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Un das symboios suivants apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbola — ► signifia "A SU IVRE", la symbola ▼ signifia "FIN". Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Tho«« too larga to ba antiraiy included in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, iaft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raqulrad. Tlia following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Las cartas, pianchas, tablaaux. ate, pauvant Atra fiimte A das taux da reduction diffAronts. Lorsqua la document ast trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un saui cilchA, II ast filmA A partir da I'angia supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita. at da haut an has, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 PAB ^ Jf, ^ SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS : PART I., COMPRISING THB PARMELIACEI, CLADONIEI, AND CCENOGONIEI ; BY EDWARD TUCKBRMAN, M.A., ACTHOB OF OBMBRA UCHENOM. BOSTON: S. E. CASSINO, PUBLISHBB. 1882. V, I (1; COFTniGHT RT S. E. CA88U40, 1882. \\ ^ t JOURNAt PRIM, LtWItTON, MAINC. The arrangement of this book is that of the author's Genera Licfienum, 1872; and the few variations from this will, it is hoped, explain themselves. The plants described are, in great part, sufficiently well settled; and the new things appear to demand an at least provisional place : though the author would have preferred to keep the most of these last back, with Horace, nonum in annum. And this not merely from hesitation as to the novelty or the rank of the lichens referred to, but because he entertains strongly the opinion that the science of Lichens — whether as regards morphology or system — has by no means kept pace, since Fries's day, with the diagnostic enumeration of new forms called arbitrarily species ; and he is sorry to have possibly added to the number of these constructions. Agreeably to the wishes of the friends who have urged an early publication, this part of the work, comprising the more conspicuous lichens, is printed first. Amherst, Mass., 1 Nov., 1881. The lowest divisions of vegetable life may still be recognized as ALOiB, LicHBNES, and Fonoi ; and conveniently associated together under the designation of Thallophytks ;— a thal- lus, that is to say a form or forms of vegetation in which theie is no real distinction of stem and leaf being, in these plants, with whatever exception, taken for characteristical. And there is no doubt, notwithstanding the numerous and now startling discrepancies of these vast groups, that they stand in close natural relations to each other. Lichenes are reckoned as intermediate between the other two Classes of Thallophytes ; but all the limits are uncertain. A lichen Is (to speak only loosely) an aerial (*) Thallophyte, vegetating only under the influence of moisture, and thus of Interrupted and slow (•) growth, but of Indefinite duration (•) characterized by certain green cells {gonidia; gonimia); and the organ of vegetation of which (thallus) is distinct (*) from the organ of fructification {apotfiecium). The thallus of lichens is composed, to speak generally, of 1, slender, more or less branched, loosely intertangled or closely compacted cell-threads {filaments , hyphce ; passing now Into a parenchymatous modification) which constitute the bulk of the plant ; being distinguishable Into a central, or medullary layer, and an external, or cortical layer : and 2, of the just-named, rounded or elliptical, green, or bluish-green, cells, which form, for the most part, an irregular zone between the medullary and cortical layers, and make what is known as the gonlmous layer. These green cells {gonidia, which take on now, In certain con- ditions of growth, a yellowish and even tawny coloration) owe their colour to a chlorophyll-like matter called thallochlor ; as (*) Exceptions, at least apparent, bat now also realoccar; the rale being however as stated. ( vi ) the bluish-groen onos (gonimia, Nyl. ; glauco-gonidia, Itzigs. ; collogonidia, Tuckerm.) which are more or loss diatinguighed also \)y their gelatinous envelopes, are considered to agree in their colouring-matter with the phycochrom of certain groups ofAlgffi. The gonimous layer, in most lichens, consists of gonidia. The Peltigerei differ remarkably however by a two- fold gonimous system, — one series of otherwise generically re- lated lichens of this Family offering gonidia, and the other gonimia ; — but the inferior systematic value of this difference is perhaps sufficiently shewn by the fact that some of the species are scarcely otherwise distinguishable. 7'he same discrepance recurs in the next following family— Pannarifii. And finally. In the next— the Collemei, in which the development of gelatine reaches an extreme so marked that these plants have been called Jelly-lichens, we have only gonimia. The gonimous cells may make their way to the surface of the thallus, and appear there, enveloped in hyphse, as powdery, often cushion-like heaps, which are capable of developing into new thalli, and are called aoredia. But we are not quite at liberty to stop here. The marked contrast of hypha and gonidium was open to a hypothetical explanation, based on the apparent relations of these organs to what seemed the sam^- in the other Classes of Thallophytes, which suggested and had its exemplification in the memorable labour of Schwendener. This was met however by lichenolo- gists in a manner and tone often ill enough corresponding with the simply objective position of the other side ; and there was room for further investigation. Ideally, from the point of view of those who look at lichens as autonomous, the primordial cell should be referable either to hypha or gonidium ; hut, in fact, as well emphasized by Minks {Microgonid. p. 238), it is its dualism which, from the beginning of our knowledge, and through all its extent, characterizes the lichen-structure, and determines its history. Yet this is not all. The penetrating glance of the cited vegetable anatomist has demonstrated the ( vii ) exiiitonco of a third elompnt. Behind and before the inanife«t»> tion of tbfl hypbic, which arc to pi .y ho groat a part in the lichen-world, is a dlndy-seon, primordial tiw»u»'— a web or net- work of oxcooilinKly delicate fllamcnttt (Hyphema, Minks) which gradually puHs into the hypha) proper {Oono-kifpkema, Minks) as those accomplish their highest result in generating the gonl- mous cells {Gonuletna, Minks nhi supra, p. 30). As reganlfl external form, lichens differ according as they ascond vertically from the substrate, or are spruiul out horizon- tally upon it. In the first case the development is, for the most part, into branched or shrub-like {/ruticulose) types, becoming often finally pendulous ; of which Vsnea hnrhatn offers familiar examples. Hut this is evidently an ixtrome of lichenous evolu- tion ; and we find, much more commonly, the horizontally ex- panded thallus, which is either foliaceous or crustaceous. Of the foliaceous thallus (exhibited in Parmelia) the frondose (of Peltigcra, etc.) is a more entire expression; and the sqtmmulose often (in Pannaria, etc.) a reduced one. Cltulonia is remarka- ble as uniting in itself a horizontal and a vertical thallus, and has, on this account, been sometimes taken for the highest exhi- bition of lichenose vegetation. Foliaceous lichens are attached generally to the substrate by variously modified, and more or less conspicuous, flbrillose processes {filmls ; hypothallus). The crustaceous thallus ascends now into lobed, and even fruticu- lose expressions (as in the highest types of Placodium and Leca- nora) not always readily reducible to their real rank ; and in its squamuloae types it approaches yet closer to the foliaceous ; it is however, as respects the great majority of species, well char- acterized by its uniform (neither lobed nor branched) habit, and the peculiar intimacy of its relation to the substrate. In the lowest of all forms of the crustaceous thallus, we have only a web of hyphte, with some few clusters of gonimous cells nestling beneath the outermost layers of cells of the bark upon which these humble plants grow. The lichen-fruit is called Apotliecium. Apothecia are vari- ( vHl ) ouly shaped but for the moat purt rounded, organic bodlet, which differ more or leas in colour fh)in the thallus over which they are beaprinlclod, or to which they are attached, or in which, more rarely, they continue normally immersed ; and gen- erate the spores. The essential parts of the apothcclum are 1, the proper exciple, which contains all the other organs, but is itself reduced, in a very large proportion of the Parmeliacei, to a layer of cells (hjfpothecium) wholly concealed by the thalllne receptacle characteristicai in this tribe ; and 2, the hymenium, consisting of thekes (thecss; the spore l)earing organs) inter- mingled with slender, erect fllaraents {paraphyaes), which latter are sometimes undistinguishable or obsolete. The evolution of the paraphyses and thekes will be noticed when we consider the spermogones. Spores are cells capable of germinating, and are developed in the thekes, which constitute, with the paraphyses, the by- menium. The spore-differences are numerous, and various; and their systematic value, in plants offering so many difflcul- tles of arrangement as the Lichens, is unquestioned : but this value was at first overestimated, and too much made of certain particulars ; as, on the other hand, in the reaction against the method of Massalongo, too little stress was sometimes laid on certain others. Less weight, in this view, should be given to spore-differences of a merely gradal character, or such as de- pend only on dimensions, or number ; and more to such as seem to have claims to be legarded as typical. Analysis appears to indicate two well-definod kinds of lichen-spores, complemented (may wo say f ) in the highest tribe only, by a well-defined inter- mediate one. In one of these (typically colourless) the origi- nally simple spore, passing through a series of modifications, always in one direction, and the spore tending constantly to elongation (as e. g. in the genus Lecavwra), affords at length the needle-shaped (octcutor) or now thread-shaped type. To thi» is opposed (most frequently but not exclusively in the lower tribes, and even possibly anticipated by the polar-bilocular sub- ( IX ) typo in Parmeliarei) n Hocnnd (typically brown or brownish) In which tho simplu Hporo, completing anothor sories of changes, tending rather to di<4tcntion. and dlviHion in more than one direction, exhibits finally the stonp-wall-llke {mur\form) type. (•) Differences such as thcHo a|)pcar certainly to be significant ; and to suggest u iMMsible correlation with others, which shall leave no doubt that those types re(|ulre marked expression in the System. Nor is such expression questioned in the best - devel- oped, foliaceous groups. Nol»ody now hesHates to distinguish Phyacia and Pyxine from Parmelia ; or Solorina from Peltigera ; and the argument from such foliaceous to the analogous crus- taceoua genera Is Impeded perhaps by nothing beside the thai- line Inferiority of the latter. But It Is seen at once that the case is not the same with the successive steps in the process of differentiation of these types ; and tho value of such gradal (blloc- ular, quadrilocular, plurilocul.ir) distinctions should be clearly inferior. Species which exhibit tho ultimate condition of their spore-type, as here taken, exhibit also, ideally at least, or in a aufflciently extended view, the whole of tho preceding process of evolution. This Is still better observed In larger natural groups, as {exc. excip.) Biatora vernalia, Fr. L. E., expressing, with general congrulty of structure, the whole history of the colourless spore. And the step is not a long one from such groups to natural genera ; to the assumption that gradal differ- ences of the same type of spore, displayed by species, or clus- ters of species, within the circuit of what is otherwise a natural genus, shall be an insufficient ground for the breaking up of (*) The distinction of the two principal types of spore speaks per- haps for itself; and the history of the acicalar type seems tolerably dear. Bat the antb.^r indicated, at the place to be cited below, the difficulties in the spore-oharacters of Stieta, Gyalecta, and Thelotrema, as here undetstood; and, according to Minks {Symb. p. 41), the note of coloration was unduly stretched in including in the second or Coloared Series, the morphologically separate spores of Arthonia, and the Cali- ciacei. ( X ) Buch genus. Some consideration of the namerons, sometimes sufficiently significant instances, In which naturo appears to point in this direction, may be found In the author's Genera Lichenum; from which worlt these obscivations on spore- values are taken. SuflBce it here to say that Parmelia proper, Ach., will thus fall into TheloscMstes, Parmelia, and Physcia ; and Lecanora into Placodium (DC), Naeg. &; Hopp, Lecanora, and Einodina. Excluding the sub-Biatorino forms of Placodium from the Lecideei, the latter family will have no examples of the polar- bilocular sub-type ; but Heterothecium, corresponding to Physcia and Rinodina, will be distinguishable from Biatora, and Buellia similarly from Lecidea. And the whole Class may be conceived as in like manner passing into 1, a Colourless Series, especially prominent and characteristical in the higher tribes ; and 2, a Coloured Series, having its chief development in the lower; series which, tabularized, will be found significant as well of the relations of the genera, as of the systematic value of the spores. It is yet important to distinguish between tpores typically colourless, and what are rather to be taken for decolorate con- ditions of spores typically coloured. There are sufficiently nu- merous instances of such decolorate spores ; and we need per- hai)8 scarcely hesitate to argue from them to some other cases in which the evidence is possibly less clear, and thus to keep certain natural geneta entire. And, on the other hand, it is conceivable that a genus may rather be referable to the Colour- less Series, notwithstanding that many of its species exhibit spores which, in respect at least of colour, look often the other way. DifficulLios of this sort are however to be expected in every stage, from the first step, of our endeavours to study the life in nature. What responds to our intelligence there is in- deed of kin to that intelligence, is the ideal ; but the ideal im- prisoned in, and subjected to all the inordinate fortuitousness of, the natural. {Oen. Lich. pp. vi-viii.) There occur also, beside the apothecia, and very generally, ( xl ) in Lichens, certain conceptacles, which, though thoy had not wholly escaped the attention of earlier writers, were first really discovered, and their structure exhibited by Tulasne {M6m. sur Ics Lich. pp. 129-235), who gave them the name of Spermo- gonia. These organs, for the most part very minute (but to this there are exceptions) are more or less rounded, and often more or less blackish, but now of the colour of the thallus ; and occur immersed in, or protuberant like little warts above, its surface ; and open (like the Verrucariaceous apothecium, as also like the young Parmeliaceous, with which, in some lichens they may be confounded) by a pore at the summit. Tho interior of the conceptacle is thickly clothed with converging filaments (sterigmas) which were considered as giving rise to, and as supporting little, more or less spore-like bodies found within the spermogonium, and called spermatia. The sterigmas are either elongated-cylindrical developing most commonly into branched, series of cells, or similar branched series of cells scarcely longer than broad (arthrosterigmas). The spermatia are either ellipsoid, or oblong, becoming staff-shaped (the most common form) or needle-shaped, the last often bowed. Nylander has made much systematic use of the differences in the sterigmas and spermatia, even in the limitation of genera ; but the latest observations appear to confirm earlier ones that the latter organs may vary considerably in the Scame species; while it will be seen that the sterigmas are not alwr.ys satisfactory as criteria- Beside Tulasne, Nylander has treated the spermogones and their contents in great detail {I. c. p. 40) and they are the object of a very extended investigation by Lindsay (Trans. Edinb. 22, pp. 101-304). Their function has always been ol)8cure. Accord- ing to Tulasne (as cited by De Mary Morph. <£• Phys. d. Pile,, etc., p. 168, but there is scarcely anything in favour of the view in the French author's above-cited memoir) and the earlier opinion of Nylander (l. c. p, 40) the presumption that the sper- matia are sexual organs, corresponding to the spormatozoids of higher cryptogams, as the spermogones to the autheridia of ( »i ) the latter, is supported by several considerations, of which the chief is that it did not appear that the spermatia had ever been found to germinate ; and, in this case, it would be the apothe- cium that should represent the other action. But nothing is in fact known either of the orgaus, the process, or the place of the supposed fecundation ; and the seemingly significant designa- tions of the new structures chosen by their eminent illustrator were perhaps only in anticipation of a possible result which he was not, as no other has been, able to reach. The resemblance already noted between the young apotheciuni and the spermo- gone, in some lichens,— so great indeed iis to have led to a common confusion of the two — might however be well expected to come again into consideration, when these forms of structure were be<^ter distinguished. Bnt Bayerhofifer (1860) was the first, as Minlis indicates, to give expression to the view that their relations are most intimate ; , OP THE 60NIDIA. De Bart, I. c. ScHWENDENER, Die Algentypcn der Flechten- Gonidien, with three plates, 1869. The same, Erorterungen der Oonidien-Frage, with one plate. Flora, 1872. The same, Untersuch. I.e. Th. Fries, Lich. S^ind. pp. 9, 10, 1871. BoRNET, Becherches our les Gonidies des Lichens in Ann. Set. v., 17, 19, 1873, 1874. KoERBER, Zur Abwehr der Schwendener - Bornetschen Flech- tentJieorie, 1874. Minks, Beitrdge zur Kenntniss des Baues und Lebens, etc., 1876. The same. Das Microgonidium, etc., I. c. Ntlander, Syn. 1. c. The same, De Gonidiis et eorum formis diversis Animadv. Flora, 1877. t ( XX ) AUTHORS ON THE STSTEHi Friks, Sffsiema (hrhis Vetfet. /., PL Homonemeec, 1825. The Harae, Lirhenographia Europtra R^ormata, 1831. Norman, Conatus ; tisHHS redact, novrr f/en. nonnuU. Lick., 1852. KOKUUBR, /. V. NYI.ANDKR, /. C. Th. Fries, Genern Heterolichenum EuropeBO, 1861. Stizbnbkrobr, Bcitr. z. Flechtensystematik, 1802. MtjLLER, Pritwipes ile Classif. des Lichens, 1862. Krbmpelhuber, Oeachichte u. Litteratur d. Lwhenologie. /., //., 1867-9. I I'! KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. Sen I.-OYMNOCARPI (Schrad.) Pr. Apothocia iiormnllyopen; either shield-like (scu/c/Zte/brwi) or (lish-llke {patcllte/orm) or diffurm, becoming elongated {lirell(^orm) or goblet-shai 1 and the disk compacted of Daked spores {crater iform). Trib. 1, PARMELIACEI. Apothecia rounded, margined by a thalline exclple (scutellifiform), which includes also now, more or less distinctly, a proper exclple, when the fruit is called zeorine. Fam. 1. USNEEI. Thallus sub- vertical and fruticulose, or pendulous ; uiore rarely depressed,' and dilated (foliace- ous). 1. RoccELLA. Disk of apothecium black, with a white bloom. Spores fusiform-oblong, 4-lociilar, colourless. Tballus fruticulose, or peudulous ; somewhat leathery. i. Ramalina. Disk and thallus pale. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, 2-locular, colourless. Thallus fruticulose, or pendulous; compressed or subfoliaoeous, cartila- gineous. 3. Cetraria. Disk coloured differently from the thallus, to the tips or margins of which the apothecia are attached. Spores sub-ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Thallus either fruticulose, or depressed and dilated (parmeliseform) more or less cartilagineous. 4. EvERNiA. Disk concave, coloured differently from the thallus; the apothecia at length often cyathiform. Spores sub-ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Thallus fm- J KEY TO TUB AKUA.VGRMRNT. ticulosA, or pendiilouR ; Roftlsh ; with a cottonj medulla. 5. Uhnea. Disk and thallus pale. Rporus sub-ollipsoid, Himple, 04)lnur!oH8. ThallUH fruticuloso, or pendulous ; moHtly rounded; alike on all Hides; with a double medulla, the innermost worate. Thallus granulose. Gonimia in clusters ; or now in chains. 26. Omphalaria. Apothecia sub -globose, immersed more or less in the thallus, or finally superficial, and explicate. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate. Thal- lus fruticulose, or more commonly foliaceous, a''* ached to the substrate, at only one point. Gonimia in clusters ; or rarely in chains. 27. CoLLKMA. Apothecia scutellseform. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, either simple, or becoming fiisiform, and bi- plurilocular, or most commonly muriform-plurilocular, scarcely colouved. Thallus foliaceous, very rarely fruticulose ; mostly dark-green ; cortical layer mostly indistinct; gonimia almost always concatenate; medullary filaments conspicuous. 28. Leptogium. Apothecia scutellseform, or zeorine; or biatorine. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, either simple, or becoming fusiform and ^i-plurilocular, or, most often, muriform-plurilocular, scarcely coloured. Thallus foliaceous, or rarely fruticulose, mostly lead-coloured ; cortical layer distinctly parenchymatous; gonimia and medullary filaments as in Collema. 29. Hydrothtria. Apothecia biatorine. Spores fusi- form, quadrilocular, uncoloured. Thallus foliaceous, lead-coloured; cortical layerdistinct, as in iepfo^rtwin; gonimia disposed, in very short chains, between the compact medullary layer, and the cortical. KEY TO THE ARKANGEMENT. 7 Fam. 7. LECANOREI. Thalluscrustaceous; nowlobulate, or even branched; but, for the most part, uniform j adnate to the substrate ; hypothallus inconspicuous. Sub-Fam. 1. Eulecanorei. Apotbecia scutellseform. 30. Placodidm. Apothecia now zeorine; or biatorine. Spores either (raost rarely) simple, or of the usual bilocnlar type, or, commonly and typically polar- bilocular, colourleps. Thallus now lobulate, or very rarely fruticiilose ; mostly uniform, and oftener yellowish. 31. Lecanoka. Apothecia now zeorine. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, simple, or rarely bi-quadriloculai , or now long-fusiform and plurilocular, colourless. Thallus now lobulate, or rarely fruticulose ; mostly uniform. 32. RiNODiNA. Apothecia now zeorine; or biatorine. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, rarely 4-plurilocular, brown. Thallus now lobulate ; mostly uniform. Sub-Fam. 2. Pertusariei. Apothecia (reverting in- deed to the soutellaifbrm type, but) typically com- pound, and diffurra. 33. Pertusaria. Apothecia globular -diff m, opening by pores, and including (1-00) nucleiform hymenia; or now explanate, and lecanorine. Spores mostly very large, ellipsoid, simple, or bilocular, colourless. Sub-Fam. 3. urceolate. 34 Urcbol ARIEL Apothecia more or less CoNOTREMA. Apothccia urceolate, truncate-conoidal ; a black proper exciple, veiled, more or less, by an evanescent thalline one. Spores cylindraceous, very long, plurilocular, colourless. Thallus uniform. 35. Gyalecta. Apothecia urceolate-biatorine, with a EET TO THB ARRANGEMENT. I: i ;i somewhat crenulate margin ; a coloured (rarely black) connivent proper exciple, wbich is now explanate, received in, or veiled by an often evanescent, tballine one. Spores ellipsoid, fusiform, or acicular, bi-quadri- plurilocular, or the cells rarely also irregularly, or even rourally divided ; uncoloured. Tballus uniform. 36. Urceolaria. Apotbecia urceolate-scutellteform ; a black, connivent, proper exciple becoming oftener explanate, and bordering the black disk with its more or less vtrbitened margin, wbich is finally discrete from the lecanorine, thallino one (now obsolete). Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, muriform-plurilocular, brown. Tbal- lus uniform. 37. Thelotrema. Apotbecia urceolate, now verrucse- form, or endocarpeine,but at length largely scutellate, the disk veiled by an inner exciple (often obsolete); proper exciple variously coloured, somewhat torn- margined, concrete with the tballine. Spores ellip- soid and oblong, bi-plurilocular, or finally muriform- multilocular, brown, or decolorate. Tballus crusta- ceous, uniform. 38. Gtrostomum. Apotbecia from urceolate finally ex- planate, orbicular or often elongated-difform ; a black proper exciple, with entire margin, clothed at first by an evanescent tballine one. Spores ellipsoid, muri- form-plurilocular, brown. Tballus uniform. • *MYRiANGinM. Apotbecia lecauoroid, multilocular, each loculament developing a single theko, unaccom- panied by paraphjses. Spores oblong-ovoid sub- muriform- multilocular, colourless. Tballus roanded, more or less plaited or lobulate at the circumference, blacKish-brown ; v Itbout gonldia. Trib. 2. LEGIDEAGEI. Apotbecia rounded, margined (nor- mally) only by the proper exciple (patellaeform). KEY TO THE AKRANOEMBNT. Fam. 1. CLADONIEI. Thalius two-fold, a vertical one {podetium) ascending from a horizontal, squamulose, or granulose one ; the latter now obsolete. 39. Stereocaulon. Apothecia patellffiform, brown, at length convex and the margin excluded (cephaloid) solid. Sporeo fusiform or acicular, 4-plurilocular, colourless. Thalius fruticulose, erect, solid (podetia), clothed more or less with granules, passing now into fibrils ; horizontal thalius granulose, or obsolete. 40. PiLOPHORUs. Apothecia cephaloid, solid, black. Spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Podelia simple, or but little branched, originally solid, ^;ranulate; horizontal thalius granulote. 41. Cladonia. Apothecia mostly cephaloid, vn'ously coloured (not black). Spores ovoid-oblong,, simple, colourless. Podetia fistulous, either simple, and cup- shaped or funnel-shaped, or at length very much branched; rarely club-shaped; the horizontal thalius squamulose, or rarely granulose, or obsolete. Fam. 2. C(ENOGONIEI. Thalius horizontal, couferva-like. 42. CtENOGONiuM. Apothecia patellaeform. Spores fusi- form-ellipsoid, simple or bilocular, colourless. Thal- ius composed of jointed filaments densely inter- tangled, making a more or less determinate web. Fam. 3. LEOIDEEI. Thalius crustaceous ; now lobulate, or even, very rarely, caulescent ; but, for the most part, uniform ; adnate to the substrate. Sub-Fam. 1. B^omtcei. Apothecia prolonged down- wards into a stipe {stipitate). 43. B-soMYCES. Apothecia patellaeform, or cephaloid; the stipe now reduced, or disappearing. Spores ellip- soid, or sub-fusiform, simple, or now bi-quadrilocular, colourless. Thalius horizontal ; lobulate, or uniform. If 10 KET TO THE ARRANGEMENT. Sub-Fam. 2. Biatorki. Apotbecia sessile; the excipto paler tban the disk. 44. BiATORA. Apotbecia patellsBform, or oftener cepba> loid. Spores either ellipsoid and simple, or oblong and bi-quadrilocular, or fusiform passing into acicular and finally plurilocular, colourless. Tballus now lobulate ; moitly uniform. 45. Heterothecium. Apotbecia patellseform ; the ex- ciple often thickened and lecanoroid. Spores for the most part large, from ellipsoitl becoming oblong, and either simple, or bi-plurilocular, or muriform-multi- locular ; brown, or decolorate. Tballus uniform. Sub-Fam. 3. Eulbcideei. Apotbecia sessile; exciple coal-black. 46. Lecidea. Apotbecia patellsBform, now cephaloid. Spores from ellipsoid becoming fusiform, and finally acicular ; either simple, or more rarely bi-quadri-pluri- locular, colourless. Tballus now lobulate, or very rarely caulescent ; but, for the most part, uniform. 47. BuELLiA. Apotbecia patellseform. Spores ellipsoid and oblong ; from simple becoming bi-quadrilocular, or finally muriform-multilocular ; brown, or decolor- ate. Tballus now lobulate ; mostly uniform. Trib. 3, 6RAPHIDACEI. Apotbecia diflForn, oftener elon- gated (lirellaeform), margined (normally) only by the proper exciple ; now itself indistinct. Fam. 1. LECANaCTIDEI. Apotbecia rounded more or less, or also, less commonly, elongated ; margined. 48. Lecanactis. Apotbecia rounded, or more rarely oblong, black. Spores from dactyloid becoming at length fusiform-oblong, quadri-plurilocular, colourless. Tballus uniform. imimmiMmimt KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 11 49. Plattorapha. Apothecia rounded, or oblong ; the proper exciple more or less obecare, bordered by an accessory thalline or tballoid one. Spores fusiform, quadri-plurllocular, colourless. Tballus uniform. 50. Melaspilba. Apothecia rounded, or oblong, black. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid.bilocular, brown, or decolorate. Tballus uniform, or obsolete. Fam. 2. OPEGPAPHEI. Apothecia normally lirellfflform. 51. Opeorapha. Apothecia lirellajform (very rarely rounded-difforra), oftener simple, for the most part superficial, the exciple almost always black through- out. Spores smallish, from ellipsoid becoming finger- shaped {(lactyloid) or oftener fusiform, bi-quadri- plurilocular, brown, or, much ofteuor, decolorate. Tballus uniform, or almost obsolete. 52. Xtlographa. Apothecia now angulate-patellseform, but oftener lirellaeform ; the exciple softish, and origi- nally pale, but at length black. Spores ellipsoid, simple [or, at length, in a foreign species, somewhat muriform-plurilocular] decolorate. 63. Graphis. Apothecia lirelleeform, oftener branched, or very rarely rounded-difiform, for the most part innate ; the exciple either coloured, or black, but more often colourless below, and bordered almost always by an accessory thalline or tballoid one. Spores ellipsoid, or oblong, quadri-plurilocular, or finally muriform-multilocular, brown, or decolorate. Tbal- lus uniform, or now almost obsolete. Fam. 3. GLYPHIDEI. Many apothecia collected in a com- mon, cushion-like tballoid receptacle (stroma). 64. Chiodecton. Apothecia rounded-diflbrm, or oblong, plano-convex, immarginate, immersed in a white l! i 18 KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 8troma. Spores fusiforin, or now oblong-ovoid, quadri' plurilocular, very rarely muriform-multilocular, almost always uncoloured. Tballus uniform. 55. Glyphis. Apothecia rounded, or oblong, concave, black, associated together in a white stroma. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong, quadri-plurilooular, brown, or decolorate. Tballus uniform. Fam. 4. ARTHONIEI. Apothecia diffurm, without proper inargiD, cooiinuuly confluent, and now evidently com- pound. 56. Arthokia. Apothecia roundod, or oblong ; now bor- dered by an accessory tballoid margin; clustered commonly, or finally confluent in a difiform, rounded or stollate pseudo-stroma. Spores (commonly in pyriform thekes) oblong-ovoid, or oblong, or rarely fusiform, 2-4-plurilocular, or, at length muriform- multilocular ; brown, or decolorate. Tballus uniform or almost obsolete. 57. Mycoporum. Apothecia rounded or oblong, black, finally compound; a difibrm pseudo-stroma includ- ing (1-6) bymenia. Spores (in sub-pyriform thekes) oblong-ovoid or oblong [bi-quadrilocular, or finally] muriform-multilocular; brown, or decolorate. Tbal- lus uniform, or almost obsoletr * Agyrium. Apothecia rounded or oblong, softish (red- dish) immarginate. Spores ellipsoid, simple, uncol- oured, or reddish. Tballus scarcely or not visible, represented mainly by a few gonidia, nestling amidst the fibres of the woody substrate. Trib. 4. CALICIAGEI. Apothecia turbinate-lentiform (cra- teriform) or globose ; a proper exciple, which is either naked, and ofteuer stipitate, or bordered by an accessory I ! M3I ^-^J KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 13 thalline one, marginiag or supporting a bymenium the disk of which consists of naked spores. Fam. 1. SPHiEROPHOREI. Thallus vertical, fruticulose. * SiPHULA. Apotbecia unknown. Spermatia linear. Thallus erect, sparingly branched or almost simple, passing below into root-like brauchlets by which the lichen is attached to the substrate, densely cottony within. 58. SPHiKROPHORUS. Apothecia globose ; the proper ex- ciple reduced to a hypothecium, which is included in a thalline receptacle, formed by the swollen tips of the branches. Spores spherical, simple, violet-black. Thallus fruticulose, erect, densely cottony within. 59. AcROSCYPHUS. Apothecia crateriform; a black proper exciplo included in a clavate thalline recep- tacle, formed by the swollen tips of the branches. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, brown. Thallus fruticu- lose, erect, solid, the medullary layer at length more or less compacted into cartilagincous cords. Fam. 2. CALICIEI. Thallus crustaceous, lobulate, or, mostly, uniform. 60. AcoLiUM. Apothecia crateriform, or now urn -shaped, sessile ; a black proper exciple, which is either naked, or margined by an accessory thalline one. Spores spherical and simple, or more often ellipsoid and bilocular, rarely also quadrilocular, or even muriform- plurilocular ; brown. Thallus crustaceous, rarely lobulate, for the most part uniform. 61. Calicium. Apothecia crateriform, stipitate; a naked, black proper exciple. Spores spherical, ellipsoid, cr oblong, simple, or bilocular, rarely quadrilocular, brownish. Thallus crustaceous, or now almost obso- lete, or (in parasitical species) none. t I I 14 II n i! I ?!l G2. KEY TO TUB AKBANGBMENT. Coi;i(k;vbb. Apotbecia globose, Btipitate, the margin of tlie coloured proper exciple obscure. Spores spberical, simple, almost nncoloured. Tballus orusta- ceous, or now almost obsolete. Sen II.— ANGIOCARPI. (Schrad.) Pr. Apothecia globular, openiDg only by a pore at the summit. Trib. y. VERRUCARIACEI. Apotheciu globular ; a proper exciple (perithecium) covering a similarly shaped hyme- nium (nucleus) which is itself included in a more or less distinguishable inner envelope {amphithecium). Fam. 1. ENDOCARPEI. Thallus foliaceous, becoming squamulose. 63. Endocarpon. Apotbecia immersed in the thallus; perithecium much reduced ; amphithecium pale, or at length uow blackening ; paraphyses obsolete. Spores ovoid, ellipsoid, or oblong, mostly simple, now bi- qi'idrilocular, or rarely muriform-multilocular, brown, or decolornte. Thallus foliaceous, monophyllous, or squamulose, passing also into sub-crustaceous states. 64. NoRMAKDiNA. Apotbecia immersed in thalline warts ; perithecium indistinct; amphithecium black; para- physes obsolete. Spores oblong, 8-l()cular, uncoloured. Thallus squamaeform, monophyllous. Fam. 2. VERRUCARIEI. Thallus crustaceous. Sub-Fam. 1. Segbstkiei. Apothecia solitary; perithe- cium coloured. 65. Segestria. Apothecia immersed in thalline warts; perithecium coloured ; amphithecium pale, or finally blackening; paraphyses distinct. Spores ellipsoid, i|!« *^-t-.,- .^r: \..^y re 4. KEY TO THE AKRANOEMKNT. 15 oblong, or fudiform, nimple, or bi-quodri-plurilocular, or at length, nnirirorni-niultilocular, uncoluured. TliuUus now lobulato, mostly uniform. 66. Staukotiielr. Apothcciaimmorscd in tballino warts; I)«ritbeciiim blackening; amphitbecium pale; para< pbyses obsoloto. Spores ellipsoid, murirorm-multi- lucular, brown, or decolorute. Thallus somewhat lobulate, or uniform. Sub-Fam. 2. Tryf'Ktiieliei. iu a veiTucjbform stroma. Many apothecia collected 67. Trvpethruum. Apothecia (I -00) Immersed In a stroma; perlthecium reduced, blackening; amphitbe- cium black; paraphyses distinct. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong, 4-plurilocular [or, in exotic species, murl- form-multilocular] brown, or decolorate. Thallus uniform, mostly obscure, or disappearing. Sub-Fam. 3. Pyrenulei. Apothecia solitary, or now continent ; perithecuim black. 68. Saoedia. Apothecia innate -superficial ; peritheclum black; amphitbecium pale, or at length blackening; paraphyses distinct, or now obsolete. Spores from cymblform fusiform, at length ucicular quadri-pluri- locular, colourless. Thallus uniform, or disappearing. 69. Verrucaria. Apothecia innate; perithecium black ; amphitbecium pale, or finally blackening; paraphyses slender and for the most part indistinct or obsolete. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple, or l)i-quadrilocular, or finally muriform-multilocular, decolorate. Thallus uniform, somewhat tartareous, rarely areolate-squama- ceous. 70. Pyrenula. Apothecia somewhat prominent; peri- thecium black ; amphitbecium pale, or blackening ; 10 KEY TO THE AKKANOEMENT. paraphyRes distinct, or now obsolote. Spores ft'om ellipsoid oblong, bi-quadri-pluriiocular, or at length niuriforni-multilocular, brown, or deoolorate. TbaU lus mostly obscure. 71. Ptuenastrum. Apothecia rather prominent, turbi- nate, several oftener confluent al)ove into a common mouth {ostiole) ; perithecium conical, oblique, black; amphitheciura blackening; paraphyses distinct. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, muriform-niultilocular, brown. Thallus obscure. 72. Htriodla. Apothecia prominent, depressed-globose; perithecium black ; amphithecium pale, or blacken- ing; paraphyses distinct. Spores oblong-ovoid, or oblong, from simple bi-quadrilocular, without colour. Thallus epiphyllous, passing finally into a lobulate crust. «'AL Trib. I.-PAKMKLIACKI. Aiwthecia rounded and open, or more nirtMy subgloboso and porsiHtuntly moru or lens closed ; a thailine uxciple mar- gining ft normally discoid iiymenium whicli rests on a mostly imperfect proper exciplo (liypotliecium). In this vast tribe, perhaps the tlrst to attract tl>e attention of lovers of nature, and to bo studied, it is the thullus which plays the chief part ; and this, by its endless variations, lends interest to our latest stmlies. The predorninanco of the thallus is seen equally in tlie fruit. Except in the lowest groups, the proper exciplo is for the most part reduced hero to a layer of cells supporting the hytnenium; while, on the other hand, a thailine receptacle, of but subordinate value when found in otiier tribes, is here characteristical. And it is, once more, the thallus, which fltly determines the families, or largest groups, into which the tribe breaks up. It requires little consideration to discern that Usnea is an extreme, as well of Parmeiiacei as of Lichenes ; and the group of genera which associate themselves with it, will constitute our first family -UsNEEi. But the variations of Usneei bring it into closest relations with Parmelia and its allies ; and we find thus our second family— Parmeliei. Close to Parmelia, and yet dif- ferenced remarkably by their texture, manner of attachment, and abnormal fruit, follow the Umbilicariei. And close to the last succeeds tropical Sticta, represented at the north by only a few species; and its associates — Peltigerei. With this family begins a modification (already spoken of) of tho structure of the thallus; a change, that is to say, in the constitution of the gonimou? or green layer ; this being constituted, in one group of species of Sticta, Nephroma, Peltigera, and Solorina, of the ordi- nary gonidia, and, in another, not otherwise separable, of the very distinct, and gelatinous gonimia. This structural modifica- tion, which, owing to the darker colour of tho gonimia, afiscts more or less the external coloration of the lichens conditioned by it, and becomes thus, to a considerable degree, discoverable by the naked eye, rerurs again in our next succeeding family of mostly humble forms, the humblest indeed we have yet reached— Pannariei. And it reaches its height, and the gela- 2 '^. il li Mi I *i!' I" 18 U8NBBI. tlnouB development an inordinate expression, in our next ; the last group of foliaceous Parme^tocet— Collemei. Lilie the Pan- nariei, with which it is most intimately associable, this family descends to very humble, and even crustaceous forms ; and thus anticipates, though !u another line of direct aflQnity, the nor- mally crustaceous Lecaitorei. These, while ascending, now conspicuously, into conditions recalling the higher, foliaceous Parmeliacei, run yet into others wherein at last the thallus becomes wholly subordinate, and the fructification, as in the lowest lichens, plays the principal part;— exhibiting an extraor- dinary variety of modification, and anticipating, not seldom, types only fully exemplified in other tribes. And yet there is no doubt that Parmelia and Lecanora may be looked at as mem- bers of a continuous series ; and some of the most extreme of Lecanoreine deviations from the tribal type (as Pertusaria and Thelotrema) revert yet, in certain instances, to conditions which we cannot well compare with anything remote from Lecanora. Pam. 1.— USNEEI. Thallus erectish, typically fruticulose, and passing then, not seldom, into much elongated, pendulous forms; vari- ously also now dilated, and at length also depressed, or sub- foliaceous. Though well distinguished, as a whole, from the next suc- ceeding family, which is typically horizontal and foliaceous, the latter also ascends, in all its most important divisions, into fru- ticulose states, to be discriminated carefully from the typically vertical Usneei. It is easy however to discern what is really the preponderant affinity of most of these ascendant Parmelieine lichens : as of Theloschistes chrysophthalmus to T. parietinus ; of Parmelia Camtschadalis to P. Icevigaia ; or of Physcia ciliaris, and, especially P. leucomela, etc., to P. speciosa. But, on the other hand, the family now before us is represented at its centre by a genus {Cetraria) in which a certain degree of dilatation of the frond is all but everywhere discernible ; and, iu this genus, we find finally (in some of our most familiar rail-lichens) so near an approach, in habit, and even in character, to Parmelia, that one may well hesitate to which group a lichen shall be referred : and the difficulty will only yield to a fuller knowledge of the whole differentiation of the two series of forms. -C, BOGOBLLA. 19 As respects spore-features, the great bulk of Usneei (in obvi- ous analogy with Parmelia of the next family) offers simple spores, always referable to the Colourless Series except in Alec- toria, in which moreover in all the species but two the spores are decolorate. From this centre departs, in the same series, BamO' Una with its bilocular spores ; to which the Coloured or Brown Series affords no analogue. But RocceUa, the next and extremest type of the Colourless Series, stands in curious analogy with Schizopelte of the Coloured ; whereof also Alectoria (the analogue of Umbilicaria, further on) though ambiguous in most spfies, displays finally the ultimate type. orms; vari- I.— ROCCELLA, DC. Apotbecia scutellseform, lateral, more or less aduate ; the disk blackening ; the hymenium imposed upon a black hypo- thecium. Spores dactyloid-fusiform ; quadrilocular ; colour- less. Spermatia needle-shaped, bowed; upon sub-simple sterigmas. Tballus fruticulose, or finally pendulous, alike on both sides, cartilagiueous-coriaceous, glaucous or now fuscescent ; the medullary layer rather loosely cottony. Anatomy of the thallus given in Schwendener, Untersuch. I. c. 2, p. 165, t. 6,/. 2-17. The few species, which are very closely akin, and belong especially to the warmer, maritime regions of the earth, constitute the famous Orchella-weed of dyera. t 1. R. tinctoria, DC. ; thallus coriaceous, terete (but often more or less flattened) glaucous and pale, dull ; sparingly branched but much elongated, and intertangled; apothecia middling to ample, sessile, disk flattish, black, equalling or excluding the margin. Spores fusiform-oblong, ^ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 439. Fr. L. E. p. 33. Schar. Enum. p. 7. Nyl. Syn. p. 258. Rocks, Mexico, Krempelhtiber, 1868. San Diego, California, Dr. Palmer in herb. Willey. 2. B. leucophaa, Tuckerm. ; thallus smooth, varying from pale to darker brown ; the irregular, flexuous branches com- pressed and now foramlnous below, but attenuated and finally terete and filiform above; apothecia middling-sized, sessile, plano-convex, disk black, white-pruinose, margin thin, white. 20 RAMALINA. Spores dactyloid, '-^ mic. Suppl. 1 {Amer. Journ. Sci. 25) p. 423. Nyl. Syn.l,p.26(i. Shrubf {Obione) on the coast of California {Ih: C. C. Parry), Tuckerman I. c. 1858. 3. R. phycopsis, Ach. ; thallus coriaceous, terete-compressed, dwarfish, dichotomously at length much branched, whitish ash- coloured, often sored iiferous; ["apothecia lecideine, small, black, naked or lightly pruinose. Spores fusiform-oblong,^ mic."] Ach. L. U. p. 440. Schcer. Enum. p. 7. Nyl. Syn. p. 259. San Diego, California, now on bushes, etc., in company with the last, Br. Hill (Hassler exp.) the same with a Peruvian (Herb. Berol.) and Cape of Good Hope (Zeyher; Wright) form referable here, and flatter than the Madeira lichen (Nyl. in Man- don Lich. Mader. n. 36) with which one from Cuba (Wright) perfectly agrees. The very dubious plant offers now the aspect of It. tinctoria and now of B. fttci/ormis, and is not easily referred to either. 4. B. fuciformis (h.) Ach. ', thallus oartilagineous-coriaceous, compressed, flat, dichotomously divided into linear-lanceolate, attenuate segments ; greenish-glaucous and pale ; apothecia mar- ginal, sessile, disk flattish, grey-pruinose, the margin somewhat persistent. Spores fusiform, ^ mic. Ach. L. U.p. 440. Fr. L. E. p. 33. Schcer. Enum. p. 7. Nyl. Syn. p. 260. Eocks, La Paz, Lower California, Dr. H. N. Boh der. if > t !i U II.— RAMALINA, Ach., De Not. Apothecia scutellseform, mostly marginal, si'b-pedicel- late ; the disk pale. Spores ellipsoid, or oblong, now be- coming fusiform; bilocular; colourless. Spermatid oblong, or staff-shaped; upon sparingly branched sterigmas. Thal- lus fruticulose, or finally pendulous, mostly compressed, or at length sul>foliaceous, alike on both sides, cartilagineous, pale greenish-glaucescent ; the cottony moduUary filaments in part coalescing Into solid cords. Anatomy of the thal- lus (of the group represented by II. calicaris) given in Schwendener, Untersttch. I. c. 2, p. 166, t. 6, f. 7-11. The rigidity, or at least tenacity of the tballus is largely RAMALINA. 21 , small, black, due to the finally distinct and solid cords into which the medullary filaments more or less pass : these cords becom- ing either (as in the majority of species) mostly united with the cortical layer; or (in R. homalea) dispersed rather through the cottony medullary; or finally (in the species last-named, and especially in R. ceruchis) now collected into something like an axial column, within the cottony portion. The analogy of Ramalina with Usnea is seen thus to be not confined to estei-nal features. • Medullary cords free of t)ie cortical layer, and at length nxial ; or indistinct. Spermogot^es black. 1. B. ceruchis (Ach.) De Not. ; tballus tufted, terete, or com- pressed-terete, smooth, but soon and at lenj^tb deeply pitted and wrinkled; somewhat simple or sparingly bmnclicd, the tips of the branches often attenuate ; apotbecia middling to ample, lateral. Spores oblong, ^^ mic. Burrera, Ach. Lich. p. .504. Ramalina, Be Not. Framtn. Nyl. Syn. i,p. 289; Recogn. p. 8. Trees and rocks, coast of California (C Wright) Tuckerman Gen. 1872. An infertile form upon dead wood. Sta. Cruz, D. Anderson, is distinguished by large, lateral and capitate, grey Boredia (/. cephalota). R. Combeoides, Nyl. {Recogn. Ramal. p. 9) with quite simple, podetiifurm tballus, and commonly terminal, now clustered apotbecia, grows with the next spe- cies in California {Bolander) but, though certainly marked, is inseparable from South American forms (Terra del Fuego, Wilkes exp.) which appear fully referable to R. certichis. Speci- mens of the present species commonly, and at length densely floccose ; the medullary filaments escaping largely through the rents of the easily broken cortical layer. 2. R. homalea, Ach. ; tballus tufted, compressed and two- edged, smooth, but finally wrinkled ; sparingly and irregularly branched, the branches attenuate and at length spreading and the tips teretish ; apotbecia middling to ample, marginal, now dilated and flexuous. Spores oblong, '^ mic. Ach. Lichenogr. p. 598. Nyl. Syn. p. 289; Recogn. p. 9. Rocks ; coast of California {Menzies). Acb. L. U. 1810. R. testudinaria, Nyl. (Recogn. p. 10) from California, is not dis- tinguishable. n\ 22 BAlfALINA. * * Medttllary cords uniting mostly toith the cortical layer. Spermogones commonly pale. 3. B. reticulata (Noebd.) Krempelh. ; thallus much com pressed, linear, elongated and pendulous, very much branched ; either narrow and somewhat channelled, with teretish tips, or dilated; the longitudinally striate branches often united here and there into a coarse network, and giving forth frequent, lateral, oblong expansions which become foraminous, and at length extended, and densely reticulate-perforate ; apothecia mostly marginal, smallish to middling-sized, sub-sesbile. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong, ^ mic. Lichen, Noehden in Schrad. Journ. 1, cit. Krempelh. Geschicht. d. Lick. 1, p. US, 2, p. 617. Nyl. Becogn. p. 25. B. Menaiesii, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 6, 189. B. retiformis, Mem. ha b., Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 12. Trees; California (Memies.), Noehden I. c. 1800. Northward to Vancouver's Island, -J. Macoun. The longest specimens seen (a little exceeding a foot) altogether narrow-lobed ; from 0"""-, 1, at the extremities, to about 1™™- wide. Other specimens run from 1"""- to 15""»- in width, and the widest, perforated expan- sions exceed 20'"'"-. Apothecia from 2™"- finally 3-4"""- wide. 4. B. Usneoides (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus compressed and more or less longitudinally striate, much branched and elongated, pen- dulous, often at length spirally contorted, greenish-glaucous ; apothecia smallish to middling, marginal, somewhat pedicellate. Spores fusiform, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 291, /. 8, /. 27; Becogn. p. 23. Trees in intertropical countries; common in Mexico, and reaching Southern Florida, C. F. Austin. 5. JR. rigida (Pers.) ; thallus tufted, slender, terete, or terete- compressed, smooth, or at length longitudinally striate, or be- sprinkled often with white warts ; irregularly- and finally ioug- branched, the branches attenuate, and the tips filiform; apothecia lateral, smallish to middling-sized. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, ^ mic. Lichen, Pers., e Nyl. inProdr. N. Chran. p. 15, not. B. gradlenta, Fr. L. E. p. 29, e Nyl, ibid. B. tenuis, Tuckerm: Suppl. 1,1. c. p. 423, pare. JB. rigida, B. gra- cilis, u8 ; cartilagineous or now membranaceous; glaucescent, or much more often brown, or yellowish ; the medullary layer cottony. Anatomy of the thallus of the first sub-section, and of the second and third sections, given in Schwondener, Untersuch. I. c. 2, p. 149, t. 3,/. 30-33, t. 4,/. 1-12 ; and of the second sub-section in Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 286. The type of Cetraria is to be looked for in its alpine species; and especially in those of the second section, which are at once fruticulose and yot sub-foliaceous. From this centre diverge, on the one hand the two well-marked clusters with teretish thallus ; and, on the other, we find receeding the finally quite foliaceous and Parmeliiform third section. • Thallus fruticulose, terete-compressed. t Thallus slender, brownish, rigid. 1. C. tristis (Web.) Fr. ; thallus tufted, fruticulose, erectish, very rigid and tenacious, compressed-terete, divided sparingly below, but the tips often passing into fastigiate brancblets; brownish -black; apothecia middling -sized to ample, sub- terminal, appendiculato by tbe deflexed tips, plano-convex, the disk dark -chestnut, the margin entire or toothed, or now radiate. Spores ellipsoid, 1-^9. mic. Sp3rmogones and spermatia much 5-6 as in the next. Fr. L. E. p. 34. Schcer. Spicil. p. 258. Pla- tysma, Nyl. Syn. l,p. 307. Alpine rocks. Arctic America {Eichardson), Hooker in Frankl. Narr. 1923. Alpine region of Mt. Hood, Oregon, Hall. The quality and amount of anatomical difference in tbe thallus (Schwend. I. c. p. 149) is scarcely sufQcient to obscure the mani- festly close relation of this lichen to Cetraria. i% CKTKAKIA. 2. CCa/i/brniVrt, Tuckerra.; thnlhis tufted, friitlculose, orcct, cartilat;ineou8, sub-flstulous, coinprosAcd-torote, at length deeply- and canaliculate-lariinoso; dichotomnusly tuuch- and spread- branched; (^reonish-olivnceouH, and fusccHcent, dull; apothecia snb-terniinal, middling sized, appendiculato, the disk dark* green, becoming convex and black, and excluding the toothed margin. Spores ellipsoid,-^" mic. Spermogones immersed- papillffiforra ; spormatia obluug, thickened at each end, j]|.mic. Suppl. 2, l. c. p. 203. Trees, coast of California {Meneies), Tuckerraan /. c. 1859. Fences, Oregon, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun. Most naturally associable with the genus which shall include C. acule- ata ; but agreeing in the spermogones and their contents with C. trisUs. 3. C. aculcata (Schreb.) Fr. ; thallus densely tufted, fruticu- lose, erect, rigid, sub-fistulous, more or less compressed or angled below but teretish above; divaricately much branched and the branches beset more or less with black spinules ; dark-chestnut- brown, polished; apothecia sub-terminal, middling-sized, the disk chestnut, the margin toothed. Spores ellipsoid, -^mic. Spermogones in spinules ; spermatia oblong, cylindrical. Fr. L. E. p. 35. Schar. Spicil. p. 254. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 300. On the earth, and growing over mosses on rocks, in alpine districts. White Mountains, Tuckerman, Syn. N. E. 1848. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Rocky Mountains, Macoun. British Columbia, Macoun. Arctic America, Herb. Hook. 4. n«n in splnules ; 8|>ermatia oblong, cyliiidrical Ach. L. U. p. 512. Fr. L. E. p. 3G. JVy/. Syn. !.;>. 298. ft. Iklisfri (Bor.); palor throughout, and brown at tho base, with much divided summits. Nyl. Scami. p. 79. C. hiascens, Th. Fr. Smnd. p. 98. On tbo earth, In alpine districts, abundant. Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson, etc. White Mount- ains, Tuckerman. Carolina Mountains, Michaux. Rocky Mount- ains, Hall. Oregon, Hall. Also In barren fields on the coast, sterile. New England, Tuckerman. Delaware Water Gap, Austin. b. Arctic America, Herb. Hook., etc. Newfoundland, Despreaux. North shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz. White Mountains. Sometimes suggesting the next. 9. C. Ilichanlsonii{BoQk.)\ tballus prostrate, sub-follaceous, divaricately divided, and the somewhat channelled extremities multlfid; fulvous- at length chestnut-brown. " Apothecia ample, marginal, disk yellowish brown, margin Irregular." "Spores ^ mic. Spermogones papillieform; spermatia oblong, a little con- stricted at the middle." Hook, in Richards. Append, to Frankl. Narr. p. 761. Platysma, Ngl. Syn. 1, p. '.i06. Arctic America (barren grounds, north of Great Slave Lake, Sichar-ison), Hooker I. c. 1823. 