IMAGl^ EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4^ jf' in-A^ V 1.0 1.1 Hi 121 lit m 122 12.0 6" ^ ^ \^' FholDgraphic Sciences CarporatiQn » VftST MAM Sltm WltS1II.N.V. I4SM CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCiy/IH Collection de microfiches. Oiwdlan liwtltuM for HMoricI Mlcroreprduction. / Inttitut €«»ill.n d. n,icro«p«K)uctlo« MMoriqu. TMhnieal mmI BlbHograptde Noim/Noim tMhniquM at MbNograpMqiiM TtM liMtituta hM atfrnpfd to obtain tho boot original oo^ avaHaMa for fNmc.ifl. Foaturaa of thia copy wMc I may bo MbNograplileally unlqua. wMeb may altar any of tho Imafoa In tba raproductlon. or whieh may algnlfleantly ehanga tha uaual mathod of filming, ora chaokad balow. □ Colourod covora/ Couvorturo do coulour nn Covora damagad/ D n n D Couvorturo ondommagia Covora raatorad and/or iamlnatad/ Couvartura raatauria at/ou paNlcuMa I — I Covar titia miwing/ La titra da coi^vartura manqua Colourod mapa/ Cartas gtegraphiquat on coulour Colourod ink (l.o. othor than blua or black)/ Encra da coulour (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noiro) Colourod plataa and/or llluatratlona/ Planchaa at/ou illustration* an coulour Bound with othor matarial/ RaM avac d'autras documants rri Tight binding may cauaa shadovvs or distortion along intarior margin/ La n iiura sarr^a paut causi'r da i'ombro ou do la distortion la long da la marga intiriaura Blank laavas addad during rastoration may appaar within tha taxt. 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D CokMirod pagas/ Pagaa da coulour Th po of I — I Pagas damagad/ Pagaa andommagAas Pagas raatorod and/oi Pagas raataurAas at/ou polliculAos a Pagas discolourad. stainod or foxod/ Pagas dAcolorAos. tachatAas ou piquAas I — I Pagas raatorod and/or laminated/ D Or th4 alo slo or □ Pagas datachad/ Pages d«tach4os Showthrough/ Transparanea I I Quality of print varies/ Quollt* InAgaie do i'lmpression Includes suppkimentary materi Comprend du metAriel suppMmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible I I Includes suppkimentary material/ I — I Only edition available/ ahi UK vvh Ma diff enti beg rigli reqi met Pages ««>hoHy or pertialiy obscured by errata . slips, tissues, etc., have been refiimed to ensure the best possible image/ Los pagas totalement ou partieliement obscurcies par un feuillet d'erreta, una pelure, etc.. ont At* filmAos A nouveau da fa^on A obtenir la mellleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio cheeked below/ Co document est fiimA au taux do rAduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X asx 30X ' y/ 12X 16X 20X MX 2IX 32X 1 1 totiM DoufliM Library QuMit't Unlvsrslty L'( IMIW iMt fSpCOQIlIt QfaOS ■ N i: DouglM Library Quaan't UnlvaniHy Tna ImaQaa appaarwiQ hava ara tna baat 4uaNty of tna orl0iiial copy anci Hi kaapliiQ fNininQ oontraot apaolffloatlona< Laa bnagaa autvantaa am 4M raproduHaa avao la tanu da la condition at nlniai at an oonformiti avao laa oonditlona du eontrat da l'( Original copiaa In printad papar eowara ara fNmad baginnino with tha ffroirt covar and andtoig on tha iaat paga with a prIntad ar muatiatad impraa> siont or tlia bacic covar wnan approprlato« AH othar original copiaa ara fHmad baglnning on tha fflrtt paga with a printad or INtiatratad Impraa* •ion. and andbig on tho laat paga with a printad or Hhiatratad impraaaion. axamplairaa origlnaux dont la couvartura an imprimto aont Iliin4a an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant aoH par la qui comporta una amprainta ou dlNuatration. aolt par la aacond caa. Toua laa autraa axamplairaa film4a an commandant par la qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou dlNuatration at an tarminant par la damMra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. d^mpraaalon plat, aalonlo origlnaux Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha •hail contain tlia aymboi — ^^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"!, or tha aymboi ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appiiaa. Un daa aymbdaa suiventa apparattra aur la damMra imaga da eliaqua microficha, ifdon la caa: la aymbola -^ aignifla "A 8UIVRE", la •ymbola ▼ aignifla "FIN". Mapa, piataa, charts, ate., may ba fUmad at diffarant raductlon ratioa. Thoaa too iarga to ba antiraly included In ona axpoaura ara fllmad baglnning in tita uppar iaft hand corner, loft to right and top to bottom, as many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama iliustrata tiia mathod: las cartas, piancltas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmte A das taux da rMuct'ion diffirants. l.ort<|ua la document ast t/op grand pour Atra raproduit an un saui clicM, il ast filmA A partir da i'angia supArlaur gaueha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut an baa, •!% itranant la nombra d'Imagaa nAcassaira. Laa diagrammaa suivants llluatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 SYNOPSIS or THB • '1 NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS: PART II., COlfPRISINO THE LEOIDEAOEI, AND (IN FABT) THE ORAPHIDAODX ; BT EDWARD TUCKERMAN, M. A., ACTHOB or OBMIRA LICHBMUM. >'. ^M NEW BEDFORD, MASS. E. AMTHOMT A SONB, PBINTKR8. 1888. V. 'JS' !•••• ••••# COPTBIOHT BT HnrST WXLUT, VKW BKDTOra>. MAM., IM. W0BK8 OH UCHENS BT PB0FE8S0B TVGKEBMAH. Oenera LicHKivuii. Price $3.00. Obs. Lkchenologicjb in Proc. Am. Acad. Parts 1, 8, 4, 5. Price 25 cents each. Hawaiian Lichens ^n the same. Price 25 cents. Lichens of Caufobnia, &o. Price 25 cents. Lichens of Wilkes Expl. Exp., with plates. Price $2.00. LiCHENES Am. Sept. Exsic. Vol. 2 and 8. Price $5.00 each. Of most of the above there are bat few copies remaining. Application may be made to E. Nelson, Book- seller, Amherst, Mass. Synopsis of the Nobth American Lichens, Part I., Pub- lished by S. E. Cassino, Boston, Mass. /4;39 PREFACE. Part I. of the Synopsis of the North American Lichens by Professor I'^clward Tuckerman, of Amherst, was published in 1882. He worked uiH>n the second part nearly up to the time of his death, March loth, 1886. It was found that the manuscript left by him contained the Lecideacei and a portion of the Grapliidacei, leaving the Genus Graphis in- complete. It has been thought that the publication of this manuscript would be to tL advantage of Science, and it has ' been placed in my hands for that pur}M>se. It should be understood, however, that the work had uot been subjected to the thorough revision it would have undergone before its publication by the author, in regard to which there were many pencil notes on the manuHcrii^t. I give his manuscript just as left by him. But I have given as additions such descrip- tions of some of the new species which I have seen, as I am able to, with the names of the species indicated to be studied, which I have not seen. I have also thought it would be acceptable to Students of Lichens to add as an appendix the descriptions of such North American Lichens not embraced in this work as are contained in I*rofessor Tuckerman's occasional publications, which are not easily to be obtained. There is a note in the manuscript of reference to be made to the articles on the Behring Strait Lichens by Nylander in Flora, 1884, and Professor Tuckerman would doubtless have availed himself of Nylander's more recent work on these Lichens had he lived. HENRY WILLEY. New Bedford, Mass, 1888. Tribe II.-LSOIDXAOXI. Fam. 3. — LECIDEEI. ThalluH crustaceous ; now lohulato, or, very rarely, cauleHcent, hut for the most part, uniform ; adnate to the Huhstrate. — Some remarks on the family may l)e turned to in the author's Genera Lichenum, p. 151. Suh-Fam. 1. — BiKOMYCEi. Apothecia prolonged downwards into a stalk (i.e. stipitatc.) The types here understood as Bieomyceine are suffi- ciently well distinguished from each other, and are very commonly regarded as indicating four genera. But Bceomyces ro»eu8 (constituting the genus BcBomyc&< of Fries, Koerber, &c.) is closely associable in all im- portant structure — ^the abnormal cephaloid exhibition of the apothecia being left out of account — not only with B. absolutus, but with B. aerufftnosus (Icmadophila^ Trev., of Koerb, &c.) and the chief structural difference between the species named and B. plac(yphyllu8^ &c. (^Sphyridium^ Flot,, Koerb., &c.) is in the greater or less density of the tissues of the hypothecium and the stipes. The South American Glossodtum, Nyl. Syn.^ 1, p. 184, t VI., f. 5, 6 (Lindig Herb. JV. Gran. n. 2745), which offers zeorine apothecia, appears compar- able in this respect as in its h3rmenium however striking the unilateral attachment of the latter with B. AeruginoauSy nor widely separable in its hypothecium. Gomphillus^ Nyl., and Thysanothecium, Berk. & Mont., which the author first named has admitted into his Bceomyceiy are unknown here ; if not also too dis- crepant from the Sub-family. fl BiEOMYCES. XLVII. — BJCOMYCES, Pcth., rK\ AiKithccia patelliefomi, margined by a propter cxciple ; or, rarely, cephaloid and immarginate ; more or letfH diHtint'tly Htipitato. SporeH (in 8uf>-cylindraceouM thcken) from ellipMoid Hul>-fu8iform, from Mimplo 2-4- locular, colourloMH. Spcrmatia (ho far as ohncrvcd) oblong, on multi-artieulate HtcrigmaM. ThalluH hori- zontal, cruHtaecouH, lolied, or uniform. OWrvationM on the anatomy of the genua may be found in Nylander 8yn» 1, p. 176, Ac^jMsaim. 1 . B. placophyUus^ Ach. ; thallus snb-foliaceous, tbickish, orbicular, wrinkled and plicate, glaucous-virescent, the circumference constituted of rounded, sub-imbricate, flexuous lobules ; apothecia stipitate, pileate, reddish-brown, the compressed stipe beset with glebous squamules. Spores from ellipsoid soon oblong, simple, 10-15 by 2^-3^ mic. Ach. Meth.f p. 323, t. 7, f. 4; L. U., p. 574. Biatora, Fr. L. E., Ttickerm. Lick ex9. n. 42. Sphyridium, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 327. Sterile earth on slides, and on banks of streams, in the White Mountains, N.H., TucJcerman Syn. N.E., 1848. 2. B. By88oidea (L.) Schser. ; thallus crustaceous, effuse, granulose, greenish-glaucous, the glebous granules becoming squamaceous and crenate-lobulate (now sorediiferous) ; aiK>thecia (smaller than in n. 1) pileate from brownish- flesh coloured at length dark-brown, now conglomerate, the compressed, furrowed stipes mostly naked, now divided above, and now obsolete. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, simple, 7-12 by 3-4 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 257 (mb Biatora.) Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 41. Boeomyces rufaa^ Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 176, t. l,f. 12-14. On the earth, rocks, and dead wocd, common in mountain- ous regions. New York, Hcdaey, View, 1823. Mountains of New Hampshire, Tuckerman. North Carolina mountains, Buckley. Mountains of Oregon, HaU. 3. B. roseusj Fers. ; thallus effuse, contiguous, granulate B.£OMYCES. f and waited, glaucoua ; apothecia stipitate, the stipea white, nakiHl, crowned by cephaloid and ininiar|i(iDate, globular soon balloon>8haped, fleHb-coloured aiwthecia. 8iM>re8 in mtrh- narrowed thekes, slender, fusifonn-oblong, simple, 16-1*() by 2-8 mic. Ach. L. U. p. 572. Tuckerm. txa. n. 40. Nyl. Syn. i, p. 479. h. fungoidtt; granules of the thallus rimning together and glebous, white ; the stipes longer, and often clothed with the granules. Bcemycea., Ach. L. U. p. 572. Nyl. Syn. 1. p. 179 J A in Lindig Herb. X. Gran. n. 708, 2567. On sterile earth, common. Middle States, MuMenberg, Catai. ?818; Torrey. New England and Virginia, Tucker- man. North and South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. b, on mountains in tropical countries. Mexico {Humboldt) y Nylauder, Syn. 1858. 4. B. abaolutusy Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous, effuse, very thin and sub-meniV^anaceous, greenish ; apothecia short-stipitate, flat, bticoming flexuous, pale-Hesh coloured, the thin, demiss margin disappearing. Spores ellipsoid and oblong-ellipsoid, simple, 10-16 by 4-6 mic. Suppl. 2, 1, c. p. 201 y & in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 23, 24. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 178, & in Lindig Herb. N. Chan. n. 2587. BicUora icmado^ phila, V. atipitata, Mont. & Tuck, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4, 8, p. 298. On sand, Alabama {Peter b), Tuckerman I. c. 1859. On wet rocks. North Carolina, Curtis. Found also on the earth, in tropicfd America; Venezuela, Fendler; Island of Cuba, Wright; New Granada, Lindig. 5. B. ceruginosus (Scop.) DC. ; thallus tartareous, rugose- granulate and warted, greenish-glaucescent and white ; apothecia sessile or now sub-stipitate, ample, rosy-flesh coloured and paler (now discoloured) the flattish, wrinkled disk bordered by a thin proper margin, and more or less by a flexuous thalline one, or now finally turgescent and im- marginate (now conglomerate). Spores from oblong becoming fusiform, and from commonly 2-4 locular, 20-30 by 4-6 mic. Lecidea, Schcer. Spicil., p. 177. BicUora 8 BIATOREI. icmadophUa, Fr. L. E. p. 259. Tuckerm. Lkk. eau. n, 43, Baomyce$^ Nyl Syn. i, p. 183. Rotten wood in moist mountain forests, where also on Sphagnum, and on the earth, Muhlenberg CcUal. 1818. Canada, AgaMiz. Arctic America, Bichardeon. Rooky Mountains, Brandegee. West Coast, from Oregon to Sitka, Hallt Ac. Sub-Fam. 2.— Bi atore i. Apothecia gessile ; the exciple paler than the disk. XLVIII.— BIATORA, Fr. Apothecia Hoftish, readily turgescent and finally ccphaloid ; variouHly coloured. Spores either ellipsoid, and simple (§2) or more or less oblong, and biloci'lar (§3) or quadrilocular (§4) or fusiform passing into acicular, and finally plurilocular (§5) or very minute and numerous in the thekes (§6) colourless. Spermatis exhibiting conditions of all the types. Thallus now lobulate (§1) as are also rare exceptions in §2 ; but, for the most part, uniform. Fries \Lich. Eur. pp. 247- 251) has considered at length the distinction of the large group before us ; and some observations upon it may be turned to in the present writer's Genera, p. 154. Whether, with Koerber, and most recent lichenologists, it be elevated — however commingled with eulecideeine and even Parmelieine elements, as they are here regarded — to the rank of a family, or, with Nylander, and others, reduced to only a section of a genus, it is evident that these more modem arrangements take their start fi'om Fries's thought, and more or less represent it. Only the scarcely explained disposition of Dr. Th. Fries (Ltch. Scand.) seems quite irreconcilable. BUTORA. • * Ptora. ThaXlu* mjuamuloae ; rnore or U*i lobfd. t Rock and earth lichens. 1 . B. caulophytta, Tuckerm. ; thallus of erect, stipitate, comprrHHetl, (^reeniHb-glaucescent and cineraAccnt \o\ie», which are dihitcd and lobulate above, and crowded toffother there into a plicate white-mealy crust ; apothecia of middling ttize, elevated-Hessile, the disk reddish-black, the stout, pale margin soon also blackening. Spores ovoid-elli|Mtoid, 7- 1 3 by 4-6 mic. Obs. Lich. 4, I. c. 12^ p. 178. Rocks, Sierra Nevada, California (Bolander) 'I\ickerman I. c. 1877. Apothecia exceeding at length 2^'^- in width. 2. B. airo-rufa, (Dicks.) Fr. ; thallus of small, cartila- gineouB, roundish, adnate, crenate and lobulate, now sub-imbricate scales which run together into a euntiguous crust more or less ettigurate at the circumference, pale- whitish to dark-brownish-ash coloured, on a black hypo- thallus ; apothecia middling-sized, soon closely appressed and explanate, fluBlly often tumid, and confluent in difform masses, dark reddish-brown and black, the thin margin early disappearing. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 12-18 by 5-7 mic. Lecidea, Schaer. Sjncil. p. 123. Nyl. Scand. p. 198. On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains, Tuckerman, Syn. 1848. Tadousac, Canada,.^. T. Drummond. Rocky Mountains, Brandegee. Greenland, Vahl, e Th. Fr. 3. B. Petri, Tuckerm. ; thallus of middling-sized, mem- branaceous-cartilagineous, from orbicular becoming oblong- difform, undulate-lobate, incumbent or loosely imbricate, concave scales, pale-greenish glaucescent running into brownish, beneath clothed with a thin, brown hypotballus ; . apothecia middling-size-i, rather elevated, polished, the flat, blackish-rufous disk excluding finally the stout, flexuous, black margin. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 9-11 by 4-5 mic. Obs. Lick. 4, I. c. 12, p. 179, Upon mosses in calcareous regions. Moulton, Alabama (Hon. T. M. Peters) Tuckerman, I. c, 1877. Thallus with mucb the habit of growth, and coloration of Endocarpon arboreum, Schwein. ; the scales, as seen, about 2-4™™* in 10 BIATORA. ividth. Apothecia l"™"* to 2™'"' 5, wide. 4. B. lurida, (Sw.) Fr. ; thallus of almost ample, thickish closely adnate, rounded, sinuately lobed, imbrioately in> cumbont scales, from pale passing into dark-lurid brown, opakc, beneath white ; apothecia middling-sized, adnate, flat, from reddish-brown soon black, becoming convex, and the originally obtuse margin disappearing. Spores oblong- ovoid, 12-16 by 5-7 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 253. Lecidea^ Schifir. Spicil. p. 108. On the earth in calcareous districts throughout Europe, but not reported from Greenland, nor known here: being yet possibly represented by two specimens from the Rocky Mountrins (Colorado, Brandegee) and one from Oregon {Cusick) in herb. Sprague, which seem scarcely to differ. The lichen is distinguished from the next following one by its thinner, closely appressed, lurid and dull thallus, llattish apothecia, and rather larger spores. 5. B. globifsra^ (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus of ample, thick, cartilagineous, reniform, more or less polished, lobed, im- bricate, ascending scales, from pale-greenish, soon reddish- chostuut, beneath white ; apothecia middling-sized, elevated, globose, sub-immarginate, blackening, with now a greenish tinge. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 10-14 by 5-7 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 254. Lecidea, Schoer. Spicil. p. 109. b. rubiformis^ Fr. ; the reduced scales thicker, paler, and conspicuously white-margined ; the apothecia more or less conglomerate. Nyl. Scand. p. 193. Lecidea^ Wdld.^Th. Fr. Scand. p. 412. On the earth in calcareous districts, especially abundant on 'the Pacific coast. North AiM-rica, Acharius, Syn.^ 1814. Greenland, Fa/ti, e Th. Fr. I. c. Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, j*ringle. Rocky Mountains, Brandegee. California, Bolander. Oregon, Cudck. Thallus 4-6'n™' in width. b, Greenland, VahU I. c, and elsewhere in Arctic America, Th. Fr. in Journ. Linn. Soc., Loud., 1879. And scarcely different in the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, Brandegee. 6. B. Inridella, Tuckerm. ; thallus of small, thickish, BIATORA. 11 apprcssed, rounded, from glebous Anally crenate-lobate, and 8ub-iinbricate scaled, from tawny pattsing into dark-red. now suffused Vo'itb white, beneath white ; ai>otiieciu minute, adnate, convex, t>u>>immarginate, black. S|)ore8 ovoid, 7-1 1 by 4-6 mic. Obs. Lich. 2., I. c. 5, p. 418 {sub Lecid.) Gen. p. 156. On calcareous earth, Rockv Mountains, in New Mexico (Fendler) Tuckerman /. c. 18f>2. On the Snake fork of the Columbia river, Hayden. Colorado, Brandegee. Mt. Kilter, California, Bolander. Thallus scarcely exceeding 2"""- in width. Apothecia 0"""- .'i-O™""- 7 in width. 7. B. rufonigra, Tuckerm. ; thallus of small, irregular, scattered or crowded soon ascendant and imbricate, contiave, round-lobed, smooth ocales, brownish-yellow passing into blackish-olivaceous al>ove, the pale edges soon livid and blackening, the black under side clothed more or less with a blackening hypothallus ; apothecia middling-sized, adnate, flat, from dark-rufous soon black and convex, and the thin margin excluded. Spores from ellipsoid at length oblong, 8-14 by 5-7 mic. Syn. N. E. p. 53. Rocks, New England, Tuckerman Enum. Lich. N. E., 1838. Lake Superior, Agassiz. Lake Athabasca, Macoun. Middle States, Michener; Atistin; &c. Carolinas, Tennessee, and Georgia, Ravenel. Illinois, and Missouri, Hall. Texas, Wright. Arizona, Pringle. British Columbia, Macoun. Scales of the thallus scarcely more than 2'"">- wide. 8. B. scotopholis, Tuckerm. ; thallus areolate-squamulose, blackish-chestnut, the minute, thin, rounded, polished, dis- crete scales becoming elevated at the edges, crenate-lobate, crowded, and sub-imbricate, upon a black, fringing hypo- thallus ; apothecia adnate, flat, the rufous disk blackening and filially turgescent, and the stout, crenulate, livid margin disappearing. Spores ellipsoid, 8-11 by 3-5 mic. Calif. p. 25. Sandstone rocks, coast of California, {Bolander) Tucker- man I. c. 1866. Dalles of the Columbia, Oregon, Hall. Thallus scarcely at length reaching 2"""- in width. Apothecia h^ i I IS BIATORA. scarcely 8ur])a8Bing l^'^' in width. The lar<70Ht conditions of the lichen comparable now with small ones of i Itc next species. i). B. Iius8eUu\ Tuckerm. ; thallus >( ample, thick, from rounded variously irregular, discrete finally crowded, appressed but loon ascendant undulate, ruund-lobed, often reticulately furrowed scales, from pale-passiiig into 1)right- reddinh tawny, with white edges, beneath white ; apotheeia of middling size, sessile, soon turgid, rusty-red (nigrescent) with often a greenish bloom, the paler obtuse margin dis- a])pearing. Spores ellipsoid, 9-12 by 4-6 mic. Obs. IJch. ^, /. c. -/,/). 417 {sub Lecidea.) Gen. p. 155. Calcareous rocks, Vermont (Ruaaell) Tuckerman I. c. 18G2. New Jersey, Austin. Maryland, Tuckerman. (Jeorgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. Ohio, Miss Biadlei'ombe. Missouri and Kansas, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Hayden; &c. California, Bolander. British Columbia, Macoun. Apotheeia of the size of those of B. ylobifera; or. from 1™™- 5 reaching 2""»- in width. A state with whitened scales (/. dealbaia) occurs in California, Bolander. The lichen is in several respects comparable with the European B. testacea ; and it also closely approaches the brownish form of B. dedpiens. 10. JB. frenatay (Tayl., Nyl.). Tuckerm. ; thallus of ample, thick, closely adnate, peltiform, sub-entire, brownish-red scales, which are depressed at the margin and conspicuously hollowed at the centre ; apotheeia scarcely at length middling- sized, marginal, sessile, at first flat with an obtuse thalloid border, which is excluded finally by the soon blackening disk. Spores oblong-ovoid, 12-17 by 5-7 raic. Tuck. Gen. p. 156. Endocarpon crenatum & E. Speireum, Tayl. in Hook. Lon. Joiirn. Bat. 6. p. 156. Lecanora Chonion, Ttickerm. Suppl. 2, I. c. p. 425. b. dealbata, Tuck. ; the scales white. Lecidea coroni- formisj Krempelh. exot. Flecht. in Verhaitdl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch, 1864, pi. 4,f.l. On the earth, Prairies of the Blanco, Texas, Wright. Tuckerm. I. c. 1858. Coahuila, Mexico, Dr. Palmer. BIATORA. 18 Scales now exceeding S"""- in width. Closely associable with the la«t, and very near to the next, to which, in far: , the normally coloured Cape of Good lloi)c lichen (Zeyher) was referred (by Laurer?) in herb. Sonder. The whitened condition is perhaps the more frequent here ; it has been minutely described, as above, by Krempelhuber. Taylor's original specimens (herb. Tayl.) fully confirm Nylander's view of the species ; but the name is scarcely a happy one. 11. B. dedpien.'!, (Khrh.) Fr. ; thallus smaller and thinner than that of the last preceding species, the discrete, now at length crowded scales from peltiform variously extended, sinuous, and rouod-lobed, irregularly more or less concave, often furrowed, incarnate-brick coloured (now fuscescent) suffused more or less at the edges with white, and white beneath ; apothccia small to about middling, marginal, adnate, the disk from dark-brown soon blackening and convex, and the obtuse thalloid now white, the margin excluded. Spores oblong-ovoid, 10-16 by H-l mic. Fr. L. E. p. 252. Schoer. Sjiicil. p. 115^ Lecanoray Ach. L. U. On the earth in calcareous districts. North America, Hoffmann D. Fl.^ 1796. Arctic America, Richardson, &c. Island of Anticosti, Macou7i. Niagara Falls, Miss Mary L. Wilson. More common westward, Missouri, and Kansas, Hall. Nebraska, Hayden. Utah, Waison. California, Bolander. British Columbia, Macoun. A wholly whitened form is not rare (f . dealbaJta, Auct. ) Apothecia not much over I"""- Avide. 12. B. icterica, Mont. ; thallus of scarcely the size but much the habit of the species last preceding, the discrete now crowded scales appressed, from round soon extended, and radiately round-lobed, smooth or furrowed, greenish-yellow (becoming darker-yellow, and tawny with age) with raised, paler edges, and white beneath ; apothecia small to almost middling, sessile, from dark rufous nigrescent, soon convex, and the rather stout margin disappearing. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, 12-18 by 5-8 iiiic. Mont. FL CM. VIII., p.. 170, t. 12, f. 4. Lecidea endochlora, Tayl. in Hook. Lond. Joum. Bot. VI., p. 151. Lecanora WnyhZii, Tuck. Suppl. 1,1. c. p. 425. i 14 BIATORA. On the earth, Prairies of the Blanco, Texas ( Wright) Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Arizona, Pringle. Colorado, Brandegee. Kansas, HoUl. Minnesota, Jxipham. And even at the Palisades of the Hudson, New York, Austin. f ■f Lichens of dead to ood. Related together by the thallus, but ill a^aociable, either among themselves or with the first section, by the fruit. 13. B. ostreata, (Hoflfm.) Fr. ; thallus of membranaceous, reniform, soon ascending and imbricate, crenate-lobate, now also reduced and glebous scales, glaucescent becoming tawny, beneath white-powdery ; apothecia of middling size, adnate, flat, the black disk more or less white-pruinose, the persistent margin from white and lecanoroid soon blackening, and flexuous. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, 8-10 by 2-3 mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 242. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 94. On carbon i/.ed pine wood, Vermont (Russell) Tuckerman Oen. 1872. On the same substrate, Mt. Desert, Willey. On the same, Washington Territory, Suksdorf in hb. Sprague. 14. B. anthracophila, Nyl. ; thallus of glebous, thickish, reniform, finally ascending and imbricate, sub-crenate, polished scales, from glaucescent passing into tawny-brown ; apothecia minute, adnate, soon convex, and immarginate, reddish-browu. " Spores fusiform, oblong, 7-13 by 2-4 mic." Nyl. in Flora, 1865, p. 603 ; & in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 169. B. ostreata, v. Cladonioides, Fr. Summ. ; & in Lich. Saec. n. 28, pro p. Lecidea Cladonioides, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 417. On carbonized pine wood, Vermont, Frost. On chestnut rails, Amherst, Mass., Tuckerman. Dead wood, New Bedford, Mass., Wiliey. Base of pine trees. New Jersey, Austin. Apothecia not much exceeding O*"™* 5, in width. The New Jersey lichen might be taken for a reduced state of Cladonia coespitida, f. epiphylla ; and Fries's name indicates the same comparison. But the latter author referred the plant (from the ob\'ious resemblance of the thallus) to B. ostreata; and cannot therefore be cited for it (as in Th. Fr, Scand.) as a distinct speoles. BIATORA. 15 15. B. Frieaii, (Ach.) thallus of minute, glebouB, soon ooncrescent and efflfj^rate crowded Anally and sub-imbricate, membranaceous scales, from glaucescent becoming olivaceous brown ; apothecia small, thin, flat, black, opake, with an elevated, persistent margin, soon rugose-plicate, diffomi, and heaped. SiK>res ellipsoid, 7-9 by 3-4 mic. Lecidea myrmecina, Fr. L. E. p. 344. L. Friesii^ Ach. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 416. Dead pine wood, Ipswich, Mass., Oakes. Bark of White Cedar, New Bedford, Willey. Apothecia scarcely exceeding imm. in width. * * Eubiatora. Thallua granuloses now much reduced, or disappearing; but now ascending to squamulose types, as in nos. 16, 17, 20, 59, and 60. t Sjiores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple. a. iStock of B. coarctata. 16. B. coarctata, (Sm. Nyl.) Thallus of minute, squam- aceous areoles, now scattered, and often crenate-ettigurate, but passing into a contiguous chinky crust, from glaucescent soon ash coloured ; apothecia small to minute, adnate, counivent, becoming open and gyalectiform, and finally flat, often difiForm, from pale-flesh coloured black, clothed with an accessory thalline veil, or, this disappearing, lecideoid. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid 14-23 by 7-11 mic. Lecidea, Nyl. Scand. p. 196. Th. Fi'. Scand. p. 447. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 104. b. Brujeriana, Schaer. ; thallus granulose, or obsolete ; apothecia reaching middling size, at length elevated, black, and more or less flat, with a stout margin soon variously flexuous-irregular, the thalline margin wanting. Schcer. Enum.p. 77. Lecidea Brujeriana, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 449. Lime-rocks, Vermont {Frost) Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Granitic rocks, Massachusetts, and Maine, Willey; and Pennsylvania, Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt. On the earth, California, Bolander. Rocks, Washington Terr., Suksdorf. b, Sand- rock (resembling the rock of the Vosges on which this marked form was first found). Aiken, South Carolina, 1$ BIATORA. Jtavenel. The proper exciple is the most pronounced of the fruit-envelopes, and the biatorine affinity the most clear ; but this leaves undisturbed the curious resemblance to OycUecta. Some wruers note a double margin exterior to the proper one ; and if I recognize this structure correctly in one of our forms (Grand Menan, Willey) the intermediate envelope seems by its pale-brown colour to suggest (the connivent disk shewing also often a white, powdery veil) some Thelotrema. h. Stock of B. granulosa. 17. B. glebuloaa, Fr. ; thallus of appressed, from glebous soon extended, lobed and crenate, thickish scales, which are crowded together convex and variously contorted at the centre, but efBgurate at the circumference, glaucous, and white; apothecia appressed, ample, flat, an obtuse, paler margin bordering a pale-flesh coloured, reddish, lurid-brown, or finally black disk, which is at length convex, often con- ^ glomerate. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 10-12 by 5-6 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 252. Lecidea Salweii, Borr.; Leight. Lick. Fl, Brit. p. 249. Biatora Wallrothii^ Koerb. Syst. p. 193. On the earth on the Pacific Coast. California (B0lander) Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Oregon, Hall. Washington Terri- tory, Suksdorf. 1 have seen but few spores. 18. B. granulosa, (Ehrh.) Poetsch ; thallus tartareous, eflfuse, of hemispherical, soon dilated and wart-like, irregularly sub-lobate and sub-imbricate, greyish-white and ash coloured, smooth granules, bursting often into more or less greenish powdery heaps ; apothecia at length middling-sized, appressed, flattish, brick-coloured, flesh-coloured passing into livid, oli- vaceous-brown, anJ. black, with a thin, elevated margin which is soon excluded, and the fruit turgid, difform and con- glomerate— the thallus at length crowded into little gray cushions interspersed among black ones of the heaped apothecia. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 9-15 by 5-7 mic. Ach. L. U. p. 383 {sub Lecanora) Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 37. Biatora decolorans, Fr. L. E. p. 266, a & b. On turfy and sandy soil, and also on dead mosses, and BIATORA. 17 (tend wcmkI, especially in mountainous districts. Arctic America (Richardson) Hooker, /. c. 1H23. Canada, ^1. T. Drummond. New England, Tuckerman. New York, Peck. New .Jersey, AiifUin. Pennsylvania, Michener. Kocky Mountains, Bourgeau. Oregon, Hall. \**>. {h) B. jlexHosa, Fr. ; thallus thinner than in the last, the granules smaller, often flattened into sub-ettigurute areoles, or crowded and somewhat rugose-plicate, greenish- gray or grayish-green, bursting often intthallus ; apothecia reaching middling size, sessile, pale-yellowish-brown (and blackening) disk, bordered by a thin, transversely striate black margin, which is finally excluded, and imi>o8ed upon a blackish-brown liypothecium. Spores ovoid, 12-16 by 6-8 mic. Oba. Lich. a, I. c. 6*, p. 274; & in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 189. Trees, (Cuba, Wright) Caloosa river, Florida, Austin. 23. B. Jiyj)omela, Nyl. ; thallus contiguous, chinky and granulate, greenish-glaucescent, cinerascent, and brownish ; apothecia middling-sized, appressed, flattish, the disk from bright-passing into lurid-tawny-dark-chestnut and blackish- brown, bordered by an obtuse, livid, blackening margin, and finally convex, and proliferous, imposed upon a black hypo- theciinn. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 10-18 by 6-10 mic. Nyl. Lich. exot. I. c. p. 223, & in Prodr. N. Gran. p. 57. Trees. Houston, Texas, ^aveneZ; ^aW. Darien, Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Beaumont. Florida, Austin. The spores of the original lichen of Nylander {Ldch. exot.) are noted as almost twice larger; but this difference dis- appears in a specimen from Cuba detcnined by the author of the species, the spores of which agree in size with those of the more northern specimens described above. 24. B. peliaspis, Tuckerm. emend.; thallus thin, rugose- verruculose, glaucescent (or obsolete) ; apothecia small to minute, sessile, plano-convex, disk dark-livid-fuscescent, naked or delicately white-pruinose, the thin, blackening, and so BIATORA. hri^lit and fltiftUy floxuouH margin at h>ii)^h (IcniiHH and d'8- appcnring, the thick hypothpciuin blackiHii-hrown. K|N)reM vnrioiiH in 8lia|)o and Mze, finally acntate-ellipHoid, i\-l'2 liy i\-V, iiiic, |)ara|)liyB(*H conglutinat(>. B. j)elianjn» mic. Fh Snjtpl. p. 105, t. 42,/. Id. Nifl. Enum. Hunnot, p. 14. Leight. Lich. Fl. Brit. p. 298. Trees, Mexico, Tx'ighton, /. c. , 1871. I have what I take for this lichen from Louisiana, Hale; and Florida, Avstin ; agreeing very well with other specimens referable here from Brazil, Herb. V. d. Bosch, and Herb. Kunz., and no less with the Irish plant (Herb. Taylor). 26. B. nissula, (Ach.) Mont. ; thallus sub-cartilagineous, rimose-areolate soon granulate and rugose (rarely soredii- ferous) greenish-ashcoloured, liniited more or loss by the blackening hypothallus ; apothecia small to middling-sized, sessile, smooth, flat, a little concave, becoming flexuous and lobed, or also convex, and the thin, soon inconspicuous mar- gin disappearing, scarlet, within yellow. Spores from ellipsoid soon oblong, 8-12 by 3-4 mic. Ach. L. U. p. 197; Syn. p. 40. Trees, North America, Acharius Syn. 1814. First obser\-ed in the warmer regions of South America, this is found also in .lapan {Wright) in Portugal and the South of France (Nyl.) and here nearly throughout the United States. Florida, Chapman. Alabama, Beaumont. South Carolina, Ravenel. North Carolina, Curtis. Rocky Mountains, Parry. Ohio, Lea. New Jersey, Austin. New York, Sartwell. BIATORA. tl 27. B. cinnabarina, (Somiiiorf.) Fr. ; tliAlliiH cffiiHo, thin, chinky, 8, kikI nif;(Nt4'-v(>rniciil(W(>, );lntU'oui»- whitiHh ; a|H)tbeoin Hinall toiiii(hllii>x-Hizi', and at length flpxuouB-h)batt>, and prnlifcrouH, within pale. Spores oblong, H-12 by 2-.'J niic. Lecideo, Smnmerf. iMpp. p. 170. Biatora, Fr. L. E. p. 2fHi. Koerb. Synt. p. 206. Lecidea, Th. Fr. Sraud. p. 422. Trees, in the colder regions of the northern hemisphere ; as also in the Australian alps, (ireenland (Vahl) Th. Kr. /. c. 18G1. British Columbia, 3faeoun. Oregon, Lynll. 28. B. c«7>rea, (Sonimerf.) Kr. ; tbnllus tartareous, of contiguous, sub-lobate granules, milky-white (becoming yellowish with age) ; aiK)thecia small to almost middling- sized, adnate, hemispherical, immnrginate, ochrnceous-rufous passing into dark-ferrugineous, reddish-brown, and blackish, often conglomerate. S|>ore8 from ellipsoid soon oblong, 12-1') by 3-6 mic. Lecidea, Sommerf. Lajtp. p. 165. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 426. Biatora, Fr. L. E. p. 265. On the earth in alpine and arctic regions. Oreenland {Vahl) Th. Fr. 1. c. 1861. Islands of IJehriug's Straits, Wright. 29. B. vemalis, (L.) Fr. ; thallus thin, now contiguous and chinky, but oftener minutely granulose, from pale be- coming ashy-greenish, and glaucescent; apothecia small, soon turgid and excluding the obtuse margin, often clustered and conglomerate, from pale-yellowish-soon tawny-and reddish-brown, and now finally blackening. Spores ellipsoid becoming oblong, often bilocular, 12-18 by 4 6 mic. Fr. Summ., a; L. E., b; Lich. Suec. n. 224. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 44. Upon mosses, and bark ; more rarely on dead wood. Arctic America {Richardson) Hooker, /. c. 1823; Vahl; Wright. Anticosti, Macoun. Canada, Agassiz* New Eng- land, Tuckerman. New York, Peck. New Jersey, Austin. Ohio, Lesquereux. 30. B. sanguineo-atra, (Fr.) Tuckerm. ; thallus thickish. BIATORA. •iM of lii>a|>e(t, coaleMCiMit (granules, from ^reen tM'coiniiiff Kray ; a|M>tlH'(MK rrac-hing niUldlinft hizc, tlattish, but — the tiiiii mar^rin arinf{ — mmmi convex, dark-riiiity brown, cimen from the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado (Brandegee in herb. Sprague) with the thallus of Lecid. miscella, Sommerf., agrees entirely with the present in On BIATORA. tl the char«ct«iiatioftl broft4l>llinl»t« H|N)reH, and the pale hypo- tht-c'iiim. There are other iiu>int)erH of the present M>rieH, an here underatood, in which the thalluM iit Hcareely devt* lo|>ed, or only hy|M>phlH>oua. In part, theae are couinion to uh with Kiirope : time muat decide whether thia be not the cam> with the othera also. H.'i. B. camulenta, Tuckerm. ; thnlliia obttolete ; u|M)tlu'cia Biiiall to minute (()""»•, A — O"™"".^ g wide) adniite, convex, the soon naked (lisk pale-livid-flesh-coloured, the demiHH mar);in indicated by its darker colour, or <|uite diHap|H>arin^, the hypothecium colourlestt. SiM>re8 ovoid-ellipHoid, 7-11 by 8-5 niic. Oba. Lick. 4, I. c. J2yp. 170. On dead, soft wood. White Mountains, TwrAermaw, /. r., 1877. On the name substrate, MiutsachuHettH, Maine, and New York, Willey. Illinois, Hall. With this I ussociate for the present a lichen of dead wckhI, in most respects similar, but differing in brown, rusty-brown, and at length blackening a|M)thecia, which the agglutinate paruphyses, pre- vent my referring to the European B. phwoHtiyma, Koerb. ; inadequately exhibited in the published exsiccati. 34. B. punctella, Willey ; thallus obsolete ; apotheeia very minute (0™™-, 1 — O™"™-, 2) adnate, convex and imnmrginate, from livid-pale soon black, the hypothecium colourless. Spores ellipsoid, 5-7 by 3 mic, the few paraphyses con- glutinate. Willey msc. On dead wood, New Bedford, Mass., Willey. Our smallest Biatora. 35. B. turgidula^ (Fr.) Nyl. ; thallus thin, scurfy, whitish, or obsolete ; apotheeia small to minute, adnate, from tiattish soon turgid, and now tuberculate, immarginate, from pale- brownish or rufescent becoming black, more or less white- pruinose, for the most part dark within. Spores ellipsoid and oblong-ellipsoid, 6-12 by 3-5 mic. Lecidea, Fr. Koerb. Syat. p. 243. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 469. L. vernaliH^ v. turgidula, Nyl. Scand. p. 201 . On the bark of coniferous tr'ses^ and on dead wood. 24 BIATORA. Greenland {VaU) Th. Fr. ?. c, 18G1. On bark of White Cedar, and on dead, soft wo(mI, Massachusetts, and New Hi ni|)8hire, Willey. On dead wood, Illinois, Hall. On Librocedrrts, California, Bolander. On other coniferous trees, VV^aHhinf^ton Terr., Suksdorf. The paler-fruited specimens are so far suHlcieiitly marked ; but appear scarcely separable. { X Thallus more or less fuscescerU. 36. B. rivulosa^ (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus tartareons, areolate- rimosc pussing now into verrucose, now glaucescent, cream- coloured, or grayish-rufeacent, but more commonly mouse- coloured, or passing finally into blackish-brown, bordered and docussnhHl by the black hypothallus ; apotbecia middling- sized, from sessile at length commonly adnate, or elevated? tlattish, tbe disk with a thin, white bloom, or naked, from brownish-fleshcoloured soon blackening, white within, the thin, soon tlexuous margin rarely excluded. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, mostly a little curved, 9-12 by 3-5 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 271. Lecidea, Schmr. Enum. p. Ill {Spicil. p. 131.) b. mollis., Wahl. ; spores smaller, rounded-ovoid, 6-9 by 5-6 mic. Lecidea mollis, 2fyl. Scand. p. 223. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 451. Rocks. Arctic America (Richardson) Hooker I. c. 1823. New England, Tuckerman. Pennsylvania, &c., Muhlenberg, &c. Mountains of North Carolina, Herb. Willey. Aiken, South Carolina, liavenel. b. alpine rocks,\Vhite Mountains, Tuckerman. The v. Kochiana, Fr., {Lecidea Kochiana, Nyl. /. c, L. lygwa, Th. Fr. I. c.) with a smoother, broken but scarcely areolnte thallus, and apothecia more or less innate and soon immarginate, has not been observed here. .'17. B. /eitcop/ta'a, Floerk. ; "thallus verrucose or verrucose- areolate, scattered or conglobate, cinerascent, upon a black hypothallus ; apothecia small, aduate or appressed, per- sistently or long flat, with a thin margin, rufous-brown, brown or livid-black, or black, the exciple pale or more or less brownish, white within. Spores ellipsoid, or oblong, 9-14 by 5-7 mic." Lecidea, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 458. Biatora panwola, Fr. L. E. p. 273, a. L.panceoloides, Nyl. BIATORA. tft Scand. p. 193. b. griseoiUra, Koerb. ; thallus thicker, gray or blackish- gray ; a{>othecia larger, often angulate or tlexuous, blackish when dry, more or less dark-blackish-purple when moist, often polished. Th. Fr. I. c. Granite rocks in mountainous and arctic regions. Arctic America, (b) Th. /?V»€s in Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 1879. 38. B.fuaceacens, (Sommerf.) Fr. ; thallus sub-determinato, of minute, sparse, whitish granules, scattered over a blacken- ing hypothallus which lends colour to the whole, but is now obsolete ; apothecia small to minute, superficial, plano-convex, brown soon blackening, the thin margin hnally diHappearing, the bypothecium colourless. Spores ellipsoid, or globular, " 6-10 by 4-7 mic." Leddea, Sommerf. JSuppl. Lapp. p. 161. Biatora, Fr. L. E. p. 273. On the young bark of Birch ( Sommerf elt ; Fries) and often trees and shrubs (Nylander ; Th. Fries) in the extreme north of Europe, Also in Greenland {Vahl) Th. Fries I. c. 1801 ; but not as yet known elsewhere in North America. 38. (b) B. Paddenais^ Tuck., in lift. ; thallus of scattered, cartilagineous, at length flattened granules, glaucescent, and white, the hypothallus indistinct ; apothecia middling-sized (0"""', 5-1"""' in width) sessile, from flat when often per- sistently so and the margin finally flexuous, passing into convex and the margin disappearing, from pale tawny often livid passing into dark-red and blackish, the hypothecium colourless. Spores in 8^, globular at length ovoid, simple, 6-10 by 6-7 mic, & finally more elongated, and c. 10-12 by 4-6 mic, the slender paraphyses cong'utinate. On dead, coniferous wood, Mt. Paddo, Washington Terri- tory, IF. N. Suksdorf, in herb. Sprague. It is not easy to reduce this lichen to the tiny arctic one with which it is here associated, but the former is scarcely more than a coarser and higher-coloured state of B. fuscescens. 39. B. Nylanderi, Anz. ; thallus effuse, of very minute, ashcoloured and whitish granules ; apothecia small, at length i 16 BUTORA. adnate, flat, but soon convex, excluding the originally pale margin, brownish-rufous, within pale. Spores glol)08e, 5-7 naic. in diameter. Leddea, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 462. L. Jkisceacena, Nyl. Prodr. p. 117, not of Sommerfeh . Bark of Pitch Rne, Cambridge, Mass., Tucke^man Oen. 1872. On the same bark. New Bedford, Willey. 40. B. Tomoenais, (Nyl.) Th. Fr. : thallus of flattened granules crowded and confluent into an irregular, now areolate-rimose crust, olivaceous-brown ; apothecia small to minute, superficial, convex becoming irregularly tuberculate, and immargiuate, sanguineous-rufous aud blackening, palles- cent toward the base more or less, finally confluent into difform masses, pale within. Spores broad-ellipsoid, 17-25 by 10-17 mic. Lecidea Nyl. Scand. p. 195. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 464. On various trees and shrubs, and on dead wood in the extreme north of Europe. Also in Greenland {Vahl) Th. Fr. I. c. 1861 ; as elsewhere in Arctic America, the same, 1879. White Mountains, alpine regions, WiUey. California, Bolander. Washington Territory, Suksdorf. 1 have not seen the Greenland lichen, but all the other North American plants exhibit a well-developed thallus, by no means recog- nized in the European descriptions, although it appears in one of the specimens of Rabenh. exa. n. 879 (B. phoeoatigma, Sweden, Hellbom) which in every other respect agrees with the present species. Hypothallus scarcely determinable in my specimens. 41. B. holopolia, Tuck., in lift.; thallus of coarse, round, discrete, or finally crowded, cartilagineous, olivaceous- brown, and blackening granules (0™"-, 1-3 wide) the hypo- thallus indistinct ; apothecia middling-sized (0™™-, 5-1"""-, 5 in width) adnate, from flat with an obtuse margin finally convex, flexuous-lobate and proliferous, from ferrugineous- rufous, soon blackening, the hypothecium colourless. Spores ovoid, guttated, 9-14 by 4-7 mic, the paraphyses conglutinate. Dead wood in the Yakima region, Washington Territory, Suksdorf in herb. Sprague. BIATORA. 27 42. S. nliginoM^ (Schrad.) Fr. ; thallas effuse, of scattered or hea|>ed, commonly very minute granules, from dark-green passing into olive, finally rusty-brown, and blackish, on a blackening hypothallus ; apothecia small to minute, appressed, flat, but becoming convex, and often clustered, and confluent, from rufous-brown soon blackening, and the thin, pale margin concolorous and disappearing, the hypothecium blackish- brown. Spores from ovoid passing into ellipsoid, 9-15 by 4-7 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 275. Nyl. Scand. p. 198. On turfy earth, sand, charred pine-stumps, and rotting wood. New England, Tuckerman, Gen. 1872 ; Willey. Anticosti, Macoun. New Jersey, Austin. Illinois, Hcdl. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Ravenel. Washing- ton Territory, Suksdorf. 43. B. mj/riocarpoides, (Nyl.); thallus very thin, scurfy, olivaceous-brownish, or obsolete ; apothecia minute, adnate, from flat, and originally dark-livid-brown with a thin darker margin soon convex, turgid, and black, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores ellipsoid and fusiform-ellipsoid, 6-9 2^4 mic. Lecidea, Nyl. in litt. On dead Pine and other wood. Lower and upper country of South Carolina, Ravenel. Massachusetts, Tuckerman. New Hampshire, and New York, Willey. Vermont, Frost, On bark of Oak, Illinois, Wolf. XXX Thallus ochroleucous. 44. B. varians, (Ach.) ; thallus of minute granules which grow together into a thin, cartilagineous, smooth, or granulate- rugose, finally chinky, pale-yellowish, or greenish crust, bordered and decussated by the black hypothallus ; apothecia very minute, (0™''^-, 15-0™™-, 3 wide) adnate, flat, with a thin, demiss margin, but soon convex and immarginate, often clustered and confluent, from p; de-yellowish passing into brown, rufous, and quite black, and the last now whitc- pruinose, colourless within. Spores ovoid and ellipsoid, 7-14 5-8 mic. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 38. Biatora exigua (Ohaub.) Fr. L. E. p. 278. On bark, very common ; and also on dead ^ood. North lAi 1? 88 BIATORA. America, Acbarius I. c. 1814. New England, Tuckerman. New Jersey, Austin. Pennsylvania, Michener. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Maryland, Tuckerm. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama and Florida, Peters^ &c. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, WrigJU. 4;>. B. (juernea, (Dicks.) Fr. ; thallus effuse, of minute, crowded and heaped granules, from greenish becoming pale- brownisL -yellow ; apothecia small, more or less immersed, from Hat with a pale margin soon convex and immarginate, brownish-red, brown, and blackening, pale within. Spores broad-ovoid, exceptionally now reddish, 8-12 by 4-fi raic. Fr. L. E. p. 279. Lecidea, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 425. Pyrrhospora, Koerb. Syst. p. 209. O 1 tiie bark of Pine, and other trees, California, (Bolander) Tuckerman Oen. 1872. The black hypothalline lines observ- able now in the European lichen have not, owing to the conterminous black-edged lichens with which ours grows, been clearly made out in the latter, but the two are q lite the same. A lichen of dead wood in the Mexican island of Guadalupe {Dr. Palmer in herb. Willey) differs in larger, more or less confluent, and not at all powdery granules, quite black but not otherwise distinguishable apothecia, and larger, though similar spores, 10-16 by 6-8 mic. 45. (b) B. Jlavido-livens, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus much as that of the last, and furnished now with black hypothalline lines ; apothecia also not dissiml!j,i- but olivaceous-livid. Spores oblong, 9-17 by 3-4 mic, often sub-bilocular. On Hemiock, and other trunks ; and also rarely on rocks, New Bedford, Willey; who remarks that the thallus is common, but occurs very seldom with fruit. The spores cannot well be reconciled with those of B. quernea. 46. B. lucida, (Ach.) Fr. ; ihallus effuse, of minute scattered granules, which dissolve from the first, upon rocks, into a fine powder, collected now into little heaps, greenish- yellow ; apothecia small to minute, convex, lemon-coloured, becoming pale, and now brownish, and often conglomerate or confluent, the margin very early disappearing. Spores BIATORA. S9 oblong-ovoid, 4-6 by 2-3 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 280. Leddea, Schcer. Spicil. p. 187. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 432. Rocks, in shaded places, as also on the bare roots of trees, and dead wood. Arctic America, (Richardson) Hooker /. c. 1823. New Bedford, Mass., Willey. New York, Peck. XXXX ThaJlus externally deficient. 47. B. calcivora, (Mass., Nyl.) thallus confused with the calcareous substrate ; apothecia small to minute, immersed, or emerging, and at length superficial, flat with a thin, irregular margin, or convex and the margin early disappearing, the disk dark-red (especially when wet) and blackening, the hypothecium rufous-fuscescent. SiK)res ovoid, 12-23 by <>-9 mic. Nyl. Prodr. p. 135; Lick. Par. n. 138. L. immersa, v. calcivora, Scheie^: Spicil. p. 158, pro. p. ; Lich. Helv. n. 201. Calcareous rocks, Moulton, Alabama, Peters. Various in the size, and the generrl exhibition of the apothecia ; and in the dimensions of the sjiores. Our plant is now very like B. Metzleri, Koerb. Parerg. {spedm. p. 162 orig.) but is this, any more than Anz. Ital. n. 267 ("X. immersa, f.") really to be separated in species ? t J J } t Parasitic species. 48. B. oxyspora, (Tul.) ; thallus foreign, but deformed by the parasite and thus passing into small tufts of mostly cucuUate lobules ; apothecia minute, immersed for the most part in the matrix, and flattened, from pale brown at length blackening, immarginate, the hypothecium brown. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid (lanceolate, T^d.) simple, colourless, 16-20 by 5-8 mic. Lecidea, Nyl. Prodr. p. 145; Scand. p. 246. AbrothaUus, Tul. Mem. Lich. p. 146, t. 16, f. 27. On the thallus of Parm lia Borreri, Massachusetts, H. Willey. New Hampshire, J. Blake. Canada, Macoun. The reaction of the hymenium with iodine is blue. ft Biatorina. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, bilocular. X Thallus glaucescent. i I a 80 BIATORA. 49. B. mixta, Fr. ; thallus cartilagiueous, thin, soon granulate and at length rugose-verrucose, whitish ; apothecia small to minute, adnate, disk flat, pruinose, from fleshcoloured passing into livid, and blnekish, the obtuse- at first paler margin Anally exduded, and the fruit turgi(i, pale within. Spores very various, from ellipsoid soon fusiform-oblong not seldom a little curved, 9-16 by 3-4 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 268; & Lk'h. Stiec. n. 40. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 61. B. Gn'ffithii, Koerb. Syat. p. 191. Lecidea tricolor, Nyl. Scand. p. 207. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 574. On living bark, and also, less commonly, on dead wood, New England, Tucker man I. c. 1848; Frost; Willey. Cali- fornia, Bnlander. Oregon, Hall. The species, as here taken, is even more various than in the old world. A New England lichen on dead wood scarcel;^ differs from the type, but the tree-form, though otherwise ill-separable, has spores scarcely other than simple ; and may be called v. Atlantica. And the European !:eheu is even better represented generally by the plant of the west coast, which yet is distinguished by a liraitiug and decussating black hypothallus — v. Pacifica. The same structure appears, if I mistake not, in a Cape of Good Hope specimen ( Wright) referable here. J J TJiallua more or less ashcoloured. .50. B. atropiirpurea, (Mass.) Hepp ; thallus effuse, very thin, membranaceous, soon scurfy, and granulate, and now sorediiferous, ashy-green and fuscesceut, or obsolete ; ai)othecia small, at length adnate, disk flat, often papillate, and now a little convex, and the more or less tumid margin excluded, reddish-brown becoming blackish, pale w^ithin. Spores ellipsoid, ll-TJ by 5-7 mic. Biatorina, Koerb. Parerg. p. 142. Catillaria, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 565. Lecidea intermixta, Nyl. Add. Chil. in Ann. 4, 3, p. 160, fide auct. L. intermixta, v. ligniaria, Nyl. Scand. x>. 194. On bark, and also on dead wood. New England (Frost) Tuckennan Gen. 1872; Willey. Illinois, Hall. ol. B. Lanreri, (Ilepp) ; thallus thickish, rimose, and ru- gose-verruculose, perhaps paler than in the last ; apothecia soon BIATORA. 31 middling-sized, seesilc, the roughieh disk convex, from reddisli-black soon quite black and lecideoid, tlie at tirt>t p&le, smooth, deniisB margin disappearing, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores ellipsoid and fusiform-ellipsoid, 12-28 by 4-8 mic. Catillaria^ Hepp in Am. ex», n. 353 {cit. Th. Fr.) & liabenh. exs. n. 804. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 582. Lecidea intermixta ohsctirior, Nyl. Prodr. p. 105. L. irUermixta, Nyl. Scand. p. 194. On Beech, New England (Frost, &c.) common, Tuckermau Gen. 1872. Canada, A. T. Urumiaond. New York, Peck. California, Bolnnder. Oregon and Alaska, Hall; Prinijle, &c. Well distinguished from the last as well by the structure and habit of the apotlii cia as by the spores. In otherwise similar specimens from Chili {Poe2)]ng) the spores occur still larger, reaching 35 by 14 mic. 52. B. glauco-nigrans, Tnckerm. ; thalius of small, separate, rounded granules, becoming flattened and more or less coalescent, and from glaucescent passing into ashcoloured ; apothecia small to minute, sessile, convex and immarginate, from livid-pale blackening, the border early disappearing, the hypothecium brownish-black. Spores ellipsoid, & oblong-ellipsoid, 6-11 by 2-4 mic. Obs. Lich. 4, I. c. 22, p. 179. Bark of White Pine, & Hemlock, New Bedford, Mass., Willey. Comparable externally to the blackened condi- tions of the next. 53. B. cyrtella, (Ach., Nyl.) ; thalius thin, smooth, chinky becoming granulate, pale to dark-grcenish-ashcoloured ; apothecia minute, soon convex and immarginate, from pale passing now into tawny and rufous and now into livid and blackish, the paler margin early excluded, within pale. Spores from ellipsoid soon oblong, simple or biloeular, 9-14 by 2^-3J- mic. Lecidea, Ach. Meth. p. 07. Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 152. Lecanora, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 294. On bark, New England {Frost) Tuckerman Gen. 1872. New York, Peck. The type, with me, of this species, is a blackish-fruited specimen from Vermont, determined many 32 BTATORA. years since by Dr. Nylander, which accords with the cited, original description of Acharius, and is more easily reckoned biatorine than lecanorine, notwithstanding the difficulty in its associableness with forms of Lecanora athroocarpa. A closer limitation of the two groups, as here exhibited, must be left to the future. 53. (b) B. Pranctacana, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus thick, tartareous, rugose-verrucose, ashcoloured ; apothecia middling-sized (!"""• — \mm.^ 5 ^jde) sessile, flat, with a thick, uneven margin which is soon excluded, and the fruit turgid and varionsly tuberculate, black with a white bloom, pale within. Spores oblong, 13-23 by 3-5 mic. Sandstone rocks, Oakland hills, and at the Cliff-house, San Francisco, California, JBo/awde^'.— — The analogue here per- haps of Mass. Ital. n. 144 {Biatora proteiformis, v. lecideina, Mass.) but a coarser plant, and nothing has occurred answer- ing to his n. 147 (v. compacta, Mass.) throwing important light on the first, and serving to connect it with the B. erysibe, Fr. (Th. Fr. Scand, p. 295.) Still the Californiau lichen is not wholly unlike our darkest B. cyrtella on bark, except in general coarseness, and larger spores. 54. B. Heerii, Hepp ; thallus of minute, rounded, heaped granules, greenish-cinerascent ; apothecia minute, sessile, flat, at first pale, but the disk blackening, and the obtuse margin soon concolorous, within pale. Spores ovoid, 7-11 by 3-6 mic. Lecidea, Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 152. On the thallus of Peltigeroe, New Bedford, Mass., Willey, who has exhaustively determined it also in specimens from Illinois, Wolf; but the material is small. The difference of Lecidea epigena, Nyl. I. c. p. 149, also inhabiting the thallus of Peltigerce, is scarcely well shewn. 55. jB. globulosa, (Floerk.) Hepp; thallus very thin, whitish, or obsolete ; apothecia small to minute, at length adnate, convex and immarginate, within colourless, the younger states now livid-pallescent, and the youngest flat and shewing a thin margin. Spores oblong, 9-12 by 2-3 mic. Lecidea^ Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 149. Caiillaria, Th. Fr. Scand, p. 575. I>i I RIATORA. as On , determined by Nylander. Ill other reHpectH l>oth plants nuillciently a^^ree with the foreign. .')6. B. prasina, Fr. ; thallus effuse, of very minute, noon heaped <;ranuleH, from pale becoming dark-blaekirth-green ; apothecia minute, convex, Hn globular and immarginate, whitish soon livid, brownish, reddish, and black, pale within. Spores ovoid and oblong-ovoid, 7-l.'{ by 2^-.'} mic. IIppp Flecht. Eur. n. 17H. Catillaria, Th.Fr. Scand. p. Lecidea sordideacens, Nyl. in Flora, 1S74, j). 312. Rotten wood of Conifera?. Massachusetts, Willey. Illinois, Wolf. Georgia, liavenel. Washington Territory, Svksdorf. The B. denigrata from Cambridge, Mass., of the author's Gen. p. 161, was confidently so referred, in reliance on a specimen (in which I had not found spores) from liorrer, of his Lecidea synothea (K. Hot. t. 2711) which is cited as the same (specimens being seen) not only by Schterer, Enuvi., but also by Mudd, and Leighton ; but Borrer's lichen proves uncertain (the spores of my specimen referring it in fact to B. umbrina) and our Cambridge plant is only a very dark B. prasina. 57. B. micrococca, Koerb. ; thallus scurfy, and minutely granulose, pale-green and cineraceous ; apothecia very minute, adnate, globular and immarginate, at length a little flattened, often conglomerate and confluent, from whitish soon livid-pale, or yellowish-pale, colourless within. Spores oblong-ovoid and ellipsoid, 7-13 by 2^-3^ mic. Koerh. Parerg. j). 155. Catillaria, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 571. Bark of Pitch Pine, New Bedford, Mass., Willey. And, scarcely distinguishable, but with stouter spores, 10-14 by 4-6 mic, on bark of White Cedar, Hingham, Mass., liusfell. Mi III Thallus ochroleucous. ; 'It 84 niAroRA. •58. B.Jlavenn, Willey ; thalluH thin, riiniilofle, ochroleucous ; apothccia very minute, adimte, hood convex, wnx-coloured, the thin margin disappearing, pale witliin. SiMiveH from ellipHoid becoming oblong, 7-12 by 2-.'l mie. Willey inlitt. (iranite rocks, New Bedford, Mass., rare. Very little is yet known of it. Spores now ^i-Iocular. 1 1 1 Bilimbia . S]»oren fnniform, and finger- shaped^ 4- 9 locvlar. I ThaUua mo,e or lena glancescent. 59. B. molybditia, Tuckorm. herb. ; tlmllus of minute, flattened granules coalescent more or less into a thin chinky crust, pale-leadcoloured ; apothecia small to minute (not exceeding ()"""•, i^ sessile, pnle-yellowish-fleshcoloured, the stout margin equalling the disk, pale within. Spores fusi- form, 4-locular, 11-22 by 3-5 mie. ; the finally lax paraphyses capitulate. On bark, Florida, J. Donnell Smith. Resembling Oyalecta lutea. 60. B. Ravenelii, Tuckerm. in lilt. ; thallus eflfuse, thin, of minute, crowded, greenish-glaurescent granules ; apot'aecia small to minute (scarcely exceeding 0""»-, 5) sessile, concave and flat, pale-flesbcoloured, the thin margin elevated, within colourless. Spores long-ellipsoid and fusiform, 16-25 by 4-5 mie. ; the slender paraphyses at length lax. On sand-rock, Gainesville, Florida, H. W. Bavenel, Esq. 61. B. cupreo-roaella, (Nyl.) ; thallus eflfuse, granulose and verruculose, becoming also compacted and rimulose, greenish- gray, and whitish ; apothecia small, at length adnate, soon convex and immarginate, and finally tuberculate-difform, pale — to yellowish — and reddish-fleshcoloured, the darker margin disappearing, colourless within. Spores from fnsiform- ellipsoid becoming finger-shaped, and at length needle-shaped, -i-locular, 12-22 by 2-3 mie. Lecidea, Stizenb. Lich. sal. p. 9. Bilimbia Bacidioides, Koerb. Parerg. p. 167. On limestone, Orange Co., New York, Austin. Known as M niA'n)RA. 35 Esq. yi't licrc only in tliin Hpceinicn ; nnd thr cimrnrlcr will probnlily need rxtciiMion, at Icuttt in the colour of the tballuH, tlio roHy tint ho coniinon in tlii> Kiiro|H'nn liclirn not yet kimmi here. Connects tlu> |ircH«'nt Hfotion with tlu> ut'xt folluwing, to which it liiiH »Iho hccn referred. <>2. Ji. Hjihii'rohh'H. (Dickn.) ; tliHlliiH of minute, heu|M>d, more or Ichh iit lenjfth confluent frramileH, ^reeniMh-glauccHcent and cineruHcent : apothecia Hnuill, turbid, Huh-glolNwe, at leiii^th cluHten'd and contluent, from pale-Henhcoloured he- coming lawny, nnd rarely rnfewcent, the thin marjjin early excluded, pale within. Spor(<4 ellipHoid pa^rtin^ into fusiform, 4-locular, 14-24 by 4-7 mic. rp<»n turfy earth, and nioHseH on rockn, in hi^fli northern re^ionw. ItHlandH of ltehrin(;'H StraitH, Wriijht. HritiHh Cohnnhia : near Lake Manitoba; & north Shore of J.akc Superi«»r, Macouu. Hocky M(»nntainH, Bnimhijce, And even at the base of the White Mountains, Wilb'ii.' f53. B. hifpnophikt, ('rurn.) ; thalluH of minute, crowded, at length now confluent granules, from green 8otm glaucescent passing into ashcoloured ; apothecia small to minute, now flat and marginate but more coiinnonly convex becoming globular and immarginate, livid-pale, dirty- orownisli, rust- coloured, sanguineous, and black, the hypothecium from colourless passing finally into dark-brown. Spores from ellipsoid at length fusiform, 4-l)-locular, 14-30 by 4-8 mic. Bilimbia sj^hteroides^ max. p., Koerh. Syst. p. 213. On mosses, stones, and on the earth, as also on dead wood, and living bark. Greenland (f . obscurata) ( Vahl) e Th. Fr. /. c. 1861. Canada, and British Columbia, Macoun. IVIore southward, conunon. New England, Tuckerman. New York, Peek. New Jersey, Austin. Ohio, Lenquereux. Illinois, and Kansas, lldll. Hocky Mountains, Macoun. And, closely related, on living bark, Florida, Austin. It is not many years since the rank of this, and the species last preceding, as here received, was first conceded to them by lichenographers. But authors have since gone far the other way. Dr. Th. Fries (Scand. p. 309) making the eighteen species of his Bilimbia proper equivalent to one (the Lecidea Ufi BIA1T)RA. nphtProidfH, Scntut. p. 204) of Nylander. Tlie f^roiip in piir|MW(>ly k«>pt a lariiv oiu> here, for further Htiidy. Some of the re(H>iit (letenninntifMiH of iiiemU'rH of the ^roup, Hnhited now HM H|M'eicK, will wareely In-ar a ehiMe Hcnitiiiy. I^en'dfa nuttpiHvvla^ Nyl. (Ij. mibuletorma, f. venmitu, Stizeiili. liwidin Hnhfiisculn, 'I'h. Kr.) in one of these, in <'itee of more aeeoiint. <»4. U. Xaeyelii, llepp; thalhis of flattened ^raindes, ruiniin^ t<»p>ther into a ehinky enist, ashy-greenish or whitish ; a|M)theeia small, adnate, nuieh crowded together nn. Iff. liilimbia, Th. Fr. Srand. p. 378. B. faifinea, Koerb. Syst. p. 212. On dead wood (at least not differing except in (he substrate from Anz. Venei. n. .58) and also, according to the discoverer, on living bark. New Bedford, Mass., WiUey. fi.'i. B. trachona, Flot. ; thallus scurfy, now passing into granulose, and now becoming contiguous and clunky, pale to dark-greenish-ashcoloured ; apothecia small to minute, adnate, now flat and blnvkish-brown with a paler nuugin, or black with a concolorous one, or at length cephaloid and imniargimite, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Sjwres fusi- form-ellipsoid, and finger-shaped, 4-locular, 12-20 by ii-6 mic. Lecidea, ISthenb. Lich. nab. p. 58. Biatora, Koerb. Syst. p. 197, & Bilimbia coprodes, Parerg. p. 166. On shaded rocks. Massachusetts, Tuckerman Gen. 1872; Willey. New York, W. R. Gerard. Also on dead wood, New Bedford, Mass., Willey. (56. B. verecnnduloy (Th. Fr.) ; "thallus very thin, whitish, or almost obsolete ; apothecia exceedingly minute, sessile, flat, black, naked, with a thin margin, the hypo- BIATORA. 87 thorium rolniirloHH. S|N)n'ii linonr-oliloii);, ohtiiHO nt lN>th •mmIh, 4-h>ciilAr, li-Ifi hy '^^A mir.. th«' h«h»ii trvv pttrnphywH <*oiiH|ii('ii<>iiHly l»n>wii-<'npitiilnt«'." 77i. Fr. inJoum. Linn. Sw. Loud. 1 7, p. .'iHii ; Snntd. p. .'iST. r|K>i) iiKWNVH, (ii'iniH'll Lniid, Arctic Atncricn, Th. Frim, I. r. IM7!». Tlic ori^innl lichen of Kiiiiiiark o<'ctirriMl on Poplar. The upccicH next followiiifj aj^rccn and diffcrH in Hcvcral roHpcctH. 67. li. derliniit, Tnckcrni. ; tImlUiH thin, scurfy, urccninh- fuHccHi'cnt ; a|H)thccia minute (wan-ely excee by '2J-.'JJ^ mic. Lecidea, Turkerm. Gen. p. 1S2. On various barks, Weynn)uth, and New Bedford, MaHH., Willetf. Sent to me as a variety of Lecidea nrdinin, Klot. ; but fuller material removes it from near relation to that lichen. It is comparable rather with the two last preceding species. 68. B. artyta, (Ach.) ; thallus of thiekish, cartilagineous, flattened, separate gramdes which are soon dilated, scpiama- ceous, and sub-lobulate, and run together into an uneven, glaucescent, or cinerascent crust ; apothecia snmll (()"""■, .'1-7 wide) sessile, soon convex, hemispherical, and immarginate, often clustered, from pale-livid j)as8ing into blackish-brown, and black, opake, the hypothecium brown. Spores tinger- shaped, 4-locular, 14-24 by 4-6 mic. Turkerm. Oen. p. 162. Lecidea., Ach. Jj. U.p. 170; Syn.p. 214,ede.scr. B'limbia sabtdosa, Koerh. Sy^t. p. 214; & B. lierfetiana, Koerb. Parery. p. 168. Lecidea .tabidetornm, v. nyncomista, Stizenb. Jjich. sab., p. 3S. Toninia Hyncomiata, Th. Fr. Scnnd. p. 335. On the earth, in high northern regions. Islands of Behring's Straits {Wright) Tuckerman (ien. IH72. Hocky Mountains, Brandegee.-——\\\\i\X Acharius described as his Lecidea artyta was a Swiss lichen from Schleicher. This was i''\ 38 BIATORA. known to Scha?rer {Spidl. p. \fi\) who referred it to his L. snbnletorum b viuacorum (the above-cited f. st/rn'omista of Stizenberger.) And Schierer also publislied this in his Exsiccati {Lich. Helv. n. 11)4, p.p.) and it is the only one of the two discordant plants nnder this number which really accords with his citation of Acharius. It is certainly then significant that this same plant (the v. mnscoiinn of the Swiss lichenographer, which he declared to be what Schleicher sent Acharius, and the latter called L. artyta) stands now (according to Dr. Th. Fries I. c. p. S'.iG, ohs.) for L. artyta in the Acharian herbarium ; and that the cited original description in Ach. L. U.<, suHiciently exhibits it. How certain 8i)ecimens of Stereocaulon (Th. Fr. I. c.) not mentioned, and far enough from having been described by Acharius, can yet be " primary " sources of the species before us, it is difficult to see. B. artyta belongs naturally with the present section of Biatora. fil). B. milliarm, (Fr.) ; thallus effuse, of separate, or confluent gramdes running together at length into a rugose- verruculose crust, or scurfy, or disappearing, brownish-ash- coloured, or whitish ; apothecia small to minute (0"""-, 3 — 0"""*, 7 wide) sessile and inimixt, globular, the originally flat disk soon convex and excluding the demiss margin, blackish and black (or now livid-decolorate) commonly clustered, and confluent, the hypotheciinn pale. Spores finger-shaped and fusiform, 4-8-locular, 20-40 by 6-8 mic. Lecidea, Fr. L. E. p. 342, pj). Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 68. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 381. L. sahuletorum, v. milliaria, Stizerib. Lich. sab., p. 44. » On rotten wood, coast of Mass., Tuckerman I. c. 1848 ; as also on dead mosses, and other vegetable matter in the White Mountains, N. 11. , Same. Vermont, Farlotv. Cali- fornia, //. Mann. 70. B. meUv^va, (Nyl.) ; thallus effuse, very thin, scurfy, or granulose, from grayish-green at length brown, or obsolete ; apothecia minute (0"""-, 3 — O"""-, 5 wide) sessile, sub-globose, immarginate, coal-black, clustered, the hypothecium dark- reddish-brown. Spores ellipsoid becoming finger-shaped, 4- BIATORA. 39 locular, 10-16 by 4-6 mic. Lecidea, Nyl. Stizenb. Lick. snb. p. 34. Th. Pr. Scand. p. 384. Rotten and charred wfKxl in the White Mountains, N. H., and on the coast of Massachusetts, Tuckerman. Differing from the last in its quite black fruit, blackening hypotheciuni, and small, constantly' 4-locular spores. Both were referred by Fries to Lecidea; but, in view of their internal characters, find a better place here. 71. B. tricJioloma, Mont. ; thallus thin, scurfy, light to dark-grayish-green, and fusceseent ; apothecia minute, adnate, flattish, but the opake disk soon a little convex, and from pale-brown passing into brownish-black, bordered by a pale, hoou obsolete margin, which is encircled with a white (now rufous) filamentous fringe, the hypothecium brownish-black. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid an™- 4 vide) appressed, disk flat, often papillate, reddish-flesh- coloured, with a thin, paler margin, at length convex and proliferous-irregular, pale within. Spores finger-shaped, 4- locular, y-lu by 2^-4 mic. Trunks, Caloosa river, Florida, Auatin; Curtiss. 1 1 1 1 -Bacuh'a. Spores needle-shaped, 4-plurilocular. The section is, like the others determined only by the spores, au artificial one ; but the group is natural, and constitutes 40 BIATORA. the (subordinate) stock of B. rubeUa, to which species a considerable part of the named lichens of the group are most intimately related. As respects the colour of the thallus, they all belong, with exceptions which more knowledge may explain, to the fuscescent series. 73. B. micropfiyllina, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose, the minute scales cartilagineous-membranaceous, crenate-cut an',. 