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Les diagrammes sulvants lllustrent la mAthode. y errata Id to nt le pelure, Qon A ■ f 1 2 i 3 32X t 2 3 4 5 6 8B. J. Sage ^ (£00 €bnrationai <§tru0. a?iis: COMMONLY OCCUKRING WILD PLANTS OF CANADA, AND HOBS EBPEGIALLT OV » THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. A FLORA FOR THE USE OF BFQINNER8. BT H. B. SPOTTON, M.A., F.L.S., pant. OP BARKIB COLL. INST., Authw qf ** Tht Elements c/ Structural Botany,* SECOND EDITION. W. J. GAGE & COMPANY, 'iQtVO>TO I Entered, according to Act of Parliament, in the Office of the Minister of Agricultuie, in the year of our Lord 1884, by W. J. Gage & Co., Toronto. i CONTENTS. or Prefaoe .... • •• •• •• •• •• •• •• f How to use the Key and the Flora ^| Key to the Orders " . Flora .*— Flowering or Phanerogamous Plants j Exogens, or Dicotyledons i Angiosperms • Polypetalons Exogens i Gamopetaloos " m Apetalous " ., joj Gymnosperms .. ,^120 Endogens, or Monocotyledons 128 Spadiceous Endogens 3^23 Petaloideous " jgB Glnmaceons " 289 Flowerless or Cryptogamons Plants ^46 Acrogeiis j^^ ^*«* '.'.m PREFACE. A few words will not be out of place by way of preface to the List of Common Canadian Plants contained in the fol- lowing pages. It will be observed that the List is confined to wild plants, the exclusion of cultivated Species having been determined on, partly because of the difficulty of know- ing where to stop, when an enumeration of them has once been entered upon, and partly because it was thought that, on the whole, more important results would be attained by directing attention exclusively to the denizens of our own woods and fields. What is really desired is, to create among our young people an interest in the Botany of Canada, and it seems not unreasonable to hope that this end may bo better attained by placing within their reach some such handy volume as the present, dealing only with such plants as grow spontaneously within our limits. The great majority of the plants described have been per- sonally examined, and their occurrence verified, by the writer, his observations having been directed to what may fairly be regarded as representative districts of the older Provinces, but special acknowledgments are also due to Prof. Macoun, of the Geological Survey, for the free use of his valuable notes, and other friendly assistance. Whilst diligence has been exercised that no commonly occurring plant should be omitted, yet it can hardly be that such oiTissions do not occur, and the writer will be most grateful to any observers into whose hands the List may come, if they will kindly draw his attention to any such defects, so that they may be remedied in subsequent editions. The Classification and Nomenclature adopted are very n PREFAoa. nearly those of the Fifth Edition of Dr. Oray^B Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, and the writer most gratefully acknowledges the great assistance he has received from the admirable descriptions in that work. Except in a very general way, no attempt has been made to define the limits of the range of the various Species, as observations tend to show that the range, in many cases, is undergoing constant alteration from various causes. When, however, a Species has appeared to be confined to a particular locality, mention has been made of that fact, but, as a rule, Species known to be of rare occurrence have been excluded. Characters considered to be of special importance in the determination of the various Species have been emphasized by the use of italics, and where the Species of a Genus, or the Genera of an Order, are numerous, a system of group- ing according to some prominent character has been adopted, so as to reduce the labour of determination as much as possible. To assist the non-classical student, names which might be mispronounced have been divided and accentuated, the divi- flion having no reference whatever to the etymology of the words, but being simply based upon their sound when prop- erly pronounced. It need hardly be added that the writer's Elements op Structural Botany is designed to be the constant com- panion of the present Flora, in the hands of the young student, for the explanation of such technicalities as he may not have previously mastered. Babrib, November, 1883. HOW TO USE THL KEY AND THE FLORA. Assuming that the student has carefully read the Intro ductory part of this work, and is familiar with the ordinary botanical terms, and the chief variations in plant-structure as there set forth, it should, with the aid of the accompany- ing Key, be a very simple task to Befer to its proper Family any Canadian wild plant of common occurrence. To illus- trate the method of using this Key, let us suppose that spec- imens of the following plants have been gathered, and that it is desired to ascertain their botanical names, that is, the name of the Genus and the Species of each : — Red Clover, Strawberry, Blue Flag, and Cat-tail Flag. All of these produce flowers of some kind, and must there- fore be looked for under the head of Flowering, or Phan- erogamous Plants. With the specimen of Red Clover in hand, and the book open at page xi., we find that we have first to determine whether our plant is Exogenous or not. The veining of the leaves suggests that it is so ; and this impression is confirmed by the fact that the parts of the flower are in fives. Then, is the plant an Angiosperm ? As the seed will be found en- closed in an ovary, wo answer — Yes. Has the plant both calyx and corolla ? Yes. Are the parts of the corolla sepa- rate ? Here a little doubt may arise ; but suppose we auswer — Yes. Then our plant will be found somewhere among the PoLYPBTALOUS ExoGENS. Proceeding with the enquiries suggested under this heading : — Are the stamens more than twice as many as the petals ? We find that they are not. Tom then to the heading marked B, page ziii., ** stamens not vii fill HOW TO UBB THB KBT AND THB FLOtlA. more thnn twice naniRiiTaa Che petnla.** Under this we find two subordinate headings, deaij^nated by asterisks * and **. The first of these is not applicable to our plant. Under the second, marked thus **, we find two minor headings, designat- ed by daggers,-*- and •♦- •♦-. The first of these, ** Corolla irreg- ular j" is clearly the one we want. We have now, therefore, five Families to select from. We cannot choose any one of the first four, because our plant has ten stamens, but the char- acters of the fifth are precisely the characters exhibited by Clover. Our Clover, therefore, belongs to the Order Leoumi- oSiE. Turning to page 30, and running through the * * Synopsis of the Genera" as there given, we observe that No 2, Trifo- LiUM, is the only Genus in which the flowers are in heads. Clover answers the description in the other respects also — viz. : "leaves of three leaflets," and "stamens diadelphous." The only question then remaining is, which Species of Trifolium have we in hand? Turning to page 31, we find we have three Species to choose from. No. 2, Trifolium praiense^ is the only one of them with purplish jlowen, Trifolium pratense must, consequently, be the botanical name we are looking for. Possibly the observer may decide that the parts of the corolla are not separate from each other, because in pome instances it is really a doubtful question. He must then turn to page xvii., and under Division II., Gamopetalou3 ExoGENS, he must pursue his inquiries as before. Is the calyx superior ? Plainly not. Proceed then to the heading B, •• Cniyx inierior.** Are the stamens more than the lobes of the corolla ? Yes. Then the choice of the six Orders in the Section marked ^ is easily made as before, and the plant ia referred to LEGUMiNOSiE. Now let us take the Strawberry. As with Clover we de- cide without diflBculty that the plant is an Exogen. The carpels are separate, and produce aclienes in fruit ; the plant m st, therefore, b^ an Angiosperm. And there is no doubt HOW TO USB THE RBT AND THB FT.ORA. that it is PolypetalouB. Ai the stamens are very numer. ous it must come under the section marked 4.. Under this section we have three subordinate heading?, .narked by one, two, and three astoriaks, respectively. The stamens are clearly inserted on the calyx, and so our plant must be found uiidor the heading marked **. Without hesitation, we refer it to the Order Rosacea. Turning to page 34, we find fourteen Genera to select from. A very little considera- tion will show us that No. 8, Fuaoauia, is the Oenus we must fix upon. Referring to page 39, we have to choose be- tween two species, Virginiana and vescaf and the choice is found to depend upon such obvious characters as to furnish no difficulty. The leaves of Blue Flag are straight-veined ; the parts of the flower, also, are in threes. We therefore decide that the plant is Endogenous, and on turning to page xxiii., we find tnree Divisions of Endogans. The Flag clearly belongs to Division II., Petaloideous Endogens. Then, is the peri- anth superior or inferior ? Clearly the former. Next, are the flowers dioecious or perfect ? Clearly perfect. And as the flower has three stamens, it must belong to the Order iRiDACEiE, described on page 132. The Genus is at once seen to be Iris, and as only one Species is mentioned, it is pro- bably the one we have in hand — Iris versicolor. The Cat -tail Flag is also manifestly Endogenous, from the veining of the leaves. But it is not a Petaloideous Endogen. The flowers are collected on a more or less fleshy axis at the top of a scape. It therefore belongs to the Spadiceous Division, in which there are four Orders. The only practi- cal question is, whether our plant belongs to Arace^e or TYPHACBiE, On the whole, we choose the latter, and find our decision confirmed on reading the fuller account of the two Orders on pages 123 and 124. The Genus is immediately lieen to be Tyfha, and the Species latifolia. X now TO USB THB KBT AND THB FLORA. These examples need not be extended here ; but the begin- ner is recommended to run down, in the same manner, a few plants whose names he already knows. If successful in these attempts, he will naturally acquire confidence in his deter- minations of plants previously unknown to him. 1 1 t ill STEi-^ TO TBI FAMILIES OR ORDERS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK. SERIES L PHANEROGAMS. Plants producing true flowers and seeds. CLASS L DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. Distinguished ordii a.nly by having net-veined leaves, and the parts of the flowers in fours or fives, very rarely in sixes. Wood growing in rings, and surrounded by a true bark. Cotyledons of the embryo mostly two. SUB-CLASS L ANGIOSPERMS. Seeds enclosed in an ovary. DIVISION L POLYPETALOUS EXOGENa Two distinct sets of Floral Envelopes. Parts of tho ooroUa MpMfttt from Moh other. xn tfit to THE ORDfiR& A. Stamens more thna tw^ice as many as the petals. ♦ Stamens hypogynons (inserted on the receptacle). +- Pistil apocarpous (carpels separate from each other). RANUNCULACEiE. — Herbs. Leaves generally decompound or much dissected. Anonace^. — Small trees. Leaves entire. Petals 6, in 2 sebS. .. .« .. .. .. .. .. MagnoliacEuE. — Trees. Lraves truncate. Fruit resem- bling a cone. MENiSPERMACEiE. — Woody twiners. Flowers dioecious. Leaves peltate near the edge. . . . . Brasenia, in Nymph^acb^. — Aquatic. Leaves oval, peltate ; the peti- ole attached to the centre. . . Malvace^. — Stamens monadelphous. Calyx persistent. Ovaries in a ring. Podophyllum, in Berbebidace^. — Calyx fugacious. Leaves large, peltate, deeply lobed. Fruit a largo fleshy berry, 1-cellcd. 2 6 6 6 8 22 +- Hh Pistil syncarpous. (Stigmas^ styles^ placentce, or ctllst more than one.) Actsea, in Eanunculack«!, might be looked for here. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Leaves compound Nymph^ace^. — Aquatics. Leaves floating, large, deeply cordate. Sabraceniaceje. — Bog-plants. Leaves pitcher-shaped. PAPAVEBACEiE. — Juicc red or yellow. Sepals 2, caducous. ^ CAPFABiDACEiE. — CoroUa cruciform, but pod 1-celled. Leaves of 3 leaflets 8 9 9 U KET TO THB ORDERS. ItUl HYPEMCACEiE. — Leaves transparent-dotted. Stamens usually in 3, but sometimes in 5, clusters . . CiSTACE^. — S^^pals 5, very unequal, or only 3. Ovary I- celled, with 3 parietal placentae. , , , , Malvace^. — Stanens monadelphous, connected with the bottom of the petals. Calyx persistent. Ovaries in a ring. .. .. . . .. .. TiLiACE^. — Trees. Flowers yellowish, in small hanging cymes, the peduncle with a leaf-like bract at- tached. • • 17 16 22 23 ♦ ♦ Stamens perigynoua (ineeried on the calyx J, Portulaca, in PoRTULACACE^. — ^Low herbs, with fleshy leaves. Sepals 2, adhering to the ovary beneath. Pod opening by a lid. RcsACEiE. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit apo- carpous, or a drupe, or a pome , 21 34 • * ♦ Stamens epigynous (attached to the ovary). Nymphsea, in NYMPafflACE^E. — Aquatic. Leaves floating. Flowers white, large, with numerous petaU gradually passing into stamens. . . . . . . . , 8 B. Stamens not more than twice as mauj as the petals. • Stamens just as many as the petals, and one stamen in front oj each petal, Berberidace^. — Plant dull-purple. Leaves decompound. Anthers opening by uplifting valves. . . , , 7 PoETULACACE^. — Sepals 2. Styles 3-clcft. Lea.es 2, fleshy 21 .ny EST TO THB OBDBB& ViTACRaiS. — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils. Calyx minute. RuAMNACEiE. — Shrubs, not climbing. «« « ^%ysimachia, in ^BiMULACEiE, is occasionally polypetalous. Flowers yel- low, in axillary spikes ; the petals sprinkled with purplish dots. •• •• •• .. .. 26 27 81 ■^ ;^ * Stamens either just as many as the petals and alternate with ihemt or not of exactly the same number. -¥- Corolla irregular, PuMABiAOEJE. — Corolla flattened and closed. Stamens 6. nTiolacejb. — Corolla 1 -spurred. Stamens 5. Pod with 3 9 15 25 rows of seeds on the walls. 8alsaminace^. — Corolla 1 -spurred, the spur with a tail. Stamens 5. Pod bursting elastically PoLYGALACRffl.— Lower petal keel-shaped, usually fringed at the top. Anthers 6 or 8, 1 -celled, opening at the top. Pod 2-celled. 29 Leguminosje. — Corolla papilionaceous. Filaments often united. Ovary simple, with one parietal placenta. Leaves compound 30 i 'i--i-Corolla regular, or nearly so. 1. Calyx superior {i.e., adherent to the ovary, wholly or partially), (a) Stamens perigynous (inserted on (he calyx), Cratsegns, in EosAOEJS. --Shrubs. Stamens occasionally from 5 to 10 only. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit drupe- like, containing 1-6 bony nutlets, •• •• 34 ii ;'' ute. 26 ••• 27 yel- irith • • 81 nate with 6. 9 ^3 • • 15 lil. • • 25 jed at • • 29 ;en ka. KEY TO THB ORDERS. Xl Saxifraoace^. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentoe. . . 41 KAMAMELACSii:.— Shrubs. Stamens 8 ; styles 2. Flowers yellow, in autumn. . , , . . . . • • • 44 HALORAGEiE. — Aquatics. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles or ses- sile stigmas 4. . . . . . . . • . . 44 OxAGRACEiE. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Stigmas 2 or 4, or capitate. 45 Lythrace^. — Calyx apparently adherent to, but really free from, the ovary. Stamens 10, in 2 sets. Leaves mostly whorled 46 (5) Stamens ejngynovs (on the ovary, or on a disk which covers the ovary), Euonymus, in CelastracEuE. — Shrub, with 4-sided branchletSj not climb- ing. Leaves simple. Pods ciimson when ripe. Calyx not minute . . . . . . 27 Umbelliferje. — Flowers chiefly in compound umbels. Calyx very minute. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded. 47 Araliace^. — Umbels not compound, but sometimes pan- icled. Stamens 5. Styles usually more than 2. Fruit berry-like. 50 CoRNACKfi. — Flowers in cymes or heads. Stamens t. Style 1 51 2. Calyx inferior (i.e., free from the ovary). fa) Stamens hypogynous (on the rec^tacle), Cruciffjijs. — Petals 4. Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod 2-celle(l. ,, , 10 XVI KEY TO THE ORDERS. Hi CiSTACEiE. — Petals 3. Sepals 6, very unequal ; or only 3. Pod partly 3-celled Dboserace^. — Leaves radical, beset with reddish glandu- lar hairs. Flowers in a 1-sided raceme Elodes, in HYPHRlOAOEiB. — Leaves with transparent dots. Stamens 9, in 3 clusters CAEYOPHYLLACEiE. — Styles 2-5. Ovules in the centre or bottom of the cell. Stem usually swollen at the joints. Leaves opposite. . . . . . . . . LiNACE^E. — Stamens 6, united below. Pod 10-celled, 10- seeQeci* .. .. .. .. ., ^ ^ GERANiACEiB. — Stamens 5. Carpels 5, — they and the lower parts of the 6 styles attached to a long beak, and curling upwards in fruit OxALiDACB^. — Stamens 10. Pod 6-celled. Styles 5, dis- tinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night-fall. ERiOACEiE.— Anthers opening by pores at the top, or across the top. Leaves mostly evergreen, sometimes brown beneath ; but in one instance the whole plant is white (b) Stamens perigynous {plainly attached to the calyx), SAXiFRAQACEiB. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 j in one instance 4. Carpels fewer than the pet^ils Crassulace^. — Flowers symmetrical, Pod 5-angled and 5-horned .^ LYTHRACEiE. — Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx enclosing, but really free from the ovary. Leaves mostly whorled 16 17 17 19 23 23 24 26 41 43 46 (c) Stamens cUtached to a fleshy disk in the bottom of the calyx-tube. ANAOABDiACEiE. — ^Trees,or 8hrubs,not prickly. Leaves com- pound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a l-seeded drupelet . . 25 KEY TO THE ORDERS. xvu ily 3. • • 16 indu- ••• 17 3ns 9, 17 re or b the • • 19 , 10- • • 23 ower and t • 23 dig- fall. 24 3ross own it is • 1 26 lOUt e4. • • 4] and • • 43 'ng, 3tly • • 46 CsLASTRACBiK. — Twining shrub. Leaves simple. Pods orange when ripe 27 SAPiNDACEiB. — Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2-winged, and leaves palmately-veined. Or^ Fruit an inflated 3-celled pod, and leaves of 3 leaflets. Styles 2 or 3. . . 28 {d) Stamens attached to the petals at their very base, Olaytonia, in PoRTULACACEiE. — Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style 3-cleft. 21 Aquifoliace^. — Shrubs, with email axillary flowers, hav- ing the parts in fours or sixes. Fruit a red berry- like drupe. Stigma sessile. Calyx minute. . . 80 DIVISION, n. GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. Corolla with the petals united together, in however slight a degree. A« Calyx superior (adherent f o the OTary). * Stamens united by their anthers^ Composite. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre. 67 LoBELiACE^. — Flowers not in heads. Corolla split down one side. . . . . . . . . 74 • * Stamens not united together in any way, +■ Stam£ns inserted on the corolla, DiPSACE^. — ^Flowers in heads, surrounded by an Involucre. Plant prickly. . . . . 67 Valebianacks. — Flowers white, in clustered cymes. Sta- mens fewer than the lobes of the coroUa. .^ 56 n i il ' \m Xviil KBT TO THE ORDBM. RuBiAOBiB. — Leaves, when opposite, with stipules ; when whorled, without stipules. Flowers, •£ in heads, without an involucre. CAPRiFOLiACBiE. — Leaves opposite, without stipules ; but, in one genus, with appendages resembling stipules. 62 -H-H Stamens not inserted on the corolla, Campanulaosjs. — Herbs with milky juice. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla 75 ERiOACEiE. — Chiefly shrubby plants. Stameua twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. 76 B. €al]rz Inferior (firee from the orary). * 8tam6na more than the lobes of the corolla, LEGUMiNOSiB. — Ovary 1-celled, with 1 parietal placenta. Sta- mens mostly diadelphous. 30 Adlumia, in FuifABiACKS. — Plant climbing. Corolla 2-8purred. ., 9 Maiyacks. — Filaments monadelphous. Carpels in a ring. 22 Ebioacbje. — Chiefly shrubby plants, with simple entire leaves. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. 76 PoLYOALACEJE. — Anthers 6 or 8, 1 -celled, opening at the top. Pod 2-ceUed. Flowers irregular; lower petal keel-shaped, and usually fringed at the top. . . 29 OxALiDACEJS. — Stamens 10, 6 of them longer. Styles 5, distinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night- fall .. 24 « • Stamens just as many as the lobes qf the corolla, one infrofU of each lobe, PBlMUjCAOBiB. — Stamens on the corolla. .Ovary 1-celled, with a free oentnJ placenta rising from ih» base. 81 ■i KRT TO THIS ORDStlS. six but, ulea. 52 8 as • • 76 ie as « • 76 Sta- • • 30 • • 9 ng. 22 tire the • • 76 the tal • • 29 6, It- • • 24 « * • StanUnf fust as many as the lobes of the coroUa, inserted on its tube alternately toith its lobes, '%' Ovaries g, separate* ApooTNACRiE. — Planta with milky juice. Anthers converg- ing round the stigmas, but not adherent to them. Filaments distinct 99 AscLEPiADACEiC. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers ad- hering to the stigmas. Filaments monadelphous. Flowers in umbels 100 •i--f- Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the style, Mentha, in Labiat^b. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic. . . 89 BoBRAGiNACEiB. — Stamens 5. Leaves alternate 93 -I- -I- 4- Ovary 1-celled; the seeds on the walls. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. — Stamcns 6, exserted. Style 2- cleft. Leaves lobed and cut- toothed 95 Gentian ACE^. — Leaves entire and opposite ; or (in Men- yanthes) of 3 leaflets. «• •• •• •• 98 •4— I--I-+- Ovary vfith B or more eelli, AqtriFGLiACEiE. — Shrubs. Corolla almost polypetalous. Calyx minute. Fruit a red berry-like drupe. Parts of the flower chiefly in fours or sixes. . . 80 Plantaoinachle. — Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled. Flowers in a close spike ; 80 Verbascum, in ScBOPHULABiACKS. — Corolla nearly regular. Flowers in a long terminal spike. Stamens 5 ; the filaments, or some of them, woolly 84 PoLEUONiACEiE.— Style 3-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube. Pod 3-ceUed, few-seeded ; seeds smalL •• •• •• • • •-• itl K«Y TO THB onnERS. I 111 CoNVOLvuLACBJ!.— Style 2-cleft. Pod 2-oelled, generally 4-8eeded ; aeeda large. Chiefly twining or trailing plants 06 SoLANACEjfi. — Style single. Pod or berry 2-celled, many- seeded 97 • ♦ • ♦ Stamenf ^wer than (he lohea of the corolla ; the corolla mostly irregular or 2-lij^ped. Labiatjs. — Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the style. Stamens 4 and didj'aamous, or occasionally only 2 with anthers. Stem square. » • 89 VBRBBNACEiE. — Ovary 4-celled, but not lobed ; the style ribing from the apex. Or, Ovary 1-celled and 1- seeded. Stamens didynamous. . . . . . . 88 LENTiBULACEiS. — Aquatics. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta. . . . . . . 83 OROBANCHACEiE. — Parasitic herbs, without green foliage. Ovary 1-celled, with many seeds on the walls. Sta- mens didynamous 83 ScROPHULAB-iACE^. — Ovary 2-celled, with many seeds. Sta- mens didynamous, or only 2. . • .. .84 DIVISION in. APETALOUS EXOGENS. Corolla (and sometimes calyx also) wanting. A. Flovren not In Catklna* • Calyx superior (f.