The interval between them is pale. They
appear brighter on the upper side of the leaf; on the under side
in the centre is a small depression occupied by a small, transpa-
rent, colorless larva. I found them in this state at the beginning
of June. Later in the season I observed that the spots had lost
their fresh color, and that the larva had disappeared ; I suppose it
drops to the ground to undergo its transformation.

IS. C. pdlex, n. sp. Rounded oblong, succulent, subpellucid
galls on the ribs of the leaves of the ash (Fraxinus antericana).
Diameter, 0.15 to 0.2. They are pale green, and the more ripe
ones are slightly colored with brownish. The principal convexity
is on the upper side of the leaf; on the under side the leaf-ril)
appears swollen, pale green in the middle, and whitish on both
sides. Each gall contains a whitish larva; some of these galls
were double. There were one or more (as many as six) galls on
the same leaf. Towards the end of June I found many of these
galls shrivelled and dry, and suppose therefore that the larva) had
gone under ground. A gall apparently similar to this has beta
discovered on the European ash, and described by Bremi and
"NVinnertz.

19. C. niveipila, n. sp. Deformation of oak leaves, consisting
of a large fold with a white pubescence on the inside. It begins
very early in the spring on the young leaves of the white oak and
other kinds of oak. The egg is probably deposited on the upper

200

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

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piirface of the loaf, on one of the ribs. Tlie irritation cniised hy
tlie hirva produces a fold or cavity in the leal", lined inside with a
white pnhescenee. The under side of tiie leaf shows on the oor-
respondin«^ spot the swollen ril», which is pale green, bordered on
both sides l»y the same white pubescence. Tlie galls, according
to their size, contain more or less larv«;, sometimes ten or more.
AVIien this deformation is very large, it involves the whole leaf,
which is folded in two along the midrib, the under side forming
the outside of the fold, and showing the swollen ribs with the
white pubescence in their intervals. On the 25th of May I found
some oC the galls considerably grown, thick, and swollen ; their
jiubescence was of the brightest white ; the larvic they contained
were also grown, plump, white. Other galls, on the contrary, had
grown but little, and appeared sickly or withered. Tiicy contained
no larvie at all, or their inmates appeared yellowish and sickly. I
suppose that some of them were attacked by parasites, as I found
a minute hymenopterous larva fastened to the skin of one. In
June some of the galls which I brought home were abandoned by
their innuites, which went under ground for transformation, but
perished soon afterwards.

The larva of this gall is white, and has two small horny pro-
cesses, directed upwards, at the anal end of the body ; its 'jreast
bone is truncated, heart-shaped anteriorly.

20. C. eniliescens, n. sp. Folded margin of an oak leaf, tinged
with red. This deformation seems to resemble that of C. quercus
liW. on the European oaks. Occurs in the spring.

21. C. symmetrica, n, sp. Hard red gall on llie leaves of dif-
ferent kinds of oak, small and round (between 0.05 and 0.1 in
diameter) when single, but more commonly assuming an irregular
shape by the coalescence of a number of them,

I find them chiefly and in large numbers on leaves of Qitercxs
fnlcata in autumn. They sometimes invade almost the whole sur-
face of the leaf, and have e.Kactly the same size and shape on both
its sides. The single round galls contain one larva, the compound
ones a number of them, depending on the size of the gall, but each
in its own compartment. The red substance of the crust shows
many cracks, when the gall is ripe, and is easily de*uvl:pd. Under
it is a harder, almost woody, yellowish substance. When the dry
I'.iivves with such galls fall to the ground, the red part of the crust
generally crumbles away in part, partly it is found erect, forming

\

CECinOMYIA.

201

a japfrtd fence round tlie pall. Such galls arc pcnernlly empty,
tlic lurvio liiivinp ))crliii|>s pone «nder pronnd, iilflioiipli one of the
specimens which I brought home was inclosed in a dclicute cocoun
inside of the pnll.

The liirvu is reddish, and has the usual hrcast-honc with a deep .
excision in the middle anleriorly ; the two lobes thus formed nre
rounded.

These pnlls, as I remarked I)cfore, protrude symmetrically on
both sides of the leaf. On other kinds of oak, especially the (|i)('r-
citron oak {Q. tlnvturia), I found similar palls, but on the upper
side of the leaf only, without the corresponding excrescence on the
under side. Those I brought home were abandoned by their larvic,
which went under pround. Thus I am very uncertain about the
identity of both galls, as well as about the habits of the insects.
As all these galls were found with larvtc late in autumn, it is evi-
dent that the fly escapes very early in the spring.

22. C. pocii/iim, n. sp. The so-called oak sjninghs (Fitch, Hop.,
vol. II, No. 40), small, circular, somewhat saucer-shaped scales,
from 0.1 to 0.2 in diameter, reddish or purplish, covered with a
white efTIorcscence, attached to the leaf by a short pedicel, common
in autumn on dilTerent kinds of oaks, are generally found empty.
In the beginning of August I found u similar gall, yet succulent
and greenish, on the post oak {Q. ohtmiloba), and inside of it a
small whitish larva having all the appearance of the larva of a
Cecldomyia, although, on account of its minuteness, I did not suc-
ceed in discovering the breast-bone.

Dr. Fitch is in error when he states that these palls are " per-
fectly the same" as those noticed by Westwood, Introd., II, p.
130. The European galls of this kind are pilose externally, as
stated by Westwood and figured by Reaumur (Mom., vol. Ill, Tal).
XL, f. 13); the American ones, at least those which came under
my notice, are smooth.

23. Lasioptera vitts 0. S. Swelling of the stem and leafstalks
of the wild grape. This irregular succulent swelling, which be-
comes red on its stouter and riper portions, extends not only along
the stem and leafstalks, but also invades the leaf-ribs. It contains
round hollows of about 0.1 in diameter with an orange-yellow
larva in each. Some of the hollows are often abandoned by their
inmates and invaded by numerous Thrips. Having brought this

202

PirTEFlA OF NOKTII AMEniCA.

^,>-

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(Tiill homo, T noticed tlint tlio larviu went uniler ground and ul)«
tuincd tliu ily on the 2'.)lli of June.

L. vltis O. S, — 0.04 lon^', pnle r(MMi>li, licad liliickisli, iiiitciiiiin
, black, apparently 'ili-jointed, filiforn), joints Itrniulcr tliaii Ion;.',
sessile, with a short pnl)esccnc'o (they answer exactly Winncrtz's
figure of the antenna of L, riifnWA., I. c. Tul). IV, f. 11), two
basal joints yellow, thorax blackish above, with a fjoldeu pubes-
cence near the coUaro and down to the origin of tlie wings ; scu-
telluni palo reddish, abdomen covered superiorly, on each segment,
with rows of blackish scales ; legs palo reddish, wings will» gray
pultcscenco, anterior margin with a iilaek fringe of hairs.

24. C. vlticula, n. sp. Klongated, conical, red galls, 0.25 to 0.3
long; on the upper .side of the leaves of the grnpe.

On the 10th of July, when I found them, they contained palo
orange larviu, the breast bono of which had two points anteriorly,
with several small indentations between them. The tip of the body
ended in two curved, horny points, directed upwards.

25. Cecid, pwlibunJd, n. sp. Fold on the leaf of the hornbeam
(Curpiniis americana), tinged with red on the outside. It is gen-
erally situated between two of the side ribs, and runs, therefore,
obli(piely towards the central rib. Inside of this fold I found, on
the 15th of June, exceedingly small whitish larvic ; when raagnified
they appeared semi-transparent, with an orange spot about the
middle of the body, and with numerous short, erect bristles ; the
head is distinct, as well as two short antennie; although I did not
perceive the breast-bone, I have no doubt, from the appearance of
these lt.;va3, that they belong to this genus.

26. C. liriodendri, n. sp. Brown spots with a yellow or green-
ish aureole on the leaves of the tulip-tree {Lirlodendron tidipifera).

