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C Q H CL, o w o < OUR NATIVE FERNS AND c o u Oh C Q a; cu D O u o 03 <; THEIR ALLIES WITH Synoptical Descriptions of the American Pteridophyta North of Mexico BY LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D. Professor of Biology in Syracuse University THIRD EDITION, REVISED NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY i888 4 Copyright, 1888, BY HENRY HOLT & CO. DRCMMOND & NEU; Electrutypcvs, New York. X' *"*■■, PREFACE. The first edition of tliis manual was published in 1881 and the second in 1882 ; the continued call for copies of the work is tlie only apoloj^y for a new edition. During the past six years the interest in ferns has largely increased, and has resulted not only in a wider and more thorough study of known forms, but in the less explored portion of our territory new species are con- tinually being brought to light. Of the true ferns (forming the order Ftlufs) 140 species were described in the first edition and 145 in the second; in the present edition 156 species are re- corded, while three species recognized in former editions have been reduced to varieties. The Fern Allies are liere augmented by the addition of a genus new to this country {Salvim'a), and five species, two of which are here described for tlie first time; a reduction of three S[)ecies lias resulted from a more extended study of large suites of specimens, so that 68 species are here recorded. While the general plan as developed in the former editions has not been greatly modified, the details of the entire work have been thoroughly revised in order that it may be in harmony with the present aspect of structural and systematic study which every year is adding to the sum of our knowledge. Tlie v/ork is intended as an introduction to the study of ferns and a manual for the easy determination of our species ; as such it has aimed to be suggestive in methods of study; to this end the student is referred to the necessary literature, classified ac- cording to subjects, at the close of Ccich chapter. It is hoped that the introduction of eight pages of references to the intro- ductory literature of plants lower than the pteridophytes may prove valuable to students who, like the writer, have been obliged to grope in the dark with no kindly suggestion as to what works were valuable for beginners. (V) I I VI PREFACE. Acknowledgments are here rendered to those who have aided in the preparation of this edition. Especially we would men- tion Dr. Sereno Watson, of the Botanic Gardens at Cambridge for access to numerous specimens ; Professor Daniel C. Eaton, of Yale, for elucidating the synonymy of Aspidiuin patulum ; and most of all, Mr. George E. Davenport for very many kindly suggestions, specimens, and courtesies extending through a series of years. Syracuse Univf.rsity, Feb. i8, iS88. I Inti AliB Ch/ Inl I ■'k TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGB Introduction, • • '^ AiiBUEViATiuNs xii Chai'TF.r I. Haunts and Habits of Fvrns, . i U. The Organs of the Growing Fern 8 HI. Fructification in Ferns lO IV. Germination of Fern Spores, 19 V. Fern Structure 24 VI. The Fern Allies 28 VII. Classification and Nomenclature 41 VIII. The Fern's Place in Nature 46 IX. Distribution in Time and Space, 60 X. Methods of Study, 6S OUR NATIVE PTERIDOPHYTA. Order I. Filicks 75 II. MARSlLIACEyi: 125 III. Salviniace^ 127 IV. Ophioglossack.'E 128 V. Equisetace/E 132 VI. Lycoi>odiace/E 135 VII. Selaginellace.^ 140 VIII. IsoetacE/E 142 Index and Glossary, 149 (vii) gro cat( aiic cul rati for tur rio tin to fur do Til flo Th be ha le( th tu m INTRODUCTION. In the entire vegetable world there are probably no forms of growth that attract more general notice than the Ferns. Deli- cate in foliage, they are sought for cultivation in conservatories and Wardian cases, and when dried and pressed add to the culture of many a domestic circle by serving as household deco- rations. They furnish to botanists a broad and inviting held for investigation, and he who examines theirmore minutestruc- ture with the microscope will fmd deeper and still more myste- rious relations than those revealed to the unaided eye. Ferns thus appeal to the scientific eletnent of man s nature as well as to the aesthetic, and while they highly gratify the taste, they furnish food for the intellect in a like degree. The Fern allies have also played their appointed part in the domestic and decorative economy of this and other generations. The scouring-rushes served our ancestors for keeping white their floors and wooden ware in the days when carpets were a luxury. The trailing stems of various species of Lycopodmm have long been valued for holiday decorations ; while their burning spores liave flashed in triumphal processions, and have added their glow to the fervor of political campaigns. In olden time the obscure fructification of the common brake led to many superstitious ideas among the common people, and the older poets have woven these popular notions into our litera- ture. Butler tells in Hudibras of bugbears so often created by mankind : " That spring like fern, that infant weed, Equivocally without seed, And have no possible foundation But merely in th' imagination." INTRODVCTJOX. Shakespeare only reflects a prevalent belief of his time whon he says : " We have the receipt of fern seed ; we walk inv'sible." Others allude to the falliiij,' of the seed on the anniver- sary night of the birth of tlie "loved disciple." The old siniplers with their lively imagination wore impressed by the fancied resemblances of some parts of fern growth to various organs of the human bod\', and iniroduc'cd them into their system of specifics. Traces of their influence still remain in the names of some of our common ferns, as spleenvvcMt and maidenhair. To form a correct understanding of ferns we must study the ferns themselves as well as the text-book, as it is only by direct contact with nature that we gain definite and satisfactory informa- tion. The text-bo(jk is useful only in giving directions how to investigate. To understand thoroughly an animal we must study its habits in its native haunts. To know its structure and posi- tion in the animal kingdom we must carefully dissect a large number of specimens, and study the development of the individ- ual from its beginning. In like manner, to understand fully a fern we must searcli where nature has planted it, watch it as it un- coils from the bud, matures, produces its fruit, and finally returns to the earth ; examine it with needles and lenses, and discover its minute structure and its life-history. These pages, which aim to give an outline of the forms of fern growth, the methods of fruiting, the germination or growth from the spore, and finally the more minute structure of the entire plant, can only be thoroughly understood by taking the ferns in hand and studying th'„'m in connection with the text. For the first three chapters and the determination of species a strong pocket lens and a few needles mounted in handles for dissection will furnish the necessary outfit Chapters IV. and V. will require a com- pound microscope with its appliances for successful investiga- tion. Those unused to such an instrument will need special directions in regard to the care of microscope and the methods of using it. Such directions will be found in the laboratory guides recommended in Chapter X. The following will also be useful and suggestive : St an sh sh on on to wi ev oi St INTRODUCTION. XI Stokf.s (A. C). Microscopy for Bcjjfinncrs. i2mo. New York, i8«7. (lliirpcr & Ikotlu-rs.) Bausch (lid ward). Manipulation of tiio Microscope. 121110. Rochester, N. Y., 1885. (Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.) A collection of the native ferns of the country is intercstinj; and attractive. Good specimens should include roots so as to show as much as possible of the method of growth. They should be mounted on standard herbarium paper sixteen and one half by eleven and oiu; half inclies. Let no one imagine that the study of ferns will be an easy one. Patient application and caref d observation are essential to success, yet he who becomes once interested in the work will find a subject that deepens in interest with every step, and even I)ecomes enchanting as he seeks to determine the mysteri- ous processes of fern development and the marvels of fern structure. ABBREVIATIONS. Adans M, Adanson. Air. W, Alton, Angs J. Angstrcem, Eeai'v P. de Beau vaib Bern II J. J. Bernhardi. EiGEi J. P'gelow. Bralk. . . .W. D. Brackenridge. A. Bi< ,..A. Braun. R. Bu R. Brown. Bong Bongard. Bkong A. Brongniart. Cav A. J. Cavanilles. Chapm ... .A. W. Chapman. Dav G. E. Dave"i ^rt. DC A. P. DeCandolle. Desk R. L. Desfontaines. Desv N. A. Desvaux. EiiRii F. Rhi liart. Endl S. L. Endliclier Engelm G. Engelinann. H. & A Hooker and Arnott. H. & G Hooker and Greville. HBK.. Humboldt, Bonplandand Kunth. Hitch E. Hiiclicock. HoFF.M G.F.Hoffman. Hook W. J. Hooker. Huus W. Hudson. HuMn Baron von Humboldt Juss A. L. Jussieu Kaulk G. F. Kaulfuss. Koch W. D. Koch. Klhi Kuhleweln. L C. von Linne [Llnnteus]. Lam J. B. de Lamarck. J.'Ukr C. L. L'Heritler. Liei;m F. Liebmanu. Li.NDL J. Lindley. Linn, f C. Linnaeus (son). Mart. & Gale.. .Martens and Galeotti. Mett G. Mettenlus. MiCHx- A. Michaux. Ml HI G. H. E. Muhlenberg. Neck N. J. Necker. Nut T. Nuttall. Pi.iM C. Plumier. Reichenp. H. G. L. Reichenbach. Rich C. L. M. Ricliard. ScHi.Eicii Schleicher. SciiKEE J. C. D. Schreber. Sm J. E. Smith. J. Sm J. Smith. Si'RENG K. Sprengel. Swz O. Swartz. TiUNB C. P. Thunbcrg. ToKR J. Torrcy. TrcKEi;.-! E. Tuckerman. Unij L. ^L tJnderwood. Vaii.i S. Vaillant. Vent E. P. Ventenat. Wall N. Wallich. W i.i.R F. W. Wallroih. Walt T. Walter. Wii.i.u K. L, Willdenow. Gr Greek. Lat Latin. cm centimetre. irm millimetre. var variety. ° ■ feet. ' inches. " lines. (xii) OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. CHAPTER I. HAUNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. Our outward life requires them not, — Then wherefore liacl they birth ? To minister delight to man, To beautify the earth. —Mary Hovvitt. 1 . General Characters.— Our native ferns comprise plants varying in lieight from less than an inch to six or seven feet, or even more. Some are stout and fleshy, others are delicate and even filmy, but most are lierbaceous, resembling ordinary flowering plants in the texture of their foliage. While most would be recognized as ferns by even a novice, a few differ so widely from the ordinary typical forms that to an unskilled ob- server they would scarcely be considered as bearing any resem- blance to ferns whatever. The froids of one of our Florida species resemble narrow blades of grass, and the fertile spikes of another from New Jersey might be mistaken for a diminutive species of sedge. A third from Alabama woald, perhaps, be called a moss by the inexperienced, while the " Hartford fern," found from New England to Kentucky, has a climbing stem and broad palmate leaves. When we add to these peculiar forms of our own country those of foreign lands, and include the immense tree-ferns of tropical regions, we find our early conception of a fern inade- quate to cover this diversity of forms. Without attempting an accurate definition of a fern, let it be regarded for present pur- OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. poses as a flowerless plant, producing spores instead of seeds, possessing more or less woody tissue, and having its leaves coiled in the bud from apex to base. After the necessary study of the structure of some of our common ferns, we will be able to comprehend the more technical definition found later in the work. 2. Mode of Growth. — Ferns vary greatly in their method of growth, yet each species has a plan which, within certain limits, is fixed and definite. Some, like the common brake, have their fronds rising from more or less distant portions of the creeping rootstock. Others, like Aspleuiuni tricliomanes, are tufted, many fronds rising irregularly in a cluster; while still others, like the ostrich-fern {Onocled) and many of the shield- ferns {Aspidiuni), grow in crowns or circles, the later fronds continually rising within the older ones. In the grape-ferns {Botrychium) the rootstocks usually produce a single frond each season, the bud for the succeeding year growing within the base of the common stalk. 3. In many there is a tendency to dimorphism, the fertile or fruit-bearing fronds differing to a greater or less extent from the sterile ones. In a few species, like the sensitive-fern and the ostrich-fern {Onocled)., this is carried so far that the sterile and fertile fronds bear no resemblance to each other, and in one instance have been mistaken for different species, and so de- scribed. Osmiinda cinnamomea, Woodzvardia angiisiifolia, Pel- Icea gracilis, Cryptogramvie, and Lomaria o^qv further examples of this principle of growth. 4. Variation. — The same species will often present wide differences in the size of the fronds. This depends to some ex- tent on the character of the soil and the ordinary climatic con- ditions. For example, the lady-fern {Asplcniuvi filix-fccnntia), which in ordinary locations grows from two to four feet high, in mountainous regions is sometimes reduced to from three to six inches, when it forms the var. exile. In like manner the marginal shield-fern {Aspidium viargznale). u^u?iWy iwo ov turee. feet high, is reduced to five inches when growing on rocky clitTs, and yet regularly produces fruit.* * Cf. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, vi. 266 (Oct. 1878). HAUNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. 3 5. Iti some cases there is a tendency to variation in size that cannot be referred to soil or climatic influences. The com- mon grape-fern {Bohychiuin Virginianuiii) will be found in some localities to vary from six inches to two feet in heiglit, all well fruited and matured, and with the extreme sizes growing within a pace of each other in the same soil and with tl.e same environment. The other species of the same genus present similar variations, and judging from size and external appear- ance alone, a regular gradation of forms might be arranged from the most diminutive undivided forms of B. simplex to the larg- est of B. Virginianum. 6. Another tendency to variation is noticed in the forking of fronds either at the summit or at the ends of the branches. The hart's-tongue {S.ohpendriiiin) is frequently forked at the summit, the walking-leaf {Caviptosorus) less commonly, while the same tendency is noticed in various compound forms, as Aspleniiun angiistifoliitm, Chcilanthes vestita, Gynmogramme Ehrenbergiana, Dicksonia, Pelhea atropurpurca, and others. Some of the species of Botrychiuui show the same tendency, especially in their fertile segments. It is probable that all our species will be found to fork under certain conditions. More definite information is desirable with regard to many species that show this tendency, as it doubtless involves the question of ancestry of existing ferns. 7. In those species whose sterile and fertile fronds are un- like, forms often appear that are intermediate between the ster- ile and fertile fronds, and sometimes even form a graded series from one to the other. This is especially true of the sensitive- fern {Onoclca) and the cinnamon-fern {Osmunda cinnamomea), and has frequently been the source of so-called "varieties." Whether this variation arises from some peculiarity of environ- ment, or from some inherent tendency to reversion toward an older form, will require more extended observation to deter- mine. One of the varieties of Boirychiiim terftatuvi seems to have been founded on a condition which is intermediate in structure between the sterile and fertile segments. 8. In a few forms there is an apparent mimicry, one species imitating another in foliage or method of fruiting. In the cin- namon-fern just alluded to, which has a cinnamon-colored OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. sterile frond totally unlike the fertile, sterile fronds will some- times be found which are fertile at the apex — the normal method of fruiting in the royal flowering-fern {Osmunda rrgaiis) ; and in turn the royal flowering-fern is sometimes fertile in the middle, in imitation of Osmunda C/ayton/ana. 9. Time of Fruiting. — The time of maturing fruit is dif- ferent among different species, and also varies with geographi- cal location and proximity to tropical climates. In the Northern States some species produce their fruit as early as May {Osmunda cinna}no7nea), and others as late as September {Lygod/um), but the greater number are 1 st studied in July and August. In the Northeastern States, where the two species of Cystoptcris abound on limestone rocks, C. fragilis matures its spores and withers in June or July, while C. bulbifcra reaches its maturity only ill August or September. In semi-tropical cl 'mates, like Southern California and the Gulf States, the time of fruiting is often earlier, sometimes occurring in February or March. Some fronds are killed by the early frosts, while others, like the Christ- mas-fern, are evergreen, and may be gathered in midwinter. 10. Local Distribution. — Ferns are largely dependent for successful growth on the amount of warmth, moisture, and shade to which they are subjected, and we would naturally ex- pect to find them reaching a maximum in size and abundance in warm swamps or shady marshes. While this is in general true, we nevertheless find many species thriving only in rocky places, thrusting their roots into the crevices of the rocks with little earth for their nourishment, and many times exposed to the scorching rays of the sun. Of necessity, such species are of comparatively small size, and likely to be protected in some way against the heat of the sun, and provided with means to retain their moisture in times of drought. Others still are found in wet, rocky ravines, often where moistened by the spray of cascades or waterfalls, and couLoquently have no such pro- vision against the heat of an extended summer. Certain others thrive in open fields that are comparatively dry and unshaded. One species of Southern Florida is aquatic, having the sterile fronds floating in shallow water, A few species are epipliytic, or grow on other plants, some being found on tree-trunks to the height of 1 50 or 200 feet ! HAUNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. 5 like So, while moisture, warmth, and shade in abundance are the climatic conditions essential to promote luxuriant fern growth, it can and does continue when any or all these conditions are reduced to a minimum. 1 1 . Ferns may then be sought in any of the following situa- tions, and it will be seen that each situation has its charac- teristic species : A. Wet swamps or marshes with or without abundant shade. B. Rich woods, more or less moist. C. Uncultivated open places and dry hillsides. D. Moist, rocky ravines or rocky places not subject to sum- mer drought. E. Exposed rocky cliffs. F. Standing water. G. Growing on other plants, (Epiphytic.) 1 2. In the first location mentioned above, we may find the chain-ferns ( Woodwardia), many of the spleenworts {Aspleniiwi), a few of the shield-ferns {Aspidiuiii), the flowering-ferns {Osmiin- da), as well as the genera Acrostic/inin, Onoclca, etc. These in- clude some of our largest and coarsest ferns. A few more deli- cate in structure are also found here, notably the dainty Phegop- teris dry opt (iris. 13. In the second we find a few spleenworts, most of the shield-ferns, the beech-ferns {Phcgopteris), most of the grape- ferns {Botrychiiwi), the maidenhair {Adtantuin), the Dicksonia, and some others. In this situation we find the finest develop- ment of foliage and the greatest artistic finish among all the ferns. 1 4. In uncultivated places and on rocky hillsides we often find the common bracken or brake {Ptcris aquilind), and the lady-fern {Aspleniuin filix-famind), though these are by no means confined to these locations, the latter growing quite fre- quently in moist woods, and even in cold, wet swamps. Many other ferns are found occasionally in openings of the forest or recent clearings, where they maintain a sickly existence, some- times for a series of years. In such locations ferns often be- come contracted and abnormal in growth, and take on a faded yellow hue from their exposure to the open sunshine. 1 5. In moist ravines and on rocky banks the bladder-ferns {Cystopieris) may be found, with the peculiar walking-leaf OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES {Caiiiptosorus), the rare hart's-tongue {Scolopendriiun)^ and many of the smaller spleenworts. The long, pencent fronds of Cystoptcris bnlbifeya add greatly to tlu; beauty ol our natural ravines, and often serve to conceal the uncouth rocks, or at least draw the attention to that which is more deli- cate and artistic. On dripping rocks, or where the sides of ravines are kept continually moist by the spray of waterfalls, such deliceite pellucid ferns as the filmy-fern {Trichonumes) and Pc'lhca gruci/i's may be sought. There seems to be a direct connection between the environment and the texture of the fern. The last two mentioned grow in very diinp situations, and '^'•e pellucid and almost membranous. Cystoptcris in some- what diier situations is thinly herbaceous, while Asplenmin jy/c/wmancs and Caniptosorus, requiring less moisture, are more firm, and form the transition to the next group. 16. On dry cliffs we may look for the various species of IVoodsi'a, the cloak-ferns {Notholcenci), the lip-ferns {Cheilaiithes), and tlie cliff-brakes {Pcllcca). Many of these are firm and even leathery in texture, and others are thickly covered on one or both sides with tangled hair or scales, fitting them to survive long periods of drought. 1 7. Only one of our native species is strictly aquatic, the anovci^Xows, Ceratopteris thalictroidcs found in Southern Florida, though Acrostichum aureiim is often found with its rhizoma rising from the water of salt marshes. Osinunda rcgalis is oc- casionally found in standing water several inches deep, though this is not usual. 1 8. Among the epiphytic ferns are several species of Poly- podiiim, especially P. incatniin, P. Scoitleri, and P. aureu/n, the last always being associated with the cabbage-palmetto {Sabal palmetto). Vittxria, Tcenitis, and Nephr')Iepts are also of this class, and are frequently pendent from the same plant, though occasionally found on other tree-trunks. Ophioglosswn pal- inatiim, another peculiar tropical fern-ally, belongs to the same * This rare fern seems to show a decided preference for limestone rocks, and thus far has been found only above the geological formation known as the Corniferous limestone. I believe a thorough search for this fern along the outcrops of the formation in Central New ',^ork and elsewjiere would show a wider distribution than is at present attributecj to this species. r III),* and lit fronds of our uncouth lore deli- sides of waterfalls, a/u's) and a direct e of the luations, in sonie- Ispleniuin are more pecies of ilanthes), and even 1 one or survive aatic, the I F'lorida, rhizonia lis is oc- ), though of Poly- eum, the o {Sabai 3 of this ;, though iuvi pal- :he same one rocks, known as Fern along •ould show ■'■* 'M HAUNTS AND HABITS OF FERNS. 7 list. Even in the streets of our Southern cities, Polypodiwn in- canum is commonly seen growing with various mosses well up on the trunks of shade-trees. It is only in tropical regions, however, that epiphytes are seen in profusion. 1 9. These principles of climatic distribution are necessarily modified by the geographic range of species, which must be considered in this connection. For example, Aspidlum spmtt- losum or its varieties form the leading foliage ferns of Northern New England and New York, while Dkksonia, less common in those localities, largely replaces them from Connecticut south- ward. This subject will be more fully discussed in a later chapter. LITERATURE. Most of the American literature bearing on this subject is in the form of short notes which have appeared from time to time in our two botanical monthlies ;* a classified summary appears below : \\xm'i'&.— Botanical Gazette, I, 2; 11, 100; 111,82; iv, 140, 177, 232 ; V, 27, 30, 43, 48 ; VI, 161, 295 ; vil, 86. Dimorphism.— rfrr^j^w/^'//;/, VIII, loi, 109; ix,6; xiii,62. Forking Fronds. — Botanical Gazette, i, 50; 11,80; 111,39; VI, 220; VIII. 242. — Torrey Bulletin, vii, 26, 85; IX, 116, 129; X, 4. Relative Abundance : — Davenport (George E.). A Bit of Fern History. In Botanical Gazette, vii, 60-64 (May, 1882). Cultivation : — Robinson (John). — Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. i2mo, illustrated. Salem, 1878. A valuable outline of fern cultiva- tion, indispensable to those desiring to undertake the cultivation of ferns either in conservatories or Wardian cases. Smith (John). Ferns, British and Foreign. Svo. Lon- don, 1879. * Students of ferns, like other botanists, ought to have these valuable journals at hand as a means of keeping abreast of the wonderful botanical activity now manifest in America. The Botanical Gazette, now (1888) com- mencing its thirteenth volume, is published at Crawfordsville, Indiana ($2.00 per annum). The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club., now commencing its fifteenth volume, is published at Columbia College, New York City ($1.00 per annum). 8 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. CHAPTER II. THE ORGANS OF THE GROWING FERN. Pour bien savoir une chose, il faut en savoir les details, — La K(x:hefoucauld. 20. Every one familiar with the forest and its jiroducts must have seen the young ferns unrolling from the bud in spring and early sumiiK »". It will be noticed that the fronds are coiled from the apex to the base, and form crosiers, so called from their resemblance to the head of a bishoi)'s staff. This method of vernation is called circi'naie, and is rarely found except among ferns. In the grape-ferns and adder-tongues the vernation is straight or merely inclined, thus approximating that of ordinary flowering plants. 21. Rootstock. — Ferns usually spring from an under- ground stem called the rootstock. This may be simple or branched, smooth or scaly, horizontal, oblique, or even vertical. In some ferns it is fine and hairlike, while in others it is very large and stout. In some cases the rootstock creeps at the sur- face of the ground and even rises above it, as in the variety of Aspidium conterminiun which grows in Florida. In the tree ferns of warmer climates it often forms a trunk fifty feet high, bearing the fronds at the summit, when it takes the name of caudex. 2.2.. Frond. — The aerial portion consists essentially of a leaf-stalk and blade; the former is technically called the ^//)i<^, and the latter the frond. Though these are usually distinct from ieach other in appearance, the stipe is sometimes wanting, and in others no distinction can be made between them. Both stipe and frond, or either one, may be glabrous (smooth), pubes- cent (softly hairy), hairy, woolly, or scaly ; when the scales are small and somewhat appressed, the surface is said to be squa- mous. The careful discrimination of these hairy or scaly appendages becomes a matter of importance in distinguishing many of the species of Gheilanthes. In a few of our native ferns -1 'ES. THE ORGANS OF THE GROWING FERN. ^N. CAULD. products I in spring arc coiled :roni their lethod of pt among ■nation is ordinary n under- iinple or vertical. It is very t the SLir- /aricty of the tree 3ct high, name of lily of a :he stipe, distinct wanting, 1. Both ), pubes- :ales are DC squa- ar scaly jiiishing ive ferns the under surface is covered with a white or yellow powder bearing some resemblance to flour or corn starch. For this reason a surface of this character is caWcA fari/uicroiis. Such is the California gold-fern or " goU'- n back" {Gymnogramme trian- <; If /ar/s), and several of the cloak- ferns {A^oi/iokena), a.m\ such are the various gold and silver ferns of conservatories, including some of the richest and most beautiful in the world. 23. The frond may be simple, when it consists of a single undivided leaf, as in Sio/opefuirtmn or Cainptosorus ; ox compound, when it is divided into segments. The exquisite delicacy and the extent to which this dividing is carried in some ferns deter- mines largely their aesthetic value. The continuation of the stipe through a simple frond is called thet „. I (h>e in : through a compound frond is called the rac/iis, and is further distinguished t^s primary when the frond is much compounded. A frond is entire when the margin forms an unbroken line; when so cut as to form lobes extending half way or more to the midvein it is called pinnatifid ; when these incisions extend fully to the midvein the frond is said to be simply pinnate, and the divisions are called pinner. When the pinnae are cut into lobes the frond is bipinnatifid and the lobes are called segments, and when these extend to the secondary midveins it is bipinnate and the divisions are called pinnules. The secondary midvein then becomes a secondary rachis. In like manner we may have ferns that are tripinnatifid and tripin- nate, qiiadripinnatifid and quadripinnate. The last iDbes are designated ultimate segments, and the last complete divisions tiltimate pinnules. All these various form„ from entire to quad- ripinnate are abundantly represented among our native ferns. 24. In some pinnate fronds, as in the oak-fern {Phegopteris dryopteris), the lower pair of pinnae is greatly enlarged and more compound than those above, so that the stipe appears to form three branches bearing similar and nearly equal portions. Fronds of this character are usually triangular or pentagonal in outline, and this method of branching is called tcrnate. It will be readily seen that this is merely a modified form of the ordi- nary pinnate frond. Throughout the domain of nature there is intlnite variety of form and structure, and at the same time unity in plan and conformity to a few generalized types. "^ 10 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 25. Venation. — The method of veinnig admits of great variation, often serving to distinguisli species, and more especi- ally the sections of tlie various genera. In some .erns, like most shield-ferns {Aspii{iitm),\.\\c veins iwc/ree — that is, arising from either side of the midvein they do not unite with any other vein. In some of these the vein is simple (not branched), in others variously forked. In many the veins repeatedly anastomose or unite together, forming a series of network or areohc. This may be somewhat irregular, as in Onoclca ; or forming a single row of areolae next to the midvein and thence free to the margin, as in IVoodwardia Virginica ; or forming many uniform areolaj by the parallel transverse veinlets connecting the distinct and parallel primary veins, as in PolyJ^odiiim phyllitidis. In case the venation does not appear when examined by reflected light, it may be brought out clearly by holding the frond betwoen the observer and the light, and then using a lens if necessary. A few fleshy species require dissection to show the veins. t ! CHAPTER III. FRUCTIFICATION IN FERNS. " But on St. John's mysterious night, Sacred to many a wizard spell, The hour when first to human sight Confest, the mystic fern-seed fell." 26. Spores and Sporangia. — In the flowering plants (Spermaphyta) there is a manifest sexual reprc^uction, the ovules in the female organs (pistils) being fertilized by the pollen produced by the stamens, „ T- , . • t. I thus giving rise to the embryo Fig. 1.