10. C. cucullata (Bell.) Ach.; tballus tufted, erect, rather sparingly sinuate-laciniate, the margins undulate and counivent; straw-coloured, stained more or less purple at the base, smooth; apothecia ample to large, adnate to the under side of the dilated and hooded fertile lobes, disk chestnut, margin thin, entire. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Spermogones papillsBform ; sperma- tia oblong, thicker at each end. Ach. L. U. p. 511. Fr. L. E. p. 2ir. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 302. On the earth in alpine districts. Arctic America {Richard- son), Hooker I. c. 1823. White Mountains, Twkerman. Rocky Mountains, HaU. CETRARIA. : ' 11. C. nivalis (\j.)A. 309. Alpine rocks; and descending, in mountainous districts. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823; Vahl. New- foundland, Despreaux. Hastings county, Canada, Mavoun. Higher mountains of New England, Tuckerman. A state with 34 CETRARIA. wider lobes, the margins of which are flecked with white soredia in the manner of some BamaHnrr, has occurred in the alp.ne re- gion of the White Mountains, and in Mt. Desert, Me. ; and a nar- rower, but similarly sorediate, sterile plant, near Brattleborough, Vt., J. L. Russell dt C. C. Frost; and even at the Delaware Water Gap, N. J., Austin. Imperfect spermogones in these sterile plants relate them to the present species ; but I have found no spermatia. The species is in some respects not ill- comparable with narrow-lobed forms of the next. C. com- mixta (Nyl.) Th. Fr., especially diflering in its oblong-ellipsoid spermatia, is unknown as North American. 15. C. ctVmm (Ach.); thallus cartilagineous-membrauaceous, foliaceous, sinuate- laciniate ; greenisb-glaucou" becoming brown- ish ; beneath brownish and more or less flbrillose ; lobes crowded, ascendant, often narrowed and many-cleft, lacunose-uneven, the crenate margins fringed here and there with fibrils ; apothecia marginal, middling-sized to ample ; disk dark-chestnut ; margin crenulate. Spores sub-spherical, 4i-7 mic. in diam. Spermatia oblong, thicker at the ends. Ach. L. U. p. 508. Tuckerm. 8yn. N. Eng.p. 16; Exs. n. 5. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 308. Old rails, very common ; and also on trees ; throughout the Northern, Middle, and Southern States, Muhlenberg m Xch.L.U. 18] 0, Itavenel, etc. Newfoundland (a blackened state, referred to C. Sfcpincola '^y Delise), IJespreaux. Arctic America (a dwarf form growing on twigs, also referred to C. scepincola in). Herb. Hook. California, Menzies. 15(a). C. ptutyphylla ; thallus cartilagineous, rigid, foliaceous, sub-monophyllous ; olivaceous-brown ; paler beneath, the fibrils obsolete; lobes rounded, strongly reticulate-lacunose, and rugged, tuberculate; apothecia middling-sized, marginal; disk dark- chestnut, shining; margin tuberculate. Spores sub-sphencal, 4-7 mic. in diam. Trees, British Columbia, Macoun. Yosemite Valley, Califor- nia, Bolander. Thallus pale sulphur-coloured within, but per- haps not always. The lichen has something of the habit of Sticta fuliginosa, but is near to Cetraria ciliaris, from which it does not at all dififer in the spores.— — C. ciliaris of the Pacific coast, if perhaps smaller, differs in no respect from the originally described plant of the Eastern States; in which last the fibrils are not always present, as they are not always absent in the CETRARIA. 86 other; so that Platysma orbatum, Nyl., Flora, 1869, p. 442, reata wholly on the uncertain chemical character. 16. C. seBpincola (Ehrh.) Ach.; tballus sub-membranaceoas, foliaceous, few- and short -lobed; olivaceous -brown; beneath paler, and without fibrils ; lobes crowded, flattish, undulate and crenate, more or less ascendant, much hidden by the abundant fruit ; apothecia marginal, smallish ; chestnut. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Spermatia as in C. ciliaris. Ach. L. U. p. 507. Fr. L. E. p. 39. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 308. b. chlorophylla, Wahl.; larger, and paler; the irregularly laciniate lobes with white-sorediate edges ; scarcely fertile. On twigs, Arctic America {Richardson), Hooker /. c. 1823. Branches of dwarf firs in the sub-alpine region of the White Mountains, Tuckerman. Cold swamp, Hawley, Hampshire, Mass., Porter. b, Oregon, Dr. Lyall. Coast of California, Bolander. « 6. Stock of C. glauca. J7. C. lacunosa, Ach.; tballus cartilagineous- coriaceous, foliaceous, the crowded lobes more or less dilated and rounded, and deeply reticulate-lacunose, with ascendant, lacoro-crenate, smooth margins; glaucous above; whitish, or here and there now blackening below; apothecia (abundant) sub-terminal, ample, at length a little elevated ; disk chestnut (often perforated at the centre); margin entire. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, t-jt- mic. Spermatia oblong, thickening gradually towards one end. Ach. L. U. p. 508. Tucker m. Syn. N. E. p. 16 ; Exs. n. 6, 61. Plalysma, Nyl. Syn. l,p. 314. b. stenophylla ; lobes more lax, narrow -linear, elongated, channelled ; white beneath ; apothecia terminal. Trees, North-west coast (Memies), Ach. Meth. 1803. Very common on trees and rails through the Northern and Middle States, and, along the mountains, southward ; Halsey ; Ravenel, etc. b, simulating now the habit of large states of Ramalina calicaris and now of Evernia furfuracea, California ; Bolander. The var. laciniatum, Nyl. Flora, 1809, p. 442, from California, cannot be cited, as it has no character. 18. C. glauca (L.) Ach.; tballus membranaceous, foliaceous, sinuate-lobate or irregularly lacerate-laciniate ; glaucous, black- 36 OETKARIA. )iP :r^i ening below ; the Jagged edges of the lobes often soittdiate, and prolonged Anally n^ore or ) ' i into conspicuous, coralloid branch- lets; apothecia (rare) su'.-cerminal, ample; disk dark-chestnut; margin irregular and disappearing. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, —Ach. L. U.p. 509. Fr. «4-7 } :. ^ mic. Spermatia as in the last.- L/E. p. 38. Platystna, NyJ. Syn. 1, p. 313. h. stenophylla ; lobes loose, narrow-linear, channelled ; black, or now whitening beneath. Trees, and rocks, in mountain forests, New England, Tttclcer- man Enum. 1845. Newfoundland (strongly lacunose; a state occurring also in Scotland, Borrer ! but not well referable to C. lacunosa), Despreaux. Oregon, and Washington Territories, and Vancouver's Island; Dr. I yaU, etc. 6, Oregon, Wilkes exped. California, Bolander. The variety is analogous to C. lacunosa, b, but has the characters of the present species ; and is explained by European states, especially of the v. faUax, Ach. The colour of the thallus of C. glauca, a, finally darkens; becoming now olivaceous-brown, v.fusca (Flot.), on rocks, in the White Mountains. 19. C. chrysantha, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous-coriace- ous, foliaceous, round-lobed, rugulo&3 ; straw-coloured ; beneath black and shining ; lobes crowded, ascendant at the crenate, smooth margins; apothecia adnate to the upper side of the fertile lobes, ample; disk blood-red, and blackening; margin crenulate. Spores ellipsoid, -i mic. Spermatia oblong, thick- ening gradually towards one end. Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, 1, c.p. 423. Platysma septentrional, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 315. Rocks, Kotzebue's Sound {Herb. Church. Babington), Tucker- man I. c. 1858. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Fertile, in Japan, Wright. The specific name (criticised by Nylander, Syn. p. 315, where a name, published without character by him- self, is substituted for it) is quite as good as chloantha, Ach.; and, like this, in entire accord with the usage of the language from which the names are taken, as with that of other languages. 20. C. 0afrc5iawa, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous-membra- naceous, foliaceous, for the most part rather loosely linear- and long-lobed, but now more compact; from greenish at length straw-coloured ; beneath brownish, and flbrillose ; lobes sinuately cut, flattish, but the margins soon elevated, and whitish-soredi- CETRAKIA. Sf ate ; apotbecia marginal, middling-sized to ample; disk chestnut; margin entire or irregular. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, ^-^ mic. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 17; Exs. n. 7. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 304. Cetraria Bavarica, Ktempelh. in Flora, 1851, p. 273. Trees and rocks ; New England, and New York, and south- ward to Maryland, fertile only in mountain forests ; Tuckerman Licb. N. £. 1841. Lake Superior, Agassig. Black Mountains, South Carolina, fertile, M. A. Cur**s. 1 have failed to find spermatia, either in this or the species next following ; but the two are associable (better perhaps than C. Oakesiana with C. Lauren) and C. aurescens certainly suggests C. juniperitM. 21. C. aurescens, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-membranaceouc, foliaceous, siuuate-laciniate ; straw-coloured; beneath whitish, with frequent fibrils of the same colour ; lobes narrowed, many- cleft above, the ascendant margins crisped ; apothecia marginal, middling-sized to ample, at length rather elevated ; disk chest- nut: margin crenulate. Spores rounded, and sub-eilipsoid, ~ mic. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 16. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. l,i). 313. Coniferous trees; and (infertile) on old rails. New England; Tuckerman Syn. 1848. Now Jersey, Austin. Alabama, T. M. Peters. 22. C. juniperina (L.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, folia- ceous, lacero-laciniate; from greenish -glaucescent at length straw-coloured above and pale-yellow below, or finally bright- yellow on both sides ; the crowded, more or less lacunose, erose- crenate and crisped lobes ascendant ; apothecia sub-marginal, middling-sized to ample, at length rather elevated : disk chest- 44-S nut ; margin crenulate. Spores llipsoid, ^ mic. Spermatid as in C. chrysantha. Ach. L. U. p. 506. Ttick. Exs. 8. Th. Fr. Lick. Scand.p. 104. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. 1,^.312. b. terrestris, Schaer.; lobes narrowed and sub-linear with scarcely crisped edges, finally erectish, angulous-teretish, and dichotomously branched; sterile. Schcer. Spicil.p. 10 (1823). Varr. terrestris df tubulosa, Schcer. Enum. C. Tilesii, Ach. Syn. p. 228. c. Pinastri, Ach. ; lobes depressed, flat, the ascendant mar- gins bright-yellow-sorediate ; scarcely fertile. Ach. L. U. J). 506. 38 BVERNIA. a, upon trees throughout the eastern United States. Muhlen- berg Catal. 1818. West Coast, Memies. 6, on the earth, in alpine districts. Arctic America, Herb. Hook. Rocky Mount- ains, Hall. c, shrubs and rocks in sub-alpine districts, and descending. Arctic America. JR/c/jarrfsow. New England mount- ains, I'ttckerman. Rocky Mountains, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun. ■ i ''k IV.— EVERNIA, Ach., Mann. Apothecia scutellreform. concave, then often dilated and cyathiform ; the disk coloured differently from the thallus. Spores sub-ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Speruaatia oblong, or staff-shaped, thickened either at one, or both ends, or cylindrical j upon sp/iHiugly branched sterigmas. Thallus fruticulose, at length often j)endulous; angulose-teretish or foiiaceous-com pressed; softish; glaucous, straw-coloured, or lemon coloured ; the medullary layer cottony; or, the tila- meutt now coalescing, and finally solid. Anatomy of the thallus in Schwend. Untersuch, I. c. 2, p. 157, /, 4, Jig. 13-15, L 5,/. 1-6. * Medullary layer solid. 1. E. Trulla ^Ach.) Mont. ; thallus tufted, membranaceous, prostrate and assurgent, dichotomously linear-laciniate, chan- nelled, naked on both sides ; greenish-glanceseent above ; pale- brownish and violaceous-black beneath ; ' apothecia marginal, ample, cyathiform, wrinkled and plaited ; the concave disk brown. Spores ellipsoid, "[^ mic' Mont. Chil. p. 74. Parmelia, Ach. Meth. p. 256, t. 4,/. 6 ; L. U. p. 496. Parmelia (Evernia) denu- data, Hampe in Linncei, 1843, p. 122. Everniopsis Trulla, Nyl. Syn. p. 374. On the earth? Central and South America. Mexico, Ny^ lander. Perhaps best comparable with E. fur/uracea,- the structural thalline difference of which may possibly be regarded as mediated by the next specieB. • * Medullary layer cottony .• but coalescent, more or less, into solid cords. 2. E. vulpina (L.) Ach.; thallus tufted, erect, angulous- teretish or here and there compressed, lacunose, dichotomously EVERNIA. 39 much- and at length long- and divaricately branched, and sub- pendulouB, with attenuate tips; lemon-coloured; the base at length dilated and rigid ; apothocia sub-terminal, ample, appeu- diculate, at length much dilated; disk chestnut; margin entire, or most commonly radiate. Spores short-ellipsoid, mic. Spermatid oblong, scarcely thickened a little, towards one end. Ach. L. U. p. 443. Fr. L. E. p. 23. Tuck. Exs. 53. Chforea, Nyl. Syn. \,p. 274. Trees, and also on fences. Pacific coast (Menz^ks), Tuckerm. Syn. 1848. Rocky Mountains, reaching 10,000 feet of altitude; and observed (infertile) in the Black Hills, Nebraska, Dr. Hayden. • • Medullary layer entirely cottony. 3. E. fnrfuracea (L.) Mann; thallus tufted, erectish, or prostrate and pendulous, compressed, sub-foliaceous, dichoto- mously very much- and somewhat pinnaiely- and finally long- lobed ; glaucous above and beset mostly with isidioid tubercles passing into brancblets; below channelled and lacunose, pale, or here and there black-spotted, or now mostly black ; apothecia marginal, ample to large, sub-pedicellate; chestnut. Spores short-ellipsoid, g, . mic. Spermatia a little thickened toward both of the acutish ends. Fr. L. E. p. 26. Tuck. Exs. n. 55. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 28i. b. Cladonia, Tuckerm. ; smooth, very slender, the branches compressed-terete above, but becoming channelled below, more or less thyrsoid-entangled. Syn. N. Eng. p. 12; Exs. n. 56. Trees, Northern States ; Halsey View, 1823. Southward, in the mountains, Curtis; liavenel. Texas, Dr. Parry. New Mexico, Fendler. Mexico, Nylander. Our lichea scarcely ever as wide-lobed as it occurs not uncommonly in Europe ; and it is possibly also less blackened beneath. b, on high mount- ains. White Mountains, Tuckerman. Mt. Whiteface, N. Y., C. H. Peck. The fruticulose type is sufficiently marked in this mountain form, which offers now scarcely a trace of diflference in the two surfaces of the thallus; but finally agrees with a in everything but si/e, and the isidioid prolifications. 4. E. prunastri (L.) Ach. ; thallus tufted, erectish, or pendu- lous, angulous-teretish, or flattened, and finally channelled below, lacunose, dichotomously very much- or at length divaricately- long-branched, more or less sorediate ; pale-greenish, or straw- 40 U8NBA. coloured, the wide-lobed states paler beneath ; apothecia lateral, middling-sized, sub-pedicellate ; disk chestnut. Spores ellipsoid, J^r raic. Ach. L. U. p. 442. Fr. L. E. p. 25. Tuck. Exs. n. 54. Npl. Sifn.l,p.^iS5. Trees, fertile ; and on dead wood, sterile ; Northern States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson. Paciflo Coast, Memies. Black Hills, Nebraska, Dr. Hayden. Sper- matid of the present and next following species similar to those of the last. Nyl. 5. E. divaricata (L.) Ach. ; thallus prostrate, or pendulous, teretish or more often somewhat compressed and angulato, lacu- Dose-rugose, flaccid; pale-straw-coloured; the much elongated, dichotomously more or less divided branches passing into fili- form, acute tips ; apothecia lateral, middling-sized ; disk chest- nut. Spores ellipsoid, much as in the last. Ach. L. U. p. 441. Fr. L. E. p. 25. Nyl. Syn. 1 , p. 285. Trees (branches of pines and firs), infertile, Rocky Moun- tains {Hall), Tuckerman Calif. 1866. Mountains of Colorado, G. Vasey. The thin cortical layer often breaking, and displaying the soft but yet string-like medullary, in the manner of Usnea. v.— USNEA (Dill.) Ach. Apothecia orbicular, peltate, sub-terminal ; disk pale, or very rarely blackening ; mai-gin radiately fibrillose. Spores sub-ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Spermatia oblong, and staff-shaped, a little thickened towards the base ; on sub- simple sterigmas. Thallus fruticulose, or more commonly pendulous, more or less terete, or now angulate, alike on all sides; glaucescent, or rarely straw-coloured; the medullary layer two-fold; an exterior, cottony portion enclosing an interior, indurated cord. Anatomj' of the thallus (of the second section) in Schwend. Untersuch. I. c. 2, pp. 110-144, t. 1, 2. * Medullary cord at length discontinuous and cottony at tJte centre ; especially below. Disk of apothecium black. 1. U. sulphurea (Miill.) Th. Fr. ; thallus tufted, erect, terete, dichotomously branched, papillata-scabrous, deeply pitted with U8NBA. 41 age ; pale yellow and becoming darker, the more or less attenu- ate tips blackening, or black- vittate ; apotbecia, in South Ameri- can specimena, sub-terminal, appendiculate; disk black; fibres of the margin commonly obsolete. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, -'^ mic. Th. Fr. Lich. Spitab. p. 9. U. melcucantha, Ach. L. U. J). 618. Neuropogon, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 272. Usnea sphacelata, R.Br. Rocks, Arctic America ; dwarfed, and sterile. Melville Island is, Ach. 5. U. longissima, Ach. ; thulUiti putululoiiH, greatly elongated, terete, or coinpressedterote, scurfy ; ghiucencont ; sub-simple or Bparingly divided, clotlicd thicl/n. I, p. 271. Trees; Shores of Lake Superior (Castclnau in Mus. Par.), Tuckerman 1. c. 1850. Rocky Mountains, Hayden. British Columbia, Dr. Lyall. White Mountains. Well distinguished In habit from our other species; and resembling Alectoria ochro- leuca, V. sarmentosa. VI.— ALECTORIA (Ach.) Nyl. Apothecia scutelljeform, lateral, innate-sessile; the disk coloured diflfereutly from the thallus. Spores ellipsoid, for the most part simple or, in one instance, muriform-multiloc- ular, brown, or more often decolorate. Spermatia staff- shaped, a little thickened towards each end ; upon sparingly branched sterigmas. Thallus fruticulose, or pendulous ^ terete or compressed-terete; alike on all sides; brown or straw-coloured ; the cottony medullary \&ye^ loose, and the thallus now bollow. Anatoiuy of the thallus in Schweud. Undersuch. I. c. 2, p. 144, t. 3,/. 1-29. 1. A. divergens (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus tufted, erect, or pros- i'f k% 44 ^^LBCTORU. trate, robust, rigicl, fragWe, compressed-terote ; chestnut, and bluckeninff. nnd uioatly Hliinii));; (liubotomously much-branched, the branches divergent and at length Hexuous, and the tips forked; "apotheciaof middling si/e ; chestnut; the margin at length crenulate-uneven. Spores ellipsoid, without colour, ^r^ mlc." Nifl. Syn. 1, jj, 278 (char, fruct. exvl) dt in Vroilr. hi. Nov. Gran. p. 14, not. Cornicnlaria, Ach. Syn. p. JOO. On the earth in alpine, and arctic regions ; known fertile only f^om Northeastern Asia (Nyl.), Arctic America (Richardson) Hooker I. c. 182:). Greenland, Vahl. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Kotzebue's Sound, Herb. Church. Babington. 2. A. jubata (L.) ; thallus tufted, or pendulous, slender and soon filiform, terete, smooth; blackish-brown, or now paler; dlchotomously very-much-brancbed ; apothecia (small, and rare) very entire. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, without colour, -^ mlc. Evernia, Fr. L. E. p. 20. a. bicolor, Fr. ; thallus erect, or prostrate, and now pendu- lous, rather rigid, densely-branched, the branches divergent and moreorlessflbrillose-rumulose; black below, and paler at the ends. b. chalybeiformis, Ach. ; thallus prostrate and sarmentose, or now sub-pendulous, rather rigid, remotely divergent-branched, flexuous ; brown ; the branches somewhat fibrillose-ramulose, of one colour. c. implexa, Fr. ; thallus pendulous, elongated, softish, filiform becoming capillary, very much branched and densely Inter- tangled ; brown, the branches of one colour. Throughout North America; at least in mountainous regions. a, on the earth in alpine districts; and, more developed, becoming pendulous, and fertile, on firsln the higher forest of the White Mountains, Ttickerman Llch. N. E. 1841 ; Lich. Exs. n. 2. Greenland, J. Vahl. b, on the earth in alpine districts ; Green- land, J. Vahl; and White Mountains, fertile, Lesqitereux ; as also on branches of firs in cold swamps, where equally fertile ; and very common in a sterile state, on dead wood, throughout the Northern States, and along the mountains southward and westward, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818 (this low-country lichen being ill- distinguishable from Alectoria niduH/era, Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 15). c, on trees. Northern States and Canada, fertile on mountains, Michaux (Setaria trichodes), Flora Bar. Amer. 1803. Rocky Mountains, Hall. Arctic America, Richardson. A LECTORI A. 3. A, Frrmon/ii, Tiickerm. ; tlialliiH |M>n(]uln(ifl, olniif^ated, coiiipre8«oriiliirly and n»moteIy mucli-brntiched, thn tioxuouH branches more or less diintcil nnd lacunoBO below, nnd piiHsing above into lon^-nttcnunted, capillary, Anally dennoly intertangled Bunmiits; npotlu'cii; Hnmllish to mid- dlint; sized; disk yollow-pruinose, soon convex, nnd the thin, entire margin disappoarinf?. Spores roinidcd-ellipsoid, without 44— S colour, ^ mic. Tuckcrm. Suppl.l,l.c. p. 422; Exs, n. 53. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 280. On the branches of coniferous trees, in Cnlifornin (Fremont) Tuckormnn 1. c. 1858. Oregon, Prof. Netrhcrry. The lichen was first found (in 'British North America') by Drutnmond Herb. Taijl.). 4. A. ochroleuca (Ehrh.) Nyl.; thnllus compressed • terete, divaricately branched; straw-coloured. S|)ore8 in f.vos and fours, ellipsoid, brown, |^ mic. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 281. Ever- nia, Fr. L. E. p. 22. a. rigiila, Fr. ; thallus tufted, erect, rigid, finally much- branched, the attenuate, much-divided, reflexcd summits black- ening ; apothecia sub-terminnl, middling-sized. *osteina, Nyl., thallus (prostrate) smaller and paler; apo- thecia lateral. ** nigricans, Ach. ; the whcle thar.us more or iess at length livid, and blackening. A. niyt^'^'ms, Nyl. Lich. Scand. p.7\. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 22. b. cincinnata, Fr. ; thallus prostrate, sarmentose, rigid ; the here and there irregularly dilated and flattened branches lacu- Dose, and the long-attenuated summits mostly of the same col- our ; apothecia as in a. c. sarmentosa, Nyl. ; thallus sarmentose-pendnlous, raucb- elongated, softish ; below remotely branched, attenuated abo>re into long, much-divided, densely intertangled, finally capillary extremities of the same colour ; apothecia smallish to middling. Arctic and alpine, mostly, except c, which inhabits high mountain forests. a, on the earth, Arctic America, fertile Eichardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Vancouver's Island, fertile, Herb. Hook. Peak of Orizaba, Mex- ico, Nylander Syn. * On tbe earth, high mountains of Mexico, 46 SCHIZOPELTE.— PARMELIEI. Herb. Hook. • • On the earth, fertile, Labrador, Th. Fries Sound. 1871. Newfoundland, fertile (the spores exactly as in a), Despreatix. h, on the earth, fertile, Newfoundland; Des- preaux. White Mountains, Ttwkerman. c, on Coniferous trees. White Mountains, sparingly fertile, Tuckerman 3yn. 1848. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Oregon, Washington Territory, and northward, fertile. Prof. Newberry, etc. 5. A. Loxensis (F6e) Nyl. ; thallus erect or prostrate, terete, slender, very much branched andintertangled, the branches and branchlets divergent, here and there foraminous ; pale- to chest- nut-brown (or now whitened or blackened) ; apothecia lateral, middling-sized; disk dark-chestnut, flat. Spores solitary, muri- forni-multilocular, brown, ' -^^ mic' Ni/l. Syn. p. 278. On the earth, and on trunks, in the high mountains of equi- noctial America. Peak of Orizaba, Mexico, C. Mohr. VII. — SCHIZOPELTE, Th. Fr. Apothecia terminal, flabelliforin ; the disk coloured dif- ferently from the thallus ; the hypothecium black. Spores plurilocular, brown. Thallus fruticulose, terete, solid; the medullary layer loosely cottony. The thin cortical layer contrasts with the very marked one of Eoccella ; as does the brittleness of the lichen with the leathery toughness of the latter. 8. Californica, Th. Fr.; thallus tufted, stout but brittle, sparingly and irregularly branched, or sub-simple, from smooth becoming rugulose; ashy-white, dull; apothecia from middling- sized, soon large, ftm-shaped; crenate and lobed; disk black, thinly white -pruinose. Spores in eights, oblong and finger- shaped, from 4- more commonly 5-7-locular, blackish-brown, 18-=^* mic. Flora, 1875, p. 143. £-8 On the earth, coast of California, Br. T. H. Fries, I. c. s f i Fam. 2.— PARMELIEI. \^ Thallus horizontal, foliaceous, expanded (rarely ascend- ant and Everniaeform, very rarely Alectoriajform ) cartila- gineou" membranaceous; beneath, normally, fibrillose. SPEEKSGHNEIDEKA. 47 Instead of the normally vertical, passing then into elongated and pendulous forms, of the tlrst family, we have here normally horizontal, and lea "-like lichens. But we found the former becoming dilated am sub-foli.'.ceous, especially in the more cen- tral groups, and fina ly dei)re8sed; and those central groups of Usncei may be said to expand now into the new family before us. Its near neighbourhood to the preceding is evinced still further by ascendant foims already alluded to, which, taken without regard to their whole hist';i-y, might well pass for mem- bers of the Usneei. Specrsckncidera, though sufficiently reccdent in its in fact fruticulose thallus, the under surfiice of which differs only in colour from the upper, has yet clearly the horizontal vegetation, and habit. Thdoschistes may be said to combine, in one most natural group, the habit, now of Biima- Una, and now of Evernia, with that of Parmelia. The genus last-named is the centre and type of the Parmeliei ; but it dis- plays also, as does Physcia, in occasional but striking forms, the same tendency to revert to ascendant and Evernioid conditions. Pyxine is a small cluster of strictly foliaceous lichens, dif- ferenced from Physcia by the fruit-character. From the point of view of the spores, the centre of the Parmeliei is seen to be ParmcUa, of the Colourless Series; tilling here the place which is occupied by four genera in the Usneei, and offering analogues, we had almost said, to each. From Parmelia deviates Thelosdiistes, of the same series, the analogue of Ramalina ; while a still greater divergence in the same direction is exemplified in SpecrschncUicra, which it seems possi- ble to consider as in like relation to RocceUa. In the Brown Series, on the other hand, the place corresponding to Thelos- diistes is taken by Physcia, th ) analogue here of Alectoria in the Usneei ; and finally by Pyxine, an extreme and aberrant type, anticipating, as respects the fruit, the similarly exceptional, next succeeding family. Genera p. 17. VIII.— SPEERSQHNEIDERA, Trev. Apothecia scutellaiforn-i. Spores from ellipsoid becoming oblong and dactyloid; 2-4-locular; colourless. Spermatia oblong ; on sparingly articulate sterigmas. Thallus orbic- ular, depressed-fruticulose, terete, dichotomously many- cleft, cartilagineous-coriaceous ; fibrils deficient on the under side. 48 THEL08CHISTE8. 8. euploca (Tuckerra.) Trev. ; thallus flinooth but dull, fus- cescent, or now whitenlnp above ; beneath white ; the regularly very much divided, filiforn/ branches scarcely a little compressed, intricately interlacing ; apothecia small, scattered, sessile ; the flat, rufous-fuscous disk finally convex, and excluding the mostly entire margin. Spores, ^ mic. Physcia, Tuckerm. Suppl. I, I. c. p. 424. Obs. Lich. I c. 4, p. 388. Nyl. 8yn. \,p. 413. Shaded rocks on the banks of e.;reams, in Western Texas {Wright) Tuckerman I. c. !358. On calcareous rocks in Kansas, Hall. More appressed, and much more regularly limited than Parmelia lanata (L.) Wallr. ; and it is perhaps easier, on most accounts, to refer the Texan plant to Physcia, than the other to Parmelia. But we cannot overlook the fact that the spores of our Texan lichen are irreconcilable with those of Physcia; as the whole plant is with Theloschistes. m IX.— THELOSCHISTSS, Norm., Emend. Apothecia scutellsBfbrm, the disk yellow. Spores ellip- soid, polar-bilocular (the spore-cells occupying the tips of the spore and conjoined more or less by a tube) or (n. 3) simply bilocular; or simple; colourless. Spermatia ellipsoid, and oblong; ou multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus folia- ceous ; or now reduced and squamulose ; appressed ; or now ascendant and Everniseform ; cartilagineous-membranaceous, mostly yellowish. A weli-defined group, offering diflQ- cuities only in its relation to Placodium in Lecanorei ; from which it is yet distinguished exactly as Lecanora from Par- melia. The anatomy of the thallus is explained in Schwend. Vntersuch. I. c. 2, p. 157, 161, t. 4,/. 16-17; 3, p. 154, 160, t. 8, /. 10-12. It is observable that the considerable ana- tomical difiFereuces between the Everniaiform and the folia- ceous types of Theloschistes (differences soon to recur again in Physcia) are insuflQcient to obscure the naturalness of their association as members of the same genus. • Thallus ascendant ; the cortical layer not parenchymatous ; the medullary in part notv coalescing into solid cords. 1. T. chrysophthalmus (L.) Norm. ; thallus tufted, erectish or spreading, or at length pendulous, sub-cartilagineous, more or THELOSCBISTES. 49 loss yellow ; the narrow-linear, dicbotomously divided branches smooth, or now puberulent, and terminating;, for the most part, in fibrillose-ramulose tips ; apotbecia scattered ; disic orange ; margin often radiately flbrillose. Spores ellipsoid, '-^ rale. Parmelia, Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. p. 2jJ3. Physda, Ticker m. Ob.i. Lich. I c. 4, p. 384. a. erectish, much compressed, rather sparingly divided, the many-cleft tips ciliate-fibrll'ose ; from glaucescent- whitish wiih yellow fibrils becoming yellow tl ^oughout above, when the under side continues often whitish ; smooth .; apotbecia sub-terminal, middling-sized to largish, commonly radiate. Parmelia chrys- ophthalma, Ach. Mcth. p. 267. Tuck. Lich. cxs. n. 80. Physcia, Nyl. Syn. l,p. 410 (v.pubera & Capcnsi excl.). b. flavicans, Wallr. ; spreading, and becoming elongated and pendulous; teretish, or compressed-terete, Jind now somewhat channelled ; divaricately mueh-branched ; yellcv, or now whit- ening; smooth, or often puberulent; apotbecia smallish, scat- tered, the marginal fibres mostly deficient. Evernia flavicans, Fr.L.E.p.2&. Physcia. Nyl. Syn. l,p. ^06. Borrcra flavi- cans, Capensis, & pubera, Ach. L. U. p. 502. Trees. a. Northern and middla States {Muhlenberg)^ Jacq. Coll. 1786. Minnesota, /. A. Lapham. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. Hocky Mountains, Hall. California, Bolander. b. Southern States, fertile. South Carolina (Bosc), Mi- chaux Fl. 1803, to Texas, Wright. California, Herb. Gray. Mexico, Nylander. Occurring also, sterile and sorediiferous, northward, along the coast. Nantucket, Tuckerman. And even Newfoundland (Nyl.). This extended form (ft) offers no satis- factory differences to separate it from the other. Nor are its puberulent conditions otherwise distinguishable from the smooth ones. * * Thallus foliaceous, appressed (rarely ascendant and at length teretish), the cortical layer parenchymatous throughout. 2. T. parictinus [h.)'^ovm.\ thallus foliaceous, membrana- ceous, orbicular, from pale- at length bright-yellow, and orange ; the appressed, radiant, crenate, often plaited lobes for the most part dilated and rounded above; apotbecia middling-sized, mostly orange, with an entire, at length flexuous border. Spores ellipsoid, — mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 72, a. Tuck. Lich. 50 THELOSCHISTES. ex8. n. 79. Phyacia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 410, a. Xanthoria, Tk. Fr. Scand. p. 145. On trunks and stones near large bodies of water. Newfound- land, Pylaie, 1826. New England, and New York, common. Shores of Lake Superior, Agassiz. San Diego, California, Dr. J. G. Co(yper. 2(a). T. polycarpus (Ehrh.) ; thallus reduced, sub-orbicular, now sub-stellate, but typically conglomerate, and complicate; the much narrowed divisions many-cleft, concealed for the most part by the very numerous smallish, sub-crenulate apothecia. Spores as in the last. Purmelia parietina,/., Fr. L. E. p. 73. Physcia, Tuck. Obs. Lich. 1, /. c. p. 385. Phy seta parietina, var. 3, Nyl. Syn. \,p. 410. Xanthoria lychnea, /3, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 146. On trees and dead wood, in the northern and western States, very common. Halsey {Parm. rutilans) View, 1823. British America, Richardson. Alabama, T, M. Peters. Rocky Mount- ains, Dr. Hayden. Santa Fe, Fendler. California, Wright. The North American lichen commonly larger than the European, and on tha under side rather conspicuously, and now even mar- ginally fibrillose ; but not otherwise really differing, even in the widest lobed, sub-stellate Californian state. Nylander {Scand. p. 108) remarks that a Scandinavian form of 7. lyehneus on dead wood, seems sometimes to pass into the present; and Dr. Th. Fries {Scand. p. 147) indicates Stenh. Lich. exs. n. 127, B, as an iastauce of such transition. But I am unable to see anything in the specimen just-cited, or in others exactly similar from Cal- ifornia {Bolander) but the present sub-species ; which, however nearly approaching the narrower states of T. parietinus, it is perhaps more natural to keep apart from it. 2(6). T. lyehneus (Nyl.) ; thallus reduced, sub-orbicular, sub- stellate, or effuse, varying in colour as the preceding ; the linear, many-cleft divisions at length more or less ascendant and gran- uiose or powdery at the margins ; apothecia rather infrequent, smallish, margin entire or granulate. Spores as in 1\ parietinus. Physcia parietina, v. lychnea, Sclitsr., Tucker m. Obs. Lich. I, I. c.p. 386. Physcia lychnea, Nyl. Scand. p. 107. P. contro- versa, Mass., Koerb. Parerg. p. 38. Xanthoria lychnea, a, in part, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 146. 5 'I' THP]L0SGHISTB8. 51 On trees, and stones ; occurring in a wider, regularly laciniate form fully represented by German and Italian specimens (as Massal. n. 36) but, like the American T. polycarpus, yet better developed, and found from the coast of New England, Ttscker- man I c. 1860, to Wisconsin, Lapham ; and, still more commonly, in a narrow, and much dissected sta^e ( f. Umniosa, Scbser. Helv. D. 381) which occurs throughout the United States, from New England, J. L. Russell, to South Carolina, Ravenel, Texas, Wright, and California, holander. This last form assumes the characters of the present, but in most respects it is now fully associa^^le with stellate couditious of T. polycarpus, and may be said to ^.onnect the two. b. pygmteus, Pr. ; sub-orbicular and pulvlnate, or effuse ; fulvous or orange ; the minute, irregularly cleft divisions tbick- eup'^. and becoming erect and more or less terete-branched above, the tips and margins at length granulose; apothecia smallish, orange, with an entire or granulate margin. Spores as in T. parietinus. Parmelia parietina, v. pygmsea, Pr., L. E. p. 73. Physcia pariet. v. Pinmarkica (Ach,), Tuckerm. 1. c. On rocks. Islands of Behring's Straits ( Wright), Tuckerman I. c. 1860. Alaska, Dr. Kellogg. Coast of California, Bolander. 2(c). T. ramulosus, Tuckerm.; thallus effuse, pale-yellow; made up of minute, scattered, sparingly divided, semi-terete lobules, which are decumbent, and at length sub-imbricate; apothecia minute, entire, of the same colour. Spores as in T. parietinus. Physcia parietina, v. ramulosa, Ohs. Lich. 1,1. c. i). 385. On bushes, coast of California {Wright), Tuckerman I. c. 1860. Kest comparable in habit, and the colours, with T. con- color; but diverse in the spores. Too little as yet known. 3. T. concolor (Dicks.) ; thallus foliaceous, orbicular, green- ish-yellow, or now ash-coloured; the very narrow divisions l9«ero-laciniate and now much dissected; pale, and becoming densely flbrillose on the under side; apothecia small, wax- yellow, becoming fulvous and rufous, with a mostly entire mar- gin, more or less flbrillose beneath. Spores numerous (20-60) in the thekes, simple or imperfectly bilocular, -^^^mic. — Jhys- cia candelaria, Nyl. Prodr. Gall. p. 60; Syn. 1, p. 412 ; and in Lindig Herb. N. Gran. n. 2600. Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. I. c. 4, p^ 387. Parmelia fibrosa, Fr. S. 0. V. p. 284. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 88. 6S PARMBLIA. h.efUse, squamulose; the crowded sciuamules graaulose at the margin, and passing now into a powdery crust. Lichen concolor. Dirks. PL Crypt. Brit. 2, p. 18, t. 9, ./. 8. Xanthoria, Th. Fr. Lich. 8cand. p. 147. Lecanora candelaria, a, Ach. Syn. p. 192. Candelaria vulgaris, Mass.; Koerb. Syst. p. 120. On trees; and now also on rocks; common throughout the northern States {Muhlenberg, in Hoffm. D. Ff., 1796; where the plant finds a place under the well-described Lichen candelaris; as it does also under his Lecanora candelaria, a, in herb. Ach., fide Th. Fr.)and found equally 'irough the southern {Dr. Curtis, etc.) to Texas {Wright) and as v ell in South America {Lindiff I. c.) h, has the same range : extending southward to Louis- iana (Hale) and found also in t)ie island of Cuba ( Wright Lich. Cub. n. 79). This reduced form is certainly undistinguishable in species from our a ; and it does not appear to diflfor at all from the commonly published states of the European lichen : which compares with ours then much as the European T. polycarpus and T. lychneus with the more luxuriant American. The exu- berant development of fibrils is at length marked in a; and suggests readily a comparison vith some, in other respects often well comparable forms, of our Physcia obscura. Though perhaps less to be expected in b, it is probable that the fibrils of the receptacle are not always wholly deficient even in this; and something like indications of them may be made out in Anz. Lich. Ital. Sup. n. 131, if not also in Moug. & Nestl. n. 743, a. X.— PARMELIA (Ach.) De Not. Apothecia scutelloeform, sub-pedicellate ; the disk mostly thin ; the hypothecium colourless. Spores ovoid, ellipsoid^ or oblong, simple, colourless. Spermatia obloug, constricted at the middle and with mostly acute tips, or, rarely (n. 18), needle-shaped and bowed ; upon sparingly branched, or now suli-simple sterigmas. Thallus imbricate-foliaceous, lobate- laciuiate, appressed (rarely ascendant and Everniasform, very rarely filiform and Alectorioid) sub-membranaceous ; more or less densely, or now sparingly flbrillose, or rarely naked, beneath. Anatomy of the thallus given in ScL wendeuer i!. c. 2, p. 157. * Thallus glaucescent {varying also, rarely, to brown, or even yellowish). a. Stock of P. perlata. PARHELIA. 53 I. P. perlata (L.) Ach. ; tballus at length much dilated, membrnuaceous, smootli, greenish-glaucescont ; beneath black with brown margins, rather obsoletely black-flbrillose, or largely naked and very smooth; lobes ample, a ilttlo ascending, rounded, the undulate margins not ciliate, but often white- sorediato; apothecia (infrequent) ample to large; disk chestnut; margin entire. Spores ellipsoid, *^y mic. Ach. L. U.p. 459. Fr. L. E. p. 59. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 15. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 379. Rocks, especially in the mountains of the northern States; and also on trunks ; Hahey View, 1823. Lake Superior, Agassis, MJ)). P. ^ayicrtns, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus ample, with the texture of the last, pale-yellow, mostly naked beneath; lobes sinuatcly lobulate, more or less sorediiforous, with naked edges ; apothecia ample, much as in the last. Spores also similar, but ^ mic. P. perlata, v. flavicans, Lich. Calif, p. 13. Rocks, coast of California, Bolandcr. No reactions with chloride of lime or potash, observed. 1(c). P. latissima, Fee; very much dilated, smooth, whltish- glaucescent, for the most part wholly glabrous and shining beneath; lobes rounded, the wavy margins naked, or now sore- diiferous ; apothecia, in West Indian and South American spec- imens, much as in P. perlata, but the spores much larger, reaching mic. Fee Suppl. p. 119. P. perlata, v. latissima, Mont. trown, or even 23-34 14-20 Cuba, p. 231. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 379. P. glaberrima, Krempelh. in Flora, 18H9, p. 223. Trees; tropical America; but found also, though only as yet infertile, in Texas, Z,i»d/ict/wer; Florida, Chapman; and South Carolina, Ravenel. 2. P. perforata (Jacq.) Ach. ; thallus at length much dilated, coriaceous-raembranaceous, smooth, glaucescent ; beneath brown- ish-black, strongly but interruptedly black-flbrillose ; the rounded lobes soon crenate, and cut, ciliate; apothecia (abundant) ample to very large, commonly perforate, cyathiform; disk chestnut; margin entire. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 459. Fr. L. E. p. 58. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 69. Nyl. Syn. 1, jp. 377. Lobaria sub-mar ginalis, Michx. Fl., fide Miill. * hypotropa, Nyl.; more or less largely pale or even white beneath ; the lobes finally divided as in b, often aorediiferous. Syn.! 1, p. 378. M PARHELIA. Trees, and also (In mostly sterile states) on stones, common ; very luxuriant and fertile on the eastern Coast, the apotbecia exceeding at length an inch in diameter, and the lichen observed early. Virginia (J. MitcheU), Dillenius Hist. Muse. 1741. Penn- sylvania, J. Bartram. Canada and Carolina, Michaux. Mexico, Nylander. Pacific Coast, Memies. • Texas ( Trecul) and Mex- ico, Nylander, 1860. Louisiana, HaU. South Carolina, JRavenel. Ohio, Lesquereux. Wisconsin, Lapham. Both Acharius, and Fries, laid stress on the lobes of this species being ciliate, and denied the character to P. perlata ; a view which the evi- dence of the North American lichens appears certainly to con- firm. And the sterile European lichens, of late years referred to a P. perlata, v. ciliata {Herb. Borr. ; Zwackh Exs. n. 56 ; Herb, Koerb. ; Anz. Lich. Ital, n. 100, and even 101 ; Welwitsch Cr. Lusit. n. 77 ; as also P. proboscidea, Tayl., and P. reticulata. Tayl.) are, in fact, whether we regard the ultimate division of the summits of the lobes, or their hispid under side, quite as much at home in the present species. 2(6). P. cetrata, Ach. ; thallus dilated, of the colour of the last, but rather thinner, smooth above; black and hispid be- neath; the sinuate-laciniate lobes (now conspicuously sore- diiferous at the margins) soon narrowed, and passing into more or less finger-shaped, at length prolonged and everniffiform, scarcely ciliate lobules ; apothecia and spores as in the last. Ach. Syn. p. 198. P. perforata, b, Fr. L. E. p. 58. Nyl. I. c. Trees, and also on stones, throughout our territory, Acharius, 8yn. 1814; but reaching its perfection at the west (Illinois, Hall ; Ohio, Lesquereux, etc.) and south (Carolina, Schweinite ; Bavenel ; Louisiana, Hale ; Texas, Wright). P. perforata^ differs from P. perlata as well in its strongly flbrlllose uuder side, as in the tendency of its normally ciliate lobes, to pass, at the margins, into smaller ones. This tendency becomes very marked in the present ; and fragmentary specimens have been referred, in European herbaria, to Evernia. 2(c). P. subrugata, Krempelb. ; thallus of the colour and texture of the last ; ' black,' or now pale, and for the most part naked beneath ; the lobes passing, as in the last, into smaller, convolute marginal ones, which are ciliate with strong fibrils ; apotbecia ample, cyatbiform, strongly scrobiculate on the out- side, the margin torn-crenuate, becoming lobulate. Spores, ^ mic. Exot. Flecht.p. 18. PARHELIA. 50 Mexico, C. Mohr. Agreeing so well with the desv^ )tion of the Brazilian lichen in everything but the colour oi ' . e under side (which exactly resembles and suggests that of i -perforata * htfpotropa) that I cannot but consider it the same. Its place appears however to be much less with P. perlata than with P. perforata. 2(d). P. crinita, Ach.; thallus dilated, of the colour of the last, coriaceous-membranacoous, beset densely with minute granules and brancblets (isidiophorous) beneath black and black- flbriilose; the rounded lobes ciliate; apotbecia ample, cyathi- form, commonly imperforate Spores of the Northern lichen ellipsoid, ^ mic; of thr uu'^'^rn, ^ mic. Syn. p. 196. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 25. P. rforata, var., Fr. L. E. p. 58. Trees, and also rod-. Nt> England and the northern States, ilfw/t/ewftcr^f in A A/n. 1814. South Carolina, iiavenei. Texas, Wright. The eou ' ern piant (Wright Lich. Cub. n. 69) is perhaps more readily comparable with P. perlata than the northern lichen, but is r^.iced as well by the distinct flbrillose character of the under uide, and the ciliate margin, as by the isidiophorous upper side. P. proboscidea, Tayl. ! (P. perlata, V. ciliata, Koerb, ! as of Nylauder Syn.) was referred (e char.) to P. perforata by Fries ; and, I can entertain no doubt, correctly. It is sometimes well comparable with the present. 2(e). P. sulphurata, Nees & Flot. ; like the southern P. crinita, as respects both upper and under sides, but from glau- cescent passing soon into greenish-yellow above ; • white within ; the apothecia not observed. P. chrysantha Tuck. herb. * * sulphur-coloured within ; apothecia commonly imperforate. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. P. sulphurata, Nees <& Flot. Linntea, 1834,1). 501. Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 72. Nyl. Syn. l,i). 377. Trunks • *, Blue Ridge in Virginia, Tuckcrman. Mountains of Tennessee, Prof. SJiepard. Louisiana, Hale. * * South Carolina, 2>r. Mellichamp. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Hall. The specimens leave it scarcely doubtful that * is undistioguish- able in species from * * ; as it is also exceedingly near to P. crinita. M PAUMBMA. 3. P. laevigata (Sm.) Nyl.; thallua more narrowed, niembra- naceouA, smooth, Kl'^iic^^c^^^t ; l>encnth black, and more nr loss densely black-flbrillose ; lobes sinuatc-pinnatifld: the tips now soredliforous ; apotliccia middling-sized ; disk chestnut, with an entire, or at length toothed niargin. Spores ellipsoid, y]JJ" mio. Nyl. Sifn. p. 384. J', sinuosn, Vr. L. K. p. (5.'!. //. sinuosa, Nyl. ; thallus pale-yellowish. P. sinuosa (8m.) Ach., teste Borr. P. relicina, /J, Fr. L. E. p. 70. Trees, and rocks, a, Louisiana, Hate. b, Nova Scotia, (Memics) Ach. Syn. 1814. Mexico, Nylander. The species Is ill-represented hero. The first form (Louisiana, Hale) referred also by Nylander (Syn.) to P. Iceviguta, and closely resembling the European /. rerolufa, Nyl., under which he arranges It, stands yet In difficult relation to P. retratn. b, is at present quite unknown here as a North American lichen. P. tiliacea approaches the preseiiv, more closely here, and in tropical America, than in Europe ; and barren specimens of the former scarcely now differ at all from the latter (as exhibited in Nyl. Lich. Par. n. 112) but in smaller size: the fertile ones are separpble by the spores. 3(b). P. aurulenta, Tuckerm. ; lobes rugose, less divided and more compacted than in the last preceding, at length thickly besprinkled with now confluent soredia ; the medullary layer sulphur-yellow ; apothecia middling-sized ; disk chestnut. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Stqjpl. \, I. c. p. 424. Nyl. Syn. \,p. 382. Trunks In the White Mountains, and rocks of the IJlue Ridge, Virginia, fertile, Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Rocks and trunks, Illi- nois, fertile. Hall. Trees, South Carolina, fertile, liavencl. Alabama, J. F. Beaumont. Louisiana, Hale. The lichen of the White Mountains was the P. kevigata of the author's Syn. N. Eng., and would perhaps make the best representative that we have of the European species, were it not for the coloration (more or less distinct) of the medullary layer. 4. P. Camtschadalis (Ach.) Eschw. ; thallus ascendant, dichotomously branch-lobed ; smoothlsh or now isidiophorous ; whitish or now cinereous-glaucescent ; beneath channelled, soon blackening and becoming wrinkled and very black, and beset, at least at the margins, with black fibrils, which are now deficient; the narrow lobes finally elongated, attenuate, and densely inter- PAttlfELlA. 61 tangled: aputhecia niiddiing-sizcd, elevated; disk chestnut, IA-S1 mlc- inuosa (Sm.) Nova Sootia, with a somewhat entire ninr^in. Spores ellipsoid, ^ ^^ Esrhu\ lima. p. iJlW M(mt. d- V. ;. Stfn. p. 382. b. subloivigata, Nyl. ; lobes sub-linear, more or less pinnately many-cleft and discrete, often stellate ; apothecla and spores as in a. Nyl. I. c. P. tiliacea, v. minor, Miill. Flora. 1877, n. 5, € (lescr. c. relicina ; thallus pale-yellowish ; apothecla and spores as in a. P. relicina, Fr. S- 0. V. p. 283, teste Mont. M. d- V. d. Bosch Lich. Jav. p. |9. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 386. P. tiliacea, v. flavicans, Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 74. d. sulphurosa ; medullary layer sulphur-yellow; apothecla, and spores as \n*a. Trees, and stones, very common. Canada, and northern and western States; Muhlenberg Catal. 1818, etc. Also throughout the southern States; M. A. Curtis, Hale, etc. ft, southern States ; Ravenel, Hale, Wright ; but similar forms occurring also northward.— —c, a lichen of Cuba, to be expected in the extreme south. d, Illinois, Hall. The North American P. tiliacea is a smaller plant than the European; but our first form appears to be otherwise undis- tinguishable. And much the same remark may be made of the common, narrow-lobed American forms, which scarcely differ from such European ones as the var. carporhizans, Nyl. (Herb. Church. Babingt. Anz. Ital. n. 102) but in inferior dimensions* 68 PAUMEMA. '^m ir and Btlll narrower dtvlRlonK. The effect of these sllRht modifl- CHtions is yet at length bo mnrked as to obscure the R|>ecies ; and our plant liecomos thus Iwtter comparable in almost everything except size, especially of the spores, with /'. U.'^'igata ; while, at the Rume time, the narrowed conditions are etisily seen to pass imperceptibly into the wider and more typical ; b, being thus to be taken for an American variety of P. tiliacea, determines the place of c, which difTers from b only in boli:^ straw-coloured, d is also microphylline, or similar to b, in the only specimen as yet observed ; but the internal coloration which distinguishes it may not prove to be confined to such narrow states. It appears im- possible, in any large view, whether of P. sttlphurata, P. nuru- lenta, or the present, to assign any other than a subordinate value to the modiflcations in these lichens, of the medullary colour. 6. P. Texana, Tucker m.; thallus narrowed, coriacauus-mem- branaceous, reticulately rimose, cinereous glaucescent ; beneath black, papillate, the fibrils obsolete ; lobes contiguous, plano-con- vex, rat her dilated at the periphery and lacero-crenate or lobulate, besprinkled with rounded, at length confluent soredia ; apotbe- cia middling-sized ; disk chestnut, with an entire margin. Spores ellipsoid, ^^^mic. Suppl. 1, I. c. p. 424. On dead wood ; thickets of the Blanco ; Texas ( WrigJtt), Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Intermediate between the last species and the next : but, on the whole, best comparable with small forms of P. Borreri, b, from the same region. 7. P. Borreri, Turn.; thallus soon narrowed, coriaceous- membranaceous, more or less reticulately rugose, and beset with rounded soredia; ciuereous-glaucesceut ; beneath pale-brown (becoming darker), with now dense, white (or blackening) fibrils ; lobes of the periphery rather dilated ac' rounded, cut-crenate ; apothecia middling to large, chestnut, with an entire margin. H 18 Spores rounded-ellipsoid, -^ mlc. Turn, in Linn. Trans, f p. 148. Ach. L. U. p. 461. ' Fr. L. E. p. 60. Nyl. Syn. \,p. 389. P. Borreri, * hypoleucites, Nyl. Syn. l,p. 389, e descr. P. Bolli- ana, MUll. Flora, 1877, n. 5. b. rudecta, Tuckerm. ; thallus beset with isidioid granules and branchlets ; the lobes now more divided. Syn. Lich. N. Eng. p. 26. P. rudecta, a, Ach. ! Syn. p. 197. c. hypomela ; blackening beneath. m PARMRLIA. Trees, and dead wmxl ; coni.non ; and no>r (IllinniR, Hall ; Texas, Wright ; ^fexico) scarcely dlfferlnf; from the European lichen, hut In smaller soredla. Hut our pinnt is mostly referable to 6, which occurs from Canada sjuithward {Muhlenberg) Ach. Sftn. 1814, to l/ouisiana (Haic) and Mi xico. Knreiy (r) this blackens beneath (South (Carolina, Havenel. TexaH, Wright) and it passes, finally, at the circumference, into narrower, alnuately lolmlnte conditions suggefltive as well of the two species next preceding, as of the closely akin following one. Though typically pale beneath, it is certainly the same plant which becomes finally, on this side, blttcki?>h-brown. 8. P. saxatiUa (L.) Fr. ; thallus narrowed, cartilagineous- membranaceous ; soon more or less reticulatoly rimose, and lacu- noso, often isidiophorous, giaucous-cinerascent ; l)cneath black, and (now densely) black fibrillose ; lolxis sinuntelj, often pin- nately, many-cleft, retuse; apotheeia middling lo large; disk chestnut, with an irregular, sub-crenulale margin. Spores ellipsoid, 'J"" mic. Fr. L. E. p. 61. Schter. Spicil. p. 454. Nyl. Sgn. l", p. 388. b. atifcata, Nyl. ; lobes mostly wider and paler, besprinkled with conspicuous, rounde' r oblong, now confluent and reticu- late soredla. Ngl. Lici. Scnnd. p. 99. P. saxatilis, v. roste- i for mis, Ach., Tucker m. Syn. Lick. N. Eng. p. 27. c. panniformis (Ach.) Schaer. ; lobes short, densely crowded, and imbricated. Ach. L. U. p. 469. Schter. Spicil. p. 456. d. omphalodes, Fr. ; thallus brown, and blackening. Fr. I. c. Nyl. I. c. Trees, dead wood, and rocks ; common in the northern States, and northward (a, b) Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson; Vahl. Wind River Mountains, Hayden. New Mexico, Fendler. West Coast, Lyall, etc. c, Arctic America, Herb. Hook. Vermont, J. L. Russell. White Mountains.— —d, rocks in mountainous and alpine districts ; White Mountains, Oakes. British Columbia, Macoun. Arctic America. • 6. Stock of P. physodes. 9. P. physodes (L.) Ach.; thallus ivifhor loosely attached to the substrate, more or less inflated, coriacoous-membranaceous, glaucous-white; beneath brovvinsh-black and ulack, smooth. 