«. adherent to the ovary), SAXXTRAGAOEiE. — Small, smooth herbs, with inconspicuous greenish-yellow flowers. Stamens twice as many as the oalyx-lobes, on a conspicuoua disk. •• 41 IH-.,. KEY TO THS OBDER& XXI enerally trailing 96 , many- •• • • 97 i; the corolla e style. y only 2 • • • 89 le style and 1- • • • 88 .-celled, • • • 83 foliage. Is. Sta- > . . 83 Is. Sta- • 84 Haloraoeje. — Aquatics. Leaves finely dissected. Stamens 4 or 8. Ovary 4-lobed. ONAORACBiC:. — Herbs, in ditches. Stamens 4. Ovary 4- celled, 4-sided. . . ARiSTOLOCHiACEiE. — Calyx 31obed, dull purple inside. Ovary 6-celled. . . . . . . . . . . SANTALACEiC:. — Low plants with greenish-white flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx-tube prolonged, and form- ing a neck to the 1 -celled nut-like fruit EiiiKAGNACE^. — Shrubs with scurfy leaves. Flowers dice- cioua. Calyx 4-parted, in the fertile flowers appar- ently adherent to the ovary, and becoming fleshy in fruit. • * Calyx inferior (plainly free from the ovary). +■ Ovaries more than one and separate from each other, RANUNCULACEiB. — Calyx present, coloured and petal-like. Achenes containing several seeds, or only one. . . RuTAOEiE. — Prickly shrubs, with compound transparent- dotted leaves, and dioecious flowers. . . . . 44 46 101 108 107 2 25 ^-i- Ovary only one, hvJt with more than one cell, Crassulace^. — Herbs, in wet places. Pod 5-celled and 6- horned 43 PHYTOLACOACEiE. — Herbs. Ovary 10-celled and 10-seeded. 102 EuPHORBiACEii:. — Herbs. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed, protruded on a long pedicel. Juice milky. 108 Sapindaceje. — Trees. Ovary 2-celled and 2-lobed. Fruit two 1-seeded samaras joined together. Flowers polygamous 28 Rhamnace^. — Shrubs. Ovary Scelled and 3-seeded; form- ing a berry 27 zxii KEY TO THE ORDEReL UKTiCACJUiB. — Trees. Leaves simple. Ovary 2 celled, hut fruit a 1 -seeded samara winged all round. Btigmas % 110 -r--*- -i- Ovary only onet l-celied and 1 -seeded. PoLTGONACEJ!:. — Herbs. Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes 104 URTiOACEiC;. — Herbs. Stigma one. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spikes or racemes. No chaff-like bracts among the flowers. Or, stigmas 2 ; leaves pal- mately-compound 110 AMARANTACEiB. — Herbs. Flowers greenish or reddish, in spikes, with chajf-like bracts intersjtersed. Stigmas 2. 103 CHBNOPODiACEiE. — Herbs. Flowers greenish, in spikes. No chaff-like bracts. Stigmas 2 102 Olkaceje. — Trees. Leaves pinnately-compound. Fruit a 1- seeded samara. . . . . . . . . 101 Urticacb^. — Trees. Leaves simple. Fruit a 1 seeded sa- mara winged all round. . , . . . . . . 110 Lausace^. — Trees. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6, petal- like. Stamens 9, opening by uplifting valves. . . 107 Thymbleace^. — Shrubs with leather-like bark, and jointed branchlets. Flowers perfect, preceding the leaves. Style thread-like 107 B« Flowers In catkins. • Sterile or staminate flowers only in ccUhins, JuGLANDACBiE.— Trees with pinnate leaves. Fruit a nut with a husk 112 CuPULiFEB^. — Trees with siinple leaves. Fruit one or more nuts surrounded by an 'involucre which forms a scaly cup or bur. 113 KET TO THE ORDERS XXIU # • Both sterile and fertile Jlowera in cathinSt or catkin-lihe heads. em at • • 104 0118 or tracts pal- • t 110 h, in nas2. 103 >ike8. t • 102 fcal- L • 101 d sa- • • 110 etal- • • 107 ated ves. • • 107 SALlCACKiE.— Shrubs or low trees. Ovary l-celleIH>| KEir to tHS ORDICltS. tx\ to. Perianth inferior (free from the ornry). Alismacb^. — Pistil apocarpous; carpels in a ring or head, leaves with distinct petiole and blade SmilaC£.£. — Climbing plants, with alternate ribbed and net- veined petioled leaves. Flowers dioecious. Triglochin, in ALisMACEiE. — Rush-like marsh herbs. Flowers in a spike or raceme. Carpels when ripe splitting away from a persistent axis. LiLiACE^. — Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly 6, but in one case 4. One stamen in front of each division, the stamens similar. Trillium, in LiLiACE-as. — Perianth of 3 green sepals and three coloured T)6va.lS« •• •• •• •• «• •• ••• PoNTEDKRiACEiE. — Stamens 6, 3 long and 3 short. Perianth (blue) tubular, of 6 lobes. Aquatics JuNCACE^. — Perianth glumaceous, of similar pieces. Eriooaulonacb^. — In shallow water. Flowers in a small woolly head, at the summit of a 7-aiigled scape. Leaves in a tuft at the base. 126 133 126 134 134 138 137 139 DIVISION m. GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers without a true perianth, but subtended by thin scales called glumes. Cypetrace^. — Sheaths of the leaves not split 139 Gramink£. — Sheaths of the leaves split on the side away from the blade. 142 xxvi KBt TO USB ORDEBai SERIES n. CRYPTOGAMS. Plants without stamens and pistils, reproducing themselves by spores instead of seeds. CLASS in. ACROGEKS. Stems containing vascular as well as cellular tissue. FiLicES. — Spores produced on the fronds. . . . • .^ 154 Equisetace^. — Spores produced on the under side of the shield-shaped scales of a terminal spike or cone. . . 16C Ltoofodiace^. — Spore-cases produced in the axils of the simple leaves or bracts • • • 161 ii THE COMMONLY OCCURRING WILD PLANTS OF CANADA, IKS UO&B ESPEOIALLT OV ONTABXO. SERIES I. FLOWERING OR PHANEROG'AMOUS PLANTS. Plants producing Flowers (that is to say, Stamens and Pistils, and usually Floral Envelopes of some kind), and Seeds containing an Embryo. Class L EXOGENS or DICOTYLE'DONS. (See Sections 67-60, Part L, for characters of Ciass.) SUBC3LASS I. AN'GIOSPEHMS. Seeds enclosed in a pericarp. Division I. POLYPET'ALOUS EXOGENS. Plants with flowers having both calyx and corolla, the latter consisting of petals entirely separate from es^}^ other. 0 w COMMON OANAOIAN WILD PLANTS. i ! Order I. EANUNCTTLA'CEJB. (Crowfoot Family.) Herbs or woody climbers, with an acrid colourless juice. Parts of the flower separate from each other. Corolla some- limes wanting. Stamens numerous. Pistil (with one or two exceptions) apocarpous. Fruit an achene, follicle, or berry. Leaves exstipulate, with the blades usually dissect- ed, and petioles spreading at the base. Synopsis of the Oenera. 1. Clem'atls. Real petals none or staraen-like. Coloured sepals 4 or nioie, valvate in the bud. Fruit an achene, with the long and feathery style attached. Leaves all opposite. Plant climbing by the bending of the petioles. 2. Anemo'ne. Petals none or stamen-like. Coloured (white) sepals imbricat. ed in the bud. Achenes many, in a head, pointed or tailed, not ribbed. Stem-leaves opposite or whorled, forming an involucre remote from the flower. 3 Ili'pat'ica. Petals none. Coloured sepals 6-9, whitish or bluish. Achenes many, not ribbed. Leaves all radical. An involucre of S leaves dose to the flower, and liable to be mistaken for a calyx. 4. Tlialic'truin. Petals none. Coloured sepals 4 or more, greenish. Achenes several, angled or grooved. No involucre. Stem-leaves alternate, decompound. Floweru in panicles or corymbs, mostly dioecious. 5. Ranun'ciilus. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals generally 5, each with a pit or little scale on the inside of the claw. Achenes many, in heads, short- pointed. Stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or corymbed, mostly yellow, rarely white. 6. Citl'lha. Petals none. Yellow sepals 5-9. Fruit a many-seedetl follicle. Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaped or kidney shaped, mostly crenate. Stem hollow and furrowed. 7. Cop'tii-i. Sepals 5-7, white, deciduous. Petals 5-7, yellow, with slender claws, and somewhat tub lar at the apex. Carpels 3-7, on slender stalks. Fruit a follicle. Flowers on nakfl scapes. Leaves radical, shining, divided into three wedge-shaped leaflets, sharplj^ toothed. Root fibrous, golden yellow. B. Aqiiile'gia. Sepals 5, coloured. Petals 5, each a long hollow spur. Car- pels 5. Follicles erect, many-seeded. Flowers very showy, terminating the branches. Leaves dcconipound. 9. Aclaj'n. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals 4-10, with slender claws. Stamens many, with long filaments. Fruit a mamj^xeeded berry. Flowers in a short thick raceme. Leaves decompound, leaflets sharply toothed. 10. Clnilcif'iisa. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals several, small, two-horned at the apex. Carpels 1-8, becoming pods. Flowers in long plume-UK^ stl wl tl] COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3 1. CLEM'ATIS. Virgin's Bower. C. Virginia'na. (Common Vibgin's Bower.) A woocly- stemmed climber. Flowers in panicled clusters, often dioecious, white. Leaves of 3 ovate leaflets, which are cut or lobed. Fea- thery tails of the achenes very conspicuous in the autumn. — ^Along streams and in swamps. a. ANCMONE. AneiTONY. 1. A. cylin'drica. (Long-fruited A. ) Carpels very numer- ous, in an oblong woolly head about an inch long. Peduncles 2-6, long, upright, leafless. Stem-leaves in a whorl, twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, lomj-petiokd. Sepals 5, green- ish-white. Plant about 2 feet high, clothed with silky hairs. — Dry woods. 2. A. Pennsylva'nica. (PE\^SYLVANIAN A.) Carpels fewer and the head not woolly, but pubescent nid spherical. Stem- leaves sessile, primary ones 3 in a whorl, b^t only a pair of small- er ones on each side of the flowering branches. Radical leaves 5-7 parted. Sepals 5, obovate, large and white. Plant hairy, scarcely a foot hiorh. — Low meadows. 3. A. nemoro'sa. (Wood A. Wixd-flower.) Plant not more than 6 inches high, nearly smooth, one-flowered. Stem- leaves in a whorl of 3, long-petioled, 3-5 parted. Sepals 4-7, oval, white, or often purplish on the back. — Moist places. 3. HEPAT'ICA. Liver-Leaf. Hepatica. H. acutiroba. (Sharp-lobed H.) Leaves with 3 (sometimes 5) acute lobes, appearing after the flowers. Petioles silky-hairy. — Woods in spring. V 4r. THAIilCTRUM. Meadow-Rue. 1. T. anemonoi'des. (Rue-Anemony.) Stem low. Stem- leaves all in a whorl at the top. Roots tuberous. Flowers several in an umbel, by whicli character this plant is easily distinguished from the Wood-Anemony, which it otherwise resembles. — South- westward, in spring. 2. T. dioi'cum. (Early M.) Stem smooth, pale and glau- cous, 1-2 feet high. Flowers diaeciuus, in ample panicles, purplish \i (X)UMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. I Si I i! or greenish ; the yellow'anthers drooping and very conspicuous. Leaves alternate, decompound ; leaflets with 5-7 rounded lobes. —Woods. 3. T. Oornu'ti. (Tall M. ) Stem smooth or nearly so, 2-6 feet high. Leaves sessile; leaflets very much like No. 2. Flowers white, in compound panicles ; antherff not drooping ; filaments club-shaped. — Low wet meadows, and along streams. •♦'5. RANUWCULUS. OrowpoOT. BUTTERCUP. 1. R. aqua'tilis. (WnrrBWATKR-CROWFOoT.) Foliage under water, filiform. Flowers white^ floating, each petal with a little pit on the inside of the claw. 2. R. multif idus. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.) Like No. 1, but larger, and with yellow flowers. — Ponds and ditches. 3. R. Flam'mula, var. reptans. (C« •:?ing Spearwort.) Stem reclining, rooting at the joints, only 3-6 inches long. Leaves linear, entire, remote. Flowers yellow, ^ of an inch broad. — Sandy and gravelly shores of ponds and rivers. 4. R. aborti'vus. (Small-flowered C.) Petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. Stem erect, very smooth, slender. Radical leaves roundish, crenate, petiolate ; stem-leaves 3-5 parted, ses- sile. Carpels in a globular head, each with a minute curved beak. — Shady hill-sides and wet pastures. 5. R. scelera'tus. (Cursed C.) Petals about the same length as the calyx. Stem thick, hollow, smooth. Radical leaves 3-lobe(l ; stem-leaves 3-parted, uppermost almost sessile. Head of cartels oblong. — Wet ditches. 6. R. recurva'tus. (Hooked C.) Petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute, with stiff" spreading hairs. Radical and cauline leaves about alike, long-petioled. Head of carpels globular, each with a long recurved beak. — Woods. 7. R. Pennsylva'nicus. (Bristly C.) Petals not longer than the calyx. Stem hirsute. Leaves ternately divided, divisions of the leaves stalked, unequally 3-cleft. Head of carpels oblong, with straight beaks^ and so easily distinguished from No. 6. — Wet places. el ri BOSBUUi^HUiU COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 0 8. R. re'pens. (Creeping C.) Petals much longer than the calyx. Early-flowering stems ascending, putting forth long runnen during the summer. Leaves teruate, divisions generally stalked, petioles hairy, i'eduncles furrowed. — Wet places. 9. R. bulbo'sus. (Bulbous C. Buttercup.) Petals much longer than the calyx. Stem erect, from a hulh-like base. Flow- ers an inch broad, on Jurrowed peduncles. — Pastures. Kathei rare. 10. R. a'cris. (Tall C. Buttercup.) Much taller than No. 9. Petals much longer than the calyx. Stem upright, no bulb at the base. Peduncles not furrowed. * 6. CAIj'THA. Marsh-Marigold. r 0. palustris. (Marsh-Marigold.) Stem about a foot high, hollow, round, forking, very glabrous. Flowers golden yellow, 1-H inches broad. — Swamps and wet meadows; a very conspicuous plant in early spring. ^7. COP'TIS. Goldthread. rC. trifolia. (Three-leaved Goldthread.) Low and stem- less. Scapes 1-flowered, with a single bract above the middle. Petals much smaller than the sepals. — On logs and about stumpa in cedar-swamps. tS, AQ,UILE'GIA. CoLUMBINB. t A. Canadensis. (Wild Columbine.) Stem branching, i foot or more in height, smooth. Leaves decompound ; leaflet? / j threes. Flowers nodding, scarlet outside, yellow within. — Roi xy woods and thickets. 9. ACT^'A. BanEBBRRY. 1. A. spica'ta. (Red B.) Raceme shorty breadth and 1< igth being about the same. Pedicels slender. Berries red.— Rich woods. 2. A. alba. (White B. ) Raceme longer than broad. Pedi- cels thickened in fruit, cherry -coloured. 'berries white -Sam© localities as No. 1, u i 111. i ! 'I t OOMMOM Canadian wild plants 10. CI]»nCIP'UOA. BUGBANE. C. racemo'sa. (Black Snakeroot.) Stem 3-6 fee high. Resembling a tall Acttea, but easily distinguished by its ^>lume- like raceme of white flowers. — Along Lake Erie, Order II. MAGWOLIA'CE-ffi. (Magnolia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with ulternate entire or lobed not ser- rate) leaves. Sepals 3, coloured, deciduous. PetaV G-9, de- ciduous. Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, separate ; .nthers adnate. Carpels numerous, in many rows on an eW.igated receptacle. Fruit resembling a cone. 1. MRIODEX'DRON. Tulip-Tbee. The only Canadian species is L. Tulipif'era. A large and stately tree, growing to t. great height in many parts of the western peninsula of Ontario. Leaves large, truncate, or with a shallow notch at the end. Flowers large, showy, solitary ; petals greenish-yellow, marked with orange. Fruit a dry cone, whicli, at maturity, separates into dry indehiscent fruits, like samaras. Order III. ANONA'CE-SJ. (Custard- Apple Family. ) Trees or shrubs, with alternate and entire leaves, and soli- tary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in 2 sets, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Carpels few or many, fleshy in fruit. 1. ASIM'INA. North American Papaw, The only Canadian species is A. triloba. (Common Papaw. ) Found only in the Niagara Peninsula. A small tree, not unlike a young beech in appear- ance, and forming thickets near Queenston Heights. Flowers purple, appearing before the leaves ; the 3 outer petals much larger than the 3 inner ones. Fruit 2 to 3 inches long, edible. Order IV. MENISPEEMA'CE-aS. , (Moonseed Family.) Woody twiners, with peltate alternate leaves and small dioecious flowera. Sepals and petals yellowish- white, usually 6 ni COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. e high, 3 i-./uirie. nLT.) lot ser- C-9, de- .nthers igHted f- great >i.tario. le end. narked parates i soli- Petals Is few agara »pear- 3wers much >Ie. ILY.) mall lally 6 of each, the petals in front of the sepals. Stamens nu- merous. Fruit a drupe, in appearance something like a small grape, with moon-shaped seeds. 1. MBNISPBR'MUM. MOONBBED. The only Canadian species is M. Canadense. (Canadian Moonseeu.) A twining plant, found, though not abundantly, in low grounds in rich woods. It may be pretty easily recognized by its usually 7-angled thin leaves, which are peltate near tlie edge. Fruit bluish-black. Order V. BEBBERIDA'CEJB. (Barberry Family.) Herbs (or shrubs), with alternate, petiolate, divided leaves. Sepals and petals in fours, sixes, or eights (except in the genus Podophyllum), with the petals in front of the sepals. Stamens (except in Podophyllum) as many as the petals, one before each. Anthers usually opening by a valve at the top. Fruit berry-like. 1. CAUIiOPHYL'LUM. Blub CohOSH. 0. thalictroi'des. (Blub Cohosh.) Plant 1-2 feet high, very glaucous and dull purple when young. Flowers yellowish- green, in a terminal small raceme, appearing in spring before the decompound leaves are developed. Sepals 6, with 3 little bract- lets at their base. Petals 6, thick and somewhat kidney-shaped, much smaller than the sepals. Stamens 6, one before each petal. Ovary bursting soon after the flowering, and leaving the 2 drupe- like seeds naked on their rather thick stalks. Fruit bluish, ^ of ^.n inch across. — Rich woods. a. PODOPHYli'LUM. May-Apple. Mandbakb. P. peltatum. Stem about 1 foot high. Flowerless stems with one large 7-9 lobed umbrella-like leaf, peltate in the centre ; the flowering ones with two leaves, peltate near the edge, the flower nodding from the fork. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, large and white. Stamens 12-18. Fruit large, oval, yellowish, not poisonous. — Found in patches in rich woods. The lev/ve^ ^n4 PQQte are poisooou*. I 1 r, !, '11 9 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLi^NTS. Order VI. NTTMPELEA'CE^. (Water-Lily Family.) Aquatic herbs with cordate or peltate, usually floating, leaves. Floating flowers on long immersed peduncles. Petals and stamens generally numerous. flynopala of the Oenera. 1. Bmae'nla. Sepals and petals each 8 (occasionally 4X Stamena 12-24. Leaves oval, peltate. 2. UTTinphaB'a* Sepals 4-6. Petals numerous, white, Imbricated in many rows, gradually passing into stamens, hypo!,'ynous or epigynous. Stamens epigynous. Stigmas radiating as in a Poppy-head. 8. IVn'phar. Sepals 5-6, yeUow. Petals many, small and stameo-like. Stamens under the ovary. 1. BRASB'NIA. Wateb- Shield. B. pelta'ta. Stems and under surface of the leaves coated with jelly. Leaves oval, 2 inches across, peltate. Flowers small, purplish. — Ponds and slow-flowing streams. a. NYMPH-flE'A. Wateb-Lily. 1. N. odora'ta. (Sweet-scented Water-Lily.) Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the petiole, 5-9 inches wide, often crimson underneath. Flower very sweet-scented. Ponds and slow streams. 2. N. tubero'sa. (Titber-bearinq W.) Leaves larger and more prominently ribbed than in No. 1, reniform-orbicular, green on both sides. Flower not at all, or only slightly, sweet-scented. Rootstocks producing tubers, which come off spontaneously. — Mostly in slow waters opening into Lake Ontario. ^3. NUPHAR. Yellow Pon»-Lily. 1. N. ad'vena. (Common Y. P.) Leaves floating, or emersed and erect, thickish, roundish or oblong, cordate. Sepals 6, — Stagnant water. 2. N. lu'teum. (Small Y. P.) Floating lea res usually not more than 2 inches across, the sinus very narrow or closed. Flowers bardly an inch across. Sepals 6. — ^Northward, in slow >^ater#. Or] leai witi ere^ the| tlo> ex] at OOMKOir OAKADIAN WILD PLANTS. Order VIL SARRACENIA'CE.^. (Pitcher-Plant F.) Bog-plants, easily distinguished hj their pitcher-shaped leaves, all radical. 1. SARRACE'NIA. Sidb-Saddlb Flower. S. pnrpu'rea. (Purple S. Hqntsman'sCitp.) Hollow leaves with a wing on one side, purple- veined, curved, with the hood erect and open. Sepals 6, coloured, with 3 small bractlets at the base. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved over the centre of the flower, deep purple. Ovary 5-celled, globose, the short style expanding above into a 5-angled umbrella, with a hooked stigma at each angle. Flowers on naked scapes, nodding. — Bogs. Order VIII. PAPAVEBA'CE^. (Poppy Family.) Herbs, with coloured juice and alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers polyandrous, hypogynoua. Sepals 2, ca- ducous ; petals 4-12. Stamens numerous, anthers iiitrorse. Fruit a 1-celled pod, with numerous seeds. ' . = ' , ■ • 1. CHBlilDO'NiUM. Celandine. 0. majUS. Petals 4, deciduous, crumpled in the bud. Jui e of the plant yellow. Flowt,f- buds nodding. Flowers small, yellow, in a kind of umbel. Fruit a smooth 1-celled slender pod, from which the 2 valves fall away, leaving the parietal placentas as a slender frame-work, with the seeds attached. — Waste places. a. SAIVGUINA'RIA. Blood-root. S. Canadensis. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud. Flower-buds not nodding. A stemless plant, with a thick rhizome which emits a red juice when cut, and sends up in early spring a single rounded, 5-V lobed, thickish leaf, and a 1-flowered scape. Flowers white. — Rich woods. Order IX. FCTMARIA'CEiE. (Fumitory Family.) Smooth herbs, with brittle stems, watery juice, dissected leaves and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, very small. Corolla Qftttened and closed, of 4 petals, the 2 inner united by their ti J'- ■f i-'fi 10 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. V tips over tho anthers of the C stumons. Stamens in 2 sets A 3 each ; tilamonts often united ; tho niiddle anther of each set 2-celled, the others l-coUed. Fruit a 1-celled pod, Syiio|»Ml« of the Ocurrn. 1. Adin'inin. Corolla 2-8purred. Petals all permanently united. Plant climbing. 2. Dlccn'lrn. Corolla 2-8])urrcd. Petals slightly united, easily separated. Not climbing. 8. Coryd'alls. Corolla l-spurred. Fruit a slender pod, many-seeded. * 1. ADIiU'MlA. Climbing Fumitory. A. Cirrho'sa. A smooth vine, climbing by the petioles of its decompound leaves. Flowers in axillary pendulous clusters, pale pink. — Low and shady grounds. a. DICEN'TRA. Dutchman's Breeches. 1. D. Cucullaria. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Leaves all radical, multifid ; these and the slender scape rising from a bulb-like rhizome of coarse grains. Flowers several in a raceme, whitish, spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight. —Rich woods. 2. D. Canadensis. (Squirrel Corn.) Underground shoots bearing small yellow tubers, something like grains of corn. Leaves very much as in No. 1. Corolla merely heart-shaped; spurs very short and rounded. Flowers greenish-white, fragrant. — Rich woods. 3. CORYD'AIilS. CORYDALIS. 1. 