— Enlarged section through a ° '^ ■' sorusof P(7/)//(w7w;«/rt/6Y»/'«w KeiiogK, of the new plant. The Ferns, showing the stalked sporangia. ^, on the contrary, produce no flowers. Instead of seeds developed from fertilized ovules, minute spores are produced ascxually, from which new ferns are developed by a peculiar process of germination very unlike that ^* lES. FRUCTIFICATION IX FERNS. II s of great ore cspeci- 5, like most ising from oilier vein. , ill others nastomose 'o/ce. This ng a single he margin, inn areola; istinct and In case icted light, etwoen the essary. A IS. ing plants lere is a )ro 'Auction, nale organs zed by the le stamens, :he embryo riie Ferns, roducc no ;ed ovules, w ferns are unlike that of flowering plants. These spores are collected in little sacs known as upora/^i^'-m or spore cases. The s[)oraiigia in the true ferns (PoLYP()iJiACl!;.K) are ccjllected in little clusters on tin; back of the frond, or are variously arranged in lines along the veins or around the margins (I'*ig. i ), These clusters of spo rangia are called sor/, and may be naked, as in Polypoiiium, or provided with a special covering known as the indusium^ as in Aspiilinin (Fig. 8). The various forms of the sori and iiulusia serve as the basis for classifica- tion into genera and tribes, while each sub-order has its peculiar form of sporangia. 27. In the Polyi'odiacivE the sporangia are more or less completely surrounded with a jointed vertical ring or anmilus, and at maturity burst open transversely by the straightening of the annulus and discharge their copious spores (Fig. 2). The clusters of sporangia are said to be marginal, intramarginal, or dorsal, according as they have their position at the margin or more or less remote f.om it. They may be .Fiu.z.— Sporan- roundish, oblong, or linear in shape, or arranged ^'hnn TuJireAZ hi variously forking lines, or m.iy even be spread spores!"*^ M^Lchen'^ in a stratum over the entire under surface of the ''"'f''*^^. frond. They are called indusiate or non-indusiate according as they are covered or naked ; and the indusia may be inferior (at- tached below the sorus), as in IVoodsta (Fig. 9), or superior, as in Aspuiium (Fig. 8), or of various intermediate methods of at- tachment. 28. In the other sub- orders of FiLlCES the spo- rangia are variously ar- ranged. In the HvMENO- PHYLTACE.^ or filmy ferns the flattened sporangia are sessile along a filiform recep- ^'^- 3- Fig. 4. tacle. and are surrounded of'^;?/.^/;-^:^;,^^^^^^^^ with a complete transverse .//':iiJr;i'^r;f;rthe^'"pfS";ii:r annnlus. At maturity they Much enlarged. "^ ''■ open vertically (Fig. 3). In the Schiz/eace/e the sporangia 12 OUfi NATIVE FEKXS AND THEIK ALLIES. are ovate, surrounderl at tlic a|)('x by a roiuplete anniiliis. and open bv a lonj^itudinal slit (I'ij,'. 4). In llic Osmindac KyiC or flowering ferns the sporangia are larger, globose, and naked, with the mere trace of a transverse annulus, and open iongitndinally. The various methods of fructification can Ih; best understood by describing the peculiarities of tlie various genera in regular succession and noting the variations occurring in the sections or sub-genera. By this means we will arrive at a better under- standing of the principles of fern classification as discussed in a future chapter. As the subject of venation is closely connected with that of fructification, it will be treated in the same connec- tion. 29. Acrostichum. — In this genus the sporangia are spread in a stratum over the under surface of the upper piiuue in our solitary species, but in some exotics they cover portions of the upper surface as well. There is no indusium. 30. Polypodlum (Fig. i). — This genus contains the larg- est number of exi.sting ferns, and though ail the species agree in the roundish naked sori, the venation is widely difi'erent in the various sections, which are chiefly formed on tlie character of the veins. Four of the five sections are represented in our nine species. In § EUPOLVPODIUM the veins are free, yet are occasionally known to unite,* thus indicating a tendency to vary toward the next section. The sori are generally found at the end of a free veinlet. In § GoNiOPHLEHiUM thevelns unite near the margin, form- ing large areolae, each containing a single free veinlet which bears the sorus at its end. A tendency to variation is seen in P. incanum, in which the veins are free, as vvell as in P. Califor- nictim in which they are often partly free. In § Phlebodium the veins form ample areolae in a row next the midvein, and frequently in one or more secondary rows, each bearing a single sorus at the junction of two or more vein- lets. A large number, however, bear the sori at the end of a single veinlet. From the fertile areolae to the margin the veins anastomose more copiously. * Catalogue of the Davenport Herbarium, p. 8. f \ I. LIES. annuliis. and kllNDAlK/I'". or 11(1 naked, vvitli l()ii;;itiidinally. est understood K'rn ill regular 11 the sections a better uiider- ; discussed in a )sely connected li same connec- iigia are spread r pinna; in our portions of the itains the larf;- le speci(!S agree ely dilTerent in )n tlic character resented in our ^re occasionally vary toward the he end of a free le margin, forni- ;e veinlet which iation is seen in as in P. Califor- ireolae in a row secondary rows, vo or more vein- at the end of a iiargin the veins p. 8. FRUCril'ICA TION IN FERNS. J3 In ^ Campylonkukon the areohu. each usually bearing two sori, are found between the parallel primary veins which extend from the midrib to the margin. 3 1. Gymnogramme.- In this genus the sori follow the course of the veins, and conseciuently vary with the venation, being simple, forked, pinnated, or anastomose with each other. The sori are non-indusiate. 32. NolholfBnu.- In the cloak-ferns the sori are marginal, and provid(;d with ncj indusia. This genus ' •, linked very closely to Gyiunoj^raiiuiit' on one hand and to some species of Chei- lantlu'S on the other. From the latter it is sepanible only by the absence of the marginal indusium; the two are likely to be con- foundi:d by beginners. 33. Taenitis has simple froiuls, and the fructification in a C(jntinuous sub-maiginal line near the apex ai the frond. 34. Vittaria. — This peculiar genusoccupies a somewhat in- termediate [)osiiion between the indusiale aiul non-indusiate genera, and while usually associated with the latter has consid- erable claim to be ranked with the former. The fronds are nar- row and grass like, bearing the sporangia in an intramarg'nal groove, often more (m- less covered by the inrcjlled edge of the frond. The venation is very obscure. 35. Adiantum (I'ig. 5). — The maidenhairs have a peculiarly smooth foliage, and usually possess no midvein. The veins are usually flabellate, and after forking one or more times bear the sori at their extremities. The margin of the frond is reflexed, thus forming an indusium which bears the sporangia on its under surface. Fic. 5.— A sc^^ment of „„ ^. . ,T-. -, T , • Aiiiiintuiu, sliowiiif,' tlie 36. PteriS (big. 6).— In this genus, sori covered by indusia Which includes the common brake, the '"S .Kroi;:]" ^^rS otherwise free veins are united by a fill- i'*-' i^i;'"ut i>"d l-'ccmsne. form receptacle which bears the sporangia. This continuous marginal line of fructification is covered by a membranous in- dusium formed of the margin of the frond. 37. Cheilanthes. — The lip-ferns found within our limits are unequally divided among four sections, all agreeing in bear- I j 14 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. ing the sori at or near the ends of the veins, covered by an in- dusium formed of the margin of the frond. In § Adiantopsis the indusia are distinct, and confined to a single veinlet. One of our species varies from the typical species of this section, and has even been assigned to a separate genus. In ij EUCHKM.ANTHKS the indu- e.—i'ieiis ion,:ijoUa L. En- sia are more or less confluent but vein-like "receptacid under the nuirgi- not Continuous, usually extending larfjed segment ol pinna, showing the vein-like rece nai inciusiuin. over the apices of several veinlets. In § Physapteris the ultimate segments are bead- like, and the indusium is continuous all round the margin. § ALEURrroPTRRiS has the fronds farinose below, and in- cludes a single species somewhat doubtfully assigned to our limits. 38. Cryptogramme has dimorphous fronds, the margins of the fertile being closely rolled toward the midvein, thus cov- ering the confluent sori. At maturity these open flat in order to discharge the spores. 39. PeMaea has representatives of three sections within our limits, all agreeing in possessing intramarginal sori, which finally became confluent and form a marginal lineco\ered by an indusium formed of the margin of the frond. § Cheil()PLECT()N includes herbaceous species with visible veins and broad indusia. § Allosorus includes coriaceous species having wide indusia, while § Platyloma includes species similar in texture, but with extremely narrow indusia and l)road scgirients. 40. Ceratopteris is an anomalous genus from southern Florida, having a few sori arranged on two or three veins par- allel to the midvein, and covered by the broadly reflexed margin of the frond. 41. Lomaria (Fig. 7) stands intermediate between those genera, in whicli there is an indusium formed of the revolute margin of the frond and those in whicli the indusium is remote from the margin. Our single species has dimorphous fronds, free veins, and the fructification in a broad band next the mid- jv! ES. FRUCTIFICATION I A' FEKNS. 15 by an in- le indusia \i ned to a x. »ur species 1 species of jvcn been -^ ^C'llUS. ,_ s the indu- ifluent but 4 extendint^ d vein lets. ]lil j-> I- 1^10.7. — Lontarta sptcant tive is found within our limits. Desv. Enlarged section of „, . the contracted fertile pinna, 43. Woodwardia. — 1 hrec species showing intramarginal indu- of chain-ferns occur within our limits, ^'"'"' and each represents a distinct section based on the methods of venation. All have oblong or linear sori more or less sunken in the frond, covered by special lid-like indusia burst- ing at their inner margins, and arranged in chainlike rows near the midvein, thus giving the popular name to the genus. § EuwoODWARDiA has uniform fronds and veins forming at least one series of areolae between the sori and the margin. § Anchistea has also uniform fronds, but with free veins from the sori to the margin while {J Lorinseria has dimor- phous fronds, and the veins everywhere uniting to form areolae, as in the sensitive-fern {Onocica scnsi/nl/s). 44. Asplenium. — The numerous species of spleenworts are closely related to each other in their methods of fructifica- tion, but differ widely in the form, texture, and cutting of their fronds. The sori are phiced on the upper side of an oblique vein (sometimes crossing it in 5> Athyrium), and covered by an indusium of the same shape attached by its edge to the fruiting vein and opening toward the midvein. In some species part of the indusia are double. The veins are free in all our species. In § EUASPLENIUM the sori are straight or slightly curved ; in § Ai'HYRiUM they are often curved, even horseshoe shaped ; and frequently cross to the outer side of the fruiting vein. 45. Scolopendrium bears the linear sori in pairs, one from the upper side of a veinlet and its mate from the lower side of the next. The indusia are attached by their erlgcs to the veins, and folding toward each other appear like a double r i';j !|| 1 6 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. indusiiim covering a single sorus. The veins extend nearly at right angles to the midvein, are free, and usually forked. 46. Camptosorus. — The walking-leaf has oblong or linear iiidusiate sori, which are irregularly scattered and borne partly on veins parallel to the midvein, and partly on those that are oblique. Those near the midvein are single, those toward the margin are often approximate in pairs and often form crooked lines. The veins are everywhere copiously reticulated. 47. Phegopteris. — In this genus the sori are round and naked as in Polypodium, with which this genus is sometimes united. The sporangia spring from the back of the veins in- stead of the apex, as in the latter genus, and the veins are free except in the § Goniopteris, in which they nre more or less united. 48. Aspidium is largely represented in our limits by two well-marked sections, which are sometimes regarded as distinct genera, and two others with characters scarcely less distinct, containing each a single species. In all the sori are roundish, and borne on the back of the veins or rarely at their apex. In § Nephrodium the indusium is cordato-reni- form or orbicular with a narrow sinus. This at first covers the sorus and is attached by its mar. gin, but later bursts away at the margin but re- mains attached at the sinus. In some species in this section the indusium becomes shrivelled ^ ,^ before the fruit matures, and in this condition Fig. 8. —Under ... . , , . , . side of a ferule st'ff- might be mistaken for a ncn-indusiate species ment of Asjiiih'uin /r'' q\ //V/.r - »ias, with U ',~^- o;- rndusium!' M'apni^ ^" ^ PoLVSTiCHUM the indusium is orbicular fied. (After Saciis.) and peltate, being fixed by the centre ; the veins are free, as in ^ Nephrodium. In iJ Cyrtomium the indusium is the same as in ^ Polys- TICHUM, but the veins tend to unite near the margin, while in § EuASPiDiUM the veins anastomose copiously. 49. Nephrolepis has roundish sori borne at the apex of the upper branch of a free vein, near the margin of the frond. The indusia are usually reniform, fixed by the sinus or base, and open toward the margins of the pinnai. 50. Cystopteris.— The bladder-ferns take their popular \lli^. FRUCTIFICATION FV FFA'A'S. '7 (1 nearly at rked. ng or linear orne partlj' sc that arc toward the rm crooked ed. round pnd sometimes le veins in- ins are free nore or less mits by two d as distinct :ers scarcely gle species, orne on the ir apex. In :ordato-rcni- js. This at i by its mar. rgin but re- ome species 2S shrivelled is condition iiate species I is orbicular re ; the veins in § PoLVS- G[in, while in the apex of f the frond. or base, and icir popular name from the delicate, hood-like indusium which is attached by its broad base on the inner side of the roundish sorus and partly under it. Later this is thrown back and withers away. The veins are free, and the fronds have the aspect of species of Aspidmm, but are usually more delicate in texture. 51. Onoclea. — This genus contains two quite dissimilar species, which until recently have been separated into two genera by American botanists. Both have dimorphous fronds, the margin of the contracted fertile frond being strongly revo- lute, and concealing the fruit. 0. striithioptcris has necklace- shaped pinnae, crowded confluent sori, and free and simple veins. O. sensibilis has panicled berry-shaped pinnules and co- piously anastomosing veins. 52. Woodsia (Fig. 9) has round- ish sori borne on the back of the veins, with the indusia attached be- neatli the sporangia and flat and open, or early bursting at the top into ir- regular laciniae or lobes. In § Eu- wooDSlAthe indusia are flat and open Fig g—iroodsia ohtusa from an early stage, with their cleft '^^^t^.^Z ^ and ciliate margins concealed under inferior indusia. the sori. In ^! Hypopeltis the indusium is more conspicuous and encloses the sporangium at first, but soon bursts at the top, forming several jagged lobes. 53. Dicksonia. — In this genus the small globular sorus is borne in an elevated, globular receptacle, and enclosed in an in- ferior, membranous, cup-shaped indusium. The veins are al- ways free. 54. Trichomanes (Fig. 10) has sessile sporangia borne on a filiform receptacle at the summit of a vein. The indusia are tubrlar or funnel- shaped, with an expanded and often somewhat two-lipped mouth. 55. Lygodium.— In our species of climbing-fern the fructification is P"'f'- ^o.~Trichowanes radi- 1 .. . J /• 1 , . , "^"-^ Swz. Enlartred section, borne on contracted, forked pinnules showing method of fructitica- occupying the upper portion of the "°"" frond. The ovoid sporangia an' solitary or occasionally in .;■ : it I lilli M :i^ i8 OU/^ NATIVE FF.AWS AND THEIR ALLIES. pairs, and are borne in the axils of the larj^e, imbricated, scale- like indusia which are fixed by their bases to short, oblique veinlets. 56. Aneimia.— In this genus the two lowest branches of the frond bear [)anicles of fruit at the end of very long stalks. The ovate sporangia are sessile in two rows along the branchlets of the panicle, without special covering of any kind. In the section represented by our species the veins are free. 57. Schizsea. — In this genus the large ovoid sporangia are sessile in double rows along the single vein of the narrow fertile divisions. In our species the pairs of fertile pinna; form a dis- tichous spike (Fig. u). 58. Osmunda has the large globose spo- rangia, short-stalked, and borne on the con- tracted fertile portions of the frond. In the cin- namon-fern (O. cinnanwmea) the fertile fronds are entirely distinct from the sterile, yet mani- festing a tendency to variation in the var. fron- dosa. In the interrupted flowering-fern {0. Claytonuina) the fructification is confined to a few of the middle pinnae of the frond. In the royal flowering-fern {p. regalis) the fructifica- tion is borne at the apex of the fronds. 59. Spores.- -The spores of ferns constitute the fruit proper. A spore consists of two* dis- tinct closed sacs and the cell contents, all of which differ from each other not only in struc- ture, but also in chemical composition. The p.,,. o,. outer laver (cxosporc) consists chiefly of cellu- /•^usiHa I'ursii. lose ; the inner layer (citdosfioyi^ contains some bniire plant, nat- . .,,;.,., urai size. albuimnous matte." m addition, while the cell contents consist chiefly of a thin, colorless, jelly like substance known as protoplasm, with grains of chlorophyll (the green * Campbell has recently demonslrated the existence of a third (middle) layer, which is not readily ai^parent until after p:erniination. C/. Menioiis Boston Soc. Nat. History, iv, \-] cf si'i^. (April, 1S.S7). ai bu th al( its a ES. GERMINATION OF FERN SPORES. 19 ted, scale- t, oblique anchcs of ng stalks, rows along ut special cpresentcd arge ovoid along the isions. In brm a dis- obose spo- , the con- In the cin- itile fronds , yet mani- ; var.fron- ng-fern {p. infined to a id. In the 'I fructifica- is. IS constitute of two* dis- itents, all of ily in struc- iition. The fly of cellu- ntains some lile the cell xc substance [ (the green third (niiddlf) . Cf. Memoirs coloring matter of plants), starch, and oil. The exospore may 1)6 smooth or roughened by points, granules, warts, or prickles. The shape varies with different species, yet all are rounded, and most are oblong or at least longer than broad. All are micro- scopic, and many are of sucli a shape that they do not appear uniform owing to the various directions from which we view them. 60. The number of spores produced by a single fern is in- credible. Lindley calculated that a single frond of Scolopen- driiim produced about 80 sori, with an average of 4500 sporan- gia in each sorus, and each sporangium containing 50 spores, making a total of 18,000,000 spores. The copious green spores of Osniimda cinnainomea, or the pale-yellow, powdery spores of a well-developed specimen of Botrychhun Virt^z'nuwwn, must far exceed this computation. By drying either of these species under pressure between sheets of paper great quantities of the spores may be obtained for examination. Specimens for this purpose should be selected just before the sporangia reach their maturity. CHAPTER IV. GERMINATION OF FERN SPORES. Alle Glieder bilden sich aus nach ew'j^fen Gesetzen, Und die seltenste Form bevvahrt im Geheimniss das Urbild. -Goethe. 61 . The germination of the fern spores usually takes place a considerable time after they are discharged from the sporangia, but in Osmiinda, which develops its fruit early in the season, they commence their growth only a few days after dissemination. 62. Thalloid Phase.— In germination the exospore splits along the side, and the protruding endospore, sometimes with its divisions already formed by septa or partitions, forms, not a fern, but a thalloid structure resembling one of the lower Figs. scrru Stages of growth 20 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. liverworts called the protliallium. Different ferns vary in the method of forming this prothallium, some producing it im- mediately at the spore and others after the formation of a thread- like growth known as the pro- embryo. The prothallium is en- /A X-V>K /CXj7 V^~/0 tirely composed of cellular tissue, and in the true ferns (POLYPO- Di ACEi*:) is broadly cordate or reni- form in shape, and bears large numbers of root-hairs from the under part of its posterior portion (Figs. 12. 13). The prothallium varies in size from less than one tenth of an s. 12, 13.— Prothallium of /V?>-/j . , ^ ^\ • a c • 1 lata Linn, f., showing two mch up to onc third of an mch in its widest part. On the under surface of the prothallium two sorts of organs are produced analogous to the stamens and pistils of the Spermaphyta, respectively known as anthcridia and archcgonia. The position of these organs on the prothallium varies in different sub orders. In some species, notably the o.strich-fern, the two kinds of sex- ual organs are produced on separate prothallia, so that the plant becomes dioecious instead of monoecious. Analogous cases are familiar to all among flowering plants like the willows, poplars, and box elders (dioecious), and begonias and melons (monoe- cious). 63. Antheridia. — These are small masses of tissue developed in the same manner as the root-hairs, consisting of a single layer of cells forming the wall, and containing a number of spirally coiled threads, usually with a number of cilia on their anterior coils. At maturity the antheridium swells by the ab- sorption of water and finally bursts its wall, discharging these coiled filaments, which possess the power of locomotion, and for this reason are called anthcrozoids. These antherozoids often drag with them a little vesicle which seems to play no part in the process of reproduction (Fig. 14). 64. Archegonia. — The archegonium (sometimes called pistillidium) is also a rounded mass of tissue usually less prom- arc for OO; a t pri urn zat ^ary in the ing it im- md others a thread- i the pro- ium is en- alar tissue, (POLYI'O- ate or reni- )ears large from the ior portion ries in size inth of an of an inch I the under E produced RMAPHYTA, "he position sub orders, inds of sex- at the plant us cases are )ws, poplars, ons (monoc- le developed of a single L number of ilia on their s by the ab- arging these ition, and for ozoids often ly no part in :imes called ly less prom- GEKMIN AVION OF FERN SPOKES. 21 incnt than the antheridia, consisting of an external layer of cells and a large central cell, which soon divides into two. The lower portion, at first the larger, develops into a roundish cell, which is analogous to the ovule of flowering plants, and is called the oosphere. The upper portion of the central cell develops between those composing the neck of the archegonium into a canal filled with a sort of mucilage; this finally swells up, forces the cells of the neck apart, and is expelled to aid in attracting F.G. 14.— Antheridium of Adianium Fig. 15.— Youngr archegonium of Pteris capillus-veneris L., showing- the es- serrulata Linn, f., showing oosphere, raping antherozoids. (After Sachs.) neck, and canal-cell. (After Sachs.) and retaining the antherozoids at the neck of the archegonium. The oosphere is thus left exposed (Fig. 15). 65. Fertilization. — The antherozoids, analogous to the pollen of flowers, when discharged from the antheridium swim in the moisture always present on the under surface of the prothallium, swarm in large numbers around the neck of the archegonium, and are retained by the mucilage. Some finally force their way into the canal of the neck, a few reaching the oosphere and disappearing within its substance. There is thus a true sexual generation among ferns, and the formerly appro- priate term Cryptogaviia (hidden marriage) loses its application under the untiring scrutiny of the microscopist. After fertili- zation the neck of the archegonium closes, and the fertilized 'ill 1! i ! , 22 OC/A' NATIVE b'ER.\S AXD THEIR ALLIES. oOsphcre, now called the oospore, increases in size, and finally develops into a true fern. 66. Pteridoid Phase. — After the o()- sphcre has been feriilized it commences its growth by the ordinary processes of cell multiplication, and for a time remains with, in the walls of the archegonium, which continue to grow, until hnally the interior growth breaks through the walls, differen- tiated into its first root and leaf. The young fern draws its nourishment from the pro- thallium for a time, but soon develops root-hairs, which, extending into the soil, maintain thereby an existence independent of the prothallium. The latter growth hav- Fir. ^6. ~ Arfianttim 'np; accomplished its work, withers away capWus-i'eHerL . Pro- /pj ,5) jjjg f,,.^^ p.,rts of the rOOt, Stc n. thallium and young fern V s ^ i • > seen from below; //, muj frond are very small and comparatively prothallium; /', first leaf; . , , , 1 r 11 /«, root-hairs of prothai- Simple in Structure, but those formed later second'^VJots/''^^ (After 'I'c successively larger, and not only bear ^^'^^^-^ a closer resemblance to the mature form of the species, but also develop increased complexity of struc- ture. " The fern continues to gain strength, not by subsequent increase of size of the embryonic structures, but by each succes- sive part attaining a more considerable size and development than the preceding ones, until at length a kind of stationary condition is arrived at, in which the newly formed organs are nearly similar to the preceding on s." 67. The complete life-history of a fern illustrates a principle common among the lower forms of animal life known as " alter- nation of generations." Instead of the direct production of a mature sexual plant, as among the higher forms of vegetation, there is the production of a sexual growth resembling a lower form of vegetation, which in turn is followed by the growth of a mature plant producing its fruit without the assistance of sex- ual organs. 68. Recapitulation. — To review the life-history of a fern we find the following processes : IKS. GERMINATION OF FERN SPORES. 23 and finally er the o()- mcnces ils 503 of cell lains with, iin, which le interior 5, dilferen- riieyounff n the pro- develops 1 the soil, dependent rowth hav- hers away root, stc n, iparatively rmed later only bear iture form y of struc- Hibsequent ich succes- velopment stationary organs are a principle 1 as " alter- jction of a vegetation, ng a lower growth of incc of sex- rv of a fcM-n A. Production of the spores asexually by the mature plant. (Fructification.) B. Growth of the prothallium from the spore with or with- out the development of a pro-embryo. (Thalloid Phase.)* C. Production of sexual organs, archcgonia (female) and antheridia (male), on the under surface of the prothallium, or on separate prothallia. D. Fecundation of the oosphere developed in the arche- gonium by the antherozoids developed in the antheridium. (Fertilization.) E. Growth of the mature fern in successive stages from the oospore. (Pteridoid Phase.)* LITERATURE, t Bessev (Charles E). Botan.y. pp. 361-388. New York, 1881. (Henry Holt cS; Co.) GoEHEL (K.). Outlines of Classification and Special Mor- phology of Plants, pp. 189-298. (English Translation.) Ox- ford, 1887. (Macmillan & Co.) Caisipuell (Douglas H.). Fern Notes. In Torrey Bulieii'n, X, 118. 119. (Nov. 1883.) The Development of the Prothallia in Ferns. In Botan- ical Gazette, X, 355-360, with Plate IX. (Oct. 1885.) * The terms "Thalloid Phase" and " Pteridoid Phase" in place of the older terms " sexual s^eneration" and "asexual {generation" were first sug- {^csted in the first edition of this work (18S1). The older terms, althouffh in common use by botanical writers, are decidedly unfortunate and misleading;. A generation is properly the production of offspring; resembling; the parent, or the offsprin}? thus produced, which the prothallium is not and the mature fern is not. The generation proper must then be considered as including the entire life-history of a fern, of which the prothallium and mature fern are suc- cessive phases. The terms "sexual " and "asexual " as used in this connec- tion are likewise misleading, as they might apply as well to the origin as to the producing power of the so-called " generation." The prothallium is asex- ual in origin, but develops sexual organs ; the mature fern, on the other hand, produces no sexual organs, but is itself the product of bisexuality. The same criticism applies with equal force to the expression " alternation of genera- tions," used alike by botanists and zoologists. t As elsewhere, reference is made mainly to American literature. The more extensive European literature is already well catalogued in Goebel's Outlines, so is not repeated here. i Wk i : ^ I :; 'I I It ■9 1 :• a m . 1 i 24 OCA' NATIVE FERNS AND Til EI K ALLIES. Camimiki.i- (Douijlas 11.)- On tli^* Di'vclopnuMit of tlu' Anllu'ridiiiin in Ferns. In Torriy liulUtin, xiii, 4c^52, with Plate I. IV. (Apr. uS86.) The Dovclopnu'nt of the Ostrieli fern. In Memoirs Boston Society of Natural History, iv, 17 52, with Plates IV VII. (Apr. 1887). This intxlel account of tiie life-history of Onotiea strittliiopteris ou,t;ht to incite others to a similar study of our other native species. CIlAl'TKR V. FKKN STKUCTIIRE. He it ours to iiu'ditalo, Ami to llie beautiful oniir of tliy works Learn to conform tlie ordir of our lives. — Hkyant, 69. Tissues. — The life-history of every plant coniniences in a sint^le cell, and all the coniplications of vegetaWle tjrowih depend on two simple processes, viz., the enhiroement of indi- vidual cells to their full size, and their multiplication by divi- sion. The lowest forms of ve.ijctable life consist of a single cell, either globular or elongate. Those of a somewhat higher grade consist of a single row of cells, or at most a single layer; while still higher forms of growth consist of masses of cells variously grouped together and specialized by dilTerentiation from the typical form and character. 70. Cells become specialized or set apart to fulfil a certain function in the economy of plant growth in many ways. Some are lengthened for giving strength to stems or leaves ; some have their walls thickened to give rigidity or hardness where protection is needed from injury to more delicate structures within ; and some are variously adapted for containing atid dis- tributing the secretions or other fluids connected with the cir- culatory system of plant life. Seven distinct varieties of tissues are recognized by structural botanists, yet some of these are connected with each other by various gradations. ^ /-AA'A' STKL'CJUKK. 25 / Mftno/rs Plates IV history of Hilar study ANT. coinnienccs iWle i^rowih ;nt of indi- on by divi- of a single ,vliat higher iiiigle layer; >ses of cells Tereiitiation nil a certain rays. Some aves ; some dncss where e structures ing and dis- vith the dr- ies of tissues ?>{ these are 71. Tissue Systems.