These spots, about 0.2 or 0.3 in diameter, indicate the presence,
inside of the leaf, of a leaf-mining larva of Cecklomyia. It is about
one line long, orange, the exserted portion of the breast bone is
truncated heart-shaped ; the tip of the body has two short, horny
points, directed upwards. (Similar spots on the same tree arc
produced by a lepidopterous larva.)

27. C. tulipiferce, u. sp. Swelling of the midrib of the leaf
of the tulip-tree. One of these swellings, which I found on the
27th of July, contained several pale orange larvae of Cecidomyia.
They had two short, erect, horny points at the end of the body ;

CECIDOMVIA.

203

tlio protnidiii}^ ])ortion of the brcnst-bonc consisted of two trian-
gular i»r(ijt'(!(ioiis witli a triuiif^iilur excision between them.

2X. (\ slroftilniiles, n. sp. Terniiiial buds of the willow (the
siiccios is not iiiiown to tno) (IcforniiMl in tlio shape of tiie cone of
a pino. This defornmtion, communicated to nie l)y Mr. llul».
Ki'iiiiicolt, who fountl them abundantly in northern Illinois, is an
inch or more long ond contains several reddish larvas nndir ciicli
scale, so that the total numl)er of the larvio In one gall is very
considerable. A precisely similar gall has been observed I>y Mr.
Uremi on one of the European willows, and is figured in Ids mono-
graph (Deidvschr. d. Schweitz. Oes. für Naturk., Vol. Vlll, tab.
H) under the name of Cer. strobilana. The perfect in.sect liUe-
wise renmined unknown to him.

21). C. vlinjmpsidis Lw. The gall (Tab. I, f. 1) occurs in Sep-
tember on (hnjsopsis nmriana and was communicated to me by
Prof. Schaelfer in Washington. Oall and fly are dc.scriljed by
Mr. Loew as follows: —

" The gall consists of a woollen knob of nearly the form and
size of a very small walnut. On the sides there are single pro-
jecting leaves, which appear to have nndergono no deformiition ;
at the upper end the leaves of the extremity of the shoot seem to
be a little shortened. On removing the rather long hairs of the
knob, the interior may be observed to consist of a very great num-
ber of single galls, which have no compartments, and coalesce here
and there. Each of these galls has an obconical form, unless
modiiied in consequence of its coalescence with the neighboring
ones ; and it is covered exteriorly with hairs growing longer to-
wards the upper end, and resembling the ])ubescence on the stem
and leaves of the plant. In its interior there is a cylindrical
smooth cavity, which the perfect insect leaves through a small
round opening of the upper end. This opening ap[)arently does
not exist during the larva-state of the insect, since together with
galls which were furnished with it, and had been abandoned by
the perfect insects, I found some which had no opening and con-
tained the imagos dead.

" The small Gall-gnat which produces this deformation belongs
to the genus Cecidomyia in the restricted sense, and may be called
Cecidomijia chrysopsidis. "

204

PIl'TERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

■m-

C. cliryHOp^^idis Loew. % and 9. (Tab. I, figs. 2 and 3.)— Pufa,
thorace fuscano, antennarum in inare articulis 17, in fcemina Ifi ; alie
pilosfB, cinereae. venula transversa, nulla ; terebra fa'miniE longissima.

Red, thorax fuscous ; flagellum of the antennae 17-joiuted in the male, 15-
jointed in the female ; wings hairy, cinereous ; no transverse veinlet ;
the borer of the female very long. Long. corp. % 0.1, 9 0.14. Long,
al. % and 9 0.13.

Red, ou the upper part of the thorax fuscous, with very short
hairs. Pleurae with browu spots. Abdomeii with indistinct brown
l)ands. The hairs of the abdomen very short, appearing light-
colored. Antennae of the male with seventeen (the right-hand .side
antenna of one specimen with eighteen) joints of the flagellnm;
joints on moderately long peduni-'les ; the two last are usually
welded together ; the verticillate hairs on them are very long and
rather light. The female generally has two flagellar joints less,
and they are rounder, with shorter hairs and without any pedun-
cle. Legs dark fuscous, in some directions with a bright sericeous
reflection ; tips of the knees whitish. Poisers very pale, with the
knob almost whitish. Wings rather dark gray on account of their
close pubescence ; between the first and second longitudinal veins
no transverse vein is apparent; the second longitudinal vein,
towards its end, is very littl« arcuated exteriorly. The anterior
branch of the third longitudinal vein is rather indistinct." (De-
scription drawn from ury specimens.)

30. C. impatientis, n. sp. Succulent swelling at the base of the
flower of Impatiens fulva, in September ; contains red larvae.
(Communicated to me by Prof. Schaefl'er.)

31. C. furinosa, n. sp. Rounded woody swelling at the base of
the leaflets or on the midrib of the common blackberry ; contains
red larvae.

32. C. agrostis, n. sp. Mentioned in Dr. Fitch's paper : The
Hessian Fly, etc. (Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc, Vol. VI), on
p. 38 of the second edition, in pamphlet form, in a note which I
reproduce here: " I doubt whether the Hessian fly will continue
to be the sole member of this genus having a cearctate pupa.
Quite recently a species has occurred to my notice analogous to
the Hessian fly flaxseed in every point that I have been able to
detect, except that its larva-case is of a pale brown color, untinged
with rufous or castaneous. It infests the Agrostis lateriflora^ num-
bers dwelling together in an imbricated gall, somewhat resembling

CECIDOMYIA.

205

the fertile aments of the hop, though larger, and connected with
the main stalk by a short pedicel which is inserted into one of the
lowest joints of the cnlm. Frora the coriaceous texture of the
larva case, I suspect the inclosed worm will not leave it until trans-
formed to a pupa and upon the point of evolving the perfect fly."
It deserves to be noticed that Cecid. graminicohx, discovered by
Kaltenbach (Winnertz, 1. c. p. 292), having precisely similar ha-
bits, forms an apparently analogous gall, likewise on a herbaceous
plant, Poa nemoralis.

'I

INDEX.

ablnviata, Parydra, 1G8
Acalyptratae, 33
Acanthocera, 20
Acanthomera, 19
Acanthomeridae, 19
Acanthomyia, 17
Acanthoneura, 49
Acarterus 30
Aclialcus, 32
aciculata, Psilopa, 142
Acidia, 49

acidusa, Trypeta, 57
Acinia, 49, ßO
Aciuia comma, 58

novjBboracensis, 78
solidagiuis, 82
Aciura, 49, 50
Aclada, 13
Acnephalum, 23
AcreotricLus, 25
Acrochreta, 17
Actina, 17, 18
Actora, 37

Acurana, 23

Adelidea, 25

Ailraga, 18

Aedes, 5

renea, Ortalls, 59

aequalis, Trypeta, 86

Agromyza, 4ü

Agromyzidae, 4G

agrostis, Cecidomyia, 204

Aissa, 18

alba, Trypeta, 100

albiiiipenuis, Trypeta, 100

albiscutellata, Trypeta, 57, 60

Ak'imus, 23

AUarithmia, 11

Alliocera, 18

Amalopis, 10, 11

americaua, Blepharocera, 8

Amictus, 25

Ampsalis, 18

Ampyx, 23

Anabarliynchus, 24

Anacauthella, 18

Analcoceru3, 17
Anarete, 7, 177
Anaretina, 7, 174
Anarolius, 23
Audrenosoma, 24
Anepsius, 32
anilis, Dryomyza, 128
Anisomera, 10, 11
Anisopbysa, 18
Anisotamia, 25, 26
annulata, Gyuoplistia, 13
Anomoia, 50
Anopheles, 5
Antbalia, 30
Antbomyia, 36
Antliomyidae, 36
Anthopbilae, 33
Anthrax, 25, 2()
antica, Sciomyza, 104
antillarum, Trypeta, ürophora, Or-
talis, 57, 61
Antipalus, 24
Antiphrisson, 24
Antocha, 10, 11, 12
Apatomyza, 25, 26
Apeilesis, 10
Aphrites, 26
Aphrosylus, 32
Aplomera, 30
Apoclea, 23
Apolysis, 25
Aporosa, 10

appendiculata, Paralimna, 138
Aragara, 50

arcuata, Tetanocera, 115
arcuata, Trypeta, Ortalis, 57, 60
Ardoptera, 31
Argyra, 32
Argyromajba, 25, 26
Argyrospila, 25
Aricia, 36

armata, Trypeta, Straiizia, 5'', 63, 65
armipes, Sepedou, 126
Arrhenica, 10, 11
Artemida, 18
Artliria, 14, 15

203

INDEX.