1864. Related so intimately to the five I'-^hens next follow- ing, that the whole are seen to constitute but a single (subordinate) stock, of which the forms tlescribed are doubt- less only partial representatives. In B. microphyllina, b, the spores were noted by me as shorter than in a, and the same view of them is taken by Ny lander, I. c, who h^s elevated this form to the rank of species ; but a fuller examination shews no real difference in this respect, and b, in fact, now offers the longest spores — sometimes almost twice exceeding the length given above. 73 . (b) B. leucophyllina , ( Nyl . ) ; thallus as in a, but reduced , and soon white, and becoming deliquescent and sorediiferous ; apothecia minute (scarcely exceeding O"""-, 5, in width) pale. Spores reduced, 15-20 by 1-1^ mic. Nyl. I. c. L. micro- phyllina, c. Tuck. I. c, & in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 213- Trees in the island of Cuba {Wright) Tuckerman, /. c, 1864. However marked, this is quite inseparable from conditions of a, except by the characters of reduction ; scarcely sufficient in this tropical group. 73. (c) B. subgranulosa, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus reduced to mic. HIATORA. 41 L. cai'tila^ine(>i]8 grnnuloH, tlimlly confluent int'Onn uiieviMi crust, with the varyinji coloration of a ; apotliocia larger, becoininf^ ample (1™""-, A to ;}">">• wide) and aluo darker, and even black, the hyiK>tlieciuni exhibiting a similar variation. Spores 24-34 by 1^-2 mic. Lecidea mirroj^htfUiua, h, Turk. I. <■., & in Wrifjht Lkh. Cub. n. 214, 21.', 210, 217, 21f^. L. cognata, & L. pertexta, Nyl. I. c; & L. vestita, Nyl. in herb. Trees in Cuba (Wright) Tuckerman c c. 1864. And the same, but with longer, and phn-ilocular 8|)ores (30-46 by 2-'2} mic.) at Darien, (leorgia, Ravenel. The variations in colour of the hypotlieci''ih resemble those of the stock of L. rubella i)roper, noticed by me elsewhere {Gen. y>. 165) nor does it seem possible at present to take much systcnmtic account of these differences any more than in B. hi/pnophila, as here taken. The hypothallus is noted by Nylander, I. c, as blackening, in one of the published Cuba lichens ; but my material does not enable me to turn this to account. B. vestita, Mont. Cuba, p. IDa, described as possessing ovoid spores comparable with those of B. mutabilis, is wholly uncertain, but what he gave me for it is very close to Lecidea spadicea, Ach., as Nylander also reckons Montague's lichen nearest to L. cognata, Nyl. As to the dimensions of the spores, the Georgia lichen varies from that of Cuba only as B. microphyllina, a, is above noted as varying. 73 (d) B. CaloosetiF^'s, Tuckerm. herb.; thallus of minute, cartilagineous granules becoming confluent and sub-squama- ceous, but passing finally into a granulate crust, from pale- green at length cinerascent ; apothecia minute (scarcely surpassing 0"""-, 5 in width) pale-yellowish and reddish, the hypothecium pale. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, and finger- shaped, passing into fusiform, and staflf-shaped, 10-24 by 2-4 mic. Upon bark on the Caloosa river, Florida, Austin. The spores appearing now to refer the lichen to the last section ; but finally — the whole habit of the plant being taken also into consideration — indicating it as a member of this. 73. (e) B. pr adnata, Tuckenn. herb.; thallus of minute, crowded and heaped, granules, pale-green ; apothecia at 42 BIATORA. l"»•, 5 wide) from yellowish becoming reddish, the hypothecium pale. Spores filiform, flcxuoiis, commonly 4-locular, 60-88 by 1^-2 mic. B. prasina, Mont. & Tuck, in Ann. 4, .9, p. 290, not of Fi'ie.<<. Upon bark, Venezuela, Fendler. Only another evidence of that tropical luxuriance which must qualify systematic judgments : — the lichen being distinguished only by the greater length of the spores ; as B. CaloonensiH by their recedcnce from the type of the section, and shortness. t 74. B. Augustini, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus squamulose, the minute scales crenate-lobulate, expanded and stellate or crowded and imbricate, livid-asheoloured and brownish, upon a black hypothallus ; apothecia small (0'»'"', 7 — I'"'"- wide) the disk flat and livid-pale becoming fulvous-reddish, bordered by an uneven, soon demiss, and ditsappearing black margin, the hypothecium pale. Spores slender, from simple commonly becoming 4-locular, 30-40 by 1^-2 mic. On bark, with B. Calooaensis, Florida, Austin. Not a little resembling a Pannaria akin to P. microphylla, & P. trypto- phyUa. It is dedicated, as our finest known North American species of the present section, to its prematurely-lost dis- coverer, the keen-eyed Coe F. Austin. 75. B. rubella, (Ehrh.) Rabenh. ; thallus of scattered, or at length crowded, and finally more or less confluent granules, from pale-yellowish becoming greenish-ashcoloured : apothecia middling-sized, sessile, disk yellowish-reddish becoming dark- brownish-red, soon tumid, and excluding the obtuse, irregular margin, which is now suffused with white (f. porriginosa, Ach.) tb.e hypothecium from pale passing into yellowish-brown. Spores plurilocular, 46-56 by 3-4 mic. Lecidea, Schmr. Spidl. p. 168. SecoUga, Stizenb. Krit. Bemerk. p. 47. Bucidia, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 344. Upon bark, North America, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson. New England, Tuekennan ; Russell; Willey. Illinois, Hall. IVIy specimens are not numerous, but the lichen can hardly be unconnnon. Spores at length longer in the European lichen ; and probably also in ours. BIATORA. 48 75. (b) ^. /MAco-ni6e/{a, (Hoflfm.) ; thalluB cartilapnoouR, gramiliito, l)ecoining rugose and chinky, grecnish-ashcoloured, the hy|K)thallu8 finally blackening; apothecia small to mi(l(11in<;-8ized (O"*"'-, 7 — 1 •»««•, 5 wide) sessile, from flat when tlio margin is more or less transversely striate, and at length often suffused urith white and Anally blackening also, and the disk often papillate, becoming at length turgid, from pale to dark-brownish-ehestnut at length livid, rust-coloured, and black, the hypothecium finally dark-yellowish-brown. Spores nmch as in a, 40-70 by 3-4 mic. Bacidia, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 34i, Secoliga, Stizenb. I. c. p. 53 {excl. I>.) Lecidea spadicea, Ach. Syn. p. 34. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 60. Trees, North America, Achorius I. c. 1814. Throughout the United States and Canada. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg. Ohio, Z,ea. Illinois, ^a//. Carolinas, Cm/'/jV*; Ravenel. Florida, Sprague. California, Bolander. And extending to tropical America, Wright, &c. 75. (c) B. suffu.Ha, Fr. ; thallus and hypothallus as in B. fusco-rubella ; aix)thecia middling-sized to ample ( l"™- — 2"""-, 5 wide) flattish, the stout, striate margin finally now excluded by the turgescent disk, reddish-brown, and blackening, suffused entirely, or the margin at least, with white, within pale, but the hypothecium finally fuscescent. Spores quite as in the last, unless often slenderer, 40-70 by 2^-3^ uiic. Fr. S. 0. V. p. 285. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 135. B. rubella, v. suffusa,, Tuck. Oen. p. 166. Trees, Noi'th America, Fries I. c. 1825. With probably the same range as the last, but not yet seen from the Pacific coast. Canada, A. T. Drummond. New England, Tucker- man. New Jersey, Austin. Pennsylvania, Michener. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Texas, Hall. And also on lime-rocks, Vermont, Frost; New York, W. R. Gerard. The size, and darker colour, and especiai'y the marked suffusion of the fruit distinguish this, which agrees however in the frequently papillate apothecia with the last, as, in some degree of suffusion, with both the last preceding. 75. (d) B. Schweinitzii, Fr. ; thallus of rounded, soon 44 BIATORA. crowded and heaped granules, which are also now early compacted into a rimose-verruoose crust, from bright becoming dark and olivaceous-greenish, and lAshcoloured, the hypothalluH as in the two next preceding ; apothecia small to middling-sized, ard ample (()'""'•, 7 — in""-, a wide) sessile, Hat 800U a little convex, ♦ho thick, furrowed, paler margin becoming smooth, and concolorous with the (originally wax- coloured, and reddish, but soon and commonly) dark-livid- brown, and pitch-black, opake disk, at length flexuous-lobate, the hypothecium in like manuer varying from i)ale-yellowi8h to reddish and blackish-brown. Spores similar generally to those of the last, 42-GO by 2-3 mic. Fr. herb. Tuckerin. in Darlingt. Fl. Cestr., edit. .?, ]}■ 447^ & in Lich. exs. n. 136. B. rtibella, v. Schweinitzii, Tuck. Oen. p. 166. Pittellaria granulosa, MieJix. Fl. Amer. 2, p. 320, fide Miill. jJch. Beitr. in Flora, 1S78, n. 31. lihaphiosijora, Miill. I. c. Trees, North Carolina, Michaux, I. c. 1803. South Caro- lina, Kavenel. Alabama, Beaumont. Arkansas, Peters. Texas, Hall. But attaining, apparently to its finest condi- tions northward. Ohio, Lea. Virginia to New England, Tuckermnn. Canada, A. T. Drummond. It appears impossible to question the close relation of this lichen to the two preceding, and the present stock ; and no startling discrepancies in structure in it are therefore to bo expected. The gonimia observed by Miiller {I. c.) in the thallus of B. Schtoeinitzii can scarcely then be characteristical. I find true gonidia in all the specimens which I have examined. As in other forms of the present group longer spores than those above noted sometimes occur. 75. (e) B. atrogrisea, (Delis.) Hepp; thallus thin, smoothish, becoming chinky and granulate-rugose, greenish- ashcoloured, the hypothallus as in the last ; apothecia small to nnJdling-sized, sessile, soon convex, the disk from blackish- chestnut soon black, and the margin coucolorous, nearly colourless and for the most part continuing so within, but the hypothecium at length pale-yellowish or reddish. Spores plurilocular, 30-50 by 2^-4 mic. ; the paraphyses, as in the other lichens nearest to B. rubella, at length rather lax. Secoliga, Stizenb. I. c, p. 62. Bacidia endoleuca, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 347. BIATORA. 45 Ou bark, southern and Pacific States, Tuckermnn Gen. 1872. (Jeorfjia, Rave.nel. Ahibnnia, Peters. Florida, Austin. Louisiana, Ihile. Mexico, Xi/lander. C'.tliforiiia, liolander. Tlie spores best ajjree in dimensions witii those of Nylander's ori<;in:il Chilian lichen ; as with others of specimens before lue from the same coast (Ilassler Kxp.) The KuroiK'an plant offers lonj^er ones. 7/). (f) B. innndatn, Fr. ; thallus effuse, scurfy, at length compacted and rimose-subareolate, jfreenish soon pallescent ; apothecia minute (()"'"'•, .'I — ()"••"•, 5 wide) sessile or ahacodes, Koerb. Parerg. p. 180. Secoliga arceutina b, albescens, Stizenb. I. c. p. 43. Bacidia albescens, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 848. b. arceutina, Ach. ; apothecia small to minute (at length nearly reaching 1'"™- wide) sessile, from pale becoming dark- m 46 IJIATORA. livid-brown, the demiHH, dnrkor mari^n (lisapjienrinj?, the hyiK>th('cium aH in a. SjKjroH v«ry Hlemlt* r, flexuous, obsoletely ))luril4)cular, 34-r»4 by lj-2 iiiic- Lecidea luteola, v. arceutina, Ach. Meih. p. fil^Jide Th. Fr. Secoluja arceutiua, a, Stizenb. I. c. Baeklia. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 352. On various barlcs, New liodfonl, Mass., Wilhy. Cali- fornia, Farlov, the firnt tlett'rniined bore of these two lichens ; a occurring as yet only on hemlock, but b more commonly. With obvious tliflferences in colour, both agree in the ultimate condition of the fruit, which is tuberculate, in consequence apparently of proliferous luxuriance. The English lichen is quite clear, but is readily associable with b, to which alone, it is evident, the description of Acharius is applicable. Bacidia phacoden of Anzi Lich. Etnir. n. 25, illustrates the relation of the two ; one of the specimens belonging to our a, under which the whole is cited by Stizenberger, but the other, (in my copy) shewing no difference from Hepp, n. 24, which is our b, and as such recognized by Stizenberger. ; 75. (h) B. stigmatelluy Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse, mealy- granulose, from pale-greenish at length ashcoloured ; apothecia minute (0"""-, 2 — 0*"™- 4 wide) sessile becoming adnate, flat, but also convex and the margin fmally excluded, from fulvous and dark-reddish soon livid-brown, and black, the hypothecium pale-yellowish. Spores slender, 22-32 by 1^-2^ mic. Gen. p. 167^ note. On bark, Louisiana {Hale) Tuckerman, I. c, 1872. Not well referable to the last. 1 associate with it lichens from Texas, Wright; Florida, J. Donnell Smith; and Illinois, Hall; all agreeing in the mealy thallus, and minute, flattish apothecia, but these, in the Texan plant reaching O"""-, 5 in width, and the spores 36-46 by 2-2^ mic. 75. (i) B. Beckhansii, (Koerb.) ; thallus much as in B. effusa b, arce^itina; apothecia, as seen, very minute (O™™*, 2 — O™'"-, 3 wide) soon convex and immarginate, from pale- brownish, and pale-livid, blackening, with a thin, white bloom, the hypothecium colourless. Spores very slender, pauci-locular, 20-30 by 1^-2 mic. Bacidia, Koerb. Parerg. p. 134. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 359. Biatora stenoapora, Hepp BIATORA. 47 Flecht. Enr. n. /iW. Seroliijn lifv.khnuaii, Stizenh. I, c. p. 21. Lcridea nmhrina, v. jHtlitfna, Xifl. Saind. p. 210^ fide Til. Fr. Tpon Ik'ccb, MnHHjK'huM'tts, WiJlc;i. IiihitU'iI only provisionally to lu'lp further study of tin- |iroup. 'V\w at U-awt pale hy|Kjtheeiinn, ami the sinaUer spores (so far as seen) are not stronj; characters to separate it from li. pffuna, /*, and tlie main ditTerencc is the l)h>oin. Our phmt is not well comparable with Nyl. Pnrix., n. l.'?(», which is referred here, on the author's authority, by Sti/.enberj;er, /. r.; btit scarcely differs at all from the ci'k!?d and untiuestioned lichen of Ilepp. V5. (k) Ji. incompta, (Borr.) Hepp ; thallus efTuse, coarsely mealy, but in the specimens mostly thin, or evascescent, whitish, or now greenish ; apothecla, as seen, minute (scarcely exceeding 0"'"'-, 5 wide) adnate. Hat, with a thin, flexuous margin (characteristical in li. inannpta) but finally convex, black, the hypothecium reddish-brown. Spores shortish, pauci-locular, 16-30 by 1^-3 mic. SecoUrja atrosangtdnea, Stizenb. I. c. p. 16. Bark, New England, Willey. New York, W. li. Gerard. Illinois, Hall. I follow Stizenberger's >iew of this lichen ; only preferring the oldest, and well-known nanie. With more knowledge we may have to give some d'atinction to a var. atrosanguinea (Bacidia cUrosanguinea, a, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 354.) The reddish-brown hypothecium is represented sometimes, in our plants, by a paler one, as in the v. Ilegetschweileri, Stizenb. Biatora leucampyx, Mild in litt., from Beech, in Western Massachusetts, is a much coarser lichen, with thickish, pale-ashy-greenish thallus, sessile, black apothecia (O'"™-, 5 — O"""-, 8 wide) with a stout, uneven margin which is suffused vith white, a dark-reddish-brown hypothecium, and larger spores, 24-44 by 2-3^ mic. ; I have seen but little of it. 75. (1) B. akomp.m, Tuckerm. herb.; thallus effuse, from scurfy at length compacted and rimoso, smoothish or rugose- verruculose, pale-ashcoloured ; apothecia uiinute (rarely exceeding 0"""-, 5 in width) sessile, from flat with an uneven, thin margin, soon convex and cephaloid, black, the disk 4H BIATORA. HCfthronH, tho hypotlieciuin pale. S|)orL'H Hhort, pauci-luciilar, 18-iM by \y2^ inie. On I'iniis jMsZ/nw, coast of Caiiforiiia, liolatnler. A frafjiiH'iit of what appi>ai'H tin* Hanu' has Ik'oii rocfivt'il hy nn', piirportiiifi to be Lcridcn J*aMlan'oi(Ien, Nyl., but cannot be what Ih «U'Hcribi'(l under that name in Nyl. Sntnd. p. 211. Tlic plant lookH much lik<> the C'aiifornian HpeoiincnH of It. atroyrisea. It diflferH from B. incompta in the hypothecium ; but leetM hi the HporeH. 75. (m) Ji. Jacohi, Tuckorni. in lift. ; thalluH sub-tartareou8, rufjose-verrucoHe, ho far as seen, white ; apotheeia small to miinite (()"""•, 4 — O'""*-, 7 wide) appressed, Hat or flattish, (juite black, a demiss, concolorous margin scarcely to be made out, the hypotheciuin blackish-brown. Si)ores plurilocular, 2()-3() by 2-3^ mic. Trees, San Diego, California, Dr. Palmer in herb. Willey. Distinct looking, but the specimen is scarcely sufKcient ; and only characterized to draw attention to it. 75. (n) li. mt(.scor?m.^ 3 wide) sessile or at length adnate, flat and thin, with a thin, now flexuous margin, but becoming convex and immarginate, and tiually conglomerateaud tuberculate, reddish-brown passing at once into black, the hypothecium from yellowish at length reddish brown. Spores slender, 24-40 by 2-3 mic. Secoliga pezizoklea, Stizenh. I. c. j). 13. Lecidea umhrina * hcuiilUferti^ V. muscoriim, Nyl. Scand. p. 210. Rhaphiospora viridescens, Koerh. Parerg. 2>- 239. Bacidia atrosanguinea^ v. muscorum, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 354. Upon the naked earth, and running there over mosses, &c. New ICngland, Tnckerm. Gen., 1872. New York, Willey. Minnesota, Lapham. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. 75. (o) B. %imbHna, (Ach.) ; thalius effuse, scurfy, pass ing into flattened granules which are finally compacted into a thickish, uneven, rimose-areolate crust, from pale-ashy pass- lUATORA. 49 in(; into hlnokirth-^reon ; u|K)tli«'ciu niitiiitr (scui'ivly HiirpiiMNiii}^ ()"""-,;") in wiy 2-.'l inic, niitiH'roim (SO-ZiO) in tlu' tlirltrH. »\v». N. E. )>. 00; den. p. KiT. On WliiU- I'ino, Fir, nn«l Hiroh, on tin- coiiHt of MiiHHnrliu- McttM, and in tln' Wliitr MimntainH, Tnrkfnnnn, I. r. |m4H; UH, on otluT trwH, and Hlirul»H, WiUot/. New York, IWk. And rarely on ^ninitie rockH, New Bedford, MasH., Willey. ('ana. 212, & L. borcclla, Nyl. Lajrp. Or. p. 157, fide Th, Fr. I. c. On the earth, New Jersey (AuMin) Tuckerman Gen. 1872. New Bedford, Mass., Willey. Illinois, Wolf. Also on rotten wood, Illinois, Wolf. 79. B. moriformis, (Ach.) ; thallus thin, scurfy, becoming compacted and chinky, greenish-gray, or whitish, or obsolete ; apothecia minute (0"""-, 2 — ()"»"•, 4 wide) adnate, from flattish soon and commonly depressed-convex, livid-pale passing into pale to dark-brownish, and black, above, and more or less j)ersistently black-edged below, now polished and now opalce, the hypothecium colourless. Spores globular, very minute and numerous in the ventricose thekes, liJ^-3 mic. in diameter, the paraphyses conglutinnte, brownish-yellow above, finally distinct. Arthonia, Ach., fide Th. Fr. Strangospora pini- cola, Koerh. Par erg. p. 172, fide Ohlert. Lecidea improvisa, Nyl. Scand. p. 213, & in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 180. Biatorella moriforviis, & B. pinicola, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 401. BicUura Ilicis, Willey dim. On bark of Holly and Elm, New Bedford, Mass. ( Willey) Tuckerman Gen. 1872. On other bark at Lake Manitoba, BIATORA. 51 Martiun ; iiihI in WnHliin^on 'IVrritory. Sukulnrf in IutI». Sprnjjin'. Dr. Tli. Kri»'H'8 cxIiniiHtivc ciiiiriU'trri/iition, cited iiltovc, of tliiH plnnt, ennbltMl Mr. Willcy to (Ictcniiinc •mtiMfnctorily our own, lonjf wiww «liHoovt'n'«l by liini. 'I'iie lichen vnrieH no little, nneinienH in herl). 'layhir preHent u well-developed, dtirk-^reeniMii tlinlluH, imd larp-r. Mack iipotlieciii. reminding uh of li. deniijnUa, Fr. ; nnd, with thcHe, the cit<'«l pliint of KfK'rtwr (Ilfpp n. -'»'l) with its w hite cniHt tind light-lirown apothecin contraMtH Htrongly. It might aUo Heem that the Manitoba HpeciinenH, which ofTer a pule, only hiack-edged disk, contranted Himilarly with the wholly black-fruited oncH from the other Htationn ; but the latter, when wet, will be found to agree, more or Ichh. with the otherH. The Mporew of our lichen scarcely reach the (limenHionH of thoHc of the European, in which all the parts appear indeed to be now larger. 80. li. n/phaku, Tuckerni. ; thalhiH thin, granulose, more or less at length compactid and rugose-verruculose, cinerascent, an"""•, /> — O"""-, H wide) seHsile, from pale becoming dark-reddish, and rusty-brown, opake, the obtuse, at flrst paler margin disappearing, the hypothecium yellowish-brownish. Spores short-ellipsoid, 3-4 by 2-3 mic, very numerous in davate-ventricose thekes, the distinct paraphyses at length lax, colourless above. Oen. p. liiH. On Pllm-bark, Illinois, Hall. 81. B. foaaarvm, (I)«f.) Mont.; thallus thin, scurfy, but compacted at length into an uneven crust, dirty-greenish, and cinerascent; apothecia small (O"""-, 7 — !"""• wide) seHsile and adnate, convex becoming hemispherical, immarginate, from pale-yellowish soon reddish- brown, the hypothecium yellowish-brown. Sj)ore8 oblong, 7-11 by 3 mic, very numerous in intestiniform thekes, among capillary, soon lax paraphyses. Mont. Syll. p. 339. Lecidea, Nyl. Prodr. p. 116. Sterile clays, Illinois (Hall) Tuckerman Oen. 1H72. Moist earth, New Jersey, Austin. Washington Territory, Sukadorf, 82. B. campestris, Fr. ; thallus scurfy-granulose, pale- .^2 BIATORA. grcoiiish ; apothecia minute (0™™-, 2 — 0"""-, 5 wide) sessile a little elevated, commonly cup-shaped, but finally flat, from pale-amber at length rufous-fleshccloured, the disk a little darker, slightly white-pruinose, the hypotheeium pale. Spores froi.: ellipsoid becoming oblong, 6-9 by 2-3 mic, very numerous in elongated thekes, among capillary, soon lax paraphyses. Fr. L. E. p. 2fJ5, fide Th. Fr. Scand. p. 3US. liiatorella, Th. Fr. Sarcosaghm biatorellum, Mass. Koerb. Parerg. p. 438. I'pon the earth ; as also on dead wood. Illinois (Hall, &c.) Tuckcrman Gen. 1872. New liedford, Mass., Willey. 'Sk.V) ']vrHey, Austin. Anticosti, Macoun. Maryland, Leimert. HH. B. resinm, (Fi'') ; lliallus represented by a *hin, at length and commonly brown, and byssoid, layer, or none ; apothecia from small reaching middling size (()"•"'•, 4 — I"""- wi-simple steri^mas. Thalluscrustaceous,uniform. Remarknble,. 171. Len'den, Schvr. Spu'il. p. 150. Fr. L. E. p. 835. Th. Fr. Svand. p. 479. M HETEROTHECIUM. On trunks, dead wood, rocks, and mosses. New York, Halsey, 1823. New England, Ttickerman. Canada, A. T. Drummond. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Oregon, L. U. Henderson. California, Bolander. Disk now almost discharged of colour (Anticosti, Macoun) when the aspect of the apothecium may be quite lecanorine. The lichen is now bisporous in Europe. Its relation to the present genus is considered in the author's Genera, pp. 172-3. « « J- o. othecium. Spores bilocular. 2. H. grosstimy (Pers.) ; thallus thin, snbcartilagineous, rimose-areolate and rugose, glaucescent, or cinerascent, or disappearing; apothecia of middling size (I"""- — imm.^ 3 wide) elevated-sessile, very black, disk at first flat with a thick now tlexuous margin, but becoming tumid and excluding the margin, black-pruinose, pale within, the hypothecium black. Spores in eights, ellipsoid, 18-28 by 8-1d mic. Lecidea, Nyl. Scand. p. 239. CatUlaria, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 581. Lecidea premnea, Fr. L. E. p. 329, not ofAch. On Red Cedar, island of Grand Manan, New Brunswick, WiUey. It has since occurred only on Ash, Magdalena Bay, Gasp^, Canada, and Anticosti, Macoun 3. H. versicolor, (F6e) Plot. ; thallus thickish, rimose-areo- late and rugose, or now thin and scurfy, or disappearing ; apothecia from middling at length large (1"""-, 5 — 4°"°- wide) sessile, flat, the opake disk dark-brown, and black, the at first pale margin soon livid, and coucolorous, pale within, the hypothecium brownish. SiJores ellipsoid, in twos, fours, sixes, and eights, commonly curved, 40-70 by 20-30 mic. Lecnnora dein Lecidea, F4e Ess. p. 115, t. 28, f. 4; & Suppl.,p. 104. Nylauder in Prodr. N. Gran., p. 65, & in Lindig Herb. N. G. n. 746, 747, 2625. L. vigilans, Tayl., Nyl. Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 225. Trees, Mexico, Miiller, fide Willey. Easily comparable, as are other allied foreign Bi>ecies, with the last ; as compare also and especially Nylander's description of his Lecidea melanocarjia {Lich. eacot., I. c.,p. 260) of the next section. HETEROTHECIUM. 55 4. H. endochroma, (F6e) Flot. ; thallus thickish, nigose- granulate, glaucescent or cinerascent with often a yellowish tinge; apothecia middling to ample (1™™-, 5 — 2"""- wide) flat, with a thick, smooth, bright-yellow margin, becoming livid as the black disk becomes turgid, and Anally disappear- ing, the hy|>othecium fuscescent, received in a bright-yellow layer. Spores in eights, ellipsoid, 16-20 by 5-6 mic. Lecnnora, Fh Essai, p. 114. t. 29, f. 1 ; & Suppl. p. Ill, t. 42, f. 31. Lecidea, Nyl. Tuckerm. in WrigfU Lick. Cub. n. 226. Trees. Mexico, Nylander, N. Gran., 1864. 5. H. leptocheilum, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, of small granules, passing into a rimose finally verrucose crust, whitish, and brownish, bordered by the fibrillose fringe of the blacken- ing hyjK)thallus ; »pothecia middling-sized (l"""- — imm-, 5 wide) sessile, black, at first fiat, with a thin, shining margin, which is soon excluded by the tumid, gibbous, opake disk, the hypothecium pale-brownish. Spores in eights, cymbi- form, and fabieform, 12-16 by 4-5 mic. Obs. Lich., 4, I. c, 6, p. 280; & in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 227. Trees, Orizaba, Mexico, Nylander, Enum. Ilusn., 1869. Mobile, Ala., Mohr in herb. AVilley. *** Bombyliospora. Sporen plurilocular. 6. H. tuberculosum, (F^e) Flot. ; thallus sub-tartareous, areolate-rimose, rugose, and at length coarsely verrucose, the warts, from white, now sulphur-coloured within (f. chlontis) yellowish, or now brownish, the hypothallus (in the tropical plant at least) blackening ; apothecia middling-sized to large I"""-, 5 — S*"""- wide) closely sessile, tumid, fiat soon a little convex, the naked disk reddish-brown becoming dark- sanguineous, and blackish, the paler, obtuse margin finally also blackening, the hypothecium reddish-fuscescent. Spores solitary, oblong-ellipsoid, 8-12-locular, 80-110 by 20-30 mic. ■^ Lecidea, F4e Ess., p. 107, t. 27, f. 1. Tuckerm. in WrigJU Lich. Cub. n. 22S. Nyl. in Prodr. N. Oran., p. 66; & in Lindig Herb. N. Gran. 723, 755, &c. Jleterotheciuia tuberculosum, b, Tuckerm. Gen., p. 174. 56 HETP:ROTHECrUM. I!lf Trees, Alabama (Beaumont) Tuckerin. Oen. .«72; (f. clUoritiH.) Florida, Austin (the Hatne form.) fhe Euro- pean var. jHichycarpa, Flot. (Biatora parhycarjm, Vr. L. E. p. '!-}*,)) though in other respects like, and offering also the f. chloritis, which I observe at least in Zw. n. H(» {Arnold) differs in the tballus passing readily into deliquescence and mealiness : this state is unknown here. The spores of the present stock now offer distinct indications of the coloration of the brown type. 6. (b) //• pachycheilum, Tuckerm. ; thallus not unlike that of //. tuberculosum, but deliquescent and mealy as in the European var. pachycarjnim^ and always glaucesemt; apothecia middling-sized to ample (1 — i'"""- wide) closely sessile, flattish, reddish-brown, with a turgid, pate margin, the liypolhecium as in the last. Spores in twos, threes, and fours, ellipsoid, more or less curved, 40-80 by 1.5-24 niic. Lecidea, Obs. Lich. 5, I. c. 6', p. 281; & in Wrifjlit Lich. Cub. u. 230. Heteroth. tuberculosum, v. pachycIieUum, Oen. p. 175. Trees. Low country of South Carolina (liavenel) Tuckei- mau I. c. 1864. Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama and Mississippi, Beaumont. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Hall. 6. (c) //.^Jorp/tynYes, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-cartilagineous, f'uiooth, rimose becoming rugose, and soon deliquescent and mealy, glaucesceut ; apothecia middling-sized to large (I"""-, 5 — 4"'"'-, 5 wide) sessile, from flat soon convex, and from reddish-brown soon blackening, white pruinose, the stout, shining margin soon concolorous, at length excluded, the hypothecium pale. Spores solitary, 3-6-locular, 40-70 by 18-24 mic. Biatora, Syn. N. E. p. 61; & Lich. exs. n. 90. Heteroth. tuberculosum, v. porphyrites, Gen. p. 175. Trees. AVhite Mountains, New Hampshire, Tnckerman^ I. c, 1848. Vermont, Frost. Massachusetts, WiUey. Interesting, like //. tuberculosum, v. jxtchycarpum, in the present stock, and genus, for its northern range. H. Wriijhtii {Obs. I. c, p. 275; and Wright Lich. Cub., n. 235) resembles this in general aspect, but has not occurred within our limits. HETEROTHECIUM. 67 « • * « Lopadium. Spores muri/orm-mtUtilocular. 1. 11. Domingense, (Pers.) Flot. ; thallus of flnttoiuMl granules, running into a thin, smooth but soon uneven, and finally thickened and rugose-verrucose crust, f rom glaucescent tinged more or less yellowish becoming bright-yellow, and then more orange ; apothecia middling-sized (O"""-, 7 — l"""-, 5 wide) sessile, the disk flat finally a little convex, sangui- neous and blackening, yellow-powdery at length naked and smooth, with a tumid, smooth and shining, very entire, now flexuous, orange-yellow margin, finally gyrose-proliferous, the hypothecium more or less reddish- fuscescent. Spores in twos, threes, fours, sixes, and eights, ellipsoid soon clongattu, 6-10-locular, the lenticulai cells entire, or at length divided into two equal ones, various in size, 20-40 by 6-18 mic, colourless. Lecanora^ Ach. Syn. p. 336. Parmelia ventosa, Dominffensis, Eschw. Bras. p. 189. Lecklea, Nyl. Tuckerm. in WrigJU Lich. Cub. n. 231. Parmelia gyrosa, Mont. Cubtty p. 212. Trees. Low country of South Carolina (Eavenel) Tucker- man Gen. 1872. Florida, AustijK Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Hall. The veiy close relation in which this species stands to H. vulpinum suggests readily that it is rather to be taken for an inchoate Lopadium than a small-fruited Bombyliospora with Lopadium affinities. And the specimens cited from South Carolina and Texas, in which the spores, occurring in less than the noimal number in the thekes, assume something of the dilatation and other change of outline of those of //. vulpinum^ and shew commonly at length all the spore-cells divided at the middle, while still referable only to H. Domin- gense, lend weight to the suggestion. 7. (b) //. vulpinum, Tuckerm. ; thallus of H. Domingense ; apothecia not differing, though the fruit becomes final ly sanguineous-rufous with concolorous margin. Spores solitary, or in twos, threes, and fours, f rom coccif orm becoming oblong ellipsoid, muriform-multilocular, in six to ten series of two to four members each, 25-50 by 14-20 mic, colourless. Lecidfa, Obs. Lich., 5, l. c. C, p. 281; & in Wright Lick. Cub. n. 233. Nyl. Syn. N. Ceded., p. 50. Heterothecium, Tuckerm. Oen. p. 175. 58 HETEROTHECIUM. u ; Trees. Florida, Ravenel ; Austin. A distinct Lopculhim ; but the youuf? spore not differing from that of //. Domimjense. 8. //. leucoxanthum, (Spreng.) Mass.; tlialluH cartila- gincous, smooth, soon chinky, granulate, and rugoHC-vorru- cose, glaucescent, and white ; iipothecia middlina-sized to am])le (1 — 'i'"™* wide) sessile, flat, disk j'ellow <>r green- powdery becoming fulvous, rust-coloured, and now aurk-green, at length a little convex, the tumid margin oraase-yellow, saffron, rusty or finally reddish-brown, now flexu()«.s, and the fruit finally proliferous, the hypothecium reddish-ruseescent. Spores solitary, muriform-multilocular, in about twenty series of six to ten members each, 42-!>2 by 20-40 mic, fuscescent. Tuckerm. Oen.p. 17fi. H. trkulor, Mont. Syll. p. 341. Trees. Swamps, in the upj)er country of North (iirolina, Ctirtin. At Aiken, anil in the low country of South (urolina, Ravenel. Florida, Au:^tin. Alabama and Mis8issij>j)i. Peters, &c. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Ravenel. Represeuted in the alpine districts of Scotland, and in the north of Norway, by the strongly-marked II. fuscoiuteiim (Dicks.) oidy recently removed, (by the spores) from its long confusion with Placodium; but not yet known here. 9. //. 2}€zizoideum, (Ach.) Flot. ; thallus of scattered, now and with us commonly flattened, squamaceous and sid)- lobulate, or now ver/ucofe and ev'en coralloid, granules, greenish soon fuscescent, and blackening ; apotheciM small to middling (0"""-, 5 — imm.^ r, ^j^ig^ elevated and more or less turbinate, disk black, opake, from concave with a stout, entire but rugulose, brown margin, or at length flat, and the margin concolorous, the hypothecium fuscescent. Spores solitary, muriform-multilocular, the transverse series of cells from fourteen to twanty-four, 44-100 by 18-40 mic, fuscescent. Lopadinm, Koerh. S;/st. p. 210. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 3S9. L. pezizoidexim & L. miiscicohnu. Koerh. Parerg. p. 175. CaUcium dein Trachyh'a ^ihipomelana., Tuckerm. Syn. 2f. E. p. 79; Lich. exs. n. 98. Fir-bark, White Mountains, Tuckerman I. c, 1H48. On White Cedar, New Bedford, Mass., Willey. Bark, Washing- ton Territory, Suksdoi-f. On mosses, islands of Behiiug's HETERi/raFX'irM. 59 Straits, Wright. Greenland, Stizenberger Index Lich. Ilyperh. Anticosti, Macoun. 10. //. phyllocharis, (Mont.?); thallus very thin, mcni- branuceous, smooth or granulate, greeuish-fjlaucescont ; apotliocia minute (0"""-, 25 — 0"""-, 5 wide) sesbile, convex, pale-brownish, or greenish, or at length black, with a thin, disappearing, white margin, the hyi)othecium brownish. Spores solitary, nmriform-nndtilocnlar, the series of cells twelve to thirty, of three to six members each, 30-75 by 12-36 mic, fuscescent or decolorate, the parapb.yses deficient. Biatora, Mont, in Ann. 5, 10, p. 128? e deacT. Sporopodixim Leprieurii, Mont. Ouy. p. 20, t. 16,/. 1? edescr. Evergreen leaves, Florida, Austin. It is only with hesitation that I venture to refer this Florida lichen (a native also of Cuba, Wright) to Montague's description of his cited Bintora, afterwards associated by him with, and seemingly too near to his later Sporopodium ; and am determined, in so doing, mainly by the deficiency of the paraphyses, a more inijjortant note perhaps than the more or less stalked thekes. 11. //. Augustini, Tuckerm. in litL ad int.; thallus thin; granulate, glaucescent ; apothecia minute (0"'">-, 3 — O'"™-, 5 wide) sessile, plano-convex, disk livid-blackish, the thin, demiss margin white, the hypothecium brownish-rufescent. Spores solitary, muriform-multilocular, decolorate, 40-60 by 14-20 mic, the paraphyses few, loose, divergently branched. Trees. St. Augustine, Florida, Sprague. Much like the preceding ; and admitted with the same hesitation. M ***** Biatorella numerous in the thekes. Spores exceedingly minute, and 12. H. ccnspersum, (F^e) Flot. ; thallus of very minute, separate, then croAvded granules, from yellowish-glaucescent passing into orange-yellow ; apothecia small (O"""'-, 5 — imm.^ wide) sessile, at first flat, the disk orange-powdery or granuliite, at length blackish, but soon and commonly convex, and quite excluding the at first turnid, pale yellow, or when rubbed seen to be blackish margin, the hypothecium reddish 60 LFX^IDEA. and blackish-brown. Spores globular, in linear-clavate thekcH. Ijecidea, F4e Ess. p. 108; Suppl, p. 109^ t. 42y f. 26. Tuckerm. in WrigJU Lich. Cub. n. 224. Trees, southern Alabama, Beaumont. 12. (b) H. nannarinm^ Tuckerm. ; thallus scurfy-granu- lose, pale-lemon-coloured ; apothecia very minute (0"""-, 1 — 0"""-, 26 wide) sessile, flattisb, disk naked, reddish-brown, the thin margin yellow, the hypothecium fuscescent. S|X)res globular, in short-saccate thekes. Gen. p. 176. Trees. Texas ( WrigM) Tuckerman I. c. 1872. 'I ' 'i'l Sub-Fam. 3. — Eulecideei. Apothecia sessile ; exciple coal-black. t..