— The earliest tendency to dilTeren- tiation of cells is seen in the arrangement of the outir row of lis to form a boundary wall, in higher forms of growth the cei interior cells iry tend to form one or more series nl string-like rows surrounded by the normal cellular tissue. We thus reach the basis of the classification of vegetable tissues into three groups : (a) Ef)idcnnal Systi'.n. (b) Fibyovascular System. (c) Fun- datncntal Sys/t'//i (Fig. 17). The first and third are common to both ferns and mosses. The second is first seen in the ferns and their allies, where it is a character .so coiustaiit that it serves as the basis for separating the so-called " vascular" cryptogams from other (lov/erless plants. These three forms of tissue may be seen by examining a thin cross-section of the stipe of a living ft-rn with the microscope. Longitudinal sections will show still further the character of the tissues composing tlie fibro-vascular bundle. 72. Roots. — Ro(jts are constantly produced as the root- stock advances, and consist for the most part of little fibrils which are naked for a short distance from the apex in order tiiat they may freely absorb moisture from the earth. The epi- dermis is also thin, and usually consists of a single layer of small cells. It dilTers from that of the rest of the plant in having no stomata {77). As the apex continues to grow, the epidermis of the part behind becomes harder, and frequently develops hairs, or iiio.e frefjuently irregular scales. 73. Stipe. — The stijjc is made up of the three forms of tissue (Fig. 17), and usually con- tains several bundles of vascular tissue. In the dried stipe these can be easily seen, by scraping off the external covering of the stem. These bundles of fibres give sta- bility to the fern, and are con- tinued through the rachises and veins, thus forming the frame- ^ ^ . , . , ' Fk;. 17.— Cross-section of stipe of work for the softer portions of 0'-s-''"//<';-/.v/>-,ii,v7/> Mernli., showing ■ /. J T-i ^- two bundles of tibro-vascular tissue. the frond. 1 he stipes are some- times smooth and polished, sometimes hairy or beset with stalked glands, and sometimes densely clothed, especially near the base, with chalTy scales. 4 I'-i 1 26 OUR NATIVE FF.KXS AA'/^ TIlElk' ALLIES. 74. Frond.— In llu- 1 1 VMK.Noi'UVLr-ALK/K the frond con- sists of a sinjj[le layer of cells. This condition is also found in the leaves developed alon>,' the axis of growth anionjj; the mosses to which this sub-order is related in some of its forms. In all otluT ferns there are scvend layers of cells variously compacted together, and forming all the varieties of te.xture — membranous, herbaceous, coriaceous and fleshy. The epi- dermis is usually easily separable from the underlying tissue, when its peculiar markings can be studied. 75. From the epidermis a great variety of a[)peiidages are developed which are all UK/difications of hairs, and are all in- cluded unflcr the tern: trichonus, however dilferent in appear- ance or distinct in function. These are not confined to the frond, but dcvelofJ here their greatest variation. They arc fre- quently found on the roots, the rootstock, and the stipe, under the form of root-hairs or scales of various forms. Scales are especially abundant in certain forms (A Aspidiion, as well as in Scolopciuiriniii, Chcilanilics, and other genera. 76. Trichomes. — On the fronds the ti ...onies may be de- veloped as simple unarticulated or articidated hairs, consisting of one or two cells at most. They may appear as stalked glands like thcjse tiiat arise from the stipe of C/icila)ithcs CoopcKi-c or the margin of the indiisiiim of .ls/u'i//uiii s/>/jtiilos!ini, var. intcniicdiitin ; or they may be developed into scales of in- tricate cellular structure like those on the under surface of cer- tain forms of ChcilantJics, particularly C. Fcndlcri \\w(\. C. Ch-t'c'- lamUi. Among the FiLiCES the sporangia are specialized, tri- chomes developed -in clusters {sori) along the veins, (jr spread over 'he entire surface of the frond, or even arranged in spikes or panicles. The epidermis also develops an excrescence known as the indusium, which consists of a single layer of cells, and is variously arranged as indicated in Chapter III. In some cases a false indusium is pro\'i(led, which is not a growth from the epidermis, and may consist of several layers of cells. 77. Stomata. — If the epidermis covering the under surface of a fern be examined under a high magnifying power, peculiar structures will be seen in the form of semi-elliptical or crescent- shaped cells connected at their apices and separated between. These arc the sLomata or breathing pores, and are merely open- A. FKh'AT STNC/CTUh'I':. 27 )ll(l coii- foiitul ii) loiif^ the is forms. Viiriously tcxturr ilic cpi- ij^ tisMic, da!j;cs .-ire ire all in- 1 appcar- d to the y arc fre- pe, uiulcr jcales are s well as lay be de- :onsistinjif is stalked 'hciltxnthcs '>/iiiilosiiin, lies of iii- ce of cer- C. an>e- ;ilized, tri- or spread ill spikes ccrescence er of cells, In some )\vth from lis. ler surface r, peculiar rcrescent- 1 between, rely open- '\\\^^ to the air-chambers of the plant. The two elliptical cells f. »-m the mouth of the passajje and expand wiieii moist, allow- ing; the atmospheric j^mscs and watery vapor to escape or enter but close the entrance hy contraction in time of drought. Tin; stoinata are not conlined to liie fronds, but are found to a j^reater or less extent on all aei ial portions of ferns and liij^her plants, as well as on subterranean stems. 78. Asexual Reproduction.— Besides the ordmary meth- ods of sexual reproduction discussed in Chai)ter IV., most ferns are prop:iL;ated by j,n()Wtli of the rootstock under {,'round, i,Mvinj; rise to a succession of frt)n(ls each season. In addition to this, which is common to all perennial plants, there arc sf)mc meth- ods of reproduction that deserve attention. The first is by 79. Buds and Bulblets. — In a few species of conservatory ferns adventitious buds are produced on the surfaces of the fionds. These .soon dcviloi) into youni; ferns, and it is not un- common to sec a larji;e number in vari- ous stages of growth rising from a sin- gle frond. This peculiarity is common among several species of Asplnihim, especially A. furcatitni Thunb., aiul will be sometimes found to occur among some of our native species. Bulblets are found in the axils of the upper pinnae of Cystoptcrts bulbifcra, which often fall to the ground anfi develop into new plants after a manner analogous tf) the devel- opment of the axillary buds of the tiger- lily. SO. Another method is seen in the walking-leaf (CV^w/Aww^y 7-JiizophyUits), in which the long, attenuated, simple fronds bend over and take root in the adjoining soil in a manner quite analo- P"'f' ■i'i.—Cawf>tosorusrhi- ', ^. t , . zof'hylius Linli., reduced, gous to the propagation of strawberries showing peculiar method of by runners (Fig. i8). The same method P^"P'''sation. of rooting at the apex has also been noticed in Asplotitim pi)inai2fidum, A. ehrncum, and PJuxopteris reptans. I ! l!> iM.-, i r 28 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. LITERATURE.* Bessey. Botany. (See p. 23.) GoEHEL. Outlines of Classification. (See p. 23.) De Bary (A.). Comparative Anatomy of Phanerogams and Ferns. 8vo. Oxford, 1884. (Macmillan & Co.) Camphell (Douglas H.). A Third Coat in the Spores of the Genus Onocka. In Torny BuUdin, xii. 8, 9 (Jan. 1885). SCHRENK (Joseph). The Dehiscence of Fe.n Sporangia. In Toy}cy IhtUciin, xiii, 68, 69 (1886). Lyon (Florence May). Dehiscence of the Sporangium of Adiantum pedatum. In Toncy Hidlciin, xiv. 180-183 (Sept. 1887). CHAPTER VI. THE FERN ALLIES. if i I? n Reneatli my feet The ground-pine curled its pretty wixath. — Emkrson. A. THE GRAPE-FERNS AND ADDER-TONGUES. 8 1 . General Characters. — These peculiar plants, former- ly united with the order Filices, are now regarded as consti- tuting a distinct botanical order. They include mostly small, fleshy, terrestrial plants, and, like ferns, may usually be found m swamps or rich, moist woods. As already noticed (5), there is a marked tendency to variation in the same species, and numerous varieties have been established from the various forms. 82. The sterile and fertile portions of the plant are borne on a common stalk, and either portion may be sessile, lor.g * See other referencis at (lose of C'li.ipter X. s. THE FERN ALLIES, 29 :rogai»s 2S of the orangia. gium of 3 (Sept. •.RSON. UES. ,, forincr- s consti- Jy small, be found (5), there cies, and ; various ire borne sile, i>j.i^ # or short stalked, in the various species. In Ophioglossum the sterile portion is simple, and in all our species except the anoma- lous 0. pabnatam appears like a sin- gle leaf borne on the common stalk. In Botrychiuiii (Fig. 19) the' sterile segment (except in some forms of B. simplex) is somewhat pinnately or ternately divided, and in the larger forms of B. VirginicDium is broad- ly ternate, with the divisions even tri — quudripinnatifid. The veins are free in the latter genus, but anas- tomose in the former. This charac- ter, however, is frequently obscured by the fleshy texture of the plant. 83. Vernation. — As has been before stated, ferns are rolled in the bud from the apex downward {cir- cinatc), distinguishing them from the higher forms of vegetation. Among the Ophioglossace^, how- ever, the vernation is either straight, inclined at the apex of one or both segments, or else the fertile seg- ments are folded on the main stalk, making the vernation wholly in- clined. Until recently there has been much dilRculty in distinguishing the smaller species of Boirychiiim, and some forms seem to connect the smaller ones with the reduced forms of B. tcrnatuin and B. Virgini- aniim. Mr. Davenport has investigated the bud characters of these intimately related species, and ha? made their ide.itification a matter of comparatively easy investigation. The buds may be found enclosed in the base of the common stalk (except in B. Virginianum, where they are placed in an upright cavity at ont Fig. ig. — Plant of Botrychium iunaria^ natural size. . r : , , il so OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. side), and may be examined with a strong lens. The three di- visions are summed up as follows: "I. Vernation wholly straight. B. ximphx Hitch. (Fig. 31). /; II. Vernation part rtly inclined in one or both portions, yy. lunaria Swz. (Fig. 32), B. borcalc Milde, B. viatricariirfoliuvi A. Br. (Fig. 33), and B. ternaiu))i Swz. (Fig. 34). III. Vernation wholly inclined, in the fertile frond recurved. B. lanceolatuin Angs. (Fig. 35), and B. Virginianwn Swz." The special characters of each species will be found under the descriptions of the Boirychia later in this work. The cuts will be valuable for reference, and will enable even beginners to identify the species of this complicated genus with compara- tively little difficulty. 84-. Fructification. — In this order of plants the fructification consists of sporangia, ;, which, unlike those of the true ferns, are not /, reticulated, possess no trace of a ring, open by a transverse slit, and are variously spiked and panicled (Fig. 20). In the adder-tongues (Pphioglossum) the sporangia are large, and cohere in two ranks along the margins of a single spike, opening transversely to discharge their copious sulphur-yellow spores. In the grape-ferns {Botrychiuin) the sporangia are Fig. 20.— Enlarged globul.'ir and ammged in double rows along ^2%«/^''^ °teyftauim ^'^^ uarrow scgmcuts, uiorc or less in panicles. ^^^^- In both genera the sporangia are not developed from the epidermal cells, but arise from a transformation of the interior tissue of the leaf. This, with other characters as clear- ly defined, serves to separate these anomalous plants from the order Filicp:s. 85. Germination. — Among the OPHIOGLOSSACE/E. so far as known, the prothallia are destitute of chlorophyll, develop under ground, and are moncEcious. In Botrychium Innaria the prothallium is an ovoid mass of cellular tissue, light brown without and yellov ish white within. It produces a numi)er of antheridia and arcnegonia on the upper surface .''swell as the lower, differing in a few minor points from the true ferns in the method of their development. THE FERN ALLIES. 31 ig- 31). IS. B. 'folitnn :urvcd. f under ;ie cuts ners to tnpara- der of jraiigia, are not 3pen l)y wcd and tongues ge, and ns of a charge In the gia are s along aniclcs. velopcd n of the IS clear- rotn the so far develop limaria ^ l)ro\vn nil)er of as the s in the LITERATURE.* Hooker (W. J.) and Baker (J. G.). Synopsis Filicum, pp. 444-448. MiLDE (J.). Botrychiorum Monograph ia. In Verhandl. dcr kJc. zool. hot. Gescllsc/iaft,^v\u, 507-516 (1868); XIX, 55-190; Tafel VII, VIII (1869); xx, 999-1002 (1870). Davenport (George E.), Notes on Botrychium simplex. 4to, paper, with plates (1877). Vernation in Botrychia. In Torrcy Bulletin, vi, 193- 199, plate (1878); VII, 115,116(1880); VIII, 100, loi (1881). Cf. also XII, 22, 23. Campbell (Douglas H.)- The Development of the Root in Botrychium tcrnatum. In Botanical Gazette, XI, 49-53> with plate (March, 1886). A Method of Spore Germination. In Botanical Ga- zette, X, 428 (1885). GiLP.ERT (Benjamin D.). Notes on Botrychia. In Torrey Bulletin, xi, -jt,, 76 (July, 1884). Cf. xil, 22, 23. B. THE HORSE-TAILS. 86. General Characters.— The horse-tails or scouring- riishes belonging to the genus Equisetum are perennial, rush- like plants, that may be found in damp, gravelly, or loamy soil, some species even growing in shallow water. Our native species vary in height from a few inches up to eleven feet, as seen in some of the larger forms of E. rolmstum. In some species only the root is perennial, the stems which are sent up for producing fruit dying down to the ground every year. In others the stems are evergreen, continuing through the winter. Some species, like the common horse-tail {E. urTense), are dimorph- ous, the fertile stems being simple and destitute of green color- ing matter (chlorophyll), while the sterile stems are green and copiously branched, The fertile stems of some other spe- cies, as E. silvaticum, which are simple at first, after maturing their fruit produce branches and resemble the ordinary sterile stems (Figs. 21, 22). II * In addition to these papers, Hessey's Botany and Goebel's Outlines of Ci'.!reater accuracy and definiteness in the descriptions of subsequent naturalists. He also introduced a system of classification which, ihoujjjh artificial and since abandoned, paved the way to the more natural system since adopted. He arranged the various plants and animals known to him in a few groups according to some particular plan of structure, divided these into still smaller groups, and so on to the lowest divisions, genera and species. To these divisions special names were assigned, thus giving to each organism a double name, the first,i,'tv/<7vV, which may be likened to our fam- ily name, the other specific, corresponding to our baptismal name. Thus the " golden-back" of California bears the lame Gyninojrramme triau^ularis given it by Kaulfuss. The first it bears in common with other species from this and other coun- tries which possess a like fructification. The latter is peculiar to this species, which has a somewhat triangular frond. 109. Generic Names. — These may be derived from some characteristic of growth or structure {Cryptoi^ranimc. Chcilan- t/u's, Sc/u'sfca), in honor of some botanist or distinguished patron of science {Dicksonia, IVoods/a), or occasionally from some mythological or symbolical character (OsinuHcia). 1 1 O. Specific Names. — These are usually adjective ele- ments either Latin or Latinized, and must agree in gender with ' ( > i ill f I I, I i; 42 OCTA' NATIVE FEKNS AND THEIR ALLIES. the {generic name according to the rules of Latin syntax. Errors in agreement have Irequently been made by botanists who were not versed in the classics, and it is unfortunate that errors of this character as well as gross errors in the orthography of gen- eric names have found their way into accepted text-books of botany.* Specific names frequently indicate something regard- ing habit or mode of growth {bulbif era, gracilis, airopurpurea), or may indicate the locality in which the organism was first dis- covered (Californica, Ilvcnsis). A few take their name from their discover, in which case the name is Latinized and takes a genitive ending {Uootiii, Leinmani), or else an adjective form {Goldicanum, Clintonianuin). 111. Tile advantage of this binary nomenclature is at once evident when we consider the immense number of ferns alone, \.o say nothing of the remainder of the vegetable world and the hosts of the animal creation. Rythis means organisms of comi'lex structure can be definitely characterized with com- paratively few words, and the scientific name once established, is recognized among scientists of all nation? and languages. 1 1 2. Among some tiiere is a tendency to regard scientific names with disfavor, on the ground ihat they are long aiifl dif- ficult. But what shall we say of (liraniiau, or Claiiioltis, or Fuchsia, or Plilox Dnoiiniondii, or a hundred others familiar to every lover of flowers? Are these less difficult than Aspidiuiii, NotJiolLcna, Woodsia, or Pelhca lircwcri? A little reflection will convince a person of sense that such a criticism is unjust. 113. A worse tendency is perhaps that which prompts the introduction of " popular names" for ferns : occasionally a name of this kind is highly appropriate, and deserves wide-spread adoption, as in the case of "Christmas-fern" for Aspidiitvi ncrostic/ioidcs, suggested by Mr. Robinson; tlie greater part, however. Have no merit, and when such monstrosities appear oS " Leather-leaf Polypody" for Polypodium Scoulcri, " Mr. Goldie's Shield-fern" for Aspidiimi Goldicam::;:, nomenclature is made cumbrous instead of simple. 1 14. There are liabilities to error anl confusion even in the Linna*an system of nomenclature, as various authors have * Cistopteris for C'ysfopteris is an example. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. 43 rrors were rs of gen- vS of in-n), flis- rom cs a brin often assij^ncd the sanic name to several species. For example, the name CJieilantlii's vcstita was given by Brackenridge to 6". o^yacilliiiia. Hooker assigned the same name (in part) to C. I(iiiUi;inos(t, while Swariz assigned tiie same to the fern de- scribed in this volume under the name of C. I'cstita. It be- comes necessary, therefore, in referring to a species to indicate the author of the specific name xhw^—CIwi'/antAis vestita Swz. 1 15. Synonymy. — 1; may also be remarked in this con- iiccti(^n tliat different authors have described the same fern under widely different generic and specific names, owing (i) to the different conceptions that have prevailed at different times as to what constituted generic characters, and (2) to ignorance of what others had already written on species, rcdescribed as new. Vox example, the delicate Woodsia Ilvcnsis of Robert Rrown was described as Airostiihinii Ilvensehy Linnieus, Polypodiuni 11- vcnse by Swartz, Ncphrodium rufuiuhiin by Michaux, Aspidiuin nijidii/uiii hy W\\\(Wmi\\ and Woodsia rufid 11 la hy Beck. Many other species have been as variously classified. The oppor- tunities for errors of this character a"e much les'^ now than for- merly, yet redescription is not unknown in our day. 1 1 6. Species. — Goethe tells us that nature knows oidy in- dividuals, and that species exist oidy in the school-books. From this extreme there has beei; every grade of opinion respecting species to the one which regards species as invariaM?, actual existences, types originally ordained and summoned to existence by the Creator. Linnicus, for example, defined species in these words: " Species tot sunt di^'crscr, quot divcrsas fornias ab initio crcavit i)iJinitHni ens." ^ Various definitions have been given to species, but none accord with the actual practice of systematists, who seem inclined to make a species what they choose ; and indeed the existence of various connecting forms between many species distinct under normal conditions makes the prac- tical definition of the term almost an impossibility. We may, however, for practical purposes, regard as a species an assem- blage of Individuals not differing essentially from each other, and capable of producing like individuals by the ordinary pro- cesses of reproduction. A recent writer defines species as " the * Tliere areas many (liffercnt species as the Infinite Heing created in the be^;;inniii)^. i; I; 'A i ■j'(i k ir ! (t \\\ t 44 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. present aspect of a line of organic development, destined to become something else in the future, as it was something else in the past," — a definition in accord with the now universally accepted biological doctrine respecting the origin of species. Species among ferns are founded chiefly on dilTerences in the cutting of the fronds and their method of venation. 1 1 7. Varieties. — Many f(;rms differing only slightly from the ordinary specific types, and yet capable of transmitting their variations from generation to generation, are regarded as vari- eties. It was the opinion of a prominent botanist, that all so-called varieties among the lower plants " were purely the result of the accident of environment, and never of cross-fertili- zation." Since a species which varies in some minor particular is likely to revert to the ordinary form as soon as the normal conditions of soil, moisture, or environment are restored, there is no scientific foundation for the multiplication of varieties to serve as rubbish in works on systematic botany. There is a tendency on the part of a few authors to multiply varieties in- definitely, and of a single species as many as sixty-fivc varieties have been described. The mania for naming new varieties is quite universal, but is usually transient, and seldom affects one a second timo ; with some, however, it becomes chronic, when more vigorous treatment is necessary. In the systematic por- tion of this volume varieties that are deemed worthy to stand as such are printed in the same bold-face type as the species. Others less marked are noted in italics under the descriptions oi species. A true variety is doubtless the early stage of a species in process of separation from its parent form. 1 1 8. Genera. — The genera of ferns are founded mostly on the arrangement of the sporangia on the veins, as well as the character, shape, and position of the indusia. The generic limits, however, are largely matters of opinion, and vary among different authorities. 1 19. Tribes. — Genera are collected into tribes, according as they agree in the position and arrangement of the sporangia in clusters or sori, or resemble each other in mode or habit of growth. 1 20. Sub-Orders. — Tribes are grouped into sub-orders according as they agree in the characters of the sporangium, its CLASS//' ICA IIOX AXD XOMEXCLA TURK. )f 45 shape, nethod ot discharging its spores, and theexistei acter, or absence of a ring. The true ferns contain with us three well-marked suborders; the Gleichcniacccr are mainly tropical ferns. 12 1. Orders.— Ferns were formerly classed in a single order, but in accordance with later researches they are sepa- rated into three distinct orders, FiLiCE.s, Marattiace/E, and Oi'iiKXiLossACE.'.-:, which are distinguished by the method in which the sporangia are developed, by the character of their spore development, aiul !)y other minor characteristics. Two of the orders are well repref.'^nfcd in our flora; the Marat- TIACE.'E* are mostly confined to tropical regions. The horse- tails (A'y//w/«/;/) form a distinct order, the EquisetacE/E. The club-mosses of the genera Lycopodiiim and Psiloiuin, with two genera not found in America, form the orde: Lycopodiace.e. Si'/(ii^/)ie/lii and Isot-'frs each form an order which takes its name from the single genus. Mtirs/'/Ai and I^ilularia form the Mar- SII,IACE/E, while Acoi/a and S 'i- ii r r I 46 O^/A' NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. CHAPTER VIII. THE FERN'S PLACE IN NATURE. 1 23. Looking about us on every hand we see a vast array of plant life, varying in size and complexity of structure, from the yeast we use in bread-making to the highly organized tree of the forest, and including such diverse forms of growth as the green scums, often called " frog-spittle," that accumulate on ponds in summer, the gray lichens covering rocks and trees, the puff- balls and mushrooms that seemingly develop in a single night, the mosses, ferns, and flowers in all their variety and beauty. We ask where in all this array do our ferns stand, and what re- lations do they sustain to other plants? In answering this question we can best proceed by giving a tabulated arrange- ment of the plant world, noting here and there in their appro- priate place iii the system such forms as are popularly recog- nized. 1 24. Aside from the plants producing flowers, the ferns and the mosses which are widely known and generally recog- nized, we find two types f)f plants of lower grade that stand out prominently to even the unpractised eye. Of these the fust are mostly green,* and though variously known and named may be called collectively ah^ic. Like the higher jilants, these low forms maintain an independent existence, drawing their nour- ishment from air and water. Of the second group we may fuul examples in the mildew that spreads over leaves of lilac and other plants its white, cobwebby fdm ; or in the rust, red or black, that injures our fields of standing grain ; or in the black smut that often rei)laces the ear of corn and greatly disfigures the plant. Other examples may be seen in the shelving masses that pn^trude from old stumps or logs, or the half-dead trunks of trees still standing, and in the bright scarlet cups that ap- pear on the ground in forests in earliest spring. Whatever the * Ohscrv.int visitors to llie seaside are familiar with Ijrown, purple, and bri^l>t-red " sea-weeds," tiiat beioii}; liere, lliiir ^y^w iyptoi;ainia into orders as follows ; I. Fii.iCKS, the ferns and their allies; II. Mu.sci, the true mosses and club-mosses ; III. AL(1/E, which comprised hepatics and lichens in addi- tion to what the term now includes ; IV. FuNCi, mushrooms, etc. It will thus be seen that Linnaius simply put under concise definition the groups still popularly recognized (124). 1 27. Before the Linniean system was discarded, his fol- lowers had increased the orders to eight, the Equi'sctacca hav- ing been separated from the ferns, the LycopodinciC from the mosses, and the IlepatUiC (liverworts) and Lichcncs (lichens) from the algae. I 28. Witiiout stopping at the various stages in the history of classification since Linnaeus, we will present briefly the sys- tem followed by the leading authorities in Europe,* and then outline with more detail the system commonly followed in this country, which is based on methods of sexual reproduction and follows morphological and fundamental rather than physiologi- cal characters. * Outlines of Classification and Sjiciial Mfjrjiliolofjy of Plants. Hy Dr. K. Goebel. (English Translation.) Oxford, iSSy. (Macmillan iS: Co.) IS n iiii '? I! H:: I t ! I ^ ! I ! '■ I li. 48 OCA' NATIVE FEKXS AND THEIR ALLIES. 129. European System. — The system commonly fal- lowed in continental Europe reduces plants to four groups, the lowest including the great mass of plants below the mosses. A few of the leading sub-groups are added : Group I. Thalloimivtks. 1. Myxomyci-tcs. (Slime Moulds.) 2. DiatomaiCic. (Diatoms.) 3. Schizopliyta. (Bacteria, etc.) 4. Algii'. (In a narrow sense.) 5. FiDii^i. (Inclurling Lichens.) Grout) II. MrsLiNK.K. 1. llcpaticir. (Liverworts.) 2. Mitsci. (True Mosses.) Group III. Vascular Ckm-tociams (ferns and their al- lies). Group IV. SF.F.n Plaxis (Piiancroganiia). 1 30. American System. — This system is with slight mod- ifications that proposed by Dr. Hessey in his larger Botany in 1880, and afterwards modified in his " Essentials." * It consists in a division of the plant kingdom into seven co-ordinate branches, of which the three highest correspond to Groups II-IV. above (129), except in name, while the four lower branches are themselves divisions of the thallophytes. The branches and their leading classes are as follows : 13 1.— I. Protophyta. — Plant body minute, often micro- scopic, unicellular, or consisting of shajjcless masses of proto- plasm ; reproduction entirely asexual by fission, gemmation, or internal cell-division ; contains three classes, of which the first two arc *' fungi." 1. Myxowycctcs. (Slime Moulds.) 2. Sihizomycctcs. (Bacteria and Yeast Fungi.) 3. Cyanophycca. (Bhie-groen Scums.) 132. -II. Zygophyta.t — Plant body unicellular or consist- * Botany for Hifjli Schools and Colleges. New York, 1880. (Henry Holt & Co.)— The Essentials of Botany. New York. 1884. (Henry Holt & Co.) t The evolution of the terms Zyf^ophydi, Oop/iy/u, and Caif^opliyta is of interest. When Dr. Bessey in 1880 first raised the f^ronps Zyfi;o.. 53) the shorteninfr of the terms to Zyi;ospora, Oospora. aii(i i'drpoapora. Dr. Hessey in his " Ivssentials " (18S4) completed the uni- formity by chan};;in}; all so as to end in pliyta. To complete tie series, I have adopted Sp,'r nut pliyta for the highest };ronp. * The last four are often f^rouped toj^etlier as '' conjuf^iifce" differinp; from the fust in possi-ssinj^ stationary instead of motile reproductive cells. + The vl, Jtli. sth.and 6th form the class Ca-/oNiis(i\e of Hessey's Botany. ■I I 50 OrR NATIVE FEKNS AND THEIR ALLIES. ■i\ ' ■)'' i:i '' J Contains the foUovvinj? twelve groups* which arc variously classified by diflcrent authors. The first, second, and twelfth are alga:,. 1. CoLF.ocM/KTivK. (Snia!. frehh-watcr alccae.) 2. Flokm^K/E. (,Kcd algx.) 3. Pkkisi'okialk.k. (Powdery Mildews.) 4. Tuhp:racf,a;. (Truftles. etc.) 5. th^.i vi;i i.ACK.E. (Cup-fungi, Morels, etc.) 6. FvKKNoMVCETKS. (Ergot, Hlack-knot, etc.) 7. LicHKNKS. (Lichens.) 8. Ukkuink.k. (Cluster-cups, red and black Rusts) 9. USTII.AC.INK.K. (Smuts.) 10. Hymknomycetks. (Mushrooms, Pore-fungi, etc.) 11. GASTiiRO.MVCr.TES. (PulT- balls. Earth -stars, Stink- horns.) 12. CuAKAfK.K. (Stone-worts.) 135.— V. B'-yophyta. — Plant body varying from a thallus to a distinct leafy a.xis, containing only a rudimentary fibro- vascular system ; li'e-hi.story involving two alternating phases : (i) a highly organized sexual phase, producing archcgonia and anthcridia; and (2) a sp'^rogonial phase, living parasitically on the first, and ase.xually producing sporee,. Two well-marked classes are recognized. 1. Hepatick. (Liverworts.) 2. Musci. (True Mosses. Peat Mosses) 136. -VI. Pteridophyta. — Plant body usually a leafy axis containing a well-devclopei fibro- vascular system of highly dif- ferentiated tissue; life-liistory involving two phases : (i) a thal- loid phase, producing sexual organs (antheiidia, archegonia), and (2) a highly organized asexual phase, producing spores. (The subdivisions of this branch are more fully arranged in another portion of this work.) 137.— VI5. Spermaphyta.t — Plant body, except in rare * The ^' - )ups from 7, to 9 inclusive are classed by Bessey as Arcomyceits ; 10 and II as Pii'u'dioviyti'tes. t I have followed (ioebel in usinjj Ihis term in jilace of the older I haiwry- gahiia, Decanse of (1) its fiUiess, and (2) its uniformity with other branches. Like the term 0-r/.'",<7^(/M'/(/, /'/ianrrofftiini,j h^'A lost its original sij^nificancf, ami may well be classed vith it as obsolete. THE I'EKX'S ri.ACI: IX NATURE. 5« rare cases {Li'iiina, etc.), a wcIl-dcvelopcd leafy ;ixis containing higlily (litTerentiated tissues of every kind ; sexual reproduction consisting of the union of pollen grains (male element) with the enil)ryo-sac (female element), resulting in the formation of an embryo, which with its coverings constitutes the seed.