Arthropeas, IG
Asiliilae, 22
Ariilina, 23
A.siliis, 24
Asiiidulum, 13
A. ; liondylia, 7, 176
Aspistes, 14
A.steidae, 47
asteris, Trypeta, 58, 99
Astomella, 21
Asynapta, 7, 177
Ataracta, 11
Atherix, 20
Athyroglossa, 132
Atissa, 149
Atomosia, 23, 24
atia, Psilopa, 143
Atractia, 24

atrovirens, Ephydra, 1Ö9
Aulacepliala, 33
Autonia, 25
avala, Trypeta, 58
Axysta, 149, 155
Azaua, 13

BaccJia, 26
Bactrofyra, 51
balioptera, Disccmyza, 140
Baryphora, 24
Basentidema, 17
BathypogoTi, 23, 24
beauvoisii, Trypeta, 58, 98
bella, Notiphila, 135
bella, Trypeta, 88
Belvoisla, 35
Beridina, 17
Boris, 17
Biastes, 18
Bibio, 14, 15
BibiouidiB, 2, 3, 14
Bibionina, 14

bituberculata, Parydra, 165
Bittacoiuorpha, 10, 12
Blastocera, 18
Blepharipeza, 35
Blepharocera, 8
Blcnharocera americana, 8
Blepharoceridse, 8
Blepharotes, 23
Bolbomyia, 17
Boletina, 13, 14
Bolitophila, 13, 14
Boml)ylid£e, 25
Bombylius, 25
Bombylosoma, 25
Borboridje, 47
Borborus, 47
bosuii, Tetanocera, 108

Brachycera, 2, 15
Braohydeutera, 162
Bracbydeutera diinidiata, 163
brachynteroidea, Ct'oidomyia, 193
Bracbypalpua, 13, 26
Bracbyrhopala, 22
Braohystoma, 30
brevicauda, Dicb,Tta, 133
breviceps, Parydra, 167

Cabasa, 23

Cacosis, 17

Cadicera, 20

Cadrema, 29

Csenia, 159

csBruleiveiitrig, Psilopa, 144

Calaiitra. 50

caliptera, Cecidomyia, 187

caliptera, Trypeta, 58, 60, 78

Calliphora, 3.j

Callomyia, 28, 29

Callostoma, 25

Calobaea, 103

Calobamon, 11

Calobata, 39

Calyptratte, 33

Campeprosopa, 17

Campsicnemus, 32

Camptoneura, 50

Campylocera, 49

Campylorayza, 7, 178

Canipyloinyza scutellata, 187

Cauace, 158

canadensis, Tetanocera, 108

carbonifera, Cecidomyia, 196

Cardiacera, 51

carinata, Notiphila, 137

Carpomyia, 50

caryae, Diplosis, 189, 191

caryoecola, Cecidomyia, 192

Catocha, 7, 177

caudata, Dichseta, 133

Cjcidogona, 7, 178

Cecidomyia, 7, 174, 176, 187

Cecidomyia agrostis, 204

bracbyntero'ides, 198

caliptera, 187

caryaecola, 192

carbonifera, 196

cerealis, 187

chrysopsidis, 190, 203

oulmicola, lb9

cyuipsea, 193

destructor, 189

erubescens, 200

farinosa, 204

glutinosa, 193

groäsularise, 1S9

i>3'

wsmm

193

,198

), 203
3tor, 189

INDEX.

209

Cecidomyia liirtipes. ]90, 195
liolotiitha, 193
iinpatienti-s, 204
liriodendri, 2U2
iiiveiiiila, 199
occllaris, 199
ornata, 187
pellex, 199
persicoi'des, 193
l)iiii Deg., Diplosis, 197
jiini inopis, 196
poeulum, 201
psfxidoacacia", 189
pudibuiida, 202
racemicola, 196
rigid.-B, 189
rohinire, 189
Salicis, 189
.saiii,'ainolenta, 192
serrulataj, 189, 198
solidagiuis, 1!)U, 194
spoiigivora, 187
stroliiloides, 203
syiuuietrica, 200
tergata, 187
tlioracica, 187
tritici, 189
tubiwla, 192
tulipitV-ra', r".02
vai'L'inii, 19iJ
vitioola, 1:02

Cecidomyidic, 'i, 173

Cecidoiiiyina, 7, 17 -

Cephalia, 40

Cepliali)e«ra, 22

Ceplialmiiyia, 33

Cepheiieinyia, 33

Cerajocera, 50

Cera'titis, 49, 50

('eratopogon, 5

Ceraturgus, 23, 24

Cerdistus, 24

cerealis, Cecidomyia, 187

Ceria, 26

Ceroplatus, 13

Ceroxys, 40

Chalarus, 27

Chaluochiton, 25

Chauna, !>•, 19

Chcilopogon, 22

Cheilosia, 26

Chene.sia, 6

Clietostoma, 50

Cliionea, 9, 11

Chiromyza, 17

Chironoinidre, 5

Ciiironoiiius, 5

Chlorops, 46
14

Cliwrades, 23

Chordonota, 18

Clioi'istus, 25

Chrysoclilamys, 26

Clirysochlora, 17

Clirysogaster, 26

Clirysomyia, 18

('hrysoiu)turt, 18

Chrysopila, 20

ChrvHops, 20

tdirysopsidis, Cecidomyia, 190,203

ChrysoHoma, 35

Chiysothemis, 4, 15, 16

Chrysotinuis, 32

Clirysotoxum, 26

Chrysotils, 32

Chy'liza, 38

Cliyinophila, 26

Chyromaiitis, 31

cinctiix's, Trypeta, 58, 60

cingulata, Trypeta, 76

Cioiiophora, 24

Cladura, 10, 11

Clanis, 20

clara, Tftaiiocera, 109

clathrata, Trypeta, 80

Clinocera, 31

Clitellaria, 18, ''.9

ClinorliyDclia, 7, 175

Clorii^oiua, 18

Clanio, 6

CoiUila, 23

Coclopa, 42

Ca'iiomyia, 16

C(i.MioiHyiiia, 16

CaMiosia, 36

Colax, 21

Colpodia, 7, 176

conibiiiata, Tetanocera, 116

comma, 'l'ry|ieta, 58, 93

Coiiiptosia, 25

Coiiopiiia, 27

Coiiops, 27

Cordyla, 13

Cordylura. 36

Cordyliiriila>, 36

Co ret lira, 5

Corotlira punctipennis Say, 5

Coriacea, 4, 4S

Corniaiisis, 23

cornifera, Trypeta, 58, 60, 65

cornigera, Trypeta, 58, 60, 65

Corsomyza, 25

Corynocerus, 5

Corynoiieiira, 6

Corythopliora, 131, 132

costalis, Tetanocera, 118

Crapitula, 15

210

INDEX.