— LECIDEA (Ach.) Fr., Tuckerm. Apothecia normally patella?form, and homy. Spores colourless, shewing the whole development of the colourless type, from ellipsoid soon fusiform, passing at length into acicular and 2-4-plurilocular, the cells always entire (§ *) or ellipsoid and simple, except in n. 31, in which they are tailed below and 4-8-locular; and n. 42, in which they are variously cui^ved and 4-locular (§ * *) or very minute, and numerous in the thekes (§***). Spermatia for the most part oblong or staff-shaped, or very rarely filiform and bowed, on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus now rarely caulescent (in § *) or more or less lobuhite (as in the same section, and in § * * *) but, for the most part, unifoiin. The group is disposed here as by Frios, L. E. ; and the reason of it as set forth by him, p. 281-4, &c., has been fully recognized, in one way or other, in the works of subsequent lichenographers. Beyond the separation of the species with brown spores, more recent lichenologists have varied but little from the spirit of Fries's aiTaugement. There is at least no dispute as to tlie central series of voc\i-Lecidea. But (? LECTDEA. 61 IP with this another is SAsooiahlo, of various habitat (§ • * h) the rehition of which to liiatora is more close : one or two of the lichens once referred here, are now, in view at once of their microscopical structure, and tlieir other afiinities, more satisfactorily removed to that geims ; and states of others (themselves sufficiently Lecideine) look, now curiously enough, the same way. * Ton in ia . ThaUus gleboua-squamuloMj heaped at length and rnfjoHe-pUcate, more or leas lobulate; rarely caulencent (n. 4, S) noio much reduced and granuloae (n. 7) or deficient (n. 10.) Spores from simple hi-plurilocular^ and from ellipsoid through fusiform aciadar. The analogue here of the section Psora in Biatora. 1. L. Candida, (Web.) Ach. ; thallus of turgid, glebons squamulcs crowded and growing together into a wavy, rugose- plicate crust, and more or less lobulate, especially at the circumference, white, the surface granulate, becoming mealy ; apothecia middling-sized to ample, appressed, dattisb, white- pruinose, the obtuse margin finally lobate-dexuous ; within pale, the hypothecium fuscescent. Spores (in French speci- mens) fusiform and sub-acicular, bilocular, 16-22 by 3-4 mic. Schcer. S2yidl. p. 120. Fr. L. E. p. 285. Th. Ft. Scand. p. 338. Upon the earth In the extreme north. Arctic America, {Richardson) Hooker I. c, 1823. Greenland {VaJil) Th. Fr., I. c. 2. L. cwruleo -nigricans, (Lightf.) Scheer. ; thallus of glebous squamules, stipitiform-exteuded downwards in the more perfect states, and there fulvesceut and radiculose, expanding and sub-lobate above, and finally cfowded aud gyrose-plicate, pale-olivaceous-brown or at length dark- greenish, for the most part densely white-pruinose ; apothecia middling-sized to ample, peltate, flattish, obtusely marginate, pale within, the hypothecium at length brown. Spores fusi- form and sub-acicular, bilocular, 14-27 by 2-4 mic. Scha-r. Spicil. p. 120. Toninia, Th. F)'. Scand. p. 336. Lecidea vesicularis (b. excl.) Fr. L. E.p. 286. ■M I, di LECIDEA. fit ' '1 ! i i: '< On tlie earth in mountainouB, and high northern regions. MoiintniiiH of I'tah {Watnon; Lapham) Tuckernian Oen., 1 M72. H(K'ky Moiintninri in Colorado, l\iwjle in herb. Spragiie. Shores of Gulf of St Lawrence, lat. 48", I^ingle, in the same herbarium. n. L. Bran(legei,Tuc\ionn. ;thallu8rugoHe-plicate,greeniBh- oehroleucous ; apothecia ample (]"""•,.') to 3"""' in width) beneath nutstly free, flat, Boon wavy, the disk very black and opake, the originally ])alu margin soon blackening, bright, and lobate-crenate, then domiHB, and disappearing ; pale within. Spores short-ellipsoid, simple, 6-11 by 4-*» nnc. Paraphyses at length distinct, and bluish then brownish- capitulate. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 18S,H, p. 21. Rocks, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, T. S. Brandeyee in herb. Sprague. Notwithstanding the originally lecanorine characiter of the apothecia, the natural affinity of the lichen is Avith the next following, which it is as near to as it strikingly differs from. Spermatia, so far as seen, short-acicular, now bowed, about IG mic. in length, and less than one in width. 4. L. Pringlei, Tuckerm. ; thallus pulvinate, (about half an inch in height) composed ot crowded, branched trunks, which are dilated above and densely plicate-rugose, and pass at the base into rootlike branchlets, pale to dark-green, and finally black, and shining ; apothecia ample to very large (2-6'""'- in width) a little elevated at the centre, flat, soon wavy and lobed, and at length variously irregular, the disk from rufous-fuscescent soon very black, excluding the at first pale but soon black, and shining, stout margin, within pale. Spores from broad-ellipsoid oblong, simple and pseudo-bi- locular, 10-12 by 3-5 mic, the paraphyses scarcely distinct. Spermatia filiform, now bowed, 18-24 mic. long. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 1883, p. 21. Rocks. Sierra Nevada, California, G. O. Privgle in herb. Sprague. On the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, Washington Territory, Brandegee, in the same herbarium. The specimens last-named are strikingly differenced from those of the Sierra Nevada by the extension of the trunks LFX'IDKA. f.a into nlender, nnkod, irre^ularly-hranchcd Htcnm, ('X|iiu) HuniniitH into tlio plicate Htnto, with Honicthin^ of tlie look nnd at '"nfftli colour of branchcH of Alertoria (H'hm- lewa f. nigriranM. The hy|M)tlu'cinni of L, I*rinfjln\ an that <)f L. lirawlegei, rests on ^oni• 2o. On the earth in gravelly soil, San Francisco, California {Bolander) Tuckerniau /. c. 1866. Colorado, Brandegee in herb. Sprague. Spermogones not observed. 6. L. cumulata, Sommerf. ; thallus of small, adnate, thickish, flattish, areolar squamules, crowded soon and confluent in a rimose-rugulose, and efligurate, cineraseeut, and whitish crust ; apothecia minute, flat, black, (and now also rufous with paler, crenulate margin) densely conglomerate, for the most part, in roundish heaps, the hypothecium at length brownish. Spores fusiform ellipsoid, commonly 2- locular, but found also 3-4-locular, 12-18 by 4-6 mic. Sommerf. Suppl. p. 157. Toninia,, Th. Fr. Scand. ji. 341. Lecidea paracarpa, Nyl. Scand. p. 219. L. perfidiosa, Nyl. I. c. p. 244^ teste Th. Fr. On the earth in alpine and arctic regions. Greenland {Vahl) iTi. Fr. I. c, 1861. Spermogones not observed. 7. L. gravoaa, Tuckerm. ; thallus of minute granules, either scattered becoming now scurfy, or disappearing, or crowded into a broken crust, from greenish and glaucescent at length ashcoloured, and brownish ; apothecia minute (O"""-, 3 — 5 in width) appressed, flattish, the disk black (now livid- t4 LECIDKA. m it I- 1 :i palleHccnt) excluding Anally the thin, black iiiur^tin, the hypotheciuni dark-nifouH-brown. S|M)ri>8 fruni cynihiforni (tu dactyluid and Hub-acicular, 2-4-locular, U-2() by 2)-4} niic. tSi>cnnatia filiform, bowed, on Hub-Hiinpie HtcrijfniuH, hh in the other HiH-cies of the prenent section, ho far hh in known. Obs. Lich. 2, 1, c. 5, p. 420. On bricks and mortar. New Orleans, Ix)uiHinnn {Ildlf) Tuckcrman I. c. 18G2. On the same HubHtrutcH in .Sontii Carolina, and Georgia, Ravenel {an also on tiU'H in the iHlund of Cuba, Wright.) On lime-rocks, New Jersey, Aunt in; New York, WiUey; Ohio, Miss Hiddleconibe. A repr«- sentative here of the far more distinguished L. aromatica (8m.) Mass., of Euroi>e. 8. L. sqiutlida^ (Schleich.) Ach. ; thallus of thick, appresHed, or ascendant and imbricated, lobed S(iunmuU'H, wiiich are crowded together at length into rugoHe heapH, tawny-fuscescent, becoming livid, and now blackening ; aiM>thecia middling-sized, adnate, flat, but soon excluding the thin margin and Anally convex, sub-glol)ose, and variously irregular, and, for the most part, conglomerate and confluent into large masses, pale within, the hyi)othecium rufescent. Sjwres from oblong becoming dactyloid, and acieular, and from 4-plurilocular, 28-48 by 2^-5 mic. Ach. iSyji. p. 19. Schter. Spicil. p. 120. Toninia aquarroaa^ Th. Fr. Scand. p. 331. b. caulescetis, Nyl. ; the squamules extending downwards into strong, brownish stems. Stizenb. Lich. Ilelv. p. 170. Toninia cauleacena^ Anz. CcUcU. p. 67; Lich. Lanyob. n. 139. On the earth in alpine and arctic regions. Greenland (Vahl) Th. Fr. I. c. 1861. b, Mountains of California, Bolander. Cascade Mountains, Washington Territory, Brandegee in hb. Sprague. 9. L. ruginosa, Tuckerm. ; thallus of rounded, turgid, glebous squamules which become more or less crowded to- gether, wavy, and rugose-plicate, and are finally cancellaL».d, from greenish at length tawny-brown ; apothecia ample to large (1""»-, 5 to 3™"- in width) flat, at length flexuous-lobate, LFXIDKA. 65 Hcarooly oxHihIIiijj tho stout timr^in, palo within, tho liyno- tluH'iiiin hrowiiiHii. S|M>roH acinilar, 4-|>liirilocnlar, '2't-Ui Ity 2-.') niic. Spcriimtia flliforin, boweil, on Hub-Hiinple titt>ri}(iiiiut. Lirh. Calif, p. 25. ScriH'iitiiH' rockH on tht* coast of California {liolanih-r) Tiicki'rinan /. c. , 1^00. S<|uanuilpti \vs» (l('V(l<>|H'li(|iu>Hciti}; Hoon and the colour chanf;in^ to jfrccniHh-ycliow ; apothccia Hiniill to niinuto, Hcssilc a little elevated, fntni huI>- ^l(.>l>oHc and concave tinally flat with an ohtuse margin, the hypothociuin hrowniMh-hlack. Simres aeicular, plurilocuhir, 40-70 by .•1-4 niic. Tiorr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, />. ITS, uot ofFr. L. E. p. 201. Khaphioirpora, Mvdd Man. p. isr,. Secoluja, Stiz. Krit. Bemerk.,p. 11. L. citrinella, Fr, L. E. p. 340. Nyl. Scand. p. 24S. Parasitic on the thallus of BoRomyces hjfS8oide.s, in the White Mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N. K. 184H. The relation of the described apothecia to the thallus upon which they jjrow is to me the same as in the analogous and admitted case of Buellia scabrosa. Exactly as in the latter, the apothecia of the former (in all my specimens from the White Mountains, as in the admirable Fr. Lich. Siiec. n. 214) occupy, and appear to occasion similar changes in the thallus of the cited Bwomyces. Both fruits are in every respect lecideeine, not- withstanding the failure of the test with iodine. ** Eulecidea. Thallus uniform . in n. 31, and n. 42. Spores simple, except a. Areolatte. Rock-lichens. The centre and type of the genus, and its most difficult portion ; a difficulty which no amount of authentic material — such is the general agree- ment here in habit and structure, and the great varial>lenes8 of form — can more than alleviate (*) ; and modern attempts (*) Thin Is Hufllclcntly tilicwn by Dr.Tli. FriesV recent crltlcIsniH {Lich. Srttiiil. pangim) of the r. Fried Mhould appear to have been amply equlppeil, we are told by him (/. c, p, 4itO) umler L. texsellatn, Fl. (the L. spilotn, Fr., but called, at the place cited, //. cyanea) that the only specimen among thoite ho referred by Nylander, in the I 66 LECIDEA. to liido which by an unexampled and seemingly reckless pro- position of "new species," serve only to make irremediable. Fries, {L. £., 1831) was the first to give liehenistH a thoroughly scientific review of the group ; and his results, with certain exceptions determined l>y spore-differences, (though in general the spores arc here of only inferior account) have every claim, in view of the excessive particularism of later research, to be regarded, until larger studies, in the direction of the much needed new Licheno- yraphia reformata, shall bring further light. t Spores simple. X Olancescentes. 11. Z. prninosa, (Sm., teste IJorr. !) Flot. ; thallus tartareotis, originally continuous, then areolate-rimose, now much reduced, and disappearing, a black hypothallus more or less to be made out ; apothecia small to ample, commonly adnate, or now elevated, always flattish, the disk softish, rufescent at least when wet (and black) scarcely excluding the thin margin, at length dilated, flexuous-lobate, and break- ing up into smaller ones, the hypothecium pale. Spores ellipsoid, "9-12 by 5-6 mic." Lecidella^ Koerh. Syst. p. 2S5. Lecidea alhocwrulescens, Fr. L. E. ]i. 295, & LicJi. Suec. n. 374. L. lapicida, v. lithophila, Nyl. Scand. p. 226. L. Hthophila, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 405. Rocks. Greenland (f. ochracea) Vahl, e Th. Fr. Arct. 18(51. Lime-rocks, Texas (thallus thick, delicately rlnnilose, white, obsciu'ely now black-limited ; apothecia reaching 2"""* in width, elevated, with the habit and cliaracters of the arctic lichen (Finmark, Th. Fr. !) as also of An/.. Ital. n. 78 ; and spores 9-1.3 by fl-S mic, in width) Wright. That Lichen pruinosus, E. Bot. pi. 2244, which is commonly taken to refer to Lecanora privigna, b, really relates to the Lecidea 2}rninosa above-described rests on authority which one Flnlanil imiHciim herbniiuin, wlilch really boloiiKH to that sppcles, Is there (lelorinlneM n« /-. IniiMila, Fr., while the others are illeitrlhutcd hctwccn this ti\i«'cle», L. variegatii, Fr., ami even the remote L. cuteroleuca. In part noiloubt, as certainly with respect to another, nioi-e startling emendation, at the name place, these are mlstai:es of haste; but they Illustrate, none the lens, the (llfllculty of the study before up. LKCIDKA. 67 acquainted with tlu' late Mr. IJorrer can scarcely rejjanl an other than conchisive. The specimen '-ited was named and given to me by the Knjilish Iichenogra|) ler, and Its value in the case is toufinned by the testinjoi y of another most scrupulous observer Sduerer, who (iSpicil p. 1/>H) |)ronounees the specimen sent by Horrer to him identical with Fr. Lirh, JSnec. n. 374. According to J/erh. Ach. {teste Th. Fries, JScnnd. p. 4U7) the present lichen makes indeed part (n very small one) of the motley assemblage of species representing Acharius's L. lajn'a'du, v. IHIiophila {L. U.) elevat«'d by him afterwards to spocies- rank (Syn. 1M14) and some writers have adopted therefore thin designation for the plant ; it is manifest however tiiat the author of L. Uthopldla had no such under- standing of the so-called species or its name ; which appears then to be destitute of authority earlier than Nylander (*). 12. L. crnciaria., Tuckerm. m litt. ; thalluH very thin, scurfy, glaucous-white, intersected (as seen when wet) by tortuous black lines ; apothecia small (O"""-, 5-8 in width) sessile, flat, disk black, opake, finally a little convex, and the origiiuUly stout, wrinkled, at lengtli flexuous margin dis- appearing, the pale hypothecium somewhat fuscescent, as in the last preceding. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, 10-20 by 3-0 mic, the clavate paraphyses with brown tips at length rather lax. On (" probably tertiary") sandstone, Sta. Cruz, California, Herb. Sprague. A coarser licihen, wit'i mostly deficient, but now sparse, when finally clunky, gla.icescent thallus, in Avhich the hypothallus is not shewn ; and apothecir, with more or less distinctly wrinkled margin, and imposed now on a border-like thallitie layer (both features of L. 2fruinosa) but scarcely shewing any structural differences from the lichen of Sta. Cruz, has occurred on " volcanic tufa" at Union, Oregon (♦) Aimrt from this, which can hnnlly lie called otherthaii arbitrary conHtrui;- tloii, let It Itc poriiiltttMl to me to (|uef'., to mipplai f the ilellnlte pniun TlteliiMchiHtes of Norman. Ami when the aiithorH of Lichen itruinoiuH, ahove-notlce(l,i>'lnteil thilr fleHcrlption of It an a (llxtlnct KpecleH.ln Ixll.allthe eviileiice there 1h shew h that Acharlun rejtanleil It an a form of another npeclex —L. laiiii-Ula. if lie al'fcrwarilH arrived at a different view, li* that a reaxon for ignorhiK the earlier, and, an It happens, the only pure deslKnutlon, lu favour of a modern and unauthorized uho of hlH t)t>ecle»uame uf 1814? r. ^*' I I 68 LECIDEA. i {Cunirk in herb. Sprague) and is ()laccd here for further investigation. I venture to consider bot' plants nearest to the species last-named, if not to be subsumed under it. 13. L. tesseUina, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-tartfirtous, riniose- areolate, glauccbcent (cinerascent, and now a little yellowish) the areoles flat or flattish but now at length turgid, margined more or less by the blackening hypothallus ; apotheeia minute, (O"'"*-, 3-7 in width) immersed in the areoies, from concave soon flat, naked, the thin, acute margin sub-persistent, finally conrtuont-difform, the hypotheeium colourless. Spores ellipsoid, 9-14 by .0-7 mic. Obs. Licit. 4, I. c. 12^ p. 181. On various rocks, conmion. New England, l^nckerman, I. c, 1877. Canada, Macoun. New Jersey, Anstin. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, and CJeorgia, Jiavenel. Alabama, Peters. Missouri, and Kansas, Hall. 14. L. tessellata, Floerk. ; thallus sub-tartareous, rimose- areolate, glaucescent, covering a black, more or less limiting hypothallus ; apotheeia small to ample, and large, appressed, flat, the disk horny and black, and originally glaucous- pruinose, the thin, elevated, persistent margin at length crispate-flexuous, the hypotheeium pale. Spores short- elli|)soid, C-IO by 4-6 mic. L. spilota, Fr. L. E. p. 207 ; Lii'h. iSnec. n. 400. Lecidella, Koerb. Syst. p. 237. L. vyanea, Th. Fr. Scand..,p. 480. Granitic rocks. Greenland {Vahl) Th. Fr. I. c, 18G1. At l.,ake Sui)erior, Agassiz. New England, Ttickerman ; Frost. Kocky Mountains, Hayclen, &c. California, Bolander. Oregon, IlaU. These plants do not always agree chemically, any more than other closely associable lichens ; but are commonly well marked by the at length crisped apotheeia. 15. L. anriculata, Th. Fr. ; thallus tartareous, rimose- areolate passing into verrucose, glaucescent, or now dis- appearing ; apotheeia middling-sized to ample, appressed or adnate, flattish and marginate or at length convex excluding the margin and tuberculate, commonly at length siiniately lobed, and variously irregular, black and keeping the colour LECIDKA. 69 when wet, the hyiwtheciuni brown. 8i)oreh obiung, G-ll by 2^-3i niic. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 490. Granitic rocks. Greenlaml (Vahl) Th. Fr. /. r., lH«il ; and elsewhere in Arctic America, Th. Fr., in lAiiv. .lourn. A single specimen from the Notch of the White Mountains seems to suggest it. 16. L. variegata^ Fr. ; thallus sub-cartilng"' leous (and coarser) passing into more or less minute, depressed, glau- cescent, or very conmionly yellowisli-white, now orange- reddish areoles, which are scattered over, or, being crowded into groups, interruptedly cover a black hypothallus ; apothecia small to ample, from innate beconiiiig superficial, and from concave flat, finally dilated, and now convex and plicate, delicately somewhat pniinose, tlie at first coarctate, thin margin at length obtuse, persistent, the hypothecium pale becoming brownish. Spores ellipsoid, "0-12 by T) mic." Fr. L. E. p. 303; Lich. Suec. n. 407. L. lartea, Schmr. Lich. Uelv. n. 176. L. pantherinay Th. Fr. Scand. p. 491. Rocks. North America, Fr. S. O. F., 1H24; & L. £'., 1831. A well-marked lichen ; not as yet kn^^wn here. 17. L. polycarjM, ¥r. ; thallus rimose-areolate, the flat areoles glaucous-cinerascent, or now deficient, as is commonly the black hypothallus ; apothecia small to middling-sized, appressed, crowded commonly into variously shaped groups and becoming by pressure angular, the disk always flat, very black, and naked, the thin margin persistent ; within pale, the hypothecium at length brownish. Spores much as in the last. Fr. L. E. p. 305. L. pantherina, v. lajnckla, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 493. L. lactea, Nyl. Alpine and arctic rock«. "White Mountains, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Labrador, Krempelhuher. Arctic America, Stizenberger, Index. Kocky Mountains, alt. 8()()() feet, Lapham. The first and last of these lichens well agree witli Fiuropean ones, referred, and I think rightly, to the jiresent species, as Fries und.'rstood it. And however manifestly near to the last it is distinguishable by the differently coloured ■ a 70 LKCIDEA. thallus and tlie intensely and always black a|M>tlK'ciuni ; and is rocojjnizable alHo ])y the common dispoKition of the fruit in conspicuous clusters. L. poIi/cai'iM ''•n'est en realiU que le L. lactead, hypothecium incolore." Nyl. iu Laniy Cut., p. 120. 18. L. lapicida, Fr. ; thallus tartareous, areolate-verrucose, from glaucous at length more or less ashcoloured, the black hj'pothecium mostly obsolete ; ajjothecia middling-sized, appressed, black, commonly flattish, at length very flexuous, convex, confluent, and difform, a.id the thin margin dis- appearing, within .iiore or less darkened and blackish or now greenish, the hypothecium brown. Spores short-ellipsoid, 8-10 by 3^-7 mic. Fr. L. E. p. 300; Lich. iSuec. n. 408. Nyl. Scand. p. 22G, a. L. silacea, Th. Fr. Scand. }). 487, pr. x>' b, oxydata, Fr. thallus orange-red. •L. silacea, Ach. Mountains of California, alt. 8000 feet (b) Bolander, exactly the well-marked lichen of Fr. Suec. n. 408 ; Scha?r. Ilelv. n. 191 ; and Anz. Laiujob. n. ir>l). A glaucous lichen occurs lower down in the same region (Bolander) which is scarcely separable. Elsewliere the plant has not occurred with us. Fries's view, followed at first by Koerber (JSyst.) associated it, as possessing an "entire exciple," with the next following group of species ; and it may be said to anticipate that, while better placed with the present. 11). L. paiioiola, Ach. ; thallus tartareous, verrucose- areolate, the soon tumid, now at length wrinkled areoles scattered, or more or less crowded, from glaucescent passing into ashcoloured, interspersed with garnet-reddish (tinally darkening) tubercles, and covering a blackening hypothallus ; [apothecia middling-sized to ample, adnate or immixt, flattish, or the uiore or less jjvuinose disk finally convex and the obtuse margin disappearing, the hypothecium brownish-black. Si)oreK ovoid-ellipsoid. " 18-34 by 10-10 mic."] Fr. L. E. p. bl4; IJ'-h. Suec. n. 380. Nyl. Scand. p. 223. Th. Fr. Scand. j). 502. Granitic rocks. White Mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Greenland, V^ahl e Th. Fr. Arct. This extraordinrrily LECIDEA. 71 clmractcrizo mic. Fr. L. E. p. 208, exc. excij)., Lich. Snec. n. 377, 378. b. hydropJiila, Fr. : thallus areolate- verruculose, tinged, always in our plant, orange-red, by iron ; apothecia small to middling, also more or less tinged, and rufous. Fr. I. c. ; Lich. tSuec. n. 37 f). Granitic rocks. New England, Tnckerman Syn. N. E., 1848. New York, Perk. The lichen is inferior in most respects to the one innnediately following, but more various in its range of variation as in its habitat and colours, passing now into brownish, rugulose states, and occurring on brick in Pennsylvania, B. M. Everhart; and on dead wood in Massachusetts, Wilhy. b. White Mountains, along water- courses, Tuckerman. A not dissimilar plant, with greatly reduced, rusty thallus, nuich intersected with black lines by the hypothallus, and the spores of the species, has occurred on the shores of the Rio (irinde, California, liolander. The all but universally accepted luime of this species is at the same time the oldest certain (me ; and no uncritical, early designa- tion of a scarcely typical meml)er {L. platycarpa) of the specific group, however supported (accidentally, we must suppose) by a hevb.irium specimen, can well be permitted to supplant the critical Jetermiuatiou of Fries. 20. (b) L. speirea, Nyl. ; thallus tartareous, imperfectly more or less rimose, white, now mealy, with an at length blackening hypothallus ; apothecia middling-sized to ample, from innate adnate and finally convex, mostly nake mie. L. contigua, v. speirfia^ Fr. Lirh. Suec. n, 410, & n. H7(). Am. Lieli. Laiirj. n. 100. L. nimrea^ Th. Fr. Scand. p. 485. Gruuitic and ciilciireous rocks. White Mountains, Tucker- man. North shores of Lake Superior, Agnnaiz. A marked lichen, but not easily to be far separated from the imniedinte'.^ preceding, as exhibited in Ilepp F/eeht. Eur., m, '26 {L. rontiijua of this juithor, as of Koerber, and Stizen. m (rarely evanescent) the thick but finally attenuate, wrinkled niargin black, and naked, the hypothecium brownish-black. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, lfi-24 by 8-10 mic. Schffr. Spin'l. p. N2 (herd.) Zw. exs. n. 129, a, 6. Koerb. Syst. ;>. 247 j notoj Fries. h,Jlavoc(Bnde8cenSy Schwr. ; thallus rimose, tinged orange- red by iron, as now also the margins of the apothecia, the thecia adnatc, ample to Imge, tlnttiHii, gray-pruinose, the rather stojt margin persistent, witiiin generally as in the last, but the ellipsoid spores 11- Hi by .'>-7 mic. Volcanic rocks, Mt. Diablo, California, //. Munn. The texture and habit (somewhat suggestive, in the «"ecimens, of scale-armour) together with the larger apoth u 'aching ymm. ju width) and spores, should seem to sepa'ato t . lichen, even where the last preceding is so luxuriar. / dife^ u.yed as on the Pacific coast ; but younger conditie tr. in the same rocks (Bolander) shew at least (if I mistaki i ,) Miat in its first beginnings the plant is less dissimilar ^o the other ; and even the marked lighter colour contrasting •'^>'.'^ly with that of genuine L. atrohrurmea, with which it grows, and the bloom of the apothecia, are not [)eculiar to it (*). Reference should be made here to the confessedly doubtful L. paupercida^ Th. Fr. Scand. p. 482, which is said by this writer to occur in Arctic America (Jouru. Linn. Soc. Lond. 17, p. 68.) 23. L.fusco-cUra, (L.) Fr. ; thallus cartilagineous, sqtianm- lose-areolate, the areoles thin, at length closely approximate, flat, and for the most pai"* a little hollowed, or, the edges beijig at length raised, wavy and sub-imbricate, somewhat lobulate, and more or less conspicuously angulate, smooth, chestnut, olivaceous-brown, and pallescent, upon a black now fringing hypothallus ; apothecia middling-sized to ample, appressed, flat becoming tumid, the disk pruinose then naked, the thin, acute margin finally disappearing, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores ellip'.oid, 8-16 by 5-7 mic. FY. L. E. p. 316, exc. excip. ; Lich. Suec. n. 385. Nyl. Scand. (•) There Is no reaction of the liypha- with Iodine, which, wUh tho80 llcJienologlBta who would justify In this way their fur from natural, wUlo separuilon of L.atrobninnea ami L.fuseoalrn,HUo\i\<\ leann plant, 'letennined by the citepenrH Hcareely well referable to the next following HpecieH. Of ours very little is as yet ascertained, but I Bcareely know where else to place the Bpocimen», till Dr. FrieH'H diagnosiH quoted above, shall help ub to farther knowledge. 26. L. teiiehrosa, Flot. ; thallua tartareous, rimoflc, the flat portions soon a little convex, and passing at length into quite detnthecia middling-sized to ample, sessile, flat, the disk black, opake, the stout, elevated margin brighter, persistent, the hypo- thecium brownish. Spores round, diam. 7-9 mic, in linear thekes, amid slender, loose paraphyses. JFV. L. E.p. 314; Lich. Suec. n. 351. Nyl. Scand. p. 232. Schtereria, Koerb. Syst. p. 232. Lecidea cinereo-rufn, Schcer. Spicil. p. 122. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 419. Stenh. Lich. Suec. n. 175. Alpine, granitic rocks, White Mountains, Tuckerman Gen.,, 1872. It is proposed (Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 173 ; Scand. I. c.) to change the long-determined and accepted name of this lichen, becaxise the herbarium of Sommerfelt appears to shew that he confused it with what Nylander has since named L. caudata. But it is easier to suppose that the latter might be passed over as L. lugiibris, than that Sommerfelt should have published a description of it as "coriaceous" and "lobate." 78 I": ^ •h t!i LKCIDKA. Ill Ochroleucue. 28. L» Armeniacn. (DC.) Fr. ; tluillim iiicraHHiitcd, fjir- tnreoiiH, riinoHu-arvolatc, the Hiiuiotli, bright, Hcattcrnl tir crowdiul areulcH M(k>ii tiirgiil aiicl plientc-rii^oHc, tiixl from |iiili!-y(>lluwi8b ochrncvoUH, and rufcHCfiit with u copiwry tiiifjt' (at length darkened and bhick-Mpotte*! — f. niijriUi, Auett.) bordered more or less and the eirnmiferen<'«' of tht; whole fringed by a connpicuoUH incraHHated black liypothallim ; [apothecia from middling-Hized large, innate in the areoles, Hat, black and naked, immarginate, becoming turgid and irregular, dark within. Spores ellipHoid, If-l.'J by 4a.(; mic] Fr. L. E. p. 319. Hchmr. Spicil. p. 120. 'Syl. Scand. p. 229. Alpine and arctic granitic rockw. Greenland {Vahl) Th. Fr., I. c, 1861. Rocky MountuinH, Bnuideijee in herb. Sprague, infert. 29. L. aghjnaj Sommerf. ; thalhm tartareous, incrassated, verrucose-areolate, the smoothiHh areoles soon turgid and wrinkled, and crowded into an uneven crust, pale ochroleucous, upon a black hyi)othallu8 ; apothecia middling to large, innate in the areoleH, soon convex, naked and black, and inunargi- nate, blackening within. Spores ellipsoid, 10-16 by 5-8 mic. Sommerf. Suppl. Laj)j). p. 144. Fr. L. E. p. 322. Schcer. Enum. p. 124. L. Brunneri^ Schcar. Spicil. p. 136. Am. Langob. n. 150. Alpine and arctic granitic rocks. Greenland ( Vuhl) Th. Fr., I. c, 1861. White Mountains, Tuckerman. Sitka, Dr. Kellogg. 80. L. amylacea, Ach. ; thallus tartareous, contiguous at length sub-rimose, the surface somewhat mealy, pale ochro- leucous and white, upon a black hypothallus ; apothecia middling-sized to ample, from innate at length superlicial, flat, with a thick margin, then elevated, turgid, and excluding the margin, the disk more or less pruinose, within pale. Spores ellipsoid, 7-10 by 4-6 mic. Ach. JSjfn. p. 16. Nyl. Scand. p. 227. L. elata, Sch(jer. Spicil. p. 137 ; Lich. Ilelv. n. 229. Zw. exs. n. 138. I. theci fulv. by .5 H ihul a, d LKCIDKA. n Alpine rookfl containing; lime, (trocnland ( V4(>I. I tall, H'atmm in 'icrb. SpraKue. 1 1 ^poreti fj-8-locHlar. 31. L. caudnta, Nyl. ; timlinn rimoHc-areolate, paHsing now from *.ho firnt into vorrucoHP, aHhy-brown, Ujwn a blacit hy|K)- tlinlluH ; apothocia Hninll to nii(UUin){-Hizcore8 oblong, caudate-atteiiuute below, ."i-M-locnlar, 112-40 by M\ mic. Xyl. Srand. p. 2iiO, & in Felhn. exa. n. 1U2. Scf>lirio.'H}orum, Th. Fr. Lick. Suec. n. 18. Toiiinia, dein liilhnhiu lutjubriit, Th. f\'. Lich. Ant.; Scand.p. HS7, Alpine granitic rocks. White Mountains, Tuckerman Oen.^ 1872. b. Granulosfp . Lichens of various habitat : groirinff on stones not only, hv' on the earth, dead tcood, and bark. The grou|) exhibits often a tendency to revert to Bio*nra; and the spores to pass beyond the simple type. t Stock of L. enteroleuca. Spores small, ellipsoid, simple. 32. L. enteroleuca, Fr. ; thallus from rugose at length granulate-verrucose, tinuUy often heaped, or now disappearing, glaucescent and cinerascent, the hypothallus indistinct; apothecia minute to middling-sized, adnate, soon and more c- 181, On various rocks, Missouri (Ilcdl) Tuekerman, I. c, 1877. INIassachusctts, Willey. Illinois, Wolf. And, hardly diflfer- iug, on dead v'ood, New Hampshire, Willey. L. rdtima, Th. Fr. in Lond. Linn. Soc. Journ., 17, p. 363, from Arctic America, n. of 82", seems scarcely to differ. The last word has perhaps hardly yet been said as regards the Kuropean L. sylvicola, Flot., and L. erratica, Koerb. ; the first of which is taken to differ from the other in an only "blackening" rather than " vory black" apotheciuni, which continues longer flat, and in a thicker hypothecium ; both characters of our L. cyrtidia. But L. sylvicola of Nyl., in Norrl. Lkh. Fenn., n. 145, differs from our lichen in larger, oblong spores. Authors are not agreed as to the reaction of the Eiu'opean pl.ants with iodine. According to Th. Fries {Scand. ad lac.) both give u vinous-red I'oaction, which should seem to contrast with the intensely blue one afforded by L. cyrtidia. But Nylander (Laj)v. Or., p. 186) obtains a blue reaction from L. erratica; and 1 observe the same in his cited specimen of L. sylvicola. 84 LECIDEA. - I and, as well, in a Hpecimen of the latter »ent me by Koerber. [7y. nc(jlficta, Nyl. ; thalluH of minute, Hub-eoufluent, whitinh-aHheoloiu'cd f^vanulca, forming t\ determinate, thin cruHt of an inch or more in diameter, vvhicl) i8 not rarely somewhat eflifjfiu'atc at the circumference ; a|)othi'cia very minute, superficial, ttattish, opake, the obtuse margin at length disai)pi'aring, the hypothocium brownish. Spores obhmg or fusiform-oblong, 8-11 by 3-4 mic. Nyl. Samd. p. 244. Th. Fr. Srand. p. 524. Inorusting the snuiUer mosses (Grimmia, Andrtpa) in the Scandinavian countrioH, rarely fertile ; Nyl. I. c. Norwegian specimens (sterile, though from what is called an abundantly fertile station) in herb. Willey, sent by Dr. Fries, are very like an alpine lichen of the White Mountai.iS, growing with Jj. arvtica, which I have always regarded us that species infertile. But the low country fui'nishes :• plant similarly constituted, the determinate and quasi -effl^ urate character being especially marked, growing on rocks, and nlways with- out fruit, which, connnon at the base of t!»(; White Mountains, has been found by Mr. Willey to extend to the south shore of Massachusetts , and is taken by him for a possible represen- tative here of the European species above-" inie. JKjs/ Sfomd. p>. 221. Th. Fr. Stand, p. ^38. Lcndelh '«««<*.-«, h'oert, Syst. ]). 2» to ••♦•(MTr in (Jreenland, Vahl; aiiother Minstituent l»eii»jr "ti*** HWiMljt- L. assimilata, Nyl-, to which I now refer the sckV- .^«it«'T .an lichen elsewlu're {G*n. p. 17!*;^ wsociatA^i hf wh^ n^ttk X. limosa {horealin.) Both plants ait probably PUiaCt Am»^cj«» 39. L. alpetttris, Hommer^ Th- Fr. ; thaBa* #i«J«0ii, of crowded and heaped cartilii^ti**'OUS *im(/tffmmlm, livi ol)l()ng and sub-fusiform, simple, or 2-4^i<»oului 3-4" mic. Th. Fr. IScand. p. 52(i. L. W/>€«^ .s stenoUsfm, Nyl. Stenh. Lich. Suec. n. 214. Nyl. Scand. p. 221. 14-25 K On the earth in alpine and arctic regi< (Jreenland, Stizenberger Inde.r hyperb. 1H7G ; and included also, accord- ing to I)r. Fries, in his L. alpentrix. Lich. Arct.. naid, generally, to occur in Greenland. More value than has been allowed seems to belong to tiie not uncommon bilu«-ular structure of the spores, since this passes, regularly and not very uncommonly in the cited Swedish lichen into 3-4-loculttr. 86 LECIDEA. 40. L. cusimilata, Nyl. ; thallus granuloHe, or {^ranulos^* areolato, cinernscent ; apotbecia small to almost middling- sized, convex and immargiuate, black, naked, the thick hypothccium dark-reddish-biown. Spores oblong, and sub- fusiform, often bilocular, 10-16 by 3-5 mic.-^ Nyl. Sca.id. p. 221. TJu Fr. Scand. p. 521. On the earth in alpine and arctic regions. Islands of Behring's Straits (Wright) Tuckerman Gen., 1872 (non L. borecUis.) 41. L. crajisipes, (Th. Fr.) Nyl.; thallus of minute, scattered, globular, whitish Marts ; apothecia small to middling- sized, flat at first and obtusely marginate, but soon convex and imraarginate, opake, more or less distinctly stipitate, finally clustered, and variouply irregular, the hypothecivim reddish-brown, and blackening. Spores from ovoid becom'ng oblong and sub-fusiform, now bilocular, "10-16 by 3^-/*" mic. Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 104; & in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 194. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 520. Helocarpon, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 178. Upon mosses in alpine and arctic regions. Arctic America, Th. Fries in Lond. Linn. Soc. Jonrn., 1879. ^^■\ Spores variously curved^ 4-locular. lichen. A bark- 42. L. acdinis, Flot. ; thallus rugose-verruculose, or sub- leprous, or scarcely any, cinerascent ; apothecia small to minute, udnate, flat, thinly marginate, or now at length convex and the margin disappearing, the hypothecium pale. Spores (8-16 in the thekes) from obliquely ellipsoid more or less bean-shaped or S-shaped, 4-locular, 9-17 by 3-6 mic. Nijl. Scand. j). 219. Ilepp. Fl. Eur. n. 281. Arthrosporum, Mass. ; Koerh. Syst. p. 270. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 584. Bark of Poplar, Massachusetts & New Hampshire, Willey. * ** Sporoi>tatia. in the thekes. Spores very minute and numerous 43. L. MoriOy Schaer. ; thallus areolatc, the discrete, BUELLIA. 