* Con- tains two well-marked classes. 1. Gymnospkrm.e. (Cone-bearing trees. Cycads, etc.) 2. ANC.iosPF.kM.K. (:\11 Other set.'d-bearing plants.) 138. It will thus be sc(;n that the Ferns and their Allies occupy a high plac(! in tiie plant world just beh^w the seed-pro- ducing plants. This p(wition they maintain not only from complexity of structure and the character of their reproduction, but also from their evident graded relation to some of the lower forms of spcrmaphytes, including many now extinct. LITERATURE. In preparing this list of reference works on the various grou|)S of plants, a list recently published by Dr. Besseyt has served as a basis. Numerous additions have been made, and such comments have been introduced as will enable the student to select intelligently the most desirable works. As the lower groups of plants have been classed heretofore in the two great divisions ait^ce ^m\/HHi;^i, we begin with general works on these two groups, and then indicate special works atid papers relating to narrower groups, as they have been independently mono- graphed. The algne are frequently grouped according to habitat. The works relating \.n fri'sh-ioatrr forms are : WoLLE (F.). Fresh-water Algui of the United States. 2 vols. Svo. nethlehem, Pa., 1887. * It will be re.idily seen that this niethocl is only a slifjlit modification of what appears in the development of the hitjiier forms of Pteridophytes like Selas;iiu'lliX, the microsjiores corresponding; to tlit; p(;!len and the macro- sjjores to the enibryo-s.ic. The prothalliutn, which in f"rns is a marked fea- ture of the sex* ;d stage, becomes reduced in Seliii:;ini'llii, an'////. ///. State Lab. Nat. Hist., II. 387 433 ('«77). Helvellacece. CooKF, (M. C). Mycoi;raphia, scu Iconcs Funj^foruni. Vol. I. Disconiycetes. 410. London, 1879. Pyrenomycetes, TULASNE (L. and C. R.). Selecia Funi^oruni Carpolofj[ia. 3 vols. 4to. Paris, 1861, 1863, 1865. This classic work, • itli truly elegant plates, treats also of the PerisporiaceiC and some other asconiycftous fungi. Saccakdo (P. A.), Hkulksk (A. N.), and Voglino (P.). Syllojj;e Funjjjorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vols. I-V already issued. 8vo. Padua, 1882 1887. This extensive work is a compilation of all the described fimgi of the world, i" lu^ first two volumes only treat of the I'yrenomycctes. The work is a library in itself, and will stand as a monument of patient and exhaustive labor.* IJchenes, WiLl.KV (H.). An Introduction to the Study of the Li- chens. Pamphlet. New Bedford, Mass., 1887. This will serve * The student of Pyrenomycetes as well as other difficult j;;rou])s will need to have reference to the valuable set of North American Fungi prepared by J. H. Ellis, igoo specimens are already issued. r ' :i i THE FERN'S ri.ACE IN NATURE. 55 as an iiiiroduclion to the descriptive works to follow in the next two titles. TucKF.RMAN (E.). Genera Liciicnum. 8vo. Amherst, Mass., 1872. (S. K. Cassino k Co.) A Synopsis of the North American Lichens. 8vo. Moston, 1882. (S. E. Cassino & Co.) Uredinecc. HuKRir.r. (T. j.). I*arasitio Fun,<4i of IllincMS. Part I. In lUtll.lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 11. 141 255 (1885). Ilymcnomycctcs. CooKK (M. C). Handbook of Hriiish Fungi. Second edi- tion. Publisiicd as a supplement to Grevillca. Pkck (C. H.). Botanists' Ke()ort. In Tivcnty- third Report of Ri-i^rnts, zy-iT,^. Albany, 1872; this and foUowiiij^ reports con- tain many synopses and descriptions of New York fungi. MoRdAN (A. P.). The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Val- ley. In Jour. Soc. Nat. J fist., Cincinnati. VI, 54-81, 97-117, •73 -'99; VII, 5-10 ; VIII, 91 1 1 1, 168-174; i.x, 1-8 (1 883- 1 885). For more expensive works, illustrating many species with coIf)rcd plates, the following may be mentioned : FkiKs (E.). Icones selccta^ Hymenomycetum. Series! and II. Folio. 1101111,1867-1884. This work contains two hundred Colored plates. Cooke (M. C). Illustrations of British Fungi. 4 vols. London, 1881-18S/. Gastt'rontyccti's. Peck (C. ll.>. United States Species of Lycopcrdon. In Trans. Albany Inst., IX, 285-318 (1-35) (1879). Mor(;an (A. P.). The North American Geasters. \v\ Amcr. Naturalist, xviii, 963-970 (Oct. 1S84). Reprinted without the illustrations in Journal 0/ Mycoioj^y, I, 11-13 ('^85).* * Students of fiinpi will find much matter relatin{j to the American spe- cies in this monthly, pul)lished at Manhattan, Kan. ($1.00 per annum.) It is devoted entirely to l-unjji. :». J! » I I li ii; 56 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. Characca'. Allen (T. F.). Characeau of America. Part i. New York, 1888. Development of the Cortex in Cliara. In Torrey Ihil- Ictin, IX, "37-47; plates xv-xxi (Apr. 1882). Notes on tlie American Species of Tolypelhx, Ibid., x, 109-117 (Oct. and Nov. 1883). Some Notes on Characex'. Ibid..wv, 211 215; plates Lxxi-Lxxv (Oct. 1887). Observations on some American Forms of C/iara coro- uata. In Amcr. Naturalist, xvi, 358 369 (May, 1882). Halstkd (Ii. 1).). Classification and Description of tin- American Species of Characea;. In Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 169-190(1879). Musci. R\c:nall (]. E.). H.mdbook of Mosses. i2mo. London, 1886. Thoui^h an Enj^lish work, this will be of value for beginners. LKsguF'.RKUX (L.) and Jamks (T. P.). Manual of the Mosses of North America. 8vo. Boston, 1884. (S. E. Cassino h Co.) Rarnks (C. R.). Analytic Key to the Genera of Mosses. In Ihtll. No. I, Purdue Univ. School of Science (1886). A valuable supplement to the preceding. A Revision of the North American Species of Fissidens. In Botanical Gazette, Xii, 1-8, 25-32 (Jan. and Feb. f886). For more extended and expensive works the following are important : SuLLiVANT (W. S.). Ico.'.es Muscorum, with Supplement. 2 vols, royal 8v(). Can'.bridge, Mass., 1864 1874. Hrahhwaitk (R.). Hritish Moss Flora. Vol. l (all yet published). Royal 8vo. London. 1887. Tiie Sphagnacea;, or Peat Mosses of Europe and North America. Royal 8vo. London, 1880. ScuiMi'KR (VV. P.). Synopsis Muscorum Europrt'orum. 2 vols. 8vo, Stuttgart. 1876. * #' THE J'EKNH PLACE IN NATURE. 57 Hi'patiLcr. SULLIVANT (W. S.). Musci and Hepaticae of the Eastern United States. 8vo, New York, 1871. Also pul)lishcd with llie fourth edition of Gray's Manual. The text of tliis book is out of date as compared with our present knowledge, but the three plates are excellent, illustrating nearly all the generr. UndkrwooI) (L. M.). Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Hepaticic north of Mexico. In Ihill. III. Lah. Nat. ///.v/.. II. 1-133(1883;.* Pteridophyta. As we have already given the literature relating to the Fern allies, we here add that relating to the Ferns, including many of the original sources of description, Hkck (Lewis C). Synoptical Table of the Ferns anfl Mosses of the United States. In Sillimans Journal, vol. iv (1829). List of 88 pteridophytes, including 63 forns. DAVKNl'our (Cieorge F.). Aspidium spinulosunt (Swart/) and its varieties. In Anurican Naturalhi. vol. xii (Nov. .878). New Species of Ferns. In Torny Ihtllctin, VI. 190 191 (Dec. 1887); vii, 50, 51 (May, 1880); viii, 61, 62 (June. 1881); X, 61, 62 (June, 1883). Fern Notes. In Torrey Ihillctin, V!l, 85.86 ; viii, 88, 89. IX, 20-23, 68, 69, 99-101 ; X, 4-7 ; xii, 21-24; Xiii, 81, 82, 129- '35- Eaton (Daniel C). Ferns of the Mexican Boundary. In Mexican Houndary Sunuy, 1857. List of 44 I'teridojihytes, with flescriptions of new species. Ferns of the Southern States. In Chapman's Flora of till- Southern States, i860. Describes 56 species. Ferns of Northern United States. In Gray's Manual, 5th Edition, 1868. Describes 57 species. — — Notes on Some of the Plants in the Herbaria of Linne ! it ^ : * Stiirlenls of the Ifopalir.T shnul(! h.ive accpss, if p<)ssH)lo, to a set of Auslin's /fi'/>iitiiir ti<>n\iti-.hnfn'(iii/^'A' NATIVE FERiWS AND 'J'lIEIR ALLIES. and Michiiux. In Canadian Naturalist, Mar. 1870. Contains interesting notes on species collected or named by these early botanists. Eaton (Daniel C). New and Liitle Known Ferns of ilu- United States. In Torrcy Hulhiin, iv, 11, 12 (Mar. 1873), 18. 19 (May, 1873) ; vi, 33 (May. 1875). 71. 72 (Jan. 1876). 263-265 (Oct. 1878), 306, 307 (Apr. 1879), 360. 361 (Nov. 1879); VII, 62-64 (June. 1880); VIII. 4. 5 (Jan. i88i), 99, 100 (Sept. 1881); ix, 49. 50 (Apr. 1882); X, 26-29 (^I'lr. 1883). loi. 102 (Sept. 1S83). Valu- able notes and descriptions of new species. Ferns of North America. Illustrated with colored plates drawn by J. H. Emerton and C. E. Faxon. This finely executed work contains descriptions of the North American species miscellaneously arranjj^ed ; it contains also a systematic arranf^emcnt, with brief synoptical descriptions. It was origin- ally published in parts, and thouijh somewhat expensive, ought to be in the library of every lover of the subject. The reputa- tion of its author is a sufllcient recommendation. Ferns of the Southwest. In Wheeler's Geological Re- ports, vol. VI. 1877. Describes 72 species. Vascular Acrogens of California. In Botany of Cali- fornia, vol. II. 1880. Describes 56 pteridophytes. including 43 ferns. Gray (Asa). On the Discovery of Two Species of T) iclio- manes in the vState of Alabama. In Si/Iinian's Journal, Second Series, vol. XV (1853). Description of 7'. Pctrrsii, n. sp. KuNZK (G.). Notes on Some Ferns of the United States. In Silliiiian's Journal, Second Series, vol. vi (1848). Com- municated by (i. Fngehnann. Contains notes on several Amer- ican Ferns and their allies, with descri i*ions of several species. Williamson (John). Ferns of Kentucky, i2mo. Louis- ville, Ky.. 1878. Illustrated by the author witli etchings of the Ferns of that State, ^o in numl)er. Fern Etchings. I2mn. Louisville. Ky., 1879. Con- taining descriptions and etchings of the Ferns of Northeastern United States and Canada. Those fiesiring more extensive literature on the Ferns of other countries shouhl have access to the fr)llowing works : Fkk(F. L. a.). Memoires sur lr> Famille des Fougeres. THE I'/-: NX'S PLACE IN NATUKE. 59 1. 1 C'DiiipIete en 13 parties. 410, avec 289 [)lanclics. Strasbourg, 1844 I «73- Fkk (F. L. a.). Cataloj^uc dcs Foiigercs ct dos Lycopodia- cccs du Mcxicjue. Strasbourg, 1857. Uistoirc des Fou,i,a'rcs ct dcs Lycopodiacccs dcs An- tilles. Strasbour}^, 1866. H()(-)KKR (VVilliain Jackson). Genera Filicuni. 410. Lon- don, 1842, Illustrated by 120 colored plates, representing 135 genera and sub-genera. Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8v(). London, 1846-18C4. Contains among 304 jilatcs nineteen of Nortli American Ferns. IIooKKR (W. J.) and Haki'.r (jo.in Gilbert). Synopsis Filicum. Second Edition, 8vo. London, 1874. Contains de- scriptions of all Ferns known at that date, and is valuable for till' determination of species from beyond our limits. It lacks one very essential feature of a systematic work, namely, a key lo liie genera, and the grouping of the species is such as to make it often diiricult to identify them. HoDKKR (W. J.) and Grkvii.i.k (Kol)ert Kane). Iconcs Fi- licum. 2 vols, folio. London, 1831. Containing 240 plates, of wliich 13 represent North American Ferns. Spermaphyta. The only work attempting to describe all our (lowering plants is incomplete, covering only the C/amopetala;. It stands as a monument to its author, the leader of American Botany for many years. Gray (Asa). Synoptical Flora of North America. Gamo- petaliu. 4to. New York, 1886. The following manuals will cover various portions of our country : (jRAV (Asa). Manual of the Hotany of the Northern United States. 8vo. New York. 1868. C II A I'M AM (A. W.). Flora of the Southern United States. 8vo. N(;w York, 1883. Coui.ri'.R (John M.). Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mountain Kegion. 8vo. New York, iSSj. Watson (Sereno). Botany of California. 2 vols. 410. 1880. .i 6o OUR NATIVE FERNS AND TIIEJR ALLIES. CHAPTER IX. DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 139. Geographic Distribution. — Ferns are found in all parts of the world. The number of described species is not certainly known, and the uncertainty is largely increased for the reason that our best systeniatists do not agree as to what ci^nstitutes a species. Baker, whose authority is generally recognized in England and America, places the estimate at about 3000 species. Added to these are 565 fern allies as recog- nized by the same author. From what has been said respecting the climatic conditions of fern growth we woukl naturally expect to find them most abundant in countries where warmth and moisture predomi- nate. These conditions seem most completely met on tropical islands or in tropical continental areas with insular climates. The little island of Mauritius, having an area of 676 square miles, or less than one third the area of Delaware, has 235 na- tive species, while |ava. little larger thiin New York, has 460. Brazil furnishes 387, and the Isthmus of Panama 117. Com- paring these with colder climates, we find 67 in all Europe, and only 26 grow within the borders of the arctic zone. " Our Native Ferns," as described later in this volume, in- cluding those species that are classed in the order Fii.icr.s, number 156 species. Adding to these the 11 species of the order Opiiioci.o.ssack.k, wliich have frequentl\ been enumer- ated with the ferns, wc have a total of 167 species. The remain- ing fern allies number 56, making a grand total of 223. 1 40. Divisions of our Flora.- It has been foundconven- ient to divifle the surface of the earth into faunas and lloras, limited by the natural distribution of the various species of animals and plants. These limits arc by no means sharply defined, for wherever the limit is made some species will pass il DISTRIBUTION IN TIME AND SPACE. 6l beyond it ; yet the majority found on oik; side arc diflcrcnt from the majority of those on the other. North America (cx- chidinij Mcxic(j) forms the Nearctic reahn or fauna {Re^^nnm Nearcticum), and the same boundaries may be used in the limi- tation of our fern flora, alihoiif;h some species from tropical regions invade (nir borders in Florida, Texts, and Arizona. Leaving out of question the s[)ecics that are widely disiribuled over the greater part of our ccjuntry, many of which are cos- mopolitan species, we may divide the Nearctic realm into \\\q. provinces, each of which possesses many species peculiar to itself. 14 1. The provinces* are as follows : I. HoRKAi, : inhabiting (with a few excejnions) the northern portion of the United States, extending tliroiigli Canada and British America, some species even reaching Labrador, Green- land, and Alaska, and nearly all represented also in the north- ern portions of the Old World. II. Mkdiai, : extending thnjughout the mountain and hilly region of the States cast of the Mississippi, westward to the mountains, and northward into Canada, and in a few instances also iiduibiting the Old World. III. OcciDKN I'AI, : extending along tlse western border of the continent from Hritish Coliunbia to Californi.i, in a few cases appearing also in the Kocky Mountain regi(jn. IV. Arizoman : inhal)iting the central mountain regions of Western Texas, ,-\ri/ona, and Colorado, many of the species ex- tending thence into Mexico, and some even to South America. V^ Au.siral: inhabiting the border of the Gidf of Mexico, many of the species extending into the West Indies and Tropi- cal America. 142. The following lists will indicate the relations of our native species, though several species exceed the bounds here indicated, and occur within the borders of other provinces. * This (livisiun is a sli^jlit iiKKJification of one proposed by John H. Red- fit.lii in 1S75. (/. Hii/lclin 7'orrt'\ /botanical C/iih, vi, 1-7. !i I Ml 62 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 1 Cheilanlhes arKfiitea.* Local. Cryptogram me acrobtichoidcs. Tella'a Rracilis. Asplenium virisiim. Hoottii. Cystopteris moutana. BOREAL. (Those marked ♦ are known only from Alaska.) Wotxlsia hypcrborca. glabella. Holrythiiim lunaria. Rare and local. lx;rLalt-.* Local. Eodium aniiotiimm. alpii\um. saljina.'fiiliiim. SelaKiiiella selatjintjides. MEDLXL. Adiantum ptvlatum. Cheilaiithes vestita. Pell.x-a atropiirpurea. Woodwardia Virjjinica. aiij;u.stifolia. Asplenium pinnatifidum. ebenoides. el)eneum. an^ustifoiium. rnta-niuraria. montanum. Uradleyi. thelypteroifles. Scolopendrinm vulj;are. Rare and local. Caniptosorus rhizoi)hyllus. riu'j^opteris polypodioides. liexap)iioptera. dryopteris. Aspidium acroslichoides. Nfiveboracense. thelypteris. cristatum. var. Clintonianuni. Giildieanum. marginale. Aspidium spinulosum, var. iiiterme- ilium. var. dilatatuni. Cystopteris bulbifera. Onoclea .sensibilis. struthiojUeris. Woodsia Ilvensis. obtusa. Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Lygodium palmatum. Rare. Sclii/avi pusilla. Local. Osmunda recalls. Claytoniana. cinnamomea. Marsilia quadrifolia. Local. Salvinia natans. Local. Botrychium simjjlex. matricaria-folium. lanceolatum. Equisetum sylvalicuiu. limosum. scirpoides. Lycopodium selapo. lucidulum. inundatum. II I teal. IL- Lum. DISTRIBUT/OX I A' TIME AXD SPACE. 63 Lycopodium deuclroideuni. clavatiirn. coinplaiiatiim. Sflaj,MiiclIa apus. Isoett's lacustris. 'ruckcrmani. Local, echinuspora. var. Mraunii. var. robusta. Local, var. Moottii. Isoetes ecliinospora, var. niuricata. L(Kal. sacrliarata. Local, riparia. EiiKflmaiini. var. jjracilis. var. valida. melanofXKla, Butleri. Rare. OCCIDKNTAL. (S|>ecies markcil * are confined to California ; those marked t are found only in Oregon.) Polypodiiim faicatum. Califoriiicinn.* Scoiileri. Gyiiinoj^rainiiK" trian^jularis. Notholana Ncwbt-rryi. cretacea.* tenera. Adianliim cmar^'i'i'it'""- I'lcris aiiuilina, var. lami(;inosa. Cheilanlhes Californica.* viscida.* Coopt'rne.* (^racilliiiia. I'arishii.* fibrillosa.* Clevelandii.* Pelllla. Marsilia niacropoda. j Liiuilieimeri. uniinala. ;s' » ( Fella-a aspt- ra. pulchella. A US' (Species marked ♦ are found Acrostichiini aiireiini.* I'olypoiiiiun pluniula.* pectinatuni.* incaniiin. aureuni.* pliyllitidis.* Swartzii.* Ta^nitis lana-olata.* Vitlaria iineata.* Adiantiim capillns-veneris. teneruni.* Pteris lonjjifdlia.* serruiata. aquilina, var. caiidata. Clv'ilantlies mi(r<)i)Iiylla. Alabanii'iisis. Ceratopleris thalictroides.* Bli'i'liniini serruiatiini.* Aspleniuni serratuni.* parviiiiini. donlatuin. firinuin. Aspleniuni ci( utariiim.* rhizopiiylium.var. niyriopliyllum* var. Hiscaynianuni* I'hetjopteris Ictragona.* Rare. veslita, var. tenuifolia.t Selajjinella lepidopliyila. FRAL. in our region only in Florida.) I'liefjoptcris re])taT>s.* Rare. Aspidiuni triloiiatuin. Ran-. contfrininutn, var. stri};obmn.* paten.s. unituni, v.->.. fjlabriim.* F'ioridaiiuni.* Nejihroiepis exaltala.* acuta.* Rare. Triclionianes I'elersii. L<)cal. radicans. Ancimia adiantifolia.* Opiiiotjiossum crotalophoroides. luidicaule. painiatuiu.* F.c|uisotuin la-vi^jatum. Lycop(xliuni inundatum, var. pinna tuni.* alopt'curoidc's. cernuuni. Rare. Cariiiiniannin. I'.siiotuni triquetnim. Rare. Seiaj^inella I.ucioviiiana. Rare. rui)estris, var. tortipiia. Rare. Isoetes melanospora. Local. flaccida.* var. Chapman!.* DISl KlBUTlOiy Ii\ TIME AXD SJ\ICE. 65 inna rolypodiiim 'ul^jare. I'teris ac|uilina. Aspli'iiiiim iricliomanes. filix-fii'inina. Cystoplcris fraj^ilis. COSMOPOLITAN Sl'KClKS. Opliio};lossuin vuljjalum. Hotrycliium VirKinianuni. tt-rnatum. Kquisi;tuni arvense. hienialf. Sclaf^inella iui)estris. A/olla Caruliniana. 143. Local Lists. — The minil)cr of species found in a -" • }f|c locality is usually limited, yet 'i certain fav/oi;ainu are found in the greatest abuntlance aiui profusii)!!. Then delicate foliaj^e is impressed on the various rock strata al)ove the beds oi coal, and so perfectly are ihcy preserved that noi only the methods of fiiictilication but even the microscopic spores have been detected I In the coal meas- ures of the United States and Canada (counting from the base of the Catskill), 3S1 species of ferns have been described, chiefly by Prof. Leo Lcsquereu.x. The most abundant Ameri- c.in genera are Neitroptt'tis 45 species, I\rof>tt>ix 50 species, Spht'iiofitcris 31 species, l\iiudopi\optt')is 25 species, and Rhii- cofihylluin 24 species. The frontispiece gives an ideal representation of the vegeta tion of the Carboniferous age. The lu.xuriant tree-ferns, the Lfpidodvudrids, ancient representatives of the diminutive clid)- mosses or grouudpines, the I'ti/^uni/cs, allies of the modern scouring-rushes, and other forms no less w-il frin. DISTKIHUTION IN TIME AXD SPACK. 67 tr.irc a j^rarlual approximation to the modern types from the generali/ed forms of Devonian ami Carboniferous times. I 48. Fern Allies. — Ophioglossunt dales back to the Ter- tiary period with one species. The order Ec^UISktack.k Iiave existed since the coal period and the jjjenns /ujiu'situm since the Triassic. The order Calamariack.i-:, which combined charac- ters of mode' 11 Ei/tt/sifii and Conifers, came into existence in the F)('Vonian, but became extinct before the close of the FVrmian. Illustrations of Cahni:/is can be seen at tli : left-hand corner of the frontispiece, also under the tree-fern in the centre. The club-mosses proper have been in existence since the Devonian, and the genus lA'co/xuinini since the Carlxjniferous. Sc/iii;ini'/la has never been found fossil, l)ut its near relatives belonniii<; to the extinct orders Lki'IDodknduaci;.!; and Si(;i!,i,AkiA( K.K were very abundant m the I'al;eo/oic era, paiiicularly during the Carboniferous, where they formed tlu; largest part of the forest vegetation, reaching in some instances a height of sev- enty to one iiundred feet. The former possessed characters (omiecting modern clui)-mf)sscs with Conifers, while tin.' latter seem to connect the club-mosses with the Cycads. Restora- tions of lA-ftiiiodi'iuiyon niav be seen on tiie left-hand side of the frontispiece, and of Sii^illaria on the rigiit. Isorfts dates hack to the Miocene (Tertiary) and Miirsi/t\i and PiluLiria to the same period. LITERATURE, Besides the works referred to below, many State floras will give additional information respecting local distribution. .Among the more important of these are those of New Jersey {liritton), Ohio (lu'ardsh'e). North Carolina iCiirt/ss), Wiscon- sin {Lapham), Vermont (Perkins), New Hampshire {Flint), Pacific Coast (I.iinmon), Illinois (Piit/irson), New York (Porrty), Michigan ( W/hi/t-r and Sniit/i). Indiana (Coulter and Parncs), Iowa (Arthur), Minnesota (Upham), Missouri ( 'Pracy). HuRC.K.ss (T. W. J.), Recent Additions to Canadian Filici- neae. In Pransactions Royal Society of Canada (i886). wliicli I have not seen in any vas'ety «)f O. ensibilis now liviiip." F'rincipal Dawsitn, howevtr, writes: " The Onoclea sensihilis f)f the Laraniie is truly tli.it species, and 1 have fmnul with it in our .Manitoba formations another nuKJerii fern, Davallia teiim/olia." I m I \ ; ; * ; i ; t 68 OUR NATIVE FEKS'S AM) TIIEIK ALLIES. nAVi;Ni'(>kl' (Georpc E.). CataI()f,Mic of the "Davenport HiThiiriuin" of North American Ferns. Saletn (1^79). Sii|)- plenienl (1883). Some Comparative Tables sliowinj^ the Distribution of Ferns in the United States of North America. In J^rotea/in^s .h/trr/tan r It ilosophiial Society, 1883, 605-612. Macoun (John) and Hukc.Ks.s (T. VV. J.). Canadian Filici- nCcC. In Transactions l\oyal Society of L'anaiia (1884). Kkdmki.I) (joiin II. J. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America. In Torrcy Hullctin, vi. 1-7 (1875). Minor notes on distribution will also be found in the follow- ing journals ; liotanical Giiafttc, I. ll, 22. 27; 11. 55. 62 ; III. 82; IV. 128. •39. '77. 232; V. 15. 39; VI, 195, 220. 248; VII. 76,96, 160; X, 370; XII, 63, 67. 181 ; XII. 1 17 Torrcy liullctin, ii, 24, 28; III, 2, 33; iv, 2, 17. 42; v, 38, 39; VI. 8, 175. 177. 199. 206, 221, 234. 291, 345, 347 ; VII. 16, 80, 89. 94. 96. 118; VIM, 47. 93, 105. 127. 144; IX. 55, 71. 128; X, 32.40; XI, 7, 67; XIV, 97, 149. Other notes .still will be found in Mr. Davenp< ■ t's series of " Fern Notes" and Prof. Eaton's series of " New and Rare Ferns of the United States," together with much of the remaining descriptive literature noted in Chapter VIII. on the Ferns and their allies. The literature on fossil ferns is very extensive. A valuable work on the coal flora will be found in the Reports P and PF of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. CHAPTER X. METHODS OF STUDY. The jjrcat benefit which a srientific educatir)n bestows, whether as training or as kiK)wled(je, is dependent upon the extent to which tlie student . . . .learns the h:il)it of .ippealing directly to Nature. — Hlxl.KV. 149. Determination of Species. — The first thing to learn about a plant or animal is not its name, but its structural characteristics, knowing which the name can be readily deter- MF.rnons of study. 69 niiiitd. Ilaviii}; pKJvidod oursrlvcs with a strong Iciis, two or more iitcdk'S mounted in wooden handles for disseciinjf pur- poses, and a few well-fruited ferns taken with the roots, we are pnpared to commence our study. In investif;atinj; any plant we should be systematic and accurate in our observations, and no subject will develop order and accuracy of description or enlarge our powers (if observation as will the subject of botany rij^idly [)ursued. In order to fix the characters of the fern in question, it is well to note them dc)wn in some systematic order, and the preparation f)f blanks like the followinjjj is suj^j^ested for the purpose : Synoptiiiii i/iaracters of ROOT. ROOTSTOCK. STIPK. FROND. VKINS. SORI. SPORANC.IA. SPOkKS. The characters thus commence with the lowest parts and continually advance upwards to completion. 1 50. Taking now a common fern, we will notice its charac- teristics. Suppose it to be the one commonly called " Maiden- hair" in the Northern States. We take the parts in order and give them a searching examination : the character of the root; the direction of growth, position and appearance of the root- stock ; the appearance, color, and method of growth of the 11 il ft) ■>» 70 (36^A' NATIVE FEKS'S AND TllRlR ALLIES, stipe; the metlKjd of cutting of tlu: frond and the charactir ot its surface; the nietliod of veinini;; the position of the fruit rlusters on the fronfi and \eins. and I lie peculiar form of tin- indusiiini, if present. Tiie sporanj^ia and spores are JHst studied with a microscope, yet the siiape of the sporangia and the character of the rinjj; can be determincfi with a stronj^f lens. 15 1. Tile cliaracters of tlie Maidenhair can be summet! ui> as follows : Synoptiitil characters of AUIANTUM I'l.DAir.M L. ROOT, ROOTSTOCK. siii'i:. Many delicate fibres, somcwliut matted. Scaly, lomewliat creepinif- FRONI). VKIN.S, .SOKI. Sl'ORANdlA. SI'ORF.S. Sf|iar.ilc, sU-r'.tlir, polislicd. 1)1. uk. furkeil at fnmil, formiiif,' tw. h.ise of Roundish in oiiilinf, formcil of several ()inn«', which | branih from thf recurved rachises; pinnule-, unerjual sidrd. ol>lcin^' or deltoid ; uppei margins irre^'darly luhed ; s.ir faces smootl). I'Vee, several times forked. Home at tin; end ol the veins on tlir unilci siili- (.1 the r»'- I flexed marf{inHof (he h)l>es, which form somewhat kidney | shaped nienihianous indusla. Globose, with a nearly complete vcriiial rinj;. Minute, of one kind. 1 52, We are now prepared to determine llie spec ilic name, and for iliis purpose will luni to the " Au riiu i Ai. .SvNoi'sis «>i Okdkk.s" (p. 75), where we read the statements under .A. with the first of which our plant a^rires ; then to li as direcle*'. wln-ie we find it aj^^recs with the third statenu nt; then to ('. where wc determine the Order to whicii our plant belongs. After having fletermined the j)laiii to be a meml)er of the order Fll.lcK.s, we proceefl to tlii; "Akiiik iai. .Svnoi'sis ok (iKNi;i<\" (p. 82). Keading the two statements under A we iind wiw plant agrees with the first, bearing the sporangia at the m.-iri^in of a leafy froiui, so we proceed to l{ as indicaicd ;;l tlie right-h;tnf a rellexed ixiriioii oi the frond. Passinj; to I) we find it agreeiiij^ wiilj the lirst state- ment. I'assinj; to K. the statement, " Sporangia at the ends of tin- veins, borne on a reflexed j)ortion of the margin of liie frond." answers (jiir purpose, and tlie marginal reference indi- c.iles tin- genus .Idiixitliini. I'nder this genus (p. S^) we fuid two sl.itements desigualcd by ^, and ,^„ ; ihe latter referring to the " (hchotomously forked "' fronds, answers our purpose, and we lind our fern to l>e number 3, Ailuinlum pi.i.Uuin I,., the scienlilic name of tlie Maidetdiair, wliicb we can now phici- in our description. Were we in Florida or any of the Southern States, instead of .\. fHuiatuin we woidd probably have found the Venus' Hair (./. nipillus-t'cnfrt's), or in California the C'ali- fornian Maideidiair (./. ,ina>\i^inatHin), either of which would agree with the common l!]astern species in all nspects save tlic method of blanching of the frond and the shape of the pinnules, in like manner we can trace any of jur native s|K'cies to their scienlinc names, by carefully nolinj ;heir structure and melhofls of fruiting. 153. in a few ferns it will be lu-cessary to exercise great care in the examination of the indusia. In the genera Cystop- /,,'cnu iit. for the true relations of our species can nevi-r be fully diler- mined until their minute anatomy and lile-hislories have been thoroughly studied and compared. The minul«; anatomy has been carefully studii-d in only a few of our native ferns, and fewer still have been watched throu^di the phases of their life-history. I.,ess still is known of the s[)ecies of fern allies. There is no fear of exhausting the subject, and even amateur botanists with the most limited facilities can do someihiu}^ in orij,Miial inves- li^Mtion. I 56. Guides to Study. —It is impossible within the limits of a manual of this character to do nujre than su.y^est ^'uides for study, yet no tjuide can l)e followed blindly to the exclusion of native common-sense. For the study of anatomy the works already menti(>ned under Chapter V. will serve for referem f, while the following laboratory guides, each containing an out- line for the study of a single fern, will be found necessary : AKrnrR(j. C), Harnks(C. K.jandCoiri.rKk (j. M.). Hand- book of Plant Dissection. New York (i886). (Henry Holt .'x Co.). For Adiiifituin futintmn. RoWKK (F. ().)and V'lNKS (.S. H.). A Course of Practical In- struction in Motany, Part I. London ( 18.S5). (Nlacmdlan tS: Co.) For Aapidium fih'x-mas and fern a'lies. Skimavick (W. T.) and WiL.snN < K. H.). (ieneral liiology. Part I. New York (1886). (Henry Holt it Co.). For Ptais itt/itifina. 1 57. For the study of life-histories the recent paper by Dr. Campbell on Ihitu/rn stru//iio/>frris can well serve as a mo(U-I. {if. Literature under Chapter VL) The study of fern structure and fern development will grow in interest at every step, and will result in contributions of value to tlw knowlee, N, Vascular acrofrcus containinj^ woody tissm in tlip stems. Amlicriiliaor ardu-'j^'oiiia or l)otli forim-d on a protliallus which is (li'Vt'lo|H'«l from th(? spore on ^criniiiaiion. and upon wliicli llic asrxiial plant is profhiccd. Iiuhidcs c-i^lit living and iIutl- (!,xtiiu:t orders, all repn-siMiicd in North America. artiF'K;ial svnoi'sis oi- okdkrs. . \ Isosporons. /./'.. sjjorcs of our kind B ' I Ictorospr)roiis, /.*■.. spores of two kinds D I riant rush-like. . . . On/rr V. Kcjuisktack.k. p. f32 B I Plant nioss-liko. . . On/rr V\. I.Vcoi'oiHAcr.v.. p. 135 I INant fern-like C Vernation erect or inclined ; sporanj,Ma not rc'tirul.ito, in spikes or panii les, openintj hy a transvers«* slit. ^>;v/.7' IV. Opiiior.r.ossACK.T:. p. 128 Vernation circin;i!