1-'*;*^??; .'1. ■

Crasppdia, 23
Crassisfta, 4']
Creojihiliv. 33
Critoneura, 11
Croliilooenis, 23
Crociilium, 25
Cryptincura, 2(5
Cryptolabis, 10, 11
Ctenojjyiia, 10
Cteuophora, 10. 11
Ctt'iiostylum, 33
Ctenuhls, 103
Culcua, IS
CnU'x, f)
Cnlii'i<LT, 5
Ciilifoiiles, 6

culmicola, Cecidomyia, 189
culta, Trypeta, 58, 1)4
Cuterebra, 33
Cyclogaster, 18
Cyclott'lus, It), 24
Cyclorhynchus, 25
Cylinilrotoma, 10, 11
Cyllenia, 25

cynipsea, Cecitlomyia, 193
Cynomyia, 35
Cyphomyia, 18, 19
Cyrti(l.-v,"21
Cyrtiiia, 21
y Cyrtoma, 30, 31
Cyrtoneura, 35
Cyrtojjhrys, 22
Cyrtosia. 25
Cyrtus, 21

Dacina, 40, 51
Dai.'tylififus, 23
Dactylolaliis, 11
Dacus, 40, 49, 50
Daciis olene, 50
Damalis, 23
Dasophrys, 23
Daspletis, 23
Dasvbasi^, 20
Dasylli:;, 23
Dasyneura, 50, 51
Dasyoimna, 20
Dasypalj)us, 25
Dasypogon, 22, 24
Das^ypogonina, 22
Dasythrix, 23
debilis. Philygria, 157
Dejeania, o.")
Delphinia, 40

(iestiuctor, Cecidomyia, 189
Dexidne, 33
Diabasis, 20
Diadocidia, 13

Dialysis, 16

Dialyta, 3'".

Diauii'sa, (J, 7

Diapliorns, 32

Diapiifsia, 14

Diastata, 45

Dicha'ta, 45, 132

Dicluxta brevicauda, 133
caudata, 133

Dichelacera, 20

Dicraiiia, 20

Dicrauomyia, 10, 11, 13

Dicrauophora, 17

Dicranophragiua, 10, 11

Dicranoptyeha, 10, 11

Dicranota", 10, 11

Dicraims, 23

Didea, 2ü

Dilophas, 14, 15

Diiuassus, IG, 24

Dimeraspis, 27

dimidiata, Brachydeutera, 163

Diiiera, 34

diuia, Trypeta, 58

Dioctria, 23

Dioetria octopuuctata, 24

Dionomiir5, 14

Diop.sid;c, 44

Diphysa, 17

Diplonema, 9

Diplosis, 7, 17(3

Diplosis carya), 189, 191
iiiaccus, 187
pini />(/., 197
robiniaj, 189

Dirhiza, 7, 17(5

Dischistns, 25

Discocephala, 23, 24

Discocerina, 45, 132, 145

Diäcoceiina lacteipennis, 145
leucoproeta, 148
orbitalis, 147
parva, 146
simplex, 147

discolor, Trypeta, (14

Uiscomyza, 45, 132, 140

DisL-oniyza balioptera, 140

Dithryca, 50

Ditomvia, 13, 14

Dixa, 9, 11

Dolichodes, 23

Dolichogaster, 22

Dolichoiuyia, 25

Dolichope'za, 10, 13

Dolicliopodidw, 32

Dolichopus, 32

Doros, 2(5

Drapetis, 31

•v....

INDEX.

211

L63

Drosopliila, 46
I)ros(»]pliiliil;i', 45
Di'Vdilioiiiia, yi
Dryoiiiyza, 37, 128
Dryoinyza anilis, 128

simplex, 128
Pysclytus, 23
Dyseris, 23
Dysmachus, 23

Eccoptopus, 24
Kcliiiioniyia, 35
Kchtliistus, 24
Kelimus, 25
Kctoi;e|iliala, 46
Ectenojiriis, 20
Eetiiiorliynchus, 2-4
Elapliroiiiyia, 50
Elii))hr()peza, 31
Elasmocera, 23
electa, Trypeta, 71
Elcctra, 4, 15, 16
Elepliantomyia, 10, 11, 13
EuiiiidiB, 30
Eiupis, 30
Enica, 25, 26
Enicoccra, 51
Eiiiconeiira, 25
Eiisina, 4!>
Ejiliippium, 18
Ephy.lra, 4.', 150, 169
Ephvilra atrovirens, 1(!9
EpliVdriiia, 45, 131, 158
Epiivdriiiidie, 44, 129
EpicercUa, 49
Epiceriiia, 21
Epidapus, 15
Epidestnia, 50
Epi<losls, 7, 177
Epiphragnia 10, 11
Epistroplie, '^ö
Epitriptu.s, 24
EprobosciiL-e, 4
Erax, 23, 24
Ei'iocera, 10, 11
Erioiraster, 3(t
Eriopoiion, 23
Erioiitera, 10, 11
Ei'!i>so;ua, 21
Eiii>lna, 3ii
Eiistali.s 26
Eristicns, 23
Erodiorhymdius, 20
eruliescens, Cecidomyia, 200
Estheria, 34
Euarmostus 23, 24
Eudiiieta, 17
Euleia, 50

Eulouclius, 21
Eunierus, 27
Euinctdpia, 39
Eupaiyplius, 18, 10
EupeitunuH, 15
Eurina, 4t!
Eurycaremis, 25
Euscelidia, 23
EutaiHus, 32
Enthyneura, 30
Eutohnns, 23
Evaiiioptera, 10
Evaza, 1 -
Exapata, 24
Exetasis, 21
ExeretoiK'Uia, 21
Exordiostdiiia, 17
Exodontha, 17
Exoprosopa, 25, 26
exsculpta, Ochthera, 160

Fallenia, 22

farinosa, Cecidomyia, 204

favillacea, Scatella, 170

festiva, Trypeta, Sii

fimbriata, Trypeta, 58, 60

tlavescens, Tetaiiocora, 113

flavonotata, Tryi)eta, 58, (Je, 71

dexa, Trypeta, Ortalis, 5^5, 61

Forellia, 49

formosa, Hydrellia, 154

fratria, Trypeta, 67

fucata, Trypeta, 58, 95

fulvifrons, Trypeta, Ortalis, 59, 61

fuscicornis, Pliilygria, 155

fuscipeiinis, Sepedou, 124

Gabaza, 18

Gastriciielius, 23

Gastroxides, 20

Gastrns, 33

Geomyzida', 45

Geranomyia, 10, 11, 13

Geron, 25

Glenantlie, 149

Glochina, H'

Gloma, 30, 31

Glossista, 25

glutinosa, Cecidomyia, 193

(inophoiuyia, 10

Gnoriste, 13

Goiiia. 35

Gonoglossum, 50

Gonomyia, 10, 11

Gonypes, 23

Graphoniyza, 103

Grossulariie, Cecidomyia, 189

guttularis, Tetauocera, lOÖ

212

INDEX.

m

■.••':' i v. -•?

■ •-,■* ■• : t.
'':: ?'■!;■ Vi-

i; ;■■ .X,

Oymnoptormis, 32
(ryuiiiosoiiin, Sf)
CryiuiKisouiina, '■)')
fiyii<)i>li.stia, In, ];?
Oynoplistia anmilata, 13

IIal)ropocon, 23

IliU'iiiasson, 9
Ha<'iiiat()i>nta, 20
Halmoiiota, 15!)
Haltericerus, "), 32
Haploiii'ura, 11
llarpamtM'US, 30
Ilt'famt'd.s 132, 145
Hi'U'oilromia, 31
HHliL.'inoiu'ura, 23
Hi'lciiiiyza, 37
Ileloiiiy/.iila', 37
Ht'lopl'iilus, 2i)
Hemeroilionua, 31
Ht'uops, 21
Ik-rcostomus, 32
llcrina rulitar.sis, 59, GO
Heniu'tia, 18, 19
lli'iiiK.'tina, 18
Hesperinus, 10, 13, 15
Hftei'oiuyia, (!
Heti'i'oiK'ura, 42
IIiHcroiuniridie, 42
Hctcropeza, 7
lli'teroiioiton, 23
llott'iostylmu, 25
Heterotriolia, 14
Hi'teroxycera, 13
Ilexastoma, 20
Hilara, 30
llippobosca, 48
Hippobosciiiic, 4, 5, 48
llinnoneura, 21, 22
Hirnioneuridte, 21
Hinuoneuiina, 21
liirfipes, Cecidoiuyia, 190, 195
Holopogon. 23
holotiifha, Ceciilomyia, 193
Houialomyia, 3ti
lloinalura plunibella, 46
Hoj^listes, 17
Hopliistomera, 23
Honnomyia, 7, 176
Horniopeza, oO
humilis, Trypeta, 81
Ilyailina, 149, 155
Hyalomyia, 35
Hyl.os, 30
Hybotidfe, 29
Hydivllia, 45, 149, 150
Hydii'Uia formosa, 154