87 flattish areolPB soon a little convex or even wart-like, smooth and shining, yellowish-copper-coloureil, those of the eircnni- ference more or less radiant, and fringed also by the black hypothallus in which they are mostly immersed ; apothecia minute to almost middling-sized, depressed and scarcely siir- ))afising the areoles, at length irregnlarly convex, often papillate, and now gyrose-plicate, the hy|H)theciinn pale to dark-reddish-brown. Spores globular, and ellipsoid. Sckcer. Spia'l. p. 183, a. Fr. L. E. p. 319. Simrastatia., Mass., Koerh. Syst. p. 205, a. Am. Lang. n. 164, a. Biatorella sp.. Mans., olim; Th. Fr. Scand. p. 403. b, coracina, Schrer. Fr. I. c. areolcs blackening. Schatr. I. c. Alpine and arctic rocks. White Mountains, Tnckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Rocky Mountains, Parry. Sierra Nevada, California, Bolander. b, Arctic America, Dr. Kane ; Tk. Fries in Lond. Linn. Soc. Journ., 1879. lumerous LI.— BUELLIA, De Not., Tuckorm. Apothecia patelljefomi. Sport^H ellipHoid, from simple (rarely sab-persistent n. 18) bilocular often by constric- tion S-shaped (§* & §**) or now qnadrilocular (n. 10, 11, 20, 33-36) or murifonu-multilocular (n. 21, 2.5, 27) brown, but now decolorate. Spermatia oblonjr, or stati'-shaped, on simple sterigmas. Thallus now lobulato (§ *) but, for the most part, unifonn. Some remarks on the analogy and vahie of the group, which is to Lecidea as Rinodina to Lecanora, may be found in the author's Gene^'a Lichenum, p. 184. As hcjre understood, Buellia afibrds the fullest exhibition of the ditterentiation of the brown spore. * Gatolechia. Thallus from rugose jAicate, reduced n otv to glebous-squamtdose, at leiujth lobulate. Spores hiJocxdar, brown. The group corresponding here to the section Toninia in Ijecidea. 1. B. epigceaj (Pers.) Tuckerm. ; thallus rosulate, sub- 88 BUELLIA. |i'';' 'i' liiil' stellate, many-cleft, white, mealy, reduced now to scattered lohuloH ; apothecia small to middling-Hized, stib-sessile, flat, but the brownish-black or black, opakc disk at length convex and excluding the prominent margin, which is suffused at first more or less bj the thallus, the hyimthecium brown. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, 12-18 by fi-9 mic. Lecidea, Schoer. Spicil, p. 118. Fr. L. E. p. 290. Ilqip, Lich. Eur. n. 144. Upon the earth in calcareous regions. Bad lands of Judith, Nebraska, an 1 on the North Platte river, Wyoming, accompanying, as in Europe, Placodium fuhjent {Ilayden) Tnckerman Gm., 1872. Montana, growing with Biatora devipiens, M, A. Brown. Acharius confused this with the similar Placodium candicans, Dub. ; and his description of the fruit has been regarded as belonging wholly to the latter : but the apothecia of Buellia epigcaa occur also dark-brown. 2. B. holacina, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallub of scattered, turgid, wavy and plicate, glebous squamules (1-2"""- wide) from greeniwh-glaucescent at length white ; apothecia small (scarcely reaching !"""• in width) adnate, plano-convex, opake, sub-immarginate, the demiss margin soon disappearing, the hypothecium blackening. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, 12- 20 by 6-10 mic, the well-developed paraphyses loose, and brown-headed. On the earth, in "mesas," San Diego, California, Dr. Coojyer. In the same habitat. Lower California, Mr. Orcutt. 3. B. hadia^ (E'"-) Koerb. ; thallus of glebous, now crenate- lobat'i and imbricate, and now reduced, flattened, and areolar squamules, tawny, and olivaceous-brown ; apothecia small to middling-sized, adnate, flat, the disk opake, the irregular margin prominent but at length excluded, the hypothecium brown. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular. 8-16 by 5-9 mic. Koerb. Syst. p. 226. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 185. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 588. Leddea, Fr. L. E. p. 289, a. Nyl. Scand. p. 238. L. Dubenii, Fr. Zw. exs. n. 119. Decayed mosses ou rocks, Yosemite valley, California (Bolander) Tuckerman I. c. 1872. Washington Territory, Suksdorf. Rocks, Kansas, Hall. The lichen occurs also, BUELLIA. fi9 icattered , flat, but ivex and at flrst Spores Schcer. . n. 144. f Judith, '^yoming, JIayden) Biatora with the iption of tie latter : brown. jcattered, nm. wide) cia snmll 3-convex, npearing, [jular, 12- )08e. and •nia, Dr. . Orcutt. crenate- d areolar small to irregular othecium niic.' Th. Fr. ll. Scand. 'alifornia 'erritory, urs also, in Europe, parasitic on the thallus of ParmelUp ; L. badiella^ Nyl. J^jren! p. 12 {'^/ere variekm" I. c.) being scarcely distinguishable from such states. The spures of our plants exceed t' ose of the Pyrenjcan, but are rather snuiUer than those of I lie other European specimens before me. ^ 4. li. jndehella (Schrad.) Tuckerm. ; thallus of turgid squamules which are crowded together into a gyrose-plicate crust, and become explnnate and undulate-Iobate at the circumference, greenish-yellow (pallescent with age) upon a black hypothallus ; apothecia middling-sized to ample, sunken among the snuamules or superficial and sub-sessilt', flat at first niid obtusely riexu«;;;;'.-marginate, t iit tinnlly tumid, and the margin obsolete, often conglomerate, and confluent, the hypothecium black. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, "10-17 by 7-10" mic. Lecidea Wahlenbergii, Ach. Schur. Spicil. j). lis. Fr. L. E. p. 290. Steiih. Lich. Saec. n. 213. Moist, shaded, alpine, and arctic rocks. Arctic America {Richardson) Hooker, I. c. 1823. The smaller lichen, agreeing in the colour of its plicate but less develoi)ed thallus, and referred here (as a depauperate forn\) in tlie Syn, Lich. N. Eng., p. (54, as not uncommon in moist fissures of rocks, at the summits of the White ISIountains {Tnckerman) as of the Adirondack mountains, N. Y. {Peel') has never occurred in fruit, and its place is indeterminable. The habit of growth of the lichen suggests also the alpine Catolevhia llooken of European mountains, unknown here. ** Euhuellia. Thallus uniform. Spores broicn, in the larger number of species, typically bilocvlar, butjjassiny, rarely, from stich conditioiis into 4-0-locxdar ones {n. 11) always 4- locular in n. 20; 4-locxdar breaking at length into jilnrilocnlar in n.lO; and finally reaching the extreme of dereloj.m^.nt of the broivn s2)ore, in muriform-nndtilocidar, in n. 21. The section affords thus a very rich and instructive exhibition of this important type of spore. { Glaucescentes. 5. B. retrovertens, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus of small, separate, smooth, here and there sub-lobate, soon convex 'i I t •: «;! •JO ru KLLIA. fti'ooh'H, j;Ihu('pho(MiI ; apofhocia iiiinnto (0""".^ 3..'', in vridth) luliiatc, tlu' black dink hooh convex, nnd the l>rowii l)Mt lilnekcniii^ inar^iii deiiiiHH, uiid diHappcarin^s the liypotlicciiiin lirowiiiHii-black. .Sporew ellipHoid, hilocular, 10-17 by 7-8 niic. ; the at length diHtinct paraplivHCH ht-<)wn-hcarado, liraudeffee in herb. Spiiifiuo. Too little Ih known of this. Tin- thalhiH at once HuggewtH that of Le.canora calcarea, v. coiitorta, an, more diHtantly, that of the granitieoline L. cineren, v. tjibhoHa, but this is also true of the PyreuH'an Lecidea fu/uaiiiulata, .V>//., Obs. Ptfr. p. 58, as describe*!, which should differ but little from ours, except that no mention is maile of the important fact that the margin of the exciple in the latter is originally pale. Is it possible that the Europ»ean lichen should be better comparable with IhieUkt naratiUs than with B. spuria? And is ours also parasitic ? G. B. stiymwa, Tuckenn. m litt. ; thallus originally con- tiguous, but passing, from the first, into rimose-areolate, smooth and even, limited and decussated by the blackening hypothallus ; apothecia minute (O""'"-, 2-r) in width) adnate, flat, the black, naked disk bordered by a thin, persistent margin which is originally of the colour of the thallus but soon blackens, the hypothecium dark-brown. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, 11-15 by 5-0 mic. ; the concrete, slender paraphyses at length distinct, not capitate, and scarcely coloured above. Quartz rock, Pennsylvania, Michener. On the same rock, Weymouth, and New Bedford, Mass., Willey. South Caro- lina, Eckfeldt. The thallus here appears certainly not foreign. The apothecia suggest rather Jiinodina. Spermo- gones not seen. 7. B. lepidastra, Tuckerm. ; thallus tartareous, squamulose- areolate, glaucescent, the flat, soon dilated areoles undulate- lobate and crenulate, discrete, but crowded at length into a broken, or now rimnlose, or even verrucose crust, the hypo- thallus confused, or obsolete ; apothecia small, adnate, flat, naked, but the thickish margin finally disappearing, and the fruit heaped, and proliferous, the hypothecium dark-brown. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, 10-20 by 6-8 mic, the agglutinate l)araphyses at length more distinct, brown above. Suppl. 1,1. c. p. 429. lUKF.LIA. 01 On viirioiiH rockH, \'«'rin(»i»t (Front) 'riickcrinaii I. c. 1H.''>M. MuHsiu'liiiyi'ttH, Tuvkermnn ; Willi'}/. Alnhftinn, I'^'lern. Otlirr !i<'li« hh, from Tcxuh, Writjht ; Ni'w M('\i(><», liramh'tjec ; ttiu\ Cnliforniii, Iinhiiti\ coiin' vt-ry lu-Jir. Tlii' Nt'W Kiij;luii(l pliint, uri^iiiallv |>iiMiHlu'<|, \n ri>iiini-knhU> fur itH much diluted arcoU'M (commonly exceeding 2"""-, running together into hirfjcr oni'H exceeding 4"""- in widtli) which iiri> (U-citlcdly HfiunmacoouH ; but these occur also smaUcr, ami the priuj-ipal diHtinction of the Californian lichen from conditiouH referaMe (in the present writer's view at least) to B. spuria is the entire disappearance of the black hypothallus of i\,c latter; the lar{;;er spores of the former being probably of less account. 8. li. spuria (Seiner.) Arn. ; thallus tartareous, the snuill, flat, or at lenjjth a little convex, more or less black-edjjed, nudtangular areoles, either dispersed upon the conspicuous black hypothallns, or crowded tojjether into a chinky crust, j^li'Mct'Scent, and cinerasceiit ; apothecia small, innate-sessile, mostly flat, the rather prominent marjjin at len. 127. Heirp Fl. Evr. n. 3S. Unci- Ua .spuria, a, Anz. Catal. Sondr. j^. 87 ; & Lich. Lanffoh. ii. 104. B. sjmria, a, & B. lavtea, Koerb. Parerg. j)- l^'i. Lecidea lactea, Jlepp, n. 751. Biiellia ladea, Tuck. Gen. p. 186 {specim. Californ. excl.) Lecidea atro-albella, Nyl. ! in herb. Ciranitic and other rocks, common. New England, Tucker- man I. c. 1872. New Jersey, Au-Hfin. Pennsylvania, Mich- ener. INIissouri and Kansas, Hall. Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. 9. B. stelbdata (Tayl.) lir. & Rostr. ; thallus thin, made up of minute, flat or a little convex, scattered or ci'owded areoles, glaucescent or cinerascent, upon a black hypothallns ; apothecia minute and very minute, adnate and imniixt, flat, the commonly jjcrsistent margin at length disappearing, the hypothecium blackish-l^rown. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, 7-13 by 4-7 mic. TJi. Fr. Scand. p. 003. Lecidea, Taylor Jide Borr. ! LeifjJit. Lich. Fl. Brit. p. 304. L. npuriav. min- utida, Uep^ Fl. Eur. n. 313. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I n ■^I2i& ill I.V/ lU ^" "^ itt lii 12.2 I.I £f Lfi 12.0 IJ& 1.25 1 1.4 |||.6 < 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST IMAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. USM (716)I72-4S03 '^ A-At 4^' r I > IN 9S BUELLIA. m On various rocks. California (Bolander) Tuckerman O^en., 1872. Tennessee, Ravend. New Jersey, Austin. Massa- chusetts, WUley. The New Jersey lichen is coarser than those of Borrer and Hepp, which are the type of ours, but far more like the latter than one of the iwo specimens of the New Granada Lecidea atellulata of Nylauder ( Lindig Lich. N. Oran.^ n. 156, Coll. 2) which is too near to B. spuria. 10.. B. tUbo-atra (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. ; ihallus effuse, cartila- gineous, contiguous soon rimulose, or now at length thickened and areolate-verrucose, glaucous-white, now mealy, the hypo- thecium brown. Spores ellipsoid, 4-locular but the cells at length irregularly divided, 10-20 by 5-9 mic. Lecidea, Schcer. Spidl. p. 140. Fr. L. E. p. 336. Diplotomma, Koerb. Syst. p. 218. BueUia, TJi. Fr. Scand.^ p. 607. b, saxicola, Fr. ; thallus more or less determinate, and orbicular. Fr. I. c. , (I Trunks, especially of Elm ; less commonly also on dead wood. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Galal., 1818. New York, and New England, Halsey. Canada, A. T. Drummond. Illinois, Hall. California, WriglU. Oregon, Hall. b, New England, on granite rocks and sandstone, Tuckerman. Kansas, on lime rocks. Hall. Texas, on lime rocks, WriglU. Reeky Mountains, on Chalcedony pebbles, Hayden. Cali- fornia, on sandstones, (now peculiarly dispersed, f . microbola) Bolander. Hypothallus exhibiting a blackening fringe in specimens from gneiss, at Cape Elizabeth, Maine, Tuckerman; and some European specimens show perhaps traces of a similar discoloration of the edge of the periphery ; as Fr. Lich. Suec. n. 413, upon a similar rock. 11. B. parasema (Ach.) Th. Fr. ; thallus originally con- tiguous, at flist and often persistently thin and smoothish, but soon rugulose, thickening, chinky, and at length areolatc, or variously granulate, glaucescent, cinerascent, or darkening (exceptionally also yellowish) limited more or less by the blackening hypothallus ; apothecia sessile (varying also, in cases, to adnate and even innate) for the most part flat or flattish, and the commonly thin margin, which is at length BUELLIA. 93 i .;•] flexuonS'lobate, persistent, but the opake disk (now excep- tionally brownish, as also the mar^n ; and now, in sub- tropical regions, gray-pruinose) at length turgid, and variously irrogular, the hyimthcciuni brownish-black. Spores elli|>soid, bilocular, very various in dimensions, 10-24 by 5-11 mic. Tk. Fr. Scand. p. 589. Lecidea, Fr. Sched. Crit. ; A Lich. Snec. )t. 215y 216. Fr. L. E. p. 330, mcue. p. TStckerm. Syn. N, E. p. 67 (ayn. Floerk. excl.) max. p. Stenh. Lich. Snec. n. 109, 110. L. disciformis, Nyl. b, Iriphragmia, Nyl. ; spores from 2-beconiing 3-4-6-locu- lar. Scand. p. 236. Bark of trees, and on dead wood, throughout North America. Muhlenberg Catal. 1818 {mltem pro p.) Hahey! Arctic America, RicJiardson. Ohio, Ijea. Illinois, &c., Hall. British Columbia, Macoun. Anticosti, TTie name. Southward from Maryland, and Virginia, Tuckerman, to the Cftrolinas, and Georgia, Bavenel, Florida, Austin, Louisiana, Hale, and Texas, Wright. b may occur anywhere. I have observed it in specimens from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Texas. A rich, and vauCh varied species. Beside the now yel- lowish tii]ge of the thallus, this occurs also rose-tinted (f. rhodopolia, Nyl. N. Gran.) in Florida {Austin) and now verniillion-tinted within (f. eudococcina. Tuck, herb.) in Cuba {Wright.) Compared with those of the European lichen as noted, the spores of ours seem to be rather smaller, and this perhaps more marked in the specimens happening to be before me from the northern than in those from the southern States, but a larger view may correct this. Acharius separated finally {Syn.) the present species and Ijecidea enteroleuca; but left both, as Dr. Th. Fries has shown, and as was then in fact inevitable, confused. But F^e {Meth. 1824) describes in his Stipph, 1837, the spores of his " X. parasema, Ach. Syn.", so as to leave no doubt that our Buellia was what he had in view. The same is true of Fries's L. parasema, Sched. Crit. (1826) and Exsicc, before me. "X. disciformis, Fries," cited by Mougeot & Nestler, n. 745 (1823) as a syn- onym of L. parasema, Ach., has been adopted by Ny lander in place of the other designation ; but no better authority for the same appears, which is also invalidated precisely as the I ' 94 BUELLIA. "^■''.'rnjK n earlier one. — Moiigeot & Nestler's specimens of what they mean including also (and in Dr. Taylor's herbarium equally with my own) L. enteroleuca. [A marginal note says : ^* re- write, and notice the large spores on dead wood, (and Hawaii, on bark.)" New Bedford specimens on rails, referred here by Professor Tuckerman, have spores as large as those of B. dialyta.'] 11 (c) B. papilkUa (Sommerf.) Tuck. ; thallus incrusting, from thin and membranaceous soon granulate, and Anally thickened, tartareous, and rugose- verrucose, whitish or very white, the hypothallus indistinct ; apothccia middling-sized, superficial, from flat, with an opake, at length scabrous and tuberculate (now brownish) disk and an obtuse margin, soon convex, swollen, and confluent-irregular, the hypothecium brownish- black. Spores from ellipsoid passing into sub-fusi- form, 2-4-locular, 18-30 by 7-14 mic. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 186. Lecidea, Fr. L. E.^ p. 336. Buellia inaignis, Koerb. Syst. p. 230. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 227. Am. It. Sup. n. 292. B. parasemtty d, e, /, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 590. b, albo-cincta^ Th. Fr. ; the margin, and now the disk also of the ajiothecia white-powdery. Th. Fr. U. cc* Upon dead mosses, &c., in alpine and arctic regions. Greenland, (Vahl) Th. Fr. I. c. 1861. Rocky Mountains, I'arry, &c. Mountains of Washington Territory, Brandegee. b. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Mountains of Washington Territory, Brandegee. The lichen is perhaps rather better characterized than the analogous form of Lecidea enteroleuca; and has all but universally been accepted as a s^iecies. 11 (d) B. leptocUne (Flot.) Mass.; 'Hhallus tartareous, thickish, rinnilose-areolate, dirty-whitish, limited more or less by the black hypothallus ; apothecia sessile, the disk flat be- coming tumid, black, naked, the prominent, soon flexuous margin finally excluded." Koerb. " Hypothecium blackish- brown. Spores ellipsoid, obtuse at each end, bilocular, scarcely constricted at the middle, 12-16 by 6-9 mic." Th. Fr. Koerb. Syst. p. 225. Mass. Lich. ItcU. n. 347. BUELLIA. 95 Rabenh. Lich. Eur. n. 110. Anz. Lich. Etrur. n. 31. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 598. IjecideOy iVy/., in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 199. A black, limiting liypothnllus, however now obsolete or deficient, as in muscicoline and lignicoline states, may {lerliapH be taken for characteristical of B.jmraaema; and B. halonia constituting in this view, an ochroleucous rock-form, suggests at once the probability of a glaucescent one, occurring also with us. The European lichen varies from a nearly crustless state with thin, wavy apothecia (Hepp, n. 811, recognized by all) to a handsome rimose-areolate one {L. leptoclinoidea, Nyl., Lich. Pyren. n. 65) which I cannot but follow the enn- nent author in considering scarcely distinguishable. To this approaches nearly a well-developed meniber of the present stock from the Galapagos Islands ( T. Hill in Exp. Hassler) and another, not remote, but comparable rather with the cited plant of Anzi, is exhibited in the Chilian L. dincij&rmiit^ Nyl. Chil. /p. 1 66 ; this author not then separating the rock-forms of B. parasema. But we do not yet know B. lejitocline as North American, unless an Oregon specimen (Cusick, in herb. Sprague) be referable to it. B. vilis^ Th. Fr. Scand. p. 599, is said by this author to be '* exceedingly near akin " to B. l^todine, notwithstanding the remarkable difference of a colourless hypothecium ; and of this (originally found in Spitz bergen, but since traced to Norway and Sweden) " a few apothecia " are said by Dr. Fries (Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., I. c.) to have occurred to him upon stones from Arctic America. 11 (e) B. halonia (Ach.) Tuck. ; thallus sub-cartilagineous, rimose-areolate, the smooth, angulate ai*eoles soon wavy and variously irregular, pale-greenish-yellow, upon a black, lim- iting hypothallus ; apothecia middling-sized, appressed, soon convex, and tumid, and the thin maigin excluded, more or less ffiruginous-pruinose, the hypothecium dark-reddish-black. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, 11-16 by 6-8 mic. Lecidea, Ach. L. U. p. 163. Buellia, Tuck. Oen.p. 186. Coast-rocks, California {Bolander) Tuckerman, ^ c. 1872. 11 (f) B. Semitensia, Tuck, herb.; thallus tartareous, 96 BUELLIA. W nigose-vernicose, sulphur-yellow (and pallescent) the hy- potheciutn indiHtinct; apothecia middling-Hized to ample (O"""-, 7-1"""-, 5) aduate, flattish with an obtuse margin which is now early d^misa and disappearing, naked, the hy}X)theciuni much as in the last. Spores also similar but larger, 14-28 by 7-10 mic, the rather lax paraphyses reddish-brown above. Granitic rocks, Yosemite Valley, and elsewhere, California, Bolander. 12. B. dialyta (Nyl.) Tuck. ; thallus effuse, very thin, scurfy becoming granulose, and more or less at length com- pacted, white, on a white hypothallus ; apothecia minute (0"""-, 2-5) superficial, a little convex, immarginate, scabrous, the hypothecium dark-reddish-brown. Spores fusiform-ellip- soid, bilocular, 19-31 by 7-11 mic. Lecidea, Nyl. in Flora, 1869, p. 123. Buellia, Tuck. Gen p. 187. On bark of Pinus contorta, California, Nylander, 1. 0. 1869 ; Bolander. On Hemlock Spruce, Vermont, Russell. On the same bark, as also on rails of dead White Cedar, and on Pitch l^ne cones, Massachusetts, Willey. Hemlock bark. Western New York, Miss Mary L. Wilson. 13. B. ElizoR, Tuck. ; thallus effuse, made up of minute, scattered or crowded, rounded, greenish-glaucescent granules, upon a white hypothallus ; apothecia small to minute (0"""-, 3-7) aduate and immixt, flat, the disk orange-red, at length blackening and convex, excluding the at first prominent, thin, black margin, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, 9-15 by 4-7 mic, the paraphyses agglu- tinate. Oen. p. 187. Lecidea, Svjyjd. 1,1. c. p. 428. On Pine bark. South Eastern Virginia, Tuckerman, I. c, 1858. On Pine bark, Vermont, Frost. On White Cedar bark, and dead wood, Massachusetts, Willey. { I Fuscescentes. V 14. B. pullata. Tuck. ; thallus rimose-areolate, the minute, angulate areoles more or less concave and sub-crenate, but passing finally into a close, rugose-verrucose crust, dark- BUELLIA. 97 olivac«oa8-brown, the hypothallus indistinct ; apotfaecia »mti\ (C""*-, 4-7) gessile, flat, naked, becoming ant^latc and dif- form, with a thin, prominent margin, which disappears as the disk liecomes Anally tumid, the hyi>othecium brownish-black. S|jores ellipsoid, bilocular, 12-18 by Ti-y mic. the para- physes at length distinct, and brown-capitulate.— Zthallus ; a{)othccia ' minute (0™™-, 2-5) appressed, and adnate, thin, flat, the disk" livid and blackening, the thin, prominent, persistent margin at length flexuous-irregular, the hypothecium blockish-brown.' Si)ores dactyloid, 4-locular, 12-16 by 4-5 mic, the paraphyses finally loose. Oen. p. 187. Lecidea^ Suppl. I, I. c. p. 429. : On various rocks. New England (Odkes) Tuckcrman, 2. c. 1858. New Jersey, Austin. Pennsylvania, Mictiener. South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Also on trees ^ and shi'ubs, Massachusetts, WUley. 21. h. oidaleay Tuck.; thallus contiguous, from thin, cartilagincous, and smoothish, soon rimulose, thickened, and rugose-verrucose, yellowish-glaucescent, limited by the black hypothallus ; apothecia middling-sized to ample (0™"-, 8-2""™) sessile, the disk opake, soon tumid, and the obtuse margin early excluded, the hypothecium brownish-black. Siwres from solitary, when they reach 46-88 by 18-24 mic, occurring also in 2% 3% 4% 5', 6", and 8% and the average of the smaller spores 30 by 16 mic, muriform-multilocular (transverse series of cells 8-12, longitudinal, in the middle, about 4) the slender, lax paraphyses brown-headed. Oen. p. 189. Lecidea^ Obs. Lick. 1^1. c. 4, p. 383. h^penichra^ Tuck. ; thallus white ; apothecia much reduced. fik •TOO A ... ^Ih 1 1 r II BUKLLIA. •H|N>r«H (ill A' & N') not itxcctHliiig lR-2n by 10-13 inic, the jtransvcrHf HoricH of cfllt* only 4. lifielUa, Tuck, (hn. I.e. " Knrk of OnkM, Culifornin ( Wrhjht) Tuckcriimii, I. <;. IKCO. ')'}pruc» niid riiic liurk in tlic Haiiin Htnt<>, Jinlander. On ;varioiiH luirk, Oregon, Prof. iYlRfrfc^rri/ //«//.— —I», on Spriuio, YoHoniitieiilnr, thittiHli, or coinnionly uoncuve nreoleM, tlie edf^uH of which are raiHed atxl often wliite-powdery, dark- 'brown wlien dry and olivaeeouM-lrown when tnoiHt, and Hcat- t(*red over a black liypotlialliiH ; apothecia tubiate or HeHHile, ' naked, Um^ and peiHiHtcntly flat, and thinly inarginate, but at leiif^th collV(^\ and iinniarp;iiiate,thehy|H>theeiuinbrowniHh- black. Spores obtMHe-ellipHoid, bilocnlar, 23-30 by 12-10 mio." lihixomrjion^ Th. Fr. iScand. p. (ilti. RockH, ("ape York, Arctic America, ' sterile, bnt the deter- mination certain', Th. Fr. in Jonru. Ijinn. 8oc. Lond. 17, p. 864, 187D. 28. B. vollndcnn, (Nyl.) ; thalliiH of ininnte, deprewfled arcoles, which are now scattered, bnt more often crowded together into a close, thin, rimnlose-rngnlose crust, brownish- ashcolonrcd, and gray, limited l)y the black hypothallus ; apothecia small to middling-sized, siib-sessilc. flat, naked, with a thin, elevated margin, the hypothccium blackish-brown. Spores ellipsoid, bilc«cular, 14-2.'i by 7-12 niic, mostly colour- less or nearly so. Lecidea atro-aiba, v. chloroapora, Nyl. Scand. p. 233. Buellia atro-alba, Tuck. Qen. p. 186y omnino. Rocks, common. New England, Ihickerman. Canada, A. T. Drummond. PcunBylvania, Michener. Virginia, i-t- m ■k:i. BITKUJA. 101 Curth. Flr»t Hf>|)nrnt<> viU't\ liiii Lii'h. Sun'. II. ',\Hi {Summ. p. 11«;.) Hut tliiM N|MTiin<>ii oov«'n'<| twji forrim — H, & (' — which now prove, lUToniin); to Dr. Th. Fri«'M (SnniU. in Uh.) to n*liit«' to iliHtinrt H)H>C!i<>ii, uiiil it ciiii hnnlly then Ih' iim«h' to Hiip|M>rt the ^* Jihizoearjmm affjilanatum (Kr.)" of Th. Kr. Smud. p. (JIM ; even Hiip|Hwiiig that tlie uiithor Ity whom it Ih thiiH pro|M>He hypotheciiim blackiHh- hrown. SporcH ellipHoid, bilre8 (in 4', and 8') oblong-ellipHuid, from 4-locular at length muriform- multilocular, and from colourleHS at length blackiuh-brown, 24-40 by 8-18 mic. Ithizocarpon, Koerb. JSyat. p. 260. Lecidea^ Nyl. Scand. 2>. 233. wt I 102 BURLLIA. T I, I1: ^'^ II' '• i.'i i ;^. b, ffratuUti, Plocrk. ; vc>rriic-arcolato, tnn aroolcs tumid, from aNliculoiircd niorv ur Iumh violtu-ttoim-bruwniHh, Hcatternl U|>on thu coiiHpiciioUM binok hyitotlialliiH, ur urowdeil ; thi; a|M>th«cia iininixt. Koerb. I. c. Zwackh exH. n. L'i2. Rhizocarpon grandc^ Am. Th. Fr. ScanU. p. 024. Lecideu cUro-alba^ Fr. Lich. JSuec. n. 400 ^ B. c, Montiujuifi y Tuck. ; thalhiH of the preeedinp variety ; of which thit) ih a condition witli H|>oreH either Holitary, or in two8 in tlie thekes, and i>ro|M)rtionntely larger, or 24-r>4 by 18-30 mic, and more. Tuck. (ien. p. 190. Lecidea MoHtagruKi^ Flot. in Koerb. Stjttt. p. 258 ; Ifepp, n. 309; & L. gemiiMta^ Flot. I. c. j). 250. L. atro-eUba^ a, Fr. Lich. Suec. n. 400 J A. d, albinea^ Tuck, in litt. ; t!ialluH thickiHh, riniosc-areolate, the coarac areolen flattened, diH|)oBed in denne clonipM ui>on tlie black hypothallus ; apothecia Hub-seHuile, often pHeudo- lecanorinc, soon and connnoidy convex. Common throu{^hout our territory, on rocks, and now also on dead woml, and very variable. Greenland {Void) Th. Fr. 1. c. 18G1. Canada, A. T. Drummond. New England, Tuckerman. And, following the mountains, southward, Carolina, Curtis. California, Bolander. b has the same range, and c also, the locality of the Kocky Mountains (Ilayden) being added for the latter. d, is common, and conspicuous from New England to Virginia, Tnckerman. Ix)nger study of the European lichen has led to the distinction, with more or less clearness, of other forms, with litvle doubt to be determined also here. 25 (e) B. Oederit (Ach.) Br. & Rostr. ; thallus of minute areoles which are either flattened and at length crowded into a rimulosc crust, or verruculose, rusty-red, the hy[>othallus obsolete ; apothecia minute, innate-sessile, angulate, flattish, the disk papillate and sub-plicate, the prominent margin more commonly persistent, the hypothecium brown. Spores ob- long-ellipsoid, colourless, 4-locular, 12-20 by 6-10 mic. Lecidea^ Nyl. Scand. j). 234. Rhizocarpon, Koerb. Parerg. p. 232. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 020. Lecidea atro-alba, v. oxy- dcUa, Ff. Lich. Suec. n. 384. Ill' i' ,'11 m-ELLIA. IM Alpine ami arctic rnckft, anil in lower re{i^ons in high mountains. C;reenlanthecium brownish-black. 8i)orcs solitary, or in 2', or 4' in the thekes, ellipsoid, muri- form-multilocular (the transverse series of cells 8-12, the longitudinal 4-r>) from pale at length blackening, surrounded by a dense halo, dO-fiO l)y 20-2.'> mic. ; the conglutinate para- physes blackish-brown alnivc. Spermatia staiTsha{)ed, 8-12 mic. long. Oen. p. ISO. b, stUphurosttj Tuck, lierb.; squamules sulphur-coloured within. Rocks, coast of California {Bolnnder) Tuckerman, /. c. 1872. Alpine county, Cttl.,Xa7)Aam . Oregon, //a//. Wash- ington Terr., Sukadorf. b, Oregon, Cudck, 27. B. ffeoffraphica, (L.) Tuck. ; thallus sub-tartareous, the areolcs either flattened and dispersed, mostly in clumps, or crowded together into a chinky crust (f. contigua) or ver- rucosc, greenish to bright-yellow, uiion a black hypothallus ; apothccia small, commonly crowded together in groups and thus angulate, between the areolcs which they scarcely surpass, with flat disk, and thin, rather prominent margin, or the disk now convex and excluding the margin, the hyiK>thecium brownish-black. Spores irregularly ellipsoid, from 2-4-locu- lar and pallescent, blackening at length and niuriform-pluri- locular, 17-40 by 9-16 mic. Leciden, Schter. Spicil.p. 124. Fr. L. E. p. 320. Nyl. Scand. p. 248. Ehizocarpon, DC. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 622. b, lecanorinay Flocrk. ; arcoles scattered, tumid ; apothecia immersed in the areolcs, and so bordered by them. Koerb. Syat. p. 263. Th. Fr. I. c. 104 BUELLIA. Rocks in alpine and arctic regions ; and now also in lower Arctic America (JiichardHon) Hooker, I. c, 1823. Newfound- land, Pylaie. Canada, A. T. Druminond. New England, in the northern mountains, and descending to the coast of Maine, and to Sugarloaf, Deerfleld, Mass., Tuckerman. Mountains of North Carolina, Buckley. Rocky Mountains, BrandeffKe. California, Bolander. ()r»'gon, Ilall. Wash- ingt. n Terr., Suksdorf. 1>, Island of (jlrand Manan, N. B., Wiley ; and very marked in California, //. Mann. 27 (c) B. alpicola^ (Wahl.. pro. p.) Anz. ; areoles as in B. (jeograpMca, but larger and much in dense clumps ; apo- thecia middling-sized, soon elevated and from aduate sub- sessile, at length coiivex. Spores short-ellipsoid, bilocular, brown, 10-lH i»y 7-i> mic. Lscidea, Nyl. Prodr. ]). 142. Scnvd. p. 247, Bnellia, Anz. Catal. Sondr. p. 90. Lecidea geographical v. aljticola, Schmr., Fr., Koerb.^ & Auctt. pL, pro p. Ithizocarjwa chionojyhilum, Th. Fr. Scawl. p. 6.12. Alpine and arctic rocks. White Mountains, Tuckerman^ Gen. 1872. Arctic America, Th. Fr. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. The lichen of the White Mountains, which only occurs in the iiighest region, contrasts conspicuously with the condition of B. geographica with which it grows, in the brigliter colour of its determinate patches, the flat areoles of which are twice larger, as in th" soon protiiberant and equally larger fruit. In a plant from the Sierra Neva. 48. Nyl. Scand. j). 247. On the thiillus of Btjeomyceit hysmidett, and B. placophyllus, and said also to occur ^ on the earth and on rocks ', in alpine 106 BUELLIA. and arctic regions. Greenland (Vahl) Th. Fr. I. c, 1861. Sought in vain in our alpine districts, where the similarly coloured Lecidea flavo-vire jcens is common. The pretentis called rare in Europe (Nyl., Stizenb.) 31. B. Trypethelii, Tuck. Jierb. ; thallus foreign ; apothecia minute (0"""-, 2-4) rounded or often oblong-difform, sessile, flat or a little convex and the thin margin disappearing, opake, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores in saccate thekes, oblong-ovoid and constricted at the middle (soleseform) brown, 17 by 8 niic, the paraphyses distinct, jointed, capitulate. Upon Trtfpethelium Carol inianum^ Tuckerm., on bark, Florida, A. II. Curtiss in herb. Sprague. Only a red reaction ^ith iodine observed, and that confined to gravid thekes. 32. B. mmimula, Tuck. herb. ; thallus foreign ; apothecia exceedingly minute (from less than 0"""-, 1, not much sur- passing this figure in width) appressed, flat, the thin margin scarcely exceeding the disk, and finally excluded, the hypo- thecium brown. Spores oblong-ovoid (soleseform) dilutely coloured or colourless, 14-16 by 5-7 mic. the few para- physes loose. On the thallus of a Pertuaaria? Florida, Austin. The reaction with iodine as in the next preceding, of which this may prove to be only a small form. 33. B. Parmeliarum, (Sommerf.) ; thallus foreign, but deformed (more or less) by the parasite, and passing thus into small tufts of commonly cucuUate lobules varyicj? also in colour; apothecia minute, convex, immarginate, black, opake, the hyiwthecium blackish-brown. Spores oblong- ovoid (solea.'form) 10-15 by 4-6 mic. Lecidea^ Sanmerf. Suppl. p. 176. Stizenb. Lich. Ilelv. p. 214. AbroihalXus parasiticus^ Nyl. Scand. p. 246. A. Smithii, A. Weluntcschii^ & A. microapervms, Tul. Mem. Lich. pp. 113-115, t. 16, f. 22-20, fide Nyl. A. Smithii, Koerb. Syst. p. 216. Mudd Man. p. 224. Upon the thallus of Parmelia saxatUis, P. oKvtcea, and other foliaeeous lichens. New England, Tuckerman, WiUey ; hi i BUELLIA. 107 &c., not rare. On P. scucatUia, Oregon, Hall. On Cetraria Fahiunenais^ Islands of Behrinp's Straits (but the spores not seen) Wright. The plant shows no lichenose reaction with iodine, but is scarcely more abnormal than Biatora (yxyapora (Tul.) significantly agreeing with the present in its extraor- dinary action on the matrix, which does. X t Spores normally 4-locnlar. 34. B. paraftUica^ (Fl.) Th. Fr. ; thallus foreign ; apothe- cia minute, sessile, flat, or at length a little convex, naked, with a regular, thin margin, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, 4-locular, 9-18 by 3-6 mic. Lecideay Nyl. Prodr. p. 144; Lich. Par. n. 68. Dactylo- ^pora^ Koerb. Syst. p. 271 . On the thallus and apothecia of Lecanora pcUlescenSy and Pertuaaria sp., California {Bolander) Tuckerman Oen. 1872. Oregon, HcUl. This is the type of a number of minute apothecia, varying a little from it, which are now (not wholly without hesitation) separated specifically by writers on the arctic Flore. Several of these are reckoned beiow. 35. B. urceokUa, Th. Fr. ; '^ thallus foreign; apothecia minute, the disk at first deeply urceolate (' ofteuer gyalectoid,' Nyl.) then concave, with a prominent, thickish, somewhat constricted margin, black, naked, blackish or black within, the hypothecium brownish-black. Spores narrow-oblong, obtuse, normally 4-locular (but now occurring also 5-8-locular) 14-18 by 4-6 mic. ;" Th. Fr. I. infra c; " Spores 15-23 by 5-6 mic, the paraphyses not distinct," Nyl. infra c. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 234. Lecidea sociella, Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 165. Upon the thallus of various lichens, Greenland ( Vuhl) Th. Fr. I. c. 1861. From this species, L. attendenda, Nyl., I. c. p. 186, an inhabitant of the thallus of Pilophorus cereolusy V. Fibula (but not yet observed here) is said to differ in a less dark hypothecium, and slightly smaller spores, which also become more than 4-locular. And from this is separated an " exceedingly close-related " L. jiarasitvla^ Nyl. I. c, found on PUopkorv^ cereolus, v. robtistus, in islands of 108 BUELLIA. Behring's Straits, Wright, by yet smaller and ellipsoid spores, 9-14 by 5-6 mic, but reason scarcely appears for distinguish- ing this from the B. paralitica of the west coast. 