<'; sporan^jia reticulate, provided with .1 rinif. usually home on the hack or in;irnin of a frond sonuuiines in spikes or panicles. (hJrr I. Fillers, p. 7S [ Terrestrial, moss-like plants. I ()r,/,r VII'. SKI.AC.I\F,I.I,Arr..'R, i I>0 I A 127 I Leaves awl-shaped, tubular, containing the si>orangia I in their a.xils, . . . ^)/v/,; VIII. IsoKTACF.il''., p 142 I Leaves cjuadrifoliale or lilifonu ; -sporangia enclosed in sporocarps horiu' on separate pcdutules, . ()r(,'>r II. M \K>il,lA OUK XATIVE PTEKlDorilYTA. lalt", <)iu'-c<-IIl'(I, eiifiiiMcd by a more or less roiujiU'tc, jointed clastic liiij;. lollcctcd in i lusters of various forms on llii- undi-r surface of the frond, with or without an indu^inin or covering; or panicled, or spiked and naked; or home on nceptacIeK of various kinds. Sjiores of various forms, luinutc I'rothalliuni above j^round, ^reen, inon(Ccious c dio'cious. Contains six well-marked sub-«)rdi"rs. four of wliu h are repitsenled with us. Genera, seventy,* of which we have reprisentatives of lliiity. SUB-ORDER I. POLYPODIACE/E Presl. Sporanj;ia pcdicelled, surrounded niore or less ( ompletely by a jv)inted, vertical, and elastic rinj;. bursting transvi-rsely. Sori dorsal or marginal, borne on a leafy frond, with or without indusia. TKiitr. I. ACROSTICHE.lv Sporanj^da spread in a stra- tum over thtr under surfac*'. oi rarily over both surfaces of the frond. Indusia w.intin^. I. Acrostichum L. Sori coverinj; the entire surface of the n|)|)er pinmr. Tkiiik II. POLYPf^DIIi/l'' Sori dorsal, bonu- at or near tlie ends of the veinlets. without indusia. II. Polypodiuir* l- Possts^ini; ( haracters of the tribe. Tkiiik III. (iK.AMMrril )i:J':. .Sori dorsal, vaiiously arisiuLf from tlie viins. usually linear, Indusia wanting. III. Gymnonramme Desv. Sori oblong; or linear, loilow- inj( the course of the \-einIets. IV. Nothoi.TBna K, W\\ Sori on the veiits or nj'ar their extremities, roundish or obloni;, soon (and. V. TiTinltla Sw/. Sori linear, central, or siibmar^inal. Tkiiii", IV. Vrrr.XKII'M''. Spor.mj^d.i borne in a (ontinu- oiis inarj^inal or intra-marj^inal furrow. VI. Vittaria Sm l'ron,;in.d or intia-njar^inal. provided with an indusium foniu-d of the r( lle.xcd marj^in of tin* frond, and opening inwar ;uui IVfl jv, ^'l dir lrmltiM\ aniiiii^; most Ixilanibts is to tfstiit t (tu- iuiiiiImt. /'7/./c/:s. 77 ♦ S/ioP(Vii^iti (tor Hi' on a rejlixcd portion of the mat}:; in of the frond. VII. Adiantum I-. Sori usually mnnrnms and distinct. Midril) of llir |)iiuiulrs nrar liic lower margin or waiilinjj;. ♦ •■ Si (h on/ /I -liki tptiuie which inuoiis 7' tonnctts the it/>iiis of the Teins. \'Ili. Pteris !^. Sori continuous. Indusiuni drlicatr, whiiisli. Mi(lril)S of |)innulcs central. *■*'* S/toroni^/ii nt or neor the eniis of uneonneeted 7>eins, borne on the under siofiU e of the frond. IX. Choilanthes Swz. Sori niinulc. at the ends of the veins. Indusiuni continuous or interi upted. X. CryptOBramme U. Hr. S|>oranj.;ia on tiic Inu k or n«'ar the ends of tlic\cins forininj^' oblong' or roundi. !< ^juri, which are at leni,'th conlluenl and cover the back of the pin null's. Sterile and fertde tnmds uidike. smooth. XI. Pollma Link. .Sori on the u|)per part of the veins, distin(t, or mostly forming a m.iri^inal band of sporanj^iu. Sterile and fertile fronds usually simdar. smooth. Tkiiu VI. CKU.ATOI'l KKIDK.i:. Sori on two or three lniij;iiudin.ii veins wiii( h an' ne.irlv par.illel with the ed^e of the frond. I I.d)its aqu.it i(. XII. CeratupteriB Ilron^. The oidy ^cnus ; having the characters of the tribe. TuiMK VU. HI.KCIINI''./K. Sori dorsal, linear or oblong', borne on transverse veins, par.il'el to the midrib. Indusiuni li.xed .It its outer marf^in. opening at the inner. * / 'eins free. XIII. Lomaria Willd. Sori in a continuous l)and ne.xt the midiil). liidusium elongate, formed of the recurved and altered ntar^in of the piniuc, or else sub-marginal. Fronds of two sorts, elon^Mte. pinnate. XIV. Blechnum I-. Sori liiu'ar, elon^'te, continuous near the midrib. Indusium continuous. Fronds pinnate. ** / 'eins more or /ev a broad base partly under the sorus. XXII. Cystopteris Mernh. Indusium convex, usually reilexed as the sj)orangia ripen. Texture delicate. ttt Indusia obscure. Jurtile frond much contracted, Tcry un- like the sterile. XXIII. Onoclea L. Sori dorsal on the veins of the con- tracted pinna;, concealed by ♦heir revolitc margins. tttt Indusia inferior. III! FiriCES. 79 l)V XXIV. Woodsia X. \^r. Indiisium nniiidisli or sicllaie, delicate, cU.fl iiiio inimilar lobes. Tkihf. X. DlCKSONIlwli. Sori roundish or transversely elongate, borne at the ends of the veins or on tnar^^inal cross- veinlets, with an iiuhisiiiin attached at the base or busc and sides and openinj,' toward tlif niarjuin of the segnienl. XXV'. DlcKsonla L'ller. Sori inar},(inal. small, ilie indu- simn cup-shaped, somewhat two-valved, tlie under portioiJ con- (luent with u l»)bule of the frtMid. SUB-ORDER n. HYMENOPHYLLACEi^: Endl. Sporanj^ia borne on an elouj^^ate. oftr, nsuallv of the same ti'.Miue as the frond. Frcjnds licli- catclv meml>ranous and pellucid. XXVI. Trlchomanes Sm. Indusia tubular, cu[)-sha[)ed, or funnel-shaped, sometimes two-li|)ped. SUB-ORDER III.- SCHIZ^EACEiC Prosl. Sporangia ovate, sessile, arranged in spikes or p.ini( les. hav- ing a lomplcic, transverse, articulated ring at the apex, iind opening l)y a longitudinal slit. * S/i't/ts scandtftt. XXVII. Lygodlum Swz. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segnienls, each on a separate veinlet and pro- videfl with a special indusium. ** S/r/fis not scdfii/rnf. XXVIII. Anelmla S\v/.. Sjjorangia naked, attached by their bases to the narrow divisions of the jjanicled fertile seg- ments of the froiul. XXIX. Schlza3a .Sm. .Sporarlgia naki'd. ti.xed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile .segments. Sterile fronds simple or dichotomously forked. SUB-ORDER IV. OSMUNDACE/fE R. Br. S|)orangia naked, globose, mostly pedicelle«l, with no ring or 8o Ol'h' .VJ//I'/: /••/'.A'A'.V .I.V/) TIIElli M LIES. iMoro iriici'S of one around ilic apex, opfiiinj^ into two lialvrs hy a loM^MUidiiial slit. XXX. Osmunda L. I'riiilc piniKf or froiuls imirli coii- tractiMl, lu'ariii}.>: the lar^((> ami alxiixiatit sporangia uii the mar- gins of the narrow sej^meiils. II C l> i: «•• <; ii AKlii !( lAI. SYNOl'SIS OF (iKNKKA. S|Miraii^ia cuIIim IimI in soii .itui Ixtnic mi tin- hack tn margin ni .1 h-afy fiiiiid \\ S|M)raii^'ia ii\ spikis or paiiiiius iittt <>ii tlic It-afy |Miitiiiii of \\w frond r I Sori lovLMfd \sitli iiidiisia <" ' Soli iiakrd |» I l-'crtik? (iciii'l sclv iiilini lii^ctlH'i, L'lltilirly Ulilikf llif ^tl•lil<•. iis M'>;Muiitsl« 11) -likror MCI klair !ikf , . Will. < ).\i « 1.1- \, p. 1 ii; Soli iiiai);iiial, lovrred willi .i rcllcxcil |iorlioii ii( the frond . \\ Sori marginal or U-rinin.il, iMiriif on an cIohi^mIc ri'('c|ita< Ic, XWI. I Kli Hum \M s, p. ijj Sori dorsal or m.ir^;iiial, provided wiih s|H','i,i home on a loniimious, lnar^;inal, vein-like recepijile umi- llellill^; the .ipiies of the veiii> \'lll. I' rKKI><, p. .-.li ; indtisi.t not mme (h.iii twin- a.s Vm^ a.H hriKMl . I Sori line.iror ohluiij.; ; indn-ia more th.tii Isvicc ;i.s lonn .is hroad Ii Indn-iiim su|H-iior, att.n lied hy the d-nlre or sinus «| Indnsiuin convex, fixed hy a hro.id baw partly under the soriis. X.XII. CVSKUM K.l P Indnsiiim infcrlMr K FII./C/'IS. 8i i.v 'I ,1 It till' « r I* lis II., I) .1 K M X () ^i U r w Sori mostly on tlie Imi k of the vriiiH ; iii(iiisiiiiii orhiiul.u or rciiirttriii, u|M-iiiii^' at! rtiiiiiil ilie niar^'iii NX. AsfiniiM, p. lui Sori al tlie end of a five vein; iiuliisiiitn rt'iiiforni, ••pciiiii^ tiiwanl llic mar^'in of the fidini ; froiiiK siinplv |iiiiii .tc. tli<- piiin.v artim- latfd to ilu- rai hi> \.\l. NiniKi Hi ris, p. n^ liKJusiinn roiiixlisli or HtL'llalc, ili'liialo . . \\l\'. U'tMtHM \, p. my IndiiHiiini (-iip->tlia|H>il, s«>nu'\vha( l\vo-\^lvi.|. XW. |)|' KsoMA, p. 131 Soli all parallel to tlu- iiiiilril>s or rai liisrs >| Soli all ol)lii|iii- to till- niiihil>>« ... (> Sori parti) oljliijiif ami iiartly paialli-l to tlii> inxirih ; fionil siniplf, ta|M'iin^ to a point XV'III. ( \mi'I(>s'iiini rnnoti' from thi* margin ; fronds lu-a-ly luiifonn, Xl\', Ml.Kv II.MM, p. loj Sori on the iip|H'r sidr of a vi-inlrl, randy on lMari-iiily doiijili- iiidiwiiiin o|M-n- ill^; in till- middle .W'll. S< "l.i iii;mp|read in a stratum <>n the under snrface of the fiond, I. At H>i->i iniiM, p. Sj Sori loimdish, ,)r not inme than twite as lon^ .is hroad ... ij Sori usually linear, always more than twite as ion^' .is broad 11 Sti|M>s artit ulated to the rouistiKk; froiuls (in our s|M'iiesi entire or simply pinnali- II. I'oi.vii'ium, p. Sj Sti|M"s nut aitii iil.itcd to the rootsimk; froixU (in om spe'ies) III tiipinnatihd or leiii.ite XI.X. IMkisoimkkis, p. loH I'ronds simple H I roiids pinii.ite to i|iiadripinii.ili T l-'ronds very narrow, ^rassdiki- ; veins indistiiut, free, \'l. \'ll |■\l II 82 0(7 A' NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. I. ACROSTICHUM L. Sporangia spread over' the whole surface of the frond or upper pinnx', or occasionally over both surfaces. Venation and cut- ting various (in our species simply pinnate). Name from Gr. (tic/jo?, the summit, and^ or/jof, a row. A tropical genus con- taining over 170 species. § Chrysodium. 1. A. aureum L. Stipes i°— ?"" long, tufted, strong, erect, glossy; fronds 2° — 6° long, i°— 2° broad, upper pinnae fertile, slightly smaller than the barren ones; texture coriaceous; areolae small, copious, without free veinlets. Florida. II. POLYPODIUM L. Sori round, naked, dorsal, in one or more rows each side of midrib, or irregularly scattered. Stipes articulated to root- stock. Name from Gr. ;roA?i5, many, and itov^^ rcoSoi, foot, allud- ing to ♦^he branching rootstock. The largest, most cosmopolitan genus of ferns, containing 350 or more species. § I. EUPOLYPODIUM. Veins free ; frouds {in our species) pinnate. * Sori laj'i^e. ^ffhy '- I. p. vulgp.re L. Stipes:;' — 4' long, firm, erect ; fronds 4' — 10' long, i' — 3' broad, cut nearly or quite to the rachis into entire or slightly toothed, usually blunt pinnae; veins once or twice forked. Larger fronds with their pinnae sharply serrated and long-pointed form tlie var. occidentale Hook. New England wcstwa: J to Oregon and southward to Alabama. ^977^ —2. p. falcatunn Kellogg. Stipes 5'— 8' long, stramineous; fronds 12' — 15' long, 4' — 8' broad ; pinna? numerous, tapering to a slender point, sharply serrate ; sori nearest the midrib; veins with 2 — 4 veinlets. {P. glycyrrJiiza D. C. Eaton.) California to Washington Territory. ** Sori smaller, often minute. 3. P. plumula H. B. K. Stipes i' — 4' long, black, slender; fronds narrowly lanceolate, 9' — 18' long, i' — 2' broad; pinna? nu- merous, narrow, entire, blunt, lower gradually reduced ; surfaces naked except the black wiry rachis; veinlets forked, obscure. (/". elasticuvi Rich.) Florida. FILICES. 83 4. P. pectinatum L. Stipes rigid 2' — 6' long; fronds el- liptical-lanceolate, i" — 2^° long, 2' — 6' broad, cut to the rachis into horizontal, entire or toothed pinnae, the lower ones much reduced ; rachis naked or finely villose ; veinlets pellucid, once or twice forked ; sori in long rows, of medium size. Florida. §2. GoNiOPHLEBiUA. Blumc. Veins forming ample regular areola' {almost imperceptible in No. 5), each with a single distinct free included veinlet, bearing a sorus at its terminus. * Under surface squamous. 5. P. Incanum Swz. Rootstock woody, wide creeping, cov- ered with small brown scales; stipes i' — 4' long, erect, densely scaly; fronds 2' — 6' long, 1' — i^' broad, cut to the rachis into entire pinnae; texture coriaceous ; sori small; veins indistinct, united or frequently free. Virginia to Illinois, and southward. 6. P. thysanolepis A. Br. Rootstock slender, firm, densely covered with minute lanceolate scales , stipes 3' — 12' long, erect, scaly ; fronds ovate, 3' — 9' long, 2' — 3' broad ; pinnae distant, as- cending, blunt, dilated at base (except the lowest), thick, sub- coriaceous, covered below with ciliate scales with brown centre and broad scarious border ; areolae and sori in a single series. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona {Lemmon), Mexico. ** Under surface mostly smooth. 7. P. Calif ornicum Kaulf. Rootstock creeping, chaffy; stipes 2' — 6' long, stramineous when dry, naked ; fronds ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4' — 9' long, i' — 5' broad, cut nearly or quite to midrib into finely-toothed pinnae; texture papyraceo-herba- ceous; sori large: veinlets 4 — 6 to each vein. (Including/*, ifi- tcrmedium H. «& A.) California. »- 8. P. Scouleri H. & G. Rootstock stout, creeping, scaly ; ^^^ stipes 2' — 4' long, erect, naked ; fronds thick, 3' — 12' long, 2' — 6' broad, cut down to rachis into from 5 — 29 close, blunt pinnae; texture coriaceous, fleshy when recent; sori very large ; veinlets regularly anastomosing forming a single series of large areolae. (/'. carnosum Kellogg, P. pacJtyphyllum D. C. Eaton.) Cali- fornia and northward. §3. Fhleikjdium R. Br. Veins forming ample areola', each ivith t-a'o or more distinct, freCt included veinlets bearing sori on their united points. 84 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. W9 9. p. aureum L. Rootstock stout, densely scaly; stipes 1° — 2° long, castaneous, naked ; fronds 3° — 5° long, 9' — 18' broad, cut nearly to the rachis into broad entire or slightly undulate pinnae ; areolae copious. Florida. §4. Campyloneuron Presl. Primary veins distinct from midrib to the edge, connected by parallel transverse veinlets ; areohe similar, containing two or more sori. 10. P. phyllltidis L. Rootstock stout, scaly; stipes short or none; fronds simple, 1° — 3° long, i' — 4' broad, the point acute, lower part gradually narrowed ; texture rigid, coriaceous ; areolae in rows of 6 — 12 from midrib to edge. Florida. § 5. PHYiMATODES Prcsl. Areohc fine, copious, irregular, the free veinlets spreading in various directions ; sori various in posi- tion. 11. P. Swartzil Baker. Rootstock wide creeping, slender, covered with linear ferruginous scales ; stipes ^ — i' long, slender, naked; frond simple, 2' — 4' long, V — J' broad, narrowed gradu- ally toward both ends, the edge entire, undulate, or slightly lobed ; sori uniserial on free veinlets. {P. serpens Sviz.) Key Largo, Florida {Curtiss). III. GYMNOGRAMME Desv. Sori oblong or linear, following the course of the veinlets and like them, simple, forked, pinnate, or variously anastomosing, without indusia. Name from Gr. yvni'o^, naked, and ypcUil-ux, line. Includes about 100 species, mostly tropical. § I. EUGYMNOGRAMME. Veins free, Under surface not fari- nose. I. G. Ehrenbergiana Klotzsch. Rootstock creeping ; stipes grayish, puberulent, 3' — 6' long; fronds 5-angled, i' — 3' each way, hispid above, tomentose beneath, pinnate ; lower pinnae much the largest, unequally triangular, pinnate; upper pinnx lobed or crenate. {G.pedata of check-lists not of Kaulf., G. podo- phylla Hook, in part, G. hispida Mett. and former edition.) Texas to Arizona. § 2. Cerop'jeris Link. Fronds farinose below. ••2. G. triangularis Kaulf. (GOLD-FERN, Goi, DEN-BACK.) Stipes densely tufted, slender, blackish-brown, polished, 6' — 12' long; fronds 2' — 5' each way, deltoid, pinnate; lower pinnae LUES. scaly; stipes 9 — 1 8' broad, litly uiidulaic distinct from 'rse veinkts ; stipes short d, the point . coriaceous ; ida. '■regular, the ''ions in posi- ing, slender, )ng, slender, wed gradu- or slightly Swz.) Key /einletsand istomosing, d ypd^mx^ ':e not far i- ■ng ; stipes ' — 3' each ''er pinnae per pinncx f-. G. podo- ■ edition.) =N-BACK.) -d,6'— 12' -r pinna I'll.ICIlS. ^S nmcli the largest, triangular, biijinnatifKl ; upper piniiee more or less pinnately hjbed ; lower surface c(jated with yellow or white powder, finally tncjre or less obscured by the fruit. Arizona, California, and northward. IV. NOTHOL^ENA R. Br. Cloak fkrn. Sori marginal, at first roundish or oblong, soon confluent into a narrow band, without indusiuin, but sometimes covered at first by the inllexed edge of the frond. \ eins free. Name from Lat. noiJius, spurious, and hcna, a cloak, alluding to the rudimentary indusia. Includes 37 species. ^1. EUNOTIIOL.KNA. Fro)ids not farinosc beneath, scaly, hairy, or tomentose. * Fronds simply pinnate. 1. N. sinuata Kaulf. Rootstock short, thick, very chalTy ; stipes 2' — 4' long, erect; fronds 6' — 2" long, \ — 2' broad ; pinnai numerous, short-stalked, roundish or ovate, entire to pinnately lobed, lower surface densely scaly. Texas to Arizona. 2. N.ferruginea Mook. Ro(;tstock creeping, covered with (lark rigid scales ; stipes tufted, 2' — 4' long, wiry, blackish, woolly at hrst ; fronds 8' — 12' long. ^ — i' broad, narrowly lanceolate; pinn;e numerous, ovale, pinnatifid, hairy above, densely tomen- tose beneath, the wool at first whitish, but becoming ferruginous. {W riifa Piesl.) Texas to Arizona. ** Fronds bi — qiiadripinnate. t Fronds silky-hairy abo7>e. 3. N. Parryi* D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, scaly; stipes 2' — 4' long, dark brown, pubescent with whitish jointed hairs; fronds 2 — 4' long, oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate, lower pinnae distinct ; segments crowded, roundish-obovate, one line broad, densely covered above with entangled while hairs, beneath with a heavier pale-brown tomentum. Utah, California, Arizona. 4. N. Newberryi D. C. Eaton. (CoTlON-FF.KN.) Rootstock with very narrow dark bristly scales; stipes tufted, 3' — 5' long, blackish-brown, woolly when young, with pale-ferruginous to- mentum ; fronds 3 — 5' long, lanceolate-oblong, covered most densely beneath wiih fine whitish hairs, tri — quadripinnate ; ultimate segments roundish-obovate, jV" — V broad. California. ft Fro//ds slightly hispid ahoiw. i^i'n IMMt i« ! !l riJ 1 i ^ J ! 4 1 St lii 1 ;j 1 86 OUK NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. 5. N. Aschenborniana Klotzsch. Rootstock short, creeping; stipes tufled, 2'— 3' lonjj[, wiry, ebeneous, densely scaly; fronds 4' — 10' long, 2' — 3' broad, oblong-lanceolate, tri- pinnatifid ; pinnae lanceolate, cut into linear-oblong, crenate or pinnatilkl pinnules; upper surface pale-green, the knver densely matted with linear, ciliate, bright ferruginous scales, beneath which it is subfarinose ; sori black. Huachuca Mts, Arizona {Lcinino/i), Texas {Druiiinioiul), Mexico. § 2. CiNCiNALis Desv. I''roHds farinose, ivith white or yel- lo'iV po7uder {in one speeies nahed). * Eronds farinose below. t I'ronds deltoid or pentagonal, barely bipinnate. 6. N. Candida Hook. Rootstock creeping, with narrow, rigid, nearly black scales; stipc;^ tufted 3' — 6' long, wiry, black and shining; fronds rather shorter than stipe, deltoid-ovate, pinnate; lowest pinna; with the lowest inferior pinnules elon- gate and again pinnatifid, tiie three or four succeeding pairs lan- ceolate, pinnatifid into oblong segments, the uppermost pinna; like the segments of the lower ; upper surface green ; lower sur- face whitish farinose ; margin slightly revolute. {N. sulphurea J. Sni., N.pulveraeea Kunze.) Southwestern Texas {RevereJiony, New Mexico {Wright). 7. N. cretacea Liebm. Rootstock short, oblique, the scales rigid, lanceolate, with a narrow membranous margin ; stipes 2— -7' long, brownish, wiry, scaly when young; fronds i' — 2' lo. g, broadly deltoid-ovate to pentagonal, tri — quadripinnati- fid at base, gradually simpler above ; ultimate segments oblong or triangular-oblong, numerous, crowded ; upper surface more or less covered with deciduous glands; lower surface copiously farinose with yellow or whitish powder except on the promi- nent dark-brown rachises; margins more or less recurved, not covering the sporangia; spores globose, black. (A'. Californica D. C. Eaton.) San Diego County, California {Cleveland, Parish); Arizona {Parry, Leinvion). 8. N. Hooker! D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, censely covered with rigid lanceolate dark-brown scales; stipes tufted, 4' — 8' long, reddish-brown, wiry, shining ; fronds 2' — 3' each way, nearly pentagonal, composed of three divisions ; the mid- FII.ICES. 87 short, I die one slightly stalked, rliomboid-ovale, pinnatifid into a few toothed segments, the second pair larger than the first; the side divisions sessile, deltoid, pinnatifid on upper side as in middle division, but each bearing on the lower side a single large pinnatifid basal segment, and above it smaller segments like those of the upper side; lower surface covered with pale- yellow powder. (.V. cretacihi of check-lists not of Liebm., A^. ciDidida, var. i^-fido-palmato Hook.) Texas to Arizona. ft Fronds lanceolate or iinear-oldont^, bipinnate or tripinnatifid. 9. N. Gray! Dav. Stipes tufted, ij' — 3.^' long, terete, chestnut-brown, with nearly black, rigid, linear-acuminate scales below, paler, deciduous scales above; fronds 2—4' long, I' — i^' broad, oblong-lanceolate, once or twice pinnate, upper surface sparingly, under thickly covered with white powder; racliises brown like the stipes, coated with a granular substance extending down the stipes, and clothed with long, slender, en- tire or ciliate, pale or whitish scales; piimae short-stalked, oblique, unequally triangular-ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceo- late, deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into i or 2 pairs of short-stalked or sessile, oblong, pinnatifid, obtuse pinnules, the remaining portion obliquely pinnatifid with alternate, lobed or entire segments ; margins unchanged, reflexed ; sori brown in a continuous line at the ends of the free veins. Southeastern Arizona. 10. N. Lemmoni D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, scaly witli narrow, pointed, rigid, dark-brown chaff; stalks dark red- dish-brown, wiry, 4' — 6' long, chaffy at the base with scales a little wider and more scarious margined than those of the root- stalk, otherwise smooth ; fronds 6—9' long, i' — iV wide, linear- oblong, pinnate with numerous deltf)id or ovate, once or twice pinnatifid pinnae, the lowest ones a little shorter than the mid- dle ones ; upper surface herbaceous-green, smooth ; lower sur- face covered with white or slightly yellowish ceraceous powder; sori forming a narrow sub-marginal line; margins of the seg- ments very slightly recurved. Arizona. ttt Fronds deltoid-07>atc\ tri — qnadripinnatc at base. 11. N. nivea Desv. Rootstock short, chaffy with narrow scales; stipes tufted, 4' — 6' long, wiry, black and polished; 'A \\ ' m I 88 OCr/^ NATIVE FENA'S AND THEIR ALLIES. fronds 3' — 6' lorif^, ij'— 2' broad, ovate, lanceolate, triangular- ovate or deltoid, tripinnate ; primary pinnae mostly opposite, the rachises nearly strai<;ht ; pinnules long-stalked ; segments ronndish, nearly as broad as long, terminal ones larger, entire or 3-lobe(l ; upper surfaces green, smooth, lower densely coated with pure white powder; sori brown, often descending the free veins half-way to the midvein. Arizona, New Mexico. F T.ENioi'Sis J. Sm. I. V. lineata Sm. Fronds 6' — 18' long, i" — 5" broad, nar- rowed gradually downward to a stout compressed stem, the edge often retlexed ; sori in a broad intramarginal line in a slight furrow, the edge of the frond at first wrapped over it. {V. an- gustifrons Michx.) Florida. VII. ADIANTUM L. MAIDENHAIR. Sori marginal, short, covered by a rcflexcd portion of Jie more or less altered margin of the frond, which bears the spo- rangia on its under side from the approximated tips of free, forking veins. Name from Gr. a, without, and (iiaiyco, to wet, alluding to the smooth foliage. Includes over 80 species, mostly from Tropical America. i^ EUADIANTUM. * Fronds at least bi'pinnatc, pinnules flahellatc or ciineatc. t Fronds smooth, 1. A. capillus-veneris L. (Vknus' Hair.) Stipes nearly black, polished, very slender; fronds ovate-lanceolate, delicate, bipinnate, the upper half or third simply pinnate ; pinnules and upper pinnae wedge-obovate or rhomboid, rather long-stalked, the upper margin rounded and more or less incised, crenate, or acutely dentato-serrate, except where the margin is recurved to form the lunulate separated indusia. Virginia, Kentucky, and Florida to Utah and California. 2. A. tenerum Swz. Stipes T high, erect, glossy; fronds 1° — 3° long, 9' — 18' broad, deltoid, tri — quadripinnate ; pinnules articulated to their petioles, falling off at maturity, cuneate, the upper edge rounded or somewhat angular, broadly, often rather deeply lobed ; sori numerous, roundish, or transversely oblong. Florida. Ill 11 ii I ' 90 OU/^ NAT/l'K FKKNS A AD THEIR ALLIES. 3. A. Gma»'glnatum Ilook. Stipos rallifr stout, nearly black, polished ; lionds oviite or (lclt(ji(l-pyr;iini(lal, bi -iripin- natc ; piniuiles and upper pinnx' ample, smooth, or nearly so, rounded or even reniform, upper margin rounded, slightly in- cised ; s(jri 2—5, transversely linear-oblong, subcontinuous. (//. teneruin Torr.) Calif(jrnia and northward. ft Fronds pilose, luith whitish hairs. 4. A. tricholepis Fee. Stipes smooth, polished, deep black ; fronds oval ; pinnules roundish, moderately long-stalked ; sori few (3—7), of unequal size; indusia \ery velvety. (A. dilatatmn Nutt.) Western Texas. ** Fronds dichotoinotisly forked, unents 0/ the frond smooth. t Pinmefeiu, not more than 5 — 6 pairs. 3. C. Wrightii Hook. Stipes castaneous, slightly chaffy at base, i' — 2' long; fronds 2' — 3' long, ovate-oblong, tripinnat- ifid, segments more or less incised; indusium sub- ^ntinuous or interrupted, similar to frond in texture. Western Texas to Arizona. tt Pinner numerous. 4. C. microphylla Swz. Rootstock short, creeping; FII.ICES. 93 slipos diirU-brown, flossy, rusty pubescent on the uppiT side, 4 6 loii^ ; fronds 4' — 6 lonj^, oviite-UmeeoIate, hi — tri|)innate ; niiHue lanceolate, the lowest ones iisu'.iily larjj^cst and nioie del- toid; pinnules ol)l()ng or deltoid-ovate, deeply incised or pin- nate; indiisiuni similar in texture to fronci, interrupted or sub- cotitinuous. Florida. New Mexico. 5. C. Alabamensls Kuii/e. f^ootstock creei)iiiff, clotlied with slender brown scales; stipes black with seamy ferruj^inous wool ; fronds 2' — 10' lonj,', narrowly lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinn.x* close, ovate-lanceolalc, the lowest ones not eidarijed, usually smaller than those above ; pinnules mostly acute, often .auricu- late on the upper side at the base; indusia pa.;*, membra- nous, interru|)tcd oidy by the incisin/sc;'if. 6. C. viscida 1 )av. Stipes 3' — 5' loni^f. wiry, blackish, chafTy at the base with n.arrow ferruginous scales ; fronds 3—5' lonjjf, J — r broad, narrowly oblong, pinnate, with 4—6 distant pairs of nearly sessile, deltoid, bipinnatifid pinn;e; segments toothed, minutely gl.indular and everywhere viscid; teeth of segment recurved, forming indusia. California. *** Fronds somduhat hairy and ojanditlar, not /oinrn/osr. t Fronds di'ltoid-07>atc; stipes stnxtninrous. 7. C. leucopoda Liidc. Stipes 3—4' long, stout, chafTy at base; fronds 2' — 4' long, deltoid-ovate, quadripinnatc at base, gradually simpler above, everywhere glandular-puberulent ; lowest pair of pinnic unequally deltoid-ovate, upper ones ob- long; pinnules short-stalked; idtimate pinnules divided into minute rounded lobules, strongly rcvolutc when fertile. Texas. Ij- Fronds oiuxtc-lanccolatc; stipes bro^iVnisJi. S. C. vestita Swz. Stipes tufted, 2' — 4' long, wiry, chcst- mit-brown ; fronds 4' — 9' long, i' — 2' broad, tripinnatifid ; pinn.ne somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid; segments more or less thickly covered with acute hairs ; sori copious ; indusia formed of the ends of roundish or oblong lobes. {NipJirodiuni lano- sum Michx.) New York to Kansas and southward to Georgia. 9. C. CoopersB D.C.Eaton. Stipes densely tufted, fragile, 94 ocrR iVAriVE fera'S AiVd their allies. 11! ! hairy with straightish nearly white articulated hairs, which arc usually tipped with a glandular and viscid eiilargenient ; fronds 3'— 8' long, bipinnate, the pinnre rather distant, oblong-ovate; pinnules roundish-ovate, crenate and incised, the ends of the lobules f(^rming herbaceous indusia. California. ? 3. PnvsAPTiCRis Presl. Ultimate segments minute, bead- like; indiesium iisiially continuous all round the margin ; fronds {in our species) bi — quadripinnate, the lower surf ace scaly or tomen- lose or both. Fronds hairy or tomentose beveath, not scaly. \ Upper surface naked or nearly so. l^^O —10. C. gracillima D. C. Eaton. (Lace-fern.) Stipes densely tufted, 2 — 6' long, dark-brown ; fronds i' — 4' long, nar- rowly ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate, pinnai numerous, crowded, pinnately divided into about nine oblong-oval pinnules, at fust slightly webby above, soon smooth, heavily covered besieath with pale ferruginous matted wool; indusia yellowish-brown, formed of the continuously curved margin. (C. ^rstita Brack.) California, (3regon, British Columbia. II. C. lendigera Swz. Rootstock cord-like, creeping, cov- ered with narrow scales; stipes rather distant, 4' — 8' long, at hrst loosely tomentose, at length nearly smooth ; fronds 4' — 8' long, ovate-oblonsi-, tri — quadripinnate; ultimate pinnules small, cuneate-obovate, pouch-like from the recurved margins, green above, hairy below. Iluachuca Mts., Arizona {Lemmon). ft Upper surface decidedly pubescent. X Stipes tomentose or smooth. ;.jf-/ w^ 12. C. lanuginosa Nutt. Stipes densely tufted, slender, at fust clothed with woolly hairs, at length nearly smooth ; fronds 2' — 4' Jong, ovate-lanceolate, tripinnate or tripinnatifid, rarely bipinnate; pinnae deltoid below, oblong-ovate above, the lowest distant; ultimate pinnules minute, the terminal one slightly largest, crowded ; upper surface scantily tomentose, the lower densely matted with whitish-brown, woolly hairs ; indu- sia narrow, formed of the unchanged margin. {C.lanosa Eaton, C. 7>es1ita Hook, in part. C. gracilis Mett., Myriopteris gracilis Fee.) Illinois to Texas, Arizona, and British America. 13. C. tomentosa Link. Stipes tufted, 4' — 6' long, rather ES. which arc t ; fronds ij:?-ovate ; ds of the life, bcad- i ; fronds or tomeii- FILICES. 95 ) Stipes ong-, iiar- crowded, 'S, at first baieaili h-hrouii, : Brack.) ling-, cov- g, at first -8' long, :s sniaii, IS, green /)• slender, smooth ; nnatifid, )ove, the inal one tose, the s ; indu- i Eaton, '^racilia 1^, ratlier I stout, covered with palc-brcwn tomentuin ; fronds 8' — 15' long, f)l)Iong-lanceolate, everywhere but especially beneath tomcntose with slender, brownish-white, obscurely articulated hairs, tri- pinnate; pinnae and pinnules ovaie-oblong ; ultimate pinnules ^' — J" long, the terminal ones twice as large; indusium pale, membranous, continuous. {C. Bradbiirii Hook.) Virginia to Missouri, Texas, and Arizona. \\ Stipe and rachises covered with 7>ery narro^u scales. Var. Eatoni Dav. DilTers from the type mainly in having the rachises scaly; characters scarcely sulficient to keep it dis- tinct. {C. Eatoni Baker and former editions.) Arizona. 14. C. fibrillosa Dav. Plant 3' — 6' high ; rootstock forming dense, entangled clumps of short rhizomes, clothed with dark linear-lanceolate scales, passing gradually into lighter-brown scales, mixed with coarse fibres and tomentum at the base of the '•--tipes ; stipes 2' — 3' long, chestnut-brown, terete, at first tomentose with fibrous scales and wool, becoming smooth with age; fronds 2—3' long, J' — i^' wide, tripinnate, loosely covered witli deciduous tomentum, that along the rachises beneath per- sistent, tawny, mixed with coarse fibres. (C". lanuginosa, \ar. fibrillosa Dav.) San Jacinto Mountains, California {Parish). 