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Hiotographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. MS80

(716) 872-4503

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Al

DAIRY FARMING

RANCHING

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MINING

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ALBERTA

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ASSINIBOIA

HOW TO PURCHASE RAILWAY LANDS.

BepIaQoiis for tlie Sale of Laib of the Gmlian Pacillc Railway GoiEjany.

The Canadian Pacific Railway Company oflTer for sale some of the finest Agrionltoral Lands
in Manitoba and the North- West The lands belonging to the Company in each Township
within the Railway belt, which extends twenty-four miles from each side of the main line, wiu
be disposed of at prices ranging

FROM $2.50 PER ACRE UPWARDS.

DETAILED PRICES OF UNDS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE UND COMMISSIONER AT WINNIPEG.
{2%e$e RegvkUioru are tubttUutedfor and caned ihote hitherto injarce.)

maxiXiAs OB' f-a-tmibiitt.

If paid for in fhll at time of purchase, a Deed of Conveyance of the land will be given ; but,
the purchaser may pay one-tenth in cash, and the balance in payments spread over nine yean ,
with interest at six per cent per annum, payable at the end of the year with each instalment.

a-Sll!TBl£%^Xi OOXTIDI'TIOSTS.

All sales are subject to the following general conditions :—

1. All improvements placed upon land purchased to be maintained thereon until final pay-
ment has been made.

2. All taxes and assessments lawfully imposed upon the land or improvements to be paid
by the purchaser.

3. The Company reserve from sale, under these regulations, all mineral and coal lands ;
and lands containing timber in quantities, stone, slate and marble quarries, lands with water-
power thereon, and tracts for town sites and railway purposes.

4. MinerfJ, coal and timber lands and quarries, and lands controlling water-power, will
be disposed of on very moderate terms to persons giving satisfftctory evidence of their Intention
and ability to utilize the same.

Liberal rates for settlers and their effiacts will be granted by the Company over its Railway.
For further particulaTt apply to

L. Ai SAKILTON, Land OommliiiOBar, Oioadiaa Faoiflc BaUway Go., Wlimipeg.

SOUTHERN MANITOBA LANDS.

For those deairoas of naraharins. the LAND ORANT of the MANTTOBA SOUTH- WESTERN COLONIZA-
TION RAILWAY GOMPANT, omy now placed on the market, offers BpeoiaJ attractions. It consists of over
1,0 0,000 acres of the choicest huad in Amenca, well adapted for grain growing and mixed farming, in a belt 21
miles wide, immediately north of the International Boundary, and Trom range 13 westward. That portion of this
grant lying between rani^ 13 and the western limit of Manitoba is well settled, the homesteads having been long
taken up. Purchasers will at once have all the advantages of this early settlement, such as schools, churches and
municipal organisation. The fertility of the soil has oeen amply demonstrated by the splendid crops that have
beea raised from year to year in that district. The country is well watered by lakes and streams, the principal of
which are Rook I^ke, Pelican Lake, Whitewater LakCiand the Sonris River and its tributaries, while never-failing
spring creeks take their rise in the Turtle Mountain. Wood is plentiful, and lumber suitable for building purposes
is manufactured at Oesford, Deloraine and Wakopa, and may be purchased at reaoonable prices. At the two latter
points grist mills are f^o in operation.

The terms of purchase of the Manitoba 8outh-West6m Colonization Railway C -^ ne

the same as those of the Canadian ^sicifie Railway Company.

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given; bnt,
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il final pay-
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coal lands ;
with water-
-power, will
>ir inttmtion

its Railway.
., Winnipeg.

J" OOLONIZA-
lonsists of over
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portion of this
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MIXKI) FAHMIXG,

RANCHIXCi AND MININO,

IN ALBERTA AND ASSINIBOIA

\yHO SHOULD GO TO AlBERTA.

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While Alberta otters iuducemeuts to industrious emi-
grants from all civilized nations, the class who are most
likely to succe^^d here, at this stage of the country's history,
are men and iarailies of some means, practical Itirmers,
and above all the dairy flirmers of England, Ireland and
Scotland. To this class Alberta offers inducements which
few, if auy other countries can offer. A country where
laws are good, where life and property are as safe as in
any part of the w^orld, where the educational advantao-es
are exceptionally good ; a land of bright sunny skies, and
healthful climate ; a new land where millions of acres of
virgin soil await the industry of the new comer ; free
lands in the most progressive country of the age ; markets
good and growing better each year ; a land promising
wealth to the industrious and practical.

The capitalist will find in Alberta an interesting and
profitable field for investment ; it would be fruitless to
attempt to point out the many channels for investment,
they are legion, each day some new mineral discovery
IS made known, some new industry promising large

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returns crops up ; everywhere is the want of capital felt ;
the industries connected with cattle, sheep and horse
raising and dairy farming alone are so great, that imagi-
nation cannot grasp them, and the capitalist in Alberta
has a large choice of pursuits all promising rich rewards.

To the laborer, the industrious farm laborer who will
work contentedly for a few years until he acquires capital
to start farming for himself. Alberta holds bright pros-
pects ; if he is sober and economical, success brighter
than his most sanguine expectations is within his reach.

To the servant girls of the old country, and especially
to girls accustomed to dairy work, we would say that
Alberta needs your labor and industry, and offers you
good wages to start with ; it rests largely with your-
selves if you are long seeking employment ; new homes
are springing up every day, and progressive settlers
are continually seeking good wives. The prospect that
you may in the near future fill the honored position
of a good wife to a w^orthy man, and be mistress of a
comfortable happy home of your own, should be an
inducement to tempt good sensible women to come to
Alberta.

The invalid will find in Alberta a bracing climate to
recuperate his health, the virtues of its hot mineral
springs are becoming universally extolled.

The sportsman, tourist, artist, botanist and geologist
will find that the mountains, forests, lakes and prairies of
Alberta afford abundance of pleasure, interest and
information ; a large portion of Northwestern Alberta
is but little known and an almost unexplored country,
and offers much to lovers ol adventure and exploration.

For educated labor, there are very few openings here,
clerks, salesmen and educated men of no particular call-
ing, and who have no means, should not come ; the supply
alreadv here far exceeds the demand. Professional men

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with limited means expecting to make a living' out of
the practice of thoir profession are also likely to be dis-
ppointed ; there are already more lawyers, doctors, en-
giiiprs, surveyors, etc., than there is at present profitable
l)ractice for. The country needs producers and capitalists ;
men of idle and extravagant habits, men with no capital
and who are unaccustomed to manual labor, will be likely
to meet with hardship and disappointment. Farmers
with .some capital, say from $500 (iJlOO) Vj S2,000 (i:400)
will iind this a good country, providing always they are
.industrious, economical and practical. With $2,000 to
|3,000, a man with a family to help him can make a
splendid start in dairy or mixed farming, with every
chance of growing wealthy in a very few years.

When to come.

M

The settler coming to Alberta will be rather benefited
than otherwise by coming early in the spring. Spring
work, ploughing, etc., generally commences at the end ot
February and seldom later than the middle of March ;
true, after that we have some disagreable cold spells, but
it will be a decided advantage to the new comer to arrive
in good season, as, if he intends entering into dairy farm-
ing, he will be in a position to enjoy the full benefit of
the season, and there is no reason why he should not
make money from the first by butter making. It will
be found that outside the supply of clothing for himself
and family, it is more profitable to purchase his require-
ments when he arrives at his destination. Money in his
pocket will secure him the necessaries suitable to the
country, whereas the useless, though possibly costly
amount of baggage which so many bring, is often found
a hindrance in many ways. When you have thoroughly
made up your mind to emigrate, purchase a " through

8

ticket " to Calgary, ii' you iuteud settliug in the centre or
northern part of Alberta.

Do not believe any discouraging reports of the country
which interested parties are so willing to circulate : more
than a few have been deterred from coming here by false
reports. The letters published in this pamphlet are writ-
ten by practical people of good standing, and j jii cannot
get a better idea of the country than by reading them
over carefully. When you have done so, you will
very likely be convinced that this is a good country ; and
when you come, if you are of the right material, you will
find success crown your labors.

Climate.

One of the greatest delights incidental to life in this
highly favored country, is found in the magnificence of
the climate. It may truly be said, for the meteorological
records amply prove it, that there is no place on this
western hemisphere that enjoys more bright sunlight,
during the year round, than Alberta, and it enjoys at least
fifty per cent more than the average.

There is no rainy season in Alberta ; no two or three
months of wet and slush, sleet and rain, in the fall, as'in
other parts of the Dominion.

The autumn weather of Alberta is perfect. Towards the
end of September the air gets chilly at night, with frost
enough to make the roads crisp in the morning ; the sun
rises in matchless splendour, the blue vault of Heaven is
unmarked with even the shadow of a cloud, the atmos-
phere clear and light, bright and invigorating, thrilling
every pulsation of feeling, sharpening the intellect, and
infusing ruddy energy into every part of the body.

No one can do justice with the pen to the splendour of
this weather ; day after day, week after week, sometimes

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clear up to Christmas-tido, this fall weather remains
unbroken, warm, joyous, delicious.

When winter sets in, the siege is usually sharp, short and
decisive. The writer has seen the thermometer 25' below
zero, but as a matter ol" lact, the writer has also experienced
winter weather in Ontario when the thermometer was
standinj:^ above zero, but the cold seemed more intense,
more searching, and greatly more discomforting than at
25 below zero iu Alberta.

This is now a well recognized distinction between the
weather of the east and west of Canada, and it entirely
rejects th(? thermometer as an index of the comparative
severity of winter weather. The reason of the difference
has often been explained, — the air of Alberta is singularly
free from moisture, that of Ontario is humid.

The spring season of Alberta is the most trying ; not
because it is particularly wet, or severe, or long, but be-
cause with a mild winter, one expects to see a correspond-
ingly early spring. In Alberta one is usually disap-
pointed on that score, because the spring there is very
rarely any earlier than in Manitoba, or Ontario. The
winter is shortened mostly by its often being nearly New
Year before there is any winter weather to speak of.
But the summer once entered upon, the weather is
superb ; between the days of bright, life-producing sun-
shine, copious warm showers fall bathing the rich soil
like a hotbed and forcing vegetation forward in rapid and
rank profusion.

It is the fact that the atmosphere in Alberta is at all
times so free from humidity or vapor, that recommends
the climate so strongly to people suffering with pul-
monary or bronchial affections. In the earlier stages of
disease, it cannot but be efficacious, while with the more
advanced, it is of course a matter of doubt ; but to keep

10

a healthy man healthy, a sound man sound, an energetic
man full of lift' and dt'terminalion, ihwc is no climate
like Alhin-ta.

