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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one e;tposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, ■nt de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ! Vt^^%^ / -^ H. B. SMALL. MOlsra'KEAL: DAWSON BliOTIIKRS PUBLISH KRS. 1886. Bffl OF BRfflSBJOB™ AMERICA. INCORPORATED T^l^-., KSTABI'IM^^ ^ CHARTER IN 1840. £1,000,000 PAID-UP CAPT -\ — — j^ 8 CLEMENTS LANE, LOMBARD ST., ^. C, LONDON 0^' COURT OF DIRECTORS. jKOOIE. Esq. HENRY J. B. KENDALL, Esq. KsQ. .T. .!• KINGSFORD, Esq. R. FARRER, Esq. FREDERICK LUBBOCK, Esq. I) H. GLYN, Esq. A. H. I'HILLPOTTS, Esq. ARTHUR HOARE, Esq. J. MURRAY ROBERTSON. Esq. Secretary: A. G. WALLIS, Esq. Bankrrs ' K BANK OF ENGLAND; Messrs. GLYN, MILLS, CURRIE & CO. -o ead Office in Canada, - St. James St., Montreal. o— R. R. ORINDMIY, General Mnnairer. Branches and A^enclMi In Canada. Quebec— MONTREAL, QUEBEC. Nova Scotia— HALIFAX. Ontario— OTTAWA, TORONTO, KINGSTON, HAMILTON, PARIS, BRANTFORD, LONDON. New Brunswick— ST. JOHN, FREDERICTON. British Columbia— VICTORIA. o — Agencies In tbe United States. Nbw York— Agents, Mhssrs. D. A. MoTAVISH and H. STIKEMAN, 52 Wall Street. CHICAGO— Agents, H. M. BREEDON and J. .1. MORRISON, Royal Insurance Buildings. San Francisco— Agents, W. LAWSON and C. E. TAYLOR, 312 Pine St o FORRIOBT AGENTS. Liverpool — Bank of Liverpool. Australia — Union Bank of Australia. New Zealand — Union Bank of Australia ; Bank of Now Zealand ; Col- onial Bank of New Zealand. India, China and Japan— Chartered Mer- cantile Bank of India, London and China; Agra Bank, liimited. West Indies— Colonial Bank. Paris— Messrs. Marcuard, Krauss & Co. Lyons — Credit Lyonnais. COM MERCIAf. CREDITS Issued for use in Euro{)e, (.'liina, Japan, and the East and West Indies; also in name of New London & BRAisiLiAN Bank, Limited, available in the Brazils, River Plate, etc. CIRCULAR NOTES Issuetl in Pounds Sterling, available in all i»urt8 of the world. C^^.^r'^ *-1- i 7 ex^xy *- C C ^^-'^e-^ » t- V « / /(^ J I [ c..^isr.A.iDi.^iNr :foe,ests- FOREST TREES, TIMBER AND FOREST PRODUCTS \ BY H. B. SMALL. 1 MONTRKAL DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. i Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year 1884, by H. B. Small, in tiie Oflice of tlie Minister of Agricu; , Th Ex Til Til Til Ca Li; M Ff E; CONTENTS. Pagk The Forcsts of Canada 1 Exports of the Forest , 4 Timber Districts of the Dominion 7 Timber Districts of tlie Provinces, and their Trees 8 Timber Limits — Regulations 38 Canadian Trees and their Woods 41 List of Woods and Uees 54 Minor Products of the Forest 55 forest Enemies 62 Exports of Forest Producta of Canada for 1884 64 - , .-.I- . ^^^^ . i^f-m-^ Merchants Bank CAPITAI. PAID UP, i$5,750,000 91,375,000 VX.&mTMEAi.l*. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. ANDREW ALLAN, Esq., - - - - President. ROBT, ANDERSON, Esq., - - Vice-President. Hector Mackenzie, Esc^ Adolphe Masson. Es(^. Jonathan Hodgson, Es(^ John Cassils, Esi^ William Darling, Esc^ Hon. J. J. C. Abjioii . Ml*. John Duncan, Esc^. GEO. HAGUE, .... General Manager. J. H. PLUMMER, - - - Asst. Gen. Manager. ' BRANCHES IN ONTARIO. Belleville, Berlin, Brampton, Chatham, Gait, Gananoque, Hamilton. Ingersoll, Kincardine, Kingston, London, Mitchell, Napanee, Ottawa, Owen Sound, Perth, Prescott, Renfrew; Stratford; St. Thomas, Toronto, Walkerton, Windsor. BRANCHES IN QUEBEC, Montreal, Quebec, Sherbrooke, St. Johns. BRANCHES IN MANITOBA. Winnipeg, Brandon. Bankrks in Great Britain. — The Clydesdale Bank n.imitid 1 30 Lombard Street, London, Glasgow, and elsewhere. Agency in New York, 61 Wall Street, Messrs. Henry Hague and John B. Harris jr.. Agents. Bankers in New York.— The Bank of New York, N. B. A. A general banking business transacted. Money received on deposit and current rates of intere.st al lowed. Drafts issued available at all points in Canada. Stirling exchange and drafts on New York bought iuul sold. Letters of credit issued, available in China, Japan, and other foreign countries. Collections made on favorable terms. re tc C(J ri] le 111 \ fl THE FORESTS OF CANADA. If Canada has been highly distinguished in any respect by the bounty of nature, it is in the number and variety of its trees. An English traveller, writing on this subject, said : " I wae never tired of the forest scenery of America, the endless diversity of its foliage always preventing it from being monotonous." A stranger gazing for the first time on the unbroken forest is peculiarly struck with admiration at the surprising and to him novel scenery it presents, a scenery peculiarly its own. A wide expanse of unknown extent, canopied above by the dark mass of spreading foliage; countless columns of trunks, which, far as the eye can reach, mile after mile, rise tall and erect, supporting that living roof, and long-drawn vistas through which the eye seeks in vain to pene- trate the depths of the forest solitude ; such is the scene which meets the eye. But it is when the first frost has touched the trees, and the change of colour in the leaves has set in, that t. e forests put on their greatest beauty. Each kind has its own hue — above all the maple — and every hue is lovely. The leaf of the maple, the first to colour, remains throughout the most beautiful in its golden yellow and crimson. Lofty trees and humble undergrowth, and climbing creepers, all alike deck the landscape with every tint that can be borrowed from the light, till the whole looks like the scenery of a fairy tale, and presents a spectacle unknown to the residents of the Old AVorld. McGregor, in his work on British America, speaking of the forests, says : " Two or three frosty nights in the decline of autumn transform the boundless verdure of a whole empire into every possible tint of brilliant scarlet, ricli violet, every shade of brown, vivid crimson, and glittering yellow. The stern, inexorable fir tribes alone maintain their eternal sombre green ; all others, in mountains or in valleys, burst into the most glorious vegetable beauty, and exhibit the most splendid and most enchanting panorama on earth." Dr. Hough, in his Forestry report to Congress in 1877, says : " The reciprocal influences that operate between woodlands and climate appear to indicate a close relation between them. It is observed that certain consequences follow the clearing off of forests, such as the diminution of rivers and the drying up of streams and springs ; other effects scarcely less certain are seen in the occurrence of destructive floods and of unseasonable and prolonged droughts, with other vicissitudes of climate J •which, it is alleged, did not occur when the country was covered with fon^sts. ThesM appear to have been brought about by their removal, and might in a great extent be alleviated by the restoration of woodlands to a degree consistent with agricultural interests." To such an extent has this forest destruction affected the rivers of the Northern States that a Commission was recently appointed to examine and report to the State Legislature of New York the real facts, and the conclusion arrived at was that this destruction of the forests, if continued in a wholesale manner, would affect not only "the climate and rainfall of the State, Vut its most important commercial interests in the welfare of its canals ; and not only the latter interests would be assailed, but even more largely the railroads, river-towing, mills, ship and house building, carpentry .generally, banking, and every other allied and connected business throughout the State." With the experience before us, gained from this investigation in a country bordering on our own, the lesson of p^-ecaution is taught, and the waste that has so indiscriminately prevailed hitherto in our forests should be stayed. New settlers, in their haste to get their land under cultivation, girdle and burn vast tracts of forest, while they could, with the greatest advantage to their crops and the general health and beauty of the country, leave every field with a fine belt of timbe surrounding it at least on three sides. So thoughtless are men in open- ing up new land that many have not even the forethought to select the knoll and save the forest where nature indicated should be the future home. That very s^wt is cleared of its trees, and when the time for building arrives a bare spot surrounds the house, on which a meagre shade is sought for by planting trees, which require the growth of years before any shade can be afforded. The products of the forest have long been a source of great wealth to the several Provinces of the Dominion, and more especially to the older Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the forests themselves offer us treasures such as few lands can rival and none can exceed. Public attention has of late years been mora alive than formerly to their value, and to the necessity of economizing what yet remains of these rich national resources, and of replacing what has been so carelessly wasted — a necessity every day making itself more mani- fest. Wood as fuel is becoming scarce and dear near cities and towns, and our best timber is becoming more and more costly every year, whilst inferior timber now frequently takes the place and finds a ready sale where once only the best was in demand. It was natural enough that the first settlors in the forest should take summary measures to clear the soil for cultivation, but to keep up a wild waste both with axe and fire long after the soil is subdued will tend to hasten the time when our drafts upon the forest must be dishonoured. Wood must be had to use for various purposes, and the question of obtaining it enters largely and constantly into all branches of industry and living, whilst the wants of society, the general health of the people, the salubrity of our climate, and the increase of our national wealth are each and all closely con- nected with the growth or destruction of our forests. # 8 INDURTRIB8 DEPENDENT ON WOOD. The annual consumption of wood by mechanical industry reaches an amount that will astonish anyone who has not given his attention to this subject, and as a verification of this, the last census of 1881 enumerates thirty-four industries or occupations which depend in whole or in part upon wood or tinil)er as their raw material for manufacture or commerce, comprising a total number of 17,577 establishments, employing 95,741 hands, and turning out manufactured articles valued at $95,029,828. The following table of these industries and accompanying details will show at a glance the enormity of this branch of industry : — Timber Industries. Agricultural implements ('abinet and furniture maker? Carpenters and joiners Cirriage-maker." Cooperages Saw miljs Shingle factories Tanneries Boat building Broom and brush factories Pot and pearl asheries Pumpfactorie;' Sash, door and blind factories Shipyards Basket mnkinK Charcoal burning Spinning wheel factories Wood turning establishments Carving and gilding establishments- Match factories Trunk and box factories Bark extract factories — ■ • Billiard table factories Car and locomotive works- - ■ ■ Fishing tackle factories Last factories Pail and tub factories Picture frame factories Planing mills Shook factories Stave fiictories Tree nail factories Window shade factories Pulp Mills Factories. Hands. Value of Product-s. 2S4 3, ()-")•) $ 4.405,397 1,16H 6,957 5,471,742 2,494 5,702 3,893,910 3,143 8,703 6.-579,(182 1,430 3.277 1,80»,92<) 5,390 42,085 38,-5t)9,f.-')2 801 2,389 7()6,(Kt8 1,011! 5,491 15,144,.V{5 216 421 173,8.37 91 957 762.884 225 467 ;i45,096 237 470 377,975 356 2,878 4,872,362 227 4,454 3,557,258 68 227 55,651 32 83 70,030 22 41 24,912 80 604 4,31,797 82 500 51(5,675 22 1,062 511,250 49 626 677,877 4 140 286,250 3 20 44,827 17 3,154 3,956,361 2 6 7,050 11 118 77,900 20 15( 120.935 1 i 5,000 66 633 992,201 35 80 228,785 31 265 168,520 1 o 1,400 11 5;^ 59,450 0 ()8 63,,300 17,577 95,741 $95,029,828 In addition to the foregoing there are numerous other branches of trade that could not be carried on without the aid of wood, which, although it does not form part of their productions, is yet essential to their manufacture or development : such, for instance, as lime burners, brick makers, &c. Railroads are enormous consumers of wood. In building a new road the estimate is that 2,700 ties are required for the mile, and 300 ties are annually wanted to keep the mile in repair. When it is borne in mind that these ties are, for the most part, taken from sound hemlock, oak, larch or cedar trees, selected of a size just sufficient to furnish one or two ties only (the tree being simply hewn on two sides, and leaving the heart entire), the destruction of choice timber approaching a size suitable for sawing is iuimonse. The timber also used by railroads in erecting bridges and trestlework and in fencing is a great item, and the consumption of wood for fu-^l by locomotives haa attained isucii proportions that other kinds of fuel are being resorted to by many of the roads, owing to the high price and difficulty of obtaining Wood, even where the roads traverse a partially wooded district. As an in8t,ance of the amount of wood so consumed, an official report shows that on the New York Central Railroad there is required for each twenty-five miles passed over by each locomotive one and three-quarters <;ords of wood, and this even is supposed to be one-third less than the amount actually burned by them. The value of timber as an article of commerce may be ascertained ^^fiom the fact that the production in 1881, as given by the census, equals i" 11 1, 633,862 cubic feet of partially manufactured timber alone, the conse- quent operations on which involve an enormous outlay. The term partial manufacture is used because it only really embraces the opera- tions necessary to prepare the timber from the tree, which is not, strictly speaking, manufactured at all. It is simply analogous to pig iron or cruue petroleum, or other mineral productions separated from their earthy particles previous to transportation. Thus timber squared, sawn and planed cannot be said to be manufactured, because i' is not actually made into the particular shape in which it could enter domestic service, except in very rough or ordinary cases, but only sufficient of the useless material has been removed to render it available for the 1 nnds of skilled workmen, or to prevent useless expenditure in freight. In addition to i-iie cubic feet of timber alluded to, the census enumerates 22,324,407 pine logs, 26,025,584 other logs, 192,241 masts and spars, 41,881 thousands of staves, 98,311 cords of laths, 400,415 cords of tan bark and 10,993,234 cords of firewood as the product of the year, whilst the value of the pearl and potasli produced was $345,096, and of bark extract for tanning purposea |286,2o0. EXPORTS OF THE FOREST. The export of square timber, deals, staves, masts, birch and other hardwood < imber for furniture pur^wses to (irreat Britain, and of sawn lumber arn. ')oards to the United Stales, lo tho West Indies and to Soutii America forms one of the most important sections of the industrial pur- suits of this country. The total exix)rt o^" forest products of Canada is ehowii as follows, the figures being taken from tho Trade and Navigation Returns for the last three years : — :.tk '-13) Forest ])ru(IuRta . ManufiiuturuM of vood. Making a total of. 1881. i.();ii),i2i $2r),S)!«),1.13 1882. .'};2.'i,imi,().');-. i,2iti,;iii 1883. *2r),;',r(),vat. ).;ii)i,i(it\ $25,207,3(i() $2fi,761,892 A full table, giving the details of the above, and specifying the Pro- vinces from which the exports were made, is here appended : — 1881. 1882. Ontario : RouKh products Agricultural implements. Carriages Hemlock bark extract... Ships Furniture Door.i, sashes and blinds Woodcnwaro ■Quebec : Rough products Agricultural Implements. Carriages Hemlock bark extract... Ships Ftirniture Doors, sashes and blinds. Woodenware Nova Scotia : Bough products Agricultural implements. Carriages Hemlock bark extract. . . Ships Furniture Doors, sashes and blinds. Woodenware Nrw Brunswick: Rough products Carriages Heinluck bark extract. Ships Furniture W oodenwaro British Columbia : Rough products. PRINCK EnwAun Isi-and: Rouj?h i)rodu(!t8 Agricultural implements . Carriage," - Ships Furniture Woodeiiwaro Manitoba : Carriages 1 irniture ... Woodenware. •$6 ,576,332 30,448 35,310 325 11,3(10 92,513 14,31(7 82,508 12,785,223 821 6,597 131,986 162,600 6,631 7,965 160,727 1^25,280 ' 3,430 8,957 l,3St 8 27,848 4,068,241 450 48,800 44,857 185 20,080 162,747 42,189 540 63,675 724 486 116 Total $25,990,i;Vt 8,015,485 43,284 1930 93,708 37,9.