15. C. Parishii Dav. Rootstock creeping, short, clothed with deep-brown linear-lanceolate scales, witli darker nearly black mid-nerves; stipes 2' — 3' long, approximate, light to dark- brown, clothed at base with scales similar to those on the root- stock, i)assing gradually into broader pale-brown or neai'Iy white nerveless scales, with moreor less deciduous, slender, pale scales and chaff above; fronds 3' — 4' long, i' — i^' broad, oblong- lanceolate, tri — quadripinnate, with both surfaces scantily clothed with a coarse tomentum ; pinnae alternate, ol)long-ovate, obtuse, the lowermost somewhat distant; segments roundish, the terminal ones largest and three-lobed ; indusia very narrow, oidy partially enclosing the sori. San Diego Co., California {Parish). ** Fronds co7fercd beneath with imbricated scales, not tomentose. 16. C. Fendleri Hook. Stipes 2' — 5' long, chaffy with minute slender scales ; fronds 3' — 4' long, ovate-lanceolate, tripinnate; scales of primary rachis like those of stipe, those of ■ !, q6 OUR A'ATIVE FA'A'NS AND THEIR ALLIES. til I secondary and ultimate rachises larger, broadly-ovate, entire or nearly so, usually edged with white, imbricate and overlapping the (i" — }i' broad) sub-globose ultimate segments; these arc naked above, and commonly bear at their centre a single brosul scale; indusium formed of the much incurved margin. Texas and Colorado to California. 17. C. Clevelandii D. C. Eaton. Stipes scattered, 2' — 6' long, dark-brown, scaly when young, but at length nearly smooth ; fronds 4' — 6' long, ovate-lanceolate, tripinnate, smooth above, deep fulvous-brown below from the dense covering of closely imbricate, ciliate scales growing on the ultimate segments as well as on the rachises; segments nearly round, ^" — ^" broad, the terminal ones larger, margin narrowly incurved. Califor- nia. *:i:=K Under surf ace both tonicntose and scaly. 1 8. C. myriophylla Desv. Rootstock very short, scaly; stipes tufted, 2' — 6' hi^h, castaneous, covered with pale-brown scales and woolly hairs intermixed ; fronds 3' — 8' long, oblong- lanceolate, tri— quadripinnatifid, smooth or pilosr above, be- neath matted-tomentose and densely clothed with pale-brown, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, ciliate scales, those of the ultimate segments with long, tortuous cilia ; pinnae dclloid-ovate, luir- rower upwards; ultimate segments minute. A' broad, crowded, innumerable, the margin unchanged, much incurved. Very variable. (C clegans Desv., C. villosa Dav.) Texas to Arizona. 19. C. Lindheimeri Hook. Rootstock long, slender, chaf- fy ; stipes scattered, 4' — 7' high, blackish-brown, at first cov- ered with scales and woolly hairs; fronds 3' — 5' long, ovate- lanceolate, tri — quadripinnate ; ultimate segments \' long, crowded ; upper surface white tomentose, lower surface very chaffy, those of the midribs ciliate at base, those of the segments mire and more ciliate, passing into entangled tomentum. West- ern Texas to Arizona. § 4. ALEURiroi'TERis Fee. Inditsta more or less confluent ; frond's far/nose below. 20. C. argentea Kunze. Stipes densely tufted, 3' — 6' long, castaneous; fronds 3' — 4' long, 2' broad, deltoid, bi— tripinnati- fid ; lower pinnae much the largest, cut nearly to the rachis; rachis polished like the stipe ; upper surface naked, lower thick- FILICES. 97 ly covered with white powder; sori numerous, very small. Alaslca. X. CRYPTOGRAMME R. Br. RncK BRAKE. Spoiaiis^ia on the i)ack or near the ends of the free veins, f()nni;ig oblonj^ or roundish sori, wliich are at length eonfluent, and cover the back of the pinnules. Iridusium continuous, formed of the membranous, somewhat altered margin of the pinnule, at lirst reflexed along the two S'des and meeting at the niitirib, at length o{ieni!ig out flat. Name from Gr. KiivitTo<^, concealed, and yijciiiinx, line, alluding to the concealed fructifi- cation. A boreal genus of two species. *» I. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Stipes densely tufted, stra- 2^9^b' niiiieous; fronds dimorphous, sterile ones on shorter stalks, tri — quadripinnatilid, with tootlied or incised segments; fertile ones long-stalked, less compound, with narrowly elliptical or oblong-linear pod-like segments. (C. cri'spo, forma .Ivicricana Hook., AUosonis acrostichoides Spreng.) Lake Superior, Colo- rado to California and northward. XI. PELL>EA Link. CiirF-RRAKK. Sori intramarginal, t(irminal on the veins, at first dot-like or dccurrent on the veins, at length confluent laterally, forming a marginal line. Indusium commonly broad and membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the fertile segment. Name from Gr. TreAAo?, dusky, alluding to the dark-colored stipes. In- cludes 55 species. § I. Chkiloit-KCTON Fee, Baker. Texture herbaceous or sub- coriaceous, 7'eins clearly visible, indusium broad, in most of the species rolled over the sorus till maturity. I. P. Breweri D. C. Eaton. Stipes densely tufted, cov- ered with narrow, crisped, fulvous chaff; fronds 2' — 6' long, simply pinnate, the pinnae short-stalked, 6 — 8 pairs, membra- nous, mostly 2-parted, the upper segment larger; segments ob- tuse, in the fertile frond narrower; indusium continuous, pale; veins repeatedly forked. Colorado to California and southward. «m2. p. gracilis Hook. Stipes scattered, slender, 2' — 3' long, y^9^2. stramineous or pale-brown ; fronds 2' — 4' long, i' — 2' broad, ovate, bi — tripinnatilid ; pitman lanceolate-deltoid, cut to the 7 n ! 'i ,i\ \m M ■»?(■: ! i 98 0(//^ NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. rachis into a few broad, blunt, slightly-lobcd pinnules; texiiin' thinly herbaceous, flaccid ; indusiuni broad, continuous, mem- branous; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. {Al/osoriis crispKS, V2ir. Stclleri Milde, A. gnxcilis Presl, P ten's gracilis Michx., P. Stclleri Gmelin.) Labrador to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Colorado, and northward. § 2. Allosorus Baker. Texture coriaceous, the veins not perceptible ; indusiuni broad, conspicuous, * Pinnules or segments obtuse or barely acute. t Fronds pinnate or bipinnate. 2^S^1^ — "S- P- atropurpurea Link. Stipes tufted, 2—6' \on\i,, dark- purple ; fronds 4' — 12' long, 2' — 6' broad, lanceolate or ovaie- lanceolate, simply pinnate or bipinnate below; pinnules and upper pinnai i' — 2' long, \' broad or less, nearly sessile, smooth ; indusiuni formed of the slightly altered incurved edge of the pinnules. {Allosorus atropurpureus Kunze, Pteris atropurpurea L., Platylonia atropurpurea J. Sm.) Arizona, New Mexico, Texas to Vermont and northward. 4. P. aspera Baker. Stipes slender, 2' — 3' long, black with scurfy pubescence ; fronds 4' — 6' long, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae and pinnules deltoid-lanceolate or oblong, pinnules next to main rachis often lobed ; all of them roui;h oti both surfaces with short harsh hairs. (Cheilanthes aspera Hook.) Western Texas and New Mexico. ft Fronds bi — quadripinnate, ultimate segments oval or cordate. 5. P. andromedsefolia Fee. Stipes scattered, erect, pale- brown, 2' — 12' long; fronds 6' — 12' long, 3' — 6' broad, ovate, bi — quadripinnate, usually tripinnate; pinnae rather distant, spreading; ultimate pinnules 2" — 5" long, oval, slightly cordate, coriaceous, the margin of the fertile ones sometimes revolute to the midrib; veins numerous, parallel. {Allosorus andromedcc- folius Kaulf., Pteris andromedcefolia Kaulf.) California. 6. P, pulchella Fee. Stipes densely tufted, 3' — 8' long, chafTy at base, nearly black; fronds 3' — 9' long, i' — 5' broad, triangular-ovate, quadripinnate below, gradually simpler above ; lower pinnai deltoid, narrowly triangular above; ultimate pin- nules numerous, i"— 3" long, oval or often cordate-ovate, stalked, coriaceous, smooth, the edges often much reflexed. {'■ N se n II (1 c / FII.ICES. 99 ItCXUliv nicin- Ptois 'Ivania, "^ins not {Allosorus pitlchcllus Miirt. and Gale.) Wester*' Texas and' New Mexico. ttt Fronds tri — quadripinnatiful ; segments Uncai--oblong ; secondary rachtses margined. 7. P. marginata Raker. Stipes tufted, 3' — 9' long, casta- neous, shining, sligiitly fibrillosc at the. base ; fronds 4' — 6' long, nearly as broad, deltoid ; the lower pinnae much the largest ; in- diisiuni broad, continuous, the margins slightly erose ; texture chartaceous. {Cheilanthes marg/nata Hook.) Huachuca Mts., Arizona {Lenunon). ■\--v- Pinnules mucronulate or decidedly acute. t Fronds narrowly linear in outline, usually bipinnate. 8. P. ternifolia Link. Stipes tufted, nearly or quite black, 2' — 6' long, fronds 4' — 10' long, narrowly linear; pinna usually 9 — 15 pairs, all but the uppermost trifoliate; segments com- monly linear, slightly miicronatc, coriaceous, sessile or the niifldle one indistinctly stalked, the edges much inflexed in fer- tile fronds; indusium broad. {Pleris ternifolia Q^w.) Western Texas. 9. P. brachyptera Raker. Stipes 2 — 8' long, stout, pur- plish-brown ; fronds 3' — 8' long, narrow in outline from the as- cending secondary rachises, bipinnate; pinimles crowded, 2" — 5" long, oblong-linear, simple or trifoliate, acute or mucronulate ; margins inflexed to the midrib in fertile fronds. {P. ornitJiopus, 7'ar. brachyptera D. C. Eaton, Platyloma belluni et P. b^-achypte- rum Moore.) California. tt Fronds broader, lanceolate to ovate, bi — tripinnate. 10. P. ornithopus Hook. Stipes tufted, 3' — 8' hmg, rather stout, dark-brown; fronds very rigid, 3' — 12' long, 2' — 3' broad, broadly deltoid-lanceolate, bi — tripinnate; primary pin- nx spreading or obliquely ascending, linear, bearing 4 — 16 pairs of trifoliate (varying from simple to 5 — 7 foliate) mucronulate pinnules, \^' — 2" long; margins inflexed t3 midrib in fertile fronds. {Allosorus mucronatus D. C. Eaton.) California. 11. P. Wrightiana Hook. Rootstock short, thick, densely chaffy; stipes crowded, purplish-i)rown, 4' — 6' long; fronds 3' — 6' long, 1-3' broad, lanceolate t^) deltoid, trifoliate at apex. 100 OUR NATIl'E FERXS AXD 'IIIEIR ALLIES. s '■ ' il ■n bipinnate below; piiiiuu short with i — 2 pahs of long narrow phinules besides the terminal one; niucro short, with margin broad and cartilaginous; margins of fertile fronds inflexed to the midrib. Very variable; forms with fronds decreasing to simply pinnate at the apex, and longer but less broadly winged mucro form 7>ar. loni^iinncroiiata Dav. (/'. /oui^/iiiiicro/ia/d Hook.); forms with pinnules densely crowded are var. coinpacta Dav. Colorado and Texas to California. 'ISi^ ■=*• '-• P- densa Hook. Rootstock rather slender, chaflv with blackish scales; stipes densely tufted, wiry, very slender, castaneous, 3' — 9' long; fronds ovate or triangidar-oblong, r — 3' long, densely tripinnitte; segments 3" — 6" long, linear, nearly sessile, sharp pointed or mucronate, in the fertile fronds entire, with the margin narrowly recurved ; in the rare sterile fronds sharply serrate, especiall)'- toward tiie apices, (ihiyc/i- ium dcnsuiii Brack.) Utah (7(W6'5), and Wyoming to California, Oregon, and northward ; Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec {Allcti). % 3. Platvloma J. Sm., Baker. Texture coriaceous Jhc veins usually hidden, f/ie ultimate sej^inents broad andjlat, the indusiuni so uarro^iv as to he soon hidden by the fruit. 13. P. Bridgesii Hook. Sti[)es 2' — 6' long, tufted, castane- ous ; fronds 4' — 6' long, i' or more broad, simply pinnate ; pinnae 5 — 1 8 pairs, mainly opposite, nearly sessile, glaucous green, coriaceous, rounded or cordate at the base; indusium narrow, formed of the whitish margin of the pinna, soon flattened out exposing the broad sorus. Californi'i. 14. P. flexuosa Link. Rootstock creeping, rather slender ; stipes reddish, passing into a more or less liexuous or zigzag rachis; fronds6' — 30' long, ovate-oblong, bi — tri[)innatc; second- ary and tertiary rachises usually deliected and zigzag, rusty pidjerulent or nearly smooth; pinnse mostly alternate ; ultimate pinnides 5" — 10" long, roundish-ovate, or sub-cordate, smooth ; margins at first reflexed, soon flattened out. {Allosorus Jtexu- osus Kanlf.) Western Texas to California. 15. P. intermedia Mett. Rootstock long, wide creeping, slender, cliaffy ; stipes scattered, 4' — 6' long, pinkish-stramine- ous, smooth; fronds 5' — 10' long, 3' — 8' wide, ovate-bipin:iate ; pinnae nearly opposite, remote; i)iniudes 2 — 6 pairs, petiolate, sub-coriaceous, oval or cordate-ovate ; veins obscure ; ra- FILICES. lOI I'larrow |niaroiii ped to y'onatn chafiy lender, )l()no-, li/icar, fi'oiids •sterile Onyc/,. f^oriiia, 't"'t't'lllS iiis/'mn chiscs often pubescent. Iluachucu Mountains, South Arizona {Ixmmon). XII. CERATOPTERIS Brong. FioATiNci-KKKN. Sori placed on two or three veins which run down the frond loMijiitudinally, nearly parallel with both the edge and midrib. Sporan<.>;ia scattered on the rece[)taclcs, sessile, sub-globose, with a complete, partial, or obsolete ring. Indusia formed of the reflexed margins of the frond, those of opposite sides meet- ing at the midrib. Name from Gr. ictfxi:?, horn, and rcrtpi?, a fern. Contains a single tropical species. I. C. thalictroides Brong. Stipes tufted, thick, inflated, filled with large air cells; fronds succulent in texture. the sterile ones floating in quiet water, simple or slightly divided when young, bi — tripinnate when mature; fertile ones bi — tripinnate; tdtimate segments pod like. Southern Florida. XIII. LOMARIA Willd. Sori in a continuous band next the midrib of the contracted pinn;e of the fertile frond, covered till mature by an elongate iiidusium, either formed of the recurved and altered margin of the pinna or sub-marginal and parallel to the margin. Veins of sterile frond oblique to the midrib, simple or forked and free. Fronds mostly elongate, of two kinds, the sterile foliaceous, the fertile commonly much contracted. Name from Gr. Ao/ar, a fringe. Principally south temperate, containing 45 species. 55 Eur,OMARiA. ,^ I. L. spicant Desv. (Deer-fern.) Rootstalk short, thick, ifS^S^ very chally ; fronds tufted, erect, sterile ones nearly sessile, narrowly linear-lanceolate, 8'- 24' long, i' — 3' wide, tapering to both ends, cut to the rachis into oblong or oblong-linear closely set segments, the lower ones gradually diminishing to minute auricles; fertile fronds sometimes three feet high, long-stalked, pinnate ; pinnae somewhat fewer and more distant, longer and much narrower than in the sterile frond; indusia distinctly in- tramai'ginal. {Osinuiuia spicant L., Blcchntim borcale Swz.) California, Oregon, and northward. i ■ i 1 I ! I I02 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. XIV^ BLECHNUM L. Sori linear, continuous or nearly so, parallel with the inidril) and usually contij^uous to it. Indusium membranous, distinct from the edge of the frond. Veins usually free. Name from Gr, /i/le^j'o/', an old name for some kind of fern. .A tropical and south temperate genus, containing 19 species. § EU BLECHNUM. I. B. serrulatum Richard. Stipes 6' — 12' long, stout, erect, nearly naked; fronds obl(>Mg-lanceolate, i"" — 14° long, 3'— 6' broad, with 12 — 24 j)airs of distinct linear-oblong pinme, the margins finely incised; texture c« riaceous ; veins very line and close; fertile pinnoe narrower. {Blechnuin iDigicstifoliuDi Willd.) Flo-=da. XV. WOODWARDIA Sm. CuAiN-i ekn. Sori oblong or linear, sunk in cavities in the frond, arranged in a chain-like row parallel to the midribs of the pinna; and pinnules and near them. Indusium sub-coriaceous, fixed by its outer margin to the fruitful veiidet and covering the cavity like a lid. Veins more or less reticulate. Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English botanist. Contains six species, mostly north temperate. i? I. EuwoonWARDiA. Fronds uniform, the veins for)niiti:; at least one series of areohc between tJie sori and inari^ins. I. W. radicans Sm. Caudex stout, erect, and rising a little above the ground ; stipes stout, 8' — 12' long; fronds 3° — 5° lorig, sub-coriaceous, pinnate; the pinnai 8' — 15' long, 2 — 4' broad, oblique to the rachis, pinnatifid nearly to the midrib; segments spinulose-serrate; veinlets forming a single row of oblong sorus-bearing areolaj next the midveln, besides a few oblique empty areokc outside the fruiting ones, thence free to the margin. California, Arizona. § 2. Anchistra Presl. Fronds tmiforni, the veins free be- tween the sori and the margins. 1nr. myriophyllum Mott. Stipes tufted, 2'— 6' long; fronds 3'— 10' long, delicately mem- branous, lanceolate, narrowed below, bi — tripinnate; ultimate segments obovate-oblong, entire or 2 — 3 lobed ; veins single in each segment, bearing belowthe middle a solitary oblong sorus. Forms with fronds narrowly linear, J' — i' wide and widely as- com 1<1() ish. Z()l> cut are ofli iii v.v "til lllid. I'll. ICES. 107 naked ; simply 'tiled or 111", soon ceiiiliiij;- 7-"^ lobcd piniuu, are var. lUscaynianiiin D. C. Eaton. FI(^rida. 18. A. cicutarlum Sw/. Slipcs tultcfl, 4' — 8' loii^, jj;rc('n« isli, naked; froiuls 6' — 15' liMi;^', 4 - 6' broad, with lo- 15 liori- zonliil piiiiuc on each side, the lower ones 2' — 3' loiij;, i broad cut down to the rachis into linear or obionj; sej;tnenis, which arc once or twice cleft at the apex; rachis compressed and often winded ; sori principally in two rows. Florida. i 1. ArilVKll/M Koth. Veins free ; sort in ore or less cimwd, sometimes horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower siiie of the frititini^ veinlet. —•19. A. tholypteroides Mich.x. Stipes lonj;, erect, stra- >^f^^ iiiineons; fn^nds i" — 2' lonf4',6 — 12' broad, bipinnatilid ; pinna; linear-lanceolaie ; sejjjinents cnjwded, oblonsj;, niiinitely toothed ; sori 5 — 6 pairs to each segment, slii^hily cnr\ed, the hnver ones often donble. New Filmland to Kentucky and Illinois. -^20. A. fllix-fcBmina Hernli. (Lady-fki^n.) Stipes tufted, >^^^t^' 6 ~- 12 lonjj;. stramineous or brownisli ; fronds delicate, i^° — 3' loii!4, broadly oblong-ovate, bipinnate; pinnic 4' — 8' long, lan- ceolate ; pinnules ol)long-lanceolate, pointed, more or less pin- nately incised or serrate, distinct or confluent on the secondary rachises by a very narrow and inconspicuous margin ; sori short; indnsium straight or variously curved. Small starved specimens growing in mountainous places form the 7'ar. exile I). C. Eaton, often fruiting when 3' — 6' high. Narrow forms with the pinniu obliquely ascending are var. Miehauxii Mett. .{var. ani(nstiiin D. C. Eaton), and other forms equally unim- portant, form the remaining sixty-three 7>arieties that have been described of this species. {Asftidiuin filix-fa'niina Swz., Xephro- dium asplenoides Michx.) Eastern United States to Utah, Ne- vada, California, and Arizona. XVII. SCOLOPENDRIUM Sm. IIart's-tonguk. Sori linear, elongate, almost at right angles to the midvein, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. Name from Gr. (T;<'oAoa'ei'(5p<»', a centipede, alluding to the posi- tion of the sori. Includes live species. Mi Io8 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. tW^ >!i!i m^^ '— I. S. vulgare Sin. Stipes 2' — 6' long, fibrlllose below; fronds oblong-lanceolate from an auricled heart-shaped base, entire or undulate, 7' — 18' long, i' — 2' wide, bright green. (.V. officinarum Svvz., .Ispltniuiii scolopcndrium L.) Cliiitenango Falls and Janiesville, New York; Woodstock, New Hrunswick {Sutlon), Owen Sound, Canada {Mrs. Roy), Tennessee. XVIII. CAMPTOSORUS Link. Wai.kinc. i.kak. Sori oblong or linear, irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulate veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs, or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming cro.oked lines. Name from Gr. Kaiinroi, curved, and ctj/jo?, a heap. Inchidcs only two species. — 1. C. rhizophyllus Link. Frondsevergreen, tufted, spread- ing or procumbent, 4' — 9' long, lanceolate from an aiirii:k'(i, heart-shaped or often hastate base, tapering above into a slender prolongation which often roots at the apex. Var. intermedins Arthur is an interesting form, differing mainly from the typical forms in having the base acute, without proper auricles and with a single fibro-vascular bundle in the stipe, {^bitii^'-rai/iiiia r/iiaop/iylla J. Sm., Scolopendrimn rhisophyUiiin Ho(jk., Asph- niiim rJiizopJiylluin L.) New England to Wisconsin and south- ward ; the variety in Iowa. XIX. PHEGOPTERIS Fee- Bkkcii-ikun. Sori small, round, naked, borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Veins free or reticulate. Name from Gr. (puyo'i, a beech-tree, and Trrep/?, a fern. Includes 95 species. § I. EuPHRGOPTERiS. Vcins frcc. * Fronds triana^ular, hipinnatifid; pinncc sessile, adnatc to a luifiged rachis. 2^^SrV — I. P. polypodioides Fee. Stipes6— 9' long; f--nds longer than broad, 4' — 9' long, 4' — 6' broad, hairy on the veins esijeci- ally bcneat'.j ; pinn?^ linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair dellexed and standing forward, segments oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal ones decurrent and adna(-;tothe main rachis; sori near the margin. (/'. vuhj^aris Mett., Polypodiiiin p/ieji^opteris L. . /'. eonneetile Michx.) New England to Virginia and westward. ou sli pi pi so 'Ys %-\ ■i^'-: UmniMMIMMM ^w. FILICES. 109 ic below; Pt-' "2 m e( i.sprcad- anricied, I slender 'nncd/iis e typical cles and 'i^rainiiia d sou ill - le veins Veins ■ee, and lie io a • longer CS()CCI- cdcxed le, the ri near L../'. rd. ous, naked; fronds as broad as long or nearly so, 7' — 12' long, siijiluly pubescent, and often finely glandular beneath; upper pinnse oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, the very large lowest pinna; elongate and pinnately lobed ; sori near the margin or icxagon- i'OCi/ some between the sinus and tiie midrib. {Polypodiiiin he optcruin Michx.) Canada to Illinois, Kentucky, and Florida. ** Fronds oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid; rachis loingless. -^3. P. alpestris Melt. Rootstock short, thick, erect or ob- lique; stipes 4' — 10' long, with a few brown spreading scales near the base ; fronds \° — 2" long, pinnae deltoiri-lanceolate. tiie lower ones distant and decreasing moderately ; pinnules oblong- lanceolate, incised and toc^thed ; sori sn.all, rounded, sub- marginal. {Polypodiuin alpestre Hoppe, Aspidiuni alpestre Swz.) California and northward. *** Fronds ternatejhe three dh'isions petioled; rachis wingless. «-4. P. dryopteris Fee. (Oak-fkrn.) Rootstock slender, ^ '^^^^ creeping; fronds broadly triangular, 4' — 8' wide; the three primary divisions 1—2 pinnate; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; sori near the margin. {Polypodiian dryopteris L., Xephrodiinn dryopteris Michx.) Noriheastern United States to Virginia, and westward to (J)regon and Alaska. «• Var. Robertianum Dav. Stipes 6 — 10' long, stramineous when dry, glandular; fronds 6' — 8' long, 5' — 7' wide, deltoid- ovate in oi'.tlinc, bipinnate, lowest pair of [)innse far the largest, pinnatifid or again pinnate; upper pinnae smaller, pinnatitid, lobed, or entire ; sori copious, forming submarginal rows around the segments. {P. calcarea Fee.) Minnesota iCathcart), Deco- rah, Iowa (//olicay), Northeast Territory {Maconn). i 2. GoNioi'i'KKis Presl. Veins pinnate, the lower veinlets of contiguous groups uniting. 5. P. tetragona Fee. Rootstock creeping; stipes erect, 6' — 18' long, naked or slightly villosc; fronds i' — 2' long, ()' — 12' broad ; piniut numerous, spreading 3' — 6' long, the lowest narrowed at the base and sometimes stalked, deeply pinnatilid ; texture thinly herbaceous ; rachis and under surface finely pu- bescent; sori in rows near tlie midrib. Marion County, F'lorida {Reynolds). no OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. •m 6. P. reptans D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, crccpiiij; ; stipes 3' — lo' long, clustered, gray-slramincous, slender, naked; fronds 4' — 12' long, membranous, softly hairy with branched or stellate hairs, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate with nearly or q.iitc sessile, oblong, crenately pinnatifid pinna;, the apex pinnaiifid, often elongate and rooting; veins pinnate, simple, the basal veinlets often anastomosing; sori on the middle of the veinlets, rather small, sometimes with a minute rudimentary indusium. {Polypodium reptans Swz., ylspidium reptans Mett.) On cal- careous rocks, on left bank of Withlacoochee River, 15 miles N.E. from Brooksville, Florida (7. Donncll Sniith). XX. ASPIDIUM Swz. SUIKLD-IEUN. Sori round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of ihc veins. Indusium flat or flattish, orbicular and peltate at ilie centre, or cordatoreniform and fixed either centrally or at ihe sinus. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Name from Gr. dcnii8iov,A small shield. A cosmopolitan genus containing 350 or more species. J^ I. EUASPiDiUM. Veins anastomosing copiously. 1. A. trifoliatum Swz. Stipes tufted, 1° or more long. brownish, scaly at base; fronds 12' — 18' long, 6' — 12' i)road, with a large ovate-acuminate terminal pinna narrowed or forked at the base, and one or two lateral ones on each side, the lowest mostly forked; primary veins distinct to the margin; arcoke fine, copious, with free included veinlets; sori in rows near the main veins; indusia orbicular, peltate. Florida, Western Texas. ^ 2. Cyrtomium Presl. Indusium peltate; fronds simply pinnate ivit/i broad pinner; veinlets usually uniting slightly near the margin. 2. A. juglandifolium Kunze. Stipes tufted, clothed below with large scales; fronds 6' — 2° long, coriaceous; pinnre 2 — 12 pairs, short-stalked, ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, the ter- minal one distinct, and in small fronds tiie largest, appressed- serrulate, smooth on both surfaces; veins pinnate, the veinlets few, free or uniting near the margin; sori scattered in several irregular rows. Western Texas, Arizona. § 3. P(JLV.STicHUM Roth. Indusium orbicular and entire, Tcepiiij^-; '. naked ; "ched or or q.iitc niiatifid, ic basal vein lets, tliisiuni. On cal- 15 miles s of the i at the >r at the I'oni Gr. iinj;35o c lonij;-. l)road, !• forked - lowest ateoUe lear the V^estern simply 'ly near \ below ^ 2—12 he ter- resscd- einlets leveral entire. FILICES. in peltate, fixed by the depressed centre; pinna and pinnules usually auriclcd oti the upper side at base, miicronately serrate; veins free. * Fronds simply pimiate. t Fronds long-stalked, lanceolate. -•»3. A. acrostichoides Swz. (Christmas-fern.) Stipes V-i^/^ 6' — 8' long, densely clothed below with pale-brown lanceolate scales; fronds t° — 2° high, 3' — 5' broad ; pinnae lineur-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, half-halberd-shaped at the base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous sori near the middle, soon covering the entire surface. A form with cut-lobed, often strongly fal- cate pinnse, set obliquely to the rachis, and with the tips of nearly all bearing sori, is the 7>ar. incisuni Gray. {Nephrodium acrostichoides Michx.) New England to Florida, Mississippi, and northward. '-«.4. A. munltum Kaulf. Stipes 4' — 12' long, chaffy like the 20J6' rachis with brown scales; fronds growing in a crown, 1° — ^° long, tapering slightly toward the base; pinnae numerous, linear-acuminate, 3' — 4' long, very sharply and often doubly serrate, with appressed needle like points; sori numerous, form- ing a single row each side of the midrib half-way to the margin. California and northward. tt Fronds scarcely stalked, linear-lanceolate. *.v 5. A. lonchitis Swz. (HoLLV-FKRN.) Fronds 9'— 20' long, )cJe.s vari- !s inter- crowii, pceolate ptilid or on the leatc 11) 'rillcjsc;; lan the 1 arrow, above lis, tlie a i)ii]. aton.) teohite, 2; \)\n~ tJy in- 2r sur- ac; i)u- n size Jinost : soft ne to n or 'ep- oth est pairs gradually shorter and deflexcd, those of the barren frond broader; segments flat, oblong. l)asal ones often enlarged; veins simple or forked in basal lobes ; sori distinct, near the margin; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous. {A.thc- lyptcroides Svvz., Polypodiuvi Nin'eboracoisc L., Ncphrodium Novcboracensc Desv., Lastrea Novcboraccusis J. Sm.) North Carolina to Arkansas and northward. 9. A. conterminum Willd., var. strigosum D. C. Eaton. Rootstock stout, erect, often extending a foot above the ground, bearing a crown of fronds ; stipes very stout, narrowly wing- margined at the base ; fronds 1° — 4'' long, lanceolate in outline, caudate-acuminate, much narrowed at the base, somewhat rigid, pinnate ; pinnoe sessile, narrowly lanceolate from a broader base, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong, ob- liquely sub-falcate, obtuse segments; under-surface copiously dotted with resinous globules ; veins free, simple; sori near the margin; indusium reniform, minute, glandular, somewhat pilose, evanescent. (./. stn'oosum Fee, Nephrodium conter- minum Desv. in part.) Florida. ID. A. Nevadense D. C. Eatoii. Rootstock creeping, densely covered with the persistent bases of former stalks ; fronds in a crown, i^° — 3° long, lanceolate; pinnaj linear-lanceo- late from a broad base, deeply pinnatifid, the lower pairs distant and gradually reduced to mere auricles ; segments crowded, ob- long, slightly hairy on the veins beneath, and sprinkled with minute resinous particles; veins about seven pairs to a lobe; sori close to the margin ; indusium minute, furnished with a few dark-colored marginal glands, and bearing several straight jointed hairs on the upper surface. California. ^« II. A. oreopteris Swz. Rootstock short, erect or decum- J^^ bent, scaly; stipes short, tufted, scaly below; fronds 1^° — 2° long, firm, membranous, broadly lanceolate, gradually tapering and attenuated below, glandular; pinnae 2' — 3' long, sessile from a .broad base, lanceolate-acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter to the lowest, which are more distant, deltoid, and less than \ long; segments flat, nearly entire, oblong ; sori quite marginal ; indusia delicate, membranous, more or less toothed at the margin. {Xcphrodium oreopteris Desv., N.mou- 8 I 114 OUK NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. m tantim Baker.) Unalaska, Mount Dawson, Briiish Columbia {^Macoun). ft Lcnucr pinme little smaller than those ab(n>e. 2)^03^ — 12. A. thelypteris Swz. (Maksh-ff.RN.) Rootstock slen- der; fronds i" — 2° long, 4'— 6' broad, lanceolate, pinnai mostly horizontal, linear-lanceolate ; segments oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute in fruit from tbe strongly rcvolute margins; veins mostly forked, bearing the sori near their middle ; indusia minute, smooth, and naked. {Polypodiion thelypteris L., A^- phrodiuin thelypteris Dqsw. , Lastrea thelypteris ]. Sm.) North- ern United States to Florida. 13. A. patens Swz. Rootstock rather stout, bearing several fronds at the growing end ; fronds 2° — 3° long, 4' — 10' broad, ovaie-oblong, softly pubescent beneath; pinnai closely placed, linear-acuminate, lowest pair somewhat deflexed, all cut three- fourths of the way to the midrib ; segments numerous, acuiish, basal ones longest; veinlets evident, lowest ones of adjoining segments often uniting; sori near the margin; indusia very pubescent. {A. violle Kunze.) Florida to California. ** Texture firmer or sub-coriaceous, veins for hi/it;; freely. t Fronds pinnate; pinmc cut into spreadini^ triangular lobes; sori confluent. 