Helow is given the meteorological record of Mr. J. B.
Julien, the Dominion Government observer at Calgary,
for the four months Juiu' 1st to September 30th inclusive.
188S.

SrMMRRTKMI'ERATlfKK AT CAL»JAUY, 1S8«.

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2

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15
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.June

.Inly.

AiiKust. Seiiteml)Or.

Min. I Mnx. Min. Mux. Min.

73
77
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57
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44 79

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73

88

66

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71

54

74

41

71

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61

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71

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72

42

73

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65

46

79

52

72

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81

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73

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51
51
42

52
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46

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Min.

74

45

70

47

54

40

59

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63

50

64

46

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32

57

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57

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68

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67

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75

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82

1 .30

87

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90
79
ti6
72
87
77
80
67
76

79

48
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33
28
48
40
35
41
.35
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Max.

89

88

67
72
72
74
.55
58

78
8(}
63
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84
86
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71
81 1

Uuiniall.

Juno, 'M inclioH.

■luly, 3i inches.

65 1 Aupuat, 2 10 inclies.

63

67 !

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57

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71 I

69 i

80 I

76 ;

September, ] of an inch.

The Coal Fields of Alberta.

v^<-

The known Coal Fi(^lds of Alberta are both varied and
extensive, covering an area extending from the easterly

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limits of the Proviiu'o iit'jir MtHli<'ino Hat to Banff
on tht' \v»'st, and IVoni tin- intornational l>ouu<.lary on
the south, to tli«^ nortliorly limit of the province, boing
a tract oi' rountry approximately two hundred miles
square, and containinij;' forty thousand square miles.
When it is considered that each square mile will yield
one million tons of coal, for each foot of thickness of the
coal seams contained therein, one almost fails to ap-
preciate the enormous (pianlity of fuel thus stored, for
the use of future generations, upon this plain. It is hard-
ly possible to over-estimate the value of u country which
in addition to beinj? om^ of the most fertile and produc-
tive upon the Continent of America, thus carries almost
immediately beneath its surface so valuable a deposit of
mineral.

The quality of coals varies from a good lignite on the
east, to a good bituminous coal found twenty-five miles
west of Calgary, and extending to the vicinity of
Canmore ; a distance of thirty miles from the last named
point to Banff is an anthracite region, the coal being not
inferior to the best produced in Pennsylvania.

The workable seams vary in thickness from three feet
to thirteen, while there are at least fifteen known seams
running from six iuche« to eighteen inches, of course the
latter bting only worlcable under exceptional circums-
tances, where there is a local market.

The Medicine Hat Lignites have been worked to a
greater or less extent during the past five years, and are
still being worked. They produce a good domestic coal
which is also fairly good for use in stationary engines.
The seam is about five feet in thickness. The next in
order are the Lethbfidge Mines, or what is commonly
known as the " Gralt Coal Field." These mines have also
been worked during the past five years with a constantly
increasing out-put, and at the present time can supply to

14

tlio t'Xtcnt, ol thi'ir inarkt't. Thoy aro sitaat»»d ono Imii-
dred and Wi\ milcH from th(^ imiiii Iin»' ol" th»» ranadian
Pacnfir Uy.. and are connected with it by a narrow iruaye
railway. The coal is an excellent one. both lor domestii-
and steam ])iirposes, and bears transportation well; it in
semi-bituminous in characler, and the scam is about live
feet in thickness.

During the past autumn, the Caiuidiiin J'acilic Railway
Company hav*' been testini,'' a coal Held at Crowfoot
Creek, near the railway, and found two seams ; one about
three feet in thickness, and an underlyinir one about
thirteen feet. This <<)al has also been found to the north,
upon the Rosebud and Red Deer rivers, and «nndently
extends throuirhout a larger extent of country at no great
d«'pth.

These coals are also lignitic in character, but prove
rirst-class fuel, being quick to ignite and burning with a
strong heat, t^eir most serious fault being their light-
ness and tendency to decrepitate upon exposure to the
weather. This tendency may however altogether subside,
as was the case with the Lethbridge coals, upon their
being extensively mined. It might be proper here to say,
that these coals extend well up towards Calgary, and
probably underlie the whole country at no serious depth,
being in a nearly horizontal position, the greatest incline
not exceeding 10 .

The most workable coals are found at what are known
as the Barr River and Coal Creek Mines. And here a
material change takes place in their character, becoming
bituminous, and yielding a large quantity of tar and oil
when submitted to heat, very fine illuminating gas, and
excellent coke which will bear transportation. This coal
is likely to prove valuable for smelting purposes, in
connection with the working of prec.'ious minerals in the
mountains in the vicinity. It has proved very little

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inf'orior to the bcNt IVnnsylvaiiiii bitnininons roaln in the
Hevcral tests that have been inade.

Tlie main seam fonsists ol' s»'veu fe«'t ol' «'oal, with an
overlyinu^ on«' ol" eiuhtetMi inches, and numerous snuiller
ones, all very simihir in character.

This liehl lias bceu worked during' tin; past three yearH,
but not v»'ry extensively as yet. The coals lie at an angle
or dip of 30 to 35 , and have been traced lor miles upon
the strike, both north and south. A lew fairly good
seams have been found between Calgary and ('anmore, but
thi' District has not yet been fully explored.

At Canmore, the first workable seam of anthracite is
found ; it is a very line looking coal of good quality,
about four feet thick, but not sulUcienlly devt'loped to
arrive at a satisfactory conclusion as to its value.

We now arrive at the anthracite mines situated five
miles east of Banlf. These were first opened about five
years ago, but no attempt was made to work them upon
an extensive s<ale, until about two years ago, since which
time the work has been pushed vigorously. The seams
are three, four and seven feet respectively, the first named
yielding a very fine, clean coal. The inclines have only
been driven a few hundred feet ui)on the seven feet
seam, but it has shewn a constant improvement, and
may be reasonably expectt'd to prove a very fine vein.
The coal is of a very fine quality, high in carbon, and
remarkably free from any deleterious substance. In
addition to the local market, this coal has an extensive
one in California and all along the Pacific Coast.

The foregoing covers the ground in a cursory way,
scientific facts are necessary to establish the value of the
coal deposits. The fact of their existence, together with
the very satisfactory results of their use, during the past
two or three years, having placed this beyond a doubt.

16

Wild Flowers.

Nature has showered on this land her choicest gifts,
the countless charms which make this earth so fair and
beautiful are here in rich profusion, and as of old when
God first created the world, "behold it is very good."
Not the least of its attractions are wild flowers which
adorn the prairies from early spring to autumn, ever
changing yet ever lov«'ly; from the pale lavender crocus,
which in nature's floral book is the opening leaf, pushing
its way through the brown earth and blossoming into a
lovely flower to gladden the settler's heart by proclaim-
ing that spring is here, to the golden rod which lingers
after the other flowers are fiided and gone.

Among the early spring flowers is that little home
plant, the blue violet, endeared to us all by the remi-
niscences it brings of other lands. June comes, and
with it that flower of flowers, the rose ; everywhere
over the prairies is to be seen this little dwarf bush, with
its wealth of bright blossoms, breathing into the air their
delicious perfume ; these are mostly bright, crimson,
single roses, but there are some, both single and double,
of the most delicate blush tints. The charm of this
plant does not cease with the flower; in the autumn, the
foilage assumes a deep crimson and orange-brown color-
ing, this and its bright scarlet berries make it a most
attractive shrub. The months of June and July abound
in flowers innumerable of every hue, the pale anemone,
the blue bell perfect in shape and color, the cyclamen,
the exquisitely lovely lupins, blue, pink and white, the
first quite common, the remaining two more rare ; banks
of purple and wild thyme, the air fragrant with its spicy
aroma. The most brilliant of all our flowers is that ele-
gant floral gem, the orange red lily, which grows here
in myriads, acres upon acres all ablaze with glory.

17

the

)lor-

lost

len,

e

th
inks
)icy
ele-
lere
lory.

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19

(jrrowing among the lilies, and making a most pleasing
contrast, is a flower for which I have no name, but which
for its beauty and the wild profusion in which it grows
here, deserves notice ; it grows about eighteen inches
hiirh, the stem crowned with a cluster of small, wax-like
flow^ers of every variety, from the light mauve to the
bright orange, yellow being the prevailing color. Anothar
flower which may be mentioned as resembling, both in
form and color, the beautiful laburnum, and another one,
the gorgeous and beautiful sunflower. This flower, which
grows a foot or rather more above the ground, and is
three or four inches in diameter, has a circle of rich
golden leaves extending like rays from a centre of rich,
reddish brown ; the coloring is superb, even the most
aesthetic taste would be charmed with this wild beauty
of the prairie.

These are a very few culled from the vast multitude
which bedeck our favoured land.

" Flowers so blue and golden,
Stars that in Earth's firmament do shine."

Horse Breeding.

As a horse breeding country. Alberta bids fair to be to
Canada what Kentucky is to the United States. A country
where the horse attains the very height of perfection.
Its northern location, its high altitude, its invigorating
and dry atmosphere, mild winters, with luxuriant grasses
and plentiful supply of purest water, are all conducive to
the growth and development of the noble animal ; and
although the industry is still very young, the Alberta
horse has become noted for endurance, lung power, and
freedom from hereditary or other diseases.

There are at present in Alberta over 20,000 head
of horses, varying in point of quality from the hardy,
(Cayuse) Indian Pony, to the beautiful, well formed thor-

20

oughbred. Thoroughbreds from Great Britain and Ken-
tucky, Clydesdales from Scotland, Percherons from France,
and trotting stock from the United States, have been
imported at great expense, and the result is that the
young horses of Alberta will compare with any in Canada.
A better display of horsc-ilesh than that made at the
Calgary Agricultural Exhibition last fall, would be dif-
ficult to find, and there is little doubt but that each suc-
ceeding year will w^itness a marked improvement.

As an investment, horse ranching in Alberta offers
bright inducements, and the farmer or capitalist coming
to this country and wishing to engage in this busintss,
will find millions of unoccupied meadow lands, possessing
everv attraction and advantage, from whic^h to choose a
location ; will find too a country wIkm-c the cost of raising
h :)rses is surprisingly low ; for while it is necessary to
provide corrals, and winter sheds and a certain amount
of hay, to guard against losses in very severe seasons, it
will also be found that there is an illimitable supply of
nutritious grasses. Timber for building purposes is to be
had for the cost of cutting and hauling, and with the small
amount of hired labor required to conduct the business,
the expenses will be light when compared with the pro-
fits which are assured to those who engage in the industry
in a practical and intelligent manner.

During the most severe seasons, horses will thrive on
the ranges along the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains
without feed or shelter other than they will provide for
themselves, and in the spring will be found fat, with
sleek coats. Still it will pay best to glre young stock,
and brood mares, until they become ajclimatized, feed
and shelter during the early months of the year.