36. B. glaucomaria, (Nyl.) ; '^thallus foreign; a|x)tbecia superficial, small, flat, with thickish, somewhat rugulose margin, black within, now heaped, the hypothecium brownish- black. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-locular, from colourless at length brown, 21-25 by 8-9 mic." Lecidea, Nyl. Scand.}). 245. On the thallus of Lecanora glaucoma, Greenland, Stizen- berger Index Ilyperh. 1876. Small, flat, black apothecia, the thickish persistent margin of which is strongly rugulose, have occurred here on Lecanora tarlarea (New Bedford, nom. Bnellia glaucomarioides, Willey herb.) and should agree closely with the present speciob (as described) except that the more ellipsoid spores hardly exceed 12-16 by 5-7 mic. 37. B. Pertusaricola, Willey, Jierb. ; thallus foreign ; apo- thecia minute (scarcely reaching 0™"*-, 5 in width) innate and adnate, concave, the thick margin persistent, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores 30-50 in the thekes, 2-4-locular, brown, 5-7^ by 2\ mic. ; the paraphyses distinct at length, incrassated and brown above. On the thallus of Pertusaria communis, saxicola, Wey- mouth and New Bedford, Mass., Willey. i;ii • I 1 '' Tribe III ORAPHIDACBI, Eschw., Nyl. Apothecia diffoiin, nomially o}>long or lengthwiwe extended (lirellwfonn) but reverting also to rounded, bordered by a proper exciple, which is crowned in some large groups by an accessory thalline one, or, in others, disappears. We reach, in Graphidacei, the division, in our view of lichenose vegetation, where thalline features, except now in extraordinary relation to the apotheciuui, are least conspicuous. No lobed, or, still less, branched conditions signalize this tribe ; and, in a large propor- tion of species, the thallus is so far reduced* as to appear often deficient. The type is then, with all its luxuriance of apothecial development, a degraded one ; but it attains, at the same time, to an unexpected distinction in its gonimous system, which, not wholly without exception (namely the very few species of Opegrapha of the elder lichenographers now brought together in Lithographay Nyl. in Leight. Lich. Brit. p. 3fi0, and the more distinct Xylographa^ Fr.) and with whatever difficulty satisfactorily definable, exhibits itself in neck- lace-like-connected series of cells largely also distin- guishable in colour, suggesting the stmcture of the Alga ChroolepuSy Ag. We are here however considering Lichens from the point of view of their fruit-characters ; and are precluded, too, fi'om laying hastly stress on the peculiarities of Graphidaceous gonidia by the fact that similar gonidial structure is known to occur in Lecano- reirs groups (Gi/alecta lutea, &c., = Btatorinopsis, Mull., but the structure in question is certainly not con- fined to the ?2t/ca-group of Gyalecta^ and is still but imperfectly determined) where it is difficult to hesitate rather to subordinate it, than force the plants slowing it into a wholly unnatural association with Graphis. no GRAPHIDACEI. The tribe (upon which the obHervatioiw in the writer's Genera^ p. 192, may be compared) — only Hparinjrl.v represented in the temperate regions of the earth — finds its type and real explanation in the central family Ope- graphei'i a»d there in the vast tropical genus Graphi.'i, for the illustration of which we owe almost everything to Nylander ; and the other Families conveniently (at least in the present condition of knowledge) group themselves on either side. But the North American Flora includes tropical regions, and even the United States Flora sub-tropical ; and we thus have already some, and may look for many more, unfamiliar natives of the hot countries to illustrate our northern represen- tatives of the Graphidaceous type, and condition our estimates of it. The systematic presentation of these sub-tropical Graphidacei is made however exceedingly difficult by the still imperfect state of our knowledge concerning them : a remark which holds good not merely of our United States lichens, but also of those of the West Indies, and of Equatorial America, upon which the illustrious European lichenogra})her last-named has thrown already such abundant light. Fam. 1.— XYLOGRAPHEI. Thallus innate in the matrix (hypophlaeous) and only exceptionally superficial ; the gonimous system consti- tuted of bright-green (ordinary) gonidia. Apotheeia from more or less rounded soon and commonly oblong, and lirelheform ; pale, and blackening. The family is understood here as including only Agyrium and Xylo- grapha. AGYRIUM. Ill [» writer's ){>uriiigly \i — finds lily Ope- Graphin, erytliinj? ently (at American B United ! already ir natives represen- ition our of these .•eedinjriy iiowledjfe [>t merely se of the \)n whieh mied has ind only consti- )()thecia oblong, amily is d Xi/lo- LII. ^AGYRIUM, (Fr.) Nyl. Apotheeiu more or leHs rounded becoming oblong; softish ; reddish. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, or reddish. Thallus hypophla.>ous. This type, and Xyloyrapha^ were reckoned among Discomycetes by Fries, who did not even place them togetlier (Summ. Veg. iScand.) but Coemans, than whom no one has done so much to explain both, has no difficulty in allowing (/. in/i'a cil. ) a close affinity between them, in which lichenologists generally appear to be agreed ; only Dr. Th. Fries {Lick. Scand., p, 634) dissenting, and rejecting Agyrium to Fungi. 1. A. nifum, (Pers.) Fr. ; thallus indicated more or less by a pale spot ; apothecia (0, 2-7 millim. wide) innate-sessile, from flnttisli, when a paler margin - is sometimes indicated, soon convex and immarginate ; bright to dark (commonly rusty) rufous and blackening. Spores 10-18 by 6-8 mic, the paraphyses indistinct. F)' Syst. Myc, 2, p. 232. Nyl. Prodr. p. 148; Scatid. p. 2o0. doem. Not. p. 19. Tnckerm. Gen. p. 225. Minks, Morph. Stud, in Flora, 1880^ p. 34. Wainio Adjiv 2, p. 147. Stidia, Pers. On dead wood, as on stems of Osmnnda, New Bedford, ( Willey) Tuckerraan, /. o. 1872. Elsewhere in New England, not rare, Willey. Texas, E. Hail. Washington Territory, Snksdorf. Reaction of the hymenium with iodine, blue. The plant is commonly placed here by lichenologists ; Dr. Th. Fries disseuting {Lick. Scand.) and rejecting it to Fungi. 2. A. carneolum, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus hypophlaeous ; apothecia (of the size of those of 1 ) appressed ; from a little concave becoming fiat ; ovoid-ellipsoid ; pale-fleshcoloured, and brownish. Spores rounded and ellipsoid ; the larger ones G-13 by G-11 mic. ; the paraphyses indistinct. On dead wood, Washington Territory, Suksdorf. Only a single specimen seen, but the lichen appearing well-distin- guished. m wms 112 XYLOORAPHA. LIU. — XYLOGRAPHA, Fr. Apotliecia an^1at«-pat<^Ilrefonn paHsing into 1irella>- fonn ; the exciplo HoftiHh ; and more or Ichm, at leant originally, pale. Spores ellipsoid ; simple ; decolorate. Spermatia acicular, on simple sterigmos. Thallus as alK)ve. Recedent from the Tril>e in the gonidia, but l>elong- ing to it by its fruit-character ; and the lichens referred here cannot naturally be looked for anywhere else in the Class. 1. X. parcUlela, (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus hypophlaeons ; apo- thecia innate (surpassing O"""-, 5 in length, and O""™*, 2 in width) lanceolate and linear, acuminate ; disposed parallelly ; the thin, elevated margin finally disappearing, and leaving a fiat disk, black (now bro\^n) the hypothecium without colour, as in the other species. Spores ellipsoid, 10-16 by 5-7 mic, the slender paraphyses at length distinct. Coem. Not. p. 16. Nyl. Scand. p. 250; & in Fellm. Lich. Fenn. n. 205. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 638. Minks in Flora, 1S80, p. 42. Wainio Adjiiv., 2, p. 147. Opegrapha^ Ach. Hysteriuviy Wdhl. Stictia, Cord. On dead wood. Mountains of New Hampshire ( WiUey) Tuckerman, Gen. 1872. Maine, Pringle. New York, Wil- ley. Washington Territory, Suksdorf. British Columbia (the spores in an otherwise well-marked state, now smaller, 8-11 by 3-4) Macoun. Acharius (L. U.,i>. 2.53) notes the European lichen as more often exhibiting an external, though thin, thallus ; and Dr. Th. Fries (l. c.) finds now a sufliciently distinct, and even verrucose thalline crust. 2. X. disseminata, Willey ; thallus of minute, round, scattered or at length crowded, smooth granules, glaucescent ; apotheeia superficijil (from 0"""-, 2 reaching 0"""-, 4 in length, and O™™-, 3 in width) rounded, elliptical, and oblong, often blunt-angled ; concave ; the obtuse, wavy margin at length thinning out, leaving the disk flattish ; soon and commonly black. Spores oblong ; nebulous as in all the species, but passing here from pseudo-2 to pseudo-4-locular ; 14-26 by l! I XYLOGRAPHA. 118 [) lirellft^ ttt least "colorate. ImllUH ViH t belonjr- * referred re else in ions ; apo- ()«"»«•, 2 in parallelly ; leaving a Mit colour, y 5-7 mic., m. Not. p. in. n. 205. SO, p. 42. Hysteriumy B {Wniey) iTork, Wil- Colurabia iw smaller, ) notes the lal, though Bufticiently ;e, round, aucescont ; in length, ong, often at length commonly )eci^8, but 14-26 by 4-6 mic, the Hparse capillary paraphyscR rather looge. Sper- matia staff-sba|)ed, 10-24 mic. long, straight. Willey MS. On bark and roots of White Ceed, when wide-mouthed and gaping, also narrowed and lirelllfonn, and at length angtdatc and sub-stellate ; with a thin incurved margin ; crowded at length into dense clus- ters ; from pale-brown passing into livid-black. Spores rounded and ovoid; 8-12 by 5-7 mic. ; in napifonn thekes ; amid capillary, and rather lux para[>hy8es. On tlead wood, Washington Territory, Sukadorf in herb. Sprague. Reaction of the hymenium with iodine blue. 4. X. Opegraphella, Nyl. ; thallus rugose-verrucose becom- ing at length somewhat turgid, glaucesccnt passing into pale- brownish, and now obsolescent ; apothecia minute (O"""-, 1-3 wide) superficial ; concave ; from rounded soon angulate and lirellate, and at length bi-tri-furcate ; pule to dark-brown. Spores ellipsoid and oblong-ellipsoid, 11-15 by 3-5 mic. Nyl. Ennm. Gen. p. 128. Tuckeitn. Oen. p. 202. Ope- grapha atidica, Fr. & Tuck, in Tuckeitn. Lich. exs. n. 97, non Nyl. On dead woml of the coast of Massachusetts and Maine, Tuckeitnan, I. c, 1855. Grand Manan, N. B., Willey. Gasp^ coast, Canada, Jifaeoun. Fara. 2. — LECANACTIDEI. Thallus distinct, unitbnn, from scurfy becoming com- pacted, or tartureous, and now mealy, the gonimous system constituted of more or less reddish-yellow gonidia which are linked together in limnching series ; apothecia 114 LECANACnS. •Ill ill rounded more or Ioam, hut poHHing aho into ohlon^, and even lirelhrfonn ; pale and blackening ; niarginate. The two genera hero hn)ught together Huggent now Lecideine, and now Locanoreino aflinitiet^, ar ' have found Huch variouH diHpoHition. It is however 'thing but natural to assign Lecanactis UlecehrMa to . rril)e, and L. lyncea to another ; and the goninious Hystcra, in these species, as in L. abietina, and in L. premnea, is accordant ; and is that so peculiarly characteristical of Graphidacei. LI v.— LECANACTIS, (Eschw.) Koerb., emend. Apothccia rounded, or, more rarely, oblong ; the (proper) exciple wholly black. Spores finger-shaped, a>id fusifoiin-oblong ; quadri-pluri-locular, without col- our. Spemiatia oblong, and staff-shaped ; on simple steriginas. Thallus as ttlx)ve. (Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 3, I. c. G, p. 283.) 1. L. abietina^ (Ach.) Koerb; tballus effiisc, thin; com- pact and smoothish at length chinky, as also powdery and thickened, glaucescent ; apotliecia middling-sized to almost ample, roinuled or at length angulate-difform, sessile, t]ie soon convex disk, and, more or less, the tumid margin densely white or pale-buff -pruinose, black within. Spores fusiform- oblong, 4-plurilocular, without colour, 30-40 by 4-6 mic. Spermogones wart-like; spermatia very large, oblong, 11-16 by 3-4 mic. Koerb. Syat. p. 276. Lecidea^ Ach. Nyl. Prodr. p. 138; Scand. p. 241. Trunks. Arctic America, between lat. !)i° and 64° N. (Richardson) Hooker, I. c, 1823. On Abies, California, Bolander. 2. L. premnea, (Ach.) Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, contiguous, smoothish now granulate, or rugose and rinuilose, glauces- cent, ash-coloured, or greenish, more or less limited, or otherwise conditioned, by the blackening hypothallus, or LKCANACTIS. 115 olmoIoHcent ; aiMitlu'cia nii (IIhIc };r«><>n-|)riiinoM<>, lM>ooiiiing iibIcimI, wliito within, tii«> ol>tiiH(> margin iniinitcly cr(W8-Htriat(>, or <>l(>ft, th(> hy|M)th(>eiiim black. iSfNm'H fuHiforni-ol)lon)<, 4-pliiriloeiilar, without eoU our, l.'>-2.') by .3-(i niic. Sitfrniogoiivs, ami H|ioriuatia niiuute. Tni'kerm. I. c. Lecidea, Ach. L. (/., />. 173, 070. Nyl. Proilr. p. 13ft; Uch. Parin, n. 07; Scatui. p. 240. Schi»- malomma, Mudd Man. p. 222. b, chlororonin. Tuck. ; niar};in of a|)othociuin thin. S|)orp(i dnctyloid, 4-l«M;ulur, 11-17 l>y .'{-o. Tuckenn. (ien.p.Hi4. L. chlo)'(H'onia, Ejuad. Obs. Lich. I. supra c. On bark of Cyprt'HS, IxiuiHiana (Hale) Tuckernian Oen. 1K72. IMne, and other bark, California, Bolander. South Carolina, Eekfeldt. Alabama (on HamlHtonu) Peters. b, on Alaplo, and ChcHtnut, New llanipHhiru, and MaHHaehu- setts, Tuckennan; and Vermont, Frost. On Hemlock Bpruce, and wooear to be rather smaller than in the European lichen ; and little there- fore to be left to keep the var. b apart. 3. L. Californica, Tuck, in litt. ; thallus tartareous, rimose becoming rugose-verrucose and smooth, glaucescent ; apothe- cia middling-sized to ample, adnate, rounded and angulate, dilated, passing into oblong with rounded ends ; disk flat, at length convex, grey-pruinose, the thin rugulose margin, and the hypothecium black. Spores oblong, always 4-locular, 20-26 by 4-6 mic, in 6* and 8', in cylindraceous-clavate thekcs, amid capillary, flexuous, branched paraphyses. Upon twigs in Lower California, L. Belding. Nearest to L. lyncea of Western Europe, which exhibits a mealy thallus, smaller ai)otbecia with all the constituents of the hymenium more slender, and long-fusiform or acicular, pluri- locular spores. 116 platy(;raviia. LV. — PLATYfiHAIMI A , Nyl. A|N>tl)(>riu rotindcd, olthni^, or, more nin*ly, lircllu*- fonii-<>xt<>ii(l<'(i, the pro|M>r cxciplo, tho niiirjrin of which IH now ohHciirc, or obHolt^ts viirioiiHly folourcil, uiid cTowiu>(I iiy iiii iK'coHsory thalliiu* oiio. Sporos ohioiif; pHHsiii^ into fusiform, 4-phirilocuhir, without colour. Spomiutiu olilon^, stiitr-Hhaped, or nccdlc-nhapcd, on Himplo Htcri^nas. Thalhis as alMivo. A conspicuous tro))ical type, represented in our noitliern States by only one reduced expression. 1 . P. vermmx, Tiickfrni. Iiorb. ; tlinlhis of minute, crowded and heaped, and more or Iohh at len^tli euah'seent gi. mules, grayish-green ; apotheeia sniall (()"""•, 4-H wide) rouiideres from ellipsoid sn dactyloid, 4-locular, the distinct paraphyses finally rather lax. On charred 'voovidth) sessile, rounded and angulose ; the slightly convex, black, ashy-i)rninose disk bordered by a thickish, flexuous-sub-crenate, white margin ; the hypothecium black. Spores fingershaped, 4-locular, 1(5- 18 by 3-4 niic, without colour, amid filiform, lax paraphyses. Nyl. Syn. If. Caled.^p. 58^ note. Tuckerm. Oen.^p. 195. l>irina, Tuck. Calif., 2^- 17. On bark of Qitercns agrifolia, and Pinus insignis, Califor- nia, (Bolamler) Tuckerman I. c, r8GG. 3. P. ocellata, Nyl. ; thallus now thin but thickening also and sub-tartareous, granulate, soon compacted and rimose, PLATYGRAniA. 117 m lirt'llii'- if which i>n){tli floxuoiiH rcH fron> ^riiphyseH f Oraph- porbapB, mt., I at rtareoiis, ipothccia luU'd and 08U drnk margin ; uhir, 1(5- apliyses. Oen. , p. , Califor- iiing also riniose, bmo«ith, moro or Ipmh iNmleriMl and deciiHitattMl hy a hlack«MUU(( hy|H>thalhiN ; a|)othrcia Minall to minnto (O"*'"-, B-A wide) roiindod (alm> now ohiong) tlio diHk tint, from livid-palo hiat'ki-ning, whit(>-niargint>d inorv or \v»n diiitinetly by the thalhiH which iH (>h>v»tfd ut h'ngth to ronHtitutt* a proniint>nt, li'canorold, Hub-cntirr or crcnatc, acccHHory ri"'opta<'h' ; the liy|M>tlu>cMnii ItrowiiiMh-lilafk. S|M)r(>H ftiHiforni, 4-hK'ular. 14-20 hy IWi mic, without cohmr, the wlender parapliyHea 8n n|iH, or now at last con- tiguouH iiiul rinndoHe paHtting into verrucuhme, whitiHh ; apo- thecia Huiall, deprcHHed, roun«k'd and oblong, at length Home- what furcate ; the diHk flat soon convex, browniwh-black, and black, Hub-HcabrouH, with an obscure and evancHci'nt proper margin, which is bordered by a coarse, white tlialline one, itself now disappearing, concolorous within. S|M)res aciculur, 4-locular, 30-30 by 3-4 mic. Nyl. iScand. p. 250. Anz. Lick. Ital. Sup. n. 325. Schismatmnma doloswn, Koerb. Syst. p. 256, & herb. On Hemlock bark, Southern Massachusetts, and in the New Hampshire Mountains, Willey. 5. P. interrnpta, (F^e) Nyl. ; thallus thin, sub-tarlareous, compact, white ; apothecia minute, from rounded soon angu- late (0"»"'-, 2-4 wide) and oblong, and bi-tri-furcate, and at length much narrowed and slender-lirella'form (reaching 1 «"«"•, long.) Spores dactyloid, 4-.')-locular, 16-20 by Mi mic, without colour. Nyl. in Prodr. N. Grcn. p. 95; & in Lindig exs. nn. 783, 814. Graphic, F4e Ess., p. 41 ; Sujrpl. p. 30; & Chiudecton monostichum^ Ejusd. Supjtl.p. 54; ornn. sec. Nyl. Upon bark, in equinoctial America, ¥6e ; Nyl. 'iud repre- sented so closely by a lichen from Southern Florida {Austin) 118 ENTEROGRAPHA. ' tbat I cannot omit the reference, tlioup^h the single specimen ■'j too small and incom|)lete. The plant resembles equally P. lejitogrnpha, Nyl. I. c. ; and this might, ns he says, be reae ha8 not always seemed clear. The tj'pical species approach yet very near to some types of GVcfjoAw ; hut ditfer essentially in their imniar«;inate, immersed apothecia, and in the spores. One European species may be readily taken for Chio- decton. \ E. elegans, (Eschw.) thallns thickish, sub-cartilagineous, smooth, granulate, grccnish-glaucescent ; apothecia eluugated, very narrow, and excessively spread-branched, from pale blackening. Spores from ellipsoid daetyloid, 4-locular, 14-1 6 by 4-6 mic, without colour. Sclero})hyton, Eschw. Sj/st.y p. 14, Jig. 8; Lkh. Bras., p. 101. Stiymatklium, Nyl.Syn. N. Ceded., p. 58. Upon bark, low country of Georgia, Ravenel. Florida, Austin. LVII. — GRAPHIS, Ach., Nyl. Apothecia lirella'f(-nn, and, more or less, for the most part, branching, reverting rarely to rounded-diflonn, mostly innate, the proper exciple polourcd, or black, the base more often colourless, crowned almost always, more or less, by an accessory one of the thallus. Spores from ellipsoid typically oblong, and eruciefonn, 4-pluri- locular, reaching also, in many s[)ecies, nmriform-multi- locular, brownish, and decolorate. Spermatia oblong, and stati'shaped, on simple sterigmas. Thallus tausta- ceous, uniform. The author has ccmsidereu the sub- divisions of this vast genus in Genera Lic/iemim, p. 202. It is however p»'eferred here to consider the section Fisatirina as occupying an analogous place, on the one side, looking towards Ji'/j/et'o^/rajj/ia, of the great central group Leucoijramma, into which it clearly pass(>s, as does G. ficrijj/a and its allies, as evidently looking towards Opegrapha, on the other. Nylander, above all others, has exhibited to us the exuberance of Graphis 120 GRAPHIS. ;, iPf as well by description as by the dcteraii nation of such collections as Lindig's and Wright's ; but the histoiy of the genus throughout the wanner regions of the cai1h is still very far from completeness, while in Mexico, :uid especially in the extreme southern portions of the United States, it is hardly beginning to be known. * Fissurina. Apothecia thin , simple^ or variously somewhat branched^ immersed, resembling small, more or less at length gaping fissures, defined finally by the elevation of the thalline edges of these fissures, the proper exciple pals. (Genus Fissurina, F6e., Mont. Genus Diorygma, Eschw., Mull. Arg. Graphis sect., Mey. Nyl. mProdr. N. Gran. p. 80.) AVhether Z)iory7?/ia, Eschw. Syst., 1824, or Fissurina, F6e, of the same year, both based on the same conception, have the pri- ority, is uncertain, and appears so even to F6e {Suppl. p. 2) but, notwithstanding the indisputably grpater value of the analyses of the German author as compared with those of the French, the thought of the latter is perhaps the purest, and has found readier recognition with later lichenists. The type is an extreme degener- ation of the next following, great tropical group Leuco- gramma, turning especially on the diminution and final disappearance of the projjer margin. But Eschweiler recognized also Graphis grammitis, F6e, as a member of his Diorygma, and has been followed therein by Montague ; and that species should cany with it others, as G. contexta (Pers.) Nyl., G. Balbisii, F6e, G. Lau- bertiana, F6e, all of them referred to the present section l)y Krempelhuber to the disadvantage of the section, which thus disappears in Leucogramma. The named species arc then excluded in the view here taken, and, for the same reason, Fissurina Babingtonii, Mont., which, closely enough related, as he saw, to the next section, appeared yet, in his specimens, to be ditferenced by the deficiency of the pro})er margin, proves now, in GRAPHIS. 121 other specimens (Wright Lich. Cuh., 2, 37fi,39fi,hoth of them hy the spore-characters, G, insfabilitt, Nyl. in Prodr. N. Gran. p. 8fi, n., but published now as the scarcely otherwise differing G, Bahingtomi) to display sufficiently this margin, and is also here refeiTed to the section Leucogramma. Thus restricted, /^'wwirina may he said to be typified by Graphis nttida (Mont. !) Nyl. 1 The little group of humble lichens of this affinity, is however embarassed, as well by the general reduction of structure — the thalline edges of the clefts playing the part even of apothecial margins — as by the feeble develop ..ent of the inner stmcture, and tlu' difficulty of finding spores ; and I can say no more of what fol- lows, than that it brings together the best results I have been able to reach. There is no reason why other of the tropical forms should not turn up in our extreme Southern districts ; and it is quite certain that this sec- tion of Graphis will one day bfi understood here better than it is now. 1. O. nitida, (Moat. & V. d. Bosch.) Nyl. ; thallus mem- branaceous-cartilagineous, pale-olivaceous, smooth aud bright ; apothecia from sub-simple aud llexuous soon elongated, fur- cate-ramose, and approximated in radiating groups ; the pale disk concealed by the more or less gaping thalline margin. Spores [in Hawaian specimens entirely agreeing with Mon- tagne's from Java, more or less cocciform-ellipsoid, 4-locular, the cells entire, 12-15 by 9-11 mic, without colour.] Fissiiriyia, Mont. & V. d. B. Lkh. Javl]^. 51 ; Syll.ip.355. Oraphis, Nyl. Eimm. Gen. p. 130. Trees in tropical and sub-tropii-al regions. South Carolina, Ravenel. Lower Alabama, Beaumont. But the spores not seen in our plants. Esehweiler's Diorygmu nitidiim is scarcely to be satisfactorily understf)od by the deseriptitm ; but Montague's lichen is known, and has been accepted by Nylandei. 2. O. radiata, (Mont.) Nyl. ; thallus as in the last; apo- 122 GRAPHIS. thecia simple, or 2-3-furcate in radiating groups, the margins erect-connivent (Mont. ; Nyl.) Spores (in Lindig's ayteci- men) ovoid, 4-locular, the cells entire, 12-16 by 5-8 niie. Fi»8Hrinay Mont. Syll. p. 354. Oraphia, Nyl. in Prodr. N. Oran., p. 86; & in Lindig herb. N. G. n. 793. Trees, coast of Texas ? Wholly uncertain ; but perhaps as likely to occur as the preceding, from which it is considered to differ in specien by the authors cited, although neither their descriptions nor the cited specimen seems quite enough to make the difference clear. Spores commonly ovoid ; but cocciform ones also occur. It is not without interest that a sub-muriform character is rarely exhibited. 3. G. botryoaa, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus as in the preced- ing, smooth and bright, pale-olivaceous ; apothecia small, ellipsoid and oblong, simple, soon gaping, white, more or less densely aggregated in at length anastomosing clusters ; the disk colourless. Spores oblong, 4-locular, the cells entire, 14-20 by 4 mic, without colour, invested with a halo. Trees, southern Florida, Austin. And what appears the same was found in northern Floiida, as possibly also South Carolina, by Ravenel; and in Cuba by Wright; but spores seen in neither of the last. 4. G. Dumastii, (F^e) Nyl. ; thallus as in the preceding ; apothecia from ellipsoid becoming 2-3-angular, and oblong, simple, soon open and dilated, the thalliue margin sharp. Spores in cylindraceous thekes, oblong-ellipsoid, 4-locular, the cells entire, 14-18 by 5-7 mic, without colour (F^e, Nyl.) Fiasurina, Fie I^aa., p. 59, t. 16, f. 4; Suppl. p. 46. Graphia, Nyl. in Prodr. N. Gran. p. 86; Syn. N. Ceded, p. 80. On bark of Cinchona, Tropical America, Fie. Florida? The specimens iusutlicient ; but possibly Indicating this species, which may well occur. ^ 5. G. lenconephela, Nyl. ; thallus as in the preceding ; apo- thecia indicated by narrow flexuous fissures in white, opake, rather prominent and conspicuous spots ; the disk colourless. )iW GRAPHIS. 123 margins 8 8i)eci- nic. rodr. N. perhaps nsidered her their lough to )id; but st that a J preced- a small, more or clusters ; the cells h a halo. )ear8 the 3o South it spores eceding ; I oblong, n sharp, -locular, 5e,Nyl.J) )l. p. 46. Caled. p. Florida? ing this ng ; apo- e, opake, )lourless. Spores ellipsoid, mnriform-multilocular, 14-28 l)y 8-14 mic, finally without colour, invested more or 'ess with a halo. Nyl. Lich. Ktirz. Bengal, in Flora, 1869, p. 73; & inWrujlU Lich. Cub. 2, n. 73. Trees, Southern Texas, E. Hall. Southern Florida, Ana- tin. Spores now brownish in the thekes. 6. G. v.itidescens, Nyl. ; thallus much as in the 8i)ecies preceding ; apothecia from rounded, and ellipsoid, soon oblong, simple, rather i)rominent, more or less white-veiled, the cleft at length gaping, the disk i)ale. Spores ovoid-oblong, 4-6-locular, sub-muriform, the middle cells being more or less dividetl, 16-20 by 4-8 mic, without colour. Nyl. in Wnght Lich. Cub., 2, n. 68. Trees, Florida, liavenel. A. H. dirties. 1 have seen no description of this marked species. 7. G. Columbina, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus much as in the last ; apothecia slender, soon elongated, flexuous, and furcate- ramose running together into loose groups, the rounded mar- gins white within, the disk narrowed. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong, muriform (ser. transv. c. 5-8, long. c. 4) 14-30 by 10-12 mic, fuscescent. Trees, Southern Alabama (Pigeon Creek) Beaumont. Near to, and perhaps not distinct from the last preceding, but appearing to differ as above. The other is considered by Nylander to be represented also (with a videtur) by Wright, Cub. n. 69 ; but this is less coniparable with our plant, than what seems the typical G. nitidescens (Wright, n. 68.) 8. G. subnitidida, Nyl. ; thallus as in the preceding ; apo- thecia minute, sunken, from ellipsoid soon elongated, flexuous, and some'vhat branched, and now collected in radiating groups, the very narrow exciple more or less conspicuously brown-edged, the cleft exceedingly thi.i. Spores oblong- ellipsoid, sub-muriform (ser. tr. 8-10, long. 1-2) 20-24 by 6-8 mic, finally colourless. Nyl. in Wright Lich. Cub. 2^ n. 155. Trees, Southern Florida, Austin. Well agreeing with the 124 GRAPHIS. .'1 if Cuban lichen, except that in the latter the spores seen shew only entire sixire-cells. 9. O. glmicoderma, Nyl. ; thallu8 thickish, incrusting, smooth, and more or less bright, grecnish-glaiicescent ; apo- thecia indicated by narrow, much elongated, flex'ious, branched cleftH, aggregated commonly in radiating groups, and soon irrcgitiiirly gaping, or Anally much dilated, and stellate-angulate, the flat disk flesh-coloured. Spores ellipsoid, sub-nmriform (ser. tr. 4-'), the cells more or less divided) 15-20 by 7-10 mic, without colour. Nyl. in Wright Lick. Cub. 2, n. 61. Trees, in Southern Georgia, and Northern Florida, Ravenel. Southern Florida, J. Donnell Smith. This, and the immedi- ately preceding species have not, to my knowledge, been described. G. mihnitens, Nyl. I. c. n. 70, without descrip- tion, is exceedingly like the present, but its possibly smaller spores are brownish, and invested with a halo. '. 10. G. Beau7nontii, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus thickish, gran- ulate-uneven, somewhat shining, greenish-glaucescent ; apo- thecia stout, innate-supei-flcial, ellipsoid, and oblong, simple, a turgid thalline margin much concealing the disk, which is at length open, and tb? cleft even gaping, the pale proper margin obscure. Spores cocciform, 4-locular, the spore-cells entire, 12-20 by 8-14 mic, for the most part without colour. G. Babirujtonii^ Tuckerm. Gen., p. 211, not of Nyl. Trees, Southern Alabama, ( W. J. B. Beaumont) Tucker- man, 1. c, 1872. Lo.v country of South Carolina, Havenel. Texas (low country) E. Hall. Answering generally to the description of Fissnrina Babingtonii, Mont. Syll., p. 354 ; but this, as recognized by Nylander (Wright. Cub. 2, n. 37, a, b, 39, b) is a distinct lichen referable perhaps rather to the next succeeding section of the genus, and has not occurred here. ** Leucogramma. Apotheda typically robust, simple, passing into elongated, flexuous, and at length many-branched forms, innate, becoming readily prominent, the less-marked proper margin connate more or less with the mostly conspicuous GRAPHIS. 125 (whithh) thaUine rme ; the disk pale, nmr blcckening. (Oeniw Leucogramma, Moy. Entwick. (leniis Leiorrheuma pr. p. Eschw. Syst. Gcnim Leiogramma pr. j). Eschw. Bran. Graphia, sect. Frvmentarup, Nyl. Enum. 04n., & in Itodr. N. Gran. p. 81.) It is only nt the extreme south, that this tropical group — the centre and type of Graphin — enters our Flora. And, in this Tribe at least, the Lichen-Flora of the regions where it makes its appearance is still so iniiier- fectly known, that it may be long before our species are understoml. In what follows the best is sought to be done with the small material in hand, so far as this is sufHcient for any attempt at judgment. M 11. G. mfnla, Mont. ; thallus thin, smooth, pale to dark- olivaceous-greenish, and cinerascent, more or less blpck-limi- ted ; apothecia scattered, innate-emergent and prominent, stout, oblong soon much elongated, and flexuous, but contin- uing for the most part simple, disk closed, the reddish becoming at length dark proper exciple incrassated and finally lengthwise stiiate, the thallinc one inconspicuous. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 4-locular, colourless, 14-18 niic. long, 6-10 mic. wide. Crypt. Gvyan. n. 132; Syll. p. 346. Nyl. in WiigJU Lich. Cub. 2, n. 10. Trees, Florida, Austin. m 12. G. scolecitis, Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, smooth, greenish-ashcoloured, more or less decussated and limited ♦vith black lines ; apothecia scattered, slender, innate, elon- gated and fiexuous, acute, from simple at length furcate and somewhat radiate, the disk concealed, the striate margin of the brown exciple closely enveloped by the thalline one. Spores broad-ellipsoid, 4-7-locular, two of the cells commonly pjissiug into four (sub-muriform) 14-23 mic. long, 7-9 mic. wide. Gen. Lich.j- 210, note. Southern Alabama, Beaumont. Florida, Miss Wilson. Apothecia couunonly quite innate, with the aspect of species of the first section ; but finally assuming the habit rather of the species innuediately preceding. Spores not seldom invested with a halo. 196 GRAPHIS. S ''■'Il- ls. O. Floridana, Tuck, in herb. ; thalhis smooth, glau- cescent ; apoihecia (IcMisely crowded, and for the most part concealing the thalluB, coarse, emergent, straight and greatly elongated, and also shorter and variously ticxuous, simple or sparingly at length branched, the closed margins of the pale proper exciple white-powdery, but the disk at length more or less open, and now blackening, the thalline margin tumid, rounded. Spores ellipsoid, 4-locular, colourless, 10-14 mic. long, 7-9 mic. wide. Trunks, Florida, Austin. With nuich the aspect of Wright C7«6., c, the spores of which are unknown, but which Nylan- der has referred, with a videtur, to O. chlorocarpa^ V6g ; but evidently best associable with vf. grammitis, V6c^ Nyl., now closely ''esembling the other externally (Wright Cub.) 14. G. Mosquitenais, Tuckerm. in lift. ; thuUus thin, from scurfy more or less compacted, but remaining uneven, and dull, glaucescent : apothecia small, scattered, immersed and emergent, oblong at length elongated, flexuous, simple, the proper margin blackening above, the concolorous disk at length naked, and open. Spores eructeform, delicate, 10-26- locular, the cells entire, 20-26 mic. long, 5-7 mic. wide, with- out colour. Mosquito inlet, Florida, Herb. Sprague. Also at St. Au- gustine, the same. This and the next two following are closely akin, but possibly distinguishable ; their rank to be determined when we know more of them. 15. O. leucopepla, Tuckerm. Jierb. ; thallus as in the last; apothecia small, scattered, simple, a little prominent, round and oblong, the proper margin blackening above, and thus contrasting with the pale, white-powdery disk. S|H)re8, as seen, erucaeform, about 20-locular, the cells entire, 30-50 mic. long, about 7 mic. wide, without colour. Trees, Florida, Miss Mary L. Wilson. ^ 16. G. Poitoioides, Nyl. ; thallus as in the last; apothecia somewhat flattened, slender, immersed and emergent, soon much elongated, flexuous, and from simple somewhat branched, It 1: GRAPHIS. 187 grouped finally in radiating cluBtera, the proper margin and scarcely at length oiien disk pale, the rather tumid, thalloid margin roundeform, 20-24 locular, the cells entire, 40-76 mic. long, 8-12 mic. wide, without colour. Nyl. in Wright Livh. Cub. 2, 77 (nomen.) Upon bark. Southern Texas, Hall. Trees, Florida, Curtiaa. No character of this lichen has api>earefYuH(> ; n|K>thooia hiiiuII, often nn^n- loMc, black, the ninrKin thin, the liy|Mulu>('iuni (htrk, the |mra- phym'rt Hicndcr. Sinrn's ni'«'-H(|uiimui()ithecia adnate, plane, with a thin margin, at length convi'x antheeium hniwn. SiNm'H fuMi- form, 4-l(>c>uIar, lU-24 by 4-.'» mic." Lichen aromaticim, Sw., A'hj/. Jiot. V. 25, 1807. Lecidea, Ach. L. U. p. 108. Tli. Fr. Stand, p. ,'i.'i2. The name in given with a ? iu herb. Tuckerm. to a California lichen. (Toninia.) 11. L. micytho, Tuekerm. herb ; thalluH thin, areolate* verrueulose, thecia minute, black, soon convex and immarginate, the hypotliecium rey t^-<'> iiiie. On ({uartz, Chester, 8. Car. and I'ennsylvania, in herb. Eck/eldt. 12. L. planetka, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus thin, cfTusc, verrucose, glaucescent ; apothecia numerous, minute, from the lirst convex and immarginate, black, the hypotliecium black, the paraphyses concrete. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple, 5-7 by 2-3^ mic. On rocks, Pennsylvania, W. Kalm, 1882. L. (jlaucopnara, Tuckerm. herb, ad int., perhaps doi^s not differ, except in the at length blackening thallus. On rocks. New York, Miss Wilson. IVIore material is needed for the study of these forms. These three [ilauts belong to the stock of L. cyrtidia. p. 180; mcescent and sub- centrally ;hin van- eongluti- a minute, \labama. Under Buellia jmrasemn is a note : *' Rewrite and notice the large spores, and see B. amphidextra mihi, and separate B. Bavenelii." The lichens here mentioned I have not seen. 13. Platygrapha phlyctella, Nyl. ; "thallus thin, white, determinate ; ai)othecia rouuded, or augular-difform, greyish- pruinose or blackening, within pale. Spores colourless, fusi- form, G-8-locular, 30-4G by 6-8 mic." On bark, Florida, 3fiss Wilson, in herb. Tuckerm. Nyl. En. p. 131, (nomeu) Exot. J). 