0. au'rea. (Golden Corydalis.) Stems low and spread- ing. Leaves dissected. Flowers in simple racemes, golden yellow. Pods pendulous. — Rooky river-margins and burnt woods. 2. C. glauca. (Pale Coryualis.) Stems upright, 1-4 feet high. Flowers in compound racemes, purplish tipped with yellow. Pods erect. — Rocky woods. ' Order X. CRUCIP'ER-ffl: (Cress Family.) Herbs with a pungent watery juice, alternate leaves with- out stipules, and regular hypogynoua flowers in racemes or corymbs. Pedicels without bractlets. Sepals 4, deciduoua Pel the Paj disl bei| ent Wil] of sIk] th( th( bei rat BEBi COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 11 II Petals 4, forming a croHS-shapeJ corolla, .^tamoiis 6, 2 of them shorter. Fruit a siliqne, or silicle. (See Chap. IV., Part I., for dissection of typical flower.) The genera are di8tingui.shcd l)y the pods and seeds, the flowers in all cases being much alike. The seeds are exalbuminous, consisting entirely of the embryo, which is folded up in a variety of ways. The radicle may be bent so as to lie against the edge of the cotyledons, and the seed when cut through crosswise shows this section 03 ; the cotyledons are then said to be arcumbent. Or the radicle may be folded against the back of the cotyled(;n, sliowing this cross-sectioi> ^^ , in which case the cotyledons are said to be iiicumhent ; and if, besides being incumbent, the cotyledons are doubled round the radicle thus ^^, they are then condu plicate. Hynop tyledons accumbent. f i, 12 CX)MMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTBL 9. Camerina. Flowers yellow. Pod pear shaped, pointed, Talves l-nerved Cotyledons incumbent. ■i- ■♦- Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. 10. Cnpsel'la. Flowers white. Pod obcordate-triangular, valves boat* shaped, wingless. Seeda numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. 11. Iji'.pid'liini. Flowers white or whitish. Pod roundish, very flat, the valves boat-shaped and vringed. Seeds solitary, ■^ -^ •»- Silicle fleshy, jointed. 12. CJaki'lc. Flowers purplish. Pod 2-jointed, fleshy. Leaves fleshy, Co- tyledons accumbcnt. 1. NASTUR'TIUM. Water-CbesS. 1. N. officinale. '(Water-Cress.) Flowers white. Stem spreading and rooting. Leaves pinnate: leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire. Pods oblong-linear. — Ditches and streamlets. 2. N. palustre. (Marsh Cress.) Flowers yellow. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately parted, the lobes cut-toothed. Pods ovoid. — ^Wet places. a. DENTA'RIA. TooTHWORT. Pepper-root. I. D. diphylla. (Two-leaved T.) Flowers white. Stem- leaves 2y opposite^ ternately divided. Rootstock toothed, plea- santly pungent to the taste. — Rich woods. 2. D. lacinia'ta. (Laciniate T.) Flowers purplish. Stem- leaves 3 in a whorl. Rootstock jointed, scarcely toothed. — Along streams. 3. CARDAM'INE. BiTTER Cress. L 0. rhoraboidea. (Spring Cress.) Flowers white or (in var. purpu aa) rose-purple. Xem tuberous at the base. Lower leaves rouiid-cordate ; upper nearly lanceolate ; all somewhat angled or toothed. — Wet meadows. 2. 0. pratensis. (Cuckoo-Flower. Ladies' Smock.) Flow- ers white or rose-colour, showy. Stem from a short rootstock. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 7-15, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked, entire or nearly so.— BogSw 3. 0. hirsu'ta. (Small Bitter Cress.) Flowers white, small. Root fibrous. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11, the terminal leaflets largest. Pods erect, slender, — ^Wet places. sni COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 18 Stem Pods 4. AR'ABIS. Rock Cress. 1. A. lyra'ta. (LowR.) Flowers white, twice as long as the calyx. Radical leaves clustered, pinnatifid, the terminal lobe largest ; stem-leaves scattered. Pods slender, erect, spreading. — Rocky or sandy shores. 2. A. hirsu'ta. (Hairy R.) Flowers greenish-white, small, slightly longer than the calyx. Stem-leaves many, rough, sagit- tate. Pods erect, straight. Stems 1-2 feet high, 2 or 3 from the same root. — Rooky shores and dry plains. 3. A. laeviga'ta. (Smooth R.) Flowers white, rather small. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, sagittate, clasping. Pods long and narrow, recurved-spreading. Stem glaucous, 1-2 feet high. — Dry hill-sides. Easily recognised by the pods. 4. A. Canadensis. (Sickle-Pod.) Flowers whitish, with linear petals, about twice the length of the calyx. Stem-leaves pointed at both ends, downy. Pods 2-3 inches long, scythe- shaped, hanging. Stem 2-3 feet high. A striking plant when the pods are fully formed. — Dry woods and ravines. 5. ERYS'IMU3I. Treacle Mustabd. E. cheiranthoi'des. (Worm-seed Mustard.) Flowers yellow ; inconspicuous. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed, roughish with appressed pubescence. — Waste wet places. 6. SISYM'BRIUM. Hedge Mustard. S. officinale. (Hedge Mustard.} Flowers yellow, small. Leaves runcinate. Stem 1-2 feet high, with spreading branches. — A very common roadside weed. T. BRAS'SICA. Cabbage, Mustard, Etc. 1. B. sinapis'trum. (Charlock.) Flowers bright yellow. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, it and the leaves hairy. — Too common in our grain fields. 2. B. nigra. (Black Mustard.) Flowers sulphur-yellow. Stem 3-6 feet high, round, smooth, and branching. Lower leaves lyrate. — Fields and waste places. i i 14 COMMON OANADUN WILD PLANTS. l;; 1 \ 8. DRABA. Whitlow-Grass. D. arablsans. Flowers white. Stem leafy, erectly branched, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear, minutely f^antate. Kaceme short, erect. Pods half an inch long, twisted •vhen ripe. — Kocky places. 9. CAMEL'IXA. False Flax. 1. 0. sati'va. (Common I.) Flowers yellowish. Stem 1-2 :eet high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate. Pods pear-shaped, large, margined. — In flax fields. ^ 10. CAPSEL'LA. Shepherd's Purse. <0. Bursa-pasto'ris. Flowers small, white. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid ; stem-leaves clasping, sagittate. — ^A very common weed. 11. liEPID'IUM. Peppergrass. 1. L. Virgin'icum. (Wild P.) Flowers smaW; petals present, white. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower toothed or pinnatifid, tapering towards the base. Pods marginless or nearly so, oval or orbicul- ar.— Along railways and roatlsides. 2. L. interme'dium. Distinguished from No. 1 by having the cotyledons incumbent instead of accumbent, and the pods minutely winged at the top. — Dry sandy fields. 3. L. ruderale. Petals always absent. More branched than the preceding. la. CAKFliE. Sea-Rocket. C. America'na. (Americans.) Flowers purplish. Leaves obovate, fleshy, wavy-toothed. Pod fleshy, 2-jointed. — Sea- shore, and borders of the Great Lakes. Order XL CAPPAIlIDA'CE-ffil. (Caper Family.) Herbs (in Canada), with an " acrid watery juice, and alternate palmately-compound leaves. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 8 or more. Pod like that of a crucifer, hut ones on short and margined petioles. Side-petals bearded. — Dr> hill-sides and old pastures. ♦ ♦ Leafy-stemmed Violeta, -i~ Flowers yellow. 4. V. pubes'cens. (Dowxy Yellow V.) Plant downy Leaves broadly cordate, coarsely serrate ; stipules large, dentate Lower petals veined with purple. Spur very short. — Rigl woods. irT 16 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS, N 4 ir I 4- +- Flowers not yellow. 5. V. Canadensis. (Canada Violet.) Tall, often a foot high. Leaves large, cordate, sen'ate-pointed. Petals white in- side, pur/>lish outside. Spur very short. — Flowering all summer. 6. V. cani'na, var. sylvestris. (Dog V. ) Low, spreading by runners. Leaves broadly cordate or reniform, with /ringed- toothed stipules. Spur cylindrical, half as long as the petals, which are pale purple. — Wet places. 7. V. rostra'ta. (Long-Spurred V.) Distinguished at once by its extremely long straight spur. Petals violet-coloured. Order XIIL CISTA'CE-SJ. (Rook-Rose Family.) Herbs or low shrubs, with simple entire leaves and regular polyandrous flowers. Calyx persistent, usually of 3 large and 2 smaller sepals. Petals 5 or 3, convolute in the bud. Stamens 3-20. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds on 3 parietal projections. Synopsis of the Oenera. 1. Helian'themnin. Petals 5, fugacious. Style none. 2. Hadso'nla. Petals 6, fugacious. Style long and slendei; S. licch'ea. Petals 3, persistent. Style none. 1. HJBLIAX'THEMUM. RoCK-EoSB. H. Canadense. (Frost- Weed.) Flowers of 2 sorts, some solitary, with large yellow corolla and many stamens, the petals lasting but one day after the flower opens ; others small, clustered in the axils of the leave s, and apetalous. Leaves lance- olate, downy beneath. — Sandy places. a. HUDSO'NIA. HijDSONIA. H. tomento'sa. (Downy H.) Hoary. Leaves oval or nar- rowly oblong, short, close-pressed, or imbricated. Flowers small, yellow, very numerous. — A little heath-like shrub, on the shores of the Great Lakes, and the River St. Lawrence. 3. LEICH'BA. Pinweed. L. minor. (Smaller P.) Flowers inconspicuous, purplish, loosely racemose, on distinct pedicels. Stem slender, rough with appressed scattered hairs. Leaves scattered, linear. Pods th^ size of a piii's head.— Dry soil. OOUIION CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. If ;en a foot white in- il summer. spreading h fringed- he petals, ed at once ured. ^^ILY.) d regular : 3 large the bud. J parietal ts, some he petals :s small, es lance- 1 or nar- Flowers t>, on the purplish, Jgh with Order XIV. DROSERA'CEJE. (Sundew Family.) Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers borne on a naked scape. Sepals, petals, and stamens, 5 each ; anthers turned outwards. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted. Pod i-celled, 3-valved. The only genus with us is DROS'ERA. Sundew. 1. D. rotundifo'lia. (Round-leaved Sundew.) Flowers small, white, in a 1 -sided raceme. Leaves orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the hairy petiole, clothed with reddish glandular hairs. — Bogs. 2. D. longifo'lia (Longer-leaved S.) has oblong-spatulate leaves gradually narrowed into erect naked petioles. — Bogs; not common. Order XV. HYPERICA'CE^. (St. John's Wort F.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, and no stipules. Flowers regular, hypogynous, mostly yellow. Se- pals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and 'iis^ially in 3 or more clusters. Styles 3-5, sometimes united. Pod 1-5-celled. Seeds numerous. Synopsis of the Ocnera. 1. Hypcr'lcimi. Petals 5, unequal-sided, convolute in the bud, yellow, 2. Elo'dcs. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated in the bud, purplish. 1 HYPER'ICUM. St. John's Wort. * Pod S-celled. Styles S, separate. Petals with black dots, 1. H. perfora'tum. (Common St. John's Wort.) Stem much branched, producing runners at the base, slightly 2-edged. Ijeavcs linear-oblong, idth transparent dots, easily observed by holding the leaf up to the light. Petals dee}) ydlow. Flowers in open leafy cymes. — Fields. 2. H. corymbo'sum. (Corymbed S.) Stem round, not so brandling aa No. 1. f.rares with both hlacl and transparent uots, oblong, somewhat clasping. Flowers small, pale yelhWf crowded, — Damp woods and wet places generally. IH I I J8 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANtS. • ♦ Pod 5-ceUed. Styles more or less united. Stamens very many^ in 5 clusters^ if cinstered at all. 3. H. pyramida'tum. (Great St. John's Wort.) Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, somewhat clasping. tloivers very large, the petals about an inch long, and narrowly obovate. Stamens showy. Pod conical, large. — Along streams ; not common. 4. H. Kalmia'num. (Kalm's S.) Shrubby, a foot or more in height ; leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded, revolute on the mar- gins, thickly punctate, and sessile. Flowers about 1 inch across, in clusters. — Niagara Falls and westward. i « * * Pod 1-celled, purple, 6. H. ellip'ticum. (Elliptical-Leaved S.) Stem about 1 foot high, not branched. Leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, thin. Flowers rather few, showy, in a nearly naked cyme. Pod purple, ovoid, obtuse. Petals pale yellow. — Banks of streams, eastward. 6. H. mu'tilum. (Small S. ) Stem slender, branching above, hardly a foot high. Leaves 5-nerved. Cymes leafy at the base. Flowers small, not ^ of an inch across. — Low grounds. 7. H. Canadense. (Canada S.) Stem upright, fr-15 inches high, with branches erect. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, 3- nerved at the base, the upper ones acute, sessile. Cymes naked. Pod much longer than the calyx. Flowers small, deep yellow. — Wet sandy places. 8. H. Saro'thra. (Orange-Grass.) Stem much branched, 4-9 inches high, branches erect, filiform ; leaves minute, awl- shaped, bract-like. Flowers very small, scattered along the branches, sessile. — Essex County. ». EliO'DES. Mabsh St. John's Wort. £, Virgin'ica. Stem smooth. Leaves oblong or oval, clasp* ing, often purple-veined, obtuse, conspicuously dotted beneath. Flowers fiesh '^■olou.:ed in the axils, and at the summit of the stem. The whole pbAtie ol » f^^irplish hue. — Marshes* COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. u very many, RT.) stem t clasping, d narrowlv g streams ; ot or more •n the mai-- Qch across, m about 1 ;al-oblong, rly naked V. — Banks ing above, 'i the base. -15 mches 3eolate, 3- les naked, yellow. — branched, ate, awl- ilong the al, clasp* beneath, bhe stem. Order XVI.-CAKY0PHYLLA'CE^. (Pink Family ; Herbs with opposite and entire leaves, the stems swollen ax the joints. Flowers regular, with tho parts mostly in lives, occasionally in fours. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles 2-5, stigmatic along the inner side. Pod usually 1-celled, with the seeds attached to the base, oi to a column which rises from the centre of the cell. (Part I.^ Fig. 152.) SlynopsiB of the CJSenera. « Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals and stamem borne on the ttaUc nf the ovary ; petals vxith long narrow claws. 1. Sapona'rla. Calyx cylindrical. Styles 2. 2. Slle^ne. Calyx S-toothed. Styles 3. 3. L.ych'ni«. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 6. ♦ ♦ Sepals separate to the base or nearly so. Petals without claws, they and •* the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary. 4. Arena'ria. Petals not cleft at the apex. Styles usually 3. Pod splitting into 3 or 6 valves. 6. Stella'ria. Petals 2-oleft at the apex. Pod splitting to the base into twice as many valves as there are styles. Styles generally 3. 6. Ceras'tium. Petals 2-cleft, or notched. Styles 5. Pod opening at the apex by 10 teeth. I. SAPONA'RIA. SOAPWOBT. S. officinalis. (Bouncing Bet.) A stout plant, with rose- coloured or pinkish flowers clustered in corymbs. Leaves 3-5- ribbed, the lower ovate, upper lanceolate. Pod raised on a sboit stalk. Styles 2. — Old gardens and roadsides. •fa. SlIiE'NB. Catchfly. Campion. •r 1. S. infla'ta. (Bladder Campion.) Pale or glaucous, very smooth. Stem erect, a foot high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, Calyx much inflated^ purple-veined. Stamens and styles exserted — Not common westward. 2. S. antirrhi'na. (Sleepy C.) Stem slender, simple or slightly branching above, a portion of the upper inteinodvja sticky. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, pink or purplish, opening only for a short time in sunshine. Calyx ovoid, shining. — ^Dry soil. :•! \? \l 20 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. S. noctiflo'ra. (Nioht-flowertno Catchflt.) Stems very stick}/, pubeaccnt. Lower 1( aves spathulate, upper lanceolate. Flowers few, peduncled. Calyx-tube with awl-shaped teeth. Petals white or whitish, 2-parted. Opening only at nigl.t or in cloudy weather. — A very common weed in cultivated grounds. 4. S. Virgin'ica (Fire Pink) occurs in South- Western Ontario, and may be recognized by its crimson petalSf and bell- shaped calyx, nodding in fruit. 3. liYCH'Nis. Cockle. L. Githa'go. (Corn Cockle. ) Plant clothed with long soft appressed hairs. Galy.r, lobes extremely long, very much like the upper leaves, surpassing the purple petals. — Wheat-fields. 4. ARKNA'RIA. Sandwort. 1. A. serpyllifo'lia. (Thyme-leaved S.) Much branched, 2-6 inches high, roughish-pubescent. Leaves small, ovate, acute. Petals white, hardly as long as the sepals. Sepals pointed, 3-5- nerved. Pod pointed, 6-toothed. — Sandy fields. 2. A. Stricta. Stems erect,* or diffusely spreading from a small root. Leaves awl-shciped or bristle-form, the upper ones reduced to 1 -nerved bracts, crow led in the axils. Cyme diflfuse, many- flowered. Sepals pointed, 3-rUtbed, half as long as the white petnb. — Rocky fields. 3. A. lateriflo'ra. Stem erect, slender, minutely pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, ^-1 inch long. Peduncles usually three- flowered. Sepals obtuse. Petals white, large, twice as long as the sepals. Flower J of an inch across when fully expanded. — % (jravelly shores. t. A. peploi'des, with veri/ Jleshy stemA and havesy the latter somewhat clasping, occurs eastward towards the sea-coast. ^5, STKIiL«A'RIA. CHrcKWEED. Starwort. 1. S. me'dia. (Common Chickweed.) Stems branching, decumbent, soft and brittle, marked^ lengthwise ivith one or two pubescent lines. Lower lea*."es on haiiy petioles, ovate. Flowers small, white. Petals shorter than the sepals. — Extremely common in damp grounds and old gardens, COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 21 2. S. longifolia. (Lono-i^eaved Starwort.) Stems branch- ing, very weak and brittle, supporting tliemselves on oilier plants. Leaves linear. Pedicels of the flowers long, slender, and spreading, reflexed. Petals white, Irnger than the 3-nerved sepals. — Low grassy banks of streamu. 6. CERAS TIVM. MouSB-Ear Chickwi ED. 1. 0. VUlga'tum. (Common M.) Stem ascending, hairy and Boinewhat clammy. Leaves ovate or obovate^ obtuse. Flowers in close clusters. Pedicels not longer than the sepals. Petals shorter taan the calyx. — Not common, sometimes confounded with No. 2. 2. C. visco'sum. (Larger M. ) Stems hairy, viscid, spread- ing. Leaves lanceolate-oblong y rather acute. Flowers in loose cymes. Pedicels longer than the sepals. Petals equalling the calyx. — Fields and copses ; common. 3. C. arven'se. (Field Chickweep.) Stem decumbeit at the base, pubescent, slender, 4-8 inches high. Leaves lineaf, or linear-lanceolate, often j'ascicled i7i the axils, longer than the lower internodes. Petals obcordate, more than twice as long as the calyx. Pod scarcely longer than the calyx. Cyme few- flowered. Order XVIL PORTUIiACA'CE-ffi. (Purslane F.) Herbs with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 5-20. Styles 3-8, united below. Pod 1-celled, few- or many-seeded. Synopsis ol the Oenera. L Portnla'cn. Stamens 8-20. Pod opening by a lid (Fig. 161, Part 1,\ many-seeded. 2. C'layto'nia. Stamens 5. Pod 3-valved, S-6-seeded. 1. PORTUIiA'CA. Purslane, P. olera'cea. (Common Purslane.) A low fleshy herb, very smooth, with obovate or wedge-shaped leaves. Calyx 2- cleft, the sepals keeled. Petals yellow, fugacious. — A common pest in gardens. i i1 r? k \\\ 22 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTa a. CLAYTO'NIA. Sprino-Beautt. 1. 0. Virgin'ica. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 inches long 2. C. Carolinia'na. JjQuvos ovate-lanceolate or ohlongt tapering at the base. In both species the corolla is rose-coloured, with darker veins. The stem springs from a small tuber, and bears two opposite leaves and a loose raceme of flowers. — Kich woods in early spring. Order XVIII. MALVA'CE^ (Mallow Family.) Herbs, with palmately-veined alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers recfular. Calyx valvate. Corolla convolute in the bud. Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 6,hypogynoua. Stamens numerous, monadelphous, hypogynous ; anthers 1- celled. Carpels united in a ring, separating after ripening. Seeds kidney-shaped. Syiiopiil« of the Genera. 1. Iflalva. Oarpels without beaks, l-seeded. A circle of 3 bractlets at the base of the calyx. 2. Abu'lilou. Carpels 2-beaked, 1-6 seeded. No circle of bractlets. 1. MAIiVA. Mallow. 1. M. rotundifolia. (Round-leaved Mallow.) Stems several, procumbent, from a stout tap-root. Leaves long-petioled, round-heart-shaped, creuate, crenately-lobed. Petals obcordate, whitish, streaked with purple, twice as long as the sepals. — Way- sides and cultivated grounds. 2. M. Sylvestris. (High M.) Stem erecl, 2 feet high. Leaves sharply 5-7-lobed. Petals purple, 3 times as long as tlu sepals. — Kear dwellings. 3. M. moscha'ta. (Musk M.) Stem erect, 1 foot high. Stem-leaves 5-parted, the divisions cleft. Flowers large and hand- some, rose-coloured or white, on short peduncles, crowded on tht stem and brauches. — Roadsides near gardens. a. ABU'TIIiON. Indian Mallow. A. Avicen'nsB. (Velvet-Leaf.) Stem 2-5 feet high, branching. Leaves velvety, round-cordate, long-pointed. Corolla yellow. — ^Near gardens ; not common. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 23 es long , tapering ind, with ind bears ih woods LMILT.) 9 leaves. ;e in the ogynoua. ithers 1- ripening. ;Iets at the ) Stems -petioled, bcordate, 3.— Way. iet high, fig as thi ►ot high, ud hand- ed on thfc Bt high, ■pointed. Order XTX. TILIA'CE^. (Linden Family.) Trees with fibrous bark, soft and wliite wood, r.nd heart- fihapcd and serrate leaves, witli deciduous stipules. Flowers in small cymes hanging on an axillary peduncle, to which is attached a leaf-like bract. Sepals deciduous. The only Canadian genus is TIIi'IA. BaSSWOOT* WniTEWOOD. T. America'na. (Basswood.) xV fme tree, in rich woods. Flowers yellow or cream-coloured, very fragrant. Leaves smooth and green on both sides, obliquely coi.late or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Fruit a globular nut, 1 -celled, 1-2-seeded. Order XX. LINA'CE^. (Flax Family.) Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and resjular hypo- gynous flowers. Sepals^ petals, stamens, and styles, 6 each Filaments united at the base. Pod 10-celled, 10-seeded. Our only genus is y- lilNUM. Flax. 1. L. Virginia'num. (Virginia F.) F/oion-a yellow, small (^ of an inch long), scattered. Stem erect, it and the spreadmg branches terete. Leaves lanceolate and acute, the lower obtuse and opposite. — Dry soil. 2. L. Stria'tum has the branches wing-anijled, broader leaves and more crowded flowers than No. 1. The whole plant is stouter. 3. L. usitatis'simum. (Common F.) Flowers blue. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3- veined. — Cultivated grounds. Order XXI. "^ GERANIA'CE^. (Geranium Family.) Strong-scented herbs with pentamerous and symmetrical flowers, the filaments usually united at the base, and 5 glands on the receptacle alternate with the petals. Style 5-clef t. Carpels 5, each 2-ovuled (but 1-seeded), they and the lower part of the long styles attached to a long beak which rises from the receptude. In fruit the styles split away from the beak and curl upwards carrying the carpels with them. u COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTi ^1 ill I Hi Hynopwiw of the fScncra* 1. Gcrnnlnm. Stamens 10, all with anthers. 