As to the market, it is continually growing better ; a
good animal will always command a good price. The
Northwest mounted police annually require a number of

21

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■'jft'^'

28

ft

saddle horses. The officers of the British army will lind
Alberta the depot I'rom which to secure the best animals
ibr their purposes. The incoming settlers will lor years
to come require a large number of animals, and for heavy
draft horses, there is practically no limit to the demand;
Eastern Canada, the United States and G-reat Britain,
require thousands of them each year. To those coming
to Alberta, the writer would say bring as many first class
brood mares as you possibly can, and if you should not
desire to settle here, you will find a ready market for
your stock at prices which will yield you a handsome
profit on the investmc^nt ; and indeed the same may be
said of all breeds of domestic animals ; bring good trading
animals be they horses, cows, sheep or pigs, and the
profits from a car-load will probably defray your expenses,
and pay you well for your time while enjoying a trip to the
great ranching and farming country of Canada.

Sheep Farming.

At a period when speculation is rampant in this new
land, — when men daily exert their energy to devise
schemes whereby they may acquire wealth without work-
ing or w^aitiug — it is not to be wondered at that the slow
but sure roads to competence are unheeded by the many.

Syndicates to obtain Railroad charters to build lines to
the great mineral and oil fields of the north ; syndicates
to erect smelting works at Calgary, to run water through
its streets, to build tramways, to buy town sites, to de-
velop placer diggings and quartz mines ; these and many
such schemes are deemed by knowning ones, " short
cuts to success," and are the all absorbing topics and
attractions. And in the worry and excitment of our
haste to grow suddenly rich, we take little interest in an
industry which promises to be the keynote to Alberta's

24

t

future prosperity, viz., sheep farming. " A sheep far-
mer forsooth " ill this iictiv(^ age, when men grow rich
iu a year ; yet the natural advantages which Alberta pos-
sesses for sheep farming will soon give her a place second
to few, if any, of the wool and mutton growing countries
of the world.

Alberta to-day ofFrrs what the Australian colonies had to
offer thirty years ago, — millions of acres of rich grass
lands well w'atered and adapted in every respect for
ffrowino: first class mutton and line wool ; on a land
blessed with a climate of sufficient heat and sunshine
during two-thirds of the year to keep the yolk in active
circulation, thereby insuring a line fibred wool; with mild
winters and early springs, where cold rains and dust
storms, so injurious to the fleeces, are almost unknown,
inducements io which Australia never could aspire.
A railway running through the centre of the grazing
lands and markets for wool and mutton w^ithin easy reach.

Alberta is par excellence the sheep country of North
America.

There is now on the plateau and undulating prairie
lands east and north east of Calgary, a country capable
of supporting ten million sheep — a country of sweet,
thick grasses, such as sheep thrive best one — this too out-
side the limits of the larger cattle ranges.

To men w^ho will engage in this industry in Alberta,
with a Ci'-pital of from three to five thousand dollars, and
devote themselves with diligence to the care of their
flocks, and use the intelligent judgment so much needed
in sheep husbandry to secure the animal whose wool
and mutton will be of the highest market value, a fortune
is assured, and that too at the end of a very few years.

The first large band of sheep were imported from Mon-
tana in 1884; during the following years numerous
other flocks were brought in, and it is estimated that

t

2o

p far-
v^ rich
ta pos-

econd
intries

had to
grass
Bct for
a land
nshine

active
h mild
id dust
mown,

aspire,
^razing
J reach.
: North

prairie
capable

sweet,
too out-

Uberta,
ars, and
of their
needed
je wool
fortune
ears.
m Mon-
imerous
;ed that

1

■f

there are now over forty thousand she(»p in the district.
The losses durini^ \vint<'rs have been very light, not
exceeding 2 per cent.

As to the l)reed of sheep most prolitahle, opinions vary,
all breeds pay well when well cared lor. For large
ilocks, merino and merino crosses — merino Leicesters per-
haps are the most valuiible, l)oth lor wool and mutton.
Oth(;rs think the Sliropshire and Oxford Downs are a
better cross, and still others the Cotswold ; be that as it
may, give any breed care and they will pay in Alberta.

There is a splendid opening lor stud ilocks here, and a
fortune will reward tht; individuals or companies who
will first engage in that line. It is not necessary, for the
object of this article, to discuss th«» best mode of hand-
ling flocks ; enough to say that nature in the bounty of
her gilts has granted to Alberta all the essentials to make
it one of the great wool and mutton producing countries
of the world.

Cattle Raising.

To-day Alberta stands peerless among the cattle coun-
tries of the world. An unknown land of a few
years ago, it is now looked to as one of the greatest future
supply depots of the British market.

Cattle raising in Alberta may be said to have com-
menced in the year 1880, when Hon. Senator Cochrane
brouo'ht over from Montana several thousand head, and
placed them on his leasehold, west of Calgary. Since
then, the cattle industry has grown steadily. In the
spring of 1884, it was estimated that some 40,000 head of
cattle were on the ranges of Alberta. Now, (Dec, 1888,)
over 113,000 head of range and dairy cattle roam at will
on the plains and foothills of our great grazing district;
of this number, over 100,000 are owned by ranchers in
Southern Alberta, who round-up their large herds every

20

spriip^, lor llic purpos*' of bijuiding, «Scc., and give them
MO Ibod or 8h»'lU'r at any Hcason, other than what nature
provides. Tliat this system is the most profitable one, is
more than doiibtlni. Kaih years, experience points out,
that Ihert' is more profit and eeonomy in providing food
and sh(Uter for lliem during the worst winter weather.
Severe seasons will now and again oeeur, and to insure
against losses in such seasons, food and shelter are
advisable ; and the belief is fast gaining ground among
ratlh'men, that the most profitable way of handling
• atlle in large bands, is to be prepared to feed calves and
weak cows during severe storms, and thus avoid the risk
of loss. The saying among Alberta stockmen is, that
■' you cannot kill a steer with bad weather," as he will
keep rustling and come out fat in the spring, after the
most severe winter. It has been conceded by experienced
men oi' many countries that Alberta stands first as a
rattle country, in the abundance of its native grasses,
plentiful supply of v.ater and natural shelter ; and com-
paring the losses in Alberta, since cattle ranching com-
menced, with those of thi' Western States during the same
[leriod. it will be found that when the cattlemen of
Montana and Wyoming lost t>0 and 70 per cent, during
severe winters, the losses on the Alberta ranges did not
exceed l'> per cent. That even these losses should occur
m a land where millions of tons of hay arnually go to
waste, shows that judicious economy is not exercised in
the cattle business — attention, industry and intelligent
labour art' as necessary to success in this, as in any o:ber
occupation. In point of quality, the cattle of Alberta
will compare favorably with those o^ any country;
thoroughbred bulls o( all breeds have been imported,
and the result is that, taken as a whole, the cattle of
Alberta are of a superior class Alberta is now shipping
tat steers to Eiiirland — rauiie fed beef, which holds its

«

them
lature
3110, is
ts out,
jj food
ather.
insure
er arc
imong
idling
es and
le risk
s, that
le will
er the
ieuced
t as a
rrasses,
d com-
12: com-
le same
neu of
during
did not
d occur
Lv go to
?ised iu
elligent
LV orber
Alberta
auntry :
1 ported,
attle of
bipping
olds its

m

27

own with the stall fed article of th(r old rountry ; with
a local market, which annually consumes over fifteen
thousand beeves, and ever increasing, and with th(^ great
markets of the world within easy reach. With such
natural advantages, (»nticing most experienced cattlemen
from the Amc^rican Territories and British Columbia to
invt^st in the business here, who can say what will be
th(^ extent oT this industry in the future, an industry
which has <»Town with such gigantic strides iu seven

«•»*

years.

There are millions of acres of land north of Calgary,
stretching away through the verdant valleys of lied Dt;er
and Battle Rivers, whi<;h are still uustocked ; lands too
capable of producing prolilic crops of hay, grain and roots.

To the capitalist and the farmer who intend engaging
iu the cattle business, the writer would say: examine
well into the resources and attractions of any other
country in which you may be inclined to make a home ;
compare; the advantages it otfers, with those offered by
Alberta, and having done so, there is little doubt, but
that you will make a happy and prosperous home for
yourself, under the shadow of the Rocky Mountains — and
assist in stocking the fertile valleys of fair Alberta.

Ranching.

The winter grazing grounds of the North West, were
comparatively speaking unknown before the year 1880.
Reports at that time reached some of the prominent stock
raisers of the east of the richness of the grasses of the
western plains, bordering the Foothills of the Rockies, and
the light snow fall in that region.

Advised by them, the Government formulated regula-
tions with the view of placing the lands under pasturage
leases. The Departmental report for 1885, the first giving

28

any8liitisti.\soii tlic luim-liin^- iutorosts of tho west, show-
ed the iiumlxT oi" stock on th«' western Ranj^es as follows:

Catll.', • - 4H,83(5

Horses, - • 4, 31. 'J

Sheep, - • 0,i;!)4

To illustrate the rii|)i(l development of this industry, it
will be sutlicient to say that the returns for 1887 show
the following number of stock on tlie Ivanges.

(kittle, - - 101,:]82

Horsi's, - - 10.000

Sheep, - - 38,0S0

Over live tliousaiid grass fed cattle were shipped to
Great Britain last year. Some idea can be formed of the
proiits accruing to cattle raisers, from the fact that for the
four year old steers comprised in these shipments, as high
as i$4r).00 per head was paid on the foot at Calgary, while
the cost of raising, consisted almost entirely for manage-
ment and herdinu-, the animals having beeu fattened
solely on the natural grasses.

Dairy FAUMiNfi.

The letters written by praclic ' dairymen and farmers
appearing in this pamphlet attest the remarkable results
attendant on this class of larming in the Provinces of
Alberta and Assiniboia.

The leading features that mark out this section of
Canada, as the country par excellence, for the manufacture
of cheese and butter, are : 1st. — The rich natural grasses
on which the cows can graze the whole year round, doing
away w^ith the necessity of artificial feeding. 2nd. — The
entire absence of highly flavored noxious weeds, the
consumption of w ich taints the product of the dairy.
3rd. — The Summer temperature cooled by the Mountain
breezes, and the sparkling springs of cold mountain water
with which the countrv abounds.

29

of

'^^^rrff'^

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V.

■*^:.t*

J^A-^JM

30

Possessing all these natural advantages, it cannot be
wondered at, that those who have embarked in this bu-
siness, have been eminently successful ; and that the
claims urged for Alberta, that she will be able to outstrip
all competitors in the cheap production of the highest
grades of dairy products are well founded.