60 PARHELIA. I destitute of flbrils; lubes plano-convex, somewhat ascendant, sinuately many-cleft, now crowded, and at length complicate, terminating not seldom in white soredia ; apothecia middling to large ; disk chestnut, with a rather entire margin. Spores sub- ellipsoid, *f~^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 218. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 28 ; Lich. exs. n. 72. P. ceratophylla, Schar. Spicil. p. 458. b. obscurata, Ach, ; tballus brown, and blackening. Ach. I. c. c. enteromorpha, Tuckerm.; lobes wider and less divided, ventricose-iuflated, now shorter and complicated, and now elon- gated and evernioid, rarely black-margined; apothecia (abun- dant) ventricose-cyathiform, at length very large. Syn. N. Eng. I. c, in part. Parm. enteromorpha, Ach. I. c. p. 219. (I. vittata, Ach. ; lobes mostly lax, linear, elongated, more or less black-margined ; apothecia (abundant) ventricose-cyathi- form, and dilated. Ach. I. c. A common lichen, a, on rocks and dead wood, rather rarely fertile, and also on trunks {Muhlenberg Cntal. 1818), very com- monly fertile on spruce, in mountains, and passing into d. b, alpine rocks. Arctic America, Herb. Hook. Islands of Behr- ing's Straits, Wright. c, trees, West Coast, from California (Menzies) Ach. Mcth. 1803, to Alaska; Dr. Kellogg. d, trees, West Coast (Menzies) Ach. sub P. duplicata, 1803. On spruces in the White Mountains, Tuckerman. 9(&). P. encausta (Sm.) Nyl. ; tballus less, or scarcely in- flated, glaucous-cinerascent ; the crowded, narrowed, convex, wrinkled lobes at length complicate, and passing irregularly, more or less, into very narrow, teretish, and torulose ones; [apothecia middling to large ; spores much as in the last preced- ing]- ^yl- ^!/^- ^^ P- 401; Scand. p. 104. P. physodes [i^ Fr. L. E. p. 64. b. alpicola, Nyl. ; a blackened, alpine condition. P. alpi- cola, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 125. Alpine rocks, a, Greenland (Vahl) Th. Fries I. c. 1860. White Mountains, infertile. St. Elmo, Colorado, Brandegee in herb. Sprague. b, Greenland, Vahl. Mt. Hood, Oregon, fer- tile. Hall. The lichen is well differenced by its almost total •want of inflation, and very narrow and irregular, crowded lobes, and is confined here, to alpine districts. P. alpicola, Th. Fr., is PARHELIA. 61 not a member of the brown series, but a blackened form of a member of the glaucescent series ; and there is no question with which species of the latter it shall in that case be associable, as an extremely recodent, exclusively alpine condition. 10. P. pertusa (Schrank) Schjer. ; thallus closely attached to the substrate, inflated, membranaceous, glaucous -white; beneath black, smooth, destitute of fibrils; lobes sitiuatcly- many-cleft, compaginate, here and there sparingly perforated with rounded holes, and besot with conspicuous, scattered, round, white soredia; apothecia (very rare, except in austral regions) ' smallish, chestnut, with an entire margin. Spores in twos and fours, ellipsoid, ^ mic' Schfcr. Spicil. p. 457. Ni/l. Syn. ],j9. 402. P. terebratn. Mart. I'uek. Lich. exs. n. 16. P. diatrypa, Ach. L. U. p. 493. Trunks, and also rocks, frequent in mountain forests, but not seen fertile. White Mountains; and also in Hampshire, Mass., Tuckcrman Lich. N. E. 1841. 11. P. hphyrea, Ach.; thailus cartilagineous, cinereous- glaucescent; beneath black, smooth, and, on this side only, cribrose-foraminous ; lobes flattish, lacunulose, flexuous, sinu- ately many-cleft, the tips cut-crenate ; apothecia middling- sized; disk chestnut, with a thin, sub-crenate margin. Spores spherical, diam, .3i-4i mic. Ach. ! L. U. p. 481, (^ e Xyl. Scand. p. 104. P enbelluta, Taifl. ! New Lich. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bat., 1847, p. 164. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 403. Trees on the West Coast {Menzies) Acharius Meth. 1803. 12. P. colpodes (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus coriaceous-raembrana- ceous, glaucescent, clothed beneath with a dense, spongy, dark- brown, and blackening nap, and beset here and there with coarse fibrils ; lobes siuuately-raany-cleft, flattish, at least at the periph- ery, and there at length more or less cristate-lobulate ; apothecia middling to large ; disk chestnut, entire. Spores very numerous in the thekes, oblong, or club-shaped, and more or less bowed, 7-lS mic- jj^ -Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 74. Nyl. Syn. i,p. 404. P. col- podes, <& P. cristulata, Ach. Syn. pp. 118-19. Imbricaria con- vexiuscula, Michx. Ft., fide Mill I. Trunks, common throughout the larger part of the United States; but not known as yet from the Rocky Mountains, or the West Coast. New England {Stvartz), Ach. Prodr. 1798. I:. : ). P. leucochlora. Tiickerm.; lobes closely appressed and compaginate, sinuately more or L^ss pinnatifld, rugulose, from glaucescent becoming pale- straw-coloured, apothecia smallish; disk chestnut. Spores roundish-ellipsoid, -^ mic. Tuckerm. mNyl. Syn.\,p.m2. ' 'U Bald Cypress, Mississippi {Dr. Veitcli), Tuckerman I.e. J860. South Carolina, Dr. J. H. MelUchamp. Florida, liavenel. Louisiana, Hale. The apothecia of P. conspersa exceed at length 15"""- in width, and the spores la'"™"'- in length; but the apothecia of the present average 2-3"""' and only rarely reach 4mm. in width, and the rounded spores appear to be also smaller. The chemical differences of P. leucochlora, treated with chloride of lime, and with potash, pointed out by the present writer {Amer. Naturalist, April, 1868) as by Nylander (Flora, 1869, p. 293) will not hej-o be dwelt on ; but the plant is otherwise not without interest. 16(c). P. molliuscula, Ach.; Everniaeform, the narrowed lobes sub-stellate, or loosely intricate, dichotomously more or PARHELIA. less regularly divided, convex ; beneath channelled, or the mar< gins connivent, nud densely, or now obsoletely flbrillose ; ape- thecia unknown. L. U.p.492; iSyn. 211, auct. Nyl. 5y». 1, p. 393. P. chlorochroa, Tuckerm. Ohs. Lich. 1,1. c. p. 383. On the earth, in sterile spots, in the Kocky Mountains {Dr. Hayden), Tuckerman I. c. 18fiO. The same lichen is found in Soongaria (Herb. Spreng. nom. Borr. Camtschadalis), in Camts* chatka (Tilesius in herb. Floerk., tMm. Farm, congruentis), and in the steppes of the Volga in Russia {Herb. Krempelh., nom. P. vagantis, Nyl.). The lant-cited plant of Nylander is the P. moUiusciUa, v. vagans of his Syn I. c, which is later subsumed by him under P. cc^^^rtrt (Srand. p. 100) and is the natural key to the present. Iii <» vety nar fm-lot.e'i. fertile form of P. con- spersa (rocks, Kansas, If^U), mirtici*- itlv agreeing in gene'*al habit with Fellmann exs. n. 79 d u n tlie narrower form of Anz. Lich. Hal. Sup a. IMI*, anu. like tbem. referable to the V. stenophylla ()*: autho*^ *• ii>e8 are aot only conve:., as, to some extent, in the Ita -iien last rited. but more or less channelled beneath; aotc tb><^ sam^ 'tonvesity and chaaae.Ma^ are observable in dw.irf«d n i*> -^ •:he sama sjiwies. growing ovf mosses ' hfi*ei> \i i. . ^y/ Parr-y* and waiRci- •ntly explain the lichen brtAv^ i 17. 7' rp**trifuga (l^) .Afltx. Jiiiai.vis somewhat tvtrtareoos, many-nlui't, 'om greemife at k^ftb bngbl tra^' color jd, opake; beneath whitish w^aLi^rkerltori.-.; .'ob- " .e-«-r,c> a^«ix, crowded ■ jpj- '--'TfiirTtr irt rtigrrr pi' - iks .r ast- like ct w which falling Sm^f Jim^y Itmc- or t' -- .-«Mientri- cally dispoo«*d periphery : apMbieeia mifidling-sized - iWik tftiest- nut, wiHi a sub-crenulate margin, s^pc ^ellipsoi'' *J^ iTBic.^ Ach. L. U. p. 486. Fr. T . p. 7! Tutckerm- /» h imer. n. 78. Nyl. Syn. \. p. 393. Alpine and &ub-u«pine pjtcks, and iMMUfltog. in Sk^^h mocr - tains, Muhlenberg Oital. 1818. Awatir \m««Mn, Vahl, etc Newfoundland, Despreaux, etc. Mt. fymnfa^ tkf: a.od White Mountains, N. H., Tuchr 'im. North fi^re <«f $4f|fee Superior, Agassi z. 18. P. mcwrvrt (Pers.) Pr.; thal1a8aub-carttl«fiB«oiM, ■•■/- cleft, greenish-straw-coloured, opake, besprinkled w^8b hwrce, globular, sulphur-coloured soredia ; beneath pale, with uladwn- ing flbrils; lobes very narrow, teretish, densely branching, i»d 6 K^^ 66 PARMELIA. » M closely approximate and Interteng^'d, thp tips somewhat in- curved ; apotbecia smallish ; disk, chestnut with a somewhat entire margin. Spores ellipsoid, — raic. Fr. L. E. p. 70. Tuckerm. Lich. Amer. n. 7f}. Nyl Syn. \,p. 394. P. recurva, Ach. L. U. p. 490. Sub-alpino (granitic) rocks in high mountains, rarely fertile. White Mountains, Tuckerman Enum. 1845. Also at Mt. Desert, Maine. J9. P. amhigua (Wulf.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, stellate, straw-coloured, opake, besprinkled more or less densely with sulphur-coloured soredia ; beneath brownish-black, shin- ing, with blackening fibrils; lobes linear, applanate, dichoto- moisiy raany-cleft, rather loosely disposed ; apothecia small to middling ; disk chestnut, with a sub-crenulate margin. Spores oblong ovoid, commonly curved, -r^^ mic. Spermatia acicular, bowed. Ach.L. U.p. 485. Fr. L. E. p. 71. Tuckerm. Lich. Amer. n. 77. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 105. b. albescens, Wahl. ; whitish-ash-coloured, with white sore- dia; apothecia rather larger, shining. Spores rather larger. Fr. I. c. P. hyperopia, Ach. Syn. p. 208. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. ^. 120. P. aleurites, Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 105. c Halei ; thallus much as in a, but the apothecia rather larger, and wax-coloured, with a constantly sorediate -powdery margin. Spores as in a. Parmelia, Tiickerm. in lift. a, on trunks, and dead wood, and also on rocks, in alpine districts ; and descending, in high mountains. Arctic America {IHichardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. White Mountains, Tuckerman. British Colunbia, Macoun. b, with the last. c is a southern lichen, found on coniferous trees from Louisiana [Hale] and South Carolina {Bavenel) to Virginia {Tuckerman), and north- ward in New Jersey (on pines, Austin), and rarely, on the south shore of Massachusetts (on white cedar, Willey). Spores of b, ^^^ mic, in all important respects like those of a; and the lidien scarcely diflfers but in colour. These two forms are high jiorthern plants, and unknown in Now England except in the highest mountains ; but c, though geographically, it should seem, diverse, otfers very Uttle to distinguish it. PHTSCIA. X.— PHYSCIA (DC, Fr.) Th. Fr. Apotbecia scutelliBforin ; the disk thickisb ; the hypo- thecium colourless. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular (or, more rarely, in exotic species, 4-plurilocular) blown. Spermatia ellipsoid, or, mostly, oblong, on multi-artici late sterigmas ; or, very rarely (n. 9) acicular, on sub-Simple sterigmas. Thallus foliaceous, ramoso-laciniate, stellate, or now ascend- ant and Everuiicform, sub-cartilagineous ; more or less tibi-il- lose, or rarely naked, beneath. For the anatomy of the thallus see Schwendeuer Unters. I. c. 2, 161, and 3, 154-7. From Physcia proper (typified by P. stellaris) in which the cortical layer is parenchymatous, and thus distinguishable from the confused tissue which constitutes the same layer in Parmelia, certain ascendant species (typified by P. ciliaris, but including also P. speciosa) vary in exhibiting a more properly filamentous cortical layer : these differences finding however a degree of reconciliation, as shewn by Nylander,' within the range of modifications of P. pulverulenta. • Hagenia (Eschiv.) Fr. Cortical layer of intertangled fila- ments with a mostly longitudinal direction ; thallus beneath often ecorticate. ! 1. P. erinacea (Ach.) Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, dif- fusely caespitose, naked, glaucous-white ; beneath ecorticate and very white ; the ascendant, flexuous lobes irregularly torn-cleft, flattish, ciliate with long fibrils ; apothecia smallish, scattered, pedicellate, the blackish-brown disk soon tumid, repressing the entire margin. Spores bilocular, ^^ mic. Ohs. Lich. I. c. 4, p. 388. Borrera, Ach. L. U. p. 499 ; Syn. p. 222. P. ciliaris, var., Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 414. On shrubs, sea coast of California (Menzies) Ach. L. U. 1810; and later collectors. The thallus of this, of P. comosa, and of P. hispida are externally much alike when young. 2. P. speciosa (Wulf . Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus cartilagineous- membranaceous, loosely stellate, appressed, greenish-glaucous ; beneath corticate, whitish, with fibrils of the same colour ; lobes sinuately pinnatlfid, flat, obtuse, with more or less ascendant, powdery edges; apothecia smallish to middling-sized, sub- 68 PHTBCIA. sessile; the disk naked: the margin crenulate. Spores bilocular, — mlc. Ntfl. Stfn. 1, p. 416, a. Parmelia speciosa, Ach. L. U. p. 480. Fr. L. E. p. 80, a. Tuck. exs. n. 81. Trees and mossy rocks in woods. Pennsylvania (Muhlen- berg), Hoflxnann D. Fl. 1796. Common from New England southward, in the mountains at least, to Alabama, Beaumont; and westward to Wisconsin, Lapham. 2(b). P. hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus ample, cartila- gineous, rather loosely stellate, appressed, smooth and naked above, greenlsh-glaucescent ; beneath largely ecorticate and very white (or now somewhat blackening, or now yellowish), and densely besot with hispid, black fibrils ; lobes multifld, flat, the edges now ascendant, and now also powdery ; apothecia mid- dling-sized to large, sub-pedicellate (becoming crowded), the naked, blackening disk enclosed by a crenate-foliolate margin. 27 -S8 jg^ mic. Parmelia, Muhl. Catal. Tuck^m. Syn. N. E. Idch. Amer. n. 108. Spores 1). 33 p. 211. Physda, Nyl. Syn P. speciosa, v. hypoleuca, Ach. Syn. , p. 417. Trunks, Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Ach. Syn. 1814, and throughout the Atlantic and Gulf States ; as west to Illinois, Hall) New Mexico, Mex. Bound. Survey, and Mexico. It is widely diffused thiough the warmer regions of the earth. 2(c). P. Wrightii, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus ample, cartila- gineous, appressed, smooth, but densely beset at the centre with wart-like lobules, naked, brownish-glaucescent ; beneath corti- cate, brown, with scattered, simple, pale fibrils ; the sparingly divided lobes compaginate ; apothecia ample, sub-sessile ; disk blackish-brown ; margin crenate. Spores ~^ mic. Rocks, Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas (Mexican Boundary Survey), Wright. 2(d). P. Bavenelii, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus membranace- ous-cartilagineous, stellate, appressed, smooth above ; beneath corticate, brown, and blackening, with fibrils of the same colour ; lobes closely imbricated, shorter, wider, and less deeply cleft than in P. speciosa, with minutely notched, powdery margins ; apothecia of middling size, the crenate margin soon powdery. Spores smaller than in P. speciosa, ~ mic. P. speciosa, v. granuli/era, Tuckerm. Obs. Lick. 1, I. c. p. 391, in part. Trunks; low country of South Carolina (H. W. Bavenel, Esq.,) Tuckerman I. c. 1860. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright ; Hall. PHTSCIA. e» ,n Boundary In size and general character comparable rather with P. speciosa, but a quite distinct member of the present group. 2{e). P. granulifera (Ach.) Tuclcerm. herb. ; thallus cartila- gineous, appressed, glaucescent, and white, pruinoso at least at the tips, and besprinkled with white, siMm powdery granules; be- neath corticate, pale, with black fibrils ; lobes multifld, dentate- crenato, the margins neither elevated nor powdery ; apothecia smallish to middling-sized, the intlexod margin crenate. Spores j^ mic. Parmelia, Ach. Syn. p. 212. P. speciosa^ v.. granu- lifera, Tucker m. Oba. Lich. 1, L c. p. 390, in part. Trunks; Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Ach. Syn. 1814. land, Tuckerman. Illinois, Hall. Mary- 2(/). P. comosa (Eschw.) Nyl.; thallus sub-stellate, becom- ing erectish and diffusely caispitose, smooth ; beneath ecorticate and very white ; lobes abbreviated, dilated upward ; the margins (and at length the whole upper surface) beset with long, branched fibrils of the same colour ; apothecia middling-sized to largish, obliquely pedicellate ; the pruinose disk enclosed by a thin, cre- nate, at length radiately lobate, ciliate border. Spores bilocu- lar, ^ mic. Parmelia comosa, Eschw. Bras. p. 199. Physcia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 416. P. speciosa, v. galactophylla, Ttickerm. I. c. p. 392, dt Lich. exs. n. 82. P. lettcomela, v. galactophylla, Nyl. Syn. l,p. 415. Parmelia galactophylla, Willd. Jierb. On trees; Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), HoflFman D. Fl. 1796 ; and occurring also rarely, and only infertile, northward to Maine, Oakes ; but throughout the Atlantic and Gulf States southward; as also in Ohio, Lea ; Illinois, V. d. Bosch ; and Mexico, Nylan- der. The lichen of Eschweiler cannot be distinguished from P. speciosa, v. galactophylla by merely the numerousness of the fibrils; and it is observable that the Parmelia echinata, Tayl., which is reduced by Nylander (Syn. I. c.) to Physcia comosa, is exactly (Tayl. lierh. !) what the present writer published as galactophylla. Z(g). P. lettcomela (L.) Michx. ; thallus ascendant and elon- gated, mostly smooth, either sub-stellate, with the lobation of P. speciosa, when the tips are now similarly revolute and white- sorediate, — or at length diffuse, and the linear, attenuated, densely intertangled lobes more remotely and irregularly divided; beneath ecorticate and very white, the margins beset with strong. 70 PHY8CI1. branched, blackening flbrils; apothccia middlinj;;-8iz(>d, pedicel- late, the disk white pruinose, the border radiatoly lolmte. Spores larger than in other mrml)er8 of this group, typically bilocular, ^ mic, and more. Nyl. Syn. I, p. AH, in part. Pannelia speciosa (exc. excip.), leuromelas, Eschw. Bras. p. 198. Tuckcrm. I. c. p. 393. Trees; mountains of North Carolina, Michaux, Ft. 1803; Lesquereux ; the range of the lichen southward much the same with that of the last, reaching northward to near Albany, N. Y., Peck ; and, even fertile, the coast of Connecticut, Willeif ; and, westward, the Californian coast, Menzies ; Bolander. This extraordinary nnHllfication of a foliaceous genus was the earliest to attract attention of a group of lichens which, spar- ingly represented at Ww north, is conspicuous and elegantly varied in the warmer regions of the earth, and affords the best representation and reconciliation that we have of all the feat- ures of Physcia. This is the group typified in Europe by P. speciosa. Fries fully referred what cannot be separated from P. letKomela (Moug. dt Nestl. exs. n. 941) to the same species that should include P. speciosa ; and even Acharius, and Nylander have failed to reach any other opinion as to the well-character- ized P. hypoleuca ; while the last author has gone far to recog- nize a conspecific relation between P. leucomela and P. cotnosa. As P. speciosa is exhibited in the island of Cuba (Wright Lich. Cub. n. 84) it should seem to pass directly into that tropical form which has been called P. podocarpa (Mont. & V. d. Bosch Lich, Jav. ! p. 21. Wright Lich. Cub. n. 82) and the latter cannot well be kept far apart from P. cotnosa. This last is the analogue in P. speciosa sensu latiori of the now generally accepted P. stell- aris, V. hispida, and in fact no more separable. In an abbre- viated and wider-lobed, ascendant form referred by some authors to P. leucomela (v. latifoUa, Mey & Flot. in herb. Beral. ! Nyl. Syn.) it is easy to see too close a relation to P. comosa', and Nylander, as has been said, goes far to admit this ; but even the typical, elongated P. leucomela of all authors is found in states really not differing (one might say) at all from P. spe- ciosa but in being more lax, and in the ecorticate under side. And the systematic value of the larger dimensions of the spores of the lichen now before us is certainly qualified by what is known of exactly similar spore-variations in other tropical species. These spores vary indeed (the spore-cells appearing PUYSCIA. Tl now apicukite, ami thoAo apices, n«xt, free) and in P. comosa as well JW P. Ifuconwla, «« us to HUfijjcHt at least a quadrikK'nlar structure, wlilcli NyhindfT has indicated also in the stwck of P. obscura ; l)ut it will scarcely be pretended that this evident luxuriance is ('f jfreat account; or that, in the present species at least, the spores are other than typically bilocular. 3. P. cilinris (L.) DC). ; thallus cartila^ineous, diffusely cn^spitose, more or less downy, whitish-ash-coloured becoming at length brown ; beneath mostly ccorticate and whitish ; the elongated, linear lobes many-cloi't anj;e8 beset, especially towards the tips, with simple fibrils; apothecia middling-sized to largish, pedicellate; disk flat, sub-pruinose, with an incurved, mostly toothed border. ParmcUa, Fr. L.E.p. 77. Physria, Nyl. Syn. \,p. 414. ft. crinalis, Scha>r. ; thallus much narrowed ; apothecia also reduced. Spores bilocular, ^ mic. Schfrr. Enum. p. 10. Borrera crinalis, Schkich. 1828. B. angustata, Ik'lis. ! in herb. Spreng. Parm. ciliaris, v. angustata, Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 32 ; Physcia, Obs. Licit. I. c. p. 388. Up(m rocks, and on the earth (only ft), Arctic America (Rich- ardson), Hooker /. c. 1823. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. Shores of the Great Lakes, Miss M. L. Wilson. Shore of Willoughby Lake, Vermont, Frost. Our lichen agrees closely with the slender form of the European one, but has a more northern range, being scarcely known far south of Canada. Width of lobes for the most part loss than O"""', 5, or about a quarter of the largest width of a, in Europe. Apothecia 2-4'""'- wide ; those of a, in Europe, having a width of S-G""°: 4. P. aquila (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus cartilagineous, stellate, appressed, naked, tawny-brown; beneath corticate, pale with scattered, finally blackening fibrils ; lobes multipartite, linear, at length much narrowed, those of the centre convex and densely crowded, those of the circumference more dilated and flat; apothecia smallish to middhng-sized, sessile; the disk flat, brownish-black, soon naked, with a tumid, sub-crenate border. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 422. Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 488. ft. detonsa, Tuckerm. ; thallus commonly pale- but at length tawny-brown as in a, now isidiophorous, or the lobes oftener IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^/ ^ >^ ,% ^.<^ ^^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■ttlM 121 Hi ■is u •a u Wuu 1 2.0 III 1.4 ii.6 Sh V Hiolographic Sciences CorporaliGn 23 WIST MAIN STMIT WiBSTIR,N.Y. 14SI0 (716) •72-4503 iV ^ •s? n PHT9CIA. I iiiii Jil ■ypM fringed with small lobules ; apothecla as in a, or the border fringed finally like the lobes. Spores bilocular, ^ mic. Oba, Lich. 1,1. c. p. 389. P. detonsa, Fr. 8. 0. V. p. 284. Tuckerm. 8yn. N. E.p.SSi; Lich. exs. n. 18. Psoroma pcUmulata, Michx., fide Mm. Rocks, and trees. 6, North America, Fries I. c. 1825. Com- mon from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman ; and through- out the southern Atlantic and Gulf States {Bavenel, etc.); Ohio, Lea. And the same lichen was found in Japan by Mr. Wright ; but it is not known from our Pacific coast. Lobes more or less elongated, and at length exceedingly narrowed in the tree-form; and our lichen is generally noticeable for its paleness, and fre- quent luxuriance of lobation. It yet also occurs quite undis- tinguishable from the European. Spores of the foreign plant agreeing in every respect with those of ours. This is probably the P. aquila of Muhl. Catal., whether or not determined by Acharius. • *Physcia proper, renchymatous. Cortical layer of the upper side pa- \ 5. P. pulverulenta (Schreb.) Nyl. ; thallus cartilagineous, stellate, from greenish becoming brown, more or less pruinose ; beneath black-flbrillose : lobes raultifld, crenate, the tips rounded ; apothecia middling-sized, sessile, the flat, blackish-browii, sub- pruinose disk bordered by a thick, at length lobulate, or leafy margin. Spores bilocular, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 79. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 419. a. lobes narrower than in 6, and the margins not elevated nor powdery; the thallus passing often at the centre into crowded, small, convex lobules. 6. Icucoleiptes, Tuckerm. ; lobas flat, interruptedly elevated and powdery at the margins, beneath black. Syn. N. Eng. p. 32. Lich. Amer. exs. n. 107. On trunks, and rocks ; and on the earth, a, Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal, 1818, and common northward ; and westward to California, Bolander; the earth-form (/. musdgena. Auct.) having been observed in Newfoundland, Despreatix {Herb. Spreng.), and Arctic America, Richardson (Herb. Hook.). 6, Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg, and northward to New England; southward it is found in Virginia ; and also in New Mexico, Fendler) and California, Bolander. PHT8CI ' 73 ess, and fre- A variable species, exhibiting forms, recognized generally by authors as belonging to it, which should be quite as separable as J*. aquUa p. A perfectly smooth, brown condition, with scarcely any trace of the characteristical bloom, contrasts with another pale one, more common, which is pruinose throughout. These forms of our a are now black, and now pale beneath, h has only occurred to me with a black imder side, and is otherwise scarcely referable to the v. pityrea of authors ; which last may yet occur. 6. P. Leana, Tuckerm. ; thallus membranaceous, smooth, loosely imbricate, glaucous-cinerascent ; beneath pale, with few, «longated, marginal fibrils; the loosely-intertangled, narrow, ^at lobes many cleft ; apothecia smallish, sub-pedicellate, with an entire margin. Spores ^ mic. Parmelia (Physcia) Tuck. in Lea Catal. PI. Cincin. p. 45. Physcia, Obs. Lich. I. c. p. 394, 4^ in Nyl. Syn. l,p. 422. Growing over mosses, Ohio {Lea), Tuckerman I. c. 1848. With much the habit of conditions of P. spedosa this appears also to look toward, and to be closely approached by forms of the variable P. obscura. It has only occurred once. 7. P. steUaris (L.); thallus cartilagineous, stellate, ap- pressed, whitish-glaucescent, epruinose ; beneath pale, with pale fibrils; lobes sub-linear, many-cleft, rather convex, compagi- nate, or discrete, without soredia; apothecia smallish to scarcely middling-sized, sessile, the disk brownish-black, often grey- pruinose, the margin rather entire. Spores -^^ mic. Parme- lia, Fr. L. E. p. 82, a. Tuck. exs. n. 83. Physcia, Ti*ckerm. Obs. Lich. 1, I. c. p. 395, a. b. aipolia, Nyl. ; thallus becoming brown and finally blacken- ing beneath, and clothed there, at length densely, with finally black and hispid fibrils ; apothecia sub-crenate. Spores as in a. Nyl. Scand. p. 111. Parmelia aipolia, Ach. Syn. p. 215. On trees, dead wood, rocks, and stones. Pennsylvania, MuM. CataJ,. 1818, and common northward to Arctic America, Richard- son ; westward to the Pacific coast, Bolander ; and southward to the Gulf States, Bavenel, etc., and Mexico, Nylander. But the fiouthern plant tends to lose itself in the next member of the group. This well-known lichen of the northern hemisphere is readily recognizable in its tree-forms, but departs a little from the type on rocks, where {b, aipolia) now otherwise quite similar 74 PHYSCU. to a, it is differenced at lengtli conspicuously, by the coloration of the under side. But these rock-forms are now pale beneath f and one from the Pacific coast (perhaps the named but not char- acterized P. callosa, Nyl. in Flora, 1869, p. 119), is noticeable for its coarser, thicker, rugose- verruculose thallus (Yosemite Valley, Bolander', Oregon, Hall), but the scanty specimens scarcely afford any other than this difference. P. stellaris, a, perfectly characterized, has occurred in Florida with apothecia ciliate below, in the manner of P. obscura; Austin. 7(b). P. astroidea (Fr.) Nyl. ; thuUus smallish, sub-cartila- gineous, stellate, appressed, microphylline ; beneath pale with pale fibrils ; the erose-multifld, much narrowed, flattened lobes- beset, for the most part, with rounded, finally confluent soredia f apothecia smallish, closely sessile, the disk blackening, sub- 18-22 pniinose, the margin entire. Spores -^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 81. Physda, Nyl. Syn. 1, p- 426. P. stellaris ^, Tuck- erm. I. c. p. 395. * hypomela ; commonly smooth and naked above ; brown and at length black beneath, with fibrils of the same colour. Parmelia obsessa, Mont. ! Cuba, p. 227, not o/Ach. Tuckerm. I. c. Trees; New England, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, Tucker- man I. c. 1860. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Bav- enel. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright.^ Mexico. • Louisiana, Hale ; which form proves, in Cuba,. to be scarcely well separable always from P. crispa. This- smooth form varies in the colour of the under side just as P. stellaris, and often well represents, in Texas, as in Cuba, tne coarser northern lichen. Its apothecia are often ciliate below (P. leucothrix, Tayl. ! New Lich. I. c. p. 170) as in P. obscura. 7(c). P. crispa (Pers.) Nyl.; thallus sub-membranaceous,. stellate, appressed, platyphylline, greenish-glaucescent (often , pale roseate) beneath pale with scattered pale fibrils ; the rather wide, flai lobes interruptedly imbricate, palmately cut, the repand edges powdery, and now ascending ; apothecia smallish to middling-sized, sessile, blackish-brown, the incurved margin crenate, or granulate. Spores as in P. stellaris. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 423. Parmelia Domingensis, Mont. Cf'M, p. 225, t. 8, /. 3, Physda stellaris, v. Domingensis, Tuckerm. I. c. p. 396. • hypomela ; brown, and at length black beneath, with sim- ilarly coloured fibrils. i'—' coloration le beneath > it not char- ticeable for nite Valley, 38 scarcely a, perfectly ecia ciliatO' 3ub-cartila- \ pale with tened lobes- int soredia f ening, sub- trmelia, Fr, ris ^, TMcfc- brown and colour. uckerm. I. c, lia, Tttcker- 'olina, Bav~ lis, Wrights in Cuba^ spa. This- 3 just as P. 1 Cuba, tne iliate below obscura. )ranaceou8;. cent (often the rather ' cut, the na smallish red margin Vpl Syn. 1, t. 8, y. «•• 6. 1, with sim- PHY80IA. 76 Trees. Seaboard of South Carolina (Bavenel), Tuckennan {.c. 1860. Georgia, liarem;/. Florida, ^u^ftn. Louisiana, Hafe. Texas, Wright. * Louisiana, Hale. P. dilatata,/. integrata, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 424, 'sufficiently like P. crispa* but with wider lobes, the margins of which are not powdery, is found at Orizaba, Mexico, Nylander I. c. ; where also P. major, Nyl. iltid., of the same affinity, is said to occur. Neither is sufficiently known to me. 7(d). P. tribacia (Ach.) Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus smallish, sub-membranaceous, sub-stellate, glaucesceut; beneath white, and sparingly white-fibrillose ; lobes abbreviated, those of the periphery appressed, more or less dilated or now narrowed, and flat, but with ascendant and erose -granulate edges, and crowded at the centre into a granulate cnist;. apothecia smallish to scarcely middling-sized, closely sessile, black, commonly grey- pruinose, with a sub-entire margin. Spores ^ mic. Leca- nora, Ach. Syn. p. 191, in part. Parmelia, Schar. Enum. p. 39. P. erosa, Borr. ! in E. Bot. Suppl. n. 2607. P. steUaris, var. tribacia, Fr. L. E. p. 83. Physcia steUaris /9, tribaciaf Tuckerm. I. c; dt Lich. Amer. n. 85. Trees and rocks (in the former habitat thinner and flatter, and, in the latter, more cartilagineous, convex, and grayer — so that if we take the former for a descendant of P. steUaris, we might incline to consider the latter as in similar relation to P. cassia (comp. Fr. L. E. p. 84, & Tuckerm. I. c. p. 397) but this is perhaps to set too high a value on the lichen last-named, the specific rank of which is confessedly open to question) common from New England, Tuckerman Syn. 1848, to Virginia. South Carolina, 2Javen€^ Louisiana, Hate. California, Botondcr. A very common, quite distinct, and well-marked lichen. 7(c). P. AM!ptda(Schreb., Fr.) Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus small, sub-cartilagineous, glaucescent ; beneath white ; at first sub- stellate, but ascendant and difliisely csespitose, and the short- ened, erectish, imbricated lobes inflated and vaulted at the tips, and ciliate throughout with long, darkening fibrils ; apothecia smallish to scarcely middling-sized, sessile, grey-pruinose, with mostly entire margin. Spores as in the last preceding, Borrera teneUa, Ach. L. U. p. 498. Parmelia steUaris b. hispida, Fr. L. E. p. 82. Physcia, Tuckerm. I. c. p. ;J97. Trees and rocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 4 m ''}:. i 4'' ■ 76 PHTSCIA. 1823. New England, not uncommon. Canada, Macoun. Cali- fornia, BoUmder. Oregon, HaU. British Columbia, Jlfocotm. The lichen is obviously the analogue, in the 9te7/am-group, of P. comosa in the speciosa-group ; and the appressed forms of the former cluster stand in a similar relation to those of the latter. P. stellaris, as hero taken, belongs especially to the colder regions of the earth. On this continent we find it beginning to be modified oven in New England ; and this process of differen- tiation continues as we go southward. Neither of the three New Granada lichens of Lindig's Collection (n. 712, 731, 2602) referred by Nylander to his P. stellaris is (in the published specimens) a satisfactory repreaentative of the northern plant. We may then perhaps expect this, as it approaches, or enters inter-tropical regions, to assume new forms, abhorrent no doubt from the merely northern conception of the species, and requiring to be determined from a wider point of view. But if this diminish as well the systematic value of the generally accepted P. astroidea, P. crispa, P. dilatata, etc. (as assumed in the writer's earlier review of the American Physcia, cited above), it may be said to enhance, from a comparison of the equally accepted P. comosa, the value of the now generally undervalued P. hispida. 8. P. ccesia (Hoflfm.) Nyl. ; thallus crustaceous-cartilagine- ous, stellate, pale ash-coloured, besprinked with rounded, grey aoredia ; beneath pale, now ash-ccioured, and blackening, with black fibrils; lobes pinnately many-cleft; apothecia smallish, sessile, the soon naked and black disk bordered by a thin, in- flexed, sub-entire margin. Spores bilocular, '-^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 426. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 83. Tuck. Lich. ex8. n. 86. Old stone walls. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. New York, Halsey ; Sartwell. Massachusetts, Titckerman. Our plant (lAch. Amer. n. 86) is in all respects like the Euro- pean ; but I have seen but little of it. 9 P. obscura (Ehrh.) Nyl. ; thallus sub-membranaceous, or- bicular and appressed (unless in muscicoline states) epruinose, glaucous-cinerascent becoming livid or brown, now sorediifer- ous ; beneath black, and more or less densely black-fibrillose ; lobes dichotomously many-cleft, flattish, sub-ciliate, now pass- ing at the centre into minute, imbricated lobules; apothecia smallish to scarcely middling-sized, sessile, the exciple more or PHT8CIA. 77 P. comosa. less hispid, at least below, the reddish-brown, blackeninfc, naked disk bordered by an entire margin. Spores bilocular, ^ mio. Spermatia oblong. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 142. Tuckerm. Oba. Lich. I. c. p. 309, max. p. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 84, max. p' Tuck. exs. n. 87. Scluer. Spicil. p. 441, max. p. • endochrysea, Nyl. ; thallus more or less safi^on - coloured within. Var. erifthrocardia, Tuckerm. I. c. Parmelia endo- coccina, Koerb. Parerg. p. 36. Trees, dead wood, and rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catai. 1818, and northward to Arctic America, Richardson; westward, to the Pacific coast, Bolander ; and southward to Louisiana, Hale, and Texas, Wright. A very variable lichen, recognizable by the coloration (though this may vary even to glaucescent as to thallus and red as to apothecia in forms of the V. chloantha, Auct.) by the blackening, abundant fibrils, and especially by the occurrence of these more or less on the exciple, which is seldom quite naked, with us, and finally bristly all over. This pecuhar exhibition of fibrils characterizes probably all the best conditions of P. obscura, and must be taken therefore for typical. The under side is not merely black-fibrillose beneath, as commonly described, but bla«k, both in European and North American specimens, though doubtless varying in this. 9(6). P. setosa (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus much as in the imme- diately preceding but larger, and whitish-glaucescent becoming glaucous-cinerascent, the wider, Unear lobes fringed by and cushioned on dense black fibrils. Spores rather larger than in the preceding, ^ mic, but reaching f ^ mic. in a specimen from Japan. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 429. Parmelia, Ach. Syn. p. 203. P. atricapiUa, Tayl. ! New Lich. I. c. p. 162. Rocks upon mosses, and trunks. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. New England and New York, Tuckerman. Ohio, Lesqtteretix. New Mexico, Fendler. Mexico, Nylander. The most conspicuous member of the commonly humble obscura- stock ; and, beside the lichenographers above-named who have taken it for a distinct species, Nylander I. c. cites also Schserer, and Montague ; and yet, except in size and general luxuriance, the lichen differs in no respect from the preceding. 10. P. adglutinata (Floerk.) Nyl. ; thallus small, membra- naceous, closely adnate or as it were glued to the substrate, from 78 PTXINB. glaucescent becoming cinerascent and brown ; pale and scarcely flbrilloso beneath ; the very thin, flat lobes compaginate, disap- pearing for the most part at the centre in a granulose crust ; apothecia small, and very small ; disk blackish-brown ; margin entire, scarcely ciliate. Spores —^ mic. Spermatia elon- gated, acicular. Nyl. Syn. \, p. 428; Flora, 1862, j). 355. Parmelia obscura, v. adglutinata, Scfuer. Spicil. p. 444. Physda, Tuckerman I. c. p. 399. * pyrithrocardia, Miill. ; thallus more or less saffron-coloured within. Flora, 1880, p. 278. Upon trees and shrubs. New England, Tuckerman I c. 1860; westward to Illinois, Hall, and Wisconsin, E. L. Greene ; south- ward to South Carolina, Bavenel ; Florida, Beaumont ; Alabama, Peters; Louisiana, Hale; and Texas, Wright. * Massachu- setts, WiUey. Remarkably characterized by the spermatia. The lichen is better exhibited here than in Europe, and appears at length, as Nylander has said, to pass into P. obscura. From that species the present differs very considerably in the impor- tant respect of the fibrils, or want of them ; but agrees with it in the abnormal variation of the colour of the medullary layer. XII.— PYXINE, Fr., Tuckerm. Apothecia sub-scutellseform. Hypothecium black ; and, Id the second section, the whole exciple blackening and Lecideoid. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, bilocular (rarely, in tropical regions, 4-locuIar) brown. Spermatia oblong, on pauci-articulate sterigmas. Thallus now aduateand aggluti- nate (semi-crustaceous) and now rising into foliaceous and cartilagineous expressions ; the under side more or less fib- rillose. In the parenchymatous cortical layer of the upper side of the thallus, as in some other respects of tballine structure, this genus resembles Physcia ; and its very incon- gruous apothecia are found yet, in the first section always, and to some extent in the second, to offer no external dif- ferences from those of the other; with which it also agrees in its spore-history. *Dirinaria. white within. Apothecia scutellatform. ThaUus normaUy PTXINB. n 1. p. picta (Sw.) Tuckerm. Thallus softish, closely aggluti- nate to the substrate, radiately plaited, white - glaucescent ; beneath black, scarcely fibrillosc ; lobes confluent, flattened and pinuately many-cleft at the circumference, but passing Anally at the centre into a wrinkled-warty crust, often besprinkled with rounded, white soredia ; apothecia small, sessile, the vinous-red disk soon becoming black, and now pruinose, at length scarcely «xceeded by the sub-cronulate margin. Spores bilocular, ~ mic. Ofts. Lich. 4, 1 c.p. 166. Phifscia, Nyl Syn. I, p. 430, d t. 8,/. 53. Farm, applanata, Fee ; Mont. Cuba, p. 223, t. 8,/. 1. Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 1, /. c.p. 398. • erythrocardia, Tuckerm. ; thallus safifron-coloured within. Trees, and dead wood in the low country of South Carolina {Bavenel), Tuckerman in Nyl. Enum. 1858, of Georgia, Ravenel ; of Louisiana, Hale; Texas, Wright] and Mexico; as also on rocks, in Alabama, Peters. • erythrocatdia, in Texas, Itave- nel. Differenced from Physcia by its hypothecium, but suffi- ciently agreeing in this, as in general aspect, with Pyxine; which, in P. Meissneri, offers apothecia not always well distin- guishable from those of the present. Parmclia confluens, Fr., imited by Nylander with the earlier P. tegialita, Ach., should, with little doubt, be referred here : at least no diffierence appears to be noted. 1(6). P. Frostii, Tuck., thallus crustaceous, closely adnate, stellate-radious, smooth, from glaucous-grey becoming cream- coloured ; beneath black ; divisions sub-palmately cleft, convex, concrete (besprinkled commonly with white soredia) ; apo- thecia small, sessile ; the disk flat, black ; the margin incurved. Spores bilocular, ^ mic. Sqttamaria, Suppl. 1, 1, c, p. 425, dein Lecanora. Granitic rocks. New England (Frost) Tuckerman Suppl. 1858. Harper's Ferry, Virginia, Tf4ckerman Rarely observed in fruit ; the want of which has heretofore obscured the affinity of the lichen. It is a greatly reduced, northern exhibition of the preceding tropical species. ^ ^ And a still more marked redaction of this type is presented by a lichen fVom volcanic rocks of the Galapagos Islands (Dr. Hill in Hassler Exp.) in which while the apothecia offer no differences nuless possibly rather smaller spores, the thallus has passed wholly into convex, glebons areoles, somewhat lobed only at the circumference (P. glehosa, Mihi, herb.). 80 PTXINS. **Pyxine proper. Apothecia sc^Uettofform, and more or ks8 resembling (U first those of the first section, but soon blacken- ing aU over, and Lecideoid. ThaUus becoming yellowish within. 2. P. Cocoes (Bw.) Nyl.; thallus membranaceous, white- glaucescent ; beneath black and smoothish ; lobes linear, flat, many-cleft, imbricated, sparingly sorediiferous, white within; apothecia, in Cuban specimens, very small, Lecideoid, sessile, flattish, the stout margin at length disappearing. Spores biloc- ular, ~ mic. Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 1, 1, c. p. 401 ; t8 heretofore made to divide this natural genus into two, can be called satisfactory. Acharius soon gave up his distinction based on the degree of external, atypical change in the apothecia; and if Nylander has indicated recently, with emphasis {Flora Batisb. 1875, p. 303) that this external change, so obvious in the descent from U.pusiulata to most species of our first section, is accompanied by a gradual modification or degen- eration of the tissues of the same organs, we may admit the fact, embarrassed though it be by the difficult association of U. anthracina and U. pustulata to form the new genus Umbilicaria, Nyl., but hardly the inference that he draws from it. It is impossible, too, any longer to lay that stress on the spore differences which Fee,, and Plotow, and most recent writers have attempted. And Schwendener has him- self admitted the difficulties of his characterization of Gyro- phora and Umbilicaria, from the thallioe characters alone. The general structure of the thaUus offers no prominent differences from that of Parmelia <;nd Physcia ; and the distinction of the group, marked as it is, may be said to rest on its peculiar coloration, taken in connection with the deficiency of gonidia in, and the denigration, and abnormal development of, its fruit ; and the manner of attachment of the thallus to the substrate. In some states of the highest expressions of Umbilicaria, as U. pustulata v. papillata Hamp., a Cape of Good Hope lichen, there is now indeed nothing external which may not be taken for Parmelifeine, the thalline exciple agreeing entirely in colour with the pale greenish-brown thallus ; but in a full view of the fruit ^'0.:: UMBILICARIA. lackeoed, lirellose- th granu- lacescent. Thallus llustrated 17; t. 10, made to tisfactory. lie degree i; and if lis {Flora 0 obvious ►f our first or degen- admlt tlie jciiition of ew genus he draws liat stress and most [• lias hiui- 3 of Gyro- ers alone, iromiuent and the )e said to 1 with the abnormal chment of le highest papillata )w indeed .rmelifeine, with the f the fruit of this species in its more Donnal conditions, as exhibited in the northern hemisphere, it is perhaps easier to compare it (externally) with that of Sticta, as in S. faveolata, etc.; however surprisingly the same fruit be afterwards modified, as in U. pustulata, v. papulosa, and U. Pennsylvanica. We do not find any approach to this more normal coloration, and greater Parmeiieine or Sticteine regularity of the exciple in the other section of the genus, unless it be, rarely, in U. rttgi/era, Nyl., occurring now glaucous with fruit little darker (California, Bolander) and in the Himalayan U. lecanocarpoides, Nyl. This fruit is indeed now Lecideoid, as in U. anthracina, but quickly passes into those gyrose states which especially mark the section; or is developed into the starry clusters, more remarkable than anything else in the metamorphoses of the genus, which characterize U. Muhlenberg a. * Apothecin pntellaic, now angulate, or even oblong ; for the •most part plicate ; or the oblong sort finally grouped in stellate clusters. Spores mostly simple, but now muri/orm-multiloculnr. Thallus not papulose ; the cortical layer for the most part only imperfectly parenchymatous above, and scarcely at all so below. Oyrophora, Foo, Flot., & other recent authors. j Stock of U. anthracina. and 6 descending. Alpine lichens; but 1, 5, 1. U. rugifera, Nyl. ; thallus middling-sized, one-leaved, co- riaceous, at length rigid, more or less rugged with coarse, retic- ulated wrinkles; pale ash-coloured, at length darkening, or now olive-brown ; beneath pale, with now a rosy tinge, and beset more or less with scattered, or more rarely dense, pale or dark- ening fibrils; apothecia small to middling, primarily adnato, orbicular, simple, with a thin, persistent, finally flexuous margin ; becoming at last proliferous. Spores ellipsoid, simple, fusces- ceut, or decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 117. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 156. Alpine rocks (Eastern Siberia, Nyl. Norwegian Alps, Th. l^r.), and descending. Greenland, GiseAr«. Tosemite Valley and Mountains of California {Bolander), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Al- pine region of Mt. Hood, Oregon, Hall. UMBILIGARIA. 2. U. cylindrica (L.) Delis. ; tballus of middling cize, com- monly many-leaved, coriaceous, round-lobed, smoothishi bluish- grey, or now smoke-coloured, fringed for the most part with black Abrils; beneath pale and more or less sparingly fibrillose; apothecia small to almost middling, orbicular, from adnate and sub-simple soon elevated, convex, and copiously plicate. Spores ellipsoid, ftiscescent, or decolonite, ~ mic. V. proboscidean /?, Fr. L. E. p. 356. Gyr(yphora propose, Turn. A Borr. Lick. Brit. p. 219. High alpine and arctic rocks. Bear Lake {Herb. Hook.), Tuckerman Syn. 1648. Greenland, Vahl. Labrador, Herb. Schwein. Newfoundland {U. Delisai, Despr.), Despreaux. 3. U.proboscidea (L.) Stenh.; tballus middling-sized, one- leaved, sub-membranaceous, flattish, few-lobed, with irregularly scalloped, now lacerate edges, reticulately wrinkled, especially at the pruinose centre; blackish-brown; beneath paler, now grey-pruinose, rather sparingly fibrillose ; apothecia small, or- bicular, becoming elevated and plicate. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, simple, mostly decolorate, ^ mic. U. proboscidea, a, Fr. L. E. p. 354. Tuck. exs. n. 49. Gyrophora deusta, Turn, dt Borr. L. B. p. 222. b. arctica, Ach. ; thallus thickened and rigid, very rugged, beneath naked. Alpine rocks. Arctic America (Bichardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. Greenland, Vahl. Newfoundland, Despreaux. White Mountains, Tuckerman. North shore of Lake Superior, Agas- si!. Mexico, Nylander. b, Newfoundland, Despreawa;. Green- land, Vahl. White Mountains. Mexico, Nylander. 4. U. anthracina (Wult) Schser.; thallus of middling size, coriaceous, rigid, smooth, or areolate-rimulose; blackish-brown; beneath smooth, or minutely granulated, and for the most part black-pruinose, without fibrils ; apothecia small, elevated, or- bicular, simple. [Spores oblong, simple^, decolorate, — mic] U. atro-pruinosa, Fr. L. E.p. 351. Nyl. Scand.p. 113. 6. reticulata, Schaer. ; reticulately wrinkled above. Alpine rocks. Arctic America (6.) R. Brown (Parry's Voy.) 1824. Greenland, Vahl. Newfoundland, Despreaux. On the Yellowstone, Herb. WiUey. White Mountains (ft.), Tuckerman. The plant of the White Mountains does not differ, but is in- UMBILICARIA. 85 fertile. Gyrophora Wenckii, MUll. (Flora Batisb. 1867, p. 433) from Greenland, appears, by the description, to differ from b in nothing but the plicate fhiit, looking rather towards that of U. proboscidea; from which last the first-named shall differ in smaller spores. In an infertile specimen of O: Wenckii before me {Herb. Krempelh.) agreeing generally with the published description, I find small clumps of fibrils on the upper surface and at the margins here and there, once more suggesting U. proboscidea. Spores of G. Wenckii not rarely a little curved (Miill. I. c), as is observable in U. anthradna; but also, more rarely, in U. proboscidea. 5. U. polpphylla (L.) Hoffm.; thallus small, cartilagineous, commonly many-leaved and clustered, with unequal, crisped, at length much-divided lobules, smooth ; dark-olive -brown ; be- neath smooth and very black, without fibrils ; [apothecia small, sessile, orbicular, plicate. Spores ellipeoid, decolorate, "*^?» mic.]. Nyl. Scand. p. 119. U. cenea, a, Schcer. Spicil.p.92. Alpine rocks, and descending. White Mountains, Tiicker- man Syn. 1848. Mt. Desert, Maine. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Greenland, Vahl. 6 U. flocculosa, Hoffm. ; thallus of middling size, sub-mem- branaceous ; blackish-brown, scurfy with a sooty efflorescence ; beneath nearly of the same colour, more or less reticulately pit- ted, without fibrils; ["apothecia small, sessile, orbicular, pli- cate. Spores oblong ellipsoid, now a little curved, -^ mic."]— ^ Nyl. Scand. p. 119. Gyrophora, Turn, dr Borr. L. B. p. 217. Alpine rocks, and descending. White Mountains, Tucker- man Syn. 1848. Mt. Desert, Maine. Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. Behring's Straits, Wright. As near to the next cer- tainly as to the last; but with larger spores than in either. Not as yet found fertile here. 7. U. hyperborea, Hoffm.; thallus middling-sized, mostly one-leaved, coriaceous-membranaceous, sparingly lobed, with jagged edges, papulose-rugulose, now here and there perforate ; olive-brown ; beneath pitted more or loss, smooth, mostly black- ish ; apothecia small, at first appressed, oblong, or angulate, but becoming orbicular and plicate. Spores ellipsoid, mostly decol- orate, 'J;J* mic. Fr. L. E. p. 353. Tuck. exs. n. 143. Nyl Scand. p. 118. i i: I I ! M UMBILICARIA. Alpine rocks. Arctic America {Richardson), Hooker {. c. 1823. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. N. shore (. f Lake Superior, Macoun. ^Yhite Mountains, and highest; Green Mountains, Tuckerman. Mountains of Cali- fornia, Bolander. 1 1 Stock of U. erosa. 8. U. phaa, Tuckerm. ; thallus middling-sized, one-leaved, cartilagineous, smooth; from ash-coloured becoming tawny- brown ; beneath granulated, paler, but at length now blacken- ing, without fibrils ; apothecia smallish, innate, and now sunken ill the thallus (which is then papulose below) but becoming more prominent ; originally angulate, becoming many-angled ; or also rounded ; plicate. Spores ellipsoid, mostly decolorate, ?yi mic. Lich. Calif, p. 115. Rocks of the Pacific coast, alt. 1000-3000 ft. (Bolander) Tuck- erman Calif. 1866. 9. U. erosa (Web.) Hoffm. ; thallus of middling size, one- leaved, coriaceous-cartilagineous, of few, rounded lobes, which are soon rimulose, with irregularly torn edges, and more or less reticulately perforate ; from olive- at length blackish-brown ; be- neath palf r, or now darker, radiously more or less ridged, the ridges foraminous and this side finally wholly ragged, or passing into fibril-like extensions; apothecia small, appresaed and oblong, passing into stellate clusters ; or more prominent, rounded, and pUcate. Spores eUipsoid, fuscescent or decolorate, -^ mic. ^hcer. Spicil. p. 93. Turn, dt Borr. L. B. p. 229. Tuck. Exs. n. 48. Alpine rocks ; now descending. Arctic America, R. Brown (Parry's Voy.), 1824. Newfoundland, Pytoic. White Mountains, Tttckerman. Mine mountain, Brattleboroug' ^ Vt., alt. about 1000 ft., Russell. Mt. Hood, and Rocky Mountains, Hall, etc. y , 10. U. Muhlenbergii (Ach.) Tuckerm. ; tiallus middling to large, one-leaved, coriaceous at length rigid, irregularly more or less reticulately pitted; olive -brown; beneath mostly darker, granulate, lacerate in anastomosing ridges, and shaggy finally with fibril-like extensions ; apothecia small tc middling, origi- nally oblong and appressed, passing into irregular, often stel- late, plicate clusters, without common margin. Ach. Syn. p. 67. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng.p. 74; Lich. exs. n. 144. UMBILIGARIA. 87 Size, one- Rocks. Pennsylvania {Muhlenberg) Ach. L. U. 1810; and common throughout the northern States and Canada; as in Arctic America, Richardson. A reduced, thickened, scarcely pitted, and at length somewhat polyphylline state (v. alpina, Tuckerm. I. c.) occurs on alpine rocks in the White and Green Moimtains, Titckerman; and in Hastings county, Canada, Macoun. Stock of U. vellea. 11. U. hirsuta (Ach.) Stenh. ; thallus one-leaved, membra- naceous, softish, somewhat powdery ; pale ash-coloured ; be- neath pale, and hirsute with mostly dense and pale fibrils; [" apothecia small, appressed, orbicular, soon convex, plicate. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic."] U. vellea, y, Fr. L. E. p. 358. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 15.5. fi, grisea, Th. Fr. ; small, finally blackening beneath, where it is granulate, and either naked, or very sparingly now fibril- lose. U. murina, DC. Nyl. Scand. p. 116. Rocks in high mountains. Mexico (v. papyrina), Nylander. ^, alpine county, California, infertile (I. A. Lapham), Tuck- erman Calif. 