2. Ero'dlum. Stamens with anthers only 5. 1. GERANIUM. CRANESnn.L. 1. 0. macula'tum. (Wild C.) Stem erect, hairy, about « foot high. Leaves 5-7 parted, tlic wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut. Flowers purple, an inch across. Petals entire, bearded on the claw, much longer tlian the long-pointed sepals. — Open woods and fields. 2. 0. Carolinia'num. (Carolina C.) Stem usually de- cumbent, hairy. Sepals aum-pointed, as long as the notched rose- coloured petals. — Waste places. «f 3. O. Robertia'num. (HejIB Robert.) Stems reddish, spreading, pubescent ; brandies weak. Leaves S-divided, or pedate/y 5-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid. Sepals awned, shorter than the reddish-purple petals. Plant ivith a very strong odour. — Shaded ravines and moist woods. a. SRO/DIVM. Storksbill. E. cicuta'rium. Stem low and spreading, hairy. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, pinnatifid. Peduncles several- flowered. Styles when they separate from the beak bearded on the ins^ide. — Not common. Order XXII. OXALIDA'CE^. (Wood-Sorrel F.) Low herbs with an acid juice and alternate compound leaves, the 3 leaflets obcordate and drooping in the evening. Flowers very much the same in structure as in the preceding Order, but the fruit is a 5-celled pod, each cell opening in the middle of the back (loculicidal), and the valves persistent. Styles 6, separate. The only genus is *< OX'AIilS. WOOD-SOBIIEL, "*!. 0. acetosella. (White Wood-^Sorrel.) Scape 1 -flower- ed. Petals white, with reddish veins. — Cold woods. 2. 0. Stricta. (Yellow W.) Peduncles 2-6-flowered, longer than the leaves. Petals yellow. Pod elongated, erect in fruit. ^Copses and cultivated grounds. COMMON* CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 26 it; Order XXTIT. BALSAMINA'CE^. (Balbam Family.) Sinootli herbs, with Kucculent stcniH ami simple cxstipulate knaves. Flowers irrc'*,'iilar, tho sepals and petals coloured alike, one of the rolmiretl .se/u/^.s s^pitrred, the spur iinth n tail. Stamens 5, coherent above. Pod biirstini; elastically and dis- charging its seeds with considerable force. The only genus is IMPA'TIEIVS. Touch-me-not. Jewel-Wfed. 1. I. fulva. (Spotted Toi7(?h-me-not.) Flower h oranrje- cdourcdy spotted with reddish brown. Sac longer tlian broad, conical, tapering into a long recurved spur. — Cetlar awanipa ajul along streams. 2. I. pallida. (Pale T.) Flowers pale yellow^ sparingly dotted with brown. Sao dilated, broader than long, ending in a short spur. — Wet places. Order XXIV. RUTA'CE-S. (Rue Family.) Shrubs, with compound transparently-dotted leaves, and an acrid taste. Flowers (with us) dioecious, appearing before the leaves. Stamens hypugynous, as many as the petals. Our only genus is ZANTHOX'YIiUBI. PrioklY AsH. Z. America'num. (Northern Prickly Ash. Tooth-achb Tree.) A prickly shrub with yellowish-green flowers in dense umbels in the axils. Sepals obsolete or none. Petals 5. Stamens in the sterile flowers 5. Carpels 3-5, forming fleshy 1-2-seeded pods. Fruit very pungent and aromatic. Leaves pinnate, 4-5 pairs, with an od«l8i of the Oenera* 1. Eaon'ymus. Flowers perfect. Sepals ^ or 5, united at the base, and forming a fiaX calyx. Branchlets 4-aiiled; leave* opposite. Ftoioert axillary. 2. Celas'trus. Flowers polygamous. Petals and stamens 5. Calyx cup- (thaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes. 1. EUON'YMUS. Spindle-tree. 1. E. Americanus. (Strawbkrry Bush.) A low, rather straggling shrub, with ahori-peiiokd or tutUe leaves, the latter * '■- -T. I'i ff I 'I- COMMON OANADIA^J WILD PLANTS. ovate or obovate, pointed. Flowers greenish, with the parts generally in fixes. Pods rowjh warti/, depressed, crimson when ripe. — Wooded river-banks and low grounds. 2. E. atropurpu'reus (BuRNI^G Bush) occurs in the west of Ontario, and may be distinguished from No. 1 by its greater size (4-8 feet high), its long-}K'ioled leaves, purplish flowers, and smooth pods. -^a. CBIiAS'TRUS. Staff-tree. ^ C. scandens. (Wax-wokk. Climbing Bitter-Sweet.) A twining smooth shrub, with oblong-ovate, serrate, pointed leaves. Flowers small, greenish, in terminal racemes. Pod& orange-coloured. These burst in autumn and display a scarlet pulpy aril, presenting a highly ornamental appearance.— Twining over bushes on river-banks and in thickets. Order XXIX. SAPINDA'CE^. (Soapberry Family.) Trees or shrubs, with compound or lobed leaves, and usually unsymmetrical and often irregular flowers. Sepals and petals 4-5, both imbricated in the b»id. Stamens 5-10, inserted on a fleshy disk which fills the bottom of the calyx- tube. Ovary 2-3 celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Synopsis of the Ocuera. 1. Staphylc'a. Flowers perfect. Lobes of the coloured calyx, the petals, and the stamens, each 6. Fruit a S-celled, S-lobed, in/iated pod. Leaves pinnately compound. 2. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, variously lobed. opposite. Calyx coloured, usually 5-lobed. Petals none, or as many as the sepals. Ftamens3-12. Fruit two 1-seeded samaras joined together, at length separating. 1. STAPHYliE/A. Bladder-Nut. S. trifolia. (American Bladder-Nut. ) Shrub, 4-6 feet high. Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed. Flowers white, in drooping racemes, at the ends of the branchlets. — Thickets and hill-sides. a. ackr. Maple. 1. A. Pennsylva'nicum. (Striped Maple.) A small tree, 10-20 feet high, with light-green bark striped with dark lines. Leaves 3-lobed at the apex, finely and sharply doubly -serrate, the lobes taper-pointed. Flowers greenish in terminal racemes. COMMC ^ CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 29 appearing after the leaves. Samaras large, with divergent wings. — Rich woods. 2. A. spica'tum. (Mountain Maple.) A shrub or small tree, 4-8 feet high, growing in clumps iu low grounds. Leaves 3-lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed. Flowers greenish, appearing after the leaves, in dense upright racemes. Fruit with small widely-diverging wings. 3. A. sacchari'num. (Sugar Maple.) A fine tree, with 3-5 lobed leaves, a paler green underneath, the sinuses rounded, and the lobes sparingly sinuate-toothed. Flowers greenish-yellow, drooping on slender hairy pedicels, appearing at the sahie time as the leaves. Calyx fringed on the margin. — Rich woods. 4. A. dasycar'pum. (White or Silver M.) Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white underneath, the divisions narrow, sharply toothed. Flowers in erect clusters, greenish-yellow, appearing much before the leaves ; petals none. Samara verj^ large, woolly when young. — River banks and low grounds. 5. A. ni'brum. (Red M. ) Leaves 3-5 lobed, the sinuses acute. Flowers red, appearing much before the leaves. Petals linear-oblong. Samara small and smooth, on drooping pedicels. A smaller tree than No. 4, with reddish twigs, and turning bright p.rimson in the autumn.— JSwamps. Order XXX. POLYGALA'CE^. (Milkwort Family. ) Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hy- pogynous flowers. Stamens 6 or 8, monadelphous or diadel- phous, the anthers 1 -celled, and opening at the top by a pore. Fed 2-celled and 2-seeded, fl;ittened contrary to the partition. The only genus with us is POIiYG'AIiA. MiLK-WoRT. Sepals 5, the upper one and the two lower ones smill and often greenish, the 2 lateral ones, called wings, larger and coloured like the petals. Petals 3, connected with each other and with the tube of filaments, the lower one keel-shaped, and usually fringed or crested %t the top. Style prolonged and curved. il ri f Sii ^ 80 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ! ti : 1. P. verticilla'ta. Flowers small, greenish-white, in slender apjkes. Stems 4-8 inches high, much branched. Stem-leaves linear^ 4-6 in a whorl^ the upper ones scattered. — Dry soil. 2. P. Sen'ega. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Flowers greenish- white, in a solitary cylindrical close spike. Stems several, from a hard knotty rootstock, 6-12 inches high. Lieaves lanceolate, with rough margins, alternate. — Dry hill-sides and thickets, 3. P. polyg'ama. Flowers rose-purple, showy, fringed, in a many-flowered raceme. Stems 5-8 inches high, tufted and very leafy, the leaves linear-ci 'ong or oblanceolate. Whitish fertile flowers on underground runners. — Dry soil. 4. P. paucifo'lia. (Fringed P.) Flowers rose-purple, very showy, fringed, only 1-3 in number. Stems 1-4 inches high, from long underground runners, which also bear concealeil fertile flowers. Leaves ovate, crowded at the top of the stem.— Dry woods. Order XXXI. LEGUBilNO'SiE!. (Pulse Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trp^a. mostly with compound alternate stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous corollas. (For descrip- tion of a typical flower see Part I., cap. v.) Stamens usually 10, monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Fruit a legume. Synopsiii of the Genera. 1. Ijnpl'nns. Leaves palmately-compound, leafleU 7-9. Flowers in ter minal racemes. Stamens monadelphous. 2. Trifo'llum. Leaves of 3 leafletfi. Flowers in heads. Stamens diadel- phous. 3. Ifledica'go. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Flowers in axillary spikes. Pod curved or coiled. Stamens diadelphous. ( Iflclilo'tiis. Leaves pinnate, of 8 leaflets, the leaflets toothed. Flowers in slender axillary racemes. Pod wrinkled, 1-2 seeded. Stamens dia- delphous. 5. Robln'ia. Trees. Leaves odd-pinnate, often with spines for stipules, and the leaflets with small stipules. Flowers in hanjfing axillary ra- cemes. Pod margined ou one edge. Stamens diadelphous. 6. Astrau'alus. Leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets numerous. Flowers in dense axillary spikes. Corolla lonp^ and narrow. Pod turgid, one or both su- tures (see Part I., section 138) projecting into the eeU, thus partially of wtMUy dividing Viq cavity. Stamens diadelphous. COMMON CANADIAN WII-D PLANTS. 31 7. Dcsmo'dinm. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Calyx S-lipped. Flowers purple or purplish, in axillary or terminal racemes. Pod flat, the lower marjin de'-jili/ lobed, thus making the pod jointed, roughened with hooked hairs, causing the pods to adhere to the clothing, Sao, Stamens dladelphous. 8. IjC'*pcilc'xa. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Calyx 5-cleft. Pod flat, oval or roundish, occasionally 2-juinled, but only 1-seeded. Flowers sometimes polygamous. Stamens diadelphous. 9. Vlcla. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the lea/stalk prolonged into a tendril. Flowers axillary. Style filiform, hairy at the apex. Pod 2-8everal- seeded. Stamens diadelphous. 10. Ijath'yrus. Leaves as in Vicia. Style /lattiah, flattened above, and hairy down the side opposite the free stamen. Stamens diadelphous. 11. A'pios. A twining herb. Leaves pinnate, of 6-7 leaflets. Keel of the flower slender and coiled inward. Flowers in dense racemes. Stamens diadelphous. 12. Amplilcai'paD'a. A low and slender twiner, the stem clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnate, of S leaflets. Flowers polygamous those of the upper racemes perfect, those near the base fertile, with the corolla inconspicuous or none» Stamens diadelphous. 13. Bapti!«'ia. Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets. Stamens all separate. The keel-petals nearly separate. Racemes terminating the bushy branches 1. LUPI'NUS. Lupine. L. peren'nis. (Wild Lupine. ) Stem erect, somewhat hairy. Leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate. Calyx deeply 2-lippe(l. Pods hairy. — Sandy soil. ^a. TRIFO'LUJM. Clover. Trefoil. 1. T. arvense. (Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover.) Stern erect, 4-12 inches high, branching. Heads of whitish floweif- oblong, very silky and soft. Calyx-teeth fringed with long silky hairs. — Dry fields. 1 2. T. pratense. (Red C. ) Stems and leaves somewhat hairy, the latter marked with a pale spot on the upper side. Flowers purplish, in dense heads. — Pastures. ^ 3. T. repens. (White C.) Smooth, creeping. Heads of white flowers rather loose. — Fields everywhere. 3. MEDICA'GO. Medick. 1. M. lupuli'na. (Black Medick.) Stem procnmbent, downy. Leaflets obovate, toothed at the apex. Flowers yellow. Pods kidney-shaped. — Waste places. $ I M m ^^1 i 't! n COMMON CANADIAN WILD PI ANtS. 2. M. sati'va (Lucerne) has pnrjih flowers in a long raceme, and spirally -twisted pods. — Cultivated fields. ^ 4r. MKLlIiO'TliS. Sweet Oloveb. 1. M. officinalis. (Yellow Melit,ot.) Stem erect, 2-4 feet high. Leallets obovate-obloug. Flowers yellow. Pod droop- ing, 2-seeded. — Waste places. -J'2. M. alba (White M.) is much like No. 1, but has white flowers. — Escaped from gardens. ^5. ROIIIN'IA. Locust-tree, 1. B. Pseudaca'cia. (Common Locust.) Racemes slender ^ loose. Flowers white, fragrant. A large tree. 2. R. visco'sa. (Clammy L.) liacemes croirded. Flowers white with a reddish tinge. Branchleis and lea/stalks clammy. Smaller than No. 1. 6. ASTRAG'AIiUS. Milk-VetcH. 1. A. Canadensis. (Canadian Mtlk- Vetch. ) Stem eiact, 1-4 feet high, somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10 or more pairs, with an odd one at the end. Flowers greenish yeUorv, very nu- merous. — River-banks. 2. A. Coop'eri has fewer leaflets, and white flowers in a short spike. — Not common. 7. DESMO'DIUM. Tick-Trefoil. 1. D. nudiflo'rum. Stem smooth, 4-8 inches high. Leaves crowded at the summit of sterile stems. Flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle, on a scape which 'rises from the root. Leaflets broadly ovate. 2. D. acumina'tum. Stem pubescent. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem, from which the raceme or panicle arises. Leaflets conspicuously pointed. — Rich woods. 3. D. CUSpida'tum. Stems tall, erect, very smooth. Leaf- lets ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, very large, green on both sides. F'lowers and bracts large. Pod 4-6 jointed. — Thickets. 4. D. panicula'tum. Stem slender, nearly smooth. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point. Flowers medium- sized. Pod 3-5-joiuted» the joints triangular. Racemes panicled. ^Rioh woods. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTa 83 5. D. Canadense. Stem erect, AatVy, tall, furrowed. Leaf- lets oblong-lanceolate, with many slraightiah veins. Flowers large, about ^ an inch long. — Dry woods. 8. LEISPBDK'ZA. BusH-CloVEB. 1. L. hirta. Stem erect, wand-like, tall, pubescent. Leaflets roundish or oval, pubescent. Spikes dense, on pc /uncles longer than the leaves. Corolla yellowish-white, with a purple spot on the standard. 2. L. capita'ta. Peduncles and petioles short. Leaflets vary- ing from oblong to linear, silky underneath. Flowers in dense heads ; corolla as in No. 1. Calyx much longer than the pod. — Both species are found in dry soil. tO. VICIA. Vktch. 1. V. sati'va. (Common Vetch or. Tare.) Stem simple, somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10-14, varying from obovate- oblong to linear. Flowers purple^ large,, one or two together^ ses- sile in the axilSf or nearly 80. — Cultivated fields and waste grounds. 2. V. Cracca. (Tufted V.) Downyrpubescent. Leaflets S0-24> oblong lanceolate, strongly mucronate. Peduncles long, hearing a dense one-sided raceme of blue flowers, bent downward in the spike, and turning purple before withering. — Borders of thickets, and pastures. Chiefly eastward. 3. V. Carolinia'na. Smooth. Leaflets 8-12, oblong. Peduncles bearing a rather loose raceme of whitish flowers^ the keel tipped with blue. — Low grounde and river-banks. 4. V. America'na. Smooth. Leaflets 10-14, oval or ovate- oblong, very veiny. Peduncles 4-8-flowered, flowers purple. — Moist places. 5. V. hirsu'ta. Stem weak. Leaflets 12-16, linear. Pedun- cles 3-6-flowered. Pods hairy, ^-seeded. — Chiefly eastward. 10. I4ATH/YRUS. EvEELASTiNc. Pea. L L. marit'inniS. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout, about a foot high. Leaflets 8-16, oval or obovate. Stipules broadly halberd- shaped, about as large as the leaflets. Flowers large, purple. — Sei^- poast, and shores of the Great Lal(e9f i«: I :J^ 34 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. L. veno'sus. (Veiny E.) Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaflete 10-14. Stipules very small, slender, half arrow-shaped. Flowers numerous. —Shady banks, chiefly westward and southward. 3. L. ochroleu'cus. (PaleE.) Stem slender. Leaflets 6-8, smooth and glaucous. Stipules half heart-shaped, large. Corolla yr^hwuh-white. 4. L. palus'tris. (Marsh E.) Stem slender, wing-margined. Leaflets 4-8, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly oblong, sharply rau- cronate. Stipules small, half arrow-shaped. Corolla blue- purple. — Moist places. Var. myi tifolius has oblong-lanneolate leaflets, and pale-purple flowers. Upper stipules much larger ti^an the lower ones. 11. A'PIOS. Ground-Nut. Wild Bean. A. tubero'sa. Flowers brown-purple. — A common twining plant in low grounds. la. AMPHICARPJEJ'A. HoG Pea-Nut. A. monoi'ca. Flowers white or purplish. — Moist thickets and river-banks. 13. BAPTIS'IA. False Indioo. B. tincto'ria. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender, 2-3 feet high, branching. Leaves nearly sessile. Leaflets wedge-obovate, turning black on drymg. Flowers yellow. — Dry soil, Lake Erie coast. Oeder XXXIL EOSA'CE-ffiS. (Rose Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. The petals (mostly 5) and stamens (mostly more than 10) inserted on the edge of a disk which lines the calyx-tube. (See Part L, sections 43 to 45, for typical flowers.) Synopsis of the Oenera* SuBORDBK AMYGDALE^. ^ 1. Prunas. Calyx 6-oleft, free from the o\ ary, deciduous. Fruit a dmi>e. Suborder BOSACEiB. 12. SplrsB'a. Carpels mostly 6, forming follicles ia fruit, •bort, Petals obovate, siroilai:. Calyx S-cIef'^ COMMON OANADIAN WILD PLANTS. %. Ollle'nia. Carpels and fruit as In Splrsea. Calyx elongated, 6-toothed. Petals slender, dissimilar. i. Agrlmo'nin. Carpels 2, forming achenes enclosed in the hardened calyx-tube. Calyx armed with hooked bristles. Flowers yellow, in slender spikes. 5. Geum. Carpels numerous, one-ovuled, becoming dry nchenes, the per- sistent styles becoming tails, plumose or naked, and straight or Jointed. Calyx-lobes with 5 alternating bractlets. 6. WaldHtci'nia. Carpels 2-6, forming achenes. Leaves radical, of 3 wedge-form leaflets. Bractlets of the calyx minute and deciduous. Flowers yellow, on bracted scapes. 7. Potentiria. Carpels numerous, forming achenes heaped on a dry recep- tacle, the styles not forming tails. Lobes of the calyx with 5 alternating hracts. * 8. Frnga'ria. Flower as in Potentilla, but receptacle becoming fleshy or pulpy and scarlet in fruit. (See Part I, section 151.) Leaves all radical, of 3 leaflets. Low plants producing runi/i'S. !). Dalibar'da. Carpels 6-10, each 2-ovn,!ed, forming nearly drj' drupelets. Calyx 5-6-parten, 3 of the divisions 'larger than the others, and toothed. Calyx without bracts, i)ei'sistent, enclosing the fruit. Leaves radical, round heart-shaped. Flowers white, on scapes. 10. RubiiM. Carpels numero is, 2-ovuled, forming drupelets heaped on the rtceptacle. (See Part L, section 150.) Fruit edible. Calyx without bracts. 11. RoMa. Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, forming achenes enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube. (See Part L, section 44.) SUBOEDER TOMEM. '2. Cratse'i;u!9. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy In fruit, enclosing and combined with the 2-5 carpels. Fruit a pome, but drupe- like, containing 2-6 bony nutlets. Thorny shrubs. Flowers generally white. 13. Pyrws. Fruit a pome or berry-like, the 2-5 carpels or cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture (see Part L. sections 45 and 148), each 2-8eeded. Shrubs or trees. 14. Amelan'chicr. Pome berry-like, 10-celled, t. «., with twice as many cells as styles. Petals narrow. Otherwise as in Pyrus. Shrubs or small trees, not thorny. 1. PRUIVUS. Plum. Cherry. 1. P. America'na. (Wild Plum.) A thorny tree 8-20 feet high, with orange or red drupes half an inch or more in diameter; and ovate, conspicuously pointed, serrate, veiny leaves. Flowdrf ^ I I i i I MHI m 36 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. white, appearing before the leaves, in umbel-like lateral clusters. — Woods and river-banks. 2. P. pu'mila. (DwARP Cherry.) A small trailing shrnb, G-18 inches high. Leaves obot^ate-lanceolate, tapering to tlie base, toothed near the apex, pale beneath. Flowers in umbels of 2-4, appearing with the leaves. Fruit ovoid, dark red, as large as a good-sized pea. — Sandy or gravelly soil, along the Great Lakes. 3. P. Pennsylva'nica. (Wild Red Cherry.) A tree 20- •SO foet high, or shrubby. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, green both sides. Flowers (appearing with the leaves) in large clusters, the pedicels elongated. Fruit globular, as large as a red currant, very sour. — Rocky thickets, and in old windfalls. "^4. P. Virginia'na. (Choke-Cherry.) A good-sized shrub, 3-10 feet high. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly pointed. Flowers in short erect ra- cemes, appearing after the leaves. Fruit red, becoming darker, very astringent. — Woods and thickets. 6. P. sero'tina. (Wild Black Cherry.) A large tree, with reddish brown branches. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, with short and blunt incurved teeth, shining above. Flowers in long racemes. Fruit purplish-black, edible. — Woods and thickets. ». SPIR.E'A. Meadow-Sweet. 1. S. opulifolia. (Nine-Bark.) Shrub 3-7 feet high, the old bark separating in thin layers. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly crenate. smooth. Flowers white, in umbel-like corymbs terminating the branches. Follicles 2-5, in- flated, purplish. — River-banks. . ,. 2. S. salicifolia. (Common Meadow-Sweet.) Shrub 2-3 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, doubly serrate. Flowers white or rose-coloured, in a dense terminal panicle. — Low grounds along streams, 3. S. tomento'sa (Downy M.) with deep rose-coloured flow- ers, and the stems and under surface of the leaves densely woolly, -occurs eastward towards the sea-coaat. COMMON OANAPIAN WILD PLANXa. 37 the m 3. G1LL15'^I\. Indiak-Phystc. G. trifolia'ta. (Bowman's Root.) Herb with 3-foHolate leaves ; the leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, rather coarsely ser- rate ; stipules small, awl-sliapod, entire. Flowers white or rose- coloured, in loose few-flowered corymbs. — Rich woods, chiefly southwestward. 