A perusal of the following letters from intelligent and
successful settlers will fully repay the reader, and must
convince him that for Mixed Farming and Ranching, the
fair Province of Alberta, oflfers inducements which cannot
be excelled.

LETTERS FROM SETTLERS.

Kev. a. Robertson, Frcshykrian Minister, Pine Creek, Albtrta, Nov, 2Ath, '88.

To THE IXTHNDING ShTTLER :

As you are in search of a future liome, allow nie to give }'0U a leaf from
my experience of six years in tlie AVest as to the advantage of tliis local-
ity and Southern Alberta, as a desirable place to lof-ate. After seeing the
Territory and Manitoba to some extent, I have preferred Alberta for
three main reasons : its climate, its grnas and its %vater.

Itb clime, — Much has been said and written on this subject, and when
all have said their little on the theme, it will be found to surpass all des-
cription. I wont say there is no winter here, nor yet that wo can grow
oranges, but take it season with season the year through, and I have
seen nothing in our Dominion that is to be compared with Alberta for
climate, and, as a friend said to me lately., for comfort, health and pleasure,
we have the finest climate in the world.

Its yrasfi, — The grass is not only h<',re in abundance, imt its Xiature
adapts it for winter ranging, so that already many a hundred head of
stock has come to the eastern market from our plains, that never received
food from the hands of man until loaded on the car for the market: and
tinor beef could not be desired. When the stock owned by settlers shall
till these plains as the buffalo did, by the million, in the palmy days of
but a few years back, then wealth, abundance and joy shall be our
reward ; the stayers shall have this harvest. Looking at the progress of
^he past six years, 1 feel convinced that many of this generation, (iven if
I do not, shall see that day. We can boast of an extensive coal iield.

Si

H

'A

32

timl)er to some extent, and valuable minerals ; but it is the grass, com-
bined with its pure water and fine climate, that is to make this part of
our Dominion the wealthiest portion of our heritajxe.

lU ?/n<tT, — Purer, clearer and finer water it would be'^hard to find,
abundance of which is to be found everywhere in tiiis district. What
with springs that live, and flow as open water the year round, rivulets,
brooks and rivers, fresh from the snow-capped mountains to the "West,
neither man nor beast ever know the lack of ono of nature's greatest
ble&sin^s, good water. Here we have the prairies and the plains without
the monotony of the vast country to the east of us. A sight more inspir-
ing than that to be obtained as one reaches tl? top of many of the ridges
that lie between our larger rivers, neither artist nor poet could paint or
imagine. There the grandeur of those lofty peaks that in their purity
point lieavenward can be scanned by the naked eye for mile after mile,
while at their base lies the lower-formed hills clothed with their ever"
green timber, out from whicli comes, here and there, a dark streak which
tells of crystal streams that come to blc^^s our heritage. There, Nature,
Artist and Poet, converso with man in a language not to be misunder-
Btood ; Behold ! it is all very good.

Here, mixed farming can be carried on to the greatest advantage ;
grain and roots of all kinds, requisite for man or beast, can be cultivated
to advantage, while the butter and cheese capacities of Alberta are such
that we need but the settler to control a fair share of the wealth coming
from such products. But I must leave this subicct, as space will not per-
jnit of it here, yet, I may say in this connection that the settler can give
more time to this industry in Alberta, without neglecting his stock, than
in other parts of the Dominion. One is not one-half of the year gathering
in food for his stock, and the other half feeding it out to them. All young
stock and what is for the market can, with but little attention, provide
for themselves until they are ready for the market.

I will close with a few statements as to the capacity of the country to
produce grain. In wheat we are not claiming to stand with Manitoba,
but the last three years has convinced many that we can supply the
home demand for flour. In oats and barley we will take second place to
no country. I have the average yield per acre of our place for the last
three years. In 188G, twenty acres under crop, average yield per acre, 48
bushels ; in 1887, forty-five acres, average yield, 33 bushels ; in 1888, sixty
acres, average yield, 54 bushels per acre. Twenty acres of the sixty, this
year, yielded an average of 68 bushels per acre, and the oats weigh forty-
four pounds to the bushel. While these are not the highest reports of
these years, nor yet the lowest, they are a fair average, and justify, to my
mind, at least, the statement contained in this letter, and give us abund-
ance of hope for its future. Will you be one to come and take part with
us in the blessings a kind and loving hand has provided for His creatures ?

88

Rhv. John McDou(iALL, Methodist Missionary, Morlei/villi, Alberta.
Northern Aluerta the Natural Location for Mixed Farming.

Having travelled over a great part of this country between the Barr
and Athabasca rivers, now forming part of tiie Province of Alberta, I
have no hesitation in claiming for this region, that it is pre-eminently
adapted for the purposes of stock-raising, and the growth of veszetables
and o<:'real8 of the hardier kinds ; I say of the hardier kinds, for in this
matter I would speak of what lias been done, not of what may be accom-
plished in the future, for I fully believe in climate changes brought about
by the settlement of the ( ountry, and as the reward of the industry and
thrift of civilized man.

Over twenty years since, I successfully raised crops of barley and all
manner of roots, at points over one hundred miles distant from each
other, and siiaated in different altitudes.

The quality of these crops was good, the quantity in yield was great,
especially was this the case with barley and potatoes ; while testing the
soil, I was also practically experimenting upon the grasses natural to
the land. I was travelling almost constantly with horses for from seven
to eight months, and for the balance of the year with dogs. During the
time I worked my horses, travelling and freighting with these for thou-
sands of miles each season, I very seldom gave them any grain, their
food being almost altogether the natural grass everywhere abounding in
this big land ; then when I took to the dogs, I turned my horses out on
the range to hunt their own living, such was our unbounded faith in the
native grasses, a ' also in the acclimatised horse. But as everyone can
see, were it not lor the nutritious properties of this grass, no amount of
acclimatising would enable a hoise to work all spring, summer and fall,
and then find his own living during the colder winter months. In the
meantime, in common with all otlier inhabitants of this country at that
time, I was living on buffalo, whose only food the year round was the
same grass, and whose instinctive judgment of these gnisses was that in
autumn and winter they went north into this region. I am writing about
leaving the plains proper, these " great herds " of wild cattle went north
into the park lands of northern Alberta, and thus fully demonstrated the
fact of the stock-raising qualities of this immense land, situated on the
banks of the Athabasca, North Saskatchewan, Battle and Red Deer
rivers, while perennial streams, with their numberless tributaries, rising
in the Rocky Mountains, as most of them do, and running parallel to each
other, loudly speak as to the (quality and quantity of the water supply of
this favored land. On all of these streams, there is more or less timber^
and everywhere over the country, the prairie and woodland is intermixed,
so that in the very start of settlement, the question of cleared land, build-
ing timber, fencing and fuel is answered.

2

i

34

The bona fide home seeker, can, all over this part (tf Alberta, simultan-
eous with putting up liis tent, start his plou^'li and chop his logs for the
new home, and set the other boys cutting and hauling rails for the first
pasture ; all this has been done, and will be in the near future in thou-
sands of instances.

Here, almost any homesteader can go to bed knowing that his farm is
situated right over a coal mine, that underlying thin -Country and crop-
ping out all over it, there are immense coal fields assuring him of an
endless supply of fuel, and that at home. Another feature I had almost
forgotten, is the game. The thrifty wife or daughter of the new settler
can feel easy on account of the little crates of poultry she brings with her ;
they may grow, for all around are wild chickens and ducks in endless
variety, and li.- se can be made to give food and fun to the household
while the others are growing. To the hardy and skilful hunter here is
also a fine field ; grisly, black, brown, cinnamon bear, moose and elk,
black and white tail deer, all these are found in the low lands and foot-
hills, while in the mountains are big horns and goats, and while hunting
these latter, there is always the possibility of coming upon a mine of
precious metal which will startle the word because of its richness, for as
yet, this is a great unknown and unexplored region, and any new comer
for the next twenty years may be a discoverer. We, who have for a
score of years or more travelled this big unknown land have found some
of its resources and known that these are very good, but we have also
found out that it is so big, that as yet, wo know very little about it. But
we do know, that before many years, some of the very finest horses, cattle
and sheep the world has ever seen, will be exported from this very region
we have before us in mind as we write-

Hugh McKay, Edmonton, Alberta, November 12th, 1888.

I have been farming in the Edmonton district for the past seven years,
and have, during that time, succeeded in growing good crops of wheat,
oats, barley, potatoes, turnips, cabbages and various other garden
vegetables.

My average crops of wheat have yielded 34 bushels per acre, and this
year I had a yield of 40 bushels per acre. My average crops of barley
range, from 40 to 60 bushels per acre; oats from 50 to 60 bushels per
acre, and potatoes 500 bushels per acre. I had seven hundred cabbage
plants this year, and 200 heads weighed 15 lbs. each, and the balance
weighed from 10 to 1 2 lbs. each. I consider the district well adapted for
mixed farming and dairying, &c. Cattle and horses, pigs and sheep
do well.

Any practical man with a capital of from $500.00 upwards, who is

85

ultan-
br the
le first
I thou-

arm is
I crop-
a of an
almost
settler
;h her ;
jndless
isehold
here is
ind elk,
id foot-
lunting
nine of
3, for as
V comer
;e for a
id some
ave also
it. But
[s, cattle
region

years,
wheat,
garden

Lnd this
|f barley
lels per
jabbage
Ibalance
[pted for
sheep

who is

willing to work, has every chance of succeeding here if he engages in
mixed farming.

This year I have been making cheese from the milk of five cows, and
have sold what I made at 22 cents per lb.

When I established liere I had no capital, other tlian health, persever-
ant'e and industry.

I like the country and climate and have succeeded here.

Duncan J. McAutuuk, IHne Creek, Alfierta.

I came to Alberta in ;;188I), and settled shortly afterwards on Pine
Oeek, where I have been farming since. I have now about 45 acres
un<ler (lultivation, and have succeeded in growing good crops. This year
I had 42 acres of oata, which yielded 52 bushels per acre, wtughing
51 lbs. per bushel. I had one acre of Fyfe wheat wliich yielded 31
bushels and 10 lbs. of splendid grain, and one acre of barley which
yielded 50 bushels. ISIy potatoes and root crops were as good as I ever
raised, and I have been farming all my life. The country is well
adapted for dairy farming; and, any farmer coming hero with a little
capital to start with, has better chances of succeeding tlian in any otiier
country I know of.

Angus Fhasbr, Calrjarij.

In reply to your questions, relating to the country in the vicinity of
the Rocky Mountain House, having lived at the Hudson Bay Comi)any's
Fort there for 12 years, I am able to speak with experience. Coming to
the North-West in 18G1, and being at Oxford House, Norway House and
York Factory, have seen considerable of the north.