14. A. unitum R. Br., TAi'r. glabrunn Mett. Stipes 1° — ii° long, brownish, naked; fronds i^° or more long, 5'— 8' broad ; piniiiX narrow, cut from one third to half-way down into sharp, pointed lobes; lower pinnae not reduced ; veins pinnate in the broad lobes with 6 — 8 veinlets on each side, the lower ones of contiguous groups united ; sori near the ends of the veins prin- cipally in the lobes. Florida. tt Fyonds bipinnatifid or bipinnate ; indusia rather large ; segments not spinulose. X Fronds small, narrotuly lanceolate, 30i% "~ '5- ^- fragrrans Swz. Fronds 4' — 12' high, glandular and aromatic; pinnae linear-oblong, pinnately parted; segments toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered beneath with the very large thin imbricate indusia, which are orbicular with a narrow ginus, the margin ragged and sparingly glandulifcrous. {Nc- S^:^ '.(iaK^'a^l.^.-sss'K^i-teaiKz'i.BJXiaastx mfm -olunibia ock slen- mostly -. obtuse 'n:'i"S:ins; i'ltiiisia L.. A^. Nortli- : several broad, placcfl, t tlirec- aciiiLsIi, ^ia very V lobes; broad ; sharp, in the lies of s pri/i- Wgc; r and nents very rrow (/IV- FILICES, 115 phrodiinn frai^rans Rich.) Nev/ England, New York to Wis- consHi, and northward. \\ Fronds larger, mostly 2° — 4° high, A. Fronds hipinnatifid or nearly twice pinnate ; indusia large, thinnish and Jlat. 16. A. Florldanum D. C. Eaton. Stipes 6' — 10' h>ng, sparingly clothed with ovate scales; fronds lanceolate, 18' — 20 long, 5' — 8' broad ; fertile pinnce confined to the upper half of the frond, narrowly lanceolate, cut down to the narrowly winged secondary rachises i!ito oblong, distinct pinnules; the sterile pinna; broader, shorter and sub-deltoid below, less deeply cut. {A. cristatum, var. Floridannni Hook., Nephro- diiiin Floridaniim Hook.) Florida. — 17. A. cristatum Swz. Fronds linear-oblong or lanceolate XJfc^^J" in outline, 1° — 2° long; oinnse short, 2' — 3' long, triangular-ob- long or the lowest nearly triangular, deeply pinnatitid ; seg- ments 6 — 10 pairs, finely serrate or cut-toothed ; sori as near the midvein as the margin; indusia smooth, naked. {A. Lan- eastriense Spreng., Nephrodiitni cristatum Michx., Lastrea cris- tata Presl.) Canada to Arkansas. '"^Var. Clintonianum D.C.Eaton. Fronds much larger, '>' 2i — 4" long; pinnai oblong lanceolate, broadest at base, 4' — 6 long, r — 2' broad, deeply pinnaiifid; segments 8 — 16 pairs, crowded or distant, liiiear-oblong, obscurely serrate; veins pin- nately forking, bearing the sori near the midvein. New Eng- land, New York, and westward. ••18. A. Goldieanum Hook. Fronds broadly ovate, 2" — 4°X3^^6 long; pinnai 6' — 9' long, broadest in the middle, pinnately parted; tlie segments about 20 paiis, oblong-linear, sub-falcate, serrate with appressed teeth ; veins bearing the sori very near tiie midvein ; indusia very large, orbicular with a narrow sinus. {Ncphrodiian Goldieanum Hook., Lastrea Goldieana J. Sm.) Canada to Kentucky. H. Fronds mostly bipinnate ; indusia convex, without mar- ginal glands. —.19. A. filix-mas Swz. (Male-FRRN.) Rootstock short, 300/ stout; fronds in a crown, 1° — ^3" high, broadly oblong lanceo- late, slightly narrowed toward the base, hipinnatifid or bipin- Il6 OUR NATIVE FERNS AND TIIEIK ALLIES. m nate ; pinnules oblong, smooth, polished beneath, the iarj;cr ones piimately incised ; sori large, near the midvein, coninionlv on the lower half or two thirds of the segment ; indiisia firm, smooth ; rachis more or less chaffy. {Ncphrpdium fi//.\-iiiiu Rich., Lastrca filix-vias Presl.) Canada to Colorado, Arizona, California, and Oregon. 3C0^Y —20. A. marginale Swz. Fronds smooth, nearly coriaceous in texture, 6' — 2° long, ovate-oblong; pinna; lanceolate, broad-jst just above the base : pinnules oblong or oblong-falcate, entire or crenately toothed ; sori close to the margin, {Polypodiitm iiuv- giiuile L., Nephrodiuin inari^inalc Michx., Lastrca marginalis J. Sm.) Northern United States and Canada. \\\ Fronds bipinnate or tripinnatifid; segments spimilosetootlud. sees' —21. A. rigidum Swz., 7'ar. argutum D. C. Eaton. Root- stock short, stout; fronds in -i crown on chafTy stalks, half- evergreen, smooth above, paler aad more or less glandular be- neath, i" — 3° high, ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinna? broadly oblong-lanceolate, the lowest ones broadest, scarcely shorter than the middle ones; pinnules ol)- long, incised or doubly serrate with spiuulose teeth ; indusia firm, convex, the edge bearing short-stalked glands. (^1. argu- tum Kaulf.) California, Oregon. ^^10 — *22. A. spinulosum Swz. Stipes with a few. pale-brown, deciduous scales; fronds ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate, the pinna; oblique to the rachis, elongate-triangular, the lower paiis broadly triangular ; pinnules oblique to the midrib, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, incised or pinnatifid \..th lobes spinulose toothed; indusia smooth without marginal glands. {Nephrodiuin spinulosum Desv. Lastrea spinulosa Presl.) Canada and Northern United States. -4 .-^Var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. Scales of the stipes few, brown with a darker centre; fronds oblong-ovate, hi— tripiii- nate; pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate, the lowest unequally triangular-ovate; pinnules crowded, pinnately dividerl ; margin of indusium denticulate and beset with stalked glands. (A. in- terjnedium Willd., A. Americanuni Dav.) Canada to Tonnes- see. .^Var. dilatatum Horneman. Scales of the stipes largo, br ov of /. I) i ?r?:'- ■i"ii4V.-.'J'?^VJ«M lie larocr pninioiilv fisia fini,, |^nzon;i, Iriaccoijs jbroadest pit ire or \iin tiiar- yX ill all's ■foot /led. Root- l^'s, half- ular l)c- ceolate, St ones lies ob- iiidusia . argil. FILICRS. I'/ brown, piniiai pairs nccted lobes 'ands. ^resl.) ripiii- lually :iroi,) /. ///- iiu\<;- u-f^e, brown with a darker centre; fronds broadly ovate or triangular- ovate, oftenest tripinnate; pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusia smooth and naked. (./. dila- (dtuin Swz. A. ca)iipyIopti'rmn Kunze., Nephrodium dilatatum Desv.. Lastrca dilatata j. Sm.) A dwarf form is var. dio/ie- tontm. Canada and New England to Oregon. — 23. A. Boottii Tuckerman. Scales of the stipes pale-brown ; 3oy^ fronds elongate oblong or elongate lanceolate in outline; pin- nules broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pinnatifid, the upper and smaller merely serrate ; indusia minutely glandular. (./. spi/iii/osiDii, var. Boottii Gray.) New England, New York, and northward. 24. A. patulum Swz. Stipes tufted, 8' — 12' long, stra- mineous, scaly at base; fronds pale green, i" — 2° long, 6' — 12' broad, ovate-lanceolate; pinnae lanceolate or the lower subdel- toifl; rachis and both surfaces naked ; sori in rows midway be- tween ciV^i^ and midrib ; indusium conspicuous, naked. {A\p/iro- diinn patulum Baker, A'^, Mcxicanum Hook. Distributed by Lemmon as A. Kariuinskyanuni.) Huachuca Mountains, Arizona {^Lcmiiion). XXI. NEPHnOLEPIS Schott. Sori round, arising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the margin. Indusia reniform or roundish. Veins all free, the fronds simply pinnate, the pinnai articulated at the base, and bearing wliite cretaceous dots on the upper surface. Name from Gr. j'e0/joL>5, a kidney, and Xeniar. dcntafa Hook. Like many other so-called varieties it passes insensibly into the typical form. {Aspi'diiim tcnuc Swz.) New England to Arizona, Cali- fornia, and northward. bo I'll ** Fronds dc/foid-ora/c, tri — quadripinnate. —•3. C. montana Rernh. Rootstalk long, slender, creeping; stipes 6' — 9' long, slender; fronds about 6' each way; lowest p mae deltoid-lanceolate, much larger than those above, their inferior pinnules i' — i^' long; segments cut to the rachis into oblong lobes, deeply and sharply toothed ; sori numerous. Colorado {Brandci:;cc), north shore of Lake Superior, Labrador {Butler), Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Quebec, and northward to Alaska. : I (eril Indl lixcl alU pu it '■fll, IS87 'I'liisiuni rt.triin. North Sori round, borne on the back of tlie veins of the contracted fertile frond, and (piite concealed by their revo'.ute margins. Iiidiisiuni very tfiin incinbranous, heinispiieric or hood-like, lixcd at the inferior side of the sorus. Fronds conspicuously dimorphous. Name from Gr. oyo^, a vessel, and ^Xt-if-w, to close, alhidiiig to the fertile fronds. A cold temperate genus contain- ing three species. 4; I. EucJNOCLEA. Vi/ns of sterile frond copiously aiias/o- mosi'ni^. — I. O. sensibilis L. (Sknshivk-FKKN.) Fertile fronds bi- X 3^-2^7 pinnate, much contracted ; pinnules short, usually rolled up and converted into berry-shaped closed involucres, and forming a one-sided panicle; sterile fronds broadly triangular, deeply pin- natifid into lanceolate-oblong pinna.*, vvh'ich are entire, undulate, or the lowest pair sinuate [jinnatifid ; veins copiously anasto- mosing. In 7>ar. obtusilobala Torr. the sterile fronds are again ^ pinnatilid, more or less contracted and revolute, and bear a few sori. New England to Florida and Kansas. 4J 2 , S r R u r n I ( ) P'l' E R I s W i 1 1 d . Veins all free. -«.2. O. struthiopteris HolTm. (OSTRICH-FERN.) Fertile >^ ^^-^^ fronds i" — iV long, simply pinnate with necklace-shaped pinnae formed of the strongly revolute margins ; sterile fronds 2° — 6" long, growing in a crown, broadly lanceolate, bipinnatifid, the lowest pinnae gradually much shorter; veins pinnate, free and simple; sori crowded and confluent. Sterile fronds are some- times partially contracted and bear sori analogous to var. obtusilobata above, {p. Gertnanica Willd., O. uoiiulosa Michx., Struthiopteris Pennsyhuuiica Willd., .S". Gertnanica Willd., Osmunda struthiopteris L.) New England to Illinois. XXIV. WOODSIA R. Br. Sori round, borne on the back of simply forked free veins. Indusium inferior, thin and often evanescent, either small and o])en, or early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes. Named for Joseph Woods, an English botanist. A genus of high temperate or boreal latitudes including 15 species. 4? I. Euwooo.siA. Indusium minute or evanescent, open and I 1 H I20 OUK .WATIVE FERXS AM) TlllUR ALLIES. Jlat from an airly statue, conccalt'd under the sorus, its ni,oxiii chft into slender hairs or cilia. * Stipes obscurely jointed near the base ; cilia of the indiisium /oni,'', injlexed over the sporaniria. t Fronds thickly ilothed underneath with rusty bristle-like chaff. SOit/Y'-^i. W. Ilvensis R. Rr. Fronrls broadly lanceolate, smooth- isli above, pinnate; pinme crowded, sessile, pinnalelv parted, the crowded sejj;nients oblcMijj;, obscurely crenate; sori near tiie margin, somewhat conlhient when old. ('/'. rufidula Heck., Acrostiihuin Ilvense L., Poly/>otliuin /li'ense Swz., Xephrodiuiii rufiduluni Michx., Aspidiuni rufiduluni VVilld.) V^irgiiiia to Kentucky, westward and northward. ft Fronds i^labrous or nearly so. 21123 -^-- W. hyperborea R. Hr. Stipes and rachis sometimes slightly hairy; fronds linear-lanceolate, pinnate; pinme corda- to-ovate, pinnaiifid with few (5—7) broadly obovate entire lo' •« Vermont, New York, and northwestward. '1/122 -~ 3" ^' fir'abella R. Hr. Smooth and naked throughout; fronds linear, tapering slightly below. 2' — 5' high, pinnate; piima deltoid or ovate, the lower rather remote, cut into 3—7 rounded or subcuneatc entire lobes. Vermont. New York, and northward. ** Stipes not jointed ; cilia of the indusiuin very short, hid- den by the sporant^ia. 30263 — ~ 4- W. scopulina D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short, creep- ing, very chafYy ; stipes 2' — 4' long, puberulent like the rachis and under surface of the frond with minute flattened hairs and stalked glands; fronds lanceolate, 4' — 8' long, pinnate; pinna.' numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid with 10—16 short ovate or oblong toothed divisions ; indusia very delicate, deeply cleft into laciniffi which terminate in short hairs. Colorado, Ari- zona, California, Oregon, and northward. iCtJ "* 5- ^- Oregana D.C.Eaton. Stipes and fronds smooth; fertile fronds taller than the sterile ones; pinnrc triangular-ob- long, pinnatifid ; segments oblong or ovate, toothed or crenate; teeth often reflexed and covering the submarginal sori ; indusia vir liai wit |iin intj ill ^" toi Ik /AW, '"'stU'-ia-c Iv |i;iit(.,I, Hear ilj^ Ilia Ik'ck., '/•/iroih'ii/ii i'l^inia to ioiiu'tiriies ^'^ corda- tirc |(j' M« ou^Wiom ; pinnau; ; into 3-7 ^'oi'k. and ^lor/, ///,/. t. crccp- le racliis lairs and ; pinna; ovate or ply cleft do, Ari- ;niooth ; iilar-ob- :renate; indusia FILICES. 121 very niinule, divided almost to the centre into u few beaded hairs. Arizona, Utiili, Colorado, ()reji[oii, and northward. 6. W. Mexlcana Fee. Stipes i — 3' lonj,^, snioothish or with ;i few scattered scales; fronds 3—9' lonj;, lanceolate; pinnic sul)-op|tosite, triannidar-lanceolate, |)innately divided into linely-lootlied scj^nnents, the teeth in youn^ fronds endinjj; in delicate, semi transparent, ciliated ti|»s ; sori near the mar- gin, hroiid, conlluent ; receptacles (l(jt-like, scales of indusium four, laciniate, narrow, dividing at the ('\u\ into articulated h.iirs; sporani,da nearly sessile. Arizona, New Mexiccv i,2. 1 Ivi'oi'Ki.'l'is Torr. htiiusiuin ions/>hu<>us, af firsi rn- cios/iii!^ tht- s/>(» ani^/ii!ii,/>ul early opening at the tof) and split ting into si"!'tral spytailiiii^ 1<'MX'''^ lolus. —7. W. obtusa Torr. Stipes not jointed, 3' — 6' lonj^ ; fronds 3024" broadly lanceolate, minutely j,,dandidar-hairy, 6—12' hij^h, nearly l)ipinnale ; pinn;u rather remote, trianj^ular-ovate or ob- lonjj;, pinnately parted ; se^nu-nts ()i)lonjj;, obtuse, crcnately toothed, the lower ones pinnatilid ; veins forked. {IV. Perriii- iana II. iSt (1., Aspidiuni ohtiisiDn Willd., Clwilanthcs crcnata Kunze, llypopeltis obtusa Torr.) Smaller and more jflandular forms are var, ^ianiliilosa Iviton (//'. riuninierw Lemmon). New England to Kentucky, Kansas, and Arizona. XXV. DICKSONIA L'Her. Sori small, globular, marginal or intra-marginal. S[)orangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle, enclosed in a mem- branous, cup-shaped indusium, which is open at the top, and (^w the outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. Named for James Dickson, an English botanist, 1738- 1822. Includes about 50 species, more than half of which are arborescent. § SlTOLOlUUM J. Sm. — I. D. pilosiuscula Willd. Rootstock slender, extensively X 3tf^f^ creeping, naked; stipes stout, chaflless ; fronds i" — 2i° long, 5' — 9' broad, ovate-lanceolate and pointed, usually tripinnatifid ; pinnai lanceolate, pointed ; pinnules cut into oblong and ob- tuse cut-toothed lobes; rachis and under surface minutely glandular and hairy; sori minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (/J. punctiloba 'I \ 1 ill! :Jia 122 OCA' NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. Hook., D. pinictilobula Kimze; Ncpluodiuin pioictilobulum Michx., Aspidiuiii punciilobuluni Torr.) Canada to Tennessee. XXVI. TRICHOIVIANES Sm. Filmy-fekn. Sori marginal, terminating a vein, more or less sunken in the frond. Sporangia sessile on the lower part of a cylindrical, lilifonn, often elongated receptacle. Indusia tubular or fuiniel- shaped, entire or two-lipped at the mouth. Fronds delicate, pellucid. Name from Gr. r/j/^o//(U'e5, the name of some fern, from Tfiix, hair, and /.Kxivimat, producing frenzy, alluding to some suppoiLcd properly. A *ropical and temperate genus con- taining nearly loo species. § EUTRICHOMANKS. 1. T. Petersii Gray. Stipes l" — 2" long ; fronds 3—10' long, 1 — 2" broad, oblong-lanceolate or obovatc, entire or vari- ously linnatifid, the younger ones with a few black hairs along the margins; indusium solitary, terminal, funnel-shaped, the mouth expanded and slightly two-lipped, the receptacle in- cluded. Winston County, Alabama (Ti'/crs). 2. T. radicans Swz. Rootstock wiry, tomentose ; stipes as;;ending, i'— 3' long, naked or nearly so, usually bnxidly winged; fronds 2'— 8' long, i' — li wide, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, bipinnatifid ; pinnae ovate, obtuse, tlic upper sidi- of the base parallel and appressed to the winged rachis, the lower side cuneate ; divisions toothed or divided into linear lobes; indusia terminal on short lobes, tubular or funnel-shaped, the mouth slightly two-lipped ; receptacle exserted little or very much. (7'. spcciosnni Willd.) Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky. XXVII. LYGODIUIVI Swz. Ciimhino-fern. Sporangia ovoid, solitary or occasionally in pairs, in the axils of large imbricated scale-like indusia, which are fixed by their broad bases to short oblique veinlets. Fronds scandent, twining, bearing stalked and variously lobcd divisions in pairs. Veins mostly free. Name from Gr. \vyu)6i} "—I- O- regalis L. Stipes tufted, i" — iT long, erect, naked; fronds 2° — 4" long, i"or more broad ; sterile pinnae 6' — 12' long, 2 — 4' broad ; pinnules oblong-ovate to lance-oblong, sessile or slightly stalked ; the fertile pinimles cylindrical, panicled ; tex- ture subcoriaceous ; racliis and both sides naked. {O. spccta- bilis Willd., O. glaiiccscens Link.) Canada to Florida and Mi.s- sissippi. ** Sterile fronds biptnnatifid. 303y>C— '2. O. Claytoniana L. Stipes tufted, 1° or more '-ng, clothed with loose woolly tomcntum when young, naked wiien mature; fronds T — 2" long, 8' — 12' broad; pinnae oblong-lan- ceolate with oblong, obtuse divisions; 2 — 5 pairs of centr.;! pinnae fertile fertile pinnules dense, cylindrical ; texture her- baceous. {O. intcrrupia Michx.) Canada to Kentucky, and northward. 3f32V-"-»3. O. cinnamomea L. (Cinnamon-ff.rn.) Stipes dense- ly tufted, i" or more long, the sterile and fertile fronds dis- tinct, clothcfl wdien young with ferruginous tomentum ; sterile fronds smooth when mature, the pinna; bearing a tuft of tomen- tum at the base beneath, lanceolate, cut into broadly oblong, obtuse divisions; fertile fronds contracted, bipinnate, with cin- namon-colored sporangia. In var. frondosa Gray, some of the fronds are sterile below, and sparsely fertile at the summit. (O. Claytoniana Conrad.) New Kngland and Wisconsin to Florida. /:'.T. MARSILIACE^. I j; New )cr- oundiancl "itracted, '" of the ill.!? l)ya ■■^' a few '■"^ Rfeeii. ilior. A t, naked ; sessile or led ; tex- and Mis- ^ed when onij^-lan- f centr.;; lire iier- :ky. and s dcnsc- nds dis- ; sterile tonieii- obloiif^, ith ein- ; of the iinnniit. isiii to ORDER II. MARSILIACEiE R. Br. Perennial plants rooted in nuid, with a slender creeping rootstock and either liliforin or 4-parted, lonj^^-petioled leaves. Fnictillcation consisting of sporocarps bcjrne on peduncles, which rise from the rootstock near the leaf-stalk or consolidated with it and containing both inacnjspores and microspores. Con- sisting of two genera both found in this country. I. Marsilia L. Sporocarp-; ovoid ; leaves quadrifoliate. II. Pilularia L. Sporocarps globose ; leaves filiform. I. MARSILIA L. Sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of two vertical valves having several transverse compartments or sori in each valve, the sori composed of both macrosporangia and micro- sporangia. Sporocarps also provided with a ring which at the opening of the valves swells and tears the sori from their posi- tion. Lt'aves quadrifoliate on slender petioles ; the sporocarps pedunclcd and rising from the petiole or from the rootstock at the base of the petiole. Named for Aloyslus Marsili, an early Italian naturalist. Contains about 40 species, four occurring within our limits. * Sporocarps 2 — 6 0)i each peduncle. 1. M. quadrifolia L. Plant usually slender, 5 — \i cm. higli ; leaflets variable, 4 — 14 mm. wide, 5 — 15 mm. long, mar- gins entire, smooth, or rarely with scattered hairs when young; sporocarps 1 (rarely 3) on a branching peduncle, which is usu- ally attached to the siipe near its base, but sometimes as much as 2 cm. above ; young sporocarp with short yellowish-brown hairs, later becoming naked and dark purple ; lower tooth ob- tuse, upper small, acute or obtuse; .sori, 8 or 9 in each valve. Hantam Lake, Litchheld County, Connecticut {Dr. T. F. Alien), from whence it has been cultivated in several localities. 2. M. macropoda Engelm. Plant rolnist, 10 — 25 cm. high ; leaflets large, 2 — 5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less, usually undulate, ch^thed with white hairs on both sides when young, becoming smoother with age ; sporocarps 2 — 6, on erect branch- ing peduncles, ascending, densely villose, 6 — 8 mm. long, 5- 6 mm. wide ; raphe short, the lower tooth obtuse, the upper in- IM I! \ i {"1 1 ' ' li ■■■;ii I JO OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. conspicuous or warning; sori, lo in each valve. {M. maoopus A. Br ' Texas, New Mexico. ** Sporocarps i {rarely 2) on each peduncle. IVI. uncinata A. Br. Plant 6— 2o c 111. gl' lutrli aflt'ts nearly smooth, entire, lo — 16 mm. lony ; sporocarps 6 mm. wide, 8 mm. long; peduncles 15—30 mm. long, 2—4 times the leiii;Ui of the s[)orocarps ; raphe long, terminating in two approxunate teeth, the upper longer and mostly uncinately curved ; sori, 13 — 14 in each valve. Western Louisiana {Jlale), Dallas, Texas {Re7>erc/ion). SOxiX 4- IV- vestita Hook. & Grev. Plant 3—6 cm. high ; leaf- lets entire or slightly toothed ; sporocar[js 4 — 7 mm. long, 3—5 mm. wide ; raphe short, lower tooth short and bluni, the upper acute, a little longer, sonitlimes curved ; pale;u varying from soft, dense and spreading to short and appressed, in muerouafa forms, where it is sometimes wanting ; sori, 6-- 1 1 in each valve, a very variable species. (Includes J/. w/cc^-fV/^^Ac A. Br.) Ar- kansas {Nultall), Kansas ( /F(?As>v/), Texas, Arizona {Lenniioji), California, Nevada {IWilson), Oregon (I/all), Washington Terri- tory, Montana (IVa/son), Dakota (X/collel). I'ar. tenuifolia Und. iS: Cook. Plant somewhat slethKi, 5 — 15 cm. high; leaflets narrow (2 — 4 mm. wide), more or less falcate, the apex often somewhat truncate and unecpially toothed, villose with appressed hairs; sporocarps single, 5— ila'd or ■'iinj.i- by sulpliur- ''ni I lea II, ;>ll<)\vii]j^ S])c(;ics. or more inpouiid :> ranks Spores nt, and Jits. foz/i t/ic 6' — \2' L'; fer- tinc to OPHIOGLOSSA CEAL, I2g i"-5" tliick; stalk 3—6' high, the sterile segment i— i' long, ovate, sli,-4litly petiolcd, the veins somewhat indistinct; fertile spike short and thick, 3" — 6" long. {O. htdbostan Michx., O. vulgatum, var. crotalophoroiiies D. C. Eaton.) Florida to Louisiana. 3. O. nudicaule Linn. f. Rootstock slightly tuberous; stalk r — 4' high, the sterile segment V— 'i' long, ovate or ob- long, the veins indistinct ; fertile spike linear-acnniinate, 6" long, the peduncle very slender.. {O. cllipticuin H. and G., O. Californictim Prantl, O. vulgatu))i, vnr. nudicaule D. C. Eatoti.) Georgia and Florida to Southern California. § 2. CHi'JRor.r/xssA Presl. Fertile spikes several, arising from the base of the sterile segment. 4. O. palmatum Plumier. Rootstock fleshy, tuberous, covered with fine wool-like chaff; plant fleshy, 6' — 2° high, the sterile segment cuneate at the base, 2 — 6 lobcd or rarely entire, the lobes elongate and tapering; fertile spikes i — 8 or more, borne on the sides of the stipe just below the sterile segment or on its margin. Florida. II. BOTRYCHIUM Swz. Grai'i:-if.un. Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots, the bnd for the next year's growth usually imbedded in the base of the stipe. Sterile segment of frond pinnately or ternately di- vided or compound. Fertile segment i — 3 pinnate with double rows of sessile, naked sporangia. Veins free. Spores copious, suliihur-yellow. Name from Gr. /iorpu?, a bunch of grapes, alluding to the clustered sporangia. Contains ten species, of which seven are found in our limits. § I. EUBcn'RVCHiUM. Bud enclosed in the base of the stalk. * Vernation wholly straight. «*i. B. simplex Mitch. Plant 2' — 7' high, fleshy ; sterile segment stalked, varying in inser- tion from near the rootstock to two thirds the height of the stem, ovate, obovate or oblong, entire, incised, or pinnately parted into i — 3 pairs of roundish or semi-lunate lobes; fertile spike long-stalked, simple or i — 2 pinnate; spores the largest of the genus, closely cov- ered with small points; bnd smooth; apex of i>'»venport.) both sterile and fertile segments erect. (Fig. 31.) Specimens 9 Fig. 31. — Verna- tion of A', shiifilex Hilchcock. (After iar. coiiiposiiuni Lasch. New Kiitj- hind, New York and northward, the variety in Wyoming Ter- ritory and California. ** Vernation partly inclined in one or both portions. t liuds smooth ; sterile sej^nients sessile or short-stalked; plant small, fruitin!^ in early summer. . " 2. B. lunaria Swz. (MooNVVOR'i.) Plant 5'— 8' hi^h, fleshy ; sterile segment nearly sessile, borne near the middle of the stalk, oblong, simply pinnate with 5 — 15 lunate or fan-shaped lobes which are crenate, incised, or entire, close and overlapping, or distant; fertile segment bi — tripiniiate, pan- icled, about the height of the sterile. Apex only of sterile segment bent over and outside of the nearly straight fertile segment in vernation ; divisions of sterile frond arranged nearly perpen- dicularly. (Fig. 32.) Connecticut, New York, Lake Superior, Colorado, and British Columbia. 3. B. boreale Milde. Plant 2]^— 7' high, smooth, fleshy; sterile segment placed above the middle, sessile, cordate, ovate or deltoid, pin- FiG. 32.— Verna- nately parted, acute ; lowest segment spreading \\o\\o{ li. lunaria , t ^ i Swz. (After Dav- irom a narrower base, ovate or cordate-ovate, enport.) acute, all entire, or here and there flabellately incised with acute lobes, or pin nately parted ; secondary seg- ments from a narrowed base, ovate, acute, serrate, the upper spreading, quickly decreasing, finally elliptical, acute; fertile segment bi — tripinnate, panicled. Apex of sterile segment bent over inside of the nearly erect fertile one in vernation ; divisions of the sterile segment arranged on an angle. Un;i laska. —.4, B. matricariaefolium A. Br. Plan'.-!' — 12' high, usually fleshy; sterile segment placed above the middle, short-stalked or sessile, ovate or oblong, pinnately parted into ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded, entire, incised, pinnatifid, or pinnately parted segments, the narrow divisions linear; fertile segment i — 3 pin- nate, panicled, often very much branched; spores thickly cov- ered with large rounded warts. Apex of both segments turned OPJ/IOGLOSSACE.I':. 131 I'l'Uitcly ju- Erig. 'g 'i cr- p*-' near J)iiinatc ich are ^ pan- Apex im round-reniform to triangu- lar-lanceolate, entire or variously toothed and incised ; fertile segment long-stalked, bi — quad- ripinnate. Apex of both segments bent down, with a slight curve inward in vernation. (Fig. 34.) (/)'. australe R. Br.. />. lunar ioides Swz., /)'. funiarioides Willd., />'. deeoinposituin Mart, and CJale., Osinunda ternata Humb., Hotrypus lunarioides Michx.) Very variable ; larger forms (6' — 17' high), with more compound fruc- tionof A'. >nat>i- tilication and with divisions of sterile segment ob- (After Davenport.) long or lanceolate and obtuse or oblique at base, * are the var. obliquutn Milde; forms with divi- sions of the sterile segment laciniately cut into .- . narrow teeth are inir, dissectuni Milde. New England and Canada, westward to California, Washington Territory, British Columbia, and southward to Florida. *** Vernation wholly inclined, in the fertile segment recurved. "^- 6. B. lanceolatum Angs. Plant 3' — 9' "l^f^ high, somewhat fleshy ; sterile segment closely •sessile at the top of a long common stalk, in the smallest forms thrce-lobed, in larger ones broadly triangular, twice pinnatifid, the divi- sions lanceolate, entire or toothed, all set at an (After Davenport.) oblique angle; fertile segment short-stalked. slightly overtopping the sterile, bi — tripinnate. Bud smooth; -Verna- 0' Fir,. 34. — Vernation of R. icrniituni Swz. Hi 132 OUN XATir/i J'7:A\\'S AXn THEIR ALLIES. IMI' ■:| ,! i-m- ORDER V. EQUISETACEiE DC. Plant body rush-like, often branched, with jointed, usually hollow stems rising from subterranean rootstocks, the sterile leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints, the fertile forming a short spike terminating the stem. Prothalliunj above ground, green, variously hjbed, usually dicjccious. Represented at pres- ent by only one genus. I. EQUISETUM L. HoRSK-TAH.. Scourinc-rush. Perennial plants with extensively creeping rootstocks. Stems simple or branched, furrowed lengthwise, hollow, and [)ro- vided with an outer circle of smaller cavities opposite the fur- rows as well as a second and smaller series opposite the ridges. Sporangia adhering to the under side of the shield-shaped scales of the spike, one-celled, opening down the inner side. Spores furnished with two sleniler filaments attached by the I ■ ! s; EQUISETACE.K. 133 V ^:l«Til,,. [<> Lake pi'losi', ko feet ini(l(il(; lierba- J'-y (livi. tniddle. Name from Lat. lU/tiits, liorsc, and .vc■/<^ a brisl'.c. Contains about 25 species, widely distributed. ^ I. EuiujUisiiiUM. Steins annual, stoinata scattered. * Stems of two kinds, the pale or hrinonisU fertile stents appearing; earlier than the herbaceous sterile ones ; friiititij^ in sprin^i^. t F. rtile stents sintple, sooit witheriiii^. -•\. E. arvense L. (HoKSi/rAI L.) Sterile stems mreeii. > 2^^^ rather slender, 1° — 2° hij^li, 6— 19 funovvud ; branches niinuMous, loiitf, mostly sim[)!e, 4-anf;le(l, minutely rout^hened, lowest joint commoniy lonj^er than- the sheath (jf the stem; fertile stems 4—10' hi^h, lii;ht brown, the l(jose scarious sheath mostly dis- tant, whitish, endini^ in about 12 brown acuminate teeth ; s|)ike rarely over i' loiij^. (/'-'. bore. tie lioiij.';.) Virginia to California and northward to Greeniand. 2, E. telmateia I^hrli. Sterile stems ivury white or greenish, t'fi^ stout, 2" — 6° hif^h, 20 ->4o furrowed; branches very numerous, erect-S[)rcadinj^. simple, 4 — 5 angled, the ridges rough and sul- cate, the lowest joint shorter than the sheath of the stem; fer- tile stems io'--i5' high, white, many-furrowed, the loose t;rou'n- isli slieaths elongate, deeply 20 — 30 toothed. (A*. Jliiviatilc Sm.. l']. ebtirneuni Schreb., E. iitaxintuin ^luct. riot of Lam.) California, Oregon, and ncjrthwari' ft Fertile stents loheit older producini^ herbaceous branches, only the itahed apex luitherini^. --•3. E. pratense Ehrh. Sterile and luially the fertile st'^ms 'L'ti\ producing straight, simple branches; sheaths of the stem with abcnit II short, ovate-lanceolate teeth, those of the branches 3- toothed. (/t". uinbrosiiin Willd., /:^ triquetruin Bory., A'. Dritm- niottdii lh)ok.) Michigan, Wisconsin, and northward. ■-- 4. E. silvaticum- L. Sterile and fertile stems usually \z-^l^\i/j,'/<'); Oswego Kiver, New York {U'/Mf). t+ S/ienf/is apprcsscd. tCf(ffl^ "^l- E. limosum L. Stems 2' — 3° high, slightly many-fur- rcnved, smooth, usually producing u[)right bramhes aftt-r Inic- tification ; sheaths appresscd, with about iS dark-brown, short, acute, rigid teeth; air-cavities wanting under the grooves, small under the ridges. Includes /',". Jluviatile L. (A', iiiii^i'nostim Muhl , J-l. Iii'lcocharis Ehrh.) Virginia to Washington Terri- tory and northward. if 2. HiiM'ocH.KrK. Stc))is perennial, cvcri!;rL'e>i; spikes lipped luilh a rigid poinl ; sloniata in regular nrcos ; fruiting in sununcr. * Stems tall and stout, usually many-grooved. t Branches numerous, regularly luliorled. 1^(,(, S. E. ramosissimum Desf. Stems grooved, more or less roughened, 6 — 26 furrowed; sheaths dilated, toothed; teeth not grooved, persistent or deciduous, leaving only a triangular, very rarely a truncated margin; leaves more or less distinct, 3 — 4 carinate ; branches when present, 4 — 9 angled; series of stomata in i — 4 lines; inner bark of ridges higher than the grooves; ridges convex, marked with bands, never with two- rowed tubercles. Cuba ( IVrig/il), Mexico (Se//a/Pner), British Columbia (/-ivr//), and probably will be found in the intervening territory. LYCOPOI)lACF..