229, P>-. xV. Gr. p. 94. 132 APPENDIX. The following arc tlie (leHcriptions of native and exotic lichcDH by Prof. Tuckennan in his occasional writings. I . — Native Species. 1. Ramalina crinita, Tuckerm. ; " tbaUus ca'spitose, rigid, compressed, sub-dichotoinous, linear-laciniate, at length niuch dilated, greenish-glaucous, the divisions smooth, interruptedly white-striate, and becoming lacunose, attenuate at the summits, and clothed at the margins more or less thickly with strong, solitary or clustered, finally branched black fibrils ; apothecia middling-sized to large, (.3-10"'"'- in width), subterniinal aijd lateral, subpodicellate, varying as to smoothness as the thal- lus, the margins blackened. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, l.')-20 by 5-6 mic. On low shrubs of Enphorhia misera, San Diego, Calif, and at Todos Los Santos, Lower Calif., C. R. Orcutt. Comparable with R. melanothrh;, Laur. from the Cape of Good Ho[)e. Its general aspect suggests the stock of R. calicaris," Torrey Bulletin^ 1883, p. 43. 2. Biatora (§ Bacidia) medialis, Tuckerm. ; " thallus of soon plane confluent cartilagineous granules, diflfract-rimose, cinerascent, confused with a i>ale hypothallus ; apothecia small, plano-convex, from yellov. ish pale-red, with an obscure, vanishing margin. Spores from dactyloid-fusiform, staff- shaped, oftener 4-locular, a-lO times longer than the diameter. Paraphyses soon distinct. On trunks, Nicaragua and Cuba, Wright r Obs. 1864, p. 280. Nyl. has referred here a lichen from Texas, E. D. Mead, and Florida, Eckfeldt, Catal. of Florida Lichens, p. 6. In Pr. N. Or. he gives the spores as " fusiform-acicular, 4-6-locular, 23-27 by 4 mic." 3. Graphift exdectra, Tuckerm.; "tiiallus sub-cortical; apothecia scattered, oblong and linear, flexuous, sid)-simple, the rinneform disk gajiing, the margin of the black exciple inttexed, white-powdered, sunk in a margining thalloid stratum of the same colour. Spcn'es (5-8 in ventricose thekes, oblong, 12-16-locular, 6-8 times longer than the diameter, without APPENDIX. 183 I exotic itings. 8c, rigid, rtli much ruptedly uinmiits, 1 strong, ipothecia liual ai)d the thai- id, 15-20 in Diego, Orcutt. the Cape >ck of R. ;hallns of 3t-riniosc, apotheeia \ obscure, rm, staff- diameter, nd Cuba, rred here Eckfeldt, gives the 4 mic." )-cortical ; lb-simple, ck exciple id stratum s, oblong, r, without colour, or becoming pale-brown. Trunks in the White Mts. : Illinois, E. Hall. Spores taking a claret colour, at length violet, with i-21 by 6-9 mic. ; paraphyses subdistinct. Texas, liavenel. Ala- bama, Dr. Curtis and C. Mohr." Genera, p. 199. B 134 APPENDIX. 7. 0. (lemissa, Tuckerra. ; "thallusthin, whitish or obsolete ; apothecia minute, elliptical, simple, white within, the disk at length somewhat dilated. Spores H in clavate thekes, 2-loc- ular, finally brown, constricted in the middle, lfi-23 by O-'J mie. Paraphyses now distinct." On Ehtis venenata and other barks, New Bedford, Mass., Willey. [Maryland and Virginia, Dr. Eckfeldt.'] Genera, p. 199. 8. O. astra'a, Tuckerm. ; " thallus compact, cinerascent or white or obsolete, black-bordered ; apothecia superficial, plane, shorter or longer, simple or finally stellate-ranmse, the disk punctiform or rinueform, and with the demiss margin white-veiled. Spores 8 in crowded thekes, finger-shaped, 4-8-locular, the cells squared, 5-7 times longer than the diameter, mostly without colour. "a; apothecia rounded or elliptical, then oblong, simple, with a subpersistent black margin. " 6 ; ai)othecia soon stellate, above clothed with white. Graj^his, Nyl. En. Siq)]). On trunks, S. Car., Ravenel. Cuba, Wright." Calif, p. 33, Genera, p. 200. 9. Arthonia leucastrce.a, Tuckerm. ; "thallus effuse, farin- aceous, white ; apothecia minute, oblong and elongated, plane, reddish-brown, white-pruinose, finally confluent in a radiate-stellate pseudo-stroma, the hypothecium darkening. Spores G-H in pyriform tliekes, ovoid, 4-locular, the terminal cells larger, the middle ones now and then divided, 12-lG by 5-7 mic, without colour, the hymenial gelatine finally red with iodine. Trunks, Texas, Wright." Genera, jt, 220. 10. A. cupressina, Tuckerm. ; "thallus effuse, very thin, leprose, white ; apothecia minute (0™"*-, 2-0""»-, 4 wide) rounded, convex, from pale-brown at length darkening, green-pruinose, the hypothecium pale. Spores oblong-ovate or ovoid-oblong, 4-locular, the cells about equal, without colour, 11-16 by 1)^-5 mic. Reaction with iodine, blue. On white cedar, New Bedford, Mass., Willey." Genera, p. 221. 11. A. (jlebosa, Tuckerm. ; "thallus of tumid, smooth, at length plicate fuscescent squamules ; apothecia rounded, APPENDIX. 186 convex, c. 0"""-, 5 wide, soon crowded and confluent, black, the hypothc'cium brownish-black. Sport'H ovoid, or oblonjj- ovoid, 2-locular, constricted in the middle, pale-brown or without colour, 10-16 by .O-G niic. On mosses on rocks, Calif., Bolander. Reaction with iodine, vinous-red." Genera^ p. 221. 12. A. cyrtodes^ Tuckerm. ; "thallus thin, subcartMapjin- eous, contif?uous, uneven, rimulose, jjlaueous-cinerascent, somewhat limited by a black hyi)othallii8 ; apothecia {•1x)ut middle-sized, adnate, rounded, convex, brownish-black, within of the same colour. Spores large, oblonjj-ellipsoid, 10-1 2-locular, the cells now muriform-dividcd, often curved, 3-5 times longer than the diameter, colourU'ss or rarely fuscidulous, paraphyses obsolete. A. cyrtodes & A. dts- tendens, Nyl. Pr. N. Gr. p. 66. " a ; thallus greenish-glaucescent, the hypothallus less distinct, the spores oblong-ellipsoid, the cells entire. A. cyrtodes, Nyl. 1. c. On trunks, Cuba, Wright, n. 245. " 6 ; thallus at length cinerascent, the hypothallus black, the spores more oblong, and the cells now nmriform-divided. A. distendens, Nyl. 1. c. Cuba, Wright, n. 246." Obs. 1864, p. 285. The spores, according to Nyl. 1. c, are 8-12-locular, 70-85 by 21-25 mic. A Cuban lichen, which may be looked fcr within our limits. A. subcyrtodes, WiUey Supp. is near to this, but has smaller spores, 4-8 in the thekes. v>n bark, Florida. 13. Chiodecton Califoi'iiicutn, Tnckcrm. ; " thallus subtar- tareous, verruculose, pale ochroleucous ; apothecia lecanoroid, adnate, somewhat plane, the exterior exciple with an obtuse entire thalline margin including a black disk cloth«d with a perforated veil of the same colour as the margin, at length flexuous-irregular, stellate and lirellate. Spores from dacty- loid-ellipsoid, 4-8-locular, brown, 20-30 by 5-8 mic. On bark, San Diego, Calif., Z>r. E. Palmer. Apothecia now suggesting those of Chiodecton sphft^rale." On bark, San Diego, Calif., Dr. E. Palvier. Thelotrema deiu (in litt.) Chiodecton^ Obs. 1877, p. 177. 14. C. Montagnoei, Tuckerm. ; " thallus effuse, granulose, i '.; 136 APPENDIX. glaucous, the circumference cottony aud white ; apotheeia rounded, confluent, depressed, plano-convex, white, tlie ostioles in the dry plant white-veiled, when moistened serially- aggregated and prominent. Spores immature." C. lacteum Mont. Cub. p. 161. *» Spores 8, in obovate thekes, oblong- ovoid, muriform-multilocular, 2-3i} times longer than broad. Louisiana, Hale." Geneva^ p. 215. Moiitagne's name is changed to avoid confusion with C. lacteum, Vie, a different plant. 15. Olyphis Achariana, Tuckerm. ; "tliallus effuse, smooth, greenish-fuscescent ; apotheeia subsolitary, rounded- subangulose, or radiate-ramose and contlueiil, medusiliform, dark-brown, plano-concave. Spores oblong, 7-10-locular, witliout colour, 3-6 times longer than v/ide. On bark, Southern States.' Sujip. I. p. 429, Oenera, p. 216. G. favuloaa and O. cicatricosa, Ach. aud O. confiuens, (Ach.) Nyl. 16. Acolium Carolinianum, Tuckenn. ; "thallustartareous, even, or at length rugulose-riujose, from glaucescent pale yellow ; apotheeia innate in tumid thalline warts, the disk plano-convex, black, the margin deficient. Spores ellipsoid, 2-locular, brown, 12-18 by 7-9 mic. On cedar logs, S. Car., Dr. Mellichamp." Genera, p. 237. 17. A. chloroconium, Tuckerm.; "thallus thin, plicate- verruculose, glaucescent ; apotheeia innate-prominent, black, the disk yellowish-green-powdery, exceeding the yellow at length black margin. Spores in cylindrical thekes, small, obtusely-ellipsoid, constricted in the middle, brown, 7-12 by 5-6 mic. On bark, California." Lich. Calif, p. 28, Genera, p. 238. 18. A. Bolanderi,T\xckG.rtti.; " thallus areolate-verrucose, fulvous-cinereous, witha subflmbriate blackening hypothallus ; apotheeia innate in tumid warts, the disk somewhat plane, black, the margin obsolete. Spores in cylindrical thekes, spherical, simple, brown, 8-16 mic. in diameter. On rocks, Calif. , Bolander. Spermatia oblong, 3-3^ times longer than wide." Lich. Calif, p. 27, Genera, p. 237. APPENDIX. 137 19. A. Sti. Jacobi, Tuckerm. ; "tlinlhiH of white prnnulos soon compacted into a eliinky cniMt ; npothetia intddling* sized, of the substance and colour of the tlmUus, ntore or less turbinate, the interior excii>le yellow, the dink more or \vh» protrudeil, black, but on the surface yeHowish-jrreen. Spores (thekes not observed) roundetuse tips crenate-dentate, from cinerascent fuscescent." 138 APPENDIX. 23. P. Spragnei, Tuckerm. ; "growing on inosaofl on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mts., Washington Terr., alt. 3500-GOOO ft. T. S. Brandegee." Torrey Bull. 1883, p. 22. 24. Endocarpon och'oleucu/n, Tnckerm. ', "thallus thick, areolate-diffract, yellowish-green, the areoles smooth, tur- gpscent, crowded, the central ones substipitate, those of the circumference lobulate ; apothecia immersed, the perithecium black, the amphithecium blackening. Spores G-8 in lanceolate thekes, boat-shaped, bilocular, the cells approximate, pale- brownish-black, 18-26 by 3^-5^ mic. Rocks, Calif. Bo- lander." Oenera p. 250. [^Dr. J. Midler in Beitr. n. 978, considers it the type of a new genus, Hktkuocaki'on.] 25. Staurothele Drummondii, Tuckerm. ; " thallus de- terminate, subcartilagineous, rugose-verrucose, radiate-sub- plicate at the circumference, blackish-brown, the hypothallus indistinct ; apothecia sunk in minute thalline wdrts, with a prominent black ostiole. Spores (1-2?) in saccate thekes, from cocciform oblong, muriform-multilocular, blackish- brown, 80-40 by 11-20 mic. Lime rocks, Kingston, Canada, Drur/hmond." Obs. 1864, p. 280. {Verrucaria,) Gpnera p. 257. 26. S. circivata, Tuckerm.; "thallus crustaceous, or- bicular, thin, contiguous, smooth, or at length rimose, zonate at the circumference, olivaceous-brown, the hy|)othallus darkening, fimbriate ; apothecia concentrically disposed, protuberant, the perithecium soon naked, black, the amphi- thecium white. Spores 1-2, ellipsoid, muriform-multilocular, brown, 34-46 by 16-20 mic. Lime rock, Trenton Falls, N. Y." Oenera p. 257. 27. /S. Jb.-antZegreei, Tuckerm. ; " thallus fruticulose, S-G""'"- in height, erect, of rounded, finger-shaped branchlets^ soon compressed and dilated and lobed above in a verrucose more or less stiped crust, brown, paler beneath ; apothecia globose. Spores solitary, muriform-multilocular, blackish-brown, 26-50 by 20-24 mic, the paraphyses diffluent. Mountains of Washington Terr. Brandegee in herb. Sprague." Toi'r. Bull. 1884, p. 26. APPENDIX. 139 lOBsefl on m Terr., ill. 1883, us thick, oth, tur- I8C of the rithecinni aneeolate ite, pale- 'alif. Bo- Beitr. n. ICAUI'ON.] alius (le- (liate-8ub- yrpotlmllus ;8, with a ;e thekes, blackish- Kingston, rucan'tt,) ieous, or- le, zonate tothallus isposcd, le aniphi- tilocular, on Falls, se, S-S""""- ets^ soon ose more globose, wn, 26-50 itains of — TojT. 2ft. Tnffiethfilium vtren.<», Tuckerm. ; ''thallus thin, smooth, greenish-yellow ; stromas rather prominent, irregularly ronniled, conHuent, of the same colour as the crui-it ; ostioles minute, not prominent, black." Darlington, Ft. Ceittr. Edit. 3, p. 4rh'i. Nyl. Pr. N. Or. p. 128. Tuckerman, Gen. p. 200. Trees along the Atlantic coast North and South. Spores in the New Bedford specimens oblong, 4-8 locular 25-50 by 9-15 mic, without colour. 29. T. mastoideun,, Ach. ; "thallus thin, fusccsccnt, or from cinereous, olivaceous or yellow, becoming pale, black bordered ; stromas brown, irregularly angular or now con- fluent, convex, gibbose-uneven, the jn'rithecia at length prominent, naked, emergent, within yellow-cinerascent or blackening. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, 4 locular, 18-22 by 7-8 mic." ()n bark. Southern Atlantic States. Ach. L. U. p. 307, Sj/n. p. 305. T. Carolinianum, Tuckerm. Siijtpl. I, p. 420, and T. scoria Nyl., Pyrenoc. p. 74 (excl. syn.) and Tuckerm. Gen. p. 300, fide .1. Miiller, Pyrenocarp. Cubens. (1885), p. 390. Wright, Ct^b. n. 107, 108, &c., ib. I. c. 30. T. Catervarium, (F6e) Tuckerm.; "very variable; stromas at first not white, but pale ferruginose-ftiscescent, then pale-decoiorate, broader or narrower, sometimes linear, variously elongated, or only forming a narrow pale ring about the apothecia, of which the ostioles are minutely punctiform, but which are sometimes more visible above." Spores ellip- soid, 4 locular, colourless, 14-16 by 5^-7 mic. Verrucaria Fee Ess. p. 90, t. 22, f. 1, Nyl. l^ren. p. 52. Trypethelium, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 200, Miiller, 1. c.p. 391. Wright Cub. n. 159, 179, &c. Trunks, Alabama. Beaumont. 31. r. sconces, Tuckerm. • " thallus a pale spot; apothe- cia in fuscescent, irregularly rv^unded or difform, convex stronif.s, within white, perithecia black, the ostioles scarcely perceptible. Spores 6-8 locular, oblong, without colour, 42-52 by 12-17 mic." Nyl. Pr. N. Gr. p. 128. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 200. On trunks, Mississippi and N. Car., M. A. Curtis, in herb. Tuckerm, 140 APPENDIX. 32. T. exocantliwn, Tiickerm. ; "thalliis subcortical: apothecia black, in nii elevated hcinittphcrical Bub^lulmsc stroina n'hich \h white within. Sporos ublong, without colour, 41 -4(; by U-12 iiiic. Trunks, Alabama and Louisiana." Gen. p. 200. [T. jiallencensy (JY-e) Nyl. in Tuckcnn. Gen. p. 260, is, ac- cording to Miiller, I. c. p. 302, T. ochroleucum, Nyl. v. jtal- lescens. 2\ heterochronm (Mont.) referred to in Gen. p. 260 is T. Kunzd, tV'e, Miiller, 1. c. p. 3J)(). On Ilex, Flor- ida, E. A. Ran. Pyrenula tropica {Ach.) Tuckerni. Gen. p. 273, and P. aggreyata (Ft^e), ib. I. c. p. 274, are referred by Miiller, /. c. j). 303, and 306, to Trypethelium ; the lat- ter to Melanotheca, which is only Trypethelium with simply 4 locular coloured spores.] 33. Sagedia Cestrensis, Tuckerin. ; " thallus conspicuous, chinky, dark-blackish-greeu ; i)erithecia dinudiate, inflexed at the base, nuich covered by the thallus, but prominent, hemispherical ; Spores from fusiform acicular, 30-50 by 2^-5 mic, or even 72-118 by 3-4 mic, without colour." On trunks, Atlantic states, north and south : [and on rocks, New Bedford, Willey.'\ Darlington, Fl. Ceat. Edit. 3, p. 452. Gen. p. 265. 34. Verrttcaria microbola, Tuckerm. ; '* thallus of minute, rounded, olivaceous, becoming grayish, commonly discrete, granules ; apothecia minute, less than half the size of those of V. pyrenophora. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, 23-30 by 9-11 mic. Ou lime rocks, Canada, Druvimond." Genera p. 260. 35. Pyrennla mamillana, (Ach.) Trev. ; "thallus mem- branaceous, smooth, pale-fuscous-green, black bordered." AcJi. Syu. ;.. 02. " Apothecia deplanate, obtusely umbonate, often subplicate." IVIiiller, Pi/r. Cub. p. 411. "Spores ellip- soid 4 locular, brown, 16-18 by 7-8 mic." Nyl. Pr. N. Gr. 2). 117. Verrucaria Santensis Tuckerm. in Nyl. Pyrenoc. p. 45, {var. V. aggregate), dem Pr. N. Gr. 117 (sub. sp. V. inarginatm) . P. mamillana v. iSantensis, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 274. Miiller ?. c. ;>. 411, Beitr. n. 487. Wright^ Cub, n. 43, 46, &c. Ou bark, Southern States, r , APPENDIX. HI 3fi. P. jHwhycheila^ Tuckerm. ; '^thallus Bul)corttcAl ; aputheein covered, either solitary, tuinid-proniinent, or sev- eral aggregated in difforin warts, blaclc, the paraphysos ca))illary. Spores 8, from ellipsoid oblong, submuriform- nniltilociilnr, (the transverse series of cells 8-10, the longi- tudinal 2-3) becoming brown, 30-«)9 by 14-23 mic." Gen. j). 274, where see the synonomy. Trunks, Southern States. 37. P. thelomor}>ha, Tucke.in. ; like the preceding, but with smaller apothecia, and the spores not exceeding 23-30 by 7-11 mic. Oenernp. 275. 38. Pyrenastrum Ravenelii, Tuckerm.; "thallus mem- branaceous, thin, somewhat waxy, f uscescent ; warts conoid- elevated, covered with the thallus, but at length naked, the perithecia flask-shaped, convergent but not confluent, the ostiok'S pale, acute. Spores 8, ellipsoid, muriform-multi- locular, the transverse cells 8-10, the longitudinal at the niidn Thun- bergii, Ach. Syn., p. 101 ^ a South African lichen. It is placed by Nylander, in his Synopsis, among the Lecanorei, just before Urceolaria. A definition of the genus was given by Nylander in Mold & de Bary's Bot. Zeit., 1867, p. 133. 1 have not seen it. UinbilicariaJlavO'Vircscens, Leight., in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1869, pp. 33-35, is a synonym of the African plant. 142 APPENDIX. II. — Exotic S p k c i k s . i i: 1. Jtnmalina ditMyjtotja^ Tuckcrni. ; tlinlliiH titaiiK'iitoiiH, BtitiiHb, fruji^ilc, rouiitiiHli-fuH(TH(*i>iit and paler, tla> hninchcH cloD^^utcd, (licliotoiiioiiH, the tciiniiml oiiL'H nciiiiiiimU;, ikxIiiIohc ; npotliccia euiicavc, then phiiie, with a thin incurved Hiiberenuhite vnniHiiiii^ margin. Sporeu ellipuoid, curved, 2-locuhir, 2 tinicH longer tlian broad. On trees and rockn, Cuba, Wrujht. Allied to li. UHneoiden, Nyl. Sujtp. 2, p. 208. 2. II. Manni, Tuckerm. ; thalluH s'lbfoliaccous, depressed, laccrate-lacininte, glaucouH, beneath 1)laekening, the hu-iniie lacunoHC, crenate-dentate at the nuirgin, the fertile ones ercctiuh ; apothecia podicellate, the margin vaniHhing. Spores H, small, 2-locular, curved, 2-2^ times longer than broad. Trees, East IMaui, Mann. Exhibits a close approach to the foliaceous thallus of Cetraria ; and the de- pressed habit and differently-coloured sides are new to the present genus, with which it is none the less associated by the characters of fructification. Haw. j>. 223. 3. Alectoria Japonica, Tuckerm. ; thallus subciuspitose, round, rigid, beset with white soredia, strawcoloured, the sterile branches very nuich branching, intertwined, attenuate, subfilamentose, the fertile ones thickened, blackening at the tips ; apothecia suV)tcrminal, superficial, sessile, appendiculate, the disk concave, finally expanded, shining, chestnut- coloured. Spores large, ellipsoid, greenish-fuscescent, at length without colour. On dead pine trees, Ayan, Japan, Wright. Nearest to A. ochroleuca. -S^u/jp. ^, P- 201. 4. Parmelia Japonica, Tuckerm. ; thallus foliaceous-im- bricate, subcoriaceous, smooth, glaucescent, the laciniw sinuate-multifid, moniliform-constricted, plano-convex, pal- mate-cristulate at the apex, beneath white, interruptedly covered with spongiose-pannose fuscous-black pulvinules : apothecia middling-sized, brown, with an incurved subcrenate margin. Spores not found. On birch trunks in mountains, Japan, WrigJU. Compared to P. moniliformis Bab. N. Zeal, p. 23, t. 127, f. 3, and P. physodes. 06s. 2S62, p. 399, ^1 APPKNniX. 143 /). P. cerviroruiti, Tuckerin. ; thailim foliacoouH, horizon* tal, n|>)>r('HH«>«|, cartiln^iiicoiiH, Htii*M>th, ^lnii(*fHCi>nt, of l(M>M>ly-iiiil>ri('nt(' l«il»os« which tin- irrt'^iihirl y (licliotonioiiM, uikI witli forkfd, r};i>nt« ohtum' tipw ; Ix'iuMith lihu-k, and oovorctl ratiu-r sparHoly with Hiiiall impilhc, imHHiii};, (>H|i(>ciaIly at the niar^^iiiH, into hranclicil, dcuHcly-crowdiMl llltriln ; apothccia hirm', »'U'vat«'d- Huh|>4Mru*(*lIat(s Hciitolhi'fonn, at h>n^tli t>x|>laiiat(>, the diHk dark chcMtniit, tlu> entire margin at leii^tli eoarHely ereimtc. SporeH largiwh, ovoid-tUipHoid. Sandwich iHlundu. Wilken Exp. p. 140 and t. 2,f. 1-0. fi. Sticta Pivkeringii, Tuckenn. ; thalluH cartilagineous, Hinootii, <;laueouH-t1aveKcent or at h'n^th darker, the h>lies rounded and sinuate-hiciniate, bexet at the margin with U»af- lets nnd eoralloid branchlets ; 1)eneath tonientoHP, yellowish- brown, becoming blackiwh at the centre. Cyplielln^ pnncti- form ; apothecia middling-Hized, podicellate, the disk at lengtii convex, reddiHJi-black, externally ruguloBc-papillatc. New Zealand. Wilkes Erp. ViS & If. 0. 6. Stkta Wii(jhtii, Tnckerni. ; thallus snbcoriaceons, op- pressed, smooth, greenish-glaucescent, the lucinitp rounded, sinuate-incised, beneath brown, jmlc at the circumference, tonientose, the cyphelhe plano-concave, white ; apothecia scattered, elevated, mannnilate externally, from concave ])lane, the margin indexed, irregular, sub-evanescent. Spores broadly fusiform, 2 locular, brown, T) tinu'S U)nger than broad. Trees, Japan, Wriyht. Supp. -, ;>• 204. Jiicasolia^ Nyl. Syn. I.tl>' ^fi^»- Spores oy-dH by 7J-H mic. 8. Sticta crocata v. mallota, Tuckenn., Syn. I., p. 100. 9. Peltigera polydactyla v. Fuegensis, Tuckerm. ; thallus blackish-green, the lobes narrow, beneath eJibrillose, tonien- tose, reticulate with thick veins ; ai)othec!:i horizontal, brown- ish black. Orange Harbor, Wilkes Ivxp. j). 138, and t. l,f.5. 10. Eriodei'mavelligerum, Tuckerm. ; news ub-sp. ; thallus imbricate, cinerascent, the lobes ascendant, rounded, sinuate- incised, the margins somewhat crisped and densely hirsute, 144 APPENDIX. i»ulphur-colore cllipHoid, Hiiiiplis !>-!ki*H, tlit'n witluxit cohmr. Slion-H of tin* StiaitH of Mnj^cllttu, Dr. ThomaH Hill, (HiiHHlor Kxp. 1H72). N»'nr to E. Chilense, Mont. Obn. 1S77, p. lOH. 11. ^. Wrifjhtii, Tuckerni. ; tlialluH corincoouH, thick, soft, tonientoHO, ^r«u»niHh-fuHct'Hct'nt, the loheH Honicwhtit narrowed, deeply Hinimte-divided, roiinded. 423. .12. Pammria Taylori, Tuckerm. ; Torrey linUctin, lff75^ ]). .^7, ilescribed from a specimen collected by Hooker, in herb. Taylor, is F. placoilopais Nyl. .lour, of Bot. Nov. 1>^75, and Lecanora dichroa, Tayl. Obs. 1S77, p. 183. 13. P. glaiicella, Tuckerm. ; thallus foliaceous, cartilagi- ncous, closely appressed, glaucous-cincrasceut, beneath pale, the hypothallus obsolete;, the lobes radiant, sid)entire : apotheeia O™""- 6-8 wide, lecauorine, adnate, the demiss margin entire, the disk at length convex, fuscous-black. Spores immature. Elongated cells of medullary layer com- pact. Gonimia 4-9 '""'• in diameter, in chains often of 4-10. As the preceding, Dr. Kidder, 1875, I. c. p. 57, and Oba. 1877, p. 183. 14. P. symptychia, Tuckerm. ; thallus foHaceous, mem- branaceous-cartilagineous, ca?spitose-polyphyllous, livid-fus- cescent, the lobes sinuate-repaud, flexuous, complicated, beneath naked, brown ; hypothallus obsolete ; apotheeia (c. 1 """• wide) biatorine, sessile, the brown thin margin very entire, the disk convex, black, opake. Spores 8, ellipsoid, simple, colourless, 9-16 by 7-10 mic, the distinct paraphyses somewhat thickened. Gonimia disposed in short chains. Rocks, Island of Juan Fernandez, Hassler Exp. 1872. Obs. 1877, p. 168. APPKNDIX. U6 15. PhyndUia Wrightii, Tuokerm. ; tlialliis foll»c«Mm*, BulNirhicular, thin or narrowly IoIhmI ; UMwrly <>r fl<»««'ly iuibrl- cat('(?, irri>)(tilarly and aUivo Honiowhat palniatfly niuny-cU'ft, BcmfinK <>i>t livrc an, ttiniplf , or rarely a liltl«> hrnnclml, finally crowdinl, eoralloid l>ranelil«'tM ; from pale- grconiMli ^reoniMh-Htrawooloiircd : hy|>otlialluH of (U-licato, colourU'HH, niiieh-branehcil, anaittoniizing flIainentM ; a|H>tlic(>ia BcattertMl, niiddling-Hized, or largiHli ; tho indexed i»li<»t»>-cren- ulatc nuirftin l>eeuiuin}{ t1cxuou8-lobulatt>, the diuk luiked, waxy, from palc-yollow toorangccoloured. Si)oro8 H in clnh- sliapcd thekcH, HmalliHh, colourleBH, needle-shaped, Rommonly 4, but at length plurilo<;ular, K-lti timcH hMiger than wide; paraphyseH indiHtinct. Trees, Cuba, Wrhjht. / Vhym'ia^ Supp. 2, p. 204, then Phyacidia, Oba. lSti2, p. 4<)0. Ifi. P. squamuloaa, Tuckerm. ; thallns crnstaceouH, of minute, roundish, Hcr.ie-like granules, scattered over a fibril- lose, radiant, at length byH^ ne-paiinose hyi)othallus ; a|)othe- cia plane, crenu!ate, then llexuous-lobulate, orangeeoloured. SiK)re8 needle-shaped, very slender, 6-12 times longer than broad. As the preceding, /. c. p. 401. The author observes that large sets of both lichens afforded no clear in- dication of the passage of one into the other, but that such passage appeared probable. A MS. note of his, however, in my copy, says of the latter : " a remarkable variety but not a species." 17. Omphnlaria leptophylla, Tuckerm. ; tlmllus membrana- ceous-cartilagiueouB, smooth, blackish-green, beneatli of nearly the same colour, divided from the centre into rounded, spreading, undulate soon sinuate lobes which are broader at the sunnuit : apothecia minute, submarginal, innate-promi- nent, tuberculiform, at length pale, the disk puuctiform. Spores 8 in long-davate thekes, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, simple, colourless, guttated, 1^-2^ times longer than wide; paraphyses distinct, filiform. Hocks in rivulets, Cul)a, Wright. 06s. 1862, p. 384. 18. O. lingulata, Tuckerm. ; thallus subcartilagineous, greenish-fuscescent and blackening, umbilicate-altixed, di- vided into spathulate-oblong, subsimple, plano-convex IoIm's, which are darker beneath ; apothecia scattered, minute, 146 APPENDIX. innate, pale, the impresse^l disk Burronnded Anally with a somewhat conspicuous entire margin. Sjiwres 8 in clavatc thekes, colourless, simple, guttated, 2-3 times longer tlian wide. Gouimia glomerulate. Uocks, Cuba, Wright, I. c. p. 384. 19. 0. Wrightii, Tuckerm. ; Cuba. Described in Oenera, p. 72. 20. 0. deusta, Tuckerm. ; Cuba. Genera, p. 73. 21. 0. C«?>awa, Tuckerm. ; Cuba Genera, p. 83. 22. Collemn stellatum, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineoi , firm, greenisli-glaucescent, of narrow, sparingly and irregu- larly branched convex lobules, their tips either simple, or at length forked, or even fastigiately divided ; apothecia middling-sized, convex. Spores 8, broad-fusiform, 2 locu- lar, 3-3^ times longer than wide. Wet rocks, Cuba, Wright. Obs. 1862, p. 388. 23. Placodium erythranthum, Tuckerm. ; thallus uniform, thin, rimulose, whitish-glaucescent : apothecia middling- sized, sessile, the disk plane, dark orangecoloured, with a thin, crenulate, thallinc margin. Spores 8, ellipsoid, polar- bilocular, 2-2^ times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wrigfit, I. c. p. 402. 24. P. phoRum, Tuckerm. ; thallus subcartilagineous, smooth, soon interruptedly subareolate, greenish-glaucescent, on a conspicuous black hypothallus ; apothecia sessile, biato- rine, plano-convex, the disk brown, the very entire margin of nearly the same colour. Spores small, ovoid-ellipsoid, polar-bilocular, 1^-2=5^ times longer than wide. Calcareous rocks, Cuba, Wright. 06s. 1864, p. 266, and Lich. Cub. n. 112. 25. P. ferrnginosum, Tuc!:.erm. ; thallus uniform, rimose areolate, orangecoloured, the areoles now uud then lobulate, the hypothallus black ; apothecia 0.0-0.9 """• wide, biatorine. APPENDIX. 147 with a clavfttc ;er tlmn fht, I. c. Oeneray 3. Lgineoi , d irregu- >le, or at ipotbecia , 2 locu- st Cuba, uniform, niddling- , with a id, polar- , Cuba, agmeous, ucescont, ile, biato- e margin ellipsoid, alcareous dch. Cub. , rimose lobulate, biatorine, sessile, fcrrugineous and blackening, the margin at length flexuous. 8|)ore8 8, polar-bilocular, 16-21 by 6-9 niie. Volcanic rocks, Island of Chiloc. Hassler Exp. 1872. Ohs. 1877, p. 171. 26. P. ferruffineum, * miniaceum, Tuckerm. ; apothecia vennilioncoloured. Bushes, Cai)e of Good Hope, Wriyht. I.e. p. 171. 27. P. a/6trfeWMm, Tuckerm. ; thallusareolate-verruculose, glaucescent ; apothecia minute, sessile, at length lutescent, the disk plane, pulverulent, the margin obtuse. Spores middling-sized, polar-bilocular, 2-3 times longer than wide. On lava, Oahu, //. Mann. Hmv. p. 226. 28. P. apadiceum, Tuckerm. ; thallus of soon elongated, isidioid ascendent, ramulosc, finally stipate cinereous-fusces- cent granules ; apothecia middling-sized, biatorine, sessile, the disk plane, naked, chestnutcoloured, with a thin, ele- vated, paler, entire margin, the thalline margin obsolescent. Spores 8, ellipsoid, polar 4-locular, 2-3 times longer than wide. Trees, Oahu, //. Mann. 1, c. p. 226. 29. P. Paumotense, Tuckerm. ; thallus subcartilagineous, adnate, glaucous-white, delicately pruinose ; the lobes irregu- larly imbricated, here and there growing together, linear, multifid, flattish, more or less sorediate or altogether granu- late ; hypothallus black ; ai)othecia sessile, with a tumid, at length crenulate, finally excluded thalline margin, the disk plano-convex, opake, rufous-black. Carlshoff Island, Paumotu Group. Wilkes Exp. {). 146. The specimen has been lost from the government collection. 30. P. bkolor, Tuckerm., Torrey Bulletin, 1875, p. 57, Kergueleus land, Dr. Kidder, is Lecanora yelida, v. luteritia, Nyl. Obs. 1887, p. 184. Placoflium (§ Placopais) biculor, Miill. Arg. Nachtr. z. Naumann Exp. p. 135. 31. Lecanora canipalea, Tuckerm. ; thallus taitareous, verrucose-.subplicate, smooth, greenish -glaucescent, and paler, the hypothallus black ; apothecia appressed, finally 148 APPKNDIX. fl«xiinnH-!rro^iiIar, the tninid clbk from re<1 fnHcoiiK-lilac^k, i\\v, thullinc nmr(;iti entire, pale. H\wrvH ulKiiit H, eluiigute- fiiHiforin, rj-pluriliNtulur, KM/i tinieH longer than wide. TreeB, (.'iibu, Wrujlu. Supp. 2, p. 205. H2. L. Huhjfmui^ 'riiekerni. ; thalliiH cartihigineoim, HnKM>th, he4'oining rinuiloHe hikI granuliiU;, |Mile yellow, intt^rHected by the liliiek hypothiilliiH ; n|H>theciu niiddliiig-Hixed, HeHHile, the disk plano-convex, ft- rte<'nt, the nisirgin ohttme, entire. N|M>reH <>vold-ellipHo) mic, the paru- phyHCH congluiiimte. On bark, IhUuhI of (Jhiloe, and at Samly I'oint, Straits of Magellan, IlaHwler Exp. 1872. /. c. p. I7>'i. :$.'). L. orosthca^ v. Ja2>onica, Tuckerm. Apothecia (2-.T >»'"• wide) elevate-seHHile, llexuoUH-lobate. Spores 20-2.'{ by H-14 mic. On beech, Japan, Wriyht. (fba. 1877, p. 173. ;Hi. Umodinumamillana, Tuckerm. : thalluH HubtartareouH, rinioHe-areolaie, pale-Htrawcoloured, the hypothalhiH black- ening ; apothecia minute, HeHsile, the obtuse margin soon fuscous-blackening, the disk of the same coh)ur, papillate, at length rugose-pli(!ate. Spores 8, obtusely ellipsoid, 2 loctular, brown, 12-20 by .'i-lO mic, hypothecium blackish brown. Volcanic rocks, Oahu, 11. Mann. Haw. p. 227. And (ialapagos Islands, Uassler Exp. Oba. 1877, p. 174. APPENDrX, 149 37. R. ochrotin, Tnckcnn. ; thaUuH uniform, {^raniiloHr, HfKjii Hplittiii^, fiirfiirufH'oiiH, white; n]K)ttiPcia (c. 0..'»'""»- widi!) m'HHil*', tin' «lisk from livid-llcHhcoloiir fuMWMwnt, the margin obtiiHo, entire. SporeH olttimely ellipHoid, 2 hN^iilar, hrowti, 2-.*J titiH'H lon^r"'' than wide. Charred log», Cuba, Wrifjht. OhH. IH77,p. 174. 3H. PertuHftrin, tfiamnojd(iro.,'ViH'kvrm., Oba. Ifi77,p. 17/}, iH, aeeordiii^ t<> tlie author in litL, the Hanic a« /*. coreophoraj (Mont.) ('roinl>ie. (Phyna'H, Mont. Syll. p. >'iiiO. Thelfjcar- ]>ov, Nyl. I't/rt'nfH'.. p. 10) : thalhm fniti(;uloHe, cartilagi- neouH, appreKHed, dieliotoiiiouH-ratnoHe, whitish fuHocscent, the liran4;heH Huhterete, papillste-verrueoBe, beneath whitxi with scattered fibriU of tlie Hunie eohiur ; apotiiecia depresHed- ;{loboHe, th. P. colobiua, Tuckerin. ; thalluB uniform, papilliferous, the papillae at length crowded, and thM by 2:5-40 mic. On bark, Galapagos Islands, llassler Kxp. 1872. 1, c. p. 177. 42. Gyaleda aster iUy Tuekerm. /. p. 219. Obs. 18G2, p. 414, Syn. 160 APPENDIX. v-i ill- (■ ■■ ti ^jiV fi M m m m m Im B 43. O. absconsoj Tiickerm., I. c. p. 414. O. VaU tueliana, v. abswnsa^ Tuckerm., Syn. I. p. 220. 44. G. nana^ Tuckerni., I. c. p. 414 ; Syn. I. p. 220. 45. G. cameo-luteola, Tuckerm. Obs. 1864, p. 271 ; Syn. J. p. 220. • 46. Urceolaria chloroletica, Tuckerm. ; thallus tartareous, rugose, from glaucescent yellow, pale sulphur coloured within, the hypothallus white ; apothecia from urceolate soon cx- planate, the proper margin denticulate, reflexed, the disk somewhat convex, black, somewhat cinereous-pruinose, the entire thalline margin evanescent. Spores 8, ovoid-ellipsoid, soon coloured, 4-8 locular, the cells irregularly divided, 2-3 times longer than wide. Eaith, Cuba, Wright. Obs. 1864, p. 268. Lick. Cub. n. 123. i Urceolina, Tuckerm. Apothecia urceolate, the white conni- vent proper exciple enclosing a red disk, the thalline margin evanescent. Spores ellipsoid, without colour : spermatia iieedleshaped, bowed, on subsimple sterigmas : thallus crus- taccous, cflOgurate. 47. U. Kergneliensis, Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous, adnate, a'colate-verrucose, dirty orangccoloured, the verrucas gibbous, coalescent, and at the centre substipitate, the mar- gin efflgurate : apothecia (c. 1 """• wide) immersed, the thin proper margin from pale livid-nigrescent. Spores 8 in a single t'eries, simple, 21-30 by 15-20 mic, the paraphyses filiform. Rocks, KerguelensLand, Dr. Kidder. Torrey Bulletin, 1875, p. 58. In Obs. 1877, p. 184, the author vindicates the rights of this new genus, against the reference of the lichen to Lecanora as L. Kerguelensis by Crombie in Jour, of Bot., App., 1877. Placodium (§ Urceoliiia) Kerguelense, Miill. Arg., Nachtr. z. Naumann Exp. p. 136. 48. Thelotrenia lepadodes, Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse, thinly membranaceous-difFract, ashy-white : ai)othecia superficial, truncate-conoid, or drum-shaped, the aperture ample ; a proper urceolate exciple uiore or less clothed by the thallus, APPENDIX. 151 Iwrderinjf a blackening wliito-pruinoHc uisk, which is loosely edged by a white, membranaceous, indexed, sometimes ol»- Hcure interior exciple. Spores ulxxitH, large, brown, oblong, muriforni-nitiltilocdlar (the transverse series of cells lfi-24, the longitudinal in the middle 4), 3-Ft times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. Oba. 1862, p. 405, and Oahu, //. Mann. Haw. p. 228. 49. T. platycarpum, Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse, thin, smooth, then rugose, pale, or somewhat fuscescent ; apothe- cia large, innate, much dilated, the flat, thin, pale-fusccscent disk blackening above and delicately pruinate, bordered by the thin, obscurely greenish, erose, inflexed margin of the interior exciple, the exterior margin splitting into refloxed divisions. Spores small, slightly fuscescent, oblong-ellip- soid or dactyloid-ellipsoi*!, 2-4 locular, the cells roundish. Cuba, Wright. Obs. 1862, p. 406. 50. T. Santense, Tuckerm., I. c. p. 406, and Syn. I., p. 227. 51. T. leiostomum, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, effuse, smooth, I ihiose-verruculose, glaucescent ; apotheciu immersed, mi- nute, rounded, at length confluent, and passing into irregidar, often lirelliform shapes, the exterior exciple bordering the sunken, blackening disk, with a slightly prominent, entire pale margin, the thickish, smoothish veil covering the disk perforated. Six>re8 ellipsoid, brown, with 3 dissepiments and 4 regular sporoblasts, 2-3 times longer than broad. Cuba, Wright. 1. c. p. 407. 52. T. Cubanum, Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse, thin, smooth, rugulose, rimose, from glaucous-green pale yellowish ; apothecia large, from conico-hemispherical soon dilated and Bcutellffiform or irregular, the exterior exciple black within, with a thfck, at length cleft and recurved white-veiled mar- gin, the disk thick, grayish-black, covered with a crustaceous, white veil. Spores 8, cocciform, 4 locular, brown, the cells at length somewhat divided, 2 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, WriglU. 1. c. p. 407. 152 APPENDIX. 