My experience of the Mountain House leads me to believe that for a
country suitable for mixed farming, it exceeds, in the luxuriance of its
grasses, its plentiful supply of timber, its beautiful mountain streams
abounding in fish and the productions of its soil, anj' portion of Alberta
that I have seen ; that it will, in tlie near future, be a thickly settled and
wealthy district I have no doubt. During the last two years of my stay
there we grew barley, potatoes, cabbages, carrots, turnips and beets, the
equal of which I have never seen. From the Red Deer to the ISIountain
Fort, the country resembles old country parks, clumps of trees and open
glades.

During the winter of '74 and '75, Angus McDonald and myself !iad two
oxen wliich were given us by the H. B. Co,, and they wintered out with-
out care, we killed one about New Years of '75 and the other late in the
spring and they made prime beef. The snow does not crust in that part
of Alberta, we had warm winds, but not sufficient to cause a crust. The
grasses grow long, and I have seen pea vino growing as high as brush.

The country has no end of coal, it is to be found along the river and

86

creek banks. Gutne, such as moose deer and j^'rizzly bear, were abundant,
it is one of tlie best fur countries in the North West.

At that tirao there were splendid forests of timber sdl over the country,
but I hear lately that fires have done much damaj^e Lo the timber. In
early days the Indians used to bring me nuggets of gold from somewhere
along some of tlie creeks. I had several c)f them, l^ut have given them
all away, the last one to Dr. McEachren, to make a ring; I believo gold
will yet be found there in paying quaniiiies.

Coming up the Saskatchewan, the country is a vast forest of good
timber. All tl.at is required to make it a populated country is a railway,
its advantages will soon become known. I have lived at Calgary since
1875, and have 33 acres just outside the corporation of the town of Cal-
gary. I havB 37 head of cattle and comfortable Viuildings. I have now-
left the Hudson's Bay Co., after serving them for 24 years. I am waiting
to sell my property in Calgary, as well as my farm here, and immediately
I do so will take my cattle to the country I have told you of, as I con-
sider it the best country I know. In early days we used to talk of the
pity it was to see such a grand country lymg waste while so many
hundred heads of families near home were struggling for a life-time to
make a bare living, and it is us good a country to-day as it was then.
My native houip wns In i-orfarsliire, Scotland. I have no ol)ject in writ-
ing this letter cut in the intere>t of truth and information.

What a man wants here is some capital to start with, say $500, with
industry and sobriety he will, in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred,
be well olT in the course of a few years.

Thomas Hourston— John Ashen, Edinovton, Alberta, Nov. 14, 1888.

With reference to the quantity of land under cultivation in the vicinity
of Edmonton, wo should judge that there was about 4,000 acres under
crop this year. All kinds of grain were grown — wheat, barley, oats; also
flax, roots and vegetables, and Indian corn; small fruits, viz., currants,
gooseberries, cherries and wild berries of many kinds.

We are not subject to summer frosts of any consequence. We have
lived here for the last fifteen years, and we consider the country well
adapted for mixed farming, and cannot see anything to prevent a good,
industrious farmer to make a good home for himself and ftimily. We also
have gold mining in the river, and abundance of good coal and lumber at
moderate prices. We have two grist-mills and two saw-mills, giving
employment to a number of men. We have several good general stores,
from which can be procured any article required, at reasonable prices.
In addition, we have a very large quantity of land awaiting settlement at
the present time, and we would invite anyone in search of good land to
come and visit us, and see the advantages and attractions of the country
or themselves. The crops throughout the district this year n'ere splen-

1

37

idant,

untry,
ir. In
where
I them
0 gold

f good
lilway,
y since
of Cal-
ve now
vaiting
diately
3 1 con-
of the
3 many
•time to
V8 then,
in writ-

[)0, with
undred,

888.

vicinity
is under
its; also
lurrants,

iVe have

itry well

a good,

We also

imber at

1, giving

i\ stores,

prices-

sment at

land to

country

splen-

did, both grain and roots. Tlie samples exhibited at our annual Ajrri-
cultural Exhibition, we claim, wore second to none in Cana(hi. The
farmers are all well stocked with cattle and horses, some havin<,' us many
as 200 head on their farms, which places beef at a reasonable) fiirure.

In conclusion, we may say, should any reader of this loiter ro(Hiiro fur-
ther information regarding this country at any time, we will be glad to
communicate with thom,and give them a true statement of mattoro here.

RoBT. McKkknan, Edmovion, Alhcrta, Nov. Ulh, 1888.

I have resided in the Edmonton district for t ^' past (eleven years. INIy
former home was in Carleton county, Ontario. I have been engaged in
mixed farming the greater part of tlie time since my arrival here. And
have succeeded in growing good crops of wheat, barley, oats, potatoos and
rwjts every year, my wheat averaging 45 bushels per acre; barley, 48
bushels per acre; oats, from 75 to 125 hnslu'lsj or acre, and potatoes, f-om
450 to 500 bushels per aero. I have 32 cows. This year 1 milked 10 of
them, and have f-old over $600 worth of Ijutter, besides keeping sudicient
for my family use. I have also 8 horses, 14 pigs, 14 sheep ami fowls of
different kinds.

I have succeeded in the country, and consider that any practical farmer
can make a good living here, with, say, a capital of $1,000 to start with.
I am a married man, and have six children, and they enjoy tho advant-
age of attending a scliool equal at least to any country school in Ontario.
We have churches of every denomination, and large stores carrying every
line of goods. We have a good climute, plenty of timber aud coal at one's
door, water and grass good and abundant everywhere. I know of no
country which offers greater inducements to ])ractical, industrious farm-
ers. My wife and myself coukl not be induced to return to Ontario again.
The climate is healthy and gool, and life is in every way enjoyal)le. T
have been connected with the District Agricultural Society since its organ-
ization, eight years ago, and we have had eight annual exhibitions. The
farm products shown each year would make a creditable display at any
exhibition in Canada. Wages for good, steady farm hands have always
been good here, from $26 to $40 per month the year round. 'J'he settler
coming to Alberta will, if he is industrious, never regret his choice of
location.

James Rinv, Oilndnj, Nov. lllli, 1888.

In reply to your request that I would give my oj)inion of the adaptabil-
ity of Alberta generally, and this district in particular, f(jr individual and
co-operative dairy industry, I may say, having now lived in Albtjrta for
five years, and coming here with the beginners, when the settlement and
farming experiments were timidly and in many cases rather doubtfully
undertaken, I have closely watched and measured the failures and the

38

sncceHS of the years that liave Iwl up to the wonderful and satisfactory
development attenihmt upon every infelli^'mnt effort to pursue mixed or
(hviry farnuu": in Alliertu. I wn.s in a measure pre[)iired to note with
more than usual interest tlu? work of making hutter in this new country,
ilavintr lived all my jtrevious life in the Eastern Townships— the homo
par cxciilntrr of good butter in Canada— and having witnessed there the
many experiments that led uf) from the days of the earthenware milk
crock, ill" •■ ooden dish and tlie shining tin j)ans, and lastly the ellicient
cooler an., the water tank, everything from the tiresome old dash churn
to the modern rotary, and liavine read almost everything of merit writ-
ten upon the subject, from the well-rememhered " agricultural column "
of the local weekly, and lastly, and hest of all, the admirable and excel-
lent treatis(i by Mr. I.ynch, of Danville, (ino., 1 feel in a measure prepared
to speak advisedly — at least 1 will s{)eak candidly — of what I know and
have seen h(*re, and I have no hesitation in saying or foretelling that
Alberta nmst, on account of its natural adaptability, become in the neai
future one of the largest producers of the finest butter required to meet
the exactinii markets and satisfy the taste of the most extravagant epi-
cures. Here are my reasons: To produce good butter the materials that
make it must be good ; the grass in warm seasons must be abundant,
sweet and free from noxious or strong-llavored weeds, and well-cured hay
nuule from this grass for winter feeding. These, with cool, sw'eet water
in abundance, are the principal materials with which any intelligent man,
possessing a well-selected herd of milch cows, need ask no favors of any
competitor. Well, how is All)erta in regard to the required pasture for
dairy purposes? Let me tell you I have driven through central Alberta
from ]'V)rt 3IcLeod,on the south, to Edmonton, on the north, a distance of
over oOO miles, and from the rolling foot-hills near the mountains to the
undulating plains near the eastern border, and do not hesitate to eay,
without fear of contradiction, that the sun of our civilization does not
shine on a fairer or more inviting field of choice, ricli, abundant pastures
than is to be found along the mountain streams of cool, sweet water that
flow from out of the Rocky Mountain reservoirs eastward through the
valleys of Aioerta. The waters of our streams, flowing as they do from
melting ice in the mountains, retain their coolness even in midsummer,
the ra]>idity of the How ensuring purity.

Then, the nights, on account of our elevation, are cool and the air pecu-
liarly pure and clear, following the warm- it days of our warmest seasons.
Now the greatest obstacle which the Ea?-ern butter-maker meets with is
the warm, still, muggy nights, when the slightest negligence in perfect
cleanliness entails tainted cream ; a continuation of these nights making
every effort to make good butter a comparative failure. Alberta is free
from all this, a fact whicli gives it a decided prestige over all other lands
not similarlv elevated and situated.

89

Then tbo conditions beinji .so favc^rablo, you ask would I advisn now
settlers in Alberta to be^'in dairy farmiiiu at once ? Most decidedly I do,
as it is tbo Kiirest roa<l to siictess and weultb. No matter bow small his
beginning, let bim g(»t a few (;ows, as many as possible, as many as be
can milk and properly care for. For instance, a settler arrives bi^re
buying means to put up a small bouse on bis l(i()-acre bomestead, an«)
baa also means^to get a span of borses, a plougb and barrow, witb enougb
of seed to plant a few acres. Tbon, if be bas a wife, and .'irlOO left,
let bim buy two cows ; if more money still, more cows— say five cows the
first year. From these be will be able to make fivi^ pounds of butter
daily during five months, worth in our market 25 cents a pound. This
will support himself and wife. Tlie milk will also feed three calves and
a couple of pigs. Now, it must be remembered that the care of t^liese
need not prevent him from cultivating a good garden and attenling to a
goodly number of acres of crops besides. And it must lie also ren)em-
bered, in connection witb all this, that no matter how favorabk^ the
seai^on may be, the garden and the cultivated acres may provi^ a failure,
but neither bail-f torm nor frost affect the returns from proix.'rly attended
milch cows.

Of course, the above applies to individual beginnings of an industry
that will unavoidably merge into a co-operative dairy farming, when the
creamery will be eBtablisbed in the centre of the township, where the
individual or company will gather the cream from the surrounding farm-
ers, and employ a practical and trained butter-maker, who will i)roduco
from the uniform and une(iualled cream of All)erta the gilt-edged cream,
ery butter of commerce, unnurpassed, if equalled, by any in the world.