% 123,204 9,280,238 2,708 1(»,143 94,496 129,433 5,647 2,067 180.025 1,587,941 'i',907 10,600 63.171 6,572 2Si,m 4,724,422 695 129,812 101,840 400 27,063 362,871 20,098 150 ini 107,867 227 670 301) ,'ji2.'),207.3«« 1883. $ 7,825,691 15363 14,090 126,820 12,462 55,514 11.050,002 648 6,654 71,581 58,. 33 3,424 9,540 265,501 1,650,811 30 1,680 49,900 109,129 1,899 23,630 4,408,203 250 183,937 186,076 164 19,520 407,634 28,386 225 40 153,100 50 626 1,576 ""6 $20,761 ,872 In addition to the exports, the quantity of timber used in the Dominion is about two-tifths of the whole. The amount of capital invested in timber lands and saw mill property is at least $35,000,000, the value of the output is $38,000,000, and the amount annually invested in working capital is $20,000,000. Fifty per cont. of the whole products of the forest represents labour, and thirty-five per cent, for stumpage, ground rents, interest on mill property, cost of limits and working capital. There are employed in producing this timber in the woods during the winter about 13,000 men, during the summer in the mills about 15,000, and over 5,000 are employed in loading and manning the craft that convey it to marked. These 83,000 men, the greater proportion of whom have families, repre- sent a large population. Looking at the indirect benefits derived from this industry, such as the construction and repair of mills, machinery, barges and steamboats, and the benefit derived from the number of ships which take away our timber and timber products, it is hard to over- estimate its importance. Quebec for the past ton years has loaded on an average 620 vessels, representing 800 tons each, and carrying about four hun- dred million feet of lumber and timber, whilst as much more was shipped in other ports of the Dominion on seagoing craft. Montreal exported in 1882, by steamships principally, eighty-eight million feet of three inch deals to Europe, and twenty-two million feet of boards and planks to South America. The lumbermen, moreover, create a home demand for farm products, generally at better prices than could be obtained else- where. To give an idea of the large consumption of agricultural produce in this business, the following statement of the requirements of one large firm in the Ottawa district for one season answers for all others in its general outline. This firm consumes 750 tons of hay, 25,000 bushels of oats, 5,000 bushels of turnips, 0,000 bushels of potatoes, 1,000 barrels of pork, 9,000 barrels of flour, 2,000 barrels of oatmeal in the woods alone, or in round figures 2,400 tons of agricultural produce are required by this one firm. Sawn lumber is, to a great extent, taking the place of square timber for exportation, a step in the right direction, as it saves much waste in the wood, as well as costlj freight in nearly worthless wood contained in the^ centre of nearly every piece of square tinil)er, as well as kiwping a large amount of labour in the country, such as sawing, piling, &c. Square timber must be selected with the greatest care, nearly jxjrfectly straight,, and entirely free from knots, shakes or any other blemish. It must be hewn jwrfetitly sciuare, and nuist carry the sauw thickness throughou'^, a Wery slight tajKir only being allowable ; it must l)e thirty feet in length, and shduld si^uare at least fifteen inches. The loss in its manufacture is very great, especially when of large growth and S(Hiaring eighteen inches or over. iS])lendid pieces of timber luive lu *n not unfrequeutly loft on the ground because they were not scjuare evenly throughout. With the exhaustion of our larger timlutr attcMition will have to he i)aiil to trees of a smaller growth, which have hitherto been jmssed over by the luinber- maw as beneath his notice. In the forests of Europe trees of tJiis niao 1'! 5 Dominion nvested ia he value of in working ' the forest )und rents, There are inter about over 5,000 to marke ;. lies, repre- rived from nachinery, er of ships d to over- ided on an t four bun- as shipped sported in three inch planks to- )mand for -ined else- al produce one large lers in its bushels of bftrrels of ads alone, quired by timber for ite in the led in the^ ig a large . Square straight, t must be ngliou'^, a II length, lacture is 3n inchoK y loft on With t\w ) trooB of luuil)or- tJiis nizio are utilized on the spot, being manufactured into tongued and grooved lumber by portable steam machinery taken into the woods, a plan which jBooner or later will have to be resorted to here. The lumber trade and its products may be said to be associated with the wants of man from his cradle to his grave. The stately three-master that sails the ocean and the tiny match that lights the lamp equally owe their existence to this industry, and from the very sawdust, which has so long been looked upon as an incumbrance, are now produced •artificial boards. TIMBER DISTRICTS OF THE DOMINION. The most important and extensive timber districts or limits of the Dominion can be briefly stated, leaving a more detailed description ol them to bo given under their respective provinces. Beginning from the Pacific shores, the forests of British Columbia, possessing some of the finest timber in the world, have yet scarcely been attaciked by the lumbermen to any extent, and the trees assume a size exceeding other districts, supposedly from the mildness and humidity of the climate. The forest is not confined to any one part of the province, but extends through nearly the whole of it. Progressing eastwards from the Rocky Mountains to the Province of Ontario there are scattered here and there tracts of well timbered land, but not of an extent to class theni with J other timber lands where the material is got out for exj)ort. In the older provinces tlie timber lands lie in the territory north of Lakes Su])erior and Huron, the Georgian Bay country, Nipissing and Muskoka region, in the district drained by the Ottawa, St. Maurice and Saguenay rivers with their tributaries, the Eastern Townships of Quebec and south shore of the St. Lawrence to the Gulf, including Gaspe, the region on the north shore of the St. Lawrence from the Saguenay to the Borsimis, and still lower down to Miugan, and the country watered by the St. John, the Miramichi, the Rostigoucho and their tributaries. Those limits in many places are scattered and isola'.od, and have, with few exceptions, been worked for a long time for pini\ of first quality, l)ut still contain an immense supply of spruce, principally in the east. But the lumbermen are yearly advancing in tho forest; all the accessible tributaries of the Ottawa, the Madawaska, the Bonnochcro, the MisHissii)pi, the Potowawa and others have been workerl for years on the Ontario side, whilst on the Quebec side they have nearly reached the head waters of all its tributaries, the Rouge, the dn Li^ivre, the Gatinoau, the Jean de Torre, Lake KakcUionga and Lac des Rapides, and they are extending their oj)eratloii.s along Tjak(\ Teiniscaniinguo and tlu^ Keepawa. On the St. Maurice River they are a,s fur up as l^akc* INIanooran, on t]w west, and on its eastern side th(^ Bostonais and Riviere Croche have been despoiled of tluur i^l(^st pine, which is now sought for only at the head waters of theH<\ rivers. In the Saguenay '"ogion there is only a limited supply of pine left, south of Lake St. John, but plenty of spruce remains untouche\l 74(> MiiniifiLotured nroducts o** the forest It is a diflicult matter to state with any accuracy the timber districts of Ontario, as no inventory of the total amount of that '• stoi-k" has boon taken for many years. Mr. Phii)ps in his report to the Ontario Govern- ment on the necessity of preserving and rejilanting fon^sts, says, the north-west territorv of Ontario, or that part known m tlio disputed boun- and so on th» otit Ste. Jean, large pine has r of the course here even the :!t between the )ugh, and the le St. Maurice imiscamingue the height of flow into the le pine grow» t of land the 5on Bay, the th the open- inibermen to lay be got at ption in the ill the above generation* luality pine,^ standard, is tccessible. ■rtling facts 882, by Mr. Mr. Little of British [uality pine 10) reinain- t annually^ supply will R TREES 1883. $7,81.'o,()01 2:)4,74» ' districts has boon Govern- says, the oil boun- dary district, contains a large quantity of very valuable timber, compris- ing one of the chief timber reserves in all the north-west, so far as present information is obtainable. This timber is in a position where it will always command ready sale, and comparatively untouched by the lum- bermen or settler, offers as yet a most excellent opportunity not only for procuring timber, but also for maintaining the supply. In Muskoka, Parry Sound, Algoma, and the Georgian Bay district there are forests of some size, and on the north-east of the Province a large extent of forest exists. The great water-shed which crosses the eastern part of Ontario stretches from north-west to north-east, from near Nipissing till it strikes the St. Lawrence near Kingston. This height of land separates the waters running into the lakes, and those running into the Ottawa River. It is emphatically a land of moisture and of streams. It abounds with numerous and beautiful lakes, rivers and water powers that would delight the eyes of a manufacturer. The great slope leading to this watershed from the Ottawa River, bordering the north-east of the settled portion of Ontario, is, bo far as fire has yet spared them, clothed with woods. Partly the lumberman has here and there taken out timber, partly they are untouched by his axe. But the settler is gradually -encroaching on this district, and all along the northern border its edge is annually being fretted, and pierced with roads. Isolated farms are being cleared m its solitude, and the forest is yearly becoming drier and more dry, and its outer edge presents a most inviiing aspect for fires to run through it in a dry summer. This, the principal forest reserve, as the one which feeds the sources of most of the streams east of Toronto, is likely, under present conditions, to disappear much more rapidly than did the more heavy and deciduous woods in the older settled districts. The main reason why this mass of forest has not been ere this more deeply penetrated by the settlor is that the land is not nearly so good for agricultural purposes as tliat in the older settled districts of the Province. It is a granite formation and lacks lime, and will never equal in an agri- cultural capacity that based on a limestone formation. Referring to this, to the Muskoka and to the Parry Sound regions, which in many respects are similar, Mr. Phijips says, it is a matter of groat importance to preserve the pine forests in these vicinities, and that, for these reasons — , 1. They are the true pine reserves of the older districts of Ontario. 2. The land whereon they stand can never yield, for purpost^s of agri- culture, anything like the return it is capable of producing if maintained in continual pine-tearing forest. 3. If proper care be taken th(«e groat districts can, by the adoption of European methods, bo placed in a sliito of continiuil reproduction, which will allow, every year, a very largo amount of valuable pine to bo cut without clearing tho land or in any way injuring the forest capacity for production. 4. It would be far Iwttor to commence the preservation of forest areas along the present existing line of clearing than to commence similar .J 10 operations much farther back. If, as is stated, the land is much bettor farther to the north, it would be better to renew the clearing there, so as to leave a broad belt of forest to the south of the new settlements; for a forest district to the south (without prejudice to the height of lands co}^- siderations) will attract summer showers to the cleared land north of il^ while from a north forest comes little rain at the eeason when ma':!:> needed. He then goes on further to remark in this connection, " This region cf TOuntry possesses many and valuable water-courses, which would dry up were the country cleared, but which the retention of the forests will retain in full value. I would also state, that the quality of the water flowing over the granite bed, it being free from lime, is remarkably well adapted to various textile manufactures, and would suggest that large manufacturing villages and towns might find occasion for profitable existence in the heart of the large forests which, I conceive. Government should retain in this part of the country. Such towns and villages will by no means lack communication with other parts of the country, as the Canada Pacific, and its connecting railways, will pass through the present wilderness near the vicinity where it is desirable these forests should be maintained. I would here suggest that large portions of forest might be preserved, let us say, after the merchantable lumber has been carried off by the lumberman, by alloting them in free grants to persons who would undertake to maintain the land in its wooded condition." The whole great peninsula to the west is destitute of most of the original forests on the elevated lands which gave her rivers water, and has little in the way of woods save the small reserves farmers have kept for themselves. These are being rapidly used ; they fade away and are not replaced. The list at the end of this section will show exactly the acreage under Avood still left in each county, out of what a century ago was all forest, and judging therefrom, if the present system goes on with- out remedial measures being applied, the groat peninsula of Ontario will, in a few years, become a disforested land. Mr. Phipps says, " If we pass through much of the forest which Ontario still retains in governmental hands, we shall find, here and there, many a largo expanse desolated by fire and growing up again, a brushwood choking itself to uselessnees, covering a burnt and impoverished soil. We shall find great areas of forest the lumbermen have culled of pine and spruce, of ash and oak. Every here and there are the relics of their operations — the close hewn stump, and, a goodly distance therefrom, the great pile of decaying branches where the head of the tree had fallen; while the whole distance between, if round timber had lieen got out, shows nothing but a few scattei-ed side limbs, but if square it is paved with immense pine fragments — short thick slabs whose deep dean cut show the force of tlie score-hacker's arm, and long lengths of those peculiar (;liips, slightly connected, thin and broad, smooth on one side» the depth and Btraightness of which show how deftly the handler of the broad-axe has plied his unwieldy tool; and if you come near the stump. and| fine timl the I fore do\ to' the! thei fore II is nuich belior Hfe' there, so as lements; for a t of lands coiv id north of ii^ 5n when mor.t This region cf would dry up e forests will of the water larkably well ?st that large for profitable Government villages will untry, as the h the present sts should be ■est might be »n carried off 8 who would most of the ' water, and ■s liave kept ay and are exactly the ontury ago- 'es on with- ntario will, ich Ontario lero, many brushwood ■ishod soil, 'f pi no and 8 of their Bfrom, the ad fallen; 1 got out, is paved ('loan cut of those one side, or of the e stump. and it has been heavy timber squared for the English market, you will find in great masses, hewn ofi", thrown away and rotting, as much clear timber as, sold at Toronto prices, would go far towards the whole sum the lumberman will ever aet for the log. The piles of debris are every- where, and form a moet inflammable portion of tlie touchwood of a forest. Then before tlie strong oxen could drag the great log to the river down which it had to be floated an avenue of smaller trees had sometimes to be cleared from the way, and tliese likewise piled in desicating heaps, their skeleton branches protruding among the green undergrowth, like the ghastly relics of moitality on a forgotten battlefield, cumber the forest floor." You will find many places where trees are choking one another for want of air and light, until in lapse of years some stronger one shall tower above his fellows. You will find places where hurricanes have cut their way through the forest, and the trees lie for miles, as the ranks mown down by the mitrailleuse. You will pass the solitary bush road, the trees which once grew therein chopped right and left