4. AGRIMO'XIA. Agrimony. A. Eupato'ria. (Common Agrimony.) Stem herbaceout, hairy, 2-3 feet high. Leaves interruptedly-pinnate, larger leaflets r>-7, oblong-obovate, coarsely serrate. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. — Borders of woods. 5. GEUAI. AVENS. 1. G. album. (White Avens.) Stem 2 feet high, branching, swioothish or downy. Root-leaves pinnate, the cauline ones 3- divided, lobed, or only toothed. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Achenes bristly, tipped with the hooked lower joint of the style, the upper joint falling away.— Low rich woods and thickets. 2. G. macrophyl'lum. Stem bristly-hairy. Root-leaves in- terruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaflet very large and round- heart-shaped ; cauline leaves with small lateral leaflets and a large roundish terminal one, all unequally toothed. Flowers large ; petals gold en -yellow. Receptacle of the fruit nearly naked. Achenes tipped as in No. 1. — Cold rocky woods and low meadows. 3. G. strictum. (Yellow A.) Stem 2-3 feet high, rather hairy. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; stem-leaves 3-5 folio- late, leaflets obovate or ovate. Petals yellow, longer than the calyx. Receptacle of the fruit downy. Achenes tipped with the hooked style. — Dry thickets. 4. G. riva'le. (Water or Purple Avens.) Petals purplish- yellow ; calyx brown-purple. Flowers nodding, but the fruiting heads upright. 7'he upper joint of th". style feathery, persistent. Stem simple, 2 feet high. Root-leaves lyrate ; stem-leaves few, 3-foliolate, lobed. — Bogs and wet places. 5. G. triflo'rum. Stem about a foot high, soft-hairy. Flowers 3 or more on long peduncles, purple. Styles not jointed, feathery, i| ^ 38 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 'U least t inches long in the fruit. — Dry hills and thickets, not common. 6. "WAliDSTEl'NlA. Barhen Strawberby. W. frafi^arioi'des. A low plant, 4-6 inches high. Leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, crenately toothed. Scapes several-flowered. Petals yellow, longer than the calyx. — Dry woods and hill-sides. + r. POTEIWTIL'IiA. CiNQUE-FoiL. 1. P. Norve'gica. (Norway Cinque-Foil.) Stem erects hairy, branching above. Leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets ; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate. Flowers in cymose clusters. Petals pale yellow, small, not longer than the sepals. — Fields and low grounds. 2. P. paradox'a, a plant of spreading or decumbent habit, with pinnate leaves of 5-9 leaflets, solitary flowers, small petals, and achenes with an appendage at the base, occurs along the south-western shore of Lake Ontario. 3. P. Canadensis. (Canada C.) Stem prostrate or ascend- ing, silky-hairy. Leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets, the latter serrate towards the apex. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow, longer than the sepals. — Dry soil. 4. P. argen'tea. (Silvery C.) Stem ascending, branched at the summit, white-woolly. Leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets, the lat- ter deeply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins, and woolly beneath. Petals yellow, longer than the sepals. — Dry fields and roadsides. 5. P. argu'ta. Stem stout, 1-2 feet high, brownish-hairy. Leaves pinnate, of 3-9 oval serrate leaflets, downy underneath. Flowers in dense cymose clusters. Petals yellowish or cream- coloured, deciduous. Plant clammy above. — Dry thickets. 6. P. anserf na. (Silver-Weed. ) A low plant, creeping with slender runners. Leaves all radical, interruptedly pinnate ; leaf, lets 9-19, serrate, green above, silvery-silky beneath. Flowers soli- tary, on long scape-like peduncles, bright yellow. — E-iver and lake margins. 7. P. frutico'sa. (Shrubby C.) Stem erect, shrubby, 1-3 feet high, much branched. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaflets^ ill COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. WT closely crowtleil, entire, silky, eapecialiy beneath. Floweri iiuineroua, large, yellow, terniinatiiig the branches. — Bogs. ^8. P. tridenta'ta (Tiirke-tootiied C.) is common eastward towards tlie sea-coast. Stem 4-6 inches high. Leaves rigid, palmate, of 3 wedge-shaped leaflets, S-toolhed at the apex. Petal* white. 9. P. palustris. (Marsh Five-Fingke.) Stem ascending. Leaves piniiute, of 5-7 lanceolate, crowded, deeply serrate leaf- lets, whitisli beneath. Calyx an inch broad, dark purple inside. Petals jmrple. — Bogs. V 8. FRAGA'RIA. STIlAWEEr.BY. L F. Virginia'na. Achenes deeply imbedded in pits on the surfacu of the fleshy receptacle ; calyx erect after flowering. Leaflets tiim. 2. F. ves'ca. Achenes not sunk in pita, but merely on the sur- face of the receptacle ; calyx spreading. Leaflets thin, 9. DALIBAR'DA. Dalibabda. D. repens. Stems tufted, downy. Whole plant with some- thing of the aspect of a violet. — Low woods. V 10. RUBUS. Bramble. / L R. odora'tus. (Purple-Flowering Raspberry.) Shrub- by, 3-5 feet high. Branches, peduncles, and calyx clammy with glandular hairs. Flowers large and handsome, rose-purple. Leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-5 lobed, the lobes acute, minutely toothed. Fruit flat. 2. R. triflo'rus. (Dwarf Raspberry.) Stems ascending or trailing, a foot high, not prickly. Leaflets 3-5, nearly smooth, rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, doubly serrate. Peduncle isually 3- flowered. Petals white ; sepals reflexed. Fruit red. — Cedar swamps. ^ 3. R. strigo'sus. (Wild Red Raspberry.) Stems upright, beset with stiff straight bristles. Leaflets 3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish beneath. Fruit light red. — Hill-sides and thickets. 1-4. R. occidenta'lis. (Black Raspberry.) Stfm glaucous, recurved f armed with hooked prickles. Leaflets 3, o^«^^e, poiiited^ li iH! ,! I COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. coarsely serrate, white-downy beneath. Fruit purplish-black. — Borders of fields, especially^ where the ground )ias been burned over. 6. R. villo'sus. (High Blackberry.) Stem shrubby, fur. rowed, erect or reclining, armed with hooked prickles. Leaflets 3-5, unequally serrate, the terminal one conspicuously stalked. Flowers racemed, numerous, large and white. Fruit oblong, black. — Borders of thickets. 6. R. his'pidus (Running Swamp Blackberry) occurs oc- casionally in low meadows. Stem prostrate, with small reflexed prickles, sending up at intervals the short flowering shoots. Leaflets mostly 3, smooth and shining. Fruit of few grains, red or purple. ^11. ROSA. EosE. 1. R. Caroli'na. (Swamp Rose.) Stem 4-8 feet high, erect^ armed with stout hooked prickles, but no bristles. Leaflets 5-9, finely serrate. Flowers in corymbs, numerous. Calyx and globular calyx-tube beset with glandular bristles. — Wet places. 2. R. lu'cida. (Dwarf Wild Rose.) Stem 1-2 feet high, armed with slender almost straight prickles, and bristles. Leaf- lets 5-9, finely serrate. Peduncles l-3-Jlowereods aud ms wi+^^h owered. Young Leaves -9-flov)- b woods. md fruit Dly 3-5- ooping. r 6. "R. rnbmni. (Wild Red Currant.) A low dnub with ftraggling stems. Leaves obtusely 3-5-lobed. Racemes from lateral buds separate from the leaf -buds, drooping. Calyx flat. Fruit red, smooth. — B(^s and wet woods. a. PARNAS'SIA. Gbass of Parnassus. P. Carolinia'na. Petals sessile, very veiny. Sterile fila- ments 3 in each set. Leaves ovate or rounded, usually only one low down on the stalk. Flower an inch across. — Beaver meadows and wet banks. 3. SAXIP'RAGA. SaxIFBAOE. S. Virginiensis. (Early Saxifrage.) Stem 4-9 inches high. Scape clammy. Leaves obovate, crenately toothed. Petals white, oblong, twice as long as the sepals. — Damp rockg along streams. 4. MlTElvLA. Mttre-Wort. Bishop's Cap. 1. M. diphyl'la. ' (Two-leaved Mitre-Wort.) Stem hairy. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, those on the scape ,f, opposite^ nearly sessile. Flowers white. — Rich woods. 2. M. nuda. (Naked-Stalked M.) Stem small and delicate. Leaves kidney-shaped, doubly crenate. Scape leafless, few-flowered. Mowers greenish. — Deep woods, on moss-covered logs, &c. 5. TiAREIi'LA. False Mitiie-Wort, T. COrdifolia. Scape leafless, 5-12 inches high. Leaves heart-shaped, sharply-toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy be- neath. Petals white, oblong. — Rich woods. 6. CHRYSOPLE'NIUM. GoLDEN Saxifrage. C. America'num. A low and delicate smooth herb, with spreading and forking steins. Flowers greenish-yellow, incon- spicuous, nearly sessile in the forks. — Shady wet places. Order XXXIV. CRASSULA'CE^. (Orpine Family.) Succulent herbs (except in our genus), chiefly differing from Saxifragaccfe in having symmetrical flowers^ the sepals, petals, and carpels being the same in number, and the . I' 44 COMMON CANADIAN WILD TLANTS. IB Ml stamens either as many or twice as many. The only genus represented among our common wild plants is PEN'THORUM. DiTCn Stone-Crop. P. Sedoi'deS. Not succulent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, if any ; sometimes wanting. Stamens 10. Pod 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled. Leaves scattered, lanceolate, acute at both ends. A homely weed, with greenish-yellow flowers in a loose cyme. — Wet places. (Parts of the flowers occasionally in sixes oi sevens.) Order XXXV. HAMAMELACB^. (Witch-Hazei F.) Tall shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous stipules. Flowers in clusters or heads, often monoecious. Calyx 4-parted, adherent to the base of the ovary, the lattei of 2 united carpels. Fruit a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody pod. opening at the top. Petals 4, strap-shaped, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 8, 4 of them anther-bearing, the remaindei reduced to scales. The only genus with us is HAMAME'LIS. Witch-Hazel. H. Virgin'ica. Leaves obovate or oval, crenate or wavy- toothed, pubescent. Flowers yellow, appearing late in autrnnn. — Damp woods, chiefly west of Toronto. Order XXXVL HAT.ORAGE^. (Water-Milfoil F. , Aquatic or marsh plants, with small inconspicuous flowers, sessile in the axils of the leaves or bracts. Calyx-tube ad herent to the ovary, the latter (in our genus) 4-lobed, 4 celled. Limb of the calyx minute or none. Petals 4, if any Stamens 4 or 8. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected into capillary divisions. Plants mostly under water, except the flowers. The only common genus here is MYRIOPHYL.'L.UM. Wateb-Milfoil. L M. spica'tum. Stamens 8. Bracts ovate, entire, shorter than the flowers. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4. Flower? greenish, in terminal spikes. Stem very long.— Deep water. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 45 2. M. verticilla'tum. Stamens 8. Leaves finely dissected and whorled as in No. 1. Bracts pectinate-plnnatifid, much longer than the flowers, and the spike therefore leafy. Stem 2-4 feet long. — Stagnant water. 3. M. heterophyl'lum. Stamens 4- Lower leaves dissected, in whorls of 4 or 5. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, finely serrate, crowded, the lower ones piuaatifid. Stem stout. — Stagnant or slow water. Order XXXVn. ONAGRA'CE^. (Evenino-Primrose F.) Herbs with perfect and symmetrical flowers, the parts of the latter in twos or fours. Calyx-tabe adherent to the ovary and usually prolonged above it. Petals and stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1. Stigmas 2 or 4 or capitate. (See Part I, sections 39-42, for description of a typical plant.) Wynop«ii! of the Oenrra. 1. C/'ircic'a. PetaU S, obeordate. Stamenst S. Stiprma capitate. Fruit ftwr- like, 1-2-seeded, beset with hooked bristles. Delicate low plants with opposite leaves and very small white flowers in racemes. 2. Epilo'biiiin. Petals A. Stame7is 8. Calyx tube hardly prolonged be- yond the ovary. Fruit a linear pod, many-seeded, the seeds provided with tvfts of downy hair. 3. CEnothc'rn. Petals L Stamens 8. Stiprma 4-lobed. Flowers yellow. Calyx-tube much prolonged. Pods cylindrical or club-shaped. Seeds without tufts. 4. I^ikI^^sc'Ib. Petals U or none. Stamens J*. Calyx-tube not prolonged. Stijjma capitate. 1. circ;E'A. Enchanteb's Nightshade. 1. C. Lutetia'na. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves opposite, ovate, slightly toothed. No bracts under the iiedicels. Fruit roundish, hristhj-ham/, 2-celled. — Rich woods. 2. C. Alpi'na. Stem low and d licate (3-8 inches). Leaves cordate, coarsely toothed. Minute bracts under the pedicels. Fruit club-shaped, soft-hairy, l-celled. — Deep low woods. 3. e;PIL.O'BIU3I. Willow-herb. -♦ 1. E. angustifolium. (Great Willow-herb.) Stem ,3-6 feet high, simple. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers purple, very showy, in a terminal raceme or spike. Stigma of 4 long lobes. — Newly-cleared land. IM COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS HI I 2. E. palustre. Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, slender, branching above, hoanj -pubescent. Leaves linear, nearly citire. Flowers ^mall^ corymbed at the ends of the branches, purplish or white. Petals erect. Stigma club-shaped. — Bogs. 3. E. molle is occasionally met with. It differs from No. 2 chiefly in having the leaves crowded and their points more obtuse. The petals are rose-coloured. — Bogs. 4. E. COlora'tlim. Stem 1-2 feet high, nearly smootli. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers small, corymbed. Petals purplish, deeply notched. — Extremely common in wet places. ''3. CENOTHB'RA. Evening Primbobi. 1. (E. bien'nis. (Common Evening Primrose.) Stem S-4 feet high, hairy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers yellow, odorous, in a leafy spike, opening in the evening or in cloudy weather. Pods oblong, narrowing towards the top. — ^Waste plactf, 2. (E. Pu'mila. (Small E.) Stem low, 5-12 inches high, smooth or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. Pods nearly sessile, club-shaped, 4-(^ngled. — River and lake margins. 4r. liUDWTG'lA. False Loosestrife. L. palustris. (Water Purslane.) Stems creeping in the mud of ditches or river margins, smooth. Leaves opposite, tapering into a slender petiole. Flowers sessile, solitary, usually without petals. Pod 4-sidedf Order XXXVIIL LYTHBA'CEJE. (Loosestrife F.) Herbs, or slightly woody plants, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, without stipules. Calyx enclosing, hut free frorUy the ovary. Petals (mostly 5) and stamens (mostly 10) in- serted on the calyx. Flowers axillary or whorled. Style 1. Stigma capitate. The only common representative genus with us is NES-3B'A. Swamp Loosestrife. N. verticilla'ta. Stems curving, 2-6 feet long, 4-6-sided. Ltf'wes lanceolate, mostly whorled. Flowers purple, in the axil COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 47 of the upper leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5-7 erect teeth, with supplementary projections between them. Stamens 10, exserted, 5 longer than the rest. — Swamps. Order XXXIX. UMBELLIP'ER^. (Parsley Family.) Herbs with small flowers mostly in compound umbels. Calyx-tube grown fast to the surface of the ovary ; calyx- teeth minute or none. The 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on a disk which crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded. Stems hollow. Leaves usually much cut. (See Part I, Chapter VI, for description of a typical flower.) Synopsis of the Oeiicra* 1 1. Seediflat (not hollowed) on the inner face, 1. Hydroco'lylc. Umbels simple, or one sprinrjing from the summit of another, axillary. Flowers white. Stem slender and creeping. Lea\ es round-kidney-shaped. 2. Stanlc'nla. Umbels irregular (or compound), the greenish flowers cap it ate in the umbellets. Leaves palniately lobed or parted. Fruit globular covered with hooked prickles. (In the Genera which follow, the umbels are regulrrly compound.) 8. Vru'cuh. Stem bristly. Leaves twice- or thrice-pinnate, or pinnatifid.. Bracts of the involucre pinnatifid, very long. Fruit ribbed, the ribs bristly. 4. Herncle'iim. Stem. S-h feet MnTf , woolly m\A q^ooveA. Leaves 1-2-tern- ately compound. Flowers white, the outer corollas larger than the others. Fruit winj-margined at the junction of the carpels, very flat. 6. Pastina'ca. Stem smooth, grooved. Leaves pinnate. Flowers ydlow, all alike. Fruit as in No. 4. 6. Arcliansel'ica. Stem smooth, stout, purple. Leaves 2-3-tcrnately compound. Floivers greenish-white. Fruit smooth, flattish on the back, double-wing-margined, each carpel with 3 ribs on the back. 7. Coiiiose!i'num. Stem smooth. Leaves finely 2-3pinnately compound, the petioles inflated. Flowers white. Fruit doubly wing-margined, and with S narrow wings on the back of each carpel. 8. ThnMpiiiin. Stem smooth. Leaves 1-2-ternately divided. Flowers deez yellow. Fruit not flattened, lO-vnnged or ribbed. 9. Zizia. Stem slender, smooth and glaucous. Leaves 2-S-ternately com pound. Flowers yellow. Rays of the umbel long and slender. Frui contracted at the junction j leaves. Peduncles long and sender, 2-fiowered. Corolla deeply 2-lipped. Berries united at the base.— Swamps and low grounds. 4. DIERVIli'IiA. Busn-HONFYSUOKI.E. D. trif'ida. — Rocky woods and clearings. 5. TRIOS'TEUM. Fever-\v RT. T. perfolia'tum. A coarse herb, 2-4 et high, soft-hairy. Leaves oval, narrowed at thu base. Fruit orange-coloured. — OM (!learings and thickets. i\ —a^sMMHH % *..! IS 'I lii ^ini i I' 54 COMMON CANAI/XAN WILD PLANT* 6. SAMBU'CUS. Elder. 1. S. Canadensis. (Common Elder.) Shrub 5-10 feet high, in clumps. Leaflets 7-10, oblong. Cymes flat. Fruit black- purple. — Open grounds, and along streams 2. S. pubens (Red-berried Elder) may be distinguished from No. 1, by its warty bark, brown pith, 5-7 leaflets, convex or pyramidal cymes, and red berries. — Rocky woods. 7. VIBUK'NUM. Abrow-wood. Laurestinus. 1. V. Lenta'go. (Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.) A ismall tree, with ovate Jineb/serrate pointed leaves, with long and margined petioles. Cyme sessile. Fruit black. — Along streams. 2. V. nudum. (Withe-rod.) A smooth shrub with tall straight stems. Leaves thickish, entire or wavy-toothed, dotted beneath. Cymes with short peduncles. Fruit black. — Cold swamps. 3. V. pubes'cens. (Downy Arrow- wood.) A straggling shrub, not more than 4 feet high, with small ovate coarsely ser- rate leaves, the lower surface soft-downy. Cymes small. Fruit oblong, daik-purple.— Rocky places. 4. V. acerifo'lium. (Maple-leaved A. Dockmackie.) A shrub 3-6 feet high, with greenish bark. Leaves 3-lobed, 3-ribbed, soft-downy beneath. Stipular appendages bristle- shaped. Cymes small, on long peduncles. Fruit red, le- coming black. — Thickets and river-banks. 5. V. Op'ulus. (Cranberry-tree.) An upright shrub, 5-U feet hif^h, with strongly 3--lobed leaves, broader than long, the lobes spreading and pointed. Cymes peduncled. Marginal flow- ers of the cyme very large and neutral. Stipular appendages conspicuous. Fruit red, pleasantly acid. — Low grounds. 6. V. lantanoi'des. (Hobble-bush.) A straggling shrub witli reclining branches. Leaves large, ruund-ovate, heart- shaped at the base, serrate, many-veined, the veins underneath and the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy. Stipular ap- pendages conspicuous. Cymes sessile, very broad and flat, with vp.ry conspicuous neutral flowers on the margin. —Moist woods. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS 56 14 Order XLUL RUBIA'CEJE. (Madder Family.) Herbs or shrubs, chiefly distinfruished from the preceding Order by the presence of stipules between the opposite entire leaves, or by the leaves being in whorls without stipules. Calyx superior. Stamens alternate with the (mostly 5) lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-4-celled. SynopoiiM of the Orncrn. 1. Oa'liinni. Leaves in whorls. Slender weak herbs with square stems. Calyx-teeth inconspicuous. Corolla 4-parte(J, \\ liool-shaped. Styles 2. Fruit twin, separating into two 1-seeded carpels. 2. Cephalan'thii^. Leaves opposite. Shrubsivi'h the jlmvers in a globular peduncled head. Lobes of calyx and corolla each 4. Style very slender, much protruded. Stigma capitate. 3. IflilchcB'In. Leaves opprsite. Shining trailing evergreen herbs, with flowers in pairs, the ovaries united. Lobes of calyx and corolla each 4, the corolla bearded inside. Style 1. Stigmas 4. Fruit a red 2-eyed berry. 4. Hoii-ifo'nla-. Leaves opposite. Low and slender erect herbs, with the flowers in small teruiinal clusters. Lobes of calyx and corolla each 4, Stylo 1. Stigmas 2. 4 1. GAliIUMf. Bedstraw. Cleavers. 1. G. apari'ne. (Cleavers. Goose-Grass.) Leaves about 8 inav)horl, lanceolate, rough-margined. Peduncles 1-2-flowered, axillary. Fruit covered with hooked prickles. — Low grounds. 2. G. triflo'rum. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw.) Leaves chiejly 6 in a whorl, elliptical-lanceolate, bristle-pointed. Ped- uncles 3-flowered, terminating the branches. Fruit covered with hooked jp rickles. — Woods. 3. G. lanceola'tum. (Wild Liquorice.) Leaves all in whorls of 4 each, lanceolate, tajjering to the apex, more or less 3-nerved. Flowers few or several, remote. Fruit covered with hooked prickles. 4. G. circsezans is similar to No. 3, but the leaves are obtuse instead of tapering. — Woods. 6. G. asprellum. (Rough Bedstraw.) Leaves in wnorls of 6, or 4 or 5 on the branchlets, elliptical-lanceolate, .ery rough on the edges and midrib. Stem weak, 3-5 feet high, itsaning upon ilii I COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTa ' ii and clinging to bushes by its rough edu'cs. Flowers numerous in panicled clusters. Fruit not rough. — Thickets. 6. G. trif'idum. (Small Bedstraw.) Leaves in whorls of 4-6. Stem 6-18 inches high, roughened on the edges, as are tlie leaves usually. Flowers few, not panicled. Parts of the flowers generally in threes. Fruit smooth. — Low grounds and swamps. 7. G. borea'le. (Northern Bedstrasv.) Leaves in whorls of 4> linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowers very numerous, crowded in a narrow and compact terminal panicle. Stem erect and rigid, 1-3 feet high. — Rocky thickets and river-banks. 3. CEPHALAN'THUS. BUTTON BuSH. 0. occidentals. A smooth shrub in swamps, with ovate petioled pointed leaves, which are opposite or in whorls of 3. Easily recognized by the globular liead of wliite flowers. 3. JJUTCHEL'LA. Partridge Berry. M. repens.— Common in dry woods. Leaves round-ovate, shining, sometimes with whitish lines. 4. HOUSTO'JVIA. HousTONU. H. purpu'rea. Stems tufted, 3-6 inches high. Leaves vary- ing from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed, sessile. — Woodlands. Orueh XLIY. VALERIANA'CE^. (Valerian F.) Herbs with opposite exstipulate leaves, and small cymose flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the latter 3- celled, but ordy one of these fertUe. Stamens 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Style slender. Stigmas 1-3. The only common genus is VALERIA'NA. Yalkrtan. V. Sylvat'ica. Not uncommon in cedar-swamps. Calyx- limb consisting of several bristles rolled inwards in the Jlower, but expanding in fruit. Corolla gibbous at the base. Stamens 3. Root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire ; stem-leave."