1866. This variety is a distinct form, and taken for a species by Nylander, according to Avhom the spores also vary from those of a. The last is scarcely as yet known here. 12. IT. vellea (L.) Nyl. ; thallus large, one-leaved, coriaceous, smoothish ; glaucous - ash - coloured ; beneath brownish and blackening, very hirsute ; apothecia small, appressed, orbicular, plicate, becoming convex, and immarginate. Spores rounded- or short-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl. Scand. jj. 114. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 153. U. hirsuta, Tuck. Exs. n. A7. h. the under side granulate, fibrils mostly obsolete.^ U. tylorhiza, Nyl., fide Th. Fr. Rocks in high mountains. "White Mountains, Tuckerman {U. hirsuta of Syn. N. Eng.) 1848. Newfoundland, Despreaux. North Shore of Lake Superior, Agassis. Rocky Mountains, in- fertile. Hall. North West coast, infertile, Douglas. Fronds at length reaching six inches in diameter ; but the fruit not exceed- ing one line. h, Southern Colorado, Brandegee (Herb. Willey). 13. U. Dillenii, Tuckerm. ; thallus large to very large, one- leaved, coriaceous, smooth ; from tawny- at length sooty-brown ; beneath very black, closely hirsute with short fibrils ; apothecia middling-sized, attached only at the centre, orbicular, convex, UMBILIGARIA. plicate, and becoming lirellose, and immarginate. Spores ellip- aoid, simple, decolorate, *J[* mic. Lichenoides, DUl. Muse. p. 545. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 72 ; Lich. exs. n. 46. Rocks. New Jersey {J. Bartram), Dillenius Muse. 1741. Common, in tlie low country, throughout the northern Atlantic States; and southward, in the mountains, to Georgia {Ravenel). Shores of Lake Superior, Agassiz. Northward to Newfound- land. The largest species known; the fronds exceeding at length nine inches in diameter, and the fruit now more than two lines, or four millim. The lichen is quite distinct from U. vellea. 14. U. angulata, Tuckerm. ; thallus scarcely middling, one- leaved, coriaceous, rigid, smooth ; from ashy- at length tawny- brown, rendered purplish by a thin bloom; beneath black, granulate, lacerate, and clothed at length more or less with paler fibrils; apothecia small to middling-sized, appressed, an- gulate-patellate, flattish, plicate, with a thick, persistent mar- gin. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Syn. N. Eng. p. 74. * Semitensis, Tuckerm. ; scarcely differing in the specimens seen, except that the spores vary from simple and decolorate, when they resemble those of U. angulata, to brown, and muri- form multilocular (transverse series of spore-cells, 5-8 ; of 3 to 4 -U.Semi- 23-32 members, in the middle), measuring then ^ mic. tensis, Gen. p. 31. Rocks of the Pacific coast, a, maritime rocks, Monterey, California (Menzies), Tuckerman i!. c. 1848. Observatory inlet, British Columbia, Herb. Hook. * Semitensis, further inland, Tosemite Valley, and elsewhere {Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. Fronds, of neither lichen, surpassing two inches in diameter. The spore-history of * is Important as illustrating the view elsewhere taken by the author, of the inferior system- atic value of merely gradal differences in spores. It was re- marked (Lich. Calif, p. 7), that lichens which exhibit the ulti- mate condition or grade of their type of spore, exhibit also ideally, and in fact more or less, all the steps or grades in the preceding process of evolution. This is fully seen in U. Semi- tensis, which offers, in a Tail examination, simple, bilocular, and quadrilocular spores with entire spore-cells, and then every step beyond to perfectly muriform ones. And the simple spore of )l UMBILIOARIA. M this series agrees in size as in every other respect with the spore of U. anguUUa; and is yet accompanied, in the same lichen, with the larger, muriform ^nes. The t)earing of this is obvious. Gyrophora of authors cannot be distinguished ft'om their Umbil- icaria by simple spores ; and the latter organs are rather to be called decolorate than colourless. • • Apothecia suh-scuteUate, becoming plicate, and proliferous. Spores muriform-multilocular. Thatlus papulous; the cortical layer parenchymatous throughout. Spores solitary, or in twos. Umbilicaria, Fee, Flot., and many recent authors.-^— In this section the genus reaches its best development. The denigra- tion of the fruit is often less marked than in the first section, and its internal structure less divergent from that of Parme- liaceous types : and in these respects, and in the structure of the thallus as well, there is suggested a clear, if distant association with Sticta. 15. U. Carolinians, Tuckerm. j thallus middling, membrana- ceous, becoming polyphyllous, and the rounded lobes compli- cated, very smooth, irregularly or obscurely papulous; from olive- at length blackish-brown ; beneath pitted, granulate, very black; beset here and there with a few strong fibrils ; apothecia small, attached only at the centre, and elevated, from simple with i thick margin soon plicate, and finally proliferous. Spores ellip- soid, muriform-multilocular, brown, ^ mic. Ohs. Lich. 4, I. c. p. 167. U. mammulata, Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 69, non Ach., fide Nyl. Rocks, Grandfather mtn.. North Carolina (Curtis), Tucker- man Syn. 1848. ' High mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. 16. U. Pennsylvanica, Holfm.; thallus large, one-leaved, coriaceous, papulous ; from ashy- at length smoky-brown, often white powdery at the centre; beneath granulate, brownish- black, without fibrils ; apothecia small, attached at the centre, simple, flat ; but becoming proliferous, and excluding finally the obtuse, soon striate, and flexuous margin. Spores solitary, ellip- soid, muriform-multilocular, blackish-brown, ^ mic. Hoffm. PI. Lich. 3, p. 5. Hook, in App. Frankl. exp. p. 759, Tuck, exs. n. 40. Rocks, Pennsylvania {Muhlenberg), 1 loffmann I. c. 1801. The lichen occurs from Arctic America, Richardson, throughout the Atlantic States, to Georgia, Ravenel. k' 90 PELTIOBREI. 4 17. U.pustuldta (L.) Hoffm.; thallus small to middling in the mountain forms, oae-leaved, coriaceous, papulous ; whitlsh- ash-coloured, more or less powdery or at length chinky ; be- neath reticulately pitted, granulated, dark-brown now grey- pminose ; apothecia small to almost middling, simple, flat, with an obtuse, at length irregular margin. Spores solitary, ellip- soid, muriform-multilocular, brown, jg^mic. Fr. L. E. p. 351. GyropJtoray Turn, dt Borr. L. B. p. 232. h. papulosa, Tuckerm. ; thallus middling to large, darker, and often brownish ; apothecia soon proliferous. Spores longer, ^ mic. Syn. N. E^p. 70; Exs. n. 141. Gyroph. papulosa^ Ach. Syn. p. 67. Rocks, a, New York, Halsey View, 1823. Alpine region of the White Mountains, Tuckerman. Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright. Mountains of New Mexico, Fendler b, though also alpine, is the common low-country lichen, and found from Penn- sylvania (Muhlenberg), Hoffm. D. Fl. 1796, northward to New- foundland, Despreaux ; and southward to the mountains of the Carolinas, and Georgia {Ravenel). In this form the fibrous gloir- erules and fringe so common in the ^iuropean plant are now ob- servable. Fam. 4.— PELTIGEREI. Thallus piano-ascendant, frondose-foliaceous, coriaceous- membrauaceous, beneath more or less villous, and marked now with veins, and now with little cups or heaps (cyphels). Gonimous layer varying in structure ; the green cells com- posing it being now of the ordinary sort (gonidia) and now of the blue-green, gelatinous sort (gonimia). Fries, Meyer, and Eschweiler have taken their Peltigera (equivalent to our Peltigerei excluding Sticta) for the highest exhibition of the foliaceous type in Lichens. And if Sticta, to which Meyer gave the second place and Nylander now assigns the first, be added, it will be easy to regard the familybefore us as constituting the true centre of the Parmelincei. Peltigera is readily seen to be very close, on the one hand to Solorina, and on the other to Nephroma ; and the latter stands in most intimate and unquestioned affinity to Sticta. 8TICTA. 91 l/ooked at from the point of view of the spores, almost the whole of the lichens referable here is grouped at one of the extremes,— the spores of Sticta, Nephroma, and Peltigera being 4-plurilocular, and seemingly of the Colourless Series — and the analogical centre of the tribe represented only, if at all, by the almost rather Pannariinc Erioderma, Nor is this the only curious feature of the Peltigerei. Though the close affinity of Sticta to Nephroma be scarcely to be questioned, or of the latter to Peltigera, and the at length plainly acicular and colourless spores of the last should seem to refer it, unmistakably, to the Colourless Series, there is never entirely wanting some slight evidence of coloration ; which becomes marked in Nephroma, and Sticta, and is at least observable in Erioderma. There appears, however, to be little doubt entertained by authors that in all these cases the spores diflFer in type from those of Solo- rina; and the same view is, with some hesitation, accepted here : and the genus last-named is therefore the only member of the family clearly referable to the Brown Spore-series. Genera, p. 31. iil XIV. -STICTA (Schreb.) Fr. Apothecia scuteliaBfoio), sub- marginal, elevated, now blac'rev ing. Spores fusiform, and acicular, 2-4-plurilocular ; fuscescent or without colour. Spt/rmatia oblong, thickened at the ends ; on multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus fron- dose-foliaceous, variously but for the most part wide-lobed, rounded or now elongated, coriaceous-cartilagineous ; villous beneath, where it is commonly dotted with cyphels, or marked with bare spots. Gonimous layer constituted, now of gonidia, and now of gonimia. Mainly a tropical genus, a large proportion of the species occurring also in, or con- fined to austral regions, but scarcely a fifth known in the northern temperate ones, where about half the prominent forms occur only sterile. * Thallus Parmelii/orm ; the under side only very rarely {and not at all in our species) bearing cyphels. Gonidia agreeing in all important respects with those of Parmelia, and Unibilicaria. Bicasolia, De Not. M 8TI0TA. 1. 8. ampUssima (Scop.) Mass.; thallns ample, orbicular, appressed, cartilagineoua-coriaceous, smooth or with age trans- versely wrinkled ; cinereous-glaucescent ; beneath tawny dark- ening toward the centre, villous; the elongated lobes either wide and for the most part compacted, or now narrowed and the sinuate lobation marked; apothecia scattered, ample to large ; the disk chestnut ; the entire margin at length inflexed. Spores acicular, from hi- at length quadrilocular, soon colourless, ^ mic. Parmelia, Schar. Spicil. p. 450. Sticta glomeruli- /era, Fr. L. E. p. 54. Tmk. Exs. n. 105. Sicasolia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 968. Trunks and rocks, common at the north, from New England, Tuckerman, Enum. 1845, to Canada, Macrae, and Arctic Amer- ica {Farm, herbacea), Richardson. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg in herb. Willd. Ohio, Lea. Wisconsin, Lapham. And it follows the mountains southward to Virginia, Curtis ; and North Caro- lina, Eavenel. So far as seen the southern lichen is smallish, and now suggestive of the closely allied S. erosa. 2. S. herbacea (Huds.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, ap- pressed, smooth; from pale- at length dark-brown; beneath mostly pale, villous ; lobes sinuately repand, with rounded tips ; apothecia scattered, ample; the inflexed margin sub-crenate. Spores fusiform, 2-locular, ^ mic. Del. Stict. p. 13S, t. 16, /. 56. Fr.L.E.p. 369. 55. BicasoHa intermedia, Nyl. Syn. l,p. Trunks, Orizaba, Mexico, F. MiilUr in herb. Willey. Scarcely diflers ftom the European species ; nor is any differ- ence of importance noted in Nylander's cited description. The Interest of the lichen lies in its affording us at last a good American representative of the European plant. Our northern 8. amplissima is always without the "glomerules" so long taken for characteristical of the lichen in Europe, and was re- ferred therefore, without doubt, in the catalogues of Muhlen- berg, Halsey, and Hooker, who do not otherwise recognize it, to the really thinner and less divided S. herbacea ; from which we now know it to be also separated by the spores. And the spores decide equally the place of certain wider-lobed conditions of the southern and tropical 8. erosa, which might pass, and have passed with very experienced lichenists, for the present species. 8TI0TA. 93 3. S. erosa (Eschw.) ; thallus generally like that of S. am- plissima, but smaller and more membranaceous, scrobiculate ; glaucescent (fuscescent ;) beneath villous and becoming black- ish-brown; the lobes now more entire or erose-crenate, and now passing, as in the other species named into narrowed and looser, more or less strongly sinuate divisions ; apothecia scat- tered, middling to ample, membranaceous ; the disk chestnut ; the inflexed margin at length lobulate-crenate. Spores slender- acicular, 2-4-locular, soon without colour, *^ mlc. Parme- lia, Eschw. Bras. p. i" I. Sticta Ravenelii, Ttickerm. Suppl. 2, I. c.p. 203. Ricasolia crenulata v. stenospora, Ntfl. Syn. 1, p. 373, dein B. erosa, Nyl. in Prodr. Fl. N. Gran. p. 21. Trunks and rocks, in the low country of South Carolina and Georgia (Bavenel), Tuckerman 1. c. 1859, Florida, Austin, and throughout the Gulf States, Peters, Hale, etc. Also in the Island of Cuba {Lich. Cttb. n. 66), and elsewhere within the tropics. Differing in its (at length deeply and reticulately) pit- ted upper side, and its crenulate-lobate apothecia, in which last feature it resembles at length S. crenulata (Hook.) Del., and S. pallida (Hook.). 4. S. dissecta, Ach.; thallus ample, orbicular, coriaceous, lacero-laciniate, more or less lacunose; cinerous-glaucescent ; beneath villous in blackish ana-stomosing veins between naked, pale spots ; the elongated iobes more or less deeply or even pin- nately sinuate, with rounded and crenate circumference ; apo- thecia middling to ample, scattered ; disk chestnut, bordered by a sub-entire or finally lobulate margin. Spores broad-fusi- form, 2-4-locular, fuscescent, ^^ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 451. S. peltigera, Del. Stict. p. 150. Bicasolia dissecta, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 370, dt B. sub-dissecta, Nyl. ibid. p. 371. h. corrosa, Ach. ; lobes passing, more c: less, at the margins, into a fringe of slender lobules.—: — Ach. Syn- p. 235. S. dissecta, Del. Stict. p. 148v Bicasolia corrosa, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 372. Trunks, Mexico, Nylander I. c. 1860. Well distinguished by its veiny under side, and brown spores. It is admirably exhibited in Lindig's New Granada collection ; for I cannot consider the Nos. 713, 2543 of the first, and 66 and 79 of the second series of this collection (Bicasolia sub-dissecta, Nyl.) as at all well separable in species from No. 113 (B. dissecta, Nyl.). M 8TICTA. 5. 8. pallida, Hook. ; tballus irroiinilarly wide-lobod, niom- branaceouH, sinnothiHh ; glauceHcent ; beneath villouH, pale ; the rounded, Hpaiingly Hinimte loboH repand or vrenate. AiMithecia sub-marginal, middling to ample ; dink eh ut, l>ordered rather widely by the lobate-crenate margin. jres acicular with more or lesw attenuate tips, 8-12-locultt. .-arcely coloured, "J]* niic. S. Kunthii, Del. Stict. p. 12(i. RicasoUa pallida, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. :)72. Trees, Mexico, KrcMpeUiuher Exof Flerht. 1H(58 ; and else- where in tropical and austral America. Another well-marked species ; my specimens of which are from Venezu(!la (Fendler), New Granada (Lindig n. 2514, from which I cannot separate n. 13 of the second series, which is ticketed HicasoUa crenulata), and Bolivia {Mandon). . • • ThaUus lax, and, for the most part, large- or long-lohed ; the under side bearing cypheAs, or spotted. Gonidia agreeing generally with those of the first section. Stict a, Nyl. t ThaUus hearing cyphels, tvhich arc note (n. 5) urceolate, and now (n. (5) sorcdiiform, poudery heaps. 6. S. danifrcornis (Auct. pr. p.) ; thalltis ample, loosely ex- tended, membranaceous-coriaceous, smooth or now jntted ; glau- cescent (fuscescent, rufous or now ycllowisn) Tieneath from pale becoming dark-brown with a similarly varying, mostly thin nap (which is now dellcient), besjn'inkled with urceolate cyphels; lobes elongated, now wide and rounded, flexuously sinuate or sub-pinnatitid, and now narrowed into linear, dichotomously multifld, at length densely iutertangled divisions; apothecia sub-marginal, middling-sized; disk chestnut and blackening; the entire (or now irregularly dentate) margin often pilose, of the colour of the thalliis. Spores fusiform, typically 4-locular, colourless when free, — mic. S. damacornis li; S. laciniata, Ach. L. U. p, 446, prop. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 354, 356 ^^''o max. p. On trees, Mexico, Nylander ; and generally throughout the tropics. One of the best-known of tropical lichens, and (confused more or less with S. quercizans) veiy early observed and de- scribed ; the specific name being derived from the descriptive phrase of Plumier, 1703. This was the sub-linear, many-cleft plant, the segments of which, as Dillenius says {Hist. Muse. t. 8TICTA. n: 2i), 115), imitate more rl(mo]y the figuro of buck'M-homH thnn thoHo of any other Hperios. 8wartz, who recognized tliiH lichen and gave itH nniae the form it has since iNirno {Prodr. Jnd. Occ.), undert«Milc also to separate a wider-lobed one, which, as contrast- ing witli his 'multlpartlte-dichotomous' tianurcornia, he pro- poned to call Lichen tacinintus. He figured this last (Lich.Amtr, t. 7) as Hotl'mann had already done (PI. Lich. 3, t. (S5, .')), and it was received as a species Ity Acharius, who yet remarked (/. c.) that only the width of the lol>es kept it from (Inntfrcornis. I)ut Delise, who followed Hory in distinguishing specitically two members of Acharius's 6'. damacornis, followed a. .. the latter author in accepting S. laciniqta, though he scarcely added to our knowledge of it. And finally both lichens have been re- viewed, and set up once more as distinct by Nylander, /. c. The considerable material which has brought mo to a difleront opin- ion embraces, beside the large collections of Fendler in Vene- zuela, and Wright in Cuba, not a few from the herbaria of Hooker, Greville, and Borrer, from the Herlin herbarium, and the Paris herbarium (the last, as some others, being determined by Nylander), and above all from the herbarium of Delise, and the admiralde New Granada collection of Lindig, also named by Nylander. And all this scarcely leaves room for doubt that Acharius was right, and that the distinction of S. laciniuta from the other is wholly an arbitrary one. The thallino characters by no means justify it; and the spores, in which Nylander ap- pears willing to see some slight dift'erence in the measurements, prove positively the same. It is true that the group, as thus understood, is a vast, and, like other tropical groups, a very varied one ; it appears better however to keep it together, at least until sub-species can be indicated from the evidence of larger material, and more satisfactorily, than has yet been done. S.danuv.cornis, v. macrophylla, Nyl. /. c, as respects my specimen of S. macrophylla, Del., from the herbarium of the latter, as also a specimen from the Paris Museum named by Nylander himself, should be excluded (by the criterion of the gonidia) from the species. And S. patula, M. & V. d. Bosch, which is referred by the same author, /. c, to his v. caperata, differs yet, in the origi- nal specimens (as in another from Tahiti), in larger, often fus- 4Q-aB 12-16 cescent spores, measuring j^ mic, which suggest rather v. )■ platyphylla, Nyl., now taken by him for a species. 8TI0TA. Jt if'C 7. S. aur on the N. W. CtniHt. lkm. 20. Trees, Oregon, Hall. * * • Thallus as in the preceding section, except that the place of gonidia is taken here by gonimia. Stictina, Nyl. t Thallus bearing cyphels, which are either (n. 9, 10, 11, 12) urceolate or {n. 13, 14) sorediiform. 10. S. Humboldtii, Hook. ; thallus cartilagineous, wlde-lobed, villous on both sides; ashy-grey above; beneath pale brown, more or less spongy-villous, and besprinkled with urceolate whitish cyphels ; lobes irregularly and sparingly divided, with rounded undulate ends ; apothecia scattered, middling-sized, externally villous ; disk reddish-brown ; margin entire. Spores fusiform, 2-4-locular, soon without colour. Del. Stict. p. 69. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 341. Trees in Mexico, Nylander, I. c. 11. S. tomentosa (Sw.) Ach. ; thallus smallish, membrana- ceous-coriaceous, widely laciniate, mostly i)itted or now smooth ; glaucescent passing into lurid-brown; beneath pale for the most part, spongy-villous, besprinkled with concave, at length ample, white cyphels; lobes deeply-divided, rounded at the ends and repand-crenate, or now narrowed and bifid, sub-ciliate ; apothecia scattered or sub-marginal, at length middling to •1. 1 98 STICTA. .i"'^S'': ample; disk reddish-brown and blackening; the very entire (rftw also denticulate) margin becoming jHlose or shaggy. Spores fusiform, 2-4-locular, soon without colour, ^ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 450. Nyl. Syn. \, p. 343. Trees, Mexico ; and elsewhere in tropical America, Nylander ; I. c. A diflBcult species, closely related, on the one hand to 5^. cometia, Ach., and on the other to S. qitercizans. It is under- stood here as represented by Stictina tomentosa, Nyl. in Lindig Herb. N. Gran. n. 120, and u. 119 (from which last however I •cannot at all separate in species the 5. LcnormaniU,Y. d. IJosch, Nyl., of Lindig n. 2522, which should seem to carry with it the other lichens of this collection so-named) and S. tomentosa, v^ dilatald Nyl. in Mandon Lich. Boliv. n. 1745. The S. tomentosa -of Lindig n. 2521, difiFcrs only in smoothness, but is interesting as enabling us to connect with the species before us a Sandwich Island lichen with always rather longer and now 5-6-locular spores, which has sometimes passed with lichenographers for the •equivocal S. Ambavillaria, Del. (Nyl. in Herb. Mas. Par.). And this latter plant associates itself readily with the Venezuelan S. leucoblepharis, Mont. & Tuck., already referred here by Ny- lauder. The lichen in Lindig coll. 2, n. 82, scarcely well asso- ciable with the other conditions of S. tomentosa, cited above, is at least comparable with some of the specimens of Wright Lich. Cub. n. 56 (/ST. quercizans, v. ilmtKCCornifolia). 12. S. quercizans (Michx.) Ach. ; thallas cartilagineous- coria- ceous, orbiculate and sub-imbricate, or loosely extended, lacini- ate-lobate, smooth ; from greenish-glaucescent becoming reddish- brown, or passing into yellowish ; clothed beneath with a mostly spongy, pale-brownish or blackening (now obsolescent) nap, which is besprinkled with urceolate, whitish cyphels; lobes deeply sinuate and now pinnatifid, with rounded and repand or crenulate ends, often at length crisped, and fringed densely with minute coralloid branchlets, passing also, in the tropics, into a narrowed, dichotomously-multifld, entangled form, like an anal- ogous state of S.damcecornis', [apothecia, in tropical specimens, sub-marginal, smallish to middling; the disk reddish-brown; the thin, entire margin now denticulate and pilose, and finally concolorous. Spores fusiform, 4-locular, soon colourless, ~ mic] TucJierm. Si/n. N. E. p. 22, d- Lich. cxs. n. 6G. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 344-6. 8TICTA. w Trunks and rocks, Grandfather mountain, N. Carolina, Michaux, Fl., 1803, and common throughout the southern States, Bavenel, Hale; as, westward, to Ohio, Lesqtiereux; and, scarcely less so, northward to Canada ; always infertile. Oregon, also infertile. Hall. Mexico, Nylander. Michaux describes apothecia, which may probably have been derived from some tropical specimen, whether of S. damfecornis, as Nylander supposes, or of what we now should call S. quer- cizans. The only Sticta, beside S. pulmonaria, seen by me in herb. Michx. (Herb. Mus. Par.) which specimen is ticketed •Lichen, Grandfather mont.,' is clearly the 'varietas sterilis marginibus pannoso-crispis ' of his Flora, and the common North American state of the present species. It is only in the tropical and austral regions of the earth that the lichen reaches its full development. And here it exhibits so close a relationship to S. dameecornis that the distinction of the two turns at length on the systematic value we assign to the two sorts of gonidia. 13. S. sylvatica (L.) Ach.; thallus cartilagineous-membrana- ceous, deeply laciniate; from greenish- becoming reddish-brown ; beneath p ile, villous, with urceolate, whitish cyphels; lobes dif- forni with repand or lacerate edges, now somewhat pitted, and rather sparingly roughened with grey granulations; [apothecia as in the next, Nyl.] Ach. L. U. p. 454. Nyl. Si/n. 1, p. 348. Rocks among mosses. Catskill Mountains, New York (Peck), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Agr-^es with the European lichen, and differs like that from the next, as from S. quercizans. The S. sylvatica of Muhlenberg, and of Halsey, is doubtful ; as they did not recognize the uearly akin lichen of Michaux. 13(6). S. fuliginosa {Y)\cik%.) Ach.', thallus coriaceous-mem- branaceous, orbiculate, round-lobed ; dark-lurid-grey ; beneath pale, villous, with concave, whitish cyphels ; lobes mostly very entire, wrinkled, and besprinkled, at length densely, with black- ish granules ; [apothecia, in a Welsh specimen from Mr. Borrer, marginal, smallish, biatoroid, the reddish-brown disk soon con- vex, and the thin, entire, paler margin disappearing. Spores fusiform, 2-4-locular, soon colourless, ^'g" mlc] Ach. I. c. Nyl. I. c. p. 347. Rocks and trunks. New England, Tuckerman Gen. 1872; Willey. California, Bolander. Oregon, Hall. British Colum- '^ I 100 8TICTA. bia, Lyall. Mexico (fertile), Srempelhuber Lich. exot. It is observable that while the present is a cosmopolitan lichen, so marked that it seems impossible not to give it a separate place, the near akin 8. sylvatica is all but confined to Europe, and closely approaches the northern (and original) form jf S. querci- zans. It is difficult to understand how such an observer as Dilleuius should emphasize as he does the difference between the fruit of his t. 27, f. 101 (5". sylvatica) and that of his t. 26, f. 100 (S. fuliginosa), but much more difficult to suppose with Delise {Stict.p. 87) that the figure 101, etched as well as drawn by the author of the Historia Muscorum, should represent what was nothing less than a confusion of plants of dift'erout genera. But we cannot but note that the figure 100, exhibiting a lichen from Cader Idris in Wales, contrasts also with 101, irrespectively of the peltate difference of the last, in having the apothecia not even marginal, but scattered; a character which reappears in most books, though certainly qualified in Ach. L. U. And it is not then without interest that Mr. Borrer's already cited plant, which was also from Cader Idris, and determined by him as 8. Juliginosa, has on its lobes forty odd apothecia, and that these are all but uniformly close to the margin. These small fruits (averaging 1-1, 5"'") have furnished me with abundant spores; upon which compare Nyl. I. c. 13(c). S. limbata (Sm.) Ach. ; thallus much as in the last but smallish, membranaceous, orbiculate, and sub-monophyllous ; from leaden- at length liver-brown, smooth ; the broad, rounded lobes beset toward the margins with conspicuous, rounde^l, grey soredia; [apothecia scattered, appressed; disk rusty-brown, finally excluding the margin.] Fr. L. E. p. 52. Nyl. Syn. p. 346. Mudd Man. Brit. Lich. p. 88. Oak trees, on the Coast range of mountains, Oregon, Herb., J. W, Eckfeldt. 14. S. crocata (L.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous-coriaceous, irregularly laclniate, pitted more or less and at length reticu- lately ribbed, besprinkled commonly and edged with lemon-col- oured soredia; from greenish-glaucescent becoming brownish, tawny, or russet-brown ; beneath of much the same colour or blackening, the cpongy nap speckled with lemon-coloured, sore- diiform cyphels ; lobes wide and rounded, with erose or crenate circumference, or (f. laciniosa) narrowed into sub-linear, pinna- 8TICTA. 101 tifld divisions with retuse-bifid ends ; [apotliecia, in exotic speci- mens, now scattered and now marginal, smallisli to middling- sized ; the disk reddish-brown and blackening; the paler margin mostly entire. Spores cyrabiform, 2-locular, brown, :^ mic] Ach. L. U. p. 447. Ttick. Lich. exs. n. 65. S. crocata, & S. gilva, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 338. Rocks among mosses, and rarely olso on trunks. New Eng- land, Tuckermun Syn. 1848. Canada, Macoun. Mountains of North Carolina, S. B. Buckley. Oregon, Ha^'. It is unknown here in a fertile state. The narrowed form (f. laeiniosa) ap- pears to connect the more familiar wide one with the at length palmately many-cleft plant of the Sandwich Islands, which does not differ from the var. gilva, Ach., from the Cape of Good Hope. The fruit of S. crocata varies in a manner perhaps not wholly without bearing on Dillenius's account of the fruit of S. sylvatica. It occurs now scattered, on the wider-lobcd fronds, with the look of that of Parmelia; and, then again, on the narrowed condi- tions, it is marginal. And the shores of the Straits of Magellan furnish us, finally, with an otherwise marked state (v. mallota (*) ) in which the conspicuous apothecia are not only exactly marginal and oblique (as in S. aurata in Mart. Ic. PI. Crypt. Bras. t. 14, f. 1, 1) but occur moreover on somewhat extended lobules, and deserve the character of sub-peltate (Fr, L. E p. 50) and a com- parison with the peltate ones of the cited figure of Dillenius quite as much as those of S. aurata. • 15. S. anthraspis, Ach.; thallus cartilagineous-coriaceous, wide-lobed, lacunose-reticulate, now conspicuously beset, like the following species, with grey soredia; olivaceous-brown be- coming tawny, and russet-brown ; rounded at the circumference which is sub-crenate, or now more deeply cut and retuse-bifld; beneath covered with a pale nap, darkening and denser toward the centre, and besprinkled with white, sorediiform cyphels; apothecia scattered; middling-sized; disk from red-brown be- coming black and convex; excluding the thin, entire (or also now denticulate) margin. Spores fusiform, 2-4-locular, very soon 23-31 colourless, ^ jj mic. Ach. L. U. p. 449 ; Syn. p. 233. {*) Sticta crocata, var. mallota, Mihi; thallo utrinque plus minus hirsuto; apothcciis maryinaUbus obliquis. Sporee speciei visi 4-locu- lares, longit. 0,025-32"""! crassit, 0,008-]l"""-. Jd Fretum MageUani- cum. Rev. T. Hill. Does not differ at all from the wider lobed condi- tion of S. crocata, a, except in the points named. 102 NEPHROMA. Among mosses on rocks, and on trunks. Coast of California, Menzies in Acli. Meth. 1803. Coast of Oregon, HcM. f f Thallus without cypJiels, but marked beneath tvith naked, white spots. 16. 8. Hallii, Tuckenn. ; thallus cartilagineous-coriaceous, wide-lobed, reticulate-Iacunose, delicately rimulose-granulate, and at lenc^th more or less villous, and beset now with lead-col- oured soredia, ashy-glaucesceut ; beneath ribbed, pale-villous between naked whitish spots ; lobes rounded, very entire ; apo- tbecia scattered, smallish to middling-sized, biatoroid, the exci- ple externally pilose; disk reddish-brown; the paler margin no oa eoMre. Spores cymbiform, bilocular, brown, -^^ mic. Obs. Lcch. 4, 1, c. p. 168. On trunks, Oregon, E. Hall; to whom the lichen is gratefully inscribed. 17. S. scrobiculata (Scop.) Ach. ; thallus ample, sub-orbicu- lar, coriaceous, smooth, pitted, beset more or less with grey sore- dia; yellowish-green; beneath becoming densely dark-villous between naked, pale spots ; lobes rounded, sub-crenate ; [apo- thecia, in European specimens, scattered, smallish; disk red- brown; margin ontiro. Spores long- fusiform, 4-8-locular, at length colourless, '^^*' mic] Ach. L. U.p. 353. Tuck. exs. n. 67. Nyl. Syn.l, p. S53. Rocks among mosses ; and on trunks ; not seen fertile. New- foundland, De la Fi/laie, 1826. Nev7 England, not rare. Oregon, Hall. British Columbia, Lyall; Macoun. XV.— NEPHROMA, Ach. Apothecia rejiform ; innate in the under side of some- what extended lobules; the entire margin disappearing. Spores sub-fusiform, quadrilocular, fuscescent. Spermatia oblong, narrowed a little at the miudle ; on multi -articulate sterigmas. Thallus frondose, more or less villous beneath (except in n. 3) but not veiny. Gouimous layer constituted now (sect. *) of gonidia, and now (sect. * *) of gonimia. Structurally close to SUcta, Nephroma is a well-distinguished, small group, having its main devei^^'oment in the cooler NEPHROMA. 103 regions of the earth. North American. All the European species are also * Gonimous layer constituted of gonidia. 1. N. arcticum (L) Fr. ; thallus large to very large, coria- ceous; of Hcxuous, rounded lobes which are smooth, and greenish-straw-coloiired above, and black beneath with a paler margin, and a coarse, appressed nap, becoming obsolete ; apo- thecia large, to very large; disk brick-red. Spores fusiform- oblong, 4-locular, pale brown, ~ mic. Tuckerm. Syn. N, E, p. Iri, d- Lich. exs. n. 62. Nyl. Syn. p. 316. Rocks among mosses, and on trunks, in alpine and arctic regions. Greenland, Mclz FL Seand. 1779, and elsewhere in Arctic America, Richardson, etc. North West Coast, Scojler^ etc. White Mountains, Tuckerman, Lich. N. E. 1838. Essex Mountains, N. Y., Peck. 2. iV. expaUidum, Nyl. ; thallus ample, coriaceous-membrana- ceous, lobes rounded, smooth, undulate, crenate, and finally crisped; from greonish-giaucescent becoming tawny -brown; beneath blackish-brown with pale margin, and a delicate nap; apothecia of middling size ; disk reddish-brown. Spores fusi- -Nyl 20.S6 mic. form-ellipsoid and dactyloid; pale-brownish, ^^ Syn. I, p. 31S {Nephromium). On the earth, dead wood, eic, in arctic regions. Great Bear Lake (Eichardson ?), Leighton in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1870. Green cells gonidia rather than gonimia ; but Nylander takes them for intermediate between the two sorts— gonidimia, Nyl. * * Gonimous layer constituted of gonimia. 3. N. tomcntosum (Hoflfm.) Koerb. ; thallus ample, cartila- gineous-membranaceous ; lobes sinuately cut, rounded-creuate, tomentose above more or less at the circumference, the fertile ones elongated ; from greenish - glaucescent becoming ^ead- coloured or lurid-brown ; pale and tomentose beneath, where they are beset commonly witL minute white, confluent tubercles; apothecia middling to large; disk reddish-brown. Spores fusi- form-ellipsoid and oblong, pale-brown, ^{^ mic. Koerb. Syst. p. 56. N. resupinatum, Ach. L. U. p. 522, a. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E.p. 18, <^ Lich. exs. n. 13. Trunks in mountain forests, and also on rocks. Arctic Amer- 104 NEPHROMA. U lea, Richardson (Frankl. Narr., & Leigbt. In Journ. Linn. Soc), 1823. New England, etc., Tuckennan. Canada, Macoun. Ore- gon, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun. Occurs naked and smooth above, and scarcely tomentose beneath. 4. N. Helveticum, Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, amaller and more narrowly and deeply sinuate-laciniato than the last ; smooth and for the most part naked above ; and from grey soon tawny- brown; the rounded, undulato-crenate lobes fringed with tooth- like lobules ; beneath blackening and tomentose ; apothccia smallish to middling-sized ; from reddish-brown soon blacken- -Ach. 18-23 ing. Spores ellipsoid and sub-fusiform, brown, ^' mic. i. U. p. 523. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 18, A- Lic'h. exs. n. 14. On trees and rocks. Arctic America, Bichardson (Frankl. Narr., & Leight. In Journ. Linn. Soc), 1823. New England, etc., Tiuikerman. Westward to Oregon, Hall, and California, Bo- lander. Southward common, and the characteristic species, from the Carolinas, Bavenel, to Alabama, Peters, and Louisiana, Hale. Also in Mexico, Nylander. The lichen is well distin- guished here, and scarcely to be united with either of the other species. There is however a rock -form passing generally above into minute lobules (N. aspcrum, Mihi, olim) in which the under side Is only obsoletely or scarcely tomentose, and which in other respects is not unlike N. Imvigatum; itself likewise now obso- letely tomentose, as in Anz. Langob. u. 252. 5. N. IfBvigatum, Ach. ; thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, rosulate, with smallish, rounded, undulate lobes, which are very smooth but at length wrinkled and pitted above ; and from glau- cescent becoming more or less chestnut-brown ; beneath mostly pale, wrinkled, naked ; apothecia smallish to middling-sized ; disk reddish-brown. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid, and dactyloid, pale brown, ^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 242. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 320. Peltigera bella, Spreng. Syst. b. parile, Nyl. ; thinner and softer, at length darker ; beneath blackening; the lobes besprinkled, especially at the margins, with grey soredia. Nyl. I. c. Nephroma, Ach. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 18. On mossy rocks, and also on trunks, in mountain forests. New England and northern States {Torrey), Sprengel Syst. Veg. {Peltig. bella, Spreng. !), 1827. Greenland, Vahl. e Th. Fr. PELTIOERA. 105 nn. Soc.)i tn. Ore- iked and mller and ; smooth m tawny- ith tootb- Eipothccia blacken- Ach. n. 14. (Frankl. and, etc., rnia, Bo- species, ouisiana, 3ll-distin- tbe other lly above the under li in other jow obso- anaceous, 1 are very I'om glan- th mostly ng-sized ; dactyloid, l,i). 320. ; beneath margins, Tackerm. n forests, gel Si/St. e Th. Fr. Oregon, Hall. British Columbia. Macoun. 6, New England, Tuckerman, Licb. N. E. 1841. Canada, Macoun. 5(ft). N. Lusitanicum, Schser. ; thallus coriaceous-merabra- naceous, sinuately at length deeply cut, with crenate tips, from smooth becoming more or less wrinkled above ; and from brown- ish-glaucescent dark-reddisb-browu ; beneath smooth; yellow within ; apothecia of middling size. Spores as in the last.— Scluer. Enutn. p. 323. Rocks, trees, and bushes. California, Bolandcr. Oregon, Hall. Nephromium stib-lepvigatum, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 321, from the peak of Orizaba, Mexico, is, to judge by the diagnosis, dis- tinguished especially from N. Icevigatum by its more or less reticulately wrinkled thallus. N. cellulosum, Ac'a., is another member of the stock of JV. lavigatum, the whole difiference of which (a difiference sufiQciently foresbadowbd in the older spe- cies) is indicated by its name ; and it is observable that Nylander inclines, I. c. to recognize this Australian lichen (Van Diemen*s Land, Herb. Hook.) in Europe. XVI.— PELTIGERA (Willd., Hoflfm.) F6e. Apothecia peltseform ; with a sub-crenate margin ; ad- nate to the upper side of extended lobules, or rarely ujar- ginal. Spores fusiform, or acicular, 4-plurilocular, at length colourless. Thallus frondose, veiny and villous beneath, where it is deprived of the cortical layer. Gonimous layer constituted now (n. 1, 2) of gonidia; but, in all the other species, of gonimia. A familiar, small group of the north- ern hemisphere, which extends however into the cooler regions of the southern ; and becomes even, in some forms, tropical. We have all the species. * Gonimous layer constituted of gonidia. 1. P. wnosa (L.) Hofifni.; thallus small, coriaceous, becom- ing fan-shaped, simple ; greenish-ash-coloured ; beneath white, variegated with coarse, divaricate, blackening veins ; apothecia marginal, middling-sized, rounded, horizontal ; disk from red- dish finally blackish-brown. Spores fusiform, brownish, as in ^he other species, while in the thekes, 4-locular L. E. p. 48. Tu^kerm. Lich. exs. n. 63. 30-46 7-10 mic. -Fr. -# 106 PELTIOERA. \h 48.70 Spores acicular, 4-8-locular, -~ On the earth. Pennsylvaniu, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Nov Tork, Torreif. Yermout (argillaceous soil), Russell. Canada, Macoun. Greenland, J. Vahl. Behrlng's Straits, Wright. N. W. Coast, Menzies, etc. Rocky Mountains, E. Hall. New Mexico, Fendler. 2. P. aphthosa (L.) Hofftn. ; thallus ample to large, coriace- ous, softisb, smooth; from apple-green becoming glaucescent; the broad, rounded, repand lobes besprinkled with appressed, crenate, brown warts; and beneath reticulated with blackening veins which disappear finally in a close nap ; sparingly flbrillose ; apothecia on somewhat extended lobules, middling to ample, round; disk reddish-brown, mic. Fr. L. E. p. 44. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 9. Rocks, among mosses, and on the earth, common in mountain forests. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818, and the north- ern States. Lake Superior shores, Agassiz, and northward throughout Arctic America, Richardson, etc. Ohio, Lesquereux. Rocky Mountains, Hall. N. W. Coast, Scouler, etc. Mountains of North Carolina, Ravenel. A rather reduced and thinner state (f. minor, Tuckerm. exs. n. 102), with pale, conspicuously brown-reticulated under side, is common here, and is also Euro- pean. The apothecia occur now marginal (f. marginalis, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 37) as in the preceding species ; the specimens (otherwise reduced) being from Behring's Straits, Wright; and the alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, Hall. * * Gonimous layer constituted ofgonimia. 3. P. horizontalis (L.) HoflFm. ; thallus ample, coriaceous,, smooth; from glaucous-greenish becoming cinereous-rufescent; reticulated beneath with blackening veins which soon pass into a continuous, close nap ; sparingly flbrillose ; apothecia on abbre- viated lobules or sub-marginal, middling-sized, transversely ob- long, flat, horizontal ; disk reddish-brown. Spores fusiform, 4- locular, pale-brownish, ^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 47. Tuckerm.. Lich. exs. n. 11, 12. Moist rocks among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818, and throughout the middle and northern States. Canada, Macoun. Ohio, Lea. Rocky Mountains, Hayden. Shores of Behring's Straits, Wright. New Mexico, Fendler. Mountains of North Carolina, Ravenel. PBLTIGERA. 107 18. Now Canada, it. N.W. V Mexico, », corlace- ucescent ; ppresaed, liickening fibril lose; to ample, cular, ^ mountain ho nortli- lorthward '.squerettx. fountains d thinner jpicuously ilso Euro- arginalis, specimens ight; and onacoous,. rufescent ; )ass into a. on abbre- ersely ob- isiform, 4- Ttickerm. )erg Catal. Canada, Shores of fountains 4. P. j)o/y(?(ic/y7a(Xeok.)Hoffm. ; thallus ample, for the roost part thin, and very smooth and bright ; from greenish-glaucos- cent becoming lead-coloured, or now brown ; beneath somewhat naked, conspicuously reticulated with brown veins; the rather elongated fertile lobes digitately clustered ; the middling-sized apothecia finally revolute: disk reddish-brown. Spores acicu- lar ; slender, 4-8-locular, ^ mic. Ach, 8yn. p. 240. Tuck- er m. Licit, exs. w. 10. Rocks, and trunks, among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhlen- berg Catal. 1818. Now York, Halsei/. New England, Tucker- man. Oliio, Drdge, etc. Low country of the southern States frona South Carolina, Ravenel, to Louisiana, Hale. Rocky Moun- tains, J. Wolf. Pacific Coast, Douglas, etc. Mexico (f. dolicho- rhiza, Nyl.), Nylander. It. 5. P. scutata (Dicks.) Leight; thallus smallish, thin and paper-like, or now thicker as in the last, dull, and at length Bomewhiit roughened ; greenish-ash-coloured and rufescent; the narrowed, crisped lobes more or less grey-sorediate at the mar- gins, the fertile ones very short and scattered ; beneath white and reticulated with brown veins ; apothecia smallish, rounded, or transversely oblong; disk blackish-brown. Spores acicular, 4-8-locular, — mic. Peltidea, Ach. Syn. p. 237. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 215. Peltigera, Leight. Lich.-Fl. Brit. p. 210. P. lim- bata, Delis, herb., Hepp. Nyl. in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. • On the earth, rocks, and trees, among mosses. Pennsylva- nia, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. White Mountains, Tuckerman. Ohio, Drcge, Lesqucreux, etc. British Columbia, Dr. Lyall. Oregon, Hall. California, Bolander. Differs both from the last and the next following species, and may properly take a place by itself. There is no doubt of the legitimateness of the long-received name, which can hardly yield now to Delise*s man- uscript one. 6. P. pulverulenta (Tayl.) Nyl. ; thallus middling-sized, cor- iaceous, more or less furrowed and pitted, opake, rimulose-gran- ulate; from greenish-glaucescent becoming ash-coloured and lurid brown; beneath white with brown at length confluent veins ; the short fertile lobes digitately clustered ; apothecia middling-sized; orbicular, disk dark-brown. Spores acicular, 4-8-locular, ^ mic. Peltidea, Tayl. New Lich. in. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 184. P. ru/escens, var., Nyl. Syn. 1, 106 PBLTIGERA. J). 385 / Scnnd. p. 89. P. acutata, Flot., Koerb. Syat. p. 60, pro p. J', scabrosa, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct.p. 45. Rocks, etc. Groenlaud, (Breutel) Koerber, aifst. 1855 ; Wenck. Kotzobue's Sound, Herb. Babington. White &Ioun- tains, with the other characters, but Infertile and therefore doubt- ful, Tuckerman. Sometimes thinner, but distinct, so far as the specimens go, from the last. Taylor's lichen was from South America, and, more recently, Nylandcr has proposed to separate this (Lindig N. Gran. n. 2520) froui the northern plant (Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 1 16) but he gives no reason for so doing. The spores of P. pulverulenta are longer tlian in any other species; now measuring, in the northern form. 7a-iiio mlc; Nyl. 7. P. malacea (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus middling-sized, spongy and softish, granulate mori or less, but becoming downy; livid- brown ; clothed beneath with a dense black nap which is paler and rarely white-foveolate at the margins; scarcely flbrillose; apothecia on extended lobules, middling-sized, orbiculate; disk 2-72 brownish-black. Spores acicular, 4-6-locular, ^ mlc. Fr. L. E. p. 44. On the earth in high mountains. Sub-alpino region of the White Mountains, Tuckerman, Syn. N. E. 1848. Rocky Moun- tains (a small fragment, but appearing to belong here), Willey herb. 8. P. rufescens (Neck.) Hoflfm. ; thallus middling-sized, cor- iaceous, rigid, somewhat downy, and the narrowed, crowded, sub-imbricate lobes elevated and crisped ; greenish-ash-coloured becoming at length dark-reddish-brown ; beneath reticulated with brown veins, which are brown-fibrillose; apothecia on ex- tended lobules, middling to ample, soon vertical and oblong, revolute; disk as in the next. Spores acicular, 4-8-locular, ^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 46. Tucker m. Lich. exs. n. 104. On the earth, rocks, and trunks, among mosses, New England, Tuckerman, Syn. N. E. 1848. New Jersey, Austin. Canada, Agassiz. Arctic America, Bichardson. New Mexico, F'endler. Oregon. Hall. A long known and almost universally recog- nized lichen, with probably much the same rjinge as the next species, but very often exhibited in embarrassing relations to that. The spore-dimensions are derived from but few measure- ments, of such specimens only as appeared tolerably certain ; they closely however accord with Nylander's. Peltidea spuria, mil' H PBLTIGERA. 109 on ex- 3^ Acb., as undorntood by Hellenists, bns probably often included smnll furniH of Peltifjera rtt/escens, atid was referred to the latter Id Syu. N. Eng. ; ns later by Ny lander. ^ 9. P.canina(L.) Hoffin.; tliallus araple to large, merabra- nnceous, round-lobcd, flaccid, furrowed, downy, greonish-groy (cincrasccnt, nnd brownish) ; buneatb wUitiaU, with veins and fibrils of much the same colour, or now darkening ; the fertile lobules somewhat elongated; apothccia middling to ample, rounded, becoming semi-revoluto and vertical ; disk reddish- brown. Spores acicular, 4-8-loci:lar, ^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 45. b. spongiosa, Tuckerm. ; thiillus sub-coriaceous ; the palo veins of the under side passing into tufted fibrils of the same colour which finally run together into a dense, continuous, spongy nap. Lich. exs. n. 103. Gen. p. 38. c. tncmbranacea, Acb. Nyl. ; thallus very thin and scrobicu- late, almost smooth above. Ach. L. U. p. 517. Nyl. Si/n. 1, i). 324. 13, spuria, Ach. \ thallus raucb reduced, sub-coriaceous ; the cream-coloured veins of the under side scarcely fibrillose, the fertile lobules somewhat digitutoly clustered ; apothecia small- ish. Ach. L. U. p. 518. P.pusilla, Koerb. Si/ t. p. 59. ft. soredinta, Schaer. ; thallus as In ,3 but mostly sterile and round-lobed ; besprinkled with grey soredia; the underside now more fibrillose. Schcer. Enum. p. 21. P. erumpens, Tayl. New Lich. I. c. p. 184, <& herb. P. leptoderma, Nyl. Syn. 1 , p. 324, (t in Lindig Herb. N. Gran. n. 2559. P. canina, v. soredii/era, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 38. On the earth, rocks, and mossy trunks. Pennsylvania, Muh- lenberg Catal. 1818, and throughout the northern, middle, and western States. Canada, Agassiz. Arctic America, Richardson (fide Leighton, I. c). Mountains of the southern States, Ravenel. New Mexico, Fendler. Pacific coast, Douglas; Bolander, etc. 6, spongiosa, sub-alpine regions of the White Mountains, Tuckerman. British Columbia, Macoun. One of the largest and most marked conditions of the species. c, membranacea, North West coast, Douglas. Oregon, E. Hall. California, Bo- lander. Mexico, Nylander. fl. spuria has probably the same range as a, but I can only cite it from New Jersey (old fields), Austin; low country of South Carolina (on banks), Ravenel; California, Bolander; and British Columbia, Macoun. b, sore- m 110 ERIODERIfA. h ;5i :l diata pnfuies however directly Into ft in tlie same district of South Carolina (on moist rocks), Ravenel {wi tln^ Ktiropcnn iiclieii may be seen to do in Mouk- nlso now clothed interrupt- edly with a paunose hypotballus; a proper cortical layer wanting on this side. Gonimous layer constituted of go- nimia. Another small group, of especial interest as illus- trating the near relationship of the Peliigerci, to which all other authors but Nylander have referred Erioderma, to the Pannariei. The species are tropical, or austral. E. polycarpiim, Fee; thallus membranaceous, hirsute; green- ish-glaucescent; the summits of the laciniate lobes crenate-cut and crisped ; beneath soft-cottony, whitish, beset with spongy tufts of black fibrils ; apothecia marginal ; hirsute below ; the dark-brown disk soon excluding the thin margin. Spores ellip- soid, becoming colourless, ^ mic. Fee, Essai sur les Crypt. p. 145, U 24,/ 2. flOLORiyA. m t of South cliei) may Lich, Kur. llio Wlilto ;'8 Straits, furnla (on oiiB plant tho finally i tli(M) the )ap (llsap- ic coast is MTon, Ire- taly (I»al- ;ers. The similar to be mostly (la, as ex- ittbrenccs) ;ure of P. extended fusiform ; lions, and nterrupt- cal layer d of go- t as illus- wbich all na, to the te ; green- ronate-cut th spongy elow; the arcs ellip- ses Crypt. Trees, Mexico (var. Mericnnum), Nyl. Kntim. E. WrigktU, Tiickorm., is a native of the inland of Cuba; and the few other species are cited from South America. XVIII.-SOLOUINA, Ach. Apotlieciu rounded ; innate in the upper side of tho thai- lus; tho margin obsolete. Spores from ellipsoid becoming fusiform-oblong, bilocular, brown. Tliallus frondose; be- neath villous, antl veiny ; the cortical layer mostly wanting on this side. Gonimous system constituted of gonidia (lu the gonimous layer) and gouimia. This little cluster is rei)resented in the alpine and arctic regions of the earth by one marked species, and in the temperate ones of Europe and America by another ; to which last the other described forms are very closely akin. 1. S. rrowrt (L.) Ach. ; thallus smallish, coriaceous; reddish- brown ; beneath oiange-saftron, with darker, coarse, branching veins; apothecia middling to ample, appressed, at length some- what tumid; disk rod-brown. Ach. L. U. p. 141). Nyl. Syn. \,p. 32U. On the earth in alpine districts. Greenland, Dillenius, Hist. Muse. 1741. N. of Point Lake, ii/c/*an/so». Labrador, TfencAr. Rocky Mountains, Hall. Oregon, Dr. Lyall, Shores of Behr- iug's Straits, Wright. Spores in eights, j^^^ mic- 2. S. saccata (L.) Ach. ; thallus morabranaceous, sub-imbri- cate; grcenlsh-ash-coloured; beneath white, cottony, flbrillose; apothecia middling-sized, appressed, soon sunken in pits ; disk dark-brown. Spores mostly in fours, j^^^j mic. Ach. L. U. p. 149. Tt4ck. Exs. n. 64. Peltigera, Fr. L E. p. 49. h. spongiosa, Nyl ; thallus reduced to little more than an edge of the sunken apothecium. Nyl. Syn. I. c. S. limbata, Miulil Man. p. 85. On the earth, especially in calcareous regions. Newfound- land, Dc la Pylaie, 182G. Bear Lake, Herb. Hook. Greenland, Vahl I. c. Shores of Behring's Straits, Wright. New York, I'uckerman. Vermont, Russell. b, spongiosa, on the same substrates, Greenland, Vahl; as elsewhere in Arctic America, 112 PANNARIEI. and in Newfoundland, Nylander ; and at Behring's Straits, Wright. Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Coulter. Wo1f.{*) The spores of this species occur in 2'-, 3'-, oftenest 4»-, and only very rarely 5'-. A bisporous condition of /9, from Colorado, alt. 13,800 ft. {Coulter), was observed by Mr. Willey to contain spores measuring ^'^- mic.and may well be compared with S. bispora, Nyl. Syn., which has yet no characters to separate it from the present species. Fam. 5.— PANNARIEI, Thallus horizontal, various, in the highest forms distinctly foliaceous, either sub-monophyllous or many-cleft, coriace- ous-membranaceous, only rarely cartilagineous, — passing then into squamulose conditions, which become in the end crustaceous; placed upon a conspicuous hypothallus (now obsolete). Gonimous layer variously constituted; very rarely, in whole or in part, of gonidia ; but commonly of go- nimia, which anticipate here, more or less, the typical struc- ture of the next family. The structural relations of this group have been considered by Schweudener, /. c, 3, pp. 151, 178, 190, etc.; and reference may be made also to the writer's Genera Lichenum, p. 41. With the appearance of gonimia in the last family (Peltigerei) an im- portant change begins in the Lichen-organism. This change finds further expression and much fuller development in the family now before us, which will be seen to pass, at more than one point, into the next-succeeding Collemei, wherein the go- nimia complete their history. The spore-history of this far humbler family is embarrassed (*) This variety has been well said by Fries (L. E.) to look like young plants of S. saccata, growing oa a foreign crust; the minute fronds, dif- fering only in size from those of a, being connected together and over- run by another semi-crustaceous, pannariiform, lobulate-granulate thal- lus, the darker colour of which is due to gonimia, supplanting here the more common green gonidia of the species ; but this second thallus is taken by recent authors to belong to our lichen equally with the first, or to be (as compare jS^ylander I. c. under S. iispora) an anamorphosis of that. ENDOCARPISCUM. 