IlydroUia ischinca, 150

hypoleuca, 151

obscuripos, 152

Boapiilaris, 153

valida, 153
Ilydrellina, 45, 131, 149
I Hydrubacuus, 5
! lIydi()i)lioiiis, 32
llyproccleuthus, 32
Hy li'inyia, 3lj
llypenotes, 23
Ilypodeiina, 33
hypoleuca, llydrellia, 151
Ilypophyllus, 32
Ilystricia, 35

Ibisia, 20

Idioptera, 11

Illiuera, 35

Ilytbea, 159

inipatitfiitis, Ceoidomyia, 204

inerinis, Trypeta, Strauzia, 59, 60, C5

Inerniyia, 18

Inopus, 17

iiis(!«;ta, Trypeta, 58, 72

iiiterrupta, Trypeta, Ortalis, 59, 61

ischiaca, llydrellia, 150

Isopogon, 23

Itaniur', 24

Iteaphila, 30

Jiirinea, 35

Labidomyia, 6

lactt'ipennis, Discocerina, 145

Lattuehilua, 25

Lagodias, 22

Lampria, 23, 24

Laini)rozona, 23

Laiayra, 23

Lai)arus, 22

Lapbria, 23, 24

Lapbrina, 23

Laphvctis, 23

Lapbystia, 23, 24

Lasia, 21

Lasiocnemus, 23

Lasioniastix, 11

Lasiopa, 18

Lasioprosopa, 25

Lasioptera, 7, 174

Lasioptera vitis, 202

Lastaurus, 22, 24

latifrons, Trypeta, 89

latiiiennis, Trypeta, Platystouia, 59,

(50, 78
Lanxaiiia, 41
Lauxauidse, 57

INDEX.

213

9, 60, G5
59, 61

3ina, 59,

Laxeiit'ct'ia, 23

Li'caiiia, 2-i

Lt'ja, I'd

Leiiiilophora, 25

Lepisolaga, 2(.»

Leptida',' 2(1

Leptipalj)!!«, 20

Lejitis, 20

Leptopaster, 23, 24

Lcptoinorplms, 13

Leptopeza, liO

Leptoscules, 31

Lejitoxys, 51

Lestreiiiia, 7, 178

lencoprocta, Disuocerina, 148

Lcucostdla, 32

Liaufalus, 32

litliteiisteinii, Trypeta, 59, 92

Lii,'3'ra, 25

Liiaea, 2ü

Liiunoliia, 10, 11

Limnobiiia, 10. 12

Liiiiiiol)ioiliyiif;uis, 10, 11

Limnoiiliila, lO, 11

Lipara, 82

Lispe, 36

LisHa, 39

Litorliyiichus, 25

LoncliKa, 41

Loiu'ha'idio, 41, 56

Lonclireina, 41

Loiichoptera, 2!)

Loncliopterid.'ü, 2i)

Lobioptera, 46

Lomatia, 25

lonpipennis, T:ypeta, 59, 65

Loi)horotu3, 23

Lophüteles, 18

Loxoceia, 38

Lucilia, 35

luctifera, Sciomyzn. 107

luiiens, Scatella, 171

liriodendri, Ceeidomyia, 202

Lyroneurus, 32

maccus, Diplosi.s, 187
Macha?rium, 32
Machimus, 23
MatTocera, 13, 14
Macrochile, 10, 12
MacroiK'ura, 13
Macropeza, 6
macropus, Sepedon, 125
Mauroi'hyncha, 13
Maeiostvla, 7
Mallophora, 23, 24
Maliota, 26
Mantipeza, 31

; mantis, Ochthora, 161

' luargiiii'iiuiK'tata, Trypeta, 59, 60, 97

: Masicera, 35

Müdt'teriis, 32
' Mt'u'a palpus, 25
' Mt^gapoda, 2 t, 24

Mtfua|)()llioii, 23

Mcgapiosopiis, 34

Mc'Lrarliina, 5

Mi'gliypi'i'us, ÖO

Mcuistoccra, 1(»

Mogistorliyiiuhus. 22
; nielaiioirastra, Tryjmta, OO

inelligiiiis, Tryputa, Ortali.s, 50
, Mt'litlireptus, 26

Mi'lophagu.s, 48
; Melpia, 20
I Meracantha, 49
; Mt'i'odon, 2i)
: Meroniyza, 46

Merosargus, 17

■ MesoctM-a, 21

i Mesogramma, 26

I Mcsomyia, 20

! Mesopliy.sa, 21

! MeHsahi, 14

i Mctaba.sis. 18

, Metopia, 35

! Metoponia, 1 7, 18

; inevarna, Tn i'ta, 59, Ofi

! iiK'xicana, Tiypota, 59, 96

I Miuhotamia, 23

MicrocL-ra, 31

Mici'oclirysa, 18

Mici'odoii, 26

Micropalpu-i, 35
I Micropeza, 39

Mieropczidie, .'58
I Microphorus, 30

■ Microphtlialina, 34
I Microsani a, 31»

■ Microstvlum, 23, 24

■ Midas, 22

! MidasidiP,
; Milcsia, 26
; Milichia, 4C
! Miltogramma, 35

■ Mixteuiyia, 26
i Mdclilonyx, 5

; Moi'litlieVus, 23, 24
! Moriinna, 22

Mulio, 25

Musca, 35

Miiscarias calyptratre, 33

MuscarifB aoalyptratie, 33

Musuid;e, 35

Mycetobia, 13

Mycetophila, 13, 14

214

INDEX.

mm

'VA

Myccfopliilitlfo, 13
Alvok'ia, 50
Myoi..!, 27, UH
Myoiiiil.'i', 27
}>lyn\<iu:\, 27
Myogit frf, THI, .13

Niceta, 49

nana, Sciomyza, 1<'4
narytin, Tryputa, .''I'.i, 95
Neniriiialpus, It
Ni-matoproctus, ^2
NiMiu'strina, '22
Nt'Uii'striniil.'c, 21
Ni'uuicfra, 2, .')
Ncniiipoda, 43
NiMiinrn'a, 15.')
Ni'iiioiius, 2(1
Nt'niot.'hi«, IS, If)
Nt'iiludtonia, IM, 13
K.Tiiis, ;U)
Neiii'ia, 2")
NeplirdftTus, 27
NtTua, 18

nik'ripalpa, Sciomyza, 104
niu'iivintriH, Trypcta, "I'.l. OS
nivt'ipila, Ceuidouiyia, 1!'9
No.lutis, 20
Nimacris, V>
^•otiphila, 45, 132, 134
Notiphil.i bella, l.'J.'i

faiinata, 137

«I'alaris, 134

nnicoli)!-, 137

vittata, 13(J
Notiphilina, 45, 131
nci\\Tlioraeensis, Trypeta, 59,60, 78
Nuceria, 20
Nu.sa, 23
Kycteiibidfe, 48
Nygmatodes, 9

obliqna Mirrq., Trypeta, 59, 97
oliliqua >V(_y, Trypota, (iO, 99
Olirapa, IS

oljsouripes, Hydrellia, 152
Obseliius, 21
obsoleta, Scatella, 172
ohtusa, Soiomy/.a, HT)
ocellaris, Ceitiilonivia, 109
Oohthera, 45, ]4i»,"l50
Ochthera exsculpta, IGO

mantis, IUI

rapax, 1G2

tuberculata, 161
Ocnrea, 'zl
ocresia, Trypeta, 60
Ocydromia, 30

Ocyptamus, 20

Ocyptera, 35

Oiypterina, 34

Odontomyia, IS, 19

Odontomyina, 18

OedaUm, 30

OlftTsia, 48

Olis'odranes, 25

Oligopogon, 23

Onimatius, 24

Oncodt's, 21

Ont'odina, 21

Onoodocera, 25, 26

Opetia, 28

Oploelieta, 50

Opnniyzidrp. 43

oiiin).sita, I'hilygria, 156

oibitaÜH, DiscoL'ui'ina, 147

Orellia, 40, 5(i

ornata, C' ol'loniyla, 187

Ornithf/niyia, 48

Oiplmepliila, 6

Oj'phnt'phila ttistacoa, 6

Ortalidre, 39, 49, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59,
C.l, S2