? pinnate, leaflets 5-lL Stem erect, striate, 1-2 feet high. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS Order XLV. DIPSA'CEJE. (Teasel Family.) Herbs with the flowers in heads, surrounded by a many- leaved involucre, as in the next Family, but the damens are distinct. Leaves opposite. Represented in Canada by the genus mP'SVCUS. Teasel. D. sylvestris. (Wild Teasel.) A stont coarse prickly plant, not unlike a thistle in appearance. Flowers in oblong very dmse heads, l)luish. Corolla 4-cleft. Stamens 4, on the corolla. Bracts among the llowers terminating in a long awn. Leaves generally connate. — Roadsides and ditches. Rather com- mon in the Niagara district, but found also elsewhere. Order XL VI. COMPOS'ITiE. (Composite Family.) Flowers in a dense head on a common receptacle, and sur- rounded by an involucre. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its limb either obsolete or forming a pappus of few or many bristles or chaffy scales. Corolla either tubular or with one side much prolonged (strap-shaped or ligulato). Stamens usually 5, on the tube of the corolla, their anthers united (syngenesious). Style 2-cleft. (See Part L, sections 47-49, for examination of a typical flower.) The heads of flowers present some variety of structure. All the flowers of a head may be tubular ; or only the central ones or disk-flowers^ as they are then called, may be tubular, whilst those around the margin, then known as ray-flowers^ are ligulate or strap-shaped. Or again, aWthe flowers may be strap-shaped. It is not unusual also to find a mixture of perfect and imperfect flowers in the same head. The bracts which are often found growing on the common receptacle among the florets are known as the chaff. When these bracts are entirely absent the receptacle is said to be naked. The leaves of the involucre are called its scaZe-s. ^ 58 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. I i. \l Mi m I 1 'i; .". >f :lli '% I Suborder I. TUBI.'X;'FXCil.'g3 Heads either altogether witho'it strap shape I corollas, or the latter, if present, forming on^y tl.o o^'i-er oirde (the ray). Ray flowers, when present, always without stamenSf and often without a pistil also. A. Kay-flofvei*<< cnllrely nbfth clr.v aiif'i BvAiriou- inargina, iuibricatcii. Hoarv hoii s, ♦♦ ♦♦ Pappus of all the florets bristly. Receptacle nakai. 9. EHclithi'tcs. Flowers whitish. Scales of the involucre in c Hnffhroo, linear, with a few bractlets at the base. Corolla of the lar.-, inai il.reta very slender. Pappus copious, of tine soft white hairs. Hi .ua < orymb- ed. Erect and coarse herbs. 10. CJnapha'lliiiii. Flowers whitish or yellowish. Scales of the involucre yellowish-white, in many rows, dry an! scarioud, woolly at the base. Outer corollas slender. Pappus a sinjjle low of fine rough bristles. Flocculent-woolly herbs. 11. Aiitcnua'ria. Very much like Gnaphalium in appearance, being white- woolly, but the heads are usually diuecious, and the bristles of the pappud thicker in the sterile florets. -I- H— All the florets in the head perfect. 11. Anlcnnn'rin, wiih ditjccious heads, may be looked for here. See pre- vious parajjraph. Bidcuis. One or two species have no rays. See No. 25. , Scnc'cio. One si)ecies is without rays. See No. 14. 12. LiAii'trls. Flowers handsome, rose-purple. Receptacle nakefl, ''appua of long and slender bristles, plumose or roue. Fiowehu^ Id, late bunimer. 18. Erlsf'*"!*©!!. Rays and disk as in Aster, but the rayn very narrow, and usually in more than one row. Scales of the involucre in one or two rows, nearly of equal lenyth. Pappus of lonjj^ bristles with shorter ones intermixed. Heads corymbed or solitary. Leaves generally sessile. 19. Diplopnp'pus. Rays white, long. Disk-florets yellow. Scales of the involucre 1-nerved. Pappus double^ the outer row of short stiff bristles. Heads small, corymbed. • • Pappus not of hair-like bristles, but either altogether wanting or con- sisting of a few chajj'y scales or teeth, or only a minute crown. -t— Receptacle naked. 20. Ile!«*'iiiinn. Rays yellow, wedpfe-shadcd, 3-5 cleft at the summit. Scales of the involucre reflexed, awl-shaped. Pappus of 5-8 chaffy scales, 1-ncrved, the nerve usually extending into a point. Leaves alternate, decurrent on the angled stem. Heads corymbed, showy. 21. Iieucan'th<'imim. Rays white ; disk yellow. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Pappus none. Heads single. -I- H— Heceptacle chafiy. 22. innru'f a. Rays white, s on reflexed ; disk yellow. Ray-florets neutral. Pappus none. Receptacle conical, more or less chaffy. Herbs with strong odour. 23. Kuilbrck'in. Rays yellow, usually longr, dislc dark-purple, or in one species greenish-yelloiv. Scales of tlie involucre leaf-like. Receptacle conical. Pappus none, or only a minute crown. Ray -florets neutral. 24. Il<'lian'lhii»<. Rays yellow, neutral. Receptacle flattish or convex. Chaff persistent, and embracing the U-sided achcnes. Pappus deciduous, of 2 thin scales. Stout coarse herbs. i';>. BiKlcnw. Rays yellow, few ; but 2 species are without rays. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer large and leaf-like. Ray-florets 7jeutral. Achcnes crowned with 2 or more stijf awns which are barbed backward. 26. Afhillf'a. Rays white (occasionally pinkish), few. Receptacle flattish. raipus none. Achenes margined. Heads small, in flat corymbs. Leaves very finely dissected. 27. Polyin'nia. Rays whitish-yellow, wedge-form, shorter than the in- volucre, few in number. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, tlie outer leaf-like, the inner small, and T^viiy clasping the achenes. Pappus none. Coarse clammy herbs with an unpleasant odour. ■! COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 61 28. Sll'phliini. Easily known by its stout square stem, and the upper con- nate leaves forming a sort of cup. Flowers yellow. Achcnea broad and flat. Suborder II. LIGULIF'LORJE. Corolla strap-shaped in all tlie florets of the head. All the florets perfect. Herbs with milky juice, and alternate leaves. 29. Ijamp'sana. Flowers yellow, &-12 in a head. Scales of the involucre 8, in a single row. Pappics rwne. Stem slender. Heads small, in loose panicles. 80. Clcho'rium. Flowers brij,'-lit blue, showy. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer of 5 short stales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Pappus chaffy. Heads sessile, 2 or 3 to},'ether. 81. licou'lodon. Flowers yellow. Involucre with bractlets at the base. Pappus of plumose bristles, these broader at the base. Heads borne on branching scapes. Leaves radical. 32. Iliera'ciuin, Flowers yellow. Scales of the involucre more or less im- bricated. Papi>us a single row of tawny hair-Wee rough bristles. Heads corymbose. 33. I¥ab'alu»t. Flowers yellowish- or greenish- white, often tinged with pur- ple ; heads noditiii;^'. Involucre of 5-14 scales in a single row, with a few bractlets below. Pappus copious, of brovniish or yellowish rough bristles. * 84. Tarax'acum. Flowers yeWow, on slender naked hollow scapes. Achenes prolonged into a slender thread-like beak. Leaves all radical. (See Part I., Chapter vii.) 35. liactu'ca. Flowers pale yellow. Florets few Mahout 20) In the head. Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows of unequal length. Achenes with long thread-form beaks, and a pa])pus of very soft white bristles. Heads numerous, panicled. Tall smooth herbs with runcinate leaves. 36. MMlg«''«lluni. Flowers chiefly blue. Structure of the heads and general asyiect of the plant as in Lactuca, but the beak of the achene short a d thick, and the pappus tawny. Heads in a dense panicle. 37. Son'chu«. Flowers pale yellow. Heads many-flowered, enlarging at the base. Achenia without beaks. Pappus very soft and white. Tall glaucous herbs with spiny-toothed leaves. 1. CIR'SIUM. Common Thistle. 1. C. lanceola'tum. (Common Thistle.) All the scales oj the involucre prkkln- pointed. Leaves decun-eiit, piniiatitid, tin; lobes prickly-pointed, rough above, vooUy with webby hairs beneath. — Fields and roadsides every wlieie. M' ;■ !• •I . :'• «Hl 62 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. iii 2. 0. dis'color. The inner scales of the involucre not prickl> Stem grooved. Leaves prickly, green above, white-woolly beneath. Flowers pale purple. "Whole plant with a whitish aspect. — Dry thickets. 3. C. mu'ticum. (Swamp Thistle.) Scales of the wehhij in- ^volucre hardly prickli/, and not spreading. Stem very tall and smoothish, and sparingly leafy. Heads single or few. — Swamps and low woods, 4. C. arvense. (Canada Thistle.) Scales of the involucre with reflexed points. Leaves prickly, smooth both sides, or slightly woolly beneath. Roots extensively creeping. Heads small and numerous. — Fields and roadsides. •< a. OXOPOR'DON. Scotch Thistle. 0. acan'thium. A coarse branching herb, 2-4 feet high, with woolly stem and leaves. Bristles of the pappus united at the base into a ring. — Roadsides and old fields ; not common. t 3. liAP'PA. Burdock. *" L. oflB-Cinalis. A coarse plant with very large cordate petioled leaves, and numerous small globular heads of purple flowers. The involucre forms a bur which clings to one's clothing, or to the hair of animals. — Near dwellings, mostly in manured soil. 4. CE?TTAURE'A. Star-Thistle. 0. Cy'anUS. (Blue-Bottle.) An old garden-plant, found occasionally along roadsides. False rays very large. Scales of the involucre fringed. Leaves linear, entire or nearly so. Stem erect. Heads single at the ends of the branches. 5. XAN'THIUM. Clotbur. L X. struma'rium, var. echina'tum. (Common Cocklebur.) Stem rough, not prickly or spiny. Leaves broadly triangular, and somewhat heart-shaped, long-petioled. Fruit a hard 2-celled bur, nearly an inch long, clothed with stiff hooked prickles, the two beaks of the fruit long and usually incurved.— Low river- banks. 2. X. spino'sum. (Spiny Clotbur.) Stem armed wiih con- spicuous straw-coloured triple slender spines, at the bases of the lanceolate short-petioled leaves, the latter white-woolly be- COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ea neath. — Town of Dundas, Ontario ; the seeds having been brought in wool from South America. 6. AMBRO/SIA. RaoweeD. "^ 1. A. artemisisefo'lia. (Hog-wkkd.) stem erect, 1-3 feet high, branching, hairy. Leaver twice -pinnatifidy the lobes linear, paler beneath. — Wast© places everyw liere, but not so common northward. 2. A. trif'ida (Great Ragweed) is found in low grounds in the south-west of Ontario. Stem stouter than No. 1, ^-4 feet high. Leaves oj>posite, deeply S-lobed, the lobes oval- lanceolate and serrate, -^ 7. TA!VACE'TU3I. TansY. T. vulga're. (Common Tansy. ) A very strong-scentud herb, 2-A feet high, smooth. Leaves twice pinnate, the lobes serrate, as are also the wings of the petiole. Heads densely corymbed. — Old gardens and roadsides near dwellings. 8. ARTEM-S'IA. Wormwood. 1. A. Canadensis. Stem smooth or sometimes hoary with silky down, erect, usually brownish. Lower leaves twice-pinna- tifid, the lobes linear. — Shores of the Great Lakes. 2. A. vulga'ris. (Common Mugv/ort.) Stem tall, and branching above. Leaves green and smooth above, white-woolly beneath, pinnatifid, the lobes linear- lanceolate. Heads small, erect, in panicles. Flowers purplish.— Old fields near dwellings. 3. A. Absin'thium. (Common Wormwood.) Somewhat shrubby. Whole plant silky-hoary. Stem angular, branched, the branches with drooping extremities. Leaves 2-3 pinnately- divided, the lobes lanceolate. Heads nodding. — Escaped from gardens in some places. 9 ERECHTHITES. FmswEED. "^E. Meracifolia. Stem tall, grooved. Leaves sessile, lan- ceolate, cut-toothed, upper ones clasping. — Common in places recently over-run by fire. 10. GlVAPHA'lilUM. Cudweed. 1. G. decur'rens. (Evert-astino.) Stem erect, 2 feet high, clammy-pubeaceiUf white-woolly on the branches. Heads Si .MMMMtiaMMMilMM 64 COMMON CAXADIAN WILD PLANTS. ii i ! corym})e(l. Leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent. "^Fields and hills-idea. 2. O. polyceph'alum. (Common Everlasting.) Stem erect, 1-2 feet liigli, wliite-\v()(;lly. Heads corynibed. Leaves lanceo- late, tapering at the baae, not decurrent. — Old pastures and woods. 3. G. uligino'sum. (Low Cudweed.) Stem spreading, 3-6 inches high, vvhiie-woolly. Leaves linear. Heads small in crowded terminal clusters subtended by leaves. — Low grounds. 11. A\TE.V\A'«IA.. Everlasting. L A. margarita'cea. (I'karly Everlasting.) Stems in clusters, downy. Leaves lineai-lanooolate, taper-pointed, sessile. Scales of the involncrt; pearly vvliite. Heads iu corymbs. — Along fences and in open woods. 2. A. plantaginifo'lia. (Plantain-leaved E.) Stem scape- like, 4-^ inches high. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate ; stem leaves few, linear. Heads small, in a crowded corymb, Invo lucre white or purplish. — Old pastures and woods. la. LIA'TRIS. Blazino-Star. 1. L. cylindra'cea. Stem wand-like, 6-18 inches high. Leaves linear, rigid, generally 1-nerved. Heads few, cylindrical. — Sandy fields and thickets. 2. L. scario'sa. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high. Leaves lan- ceolate. Heads very large and handsome. — Dry soil, south- western Ontario. 3. L. spica'ta. Stem stout and rigid, 2-5 feet high, very leafy. Leaves linear, erect, the lowest 3-5 nerved. Heads crowded in a long spike. — Low grounds, south-western Ontario. *13. EUPATO'RIUM. Tiioroughwort. 1. E. purpu'reum. (Joe-Pye Wekd. Trumpet-Weed.) Stem tall and simple. Leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl. Flowers purplish or fiesh-coloured. Heads in dense corymbs. — Low grounds. 2. E. perfolia'tum. (Boneset. ) Stem short, hairy. Leaves rugose, connate-per/oliate, tapering. Flowers whitish. Corymbs very large. — Low grounds. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS, 66 3. E. ageratoi'des. (White Snake-root.) Stem very smooth, commonly briiiiching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves opposite, petio(e I. Hele'nium. (Common Elecampane.) Stem stout, 2-5 feet high. Root-leaves very large, ovate, petioled. Stem-leaves clasping. Rays numerous, narrow. — Roadsides. ,H6. SOIilDA'GO. Golden-rod. ♦ Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves. 1. S. SCluarro'sa. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high, simple, haiiy above. Scales of the involucre with rejlexed herbaceous tipn. Leaves large, oblong, serrate, veiny ; the lower tapering into ii long- winged petiole, the upper sessile and entire. Heads in racemose clusters, the whole forming a dense, leafy, interrupted, compound spike. — Rocky woods. 2. S. "bi'color. Stem hoary -pubescent, usually simple. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends ; the lower o\ al and tapering into a petiole, serrate. Heads in short racemes in the ujiper axils, the whole forming an interrupted spike or compound raceme. Ray-Jiorets whitish. The variety concolor has yellow rays. — Dry banks and thickets. 3. S. latifo'lia. Stem smooth, not angled, zigzag, 1-3 feet high. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, strongly and sharply serrate, pointed at ])oth ends. Heads in very short axillary clusters. — CSooI woods* M ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 4^ 1.0 1.1 bilM 125 ■ 2.2 ■ 40 111 U 1^ 1-25 11 U. ||.6 ^ 6" » V] SS /a ^ij^ > .'^ ?v' ^>. '> > /A '-^ 7 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) •73-4S03 66 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ' I ¥■■■ m 4. S. cae'sia. Stem smooth, angled, glaucous, slender, usually branching above. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, sessile. Heads in very short clusters in the axils of the leaves. — Rich woods and hillsides. • * Racemes terminal, erects loosely tkyrsoid, not om-sided. Leaves feather-veined. 6. S. Virga-aurea, var. hu'milis. Stem low, 3-6 inches high, usually smooth ; the heads, peduncles, &c., mostly glutinous. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolatc, serrate or entire, the radical ones petiolate, obtuse, and serrate at the apex. — ^Rocky banks; not common. * « * Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose, 6. S. Ohioen'sis. Very smooth throughout. Stem slender, reddish, leafy. Radical leaves very long (often a foot), slightly serrate towards the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile. ' * * * * Heads in one-sided racemes, spreading or recurved, 7. S. argu'ta. Whole plant smooth, 1-4 feet high, rigid, branching above. Lower leaves oval or elliptical-lanceolate, ser- rate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; upper ones lanceolate. Racemes very dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved. The variety juncea has narrower and less serrate leaves. — ^Woods and banks. 8. S. Muhlenber'giL Stem smooth, angled or furrowed. Leaves large and thin, ovate ; the upper elliptical-lanceolate. Racemes much shorter and looser than in No. 7, and the rays much larger. — Moist woods and thickets. 9. S. altis'sima. Stem rough-hairy. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late, or oblong, coarsely serrate, veiny, often rugose. Racemes panicled, spreading. — llordcrs of fields and copses. 10. S. nemora'lis. Stem minutely and closely hoary- pubescent, simple or coryinbed. Leaves more or less hoary, slightly 3-nervetl, obscurely serrate or entire ; the lower ob- lanceolatc, somcwbat crenate, and tapering into a petiole. Racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large panicle.— Dry fields. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 67 • • * • • Bdcemea one-sided and recurved, and the leaves plainly S-ribbed, 11. S. Canadensis. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stont. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, rough above. Panicle exceedingly large. — Very common along fences and in moist thickets. 12. S. sero'tina. Stem very smooth, tali and stout. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, the veins beneath pubescent. Panicle pyra- midal, of many curved racemes. — Low thickets and meadows. 13. S. gigante'a. Stem smooth, stout. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, except at the base, smooth both sides, rough-ciliate. Panicle large, pubescent. — Open thickets and meadows. ****** Inflorescence a flat-topped corymb. 14. S. lanceola'ta. Stem pubescent above, much branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the nerves (3-5) and margins rough- pubescent. Heads in dense corymbed clusters, giving a decidedly characteristic aspect to this ape oies. — Low river-miargina. ^ IT. Aii»TBR. Stabwort. Abtbb. ♦ Leaves, at least the lower ones, heart-shaped and petioled. 1. A. COrymbo'sus. Rays white or nearly so. Heads in corymbs. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high, zigzag. Leaves thin, smoothish, sharp-pointed, coarsely serrate, all the lower ones on slender naked petioles. — Woodlands. 2. A. macrophyllus. Rays white or bluish. Stem stout, 2-3 feet high. Leaves thickish, rough, finely serrate, the lower long-petioled. Heads in closer corymbs than in No. 1. — Wood- lands. 3. A. azu'reus. Rays bright blue. Heads racemed or panl- cled. Stem roughish, erect, racemose-compound above. Leaves entire or nearly so, rough ; the lOwer ovate-lanceolate, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile. The latest flowering of our Asters. — Dry soil. 4. A. undula'tus. Rays bright blue. Heads racemed or panicled. Stem hoary with close pubescence, spreading. Leaves ( hi 68 OOMMON OAKADIAN WILD PLANTS. with somewhat wavy margins, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, roughish above, downy beneath ; the lowest cordate, on margined petioles j the upper with winged short petioles clasping at the base, or sessile. — Dry woods. 5. A. COrdifolius. Rays pale blue or nearly white. Heads smallf profuse, panicled. Stem much branched. Leaves thin, sharply serrate, the lower on slender ciliate petioles. — Woods and along fences. 6. A. sagittifolius. Rays pale blue or purple. Heads small, in dense compound racemes or panicles. Stem smooth or nearly BO, erect, with ascending branches. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, pubescent, the lowest on long margined petioles, the upper contracted into a winged petiole, or lanceolate or linear. — Thickets and along fences. • * Upper leaves all sessile or cla^ng by a heart-shaped base / lower ones not heart-shaped. 7. A. laBVis. Rays large, purple or blue. Very smooth throughout. Heads in a close panicle. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, rough on the margins, t/ie upper ones clasping by an auricled base. — Dry woods. 8. A. N0V» An'gliae. Rays many, narrow, violet-purple; heads large. Involucre of many slender equal scales, apparently in a single roro, clammy. Stem stout, 3-8 feet high, hairy, corymbed above. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, clasping by an auricled base, pubescent. — River-banks and borders of woods. 9. A. puni'ceus. I^ays bng, lilac-blue. Scales of the invo- lucre narrowly linear, loose. Stem 3-6 feet high, stout, rouTh- hairy, usually purple below. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, sparingly serrate in the middle, rough above, smooth beneath, pointed. — Swamps ; usually clustered. 10. A. longlfo'lius. Rays large, numerpus^ purplish -blue. Scales of the involucre in several rows, linear, with awl-shaped tpreading green tips. Stem smooth. Leaves lanceolate or linear, taper-pointed, shining above. Heads solitary or few on the branchlets. — Moist thickets along streams. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 69 ♦ ♦ ♦ None of the leaves heart-shaped ; those of the stem »es»ile, tapering at the base (except in No. 11). 11. A. multiflo'rus. Rays white. Stem pale or hoary with minute pubescence, 1 foot high, bushy. Leaves crowded, linear, with rough margins ; the upper partly clasping. Heads crowded on the racemose branches. Scales of the involucre with spread- ing green tips. — Dry soil. 12. A. Tradescan'ti. Rays white or whitish. Scales of the involucre narrowly linear, in 3 or 4 rows. Heads small, very numerous, in 1 -sided close racemes on the branches. Stem 2-4 feet high, bushy, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the larger ones with a few remote teeth in the middle. — Moist banks. 13. A. miser. Rays pale blue or whitish. Involucre nearly as in No. 12. Stem more or less hairi/, much branched. Heads small, in loose racemes on the spreading branches. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply serrate in the middle. — Low grounds. 