113 Straits, /••(•) and only ado, alt. in spores . bispora, from the iistinctly , coriace- - passing I the end lus (now id ; very aly of go- cal struc- !onsidered reference 41. With ei) an im- is change nt in the more than the go- ibarrassed like young fronds, dif- r and over- aulate thal- ng here the id thallus is th the first, .amorphosis with much of the ambiguity of that of the Peltigerei. The spores are commonly without colour, and appear on the whole well- referable to the Colourless Series, the ultimate condition of which is the acicular spore. But yet indications of colour are sufiQciently frequent to suggest that the organs we are consider- ing are rather decolorate than colourless ; and Pannaria bys- sina, which we cannot but regard as belonging here, oflTers us finally the perfected (if still decolorate) muriform type of the brown Spore-series. The Pannariei are conceivable then as decolorate members of the Series characterized by muriform (typi- cally coloured) spores, and as contiguous therefore Tvich Umbili- carlei, and to some extent at least, if not with the bulk of, Pelti- gerei, on the one hand, as especially with Colletnei on the other. Genera, p. 61. XIX.— ENDOCARPISCUM, Nyl. Apothecia sunkeu commonly in the thallus and indicated only by an ostiole, but becoming superficial and lecanorine. Spores very minute, simple, without colour; numerous m the thekes. Spermatia ovoid; on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus foliaceous, peltate, monophyllous ; free, and strongly corticate beneath; the hypothallus deficient. Gonimous layer consisting of gouimia. Montague {PI. Cell. Canar. I. infra cit.) remarks "the considerable resemblance" both as respects habit and colour, of Endocarpiscum Guepini to Heppia Despreauxii. And Nylauder, more recently, goes so far {Obs. Lich. Pyren. p. 56) as to say that ^^ Endocarpis- cum^ properly considered, is Heppia, or scarcely a sub-genus of it." But the two types may be said notwithstanding to be well distinguished, no less by external habit than by structure. 1. E. Guepini (Delis.) Nyl.; thallus small, monophyllous, cartilagineous-coriaceous; from greenish- becoming brownish- olive, the repand, revolute edges gray-sorediate ; beneath naked and smooth, wrinkled, from flesh-coloured at length tawny; apothecia deeply sunken in minute pits [but becoming super- ficial and lecanorine]. Spores very minute, and numerous in the thekes; rounded and oblong, simple, without colour. Endo- carpon, Fr. L. E. p. 410. Guepinella, Bagl. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2, 171. 8 114 HEPPIA. Rocks. Needbam near Boston, and at Harper's Ferry in Maryland, Tuckerman in Nji. Pyrenoc. 1858. Arkansas, Peters. California, Bolander. Lecanorine apotbecia have been only very recently detected in the European licben ; they bave not been observed here. 2. E. Bolanderi, Tuck, herb.; tballus minute, crowded in imbricate patches, coriaceous-membranaceous ; from olivaceous becoming dark-brown; crenate - lobate ; with raised, scarcely powdery margins ; beneath smooth, pale-brown ; apotbecia very small, innate-sessilo, lecanorine ; a tumid, entire margin border- ing a red-brown disk. Spores very minute and numerous, ellip- soid, simple, without colour. Pannaria, sect. Endocarpiscum, Tucherm. Gen. p. 51. Rocks. Ukiah, and elsewhere, California {Bolander), Tuck- erman I. c. 1872. The smaller tballus is thinner and darker than that of E. Guepini (with which the present sometimes grows), and, together with the scutellseform apotbecia — the only sort yet observed— suggests rather a Collema. XX.— HEPPIA, Naeg. Apotbecia orbicular, immersed, and mostly depressed in the tballus, aud immarginate. Spores ovoid, simple, de- colorate ; now (2) numerous in the thekes. Spermatia ellip- soid; on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus squamose-foliace- ous, monophyllous, more or less continuously corticate beneath, where it is closely attached to the matrix by pale hypothalline filaments. Gonimous layer constituted of go- niuiia. The external resemblance of the very commonly saccate-depressed apotbecia of n. 1 to those of Solorina saccata is the only feature associating it seemingly with Solorina rather than Pannaria. 1, H.Bespreauxii (Mont.) Tuckerm. ; thallus small to minute, orbicular, dull, smootbish, or at length rimulose-rugulose ; from pale- becoming olivaceous-green ; with finally raised, repaud, and crenate-lobato edges ; beneath mostly pale ; apotbecia soli- tary in small fronds, but now numerous in larger ones, small to middling; disk red-brown. Spores ^ mic. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 46. Solorina, Mont. PI. Cell. Canar. p. 104, t. 6, /. 5 {sporis excl). PHTSMA. 115 On the earth, Ohio (Lea), Tuckertnan in Lea. Catal. Cincin. 1848. New England. Illinois, Hall. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina and Florida, Bavenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. And, on calcareous pebbles, Kansas, Hall. In patches of the lichen from the Organ mountains, Texas (Wright), the exterior frouds are differenced from the small, round, interior ones, serving only Jis margins to the solitary apo- thecia, by their greater size and length, and their lobation; much as the radiant, exterior squniuules of squamulose Panna- riee, when compared with the small, interior ones. 2. H. polgspora, Tuckorm. in lift. ; thallus much as in the last, but besprinkled with the numerous, very small apothecia (scarcely exceeding 0"""- 5, in width) which a^-e even with the thallus, and blackening. Spores numerous in the thekes, rounded and ovoid, from brown becoming decolorate, 2-5 mic. in the long- est diameter. Mountains of Colorado, T. S. Brandegee; comm. by C. J. Sprague. The thallus appears to be more continuously corticate below than in n. 1. XXI.— PHYSMA, Mass. Apothecia scutellaeform. Spores ellipsoid, simple, with- out colour. Thallus foliaceous; clothed beneath with a dis- tinct, fiually spongy hypothallus. Gonimous layer consti- tuted of gonimia, whicn are concatenate, and dispersed, amid lax filaments, in a homogeneous pulp ; as in Collema. It is to the genus last-named that the first species ol Physma was always referred ; as the other also, by Mon- tague. And it cannot well be questioned that the two are congenerical ; but P. luridum is far closer to Pannaria riibi- ginosa and P. fulvescens than is P. hyrsceum to any Colleme- ine lichen. No more pregnant example can be cited, among foliaceous species, of the intimate relationship of Pannariei to Collemei; or of the unnaturaluess of attempting to place these families in ditferent Orders. 1. P. hyrsceum (Afzel.); thallus ample, orbicular, cartila- gineous-coriaceous ; minutely wrinkled; lead-coloured (cineras- cent); the discrete, radiant, linear lobes dilated and crenate at 116 PANKARIA. the tips, and clothed beneath with a blackening, spongy nap ; apotbecia middling to ample, concave ; the red disk bordered by an elevated, rugose-plicate margin. Spores broad ellipsoid, sim- ple, decolorate, ^ mic. Collema hyrsinwn, Ach. L. U. p. 642. C. Boryanum, Pcrs., Mont, in Ann. 3, 10, *-. 133. Trees in tropical regions; Island of Cuba; and, probably, Mexico. 2. P. luridum (Mont.) ; thallus middling-sized, coriaceous, sub-monophyllous, wrinkled and powdery ; from greenish-glau- cous becoming yellowish-gray, and livid ; the rather wide, irregu- larly radiant lobes imbricated, and sinuate; clothed beneath, more or less densely, with a pale but blackening hypothoUus; apothecia middling-sized ; a rugose-crenate margin bordering a reddish-brown disk. Spores rounded- and broad-ellipsoid, now pointedly tipped, simple, decolorate, ^J^ raic. Collema, Mont. Cent. 3, 76, «& Bonite,p. 115, 1. 146,/. 3. Parmelia {Amphiloma), EusseUii, Tiuskerm. Syn. N. E. p. 35. Pannaria, Nyl. Enum. Trees, dead wood, and rocks. New England (Russell), Tuck- erman Enum. 1845. New Jersey, Austin. Virginia, Tttckerman. South Carolina, Bavenel. Alabama, Peters. Missouri, Hall. Oc- curring also in Japan (Wright), and in the tropics. The dis- tinctly parenchymatous cortex is the chief ditference in structure between this and the preceding. XXII.— PANNARIA, Delis. Apothecia uow scutellaeform and lecanorine ; now with both thalliue and proper margins (zeorine) ; and now simply biatorine. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid and oblong; simple; or bi-quadrilocular ; or rarely muriform-multilocular ; brown- ish, or, more often, decolorate. Spermatia (in so far as li:nown) oblong -, on multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus sub- foliaceous, either monophyllous, or laciaiate-multifld ; or squamulose; becoming at last semi-crustaceous. Hypo- thallus spongy ; or extenuate ; or obsolete. Gouimous layer constituted either (sect. 1, 2) of gonidia, or (sect. 3) of both gouidia and gonimia, or, more often, and, in all tue remain- ing sections, of gonimia alone ; which, and as well the fila- mentous and parenchymatous tissues, anticipate variously the features of the next family. PANNARTA. 117 * A mphiloma. Tballus foliaceous, membranaceous, roand- lobed, softisb, and deliquescent ; upon a blackening bypc tballus. Gonimous system of gonidia. {Amphiloma, Nyl., emend.) 1 . P. lanuginosa ( Acb. ) Eoerb. ; tballus orbicular, wbite, pow- dery; tbe lobation distinct only at the circumference, and often disappearing, when only a crust, or cushion-like mass is left, determinable by tbe delicate bypothallus; apothecia scarcely known. Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 465. Farm. {Amphiloma) Fr. L. E. p. 88. Rocks, New England, Tt4ckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Canada, Drummond. New York, Peck. Blue Ridge, Virginia. Tucker- man. Louisiana, Hale. The pale-sulphur-coloured tint so common in the Europban lichen has not been observed by me in the North American ; but the bypothallus is quite the same in both, and the general aspect. * * Psoroma. Tballus squamulose. Bypothallus obsolete. Gonimous system of gonidia. Apothecia lecanorine (Psoroma, Nyl., olim.). The only northern species is most readily associable with Pannaria brunnea; and, notwithstanding the difference in tbe gonidia, cannot be called at home in any other genus. The group attains its full development in the aus- tral and antarctic regions, where species with laciniate-multifid and even frondose tballus, and otherwise remarkably differenced, occur. 2. P. hypnorum (Hoffm.) Koerb. ; thallus of minute, rounded, at length granulate-crenate, ascendant and imbricate squamules; from yellowish becoming reddish-brown (with age dark ash-col- oured) ; beneath pale, and naked ; apothecia middling to ample, sessile ; the disk red-brown ; the thin, elevated margin crenate, and at length granulate-squamulose. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid and oblong, simple, decolorate, ~ mic Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 98. Tuck. Exs. n, 20. Psoroma, Nyl. Scand. p. 121. On the earth, growing over mosses and twigs, in alpine dis- tricts. Arctic America (BicJiardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. Rocky Mountains, HaU. Newfoundland, Bespreaux. White Mount- ains of N. Eng., Tu4:kerman. * • • Euopsis. Thallus tartareous, peltate. Hypothal- lus obsolete. Gonimous system constituted of both gonidia and gonimia. Apothecia lecanorine. (Euopsis, Nyl. emend. ) The 118 PANNARIA. I' r ordinary gonidia are suflBciently conspicuous in cur lichen, to- gether with more or less similar red gonidia, and, with these, as in the European, smaller and less abundant gonimia. And these differiiig forms of the gonidial cells belong all to the plant before us, and are neither to be referred, in part, to an intru- sive, foreign Alga (as supposed in Nyl. Scand. p. 171) nor, in part, to a foreign Lecanora (as asserted in Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 104). And they condition that red and white marbling of the thallus which is so conspicuous in section. The plant is thus referable neither to Lecanora, as supposed by SommerfeU, and Nylander (Scand.) nor to Pyrenopsis, as by the latter author in Lapp. Or. ; but must either find a place here, or as a distinct genus of Parmeliei. In the group Euopsis, Nyl., which has not yet, that I am aware, been characterized, but is noted by its author as distinguishable from his Pyrenopsis, with which he associates it, in Collemei, by the form and higher structure of its apothecia [Flora, 1875, p. 363) I am compelled to include his Pyrenopsis hcematopis. 3. P. granatina (Sommerf.) , thallus minute, monophyllous, attached at a single point, rounded or difform, thickish, warted ; brown-reddish; crowded often into a loose crust; beneath blackening but not otherwise differing ; apothecia very small, adnate, the shining, red-brown, flat or swelling disk bordered by a sub-crenate margin. Spores oblong, simple, decolorate, -^mic. Lecanora, Sommerf. Suppl. Lapp. p. 90. Nyl. Scand. p. 171. Pannaria, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 77. Rocks, Notch of the White Mountains, Ttickerman Gen. 1872. Maine, Willey. Collema heemaleum var. hcematopis, Sommerf. {Pyrenopsis heematopis, Nyl. ; Th. Fr.) which was found in Green- land by Vahl, is considered to differ in its concave fruit ; but the puLlished European plant (Nyl. in Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 5) has so entirely the structure of Pannaria granatina that I can- not venture, with the material before me, to separate it even as a variety. And it is observable that Nylander has referred one and the same lichen (the Pyrenopsis ru/escens of his Lich. Scand. p. 27) at p. 288 of the same work to P. hcematopis, and in Lapp. Or. to P. granatina. Pannaria granatina var. hamalea, Th. Fr. {Collema luBmaleum, Sommerf. Euopsis hcema- lea, Nyl. in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 101) also has the structure of P. granatina ; of which it appears to be a reduced expression. It is unknown here. PANNARIA. 119 • • • • Pannaria proper. The characters of this central group of the always equivocal genua before us, are sufficiently various. Thallus, in the highest expressions, foliaccous ; but soon st|uaraulose; and disappearing at length in crustaceous states ; the spongy hypothallus becomingjn like manner reduced, and now obsolete. Gonimous system constituted of gonimia, which are more or less concatenate, and distinctly gelatinou.s. interspersed, in the highest forms, among rather loose medul- lary filaments • these passing, in the inferior ones, into a paren- chymatous tissue. Apothecia largely lecanorine; but also biatorine; and both sorts sometimes in one and the same species. Spores simple, except in n. 12. {Pannaria, Nyl. emend. ), 4. P. pannosa (Sw.) Dehs. ; thallus ample, fohaceous, orbic- ular, thin-membranaceous, smooth ; from livid-glaucous becom- ing ash-coloured and brown ; the radiant, narrowed, flattish, many -cleft (now isidiophorous) divisions either connate or dis- crete, seated upon and bordered by a dense, black hypothal- lus ; [apothecia, of the tropical lichen, of middling size, sessile ; either lecanorine, with incurved, crenate margin ; or zeorine ; or biatorine ; the disk from pale- at length dark-reddish-brown, and the entire, proper margin finally black. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid and sub-fusiform, commonly brownish, ^ mic. Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 465. Trees, in tropical countries ; occurring here, but as yet only seen infertile, in the low country of South Carolina {Bavenel) Tuckerm. Gen. 1872 ; as of Louisiana, Hale The original lichen of Swaitz {Lich. Amer. t. 5) and Acharius, had only biatorine fruit, while Nylander {Bisp. Psor. d' Pann.) has recog- nized only lecanorine. The lecanorine state is perhaps, to judge by my herbarium, the more frequent of the two ; but I observe no other differences. 5. P. rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delis. ; thallus smallish, foliace- ous, orbicular, membranaceous, smoothish ; from ashy-greenish becoming yellowish-gray, livid, and lead-coloured ; the radiant, approximate, rather broad and concave, imbricate divisions with dilated and multlfid tips, and raised, crenate margins ; the dense, and margining hypothallus bluish-black; apothecia smallish to middling, lecanorine, sessile; disk rusty-brown, margin crenulate. Spores rounded, and ovoid, simple, decolor- ate, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 88. ScJuer. Spicil. p. 462. 120 PANNARIA. I (1 t. conoplea, Fr. ; thallus beset densely with gray soredia, passing, at the centre, into a continuous crust, [apothecia zeo- rine and biatorine]. Fr. I c. Parmelia, Ach. L. U.p. 467. Trees and rocks, New England, Ttickerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Ohio, Lesquereux. North, and South Carolina, Ravenel, etc. Alabama and Mississippi, Peters, etc. Texas, Hall. California, Dr. Palmer. Oregon, Hall b, New England, Tuckerman. 6. P. leucosticta, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose, cartilagin- eous-membranaceouD ; from brownish-ash-cdloured becoming tawny-brown; squamules of the circumference expanded, elon- gated, and pinnately lobulate, those of the centre ascendant and imbricated, dissected, dentate-crenate, the teeth white- powdery; hypothallus thin, bluish-black; apothecia smallish to middUng, lecanorine, appressed; the red-brown disk at length tumid, and excluding the thin, crenate, soon white- powdery margin. Spores rounded and ovoid, simple, decolorate, -^ mic. Obs. Lieh. I. c. 4, p. 404. Rocks, and also trunks, common from New England to southern Virginia, Tuckerman in Darlingt. Fl. Cestr. 18.53. Ohio, Lesqueretix. North Carohna, Curtis. South Carolina and Georgia, Bavenel. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. 7. P. pholidota (Mont.) Nyl. ; thallus of minute, membrana- ceous, rounded, crenate-lobulate, finally crowded and imbricate squamules which are predominantly pale-yellowish-gray, but are commingled more or less with lead-coloured ones; on a thin, blackening hypothallus; apothecia small, lecanorine, ses- sile, the incurved, crenate margin finally excluded by the palo- to dark-brown disk. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Mmt. Fl. Chil. p. 146. Trees, Mexico; Nylander. The lichen (in Montague's Juan Fernandez specimens) has not a little the aspect, in small, of a pale P. Hypnorum, and the hght-coloured scales are character- ized by gonidia, as in that ; but a change takes place in some of these scales, whereby they assume a bluish colour (extending also in part to the exciples) and the scales exhibit then a pecu- liar and more dehcate crenelation, and offer only gonimia; whiv.h appear to be regarded as determming the place of the lichen. 8. P. Hookeri (Sm.) Th. Fr. ; thallus squamulose, sub-car- tilagineous, more or less leaden-gray; squamules expanded, PANNARIA. Itl rine, ses- 8ub-imbricate, bluntly lobed and notched, and longitudinally striate ; those of the circumference elongated and radiant, the central ones crowded and crust-like; blackening beneath; apo- thecia small, lecauorine, appressed, the margin at length cre- nate, the flat disk from reddish- brown soon blackening. Spores broad-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ raic. Th. Fr. Lick. Arct. p. 73. P. k'Hcolepis ( Wahl.) Nyl. Scand. p. 123. Kocks, Greenland (^'ahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. 9. P. hrunnca (Sw.) Mass. ; thallus squamulose, sub-mem- branaceous, livid-ash-coloured and tawny-brown; squamules minute, now explanate and crenate, and now elongated and dis- sected, imbricate, and heaped together at length into a granu- lose mass; apothecia middling - sized, lecanorine, immersed, very numerous and soon confluent and diflform, the reddish- brown disk becoming convex and even turgid, and excluding then the commonly persistent, incurved, crenulate margin, Spores oblong -ellipsoid, often pointed - tipped, simple, decol- orate, j^:,^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 93. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 89. Pannaria, Nyl. Scand. p. 123. On the earth, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. Greenland, Vahl Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. White Mountains, Willey. Coast of Massachusetts, Oakes. Cattskill Mountains, Peck. Rocky Mountains, J. Wolf. 10. P. microphylla (Sw.) Delis. ; thallus squamulose, cartila- gineous; livid-ash-coloured and glaucescent; the thickish, at first expanded but '=, convex, luimarKinate ; disk from reddish- orange or cheHtnut beeominK Itlaek. Spores (llipsoid and cyin- biform, bi-nucleohite, decolorate, -!J]^- ndc. Tiukernt. (fen. IJch. p. Wi. I.cndca ParmrlinMes (Hook.) Mont. Cithfi, p. 1{)2. Coccocarpia, Twkerm. in Wright Lich. Cult. n. lt)4-107. h. rronia, Nyl. ; lol)ea l)o.set, at length densely, with isidioid branchleta; the martjinato a[)otheoia white-flbrilloso beneath. Spores as in a. Parmetin rronia, Turkcrm. Syn. N. K. p. 36. c. incisa, Nyl. ; lobes narrowed, discrete more or less at the clrcumforonce, and many-cleft; at the centre isidiophoroua. [Apothecia now as v\ a, and now as in />.] Ni/I. in Prodr. JV. Gran. p. 27 t& Liudig herb. n. 2538. Coccocarpia incisa, Pers., Mont, in Ann. Sci. Trees, bushes, and dead wood; a tropical lichen, but ex- tending throughout the United States ; Tuekerman in Darlingt. Ft. Cest. 1853. Texas, Wright. Louisiana, Hale. Alabama, Beaumont. Florida, Austin. South Carolina, liavenel. Penn- sylvania, Michencr. Western Now York, Sartwell. b, Rocks, and also trunks, etc., commonly infertile ; from New England to Virginia, Tuekerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Illinois, fertile, Wolf. North Carolina to Texas, liavenel. Alabama, fertile, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. As also Cuba, Wright; and New Granada, Lindig. c, Trunks, Florida, Bavenel. This species is closely akin to the preceding, but Is differenced by the apo- thecia, and the spores. The colours are perhaps also a little unlike; but the present becomes remarkable in the tropics (where the other is wanting) for a certain luxuriance {Coccocar- pia incisa, ciliolata, etc., of authors) which, rare enough in the northern lichen, is far from surprising in the tropical. 18. P. stellata (Tuckerm.) Nyl. ; thallus minute, orbiculate, membranaceous ; lead-coloured ; the very narrow, linear, and flat lobes discrete, radiant, and many-cleft at the circumference, but becoming at the centre densely imbricated, and dentate- lobulate; white, and white-fibrillose beneath; apothecia very small, sessile; with a reddish-brown disk ; white fibrillose below. Spores ellipsoid, as in P. molyhdaa, but small, decolorate, -^ 126 PA NN ARIA. ml' mic. Coccocarpia, Tttckerm. Obs. Lich. I. c. 5, p. 402. Panna- ria, Nyl. Disp. Psar. <& Pann. Upon Holly, Low country of South Carolina (Bavenel), Tuck- ' erman ; c. 1862. Florida, Messrs. J. D. Smith, dc Attstin. Ala- bama {Herb. Willey). The apothocia and spores refer the plant to the present sec- tion, jather than the preceding. The thallus is also well-com- parable with that of such specimens of P. molyhdaa, v. incisa, as arc given in Lindig N. G. Coll. 2, n. 68 ; except in its at length extreme narrowness and minuteness. ****** Lecothecium. Thallus reduced ; squamulose-foUa- ceou^. ; and crustaceous ; the hypothallus mostly indistinct, or obsolete. Medullary layer, when detaed, of compact, elongated cells. Gonimia more or less concatenate and distinctly gelati- nous, with a CoUemeine aspect. Apothecia lecanorine v^- 19, 20) or biatorine. Spores (except in 19) 2-4-locular. (LecoDie- cium, Trevis. Pannarice sp., & Pterygium, Nyl.) 19. P. Sonomensis, Tuckerm.; thallus small, irregular; greenish- brown ; made up of minute, discrete, elongated, Unear, many-cleft lobes, of which the central are teretish and inter- tangled, and the outer ones expanded; beneath whitish, and naked, the hypothallus being obsolete ; apothecia very small, lecanorine; the entire margin finally excluded; and the reddish- brown disk blackening. Spores fusiform, curved, simple, de- colorate, ^ mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 12, p. 169. Granitic and other rocks, Sonoma, and Yosemite, California {Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1877. 20. P. stenophylla, Tuckerm.; thallus minute, orbiculate, stellate-expanded ; greenish-brown ; lobes terete, those of the circumference radiant, and branching ; the central ones squam- ulose-granulose, falling away at length and leaving the zoned periphery; beneath pale without apparent hypothallus; apo- thecia very small, lecanorine ; the disk brown ; the margin soon disappearing. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, somewhat curved, bilocular, decolorate, ^ mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 12, p. 169. Calcareous rocks growing intermingled with the next, Ala- bama {Peters), Tuckermajt I. c. 1877. Apothecia appearing to be now zeoriue ; and eo not impossibly biatorine also, at last. 1: PANNARIA. 127 21. P. Petersii, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose-foliaccous, membranaceous, stellate-expanded ; from livid-glaucous l)ecora- ing olivaceous, and black; lobes appressed, flat, contiguous, now dispersed and soon falling away at the centre ; radiant and many-cleft at the concentrically disposed circumference ; the hypothallus obsolete; apothecia very small, biatorine, flat, black, with a thin margin. Spo.es ellipsoid and oblong, simple and bilocular, decolorate, ^ mic. Gen. Lich.p. 54. Lecidea, Tuck. Pteryffium, Nyl. Syn. p. 93. Calcareous rocks. Alabama {Peters) Tuckerman in Nyl. Syn. 1858. New York, Willey. The regular, stellate, con- centrically disposed thallus is not always to be seen ; but only scattered lobules. 22. P. flahellosa, Tuckerm. ; thallus squaraulose-foliaceous, membranaceous; livid-ash -coloured; lobules narrow-linear, dissected, those of the circumference expanded and fan-shaped, flat, and longitudinally striate ; those of the centre teretish and heaped; upon an indistinct, finally blue-black hypothallus; apothecia very small, immixt, flat ; a red disk bordered by a pale-livid margin, and both finally blackening. Spores oblong- ellipsoid, 2-4-locular, decolorate, ^ mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 5, p. 401 ; Gen. Lich. p. 54. Granitic rocks. Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman I. c. 1862. White Mountains, Willey. Apothecia 3-6 mic. wide, about twice the size of those of the last. 23. P. nigra (Huds.) Nyl. ; thallus very minutely squamu- lose ; leaden-ash-coloured ; squamules now scattered and lobu- late, but heaped, for the most part, into a broken, granulose or corallinoid crust; upon a thin, blue-black hypothallus; apo- thecia very small, biatorine, sessile (from reddish-brown) com- monly black, the swelling disk soon excluding the thin margin. Spores oblong, 2-4-locular, decolorate, -^ mic. CoUenia, Ach. L. U. p. 628. Pannaria, Nyl. Sound, p. 126. 6. ctBsia, Nyl.; thallus dark gray, or whitish; the internal structure confused and obscure. Tuckerm. Gen. Lich. p. 54. Collolechia, Mass., Koerb. Syst. p. 377. Calcareous rocks, and sandstones, Pennsylvania and the northern States to Canada, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Illinois and Kansas, Hall. Alabama, Peters. b, calcareous rocks, 128 COLLEMEI. Trenton, N. Y., etc., Tvickerman Gen. Lich. 1872. Structure of the thallus of the present species, in its best conditions (as Fellm. Lich. Arct. n. 101) sufficiently agreeing with that of the other species of this section, and with Pterygium, Nyl., which is not well at home in Collemei ; and the lichen differs in fact in nothing from Lecothecium of Authors but the very indistinct hy- pothallus. Both the colour, and imperfectly defined, or con- fused structure of b may perhaps be attributable to the action of lime : like a, tt • chen is inseparable from the Pannariei. ******* Janella. Thallus crustaceou8,squamulo8e-granu- lose, parenchymatous throughout. Hypothallus obsolete. Goni- mous system of gonimia. Apothecia biatorine. Spores muri- form-plurilocular. {Collema aut Leptogium, Atict.) 24. P. hyssina ( Hoffm. ) Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse ; of minute, granulose, or now corallinoid, ash-coloured squamules, passing into scurfy granules; apothecia small to very small, ir/nate-ses- sile: margin depressed; disk reddish-brown. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, decolorate, -^-j^ mic. Leptogium, Zwackh Exs. n. 174. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 120. Colkma, Koerb. Parcrg. p. 410. Pan- naria, Tuck. Gen. p. 56. On the earth, Illinois (Hall), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. Massa- chusetts, on bank-walls, Willey. " Fam. 6.— COLLEMEI. Thallus various, exhibiting the whole range of variatioa in form of the Tribe, — now shrub-like and ascendant j or liliform and decumbent ; now, and for the most part, folia- ceous ; and now, at length crust-like ; whea moist more or less gelatinous (whence the name Jelly-lichens) ; the hypo- thallus, except in rare cases, obsolete. Gonimous system exclusively of gonimia, which are now clustered in roundish groups, or more commonly linked together in necklace-like chains, nestling in a homogeneous pulp derived from the dissolution of the thickened membranes. For a consideration of the relations of this much-disputed Family to tlie immediately precedmg ones, and of the insupera- LICHINEI. 129 l.'{9 difficulties in the way of continuing to regard it as ordinarily distinct from them, reference may be made to the author's Qtn- era Lichenum, p. 56-G4, etc. The spore -history of the CoUemei oflFers an evident contrast to that of the Pannariei, in that while in the latter the greater proportion of the forms, and all the more typical ones, have simple spores, — the higher features shewing themselves only in the receding sections, the confused and at length aberrant struct- ure of which assimilates them to Eucollemei, — it is the bulk and most typical portion of the former which displays the higher spore-characterization, and only in general the reduced and re- ceding clusters in which the spores are simple. We descend thus from the foliaceous Pannarlce to the sections Lecothecium and Janella ; as we ascend from Pyrenopsis and Omphalaria to Leptogium and Hydrothyria. But in both alike the ultimate con- dition of the 8j)ore is that of the Coloured Series ; and those spores therefore the structure of which represents earlier stages of spore-development, however without colour and apparently equivocal, are to be taken for decelerate members of the same Series. Massa- Sub-Fam. 1. — Lichinei. Thalius filamentous or shrub-like; the gonimia either constituting an axis (as in Sirosiphon, and other types of Algce, with which Class the principal members of the present Sub-Family were formerly placed, as Sirosiphon is now, by some, with LicTimes) but interpenetrated and surrounded by filamentous elements (hyphsB), and crowded at length by the development of the latter into a regular gonimous layer (Sect. 1), or concatenate (Sect. 2). Medullary layer more or less parenchymatous. Apothecia globose ; oftener biatorine. Sect. 1. Ephebei. Thalius filamentous, sirosiphonoid. The plants to be now described are distinguished from Algee, as well by the possession of apothecia, as of hyphee. In other re- spects, however, the present section is so close to certain Algal types (especially Sirosiphon, Kiitz.), and this resemblance ap- peared otherwise of such difficult explanation, that the question of parasitism long since suggested itself. Ephebe pubescens, in its 130 THBRMUTIS. so-called fertile condition, was thus taken for aL Alga i "sted by a Fungus (Hepp. Flecht. Eur. n. 712). De Bary illui. -rated this further, and proposed an alternative. Either the lichens now before us are the fully developed, fructifying states of plants, the less developed conditions of which ranked heretofore as NostochaceeSf Chroococcacea;, etc., among the Alga:, or the gi'oups last-named are typical Algm, which assume the form of Collema, Ephebe, etc., in consequence of being penetrated by certain para- sitical Ascomycetes, which spread their mycelial cells through, and thus condition the growing thallus. (De Bary, Morph. dk Phys. d. Pilze, etc., p. 291.) Schwondener's development of the latter hypothesis {Die Algen-typen der Flechten-gonidien, 1869, etc.) opened up an enquiry of deep interest, which yet neit'ier his own profound researches, nor the later ones of Bornet (Re- cherches sur les gonidies, Ann. 5, 17, 1873) and Stahl (Beiir. z. Entwickalungsgeschichte d. Flechten, 1877) were sufficient to de- termine; and the question remained an open one, till it was set- tled, and in favour of the autonomy of the Lichens, by Minks {Das Microgonidium, 1879). Sirosiphon, Kiitz., oi which sev- eral species are recognized here {Prof. W. G. Farlow), has lately found a place in certain Lichen-catalogues with the authority apparently of Dr. Nylander; but the group oi Algce in question, as constituted, is only hypothetically associablo with Lichens; and th« eminent author cited has not yet attempted to remove the difficulty of so associating it. Ephebelta, Itzigs., also North American {Farlow) is still further removed from Lichens. I 111 [THERMUTIS, Fr., Born. Apothecia very small, biatorine. Spores ellipsoid, colour- less. Spermatia oblong; on simple sterigmas. Thallus slender filiform, densely tufted ; the gonimia constituting, at the extremities, a single, central axis, which breaks up, in the older parts, into transverse rings. T. velutina (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus of very slender, decumbent, sub-simple, crisped, blackish-brown filaments intertangled ihto close, velvety cushions; apothecia a little concave, pale brown, with an obtuse margin. Spores roundish-ellipsoid, simple, " "j^° mic." Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 286. Koerb. Parerg. p. 450. Gonionema, Nyl. Syn. l,p. 88, t. 1,/. 11. Rocks and stoues, Europe ; but known to fruit only in the ex- SPILONEIIA.—EPHEBE. 131 ttfme north. It has not yet been detected here. There being Hi question of the plant's being the type of Thermutis, Fr. {8. O. V. p. 302 ; 1825) it is not a sufficient reason for supplanting this name by Nylander's, that Fries, many years later, referred incorrectly, in litt. (Schaer. Enum. p. 248), an incongruous lichen to his genus.] [SPILONEMA, Born. Apothecia minute, lentiform, immarginate, black. Spores ellipsoid, colourless. Spermatia oblong ; on multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus slender filiform, branched, the large gonimia arranged at first in an axial column, as in the I 3t, but soon exhibiting, like that, the dissolution of this column into transverse layers. Nyl. ut infra. S. paradoxum, Born. ; " thallus densely caespitose, entangled, irregularly and somewhat one-sidedly branched, th*e filaments about an eighth of an inch in height ; blackish-brown ; apothecia hemispherical, without any margin, black. Spores ellipsoid, simple, 9-4 mic." Nyl. Syn.p. 89, t. 2,/. 3. Leight. in Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865. Rocks in the south of Europe ; as also in North Wales ; and in Finland. This plant is also unknown here, having, like the last, been hitherto sought in vain among the Sirosophons, etc., of our rocks ; but it may occur within our limits, however long obscured by the absence of fruit. The general agreement in thalline struct- ure of the plants which constitute the present section (Ephebei) is such, that their distinction turns on their fruit-characters. Spilonema differs yet, by its branched and shrub-like hab't, from Thermutis ; as by its smaller size from Ephebe. A minute, pulvinate lichen, looking like a small and lighter- coloured Ephebe, which Bornet (in litt., fide Ynrlovr) was inclined provisionally to refer to this genus, but infertile, has occurred, on calcareous rocks in Alabama, Peters ; and, what is possibly the same, on granitic rocks in Massachusetts, Willey.] XXIIL— EPHEBE, Fr., Born. Apothecia minute, now persistently immersed in the thallus and endocarpeine, and now supcfleial and globose- 132 SPHERE. m lecaoorine; the coarctate disk punctifortn. Spores ellip- soid, colourless. Spermatia ellipsoid ; on simple srerigmas, Thallus coarsely filamentous, branched ; the large pronimia grouped fiually more or less together outside ol' the medul< lary parenchyma. • Apothecia {so far as known) immersed in the thallus. 1. E. pubescens, Fr. ; thallus much-branched, rather rigid, transversely somewhat wrinltled and scabrous, decumbent in loosely intertangled tufts ; from blacliish-green becomiiu? black ; [apothecia immersed several together in siliquose swellings of the thallus; the disk reduced to a point. Spores oblong-ellip- soid, bilocular, colourless, ^ mic.] Ntfl. Syn. 1, p. 90, t. 2, 1, d^ 17-20. Leight. I. c. Kocks, throughout New England, and northward, Tuckcrman Syn. N. E. 1848. Greenland 9 & cf Hornemann, fide Bornet. New York, Peck. New Jersey. AvMin. Probably throughout the Appalachian system of mountains, as in Alabama, Peters. Always as yet (with the above noted exception of Greenland) seen here without apothecia, but occurring with spermogones, which resemble the apothecia of the next species. Reliance is hardly to be placed on the ordinarily dioecious character sup- posed to distinguish thit' from the next (Nyl. Syn. I. c.) as com- pare the E. Lapponica, Nyl. in Flora, 1F75, which can scarcely be said to dififer at all frcn the present but in being monoecious. 2. E. mammillosum (Lyngb.) Fr.; thallus simple; softer than the last; the simple branches incrassated and spindle shaped, and thickly mammillated on all sides; apothecia un- known. Harv. Brit. Alga, p. 153. Wet rocks near Norman's Woe, Gloucester, Mass., Prof. Far- low. Both Agardh, and Harvey have inclined to consider this a variety of the last, from which Fries {Summ. Veg. Scand.) has distinguished H. « « Apothecia superficial, and globose. 3. E. solida. Born. ; thallus generally like that of the first species in habit as in roughness, but much shorter, and perhaps more uniformly stouter-branched and shrub-like, and growing in smaller tufts ; black; apothecia lateral and terminal ; the punc- tiform disk at length evidently impressed ; with an obtuse mar- T'JHINl. 133 f!s ellip- erigmas. ;^Dimia e medul- llus. tier rigid, mbent in nsj black ; sellings of ong-elllp- 90. t. 2, 1, uckcrman ie Bornet. ighout the a, Peters. rreenland) rmogones, Reliance is acter sup- c.) as com- ,n scarcely aoncBcious. lie ; softer ad spindle ithecia un- Prof. Far- sider this a 3cand.) has )f the first nd perhaps growing in ; the punc- ibtuse mar- gin. Spores oblong, often a little curved, simple, colourless, J^ mic, the slender paraphyses at length distinct. Born, in Ann. Sci. 3, 18, 171. Nyl. 8yn. 1, p. 90. Rocks of the Blue Ridge in Georgia (Lesquereux), Bornet {. c. 1852. Vermont, Frost. Massachusetts, Willey. Like a reduced, and more shrub-like Ephebe, with what might seem normal apothecia. Spermogones as in the last ; but the sterigmas shorter. E. Lesquereuxii, Born. I. c, p. 170, from the Raccoon Mountains, Alabama (Le^guereuo;), is said by Bornet to differ from E. solida only in being thrice or four times as large; the fruit is unknown, and the plant no longer exists in Herb. Lesq. E. pubescens occurs now in Alabama (Peters) twice as large as in the ordinary state, there also found. The more normal fruit being all in fact that distinguishes this section of Ephebe from the first, it appears undesirable to sep- arate it generically as Epiiebeia, Nyl. (Flora, 1875). Sect 2. Eulichinei. Thallus frutwulose, the gonimia concatenate, and constituting a distinct layer. XXIV — LICHINA, Ag., Mont. Apothecia minute, terminal, globose-lecanorlne ; with a punctiform disk. Spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Sper- matia ellipsoid; on simple sterigmas. Thallus shrub-like, cartilagineous-corneous, brownish-black ; the texture Colle- meine ; but the necklace-like chains of gonimia distinctly separated from the mostly determinate cortical, as from the medullary layer. L. confinis (Sm.) Ag. ; thallus densely caespitose, dichoto- mously branched ; greenish-black ; the slender branches terete, innd somewhat fastigiate. Spores ia cylindraceous thekes, the paraphyses finally distinct. Koerb. Syst. p. 430. * Willeyi-, thallus scarcely differing externally, but the corti- cal layer obsolete; and the gonimia suppit::nted, for the most part entirely, b~ a microscopical Alga, the long tapering points of which appear outwardly ; apothecia also similar to those of the species ; as well as the spores. Lichina L. confini prox., Schwend. Algentypim der Flechtengonid. p. 19. 134 EUCOLLEMEI. Rocks bejond the tides, but within reach of the sea in storms, Cape Ann, Mass., Tuckerman in Schwendener I. c. 1869. Hol- lows retaining water longest in otherwise dry roclcs, at least five miles from the sea, New Bedford, Mass., Willey. No exceptions having occurred, and the normal L. conflnis being unlcnown to us, this remarkable medley of alien organisms must not only stand with us fur Lichina, but, as Schwendener has remarked, must be admitted, without further investigation, to speak at any rate for, rather than against the theory of para- sitism. At the same time, it cannot be denied that while L. WiUeyi exhibits the living together in most intimate association of two plants of distinct Classes, the one penetrating indeed the other, and assuming the place even (it should seem) of a part of the typical, internal structpre of the other, the two are always distinct; and the zigzag chains of Xic/tma-gonimia which are rarely found in thicker portions of the thallus offer no indication of genetic relationship to the Alga occupying the periphery. And thus, though at first sight appearing possibly to bear with force on the side of parasitism, the complex organism before us is really of smaller account in the argument than some other less pretentious facts. Sub-Fam. 2.— Collemei proper. Thallus foliaceous, now dimlQished or microphylllne ; or, at length, crust-like (granulose, or even filmy) ; only excep- tionally fruticulose ; the gonimia disposed in rounded, dicho- toraously branched clusters ; or, more commonly, in neck- lace-like chains ; dissolving for the most part, more or less, into a homogeneous pulp, traversed by the hyphse. Medul- lary layer, in the lowest forms, parenchymatous. Apothecia normally scutellaeform, but sometimes persistently unde- veloped, or globose. The diflBculties of arrangement of the intricately correlated and perplexed groups which make up the present Sub-Family have been considered by the author in Genera Lichenum, pp. 69-77. The disposition there found preferable will be j ^opted here, with the siugle exception that Synalissa symphorea is sep- arated from the granulose species in that work associated with it, and is united with Omphalaria; from which the writer had, .i,^' PTREN0PSI8. 18» In the same place {Oen. p. 73), questioned whether It were •' really dissociable." Those granulosa species {Pyrenopais, Nyl. ) make a group " precluded by its parenchymatous tissue from the chief structural peculiarities of CoUemei ; and, in the last resort^ perhaps reconcilable with those only by a certain accordance in habit " ( Gen. p. 77) separating them from low types of Panna- riei. But Sy.'ialLsa symphorea is, in every respect, a Collemeine lichen ; and its structure is that, not of Pyrenopsis but Ompha- laria proper, in which we already have fruticulose types. (*) Sect. 1. Omphalariei, Koerb. Thdllus either granuloses fruticulose, or reduced-foliaceous, attached only at the centre; gonimia, for the most part, collected in clusters. XXV. — PYRENOPSIS, Nyl. Apothecia very small, depressed-globose ; the disk con- tracted and urceolate, or now at length open. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, simple or bilocular, decolorate. Spermatia oblong, or now filiform and bowed (n. 5) on simple sterigmas. Thal- lus coralloid-granulose J or still more reduced and even filmy; the texture parenchymatous throughout; the go- nimia in clusters; or, more rarely, in chains. Humble plants, resembling brownish or blackish stains, which the Ions shews to be scurfy ; on rocks. But little is known as yet of them here. * Gonimia disposed in clusters. 1. P. Scheereri {^lass.) Nyl.; thallus of minute, corallinoid granules, crowded together into areole-like groups, and forming a broken, blackish crust ; apothecia very small, lecanoroid; the (*) Nylandor has iudeed lately {Collemacei 4" ccett. Cubani Novi, in Flora, 1875) referred the m(»8t elegant of these (the Gaban O. Wri^htii of the present writer) to his Siftialissa; but the reference is determined perhaps rather by the marked fruticuhise habit of the plant, as the Cuban licheu offers no important distinction in structure from his Omphalaria. "In textura thalli," he remarks however, " observatur, filamenta apice diviba in gonimia abire, ita ut hi apices filamentorum singuli in impres- sione gonimii levi infigantur, et sic 3 vel 4 scepius gonimia aub-botryose infixa con»piei.tntur" (Nyl. I. c.) — an observation capable perhaps of being understood in more than one way; and hardly to be taken as meant to suggest a structural diiTereuce between the two groups ! 136 PYREN0P8I8. ii il mi flat disk more or less reddish nt least when wet ; the thin mar- ffln now granulatecoronate. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, -~ mlc; tlio paraphysescapillary, mostly conglutlnate. Pan' naria, Mass. Eic. p. 14. Koerb. Parerg. p. 46. Calcareous rocks. Illinois (Hall), Tuckerman Gen., 1874. Trenton Falls, N. Y., Willey. Alabama, Peters. Our plant agrees with an excellent Bavarian specimen (Ar- nold) from which I cannot, however, distinguish one of the two (from the same substrate in Bavaria, Arnold) of Omphalaria decipicns given in Anzi Venet. 2. The Italian specimens of the present, so far as seen (Mass. Ital. n. 338; Anz. Langob. n. 430) are Inferior. What I have seen of Psorotichia murorum, Mass. (Mass. Lich. Ital. n. 300; Arn. in herb. Koerb.), scarcely makes clear the distinction between that lichen and Pyrenopsis 8ch(ereri. The latter is rather distinguished in the lowly group before us by its well-characterized apothecia. 2. P. wie^aw&o^a, Tuckerm.; thallus of exceedingly minute, olivaceous granules compacted into finally thick and sub-stipl- tate, scabrous, black areolos, and forming a close crust; apothe- cia very minute, 1-6 in the areoles, innate, lecanorine, black ; the thin margin persistent and of tlie same colour with the sub- papillate disk. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^-^ mic. ; -St/nalissa, Obs. Lich. 4, 1, c. 12, the paraphyses conglutlnate.- p. 170. Calcareous rocks, Alabama (Peters). Tuckorman I. c. 1877. The regular, raised areoles now exceeding 1 millim. in width, and almost reaching it in thickness ; the apothecia from 0""°-, 1 . to O"""-, 3 wide. 3. P. polycocca (Nyl.) ; thallus of rounded blackish granules soon passing into a broken, pitch-black crust which is hidden mostly by the numerous apothecia; these are very small, concol- orous, globose, with a coarctate, punctiforra, urceolate disk. Spores ellippoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic, the capillary para- physes conglutlnate. Si/nalissa, Nyl. Syn. l,p. 96. Granitic rocks, Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c. 1858. Apothecia 0""" , 3 to O"'"-, 4 wide. 4. P.^j/^cococca, Tuckerm.; thallus coralloid-granulose, com- pacted into a thickish, broken crust like that of the last, but reddish-brown ; apothecia scattered, very small, globose, concol- PYRENOP8I8. 137 12, oroas; with a punctiform, impressed disic which bccotnes ai; length dilated aud lecanorine. Hpores ellipsoid and ovoid, sim- ple and bilocul - decolorate, -^^ mic. ; the capillary parapbyses at length distinct. Synalissa, Gen. Lich. p. 80. Granitic rocks, North Carolina (CmWis), Tuckerraan /.r. 1872. Massachusetts and New Hampshire, Willey. Apotbecia 0""" , 3 to O"" , 5 wide. The colour of the thallus, passing from l)lood-red into reddish- brown, and no less the large internal cells each containing from one to four gonimia (now exactly comparable with those of Om- phalaria VhylUscum) and the larger spores, separate this from the last ; which is however unknown as yet except at its original station ; and its range of variation therefoie uncertain. 5. P. phylliscina, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, made up of very minuie, brownish-black granules which are collected in an irreg- ular, filmy crust; apotbecia minute, globose, almost closed (Ver- rucariseform). Spores In sub-fusiform thekes, ovoid-ellipsoid, simple and bilocular, decolorate, "^J mic. ; the parapbyses few and short. Synalissa, Gen. Lich. p. 80. Granitic rocks, New Bedford ( Willey), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. Sperraatia filiform, bowed. In this respect, as in the inexpll- cate, globular apotbecia with the disk represented only by what seems a Yerrucariine ostiole, and the fusiform thekes, the licheu reminds us of Omphalaria Phylliscum ; nor are the large go- nimia ill-comparable with those of that. Apotbecia O™'"-, 2 to 0™"-, 3 wide. * * Gonimia disposed in chains. 6. P. corallina, Willey; thallus coralloid, the pyriform, re- tuse granules becoming elongated, nodulose, and irregularly short-branched ; and constituting finally a broken-areolate, dark- olivaceous (and blackening) crust; apotbecia minute, globose- lecauorine ; with a coarctate, impressed disk. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. ; the capillary parapbyses finally distinct. Willey, msc. On stones (granitic) near the ground in boggy places, on the coast of Massachusetts, Willey. Chains cf gonimia of 3-9 members. 7. P. viridi-ru/a, Tuckerm.; thallus of rounded granules which are soon grouped in areole-like clumps, and crowded to- 138 OMPHALARIA. = |: I gether flnnlly Into a broken crust ; pnle-bluisb- or anf^e-green ; apotbecin very small, lecanoroid, innate, flattlsb ; tbe diHk ru- fous ; tbe paler margin persistent. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decol- orate, '^" mic. ; tbe parapbyses somewbat distinct. St/nalissa, Oba. Lich. I. supra c. Calcareous rocks, Texas ( Wright), Tackerman /. c. 1877. Gonimia mostly solitary or In twos, but occurring also in cbains of fours and sixes; 10-17 mic. in tbe longest diameter. Frag- ments from HourboD County, Kansas (Hall), also calcareous, agrees, so far as they go, very well with this, except in their blackish colour, bringing them near to ^orocyphus areolatus, Koorb. ; which is similar in fact in the spores and parapbyses, and the gonimia. From this last P. viridi-rufa is distinguisha- ble, with whatever ultimate rank, by the colours, and the diflfor- ent matrix. Apothecia, as seen, 0"""-, 3 to 0"'™ , 4 thick. XXVI.— OMPHALARIA, Dur. & Mont. Apothecia very small, sub-globose; more or less immersed in the thallus, or superficial ; rarely explicate and scutelhe- form. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate. Spermatia el- lipsoid, or now (n. 2, 3) filiform and bowed; on simple sterigmas. Thallus fruticulose, or, more commonly, foliace- ous, attached to the substrate at only one poiut ; the go- nimia disposed in clusters, or rarely linked together in necklace -like chains, interspersed among anastomosing hyphae in a homogeneous pulp. Stfnalissa, Fr. S. 0. V. p. 297 (1824) was founded on the type of the first section of Omphalaria as here understood ; but placed with Sphaeriaceous Fungi. It was long before Fries again reviewed the plant, and restored it to its proper aflQnity, but he took occasion at the same time {Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 563, 1849) to associate with it gGX\Qncdi\\y Endocarpon phyUiscum, Wahl., which makes here the second section of the present genus. Before this, howevTBr, Montague had distinguished {Alger. 1846) our third section (to which he afterwards referred also our second) as Omphalaria; and the group thus established has acquired, whether as Omphalariei or Omphalaria, emend., of authors, an extent, and has received an amount of illustration which makes any attempt at superseding its well-known name by the older one impracticable. OMPHAIiAKIA. 139 * Synalissn. Thnllua fhtliculose ; the ffonimia di/tposedin clusters. Apothecin glnbose-kcanorine. Spermatia either ellip' aoid (n. I) or fll\form (n. 2). 1. 0. symphorea (DC); thnllus pulvinato, minute, rigid; sparingly or at length dichotomuusly divided, with Hhnrt and stout, tonilose branches; apothecia terminal, globose; the co- arctate, concave disk at length dilated and bordered by an ob- tuse margin. Spores more commonly l2-ir» in the thekes, ellip- soid and globular, simple, dccolorate, ^ mic. Sfftmlissa, Nyl. Scand. p. 27. S. symphorea (t sphrcrospora, Nyl. Syn. Calcareous rocks, Alabama {Peters), Tuckorraan In Nyl. Syn. 1858. The European lichen is not always as well-developed as ours, but the two are inseparable in species. The plant starts us a glebous-squamaceous frond with the aspect of O. pyrenoides. As this grows it takes on more of the look of 0. nmbelta, above as well as below ; and only finally assumes its fruticulose char- acter. 2. 0. Texann, Tuckerm. ; thallus nodulose-sub-frnticulose, of the size and with the texture and colour of n. 1 ; apothecia unknown. Spermogones situated like and resembling apothecia, containing filiform, bowed spermatia; on simple sterlgmas. Synalissa, Gen. Lich. p. 80. Calcareous rocks, very sparingly, Texas ( Wright), Tucker- man i!. c. 1872. Like a nodose or undeveloped form of n. 1, but becoming somewhat branched. Internal structure also similar, except that the larger gonimla (reaching 14 mlc. at least In diameter) have much the look of those of the next following species though only of half the size. * * Endocarpoma. Thallus foliaceous, with the habit and texture of the folloiving section, with tvhich this also agrees in the evolution of the gonimia ; but tlie latter larger than usual, and soon solitary. Apothecia immersed and persistently nuclei- form. Spermatia filiform. 3. 0. phyllisca (Wahl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus small, rigid, rosu- late, black, the rounded lobules conspicuous at the periphery but less so at the centre, or more rarely somewhat imbricate ; apothecia minute, depressed-globose ; the urceolate disk with a 140 OMPHALARIA. punctiform aperture. Spores in eub-fusiform thekes 9-18, ellip «-10 sold and globular, simple, decolorate, ^^ mic. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 84. 