Now, I will get down to figures, and show the practical possibilities of
a single township of Alberta pasture land. A township is six miles sijuare,
and contains :!() sections of 640 acres each. Let us suppose this divided
into 12 farms of 320 acres, each farm capable of sustaining, both summer
and winter, 20 cows; this makes 1,440 cows in the township. It will be
admitted that a fair average cow will yield sufRcict milk and cream to
make one pound of butter a day for five months in each year. Now,
1,440 lbs. of butter at, say, 20 cents per pound, will amount in a season to
to the handsome sum of S4o,200. Just think of this sum coming into a
single township every season ; and remembering all the while that aft» r
the farmer milks his cows in the morning, be can then, until the milking
of evening, attend to all the demands and duties of bis profitable mixed
farming besides !

But it may be asked, Where will you find a market for all this butter?
Well, the question of a market need give little trouble. 1 feel certain
that if there were a hundred creameries in Alberta, each making a
greater output than the above, there would bo twenty commission mer-
chants in active competition to control the productions. Butter being a

•-iiw^'

40

priiiio necesHity of<'iviliziitinti, must not only be of j;oo(l (juality, but must
bi^ prniliKioil ill larj^e (HiuiititidH t<t inaUo tbc^ liiunlliii^ aii<l control of it
|>rotitabI(<. It is the iiioHt coiicciitrutt'd form of agricultural pro(lu(^tion,
sliriukin;.' Ions in value by tran.s])ortatiun than any oUier wlion proi)erly
prepared for export. And it is perfectly sale to predict tbat the time is
<'omin>r \vlieu train-loails of Alberta butter \\ ill be sliipiHid to botb the
tiasturn and westoru seaboanN, lindin;/ a mo.st ready nuiiket in Kuro{«\
when its excellen 'o and reputation is once established.

Foreseein;.' th(* future and the demand for our produc^tions is wby I
would earnestly fuicourane the incoming settler to the inivting lands of
Alberta to make dairy farniin;.' his principal vocation, the most practical
contributions towards \\hich are common st^nse and a good wife. If I
were an inimigratioti agent, I would try to inipiess every incoming
settler with the necessity and advantage of poKsessing and bringing in bis
wife with him. For I am persiuided that all the weariness, dreariness
and loueliness, all th(^ slovenliness, discomforts, discouragements, dis-
appointments and failures i>f our North-West pioneer settlement may be
justly attribiiie<l to the wifeless homes of our 2)rairies.

CBOP YIELD OF A FEW OF THE ALIiEUTA FARMS.

Sam I EL Ray. — Tliirty acres under cultivation. Oat yield, (15 bushels
per acre; 48 lbs. per bushel. Wheat yield, 40 bushels per aero. Good
sample.

A. (.'. Nelson. — Twenty-five acres under cultivation. Oat yield, (50
buslu^ls per acre. Barlev yield, 4(t bushels i)er acre. Potatoes, 400
bushels per acre.

K. .Iamiivson. — Thirty acres tuuler cultivation. Oat yield, 48 bushels
per acre. Bailey yield, 34 bushels per acre. Potatoes, 300 bushels per
acre. Wheat, good (irop.

MrlNNi<:s & MAitsiiALL. — Eighteen hundred bushels of oats, weighing
48 lbs. per bushel.

D. Vadik. — Forty acres under cultivation. Twenty acres of oats,
splendid. Also raised wheat, barley and potatoes, all giving large

yields.

P. Clblland.— Thirty-live acres under cultivation. Oats, 1,280 bushelfi,
weighing 47 lbs. per bushel. Barley, splendid crop Wheat, over 40
})ushols per acre, No. 1 sample. Also raised flax, potatoes, and garden
vegetables and roots, all giving heavy yields.

J. W. McLoi'OHLiN. — Forty acres under cultivation. Oats, barley and
potatoes. Eleven hundred bushels of potatoes off 2^ acres.

41

(10
400

per

rhim

loats,

shelf),
40
irden

and

42

\V. Ai,i,in— Forty ftcrcH iindor'ciiltivatioii OuIh, 75 biiHluOa por acre.

Lko (tabtz.— Two thousand (Ivo humlrnd ')IihIioIh of urIh. S|iIondid
cropH of wheat, hurley, peas and llax. UootH u.id v«»;:etahleH, all nphuidid
cro|)8.

IUmtv Bi!oh.--T\vo thonsiDil hiialndH of oats, and sp1(>ndid crops of all
kindH.

The following iottiM's from the iidjoiiiiiii^ Vi'ovinco of AHwiniboin
will also jc found vcm'}' intt>rosting : —

From till rrtmdi'nt of (In AmnihoUi Acjriculturnl Socicti/, Jinjina, Xor. 2, 1888.

Keplyin;: tu your on(|uiry, 1 het; to inform you that I camo to tho
Re^rina Disuict in tho fall of 1882, and scttlod on my land, twolvo niileH
north-east of Re^'ina, in tlu» sprinu of 18S3. I put in a litllt* crop tho first
year, on hreakin;:, whicli yieldcil woll, considering' the cliance it had.
Dnrin;; tho summer, I [)repar('il as much hind for crop as I could allord,
havinj; started without capital, and boin^ comiKjllcd to draw wood to
town to provide the necessities of life. ImicIi successive year I kei)t add-
in;.' to the area of cultivation, and was j:radually jzcttiu",' a little ahead.
In 18S7 I had 80 iw.rvH in crop, and, altliou>i;h prices were low, I got a fair
return. I had at this time tliree horses, a yoke of oxen, two cows and
four head of younj; cattle, a hinder, wa;,'oti, plows, sioijih, and all neces-
sary implements, all of which were paid for at tlu^ ))eginninj; of the pre-
sent year. This yeai I had lO.") acres in crop, which, if present prices
rule until I get my grain marketed, will return me at least two thousand
doHars ($i',000). My yield this year was very large, the now ground
yielding thirty-Jivf hnslulu of Xo. 1 linrd wheat to th<: acre ', the old ground,
which has been cro{)ped five times without manure, yielded between 25
and .30 bushels per acre. My oats yielded in one field nearly 80 bushels
to the acre, while none wont loss than (id. I consider this district well
adapted to wheat growing, cattle raising and dairying. The grass is long
and rich, and cattle can be fattened in this country much quicker, cheaj)er
and better than in any other country I know of. I have not been troubled
Mith frost sin(!e 1 came to this district, my wheat always grading No. 1
hard.

RoHKHT Gkbbn. lieginii, Sept. liUli, 1888.

The following statement will show what my farm has produced this
year, and will give intending settles an idea of the agricultural products
of this district. First, I will say that in 1872 I came from Suffolk, Eng.,
to Manitoba, where I resided until 1882. I then came west, and located
on Section 20-17-19, a<l.ioining the city of Regina. Tiiis year (1888) I had
80 acres cropped, as follows —Wheat, 20 acres, yielding 30 bu:ihel8 per

48

arrp, uriuHii^' No. 1 Iinnl; oatH, 4S iirroH, yicl.lin^' (id Itu.^licls |H>r nert';
potutiM'H (Karly lUmo), ',] ikthh, yi»'Miii^r ll'iO Imi.sIu'Ih iht atTo The liiiul-
iiiK of the uruin avora^rtul iUlis. i>i" twiiio t«» tlio ai-n*. I have kImd u ^'nidcii
(utrj.siHtiiiK of ono urro, on wliicli I niiMod rahhauo, cniiHllnwcr, tnriii|iH,
heotH, iimn;;('!H, iW , which, for si/.o ami .niality, may he ••(iiialU'tl, hut iin{
excelled, ill any a;.'ri(nlliiral liislrict in th(* woiM. Tli(«.soil ami ••limato
of tliJH district an^ well adapted to the ^rronth of trees and shruhii. I
have at present a small yrove of soft maples, ran«in« from throe to four
feet IiIkIi, jrrown from the seed sown lw() years a^o. I also havo a few
currant trees, plant(Ml tW(» years ayo; they hore :i fair t|ualily of fruit this
year. The soil in this distrii't is a rich, dark day, almost a chiydoain,
with li^dil-colored clay siih-hoil. Better soil for yrowin;; ;;rain, roots or
ve<:etal»le8 cannot bo found.

As ref^ards our climatts all I can say is tliat it is second to none in the
world, and that I never enjiiy((d better health than I hav<^ since I came
to take up my residcuicc* in this district.

Ue^'ardin;^ our school ami church privileuivs, I may i^ay that, in my
opinion, we have them ecpial to any of the old cities in the east.

In conclusion, I would say that, fron> what I have s(Hni and hc^ard, the
majority of the farmers in this district have raised crops similar to mine.

IIknuv McVamva:, Jic'jiiKi, Ovtoliir '2otli, 18.SS.

T came to Reyina District in ISS'J. 1 had no team, and only $10
in cash, T located 0 miles north-ea.st of Ke^iina, and went to work
liou}/ht a team on tick, and have been cracking; away ever since,
drawing wood, hay, etc., always getting a good living for large family,
and getting farm into order. I have no time to tell you what I did
during the past live years, ]»nt will tell you wliut I have now, and
let you come to your own ideas: 1 have 6-ln acres (1 second lioine-
steaded,) 100 acres ready for crop next year, have 17 head of cattle,
a binder, two wagons, 0 plows, 2 harrows, KKi chickens, comfortable
house, stable, and everything necessary to continue farming. 1 sold my
wlieat to-day for $1.04 i)tir bushel, and when I gdt ni\ money I will net
owe a cent in the world. Climate good and healihy. Hasn't cost $o.(iO
for doctor bills, since I came to the country. Wheat ) ielded this year.
25 bushels to the acre; oats, 55. No frost.

From Joiix McIntyrb, Vice-President Assiniboid Agricultural Society,
liegina, November, hth, 1888.

I bad 100 acres under crop this year. I have just threshed. I had
one field of 25 acres, which averaged 32 bushes of wheat to the acre. My
other Held did not do so well, but still was large. Had fifty acres of oats ,
which averaged GO bushels to the acre. Sold some of my wheat for $1.01)
per bush. I live two miles from Regina. and find dairying very profit-

44

able. This «;onntry proluoea the best butter in the world. I make more
money out of my cattle than out of wheat. Uarley does well in this
country, and potatoes, and otlicr vegetables, excel anything 1 ever saw.
Will have 150 acres in crop next year, if I am well. Am building good
stal)le this fall to cost SSOO.Oi). Tiiis country is good enough for me.