14. A. simplex. Rays pale blue or whitish. Scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped. Stem stout, smooth or nearly so, with numerous leafy branches. Heads medium-sized, somewhat corymbose. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, the lower serrate. — Moist and shady banks. 15. A. tenuifo'lius. Rays pale blue or whitish. Scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, with very slender points. Heads medium-sized, in panicled racemes. Leaves long, narrowly lan- ceolate, tapering to a long slender point, the lower usually serrate in the middle. Stem much branched, pubescent in lines.- -Low thickets. 16. A. ptarmicoi'des. Rays pure white. Stems clustered, generally a foot high, each bearing a flat corymb of small heads. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, mostly 1-nerved, with rough margins. — Dry or gravelly hills. Our earliest Aster. 18. KRIG'KROIV. Fleabanb. 1. E. Canadense. (Horse- weed. Butter- weed.) Rays white, hut very inconspicuous, shorter than their tubes. Heads very email, numerous, in panicled racemes. Stem 3-5 feet Ligh, w if ■ ; \ I 70 OOMHON OANADUir WILD PLANTS. i: erect and wand-like, bristly-hairy. Leaves linear, mostly entire. — Common in burnt woods and new clearings. 2. E. bellidifolinm. (Robin's Plantain.) Rays bltiish- purpie, numerous. Heads medium-sized, few, on slender cor- ymbose peduncles. Stem haiiy, producinrj offsets from the base. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; stem-leaves oblong, feWf sessile or partly clasping, entire. — Thickets. 3. E. Philaderphicum. (Common Fleabane.) Rays rose- purpht very numerotta and narrow. Heads small, few, in corymbs. Stem hairy, with numerous stem-leaves. Radical leaves spathulate and toothed ; the upper ones clasping by & heart-shaped base, entire. — Moist grounds. 4. E. strigo'sum. (Daisy Fleabane.) Rays white, con- spicuous, numerous. Pappus plainly double. Stem and leaves roughish with minute appressed hairs, or nearly smooth. Lower leaves spathulate and slender-petioled, entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered. — Dry fields and meadows. 5. E. an'nuum. (Larger Daisy Fleabane.) Rays white, tinged with purple. Pappus double. Stem rough with spread- ing hairs. Leaves coarsely toothed; the lower ovate, tapering into a margined petiole ; the upper ovate-lanceolate. Heads corymbed. — Fields and meadows. 19. DIPLOPAP'PUS. DOUBLB-BRISTLEI) ASTER. D. umbella'tUS. Stem smooth, leafy to the top, tall, simple. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed. Heads very numerous in flat compound corymbs. — Moist thickets. 90. HELB'NIUM. SneeZE-WEED. H. autumnale. (Sneeze- weed.) Stem nearly smooth. Leaves lanceolate^ toothed. Disk globular. — Low river- and lake-margins. ai. liEUCAN'THEMTM. Ox-EYE DaisT. *^L. vulga're. (Ox-eye Daisy. White-weed.) Stem erect, naked above, bearing a single large head. Leaves pinnatifid or cut- toothed, the lowest spathulate, the others partly clasping. — Pastures and o^d fields. I? COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT& 71 aa. MARV'TA. Mayweed. M. Cot'ula. (Common May-weed. ) Stem branching. Leaves thrice-pinnate, finely dissected. — Roadsides everywhere, 93. RUDBECK'IA. COKE-FLOWER. 1. B. lacinia'ta. Rays linear, 1-2 inches long, drooping. Dish greenish-yellow. Stem taU, smooth^ branching. Lowest leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lobed leaflets ; upper ones 3-5 parted, or the uppermost undivided and genefally ovate. Heads terminal, long-peduncled. — Swamps. 2. R. hir'ta. Rays bright yellow. Dish purplish-brovm. Stem very rough-hairy^ naked above, bearing single large heads. Leaves 3-ribbed, the lowest spathulate, narrowed into a petiole, the upper ones sessile. — Meadows. <«»«. HEIilANTIIUS. SUNFLOWXB. 1. H. Strumo'sus. Stem 3-4 feet high, smooth below. Leaves broadly lanceolate, rough above and whitish beneath, pointed, serrate with small appressed teeth, short-petioled. Rays about 10. — Moist copses and low grounds. 2. H. divarica'tus. Stem 1-4 feet high, simple or forking above. Leaves all opposite, widely spreading, sessile, rounded or truncate at the base, ovate-lanceolate, S-nerved, long-pointed, serrate, rough on both sides. Heads few, on short peduncles. Rays about 12. — Open thickets and dry plains. 3. H. decapet'alus. Stem 3-6 feet high, branching, smooth below, rough above. Leaves tltiriy green on both sides, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles. Rays usually 10. — Thickets and river-banks. as. BIDENS. Bub-Marigold. 1. B. frondo'sa. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Says none, Achenes flat, wedge-obovate, ciliate on the margins with bristles pointing upward, 2-awned. Stem tall, branched. Leaves thin, longpetioled, pinnately 3-5 divided, the leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. 2. B. COnna'ta. ( Swamp Beggar-ticks.) Rayt nyne. Achenes flat, narrowly wedge-shaped, 2-4 awned, dliate with minute bristles pointing dovmwards. Stem 1-2 feet high, smooth. t i i 72 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 3-parte(I and decurreut on the petiole. — In shallow water and low grounds. 3. B. cer'nua. (Smaller Bur-Makigold.) Rays shorty paU yellow. Achenes flat, wedgc-obovate, 4-ci^wne(l, ciliate ivith bristles pointing downwards. Stem nearly smooth, 5-10 inches high. Leaves all simple, lanceolate, unequally serrate, hardly connate. Heads nodding. — Wet places.^ 4. B. chrysanthemoi'des. (Larger Bur-Marigold.) Rayn an inch long, showy, golden yellow. Achcncs wedge-shaped, 2-4 awned, bristly downwards. Stem smooth, 6-30 inclies high, erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, connate, regularly serrate. — Swamps and ditches. 5. B. Beck'ii. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic. Stems long and slender. Immersed leaves dissected into fine hair-like divisions ; those out of water lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed. Rays showy, golden yellow, larger than the involucre. Achenes linear, bearing 4~^ ^^^ ^o^ awns barbed towards the apex. — Ponds and slow streams. 20. ACHilil.E'A. Yarrow. A. Millefolium. (Milfoil.) Stems simple. Leaves dis- sected into fine divisions. Corymb flat-topped, Rays only 4 or 5, short. — Fields and along fences ; very common. '47, POLYili'MA. Leap-Cup. P. Canadensis. A coarse clammy-hairy herb. Lower leaves opposite, petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed. Heads small ; rays pale yellow. — Shaded ravines, south- westward. as. SIIi'PHIUM. Kosin-Plant. S. perfolia'tum (Cup-Plant) is found in south-western Ontario. Stem stout, square, 4-8 feet high. Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper ones united by their Jjases. ao. liAMP'SANA. NiPPLE-vvoRT. L. COmmu'nis. Very slender and branching. Leaves angled or toothed. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Borders of springs ; jiot common. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTa 73 30. CICIIO'RIVM. SUCCOBY. CiCHORT. 0. In'tybus. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasp- ing ; radical ones runcinatc. — Roadsides and waste places. 31. LBUN'TODDN. FALL DANDELION. L. autumnale. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves lanceolate, laciniatc-tootlicd or pinnatifid. Scape branched, — Roadsides and waste pUciis ; not common. 3a. HIKllA'CIUM. HawitwteD. 1. H. Canadense. (Canada Hawkweed.) ITeada large. Stem simple, leafy, corymbed, 1-3 feet high. Peduncles downy. Leaves ovate-oblong, with a few coarse teeth, somewhat hairy, sessile, or the uppermost blightly clasping. Achcneu tapering towaids the base. — Dry banks and plains. 2. H. scabrum. (Rough H.) J^eads small. Stem stout, 1-3 feet high, rough-hairy^ corymboso. Peduncles and involucre densely clothed with dark bristles, Achenes not tapering. — Sandy woods and thickets. 3. H. veno'sum (Rattlesnake-weed), with a smooth naked scape (or bearing one leaf), and a loose corymb of very slender poduncleSi is found in the Niagara region. 33. NAB'AIiUS. RattlebnakE-HOOT. 1, N. albus. (White Lettuce.) He ids 8-12 flowered. Pappus deep cinnamon-coloured. Stem 2-4 feet high, smooth and glaucous, corymbose-paniculate. Leaves triangular-halberd- shaped, or 3-5 lobed, the uppermost oblong and undivided.— Rich woods. 2. N. altissimus. (Tall White liEiTucns.) Heads 5-6 flowered. Pappus pale straw-coloured. Stem taller but more slender than in No. 1, wUh a lonj leafy panicle cU the summit, — Rich woods. 34:. TARAX'ACUW. Dandemon. 'f T. Dens-leo'nis. (Common Dandelion.) Outer involucre reflexed. Leaves runcinatc. — Fields everywhere. 33. liACTr'CA. Lettuce. L. Canadensis. (Wild Lettuce.) Heads numerous, in a }png and nairow naked panicle. Stem stout, smooth, hollow^ 74 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 4-9 feet high. Leaves mostly runcinate, partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper entire. Achenea longer than their beaks. — Borders of fields and thickets. 36. MULOE'DIUM. False or Blue Lettuce. M. leUCOphSB'um. Stum tall and very leafy. Heads in a dense compound panicle. — Borders of damp woods and along fences 37. SOWCHUS. Sow-TnisTLE. L S. olera'ceus. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves run- cinate, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping ; the auriclea acute. — Manured soil about dwellings. 2. S. asper. (Spiny-leaved S.) Leaves hardly lohed, fringed with soft spines, clasping ; the auricles rounded. Achenes mar- gined. — Same localities as No. 1. 3. S. arvensis (Field S.), with bright yellow flowers and bristly involucres and peduncles, is found eastward. Order XLYIL LOBELIA'CE-ffi. (Lobelia Family.) Herbs, with milky aorid juice, alternate leaves, and loosely racemed flowers. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed, the tube split down one side. Staraens 5, syngenesious, and commonly also monadelphous, free from the corolla. Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded ovary. Style 1. The only genus is liOBB/LIA. LOBELU. *'l. L. Cardinalis. (Oardinal-flower.) Corolla large, deep red. Stem simple, 2-3 feet high, smooth. Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, slightly toothed. Bracts of the flowers leaf -like. — Low grounds. ^ 2. L. syphilitica. (Grkat Lobelia.) CovoWdt, rather large^ light blue. Stem hairy, simple, 1-2 feet high. Leaves thin, acute at both ends, serrate. Calyx -lobes half as long as the corolla, the tube hemispherical. Flowers in a dense spike or raceme. — Low grounds. . , 3. L. infla'ta. (Indian Tobacco.) Flowers small, |^ of an inch long, pale blus. Stem leafy, branching, 8-18 inches high, pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, toothed. Pods inflatedf Racemu fec^.— Dry fields, COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT& 75 ^. L. spica'ta. Flowers small, ^ of an inch hnrj, pnle hlufi. Stem slender, erect, filmjtle^ 1-3 fcot hi>;h, rniruitely puheHi-eiit Vjelow. Leaves burt'ly toothed, the lower spathulato or oliovate, the upper reduced to linear bracts. Raceme, long and nukwd. — Sandy soil. 6. L. KaVmii. — Flowers small, J of an inch long, Ihj/it hhn>. Stem loio^ 4-18 inches high, ivn/ nhnder. Pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, with 2 minute hraotlcts above the midlute margins, covered beneath with runty wool. Suborder III. PYROLE^. (Pyrola Family.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous, More or less herbaceous evergreens, 11. Pv'r«la. Calyx 6-partcd. Petals 5, concave. Stamens 10. Stigma 6-lobed. Leaves evergreen, clustered at the base of an upright scaly- bracted scape which bears a simple raceme of nodding Jlowers, 13. Rlonc'sea* Petals 6, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10. Stigma large, peltate, with 6 narrow radiating lobes. Plant having the aspect of a Pyrola, but the scape bearing a single terminal J! ower. 18. Chlninph'iln* Petals 5, concave, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10. Stigma broad and round, the border 6-crenate. Low plants with running underground shoots, and thick, shining, sharply serrate, somewhat whorled leaves. Flowers corymbed or umbelled on a tormina! peduncle. Suborder IV. MONOTROPEuSj. (Indian-Pipe Family. ) 14. Iflonot'ropn. A smooth perfectly xchite plant, parasitic on roots, bearing scales instead of leaves, and a single flower at the summit of the stem. 1. GAYLITSSA'CIA. HuCKLEBERRY. G. resino'sa. (Black Hucklebkrrt.) Fruit hlaclcy without a bloom. Racemes short, I -sided, in clusters. Lravcs oval or oblong. Branching shrub 1-3 feet high. — Low grounds. ! cl III * • I I ] I I " It I 7S COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. vv a. VACClwm*!. Cranberry. Blueberry. 1. V. Oxycoc'cus. (Small Cranberry.) A creeping or trailing very slender shrubby plant, with ovate acute evergreen leaves only J of an inch long, the margins revolute. Corolla rose-coloured, 4-parted, the lobes reflexed. Anthers 8. Stem 4~9 inches long. Berry only about ^ of an inch across^ often speckled with white. — Bogs. 2. V. macrocar'pon. (Large or American Cranberry.) DiflFerent from No. 1 in having prolonged stems ( 1-3 feet long) and the flowering branches lateral. The leaves also are nearly twice as large, and the herry is fully ^ an inch broad. — Bogs, 3. V. Pennsylva'nicum. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Stem 6-15 inches high, the branches green, angled, and warty. Corolla cylindrical bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Anthers 10. Flowers in short racemes. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrulate with bristly- pointed teeth, smooth and shining on both sides. Berry blue or black with a bloom. — Dry plains and woods. 4. V. COrymbo'sum (Swamp-Blfeberry) is a tall shrub (3- 10 feet) growing in swamps and low grounds, with leaves vary- ing from ovate to elliptical-lanceolate, and flowers and berries very much the same as those of No. 3, but the berries ripen later. 3. CHIOG'EXE:s. Cbp:epi\g Snowberrt. 0. hispid'ula. Leaves very small, ovate and pointed, on short petioles, the margins revolute. The lower surface of the leaves and the branches clothed with rusty bristles. Berries bright white.— Bogs and cool woods. 4. ARCTOSTAPH'YL S. BearberrY. A. Uva-ursi. Flowers in terminal r/'.^onies. Leaves alternate, obovate or spathulate, entire, smooth. Berry red. — Bare hill- sides. 5. EPIU^'A. Ground Laurel. Trail ing, Arbutus. E. re'pens. (Mayflower.) Flowers in small axillary clus- ters from scaly bracts. Leaves evergreen, rounded and heart- shaped, alternate, on slender petioles. Flowers very fragrant, — Dry woods, in early spring. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTa 79 6. GAULTHE'RTA. AROMATIC WiNTEROREEN. G. procum'bens. (Teaberry. Winterqreen.) Flowers mostly single in the axils, nodding. Leavcss obovate or oval, obscurely serrate, evergreen. Berry bright red, edible. — Cool woods, chiefly in the shade of evergreens. T. CASSA!V'I>RA. Leather Leaf. 0. calycula'ta. Flowers in 1 -sided leafy racemes. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. — Bogs. 8. AlVDRO]»A'EDA. AndROMEDA. A. polifo'lia. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6-18 inches high. Leaves oblong-linear, with strongly revolute margins, white beneath. — Bogs. 9. KAIi'JinA. American Laurel. K. glau'ca. (Pale Laurel.) A straggling shrub about a foot high, with few-flowered terminal corymbs. Branchlets 2- edged. Leaves opposite, oblong, the margins revolute. Flowers I an inch across. — Bogs. 10. liK'DUM. Labrador Tea. L. latifolmm. Flowers white, in terminal umbel like clus- ters. Leaves elliptical or oblong. Stamens 5, or occasionally 6 or 7.— Bogs. J<11. PY'ROIiA. WlNTERGREEN. SmN-LEAF. 1. P. rotundifo'lia. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers white or in one variety rose-purple. — Moist woods. 2. P. ellip'tica. (Shin-leaf.) Leaves elliptical, thin, dull, usually longer than the margined petiole. Flowers greenish-white. — Rich woods. 3. P. secunda. Easily recognized by the Jloivers of the denst raceme being all turned to one side. Style long, protruding. — Rich woods. 4. P. chloran'tha has small roundish dull leaves, converging greenish-white petals, and the anther cells contracted below th^ pore into a dintinct neck or horn. — Open WQod9t * ' '1 (p: :| Hi.: r' 80 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ' i 1 |{ I 19. MONE'SBS. One-plowered Pyrola. M. uniflo'ra. Leaves thin, rounded, veiny, and serrate. Scape 2-4 inches high, bearing a single white or rose-coloured flower. — Deep woods. 13. CHIMAPiniiA. PlPSISSBWA. 0. Uinbella'ta. (Prince's Pine.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base. Peduncles 4-7-flowered. Corolla rose- or flesh-coloured. — Dry woods. xl4. MONOT'ROPA. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap. M. uniflc'ra. (Indian Pipe. Corpse- Plant.) Smooth, waxy- white, turning black in drying. — Dark rich woods. Order L. AQUIPOLIACE^. (Holly Family.) Shrubs or small trees, with small axillary polygamous or dioecious flowers, the parts mostly in fours or sixes. Calyx very minute, free from the ovary. Stamens alternate with the petals, attached to their base, the corolla being almost poiypetalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigma nearly sessile. Fruit a berry-like 4-8-seeded drupe. 1. iliB:x. Holly. 1. verticill?.'ta. (Black Alder. Winterberry.) A shrub with the greenish flowers in sessile clusters, or the fertile ones solitary. Parts of the flower mostly in sixes. Fruit bright red. Leaves alternate, obovate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, veiny, serrate. — Swamps and low grounds. a. NEMOPAN'THBS. Mountain Holly. N. Canadensis. A branching shrub, with grey bark, and alternate oblong nearly entire smooth leaves on slender petioles. Flowers on long slender axillary peduncles, mostly solitary. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, distinct. Fruit light red. — ^Moist woods. S Order LI. PLANTAGHTA'CE-ai. (Plantain Family.) Herbs, with the leaves all radical, and the flowers in a «lose spikij at the aummit of a naked sc^pe Calyx of 4 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 81 fiepals, persistent. Corolla 4-lobe(l, thin and membrana- ceous, spreading. Stamens 4, usually with long filaments, inserted on the covolla. Pod 2-celled, the top coming oflf like a lid. Leaves ribbed. The principal genus is PLANT A'GO. Plantain. Rib- Grass. 1. P. major. (Common P.) Spike long and alemfer. Leaves 6-7 rihhedy ovate or slightly heart-shaped, vnth channelled petioles. — Mbist ground, about dwellings. 2. P. lanceola'ta. (Rib-Grass. English Plantain.) Spile thick and dense^ short. Leaves 3-5 ribbed, lanceolate or lanceo- late-oblong. Scape grooved, long and slender. — Dry fields and banks. 3. P. maritlma, var. juncoides, with very narrow and slender spike, and linear fleshy leaves, is found on the sea-coast and Lower St. Lawrence. Ordee Ln. PRIMULA'CE^. (PRnmosE Family.) Herbs with regular perfect flowers, well marked by having a stame7i before each petal or lobe of the corolla and inserted on the tube. Ovary 1 -celled, the placenta rising from the base. Style 1 ; stigma 1. Synopsis ol the Oenera. 1. Prim'nla* Leaves all in a cluster at the root. Flowers In an unib«)l at the summit of a simple scape. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 5, in- cluded. 2. Trlenta'Ils. Leaves in a whorl at the summit of a slender erect stem. Calyx usually 7-parted, the lobes pointed. Corolla usually 7-parted, spreading, without a tube. Filaments united in a ring below. Flowers usually only one, white and star-shaped. 8. Ijysiiiiach'ia. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers yellow, axillary or in a terminal raceme. Calyx usually 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, mostly 6-parted, and sometimes polypetalous. 4. Anngal'Ils. Low and spreading. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Flowers variously coloured, solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Filaments bearded. 5. (Hain'olim. Smooth and spreading, 6-10 inches high. Corolla bell-shaped 6-parted, with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Calyx partially a£» herent to th* ovary, ilowen very small, white, racemed. Leaves ottemote. ' S| aa OOBfMON OAWAMAN WILD PLANT8. 1. PRlM'UliA. Pbimrose. Cowslip. 1. P. farino'sa. (Bird's-eye P.) Lower surface of the leaves oovered with a white mealiness. Corolla lilac with a yellow centre. — Sliore of Lake Huron, and northward. 2. ]['. Mistassin'ica. Leaves not mealy. Corolla flesh coloured, the lobes obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes, and northward. a. TRIBNTA'IilS. CmCKWEED-WlNTEROREEN. T. America'na. (Star-Flo wer.) Leaves thin and veiny, lanceolate, tapering towards both ends. Petals pointed. — Moist woods. 3. LYSIMACH'IA. LooSESTRIPB. 1. L. thyrsiflo'ra. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Flowers in spike- like clusters from the axils of a few of the upper leaves. Petals lance-linear, purpU.h- dotted ^ as many minute teeth between them. Leaves scale-like below, the upper lanceolate, opposite, sessile, dark-dotted. — Wet swamps. 2. L, Stricta. Flowers on slender pedicels in a long terminal raceme. Petals lance-oblong, streaked with dark lines. Leaves opposite^ lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, dark-dotted. — Low grounds. 3. L. QUadrifolia. Flowers on long slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves. Petals streaked. Leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate-lanceolate, dark-dotted. — Sandy soil. 4. L. cilia'ta. Flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the upper axils. Petals not streaked or dotted. Leaves opposite, not dotted, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cordate at the base, on long fringed petioles. — Low grounds. ' 5. L. longifo'lia. Petals not streaked or dotted. Stem-leaves sessilCf narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long, the margins sometimes revolute. Stem 4-angled. — Moist soil, chiefly northward. 4. AXAOAIi'US. Pimpernel. A.arvensis. (Common Pimpernel.) Petals obovate, /nngr«d! with minute teeth, mostly bluish or purplish. Flowers closing at thb approach of rain* Leaves ovate^ sessiie. — Sandy fields and garden soU. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 83 5. SAM'OLUS. Water Pimpernel. Brook weed, 8. Valeran'di, var. Americanus. Stem slender, diffusely branched. The slender pedicels each with a bractlet at the middle. —Wet places, chiefly eastward. Ordbb LTII. LENTIBULA'CE^. (Bladderwoet F.) Small aquatic or marsh herbs, with a 2-lipped calyx and a personate corolla with a spur or sac underneath. Stamens 2. Ovary as in Primulacese. Chiefly represented by the genua VTRlCUIiA'RIA. Bladderwort. 1. XT. vulga'ris. (Greater Bladderwort. ) Immersed leaves crowded, finely dissected into capillary divisions, furnished with small air-bladders. Flowers yellow, several in a raceme on a naked scape. Corolla closed ; the spur conical and shorter than the lower lip. — Ponds and slow waters. 