into the forest by the makers of the track, where they lie in dry heaps for miles on miles forming as pretty a fire-track as one could wish to see. And everywhere you will find millions of young trees giving full promise, if spared axe and fire, of becoming trees as sturdy as any the lumberman has carried away, but nevertheless, the impression produced on you by the whole pilgrimage will be that, if no preventive measures be used, the fire which has taken so much already will sooner or later take the rest. When one compares the state of our forests with that of those in some parts of Europe, and thinks of the long avenues of fire-breaks, the forest-rangers on the watch, the careful management, the incessant thinning and replanting, the long su^-cession of goodly trees yearly ready for the axe, and the certainty, with equal care, of such a sl ocession for all time to come, one is apt to think t full time that some ouch syste i were intro- duced here. — {Phipps' Eepviij. :p.: '\' Forest Existing in Ontario Counties. {From Agricultural Commission.) Prescott and Russell. — About forty-seven and a half per cent, of the wntire area is under timber, consisting of hemlock, cedar, tamarac, beech, birch, elm, bass wood, ash, balsam, pine, spruco, walnut, butternut, whitewood, dogwood, soft maple, and red tmd blnck cherry ; used principally for lumber, fencing, firewood, railway ties and saw logs. Glengarry, Stormont, and^Dundas. — Probably about thirty por cent of the entire area of these countries is still timbered with hard and soft majjle, beech, birch, ash, tamarac, oini, basswood, hemlock, spruce, bal- sam, and some pine; used for fuel, lumber, railway ties, telegraph posts and shingles. Carleton. — About 287,000 acres of land in this umnty are still uncleared. _] 12 Leeds and GrenvUle. — In ali the townships, except South Burgass and North Crosby, which have suffered from the ravages of bush flr&s, there is a large amount of standing timber, consisting mainly of hard and soft woods ; used for firewood, fencing, lumber, buckets and pails. Lanark. — About twenty-four per cent, of the uncleared land is covered with timber or bush. The timber is chie^y pine, beech, maple, basswood, ash, birch, cedar and tamarac. A considerable export trade in hardwood is carried on, and there is a large local consumption for railway ties,, fencing, fuel, etc. A great destruction of pine took place from the great fire in 1870. Renfrew. — About forty-six per cent, of the entire area is still timbered. Red and white pine exist in large quantities. There is also an abundant supply of ash, elm, maple, basswood, spruce, cedar, tamarac, balsam^ poplar, beech and hemlock. Lumbering is extensively carried on for exportation to European and American markets. The hard woods are chiefly used for fuel and cedar for fencing. Frontenac. — As nearly as can be computed, about fifty per cent of the land in Frontenac is still timbered with pine, basswood, ash, hemlock,, beech, balsam, tamarac, cedar and maple; principally used for lumber, fencing and fuel. Lennox and Addington. — Owing to the returns being in several instances obviously inaccurate, the extent of land in the counties under timber cannot be estimated. Four-fifths of Denbigh and associated townships are, however, reported to be under pine, maple, beech and cedar, and lumbering is extensively carried on. There is also a consider- able quantity of timber land in North and South Fredericksburg, in Camden and in Sheffield. Prince Edward County. — About sixteen per cent of the entire area i» still covered with timber, consisting of beech, maple, elm, (;edar, oak» black ash and some pine; used for lumber, fuel, coopers' staves, fencing and building. Hastings. — A large proportion of the acreage is still covered with timber — in some townships to the extent of seventy-five jier cent. Halihurton. — About eighty per cent of the entire area is still under timber, consisting principally of maple, beech, birch, hemlock, basswood, elm, ash, pine, tamarac and cedar; used for lumber, fencing, railway ties, telegraph poles, shingles, bolts, saw-logs, etc. Peterborough. — A large proportion — not far short of one-half of the area — is under timter, consisting of pine, cetjar, beech, maple, hemlock, basswood, tamarac, birch and ash; used for timber, fencing, firewood, shingles, bolts, railway ties and telegraph polos. Bush fires have destroyed large tracts, particularly in the township of Harvey. Northumberland and Durham. — About eighteen per cent of the total acreage is still timbered Aith hardwood, cedar, pine, hemlo(^k and tam- ar£| fer tii Tl| cei sti h Biirgass and »sh firas, ther© 'f hard an<} soft and is covered aple, basswood^ Jein hardwood • railway ties, rom the great still timbered, an abundant arac, balsam, arried on for fd woods are c cent of the sh, hemlock, ^01* lumber. in several •ntJes under associated beech and a consider- Jksburg, in tire area is edar, oak, es, fencing ^red with nt. till under 'asswood, railway f of the lemlock, irewood, w have le total d tam- It arac. The former is nsed principally for fuel, the latter for building, fencing, and barrel staves. Victoria. — Probably ab ut fifty per cent, of the uncleared land is under timber, consisting of cedar, pine, hemlock, maple, birch, beech, basswood. black ab" mountain ash, balsam, tamarac, oak and elm ; used for lum- ber, fuel, building and fencing. Ontario. — About seventeen per cent of the area of Ontario is still under timber (excepting the township of Reach, which returns no percentage). The timber consists of pine, maple, beech, basswood, tamarac, balsam, cedar, black ash, hemlock and elm; used mainly for lumber, fuel, fences, staves and domestic uses. york — About twenty-two and a half i)er cent, of the area of York is still under timber, consisting of beech, maple, elm, basswood, pine, hemlock, cedar, tamarac aad birch ; used for building purposes, fencing and firewood. Simcoe.'-lt is impossible to glean from the returns the total acreage under timber, but probably over one-half of the entire county area is under maple, beech, elm, basswood, tamarac, pine, hemlock, cedar, balsam, birch, ash and oak. Lumbering operations are very extensively carried on in several of the townships, and there is a large amount of business done in hemlock bark (which is largely used within the county, and also exported for tanning purposes), and in railway ties, telegraph poles and shingles. The hardwoods aie principally used for fuel, and the soft woods for building aud fencing. Ped. — About eleven per cent, of the entire acreage is still under timber, consisting of beech, maple, hemlock, cedar, white and red oak, ash, elm, hickory and basswood. A few pine are scattered in Chinguacousy and Toronto townships. The timber is generally used for fuel, fencing and domestic purposes. liaUon. — About seventeen per cent of the entire area is still timbered, chiefly with hardwood and a limited amount of pine. The timber is principally used for lumber, fencing and fuel. Wcnticorth. — Fourteen and a half per cent, probably under timber, con- sisting of pine, beech, maple, elm, black ash; cedar, tamarac, oak, hickory, walnut and chestnut; used for lumber, firewood, fencing, building and general purposes. Lincoln. — Exclusive of the township of Caistor, which does not report the area of land still tiiiiterfwl, Lincoln has over 24,000 acres still covered with beech, black ash, maple, elm, oak, hickory and some pine ; used for firewood, fencing, building and manufacturing purposes, also for ship timber and railroad ties. Welland. — About eighteen per cent, of the area is still under timber, consisting of beech, maple, oak, ash, basswood, elm, hemlock, jwplar, birch, chestnut, walnut and butternut; used for shipbuilding, house- building, fencing and fuel. 14 HcUdimand. — About twenty-four pei cent, of tne acreage is still timbered, consisting chiefly of hardwoods; used for fencing, fuel and 'building purposes. Norfolk. — About twenty-four per cent, of the entire area is still tim- 'bered, and the standing timber consists chiefly of pine, oak, maple, chestnut, black and white ash, elm and cedar ; used for railway ties, ilumber, fencing, firewood and general purposas. Brant. — About twenty-five per cent, is yet in timljer -laple, beech, elm, oak, pine, cedar, basswood, tamarac, hickory an ' ,vood. Waterloo. — About twenty-two and a half per cent, of the area is still timbered with pine, oak, beech, maple, cedar, ash and hemlock. Grey. — About thirty-four i^er cent, of the laud is still timbered, chiefly with hardwood. Very little pine exists, and only sufficient cedar for fencing purposes. Bruce. — About twenty-five per cent, of the land is timbered. Maple, basswood, elm, hemlock, cedar, ash, beech and birch predominate ; there is also some pine. Huron. — About twenty-nine per cent, is covered wdth timber ; hard and soft woods. Perth — About twenty-one per cent, is covered with timber, consisting of beech, elm, maple, basswood, black and white ash, pine, hemlock, cedar, birch and tamarac. Oxford. — Seventeen per cent under pine, cedar, beech, maple, elm, ash, basswood and oak. Elgin. — ^Thirty per cent, is timbered with most of the indigenous woods excepting cedar. Middlesex. — Thirty-five per cent, under hardwood and some pine. Lambton. — Forty-eight per cent covered with oak, ash, elm, beech, maple, basswood, hickory and some pine. Kent. — Thirty-seven per cent, in oak, black and red ash, hickory, hard and soft maple, cherry and sycamore, some black walnut and some tulip. ^sscr.— Two-thirds still under bush, consisting chiefly of whitewood, oak, ash, elm, hickory, bass, sycamore and other woods. Wellington, — About fifteen per cent, is still timbered with beech, maple, elm, cedar, hemlock, basswood, ash and balsam. According to Mr. Ward, Ontario furnishes 4,474,000 pieces, equal to 2,600,000 standard pine logs of 200 feet each, producing 520,000,000 feet of lumber; 6,790,090 cubic feet of white and red pine, or 81,000,000 feet b. m. ; dimension timber, 23,000,000 feet b. m. ; hardwood, cedar, &c., equal to 5,000,000 feet — making in the aggregate 635,500,000 feet b. m. ; paying to the Provincial Government for timber dues $501,000, and ground rents $46,(100, with eighteen thousand square miles under license. acreage is gtill '"^''«g, fuel and ••ea is 8till tim- "6, oak, maple, - railway ties, 15 PRCVTNGE OP QUEBEC. )r laple, beech, 'Vood. he area is still ock. bored, chiefly ^nt cedar for ^red. Maple, ^'iiatei tiiere ^^ ." hard and »*. consisting '6, hemlock h elm, ash, Q0U8 woods piiie. '"1, beech, > hickory and some "tewood, ^1 inaple, 'qual to > feet of 't h m. ; qual to ying to I rents Exports. 1881. 1882. 18S3. *"> 78") ''''S : *Q 280 '','iS *i i fi'"'" '^> Manufactured products of the forest 476,327 424,r)li» 404^1 The timber districts of Quebec are that portion of it lying east of the Otcawa River; the district of the St. Maurice, a river which, with its tributaries, drains an area of 22,000 miles, rich in pine, spruce, birch, maple and elm ; the Saguenay country, with an area of 21 ,000 square miles, affording pine, spruce, birch and tamarac; and the Ga.spe penin- sula. Important operations are also carried on upon the rivers north of the St. Lawrence. The great forest of Canada, par excellence, says the' Hon. Mr. Joly, is spread over the vast territory watered by the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay and their tributaries, over one hundred thou- sand square miles in extent, and the tables of exports of the rough pro- ducts of the forest from Quebec show, to a great extent, the amount of iU production. The Province of Quebec in particular, is highly favoured by its numerous streams and lakes, many of which are turned to good account by the lumbermen., who build dams at the outlets of the latter, thus creating great reservoirs of water, which are held in reserve to be used when the streams get low, thus enabling them to get down their logs and timber the first year after they are cut, whilst without these artificial means they might not reach their destination for two or three years. By the adoption of these dams, what are known as rear limits have become almost as valuable as those fronting a main river. The same wholesale destruction of the forests in Quebec has prevailed for many years as in Ontkrio, and on this point the Hon. Mr. Jol> in his valuable article on Forestry, says : I do not fear so much on the score of deficient supply for our home necessities, but it is our great export trade that is in jeopardy. We have still got an enormous quantity of common timber on the Crown Lands, and our people, beginning to appreciate the value of the wood that grows on their own farms, have generally ceased to look upon it as an incum- brance to be got rid of at any cost. But it was not always so, nor is it so everywhere even now. As far back as the year 1696 the attention of the French Governors of Canada was drawn to the wasteful destruction of the forests, and they were called upon to check it. Nothing, however, was done by them, and little has been done since. The result stares us reproachfully in the face, especially in the Province of Quebec, the oldest in the Dominion. The old settlements are painfully bare of trees ; you can sometimes go miles without seeing any tree worth looking at, and the passing stranger fancies himself in a country more denuded of trees than the oldest parts of Euroiie. There is a large district of very good agricultural land, south of Montreal, where tl-e scarcity of firewood, which is a matter of life and death in our climate^ has compelled many a farmer to sacrifice a fine farm and leave the country ; there are many • ■ a* ! li i if I ■111 f I ! 16 Wher spots in the PmvJn ^ I am indebted to Mr Ch ^ *^« Province ^*^'976,000 feet, wg to this Province wh J, ^^^'' ^"^ *^« folJowing list of . ^orwi ^^orway, and black- mIp . a^dred; Coffee The J « "'"^^^eart, '«d; Ash, black w,.^' "^^^^^ «' silver, rock or ' ''''^^' ^^^'te, White, and red oVsbW '"^r ^^^' ^-«^«; Ca' ^"f"' ''"^ ^«^ Cottonwood an^^^*'"^' ^"^^-^^vooD.Popr.J , ' ^^""^nut; Elm -Ash, White... ^'■®'Je. Ro ugre. ■i^!«««'S'«m6uci/b//„. Basswood . ". ^rene, Blpnc. ^'■a^inug Pubescent ^''^ .■.■.■.■.■.■■■■■• S'^'f'^'*''*' .'..'. £!•*•'■'»''* ^w^noan;. Birch, Black . ^^'^e ^'^^^^ Americana Birch. Canoe. ... Merisier, Bouge. ." {'"'^ Ferruyin^ 5.""«h. Bed ;; • ■ • Be .eau 4 Canot. .' ." f""^ Occidentah\ Birch, White. ... Bouleau, Noir. . . ^^'"^« ^«J3i/mceo Birch, Yellow. . f^^^eau, Rouge ^^f^la Lenta, Butternut.... ^°"leau, Blanc ' ^"t^laAlba. Cedar, White. . Noyer, Tendre. ^^t^la Lutw. Cherry, Black.. ^®<^™' Blanc... '^^olana Cintrm Coffee Tree Pvyxne Thuya Occidental^. >atJ4l Jim. Red or Slippery' ^^^w, Chicot" .".■.■ ^"'«* Serotina. f.'""' ■W'hite .;; •Orme, Rouge ■;; f^'^'^^^d^ CanadeusL. ■Hemlock • Sapin, Blanc. ^'^'""« Americana, Hickory. Swamp orBitter' ' ' l^""^^ ••.'•'•' f'" ^"^"^«>ea. pickery, Shell-bark l^f'^r.Dnt T,uga Canade,^ Hickoiy.Whiteheart •^^.y®''. Tendre ««'^« ^;«am. Hickory, Pignut ' -f"'^. Blanche. . ^'^^vaAlba. Hornbeam —^''oyer, Brun ^"'^'^ Tonientom. Ironwood.. Channe ^("l/a Foreina Wch (Tamaracj.;.; ■■; JT' ^^r; Bois^Fer n'"^"""' C>««/,-««a«. *^aple,Red Sr"^"**' ^«"»e. . ^*''^« ^»W«tc«. Maple, Rock or Sugar p "!? ' .". '^"'"^ '^^'^'^cana. "'"^' ' ^ ' Maple, Striped . . f"^'''« ^ Sucre . . -;'"'"'' ^ntmnwndii. •Maple, White. . ™'»' Barre ^p'?'* '^- 'Striatum. '^'""•^n/cari.um. ^"^tely the proce«, " one. f^ square nu-Ie«, >•'«•, and 1,308,000 f. '^ pine timber '^.^, 51,000 cubic ^«d spruce round hemlock, 34,000 ^9.976,000 /eet, ^'•«e« as belong, •e- BXKCK, white, ^'^d whiteheart Si-RL-CE, white ■a^. sWped and TTBR.VUT; Elm, "^^^' balsam, OUNTAIN Asa/ ^e above tree? '^^ of, a list is ames ; ■icetM. ' '^cana, '' la. 'a;i\ oa. wleneis. '■a. I n Mountain Ash Cormier Piru$ Americana. Oak, Chestnut Chene, Jaune Quercw Priniu. Oak, Red Chene, Rouge Qiterciu Iliihm. Oak, White Chene, Blanc Qiierciin Alha. Pine, Rod or Norway Pin, Resineux Pinut Reninom. Pine, Scrub Pin, Gris Pinus Banknana, Pine, White Pin, Jaune I'iniii Strobw. Planetrc^ Platane do Virginie I'latanun Occidentalis. Poplar, Aspen Tremble Populim TremnlouUs. Poplar, Balsam Baumier Populns Bahamifera. Poplar, Cottonwood Liard Populm Monilifera. Poplar, Large-toothed Peuplier Pvpulun Grandidentuta. Spruce, Black Epinette Jaune Picea Nigra. Spruce, White Petite Epinette Picm Alha. Willow, White Saule Salix Cordata. Willow, Yellow Saule Jaune Salix Nigra. There are several other trees, but, not being indigenous, they ara not given above, such as the Lombardy Poplar (Peuplier de Lombardie), Populus Pyramidalis, the Locust Tree (Acacia), Rohinia Psevdo Acacia, and some few others. The Lombardy Poplar appears to have been one of the trees always planted where one of the early mission stations was established, and is to bo found especially around churches and old seignorial mansions. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. Exports. 1881. 1882. ' 1873, Doiiirh r»rodnota of tho forest $1,325,280 107,163 $1,587,941 $l,fi50311 105,441 186,268 {Report of W. A. Hendry, Deputy-Commissioner of Crovm Lands.) Bo well adapted is this province to the growth of timber, that with a judicious systjm of felling trees, viz., not to cut them under a certain size, *.he forest if pi-eserved from fires would continue for many generations to supply the present demand. Every portion of the unoccupied portions of the province would now be covered with a heavy growth of wood were it not for the destruction to the soil and forest by fires in the woods which scourge the country every season. Forests create and gradually improve a soil ; the axe, it is true, makes sad havoc with the trees, but fires are terrible. The trees of Nova Scotia may be described as follows — Larch or Junipbjr— Aboriginal name — Hackmatack. — This is the strong- ' est and most durable of all the pine kind which we have. For sliip- building purposes it is even superior to oak itself; in old vessels the timbers made of hackmatack have been found entirely sound when those of white oak were completely decayed. This wood is universally used in every part of the province for treenails and knees, and, indeed, is exten- sively exported in that shape to the United States. It grows naturally iil upon poor gravelly soil, in cold mossy swamps, and very barren places all over the province. It is very easily raised from seed or seedlings, grows rapidly, but rarely exceeds eighteen inches diameter. Hackmatack, on account of its very valuable (jualities, deserves to be extensively cultivated ; there are thousands of acres in every county in the province of worthless barren and swampy land that might be covered with these trees or with the European larch, which is nearly the same in respect to excellence of its qjalitios but superior in rapidity of growth. "White PjNB.^This tree is so valuable that it is difficult to conceive how its place could be supplied were our white pine forests to become exhausted. With ordinary care to prevent destructive fires, this can , hardly over happen as it grows upon every kind of poor soil, and if the young trees are protected a supply is certain, as the tree is a rapid grower. Intelligent lumberers consider that a white pine forest renews itself every twenty years. It is the tallest of any tree that grows in our forests ; it rises in a single straight column from sixty to seventy feet high, and from twenty to thirty inches diameter, five feet from the ground — this w>> consider a large pine. In the neighboring States and further west in Canada, its height is much greater, being sometimes 200 feet to the branches and five to six feet diameter. Very large pines in Nova Scotia are generally rfhakey, full of small cracks, probably owing to the high winds which bend the trees backwards and forwa.'ds ; the position occu- pied liy these trees, generally along the sides of lakes, exposes them to the action of wind. Yellow Pine, (jailed Hard, Pitch, or Norway Pine. — This I am in- formed is not the true pitch pine, but the description is very like it. It is a rapid growing tree, has a tall trunk, the bark is in broad scales of a reddish colour, free from lichens. It is found growing on the poor sterile lands of every county in the province, and is highly esteemed for various purposes, particularly as dock plank, and for masts and pumps, and indeed is considered not much inferior to proper Pitch Pine. Formerly there were large trees of this species, but now it would be difficult tc find a tree exceeding 18 inches diameter at 5 feet from the ground, and 40 feet of clear stem. > On the sandy plains of Aylesford and Wilmot there are beautiful groves of this tree. The loaves are in twos, five or six inches long, form- ing largo conspicuous tufts or brushes at the end of the branchleis. The young are very handsome in form ; the showy tufts of massive dark green foliage contrasted with the lighter green of deciduous trees is jiarticularly beautiful. IIiojiLot'K. — Of this troo we have two kinds, the red and white; the whiter makes the best quality of boards and is comparatively free from shakes and cracks, but the rod is very shakey. It has somewhat the figures of the white pine ; the trunk uiminishes very little until it reaches the hr-inchos, usually from forty to forty-livo feet from the ground. The wo(»d is used for the frames of wocxlen houses, for planks and boards, for boarding in and rough liooring; it is also used for split laths and many I - ^^^n places '« or seedlings «r. ' deserves to be 'Very county in "ght be covered "y the same in y of growth. "^t to conceive 3sts to become ^^«s, this can ^'^' and if the I rapid grower, ^s itself every ^ur forests ; it ^<^ ^»«h, and '""d-this w.> tlior West in ' ^eet to the ■^ova Scotia *o the Jiigb osition occu- ses them to ^s I am in- J^'Jie it. It scales of a poor sterile for various '""ips, and Formerly difficult tc ouiid, and I'oautiful n^, form- 3ts. The 'v'o dark twos is 'to; the "o from I'at tJie ''Gachos I. The 'Jn. for mtuiy other purposes. All the wharves in Halifax are built of this wood, and the top or covering of the wharvas is made of hemlock plank. Boards of white hemlock for many purposes are esteemed equal to white pine — shingles made of the same wood are equal to cedar. It grows upon a better quality of p )il than white pine, sometimes upon a clayey, which is very good. The trunk of the hemlock is covered by a reddish grey bark, somewhat rough, with long furrows when old. The bark contains a large quantity of tannin combined with coloring matter, which makes it objectionable for the best kinds of leather. By a simple process the colouring matter may be removed, and the leather is then quite equal to leather prepared with oak bark. The foliage is much and justly admired for its graceful appearance. In the beginning of summer each twig is terminated with a tuft of yellowish green leaves, surmounted by the darker green of the former year ; the effect is an object of beauty it would be difficult to surpass. Of late years this has become a favorite ornamental tree for lawns, and is much admire I in Britain. Mountain Pinu. — This tree is only found on the tops of high hills of comparatively bare rock ; its leaves are not more than half the length of those of the white pine. It differs from other pines in several particu- lars,— it is short and scrubbed, the cones which contain the seeds are nearly as hard as bono and mature the third year from the flower. It is too stunted to be of value. Balsam or Silvbk Fik. — This is not a large tree, being seldom more than fifteen inches diameter ; it is straight and tall and forms with its branches a cone. It is slightly different from, but a nobler tree than, the Silver Fir of Eurojxi, and is commonly known in this Province by the name of Fir. It is not a valuable wood, but is much used for making butter tubs, firkins, etc. The wood is light and does not impart any dis- agreeable taste to butter. This tree is hardy, easily transplanted, grows rapidly with great vigor — its beautiful green bark and deep green foliage — regular pyramidical form — large upright cones with which the upper branches are often loaded, render it one of the most beautiful of the evergreens. It is short lived, and becomtwi stiff and ragged in ai)i)ear- anite when old ; this is its groat defe(;t. The balsam forms in tubercles in the bark. It is collected in large (piantities, and sold in all drug stores under the name of Canada Balsam or Balsam of Gilead. It is also used for making varnish for indoor work. Black or llBn Si'urcH. — Wo have two Bjjecies of spruce — the black and the white, or, as they are sometimcMS termed, the double and the single. They are distinct from the fir and hemlock both in the appearance of the bark, the leaves and conivs. The trunk of the spruce is ixirfectly stiaight, and regularly tapermg frou» the ground to the top, often 70 to 80 foot high, and two feet at the ground ; the bark is incilinod to bo ., tiuoth, covered with small scales; the branches are in whorls of six or eight, and as the tree becomc« old thl^ scales of (he outer bark become more round, |: i ■ ■ ' 20 It is not a iavorite «« o». appears peculiarly favorabte fi>t T ^'^ S*"'™' "«>• t4 P„vi .ght ar,d strong, LwsA pfd ! ™d ^ r""" °' »""- Tie wZ J «»■ all purposes where »nv „f »u ^ " '*"«« sia>. and is of „^ . , 'ruit ofdiffeCtC •'Trbf't""" - «"o"r"and ^ :,ir;°H^ "mpamd with the ash er bi d^ a" f ''"'" ^"""h. b^t sKvl; wood whiori' r *''°™'*- M» differenced: «. "" '" ""'^ ""o -d - ,t is singularly clean a^tHieaf Id »''",' °'^'»"<' '' '- « ^"al }m>Z,T "I'Kwranre of the bark T , , ™"" "'» '"''M »f the being harsh and ^|"« Province ^'be Wood is of great value I '' «"ch as ship- l«ufactured into ■vood used hei^, 'hJef supply of nearly always F maple. The pr is a hairy gments. The is a rich, oily quality of the ^ sliort lived, *''« red and > IS only one irance of the duced by the 'ite beech is mechanical ''"cI turning ^^ndles, cfec.,' oothest and being more ^0 feet, and ures it is a « «o e(jual, ^ to the at- r than any lOM-. ^d,it "t*'^ trees. " a beech and it is 'es taken 0 grow a ^n thorn °^y way "i from 1 of the 'ni;)act, SRj) or '"ried, called 'guJar ,21 intervals, throwing out a vai'iable point of light, giving the appearance of a roundish projection, having a distant resemblance to the eye of a bird. All the varieties of t'Ms wood, particularly the last, are used in the manufacture of articles of furniture, pianos, sideboards, bedsteads, desks, picture frames, &c. It is highly esteemed and preferred to every other M'ood in the making of lasts, and for this purpose is largely exported to Boston and the neighbouring towns. It is preferred on account of its superior compactness and cohesiveness of its fibre for keels of ships. As fuel the wood of the rock maple holds the first place in this Province ; the ashes abound in alkali, and the best charcoal is made from it. Michaux says that the wood of this tree may be easily distinguished from that of the red maple or scarlet maple by pouring a few drops of sulphate of iron upon it. This wood turns greenish ; that of the scarlet maple turns a deep blue. The sap or juice which yields the sugar will run from the trees if cut or wounded any warm day after December. It ceases to flow aboxit the middle of April, when the weather becomes so warm as to swell the buds of the trees and loose the bark. The proper season for making sugar is in March. The sap runs only on warm days which are preceded by keen frosty nights. The sap first drawn is always the best ; it then yields a pound of sugar to four gallons of sap. The sap last drawn is commonly fit only to make molasses. A sugar maple tree standing in an exposed situation will yield more sugar for the same quantity o*' sap. The trees ought to be tapped with a chisel or an auger, and not with an axe, as is too common. In a good season fair-sized trees yield from two to three pounds each. Red Flowering, Wiiitb or Scarlet Maple. — This tree grows upon almost every kind of soil, it thrives most near the water. It is covered with red flowers very early in the spring, before the leaves api)ear, and the leaves generally change to red on the approach of autumn. It is harder than the soft maple of New York, but it is much inferior to it for timber, as the grain twists very much. It is sometimes used by chair- makers to turn, but they commonly prefer yellow birch ; it makes good fuel when dry, but very indiflierent when green. MoosE-Wooi) Maple. — This is a omall tree, very rarely more than four inches diameter. It is not used for any purpose that I know of except for fencing stakes. It is of very quick growth, and the wootl is very soft and brittle. Its twigs are the principal winter food of the moose where they (!an find it, for it d(xis not often grow on very barren land. It is most plentiful near small brooks on stony hemlock lands. Mountain or Dwarf Mapmo. — Tliis is not above half the size of the last-mentioned 8IKMn(^s. It is a very troublesome busli upon new cloareil ,land, na it grows very fast, and it is not (Easily dostroyod. Black or Yioli^ow Biucii. — The bark of this triio when young is of a yellow colour, but as the tree matures the bark becomes dark and the tree is then known as " lUack Birch." It is a large tree frociuently three feet diameter, but takes a long time to grow, certainly 200 years would be '^z IB' hoops, a la^e branch omein!, "" ""i™«ally uj * ^ ''"""S ''■I'eete as abo the f«ml "? '" '"^ "' *e country p , ™'"' '"''"" »■• oak would he superforfor T^'"^ '"<' ■=«« at"^'. JfJ ""'' «»«<>» plentiful cousequentlvThl ™^ P"'"-Posos to birch Tit, ''™ 't- Ash '"J and is saL Te'^Srr ," *"«"■■ Blacrb'irch * ""* ■«" »<> "»oa„ted. .ro'T".™ dt^nf L*' ^-" »" 'p-b„r, I.T?. ""' - offects many diffeisnt «L "^ "' K"** size Th f ^'"easily "ay be seen abourwf, •*"' ^"^ "« ofU'em Cutif,!, i""*"" olm the east of Haltf" ^ ''"■' "' ^^'ontville, and o? ' *'"<' specimen. 'here is no other tr»"'£Tr °'°"'"™' >^"atevef l^ ST '" ^apc fouua from three tn «, J Provmce at all to ,.„„ "">' "ssumo The w,«, i, firm and roit"' t™'"' "'' etl.rS':? "i"" "• " « other purposes. :Se ba k ir," '",'"«''">' •»'eem fo^S^ff ' '"<■"'• .. ^■"'"'I»u»ft,n-Th- • ^°*e>-ofth„hard f"'it about the s,W T""*''^'" «°*orin."°"e » f ,°" ''"™" C ,>he wood i, verrhl„ T' " "' howe^r "er™' """^ ™'r go^d ■ ^^^z:'^fp^^2rz!::f' ---aiit_ ^l--™- It .leas ; , r'°' f"»" -■«<- nt- il't' ""^ »'-o"^f »!l»PW to make li^TlT"'' '''""' "'" Pa^S, ,","""'"''< P by Che borer. r\ ^y cabinet. r -^«e young E "^^^-e barrel fl^^d waggon n'^it. Ash f ^»e are not so rf ^' ^« often ^^*: or oak. stems. The canoes fronj also manu- owiamented ^'^ in this ''ook inter- rce tree, aa -'tiseasiiy 'rioan elm specimens ' divers to ' in Cape '' assuniQ '^' It ia' 'ot iu-gi,. ^«fe' and as been ind the 10 hard 'oldom ' hnd good ^stod. HXe •oe— . gost* ling voij 23 Red Oak. — We have but one species of this tree that I have seen ; it resembles the red oak in the States, but is harder and stronger. It grows chiefly upon poor land ; the best I have seen was upon very sandy inter- vales. It is more durable when e^rposed to the weather than any other wood we have. It is used for planks and timbers for ships, for staves, for fish and pork barrels, cart wlieels and many other purposes, it is scattered over every part of the Province, but that which is of a size to be valuable is mostly in the eastern district. The red oak is of little value for fuel ; the bark is nearly worthless for the use of the tanner. It is, however, a beautiful tree, a rapid grower, and flourishes in every situation, but grows best on a poor, gravelly or sandy soil. White Ash. — This is a very tall tree, and a very strong and useful kind of wood, except when it grows in cold swamps, where it is soft and brittle. It usually grows on rich lands and by the sides of brooks ; it is very light and easy to split. It is the most suitable timber to make handles for tools, jiloughs, carriage wheels and lor many other purposes. When green it is better fuel than any other we have. Black Ash. — This grows only in swamps, which, though rich, are some^ times so wet as to require draining to produce grass. The Canada flour barrels are made from this tree, but I have never seen any great quantity of it of a size fit for staves in this Province. It is here used to make baskets. To fit it for this purpose it is beaten with a maul, which separ- ates the grains or year's growth. It makes verj bad fuel when green. It is the most slender of all deciduous trees of any considerable magnitude, often attaining a height of 60 feet and not over 6 to 8 inches diameter. When planted in an open plain on good land it spreads out its limbs, forming a broad top, and is a handsome proportioned tree. Black or Piobon Cherry. — This tree is very rare except upon intervales ; it ip not so large in this Province as in the United States further south- ward, where it is often used to make tables, as it has nearly the coloi.r of mahogany. In Nova Scotia it is seldom more than 10 inches in diameter. The fruit is small, growing in large bunches; it is, when fully riije, pretty good to eat, and is accounted very good to put in spirits. Red Cherry. — This tree seldom reaches more than 10 inches ; it com- monly springs up on dry, stony land after a fire. The fruit is small and very sour. Choke Cherry. — This is only a bush, being seldom more than 2 inches ; it is common upon intervales by the sides of brooks, on rich, moist upland. It has long brant^hes of fruit, rather larger than that of either of the other species, but is scarcely eatable, having a disagreeable astrin- gent taste. Trembling or Aspen and White Po i' la r. —These trees diU'or little from each other ; they always grow upon land that has been burnt over. They are tall, but seldom more than IC inches in diameter. The wood is soft and light, and in ujied to make trays. It is sometimes sawed into 24 ^rZ rS:,"^ ^-^ b«^ to saw, and o^ nttl. \ « process for manuLT "'"' ^«* '* ^« ve;y .00^ fTl '^^^"^- ^* "^^kes ^en introduced Tnto 1""S^ ^"^'" ^^^^ the S^n It "'""'' ^«««"tly ^t will render Tv '' Province. If this ^T ^^^^' ^^^ ^'"ow ha^ ^"«hes in dit\ ^^^''^"'^ SBRvicB.