0. Demangeonii, Mont, in Ann. Sci. Sept., 1849. 0. Silesiaca, Koerb. Syst. p. 423. PhyUiscum endocarpoides <6 P. Demanf/conii, Nyl. Syn. 1 , 136, t. 3, /. 5. P. endocarpoides, Koerb. Parerg. p. 443. Schwend. Undersuch. in Naeg. Beitr. 1868, 4, 194. Granitic rocks. White Mountains {Russell), Tuckerman Oen. 1872. Vermont, Frost. Massachusetts, Willey. Rhode Island, J. L. Bennett. Shores of Lake Superior, Agassiz. Oregon, Hall. This plant, the whole aspect of which is that of Omphalaria proper, as is the general internal structure, differs yet in the early breaking up of the gonimous clusters which so commonly characterize the section, and the large size of the then solitary gonimia, as well as in the feebler development of gelatinous pulp; in both which respects it looks rather towards Pyrenopsis. It is possible then to regard it as an intermediate type between Py- renopsis and Omphalaria. As now accepted as a genus by authors the distinction turns howevor, if we mistake not, less on the thalline differences than on the assumption of an essential difference in the fruit ; that this namely, instead of being to be C0ii3idered, in spite of its difQuent paraphyses, from the point of view of the CoUemeine group to which the plant manifestly be- longs by its other characters, and in which inexplicate apothe- cia, so surprisingly exhibited in 0. leptophylla and 0. deusta of the island of Cuba, are the rule, shall be reckoned a perithe- cium ; an opinion which we take for untenable. * * * Omphalaria proper. Thallus foliaceous, attaclied to the substrate at only a single point ; the gonimia in clusters ; or rarely («. 8) in chains; interspersed among hyphcc, in a homo- geneous pulp. This group is distinctly gelatinous and CoUe- meine. The species with concatenate gonimia are indeed referred to Collema by Ny lander (Si/n.); but belong naturally, by the peculiar attachment, and whole habit, with the others. t Gonimia in clusters. 4. 0. Kansana, Tuckerm. ; thallus pulvinate, rigid, black, made up of stipitate, erect, clavate fronds which become lobato above, or, from the dilated fruit, pHeate ; apothecia sub-terminal, concolorous, soon convex and the viargin disappearing. Spores OlfPHALARIA. 141 in ventricose thekes 8-12 or more, from ellipsoid soon oblong and constricted at the middle, simple, decolorate ^ mic. Obs. Lick. 4, /. c. 12, p. i/0. Calcareous rocks, Kansas {Hall), Tucket man J. c. 1877. Fronds l-U"""- in height, with much the habit and internal structure of 0. corallodes {Mass.), Nyl., but smaller, and with less of foliaceous character. Clusters of gonimia soon broken up, the solitary ones 12-19 mic, in the longest diameter ; almost daQ- cient at the centre. The sporea become perhaps finally bilocu- lar t Apothecia 0""" , 5 to O"""-, 8 wide. 5. 0. pyrenoides, Nyl.; thallus squamaceous, black; the small fronds rounded and convex ; apothecia one in each frond, innate, concolorous, at length somewhat dilated, with an obtuse Q in margin. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl. St/n.l, p. 100. Calcareous rocks, Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman in Nyl. Syn. 1858. Spermatia minute, ellipsoid ; on simple sterigmas. 6. 0. pulvinata, Nyl. ; thallus foliaceous, coriaceous-cartila- gineous, black ; of closely aggregated lobes, which are divided more or less, and pass into ascendant, wavy and crenate-cut, rounded lobules ; [apothecia for the most part at the edges of the lobes, tuberculiform, pallescent. Spores short- ellipsoid, 10-12 simple, decolorate, ^^ Calcareous rocks. mic.]- ■Nyl. Syn. I, p. 99. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., G. R. Gerard. Shores of Willoughby Lake, Frost. MountJiins of Colorado, Brandegee in lierh. Willey. The apothecia have not as yet occurred here. 7. 0. Girardi, Dur. & Mont.; thallus coriaceous, black; with much the aspect and texture of the last but fewer- and much-wider-lobed, and the lobes only sparingly divided and undulate ; [apothecia urceolate. Spores short-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ~ mic. Mont. Syll. p. 380. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 919. Collema plutonium, Tuckerm. in litt. Calcareous rocks, Alabama {Peters), Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c. 1858. Apothecia unknown here. t t Gonimia commonly in chains. 8. 0. Umbella, Tuckerm. ; thallus small, rounded, thick and rigid, sub-monopbyllous, granulate ; brown-olivaceous and black- 142 COLLEMA. ening; beneath paler, passing with age into two o: three ob- scurely distinguishable lobes, with lobulate and crenulate edges ; apothecia numerous, superficial, lecanorine; the disk reddish- brown, bordered by an obtuse margin. Spores ellipsoid and cymbiform, simple, decolorate, -^ mic. ; the capillary paraphy- aes distinct. Tiickerm. in Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 105. Collema, Nyl I. c. CaU iireous rock, Alabama {Peters), Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Apothecia 0"""-, 3 to O"""-, 4 wide. Very close to 0. hotryosa, Nyl., which is by no means always as "endocarpeine" as described; and the latter occurs more or less with the gonidia concatenate, though it is accepted without question by Nylander as an Omphalaria. I find this true also of the gonimous system of the American 0. Crirardi. Sect. 2. Eucollemei. Thallus foliaceous (or only excsp- tionally fruticulose) , the whole under side attached to the substrate ; the gonimia in chains. XXVII.— COLLEMA, Hoffm., Fr. Apothecia from very small at length middling-sized, scu- tellaeform. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid and cymbiform, now sim- ple ; now fusiform and 2-plurilocular ; and now muriform- plurilocularj decolorate. Spermatia ellipsoid or oblong; for the most part on jointed ste-lgmas. The cortical layer of the thallus obsolete ; or, with rare exceptions, indistinct. Gonimia in chains. * Collemella. Thallus fruticulose. Spores simple. 1. C. cladodes, Tuckerm. ; thallus small, pulvinate, cartila- gineous; blackish-green; the terete divisions longitudinally stri- ate and fastigiately somewhat branched ; those of the circumfer- ence stellate- radiant ; apothecia minute, terminal, or lateral, depressed-globose. Spores rounded, simple, decolorate, 16-19 mic. in diameter. Gen. Lich.p. 89. Calcareous rocks, Trenton Falls, N. Y., Tuckerman I. c. 1872. The plant did not yield me spores ; but Mr. Willey has since col- lected specimens which gave him the result above noted. * * Lathagrium. Thallus foliaceous., sub-membranaceous, exhibiting now indications, at least interruptedly, of a corticul Ik; COLLEMA. 148 layer, ivhich becomes at length distinct. Spores from simple and ovoid-ellipsoid becoming bilocular, and elongated and bi-quadri- plurilocular, with entire sporoblasts ; only exceptionally sub-muri- form. 2. C. myriococcum, Ach., Am.; thallus of middling size, sub-orbicular, cartilagineous ; black ; attached closely to the sub- strate in the manner and with the look of Nostoc Commune ; the irregular, flexuous, variously complicated lobes repa. d, and more or less warted ; apothecia minute, crowded, immersed, or emergent, lecanorine, the pale-brown disk bordered at length by a persistent margin. Spores rounded-ovoid and ellipsoid, sim- ple, decolorate, ^'" mic. Ach. L. U. p. 638. Arn. Fragm. in Flora, 1867. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 89. Calcareous rocks, growing over mosses, Rockland County, New York (Austin), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. What is with little doubt the same plant but infertile, has occurred, in similar sta- tions, at Trenton Falls, N. Y., Tuckerman; in New Jersey, ^ms- tin ; and in Alabama, Peters. The C. chalazanum of Leighton Lich.-Fl. Brit. p. 17, if we may judge by an Irish lichen of Herb. Taylor, is scarcely separable from the present ; and Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 29) has ques- tioned the specific distinctness of the two; but, according to Arnold, the former is kept apart by longer and larger spores (Hepp. n. 662). The shape of the spores is however quite uncer- tain ; and the supposed difference in the thekes is no more, in our plant at least, to be depended on ; these organs occurring now narrowed, with the spores in a single series, and now ventri- cose. The apparent distance between the present species and the one next following might seem perhaps to be reduced by C. omphalarioides, Anz. {Lich. Etrur. n. 46), which Arnold has re- ferred to the group represented by C. myriococcum {Lempho- lemma, Koerb.), but the relation of the Italian lichen to C.pyc- nocarpum appears to be far more intimate than to any form of the other group. 3. C.pycnocarpum,'Sy\.; thallus middling-sized, sub-orbicu- lar, membranaceous-cartilagineous ; from pale- becoming black- ish-green ; lobes radiately eipanded, soon irregularly narrowed, fenestrate, ribbed, with ascendant marginal lobules which are densely rugose-lobulate, and covered at length with the crowded fruit concealing the thallus ; apothecia small, disk red, soon con- .1 I 144 COLLEMA. vex, anj excluding the thin, entiro margin. Spores ovoid-ellip> Boid, bilocular, decolorate, ^ mio. Nyl. Syn.p. 115. Trunks, North America, Nylander I, c. 1858. Canada, Drum- mond, New England and Middle States, Tuckerman. Illinois, HaU. Carolina and Georgia, Ravenel. Florida, Austin. Ala- bama and Arkansas, Peters. And also in New Granada, S. Amer., Nylander {Lindig, herb. u. 2872). 3(6). C. cyrtaspis, Tuckerm. ; a stouter and rather larger lichen with more distinct lo^ation, better displaying the thalline features of C. pycnocarpum; apothecia larger (commonly 1-2"""- wide) scattered, the dark-chestnut, shining disk bordered more persistently by a thickish, crenulate margin. Spores sub- fusiform, 4-locular, decolorate, '*^ mic. Obs. Lich. 2, /. c. 387. Trunks in Penns; ivania, Maryland, and Virginia, Tucker- man I.e. 1862. It has occurred also in New Jersey, Austin; New York, Sarttvell; and even in Massachusetts, WiUey ; but is better exhibited southward. IWinois, Hall. Ohio,Zea. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, and Georgia, Ravenel. Ala- bama and Arkansas, Peters. There is scarcely any difference, in the thallus, from C. pycnocarpum, beyond what is noted. Indeed C. aggregatum may be said to differ, in this respect, rather in that inferior regularity of arrangement which Sommer- felt has distinguished as ' caespitose-fasciculate,' than anything else; and the thallus of tLo very distinct G. callibotrys is not easily otherwise describable ; all these lichens depending mainly for their rank on the spore-characters. It may however be added, for what it may be worth, that while the apothecia and the spores of the present are larger than those of C. pycno- carpum, the collogonidia appear to be somewhat smaller ; or to differ as 3-6 mic, from 4-7 mic. 4. C. laciniatum, Nyl.; thallus middling-sized, orbicular, cartilagineous, stellate; olive-green; the narrow, elongated, radiant lobes discrete, deeply laciniate, with rugose-nodulose tips; apothecia of middling size, elevated; the flattish disk bor- dered by a sub-cran.-te margin. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid, biloc- ular, decolorate, "^ mic. Nyl. 8yn. l,p. 116. Calcareous rocks. Alabama {Peters), Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c. 1858. Kansas, Hall. 5. C. micrcphyllum, Acb. ; thallus minute, bab-membranace- ous, orbicular, or now fragmentary and effuse ; olivaceous be- COLLElfA. 145 coming blackisb-green ; lobes at the circumference ezplanate, at the centre reduced and sub-Imbricate, granulate-crenate ; apo- thecia numerous, small, sessile, urceolate, and flat ; the tballine margin f.nally disappearing, and a pale, proper border margin- ing the red disk. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, sub-muriform (long. series of cells 4, transv. 1-2), decolorate, ^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 310. Scheer. Spicil. p. 527. Elm-bark, Massachusetts {WHley), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. niinois, Hall. It is a character jf the lichen to exhibit urceo- late apothecia, but these become iiat, and even convex. The fruit is properly zeorine, but conspicuously at length biatorine, as in the European plant, with which ours entirely agrees. The structure of the spore is exceptional as regards the present sec- tion, but the thalline characters bring the plant into close rela- tion, on the one hand to C. verruci/orme, Nyl., and C. calUbotrys, and on the other to the European C. conglomeratum, Hoffm. (of which C- verruculosum, Hepp., with similarly exceptional spores, is a near relative), and C. pycnocarpum. 6. C. calUbotrys^ Tuckerm.; thallus with the size, general features and texture of that of C. cyrtaspis ; from pale- at length dark-olivaceous ; the irregularly narrowed, fenestrate, ribbed lobes giving off ascendant, botryose-difform lobules which are thickly covered with the minute fruit ; apothecia concave ; the disk red, the margin very entire. Spores at first and commonly squared, with four cells disposed crosswise, but at length ellip- soid, and the cells more or less divided, decolorate, — mic. 06s. Lich. 2, 1, c. p. 386. Trees, in the low country of South Carolina (Ravenel), Tuck- erman I. c. 1862. Florida, Austin. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Hall. 7. C. vemici/orme, Njl ; thallus minute, cartilagineous, of ascendant, crenate, and granulate, olivaceous, or olive-brown lobules ; which are either crowded into small, rounded, compli- cated heaps, or fragmentary and effuse; apothecia numerous, very small > more or less urceolate, the reddish-brown disk bor- dered by a thickish, thalline margin. Spores squared, with four cells disposed as in the last species, and in like manner becom- ing ellipsoid and sub-muriform, decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl. Byn. l,i>. 112. On Red Cedar and other trees, Weymouth and New Bedford 10 146 COLLEMA. ^»W ; I.S!,: f; !:! (Willep), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Also on Red Cedar at Cam- b: '.dge. On the same bark in New Jersey, Austin. Like the somewhat similar C. microphyllum, this lichen, which, as represented in Schjerer's excellent specimens {Lich. Helv. n. 416), corresponds with the definition of Acharius (C. furvum V. verruciformc, Ach. Syn. p. 323) in exhibitim? dense, roimded, little cushions, which gave occasion to its name, T)asr.es, at least here, into an effuse and scurfy form, not otherwiL ^ dif- fering. And this ends finally in an almost granulosc ?nd crus- taceous one, from which C. quadratum, Lahm (Koerb. Parerg. p. 411), appears to be scarcely separable. C. callibotrys, with its well-developed, foUaceous thallus, offers evidently the other extreme of this series of lichens, so manifestly connected by the spores. 8. C. aggregatum, Nyl. ; thallus of middling size, orbicular, membranaceous - cartilagineous, sub - monophyllous, lobate - pli- cate and fenestrate, marked with conspicuous, anastomosing, rugose-granulate ridges; from bright- becoming blackish-green ; beneath pale ; apotheeia of middling size, somewhat elevated, flattish, mostly in bunches on the ridges ; the disk reddish, the margin sub-entire. Spores long-fusiform, plurilocular, decol- orate, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 115. Synechobl, Koerb. Parerg. p. 419. 6. impUcatum ; scarcely differing but in now larger apothe- eia, and stouter spores, ^ mic. C. impUcatum, Nyl. Prodr. N. Gran. p. 2; crg C ' I. Iijl8. Canada, Macoun. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Af.^r ,i!,(i and Virginia, Tucherman. South Carolina, Ravenel. i'j'jri ia, ^ D. Smith. Alabama, Peters. Oregon, Hall. Cali- fci ■' Jiifjnder. b. South Carolina and Georgia, Ravenel. Florida, J. Smith. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale a occurs now white-pruinose ; in Massachusetts, Willey. 11 (ft). C. ryssoleum, Tuckerm. ; thallus membranaceous, rather loose, smooth ; from olivaceous at length blackish-brown ; the rounc'ed, bullate lobes ascendant, with plicate-ui dulate and crisred edges, above rugose-papulose, beneath paler and reticu- late-lacunose; apothecia smallish to almost middling -sized, scattered, or trowded ; otherwise as in the last. Spores ovoid 18-32 and cymbiforia, 4-6-locular, decolorate, -^^ mic. Lich. Calyf. 1). 34; Gr/h.p.^. Rocks. New England to Virginia, Tuckerman I. c. 1866. Peaks of Otter, Va., Bey rich in herb. Spreng. New York, and New Jersey, Austin ; Peck. Mountains of North Carolina, Cur- tis; Buckley. Apothecia now small; and the lichen is with- out doubt a member of ,C. nigrescens, but pretty well differenced ; much as C. leptaleum from C. aggregatum. * * * Eucollema. Tlmllus foliaceous, coriaceous -cartila- gineous, very gelatinous ; the cortical layer deficient. Spores for the most part ovoid-ellipsoid; or now elongated; from bi-quadri- locular with entire sporoblasts {rarely persistently entire) soon passing into muriform, which last state especially characterizes the section. 12. C. pulposum (Bernh.) Nyl. ; thallus of middling size, orbicular, coriaceous, very gelatinous when wet, more or less rosulate; from leek-green blackening; the thick, entire, or repand-crenate lobes explanate at the circumference, but irreg- ularly imbricate and plicate at the centre, where they become reduced and finally granulose ; apothecia of middling size, flat- tisb ; the disk rufous, the margin rather entire. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, from 4-locular becoming sub-muriform, decolorate, « 10-24 p= mic." Nyl. Syn. \,p. 109. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 93. COLLBMA. 149 On the earth in calcareous soils. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Muhlenberg's plant may very probably have been doterminod by Acharius ; but the species is taken here for a collective one, as by Nylander /. c, and more thoroughly yet by Arnold (Fragm. in Flora, 1807). It is without doubt largely represented in North America, but abounds peculiarly in difll- culties, which do not appear to be as yet resolvable in Europe ; as certainly not here. With present knowledge, beside what may vaguely be taken for true C. pulposum, the group may be considered as represented with us by the five following, at least sub-species, the claims of which to higher rank are ^ . or^en. Three of them are received as species by most autho; ? ; le other two are recent determinations. 12(b). C. Texanum, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub- .-.tat.; the more or less narrowed, radiant, finally ascendar.t lo ,!8 pal- mately multifld, and beset at length with wart ike lobules; apothecia as in 12. Spores ovoiJ, persistently bile :. i, decolo- rate, ^ mic. SuppL 2, I. c. p. 200. On dead twigs, etc., in the valley of the Rio Grande, and on calcareous earth in the valley of the Blanco, Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman I. c. 1859. On calcareous earth, Alabama, Peters. The lobation of the originally described lichen suggests that of C. laciniatum, but the earth specimens depart less from C. pulposum ; and the distinction turns on the spores. 12(c). C. tenax (Sw.) Ach.; thallus thinnish, the ample lobes expanded and appressed (or now also ascendant and compli- cate) ; lead-coloured or yellowish-green ; apothecia immersed but becoming superficial ; the rufous disk bordered by a thick, from entire becoming rugose-crenulate margin. Spores as in 12. Ach. Syn. p. 314. Ttich. Lich. exs. n. 148. On the earth in calcareous soils. Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Acharius, Syn. 1814. Vermont, Bus sell. New York, Sartwell. Ohio, Lesquereux. Missouri, Hall. Conspicuous, for the most part, as well by the colours, as the sunken fruit ; but the char- acters do not always hold. i2(:l). C. cnspww, Borr. ; thallus thinnish ; olivaceous-green; lobes of the circumference explanate, those of the centre with raised, dentate -granulate and plicate edges, the whole covered with and concealed by the numerous fruit ; apothecia more or :■'*; 160 COLLEMA. Mil I^Hiiii! HMHi li ^^^^K ^ ■''■'■ 1 Ri *i' IH 11 IliHIl less concave, disk dnrk-rufous, margin granulate. Spores as in 12, ^ mic. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t 2716, /. 1. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 212. Mudd. Man. Brit. Lich. p. 40. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 110. On the earth, Canada (Drummond), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Massachusetts, Willey. Vermont, Frost. New York, Sartwell. Ohio, Miss Biddlecome. Colorado, Rothrock. British Columbia, scarcely diverse, Macoun. Our lichen is noticeable for its hollowed apothecia ; and appears to be less distinctly calcare- ous than the last, to which however it is near. Nylander's plant {Lich. Fellm. n. 7; Lich. Norrl. n. 151) scarcely differs from that of Borrer {herb. Taylor), who first made clear its difference. 12(e). C. limosum, Ach.; thallus thin, cartilagineous, more or less scattered ; from leek-green becoming dark-green ; tbe variously irregular, soon obliterated lobes dentate-crenate, or narrowed now into ascendant, blunt lobules; apothecia im- mersed, becoming superficial and dilated ; the disk rufous, the attenuate margin rather prominent and channelled. Spores commonly in fours in the thekes, ellipsoid, soon muriform-plu- rilocular, the transverse series of spore-cells four to eight, de- celerate, 1^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 110. C. glaticescens, Koerb. Syst. p. 403. On the earth in clay soil. Illiuois {HaU), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. New York, Clinton. South CaroUna, Austin; Ravenel. Oakland hills, California, Bolander. Well distinguishable by the mostly crowded, flat, at length ample apothecia, with little other appearance of thallus than the sharp and channelled bor- der of the fruit, as also b^ its large spores, which are very com- monly in fours. Our plant is the same with that of Borrer (E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2704, f. 1, forms of the CaliforuiaD plant do not differ froi_ ,u; :, of i. siniMitum (L. scottnum, Auct.^. and the l<»:iien sp<^iih m be scarcely referable, in any condition, to L. lacerwm- --bit'i im m- known as yet on the "X'est Coast. The whole Mpec '' f. platynum (the lobes <)f which oxfeed at \mtflh jati length) is rather that of Collemtt gru**osum (as ia ■wi»» . Arri. The pulvinate f. lophotum, oflferinj; densely crnmmuL, namoir linear, erect branches, the smi-" ' ^ of which coaMilii^ ■ "i n fringe, is clearly analogous to, i u. igh perhaps mwwiwjt,.— .i. ; . ;a;_ L. lacerum v. lophaum of some (xinz. Langoh. n. Itt, Jnardl^ t(» be removed from L. lacerum'' which variety Aetwriu* aiw- » took for a form of his Collema scotinum. 12. L. palmatum (Huds.) Mont.; thallus mxn.ilmg^^tHti^ ciEspitose, irregularly laciniate, sharply nj*»5e or less wriniiE3«f and pitted; from lead-coloured rufescent a»*l finally chestnnat: the divisions convolute and at length much narrowed and tubo- lose-fruticulose, with 2-3-4-corniculate, obtus .ps; apothecj* small, biatoriue, sessile, a little concave : the disk red-brown, the paler margin entire. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, munibrm-mul- tilocular (the transverse series of spore-cells 6-10), decoiorate, ^ mic. Mudd. Man. Brit. Lich. p. 48. Collema cornictUa- tum (Hoffm.), Schcer. Enum. p. 249. Leptogium palmatum 4; Ohryzum corniculatum (fungo parasit. excluso), Nyl. 8yn. pp. 126, 136. On the earth among mosses, CaUfornia {Menzics ; B^lander), 160 LBPTOGIUM. Tuckerman 6cn. 1872. Oregon, Hall. British Columbia, I-yaK ; Macoun. A similar I'.chen but infertile was found in the Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright, but the specips is unknown to us except on the West Coast. The plant varies, from wider states (8"""- wide in the larger, and 2"""- in the narrower parts) with something of the aspect of L. lacerum, a, as figured in Schjer. Enum. t. 10, f. 2, to much narrowed, suffruticulose ones, with the colour and whole appearance of conditions of Cetraria aculeata. 13. L. Apalachense (Tuckerm.) Nyl.; thallus of middling size, stellate, multifld ; brownish-olivaceous ; the narrow, radi- ant, imbricated divisions mostly convex and branch-like, with obtuse tips, delicately rugulose ; beneath paler and a little chan- nelled; apothecia small, scattered, or in botryoid clusters, innate-sessile, from zeorine becoming biatorine ; the rufous disk at length flat, the paler margin entire. Spores ellipsoid, from 4-locular becoming sub-muriform, decolorato, JJ^^ mic. Nyl. Syn. \,p. 133. CoUema, i uckerm. Suppl. 2, /. c.p. 200. Calcareous rocks. Alabama (Peters), Tuckerman I. c. 1859. ^jreorgia, Ravenel. Missouri, Hall. 14. L. crenatellum, Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse, from squami- form soon dilated and imbricate-iobate ; glaucous-cinerascent an'v lurid ; the small, ascendant, smooth lobes with wavy and crenate edges; apothecia small, zeorine, sessile; the reddish disk finally tumid, and the thin, crenulate, thalline margin dis- appearing. Spores always in fours in the thekes, ovoid-ellip- soid, from 4-locular becoming sub-muriform, decolorate, ^ mic. — Suppl. 2, I. c.p. 201. \t the base of trunks of White Ash in swamps, Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman I. c. 1859. Base of button-bushes (Cepha- lantki's) in pond-holes, Illinois, Hall. 15. L. pulciiellum (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus middling-sized, rosu- late, round -lobed ; from glaucous-green becoming lead-coloured and lurid; the entire lobes plic"*e- papulose and delicately A rinkled above, paler and deeply pitted and also wrinkled be- neath; apothecia middling-sized, lecanorine, sub-pedicellate; the fiattish, brown disk at length excluding the thin and smooth or finally phcate-rugose, thalline margin. Spores ovoid-ellip- soid, sub-muriform (the transverse series of spore-cells oftener " 51;, I r LEPTOGIUM. 161 1859. 6), decolorate, ^ mic. CoUema, Ach. Syn. p. 321. Jjepto- ffium, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 12JJ. Collenui corticoln, Tnyl. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 195. Ijcptogium cimicmlorum, Mass. Mem. p. 8(>. Trunks and rocks. From Canada and New England through- out the northern and middle States {Muhlenberg), Acharius Syn. 1814. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Mountains of Carolina & Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. Oc- curring also in New Granada, S. America, Lindig herb. ,2, n. 15; as in southern Europe, Anzi Lich. Venet. n. 14, etc. 16. L. Tremelloides {L. fll.) Fr.; thallus middling to ample,, and large, loosely aggregated, round-lobed ; lead-coloured ; the smooth and very entire lobes becoming crisped and complicate, and beset, more or leas, all over, at length densely, with con- colorous, finally isidioid granules, passing now into minute lobides ; apothecia middling-sized, lecanorine ; from flat becom- ing convex, and excluding the thin, thalline margin. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, sub-muriform (the transverse series of spore- cells oftener 4), decolorate, ~ mic. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 97. CoUema Tremelloides, C. aziireum, <& C. diaphanum, Ach. L. U.p. 654. Leptogium Tremelloides max. p., L. diaphanum, L. reticula- tum, d' L. foveolatum, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 124. Rocks and trunks, in the northern and middle States, com- mon, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Canada, Macoun. Ohio, Lea. Carolina and Georgia, Eavenel. Florida (v. reticulatum), Aus- tin. Alabama, Peters. Mississippi (v. a^wrcMw), Fea^c/i. Louis- iana (a, and also v. azureum & v. reticulatum), Hale. Texas, Wright. New Mexico, Fendler. Widely diffused, and dis- tinguished by many names. Our northern form is the common European lichen (v. cyanescens, Ach. CoUema cyanescens, Schaer.), which differs from the last species as well by its origi- nal?y smooth, as its less regular thallus : this is not confined to cooler regions, but occurs equally well-marked in Louisiana. It is however in the tropics that the best developed conditions of t'le lichen are found; and these appear also in our southern States, the f. azureum being distinguishable by its more regu- larly rosulate habit of gi'owth, and its perfectly smooth and coerulescent thallus, which in the scarcely otherwise differing f. reticulatum, Mont., becomes regularly and at length very deeply {foveolatum, Nyl.) lacunose-reticulate. There remaina 11 lli 16S LEPTOGIUM. - ,1 19' only to notice the f. laciniatum, Tuckerin. in Wright Lich. Cub., the narrowed and elongated, branching divisions of which sim- ply follow the stems of the mosses on which the plant grows. This is often a well-marked West Indian lichen ; bnt it has also occurred in Canada, Macoun. 16{b). L. juniperimtm, Tuckcrm.; thallua smallish, niicro- phyliino, rosulate, laciniate-lobate ; load-coloured, and dark- green; the rounded, smooth lobes ascendant, and inibricate- complicate, with u:idulate, crenivte edges; apothecia small to middling-sized, zeorine, sub-sessile, flat ; tlie disk rufous, thinly margined. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 4-locular becoming sub-muri- form, decolorate, -^^ mic. Suppl. 2, 1. c. jr/. 201. L. Trcmel- loides V. microphyllum, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 97. On the earth, growing over twigs, etc., in " cedp.r-brakes," Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman /. c. 1859. On the earth, Alabama, Peters. On rocks, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, Ravenel. Illi- nois, Herb. WiUey. On rocks, JSIassachusetts, Tuckerman. With something of the habit of growth of the European Collema cheileum, and well-distinguished in this respect from all our L. Tremelloiiles. 16(c). L. dactpUnum, Tuckerm. ; thallus microphylline, ef- fuse; from lead-coloured becoming black; the originally squa- maceous, ascendant, rounded lobules finally erect, with ciisped, entire, or crenate edges, soon fringed and beset above with crowded, isidioid branchlets, and constituting at length a broken- areolate, granulate crust ; apothecia small, biatorine, sub-sessile, flat ; the disk red-brown ; the paler mar^jm soon disappearing. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, from 4-locular su'o-muriform, decolorate, mic. Obs. Lich. 1, 1, c^p. 883. Ni/J. Syn. \,p. 123. 18-28 7-11 Calciferous schist, Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c. 1858. Calcareous rocks, Missouri, Hall. And I cannot distin- guish a rather more developed, always lead-coloured lichen which much lessens the distance between L. dactylinum and L. Tremelloides, and occurs on calciferous shale in New York, W. B. 'Gtrard) on limestone at Trenton Falls, New York, Tuckerman; as in New Jersey, Austin) and Illinois, Herb. Willey. In all these the coUogonidia are however commonly solitary, or in very short chains. 17. L. margin^Uuwi (Sw.) Mont.; thallus sub-orbicular, mid- II 'I .']'"- in .! ) III LEPTOGIUM. 163 niicro- dling-sised, laciniate, more or less strongly and reticulately wrinkled; 1 id-coloured; made up of longish, much-divided, now wider and depressed and now narrowed and (from below) branch-like segments, with plicate undulate and crisped, rather entire edges ; apothocia minute, marginal, biatorine, from globu- lar becoming flat ; the disk rufous, the rather stout, paler mar- gin granulate, and encircled at length with a ring of leaflets. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, sub-muriforra (the transverse series of spore-cells 4 6), decolorate, ^ mic. Mont. Cuba, p. 115. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 98. Collema vesicatum, Tayl. I. c. 1837, ^j. 196. Leptogium corrugatulum, Nyl. Syn. \,p. 132. On bark. Southern Alabama (/. F. Beaumont), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. Florida, Bnvenel. Texas, Hall. Mexico, Galeotti, e Nyl., as in the West Indies. Sufficiently distinguished always from L. Tremelloides by its longer, more divided, and wrinkled divisions ; and the plant occurring now (exactly as the next spe- cies) in a wider, depressed state, and now in a narrowed and crisped one. Leptogium corrugatulum, Nyl. I. c. (Herb. Lindig n. 2659) is quite the same with the earlier Collema vemcatum, Tayl. I. c. {herb.), and relates to the depressed and more promi- nently wrinkled condition of the lichen described by Swartz, Acharius, etc. The fruit is the most important feature of the plant ; and this is exactly the same in both forms. 18. L. chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl.; thallus middling to ample, orbiculate, becoming rigid, sharply wrinkled, and at length densely granulate ; dark-green, and lead-coloured ; the lobes of the circumference expanded more or less, those of the centre complicate, and crisped; apothecia middling-sized, lecanorine, sub-sessile ; the flattish, rufous disk bordered by a thin, plicate- rugose, now granulate, thalline margin. Spores ovoid- and acuate-ellipsoid, sub-muriform (transverse series of spore-cells 4-6), soon decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 128. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 98. L. Brebissonii, Mont., pro p. a. conchatum; thallus sub-monophyllous, becoming lobate- laciniate; the depressed, rounded lobes ascendant, shell-like, gyrose-plicate. h. stellans; thallus narrowed; the radiant divisions with erect, crisped edges. Trunks and rocks throughout the United States, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Canada, Drummond. New England, Dr. J. Porter, ie4 LEPTOOIUM. >■ 1 etc. New York, Peck. New Jersey, Austin. Pennsylvania, Michener. Ohio, I^squereux. Illinois, Hall. Maryland and Virginia, Tuckerman. South Carolina, liavencl. Florida, Aus- tin. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright The two forms differ much as the two conditions of L. marginel- lum) or as Wright lAch. Cub. n. 6 from n. 7 of the same collec- tion. The first of the last-named is not Indeed to be well-dis- tinguished from the present species, unless when fertile, a may also be compared with L. Tremelloides, but Is readily seen to differ In its (at least finally) rigid, and always strongly wrinkled thallus. b now occurs (Florida, Austin) In a state (f. fusis- porum) otherwise undistinguishable, with spores at length per- fectly fusiform, reaching. 48 mlc. In length, and with 8-10 entire spore-cells. But this Is only another instance of the anomaly noted elsewhere in Collcma JIuccidum (Gen. pp. 88, 91), and these elongated spores not only revert to acuate-ovoid ones, but exhibit now a divided spore-cell, suggesting at once the sub- muriform stage. 18(&). L. adpressum, Nyl. ; thallus, as described, and apothe- cia, offering no differences from L. chloromeliim ; but the fusi- form, 10-locular spores measuring^ mlc. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 131. On bark, Orizaba, Mexico (F. MUller), Nylander /. c. 1858. At the same station, Dr. F. Mohr. Thallus, in Dr. Mohr's specimen, which though small cannot well be diverse from Ny- lander's lichen, larger and lighter coloured than that of L. chlo- romelum f. fusisporum, and the apothecla larger. The spores (measuring ^ mic.) scarcely differ at all, and also now shew a divided spore-cell, but are longer, and their anomalous features perhaps better marked. There can certainly be no question that the cited form of L. chloromelum sufiBciently explains the present lichen. L. Brebissonii, Mont, emend., Syll. p. 378, with an ample, sub-monophyllous thallus, otherwise similar, as the plant is in the apothecla, to L. chloromelum, from which neither Mon- tague nor Nylander at first separated it, differs yet, like L. ad- pressum, in its long-fusiform or even acicular, 8-12-locular spores, measuring 56-64 mic. in length (Hepp.), and has occurred in France, in the Canaries, in India, in Surinam, and in Tahiti (Montagne), but is not as yet known as North American. 19. L. hullatum (A.q\x,) Mont.; thallus orbiculate, middling to ample, membranaceous, at length rigid, sharply wrinkled; LEPTOGIUM. 165 lead-coloured and coirulescent ; lobes Irregularly rounded and more entire, or ainuate-laclniato and sub-crenate, tbe margins more or less ascendant and plicate-undulate; apothecia mid- dling to ample, elevated, zeorine ; tbe red disk bordered by a paler margin, which is inclosed by a finally leafy thalline one. Spores acuate-ovoid, sub-murlform (transverse series of spore- cells 4-6), decolorate, ^^ mic. Collema, Ach. Licit, p. 655. Mont, in Ann. Sci. 1841, p. 74. a. vesiculosum ; apothecia terminating bladdery podotia, which are now drawn together above into plaited coronals en- circling tho fruit. Collema biillatum, 8w. Lich. Amcr. t. 16. Leptogium, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 129. h. phyllocarpum ) apothecia less or at length scarcely ele- vated ; tbe thalline margin from simply plicate becoming densely leafy and crisped, and the whole fruit at length large. Col- lema phyllocarpum, Pers. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 130. Trunks, a, Mexico, Nylander I. c. 1858. ft, Texas, Wright. Florida, Austin. IMexico, Nylander. L. Javanicum, Mont. (X. sphinctrinum, Nyl.), to judge by my specimens from Herb. junghuhn ( V. d. Bosch), is hardly separable from b ; and L. bul- latum, Mont. & V. d. B., from the same herbarium, is possibly too near the same ; and sufiSciently illustrates Montague's earlier judgment, which is accepted above. The species is also most closely akin to L. chloromelum ; and it is difficult to see why one of the two specimens called L. phyllocarpum in (my copy of) Llndig Herb. N. Gran. n. 1660, should not pass equally well for the lichen first-named. 20. L. Burgessii (Lightf.) Mont.; thallus ample, loosely ag- gregate, laciniate-lobate ; from glaucous-greenish and lead-col- oured passing into purplish-brown ; the imbricate lobes rounded, sinuate, from smoothish becoming granulate, and beset at length densely with finger-shapeu .obules, cristate-lacerate ; beneath ash-coloured, and more or less delicately downy ; apothecia sub- sessile but appearing depressed, middling-sized to ample, flat- tish, zeorine ; the dark-brown disk bordered by a paler margin, which is crowned with a densely leafy and crisped thalline one. Spores ellipsoid, apiculate, muriform-multilocular, decolorate, ^ mic. Collema, Ach. L. U. p. 645. Leptogium, Mont. Canar.p. 129. Trunks, White Mountains, fertile, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. ;, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) {./ 'ks i< <^ «^ 1.0 1.1 ■tilli 125 j^l^ |Z2 1*^ "2.0 HI ■u u Iml IL25 i 1.4 ||6 Photpgrdphic .Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) •73-4503 v iV 4 •SJ <^ >^^ 0 F.^ m LEPTOGIUM. Maine, fertile, Oakes. And infertile specimens, probably refera- ble here, by the characters of the under side, have been found by me in Massachusetts ; and in the Blue Ridge of Virginia. The lichen has also occurred in Madeira, Mandon! From the Madeira plant, which is well referred here by Nylander, the L. injlexum of this writer {Syn. 1, p. 132; and found in Mexico; Venezuela, Fendler ! New Granada, Lindig n. 127 ! 2504 ! and Bolivia, Mandon ! ) offers no differences beyond a rather better thalline development (e. g. wider sinuses than appear to be com- mon in the northern lichen), and none are indicated in the pub- lished diagnosis. As in the next species the upper side is now also downy, both in the northern and southern plants. This side is said now to be Msidioso-furfuraceous,' and the margins of the lobes to bo 'isidioso-dissected' in a New Granada form (L. in- flexum V. isidiosulum, Nyl., which we are further told 'ought perhaps to be distinguished in species,' though no other differ- ence is noted, Nyl. Prodr. N. Gran. p. 4), and our New England plant varies in like manner, the whole upper side being covered now with isidioid lobules. 21. i./wyoc*roMm(Ehrh.; Sch£er.)Tuckerm. ; thallus ample, coriaceous-membranaceous, from rosulate and sub-monopbyllous passing readily into polyphyllous and loosely aggregate states, laciniate-lobate ; lead-coloured (rufous-glaucous) and blackish- green ; smooth at first, but becoming now rugose, and always more or less granulate ; the rounded, undulate lobes entire be- neath clothed with a whitish-ash-coloured nap ; apothecia mid- dling-sized, lecanorine, sub-sessile, flattish ; the disk red-brown, with a plicate-rugose, thalline border, which becomes now gran- ulate-leafy, and now white-hirsute. Spores ellipsoid, from 4-loc- ular becoming sub-muriform, decolorate, ^ mic. Collema, Scluer. Spicil. p. 534 ; Enum.p. 256. Leptogium, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 99. L. saturninum, L. Hildenbrandii, & L. Menziesii, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 127. a. saturninum, Schoer. ; commonly glaucous, or now rufous and somewhat rugose above ; fleecy beneath. L. saturninum {8m. 1788), Mass. L. Hildenbrandii, Garov., <6 Authm's. b. tomentosum, Schaer. ; thinner, blackish -green, now narrowed and sinuate-lobate, and passing into small-lobed, imbricate-com- plicate states ; velvety beneath. Collema tomentosum, Hoffm. C. saturninum {Dicks. 1790), Ach., Nyl. HTDROTHTRIA. 167 Trunks, and also rocks, not ancommon, but exceedingly rare in fruit. In the extreme north b is the well-marked form,— Bear Lake (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823 ; Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Pr. I. c. ; Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright ; extending also south- ward, to Canada, Agassiz) and New England; as also to the Rocky Mountains (fertile), Herb. Hook. ; and Oregon, Hall. But a is the more common state, especially southward, occurring from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman ; in Illinois (fertile), Hall ; in the low country as well as in the mountains of South Carolina, iiat'cne?; in Alabama, Peters ; and New Mexico, Fe»d- ter. The abundant fruit of a, as exhibited in the south of Europe, averages, in my specimens, 1-2"'"- in diameter, reaching 3"""- in some from the north of Italy collected by myself; and is regularly scutella-form, with a plicate-rugose margin. These features are equally well-marked and quite the same in Japanese specimens ( Wright), important also as exhibiting the less regu- lar and polyphylline thallus of the common United States lichen ; and, like that, the thallus of these is only occasionally wrinkled. In one of these more especially resembling the plant of the United States, there is now a ring of white fibrils on the under side of the exciple, and finally a downiness over the whole, thus preparing the way for the otherwise altogether similar Illinois lichen {Hall) in which the whole exciple is as hirsute as in many Stictce. b is only known here, in a fertile state, in the specimen from the Rocky Mountains {Herb. Hook.), in the dozen apothecia of which, apparently always smaller, and much rarer in this form of the species, all the mature ones (scarcely exceeding l™™ in diameter) are convex, and have excluded the thalline bordor, which is represented by a crown of finger-shaped lobules, now also visible at the edges of the lobes. There is some indication of this overgrowth in my European specimens, the fruit of which is occasionally also hirsute beneath (Bavarian Alps, Krempelhxi- ber) as in a. XXIX.— HYDROTHYRIA, Russ. Apothecia biatoriue. Spores cymbiform, quadrilocular, decolorate. Thallus foliaceous, poembranaceous, with a dis- tinct, parenchymatous, cortical layer; a gonimous one of gonimia in short chains; and a medullary one of compact filaments j veiny beneath. 168 LECANOREI.— EULEGANOREI. 1^ 1 H. venosa, Russell ; thallas ample, loosely aggregated, thin and Aragile, laciniate-lobate ; lead-coloured ; beset beueath with branched, divaricate, pale-brown veins ; lobes more or less fan- shaped, irregularly cut, with rounded, repand-crenate summits ; Apothecia sub-marginal, middling-sized ; the disk reddish-brown, soon convex, and excluding tbe pale, lacerate-dentate margin. Spores cymbiform, and fusiform, 4-locular, decolorate, ^ mic. Bu88. in Proc. Essex Inst. 1, p. 188. Tuckerm. Oen. p. 102. H. fontana (Buss, olim), Tuck. Lick. exs. n. 150 {sub Lept.). Nyl. Syn.l,p. 135. On stones under water in mountain brooks, Vermont and Xew Hampshire, Eussell I. c. 1856. Connecticut, Pro/. D. C. Eaton. Mariposa, California, Bolander. Fam. 7.— LECANOREI. Thallus crustaceous ; very rarely papillose-ramulose ; in a much larger number of instances lobed at the circumfer- ence, or squamulose and sub-imbricate; but, in far the greater proportion, uniform ; adnate to tbe substrate ; the hypothallus inconspicuous or obsolete. Gen. p. 103. We revert, in the family now before us, from the extraordi- narily differenced but still Parmeliaceous Collemei to the remote Parmeliei. Of this, the first Sub-Family {Eulecnnorei) may be easily regarded as a contiguous section, differing as it scarcely does otherwise than in its crustaceouR instead of foliaceous thal- lus. But this distinction in tue thallus has been proved to have value in the system ; and the Eulecanorei pass, without a break, into the very marked, crustaceous Sub-Family which is dis- tinguished by its typically compound fruit (Perttisariei) as this last stands in close relation to forms even more alien to the tribal type (Sub.-Fam. Urceolariei), suggesting now (and often indeed referred to) Lecideacei ', and Verrucariacei', and even, we might add, Graphidacei. Sub.-Fam. 1. — Evlecanobei. Apothecia scutellsefprm. PLAGODIUM. 169 XXX.— PLACODIUM (DC), Naeg. & Hepp. Apothecia sub-soutellaeform ; either regular (lecanorine), or shewing also a proper margin (zeorine), or only the lat* ter (biatorine), the disk, for the most part, yellowish-orange. Spores ellipsoid, polar-bilocular (rarely of the more common bilocular type, or, more rarely yet, simple), colourless. Sper- matia oblong, or staff-shaped ; the sterigmas almost always multi-articulate. Thallus crustaceous ; either lobed at the circumference ; or, very rarely, suffruticulose ; or uniform 5 oftener more or less yellow. * Thamnoma. Thallus Jruticulose; orange. 1. P. coralloides, Tuckerm. ; thallus slender, solid, cartila- gineous, decumbent; bright -orange -yellow; branches terete, nodulose, obtuse, sub-dichotomously divided ; apothecia of mid- dling size, lateral and terminal, somewhat elevated, zeorine ; the flattish, rough, darls-orange disk bordered at length only by the thin, entire, proper margin, which is finally excluded. Spores oblong, the sporoblasts approximate, the isthmus deficient, -^ mic. Ohs. Lich. 3, 1, c. p. 287. Maritime rocks, near San Francisco, California {Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1864. The biatorine apothecia bordered more" or less, or coronate, with the finally powdery nodules of the thal- ius ; 1-2"""- wide. 2. P. cladodes, Tuckerm. ; thallus short, slender, solid, erect, made up of terete, fastigiately branched, pale trunks, which blacken below, and are crowded together into a csespitose, papil- late, orange-yellow crust ; apothecia small, sessile ; the flat, pow- dery, fulvous disk sub-marginate, bordered by a stout, crenulate, tballine margin. Spores solitary, obtuse-ellipsoid, the spore- 20-25 cells connected by an isthmus, j^ mic. Obs. Lich. 3, /. c. p. 265. On the earth, in the alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains {Hall), Tuckerman I. c. 1864. Looking like an uniform, warted crust. Apothecia about I"""- wide. The short thekes have not been seen to contain more than a single spore, which is at first brownish. * * Euplaeodium. Thallus typically lobed at the drcum- 170 PLACODIUM. IP*"* Ir ference, but passing finally into scarcely efflgurate forms ; yellow or orange in 1, 2, 3, o^ are the apothecia only in 4 and 5; the other species being otherwise coloured. 3. P. elegans (Link) DC. ; tballus stellate-radious, appressed, naked on both sides ; orange ; the linear, loose, branched divi- sions convex and torulose. wavy, and more or less lacunose- uneven, discrete or sub-imbricate, or finally contortuplicate ; apothecia smallish to middling-sized, zeorine or biatorine; of nearly the same colour with the tballus, the thin margin mostly entire. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. ^J. 114. Tuck. exs. n. \GQ. Nyl. Scand. p. 136. P. diversicolor, Ach. Sya. p. 210, fide Nyl. On rocks. North America, Acharius Syn. 1814. Arctic Amer- ica, from Newfoundland, De la Pylaie, and Great Bear Lake, etc., Bichardson, to Melville Island, B. Br., and islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Rocky Mountains, Hayden; Hall. Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright. Eastern and Middle States, Halsey. The present species, in typical conditions, might easily be taken to differ from the next, as a foliaceous lichen from a crustaceous ; and this is in fact exactly Schserer's latest judgment {Enum.). But we have, notwithstanding, strictly crustaceous members of the group before us which certainly appear to hang between P. elegans and P. murorum. A case of this sort is presented by a western lichen (North Platte, accom- panied by undoubted P. elegans, Hayden ; Montana, also so ac- companied, M. A. Broicn; Wyoming, Lapham; Nevada, Bo- lander) marked by a crustaceous, dark-orange tballus, the whole surface of which, instead of being pitted is roughened by minute granules now like those of shagreen and now coarser, and which becomes finally, in the Wyoming plant, as closely applied to the substrate as any P. murorum, but yet appears on the whole to descend rather from P. elegans. The lichen may be conve- niently distinguldoed as the var. trachyphyllum. 4. P. murorum (Hoffm.) DC. ; tballus crustaceous, orbicular, closely adnate to the substrate, contiguous ; bright-yellow ; the warted centre passing at the circumference into cut-crenate lobules ; apothecia smallish, sessile, zeorine ; disk naked, orange- red, the thicker thalline margin sub-crenate. Spores much as in the last, but perhaps, on the whole, larger. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 115, a (excl. d-f.) Th. Fr. Scand.p. 170. PLACODIUlf. 171 North America {Lecan. miniata), Muhlenberg Catai. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson. Maritime rocks, Maasacbusetta, Tuckerman. Coast of California, Bolander (rather resembllDg^ AmphiloiHa Heppianum, Mull. ; RabeDh. o. 671, which it is diffi- cult to separate). Beside this yellow oae, there is a Californian form with all the features of the present except that the colour is dark-orange, in which respect it suggests P. elegans ; this may be called v. miniatum. 4(b), P drrochroum (Ach.) Hepp. ; thallns of P. mt*rorum but small, and perhaps thinner, and bursting at the centre into lemon-coloured soredia ; the tips of the peripheral lobes more or less white-pruinose ; [apothecia rare and not seen here, minute. " Spores oblong, ^ mic."] Ach. Syn. p. 181. Koerb. Parerg. p. 49. Parmelia murorum, /., Fr. L. E. Lecanora, Scheer. Enum. p. 64. Rocks containing lime, Willoughby Lake, Vermont. Prqf. W. G. Farloto. 5. P. fulgens (Svr.) DC; thallus foliaceous-crustaceous, or- bicular, soft and friable, closely appressed ; pale-yellow or lemon- coloured ; made up of narrow, hocioiate-multifid, and crenate^ flexuous, concrete lobes, which become radious-plicate at the circumference; apothecia of middling size, sessile, zeorine; tawny-red ; the pale, irregular, thalline margin finally excluded by the swelling disk, which is bordered by a thin, entire, proper one. Spores ellipsoid, sub-simple, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 119, a. P.friabilis, Schter. SpiciLp. 426. b. bracteatum, Ach. ; thallus passing into a verrucose-lobulate crust; the radious circumference disappearing. Schar. I. c. P.fulgens v. alpinum, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct.p. 81. Calcareous soils. Greenland (&), Vahl e Th. Fr. I. e. 1861. On the North Platte in Nebraska, and Wyoming (a, b), Hayden. Montana, M. A. Brown. The spores of the variety, though often simple, occur also in variously imperfect (or even perfect, according to Koerb. 8yst. p. 112) bilocular conditions; and I ob- serve not wholly dissimilar spores in some of my foreign speci- mens of a. Both forms l)elong naturally together ; and to Pla- codium. 6. P. eugyrum, Tuckerm. ; thallus erustaceous, orbicnlar^ adnate, applanate; from dirty-brownish-green becoming dark- 172 PLACODIUM. 1 falvoas ; rimose-areolate, passing at the oircumference iDto short, paler, white-powdery, crenate lobes ; apothecia small, zeorine ; the flat, rufous disk bordered by a thin, crenulate, thalline mar- gin. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, —■ mic. Suppl. 1, 1, c. p. 425. On limestone, Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Best isomparable perhaps externally, except in colour, with the Euro- pean Lecanora circinata. Apothecia 0™»-, 5 to 0™°-, 8 in width. 7. P. galactqphjfUum, Tuckerm. ; tballus crustaoeous-adnate, areolate-squamulose ; white and mealy (becoming yellowish- brown when rubbed), the areoles passing at the circumference into crenate lobules ; apothecia small, zeorine, adnate, flat ; an obtuse, entire thalline margin bordering the dark-orange, mar- ginate disk. Spores ^ mic. Obs. Lich. 4, 1, c. p. 171. Lime-rocks, Chase county, Kansas {Hall), Tuckerman Cfen. 1872. Apothecia of the size of those of n. 6. When th's and the last are more fully known, they may possibly prove to be nearer akin than appears. 8. P. peliophyllum, Tuckerm. ; tballus crustaceous, adnate, verrucose ; cinereous-glaucous (and blackening) with a laciniate, linear-multifid circumference ; apothecia of more than middling size, sessile ; the disk chestnut-brown, the stoiit, entire thalline 14-21 mic. -Gen. Lich. margin finally flexuous. Spores ellipsoid, ^ p. 108. On granitic rocks, Yosemite Valley, California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. The specimens of this marked lichen were only obtained with difficulty, and are scanty. It should be further studied where it grows. Apothecia exceeding 2'^- in width. 9. P. variabile (Pers.) Nyl. ; thallus crustaceous, adnate, rimose-areolate ; lurid-ash-coloured ; the areoles of the circum- ference scarcely now efflgurate ; apothecia of middling size or smallish, adnate, rather flat; the dark-chestnut (blackening) disk bordered conspicuously by a white (powdery) entire at length flexuous margin, which is now concolorous with the disk ; Spores ellipsoid. 14-18 S-8 or obsolete, and the apothecia lecideoid. mic. Nifl. Scand. p. 138. b. atro-aU>um, Tnclierm.', thallus yellowish-brow u ; apothe- cia small, distinctly zeorine ; a thin, demiss, white thalline mar- PLAGODIUM. 