Ortalina, 40

Ortalis, 40, 93

Ortalis ainca, 59

antillarnm, Trypeta, 57, 61
arcuata, Trypeta, 57, 60
llexa, Trypeta, 5>, 61
falvifron.«, Trypeta, 50, 61
?interrupta, Tryjieta, 51), 61
melliginis, Trypeta, 50, (10
quadrifasciata, Trypeta, 60
quadrivittata, Tryjicta, (iO, 61
?tabellaria, Trypota, 60, 61

Ortlioneura, 26

Oscinida;, 46

Osoa, 20

Oscinis, 46

Oxycera, 18, 19

Oxyna, 40, 50

Oxyphora, 49

Ozodicera, 10

Pachycerina, 41
Pachygaster, 18, 19
Pachygastrina, 18
Pachymeria, 30
Pachynenra, 15
Pac'iyrhina, 10, 11, 12
Pachystomns, 15, 16
pallida, Tetanocera, 113
Palloi)tera, 41
Pallopterid.T, 57
Pallopterina, 41
Palpomyia, 6

i

')7

(M

tj(

I

61

'>',)

, f!l

•>,

(10

ta,

(;o

t.

ill, tjl

ilS

01

INDEX.

215

palposa, Trypptn, GO

I'anilioiu'riis, l!4

I'ftiiiicris, is

Paii^'oniii, lit, 20

I'niii?()iiiiia, ID

Panojis, lil

Parattii:^, li(!

I'araliimia, 4r., 131, V^2, 138

I'araliiiina a|iin'iiiliuiilata, 138

parallt'la, .Si'imnyza, ln-4

j)aralU'la, Trypeta, <>i

I'aramcuia, 31

I'ari.sns, '2")

parva, Discdci'rina, 14G

I'arydra, 4r), 1.1!), 104

Parydra abhreviata, liiS

bitubt'i'i'iilata, 165

bniviet'i>s, IH?

pauUuIa, lti7

(jnadrituht'ivulata, 105
paullula, I'.iryilra, 107
Peiliculla, 17
Püilicia, 1«, 11, lU
Pegesiinalhis, 22
Pelecorhyiiohns, 20
Pt'lidnoptcra, 103
Pelina, 141», 158
pellex, Cei'idoinyia, 199
Peiitht'tria, 14
Peodes, 32
Pei'icouia 9

persii'(iid(?s, Ceoidomyia, 193
Petalopliora, 41)
Petalojjhora t'apitata, 41
Phala;noiuvia, 9
Phara, 20 '
Phasia, 3.1
Phasina, 35
Phellus, 23
PluMieus, 23, 24
Philicmatus, 1)
Philammosius, 23
Philodiuns, 23, 24
Philoliche, 20
Plillopota, 21
Pliilygria, 45, 140, 155
PUilygria debilis, 157

fusuicornis, 155
opposita, 150
Phlebotomina, 9
Phlebotomus, 9
Phoneus, 23
Phora, 4, 47
Phorida}, 4, 47
Phoroxypha, 31
Phryssopoda, 35
Phthiria, 2r), 20,
Phycodromidi«, 42

Phvcufl, 10, 24

I'hvllis, 21

Plivllodromia. 31

I'liyUophora, IS

Physj'gaslcr, 21

Phytoiny/a, 47

Plivtoiiiv/.id.'c, 47

Piiil.'a, 21

picta, Trypota, ('auiptoncnra, 50, OO,

01
pictiiips, Tetanocera, 111
]iini />'■(/., I)i|)l(isis, l',i7
]>ini in()i)is, (Ä'cidoniyia, 190
I'iopliila, 44
I'iojdiilida', 44
Pi|iiza, 20
Pipunculida', 28
Pipunculus, 27
I'ithogaster, 21
I'lagiocera, 20
Plagionourus, 32
Platycejdiala, 40
Platyidieirns, 20
Platycnenia, 28, 29
Platyna, Is
Platvpalpus, 31
Platypeza, 2s, 29
Platypezidaj, 2S
Piatypygus, 25
Platyroptilon, 13
Platystonia latipennis, 59, 78
Platyura, 13, 14
jdubeja, Tetanocera, 120
IMecia, 15
Plesiastina, 13, 14
Plesiocera, 25
Plesiomma, 23, 24
Pleurocerina, 27
Plinthina, 20
Ploas, 25

pluniosa, Tetanocera, 121
poculum, Cecidoniyia, 201
Pogonosoma, 23
polita, Tryj)eta, 77
Pollenia, 35
Polydonta, 20
Polymera, 1(», 11
Pulyjihoniuri, 23
Poiaacera, 22
Porphyrojjs, 32
Posthon, 9
Prionella, 49
Prionocera, 10
Priouolabis, 11
Prionomyia, 6
Proagonistes, 24
I'roboscidea, 4
Prochyliza, 38, 44

216 INDEX.

Prootacaiitlnifl, 2n, U4

l'r<(lc|iHis, -','>

l'i'f)iiiiicliiis, 2.'i, 24

I'roinci'.'iiu^.'i, 18

I'ronoiii's, "Jn

l'r(>s(Mi,'i, :!4

I'rotopliiiiii'S, '2'.\

Profoplasa, Id, 11, 12

I'H.'iiniiioryitiM", 2(1

I'saniH, 27

psi'ii(l();u%'iciii', (/'üci<lüuiyi.'i, IM)

I'scuiloriis, 215

Psilii, MS

I'nili.la', :iS

pMiloui'plialiv, 24

Psiloilcra, 21

Psilopa, 4r.. i:52, 141

Pailopiv «cii'ulata, 142

atrn, 14:t

cDPrulfivc'iitrir«, 144

seoriauca, 142

uinluoaii, 143
Psilopus, Ii2
Psiinta, 27
Psoi'dpliora, 5
Psyi'hotla, 1)
Psychoilidio, 9
Ps.vc'liodina, IJ
Ptt'ctifiis, 17
Pturocosinus, 10, 13
Pterodontin, 21
Pteropexus, 21
Pteiospilus, 30
Ptilocera, IS
Ptiloiiyiia, 10
PtiolVna, 20
Ptyuhoptera, 10, 11, 12
Ptychopterina, 12
pubera, Soiouiy/a, ICHI
pii(lil)uii(la, Ccoidoinyia, 202
puuctipeniiis, Coiftliia, 5
pusillus, Srpfclon, 127
Pycnomalla, 18
Pyuiiopogon, 23
Pyrellia, 30
Pyrgota, 40

quiidrifasciata ll'd//;., Trypota, Orta-

lis, GO
quadrifasciata Mac//., Trypeta, (JO, 98
quadritiibi'iculata, I'arydra, 1(J5
quadrivittata, Ortalis, (iO, Ol

racemicola, Cecidomyia, 196
Rachicerina, If!
Ratdiicerus, 4, 10, 17
Racliiptera, 50
Eagas, 30

rapax, Orlitlicra, lil2

llapliii)ci'ia, 17

Itapliioi'liyiicliiiH, li)

l!hai>d(iL!aHtt>r, 23

liliadiiMiM, 23

KliadiurunH, 24

Wliaiiiplii.Ua, 11). 11, 12

Uliaiiiplioniyia, 30

ltlia|iliiuiii, 32

liliiii>iia, 2ii

lUiiii(iiiiv/a, 2h

liliipidia, III, 11

lÜK.palia, 22

KlidpalonasttT, 23

llliyiudiofcplialiiia, 21

lUiyiKdidocpliaiiis, 22

lUiypliidii', 3, 1,')

Rliypluis, If)

I'iuida', Cociilomyia, ISO

Kioxa, SI

lüvcllia, 40. .»JO

rciliiiiia', l>ipl(>,sis, 18!)