-Thi« ^■^'"^^erda] value. ^-^^ of tL- Cte'r; '' ^^^"« «osT4ue„" ^r-» t,^, very ra^,y e ^■« the favori 17^,7^ the sa»e tasl" Lt 0^7 T '^"^- ^he PJace of the in^e^t '' Ar ^^''^'^ ^"^ ^ belfeve it I « '^"''^' *^««- ^t Halifax by coverTnl ft^t''" ^^''"^^^ destroys^ ' ""*"'^^ ^^^^^ing V'-- ^-Q"en:r;b\t^r.t^- -th sma'^,^ :, rwir^^ ^^-« «-' 114,381 \ I N^ ' $4,724,422 259,800 , «4.408,203 389,947 The principal timb7T^^^^^^''''^'''''^=====i==^^ ^'^' and p„t oAiTi r-'r; ];'«»'-. sc?rs^'''""""'^^' vmco in its natural «f f ""^ Q"^»'«- The wL) ' ®""bury, Kent : forest of tin.be "t^L^^^.-'/^th ^^w except^^nl ^ove ^f^^ «^ ^^^ Pr<> -;! "oM-here is iTZnd of U '''''' ^^^^^ -"«trCa" hfrd"'*' * ^^-« ^ furnishing the snr f^ T^^^' ''"^ «»• ^ner quamv . ^^'^ ^^ this, valuable exports ^^^.^^.^^ of commerce ^sZh^: ^'"^ ^«" ^nown Brunswick the larcl 1^ '':;^'''"- ^" the nor hist« ^°'''"^^'' *^^« «^ost «'^'P« of this provhl u'"u^1' ^'^^"^We in sCbu^d ^"'•"^^ ^^ ^^^^^ « ^vorld-wide'cel S ^ '"^* "^'»"«t wholly of twwtf "^ ">« ^^'^Per -aple, elm and ^d^r ^^T''.^^""^'" -^ d ^1^?^' ^^^ -ttai^S bomg all in ^^^ in st'lZu'''''^''' *" through jJew^j, ^^^^h' "^eh, ^^'ramichi, St. Audi^w's ^ ."^' '''^'''^' '« largely carH^""'^'^"^' '^"d extensive forests "f'f ;'tuations the Ix)ech is so Ihl, f *""^^ ^« alwavs ^^;»t fuel, the sugar-map^^ aff r- '^^^'''^' «"d man" «lf J'^' "'" ^^^'«^' ^^ alkaline principle n ^^"'^"'S the best andif? , ^"""^^ excel- <--fifth heav r'^l.an rr^ T' ^^^ ^t i s^Im *" '^ "^'^ ^"^ tho «'Hldle and souther" S """'^^^ """'" "'^ ^an^e^^cl 7'' ""'''''' ^' '« a^qnin^^s its ch-.rl ? '''''^'' '^hich suflicien ! ^ ' ^^ ^^'ood in tlm -^^- B^'h^d^^iirr'^^"^^"--^ "'" '''^« ^- rr-i«llv,itdehghti , r\ ''■"''^' "^^ '^hundl ",\"'^'"thern di- ""itorvale lands " Th i''' ^^^"' h"mid and subll V ^ ^"'■'"^'- "loro f^>- moisture, and or^n T , '';"' "' "^ -nt ^y T' '-'"'^ '""«•" -^ "I'-" and elevated situations ''t^''^:' '"^ ■^'^'^ ^ee '• The white spruce is i 25 ;^"f Jt makes ^«al. Recently °"^«« a success aercia] value. _' "^^fy rarely 6 •or land. The '^rrytree. ft »ral breeding 'e trees near 'esenable lie j. ^y them in 1883. ^^••<08,203 ew Bruns- 'Joucester, 'ry, Kent,' f the pro a dense t of this, '^ known ^^e most of Ke\r ^ f"JJpper attained t>eech, k» and Johns, Jways 'ti.ute ^ei, or >xcel. 1 the it is the tn^e cU. ore as fee is abundant, but its wood is of an inferior quality, although the deals made from it are mixed with those of the black spruce, without distinction. A resin exudes from knots and woundskin the trunk of this tree, whence it is gathered, melted, and boiled to free it from impurities, and it is uni- versally known in the province as " gum," being used for rendering water- tight the seams of water-pails and bark canoes. The balsam or silver fir is found in greater or less abundaxice all through New Brunswick. As the white pine decreases the silver fir will come more into notice and demand, it having been undervalued when compared with the former. Canada Balsam, which must not be confused with the "gum" mentioned above, is procured from this tree. The white pine is annually becoming scarcer in this Province, as in all the other Provinces, but is still extensively exported from New Bruns- wick, not only as square timber, but also in the shape of masts, spars, deals, plank, boards, scantling, clapboards, palings, shingles and laths; also in boxes, barrels, water-pails and tubs. Almost all this timber within reach cf the tributaries of the St John has been cut, except on the streams flowing into that river from Maine. The hemlock or hem- lock spruce forms a large proportion of the evergreen forests of the Pro- vince, but is only of secondary importance. Large quantities are shipped to Great Britain in the shape of lathwood, from which split laths are made. Tlie butternut is abundant on the rich alluvial banks of the rivers, and considerable quantities of furniture are made from it for home use. Very little is as yet exported, but the large size which it attains here and its various good qualities must soon cause a demand to spring up. There are two species of aah here (the white and the black ash) ; abundant everywhere. As the wootl of these trees differs more owing to soil or situation than that of any other, several varieties have been stated as existing, but a close examination reveals the fact that they may all be referred to one or other of the two species named. It is among the exports of the Province in the form of staves and planks. The black ash is of smaller size than the white ash, and its wood is neither so strong nor so durable, and is not therefore in as great request. Easily separating into strips, it is largely used in the manufacture of baskets. The cedar abounds throughout New Brunswick, the trees stand- ing so thick that the light can hardly penetrate their foliage. It is chiefly exported in the form of posts and palings and railway sleepers, but, as it enters now into the list of woods used for the top timber of the higher class of colonial ships, more attention is given to it than formerly. The oak, of which three species are found in this Province (the white, red and giey), is abundant in the interior, and is in demand for many pur- poses. The basswood tree grows to a largo size in the New Brunswick forests, but is not much valued as timber, and is not extensively used. It grows in large quantities in the northern part of the Province. There are thrco siiocios of poplar m the Province— the balsam poplar, the American aejxin and the common poplar. The wood of the latter is used for saw gates in water-power saw mills, but none of the above trees 26 *^ in great demand. Th« k i. ^^-^' the two' SrL\v:sf; '^^^' ^"^ the t keTinCr r ^' The wood is nnt ». ^ /^Pecially so, and thev «++„• "^^"^^' are abun- JWr. Ward states as follow^ , . ^ ^'""^ "««d- Government lands 7 ,"°^«' speaking of New T?.» • «Pruce, the pinH^t^fp^^ to 160,000,^^ "^'"t.on There being'^a la ^^^T"' ^^^ ^ ^^-ed be^ngt W^^ ^T ^^^"^ «afe to estimate thVthere ifnoM^^ '^"'« ^"^ tins ^^^17^ T.^^" timber produce.! n • 7 "'^t less than 500 000 nm " "^e, I think it is exported the ?.; '°"'^^«^^Wy more than t^'T ^'* °^ ^""^^er and PRTNOE EDWARD ISLAND. $ 42,189 65,424 or «ugar mapfe, sti "^ T''^' ^'^'^ «Pnice m^ /'^ ^^^«^' horn. ^«h, red cedar%eeTl ^"^^^«' '«d maple, bJak ^r^"*^^" "^^P'«' 'ock ««Pen, balsam,;'! and ;.'"^ ^^'^--Z wh t' elt; '• ''' ""^ ^^-- ^rbanksianpi^e red nf "f °'"^ood popkr, « ^^^'v'"""'""^' ^^''ge ^r, White anlye^'wrw.'^-'^^^^^ ^^A ^^^ aldlo^S b^^^^^ ,^.('>"nd in large r ^« deep and ' wJiere tough, amon, but its h three kinds F ow, are abun-' Fy large size. J*o the disap. pckaz^noM- prge trade is |ed- • "Cut on f principally *_exJiauated. I think it is ."™ber and which is territory is ^d, leaving ^ Province 1883. ^54,041 ' home h are «vhite bpJar lorn- J'ock J^en irge cess im, 27 ^nOVINCB OF MANITOBA AND THli] NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. {Extract by permission from Professor Macoun's Work on Manitoba and the Great North- West.) Exports. 1S81. 1882. 1883. ) $115 $300 $1,580 The timber supply for the North-West engages at present the attention of many thoughtful men. It is, therefore, necessary to collect in a small space all the information possible on the subject. On the Lake of the Woods, Rainy River and its tributaries, and along Winnipeg River, there are large areas of forest where much fine timber is still to be had, but in no sense can these areas be called pineries. Tamarac, white spruce, banksian or scrub pine, Norway pine, white pine and white cedar, are met with in gr^iater or lesser quantities. For such purposes as house-building, fence-posts, railroad ties, or bridge-build- ing there is an ample supply along the lino of the C. P. R. It is true much of it is small, but it is sound and good, and scarcity enhances the value. When lumber of any kind brings $20 per thousand, small size and presence of knots will never condemn the material. The various species of pine are on the sandy ridges dividing the swamps, while the tamarac and black spruce are found in the swamps. At Rat Portage and Eagle River are saw mills which manufacture large quantities of material used on the C. P. R., and much that is distributed over the country as far west as Portage la Prairie. Beren's River, about half way up the east shore of Lake Winnipeg, drains a large district of country, and along its banks there are known to exist considerable areas of pine lands, but whether banksian or red pine is the prevailing species, our limited knowledge prevents us from ascertaining. No matter what interested or other persons may state, red and whita pine cease on the east side of Lake Winnipeg, and the only species found west of that is the banksian pine {Pinus Banksiana). White cedar (27m<7a Ocddentalis) is found in small quantities on the shores of Cedar Lake, north of the head of Winnijiegoosis, but no further west. The following list of the trees of the plains and the northern forests may be relied on as absolutely correct : White Spbucb [Abies Alba) may be considered the most important tree throughout the North- West. Neither its habit nor habitat are in accord with eastern ideas. In its northern home it is a stately tree, rising, with little diminution in size, to the height of 100 feet, and often having a diameter of nearly four feet. It is no uncommon occurrence to see fifty trees to an acre, averaging thirty inches in diameter. Its habitat, instead of being on sand or in wet swamps, is always on the mossy slop- ing-bank or side-hill or on the alluvial flats along a river. Black Spruce (Aln -"ost northern Cfc^ofT* "'"'^■^ I^ke 4. ''*.'" «>-«' near? °f >-t 57-, „ay b^"^'' " 'f P-b-ble that tht ,*'? r""'^ «>» 0>e deep, cool, peaty ,C^ «« "lively of this tre^ To f"""' """h »ay or Red Pine r! •°'""*»«»w) has otlon h^ "re^ls. The cyprei mf """"• <^"«~ tt^T"™"*' -"* »„. ;f»oies at their wCtera :«^' '"«' ->»« C the^r °' "-« ».>?- ;»' a habitat, and hen™ wi?""^'- ^he former lo™ 7"°' """«««' fores region of the Ch-te,""""' " « "a™, "s^r *""' ""-' al I'oiut-anx-Pins, vest „tZ ,' *'" 't*"'™ ie eun> t„ »,^^ '^ *"^'- '■» «he aany places alongTC V' " ^*^- ^arie, aid j° ^ """^ It is seen h" Thunder Bay fitn* !^? '^'"«' *<« of^t" t"' "■ '"'»° ^'^^ » « common betwL Zt 11^ ""■ ''' "■ <- ^iSyolT^i """ "'""S Corns and in all the sandv."<"^"«>AlS.„^»"«8e. i? B,ver. "'^"°"'"'3- west and north 'fl^'r^""*!. CvPa«, s„g„ p,.^^ °'*° Sa.i.tche„„ gjowsin fine and e^.telfv^'/'"' "" >''<"»« Kne ,f ails, but disappear aCtsmrf"" *-> *'»tern lif ^t «'««■*■) soil,) jt IS founj I " altitude, on suitable soil /,•;■;: **' above «i«h^ninehestsx;-----:.r:*4t^nr:ir^- BAm.,r Pop,.,, (^ « ""Worn over ««ardsi,ssizeanddTsWbnr ""^'^'•>'«averyiu,n„„ . ^manently damp or su^"'""' I» ">« foiBst^^^^"' "«. both as ittokestheplawofti, " ■""" •" "^rtow at mn • ""'^ the soil i. -Wo tree, as^Htu2tiT''' ^" «" -ver ZZ 'T''' °^ ^Ci Valley, above Portage 2?^ ^ ^•'^"'^^ ^^m logs cut in , "' '* ^^'^e --d the MackenziefVhefe r '." ''''' '' '^ ^ ^"1 e ^' ^««iniboif: cause it to be reckoned fT^ • ' *'^« ^«"me.s thrw!^ '"'^^' *1^« tiard o^ fron. six to eight ;'ettn7 ^'^'^ "^^"-" foZT^^'^^ -^ieh hundred feet in hei^hf Vlu ""^^'"mon, and fr? ■.^'^' ^ ^^'amoter ^"rious fact tha" tW??l?r°"* ^ '^^^"^^ Le fou 7-''''^"^ ''^'y to one ^ers, and not one l?!^'}'^'''' '^ ^^e alluviatfllt, '? ^'''^«- ^t S a ;hen we saw the asZ tb t "'"' '^"^^ ^^ this s^' ' ? "^" "^« Northern ^eaceandAthabaZ!^:htlrv'"'" "^ ^^^^oTtZZ, ? ^^« '^"^^ «t tlHs «^^eies are largW on the /'^ *^^« ^^'tas of Z^^''. ^^^^ of the nne forests of if <,rr.» 7 *"® ^'a^fl in laf fii » Tu ^® ^'verg. t.^„ F«rt Good C" *"'■ '"« M--«.4 .orthXr:"'- "H s •«» Arctic Circle, a, 'otm diameter in ^a« found nearly «;« oertainJy the '^« fo'este, north . ^'-^^ario, it lovea ^ leaves the bogs nded with Jfor- of the HaJf. ^^ of the latter ;ost pure sand iy tract in the 7«- Jt is seen ^arge size in or, and along Portage, it ^^^ Fort ^ la wiatchewan ^ Contorta) ^o Cypress > feet above '*« ^npoor orth as lat. forest tree. Worn over 29 AsPBN Poplar {PopvIu.<> tremnloides) may be called the characteristic tree of the plains. Wherever there is dry soil, not too sandy, outside of allu- vium, there is aspen. I have passed repeatedly from aspen " bluflFs " on the prairies, not twenty ff3et high, and with the trees not thicker than a I walking stick, to continuous forests of stately trees, with their white % tninks towering to the skies. Each time I have noticed that the forest '■ was only kept in check by the annual firea. Until the willow and aspen roots had lost their vitality, they persisted in sending up crop after crop ; of stems ever increasing in number, until death by exhaustion took place and permanent prairie was formed. It has been frequently stated that aspen seeds remain in the soil, but this is not so. The reason it reclothes ,: the ground so many times after being swept oflf by fire, is the fact that it i throws up shoots from every root after a fire has killed the stem. It pos- sesses this quality, in common with all members of the Willow family, which it is well known grow indiscriminately from either roots or planted stems, and very seldom from seeds. This provision fseems neces- sary to this order {Salicacex), as in all cases the flowers are dioecious and two trees in close proximity are necessary to perfect the seed. Two notable instances of this are found in the White Poplar {Popvlus alba) and Lombardy Poplar, which produce no fertile seed in the absence of the staminate tree. The CoiTONWooD {Popvlus monilifera) is found in the deep river val- leys of the " Great Plains," and occasionally amongst sand hills, but in no place is it so abundant as to deserve particular notice for its economic importance, though, when found, it is usually of large siza It is the last remnant of the former forests of the south. Its thick coarse bark, like that of the oak, preserves it from the repeated assaults of the annual fires, and enables it to escape when thin-barked trees succumb. The Oak {Quercus macrocarpa var.) grows to a large size in many parts of Manitoba, but it is unknown to the west of it. In that part of Mani- toba, south of the Assiniboine and west of the Pembina Mountain, there are numerous groves of fine trees and much of the timber is valuable for a variety of purposes. It is also common on the White Mud River, and is frequently seen in groves along Lake Manitoba. Elm ( Ulmiis Americana) is never found outside of river bottoms, except along Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegoosis. It grows to a very large size in the valleys of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, and often forms groves of large extent. In lat. 53°, along the Red Deer River, which empties irito the northern end of Lake Winnipegoosis, are large groves of very fine elms often four feet in diameter. It is found in some abundance on Carrot River and the Saskatchewan, but is confined to low alluvial flats. Ash {Fraxinvs puhescens) grows in the valleys of the Assinilioine and Red Rivers, often forming groves, but the timber, though frequently tall, never attains a large size. It is scattered throughout all the j^rairie country, and is found as a small tree in the river valleys and along the broken face of the Coteau and Cypress Hills. It is of no value for tim- ber, but makes excellent firewood even when green. li 80 ' Sugar Maplb," or As,, t Kiore or Jos... „i , " ^avotl jVInnU / \t "'« ^act that it becoZ ^'^'- ^^'^'«« dry ft 'Tv ^^' ^'^^ «« the JJOth -"^. it from be^ro"r.:TV^^^-' b"ilt thence ^J^^ber-Spruce, .W 1 ""^"'^ "^ BeiLs'^^^f.