K. N. Hopkins, Moosr Juv, Dec. Sth, 18S8.

I was born in Oxfop' County, and lived there until 1882. For ten years

I was engaged in tlie ( 'lieese Trade. h\ the Sjjriug of 18S2, 1 decided to

emigrate to the North- West, and test for myself the adapta))ility of the

country for stock raising, and dairying. Having procured a team and

outfit at Brandon, we started out to look for a suitable locr 'on, but did

not find one tliat was inall respei'ts desirahle until we came to the INIoose

Jaw Valley, v.liHre we decided to make our home. Sometlere have been

engaged in Mixed I'arming, especially dairying and stock raising, and

wish to bear testimony to the adaptability of the counti/ for raising

horses, sheep and cattle. Horses live out on the prairie during the

winter, and cattle only re(|uire to l)e fed and lioused for a few weeks.

The nutritious grasses of the prairie, produce the finest beef, and the

milk is capable to make the finest fiavoured butter and cheese. 1 have

found the climate to be in my opinion superior to that of Ontario, and

to-day, 8t!i of December, is a ii)ie sunshiny day, more like a May day in

Ontario, than hecember, in fact I do not think there is a country in the

world that has more sunshine tlum the Canadian North- West I raised

1,200 bushels of oats this year for my stock, but did not sow any wheat,

but there is in Moose Jaw District, this year, about 150,000 bushels of

good No. i hard wheat for market, some of which averaged oO and 40

bushels per acre. There was not the slightest trace of frost in the District

until the night of the I'Oth September, when aU danger of injury to

crops \va8 past. I can from six year's experience, recommend the iNloose

Jaw District as a desirable location for intending emigrants.

G. M. As^amle; }foooejav; D<:c. 29///, 1888.

I came to the Moosejaw district in June, 1882, from Dundas County,
Ontario. Have bet-n farming ever since; my attention has been chiefly
devoted to stock. I have had experience in raising horses, cattle and
sheep, and in my opinioti it is the best country for tliat purpose in
Canada. The winter is not more than half as long here as it is where I
came from. We have iiad no anew yet, and the weather is line and
warm ; cattle and .sheep arc still grazing out, and tiiey are in fine condi-
tion. During the winter of 18S7-88, we fed our cattle only eight weeks.
We never feed or stable youni^r horses at all ; they graze out all winter.
I tried an experiment with spring colts laat winter. I put two of them

45

in the stable, and fed them with hay and oats ; the oiliors merely roamed
on the prairie and i)icked up their living, and in the spriiif; they were in
a much better condition tlian the others. I am satisfied tliis district can-
not be surpassed as a stock raisin*; and grain produciufj; district, and
would strongly advise intending settlers to see this place before settling
elsewhere-

John Smaii,, Muoscjun; Dec. 2\Hh, 1888.

I settled on this land in the spring of 1884, I came to the Northwest
from the Township of Emily, County of Victoria, Ontario. I am very
glad that 1 came to the country. The soil here is, in my oi)inion, the
best I ever put a plough throutrh — a heavy clay loam, easily worked. I
threshed this year 3,640 bushels (threshers' measure), of which 2,070 v ere
wheat ; and to raise this I had no as-istance except a young son and one
team of horses and one yoke of oxen. ^ly son CJeorge, who farms the
other half of the section, had a crop (in addition to coarse grains) of 1,.325
bushels of wheat, and he had no help, except in stacking and threshing,
and this was raised with one yoke of cattle. The district I also regard as
excellent for grazing; the grass is strong, very nutritious. My cattle are
out yet, and when they come home in the evening they are quite full. I
would very strongly advise parties wanting land ic come to this part of
the country and make a good home for themselves.

'ounly,
chietly

e and
)ose in

here 1
tiie and

condi-

weeks.

winter.
)f them

Benjamin Smith, Moo!<cjaw, Dec 29th, 1888.

I came to this district and settled in the spring of 1883. T came to it
from the Township of Arthur, County of AVellington, Ontario. T regard
the district as first-class for agricultural and grazing purposes. In 1887 I
had over 2,400 bushels of grain, about 800 bushels of wheat, oai3 and
barley — that quantity of each. In 1888 I had a crop of 2,700 bushels of
grain, of which 1,400 bushels were wheat. All the work in connection
with those crops I did myself, except the stacking and threshing. A man
is quite as sure of a crop here as he is in Ontario, and he can raise it at
much less expense. For grazing I think it is the finest country in the
world — the finest I liave ever seen, at least. My stock are out >et, and
thriving on what they eat on the prairie, us fat as they would be in mid-
summer. I have every reason to be thankful that I came to tlie North-
west. I like the climate and soil.

Samuel K. Rathwell, President of the Mooi^ejav Agricultural Sodety.

I came to the Northwest in the spring of 1883, and then settled on the
land where I have since resided. I came to it irom the Township of
Arthur, County of Wellington, Ontario. My opinion is that this land is
A 1 for agricultural purposes. My crop last season was upwards of 1,650

46

bushels of grain, nearly 900 bushels of which were wheat. This was
raised l)y me without any hiring. For grazing purposes it far exceeds
the land that I came from in Ontaiio. Cattle thrive on the grass here
whenever they can get at it, even immediately after the snow leaves the
around in the spring; whereas it even hurts them to be allowed to feed
on the grass for a consi(]eral)le time after the snow goes away in the
County of Wellington. I think that cattle, and bettor cattle, too, can be
raised here at one-third of what it costs there. Tl-.e cost of raising liorses
is simply nominal; they will thrive without being stall-fed any part of
the year. I am more than satisfied with the agricultural and grazing
qualities of this district.

IT. C. CiLMouE, one of the Directors of the Moose Jaiv Agricultural Society.

I came to the North West Territories, from the Township of Stanley,
ij\ the County of Huron, and Province of Ontario, in 18813, since that, I
have resided on said half section. In my opinion the land in this
district is excellent for agricultural and grazing purposes. !M}' crop this
year (raised without any hiring) was 1,300 bushels of wheat, and upward
2,000 bushels of all grain. The crop of iiiy son Hugh, who farms along-
side of me, was 1,600 bushels of wheat, and 2,100 bushels of all grain, and
both would have been at least twenty per cent, greater, had our reaping
machine not broken doAvn, when our crops were less, than half cut.
During the week that tliey stood, before, we were able to recommence
cutting, (all having been ripe) they shelled out to at least twenty per
cent. 1 have, besides horses and other stock, over forty head of cattle,
and my experience is that they can be raised here, at under less cost,
with greater ease, and come out in the S])ring better than is the case in
Ontario. I travelled in 1882 and 1883, largely through Manitoba, and
the North West Territories, (east of this) and I saw nothing to suit me
until I struck Moose Jaw, and the Buffalo Lake District in it. J think a
man with energy, some knowledge of farming, and a little means to start
with, can scarcely fail to do well out here.

Joseph Youxg, Dec, 29th, 1888.
I desire to make this statement as to my views and experience, since
I came to the North- West. I came in the fall of 1883, from the Town-
ship of Caradoc, in the County of ^Middlesex, Ontario. 1 took up my land
in the Moose Jaw District, and I think it is about the best part of the
country that lies between Winnipeg and < e Rocky jNIountains, for agri-
cultural purposes and mixed farming. we milked 15 cows during the
last two seasons, and sold in the neighborhood of $400 worth of butter
each year, besides supplying eight of a family with milk and butter, and
raising twelves calves eacti year, and 1 think for cheese and butter-
making, this part of the country is hard to beat. In 1887, 1 had 95 acres
under crops, then turned out 4,000 bushels, 1,500 of it having been wheat.

41

L since
I Tow Il-
ly land
I of the
Ir agrl-
[ng the
1 butter
jr, and
Ibutter-
I5 acres
wheat.

Last season, I threshed n.OlO bushels of yrain, upwards of 2,000 of which
was wheat. 1 think any man that comes to this country tliat will start
in mixed farming will do well.

George Sylvaix, Moose Jav, Dec. I^th, 1888.

I came to the North-West in 1882, from Rimouski, in Quebec, and I
have resided in the Moose Jaw District, since 1882.
I consider the land out here to be excellent land for agricultural and
grazing, particularly for horses and sheep lS\y crop just threshed amounts
to (threshers measure) 1,150 bushels of wheat, and upwards of 2,200
bushels of all kinds of grain. The climate is very salubrious, and for
those who (like myself) are or have been troubled witli asthma, it is
inestimable. Before I came here, I could not move out of my house for
six months out of each year, for thirty years ; since I settled out here, it
has not troubled me at all. I think this is a good place for farmers with
little means, and some energy to make a home for themselves.

.E. .T. Barker, Moose. Jaw, December 29t]i, 1888,

I settled here in May 1883, having come to the North- West from the
Township of Haldimand County of Northumberland, Ontario. The
quality of the land here is No. 1, as good I think as lies out-doors. For
both grazing and grain purposes I think it can t he excelled. I have
pasture on my land which is at the present time affording my stock all
the nourishment they require. They come in every night as full as they
can hold, and it is not a particle better than the rest of the township and
district. I raised last season not less than 1,700 bushels of grain, of
which 950 bushels were wheat. To do tliis, 1 had the partial services o^
a man for four months. To persons of limited means, with energy, my
recommendation is to come to the North- West. Such are much more
certain of making farming a success, and of providing a good home for
themselves than thev would be in Ontario.

Benjamin Smith, Moose Jaw, Decemher 2dth, 1S88.

I came here in March 1882, and have farmed ever since. When I
arrived here I had not enough of money to buy a cow ; with what I liad,
I went into partnership with my brother-in-law, w^ho had a yoke of oxen.

In 1885 I was able to start for myself, and now have six horses, a yolk
of oxen, ten head of cattle and about 1400 bushels of wheat, 800 bushels
of barley, and GOO bushels of oats this year, and all the necessary imple-
ments to go on with my farming next year.

I have a house worth six hundred dollars, and a stable that cost four
hundred dollars. I would advise anyone who has not got a good home,
to come to the Moose Jaw district and take up a homestead, he can do
well, either farming or ranching.

I As for stock, my horses lived until the 15th day of February, last year,
on the prairie, and kept fat and hearty.

I

48

I. have my jiatent, lialf of 20, 17, 27 and have got a second entry for
6, 18, 27.

I will bo pleased to n'wo any information in my power to anyone
thinking of coininir to Um pari of the country.

John A. Hni., Moosr Jaw, December 29t/i, 1888.

In the spring' of '82, 1 sold my farm in the Muskoka district, and started
forlManitol a; and when J go!; there, I thought I would like to see the
great North-West, and took the train as far as Flat Creek ; then with
three more that joined me, we started to walk, and when we got to the
Bell Farm we tried to get land homestead^ Imt as it was so near all taken
up, we could only get one place that suited, and one of the party entered
for it ; the other two went back, and I started on alone, and when I got to
the Moose Jaw I concluded to stay, and see what the weather was in this
country, and I was so delighted with the land, and especially the
climate, that in the spring of '83 1 took up land, and sent for my family,
who arrived safely, and were delighted w ith the country.