Uosaplia, Is

rotundic'orni-i Tct.iiincora, 123

I'dluiiiliiK'Hir' rypi'ta, 79

rulltarsis, 1} 'f)9, (JO

Sabetlies, f)

Saci'optervx, 9

Haldiiba, 17

.xalii'is, Cecidomyia, ISO

saiiguinolenta, Ct'uidouiyia, 192

Sapioniyza, 41

!Sapi'oinyzida% 41, .').'), 'i7

saratogensis, Tctanoceia, 119

Sarc'ophaga,-35

Saicoi)liagidie, 155

Sargina, 17

Sargus«, 18

Saiopogon, 22, 23

Saiuga, 18

!sauLTt)i)us, 32

irjc'i'va, 2(i

.«calaris, Notiphila, 134

Suaiidon, 23

Suaptia, 20

soapularis, Hydrellia, 153

tscarphia, 20

Scatella, 45, 159, 170

favillaiM-a, 170

lugons, 171

obsoleta, 172
Scatopliaga, 3(i
Scatopse, 14, 15
Scatopsina, 14
Scellus_, 32
Scenojiinidic, 2S
Sceiu)pimis, 27

INDEX.

217

.Scliii'iiomvza, 37

tjfianv, 14

Bi'ioliin, l:t

HciiMliomiii, rsi

öciüiiiy/n, ;i7, K'4

niiticd, l(t4
lu.'titVni, I117
iiiuiM. 1114
liiuriii,'il|)n, 104

olltllSM, 111.')

Vnrall.'lii, 104

< IMlll.'IM, l(i(j
Sciomyzidiu, 37, lo3
Scidiic, 120
öui(Hiliiln, 13, 14
scori.'U'fii, I'silopa, 142
Hfiit.'UariH, TryiH'ta, (io, 1)2
seutt'llata, Caüipyloiiiyza, 187
81-utcllata, Tryiieta, liO, 1)2
Si-ylatii'us, 2:J
Si'IaHouia, 20
Soiioliasis, 23
Seiinpterina, 51
St'iwinn, :n, 104. 124
Sepeilou ariiiiiicrJ, 12()

fusfiiK'nnis, 124

rnai^ropus, 125

piisillua, 127
Sopsidm, 4;J
Sei)sis, 43

Pejitt'iiaiia, Trypeta, (JO
si'i-iata, Trypeta, 84
Sericouiyia, 2(!
Serifosoma, 2.')

serrulat.T, LVcidomyia, 189, 198
Silvias, 20

siiiiiilex, Discoct'riiia, 147
simple.x, Dryomyza, 128
Siimiliila», 14
Simulium, 14
Siplionella, 4(5
Sisyrnoilytcs, 23
Sitaria, 49
Smiliotus, 32
solaris, Trypeta, .'»9, 84
solid.agiiiis, Cecidoniyia, 190, 194
solidaginis, Trypeta, CO, 82, 94
Solva, 18
Somula, 2G
Spauia, 20
Spaniocera, 7, 174
Spanurus, 23
Sparnopolius, 2.5
sparsa, Tetanocera, 117
sparsa, Trypeta, CO, 78
Spathuliiia, ."jO *
Spliieromyias, 6

Spliftii'ojilioria. 2(5

Splii'ciiiiiyia, 2i5

i^piii-uina, 2(i

.^plieliella. 49

Spliyiacepliala, 44

ypodius, if)

.^poiriistylmii, 2.'f

Hpoiiu'ivori;, Cei'idoinyia, 187

Sipyiiiliipa, Is

.^tai'hyiiia, 27, 28

t^tcu'aiia, 4C

.'^ti'naiia liypdlciKM, 40

ytciiopdu'oii, 2H, 24

StciiopioitiiH, 3n

StciKiprosopis. 23

yti'n()i)t('riiia, ."il

tStiTiKilirithcs. IS

Stii'li()p()i,'oii, 23, 24

Stilpiidgaster 24

ytoinoxys, 3.1

Htratimiiyi(l;e, 4, 17

Stratioiiiys, Is, 19

Strauzia, 49

Strauzia aniiata, .^s, G.*)
ineniiis, .09, ()'>

StreI)Ia, 48

strobiloides, Cecidoiuyia, 2u3

Struiiu'ta, .M

struthio, Tetanocera, 121

tJtylia, 49

suavis, Tryptfta, 75

Siibula, 15, IC

suspeiisa, Trypeta, 59, C9

Syliistroina, 32

Sycorax, 9

Symnierus, 13

.'symmetrica, Cecidomyia, 2(.>0

Symmiotus, 22

Symplecta, lo, 11

Sympycuns, 32

Syua[ilia, 14

Synarthrus, 32*

Syndyas, 30

Syiieches, 30

Synolciis, 23

Syiitoniioii, 32

Syrpliida% 2G

Öyri)lms, 2G

Syritta, 2G

Systenus, 32

Systu'cdui.s, 25

Systropus, 25

Tabanidfo, 4, 19

Tahanina, 19

Tabanocella, 20

Tabanus, 2o

tabellaria, Trypeta, Ortalis, Co, Gl

218

INDEX.

Tabuda, 24

Tachina, 35

Tachini<l!e, 34

Tachinina, 34

Tauhydromia, 31

Tachydroniid.T, 31

Tachytreclius, 32

Ta.'iua, 20

Treniapterre, 39

Tanypus, 5

Tanyrhina, 8

Tapinocera, 23

Temnocera, 2ij

Tepliritis, 41», fiO

Tephritis llavonotata, 71
trimaculata, 05

Teratopus, 23

ferellia, 49, 50

teix't.ta, Cecidomyia, 187

Terphis, 21

testacea, Orphnephila, 6

Tetanocera, 37, 107, 103

Tetanocera arcuata, 115
Boscii, 108
canadensis, 108
Clara, 101)
combinata, 116
oor'.ali.s, lis
fl;i 'escens, 113
giutularis, 108
pallida, 113
pictipes, 111
plebeja, 120
pluinosa, 121
rotumlicornis, 123
saratogensis, lit)
spars a, 117
strntliio, 121
triangularis, 122
valida, 110
vicina, 121

Tetanopina, 40

Tetraiioueura, 13, 14

Teucholabis, 10, 11

Teuchopliorus, 32

Thalassomyia, (5

Thaumalea, (>

Thecomyia, 103

Themnra, 50

Thereua, 24

Thereutria, 23

Therevidfe, 24

Therioplectes, 20

Thiuophilus, 32

Thlipsomyza, 25

thoracica, Cecidomyia, 187

Thorasena, 18

Ticliomyza, 159

Tinda, 18

Tipula, 10, 11

Tipulidse, i)

Tipulina, 10, 11

Tolmerus, 24

Tomomyza, 25

Toxoeera, 17

Toxonierus, 27

Toxophora, 25

'I'oxorhina, 10

Toxura, 4!)