173 54 glD bordering a black and naked, marginate disk. Spores obso* letely polar-bilocular (the spore-cells mostly approximate), ~ mic. Obs. Lich. 4, {. c. p. 172. a, Jurassic rocks, Rocky Mountains (Harden), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Ancient potsherds, Utah, Dr. Palmer (Herb. Wil- ley). b, cretaceous sandstone, and chalcedony. North Platte, Rocky Mountains, Hayden. Lime-rocks, Utah, Lapham. P. variabile is associable, through P. chalybceum (not as yet de- tected here), with the efflgurate species of the genus, but loses at length every trace of a lobed margin. This is quite deficient in b, which was referred by me at first to the near neighbourhood of Lecanora erysibe. Another state of P. variabile with de- pauperate or obsolete thallus and wholly black (lecideoid) apo- thecia (on limestone, Alabama, Peters) is best comparable with the European form Agardhianum, at least as exhibited in a speci- men from herb. Eoerb. ; upon which compare this author's ob- servation in Parerg. p. 68. * * * Callopisma. Thallus not efflgurate {though now sqiMtnulose) uniform', the fruit more or less orange, except in n. 20, 21, 22. t Spores polar-bilocular, except m 18; in eights. 10. P. bolacinum, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose ; tawny- yellow; the scattered scales coarse, convex, glebous-diflform, finally crenate ; apothecia middling-sized, sessile, soon convex ; the orange, rusty-powdery disk with a thin, concolorous margin, the thailine one mostly obsolete. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Lich. Calif, p. 18. On sandstone and serpentine rocks (and what is perhaps the same on mud walls), on the coast of California {Bolander), Tuck- erman I. c. 1866. Apothecia 1"™- to more than 2'"™- wide. 11. P. cinnabarrinum (Ach ) Anz.; thallus rimose-areolate and sub-effigurate; or the now scattered areoles passing from the first into often applanate and crenate-lobulate scales; them- selves crowded together at length into a sub-imbricate crust ; becoming dark-orange ; apothecia minute, adnate ; disk orange, the paler margin entire. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Leca- nora, Ach. L. U. p. 402. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 165. A common rock-lichen throughout the United Statec, inhab- iting alike granitic and ..alcareous rocks, from New England to 174 PLACODIUM. Virffinia, Tttckerman Oen. 1872. Kansas, on limestone, HaU. South Carolina (on rocks, and apparently now on dead wood), Bavenel. Texas, on limestone, Wright. California, on sand- stone, Bolander. Varying considerably in the development of the thallus, as above noted ; and the spores commonly longer In the Callfornian plant. The black hypothallus, described by Acharius, and Fries, is not always to be made out. 12. P. microphyUinum, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus squamulose ; from dirty-greenish-yellow at length dirty-orange ; the adnate Bcales crowded together into broken masses at the centre but crenate-lobulate more or less at the circumference, bursting into, and often concealed by heaps of yellow granules; apothecia smallish, zeorine, adnate, flat ; dark-orange, the proper margin sub-entire, the thalline one crenulate. Spores ellipsoid, ~ mic. On dead wood common on the coast of New England. Penn- sylvania, Br. J. W. Eck/eldt. Illinois, HeM. Texas, Wright. California, Herb. Willey. Reminding one of the rupicoline P. aurantiacum, v. coronatum, Krempelh. (Hepp. n. 637. Ra- benh. 723), but very difierent in fact in its more or less distinctly lobulate thallus. The habitat is yet one deforming many lichens; but I know not where to refer the plant. 13. P. citrinum (Hoflfm.) Leight.; thallus eflfuse, minutely granulose, conglomerate at length in areole-like masses ; lemon- coloured ; on a white coanescent hypothallus ; apothecia smaii, appressed ; disk waxy- yellowish and orange, the soon depressed thalline margin sub-granulose, the thin, proper one often obso- lete. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Lecanora, Ach. 8yn. p. 176, a. CaUopisma, Koerb. Syst. p. 128. Lime-rocks, Neosho river, Kansas, Hall. Stones and mortar in walls, Pennsylvania, Br. J. W. Eck/eldt. 14. P. aurantiacum (Lightf.) Naeg. & Hepp.; thallus un- ■even and chinky becoming soon warted and wrinkled, and broken at length into areoles ; lemon-coloured, pale yellow, yel- lowish-gray, gray, or finally now white; bordered and decus- sated by a blackening hypothallus, which is often obsolete; apothecia almost middling-sized, sossile, zeorine, flattish ; the orange, safiron, or tawny disk bordered by a thin proper mar- gin, and a stouter, at length crenulate thalline one, which is now obsolete, and the firuit then quite biatorine. Spores elllp- PLACODIUM. 176 sold, ~ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 165, a. Lecanora, Njfl. Scand. p. 142. Trees and rocks, as also on dead wood, throughout. Northern and middle Stacec, Muhleniterg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Bichardson. Illinois, Kansas, and Missouri, HnU. Arkansas, Peters. Maryland and Virginia, Tuckermnn. Carolina and Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. California, Bolander ; occurring now on cow-dung, Dr, J. G. Cooper. 15. P. rupestre (Scop.) Br. & Rostr. ; thallus tartareous, vimose-aicolate; ash - coloured ; often much reduced and at length obsolete ; apothccla smallish, couvex, adnate, biatorlne, but the proper margin soon disappearing; wax -coloured, and tawny, becoming olivaceous-brown, and blackening. Spores ellipsoid, simple, '^'mic. Lecanora calva, iV^'' Scand. p. 147. Lecidea rupestris, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 423. Calcareous rocks. New York, Tuckerman Oen. 1872. Ver- mont, Messrs. Russell and Frost. Greorgia, Bavenel. Alabama, Peters. Spores commonly simple, but now rather suggestive of the type of the present group ; from which the lichen cannot naturally be separated. 16. P. cerinum (Hedw.) Naeg. & Hepp.; thallus originally contiguous, becoming chinky, and warted, and now sub-areo- late ; from pale- at length very dark-ash-coloured, or leaden- gray, or now disappearing ; upon a bluish-black hypothallus ; apothecla middling -sized to small, lecanorlne, sessile, often rather elevated; wax -coloured, reddish -fulvous, olivaceous- brown, or at length livid, sub-pruinose, the thin, opake thalline margin often well distinguished in colour from the disk, but at length concolorous, for the most part entire. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mlc. Partnelia, Fr. L. E. p. 168, h dc exd. Tuck. exs. n. d3. Lecanora, N';^l. Scand. p. 144. b. sideritis, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus thickened ; of contigu- ous, scale-like, becoming convex and warty areoles ; iron-gray ; apothecla appressed, the fulvous-ferruglneons, naked disk soon turgid and excluding the thin thalline margin. Spores as in a, but scarcely as large. Lecanora, Tuckerm. St4ppl. 1, 1, c.p. 426. e. pyracea, Nyl. ; thallus thin ; whitish ash-coloured when not obsolete, the hypothallus scarcely differing in colour; apothecla 176 PLAOODIUM. n !1 ■ k ■mall, becoming convex ; the yellowish-orange disk soon exclud- ing the tballine margin, but bordered more or less by a thin proper one. Spores as in a, but smaller. Nyl. I. c. Fr. I. c. var. b, and c. Throughout our territory, common : a, on trees, as also on dead wood, and mosses, and probably on stones. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1618. Arctic America (on mosses), Wright. Athabasca Lake, Macoun. Canada, etc., Agaasie. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Virginia, Tuckerman. Caro- lina and Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama & Arkansas, Peters. Lou- isiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. California, Bolander. Oregon, Hall. b, on granitic rocks. New England, Frost, etc. Vir- ginia, Curtis. This variety is a well-marked lichen which has been referred (in Frost's original specimens) to P. fcrrugineum (v. fusco-atrum, Bayerh. ; Zw. exs. n. 96 ! ) by an European lichenologist of experience : but I decidedly prefer the present place for our plant ; and Eoerber (Syst. p. 127) has taken a sim- ilar view of Von Zwackh's. Whether ours is to be kept separate or not, must depend upon a larger view of the foreign one than I am able to take. c differs from a, much as a Biatora from a Lecanora, and is now often separated as a species, but with hardly sufficient reason. A similar lichen, which is in fact sub- sumed under his v&r. pyracea,^ by Nylander I. c. (the Lecidea ulmi- cola of Borrer! in Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 185, and the Caloplaca luteo- alba of Th. Fr. Scand. p. 190), exhibits, it is supposed always, spores varying from the type in having the sporoblasts approxi- mate ; but has not occurred here. 17. P. JungermannicB {Yah\) ; thallus encrusting mosses, very thin; whitish or cinerascent; apothecia middling to smallish, crowded, sessile, flattish, now lecanorinc but soon taking on a biatorine aspect ; the orange, finally fulvous, sub-pruinose disk becoming tumid, and the at first stout, entire, or flexuous mar- gin thinning out and disappearing. Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. CaU^laca, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 179. I^ecanora/ulvolutea, Nyl, Bcand. p. 146. On the earth, upon mosses, Arctic Aperica. Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Great Bear Lake, etc., Biclmrdson e Leight. {. c. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. British Columbia, Macou/n. 18. P. nivaie (Eoerb.) ; thallos much as in the ^*<9t, but often PLACODIUlf. 177 perhaps darker ; apothecla small, crowded, adnate, now distinctly lecanorine and now of biatorine aspect ; the flattlsh, finally tumid disk brownish-orange, fulvous, or rust-coloured, the entire bor- der often darker. Spores linear-oblong or cymbiform, simple, becoming at length bilocular with approximate sporoblasts, —^ mic. Callopisma, Koerb. S^st. p. 129. Lecanora, Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 129. On mosses, Greenland (lireutel), Nylander I. c. 1866. Known to me in an European specimen from the author. It is another offshoot of the cermum-stock, separated, more widely than the last, by the long spores, which are not polar-bilocular. The lichen occurs in Greenland, according to Nylander /. c, with the whole aspect of the muscicoline P. cerinum v. atillicidiorum of authors. 19. P. sinapispermum (Auct.) Hepp. ; thallus running over mosses, thin, granulate ; whitish ; apotbecia small to very small, appressed, biatorine, soon convex and sub-globose ; fulvous-for- rugineous, becoming ferrugineous-brown, and blackening; the obtuse, entire, concolorous margin soon disappearing. Spores but in three otherwise similar speci- ovoid-ellip8ol(\ ^ mic. ie.!Q T3i 23^ mic. Blas- mens from Be Wring's Straits the spores occur ^^^ tenia, Koerb. C^yst. p. 184. B. leucortpa, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 392. Upon mosses, in arctic and alpine regions. Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Brit- ish Columbia, Macoun. Rocky Mountains, Hall. An extreme member of the stock of P. cerinum, looking toward tbe next species. 20. P. ferrugineum (Huds.) Hepp.; thallus sub-cartilagin- eous, at first contiguous, becoming chinky, verruculose, and rugged; more or less ash-coloured, or now whitish; upon a black, more or less obvious, or now even obsolete hypothallus ; apothecia from almost middling to small, for the most part biatorine, sessile, flattish; disk opake, sub - pruinose, rust- coloured, passing into red, and fulvous, bordered by a finally crisped, persistent proper margin, which is now inclosed in a demiss thalline one. Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 170. Caloplaca, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 182. b. Pollinii ; thallus thin, whitish, or obsolescent ; apothecia biatorine, soon turgid ; olivaceous and blackening, more or less greenish-pruinose ; the paler margin at length excluded, or 12 I Sfvx. f «!(« ^m 178 PLaCODIUM, concolorous. BJastenia, Mass. Blast. ; Koerh. Parerg. p. 129. Placodium, Am. P./errugineum, v. nigricans, Tuck, tn lift. c. discolor, Willey in litt. ; thallus thin ; pale yellowish ex- cept where blackened by the hypothallus ; bursting into heaps of yellow granules ; apothecia biatorine. d. Wrigh ii, Tuckerm. in lilt. ; thallus thickish ; whitish- glaucesceni besprinkled densely with white granules which become isidioid ; apothecia appressed, lecanorine, zeorine, and biatorine, soon flexuous ; the disk dark-red. Trees, dead wood, and rocks, as also, in high northern regions, on mosses, common throughout our territory, a. Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 18G1 ; as also in Alaska, Br. Kellogg. New England to Virginia, Tuckcrman. Illinois, Hall. N. Carolina, Curtis. Georgia, Eavenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. California (where among other rupicoliue states there is one, f. Bolanderi with obsolete thallus, but bright vermillion-coloured apothecia, comparable with the f. miniacea, Mihi, Ohs. Lich. 4, /. c. p. 171, on bark, in South Africa, which last differs in nothing but the colour from the S. African a), Bolander. Oregon, Hall. b, on coniferous trees, especially Red Cedar, and also on Elm, Massachusetts, Tuckerman. Ver- mont, Bussell. Alaryland, Tuckerman c, on Tupelo, and Oak, Mount Desert, Maine, Tuckcrman. New Bedford, Willey. d, on *Tees, Western Texas and New Mexico, Wright. The forms c, and d, deserve separate notice as much perhaps as h, which is now recognized as European by authors. And other probable conditions of the species, beside the curious f. Bolanderi, have been sent to me from the Pacific Coast, but are not as yet clear. 21. P. diphasium, Tuckerm.; thallus sub-tai'areous, origi- nally contiguous, becoming rugged and verrucose-granulate ; greenish -glaucesc<^nt; apothecia small, adnate, lecanorine; disk plano-convex, from wax-coloured becoming reddish-brown and livid-black, thinly green-pruinose, bordered now by a thin proper margin, and always inclosed by a depressed, creuulate thalline one. Spores ovoid - ellipsoid, -^ mic.— Lecanor a, Suppi. I, I. c.p. 426. Placodium, Obs. Lich. 3, '. c.p. 287. On various trees, Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman /. c. 1858. 22. P. camptidiiim, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin and sub-cartila- giueous, originally contiguous, from smooth becoming chinky ' a PLACODIUM. 179 and broken, and finally warted; hrownish-ash-coloured ; con- ditioned more or less in colour and bordered by a black hypo- thallus; apothecia of middling size and smallish, biatoriuo, sessile ; the flattish, rufous, white-pruinose disk surpassing at length the obtuse, white, entire or finally fuscescent and fiexu • ous proper margin, which is rarely surrounded by an pbscure thalline one. Spores ellipsoid, ~ mic. Lecanora, Obs. Lich. 2, /. c. p. 403. Placodium, ibid, 3, /. c. p. 287. Trees and rails from southern Pennsylvania and Maryland throughout Virginia, Tuckcrman 1. c. 1862. Massachusetts, on Beech, Willey. Ohio, Miss Biihllecome. Illinois, HaU. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina and Georgia, Bavenel. Texas, Wright. Oregon, Hall. A well marked lichen ; but states of it may be passed over for Lecanora subfusca ; or now for forms of the variable Biatora rubella. 23. P. Fhridanum, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, contiguous, un- even at length broken ; glaucous-cinerascent, limited more or lesa and otherwise conditioned by a black hypothallus ; apothecia minute, adnate; disk flat, brownish-black, opake, obsoletely marginate, with an entire, at length concolorous thailine border. Spores ellipsoid, -'^" mic. Lecanora, Obs. Lich. 2, I. c. p. 402. Placodium, ibid., 3, /. c. p. 287. On bark, West Florida (Beaumont), and Texas (Wright), Tuckcrman 1. c. 1862. Also in the island of Cuba, Wright. Resembling small states of Binodina sophodes. 1 1 Spores tcith approximate spore-cells (not polar-bilocular). for the most part numerous in the thekes. Thallus now stalked, now efflgurate, and now uniform. 24. P. Spraguci; thallus eftuse, made up of short tninks which are crowded together into a papillate crust, expanding now at the outer edge into lobulate squamulcs; groenish-yellow; apothecia of middling size, flattish ; disk tawny-yellow, the ob- tuse margin soon flexuous, and crenate. Spores from fusiform at length club-shaped and acicular, bilocular and irregularly 25-40 broken up within, otten curved, -^ mic. On the earth upon n)cks, Colorado, Brnndegec ; comm. Ch. .Jas. Sprague. With the aspect of the finer ccmditions of P. vitcllinum, but clearly, though often only obscurely, stalked. I also regard the remarkable development of the spores as indi- i; mr ?-': tV^ ■ 1 -i 180 PLACODIUM. eating only an advance in the same direction of known condi- tions of the viteUinum-spore. Apothecia seen I"""- to I"""-, 5 wide. Paraphyses becoming thickened and like the spores. The last seen only in eights. 25. P. crenulatum (Wahlenb.); thallus orbicular, creuatc- granulose, opake ; lemon-coloured ; radiately effigurate at the circumference, the lobes crenate incised ; apothecia of almost middling size ; paJe-lemon-coloured, bordered by a crenate thai- line margin. Spores 20-40 and more in the thekes; ellipsoid and oblong, simple and obaoletely bilocular, ~ mic. Leca- nora cr^natu. Nyl. I xpp. Or. p. 130. Caloplaca crenulata, Tli. Fr. Scand. p. 187. Maritime rocks, Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries 1. c. 1861. The only specimen known to me as yet by this name (Labrador, KrempcUmher) might quite as easily bo called a well-developed, high-northern condition of the next species ; and little more is suggested by Nylander's character of the hchen. Wahleuberg however {Fl. Lapp. p. 416) describes his plant as having thin, and exceedingly narrow (and Th. Fries adds sub-huear) lobes, which suggests something diftereut. 26. P. vitclUnum (Ehrh.), Naeg. & Hepp. ; thallus eflfuse, tartaroous, of small, rounded, at length squaraaceous and cre- nate-lobulate granules, which are crowded mostly into areole- like heaps, but occur now scattered; bright-greenish-yellow; apothecia clustered for the most part, middling to small, sessile, flat, or at length convex ; tawny-yellow, darkening also, and olivaceous, with a soon granulate - crenate thalline border. Spores numerous (12-30 and more) in the thekes; simple auo bilocular, -^"mic. Fr. L. E. p. 162, excl. b. Xyl. Scan,' p. 141. 6. aiirelluni, Ach.'f thallus dispersed and disappearing; tLe small apothecia entire. Dead wood and rocks, common ; tis also occurring on the earth. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America (Fort Franklin), Richardson. Behring's Straitt^, Wright. Illinois and westward, Hall. Rocky Mountains, I'arry, Hall. Texas, Wright. New jSIexico, Fendler. California, Bolan- der. 6, on rocks, Canada, Mr. Drummond. Missouri and Kansas, possibly. Hall; but not clear. The spores of this LECANORA. 181 :nown condi- I spores. The ippoaring; tLe species var>' froit 8 (Nylander; including probably the Calo- placa suhsimilis, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 181, which is not said to differ otherwise) to 12, 24, and apparently now as to many as 40. Our plant appears to be better developed than the Euro- pean as known to me, and abundant apothecia are now found of li-2 niic. diameter. 27. P. luteo-minium, Tuckerm. ; thallus cruataceous, thin, squamaceous-glebous, granulosa, and obsolescent; dirty-white; apothecia of almost middling size, l)iatorine ; the flat disk from orange becoming vermillion-coloured, and the entire, obtuse margin radiately striate. Spores 8-12 and more in the thekes; oblong and bean-shaped, bilocular, ^~ mic. Licit. Calif, p. 18. On the earth. San Diego, Cahfornia, Dr. J. G. Cooper. The spores are very various in number, occurring 3,-4,-8 (the last commonly), -10,-12, and over, in the thekes; and once observed 4-locular. XXXI. — LECANORA, Ach., Tuckerm. Apothecia scutelloeform, now zeorine. Spores from ellip- soid passing into oblong; simple; or rarely 2- 4-locular; or elongated-fusiform and 4-plurilocular, colourless. Sperma- tia oblong, or stafif-shaped ; or needle-shaped and bowed; on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus crustaceous ; either lobed at the circumference; or, very rarely, sufifruticulose ; or, and for the most part, uniform. * Cladodium. Thallus fruticulose. Spores simple. 1. L. Bolandcri, Tuck.; thallus c^spitose, dichotomously much-branched ; greenish-straw-coloured ; the branches of the rounded, rather loose clumps erect, terete, with papilla;form, obtuse tips ; apothecia of middling size, sub-terminal ; the disk naked, from yellowish-flesh-coloured becoming tawny, with a tumid, rather entire thalline margin. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, ^ mic. Obs. Lwh. I. c. G, p. 266. Gen. Lich. p. 111. Metamorphic sandstone rocks on the Pacific Coast, Marin county, California (Bolander), Tuckerman /. c. 1864. l{b). L. thamnitis, T'jck.) thallus papillate-fruticulose, made up of short, erect, fastigiately divided trunks which are crowded densely together in an efl'use crust (or pass now into compact, ■V, m Us - H . } H ■if 182 LEGANORA. IS " 'ti V rounded peltate clumps) ; palo-straw-coloured ; apothecia mid- dling to ample, sub-terminal ; disk from pale-yellowish passing into tawny-red, margin crenate. Spores ovoid -ellipsoid, ^ mic. Lich. Calif, p. 20. Sandstones of the Pacific Coast ; Oakland hills, and S. Bnmo {Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1866. L. Bolanderi otters effuse conditions ; as L. thamnitis^ first observed only in such state, paases finally into peltate ones, like the other; but the two lichens, in large sets of specimens, are, so far, distinguishable. They are placed however here, with the next following one, under the same number, as probably only forms of one species. L. rubina, of the next division, which exhibits monophyl- lous, and peltate, together with comphcate, almost branched states, illustrates the transition of Squamaria into Cladodium ; and suf&ciently perhaps explaius the rather surprising diversity of the latter group. 1(c). L. phryganitis, Tuck.; thallus ochroleucous ; stout, rimulose-rugulose, forming rounded patches, made up at the centre of short, erect, obtuse branches, which are elongated, and decumbent at the circumference ; apothecia middling to ample, lateral, sub-sessile ; disk pale-brick-coloured, margin flexuously 12-16 lobed. Spores oblong- elhpsoid, ^ mic. Lich. Calif, p. 19. Coast standstones ("usually in depressions, forming in them round patches") from Mission Dolores to the Ocean {Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1866. * * Squamaria. simple. Thallus lobed) sub-foliaceous. Spores 2. L. lentigera (Web.) Ach. ; thallus crustaceous-foliaceous, thickish, radious ; greenish-white, more or less white-pruiuose ; at the circumference lobed, sinuately cut, and crenate, but broken at the centre into areole-like divisions; [apothecia of middling size, adnate ; the disk reddish-buft-coloured, the thin thalline margin persistent. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, c. ^ vtAc] Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 103. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand. p. 130. Parmelia crassa, a, Scheer. Spicil.p. 431. Calcareous earth. Bad Lands of Judith, Nebraska (infertile), Hayden. Referable here rather than to the closely allied L. crassa : which has not occurred with us. 3. L. gelida (L.) Ach. ; thallus crustaceous, adnate, chinky, LECANORA. 183 but more or less radious ; dirty white ; with a hu'iniate-lobate circumference ; smooth, or beset often with white soredia ; and bearing also a large central, or several smaller and scattered, brown, radiatelj' chinky warts; apothecia smallish, adnate; disk pale brick-coloured and blackening, with a very entire, 'tumid thalline margin. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Squama- ria, Nyl. Scand. p. 134. Rocks, Greenland (VaM), Th. Fr. 1. c. 1861. White Moun- tains, WiUey. Oregon, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun. 4. L. thatnnoplaca, Tuck. ; thallus tartareous ; tawny j of turgid, crenate scales which are crowded together at the centre and become coalescent, but pass at the circumference into rather lax, narrowed, convex, sinuately cut lobes; apothecia middling-sized, innate-superficial ; disk reddish-black, exceed- ing the stout, entire margin. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, -^ mic. Gen. p. 113, note. Rocks, near Humboldt city, Nevada (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1873. Rocky Mountains (Yellowstone exp., Coulter), Herb. Willey. Apothecia 1"™"-, 5-2'""'-, wide. 5. L. rubina (Vill.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous, sub-folia- ceous, peltate; now monophyllous ; but passing oftener into several to many round-lobed, cut-crenate, .finally branch-Uke divisions; greenish-straw-coloured; for the most part black beneath; apothecia middling to ample, appressed; disk from pale yellowish becoming tawny and red; the thin, flexuous thalline margin disappearing. Spores ellipsoid, ~ mic. Parmelia chrysokuca, Fr. L. E. p. 113. P. rubina, Schar. Spicil.p. 435. Squamaria chrysoleuca, Nyl. Scand. p. 131. b. heteromorpha, Ach., thallus more or less rimose-rugulose, pitted beneath ; apothecia concolorous becoming pale-brown. L. rubina, /9 heteromorpha, Ach. L. U. fide Nyl. Squamaria peltata, Ny\ Scand. p. 132. c. opaca, Ach., Fr.; disk decolorate,pale-olivaceou8 and black. Squamaria melanophthalma, Nyl. I. c. Rocks, a, Arctic America {Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. New England, Tuckerman. Shores of Lake Superior, Agassiz. Kansas, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Hayden. New Mexico, Fend- Icr. Texna, Wright. California, ff. Manw. Oregon, ifaW. 6, Organ Mountains, Texas (with a), Wright. Oregon (with a). : «»?, 184 LEOANORA. Hall.—c, Organ Mountains, Texas, with a and 6, Wright. Rocky Mountains, M. A. Brown. California, Bolander. The Now England lichen, however clearly related to the western forms of a (through Auz. Ital. n. 158 ; comp. Tuck. Gen. p. 113) is always inferior, and passes at length into an effuse, glebous, scarcely lobed condition, here observed on dead wood, but in Kansas {E. Hall) on rocks, which is not the same with the European v. disperso-areokita, of Schajrer, and Anzi. 6. L. Haydcni, Tuck. ; thallus sub-foliaceous, thickish, cori- aceous-cartilagineous, lacero-laciniate, chinky ; greenish-straw- coloured; beneath reddish-brown, naked; the divisions sinu- ately lobed, crenato, white tipped, convolute .... Obs. Lich. 3, I. c. p. 297. Upon the earth ("in most places detached and blown about by the wind, sometimes even drifted ; found in situ where the ground is moist : there is no wood or rocks for it to be attached to"), Laramie plains, Nebraska (infertile) {Hayilen), Tuckerman I. c. 1864. The specimens are all alike, and could not have been attached to any substrate. Apothecia unknown. 7. L. nmralis (Schreb.) Schaor. ; thallus tartareous-cartila- gineous, crustaceous-foliaceous ; from glaucous-greenish becom- ing pale-yellowish-brownish ; lobes of the circumference sinu- ately divided, multifid, passing at the centre into crowded, crenate scales, or finally areolate ; apothecia small to middling, appressed; from pale-yellowish becoming tawny-brown, with an at length crenate and flexuous thalline margin. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic- -Squamaria saxicola, Nyl. Scand. p. 133. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 110, max. p. P. muralis, Schcer. Spicil. p. 417, max. p. a. saMcoIu, Schaer. ; lobes flattish, normally coloured. L. saxicola, Atictt. pi. b. Garovaglii, Anz.; the elongated, convex, flexuous lobes plicpte-radious, normally coloured. Anz. Lich. Langob. n. 270. Placodium, Koerb. Parerg. p. 54. c. diffracta, Fr.; thallus darkened more or less, and even fulvous, and brick-coloured ; the scales reduced to discrete are- oles and black-margined ; lobes of the circumference abbrevi- ated. Lich. Eur. p. 111. d. Semitensis ; thallus reduced to scattered, small, glebous, straw-coloured scales which become finally crenate-lobate and i, and even LECANORA. 195 black-edged, but form no offigiirate circumference; apothecia soon turgid and heaped ; disk livid-brown, white-pruinoso, the blackening margin soon excluded. L. Semitensis, Twk. Obs. Lich. 4, I c. p. 172. e. versicolor, Fr. ; thallus reduced, thinner, concrete, very palo, white-powdery. Xyh Scand. I. c. Rocks (and rarely dead wood), a, northern and middle States, Halsetf View, 1823; and, following the mountains southward, to Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. Missouri Sc Kansas, Hall. California, Bolander. b, North Platte, Hayden. Nevada, Boiondcr. c, California, very common Jind varied, Bolander. d, Yosemite, Bolander ; not to be separated widely from c. e, confined to calcareous rocks ; Missouri, Prof. C. U. Shep- ard. Kansas, Hall. S. L. pinguis, Tuck. ; thallus incrassated-tartareous, adnate, areolate-vemicose ; dull-olivaceous-gray, becoming sulphur-col- oured ; as always within ; areoles of the centre scarcely a little discrete and squaroifoi-m, but becoming at the circumference radious-plicate ; apothecia ample, adi^^te ; the turgid, yellow- ish-flesh-coloured disk sub-pruinose, the ctnate margin at length flexuously lobed. Spores oblong, ^ mic. Ohs. Lich. 3, I. c. p. 268. Coast sandstones, Oakland, etc., Californ'a {Bolander), Tuck- erman /. c. 1864. Scarcely less efflgurate than L. circinata, and now recalling even L. concolor to mind. Apothecia 2'""'-, 5 to 5"""- wide. * * * Eulecanora. Thallus uniform. Spores ellipsoid, and small, and, in the larger number of species, simple (w. 9-24), but, in a few, bi-quadri-locular {n. 25-27), or they occur elongated and needle-shaped, and 4-plurilocular (n. 28-30), or very large and simple {n. 31, 32). Spermatia in the larger part long and botved; but short, and straight in n. 19, 20, and 28 ; as in n. 31 and 32. t Spores ellipsoid, simple. 9. L. pallida (Schreb.) Schser.; thallns thin, membranace- ous-cartilagineous, smoothish ; cream-coloured and darkening ; apothecia sessile, tumid ; whitish-buflF, white pruinose, the thin, 9-ao very entire margin disappearing. Spores ellipsoid, ^ jj Parmelia, Schar. Spied, p. 396. L. albella, Auctt. mic- I n i I I 186 LECANOBA. *jj; 'I' (i: h. cancriformis, Tuck. ; thallus thickening and finally verru- cose; apothecia middling to ample, turgescent; with a livid- flesh-coloured and reddish, gray-pruiuose disk, and a thick, flexuous, and at length cronate and lobate margin ; now finally proliferous. VerrncarUi cancriformis, Hoffm. D. Fl. p. 171. Lecanora ctcsio-ruheUa, Ach. L. U. p. 366 ; Syn. p. 167. c. angulosa, Hoffm. ; apothecia small, soon crowded and angulate-difform ; the livid-brownish disk glaucous-pruinose. L. albella v. angulosa & v. cinerella, Auctt. Trees and rails, throughout North America, Hoffmann I. c. 1796. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg. Maryland, Tuckerman. Virginia and Carolinas, Curtis ; Bavenel. Georgia, liavenel. Alabama, Beaumont. Florida, Chapman. California, Bolanikr. Oregon, HaU. Arctic America, Bichardson. 10. L. miculata, Ach. ; thallus thin, granulate, dirty- white ; apothecia flat or with age a little convex, brownish-glaucous, pruinose, the persistent, tumid thalline margin at length flexu- ous and crenate. Syn. p. 164. Trees, North America (Muhlenberg), Ach. I. c. 1814. Quite unknown to me. I associate with it provisionally how- ever a not uncommon Lecanora (Pennsylvania and Virginia, Myself', Ohio, Lea ; Arkansas, Peters ; South Carolina, Bavenel ; Louisiana, /fate ; Texas, Trnflr/t^),thegranulate-verruco8e,glau- cescent thallus of which, as well as the flattish, reddish-brown, pruinose apothecia may keep it apart. Apothecia of this I"""- 2, to 2°^ wide ; spores ^ mic. 11. L. frustulosa (Dicks.) Mass.; thallus tartareous, gle- bous-sub-squamaceous, the roundish, turgid warts becoming flattened and effigurate ; either dispersed, or crowded and sub- imbricate; from glaucous- now yellowish - white ; apothecia smallish to middling, sessile ; disk reddish-brown and blacken- ing, soon convex, naked ; the persistent margin entire or sub- — Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. L. argopholis, & L. frus- 9-U crenate. Spores ellipsoid, -r- mic 141. Lecanora, Koerb. Syst.p.l39. tulosa, Ach., Nyl. Scand.p. 166. Rocks. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. White Mountains, alpine, Tiickerman. Vermont, Frost. Colorado, Brandegee in herb. Sprague. California, Bolander. 12. L. Cenisia, Ach. ; thallus tartareous, n. ade up of coarse. LECANORA. 187 •2, gle- gIel)ou8 granules, which are scattered, or pass tinally Into a ver- rucose - areolate crust; glaucous -whitish or cinerascont; apo- thecia smallish to njiddling, sessile, more or less evidently zeo- rine ; disk finally convex, dirty-yellow, livid, and blackening, with a thin ashy bloom ; the thalline margin now persistent and soon crenate, or depressed and disappearing, leaving only the sub - marginate disk. Spores ellipsoid, '^^ niic. Syn. 1(53. Parmelin, Fr. L. E. p. 180. Zcora, Koerb. Sifst. i:i7. Rocks ; and on the earth. Qn schis; Wantastiquet Moun- tain, Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman Gen. 1H7J. Metamorphic sandstone, on the coast of California ; and on the earth in the Yosemite, Bolamler. 8o close to L. suh/usca, v. atrynea, Ach., that (some do not separate the two ; but the present is a marked lichen, and is admirably represented in the cited speci- mens. 13. L. sordida (Pers.) Th. Fr. ; thallus tartare«)U8, contigu- ous, rimose-areolate, now somewhat ettigurate ; glaucous- and brownish-white ; apothecia smallish to middling, innate becom- ing superficial, and from flattish soon convex or even globular, more or less zeorine ; the disk from pale becoming livid, and black, pruinose; the depressed, entire thalline margin disap- pearing at length, and the apothecia quite lecii leoid. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Parmelin, Fr. L. E. p. 178, max. p. excl. /?. Lecanora, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 246. L. glaucoma, Ach., Nyl. Scand. p. 159. Rocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. New York, Halsey. New England, Tuckerman. Colorado, Brandegee in herb. Sprague. California, Bolander. The lichen is now at length readily mistaken for a Lccidca. 14. L. suhfusca (L.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous, contigu- ous, soon chinky, and becoming granulate-verrucose ; glaa- cescent, dirty- white, or cinerasceut; apothecia plano-convex; disk reddish-brown, and blackening, naked ; the persistent, erect thalline margin entire, or now flexuous, or crenate. Spores ellipsoid, -y^ mic. Syn. p. 157, pr. p. Parmelia, Schcer. Spicil. p. 389, pr. p. ; Enum. 73, max. p. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand. p. \bd,pr. p. Stizenb. in Bot. Zeit. 1868, n. 52, pr.p. a. allophana, Ach. ; thallus soon granulate -verrucose ; apo- thecia at length middling-sized ; dark-brown ; the at first entire margin becoming flexuous and crenate. Spores of the full size 188 LECANORA. L. nfhphana, IP ? *i attained by the species. Lirh. Univ. p. .■S»5. L. rugosa, L. mesophana, J: L. Parisirnsis, Nyf. b. hypnorum, SchtEr. ; thallus running over moH-ses, vari oufily irregular; whltiBh; at)othccia at length niiddling-slzed. Spores as in a. L. suh/usca, v. epibryon, Sommerf., d' Aitet, L. epibrya, Nyl. c. aryentata, Ach. ; thalluH thinner and smoother ; whitish ; apothocia smaller ; with mostly entire margin. Spores smaller. Lich. Univ. p. 303. Nyi. I. c. Stizrnb. I. c. d. coilocnrpa, Ach. ; thallus thinnish but becoming wrinkled and broken; whitish; apothecia small, sub -entire, black. Spores as in c. Lich. Univ. p. 393. Xyf. I. c. Stizenb. I. c, L. coilocarpa, Nyl. c. distans, Ach. ; thallus thin, pale ; apothecia small, flat- tish, pale, with a crenulate margin ; often minute. Spores still smaller than in the preceding. L. distans, Ach. L. U. p. Jfi)7. L. distans, v. chlrtrona, Ach. I. c. L. sub/iisca v. chlarona, dein L. chlarona, Nyl. Trees, dead wood, rocks, stones, etc., throughout North America, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818 ; b being however confined to alpine districts ; as Mackenzie river ; Great Slave Lake ; etc., Bichardson-, and islands af Behring's Straits, Wright. Although it doubtless requires some experience to recognize this very common lichen in its various forms, nothing appears to have been gained by the recent attempts to break up the natural group into so-called species. Some twenty of these have been named, but their characterization is far from suffi- cient. In L. subfusca, as here understood, the naked disk is without proper margin : but this feature shews itself at length in a minute southern form referable to e (f. diploloma) South Carolina, Ravenel. 15. L. Hageni, Ach. ; thallus thin but passing into verrucu- lose conditions, or, more often, disappearing ; dirty-greenish, or ash-coloured, or whitish ; apothecia small to very small, adnate, thin, flattish ; from pale to reddish-brown, becoming livid, and blackening, naked or gray-pruinose ; the thin margin very com- monly and now persistently crenate ; or at length entire ; often concolorous with the disk ; or now excluded. Spores ellipsoid, '— mic. Lich. Univ. p. 367, excl. v. [i ; Syn. p. 167, excl. /?► LECAXORA. 189 Koerb. Syat.p. I4J1. Th, Fr. Scan-!, p. 2.50. L. umbrina, Mftss. Nyl. b. Snmburi (Fcrs.) ; thokes l'2-l()-HiM)rouH. Lecanorn Sum- bud, Ni/l. Th. Fr. a, Hooks, (lead woimI jiiiil treos. Grconland {Vahl), Th. Fries /. r. IWJl. Canada, Drumtmmtl. Northern and middle States, Michenrr; Tuckrrman, etc. Ohio, Len. Illinois, Hall. Vir- ginia, Curtis. Kannas and Missouri, Hall. Alabama an, trees, Weymouth and New Bedford, Willey. 1 am unable at present to discriminate here a L. albescens, Th. Fr., var. /} of which, as exhil»ited in Hepp.n. (JTi has been referred by Nylander to the present species, as later to the one first-mentioned, under the name of L. galnctina, Nyl. ; though it may occur with us. The two plants are very similar. 16. L. (frnnifera, Ach. ; thallus papillate-granulate, becom- ing at length warty-rugged ; glaucesceut and cinerascent ; more or less lemon-coloured within ; upon a blackening hypothallus ; apothecla smallish, sessile, flattish ; the disk (pale, livid) red- dish-brown and blackening, now sub-marginate, the stout, very entire thalline margin at length crenulate. Spores ellipsoid, ~ mic. Syn. p. Kyi. L. granifera & L. mesoxantha, Nyl. N. Gran. p. :W; Syn. N. Calctl. p. 28. L. soredii/era, Fee Ess. p. 114, t. 28,/. 3. Trees in the warmer regions of the earth. Florida, at Gainsville, Jf?r/re«c/; at Cotoosa river, -.lMS//«. 17. L. atra (lluds.) Ach.; thallus cartilagineous, soon gran- ulate, and rugged-warty ; or the warts passing into areoles ; glaucescent, or whitish -ash -coloured; apothecla smallish to middling, innate becoming sessile, flattish ; the very black pol- ished disk at length tumid ; black within ; the persistent thai- line margin for the most part very entire; now blackening. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 14(), a. Nyl. Scand. p. 170. ParmcliaJFr. L. E. p. 142, a. Rocks and trunks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Ca^a/. 1818. Arctic America, i2/c//arrfs(W». CaroUna and Flor- ida, JRarcwe^ Alabama, etc., Pe/ers. Louisiana, ^afc. Texas, Wright. Cahfornia, Wright. Spermatia scarcely bowed. 18. i. a/meeto, Nyl. ; thallusof scattered or contiguous, more f ! ■I: 190 LECAXORA. or loHH oonvcx. ropiMTy-bniwn nr(>o|(>H with a black (>KHO(l; diKk chest nut-brown, hoou convex, and rtnally oxclud- in^ thu thin, entire thalline margin. Spores elllpHolil, obtuHO at the endH, '^'' inic. Ntfl. Srawf. p. 170. L. atrtminctu, Th. Fr. Scanfl. p. 'J({H. Alpln«* rocks, Whlto ^Inuntalns, Turkermnn. 1 have but llttlo of our lichen, but consider it not to ditTer froni one of tho specimens of Fr. Lir/i. Sure. n. .•*»!», answoriuK ]>erfectly to tho (lescrlptlon of L. ntriscila ; from which last L. ntrocinrta, Th. Fr. Is mainly dlstlnfruished by the full evolution of tho black ed>?« of the areoles; this l)lafk ed^c beln^ at first less obvious, thoujrh plalidy determined by the hypothallus common to both. The present Is certainly a member of the lutilin- stock ; It is Interesting therefore that, according to Dr. Th. Fries, the spermatia. In his cited plant return, in all respects, to the ordinary typo of those of the suhfusc(i-gro\\\}. 19. L. hadia (Pers.) .^ch. ; thjiUus cartllaglneous, rlmose- nreolate, now suli-squamuioso, or now warty; from ash-coloured becoming lighter or darker olivaceous brown, often polished; apothecia smallish to mlddllng-slzed, sessile, fiat or finally con- vex; dark-chestnut and l)lack, shining; with a thick, persis- tent margin which is entire, or at length tiexuous-crenate, and becomes cimcolorous with the crust, or blackens. Spores fusi- form-ellipsoid, ~ mlc. Syn. p. 154. Kocrb. Syst. 138. Nyl Scaml. p. 170. Itocks, sub-alpine. Arctic America {Bichardson), Hooker 1. c. 1823. White Mountains, Tuekerman. Tadousac, Canada, Drummond. The passage of true Lccanorn hadia (Anz. Lich. Ital. n. 167) Into Lecldeold conditions {Psora rrnen, Anz. n. Ill, ic Psora GarovogUi, Anz, n. 112) appears scarcely questionable. The spermatia of this species are short and straight. 20. L. phaobola, Tuckerm. ; thallus paplllate-gi-anulose, the minute granules polished, olivaceous-brown; apothecia small- ish, appressed; disk reddish-brown, shining, soon turgid, and the thin, entire thalline margin disappearing. Spores fusiform- ellipsoid, -^mic. Gen. Lich. p. 115. On bark of Lihocedrus and Abies, California (Bolander), Tuekerman /. c. 1872. The lichen has the aspect of a Bia- tora ; but much to associate it with L. badia ; with which it agrees in the spermatia. The specimens are scanty. LECAXORA. 191 SI. L. Willrifi, Turkt'rm. in litt.; thulhiH vprniriihwe, heaiMMl Mu\ ruKK«'«l; dark-Kn'oiiiMli-iiHh-cnIoiinMl, imd, in tho cxciploH, olivncoouM ; apothocin hiikiII, a|>pri'H.si>(l, flattiHh nooii Hoxuouh; the (tf. aitrma of some. Hut there is also 8on)e similarity In L. Witlvyi to con- ditions of L. hailin. 22. L. Pnciflrn, Tnckerm. herb. ; thallus thin, contiguous, smoothish, becoming chinky and verruculose; dirty-white; apo- thecia at length miihlling-sized, appressed, tlattish ; disk from pale-yellowish soon tawny, and finally black, with a thin green- ish or whitish bloom ; the persLstent nuirgin soon tlexuous and cronulate. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, "]J!] mic. Trees or the Pacific Coast. California, Bolander. Oregon, HaU. Close to L. suh/usca v. si/lrestris, Nyl. (Mandon Ucli. Mtider. n. 1, which is made by Stizenberg /. supra c. to include an Italian lichen— i. suhfusra r. (/Uihrntn f. nzurca, An/., with pruino.se fruit) but neither the colours nor the spores seem (juito to ag 'ee. The i)lant is conunon and very observable among the bark-lichens of our Western Coast. 23. L. atrositlphurcn (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus tartareous, of glebous, heaped granules, finally running together and becom- ing areole-like; pale - sulphur-coloured ; apothecia smallish, appressed ; the soon convex, black, naked disk excluding the thin, entire thalline margin. [.Spores ellipsoid, — mic] Niil. Scnml. p. 166. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 257. Farmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 160. Rocks, Arctic America. Greenland (raA^), Th. Fries }. c. 1861. 24. L. varia (Ehrh.) Nyl.; thallus areolate- verruculose; pale-greenish or yellowish, or whitLsh; apothecia smallish to middling-sized ; the disk from pale-yellowish passing into buti", ■v^ 192 LECANORA. Illi> 'a, it: I J' -5 ml Jt; flesh-coloured, aud lu'escent, thin; as is the erect, entire, or crenulate, finally excluded margin. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, ».ifl "4-7 mic. A^yl Scand.p. 163. a, thallus thin, cartilagineous ; apothecia small to very small, crow«ied, sessile, flattish; the persistent thalline margin sub- entire, or crenulate, or deliquescent .nnd powdery. Parmelia varia, a, pr. p. Fr. L. E. p. 15<>. Tuck. exs. n. 92. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 259. h. pohjtropa, Nyl. ; thallus thickened, becoming sub-tcartare- ous, riniose-areolate, or now granulate and heaped, or sub- squamulose, or obsolete; apothecia at length middling-sized, sessile, flat ; concolorous, or yellowish-flesh-coloured, finally flexuous ; with a very entire margin, which is at length ex- cluded. NijL I. c. Farm, varia r. polytropa, Fr. L. E. p. 158, pro p c. intricata,'Sy\.] areoles distinct, flat, and sub-effigurate ; apothecia of the size of those of a, aduate ; soon black and lecideoid. Xyl. I. c. (1. spumicta, x\ch.; thallus thin; the apothecia of the size of those of a, soon convex and Ijiutoroid ; disk pale -yellowish to pale-brick-coloured, and rufous, and blackening, quite exclud- ing the thin, entire margin. Fr. L. E. 1. c. Nyh I. c. €. scepincola, Fr. ; thallus thickened, glebous-granulate ; apo- thecia of tiie size of the last, semi-imniorsed, convex, immargi- nate, reddish, olivaceous, and black, slightly pruinose. Fr. L. E. 1. c. Nyl. I c. a, conuiion on trees, dead wood, and stones, northern and middle States, Muhlcnherg Catal 1818. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, HaU. 'Minyhind, Tuckerman. CaroMnn, RavencJ. Texus,Wricfht. Cal- ifornia, Bolander. Oregon, HaU, h, c, alpine and sub-alpine rocks, Arctic America {Michardson), Hooker /. c. 1823. White Mountains, Tiickerman. d, as a, common throughout. e, dead wood, common. 24(1)). L. Cuprcssi, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus granulate, becoming densely verrucose; greenish-glaucescent ; apothecia smallish to middling-sized, sessile, flattish; the finally turgid disk naked, from bright-lemon-coloured at length brownish- orange ; the incurved margin crenulate. mic. Spores oblong^ 11-10 IT LECANORA. 193 On Cupressus Thyoi(les, North Carolina, Curtis. New Jer- sey, Austin. :Ma88achu8etts, Willey. On Taxodium, South Carolina, Dr. McUichamp. Florida, Austin. This, and the next, are our two finest exhibitions of the stock of L. varia. 24(c). L. orosthea (Sm.); thallus thin, powdery, pale- greenish -sulphur -coloured; apothecia smallish to middling- sized, sessile ; pale-buft", white-pruinose, the disk equalling the entire, at length flexuous thalliue margin, or tumid and exclud- ing it. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. L. expaUens, Ach. L. U. p. 374; Syn.p. 171. Borr.! in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 181. L. varia, V. conizfea, Nyl. Scaml.p. 163. Beech and other trunks in New England, Tuckerman. New Jersey, Austin. This lichen is ill-represented by such Euro- pean specimens as I have seen. In Japanese (f. Japonica, Mihi Ohs. Licli. 4, 1. c. p. 173) the apothecia reach 3"""- in diameter, and the spores ^J^ mmm., but the plant is entirely the same with the North American ; as that is with that of Europe. 25. L. Oregana, Tuckerni. ; hallus of coarse, crowded and heaped, now confluent, wart-like areoles, which becomfi some- what stalked at the centre; gieenish-yellow ; apothecia mid- dling to ample (l"""- 5, -3'"'"- wide) ; the rufous, naked disk bor- dered by an incurved, flexuous-crenulate margin. Spores broad-ellipsoid, and rounded, simple, colourless, ^* mic. Sper- matia bowed. Rocks, coast of Oregon, Herh. Sprague. The colour and habit of the thallus relate the lichen to L. varia, but the apo- thecia rather recall those of L. subfusca. t X Spores ellipsoid, 2-4-IocuIar. 26. L. Brunonis, Tuckerm. ; thallus of minute, glebous, be- coming confluent and squamaceous, and imbricated granules ; tawny-brown, also pallescent ; apothecia smallish ; disk rusty- brown and blackening, sub-marginate, at length turgid and excluding the finally crenulate, now concolorous thalliue margin. 11 18 Spores ellipsoid-oblong, bilocular, -^ mic. Gen. Lich.p. 116. Sandstone and serpentine rocks, Mountains of San Bruno, and on the Oakland hills, California (Bolander), Tuckerman /. c. 1872. Apothecia 0'"'" , 8 to I"""-, 5 wide. 27. L. athroocarpa (Dub.) Nyl.; thallus very thin, verrucu- 13 ■| i * f. 1 1' 194 LECANORA. W\ l^ ' f * ' 1 lose, or oftener disappearing; brownlsh-ash-coloured or white; apotbccia small to very small, sessile; the disk soou convex, from pale becoming dark-brown and blackening, excluding the thin, entire thalline margin. Spores 8-16 in the thekes, oblong, often a little curved, 2-4-locular, ^ mic. Ni/l. Scand. p. Idi*. Lecania/uscilla, etc., Mass. Koerb. Trees and shrubs, Turkermnn Gen. 1872. British North America, Bichimhon in herb. Tayl. Canada, and British Colum- bia, Macoioi. Massachusetts, on Poplar, etc., WiUey. Illinois, Hull. North Platte, Haydcn. California, Bolandcr. Spores various; often very largely simple; and again appearing as if only bilocular, though really reaching finally the 4-locular stage. L. dimera, Nyl., Th. Fr. (Norll. Fcnn. n. 141, agreeing en- tirely with plants, also on Poplar, from British Columbia, Ma- coun, and New Bedford, Mass., Willey) is separable by no other note than that the spores do not exceed the bilocular condition. Spermatia here first observed by Mr. Willey, needle-shaped, and arcuate, about 16"""™- long. 28. L. casinnea (Hepp.) Th. Fr. ; thallus granulose, cinera- scent, or obsolete; apothecia of raiddMng size, thin and flat; disk from reddish-brown becoming dark-liver-coloured, m(^re or less sparingly pruinose ; the thin, sub-entire margin soon con- colorous, and disappearing. Spores oblong-ellipsoid becoming fusiform-oblong, very commonly simple but at length 2-4-locular, ^ mic. Biatora, Hcpp. cxs. n. 270. Lccanora, Th. Fr. Smnd, p. 272. L. rhypariza, Nyl Scand. p. 169; Lapp. Or. p. 134. Pannaria curvescens, Mudd Man. p. 125. Growing over mosses, in alpine districts. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries /. c. 1861. Rocky Mountains, with Pannaria Hypno- rum, Hall. Twin Lakes, Colorado, Wolf. Spores now obso- letely 1-3-septate according to Nylander (Lapp. Or.), on which compare Th. Fr. Scand. p. 271. I find the spores commonly and quite regularly. 2-3-4-locular in Hepp's specimen; as in Anz. Langob. u. 277 ; and perfectly bilocular, with septum, in our Col- orado one. 1 1 1 S2)ores needle-shaped, 4-phirilocular. 29. L. punicca, Ach. ; thallus thin, chinky, then wrinkled and granulate; glaucescent; apothecia small, closely sessile; the flattish disk scarlet, about equalling the thin, sub-entire, or finally flexuous and crenulate margin. Spores needle-shaped, LECANORA. 195 aMD 8-16-locular, ^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 174. Nyl Syn. N. Caled. p. 30. Trees, and also on rocks. South Carolina (Rarenel), Tuck- erm. Gen. 1872. Florida, Beaumont. Alabama, Peters. Lo.iis- iana, Hale. Texas; and New Mexico (rocks), TTn////^ 30. L. ventosa (L.) Ach. ; thallus incrassated, tartareous, areolate-verrucose, the areoles at length rimulose - rugulose ; greenish -sulphur -coloured; apothecia middling to ample, ap- pressed, more or! .a zeorine, at length irregular; disk blood- red, naked, sub-marginate, soon convex and excluding the entire (or more rarely rugose-crenate) thalline margin. Spores acicu- lar, 4-8-locular, ^ mic. Syn. 159. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 153. Scheer. Spicil. p. 405. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 21. Alpine rocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker /. c. 1823. Greenland, Vahl. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. White Mountains, Tmkerman. Adirondack Mountains, New York, Peck. 31. L. eMina, Ach. ; thallus thin and powdery, becoming densely granulate ; pale-yellowish-white ; apothecia smallish to middling, sessile, more or less distinctly zeorine ; disk from pale at length dark-reddish-brown, somewhat pruinose, soon convex and knobby ; the obscure, irregular thalline margin soon disap- pearing. Spores fusiform-acicular, curved, 4-6-locular, ^ mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 174. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 152. b. ochrophcea ; thallus incrassated and sub-tartareous, smooth- ish but soon wrinkled and verrucose; glaucescent ; apothecia elevated-sessile, flattish; the thalline margin sub-persistent. Biatora, Tucker m. Syn. N. E. p. 61. Parmelia, Ejusd. Lich. exs. 91, 111. c. minor-, thallus very thin, cartilagineous, smoothish, rimu- lose ; greenish-ash-coloured ; apothecia small to very small, flat- tish, bimarginate ; the disk white-pruinose. Hrvmatomma Cis- monicum, Beltram. cit. Hepp. in Fl. Eur. n. 104 f Bark and dead wood of coniferous trees. New England, Tu<;kerman Syn. lSi8. Adirondack Mountains, New York, PecA,-. Canada, Drummond. Black Mountains of North Carolina, Cur- tis. b is perhaps the most perfect state of the species, and may well occur in Europe, as compare Th. Fr. Scand. p. 299, on a Norwegian specimen ; but the ordinary European form occurs 'I I 11 liiiiii 196 LECANORA. t1^ H -; I I) also here, and is marked by its densely powdery, yellowish thal- lus, in which the fruit comes to appear immixed ; such speci- mens contrasting with the smooth, glaucescent thallus and ele- vated, finally also larger fruit of the other. c is a small but marked form, not appearing to diflfer from the cited Italian one. t t } t Spoil s very large, simple. 32. L. pallescens(L.)^c\xv&r.', thallus from sub-cartilagineous and chinky or plicate, at length sub-tartareous and tuberculose- rugose ; dirty- white ; apothecia middling to ample, tumid ; the more or less white -pruinose, and roughened disk from pale- or now yellowish-white becoming flesh-coloured ; the erect margin very entire, or now rugose-verrucose. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Schcer. Enum. p. 78. Pannelia, Fr. L. E. p. 132. Tu^lc. Exs. n. 90. 6. rosella, Tuck. ; the margin of the apothecia throwing out several to many processes meeting at the centre, and dividing the disk radiately into smaller ones. Gen. Lich. p. 125. Upon rocks (rarely with us), dead wood, trees, and mosses probably throughout North America- Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Bichardson. Maryland and Virginia, Tuckerman. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Bavenel. Florida, Chapman. Texas, Wright. California (rocks, well-marked), Bolander; and also trees. &, northern and middle States, Muhlenberg, etc. 1 incline to refer also here rather than to the next species a common bark- lichen of the Pacific Coast (California, Bolander ; Oregon, Hall ; British Columbia, Macoun; Alaska, Kellogg) which, with the thinner, chinky crust of the present, offers entirely naked, and at length reddisn-brown apothecia. 33. L. tartarea (L.) Ach. ; thallus thick, tartareous, granu- late-conglomerate passing into nodulose, and isidioid conditions ; grayish- white ; apothecia middling to ample, at longth large; the rugulose disk from yellowish-brown becoming brick-coloured, naked ; the thick thalline margin very entire or wavy. Spores ellipsoid, — mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 133. Upon rocks, and on the earth, mosses, etc. Northern and middle States, Half if, 1823. Arctic America, at Cun^^^'-land Gulf, Howgate exp. Ohio, Miss Biddlecome. Virginia and North Carolina Mountains, Curtis. Mountains of South Caro- LECANORA. 