I broke about 20 acres, an 1 the next year I backset the 20 acres, and
the next year I sowed it with wheat ; and 25 bushels to the acre, and
have had good crops every year, except Sti. My wheat this year, went 28^
bushels to the acre, I had 2150 bushels of grain this year ; the wheat
weighs 62^ lbs. to the bushel.

I like the country and the cliuiate, and for farming and stock-raising I
don't think it can be beat, and I intend to make this my home, and
W'ould advise all who who want to live happy and enjoy good health, to
come to the Moose Jaw District.

W. C. Saundehs, }foo.'^e Jav.

My experience in raising cattle in this district, has been very satis-
factory. I have at present ati head. Cattle here require to be fed only
three m.onths in the year, viz : January, February and March, and
fre(]uently will feed out a considerable part of that time. I have not had
to house and feed my cattle until the 1st of January, nor after the Ist of
April in any y^ar. At this date, December 18th, 1888, 1 have nine calves
raised by hand, which have not been stabled or fed, and they are still
feeding out and doing well,

The autumn frost does not injure the grass here, as in Eastern Canada,
but preserves and cures it, so that cattle continue to eat it and thrive
upon it, until it is deeply covered with snow, and again when the snow
melts and leaves, which usually takes place in March, the grass still
retains its nutriment, and cattle i)refer it to hay, and will thrive upon it
nearly if not quite as well as they did in the fall before.

Horses will feed or pasture all winter in valleys, and usually come out
in the spring in improved condition.

My experienced has proved to me thai this is eminently a stock-
raising district.

•«»f ■ "-

itry for
anyone

started
I see the
len with
3t to the
ill taken

entered
L I got to
.8 in this
ally the
^ family,

creS) and
icre, and
went 28J
he wheat

-raising I

ome, and

ealth, to

;ry satis-
fed only
rch, and
not had
he Ist of
le calves
are still

Canada,
id thrive
the snow
rass still
upon it

:ome out

la stock-

m& 'm

Manitoba and the Northwest

Showing THE Lines and land

Canadian Pacific

rHE COMPANY'S LANDS IN PART CONSIST OF THE ODD-NUMBERI

THE REMIPiNING SECTIONS BEING GOVERNMI

It Territories of Canada

Iland grant ofthk

Railway.

IMBEREO SECTIONS IN THE BELT COLCRCO PINK,
rERNMCNT HOMESTTAD LANDS

iiffalo tah^

ig the Line of the Manitoba and Southwestern R y

R'y. leased by the Canadian Pacific, and comprised

104

'ised within the uncolored belt in Southern Manitoba are now open for sale. For particulars of price, A

\:

IT o

w.

. .liclinvond

— Caduroy

f Vrro'w lliVer

olMlchie

L«S

1 / \ g % J -O fa»J- VB

I

T

^^/P^fT^^^A

''<i

-,^\

'""W^-" *■

y

''"p>^^Cpt$^«f '''•'

5(

M'oiUt.f.iore.p\O..Ly -^Turtle -y

particulars of price, Ac, of ail the Company's Lands, apply to JOHN H. McTAVISH, Land Commissioner, Winnipeg.

FREI

Undor the I
Itho North-\
lerwiso dispos

HOMH53TE
(followiiiK on

In tho •' Ml
unchos of tbe
htown sifeB
(in actual ref
I land his ho

II, within th
qu'irterse

;n aoros Mi(
...iiill crop th
ue yours of t
\ei iidditiona

Land, othe
iieHteaded it

1. The hoii
Weof within i
[which case
tttivate tho ta

2. The hoE
1 continue t

jree years ne:

I prepare fo

,. acres, and

|rd year af tei

rcrop tifteei

t leBS than

Bfe lived dur

3. The hoi
itry, or if the
Blowing; shn
Ithin the seo<

n-making
J expiration
I ihe said he
&K next pri(

In the ov
ars as the (
ine may be,

5 of entryi

PRB-BM
iter date, sh'
option, on i

The pre-€
J pre-empte(
Bad conditio
j The price
I north of tc
pthin twent;
Stained for '

Paymenti

TIMBBl
jftyi^onts, p
I cords of W'
j In oases
Ind is witho
|re, cash.

Lioenf^es
i thereby V

The Gov
kky Moun
Bnite coals
I $20.00 per
BO.OO per ac

For full
M Secret
jTinnipeg, &

Ottawa,

FREE GRANTS, PRE-EMPTIONS, &c.

How to obtain them in the Canadian North-West.

DOMINION LANDS REGULATIONS

Undor the Dominion Lands Regulstions, »11 Surveyed even numbered aeotiorm axnnnt\r,„a„r,A'Mi w «» l
the North-Weet TerritorieH. which have not be«n hoinesteaded. reserved to nr'>^^<l"*^ofS'^>^^^
irwiHo disposed of or reserved, are to be held exclusively for hoaie8tea(L and prHmptiors. settlers, or

HOMfflSfflJADS.— Homesteads may be obtained upon payment of an Office Pea of T«n nniia*. ...ki.>» *-
followiiiK conditions as to residence and cultivation : "*"* "' ^"^ """a". ««W*«t to

In the Mile Belt Reserve," that in the even numbered sections lylnu within one miln nr >hA ir.in !:...«.
nohe. of the Canadian Pa^.iflc Railway, and which are not set apart fSr towTsites oT?o "i^Jeslido Sonn^e'ctloa
htown sifes, railway stations, mounted police postn, inininjrand other special purposes, the homostZwghail

riD actual residence uoon his homestead within six months from the date of entry and shai reside uoon^^^
land his home for at W -ix months out of every twelve months for three yoai^ftorS tie date oHnt^ ;"^d
, with.n the first year after the date of his homestead entry, break and prepare for crop ten acres of hi7hom«K
J (juirter section; and shall, within the second year, crop the said ten acres, and break and prepare for oron

«eti aoros additional ; making twenty-five acres ; and within the third year after the date of his homestead entry.

Hlull crop the said twenty-ffve acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional-so that withiii

"ie yours ol the date of his home8to...d entry, he shall have not less than twenty-five acres cropped, fifteen and
e additional broken and prepared for crop. — '^'^ ' "**

Land, other than that included in Mile Belt, Town Site Reserves, and CoTl and Mineral Districts, be may

uesteaded in either of the three following methods: —

1. The homesteader shall begin actual residence on his homestead and cultivation of a reasonable porrion
jreof within six months from date of entry, unless entry shall have been made on or after the Ist day of September

which case residence need not commence until the first day of June following, and continue to live upon and
Btiviite the land for at least six months out of every twelve months for three years from date of homestead entry

2. The homesteader shall begin actual residence, as above, within a radius of two miles of his homestead.

i continue to make his home within such radius for at least six months out of every twelve months for the
Iree years next sdcoeeding the date of homestead entry, and shall, within the first year from date of entry break
i prepare for crop, ten acres of his homestead quarter section ; and shall within the second year crop the said

acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional— making twenty-five acres; and within the
prd year after the date of his homestead entry he shall crop the said twe nty-fiveacrf s. and break and prepare
^ crop fifteen acres additional, so that within three years of the date of his homestead entry, he shall have
; lens than twenty-five acres cropped, and shall have erected on the land a habitable house in which he shall
|ve lived during the three months next preceding his application for homestead patent.

3. The homesteader shall commence the cultivation of his homestead within six months after the date of
iry, or if the entry was obtained after the first day of September in any year, then before the first day of .June
llowing; shall within the first year break and prepare for crop not If is than five acres of his homestead; shall
Ithin the second year crop the said five acres, and break and prepare for crop not less than ten acres in addi-
pn-making not less than fifteen acres in all ; shall have erected a hB>iitcible house on the homestead before
e expiration of the second year, and on or before the commencement of the third year shall have begun to reside

ihe said house, and shall have continued to reside therein and cultivate his homestead for not less than three

are next prior to the date of his application for patent.

In the event of a homesteader desiring to secure bis patent within a shorter period than the three or five
ars as the case ma^ be, he will be permitted to purchase his homestead, or homestead and pre-emption, as the
je may be, on furnishing proof that he has resided on the homestead for at least twelve months subsequent to
|ite of entry, and in case entry was made alter the U5th day of May, 18^, has cultivated thirty acres thereof.

PRB-BMPTIONTS.— Any homesteader may, at the same time as he makes his homestead entry, but not at a
Iter date, should there be available land adjoining the homestead, enter an additional auarter section as a pre-
ttption, on payment of an office fee of ten dollars.

The pre-emption right euJtles a homesteader, who obtains entry for a pre-emption, to purchase the land

pre-empted on becoming entitled to his homestead patent ; but should the homesteader fail to fulfil the home-
Bad conditions. he forfeits all claim to his pre-emption.

The price of pre-emptions, not included in Town Site Reserves, is two dollars and fifty cents an acre. Where land
north of the northerly limit of the land grant, along thd mam line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and is not
pthin twenty-four miles ){ any branch of that Railway, or twelve miles of any other Railway, pre-emptions may be
Stained for two dollars per acre. _

Payments for land may be in cash, sc ip, or Police or Military Bounty warrants.

TIMBER.— Homestead settlers, whose land is destitute of timber, may, upon payment of an office fee of
ffty 'ents, procure from the Crown Timber Agent a permit to out the following quantities of timber free of dues:
fcnrds of wood, 1.800 lineal feet of house logs, 2,000 fence rails and 400 roof rails.

J In cases where there is timbered land in the vicinity, available for the purpose, the homestead settler, whose
hd is without timber, may purchase a wood lot, not exceeding in area 20 acres, at the price of five dollars per

Licenses to cut timber on lands within surveyed townships may be obtained. The lands covered by such licenses

I thereby withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption entry, and from sale. .. „ r, j

The Government has set aside certain Coal Districts, which may be described generally as the Cascade or

i.ky Mountain Coal District " where Anthracite Coal exists, and districts on the prairie where bituminous and

enire coals are found. The lands will be periodically offored for sale, by tender or pnbiio auction. An upset price

r i;2n.00 per acre cash is placed on the lands within the Cascade District, and on those within the other coal districts

For ^fuIMn formation as to conditions of tender, and sale of timber coal, or other mineral lands, apply to
B«R Sroretart op thb Drpabtmenpt of the Intkrioh, Ottawa, Ontario ; The Commissioner op Dominion Lands,
rinnipeg, Manitoba; or to any of the Dominion Land Agents for Manitoba or the North-West Temtories.

Ottawa, Canada.

A. M. BUBOESS, Dop. Mlnistei of Interior.