^^"''^- •^^^"PPly to ^-^o%' the ea^te'rn S of T''^ ^^ ^^^«-» Pop ar-!^'' '"'' ^"^^^ile tmiber can be dra^n tT thl 1 ^'^^"^ «»J Duck M^ ?' continuously borne, there a«, g!vL °'*"''"^ O" 'l«h<.«l wL "'^ '*"'«»«" P> ing the slopes ^/l far west as tl,e JJoth '««^. firewood, Z *he wild state, pre. ;-^/t Should att'ai: ";_r from ats sap, but ^re« are infrequent ' Plains Jaave he^^ ;^^' ^ViiloH- (.wj ver vaJJeys, but iv »troIong before it ■«i8 fine groves of '^y^o^h, and in »ti'o swamps the mixing M'ith tlie "'^^us fine tre.« ade from its sap islands in that are fine groves '"'JiatTotogon. « to «uppjy tj,^ ^««ted at Uk^ "^y bnilt tlience ^o of supply to ^^ory ^•aluabIe ^continuously "IS. Ail thi's 'achaijQarket Pb- from the J'e and the oy means of S'leJl River ' <^^own this '^"igsawn the Assini- 'P^uee and from other forests a.'-R that the ' the base hills, and he slopes 31 lof the hilly or undulating country where I was, and forests crowning their summits. Dr. Bell's assistant reached the top of the range at the head of Salt River, and reported spruce trees 42 inches in diameter. Dr. Smith, who explored here in 1879, says ; — " Careful exploration of the country north of the Reserve, for 12 miles, revealed a magnificent district, lend excellent and much large Poplar, 24 ; to 30 inches in diameter. This was the character of all the region from the junction of Thunder Bay with Moody River and far northward, while southward, there was a stretch of rich but wet land extendin^r to Swan River. Westward of the Reserve, the country was heavily wooded with very fine timber. Poplar, Spruce and Tamarac." The country spoken of above was that to the north and west of Thunder Hill on Swan River. From a point, a little east of Fort i la Corn^, and northwards, toward Green Lake, valuable Spruce, Tamarac and Poplar forest^j, without a break, extend westward to near Lac la Biche. North-east of Carleton and north of Prince Albert are fine forests which are easy of access at present and on that account more valuable than those further north. Much fine Spruce exists in the valley of the Athabaska and on its upper tributaries, but, without tlie aid of a railway, as the river flows to the north it will be of little value for commercial purposes. Above Edmonton, on the Brazeau and all the upper tributaries of it and the north Saskatchewan, are fine forests of Spruce, Tamarac and Balsam Poplar. Here a large area will be found, well ^suited for lumber- ing purposes, as it is protected from fire by numerous marshes, and up to the present has remained in a primitive state. Returning to the south, we find wood of considerable value in many parts of south-western Manitoba ; as much of this has fallen into private hands, it will be well preserved and become invaluable in the course of a few years. Oak and Poplar are the principal trees. On Little Cypress River, which flows into the Assiniboine, there is some Spruce. At Mil- ford, on Cypress River, a saw mill has been built, which is a great boon to the settlers in the vicinity. On Turtle Mountain and Moose Mountain, Aspen and Balsam Poplar, large enough to be sawn into boards, are to bo found in considerable quantity, and most probably some enterprising individual wil start a " city " by building a saw mill at one of those points. As I have remarked in another place, there is a largo quantity of " Cypre " (Pinits Cor. ultiind ";;h' I'lMi... M„„i, X uill fii 'I- all <» IIIIV I Ulli'tt pill-, o I »o,S(w (,, (I, niJNi ' ^ ""i'l'l.v tW M n.dc J, '•"imitxl •;"" '"»"l'(ai„o,| "^"••. (ll|-U||^r| "»IU ilN to ONN '' pilNNdN fl ""- f<» i(Nr(l|,/| ri '"< In n. » N "'""«'' 'N r.M.ii.i '•"VIW^WI will, , '"':'"• '^".1 iwv I ""_ "n lipp, "'«' if iiond iiiull '" 'I'lHiKlf '" lis o\v, <'<'llhM„ "inivly lo I y, 111 »''^"i'. dm ' V.i||(»v < Hhu'K and ll'o "iKh I'l.r. lU.ti oli.s( ilN 'V" "I'linidM «» iiioiK ''"" '"' rln«i„d d "NolNprii ioiioi ' '"" "'< iMlhlopj I'llrJi >I1N of illlV "»<« (o Hliv '■«* OSiNt, „„ (I ;"r."'<"»Min.iiHi,.i iMll ( (<> I lOCHiid ry ii'/i. •'*N"P|»liod. K. ;""''«vai "'■''•Mild, \', ""y\vii,M-o i„ (I "11 tl " Nffdjltll, 'I'l '"••'<"»■ I li,» rl ^"^'''y^vi.i.,.,,;;;;;:-;;^ ;iy. lim..,,, 'W Jii l>'ll< ufij Vor. "11 ri "''''^"'•. iMltoi. II ' 'K"t. loHd.^d ( I I" I, IMI'O no I "III, of u\\\ ''' l'"|»lur /' 'IN, I lot I N<'"iirN»«(„Al of 1 1 "* •'""'•• lu.r.d. d '«W"l|No||| ,,f,j let "' "i"iiid,iii ' '"""^ ""( fl.iNV 11 tat '«'«l ('i>ii, ;::'•' '"-'■■"ii-i;;:;;;: ::•';■' I" «i I ft "'KIi fol-HNi ' III I(n \ ""'\v rti.d (I "^^ "-'«i..-i,^». •'N„| "* ','"""' "'• n In '•, "h 'Nil II. |'op|„ priK " '•!•" Ndon nl '' •W" NIKO III II M •"VoChJ. ;^';'"""'- ""> Indnr •«"• H«l),Nnrv(Hl '*""«!«« I 'in,,. J '" "'• '"* >vh.,ln '•'< lr,.SN, .""•Inv.H.j {,ii|. I* "'"""Ihiu'o of ' ""> liilk 'I'hJN *•' '""MiMK for '•;"< Kn onMm ' '"'"' Nj.l.w of «'N fl.rouKl, a '"'• ^^•'. Imu, " "'«< iii^y "'''"lliif. iv,» "'■">•» rivnr, INOIlfofthtt 88 ^iiiy. 'ri»> \vli(tl«\ I'tHuUry, on luiili NithMii til" i1m» nvor, Ih ttbHolutoly \viU out w«io(l, ox(>o|)l ill tlio ti'iluitHi'.v vtillo.VN, on tlio hoiiIIi ol'llit^ niitiu Nti'iuini. Quiinlil.itv^ of voiy j^ootl Sprntx* and IKiugliiM I'ino can Ih> olituiiKHl «in iHtail Mun'is Kivor on tlu« nttrtli, on llut IvniiiinitHliiM on llio south, liiid np tlio vulloy of tlio niaiu Nti'tuiin tor at U^nM Nixty ntiloH abovo Morlttyv illix. No ditllnilty will hi\ t«x|ioi'ion<-(\«l in lloatin^ down *»it.lior U\HH tir ItoardH, M Mio livtM- I'm- many niitoH into tho KorUy MonntaliiN Im iVoo IVotn dHiiKtU'onN rapids, ll will lio rtiHMi liy tlu« foi-n^oin^ n^niarks that wikkI in eican'o in the xoiitluMit pait. of |li«t piaii'io Noi'tion. Mr. Ward NiatoH that tlin annual pi-«Hlin't oi' Maniltilia and Ma^ North* Wtwt ToiMitorioN may \k\ mit. down at 7f>,(Hl(»,()(H» I'oni. KKiri.sil ('til.HMItlA. lOxi'tltitllt Itoimll IH'IkIuOIn III' tllll ItHKlt.. 1M«1. *I(W.7« m'i. *;WV->.H7| |H8;«, $'io7,it:U ■nriliHh Columhla \h iimply and W'»»ll provldod with wood for coiiMlrin'- lion and lor ollior piirpi)H(<,s, liiil tlH\<'oiist lioK'ion ol' Iho I'rovinco linn Iho |ir(«-omiiu\n<'o at proNonI, owiiii; to itn lai'ililioN Tor oxport. Tlut ^r(\at Htonm of foiHwt W(^allh in Hrilish Columhia must load, Noonnr or l.Uor, toa v«^ry larno trndo. 'I'ho W»>Mt Cahcado vokIoii \h donmdy woodod, ("hlolly wllh many Hp(M"i« not woll adapiod for logninj^ purpoHt\M, hoinjj; liitorruplod iVonuontly hy rnpidN, hoinn i-oiiiproMNod l»»\|,w(M\n rocUy wiiIIn, and hoinjj; apt to rino and fall with p;roHt rapiilily. Tho WosI, Cascado \\\nU)i\ Ih dilllfiilt to travorm*, and Iiiih t»nly hoou partially ^^splorod with r(^p;ard to itn lumh(\rlnK t|ualill<'alionN. Anollli'iul painphlotpuhliHiioil hy Iho Pnivlncial (lovonnin^nt (.jIvon (Um lollowiu)X listoftho principal trotts ol' Ihilish t'olumhia: < "Dou^daH I'iiu*, hounlim I'ir, and tdiiimorrially ()n»i;;on I'ino; \VoMt» In dlainotor. I'laHtitrn part of I'rovlnco and lnt(\rior plahtau formln)< donno foroNlH In thomounlaliiN. Mon/ioM Spriii'«\, vory larn**, iiuwtly on coiihI. ()r»*al Milvor I'ir, ooiist tr«M« of grout nIxo. MalHam Spriico ahouiids in < iold and SolKIrk rangoH, and (tiiHl of Mid^Mid'H l.aUo. WillianiNon'H .\lpino tlom- lock, too Ncano and too high up h> h(\ of much uno, Und Pino, Vollow rinoand Pitch I'ino, a viirloly oflhir. bSo': Sriftf 7 Y^ -^^ «"- laSlnTte^n^---- *;-«' -ci goes veoftd^l^^^^^^^^^^ Crt f^ TsTo , , of i;^« report is conden ed Tf ^'""^' ^^"^eir habitat T^ f ^^'* ^^ Douglas Sprucb onnl ^' ^' consistent with n.! • T '^ «"ostance ^■^^Portant timber tr! rT"" ^^'""^ i^^^^ot^Tin. T"''^ ^"formation, wood has yerbel ""^ ^"^''^' Columbia S n ^""f «'^^^> is the most • ^" parts r/ vrx-^^« r'^^r^^^^^^^^r^r-' "^ coast, but is not fn.r. """'^ -^"i the exo^,.r ^^ ^^ found in fear the iO^^X H ^""^ ^'-'-^^t^o Sa ^"0''.,"" ^^^^^^ *ains, growing i^ a „ Z^'"''^"''' ''°'^ *''« ^^ea t^ .^ "^« "^^''"^^^^ ,''' Nortl?M""cnt V ' '"^''«'- "^'-^1. ^'^«^^>er portions of Z q u T^''^' '^"^^ ^^ probablv „. "^«""tain- '« «i"g..larly ir,tu I? n "'' ""'^ ^old a^nts T. ''"' ^'"""^ "'« "r^'^^^PPo^iteS ';/^ ^^-'rs abundant; on ^f "'''''^" ^^"""t only fourJoatho lV"'"^'«^^'ancoHver IsLn/, "^ ^°^«t as far be«tgroM-n sj^^^^^^^^^^^ at son,e dis 1' S"' ^"^'""^^ that i p--e« eight Ct r x:; ""' ^^^^ "'« '-t :jr/? "- «-. n: and attains a heigj t f a ''of' "" ^«"«''dorahlo he 'it r '^''"^?""^'>' «"•- fo'^^^^s. The woa ^ ' -'' ''» •^<^f' f^'«t. forn 2 ?"'" *''" ^"-^^nd, - -- conside.b,y i; . -Sr ir ^r--very durable-. «"o^ Cyp^s (Yel. 'Charlotte Islands ^"'i Gold ranges r. coarse, durable ,adjacent Islands ' attains a diame- ^'ood, confined to '; very tough and ^V? the coasts; pat wear. Alder wood. Western 'r Fraser, Peace ancouver Island J^ogwood, Van- ^vy, resembling lameter; found ^ abounds over ^ other vario- 'aae of Cotton- I wood largelv- ='an Francisco, '"tain Ash, in ast Vancouver or." '^^-80 a list of f'J/e substance information. ^s the most «f which the t is found in lio exposed 0 "mainland '^^y Monn- 't- In the er uplands ^n to the ^o'liitain- from the ^^^n limit 'St as far itl that is Joa. The ntly sur- ' >,'round, 'O'Ji^'ious ^tj^ngth, i 35 according to locality. It is admirably adapted for all ordinary purposes of construction and for shipbuilding, remaining sound in water for a long time. For spars and masts it is unsurpassed both as to strength, straightiioss and length. Masts for export are hewn octagonally from twenty to thirty-two inches in diameter and 60 to 100 in length, whilst on special orders they have been cut 42 inches ])y 120 feet, and yards 12 to 24 inches by 50 to 120 feet long. These are generally sent to Great Britain. Western Hemlocj-, (Tstiga Mertcnsiana) occurs everywhere in the vici- nity of the coast, and up the Fraser and other rivers to the limit of the region of abundant rainfall. It attains a large size on the coast, reaching a height of 200 feet, and yields a good wood not yet much used. It ddsely resembles the Eastern Hemlock, but attains a much larger size. Wilt'amson's Hemlock, only little known was found by Mr. Sargent on Silver Mountain at an elevation of from 400 to 500 feet, and is essentially alpine in its habits. Red Cedar, or Western Arbor \iTAa{Thuja gigantea) — This nearly fol- lows the Hemlock in its distribution, abounding along the coast and lower parts of the rivers of the Coast range. It is unkaown in the dry central plateau, but re-appears in the slopes of the Selkirk and Gold ranges, on Shuswap Lake, and in the North Thompson valley. On the coast it not unfroquently surpasses fifteen feet in diameter, and attains a height of 100 to 150 feet, but the large trees are apt to bo hollow. The wood is good, pale yellow or red and very durable ; it is not yot nmcli used except for shingles. Enoblman's Si'RucH {Picea Engelmanni')— This tree frequently sur- passes throe feet in die meter, and runs up tall, straight, and to a great height. It appears to characterise the interior plateau and eastern part of the Province, with the exception of tlio dry southern i)ortions, and forms dense forests in the mountains. The wood has not yot been extensively used, but is excellent, and very durable. Menzies Si'RUCB {Picca }rn)zimi) — This tree is conlined to the imme- diate vicinity of the coast, whore it attains a very largo size, and is used for lumbering puriHjscs. Its wood is white and fine. Spruce {Abies grrajx^is)— This has no common name, is confined to the vicinity of the coast, where its range apiwmrs to be even more strictly limited than the Cedar or Hemlock. The wood is white and soft, but too brittle for ordinary i)urj)o8e8, and moreover, liable to decay rapidly. It grows to a large size. Balsam Spruce {Ahicit mbalpina) — This is abundant in Gold and Selkirk ranges, and in the n^gion oast of tlie coast ranges, but is not found in the southorn dry interior plateau. It the northern portion it occurs in scat- tered groves. It often exceeds two foot in diameter, but the wood is comparatively Avort hiess. Sprite {Ahics Amabilm) — Tjittle is known of this tro(^ which is placed on the list on the authority of Mr. Sargent. Yhllow, Kbu or Vnvn PiNw(7*inMfl Ponderomi)—\ remarkal)ly hand- < I S6 fome tree, growing only in fh. . diameter of from f / i ' *^'°"fe'^ ^"rther sontJ, u ^^^ diameter W^BHv a^Kt^* B '"" *^ fl^te«n feet. '"""^ ^* ^« ^^^^ to r^ach a Jith from the sek co^^'t ^o ff""'' ^^""'^ (^'««« co«.orta) T^- • densely coverinc, u *^® eastern slone nn^ T ■^~^^^'^ ^« met 'err-- ~""-^~" 8:e"erally i^ tmaTc^'^rsi^'T ^""'""^ «^Wm«.'«)^A small . circumstance Tl,« 7 S'^nations. Wood r.J '^/"^a" tree, and Whxtb P v« S^ ^^^« -'"- "«ed as food by L Jnd -''^ '^^'^^ *« «ns the eastern Pro ■fnn 'r'^-'^"^«^«) ~This tree rise 'hf^^"? abundant in the St!!' "*;' "°^ ^--d'^^dZTtn .f ?^"'^^^- ^f «o"thern portion o\t Co 1 p""'^"^^^ J«l4 a d^'aH '**^^- ^* '^ attains sixty to ei^h r ?'' ^^"^^ ^^''^ere there it 1 ^ ^ ^""'^ ^^^^e ^»t f ows gels ;lt - f ^^^*. -ith a ^ZIV^ZZT^'- '' rapidly into usa " ''^ ^"^^^^^^^e situations. Itsl^V^'^ ^^^' Yellow Cvp...^^. ^ "^^ ^-^od is coming fi-citotheeoar^reinry^^t?^'"-^^^^^^^ • «^ouyer Island, and i. ! , ^^ "mainland, and to i)L .^ ,'^*'•e« ^s con- Islands. It oC ^'^"^'ani in some mtlT 1^ ! V!'^'''''' ^^ ^an- ^-andofLl?;^r::;:^r;^^^-^ - ^^iaiiret.'V::?;:?."'^^^^^^^ "«ed to a limited e" ;?, l! f '^ ^'^^"^^ «nt, yery dnrabll? , T '*''""^' P»nxvse.s. It is as vnf ^''^^ '^"''ding and for J ' ^"'^ ^'^« ^^n ^Vbstkhx WrVZ,'"'"^'"''"^^^-^'^' ""kno'^i^fTonr^"^' ornamental with thnt f , ^ '"'•*" "^^i(fentali9)^Tu^ i • ^"^'^nerce. «n the shores of tC •^r"^~'^'""^'' *'•«« occurs on V oftMo feet It vn"'"''"^ ^^^J^"''"*, attain nTrT''''^^'^"^^ and ^ ancouyer ni.d „ j- •' """ '— ^Jus tree {rrow^ «,.„ "^^vor inland o ■'"''"' '■''''"'^«' "•'» the o'fr "''''""">« '^^ast on 3fthe Pi-ovinoe. It Pearance but ratlier "ler. Its diameter Js said to reach a orta)-This is met Kooky Mountains, tree of the north- height of from 60 The wood is sel- white and fairly '^ of sugar, which small tree, and 1 owing to this s, ts namesake of If latter. It j^ I'l parts of the ant rainfall. It 'o or three feet, ^'ood is coming I's tree is con- tenor of Van- een Charlotte ^^ is strong, "1(1 lias been ornamental I. l*^ coexistent coast. The e, but very Island and a liml TIMBER LIMITS— REGULATIONS. III III The progressive demand for rough and manufactured timber has given an enormous value within the last decade to timber limits, and as a natural result, explorations have been pushed far into the back country and regions long neglected have acquired a commercial value. Timber limits vary in size, according to the standiig of the lessee, many of tho larger lumbering establishments holding liundreds of square miles. The Governments of both Ontario and Quebec never relinquish their proprie- tary rights, they invariably retain ihefcud or proprietary right, merely using the usufruct The leasing of these limits in Ontario and Quebec is sold by auction or at private sale, at so much the square mile. Licenses have to be renewed annually, and the license holders pay an annual ground rent of two dollars per mile. In addition to this, all timber, saw- logs, wood or lumber of any kind cut under license in Ontario is subject to the payment of the following Crown dues : ONTARIO. $ 0. Black Walnut and Oak, pc - cubic foot 0 03 Elm, Ash, Tamarao and Maj^lo, per cubic foot 0 02 Red and White Pino, Birch, Biiaswood, Cedar, Buttonwood and Cottonwood, and all Boom Timber, per cubic foot 0 Oil All other Woods 0 01 Red and White Pino, Basswood, Buttonwood and Cottonwood, saw-logs, per standard of 200 footboard measure 0 15 Walnut, Oak and Maple, saw-logs, per standard of 200 feet board measure 0 25 Hemlock, Spruce and other Woods, per standard of 200 feet board measure 0 10 a 10 s of British Columr.i Province offers to I] option of timber and ovmces will give an n-eniences for export ■ *l^*h'' I^ocky Moun- of this Prov vmce. vs: 'i producing 24 043 3.201,043 saw lofr^S arly 500,000,000 feet '9 quantity of hewn Wer provinces, and leld to be produced '0,000 souls, the two opulation of 25 000 i"iber and logs, the rasmallijortionof •it in the census. 1 timber lias given r limits, and as a ' the back country il value. Timber 5see, many of the [uare miles. The ish their proprie- ^ry right, merely 'io and Quebec is "nile. Licenses pay an annual aJl timber, saw- itario is subject $ 0. 