53. T. auratnm, Tuokerni. ; thallus smooth, rujjiiloBe, at length verrucose, thick, pale strawcolourctl ; apothecia large, superficial, subglobose, the roundetl aix*rture ample, the exterior urceolate exciple with an erose, incurved, black- punctate margin, the dish yellow-pruinose. Spores H, colour- less, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 4-(> locular, the cells more or less divided, 2-2^ times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 408. 54. T. Wrightii, Tuckerm. ; thallns thickish, fragile, smooth, uneven, glaucous-green ; apothecia large, s(,on open, dilated, subsessile, scutellajform, the exterior exciple border- in j with a somewhat elevated, thick, i)owdery, pale flesh- coloured, finally flexuous margin, the thin, colourless, wlute- pruinose disk. Spores broadly ellipsoid, the tips acute, or at length broadly spindle-shaped, 4-G locular, the unequal cells finally divided, 2-4 times longer tlaiu wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 409. 55. T. ghbvlare, Tuckerm., I. c. p. 470^ equals T. paehy- stomum, Jide Nyl., Exot. ]>• 221, I'r. N. Gr. p. 41, 50. T. actinotum, Tuckerm. , thallus thin, smooth, uneven, from glaucous-green yellowish, the hypothallu:i blackening ; apothecia middling-sized, innate- prominent, at length dilated, from rounded difform, the exterior erectish, soon cleft, re- curved exciple enclosing a plane, pale, white-pruinose disk. Spores about 8, colourless, fusiform, 4-10 locular, 4-)S times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 411. 57. T. myrioporum, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, snbcartilagi- neous, verruculose, smooth, subpruinose, glaucescent ; apo- thecia minute, innnersed, rounded, open, or scattered or disposed in irregular jontluent groups, the exterior exciple urceolate, with a slightly i)rominent, very entire margin, the disk a little concave, clothed at length with a white, perfo- rated, irregular veil. Spores small, colourless, ellii>soid, 2 locular, 1.^-2^ times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 412. APPEND^":. 153 58. T. latilabnim, Tuckerm. ; thalluB thickish, smooth, nneven, at length rugulose, from glaucous olivaceous- brownish ; apothecia large, innate-prominent, from urceolate- scutcllwform at length dilated, the broad, acute, stellate- cleft, reflexed, whif^-powdery margin of the exterior exciple enclosing a plane, blackening disk, covered with a subcrusta- ceous at length torn veil. Spores 8, colourless, oblong, 6-8 locular, 3-6 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. Obs. 1864, p. 269. Lich. Cub. n. 137. 59. T. leucastrum, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, thin, smooth, pale-olivebrownish, the hypothallus brownish- black ; apothecia large, innate, scutelljeform, dilated, the reflexed, stellate-cleft, white-powdery exterior exciple enclosing a thin, plane, white-pruinose disk, the interior one wanting. Spores 8, in a single series, small, pale-brown, cocciform- ellipsoid and elongated, 3-4 locular, 2-3 times longer than wide. b. difforme ; apothecia smaller, confluent, elongated, differ- ently difform, the powdery margin somewhat dissolved. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 269. Lich. Cub. n. 158, 159. 60. T. plcUycarpoidea, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, thin, at length rugulose, pale-greenish-fuscescent ; apothecia middling-sized, innate-prominent, urceolate-scutellieform, the aperture ample, the elevated, subeutire, at length reflexed exterior exciple surrounding a plane, thin, blackening, white- pruinose disk, the interior one membranaceous, white, conni- vent. Spores 8, pale brown, ellipsoid with acute tips, then somewhat elongated, and the tips attenuate, 4-6 locular, 3}-4^ times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. I. c. p. 270. Lich. Cub. n. 157. 61. T. lireUiforme, Tuckerm.; thallus thickish, thinly rugose-graiuilate, smooth, at length somewhat mealy-tarta- reous, from glaucous green ashcoloured, the hypothallus brownish-black ; apothecip. large, innate, lirellat'-ditTorm, the prominent, thick, subentire margin of the exterior exciple enclosing a black disk covered with a white veil. Sjjort's 8, oblong-ellipsoid, 4 locular, brown, 2-2^ times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 270. Lich. Cub. n. 150. 154 APPENDIX. 62. T. cataatictum^ Tuckerm. ; thallus subtartareous, un- even, at length delicately powdery, glaucescent; apothecia minute, immersed, urceolate, somewhat bordered by the thallus, the aperture ample, the incurved margin of the loose exciple enclosing a conoid, blackening disk. Spores 8, in elongated thekes, pale brown, broadly oblong-ellipsoid, 6-8 locular, the cells lenshaped, 2-3 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright I. c. p. 270. 63. T. simplex, Tuckerm. ; thallus tbickish, rugose-verru- cose, smooth, pale-ashcoloured, ; apothecia numerous, very small, immersed in somewhat bordering thalline warts, the pale, subglobose, continuous, above naked, radiately some- what striate, poroid-pertuse exciple enclosing a nucleiform, livid disk. Spores 8, soon brown, ellipsoid, 4-8 locular, the cells at length muriform-divided, 1^-3 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright, 1, c. p. 271. Lich. Cub. n. 154. 64. T. * piluUferum, Tuckerm. ; thallus subtartareous, con- tiguous, even or verruculose, glaucescent or white, confused with the hypothallus ; apothecia numerous, superficial, globu- lar, almost closed, with a pertuse pore, the exterior proper, entire, dark exciple, enclosing a pale, concave disk. Spores 8, cocciform, muriform, colourless, about 2 times longer than wide. Trees, Oahu, H. Mann. Haw. p. 227. 65. Stereocaulon pilophoroideSy Tuckerm. ; podetia 4-5 inches high, stout, somewhat simple, dividing above the middle into 2 or 3 long branches, sending out irregularly short branchlets terminated by the subglobose, black apothecia, the phyllocladia more or less confluent, passing into papilla; which are elongated and terete at the base ; cephaloilia scro- biculate-pitted, the gonimia irregularly arranged in cylindra- ceous nodules. Spores from fusiform acicular, 4-10 locular, 10-24 times longer than wide; spermatia acicular, falcate- curved, on simple sterigmas. Sandwich Islands, Dr. W, Hillebrand. Obs. 1864, p. 265. 66. S. Maderense, Tuckerm. ; thallus stout, terete, and commonly naked at the mostly simple base, dividing below the middle into a few elongated, rather simple, erectish, APPENDIX. 155 obsoletely tomentose branches, with often nodding tips. Phyllocladia very small, globose, somewhat scattered, be- coming flat, and larger especially on the branches, crcnate, glaucescent. Cephalodia sessile, scrobiculate-pitted ; aiK>- thecia subtcrminal, middling-sized, flat, at len^h nearly exclnding the thick white margin. Spores acicular, variously divided. Madeira. Wilkea Exp. p. 122. 67. S. teneUum, Tuckerm. ; Wilkea Exp. p. 123, & t. 2, f. 5, equals S. cUbicana, (Th. Fr.) Nyl. : Syn /., p. 234. 68. Cladonia dactylota, Tuckerm. ; squamules ample, erect, white-powdery beneath: podetia slender, cylindrical, membranaccous-corticate, smooth, greenish-pallescent, the cups narrow, the denticulate margin somewhat incurved, at length obliquely proliferous-palmate : apothecia brownish- flesh-coloured. b. aymphycarpia, the apothecia conglomerate. c. aorediata, the podetia and scyphee here and there covered with white-powdery soredia. Cuba, Wright. Venezuela, Fendler. ^ttjjp. 5, p. 204. 69. C. Dilleniana, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose-dis- sected, the podetia above infundibuliform, proliferous-ramootbecitt Hcurlet. Trees, Culm, Wriyht. /. c. p. 303. 71. C, f/rorjVf H/rt, Tuckerin. ; 8(|iiaiiiiile8 minute, laciiiinte, Htrawcoloured, beneath wliite ; i>odetia Hlender, niueh elon« j{ute' 395. 72. Ccpnngonhtminoyuliforme^'Vnckfivm.^l.c.p. 416. Syn. 1.1 p. 258, (J. V. 7.3. Biatora rhodopis, Tuckerm. ; thallus uniform, thin, t!artilagineou8-iiicmbranaceou8, smooth, rimulose, glaucous- ashcoloured, vermilion within ; apotheeia sessile, at length difforu), the tumid, entire, at length flexuous nuirgin deep- roseeoloured, the disk somewhat plane, naked, blackish- red, the hypothecium black. Spores simple, ellipsoid. Bushes, Cuba, Wriyht. Supp. 2, p. 205, 74. B. virella, Tuckerm. ; thallus uniform, subtartareous, rugose-granulate, glaucous-sulphurcoloured ; apotheeia ses- sile, the thin, entire, soon tlexuous, vanishing margin paler than the plano-convex, reddish-brown disk. Spores small, ellipsoid, subf usiform, simple, 3 times longer than wide. Rocks, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 205. 75. B. pyn'homelmna, Tuckerm. ; thallus of minute, rounded, soon subsquamaceous, imbricate, glaucescent granules, within vermilioncoloured, the hypothallus blackish- red ; apotheeia proceeding from the hypothallus, somewhat plane, the margin very thin, erect, flexuous, blackish-red, the disk black, shining, the hypothecium red, at length convex and excluding the margin. Spores, minute, ellipsoid, simple. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 205. 76. B. phceaspis, Tuckerm. ; thallus of subsquamaceous, soon coralline, pale-ochroleucous granules ; apotheeia ap- pressed, reddish-brown, flexuous, at length convex and APrKNDIX. 167 laceous, jia ap- and exrliidiiig the ohtiifie pnlrr nmr(;in. 8|K>roH fuHifomi-cylin- (Irieal, 2-4 hN'iilnr, ;i-4 tiini'M lutiKcr than wUlc— — Trcc«, Cuba, Wriyht. 1. -, p. 205. Ti. B. melumjH'ida, Tnekerin. ; thnlluM IcprouM-tnrtarcoiiH, (lifTrni't-riiiioKo, f»'rriijriiu'nf;tli tuiiiid, the hhiok dink at first wliitc-priiiiioHc, tiio thickiMli, paler inargiii at length of the same eolour. Spores fuHlforni- oblong, 2 locuhir, S-r* times longer than wide. Shrubs, Cape of G(kmI Hope, Wriyht. Oba. ISOO, p. 41U. 78. B. oncodes, Tnckcrin. ; thallus of minute at length subcontluent granules, riniose, greenish-aHhcoloured, the hypothalluB fuscescent ; apothecia nii(Ulling-Hize«'., lippressed, the disk convex, reddish-brown, the hypotheciuni bliiekening, with a thin, paler, flexuous margin, often transformed into soredia. Spores, small, simple, oblong. Trees, Cuba, Wright. Obs. 1804, p. 274. 79. B. orphnofa, Tuckerm. ; thallus of minute at length coalescent, subimbrieutc, reddish-fuseescent granules, the hypothallus pale-fuscescent ; apothecia proliferous, miinitc, sessile, the disk plano-convex, blackish-brown, within black- ening, the darker margin vanishing. Spores 10-15, small, oblong, simple, 2^-5 times longer than wide ; puraphyscs soon distinct. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 274. 80. B. furfuroaa, Tuckerm. ; /. c. p. 274. Syn. II., p. 19» 81. B. polycampia, Tuckerm. ; thallus subcartilagineous, uneven, rimose, soon sorediiferous, from olivaceous ash- coloured ; apothecia large, adnate, the disk somewhat plane, opake, lurid-reddish, the hypothecium black, the paler, thick, obtuse margin soon flexuous. Spores (»-8, simple, from ovoid ellipsoid, 1^-2 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba. Wright. 1, c. p. 274. Lich. Cub. n. 194. 82. B. chlororphnia, Tuckerm. ; thallus granulose-farinose, ochroleucous : apothecia very minute, innate, plane, reddish- brown, with a thin vanishing margin. Spores 6-8, simple, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 2^-3 times longer than wide ; paraphyses distinct. On Ficus, 'Hong Kong, China, Wright. 1 c. p. 275. 15A APPENDIX. H3. B. lutfo-rufnln^ Tuckerm. ; thalliis cartilagiiiroiiH, Btnooth, ritiiuloHC, grci'iiinh-glau'^eflcent, the tiy|H>thnlliiH white ; a|Kitbecia iiiidiUiDg-Hized, appreHHed, plane, at len^h flfXUouH-lolmto, the diHk from yelluwiiih-red at length ful* vouH, equalling the thin, entire, paler margin. S|M>reH Bmall, siniplc, from ovoid fusiform-ellipsoid, "i^-H tinicH longer than wide. Trees, Loo Choo Islands, Wright. /. c. p. 276. 84. B. pettoia, Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, leprous, greenish-ashooloured, the hy|K>t)inllus black ; niMttheein small, adnatc, the margin thin, rugulosc, brownish-black, the disk plane, opake, livid-black, within black. Spores small, from oblong somewhat staffshaped, 2-4 locular, 4-<5 times longer thau wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 276. Lich. Cub. n. 206. 85. B. acitula, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, contiguous, un- even, glaucous-green ; ai)ochecia minute, appressed, the disk soon convex, reddish-fleshcoloured, the demiss margin thin, white, entire, the hypothecium browuisli. Si^res dactyloid, .5-8 locular, 4-6 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 276. Lich. Cxib. n. 202. 8fi. B. palmicola^ Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, contigu- ous, glaucescent-strawcoloured : apothecia minute, sosHJle, the disk somewhat plane, yellowish-fulvescent, the entire, vanishing, concolorous margin at first surrounded with an accessory thalline one. Spores dactyloid, 4 locular, 2-3 times longer than wide. Leaves of palms, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 277. Lich. Cub. n. 201. 87. B. thyaanota^Tuckerm. ; thallus sub tartareous, Icprous- granulose, the granules at length confluent, the hypothallus white, fibrillose ; apothecia small, sessile, the disk plane, from reddish-brown blackening, the demiss paler margin vanishing, bordered by a white stratum. Spores small, from ellipsoid subdactyloid and oblong, 2-4 locular, 2J-4 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1, c. p. 277. Lich. Cub. n. 210. * APPENDIX. 159 88. B. l^icocheila^ Tuckorm. ; thalliiR thin, oftrtiln^inpoiKi, uneven, aHlicoloured ; a|>otbevia niiil, adiintv, the (UmIc plano'Convex, fuHcous black, the hy|K>theviuni bruwn. S|M)reH Hniall, dactyloid or MubfuHifortn, 4 locular, i^-ii tttiies luuf^er tlian wide. Dead wootl, Cuba, Wright. /. c. ;>. 27 S. 89. B. microphyllina, Tuckerm., /. c. p. 278. Syn. IT., p. 40. 90. B. medialis, Tuckerm., I. c. p. 280. Syn. II., p. 132. 91. B. Uvido-nigruanay Tuckerm.; thalluB of discretOf cartilagineou8, livid-glauccHceut granules ; apothecia minute, (0.2-0.4 """• wide), Bessile, plane, brownish-black, with a thin margin ; hyiK>thecium pale. S|>oreM dactyloid and oblong, 4-5 locular, 15-23 by 3-<5 uiic, the paraphyHes diHtinet, capitulate. On bark, Straits of Magellan, Ilasslcr Exp. 1872. Oba. 1877, p. 180. 92. Heterotkecium leptocheilum, Tuckerm. Oba. 1864^ p. 280. Syn. II., p. 55. 93. H. pachycheilum, Tuckerm. 1. c.p. 281. Syn. II. p. 66. 94. H. aureolum, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, thin, rimose, yellow, the hypothallus blackening ; apothecia small, sessile, the disk plano-convex, opake, dark-orangecoloured, the hypothecium pale, about equalling the thin, entire, cou- colorous margin. Spores 6-8, colourless, dactyloid or sub- fusiform, 5-6 locular, the cells rounded, 4-6 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, Wright. 1. c. p. 281. 95. H. vulpinum, Tuckerm. /. c.p. 281. Syn. II. p. 67. 96. //. turbinatum, Tuckerm. ; thallus of flattened gran- ules, at length collected into a verrucose-rugulose crust, pale-yellowish-brown ; apothecia miimte, turbinate, the exciple pale-brownish, stipitiform-constricted, the margin entire, the disk from concave plane, reddish-brown, the hypothecium darker. Spores 1 in oblong thekcs, large, pale-brown, oblong, murifonn-multilocular, 5-6 times longer than wide. Trees, Cuba, WrigJU. 1. c. p. 282. i V ICO APPENDIX. 97. H. Wrightii, Tuckerm. ; thallus of subtartareous, globose, coiiglomerate, glaucescent granules ; a|X)thecia middling-sized, adnate, brown and blackening, the somewhat plane at first ashy-^ruinose disk at length somewhat exceding the entire obtuse margin, the hypothecium brownish-black. Spores very numerous in elongated thekes, very minute, globose. Earth, Cuba, Wright. Lecidea (Biaturella) ^ I. c. p. 275. Heterothecium, Oen. p. 276^ Lich. Cub. n. 235. 98. Lecidea Simodensia, Tuckerm. ; thallus at first con- tiguous, subtartareous, soon diflfract-verrucose, whitening; apothecia middling-sized, sessile, black, the at length convex disk with a thinnish, obtuse margin. Spores 8, small, colourless, oblong, 2 locular, 2-3 times longer than wide. Maritime rocks, Japan, Wright. The spores connect it with L. grossa, Nyl., but the type at least is perhaps easily considerable as a colourless expression of Buellia. Oba. 1862yp. 421. 99. L. psephota^ Tuckerm. ; thallus areolate, white, the areoles minute, tumid, discrete, the hypothallus black ; apothecia very small (02.-0.4™™- wide), mostly immersed in the a»''>oles, from concave plane, with a thin, incurved, persistent margin, often angulose-difform, the hypothecium black. Spores 8 in ventricose thekes, ellipsoid, simple, colourless, 12-20 by 7-10 mic, the paraphyses concrete. Granite rocks, Straits of Magellan, Hassler Exp. 1872. Obs. 1877, p. J 81. 100. Buellia Africana, Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaeoous, adnate, bright yellow, radious-lobate, soon squamulose- ureolate, the areoles flattened, crenulate-lobate, at the cir- cumference rimose-multifld, beneath black ; apothecia innate- sessile, cupular, black, the thin flexuous margin crenulate- rugulose, the disk opake, within white, at length convex and exceeding the margin. Spores ellipsoid, brown, 2-4 locular, 1J-2J times longer than wide. Rocks, Cape of Good Hope, Wright. Lecidea, Obs. 1860, p. 406; not B. Africana, Miill., Beitr. 123. APPENDIX. IM te.- 2." ^coous, lulose- Ihe cir- innate- uilate- bonvex |n, 2-4 ipe of not 101. B. Japonica, Txxckerm. ; thalhm of minuto, flattened, squaniuloHe-imbricatc, grpenish-fuHccHCont jiranulps apothe- cia small, appresscd, bli\ck, the margin thin, diHt net, tbe sctbroiiH (IJHk from plano-convex liemispberical, the .iy|K>tbe- ciunj black. Spores 8, niiddlin^-si/ed, brown, ellipMoid, 2 locular, 2^ times lon^«'r than wide. Hark, .lapan, Wright. Lecklea, Oha. 1802, p. 421. 102. B. catasema, Tuckerni. ; noted as (liffering from B. jifirasema (Ach.) by the apparently {jranidose thallns, the minute, proliferous apothecia, Die smaUer spores, and the loose filifi»rm paraphyses. Cuba, Wrifjht. Oha. lSfi4, j). 2S3. Lich. Cub. n. 242. 103. OrnpJiis dLsrurrpns, Nyl. ; v. Kanlensht, Tuckenn. ; ai)othecia thicker, dendritic-ramose : sjMires larjjer, H-lres 8, middling-sized, oblong, submuriform (the transverse series fi-K, the longi- tudinal 1-2), 3-.'J^ times longer than wide, fuscescent. Trees, Oahu, H. Mann. 1, c. p. 231. 105. Opegrapha prosodea, Aah. \ thallus compact, smooth, from greenish fuscescent, black-limited : apothecia superfi- cial, thick, elliptical or oblong and stellate, obtuse, the disk open ; or elongated subramose, the disk narrow at length rima'l'orm. Spores fusiform-oblong, G-14 locular, colourless, 5-9 times longer than wide. a. notlm; ajwthecia rounded, oval and oblong, plane, the disk dilated, brown, about equalling the obtuse margin. b. diaphora ; apothecia elongated, cylindrical, somewhat closed. Trees, Cuba, Wright. Calif, p. 32. 106. ArtJionia cyrtodes, Tuckerni. Obs. 1804,1). 285; sujraj}. 135. -Cuba, Wright. 169 APPENDIX. 107. Siphula Pickeringii, Tuckerm. ; thallus ciespitose, brittle, smooth, subdichotomous-ramose, from glaucous whitening, the branehlets erectish, terete-compressed, at length furrowed ; apothecia (abortive) lateral. Earth, Oahu. Wilkes Exp. 124, & t. 2, /. 4. 108. Acolium leucampyx, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, powdery, then subcontiguous, rimose, from greenish ashcoloured ; apothecia small, innate-prominent, the disk somewhat plane, black, the mar in within white-pruinose. Spores from cocci- form soon oblong, 2-4 locular, constricted in the middle, brown. Trees, Cuba, Wright. Trachylia, Obs. 1860, p. 390. 109. A. Hawaiiense, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, glaucescent, confused with the white hypothallus ; apothecia middling- sized, elevated or lecanoroid-depressod, the proper exciple sunk in the thick, radiate-rugose thalloid one, the disk, plane, purple-black, immarginate. Spores minute, obtusely ellip- soid, 2 locular, brown, about 0.006"""- long. Trees, Oahu, //. Mann. Haw. p. 262. 110. Calicium leucochlorum, Tuckerm. ; thallus of granules confluent into a thin, subcontiguous, uneven, yellow crust, decussated by the black hypothallus ; apothecia clavate-tur- binate, beneath rustcoloured, the stout stipe black. Spores large, ellipsoid, constricted in the middle, 2 locular, blackish- brown, 1^-2 times longer than wide. Palm trees, Cuba, Wright. Obs. 1860, p. 389. INDEX TO PARTS I and II. [Synonyms In UcJfi(lcs 35 TJultfuii 88 atfHoapora 40 Ellzi« 06 8t{);iiiat«llii 46 epi^!i;a 87 8Ul>fU8CUla 3(! yeminnta 102 subj^ranulosa 40 gt'()jfnipbi«*a 103 sutFusu 4;{ |;^!auoi uiaria 108 synrumiata 37 giauut.iuariuidcs 108 tliysan«>tji 158 tjrniuU 102 ToniotMisis 2(1 iialuuia 05 trachona 36 in(|iiiliiia 105 tricholocua 30 itmynia U4 tricolor 30 Ji.ponica 161 triscptata 120 lactea 91 triiptophyllina 40 leplda>4tra 90 tui'gidula 23 leptocline 94 uliKinoHa uiiibriiia 27 leptoclinoidea 95 48,^7 mir.rospcrmua 10<) variaiis 27 mininmla 106 verecuiidula 36 Montaijnm 102 vernalis 21, 22, 23 moriopitia 08 veatita 41 in3'ri(H!ari)a 97 virella 156 nvjritida 98 viridescens 17, ^« t>edr:(;a aftO urceoliitH 107 ht'llidilloia 2S2 voi-nkioina !))» Ikuvl 251 vilirt i»r» Botrytis 249 H'tihlrnhrrtjii 81) hntrhhUn 24U W«ltcUachi' io<; I'ifspiticia cariosa cai'iiKola 247 240 250 CALICrilM. Carol iniuna 251 cuitiHii ii la? ceuotca 246 fusflpes i;{7 (riM-atophylia 238 leiit'ochlorum 1U2 coriiui-(»pi(tidu8 252 priwuiiilens 137 CO run til 244 RHVcnelii 137 cristatclla 255 «lactyl()ta il 155 d«i!oVti(tata i 240 CETKARIA. dufuriiiis 253 aiJuU'utii 1 2!) degencrans dcHcaUi 212, L>tO aleuiites 32 247 arctica 30 Di'Kprifiinxii 250 aure8c;mis 37 digitata 253 litivnrka 37 DiiiiMiiana U 155 Callfoniica 21) ecinori/iM i 242 cliryHantlia m (>r.!livi;»'l'olia 23S c'iliariH 34 niiil)riata 241 cuutilliiita 31 Flocrkeana 254, 'isr, Fahluticnsis 33 furoata 247 Fendleri 33 gracilcMita ii 15(i glauca 36 gracillH i 252, 'jr,G hiaxceus 31 llookt'ri 253 Islamlu^a 31 hypo\aiitha ii 155 juuipcriiia 37 ihihrii'AUnla i 230 iucunosa 35 laatnosa 251 madrei>lfoniii8 30 Icpidota 240 nigricaas 20 Icporina 255 nivalis 32 inauileiita 253 Oakesiana 3(5 Mitrula 237 udontclla 21) papillaria 245 plamrodia 32 para/iilica 247 platy >hylla 34 pulchulla 254 raimi osa 30 pyxidaf.a 240 liichardsouii 31 raiigif( I'iiia 248 saepinoola 35 Kaveniilii 254 aeptcntriomile 3fl Santeii^is 245 Tilesii 37 squaino.^a 24G tristia 28 stellata snbstraminea syiuphycai-pa Taurica 251 256 239 CHIODEOTON. 250 Califoriiicuui il III') turgida 244 lacteain 13G uueiuliH 250 Moutaguasi 135 vermiatlaris 256 I I 1 I I I r 8 b '1 t V co; u INDEX. 167 241 2r»() 251 2rj 21(> 217 210 2.">0 2.-. I 24« 2:1s 252 211 2o5 155 210 25:1 , 240 217 250 25:j 155 242 2:i8 211 247 15(; 2, 'jr,G 25:{ 155 230 231 240 255 253 237 245 247 251 240 248 254 245 24G 251 255 2:{9 256 214 250 2u6 CLADONIA. (nSTOTOLEUS. vfrtirilhirh I 24.1 efieupun 1 SB9 verlicillata 242 riipcstris 9B0 rOENOOOXIUM. DEUMATIsniM. (liMJunctiiiii i 258 Catawbense U 141 \\\U'.v mHituin Lppr eiiiil 258 258 I.tiikii 258 ENDOCARPISCUM 1 nionilifornie 258 Bolandiiii Ciuei)ini I 114 118 COLLEMA. nt^^^rej^atum i 140 ENDOCARPOy. anrif Hhttnm 153 oehrolcui-uni ii 138 cnllihntrya 145 ei'trnrioides Ion ehirlodoa 142 ENTEROGRAPHA. coccnphorum 150 clegans ii 119 crixpuiii 141) cristatolluin 152 ciistatuin 152 EPIIEBE. cyrtaspis 144 Lesqiien'UxH I 133 dermntinum 153 iimtuiiiili<>8uin 132 fla«!ci(lum 147 pul)escens 182 furvum 152 Bolida 182 :,i.Miii:-ii'e,ns 150 j?laucnplitlialmnm 14(i p-aii(>8iitn 153 ERIODERMA. im/tlic(Uiim 140 polyi'arpuin i no laciniatiini 144 veliij^eniin 11 143 Ipptaleuin 140 WiiKhtii 144 liiuosuin 150 incltenuin 151 nilcrophyllum 144 EVERNIA. inieroptycliiuin 147 divaricata 1 40 multipartitum 152 furfuracea 80 myrioooccuin 143 pruiiastri 89 iil|>lH'la 124 Lcpn'furii 50 122 Inuuoxanthuin 58 ImKtopcpla 12(! mmtcirol iim 58 Mn.<>r|uif.(*na 60 scol('(;ltis 125 premnm 64 Riibnitidul. 12.'J Raii;;uinariuin 5:t tricolor 58 tuhorciilnnuin 65, HO OYAT.ECTA. turbiiiatuni 160 ahsronsn i 210 ve.Hto>tn 57 ttst.crin 21!) v«>raicolor 54 cariieo-luteola 220 vifiilana M ceratiua 220 vul dimiii 57 cotKjruclln 220 Wr ghtll 50, 100 corona ta 221 CitrticoUt 220 \ (Mipulai'i8 221 IlYnROTIIYRIA. fa^icola 220 fontnna I 168 (h-nudata 21S 'ltU88(>llii 108 Flotovil 221 Fiifisli 218 gcoloa 21 i) LECANACTIS. lutea 218 abiotlna ii 114 nana 220 Califoriiica 115 piiieti 218 chloroconia 116 rhexoblephara 221 preinnea 114 Valeii/ueliana 210 Qtterceti 221 LECANORA. albelln i 186 GYROSTOMUM. albescens 180 aeyphuliferum i 220 allophana 188 nlphoplaca 107 athroocarpa io:i IIEPPIA. atra 180 Despreauxii i 114 atriscda 189 polyspora 116 atrucincta 100 atrosiilphurea 191 badia 190 IlE'rEROTIIECIITM. hella 201 Augu»tini ii 50 Bockii 200 aureoluin 150 Bolanderl 181 o<>nsj)prsiini 50 Bruiionis 102 Doruiugense 67 caiaio-abella 186 INDEX. 169 6S S4 57 66 80 88 68 00 66 66 68 68 60 66 64 63 RS 65, /ifi 169 67 64 64 87 r.fl, 160 n 168 108 114 115 115 114 185 18» 188 197 IDS 18V» 189 190 191 190 201 200 181 192 186 LECANORA. calcarea campalea eancriformU CarcfitiflO caHtanca cenisia cnrvina chlarona chlorophana chrysoleuca chryaopa cinerea ci nereoruf escens Citnnonica coilocnrpa crasaa Cupressi curvf8re)ui deutilabra dichroa dimern diatnna elatina epihrya epulotiua expatlens friistulosa fuHcata fuacella galactina gelida glaucocarpa glaucoma glaucomcla glaucovircns glehom franifera lageni Ilaydeiil lacustris lentigera melaaaspis melanophthalma mesophana mesoxnntha miculata inolybdiiia muralis oculata odora Oregana orosthca Pacllioa pallesceus 1 ao4 ii 147 I 186 304 194, 202 18(1 ao2 188 201 133 201 198 199 195 188 182 192 194 U 148 144 1 194 188 195 188 200 103 186 203 194 189 182 208 187 198 il 148 i 204 189 188 184 199 182 197 183 188 189 186 200 184 197 197 193 193, ii 198 1 191 196 LECANORA. pallida i 185 Parisienaia 188 peliacypha 203 twHata 18:) phiRolMila 190 pliryganitig 182 pingiils '.85 privigna 204 punicea 194 rhypariza 194 rubitia 183 rugoaa 188 Sambuci 189 aaxicola 184 Schleicher! 202 aimplex 2* aophodopaia X^:' Rordida lb9 aorediifera iO amaragdula *i-; subflava I . 18 subfusca I ir tartarea 1}K> thamnitis 181 thainnoplaca i^.t umhriua 1<»9 varia 191 ventosa 195 verrucosa 196 Willeyi 191 xanthophana 201 LECIDEA. acclinis Ii 86 agliea albocaemlescens 78 72,66 albozonaria 74 alpestris 85 ambigua 80 araylacea 78 arctica 84 Arineniaca 78 aromatica 131 assimilata 86, 85 ■ atroalba 76 atrobrunnea 74 auriculata 08 badia 76 borealia 85 Brandegei 62 Brunneri 78 Candida 01 caudata 79 170 INDEX. LECIDEA. LECIDEA. eaule$retu It 64 ruKlnosA $ahulftorum einfreoru/a 77 cUrtnella 6A tilacea cicruleonigricarifl «1 Hiniodenais coiifluens 7a Hpvirea coiitiKua 71,72 $piUtta orasHipes 8« squalida crucluriu 67 nquarrota ouiniilata 03 sylvicola cynnea 6B, 68 aymphorella cvrtidia elabenfl 83 tahescens 82 tencbrosa elfKuchroma 79,80 tesHcllata elata 78 teflHelUua elnta 81 ultima enterolenca 79 variegata nrraticu 83 tfMcularU flavovirescena 65 vUellinaria ftimnsa 76 vorticosa fusuoatra 75 Wulfenii fusuociiierea 76 KlauoopHuru 131 eranoHa Fngularis 63 LEITOGIUM. 76 adpreRBuni intumeHcens 76 albociliatum lactea 69 ^^palachense lapicida 70, fie azureum limoaa 85 bolacinum lUhophila 66 BrebUaonii lugubris 77, 7fl bullatuni macroearpa 74 BurgeHsii Cffisiellum niHtuillana 130 Maiini 75 Califoriiicuin mp.;;3ata 63 cetrarioidea melaiicheima 81 chlnromeluin micytho 131 dmictodorum monticola 81 cornicuiatuni morio 86 corrugatiilum neglecta •84 corticola pallida 84 dactvlinum deQarisuum panHiola 70 pantherina 69 diaphanum paracarpa 63 foveolatum parasema 79,80 Iliklenbrandii paupercula 75 hypotrachynum perjidiosa 63 itijlexum phceenterodes 73 intriuatulum planctica 131 Javanicum platycarpa 73 junipei-inum laceruin ])<)lycarpa 69 Pringlei 62 marginellum pruiuosa 66 minutiaBimum psephota 160 muscicola pyvnocarpa 83 myochroum H «4 79,81 70 lao 71, 72 65,68 M 64 •8 89 80 77, 76 65,68 66,69 61 81 80 164 166 180 181 186 163,164 164 16S 166 160 168 188 161 169 168 181 183 164 181 181 188 881 186 164 166 162 257, 158 162 167 164 188 1. INDEX. 171 «4 7»,8l 70 160 71, 72 6fi,«8 04 83 83 80 77,75 6fi, 68 68 83 66,60 61 81 82 80 164 166 160 161 155 163,104 164 165 156 159 156 163 161 159 163 161 162 164 161 161 166 261 160 154 165 162 157, 158 162 157 154 166 LISPTOOIUM. paimatmn phijlhrarjtnm \.M\v\w\\\i\n rftiruliitinn rivain BtUnrninutn trotinum aiaiiatuni t^thinctrintim Bubtile. tcniiiRHlmura trenielloidea Uinh(iufH»ia vetivatunt MCHTNA. conflnis MYRfANOIUM. Curti88ii DuricBi NEPHROMA. Arcticum bella cellnlitsum expnllidum HelveUciiin hevigatum Lusitanicum resnpinatum Auhliitvigatum tomcntosum OMFIIALARIA. Cubana Demangeonii deusta enducarpoidea Glrardl Kan^ana leptophylla lingulata phyllisca plntunium pulvinata pj'renoides gphieruapora Bvniphorea Texana Wrightii il I ii i ii i U 150 165 \m 161 156 KMt 159 15N 165 157 157 161 155 165 133 261 261 101 104 105 103 104 101 105 103 105 105 146 140 146 140 141 140 146 145 139 141 141 141 139 139 139 146 OMPIIArODIUM. A ri/onlvuHi llott«ntotn II ri(«oa4M»mi>iiHe 380 260 260 OPEORAPIIA. a«tra!a ii 134 demlsfla IIM nilcr(K>yclia 133 mtjri(>rarperata K\ jiulvcrulciita 107 oentrtfuf^a W, rufenceiiH JOT, 108 MraUtphylla (H) Kcabrom 108 cervicornis li 143 aiMitata 107 cetrata i M venosa 106 chtorochroa OA chrysnntha 55 colpodes 01 PERTUSARIA. consperna 04 AlbineA 11 149 eonvexiuKula 01 aniblftcns 1 SIS cribfAlata 01 bryontlia an crinita 5.") coccophorA 11 149 dendritiea 01 colobina 149 diatrypa 01 communis 1 . S14 enuAU8ta 00 concrota ^ SIS enteromorpha 00 dactylina 913 exanperata 02 cuglypta 11 149 flavicanH 53 faginea 1 S18 glaherrtma 53 fallax S17 hyperopia 00 flavicunda 913 incurva 05 globularis 216 Japonica ii 142 fflomerata hymenium 215 la'vlgata i 50 217 lanata 03 lecanina 213 latiseima 63 leioplaca 214 leucochlora &4 microatirta 214 lophvri«a moUiuscula 01 multipuncta 212 64 panyrga 213 olivacea 02 pertuaa 214 perforata 53 pustulata 216 perlata 63 rliodocarpA 214 pertuaa 59 thamnoplura 11 149 physodes 01 velata i 212 proboacidea 64,55 Weatrinqii 215 rer.urva 00 Wulfenii 216 relicina 67 rudecta 68 saxatills 59 PHYSCIA. ainuosa 57 adglutinata 78 sorediuta 61 aipolia 73 Btygia 03 anynatata 71 subrugata 54 aquila 71 Bulphurata 55 astroidea 74 terebrata 01 atricapilla 77 Texana 58 ciesia 70 tlliacea 67 ciliaris 71 INDEX. 173 1M m lOi IM 109 1«7 lOK 7, li 143 107 107, 1(* 108 107 106 140 21 a ail 149 140 214 215 ai:{ 149 213 217 213 216 21ft 217 213 214 214 212 213 ■i14 215 214 149 212 2in 210 78 73 71 71 74 77 76 71 I'lIYSriA. PLAroDirM. COIIIOHH 1 60 ccriniiiii 1 17ft crinntin 71 I'lrrni'hrouiu 171 vriHpa 74 t'itriiiiiiii 171 (Iftiniaa 72 i'lail*MiPH |i»> (lllatata 7ft coral lolil(>fl IIH) D(tmin{ifnni$ 74 vn>iiat(>lliiiii 180 etnti>C(tcrina 77 tllphanliiiii 178 erltmceA 67 direr»icoliir 170 rrtttn 7ft nlogaiiH 17ra iiUpida 60 erythraiitluim II 110 60 niigyriiiii 1 171 7ft ff^rnigliH'iini 177, II 1 17 hypol(>iioa 68 ferriigliiortiiii) 11 NO Loaiia 72 Floridaiiuiu I 170 lou('oin<>)a 60 fiilgeiip 171 lewothrix 74 fultntlutea 170 major 7ft ealaotopbylliun Juiigcriiiaiitiiio 172 ol)H<'ara 74 170 ohHeHgn 74 leuvimta 177 palmulnta 72 luteomlnluni 181 niilvcnileiita Havciiclii 72 mlcrophylllimm 174 68 niurorum 170 ,171 setusa 77 nlvale 170 speclosa 7 I'aiimotenRe 11 147 8t(!llarln .3 pellophylluiii i 172 tmu'lla 75 pliifutn U 140 Wrlghtil (18 rupestre siiiapispcrmuin 1 175 177 Hpadicciim 11 147 rnYsriDiA. Hpraguel variaoUe 1 170 squuiiiulfma 11 145 172 Wrlghtil 145 vltelliiium 180 PHYSMA. PLATYGRAPIIA. byrsamm I 115 Callfornica 11 110 lurldum 116 d'Aoaum 117 Buaaellii IIU Inierrupta monoatichxtm ocellata 117 117 110 PILOPHORUS. perlclea 117 (tcicnlnria i 235 phlyct«!lla Kavenelil 13! cereolus 235 118 polycai-pua 236 vernaiis 110 robuatua 235 PYRENASTRUM. PLACODIUM. Raveuelll 11 141 albidelluin ii 147 aurantiacuiu 1 174 • bicolor 11 147 PYRENOPSIS. bolacinum i 173 coralllna i 137 calva 175 luelaiiibola 130 caiuptidlum 178 phieucocua 130 174 INDEX. ■! 1 PYRENOPSIS. RAMALINA. phylliscina polycocca i 137 reticulata 1 29 136 retiformii 22 Schwreri 135 rigida 22,25 viridorula 137 scopulorum stenoapora tenuis 27 iS 32 PYRENOTHAMNIA. testudinaria 31 Spraguei ii 138 Usneoides Temensis 22 24 PYRENUIA. aggiegata mamiltana ii 140 RINODINA. 140 Asoociseana 1 206 pachycheila 141 aterriina 209 Santenais 140 Berica 210 thelomorpha 141 Bischofii 209 tropica 140 chrysoinelaena Conradi constans 206 210 210 PYXINE. flavonigella 209 applanata i 79 Hallii 208 cocoes 80 Kemmleri , 210 Frostii 79 Mi'.tzleri 209 Meissneri 80 niamillana ii 148 picta 79 milllaria i 210 sorediata 80 uirabosa 205 oehrotis ii 149 oreiiia i 206 RAMALINA. polyapora 208 alludens i 23 pyrcniospora 210 angulosa 23 radinta 205 caiicaris 25 Sahulosn 210 canaliculata 23 sophodes 207 ceruchis 21 Tlioniie 209 Combeoides 21 thysanota 205 coraplanata 24 tui'facea 207 crlnita ii 132 dasypoga denticiilata i 142 25 ROCOELLA. genicvlata gracilenta gracilis homulea 26 22 22 21 fuciforniis leucoplijea piiycopsis tiuctorla i 20 19 30 19 inflata 28 Laevigata 24 SAGEDIA. leptocarpha 24 Cestrcnsis 11 140 linearis 23 Manni 11 142 Menziezii i 21,24 SCHIZOPELTE. minuscula 26 Califoruioa i 46 Montagnad 23 pollinaria 26 polyniorplia 27 SIPHULA. - pueiila 26 Piukeringii 11 162 S9 aa 22,25 27 38 aa ai 22 24 20G 209 210 209 206 210 210 209 208 210 209 148 210 206 149 20« 208 210 205 210 207 209 205 207 20 19 20 19 il 140 46 162 SOLORINA. crocea limbata saccata SPEERSCHNEIDERA. euploua i SPII.ONEMA. paradoxuni i STAUROTHELE. Braiidegei circiiiata Druumiondii STEREOCAULON. albicans alpiiium cereolinum cereolna claviceps conden»atiim coralloldes deiiudatiiin implexum Maderense vxixtum nanodes paschiile pileatum piloplioroides proximum ramulosutn tenelluvi vimineum ii ii i il i Wiightii STICTA. aiuplissima anthraspis uurata crenulata crocata daniiocornis dissecta «rosa fuligiuosa yilva glomeruli/era i INDEX. ni 111 111 45 131 l.'JS 138 138 234 2.32 233 233 233 233 231 233 231 154 231 234 232 233 154 231 230 234 231 234 175 92 101 96 93 100, ii 143 94 93 93 99 101 92 Ilallii 1 102 herbacea 92 Huraboldtil 97 intermedin 9a laeiniata w limbata 100 linita 96 Oregana 97 pallida Pickerlngil 94 ii 143 pulmonaria i 96 quercizans 98 Savenelii 98 scrobiculata . 90 suhdissecta 98 sylvatica 99 tomentosa 97 Wrightli ii !43 THAMNOTJA. vennicularis i 256 THELOSCHISTES. candrlaria i 51 chrysophthalmus 48 concolor 61 Jlavicans 49 lychneiis 60 parietinus 49 polycarpus 60 ramuloBus 61 THELOTREMA. actinotuin ii 152 Aubfrianoidea i 227 Auberlanuni 220 auratum ii 152 bicinrtnlum i 224 catafltictuin ii 154 Cubanum 151 Domingense 1 225 epitrypum 227 glauceHcens 227 iflobulure ii 152 granuIoRum intprposituin i 224 225 lathrannn 224 latilabruin ii 153 leiostomuin 151 Icpadinuin I 226 lepadodes ii 150 176 INDEX. THELOTREMA. UMBILICARIA. leprocarpuni 1 226 flocculosa i 86 leucastrurn li 153 hirsuta 87 Hrelllforine 153 hyperborea 85 metaphorfcum i 227 mammulata 89 K-.ioroporum 223 Muhlcnbergii 86 iDonosporum 225 papulosa 60 mvrloporum ii 162 Pennsylvanica 89 pilullferum 154 phana 86 platycarpoides 153 polyphylla proboRoldca 86 platycarpuiii 150 84 )ostpositum i 225 pufltulata 90 ^avenelil 228 rugifera 88 Santense 227 Semitfnsia 88 simplex U 154 tylorhiza 87 subtile i 224 vellea 87 Wightii Wrlghti! 228 tt 152 URCEOLARIA. aetinoRtoma i 223 THERMUTIS. chloroleuca ii 150 velutina 1 130 scruposa striata i 22:^ 223 \ \ TRYPETHELIIIM. aggregate ii 140 URCEOLINA. Carolinianum 139 Kei'guelieiisis il 150 catervarium 139 exocanthum 140 keterochroum 140 USNEA. Kunzei 140 angulata i 48 niaatoideum 139 barbata 41 oohroleucum 140 cavernosa ^ pallf'scens 140 longissima 48 scorifc 139 melaxantha 41 scorites 139 sphacelata 41 tropica 140 sulphurcm 40 virens 139 trichodea 48 UMBILICARIA. VERRUCARIA. wnea 1 85 microbola ii 140 angulata anthriicina 88 • 84 atropruinosa 84 XYLOGRAPIIA. Cai'olininna 89 disseminata ii 112 cylindrica 84 hians 113 deusta 84 Opegrapliella parallela 113 Dillenii 87 112 erosa 86 atictica 113 4j.r''J,s;-,4V; 85 87 85 89 86 60 89 86 86 84 90 83 88 87 87 223 150 22:^ 223 psqpssr" \ » 150 42 41 43 43 41 41 140 >* l'■^!J■ iTt" H. >- "-. vS* V i\l 112 j^^--