^L '35 y (icc|,- i'l.U like wliiu ostly 5. \v ^'ork vc, the llloiis is, I lie "IHX-'r or iiiioiu ft liranclu's few and hyi\^iili\r or -u'liolly uhxnting. \ Stems yoUi:;li, tuberculate. —.9. E. robustum A. Hr. Stems 3"— 11 ' \\\^\, and some- i^t>^ times nearly i' thick, 20—48 furrowed ; ridj^es roughened with ;i single series of transversely-oblong, siliceous tubercles ; sheath short, cylintlric, marked vvitii black girdles at the base, and at the base of tlie caducous teeth ; ridges of the sheaths tricari- natc. Ohio to Louisiana. California and northward. - 10. E. hlennale L. (ScoURiNC.-uusii.) Stems i°— 4" high, rough, 8 — 34 furrowed; ridges with two indistinct lines of tu- bercles ; sheaths rather long, cylindric, marked with one or two black girdles; ric'gcs of the sheath obscnirely ([uadricarinate ; teeth membranous, soon deciduous. North America gener- ally. \\ Stems not luberculiite. II. E. laevigratum A. Hr. Stems i' high, palc-grecn, li(>'i 14—30 furrowed; the ridges almost smooth ; sheaths elongate, enlarged upward, marked with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous white margined teeth, and rarely also at the base of the sheath ; ridges of the sheath with a central carina and sometimes with faint, short, lateral ones. North Carolina and Ohio to Louisiana, California and Oregon. ** Steins slender, tufted, 5 — \Qirroo7t 3' — 6' high, flexuous and curving, mostly 6-furrowed, with acute ridges ; sheaths 3-toothed, the bristle tips more persistent ; cen- tral air-cavity wanting. New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois and northward. ORDER VI. LYCOPODIACEiE Lindl. Moss-like, terrestrial plants with small, lanceolate or subu- late, sometimes oblong or roundish, simple leaves, arranged in 136 OUR NATIVE FF.AW'S AND THEIR ALLIES. two to nianv ranks on trailinsj or sometimes erect, nsua lly branching stems. Sporangia . — 3 celled, solitary in ilie axih or the leaves, or on their upper surface. Spores of one kind, minute. Prothallia (so far as known) mostly subterranean, with or without chlorophyll, moncccious. Contains four era, the following within our lin.its: ?11 developed, in 4— many :en- I. Lei Lycopodium L. Leaves wei ranks. Spor.mgia i-celled. II. Psilotum R. Br. Leaves minute, abortive. Sporangia 3-celled. I. LYCOPODIUM L. Ci.n.-Moss. Perennial, terrestrial plants, with evergreen, one-nervcil leaves arranged in 4 — 16 ranks. Si)ot.ingia coriaceous, llaitenerl. reniform, (^ne-celled, opening transversely, situated in the a.xils of ordinary leaves, or with fruit-bearing leaves modilied into bracts which are arranged in spikes either sessile or pedunclcd. Spores co[»ious, minute, sulpliur-colored, inflaminahle. Named from Gr. ArK-of, wolf, and /Torf, foot, without (obvious ai)plica- tion. Contains nearly ouv. hund.-ed species. jf L Pl.ANANTHUS Beauv. Spornngia borue in the axih of leaves which are similar to those of the sterile and fertile stems. * Sporafii;ia wmally "a'antint^- in a.xils of upper t,-ares ; .'ta^es (larh-oreen, shinini^-, about 8- ■>a)ilced. 3033y I. L. selago L. Stems 3' — 6 high, thick, rigid, erect, 2 — 3 times forked, forming a level-topped cluster; leaves elon- gate-lanceolate, muconuhitc, entire or s{)inid()se-denticulate, nerved above, convex below. (A. rerur7'um Kit., A. subereeium Lowe, Plananthus se/ai^o Beauv.) Mountains of North Caro- lina to New England and Michigan, and northward to Alaska and Greenland. 3o3tf>- ' 2. L. lucidulum ^Ti^hx. Stems ascending, thick, 2 — 3 times forked, the branches 6 — 12' high; leaves widely spread- ing or reflexed, flat, one-nerved, acuie, minutely toothed. (A. reflexuni Sw/., A. serratum Desv., Plananthus refle.xus Bead v.) North Carolina and northward. ** Sporangia only in a.xils of upper learrs which form sp'lces; leaves many-ran Iced. "bOlb' 3. L. ii'.undatum L. Sterile stems cn^eping, flaccid, fork- IV. LYCOPODIACKA-:. 137 I'ISllally I*-' axils |o kind, Iraiicaii, 1 1 1- -cn- -mnny pranoia ■I'l'TU'S iiit;; fertile Litems erect, simple, i' — 4' high, beariiij; a short, thick spike ; leaves laiiceolale or lance-awl-shaped, acute, entire, soft, spreading or curved upward on prostrate stems. (/.. ■ftalustrc Lam., Planaiiihus inundatiis Beauv.) Forms hav- ing tne fertile stems 5' — 7' high, with more pointed, often tooth- bearing leaves, arc the var. Bii:^cIo7'ii Tuckerm. {L. dxrolini- V a)iiiin Bigel.) New England to Michigan and southward. Var. pinnatum Cluq)m. Stems {)in' ately branched ; leaves hri.-^tly-fringed below the .niddie. unequal, the upper and lower shorter and somev.hat appressed, the lateral widely spreading; fertile stems 1° high, very leafy; spike thick, cylindric, 2—3' long. Western Florida. 4. L. alopecuroides L. Stems stout, densely leafy through- out; sterile branches (laccifl, procumbent, creeping; fertile branches r'gid, erect, 6' — 20' high, bearing a single spike ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulosc-pointed, spreading, con- spicuously bristle-toothed below the middle, nerved above, those of the cylindric spike with long, setaceous tips. (/,. loiii^ipcs H. iV (i., Planauthiis alopecuroides Beauv.) New jersey to Florida and Mississippi. iJ 2. Eui-VCOPODIUM. (l.EPiDOTis Beauv.) Sporaiii^/a borne in the axils of yelhnvis/i, seale-li/ce, imbricated, muite or cordate leai'cs -n-'hich form a distinct sp'ke ; leaves of sterile branches very unli/ce those of the spihes. * Stems leafy to base of spihcs, or nearly so. t Spikes nodding-. 5. L. cernuum L. Stems erect, branching, the branches similar; leaves crowded, awl-shaped, incurved, terete in the middle, spreading, grooved below; bracts 8-ranked. {L.mari- anum Wiild., L. curvatum Blunie., L. Boryaniim Richard, L. bryifoliU'H Vent.) Florida, Southern .Alabama. t+ Spikes erect, closely sessile. 6. L. annotinum L. Stems much branched, prostrate, X3tfJ^ creeping, T — 4' long; the ascending branches similar, 5' — 8' high, sparingly forked; leaves c jual, s|)reading, five-ranked, rigid, linear-lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below; si)ike oblong, cylindric, thick. (I., jmiiperifolium Lam., L. bryophyl- lum PresI, Lepidotis annotina Beauv.) Mountain forms with w I ! 1'' lii i m f \f'M tLl ■ : i 138 0(/A' NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. — shorter and more rigid, pointed leaves are var. puni^cns Dcsv. (Z,. rcclhiatum Michx.) New England and New Jersey to VVasliington Territory, and northward to Alaska and Greeiilaiul. 3036"/'— 7- L. dendroideum Miehx. (GkoUND-PlNK.) Steniserect, 6' — 9' high, from a subterranean creeping rootstock, densely branched above, the crowded branches spreading fan-like; leaves 4 — 6 ranked, lanceolate-linear, acute, entire ; spikes 4—10 on each plant ; bracts niany-nnvcd. {Lrpidotis dendyoidca Beauv.) Forms with the stems appearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being shorter and appressed, are the var. ob- sctiriwi (/,. obsciirmn L.) Mountains of North Carolina to Canada, and northwestward to Indiana, Michigan, and Western North America. 3^/4/ 8. L. alpinum L. Stems elongate, creeping, with ascend- ing densely clustered l>ranclies ; leaves 4-ranked, erect, imbri- cated, adnate-decurrent, of two forms; those of the lateral rows lanceolate, falcate, acute, carinate, concave within ; those of the intermediate rows scarcely one third smaller, lance-awl-shaped, the upper and lower rows not different. (Possibly a form of L. compliDiatum L.) Lake Superior to Rocky Mountains; Mt. Peddo, Wasliington Territory {Suksdorf), and Unalaska. ttt Splices erect, shcrt-pediinclcd. 303J' —.9. L. sabinaefolium Willd. (Ground-FIR.) Stems elon- gate, creeping, usually underground; branches erect, short, di- chotomous, clustered ; leaves 4- rowed, small, appressed. lanceo- late, mucroii..t^ entire, apparently terete ; spikes cylindric, soli- tary, wit'i Cordate acuminate bracts. (/.. alpinum Michx., /,. arinatum Desv.) New Jersey, New York, New Engh.nd, and northwestward. This is sometimes united with L. coinplaiiaiiDn. ** Fertile brandies with minute leai'es, so that the spikes ap- pear long-pcduneled. t Leaves uniform, many-ranked; stents terete. '/^Qia^mm 10. L. clavatum L. (RuNNiNG-p[NE.) Stems extensive- ly creeping; branches similar, ascending, short and leafy, the fertile terminated by a slender peduncle bearing 1—4 linear, cylindric spikes ; leaves much-crowded, linear-awl-shaped, tipped like the bracts with a fine bristle. (Z.. ojjieinale Neck., /,. I'ul- garc Vatll., L. iujlexum Swz., L. serpens Fresl, Lepidotis injlexa ifel3»' LYCOPODIACE.'E. 139 Dcsv. L\V to iiiitl. erect, iisely ■like; 4 — 10 oiih'a caves ir. ob- ;i to 'Stern ap. Beauv.) North Caioliiia to Canada and westward to Washing- ton Territory and Un daska. \\ Leaves of two forms, few ranked; slems Jlatte)icd. II. L. Carolinianum L. Sterile stems and tlieir few short branches entirely creepins^; lateral leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, aird somewhat oblique, one-nerved, widely spreading in 2-ranks ; upper row of leaves shorter, appressed ; peduncle simple, slender, 2' — 4' high, clothed with small bract-like leaves, bearing a single cylindric spike. (Z,. repcns Swz., L. aj/ine Bory., Lepidotis repcns Beauv.) New Jersey to Florida, Alabama, and Louisiana. ...12. L. complanatum L. Stems extensively creeping.y 3^4^ with erect or ascending fan-like branches sevenil times forked above; branchlets crowded, flattened; leaves minute, iml;ri- cate-appressed, 4-ranked; the lateral rows with somewhat spreading tips; the intermediate smaller, narrower, and wholly appressed ; peduncle slender, bearing 2 — 4 cylindric spikes. (L. tJiyoidcs llumb. iSr B(jnpl., L. tristac/iyon Pnrsli, L. anceps Wallr., L.clianuccyparissHs A. Br. , Lepidotis coinplanata Beauv.) North Carolina to New Kngland, Michigan, and northward. II. PSILOTUM R. Br. Perennial plants, terrestrial or growing on trees. Stems di- chotomously-branched with minute alternate leaves or appar- ently leafless. Sporangia sessile, 3-celled, ojiening at the apex into 2 — 3 valves. Spores farinaceous, oval ax elongate-reniform. Name from Gr. ^^/-lof, naked, alluding to the abortive leaves, rciit.uns !o;;.r species, mostly tropical. I. P. triquetrum Swz. Stems erect, 8 — 10' high, triquct rous at base, many times forked at apex; ultimate divisions tri- quetrous-winged; leaves remote, awl-shaped, less than i" long; sporangia in spikes. (/'. I-loridanuin Michx., P. dicliotoinuni Link., Jiern/iardia dichotoma Willd., H, pediincu/ata Desv., Lyeopodium nudum L.) Eastern Florida ; Blutlton, South Caro- lina {^MellichamJ)). I40 OUR JVATIVE FERA'S AND THEIR ALLIES. I: '1 i. ! ! ORDER VII. SELAGINELLACEiE. Plant-body leafy, terrestrial, moss-like, with branching stems and minute scale-like leaves. Sporanijia one-celled, solitary, axillary, some containing:; microspores, and others macrosporcs. Contains a single genus largely tropical. I. SELACINELLA Beauv. Fructification arranged in spikes. Sporangia minute, sub- globose, opening transversely; son\c containing usually 4 glo- bose macrosporcs, and others smaller, filled with numerous microspores. Leaves 4 — many ranked. Name a diminutive of Sf/irj,'o, an ancient name of some species of Lycopodiuni, which this genus resembles. Contains about 335 species widely dis- tributed ; seven are found within our limits. ^ I. EusELAOiNEi.LA. Stt'iii Icuvcs of OHC kind, mauy- rankcd ; bracts uniform. * Stents prostrate or spreading, sonieivhat rigid. 36/^^Y- I. S. rupestris Spring. Stems densely tufted, prostrate or ascending, much-branched, 2' — \2 long; leaves appressed- imbricate, linear or linear-lanceolate, convex and sulcate dor- sally, rigid, bristle tipped, ciliate; spikes strongly quadrangular, 6" — 12" long; sporangia of both sorts in the same a.xils; macro- sporangia abundant; bracts ovate-lanceolate. {Lycopodiuin rupcstrc L., L. bryoptcris Wall.) New England to Florida, Texas, California, and northward. Var. tortipila. Leaves sub-entire, gibbous dorsally near the apex ; terminal bracts tipped with a long, twisted, while awn; macrosporcs loosely reticulate. Caesar's Head, South Carolina (/. Ih Smith); Negro Mountain, Nc^rlh Carolina ((/;litar)', [•ores. iViy- nuicli Ijranclieii ; leaves loosely iriibiicale, scarcely i" lon^. liiiearlanccolate. convex and grooved on the back, acute, sparsely spinulose-denticulate, not brisllc-tippeci ; spikes quad- rangular, very slender; tnacrosporangia scarce. Port Orford, Oregon (A'au/c); Tilamook Valley, Oregon {IIcm>t'//)\ probably in Northern California. i 2. St.vchvcvnan'drum Baker. Sfrnt Ii\ri't's of two kinds, spycadiui^ in tico planes, tliosc of the upper plane smaller and more ascending ; braets uniform. * Main stems deeumbent ; root fbres extendiniji; to uppnr nodes. t Stems persistent ; Luwes rigid, firm in texture. 4. S. Douglasii Spring. Stems decumbent, 3' — 12' long; branches 2' — 6' long, bi — tripiiinately divided ; leaves of lower I)lane i' long, obliquely oval, obtuse, faintly nerved; leaves of upper plane half as long, oval, incurved, ending in a short point, both sparingly ciliate at base; spikes 6" — 12" long, cpiad- raiigular. terminal; bracts deltoid-cuspidate, strongly imbri- cate, {f.ycopodium Douglasii H. tir. Spy aiui Horn Ponds, near Boston, Massacliusetls. '^''^ Stoinata prcsoit. 30/^6 f^ 4- !. echinospora Dnrieu, tv^;-. Brar.iii Knj^ilni. I avts 13 — 15, erect or sjoreadin-^, soft, taperinij, ^rcen or rrddish- grcen, 3' — 6 long, generally wdtli lew stoniata toward tlie tip oidy ; sporangia (orbicular — broadly-elliptic, s[)oitcd, A to :> . overed by the broad velum ; niacrospores 0.40— 0.50 nun. tlii( k. covered with broad, retiise spinules, soinctinies soniewlial con- fhient and then dentate and incised at the tip; iniciispons 0.026—0.030 mm. long, smooth. ( /. Ihamui nurien.) N()\a Scotia, New I'^ngland, New York, New Jersey, IV'nnsylvaiii.i. Ontario, Michigan (GiUiiian), Head of Hear River, I'lali ( \\'a(- soti), Greenland (['i^ 'A- ''•'.v. ISOETACE^. 145 .M\>ti(' f ".ivcs '■I'ddisli- ■ 'InVl^. ) N'ov.i •yl\arii;i, ovciiii'4 36 o. 55 [»; spo- l>y ihe inicro- RouikI roarlly iiacro- luciU, 0.03 J iricu.) .: setts i.tjlit- > arifl ■ iiii- )orcs 0.30—0,45 mm. ttiick, marked with minute low tubercles, rarely confluent int(; wrinkles; microspcjres ileep-br(jwn, 0.026-0.031 mm. long, spinuiose, rarely smooth. (/. Califoynica ICngeim.) Western Colorado (/?rr/,r) ; Wilmington, Delaware {Can/>y). 10. i. Howellii Kngelm. Leaves 10—25. bright green, 5' — 8' long, wilh thick liissepiments ; sporangia ov;d, li'— 2A' long, uns[)ot.Led, ] to .1 ccjvere ' :)y the velum; ligulaawl-shaped, as long as the sporangium ; macrospores 0.43 0.48 mm. thick, rough with prominent, rounded, single or sonu'times cc^nilucnt tubercles. Dalles of the Columbia, ()reg(jn {IIouu/I). 11. I. nuda Lngelm. Leaves 10-15. brigli.-green, 6 — 9' long; spcjrangia oval, lighl-brown, attached to the base (jf the leaves by the median line only, the velum entirely wanting ; ligula somewhat triangul.ir ; macrospores 0.366—0.4 mm. thick, slightly luberculate. the tubercles somewhat confluent. Hood River. Oregon {Ilcnucll). W J 't-ln))i iuiitplctc. n. I. flaccida Shuttleworth. Leaves 10 — 35, light-green, 15' — 2° long, submerged, floating on the surface or wholly emergcfl; sporangia oval, 2 — 3 long, entirely covered by the velum; macrosp(jres 0.30- 0.42 mm. thick, covered with many or rarely few, large (lattish tubercles, distinct or confluent into labyrinthiform wrinkles. Var. rii^ida Engelm. is smaller, with more slender, erect, dark-green leaves, 5' — 6' hjiig. I-ake Im- monia, near Tallahassee, Florida (A'j/j^'r/); also near Manatee, Florida {Cnir/h'r). The variety at Lake Flirt, Florida {uar/wr). ISO /■:'/' A CI-.-E. M7 l\ir. Chapmani lMij;rlin. Leaves about 30. Ihxiliiijj;, 18 l()iij,S sporaii^'ii ()rl)iciilar ; macrospores 0.44-055 mm. thick, almost smootli on the upper side; micros|)()res sliglitiy papil- lose, 0.027 — 0.030 nun. l()ii<;. Near Mariana, I'lorida (C/iap- man). § 3. Ttrrt'stnal ; Iravcs vearly tnaiti^itliir, ivi'tli ixbiindant siovuxta and />ir//}/u'ral baxl-lniniilts, f/i/ik disscpiiiwnts and small air-ca7'itics. •'■ Trunk hiiohcd. \ Velum fhutidl or almost ■rvantini:^. 13. I. melanopoda j. day. Poly^Mnioiis ; trunk snl)-<:;lo- l)0.«c, deeply l)ilol)e{l ; leaves 15-60, slender, stilY, erect, l)rij.,dit- ^reen, usually black at base, 5 — 10' f)r more lonj^ ; s[)<)ranj;ia mostly ohlonj,'. 2' — 5' Ioiilj, spotted, with a narrow velum; li^ula trian<.;ular aw'1-shaped ; macrospores 0.25-— 0.40 mm. thick, with depressed tubercles often confluent into worm-like wrinkles, or almost smooth ; microspores spinulose, 0.023—0.028 mm. lonj,^ v'ar. pallida ICnjj;elm. is lartjer, with pale leaf-bases and broader velum. Rinjifwood and Athens, Illinois {llalh\ Clinton, Iowa ( /'.7.\V)') ; Limestone Ciap, Indian Territfjry {lUd- Icr). The variety at IIf)Uston, Texas i I fall). 14. I. maritima Und. Monoecious; trunk small, only slij^ditly bilobcd; leaves 8 — 15, rij'jid, p;recn, i' — 2' \o\v^, ,y — I" wide; sporantjia oval, 2" lonjj;, i]" wide, brownish white, one- third to one-half covered by the velum; ligule small; macro- spores 0.42 — 0.4S mm. thick, densely si)inulose, the spines blunt, rarely confluent; microspores smooth, white, 0.32 — 0.35 mm. thick. In sal': marsh. Albcrni, Vancouver Island (Afaroun). 15. I. Butleri Enjj^clm. Dicccious; trunk sub-globose; leaves 8 — 12, riijid, bri^ht-j^reen. 3—7' lonjc;; sporangia usually oblong, spotted, with a very narrow velum or none ; ligula awl- shaped fit.ni a triangular base; macrospores 0,50—0.63 mm. thick, marked with knobs or warts, distinct or sometimes con- fluent; microspores p.ijiillose, dark-brown, 0.028^0.038 mm. long. Var. hnmaculata Eiigclm. is larger, with unspotted sporangia, and spinulose microspores, the macrosjiores 0,40 — • 0.56 mm. In saline flats, near Limestone Gap, Indian Territory zoiy 148 OUJi NATIVE /-'ERA'S AXP THEIR ALLIES. (liutUr), The variety in cedar barrens, near Nasliville, 'I en- {Cult til '■)■ nessce 1 1 / ',/uiii coinplt'tr. "iOb'O 16. I. Nuttallil A. Br. Trunk almost p;lf)l)oso, sli^litlv f^rooved ; leaves 20 — 60, slender, bri^lit-^'reen, 3 — 9 long, wiih only three peripheral hast-lnindles ; sporanj,na ohloni; or oval, entirely covered by the vehini ; iiiacrosporcs variable, 0.25 -0.50 mm. thick, densely covered with min.ite but rounded warts, or rarely almost smooth; microspores papillose, brown, 0.025 — 0.038 mm. long. (/. opaca Nntt.) Oregon, Washington Tiiri- tory ; Western Idaho (6'<;;v7), V'ancouvei' Island [Miuoini). ** Trunk (n'lohi-ii ; 7't'lum loniplctc. 17. I. Suksdorfii P»aker. Leaves 12-20, firm, bright green, very slender, arcuate, dei^ply channellj; also 18,79. Annulus (I-at. a ring), the ring partly or completely surroundinp the sporangium. Antheridium (phi. antherliUa) (F.at. antlu-f,i, ,in anther, ar ' r. fifioi, form), the part containing the male element, co. Antherozoid (Lat. antlwra, an anther; Gr. ^(Jom, an animal, and tiJos, form), tlie male element of crypto- gams. 20. Archegonium (plu. nr(Jieg:ottiii\ (dr. dfi-nt), beginning, and vo'"?. ofT- spring), the part containing the fe- male element. 20. Arcuate (Lat. v«j,a bow), curved like a how. Areola (plu. .i».,'/„ ». (Lat. dnninu- tivc ol r(>i<(, an open pl.ieei, a space enclosed by an.istoinusing vemlets. Asexual Reproduction in l'"erns. ^.7. Aspidleae, 78. Aspidium, no; also 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, n, 16, jO, .!..•, (,(., 78. Asplenieeo, 78. Asplenium, ic.3; also a, 3, 5, 6, 15 -■7. 7'^- Auriculate (I.at. «, loKctlur, ami It'-'f kcclcit. Carpophyta (Or. KapTro'?, fruit, and ijtvTiif, plillll), (i;. Castaneous (Kat. cist.mfii, a clicsinuU, clicsttuil-CDlorcil. Caudate U-at. cuui.i, a tail), fur- iiisliLcl witli a slcnilcr ap|>fiida};c ix- si-mhlm^; a tail. Caudex (Lat. a stem), llie ii|)ri>,'lit niotslDck formiiiL; tlic trunk of a iroc- fcrn. 8. Cellulose (Lat. fi-iiu/a, a littlcccll), llic substance cuinpi)sin({ tlic wall of cells, containing' llie elenicnts car- bon. iiyilr<)!,'en, ai',1 o.x;Ken. Ceraceous (Lat. <<•;■<«, wax), hav- i.i>,' the nature of wax. Ceratopteridece, 77. Ceratopteris, 101 ; also g, 14. 77, CharacecB, 5u<.— Literature of, 5^. ChartaceOUS (Lat. iharta.w. k-.if of |).ii)iri, li.iviiiff the texture of paper or parelinient. Cheilanthes, 91 ; also 3, 6, 3, 13, ^6, .|3, 77. Clilorophyll Ulr. \Ku}pt\<:, j,'reen, ami i/mIa.Voi', leaf), the ^recn grains fotininj{ lliceolorin>; ma'jerof plants. Christmas-fern. '/,('«• Aspid- i u in . Ciliate n,at. d/i- n, an eyelasln, tiavinj,' on the margin a friii^;i- nf hairs resemblinjf the frin(,'in(,' eye- lashes. Cinnainon-fern. I'uic Os- munda. Circinate (l-al. cininus, a pair of compasses), rolled inward from the ape. , 8. Classification of the V'c;:ciablc K'inndoin, ^S. -I'riiuiple of. 45. Cliff-braKO. ''/./.• PellsRa. Climbinjjf-fern. /V./, Lygo- dium. Cloak-fern /v./f Notho- Irena. C!ub-mo3S. Viiic I.ycopo- diiirn. Confluent (I.at. cph, tojjetlur, anil JIueri\ to (low), blended lo(.;ctlicr. iiiisii, lo l)e bom I, united io),'ttlicr from the first. Cordate tl.at. .or, the heart), heart- shaped. Coriaceous U-at. iOrium, a hide), leathery. Cotton-fern. I'iih- Notho- l.nena. Crenate (I.at. .r,-«,(, a notch), hav- ing the niar};inse.illo|.ed with loundul teeth. Ci'enulate (Lat. <>-, „,-,/,i, a litile notch), scalloi)ed with sni.dl iDundcd tecih. Cryptogamia (. marriage), (lowerltss plants; an obsolete term. Cryptosramme, >,■}■, also .•, 1 ,. 77. Cu Itivation, Literature of, 7. Cuneate (Lat. untfus, a wed>,'e), weil.;e shaped. Cystopteris, uS, also 4.5, 6, iC, -7, 78. Deciirrent (L.u. ih\u/u.\, di- minutive of lUiis, tooth), finely toothed. DesmidiacecT!, u Literature of, Determinr.tion of Species, 'H. Devonian Age, Pieridophytes of, I in. DiatOmacefe, .|> -Literature of, Dichotomous (dr. &i\a. .isundcr, and T./iinr. to cut), two forkeil. Dicksonia, i-m : also 3, s. ?■ '?• ti- DicksonierB. 71 Dimorphisin, 1. Lilerature, of 7 >;,- # (JLOSS.IA'V .I.V/) IXDKX. '51 iic;iri- Dimorphous ((ir. 6is-, twice, ami Filices, 75- jiiopi/)i(, shape, turiii), 1)1 ivvu lurins; Filifornn (I.ai. /Hum, a thread, baiil ot Icriis whose Icrtile Ironds arc /or ma, furini, tliiead-like. uiihke the sterile. Dioecious I'ir. fits, twice, and oUo?, Flabellate ^L:\\..Jlabtlium, a fan), (aiish.iped; broad and rouiulcd at iiuusfj, be.iniif; the male aiui leinalc tliu siiininil and narrow at the l)ase. organs on dilTereni plants. Distichous ((ir. «i«, twice, and Flaccid (I.at. Jlaccus, llabby), soft and weak. i/Ti\os, .1 row), dis|)()sed in two mws Floating-f ern. 'V.A- Cera- Distribution, (icoRraphic, oo.— topteris. (;ei nc, H5- L il. Dorsal {Lm. €i«rsum, the back;, per- taining 10 or situated un the back. Ebeneous d-at. i/unus, ebony), lilack like ebony. Elater, the spirally coiled a|)pend- a^jcs 01 tlic spores of J\(/iiiMttim. Endospore ttjr. ix&ov, wiilun, .uid ffiropos-, a seed), llie inner wall ol the S|)OIC. Epidermis ((ir. tm, upon, and itpixa, the skin), the e.Mern.il covernij; of tlic pi. int. Epiphytic Ulr. tni, upon, and r. ifu), oulside, ami CT7ro,jiJv. .1 seed I, the external covering of the spore. Falcate (I.at..Ai/i, a sickle), scythe- sh.ipnl ; sliyhily curved upward. Farinose il.at. /ariua, nr'"""' corn-, covered with a white or yellow- ish pi'wdci. Fern Allies, 2S Fern Structure, I.licranireof, -s Ferns, .Anilicial Syno|)sis of m'ticr.i of. K.i. Mode of t,'rowili, .'.. Tinie of fruit inn, .» —Variation in. 2. Ferruginous (l-at. /,rnim, iron). rcsi'niblin(j iron rust. Fertilization, .m. Fibrlllose n.ai. ///o-,c. a thread), formed of sm.i!! fibres. Flowering-fern. l'i>(, to bear), fui- nisheil with j,'l.imls. Glaucous iherical in f'lrm or nearly ■o. Goethe on species, 43. \^2 a/.OSS.tA'V .LVD INDEX. Gold -fern. Vide Gymno- gramme Grammitideae, 76- Grape - fern. I'nie Botry- chium. Ground -pine, Ground -fir, etc. r/,/.' Lycopodium. Gymnogramme, I'W also 3. v, i j, 41, 66, 76. H I'ide LygO- I'iii,- ScoiO- Hartford-fern. d i u m . Hart's-tongue. pendrium. Hastate (Lit. /iiist.i, a spcar), fur- nislicd with spreading lobes on each side at the base. HelveliacesB, 50.— Literature of, 54- Hepattcae, 47. S'^ — I-ilerature of, 57- Herbaceous (I,at. //<•>•/>,», ati herb), liavinj,' the texture of common herb aRC. Heterosporous (Gr. trtpos, oilier ami l», produtinp two kinds of si>ores, as in Sehigiufliii, Marsilia, etc. Histology (Gr. IffTot, web, tissue, and Aoyo";, a discourse), the stuily of the microscopic characters of the tis- sues of plants and animals. Holly-fern. 'V,/^ Aspidium. Horsetail. ''/,/,• Equisetum. Hymenomycetes, so. - I-iura- lure of, 55. HymenophyllaceaB. n, ■i(\ 7). I Imbricate (I-at. /m/'ffx, a hollow tile), breakin;,' joints like slatii. with in, and utatgo, a border), near the margin. Involucre (Lat. involrete,\.o wrap up), the indusium. Isoetaceae, mj; also 37.— Litera- ture of, }8. Isoetes, M--; also 37, 33, 67. Isosporous (Gr. ii; also 2, 14, 77. Lunate (Lat. /«;;.», the moon),cres- cent-sh.iped. Lunulate (Lat. '/<;/.v/so 14, 35, 36, <'7- Lygodium, 122; also 4, 17, 66, 79. M Macro- (Gr. M^fpov, long), (as a pre- fi.\) large or long. Maidenhair. /V,/c Adiantum. Male-fern. '/,/,• Aspidium. Marattiaceae, 45. Marsilia, 1 -v, also y), 40, 67, Marsiliaceae, us; also 39.— Litera- ture of, 4l>0. im. Iiitle MesOZOic Age, I'tcridophytcs of, (II). Micro iCir. (iixpov, small), (as aprclix) small. Midvein, the niitldle or main vein of a Irond, pinna, pinnule, or scument. Mimicry, 3. Mona3cious (Or. mo'ot, smple, ami OIK09, house), bearinjj tlic male and female orpans on different parts of the same plant. Moonwort. /'/,/.• Botrychi- II m. Mucronate d.at. mucr,\ a sharp point), liavinfj the midvj-in prolonged beyond the pinniik-, form intr a sharp point. Miisci (misses), 47, 50.— Literature of, -J,. Myxomycetes, 4;^. — Literature of, 5J- N Nephrodiiim. /'/,/,• Aspidium. Nephroiepis, 117; also 6, iC, 7S. Nomenclature, 4- Notholaena, s.s; :''«" ^ 9. '3, 'i^- Oak-fern, f v,/, Phegopteris. Oblong, fi. iin two to four times as Iniij; as hro.iil. Obovate r. ioi-, an egp), the female element of I'teriilopliyies. Oospore i<>i" weir, an epp, and (TTTopfi?, a seed), the fertilized oii- spliere. OphioglossacesB, 128; also a8.— Literature of, \t. Ophioglossum, i-'S; also 6, ?9, 30. Orbicular (Lat. i»/-ien/i.::, diminu- tive of or/'ix, a circle), circular. Orders, 4-- Osmunda, 1^4; also a, i. 4. <;. 6, i3, OsmundaceEB, i'. 79- I Ostrich-fern. /V./f Onoclea. Ovate (Lat. o77«^, paper iced), havinp the te.xturc of paper. Pedicel (Lat. pediculus, diminutive of /i-.r, foot), the stalk of a sporan- ; piuin. I PelicEa, 97; ;'lso 2, 3, 6, 14, 77. I Peltate (Lat. /,7/,i, a small shield). shieUlshape; s.iid of an indu^ium borne on a si.dk attached at its centre. Pentagonal (f".r. tr«irt, live, and 71011(1, aiiLile), havinp five sides. PerisporiaceoB, s >. Literature of, =14. Peronosporere, 49- — Liter.-iture of, ^4. Petiole (Lat. /«"//(»/// 9, diminutive of /<-.v, foot), the stalk of a |)inna or pinnule. Phegopteris, t^>^; also 5, 9, 16, 27, 78. Pilose (Lat. /'iiiis, hairy), covered with soft hairs. Pilularia, i-'^>; also in, 67. Pinna iLal. a fe.itlier), the primary division of a compound frond. Pinnace (Lat. //«;/.(, a feather), hav- ing the division', of the fron, h'te, to cleave), liavinj^ the sides of the frond, pinna, or pinnule c\it half-way or more to the mid vein. Plrtnule (Lat. //«;/«/«, (liminutivc of fimiit, a feather), the sccnndary division nf a fronil twice or more compound. PolypodiacesB, n, 76. PolypodiefB, 76- Poly podium, 82; also 6, 7, 10, n. li, 76. Pro-embryo, the thread like pro- lonKatir)n between tiic fjc'niinatinjj spore and tlie prothallium. Prothallium (Lat. /ro, previous to, and th.iilus, a young shoot), the se.xual peneration of a frrn, 30. Protophyta ('ir. 7rp(I)Tor. ■p"'^'i> -i sc.un or suture), the rid).je which connects the sporo- carp vviih its stein in M,x*-siliii. Rattlesnake-fern. /'/.('.• Bo- trychium. Receptacle (l-at. r,\i/'e>e, to re- ceive), the part to which the sporan fjia arc attached, especi.dly in the HvMKNOI'HVI.I..\CIM-:. Reniform tl.at. r.-vrv, the kidneys), kidney-shaped. Resurrection - plant. r/r/c Selaginella. ReVOlute (I. at. rf:oh;-r,-. to roll back), rolled backward; said 01 the ni.ir^,'in of fronds. Rhizocarps. / ../V Marsilia. Rhomboidal idr. 'po^^o?, a rhomh. .md «c5o«, foim), approachinjja rlionili in slia|H'. Rock-brake. I'idf Crypto- Rramine. Rock-moss. '/./■ Selagi- nella. Roots, P5. Rootstock, an underground stem 8. Salvinia, i.-?; also ;,i, 40. Salviniaceee, i.-;; also ;.).- Litera- ture of, 40. Scandent (L:it. s,,i>i, /,■>;; tocliinh), climbm;;. SchiZcBa, i-m; also u, iS, 7>). Schizreacere, n. 7' Schizomycetes, ■\^ Liti-raturL of. Si. Scolopendrium, i>'7; also ■;, r,, ,,, I.). •->6, 78. Scouring- rush. 'V,/,- Equi- setum. Segment, om- of the divisions of a piiin.ililid fi.ind. Selaglnella, 14"; -dso ;(, 15, ,r.. < y SelaginellacenB, 140; also 14.- Literauire of, ;; Sensitive-fern. //,/,• Ono- clea. Serrate (Lat. s,>>;t, a s.iw). h.ivini,' the margin cut into teeth iioiniiiii; forward. Sessile (Lat. .f. •ins, a bending), having the margin alternately bend- ing inward and outwaril. Sinus (Lat. ;i bending), a recess or b.iy; the reentering space between two lobes. GLOSS.IA'V .LVn lA^DEX. 155 SorUS (plu. son) ((Jr. fftopo*. ;i heap (ir cluster), tlic clusters ol truit in the I'oi.vriim Ai'K.*-;. Spatulate (Lat. spatula, a little spoon I, shaped like a spatula. Species, n.- Hi.w to determine, 68. Specific Names, 4'- Spennaphy ta (Gr. , the fniil iif the liit;lier cryplo^.tnis, produced asc.xually, 10, iS. Sporocarp <(Ir. airopdv, seed, and K,.,)7rc)s-, liuiti, the frr't-bearinjj rc- cept.ide in .1/.i< jr///lu. stoiiiata) (Cir. a moulh\ the breathinj; pores of plants. j6, jv Stramineous (I.at. strannn^ str.iw), sit.iwcolored. Struthiopteris. '/./<• Ono- clea. Sub- tas a preli.x), about, nearly, somewhat. Sub-Orders, 44 Subulate (I at. sulula, A shoe- ni.iki I's awl), .iwl sh.iped. Superior, liiuher, applied to indusia that are attached above the sorus .is in .1 s pi. it'll III. Synonymy, 4V Tmnitis, fiS; also 6, n, 76. Ternate d.at. t,->iii, threr each), branchini,' into three nearly elants including the lichens, fungi, and alg;i'. Thalioid <(ir. daAAds, a younp shoot, and tl6o«, lorm), having the form of a thallus, i.e., no leafy axis. Thalioid Phase, ij. Tissues, .(. Tissue Systems, -s- Tomentose (lat. toiuentum, a stuiting of wool), covered with tn.it- ted woolly hairs. Tomentum (I.at. a stuhing of woo! t, the ilense matted woolly h.iir found on some ferns as many species of Cliiilaiitlus. Tri- (I.at. tris, three), (as a pretix) three, thrice. Tribes, 44 Trichomanes, i.v; also 6, 11,17, 7'1- Trichomes (dr. Upif, hair), hairs, v.iriously modified as scales, indusia, spnr.mgia, etc., produced from the cpiderm.il cells, j'i. Triquetrous (Lat. tyi-im-ttut), three-angled. Truncate dat. tiuncay,-, to cut short), cut oil .ibruptly. Tufted, growing in clusters. U Undulate (I. at. imdula, a Intlc wavc>, wavy margined. Uredineae, 5^ — I'iterature of, 55. Vallecula Ip'"' valiiwulir), the grooves on the stems of Eijuisctum. Variation among species, s. Varieties, 44 Vascular d-at. •.asculum, diminu- tive of vat, a vessel), containing ves- sels, as elutts, etc. Velum (lat. a cHitiiiii), the membra- nous m.irgin of the fovea in lso,ti-s Venation (I.at. tv/m, a vein), the veiiimg of the frond, 10. 1^6 c/A)s.s.iA'y j.v/) /x/)/:x, Vernation (F.at. rvr. spriiiKi. tlic Water-fern. '