003 002 iwood, and Ooii •; 0 01 ^-'"Bs, por oir^ "■° 025 "'« 010 39 II unmeasured oull [saw-Ioers to be taken at the average of the lot, and to be charged for at the same rate. $ c. Slaves, Pipe, per mile 7 00 do. West India, per mile 2 25 Cjordwood (hard) per cord 0 20 r do. (soft) do 0 12i Ijemlock, Tan Bark, per cord 0 30 JIailway Timber, Knees, «imber dues, viz. : $ V. )ak and Walnut, per cubic foot 0 04 laple, Elm, Ash and Tamarac j ^ed and White Pine, Birch, Basswood, Cedar, Spruce and other square [ 0 02 timber ' Pine logs 13i feet long, measuring 17 inches or more in least diameter, including culls, each 0 22 Pine logs 13^ feet long, measuring less than 17 inches in least diameter, including culls, each 0 11 iSpruce logs 13^ feet long, each 0 05} IStaves, Pipe, per thousand 7 00 do. W.I. do 225 [!ordwo6d (hard) per cord 0 16 do. (soft) do 0 08 [Cedar Rails 10 to 12 feet in length, per 100 0 25 i Cedar Pickets, per 100 0 15 I Cedar or Pine Shingles, short, per 1,000 0 08 j Cedar or Pine Shingles, long, per 1,000 0 15 Cedar Telegraph Poles, each 0 06 Cedar Fence Posts, per foot in length 0 OOJ Cedar Poles for block fence, per foot in length 0 OOj Cedar Hop Poles, per 100 0 20 Rails of other Wood than Cedar, per 100 0 10 Pickets of other Wood than Cedar per 100 0 05 Railroad Ties of any kind of timber, each 0 02 Hemlock Lathwood, per cord 0 15 Hemlock Bark, per cord 0 32 Hemlock Logs 13i feet in length, each 0 06 Balsam Logs, 13i foot in length, each 0 05 Hardwood Logs, round, same aa Pino, each 0 22 Tamarac Logs, round, same as Pine, each 0 22 Floors of Birch, generally 28 feet in length, each 25(g'30o Knees, according to size, each 6(g>25o Futtocks, according to size, each 10#35o Cedar for Shingles, per cord 0 16 Pine for Shingles, por cord 0 20 Boom Timber, Spruce, round or sided, por'" cal foot 0 OOi Boom, Timber, Pino or Tamarac, round orsideU, per lineal foot 0 01 Small round Spruce Spai>, less than 10 inches in diameter, per lineal foot 0 OOi Small round Pine or Tamarac Spars, loss than 10 iuohes in diameter, per lineal foot ./. OOOi M'hito Birch, per dord 0 30 IMno trees under twelve inches in diameter are prohibited from being cut. ._/ 40 |;h,j NE'.T BRUNSWICK. In New Brui:swick timber limits rarely bring over the upset price of $8 per mile, subject to the following *' stumpage" on dues : $ c. Spruce and Pine Saw Logs, per M. superficial feet 1 00 Hardwood Timber, up to an average of 14 inches square, per ton 0 90 Hardwood Timber, above 14 incb?s, per inch additional per ton ... . 0 10 Fine Timber, up to 14 inches square, per ton 1 00 Pine Timber, additional for each inch, per ton 0 25 Hacmatao Timber, per ton 0 50 Spruce Timber, per ton 0 50 Cedar Logs, per M. superficial feet 0 80 Railway Ties, each , 0 02 Boom Poles, each 0 04 Shingles, PerM 0 20 Spruce or Pine Spars, per lineal foot 0 01 Hemlock, per M. superficial feet (after 31st March, 1884,) 0 60 And for all other descriptions of Lumber, such as Knees, &c., &c., twelve and one-half per cent, of the market value thereof at the mill, place of shipment or place of consumption in the Province. During each succeeding year lor which the License is renewed, it shall be as ibllowB : — $ c. Spruce and Pine Saw Logs, per M. superficial feet 1 25 Hardwood Timber, up to an average of 14 inches square, per ton 0 90 Hardwood Timber, above 14 inches, per inch additional per ton 0 10 Pine timber, up to 14 inches square, per ton 1 00 Pinetimber additional per inch, per ton 0 25 Haomatac Timber, per ton 0 50 Spruce Timber, per ton 0 50 And all other descriptions of Lumber as may be fixed by Kegulation^ Spruce and Pine are prohibited from being cut which will not make a. log at least eighteen feet in length, and ten inches at the small end. NOVA SCOTIA. In Nova Scotia there are no lulos or regulations under which licenses can issue. To procure the right in that Province to carry on lumbering; operations, the land itself must be purchased from the Crown. MANITOBA AND THE N. W. TERRITORIES. In Manitoba and the North- West Territories and on all other Dominion lands held by the Federal Governments, there is a ground rent c*'$5 per square mile, and a royalty of five per cent, on the amount of the sales ot all products of each limit or berth. BRITISH COLUMBIA In British Columbia there are no regulations, but the land must be^ purchased outriglit before any timber can be cut. There is a Dominion Act of Parliament, 42 Vic, cap. 31, prohibiting under heavy penalties wanton destruction of standing timber, and calling for a strict and constant watchfulness to prevent the occurrence of fires In thtt woods. 41 r the upset price of $8 es: $ 0. loo 090 010 loo 025 050 050 080 002 OOi 020 001 060 IS Knees, &c., &c thereof at the mil]* ^ince. *■ IS renewed, it shall $ 0. 125 090 010 100 025 050 050 d l>y Regulation. ^i» not make a 5 small end. f which licenses y on lumhering rown. >ther Dominion f rent o*^ $,5 per t of the sales of- land must ])e, » prohibiting" ^, and calh'ng •renceoffira^ This is supplemented by a Provincial Act of the Quebec Legislature, 34 Yic, cap. 19 (1871), fixing the time for faL'ow-burning and protecting the forests from fire, and another still more stringent Act, 46 Vic, cap. 10 <1883), by a Provincial Act of the Ontario Legislature, 41 Vic, cap. 23 ,(1878), and by a New Brunswick Act of the Revised Statutes of that Pro- evince, cf\p. 107 (187V). All of the above Acts specify heavy penalties for ; their infringement. I CANADIAN TREE.^ AND THEIR WOODS. I The extent of our forests is not more remarkable than the various kinds of trees which compose them. Some species are not only very widely difi'used, but are also persistent over great areas, being found almost everywhere within the limits of their distribution, while others, although having an extensive range, are nowhere very common, and are sometimes absent for considerable intervals. Others again are confined to comparatively small tracts. As a general rule, says Dr. Bell ir. his report in the Geological Survey proceedings of 1879-80, the more northern species occupy the greatest extent of country, while the southern ones are progressively more and more restricted even in a more rapid ratio than would be implied by the narrowing of the continent from north to south. This is owing to the great differences experienced in climatic conditions in going from east to west in the more southern latitudes. Some kinds of trees in approaching their northern limits, show a tend- ■ency to diminish gradually in sira, and to become more and more scat- tered, rendering it difficult to draw any boundary of the species, while others vanish abruptly. The latter habit is more characteristic of southern than northern epecios, as far as the Dominion is concerned. The various species apiX5ar to die out more gradually as they range northward in the western than in the eastern regions. Forest trees east of the Rocky Mountains may bo divided, says Dr. Bell, into four groups, as regards their geological distribution within the Dominion : first, a northern group including the white and black Spruce, Larch, Banksian Pine, Balsam Fir, Aspen, Balsam Poplar, Canoe Birch, Willows and Alder. These cover the vast territory, down to the line of the white Pine : Second, a central group, occupying the belt of country from the white Pine line to that of the Plane-Tree or E'ltton-Wood : TJdrd, a southern group, embracing the Plane-Tree, black WrJnut, Sassa- fras and flowering dogwood, which are found only in a small area in the aouthern part of Ontario : Fourth, a western group, consisting of the ash leaved Maple, burr Oak, Cottonwood and green Asli, which are scattered sparingly over the prairie and wooded regions west of Red E,iver and Lake Winnipeg. In the western peninsula of Ontario the forests present a remarkable richness in the number of species to be found growing together. In some localities as many as fifty different kinds may be counted in a single farm lot. A more varied mixture is probably not to bd met with in any other part of the continent, or perhaps in the world. aJ. 42 3 1 1 Many of the more important classes of forest trees are common both to the Old and New World, such as the Oak, Ash and Elm, and these resemble each other closely, although in almost every instance, says Browne in his " Sylva Americana," the resemblance stops short of com- plete exactness. In many cases there are varieties in which the differ- ence is so slight as to be only perceptible to the botanist, and yet they are differences which a careful examination plainly shows, and the varying qualities may materially affect the purpose or use to which the wood is to be appUed. AVhere the exact line is to be drawn distinguishing a tree from a shrub is a qiestion more appropriately in the province of a botanical work than r\ a plain descriptive treatise, and there are several species attain- ing the proportions of trees in one part of the country which in anothei are mere shrubs. The following description is made as concise as is practicable, giving the scientific and ordinary names of all our trees. The wood each tree produces is also described, together with the purposes to which it is applied. The order in whiL'. the forest trees are here given follows the arrange- ment adopted in the United States " Official Catalogue of Forest Trees of North America " by Professor Sargent of Harvard College, published by the Department of the Interior at. Washington in 1880. TuLXP Tree, Yellow Poplar, or White wood (Liriodendron Tulipifera\ a tree by no means common, and annually becoming scarcer, attains a large size, reaching a height of from fifty to seventy feet, with a trunk from three to five feet in diamoter. When young the bark is light brown and smooth, whilst on old trees it is deeply furrowed by longitudinal fissures, giving it almost the appearance of a fluted column. It presents a beautiful appearance when covered with its large tulip shaped flowers after the middle of June. Its wood is very valuable, being light, close-grained, strong and easily Avorked; it is extensively used for interior ■^'ork, carriage panels and the finer fittings of cabinet work, such as drawers and fancy boxes. Being easily bent it is in demand for curved work of all kinds. This tree seems to be confined, with the exception of a straggler hero and there to that portion of Ontario bordering on Lake Erie and the Niagara district. Basswood, Linden or American Lime {Tilia Americana), resembles the Maple in growth, but the trunk is more pillar-like, and free from the knots which characterize the latter. It attains a considerable size, reaching from sixty to eiglity feet in height, with a trunk of from three to four feet in diameter. Its leaves are smooth and large, rendering it a. fine shade tree foi pastures, as the denseness of its foliage resists the great heats of summer. Its wood is wliite, light, tough and durable, soft and easily worked, and is used for carriage panels, soLla of chairs, fan- ning mills, sleighs, and for sounding boards for pianos, being a wood that will not warp. It is largely employed in inside work, and is sought after by carvers for toys and for the figure heads of ships, and for the curved ferrec {Acer a trun little not small or Soft ground and SI turning grows diamet( close-gr cabinet is large] a northt Vine Mj high, or whose v a white, handles. Pacific c is apparc 43 parts of staircases. It is used in turning for wooden bowls and wooden- ware generally, for band boxes, and for a variety of minor articles where strength and lightness are requisite. A coarse paper is made from its shavings which are first reduced to pulp, and the inner bark is manufac- tured into baat, an article described amongst the minor products of the forest. The Maple, {Acer) whose leaf is the emblem of Canada, as the rose is of England, contains several species, but a similarity pervades all, so that the description applies to them collectively. It is a lofty tree, with branches nearly at right angles, bent and contorted in every direction. It grows on the best of land, and Is always indicative of a rich soil. Its foliage js particularly luxuriant, and when touched by the frosts of autumn is remarkable for its brilliancy of colouring, The wood of the Maple is very close-grained and hard, highl> ornamental and esteemed for the beauty of its fibre ; when pohshed it possesses a silky lustre. Strong and heavy, it lacks durabl'nty, and from its early decay when exposed to moisture it is not nought after in civil or naval architecture. It is used for heavy furMture, cabinet work and for railway carriages where strength is required. A peculiar arrangement of fibre in some speci- mens, in concentric circles, resembling the eye of a bird, has given the name " birds eye " to such varieties, which make handsome articles of furniture and picture frames, and command a high price. From the sap of several varieties of this tree is manufactured " maple sugar " and syrup, described elsewhere. Maple when obtainable is universally pre- ferred for fuel, from the great heat it throws out The White Maple {Acer Dasycarpum), is a large tree from sixty to eighty feet high, with a trunk five to six feet in diameter, common in the east, with wood of little value, soft and white. The Striped Maple {A. Pennsylvanicum,) not abundant, seldom attains more than thirty ^ '^t in height, with small trunk ; wood white, close-grained and very hard. The Red Swamp or Soft Maple (A. Rubrum), is a large tree generally in swampy and low grounds, wood whitish or rose-coloured, close-grained, moderately hard, and susceptible of a fine polish ; largely used in cabinet-making, for turning and for woodenware. The Sugar or Rock Maple {A. Saccharinum)^ grows from sixty to eighty feet high, with a trunk two to four feet in diameter, and thrives in uplands, or rocky ridges; ita wood is hard, close-grained, smooth or compact, and is extensively used for flooring, cabinet work, turning, and preference is given to it for shoe-lasts. Sugar is largely obtained from this species. The Mountain Maple (A. Spicatum), a northern species, cited by Professor Macoun, is but littk known. The Vine Maple (A. Circinatum), of the Pacific coast, a tree thirty to forty feet high, or at times only a shrub forming dense thickets along streams, whose vine-like stems, take root wherever they touch the ground, affords a white, close-grained, tough wood, used in the absence of ash for tool handles. Dr. Dawson says this tree is never found inland. Another Pacific coast Maple {A. Glabrum), is mentioned by Professor Macoun, but is apparently little known. A. Macrophyllum of British Columbia attains 44 a height of from sixty to eighty feet, with occasionally a diameter of four feet, and like the previous one is confined to the coast; its wood is valu- able, hard, close-grained and takes a good polish; is well-adapted for cabinet-making, and is a good substitute for the hickory of the east ; hats, mate and baskete are made from its inner bark. The Ash-leaved Maple {Negundo Aceroidefi), is abundant in the North-West, but rarer in the eastern Provinces. It is a tree from thirty to fifty feet high, with a trunk of some two feet in diameter, found along river banks and in rich soil. Ite wood is soft and of little value, but the tree is destined from ite rapid and easy growth to be the shade tree of the prairie farms. The Coffbb Trbb {Gymnocladus Canadensis), so scarce in Canada that it cannot be styled as a tree contributing to man's use, attains a height of from 60 to 80 feet with a trunk in proportion. Its wood is rose coloured, close-grained ?,nd compact, but said to be difficult to season and work. So scarce is this tree in Canada now, that in Macoun's Catalogue the location of the only known trees existing are given. The Cherry Trbb {Prunus). — There are two species of this tree, the Red or Wild Cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica), a small tree from 20 to 30 feet high, of no comparative value. It delights in sandy soil and in Eastern Canada takes possession where the forests have been cleared by fire ; its fruit is very small, sour, and astringent. The Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), is a fine tree, attaining a height of 60 or 80 feet, with a trunk often 4 feet in diameter. The bark is used medicinally, and ite fruit of a purplish black colour is used for the same purpose, being made into a cordial. Ite wood is light red, becoming darker with age, close-grained, compact, easily worked and not liaole to warp. It is largely used in cabinet-making, for which purpose it is one of the most valuable of our woods. The Mountain Ash {Pirus Americana), is a