Tracana, 18

triangularis, Tetanocera, 122

tribulis, Tryputa, (JO

Tncliocera, lO, 11

Trichodura, 34

Trichomyia, 9

Trichoneura, 11

Tri'dionotus, 23

Tricliopeza, 30

Trichoplithalma, 22

Trichopoda, 35

Trichopsidea, 22

Triclis, 23

Tricyphona, 10

trifasciata, Trypeta, 00

trimaculata, Trypeta, tiO, C5

Trimerina, 132

Triplasius, 25

Triptotricha, 20

tritici, Cecidomyia, 189

Tritozyga, 177, 178

Tropidia, 2(5

Trupanea, 49

Trypeta, 41,57, 62

Trypeta acidusa, 57
ae(iualis, 86
alba, 100
albidipennis, 100
albiscutellata, 57, 60
antillarum, 57, 61
arcuata, 57, GO
armata, 58, 60, 65
asteris, 58, 99
avala, 58
beauvoisii, 58, 98
bella, 88

caliptera, 58, 60, 78
cinctipes, 58, 60
cingulata, 76
clathrata, 80
comma, 58, 93
cornigera, 58, 60, 65
cornifera, 58, 60, 65
culta, 58, 94
dinia, 58
discolor, 64
electa, 71

INDEX.

219

Trypetn, festiva, S6

limbriata, 58, HO
flavoiiotata, 58, GO, 71
flexa, 58, (il
fratria, G7
fucata, 58, 95
fulvifrons, 51), 61
liumilis, 81
inermis, 5i), GO, 65
insecta, 58, 72
iuterrupta, 51), 61
latifrons, 89
latiixüinis, 59, f',0, 78
liflitensteinii, 59, 92
longipennis, 59, G5
niargineiniuctata, 59, 60, 97
nieluiioga.stra, 90
mt'Iliginis, 59, GO
nievariia, 59, 95
nn'xicana, 59, 96
narytia, 59, 95
novreboracensis, 59, 60, 78
iiisriventris, 59, 98
obliqua Macq., 59, 97
oblitiua Say, GO, 99
ocresia, GO
parallel», 51
palposa, 60, 74
picta, GO, Gl
polita, 77

qujuliifasciata Walk., GO
quadrifasuiata Mao/., 60, 98
quath'ivittata, GO, 61
rotuiiilipeiiuis, 7i'
seutellaris. Go, 9-J
sciitellata, Gn, 96
septenaria, liO
seriata, 84
Solaris, 59, 84
solidaginis, (lO, 82
sparsa, GO, 78
snavis, 75
suspensa, 59, G9
tabellaiia, G(t, 01
tribulis, GO
trifasoiata, GO
triiuaculata, GO, G5

Trypeta i;nicolor, 50, 60, 70
vernoiiic"c, 1(»1
villosa, GO, 99
Trypeti(la<, 40, 49, 56
Tryp.'tiiia, 40, 51, 52, 53
TryiKiderma, 33
tuberculata, Oclithera, IGl
tubicola, Cecidomyia, 1I)"J
tulipiferte, Cecidomyia, ll02

Ula, 10, 11
Ulomyia, 9

uml)rosa, Psilopa, 143
unieolor, Notiphila, 137
nnioolor, Trypeta, 59, 60, 70
Urellia, 49
Urophora, 49, 50, 57
Usia, 25

vaccinii, Cecidomyia. 196
valida, Hydr(41ia, 153
valida, Tetanocera, 110
Vermileo, 20
vernonia;, Trypeta, 101
vicina, Tetanocera, 121
villosa, Trypeta, GO, 99
viticola, Cecidomyia, 202
vitis, Lasioptera, 2u2
vittata, Notiphila, 136
Volucella, 26

Wiedemannia, 31

Xantlioclilorus, 32
Xarnuta, 50
Xenomorplia, 17
Xeslomyza, 24
Xiphocerus, 23
Xylophagida?, 3. 4, 15
Xylophagiua, llJ
Xylophattus, 15, 16
Xylota, 2G
Xyphandriiim, 32
Xyphosia, 49

Zodion, 27, 28
Zygoneura, 7, 177

220

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.«

Page 2, line 2 from tlie bottom, for of the Bibiouidre read <>/ some Bibio-
nidre. (Loew.)

Page 4, lines 2 and 5 from top, for Slratinmydw read Sirdliomi/id r.
" 5, line 0 from the bottom should rea«! tlius : South. Contlini is repre-
sented in N. A. by C\ pitnctijxiniis Say. (Lokw.)

Page 'i, lino (i from toj), for CuliociJcs read Citlicoidns.
" 12, " 9 from bottom, strike out the first aiul.
" IG, " 4 from top, for Tlnreviihe read Thereuidue,
" 16, " 15 " for fiidinrj read < nd.

" 18, " 18 from bottom, Piiclii/yaslriiia should be in small capitals.
" 21, " 15 from top, for Exehisis read Exetasis.

" 21, " 9 from bottom, the word vari/iny does not express exactly the
intended meaning, which was that of the German words (jericIiHui/.,
geschwunden, (Loew.) I find, in Say's Terminology, this structure ex-
pressed by the words repand, wavy, which means ivith alternate segments
of clrchs and intcrvcnhuj angles. — 0. S.

Page 22, line 11 from top ; same remark.
" 24, " 5 " for Philudicus read Philonicus.

11 from bottom, for Usio read Usiu.

10 " for Pleas read Pious.
5 " for Aidoiiia read Antnnia.

23 from top, for Prachi/ialjius read Brach mxd pus.
9 from bottom, for Siratiunigdic read Stratiomyidn'.

8 " for Dotichojiid;c read Dolicliojiodidie,

17 " for Stachiiiia read Stachgnia,

11 from top, for Neitrophocerus read Nijihroc(rHS.

9 from bottom, for less read wore. (Loew.)

18 from top, for Schoenomgza read lihphuroptera. (Loew.)
50, lines IG and 17 from top, for the words and for croicding ihtni read

irhile the r<st remain crowded, etc. (Loew.)
Page G4, lines 3 and 5 from top, for curralure read concarllg.
" 70, Trgp. itnicolor ; add t'(//y(i to its habitat. (Loicw.)
*' 74, line 7 from top, for Ccdirli road L'<dirh.
" 78, " 1 " ioY (xcr(ds \tia.CL r< aches into. (Loew.)

25,

25,

25,

2G,

27,

27,

27,

28,

3G,

37,

<\C\

iiii

' Many of the corrections have been communicated by Mr. Loew, to
whona the signatures were sent ; his name, however, has been mentioned
after those only which are not readily understood, but require an especial
authority. — 0. S.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

3iliio-

epie-

i.
y the

■e ex-

iiie/its

Tage 84, Tr;/p. Kolaris : Wiedemann's cand Wintliem's collections possess this
si)ecies from Brazil. (Loew.)

Page 1)4. Note to Tryp. comma.— One of my specimens from Maryland was
compared by Mr. Loew with Wiedemann's original and found identical.
The latter is a very pa'e specimen. It seems, therefore, that the elon-
gated hyaline spot at the tip of the sixth longitudinal vein is of normal
occurrence in this species. — 0. S.

Page 11,'), line 8 from top, for fcmoriv rend femora.

135, " 0 from bottom, for the words in brackets put nfthe cinereous
thorax. (Loew.)

Page 140, line 5 from top, for terminal read antennal. (Lokw.)
" 142, "11 " ioY sted-colorid Y^iViA steel-blue. {hüE.\y.)

" 144, " 15 " for knob read knobs.

•' ms, " 12 " for Philhj/fjria read P/i!hjr/ria.

Pages 174, 175. In figures 1-7, the third longitudinal vein is made too
strong. Its fork especially is very delicate, sometimes hardly visible in
nature, so that the difference between the wings represented on figures
3 and 4 {Colpodin and Epklosix), the one with, the other without, fork,
is not at all so strikin«: -"i appears in the wood-cuts.— 0. S.

In the Index, Autonia should be read Antonia, and removed to its proper
place accordingly, and Blepharopt.ra and Philonicus are to be added;
and, on page 208, the word dfstructor (Cecidomyia) should be removed
to the h'ft, so as to be in the same line with the other specific names.

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