197 Una, Bavenel Specimens on bark, referable here, are sent from Oregon {LpaU ; Hall), in which the large apothecia becoitae perfectly zeorine. A f. rosella, entirely analogous to L. pal- lescens, b, has been found at Cumberland Gulf (Howgate exp.), and might seem possibly the key to the also arctic L. tartarea v. pertusarioides, Th. Fr. Lich. Arcl. p. 100 ; but this author now makes of his lichen a Pertusaria rhodoleuca, Lich. Scand. p. 906. Rock specimens of this and the immediately preceding species are well-distinguishable ; and L. pallescens is a familiar tree- and dead wood-lichen ; but the present is not so satisfac- torily determinable on bark. So far as observed by me the spores of the present are rather smaller than in L. pallescens ; and this appears also to be noted by European lichenographers. * * * * Aspicilia. ThaUus now lobed (n. 33> or uniform. Apothecia innate, more or less concave. Spores ellipsoid, simple. Spermatia straight. now needle-shaped, and now short -staff- shaped, 34. L. melanaspis (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus thick becoming turgid, crustaceous-foliaceous ; ash-coloured and whitish ; pass- ing at the centre into wart-like areoles, but extended at the cir- cumference into linear, multifid, stellate-imbricitce lobes ; apo- thecia smallish to middling, closely sessile; the more or less tumid, blackish-brown disk sub-marginate, and now pruinose ; the thalline margin very entire. Spores ellipsoid and rounded, -^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 122. Lecanora alphoplaca, Nyl. Scand. p. 152. Rocks. Greenland {VaJil), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Bourbon County, Kansas (on limestone). Hall. Yosemite Valley, Califor- nia, Bolander. The specimens all belong to the f. alphoplaca ; from which a Lapland form, not as yet known here (L. alplM- placa, V. melanaspis, Nyl. I. c. L. melanaspis, v. stellata, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 229) differs in its smaller size, and thinner and darker-coloured thallus. 35. L. oculata (Dicks.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous-tartare- ous, papillate-ramuliferous ; ashy-whitish; apothecia smallish to middling, sessile, flattish; disk black, sub-marginate; the turgid, entire thalline margin often blackish, at length excluded. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Ach, Syn. p. 148. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 135. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand. ^.156. 1? : 4» ■vll 1 ■■-■viffi' 198 LECANORA. •ir li-iV I I! I J*" h. - V Incrusting mosses, etc., in alpine districts. Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. 35(6). L. glaucomela, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, con- tiguous, smooth finally wrinkled; greenish-glaucescent ; apothecia smallish to middling, sessile, flat ; the rugose-crenulate thalline margin scarcely surpassing the black, sub-marginate disk. Spores (in a single series in strap-shaped thekes) ellipsoid, ^ mic. Gen. Lich.p. 118, note. On Abies, and Pinus, California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. Oregon, Hall. Spores now similarly disposed in L. oculata; of which the present is scarcely more than a sub- species. 36. L. verrucosa (Ach.) Laur. ; thallus tartareous, verru- cose; glaucous- white; apothecia small, from immersed becom- ing superficial and sub-sessile, concave, and urceolate; the black disk bordered by a thin proper margin hidden more or less by the rounded, inflexed thalline one. Spores roundish- ellipsoid, ^^ mic. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 273. Urceolaria, Ach. Syn. p. 240. ft. mutabilis, Th. Fr. ; thallus thinner, wrinkled and warted ; from ash-coloured becoming pale-yellowish, and livid. a. upon mosses and the earth in alpine districts. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Rocky Mountains, Brandegee in herb. Sprague. Yosemite Valley, California (on an old stump, but not differing), Bolander. b, on dead wood. New York, Miss Wilson. Massachusetts, Mr. Willeg. 37. L. cinerea (L.) Sommerf. ; thallus sub-tartareous, areo- late-rimose; glaucous-ash-coloured, whitish, and now blacken- ing ; the hypothallus also blackening ; apothe^^ia small to almost middling, innate (or emergent) fiattish; the mostly persistent, entire thalline margin commonly blackening. Spores rounded, ovoid, and ellipsoid, '^ mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 153. b. IfBvata, Fr. ; thallus thin, smooth, less chinky ; glaucous- lurid; the hypothallus continuing pale; apothecia immersed, concave, often irregular. Spores as in a. Fr. L. E. p. 145. c. gibbosa, Nyl. ; thallus tartareous, thickish, rugged and soon warted or glebous; dark-ash-coloured; apothecia becom- ing superficial. Spores rather larger. Nyl. Scand. I. c. 3 'fl LECANORA. 199 Kocks. a, Arctic America {Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. Canada, Dninimoml. New York (as throughout New England, and northern and middle States), Halsey. Alabama, Peters. California, BoUinder. h, rocks in moist places. White Moun- tains, Tucker man. Alabama, Peters. c, Canada, Drutnniond. New England, where also on rails, Tuckernian. California, very fine, Mann ; Bohindcr. 37 (b). L. cakarca (L.) Sommerf. ; thallus tartareous, areo- late-verrucose ; glaucescent, or white, now mealy ; apothecia as in the last preceding, but a thin proper margin becoming at length distinguishable ; and the disk commonly gray-pruinose. Spores as in the preceding, b. Nifl. Scand. p. 154. b. contortn, Fr. ; areoles discrete, irregular, depressed at the circumference; pale-greenish-lead-coloured, L. calcarea, f. Hoffmanni, Nyl. I. c. Calcareous rocks. New York (as throughout the northern and middle States), Halsey, 1823. Kansas, Hall. Utah, Lap- ham. Rocky Mountains, ifayrfew. ft, Greeuland ( Fa/''). Th. Fries /. c. 1861. Kansas, Hall. Texas, Wright. Alabama, Peters. 37(c). i. c/wereo-rw/escews, Nyl. ; thallus tartareous, smooth, rimose-areolate, the areoles commonly discrete; upon a black hypothallus ; apothecia of the size of those of L. cinerea, but the flattish naked disk rusty-red. Spores ovoid, smaller than in any other member of the group, -^ mic. Nyl. I. c. p. 154. Rocks, alpine summit of Mt. Hood, Oregon, Hall. The lichen of Hepp. n. 625 ; but doubtless the L. alpina of Th. Fr. Scand. p. 283, as well by the locality, as the reaction with potash. 37(d). L. lacustris (With.) Nyl.; thallus thin, smooth, rimu- lose ; pale-brick-coloured ; apo*hecia small, immersed, and more commonly urceolate; reddish or brownish. Spores ellipsoid, ^J- mic. Nyl. I. c. p. 155. Rocks often inundated. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. New England, Tuckerman. Alabama, Peters. pi IN i ■ III' 38. L. odora (Ach.); thallus tartareous but thin, rimulose- areolate ; pale-ash-coloured ; apothecia small to very small, im- mersed, concave ; disk yellowish-flesh-coloured ; the thin, de- 10-13 pressed, smooth margin paler. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, ^ Gyalecta, Schar. Spicil. p. 80. Fr. L. E. p. 197. mic. mmvm^niyazjz:, ^0 LECANORA. ii Grauitic rocks. Notch of the White MountainR, Tuckerman Oen. 1872. aj, L. epulotica (Ach.) Leight. ; thallus tartareous, rimulose, pale ; apothecia immersed, concave, colourless, or pale-roseate ; the thick, irregular margin angled or contracted. Spores as in&. b. sttbepulotica, Nyl. ; thallus thickened, coarsely verrucose- areolate; apothecia small, soon superficial and plano-convex; pale flesh-coloured and reddish. Spores ov oid-ellipsoid, ^ raic. Nyl. in lift. olim. a, on limestone ; not observed here. h, on granitic rocks. Vermont, Buss "11. Massachusetts, Tuckerman. Canada, Drum- mond. This and the last-preceding species are closely akin. What is here referred to L. odora does not differ from Schser. Lich. Helv. n. 36, but has only been found once. L. subepulotica was determined by Nylander in the Vermont specimen ; but the others now closely approach Zw. cxs. u. 114, referred by Koerber to a state of L. odora ; our American specimens differing how- ever from the last species in smaller spores. 40. L. Bockii (Fr.) Th. Fr. ; thallus tartareous, areolate- verrucose ; from pale becoming tawny- and blackish-brown ; on a Mack hypothallus ; the discrete areoles now flat and angulate, and now gibbous and wart-like, commonly scattered ; apothecia small, sessile; disk (now continuing punctiform) black, now papillate or at length plicate ; the thick, entire tballine margin ;)ersistent. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, ^ mic. Th. Fr. Scand. 269. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 150. L. sophodopsis, Nyl p. i^y. rarmevia, j^r. Ij. £J. p. im. l,. sopnoaopsts, jsyi. m Flora, 1876, i). 233; 1878, i?. 204. Granitic rocks. New England, Tuckerman, Frost, etc. A not uncommon but difi&cult lichen, which is easily overlooked or misunderstood. * * * * * Acarospora. Thallus lobate or squamulose pass- ing into areolate; or deficient. Apotliecia innate for the most part and concave. Spores very minute and numerous. 41. L. molybdina (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus tartareous, adnate, stellate-radious, the lobes linear, breaking up more or less into verrucose areoles ; from light- becoming dark-umber-brown, and black ; apothecia small to very small, innate, becoming a little prominent ; disk urceolate, brownish-black ; with a proper mar- M LECANORA. 801 gin more or less distinct from the tumid thalline one. Spores oblong, very numerous and minute. NyU Scand. p. 173. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 126. a. vulgaris, Schicr. ; thallus thick ; the proper margin of the apothecium mostly undistinguishable. Lichen molylnlinus, Wahl. Lapp. p. 418, t. 29,/. 1. Lecanora, Ach. L. U. p. 430. b. ereutica, Wahl. ; rather less tbiclc and coarse ; the proper margin distinct. Wahl. I. c. Fr. I. c. c. microcyclos, Wahl. ; smaller, the thallus thinner and flat- ter; the apothecia impressed. Wahl. I. c. Fr. I. c. a, Maritime rocks. Greenland, Fries /. c. 1831. Elsewhere in Arctic America, Kane. b, Tadousac, Canada, Drummond. c, Mt. Desert, Maine, Titckerman. 42. L. chlorophana (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus tartareous, adnate, areolate-verrucose, smooth, lobed and radious at the circumfer- ence; bright-lemon-coloured; apothecia small to almost mid- dling, becoming superficial and sessile ; the pale, naked disk at length brownish- or gamboge-yellow, and turgid, excluding the entire, now flexuous thalline margin. Spores at length oblong ; very numerous and minute. L. U. p. 436. Lichen, Wahl. Lapp. p. 416, t. 28, /. 2. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 117. Alpine rocks, as also on those of lower elevation, westward. Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright. Rocky Mountains, Colorado, Lapham. Islands of Great Salt Lake, Utah, Watson. Alpine County, and Monte Diablo, California, Lapham ; Bolandcr. Dalles of the Columbia, Hall. None of our plants appear to be referable to the var. cxytona of the south of Europe, which is indeed (at least in SchsDr. Helv. n. 335) ill enough distinguishable ; though generally admitted by authors. 43. L. xanthophana, Nyl. ; thallus squamulose; scales pel- tate, round-lobulate, soon reduced to angulate areoles, either flat or turgescent, scattered or crowded; lemon-yellow; apo- thecia small to almost middling, innate ; disk impressed or flat, dark-red (and blackening) with an entire, more or less evident, thalline margin. Spores very numerous and minute. Ngl. Lich. And. Boliv. in Ann. Sci. 4, 15, p. 379. L. bella, Nyl. Chil. in Ann. A, %p. 156. L. chrysops, Tuckerm. Suppl. 1,1 c. p. 425. 'ik * if 'O- 202 LECANORA. ' b. dealbata, Tuck. ; tballus white ; disk of the apotbecium black. Hocks. Organ Mountains, Texas, and Mt. Carmel, Mexico (Wright), Tuckerman Oen. 1872. Rocky Mountains, Hayilen. Uintab Mountains, Utah, Watson. Nevada, Lapham, Coast of California, Bolamlcr. Coast of Oregon, Halt. Missouri and Kansas, Hall. Arkansas, Peters. Aiken, South Carolina, Bave- net. New Jersey, Austin. Riviere du Loup, Canada, C. G, Pringle. As also in Chili and Bolivia, alt. l-'J.OOO ft. Nifl. b, calcareous rocks. Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright. Rocky Mountains, Hai/dcn. California, Bolamlcr. Spores, as de- fined by Nylander, of about the size of those of the last species ; but I find them also larger, and varying, n h, from ovoid-ellip- soid, about a™"""- long, and from 60-80 in number in the thekes, to oblong, -^ mic, and now only about 30 in the thekes. 44. L. Schlcicheri (Ach.) Nyl.; tballus tartareous, softish, areolate-sub-lobate ; the areoles soon crowded, convex, and ru- gulose, sulphur-yellow; apothecia small to middling-sized, in- nate; disk flat, dark-reddish-brown, and black, marginate; with a !/blu>n n-fiTu- blo hcTP hiw (M'currcU In Vermont, Frost. Tlu' wewtiTii plant is now nndistinKuishiible from Hehier. Lirh. Hrlr. n. .'MI (on lime- stones—to which the Vermont lirhon (on Kr^nltlc rocks) comes nearest,— but passes into ascendant and imbricate conclitions of far greater luxuriance, explaine«l l»)wever, if I mistake not, by Anz. Lanffohartl. n. .'J2H ; which su^Kt'^ts also the remarkable overgrowth (»f h. The last (h'velopment may be said indt'cd to take its start from the very conunonly observable and long since described stalked or peltate structure of the scales in n ; and to stand therefore to n, in a relation not unlike that of L. ruhina V. rompUcata, Anz., to the peltate type of that species. Spores not satisfactorily exhibited in any of my specimens : they should be con8ideral)ly larger than those of the next following lichen ; as compare the European descriptions cited. There can be no doubt however that our L. cervina is a member of the same species with the Eurojjean. 45(/>). L. glaucwnrpa (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus of rounded, scat- tered, or more rarely crowded and imbricate scales ; pale- greonish-brown ; apothecia middling to ample, solitary, flat; reddish-brown, gray-pnilnose ; the entire thalline margin per- sistent. Spores very minute and numerous. Ach. L. U. p. 410. Nyl. Scand.p. 175. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 211. h. verrucosa, Anz. ; scales reduced to small, scattered, round- ish, convex, green areol^s; bloom of the fruit fugacious. Lick. Langob. n. 329. Calcareous rocks. Vermont {Frost), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Utah, Watson. Arctic America, Richardson fide Leighton. b, Kansas, Hall. Texas, Wright. 45(c). L. fuscata (Schrad.) Th. Fr.; thallus cartilagineous, squamulose; the scales flattish or concave, crowded or scat- tered, lobulate ; from pale- at length dark-chestnut ; apothecia small, immersed becoming superficial ; the rufous-brown, naked disk rugged and papillose. Spores very minute and numerous. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 215. L. fuscata <& L. pcliscypha, Nyl. Scand. p. 175. L. peliscyplM, Tuckerm. Calif., Gen. Lich. 121. b. rufescens, Th. Fr. ; scales flat, and more or less discrete ; the imperfect apothecia immersed, puuctiform. Th. Fr. I. c. i ■h lii: ''M n na«Mft«TtftfillTii« 804 LECANORA. I t , < Parm. ctrvina, v. discretn, Fr. L. E. p. 127. Acnroapora sma- ragduin, Awtt. c. Sinopiea, Schicr.; the last, tinged red by oxido of Irou. Njfl. I. r. d. oliffocarpa, Nji. ; spores much larger, and reverting Anally to the normal number, in the thekes. Acarospora glcftosa, Kocrh, Sijsi. p. 156. L. cervina, v. glebosa, Tuckerm. Oen, p. 121. Granitic rocks, a, h, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker /. c. 1823.— ^>, throughout the northern and middle States, common ; and west to Kansas, Hall ; and California, Bolander. ——c, alpine rocks, White Mountains, Ttickerman.——d, Cali- fornia, Bolander. i5{d). L. privigna {Ach.) }f\\. ; thallus deficient ; apothecla small to minute, sessile, appressed ; scattered or crowded densely into clumps ; orbicular becoming variously dlftbrm (angulate, llrellate), the dark-red disk finally black ; bordered by an ele- vated, persistent, black margin ; and finally rugged and con- torted. Spores ellipsoid, very numerous and minute. Le- cidea, Ach. Meth. p. 49. Sarcogyne, Koerb. Syst. p. 266, a. Lecanora simplex {Dav.) Nyl. Biatorella, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 407. b. pruinosa, Auctt. ; apothecla small to middUng, scattered, appressed, or now sunken in the matrix ; the rather convex disk gray-pruinose. Sarcogyne, Koerb. I. c. Lecanyra, Nyl. Scand. p. 176. c. Clavus, Koerb. ; apothecla middling to ample ; short-stipi- tate, rounded, becoming wavy and dlftbrm ; disk reddish and blackening, naked; the thick, wrinkled, and chinky margin finally disappejiring ; the hypotheclura at length blackening. Koerb. Syst. p. 266. Biatorella, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 409. Le- canora cervina, v. encarpa, Nyl. Stereopeltis Carestia, De Not. c said of the other. XXXII. — RINODINA. Mass., Stlzenb., Tuckorm. Apotheciu scutella'form, more often zeorine ; now lecid- eine. Hypotheclum mostly colourless. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular; rarely 4-pluriloculnr ; brown. Spermatia oblong or staff shaped; on sub-sini[ile sterlgmas. Tballus crusta- ceous; lobed at the circumference in a few species; but more commonly uniform. * Dimelaina. Thallus lobed. Spores bilocular. 1. It. radiata, Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous-adnate, tarta- reous-cartilagineous, rimose-areolate becoming radlously lobed at the circumference ; glaucescent ; the hypotballus black ; apo- thecia small, innate, now emergent ; disk plano-convex, finally tumid, black, whke-pruinose ; the tballine margin entire ; now blackening: or disappearing. Hypothecium brownish-black. Spores short-elllpsold, obtuse, ^^' mic. Obs. Lich. 4, /. c. p. 173. Buellia, Lich. Calif, p. 25. h. fimbriatn. Tuck. ; thallus depauperate, uniform, but fringed by the hypotballus. Obs. Lich. I. c. Rocks on the coast of California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1866. Apothecia O"""-, 5-0"""-, 8 wide. 2. a. thysanota, Tuckerm. ; thallus adnate, verrucose-areo- late, with a radlously lobed circumference ; brownish-olivaceous ; apothecia small, lecanorlne, sessile ; disk blackish-brown ; the tumid margin entire. Spores short-elllpsold, obtuse, — mlc. Obs. Lich. 4, 1, c. p. 174. Rocks at about 7000 ft. alt., Alpine County, California, Lap- ham. Coast of Oregon, W. C. Cusick in herb., Sprague. A marked species ; but the specimens are scanty. •:i 1 m 3. R. nimbosa (Ft.) Th. Fr. ; thallus membranaceous-cartil- agineous, squamulose ; scales crowded more or less and coales- 206 RINODINA. I m I' cent, 01 now reduced and glebous at the centre, but expanding, imbricate, lobate and crenate at the circumference ; pale-yellow- ish becoming tawny, often gray-pruinose ; apothecia smallish to almost middling, innate; disk flattish, brownish-black, sub- marginate ; thalline margin tumid, entire. Spores "[* mic. Parnielia, Fr. L. E.p. 129. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand. p. 148. Naked earth iu alpine districts. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1801. Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Brandegee in herb. Sprague. 4. B. oreina (Ach.) Mass. ; thallus adnate, tartareous-cartil- agineous; verrucose-areolate; from greenish - straw - coloured becoming yellowish; areoles now crenate, passing into a ra- diously lobed circumference, which is more or less black-edged ; apothecia smallish, lecanorine, innate, at length superficial and sub-sessile ; the disk becoming turgid, and black ; the thalline margin obtuse and very entire, or now disappearing, and the apothecia lecideoid. Spores short-ellipsoid, obtuse, -^ mic. Lecanora, Schrcr. Enum. p. 07. Nyl. Scand. p. 147. Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 113. Rocks. New England and Canada, Tuckerman Enum. 1845. Tennessee, liavenel. Kansas, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Hayden. California, Bolander. Peripheral lobes now obsolete. 5. B. chrysomclrena (Ach.) Tuckerm.; thallus sub-membra- naceous, areolate-squamulose ; scales commonly discrete, flat, rounded, more or less lobed ; pale- to bright-yellow ; apothecia almost middling-sized, lecanorine, appressed, flat; disk dark- red, and blackening ; the persistent, stout, entire thalline mar- gin at length wrinkled and flexuous. Spores J^ mic. Syn. p. 148. Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 37. Rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catah 1818. North Car- olina. Schweinitz. Georgia, Bavenel. Massachusetts, Willey. Apothecia 1"""- to 1"""-, 5 wide. * * Eurinodina. Thallus uniform. Hypothecium colour- less; except in n. 13, and 14. Spores bilocular ; except in n. 15. (5. JR. Ascociscana, Tuckerm.; thallus of membranaceous, adnate, rounded, concentrically wrinkled, scale-like areoles, which run together more or less, forming a chinky crust ; from greenish- becoming pale-cinnamon-brown ; apothecia smallish to middling -sized, sessile; disk plano-convex, scabrous and RINODINA. 207 anaceous, wrinkled, from pale- at length reddish -brown, and blackenlnp; the thick, entire, or at length crenate thalline margin persistent. Spores — niic. Gen. j). 124. Pannuria, Tuck: Suppl. 1, /. c. p. 424. Trunks and rocks. White Mountains, Tucker man I. r. 1858. Vermont, Frost. Massachusetts, Willeif. Illinois, Hall. Can- ada, Drummnml. Arctic America, Richardson in herb. Taylor. Aijothecia 0"""-, 8 to I"""-, 5 wide. ' 7. B. turfacea (Wahl.) Nyl.; thallus incrusting, verrucosc- granulate ; from white at length brownish-ash-coloured ; apo- thecia from smallish to middling-sized, appressed or sessile, Hat- tish; disk brownish -black, dull; thalline margin elevated, entire or rugulose, persistent. Spores ^* mic. Th. Fr. Sound. p. 195, a. h. roscida, Th. Fr. ; apothecia white-pruinose. Th. Fr. I. c. c. mniarcen, Nyl. ; apothecia soon convex, excluding the mar- gin ; the disk from dark-cinuamon-coloured blackening. Nyl. Scand.p. 151. On the earth, and running over mosses, in alpine districts. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Islands of Behring's Straits (a, b, c), Wright. White MountJiins («), Tuclcrman. North shore of Lake Superior (a), and British Columbia (c), Macpun. Rouky Mountains, Wolf. California (c,= Ijicanora mniareiza, Nyl. in Flora, 1870, p. 33 ; & in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. u. 158), Bolauder, teste Nyl. A certahi difference between a and c proves scarcely well determinable ; nor are the two Scandi- navian authorities cited above to be clearly reconciled. Spores equally large in these forms. b is the var. microcarpa of Auzi (Lich. Langob. n. 106), but the name becomes inappropriate in our plant, which offers the largest fruit of any of our specimens. 8. R. sophodes (Ach.) Nj'l., emend.; thallus tartareous but thin, granulate-areolate ; from ash-coloured passing into nlive- brown ; on a black hypothallus ; apothecia small, zeorine, ap- pressed ; disk flattish, brown to brownish-black ; thalline mar- gin sub-entire. Spores ^^"^ mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 148, a. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 199, a. b. atrocinerea, Nyl. ; thallus squamulose-areolate ; glauces- cent ; the thiunish areoles scattered more or less on the con- spicuous, black hypothallus ; apothecia small, adnate ; the thin, S08 RINODINA. rVil I entire thalline margin often excluded, and the black apothecia lecidooid. Spores as in a. Exs. Anzi Lich. Litngob. n. 321. Zw. exs. n. 61. H^jusd. exs. n. 68, /3. Nyl. Lich. Par. n. 43. c. tephraspis, Tuck. herb. ; thallus tb'.ckened ; of crenulate but soon turgid, verrucose - irregular and crowded areoles; brownish-asb-coloured ; apothecia at length middling-sized, be- coming turgid ; but the thalline margin persistent. Spores as in a. Lecanora, Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, 1, cp. 425. d. confragosa, Nyl.; thallus coarser; verrucose, often con- glomerate, and now sub-lobulate ; white ; apothecia at length middling-sized. Spores a little larger than in the preceding forms. Nyl. I. c. max. p. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. 283. e. exigua, Fr. ; thallus reduced ; now scurfy, or disappearing ; whitish ; hypothallus obsolete ; apothecia small to very small, finally convex; the entire margin at length crenulate, or ex- cluded. Spores as in a, or a little smaller. Nyl. I. c. Spores now occurring from 8 to 12-16-20-30 in the thekes. B. polyspora, Th. Fr, Scand. p. 206. Lecanora, Nyl. Trees, stones, and dead wood, throughout North America, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. a, common on bark, and noticeable by its dark thallus. 6, only on rocks, where its colour, flattish areoles, and lecideoid fruit, sufiBciently indicate it. c, also a rock-lichen, I have tried to bring under b, taking our plant for a better developed condition (with fruit now 2"""- in width) of such European lichens as Zw. exs. n. 68, A, and Hepp. Lich. Eur. n. 646 ; both which are referred by their authors to B. atrocin- erea ; as the first-named is also by Koerber : but cannot, for the present, but keep it separate. d offers apothecia larger than in any other form of the species except the last-named ; and its coarse, white thallus aids also in making B. sophodes, in this condition, conspicuous on the rocks and the earth of our Pacific Coast; where a bark-form {Lecanora Boboris, Duf, e Nyl. in Mandon Lich. Mader. n. 38) is also found, inhabiting the Oaks of California. The last appears as yet to be rare with us else- where. e, on bushes, trees, and dead wood, everywhere : the smallest form ; though passing into the tree-form of d. 9. B. Hallii, Tuckerm.; thallus cartilagineous, contiguous, chinky; from pale-brownish becoming light-umber-coloured; on a black hypothallus ; apothecia smallish, biatorino, adnate, plaDO-coDvex ; disk passing from reddish- into blackish-brown, RINODINA. 209 finally turgid and excluding tbo paler, entire, obtuse margin. c 15-11 Spores -^ raic. On various trees of the Paciflc Coast. California, Bolander. Oregon, Hall. In a part of the specimens the apothecia shew a white bloom ; but there is no trace of this in the majority. Apothecia 0"""-, 8 to 1""" , 2 wide. 10. E. Bischoffli (Hepp.) Koerb. ; thallus thin, mealy or granulose, or obsolescent ; whitish, ash-coloured, or brownish ; apothecia small, zeorine, sessile, flat, or QikvU'' convex ; the disk blackening; the entire thalline margin also bliickening, and the fruit at length lecideoid. Spores broad-obtuse-ellipsoid ; the wide interval between the spore-cells suggesting a dark band ; ~ mic. Koerh. Parerg. p. 75. T/i. Fr. Scand. p. 204. Lime-rocks, Texas (Wright), Tuckeraian Gen. 1872. Kan- sas, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Haydcn in hb. Willey. 11. .R. flavo-nigella, Tuckerm. in Hit. ; thallus tartareous, contiguous, granulate-rugose ; from greenish- becoming bright- lemon-yellow ; apothecia smallish, appressed, zeorine, flattish; the scabrous disk brownish-black, at length convex ; the thalline margin sub-entire, opores "]"* mic. Rotten wo i. Gainesville, Florida, Bavenel. Cotoosa River, Fla., Austin. Mobile, Alabama, Dr. Mohr. Apothecia 0"""- , 8 to l"""-, 2 wide. 12. B. aterrima (Krerapelh.) Anz. ; thallus effuse, thin, granulose or scurfy; dark-greenish-black, consisting of brown gonidia ; apotnecia minute, lecanorine, innate-sessile, very black. Spores soleaeform, ^ mic. Anz. Symb. Lich. Bar. p. 11, dk Lich. Langob. n. 4G1. Microthelia Metzleri, Koerb. Granitic rocks, Yosemite Valley, California, abundant, Bo- lander. San Diego, Cal., Miss Plummer in hb. Farlow. Spores rarely 4-locular. But this can hardly be taken for suffi- cient to make two species of the lichens cited. Compare Lahm Anmerk. in Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Fasc. 29 ; and also Hedwigia, 1867, p. 154-5. 13. B. r/tom«, Tuckerm. in lilt. ; thallus tartareous, chinky; smooth; straw-coloured; on a black hypothallus; apothecia small, lecanorine, adnate, flattish ; disk black ; the entire, ob- 14 i! 210 RINODI^TA. %.:i\ M I tuse, persistent thalline margin soon blackening, and the fruit lecideoid. Hypothecium black. Spores ^^ mic. Sandstone rocks, Moulton, Alabama, Hon. T. M. Peters. Apothecia 0""" , 5 to O"""-, 8 wide. 14. Jit. milliaria, Tuckerm. ; thalliis thin, chinky, granulate, and rngulose; greenish-fuscescent ; apothecia minute, adnate; disk flattisb, blackish-brown and black, opake ; the tiiin, entire margin blackening or excluded. Hypothecium blackening. Spores ^ mic.-^ — Obs, Lich. 4, 1, c.p. 175. Trees and shrubs, about Boston, Titckerman. New Bedford, Willcy. "Western New York, Miss Wilson. Spores, accord- ing to Mr. Willey, now in 12'-, as in the now similar E. sopho- des, e, in Biatora exigua and in Leciclea myriocarpa. 15. R. Conradi, Koerb. ; thallus incrusting, thin, chinky and granulate ; greenish-glaucescent and cinerascent ; apothecia zeorine, small, sessile, flattish; the plano-convex disk blackish- brown, distinctly marginate ; the thalline margin sub-entire, or rugose-crenulate. Spores from bilocular passing into quadri- locular, and the two middle cells then divided, ^ mic. Koerb. Syst. p. 123. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 198. Lecanora pyreniospora, Nyl. Scand. p. 151. Einodina sabulosa, Tuck. Calif, p. 21. On gravelly earth near the ocean, Sa*; Francisco, California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 18fi6. Tue European lichen (un- known to me at the time of the p'.blication of the American one, and now only in the too scanty Rabenh. Lich. Eur. n. 880) is described as lecanorine, and the spores as " constantly quad- rilocular " {Koerb. I. c), but I can scarcely doubt the identity of the twc plants. Apothecia of ours 0"™-, 5 to O"""-, 8 wide. * * * Mar one a. Spores very numerous in the thekes. 16. U.cowsiaws (Nyl.) Tuckerm.; thallus verruculose; green- ish-asb-coloured, and brownish; on a black hypothallus; apo- thecia small to almost middiing-sized, zeorine, sessile ; the flat, brownish-black dnd black disk bordered by a tumid, sub-entire thalline margin ; the fruit at length flexuously irregular. Spores very minute and numerous in the thekes, and, in general, colour- less. Tiickerm. Gen. p. 124. Lecanora, Nyl. classif. 2 ; Ejusd. Prodr. Gall. p. 89. Maronea Berica, Mass. in Flora, 1856, w. 19, dt Lich. Ital. n. 346. Lecanora, Tuck. Obs. Lich. 2, 1, c. p. 403. Maronea Kemmleri. Koerb. Parery. p. 90. J'KRTUSARIA. 911 On living and (iead wood, not nncoinmon In New England, and southward to Maryland, and Virginia, Tuckerman I. c. 1868. New Jersey, Austin. Pennsylvania, Michener. Ohio, Lea. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Bavenel. Alabama, Peters. Our common plant is the M. Kentmleri, Koerb. ( Hepp. n. 771 ; Rabenh. n. 6iJ3), but this is most easily to be regarded as only the more perfect state of Massalongo's. Smaller forms of our lichen occur, resembling the lited one of the Italian author; and, in such states, the disk ib scarcely marginate. It was remarked, in the place first-cited above, that, in addition to the general resemblance of li. constans to familiar conditions of R. sophodes as here taken, the former agreed also with Hinodina in its truly biiocular spores becoming at length constric*^ed at the middle ; " one of the best indications of the coloured spore in its biiocular stage, when colour is wanting." And Mr. Willey has now completed this observation, and removed all doubt of the position of our plant by the discovery of such spores as those just mentioned coloured exactly as those of the otherwise not very dissimilar R. sophodes, v. exigua; itself now poly- sporous. Sub-Fam. 2.— Pertusaribi. Apothecia typically closed; composite; aud diflForm; but reverting largely to lecanorine forms. XXXIII. —PERTUSARIA, DC. Apothecia globular-diflbrm, closed; including (1-00) nucleiform hymenia opening by pores (ostioles) ; or expla- nate and lecanoroid. Spores (only excepting n. 6) large to very large, ellipsoid, simple ; or rarely biiocular (n. 9) ; typ- ically colourless. Spermatia stnfiF-shaped, straight; upon simple sterigmas. Tballus crustaceous; uniform in our species. * Apothecia more or less lecanorine. t Spores simple. 1. P. bryontha (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus incrustlng, verrucose- coDglomerate : whitish: apothecia middling-sized, and over, '^f % 212 PERTUSAKIA. sessile, a little elevated, thick; the lecanorlne disk flattlsii, ruguloso, soon dilated so as to dep -ess and ex«hido the tiii'Rid thalline margin; from biownish-liver-coloured becoming livid, and blackening. Spores solitary, -^jr^ mic. Lecanoru, Ach. L. U. p. 392 ; Syn. p. 156. VerimarUi, Nyl. Scand. p. 178. On the earth, growing over mosses, etc., in alpine districts. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries /. c. 1801. Islands of IJehring's Straits, Wriyht. Shores of River St. Mary, Lake Superior, Richardson (Leighton /. c). 2. P. vclata (Turn.) Nyl.; thallus cartilagineous, smooth, becoming plicate-rugose and chinky; glaucescent, and white; with a zonate and more or less brighter-coloured circumference ; apothecia small to almost middling-sized, adnate, lecanoroid; disk flattish, pale-yellowish- to reddish-flesh-coloured ; densely white -powdery; the thick, entire thalliuo margin becoming finally indistinguishable in the now difform, and often 2-.'J-thala- mous fruit. Spores solitary for the most pnrt ; exceeding ^^j^ mic. Turn, in Act. Linn. Lond. 9, p. 143, t. 12, /. 1. Pertu- saria,Mudd. Man. Brit. Lich. p. 274. Trees, and also on rocks, throughout the Atlantic regions from New England to Virginia, Tuchcrman Gen. 1872. Canada, Macoun. North Carolina, Curtis. Alabama, Peters. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Texas, Hall. 3. P. panyrga (kch.) Th. Fr. ; thallus incrusting, thia, wrinkled; white; apothecia small to almost middling-sized, lecanoroid but often 2-3-thalamous ; the depressed disk black, white-powdery; the thalline margin irregular. Spores "soli- tary ; ^^ mic." Th. Fr. Scand. p. 308. P. velata * mutti- puncta V. leucotera, Nyl. Scand. p. 180. On the earth, running over mosses, etc., in alpiae districts. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. 4. P. multipuncta (Turn.) Nyl.; thallus sub-cartilagineous, oftener thin and chinky but becoming rugose-verrucose ; glau- ceScent and pale-ash-coloured ; zonate more or less at the cir- cumference, as in n. 2, but less distinctly ; apothecia small to almost middling-sized, lecanoroid, adnate, at length elevated; mono- or now 2-4-thalamou8 ; with flat, blackening disk; but becoming depressed and very irregular; and, excluding the soon gaping thalline margin, passing into di£form, powdery PERTUSARIA. 213 ^'1 le districts. heaps. Spores Holitary ; or often in twos ; ^^ mic. Nyl. Scand.p. 179. Th. Fr. Smnd. p. 309. V. fagima. Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 84, max. p. Trees, and more rarely rocks, throughout the United States, Tnrkermnn Gen. 1872. Comraon equally throughout the North and South, reaching Texas, Wriffht ; and also C!alifornia, Bo- lander; and Oregon, Halt. 5. /'. (lacUjUna (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus incrusting, thin ; white ; producing finger -shaped, erect, thickish, somewhat divided, (now undeveloped and inconspicuous) cylindrical branohlets, in the tips of which the small, sub-lecanoroid apotheciura with pale-flesh-coloured disk, concealed more or less by a thalline veil is contained. " Spores solitary ; '^^ raic." Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 240. rh. Fr. Scuml. p. 310.' On the earth, running over mosses, etc., in alpine districts. Islands of Behring's Straits {Wright), Tuckerman Oen. 1872. White Mountains. ti. P. umbigens (Nyl.) Tuck. ; thallus cartilaglneous, smooth becoming rugose- vorrucose; glaucescent; apothecia small to almost middling-sized, lecanorine, sessile or a little elevateds 1-2-thalaraous; disk flat, from flesh-coloured becoming dark- greenish and livid, with a thin bloom ; thalline margin irregu- larly torn-crenate, and at length repeatedly duplicated. Spores in eights; ^ raic. Tuclc. Ohs. Lich. 4. /. c. p. 176. Lecanora, Nyl. in Prodr. Fl. N. Gran. p. 40, note. Trunks, Oregon, Dr. Lyall. Hall. Elsewhere known only at the Cape of Good Hope ; Zeyher in herb. Sonder. 7. P. Iccanina, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, contiguous, smooth, becoming granulate; pale-yellowish; bordered by the black hypothallus ; apothecia small, lec^noroid, sessile, at first white- pruinose ; disk pale-flesh-coloured, sub-marginate ; thalline mar- Spores in twos; U2-I42 ;iu-ao mic. Gen. Lich. p. 126, gin entire. note. On various trees in Caliibrnia, Bolander; seen only in small patches accompanying P. leioplaca, and P. pustulata. 8. P. flavicunda, Tuckerm.: thallus cartilajjineous, smooth, verrucose-areolate ; pale sulphur-coloured; the areoles becom- ing radiously concrete toward the circumference; apothecia tl II S14 PBRTUSAKIA. k im small to almost middling-sized, ndnnto ; monothalaiiious ; the dilated, discoid pstiole yellowish-powdery, little exceeded by the margining portion. Spores in twos and tlirees ; ^,_^ mlc. Obs. Lich. 4, /. c. p. 177. Rocks, San Diego, California, Dr. Cooper. Fruit rarely 2- thalumous. % Spores hilovtdar. 9. P. rhodocarpa, Koerb. ; tnallus membranaceous ; from greenish-glaucescent becoming white; and densely granulate; apothecia small, sub-sesaile, sub-globose ; from mono- at length 2-3-thalamous ; bursting from the first into soredia, and the thalline exciple soon obsolete ; disk flesh-coloured, concealed by a white powdery veil, but afterwards, as this disappears, red- dish-dotted. Spores solitary ; ^^^ mic. Koerb. Syst. p. 384. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 128. Varicellaria, Th. Fr. Scim<1. p. 322. V. microsticta, Nyl. Scand.p. 183. t. 1, /. 8. On bark. Arctic America, Nylander Scand. 1861. British Columbia, Macoun. The apothecia differ in no respect from others of forms of P. multipuncta, also at length " reddish- dotted," except in the spores being bilocular. • • Apothecia compound, difform. 10. P. communis, DC. ; thallus cartilagineous, from smooth and even becoming chinky and rugose- verrucose; glaucescent; now zonate at the circumference ; apothecia small to middling- sized, aduate, depressed - sub-globose and variously difform; closed except at the sunken, and for the most part blackening, and numerous ostioles. Spores solitary ; or in twos ; very rarely in threes and fours; -^^ mic. Porina pertusa (L.) Ach. Syn. p. 109. Pertusaria, Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 84. P. communis, Nyl. Scand. p. 178. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 317. Trunks and rocks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Canada, Macoun. Ohio, Lea. Illinois and Mis- souri, Hall. Virginia, Tuckerman. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. California, Bolauder. 11. P. leioplaca (Ach.) Scha;r. ; thallus cartilagineous, rather thin, becoming chinky and rugged; glaucescent, and pale- yellowish ; apothecia small to middling-sized, adnate, globular PEUTU9ARIA. 215 and (lifTorm ; either discrete, or crowded and running together ; closed ; depressed often at the centre and thus fiilsely-lecano- roid ; the solitary or few, rarely depressed oatioles either black- ening, colourless, or indistinct. Spores in fours; sixes; and eights ; varying no little In size, as from *J^^ raic. to ^-^^ mic. Schccr. Spicil. p. GH. Nyl. Scand. p. Itil ; I'rodr. N. Gran. p. mi Trees and rocks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Canada, Richardson. Ohic, Mis.s Biddlecome. Illinois, Hall. Maryland and Virginia, Tucherrnun. North Car- olina, Curtis. South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama, Beaumont. Florida, Austin. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. Oregon, liall. Very various : now not easily distinguishable from the last ; and the depressed and margiuate forms resembling now P. Wulfenii, except in colour. 12. P. pustulata (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus membranaceous, chinky, now verruculoso ; brownish-cream-coloured, now green- ish, pale-yellowish, or white ; apothecia small to very small, beraispherical and diflForm ; from only slightly prominent becon- ing globular and sub-sessile; flattened at length above, when the now confluent, scarcely depressed black ostiolos become disk-like. Spores in twos ; -^^ mic. Porina, Ach. L. U. p. 309; Sj/n.p. 110. Pertusaria, Nyl Prodr. Gall. p. 195. . Trees, common from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Ravenel. Florida, Austin. Alabama, Beaumont. Texas, Wright. Ore- gon, Hall. P. concreta, Nyl. Enum. Gen. p. 117; & Add. in Flora, 1876, p. 233 (P. Westringii, Nyl. Obs. Pt/ren. p. 3.5), is said to occur, on granitic rocks, in " northern and arctic Amer- ica," as well as in Ireland, and the south of France ; but the lichen is unknown to me, and the published notices of it are not quite clear. In the place flrst-cited above the plant is placed in the 5-8-sporous section, but in the later diagnoses it is said to belong to the other, or 1-2-sporous section; as it is said in one place to have an areolate thallus {Obs. Pyren.) and, in another, a continuous, chinky one {Add. in Flora), and the fruit to be convex and wart-like) Obs. Pyren.) or immersed and endocar- poid {Add. in Flora). Spores in twos ; ^-^^ mic. {Add. 1. c.) fi2-t» 13. P. glomerata (Ach.) Schaer. ; thallus incrusting, cartila- gineous ; glaucescent, and white ; apothecia small to middling- 1 M n i 1 i ■ 1 i ] 1! ii a f tie PERTD8ARIA. sized, globular, sub-sessile, with mostly solitary, protnberant ostioles ; but soon agglomerate and 'jonfluent into large, diffbrm, crowded, pleiotbalamous clusters. Spores very commonly in twos; but occurring also in fours ; sizes; and eights; -^^mic. Aeh. Syn. ^. 111. Scfuer. Spicil. p. 66. Tuck. Fxa. n. 22 {Sub. Farm. verr.). Nyl. Scand. p. 182. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 314. On the earth, running over mosses, etc., in alpine districts. White Mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N. £. 1848 (spores almost always in twos ; and rarely solitary). Adirondack Mountains, N. T., Macrae (spores as in the last). Islands of Bebring's Straits, TKrtp/if (spores in fours; and eights). The species- name suits our lichen perhaps quite as well as It does the Euro- pean one; and ours (Tuckerm. exs. n. 22) is certainly like the other in the earlier conditions of the fruit, but passes at once into a confluent, difform state — with the look of largest apothe- cia of P. communis, but the ostioles of the present— of which my few foreign specimens scarcely afford a trace. The spores might appear also to suggest difference in the plant of our mountains from the European, the thekes of which have always been taken for 4-sporous ; but the distinction is a slight one, and Dr. Th. Fries has recently shewn (I. c.) that the Swedish lichen varies from 3 to S-sporous. 14. P. globularis, Ach. ; tballus incrusting, thin, granulate; whitish-ash-coloured ; granules globular, becoming finger-shaped, and finally somewhat branched ; apothecia small to almost mid- dling-sized, sub-sessile, depressed-globose; the commonly few ostioles collected in the sunken centre. Spores in tv. os ; threes ; «-iia 35- J» mic. Ach. Syn. p. 212. Tuckerm. Syn. N. and fours; E. p. 85. - Rocks among mosses. Northern and middle States, Mutilen- berg Catal. 1818. Alabama, Peters. Arkansas, The same. Granules varying in size ; and in some of the specimens, both northern and southern, they do not become isidioid ; but I see no other differences. 15. P. Wulfenii, DC. ; thallus cartilagineous and smooth, but becoming thicker and rugose- verrucose ; sulphur-coloured, and pale ; apothecia small to more than middling-sized, sub- sessile, depressed-hemispherical; the numerous black ostioles largely running together into a depressed, lecanoroid disk, bor- dered by a tumid, somewhat gibbous-flexuous thalline margin. CONOTRBM A.— OT A LKCT A . 217 n-is Spores in elffbts ; -^ mlc. Fr. L. E. p. 244. Th. Ft. Scand. p. 312. Tkelotremu hytnenium. Turn. ^ Borr. Lick. Brit. p. 185, max. p. Pertusaria, Tucker m. Syn. N. E. p. 8A. PorinafaUax, Ach. Sjfn. p. 1 10, a. Trunks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg CataL 1818 ; Halstjf, etc. CiUifornla, Bolander. Sub-Fam. 3. — Urceolari ei. Apotbecia typically urceolate, descending even to appar- ently Verrucariaceous forms ; but in fact Lecanorine, which affinity is otten sufficiently expressed. XXXIV.— CONOTREMA, Tuckerm. Apotbecia urceolate, truncate-conoid; at length some- what explnnate, and patellsBform ; consisting of a black proper exciple clothed with an evanescent veil of the tbal- lus. Spores cylindraceous, plurilocular, colourless. Sper- matia oblong, straight ; on simple sterigmas. Thallus crus- taceous; uniform. C. urceolatum (Ach.) Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous-mem- branaceous, smooth, becoming chinky and rugged; whitish; apotbecia small, sub-sessile; more or less white- pruiuose within. Spores long-cyllndraceous; 30-40-locular ; ^^^mic. Lecidea, Ach. L. U.p. G71. Gyrostomum, Fr., Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 100. Conotrema, Tuck. Syn. N. Eng.p. 80 j Gen. Lich. p. 129. On trees. Northern and middle States {Sivartz), Acharius I, c. 1810, Muhlenberg, etc. Illinois, Hall. Maryland and Vir- ginia, Tucker wan. Mountains of South Carollra, Bavenel. Apotbecia 0™"-, 5 to l"""- in diameter. f Hi XXXV — GYALECTA (Ach.) Anzi. Apotbecia urceolate-sub-biatorine, with a somewhat cren- ulate margin ; consisting of a coloured (rarely black) proper excii)le, connivent, or now explanate, margined or veiled by a lecanorine, or variously imperfect tballine one. Spores (in 218 (JYALKCTA. narrowed nnd fur the most part cylindraceous, Dot seldom more than S-sporous thekes, with thread-shaped paraphyses) ellipsoid; passing Into fusiform; and acicular; 2-4-plurl- IocuIhf; and more rarely muriform-plurllocular; not col- oured. Thallus crustaceous ; uniform. • Sevoliga emend. Apothecia iiolnured. t Spores 2-4-pi'urilocular. 1. G. Intca (Dicks.) Tuckerm. ; thallus thin membranaceous ; grecnisb-ash-coloured ; apothecia small to almost, and, in the tropics, more than middling-sized, sessile ; soon explanate and flat, or plano-convex; the pale-yellowish- or reddish-flesh-col- oured disk scarcely at length surpassed by the paler, obsoletel) radiute-striate mrr(;in. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid; bilocuiar; ^" mic. Turk. Gen. p. 136. Lecidea, Borr. in Hook. Brit. Fl. 2, p. 185. Nifl. Scand. ;>. 192 ; d- in Prodr. N. G. p. 53. On bark, New England, Ttickcrman I. c. 1872. New York, Peck. Illinois, Hall. Florida, Austin. Alabama, Beuumont. Varies no little in the size and coloration of the apothecia, as sufQciontly shewn in the Cuba lichen (Wright Lich. Cub. n. 176, 177) and the New Granada one (Lindfg n. 2581, 2596, 2627). G. Friesii, Koerb. {G. denudata, Th. Pr.) is not unlike, and has been referred here, but difiers in its larger, 4-Iocular spores. The green cells diflfer finally more or loss, in the present stock, from the ordinary gonidia, in being connected together in short strings ; an observation first made by Boruet, and now taken advantage of by Dr. Midler to separate his genus Biatorinopsis (Mull. Lich. Beitr. n. 12, in Flora, 1881, n. 15) which he consid- ers referable, together with Canoffonium {Fh ra, 1881, p. 236) to the in every other respect widely discrepant Graphidacd. But the disposition of the gonidia in question appears not to be confined to this group of GyalecttB ; nor is it perhaps time, in the present state of knowledge of the gonimous system, to appreciate the value of the character. 2. G=. Pmert (Schrad.) Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, membrana- ceous ; from green passing into lead-coloured, and pale-ash-col- oured ; apothecia minute, sessile, urceolate ; yellowish-flesh-col- oured ; the rounded margin almost concolorous, scarcely striate. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid ; bilocuiar ; ^ mic. Tuckerm. I. c. OTAIiRCTA. 819 Lcculca, Bnrr. in /look. Urit. Fl. 8, p. IKJ. N^t. AaruL p. lUl ; Lich. N. Calfd. p 40. On linrk, etc , attho bono of treen, FonnHylvania, Muhlenl>erg Cntal. \t<\%. Now KtiKland, /-'mv/ ; WiUey. New York, A^ir- enel. New Jersey, Austin. ',\. (i. Fn/rM;Mf;/rtmi(Mont.)Tuckerra. ; thiilUis thin, chlnky, soon becoming densely granulate; KlaucoHcent; apoihpcia mi- nute, BOHsile, globular; conHiHting of a tluHli-culourcd proper exciple, clothed below by the thallus; connivent and radiatoly cleft above; and opening l)y a pore-like at length Hoiiiewhat enlarged aperture, with a Anally rounded, and l)lackening mar- gin. Spores 12-.'W in the thekes; ellipsoid; bilocular; '*[^' mic. Parmelia ( Vrceolaria) Mont. Culm, p. 205. Gyalccta, Tuck. Calif, p. 30. U. nsteria, Tuck. Ohs. Lich. 2, /. c. p. 414. d; in Wright Lich. Cult. n. 173. Apoiuecia 0""" , 3 to 0""" , 5 wide. * absconsa, Tnckerm. ; thallus unconain; spores smaller, 4- locular; "^*. Gjialecta absconsa, Olts. Lich. 2, /. r. /). 414. On bark, a, Cuba, Wright. Cotoosa river, Florida, Austin. • on Ked Maple, low country of South Carolina, Jiavenel. The specimens of this last are very meagre, and it is hard to say whether the thallus belong not entirely to the accompanying Arthonia spectabiUs. Spores finally numerous in the thekes, as in a, but smaller, and always 4-locular. The lichen is insuffi- ciently known. G. radiatUis, Tuckerm. Calif, p. ;M), is a still more minute apothecium exceedingly like that of G. Valenzue- liana (being globular, from flesh-coloured becoming black, con- nivent and radiately cleft above ; but with simple spores in eights, and giving no reaction with iodine), which infests (in New England always) a white thallus with little doubt to be referred to Pertusaria multipuncta ; as the parasitic fruit to Fungi. It is easy, with the scanty material in hand, to suppose that G. absconsa may, in like manner be only parasitic on the thallus of Arthonia spectabiUs ; but there is no doubt of the close relation of the former to G. Valcmueliana, which is in every point of view a lichen. 4. G. geoica (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus obscure, somewhat pow- dery ; pale-greenish-asb-coloured ; apothecia minute, immersed becoming superficial, urceolate; the elevated, radiously uneven, pale margin enclosing a yellowish-brown disk. Spores oblong- I, 1 ■ Ki 220 GYALBCTA. 12-20 ellipsoid; 4-locular; ^^ p. 139. mic- Nyi Scand. p. 190. -S^. p. 9. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. * trivialis, Willey herb. ; apotbecia very small, and always immersed. On sandy earth and about walls (•). New Bedrord, Willey. Illinois, Wolf. The larger European lichen has not occurred; but ours, measuring about 4"""'" in diameter is hardly distinct from it. 5. G. carneo-luteola, Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, leprous; whitish; apothecia n'inute, adnate, explanate; the flat, yellow- ish-flesh-coloured diik but little surpassed by the rour led, entire, paler proper margin. Spores in sixes and eights ; fusiform-ellip- soid; bilocular passing into 4-locular; ^mic. Obs.Lich.3, l.c.p.27\. On bark in the island of Cuba, Wright; and to be looked for in Florida. Resembles the European G. carneo-lutea, but has higher-coloured fruit of only one-third the size (about 0"""- 25- Omm. 4) and an entire margin. The specimen is however small. 6. G. nana, Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, chinky ; glauces- cent and white ; apothecia very minute, innate-emergent, con- cave; the elevated margin of the originally somewhat crenate proper exciple rounded, pale ; the disk brownish-flesh-coloured. Spores 8-J2 in the thekes; fusiform; 4-6-locular; ^mic. Obs. Lich. 2, 1, c. p. 415. On bark. Island of Cuba, Wright-, and to be expected where the last preceding species occurs. Apotl^^cia 0™™ , 2 to O"""-, 3 wide. 7. G. fagicola (Hepp.) Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, chinky ; pale greenish or brownish ; or obsolete ; apothecia minute, at length sub-sessile, concave; from pale- becoming rusty- and dark-red, and blackening; the scarcely uneven margin mostly concolorous. Spores8-12-20in the thekes; acuminate-fusiform; 4-10-locular ; ^~ mic. Biatora, Hepp., fide Am. in Flora. Secoliga, Koerb. Parerg. p. J 12. Gyalecta corticola, (Lonnr.) Ttickerm. Gen. Lecidea congruella, Nyl. Scand. p. 191, fide Ohl- ert. Gyalecta ceratina, Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 2, 1, c.p. 4J5. On bark. Ash- and Elm-bark, Amherst, Twkerman I. c. 1862. Red Cedar, New Bedford, Willey. 1 1 Spores muriform. GTALECTA. 881 8. G. Flotovii, Koerb. ; thallus tli'n, powdery ; whitish ; or obsolete ; apotbecia minute, adimlo, urceolate ; the disk flesh- coloured ; the coarctate, pale, sub-crenulate tuari^in soon rounded. Spores in eights ; rounded and ovoid; from 4-locuIar (the cells disposed crosswise) becoming muriform-plurilocular ; "]|" mic. Koerb. Syst. p. 171. Lecidea Querceti, Nijl. bcanil. p. 191, fide Ohlert. On bark, Amherst, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Not a SecoUga, as defined by Koerber (Parerg. p. 109) but notwithstanding nearest to G. abstrusa {SecoHga Koerb. /. c.) the spores of which pass at once (Zw. exs. n. 90. Hepp. exs. n. 27) into more or less muriform conditions, sometimes closely comparable with the spores of the present. 9. G. cupularis (Bedw.) Scha)r. ; thallus thin, at length chiuky ; greenish-ash-coloured ; apotbecia superficial, urceolate becoming more open; disk pale-brick-red; the white margin radiately striate or cleft, but at length rounded. Spores in eights; ellipsoid; ^ mic. Schorr. Spieil.p. 79. Nyl. Sound. p. 189. Lime-rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catnl. 1818. New York, Halscy. Vermont, Uussell. Alabama, Peters. So far as seen, our lichen has always small, pale, urceolate fruit, which is scarcely cleft above, and is best comparable with Fr. Lich- Suec. n. 401, in ray copy: that of the European plant becomes however much larger, more open, and with higher-coloured disk, and the radiately-cleft maigin is now very marked. * • Sagiolechia. Apothecia black. 10. G. rhexoblephara (Nyl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin ; whitiiih, or obsolete ; apothecia small to middling-sized, closely sessile, explanate, the flat disk dark-rufous and blackening ; the thick, elevated, persistent, black margin radiately cleft. Spores in eights; fusiform -ellipsoid; 4-locular; ^~ mic. Gyalecta, Tuckerm. Gen. p. i:i2. Lecidea, Nyl. Scand. p. 240. Rfiexo- phiale coronata, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 204. On the earth, growing over mosses, etc., Greenland (Vahl), Th. Pries I. c. 1861. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. The place of this curious lichen may perhaps be taken for satis- factorily determined (as is suggested in the present writer's observations above-cited) by that of O. protuberans (Ach.) Auz. ; 222 URCEOLAKIA.