small tree favouring^ swampy groves and moist woods, and is of no commercial value. It forms an ornamental tree when planted out and cared for. The Crab Apple {Pirns coronaria), is a small tree with small yellowish green sour fruit, and yields a very hard, yellow, close-grained wood, use- ful in machinery. The Oregon Crab Apple {P. Rirularis), found on the Pacific coast, is a small tree with a very hard wood, susceptible of a high polish. It is especially valuable in those parts of mill machinery intended to stand great wear. The Service Trbb {Amelanchier Canadensis), more properly a shrubs runs into a tree in the west. The wood is exceedingly hard, heavy and strong. The Pacific coast species, A. alnifolia , is very similar, and its wood is used for rollers and teeth of wheels in machinery. Dogwood {Cornv^ Florida), is a small tree seldom attaining thirty feet in height ; ite bark is used as a tonic and astringent, and ite wood is hard, heavy, fine-grained and easily polished. The Dogwood of the Pacific coast, C. Nuttallii, attains a greater size than the preceding, and ite wood is used similarly to Boxwood for carving and engraving. P 45 The Akbutus (ArbvUm Meyizesii), belongs peculiarly to the Pacific coasts occurting on Vancouver and the neighbouring islands, but never far from the sea. It is a very handsome evergreen, but js tender, and is very quickly affected by severe weather. It varies in size from a medium sized tree of fifty feet, with a trunk eighteen inches to two leet in diame- ter, to a shrub according to locality. The wood is white, close-grained, heavy, and very nearly resembles Boxwood, and is used for the same purposes as the latter, which, together with its scarcity, makes it valuable. Tub Ash {Fraxinus) is an elegant tree in growth, its branches diverging from the stem like the branches of a chandelier, diminishing in length with great regularity as they proceed upwards. The twigs end very abruptly. There are several species of the Ash in Canada, and the wood differs, more from difference of soil and situation, than that of any other tree. It is highly esteemed for its strength, suppleness and elasticity? and is used for cabinet work, farm implements, oars, barrel staves and hoops, and is employed in carriage building and in the manufacture of sleighs. Narrow strips of it are largely used in basket-making. The White Ash, {Fraxinvs Americana), is a tree of from sixty to eighty feet in height, with a trunk from four to six feet in diameter, its wood is light, tough and very strong. The Red Ash {F. Pubescens), is a medium-sized tree found on the bor- der of swamps and in low ground. Its wood is of less value than the other species. Black Ash {F. Samhucifolia), is a small or medium-sized tree found on the border of swamps and al ng low river banks. Its wood is of a brownish colour, tough and elastic, and easily separable into thin layers. Blue Ash {F. QuadrangtUata), is a large tree sixty to eighty feet high, with a trunk in proportion, and its wood equal to that of the White Ash. Green Ash {F. viridis), is a small tree growing along streams or in low grounds ; its wood is tough and very elastic. Sassafras {Sassafras Officinale), is a small-sized tree with a white or reddish wood, according to the soil in which it grows, light, very durable, and slightly aromatic, but very little used. The roots, and especially their bark, enter largely into commerce., and afford a powerful aromatic stimulant The oil of sassafras distilled from the roots Is largely employed The Elm ( Ulmus), when growing in the open clearing with a full supply of light and air, is one of the handsomest Canadian trees. The main trunk dividing into several leading branches, which continue to grow upward, dividing and sub-dividing into long flexible, pendulous branches, which again bend and float lightly in the air, give to this tree abroad and somewhat flattened top of regular proportion and great beauty. When growing in the forest, it is one of the most lofty trees, with a remarkably straight, round trunk, without a branch till neai the top, which is small for the height of the tree. The elm prefers low, humid, and heavy soil along the banks of r'vers, or borders of swamps. Its wood has less strength than the oak, and less elasticity than the ash, but it is tougher and less likely to split, bearing the driving of bolts and nails better than any other timber. It is used for the gunwales and blocks of ships, for the 46 ijarria^es of cannon, and by wheelwriglita for \\ apgon making, being especially useful for the hubs of wheels. As timber, its boards are not much tijsed, but they are very serviceable about mills, waterways, or for any purpose beneath the water line. The various sixnuea are the AVhite or Swamp Elm, ( Uhmm Americana), from GO to 80 feet high, with a trunk ■6 to 8 feet in diameter, nourishing in dforring a dry soil. Its wootl is very similar to that of the Shell-bark. The White-heart Hickory {Carya tomentosa), also prefers dry rocky or stony land, and is occasionally found along the gra- velly banks of streams. It« Wocxl is nmch the same as all the other liickories. Tiiw Oak (Qucrcm), of Canada is inferior in the quality of its timber to the British oak, but its wood is of gnmt strength, weight, and durability- It is far less lofty than the pin(^, and has no pretensions to tl»o Ixiauty of the elm, but as an emblem of robust vigour, it stands at the head of all the tn^es of the forest Its wood is in grtmt rtvpiest for agri(;ultural implements, boat and shiplmiUling, carriages, sleighs, and for cooiK»rage puri)08twj ; also for railway tics, i)()sts, pih^s, and for fuel. The Whitt» Oak {Qiurpus alba), is a large tree, 00 to 80 feet in height, and IxMugof the very first economic value, and superior to all oth(^r oaks in the (luality and value of its wooil, ranks high. This H|KV'ies has the peculiarity of tena- ciously holding on its dried leaver' during the winter season. Its wood is light-<;olounHl, strong, elastic, heavy, and «lural)le ; is largely employinl in cakingofl of a small the coast ol foot in diair ^nd takos a and is sent Tub Will from being from the faci used by wlio eliwticity anc tnmted are u profitable bn The Common »row8 along ( / 'ho forest it • '^ported a3 abundant r? '^^ «"^l found X- ^^'^^''^ J^irch r7 ■iflB Alder fj7„,. . '^^ fencing anr? f ;;f ^ «ma]I troo on V«? ^^'^'^ ^'-^^""^ i?Z W? ' ^"^ ^*^^ »»o fin^ "lastidly and Arm 1 ' '"^ '""'''y orti.'l « „n """'• ^l^ 'vo«l I^ !l? 50 Columbia species, much like the previous one. S. Lncida is common through Canada and is more of a shrub than a tree. ^S". Nigra, the Black Willow, is the largest in growth, often attaining thirty to forty feet in height, and the trunk, when the tree has been subject to pollarding, attains a great thickness. It is a universal tree. Poplar (Popultu^), of which several species abound, is the most widely diffused tree of North America, but is most abundant all through and over the West and North- West. Its wood is of no great value except for ornamental purposes, although it is occasionally used in the manufacture of carriages and sleighs, and as charcoal for smelting purposes. Spools and bobbins are mado from it, an industry that is growing, and paper is now being made from Poplar wood shavings reduced to pulp, an industry that bids fair ere long to assume large proportions. The Poplar is one of the principal trees in the North-West. The Narrow-leaved Poplar (P. Angustifolid) of the Pacific coast is a medium-sized tree, not much known, ^its wood being of little value. The Balsam Poplar, or Balm of Gilead, (P. Balsamifera) is well known from its aromatic smell in spring when the buds are opening, the odour being especially perceptible in the evening, or before and after rain. It is a large tree, but its wood is very brittle and of little use. The large toothed Poplar (P. GrandicLcntata) is a medium-sized tree from seventy to eighty feet high, with a trunk some- ti'tnei? tw^ feet in diameter. Its wo makers. Considerable wood ptilp in shoots is dried on cylinders as it leaves the wet machine, when it is used as pulp-board for making paixjr-boxes and band-bbxoB without any otlior admixture. The choniical jjrocoss nvjuiros a lar>;o investment of capital and gnmt skill and exjxjrienco to kiuUo a gtMxl article, whilst the mechanical pro- cess only requin^s huuiU outlay and biit liltlo (oles are bn 61 tightly and boiledac orcding to the wood used at a pressure of from 90 to 120 lbs. of steam for from eight to twelve hours. When properly cooked the steam is blown oflf and the boiler emptied into a drainer witli a per- forated bottom, which allows the liquor to run off into tunks below, after which the pulp is carefully washed to carry off all trace of alkali, and th liquor after being passed through a " recovery furnat« " loaves a black soda ash which is as good as new for working again. The pajwr-maker mixes the wootl pulp with rag pulp in a proportion of forty to sixty per cent, according to the standard and quality of papers required. CHARCOAL. Charcoal burning is an industry which is local in its character, but yet which finds employment for quite a numerous class. It is largely used for smelting and domestic purposes. The last census returns only enu- merate 32 places where this material is made and 83 hands employed therein ; but there are large quantities of it prepared of which no record is given in addition. At the St. Maurice forges, at L'Islet, Batiscan, lliver au Vaches, and Bay St. Paul in the Province of Quel)ec, largo quantities of charcoal are consumed, and at Woodstock, in New Brunswick, and Londonderry in Nova Scotia, charcoal burning is a necessary concomitant of the blast furnaces. In the Geological Survey Reports of 1874, Mr. Harrington states that in Yamaska County alone at the St. Francis fur- nace, from 1st Decemlx^r to the 1st April, 50 wood cutters and 6 carters were employetl cutting and drawing wood to the ovens, and in addition to the foreman 7 men wore employed at the kilns and 7 at the furnace, all engaged in charcoal preparation. A cord of dry wood gives from 50 to 60 bushels of charcoal, the wood used being both hard and soft, (one- third of tho former and two-thirds of the latter) consisting of maple, birch, hemlock, spruce, l)eech, j)ine and balsam. Tho soft woooy\n accumulated forward them to thei various hop grtiwers atrcording to onh^rs roce'ved from them. It is impossible to give the details of this trade, as in the Customs returns hop I)oleB are bracketed wiiii telegraph and hou{> poles. 62 yOKEST ENEMIES. INSECTS AFFECTING FOREST TREES. Mr. W. Saunders, of London, Ontario, the well-known entomolc^ist, states that forest trees in every locality, in common with all other vege- table growths, are more or less liable to the depredations of insects. Insignificant frequently in size, tliey make up in numbers what they lack in individual power. Some attack the roots, feeding upon or boring into them, and thus sap the foundations of the tree's existence, others burrow under the bark, eating out channels or galleries through the sap M'ood, materially interfering with the flow of sap, or girdling the tree and so causing its death. Others, diminutive in size, attack the 8muo;.her bark of the twigs and branches, and puncturing their surface, suck the sap, tlie life of the tree ; others burrow into the terminal shoots and cause their death, while a large army of others feet! openly on the leaves, consuming their substance, and materially retard the growth of the trees they attack. FOREST FIRES. Fires raging season after season through the forest have caused a greater and more irreparable destruction than ail the devastation caused by the combined lumber industries. Many of these fires are caused by careless- ness, neglect, or utter indiflerenca Fire is in every country the greatest enemy of the forest, especially the pine forest, on account of its resinous and inflammable nature. Once fairly started, man is powerless to extin- guish it. It sweeps onward as long as it can find food to consume, leap- ing over rivers, and is only brought to bay when it reaches lakes or rocky barren ground where there is nothing to burn. The first efiect of these fires is the total destruction of the pine seedlings, which together with the younger growth are not strong enough to resist the efiect of the scorching to which they were exixwsed. Another eflfect leading pecuniarily to enor- mous losses is the arrest of the growth in the trees exi)osotl to these I'on- flagrations. Another most ixsmii-ious ott^ect resulting from the recurring fires is the total destruction of every particle of organic matter in the surface soil reducing it to a state of arid, barren sand of absolute sterility I I f I CATTLM. The injuries resulting to the forest from the inroads of live stock are scarcely less destructive to its i)ro8orvation than that sustained by fire. The unrestricted pasturing of cattle ttMids slowly but surely to its final destruction. The direct injuries result from the browsing and eating of the tender plants in their youngest stat<\ and of the young shoots ; the tearing, bnmking and tratnpling down of the small growth, tending to its mutilation and decay, or lieing kille Maonidbs, Ant. Qen. Manaser and Inspector. II. V. Mbridith. Ant. Inspeotor. A. B. Buchanan, Secretary. In Canada. MoQtreal, B. 8. Olouston. Manacer. '8, Ont. Hamilton, Ont. P' ^ Hope, Ont irille. L.A.autfora, t. Kingston, " Lindsay. Qudbec, Que. Kegina, Asiiniboia, N. W.T. Bro«kTille, M London, " Sarniu, Ont. Chatham, II Monotun, N-B. Stratford, " Ohatham, N.B. Ottawa, Ont. St. John, N. B. Cornwall, Ont. Perth, St. Marj-'s, Ont. ierioh. •> Peterboro' " Toronto, ilph, H.aifax. u N.S. Pioton, Winnipeg, Mao. ChieoffOf In Oreat Britain. LONDON : Bank of Montreal, 22 Abohuroh Lane, B.C. 0. AsHWOBTH. Manager. London CommitUe: B. H • Kino, Esq. , Chairman. BOBBRT UlIXRSPIB, Esq. In the United Statet. New York : Walter Watson it Alex. Lang^ Wall Street. Bank of Montreal, W Munro, Manager. R. Y. Hebden, Assistant Manager. Bankers in Great Britain. London, Tho Bank of England. The Union Bank of London, ThftLondon A Weitminstc Bank. Liverpool. The Bank of Liverpool. Sootlitnd. The British Linen Co. and Branches. Bankers in the United States. New Yoi^. Tho Bank of New York, N. 11. A. The Merchants National Bank. BontoH- The Mcrohants National Bank . Btiffnlo. Bank of Commerce in Buffalo. •Van Fntnciteo- The Bank of British Columbia. Colonial and Foreign Correapondents. St. Johns, N. F. ; The Bank of Newfoundland. BritUh Columbia : The Bank of British Columbia. Nmo Zealand • The Bank of New Zealand. 27,24(','i72 TO THE UNITED STATES & CANADxi. The Steamers are despatched as follows : — liimERPOOI^ GLASGOW, I^ONDONDERRY, <|lJEi:]NSTOWN and T.0MI>01ir, TO QUEBEC, HAI.IFAX, BOSTOTT, PORTI.A]!irB, BAI.TIMORE and PSIIiAI>EL.PHIA. EVEBY WEEK THBOUaHOUT THE YEAB. Saloon la to 18 Qulneas. Return Tickets available for twelve months, 26 and 30 Qulneas. Intermediate and Steerasre at Lowest Bates. Special Throuerh Bates to Inland Points. Twenty oubio feet of Luggairo allowed each Saloon and ten onbio feet each Intermediate and Steerago Passenger ; any excess ohurgud at the rate of One Shilling per foot. Saloon BiifLhs can bo Bccurcd upon payment of a deposit of £5 oaoh berth. Holders of Return Tickets can secure Berths upon their exchanging same for Ordinary PaMsage Tickets. THE "ALLAN" LINE ILLUSTRATED GUIDE, Bmbracing particulars of " Summer Tour " and " Roand Trip " Tidkets", ('istributed free to applicants. The Steamers of this Lino iitford the greatest amount of oomfort to all classes of Passengers, being furnished with every modern improvement. The voyage to Quebec has dist inguisned reoommendHtions as compared with the other routes to tho American Continent. From land to land the average passage is not more than six days. Once within the Strail.s of Bullo Isle, ocean travelling is ov(3r. and for hundreds of miles tlio steamer proceeds, first through tiie Gulf, and then through thu magnifioent River St. Lawrence. This is an immouse advantage. Purtioutara can be obtained from CAUO. SCHiMIDT AGO. Antwerp { KIGIIARI) BUIJNS. 1.T2 Avenue do Oommeroe. / J. P. BUST & CO., Canal St. Pierre. iSPIRO & CO., 38 Admiralitat Strasse. R. CARL, 20 Broomthoriiuai. C. IIUOO. „„....». FiSCll KR A BEIIMER, Schusselkorb No. 8. ■>i-t..n». ^ IIKNRI RUPPEL & SON. Kotteraam ^ ^, (HLKKRMEBSTEH, G Bolwork. Amntordam .BRU INXIKR A CO. ALLAN KROTIIEHS & CO Jamhh Brnam, Livrrpoou ALLAN BROrHEKS & CO., Fovi.k SritKBr, liONixiNDBRRY. J. A A. ALLAN, 70