2. U. interme'dia. Immersed leaves 4 or 6 times forked, the divisions linear-awl-shaned, minutely bristle-toothed on the margin, not bladder -hearing, the bladders being on leafless branches. Stem 3-6 inches long. Scape very slender, 3-6 inches long, bearing few yellow flow era. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; the spur closely pressed to the broad lower ^fp.— Shallow waters. 3. XT. COrnu'ta, with an awl -shaped spur turned downward and outward, and the lower lip of the corolla helmet-shaped, is found towards the sea-coast. Flowers yellow. Leaves awl- shaped. Order LIV, OROBANCHA'CE-flB. (Broom-rape F.) Parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage. Corolla more or less 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous. Ovary 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, many-seeded. 1. BPIPHE'GUS. Beech-drops. E. Virginia'na. A yellowish-brown branching plant, par- asitic on the roots of beech-trees. Flowers racemose or spiked ; the upper sterile, with long corolla ; the lower fertile, with short ooroUa. t 1 •i«. 84 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PI ANT8. 2. CONOPH'OMS. Squaw-root. C. America'na. A chestnut-coloured or yellow plant found in clusters in oak woods in early summer, 3-6 inches high and rather less than an inch in thickness. The atem covered with flesliy scales so as to resemble a cone. Flowers under the upper scales ; stamens projecting. Order LV. SCROPHULARIA'CE^. (Fiqwort F.) Herbs, distinguished by a2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, stamens usually 4 and didynamous, or only 2, (or in Verbascum 5,) and a 2-celled and usually many-seeded ovary. Style 1 ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Synopsis of the CJencra. • Corolla whceUohaped, and only slightly iiregular. 1, Vcrbfis'cHMi. Stajne)i8 (with anthers) 5. Flowers in a long terminal spike. Corolla 5-parted, nearly regular. Filaments (or some ot them) wooll3\ 2, V<'roii'ica. Stamens only i ; filaments long and slender. Corolla mostly 4 parted, nearly or quite regulai Pod flatfish. Flowers solitary in the axils, or forming a terminal raceme or spike. • • Corolla S-Kpped, or tubular and irregular, •«- Upper lip of the coiolla emibraci g the lower in the bud, except occasionally in IVIiinu1ii9. 8. lilnn'ria. Corolla personate (Fig. 143, Part I.), with a long spur beneath. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, in a crowded raceme. 4. Scropliiila'rin. Corolla tubular, somewhat inflated, 5-lobed ; the U up- per lobes erect, the lower one spreading. Stamens with anthers 4, the rudiment of a fifth in the form of a scale on the upper lip of the corolla. Flowers small and dingy, forming a narrow terminal panicle. Stem 4- sidcd. 6. Chelo'ae. Corolla inflated-tubular (Fig. 142, Part I.) Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and anthers, and a fifth filament without an anther. Flowers white, in a close terminal spike, 6. Pcnlstc'nion. Corolla 2 lipped, gradually widening upwards. Stamens 4, with a fifth sterile filament, the latter yellow-bearded. Flowers white or purplish, in a loose panicle. 7. i^liiu'ulus. Calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla erect or refiexed-spreading, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, alike; no rudiment of a fifth. Stigma 2-lipped. Flowers blue or yellow, solitary on axillary peduncles. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 80 S terminal 8. Orati'olH. Corolla tubular and 2*lipped. Stamens toUh anther* only f, included. Flowers with a yellowish tube, on axillary peduncles, solitary. Style dilated at the apex. ^ -^ Lower lip of the corolla embracing the upper in the bud. 9. derar'din. Corolla funnel-form, swelling above, the 6 spreading lobes more or less unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, hairy. Style long, enlarged at the apex. Flowers purple or yellow, solitary on axil, lary peduncles, or sometimes forming a raceme. 10. CaMlilli-'ia. Corolla tubular and 2-lippcd, its tube included in the tubular and flattened calyx ; the upper lip long and narrow and flattened laterally, the lower short and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Floral leaves scarlet in our species. Corolla pale yellow. 11. Euphrn'tiia. Calyx U-cle/t. Upper lip of the corolla erect, the lower spreading. Staniens 4, under the upper lip.— Very small herbs, with whitish or bluish spilced flowers. (Chiefly on the sea-coast, and north of Lake Superior.) 12. Riiinan'lliuii. Calyx flat, greatly inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched, flat, with a minute tooth on each side below the apex. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, solitary in the axils, nearly ses* sile, the whole forming a crowded l-sided spike. (Chiefly on the sea- coast, and north of Lake Superior.) 13. Pedlcula'rin. Calyx split in front, not inflated in fruit. Corolla 2- lipped, the upper lip arched or hooded, incurved, flat, 2-toothed under the apex. Stamens 4. Pod flat, someichat sword-sliaped. 14. IHelampy'rum. Calyx U-cleft, the lobes sharp-pointed. Corolla green- ish-yellow ; upper lip arched, compressed, the lower 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4 ; anthers hairy. Pod 1-4 seeded, flat, oblique. Upper leaves larger than the lower ones and fringed with bristly teeth at the base. ^1. VERBAS'CUM. MuLLEIN. 1. V. Thap'sus. (Common Mullein.) A tall and very woolly herb, with the simple stem winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves. Flowers yellow, forming a dense spike. — Fields and roadsides everywhere. 2. V. Blatta'ria. (Moth M.) Stem slender, nearly smooth. Lower leaves petioled, doubly serrate ; the upper partly clasping. Flowers whitish with a purple tinge, in a loose raceme. Filaments all violel-bearded. — Roadsides; not common northward. 2. VERON'ICA. Speedwell. 1. V. America'na. (American Brooklime. ) Flowers pale blue, in opposite axillary racemes. Leaves mostly p^ioled. ^ >l It' ' 5li if in 86 CX)MMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTGL li thick ish, serrate. Pod swollen. — A common plant in brooks and ditches. 2. V. Anagal'lis (Water Speedwell) is much like No. 1, but the leaves are aesfiUe with a heart-shaped base. 3. V. SCUtella'ta. (Maiwh S.) Flowera pale blue, in racemes chiefly from alternate axils. Leaves sessile, linear, opposite, hardly toothed. Racemes 1 or 2, slender and zigzaij. Flowers few. Pods very flat, notched at both ends. — Bogs. 4. V. officinalis. (Common S.) Flowers liglit blue. Stem prostrate, rooting at the base, pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical, serrate. Racemes dense, chiefly from alter- nate axils. Pod obovate- triangular, notched. — Hillsides and open woods. 6. V. serpyllifo'lia. (Thyme-leaved S.) Flowers whitish or pale blue, in a loose ttrminal raceme. Stem nearly sniocth, branched at the creeping base. Leaves obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled. Pod flat, notched. — Roadsides and fields. Plant only 2 cr 3 inches high. 6. V. peregri'na. (Neckwekd.) Flowers whitish, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Whitish corolla shorter than the calyx. Stem 4-9 inches high, nearly smooth. Pod orbicular, slightly notched. — Waste places and cultivated grounds. 7. V. arven'sis. (Corn Speedwell.) Flowers (blue) as in No. 6, but the stem is hairy, and the pod inversely heart-shaped. — Cultivated soil. . 3. LIIVA'RIA. Toad-Flax. -^ L. vulga'ris. (Toad-Flax. Butter and Eggs.) Leaves crowded, linear, pale green. Corolla pale yellow, with a deeper yellow or orange-coloured palate. — Roadsides. 4. SCROPHl'L.A'IlIA. FiGWOBT. S. nodo'sa. Stem smooth, 3-4 feet high. Leaves ovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate, serrate. — Damp thickets. 6. CHELO'NE. Turtle-head. , * 0. glabra. Stem smooth, erect and branching. Leaves short- petioled, lance-oblong, serrate, opposite. Bracts of the fiowers concave.— Wet places. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT& 87 6. PEi\TSTE'MOW. Beabd-TONOUB. P. pubes'cens. Stem 1-3 feet high, pubescent ; the panicle more or less clammy. Throat of the corolla almost closed. Stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping. — Dry soil. 7. MIM'VIaVS, Monkey-flower. 1. M. rin'gens. Stem square, 1-2 feet high. Corolla blue, an inch long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, clasping. — Wet places. 2. M. James'ii. Stem creeping at the base. Corolla yellow, ■mall. " eaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile. Calyx inflated in fruit. — In cool springs. 8. GRATl'OIiA. HeDOE-HyssoP. 0. Virginia'na. Stem 4-6 inches high, clammy with minute pubescence above. Leaves lanceolate. Peduncles slender. — Moist places. 9. GEHAR'DIA. Geiiabdia. 1. G. purpu'rea. (Purple Gerardia.) Corolla rose-purple. Leaves linear, acute, rough-margined. Flowers an inch long^ on short peduncles. — Low grounds. 2. G. tenuifolia. (Slender G.) Corolla rose-purple. Leaves linear, acute. Flowers about \ an inch long^ on long thread-like peduncles. — Dry woods. 3. G. fla'va. (Downy G.) Corolla yellow, woolly inside. Stem 3-4 feet high, finely pubescent. Leaves oblong or lance- shaped, the upper entire, the lower usually more or less pinnati- fid, downy-pubescent. — Woods. 4. G. quercifo'lia. (Smooth G.) Corolla yellow, woolly in- side. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooih and glaticous. Lower leaves twice-pinnatifid, the upper pinnatifid or entire, smooth. — Woods. 5. G. pedicula'ria. (Cut-leaved G.) Nearly smooth. Flowers nearly as in Nos. 3 and 4. Stem 2-3 feet high, very leafy, much branched. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed. — Thickets. 10. CASTlIiliB'lA. Painted-Cup. 0. coccin'ea. (Scarlet Painted-Cup.) Calyx 2-cleft, yel- lowish. Stem pubescent or hairy, 1-2 feet high. The stem- i ill If rj S! *i' I i'l te COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. leaves nearest the flowers 3-cleft, the lobes tootl:9d, bright BcarltU — Sandy Boil. U, BVPIIRA'SIA. Eyebrioht. E. officinalis is rather common on the Lower St. Lawrencd and the sea-coaat. Lowest lea^'^'*" crenate, those next the flowers bristly -toothed, /12. RHINANTHU^. Tellow-Rattlb. ■^ R. Orista-galli. (Common Yellow-Rattle.) Localities much the same as those of Euphrasia. Seeds broadly winged, rattling in the inflated calyx when ripe. 13. PKDICUIiA'RTS. LOUSEWORT. P. Canadensis. (Common Lousewort. Wood BETomr.) Stems clustered, simple, hairy. Lowest leaves pinnately parted. Flowers in a short spike. — Copses and banks. 14. MKIiAMPY'RUM. Cow-Whbat. M. America'num. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled ; the lower ones entire.— Open woods. Order LVL VERBENA'CEJB. (Vervain Family.) Herbs (with us), with opposite leaves, didynamous stamens, and corolla either irregularly 5-lobed or 2-lipped. Ovary in Verbena 4-C0lled (when ripe splitting into 4 nutlets) and in Phryma 1-celled, hut in no cose 4-lobed, thus distinguishing the plants of this Order from those of the next. Synopsis of the Ocnera. 1. Verbe'nn. Flowers in spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed. Corolla tubular, salver-form, the border rather Irregularly 6-cleft. Fruit splittin;r into 4 nutlets. 2. Phry'"! n. Flowers in loose slender spikes, reflexed in fruit. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 slender teeth. Corolla 2-lipped. Ovary 1-celled and 1-seeded. 1. VERBE'WA. Vervain. ' 1. V.hasta'ta. (Blue Vervain.) Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate. Spikes of purple flow- ers dense, erect, corymbed or panided. — ^Low meadows and fields. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 89 ^ht Bcarlett Lawrence \Q flowera ocalities winged, 5etont. ) ^ parted. ed; the MILY.) tamens, vary in and in uishing tubular, l:ing into Calyx 2-llpped. Leaves '« flow- fields. 2. V. Urticifolia. (Nettle-leaved V.) Stem tall. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate. Spikes of small white flow- ers very slender, loosely panicled. — Fields and roadsides. 2. PIIRYMIA. LopsEED. P. Leptostach'ya. Corolla purplish or pale rose-colonred. Stem slender and branching, 1-2 feet high. Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed. — Woods and thickets. Order LVII. LABIA'TJE. (Mint Family.) Herbs with square stems, opposite leaves (mostly aro- matic), didynamous (or in one or two genera diandrous) stamens, a 2-lipped or irregularly 4 or 5-lobed corolla, and a deeply J^-lohed ovaryy forming in fruit 4 nutlets or achenes. (See Part I., Section 50, for description of a typical plant.) SynopaiH of the Genera. * Stamena A, curved upwards, "parallel, exserted from a deep notch on the upper side of the 6-lobed corolla. 1. Tea'crium. Calyx 6-toothed. The 4 upper lobes of the corolla nearlj equal, with a deep notch between the upper fS ; the lower lobe mud larger. Flowers pale purple. « « Stamens 4, the outer or lower pair longer^ or only t with-antherSt straight and not converging in pairs ! Anthers t-celUd ! •*- Corolla almost equally tt-lohed, quite small. 2. Iflentha. Calj'x equally 5-toothed. Upper lobe of the corolla rather th« broadest, and sometimes notched. Stamens k, of equal length, not con- verprent. Flowers either in terminal spikes or in head-like whorled clusters, often forming interrupted spikes. Corolla purplish or whitish, 8. Ijyc'opns. Calyx teeth 4 or 6. Stamens t, the upper pair, if any, with- out anthers. Flowers white, in dense axillary clusters. '*■' •*- Corolla evidently t-lipped, but the lobes nearly equal in size; the tuh§ not bearded inside. Stamens with anthers i. i. Hedeo'ma. Calyx 2-lipped, bulging on the lower side at the base, hairy in the throat. 2 Bt&mens 'with good antherB, and 9 sterile filaments toith false anthers. Low odorous plants, with bluish flowers in loose axillaiy clusters. •*-••- <^ CoroUa t-lipped, the lower qftlieS lobes much larger than tfte (dhtr i; the tube with a bearded ring insids. Stamens i (oceasionaUy U), muok toi$trtMU m ♦« *1 90 COMMON OANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ^> Collliiao'niii. Calyx ovate, enlarged and turned do\» m in fruit, 8-Hpped. Corolla elonoroted, the lower lip toothed or fringed. StronK-acented plants with yellow^h Jloweri on iUnder pedioeli in terminal panicled racemea. ♦- -^ •*- ♦■ Corolla evid^mtly 9-Upped. Stameni with anther$ U. 0. fialnre'ln. Calyx bell-shaped, not hairy in the throat, equally f>-toothed. Aromatic plants with narrow leaves and purplish spiked flowers. • • * Stameni only t, parallel ; the anthere only 1-celled I Corolla flipped. 7. Iflonar'dn. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothcd, hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated, strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip nurow. Stamens with long protruding filaments, each bearing? a linear anther on its apex. Flowers large, in whorled heads surrounded by bracts. • * • * Stamens Ut the upper or inner pair lat.ger ! Anthers approximate in pairs. Corolla t-lippei / . 8. IVep'cta. Calyx obliquely 6-toothed. Anthers approaching each other in pairs under the inner lip of the corolla, the cells of each anther divergent. (See Figs. 57 and 58, Part I.) 0. Calamln'lhn. Calyx tubular, t-lipped, often bulging below. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip not arched, the th /at inflated. Flowers pale purple, in globular clusters which are crowded with awl-shaped hairy bracts. • « « « • Stamens A, the lower or outer pair longer I Anthers approximate in pairs. Corolla t-lipped. 10. BrunelTa* Calyx t-lipped, flat on the upper side, closed in fruit ; tJie upper lip 9-toothed, the loicer t-cUft. Filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers violet, in a close terminal spike or head which is very leafy-bracted. 11. Sciitella'ria. Calyx t-lipped, short, closed in fruit, the lips rounded and entire, the ujtper with a prelection on the hack. Corolla blue or violet, the tube elongated and somewhat curved. Anthers of the lower stamens 1-celled, of the upper 2-celled. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, or in axillary or terminal 1-sided racemes. 12. inarra'biuin* Calyx 10-toothed, the teeth spiny and recurved after flowering. Stamens 4, included in the corolla-tube. Whitish-woolly plants with small white flowers in head-like whorls. la. Galeop'sis. Calyx 5-toothod, the teeth spiny. The middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla inversely heart-shaped, the palate with t teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, the anthers opening cross-wise. Flowers pur- plish, in axillary whorls. < li. Staoh'ys. Calyx 6-toothed, beset with stiff hairs, the teeth spiny, diverg- ing in fruit. Stamens 4, the outer pair turned doom after discharging their pollen. Flowers purple, crowded in whorls, these at length form ing an interrupted spike. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS* 91 ult, a-llpped. rorijf-dcenUd inal panicled \y r» toothed, wers. ulla t lipped. I the throat. v> Stamens on its apex. roximate in ich other In r diveiTfent. ^' Corolla owers pale aped hairy ^proximate 'niit; Uie the apex, e tenninal 9 rounded la blue or the lower le axils of ved after •sh-wooUy ^e of the f teeth at ren pur- » dlverff- iharging th form IB. I.rona'ru*. Calyx 5- toothed, the teeth ipiny, and ipreading when old. The middle lobu of the lower lip of the corolla liivemely heart-iihaped. Fluwerx pale purple, in close whorls in the axils of the eixt'lobed Uavu, 1. TfiU C'RIUAI. Qeumandeb. T. Oanadense. (American (jermandkr. Wood Saoe.) Stem 1-3 feet high, downy. Leavua ovate lanceolate, serrate, Hhort-petiuled, hoary beneath. Floweio in a long apike. — Low grounds. a a. ]»ib:mtiia. Mint. 1. M. Vir'idis. (Stearmint.) Flour rn in a narrow termina' spike. J. eaves ovate-lanceolate, wrinkled- veiny, unequally ser- iate, 8f8sile. — Wet places. 2. M. piperita. (Peppermint.) Flowem in loose interrupted spikes. Leaves ovate or cvate-oblong, acute, petioled. Plant smooth. — Wet places. 3. M. Canadensis. (Wild Mint.) Flower» in aonUary whorlcd cluaters, the uppermost axils without flowers. Stem more or less hairy, with ovate or lanceolate toothed leaves on short petioles. — Shady wet places. 3. LYC'OPUM. Water Horehound. L L. Virgin'icus. (Bugle- Weed. ) Cahjx-teeth 4, blvntish. Stems obtusely 4-angled, 6-18 inches high, producing slender runners from the base. Leaves ovate -lanceolate, toothed. — Moist places. 2. L. Europa'us, var. sinuatus. Calyx teeth 5, sharp-pointed. Stems sharply 4-angled, 1-3 feet high. Leaves varying from cut- toothed to pinnatifid. — Wet places. 4:. HKDKO'MA. MocK Pennyroyal. H. pulegioi'des. (American Pennyroyal.) Stem 5-8 inches high, branching, hairy. Leaves oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate. Whorls few-flowered. Plant with a pungent aromatic odour. — Open woods and fields. 5. COL.LlNa>0'NlA. House-Balm. C. Canaden'sis. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Stem smooth or nearly so, 1-3 feet high. Leaves serrate, pointed, petioled, 3-6 inches long. — Rich woods. i. I ti 92 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ; 6. SATURE'IA. SavoRY. S. h^rtensis. (Summer Savory.) Stem pubescent. Clus- ters few-flowered. — Escaped from gardens in a few localities, 7. MONAR'DA. HoRSE-MlNT. 1. M. did'yma. (Oswego Tea.) Corolla bright red, very showy. The large outer bracts tinged with red. — Along shaded streams. 2. M. fistulo'sa. (Wild Berqamot.) Corolla purplish. The outer bracts somewhat purplish. — Dr" and rocky banks and woods. 8. NEP'ETA. Cat-Mint. N. Cata'ria. (Catnip.) Flowers in cymose clusters. Stem erect, downy, branching. Leaves oblong, crenate, whitish be- neath. Corolla dotted with purple. — Roadsides. 9. CALAMSIV'THA. Calaminth. C. Clinopo'dium. (Basil. ) Stem hairy, erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves ovate, nearly entire, petioled.— -Thickets and waste places. 10. BRUNEIi LA. Self-Heal, B. vulga'ris. (Common Heal-all.) A low plant with ob- long-ovate petioled leaves. Clusters 3- flowered, the whole form- ing a close terminal elongated head. — Woods and fields every- where. 11. SCUTELLA'RIA. Skullcap. 1. S. galericula'ta. Flowers blue, f of an inch long, solitary in the axils of tiie upper leaves. Stem nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high. — Wet places. 2. S. lateriflora. Flowers blue, ^ of an inch long, in 1 -sided raceme?. Stem upright, much branched, 1-2 feet high. — Wet places. la. MARRU'BIUM. HobehouND., M. VUlgare. Leaves round -ovate, crenate-toothed. Calyx with 5 long and 6 short teeth, re-curved. — Escaped from gardens ill some places. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTa 93 13. GALEOP'SIS. Hemp-Nettle. G. Tetrallit. (Common Hemp-Nettle. ) Stem bristly-hairy, swollen below the joints. Leaves ovate, coarsely serrate. Co- rolla often with a purple spot on the lower lip. — Waste places and fields. 14. STACH'YS. Hedge-Nettle. S. palustris, var. as'pera. Stem 2-3 feet high, 4-aDgled, the angles beset with stiff reflexed hairs or bristles. — Wet grounds. 15. LEONU'RUS. MOTHERWORT. L. Cardi'aca. (Common Motheuwort. ) Stem tall. Leaves long-petioled, the lower palmately lobed, the upper 3-cleft. Up- per lip of the corolla bearded. — Near dwellings. Obder LVIII. BORRAGINA'CEJE. (Borage Family.) Herbs, with a deeply 4-lobed ovary, forming 4 seed-like nutlets, as in the last Order, but the corolla is regularly S-lobed with 5 stamens inserted upon its tube. Synopsis of the Ocncra. * Corolla toithout any scales in the throat. 1. E'chlnm. Corolla with a funnel-form tube and a spreadinff horder of 6 somewhat unequal lobes. Stamens exserted^ unequal. Flowers bright blue with a purplish tinge, in racemed clusters. Plant bristly. * * Corolla with 6 scales completely closing the throat. 2. Sym'phytum. Corolla tubular-funnel form with short spre&^Mng lobes ; scales awl-shaped. Flowers yellowish-white, in nodding raceme-like clus- ters, the latter often in pairs. Nutlets smooth. Coarse hairy herbs. 3. Kchlnosper'mum. Nutlets prickly on the margin. Corolla salver- shaped, the lobes rounded; scales short and blunt. Flowers blue^ small, in leafy-bracted racemes. Plant rough-hairy, 4. C'ynonlos'suiu. Nutlets prickly all over. Corolla funnel-form ; scales blunt. Flowers red-purple or pale blue, in racemes which are naked above, but usually leafy-bractcd below. Strong-scented coarse herbs. * * * Corolla open, the scales or folds not sufficient to completely close the throat. Nutlets smooth. 5. Onosmo'diiim. Corolla tubular, the 5 lobes acute and erect or eon- verging. Anthers mucronate ; filaments very short. Style thread-form, much exserted. Flowers greenish or yellowish-white. Bather tail stout plants, shaggy with spreading bristly haira. ■J! [il 1 1 .11 - ■! ' '.'J 'm 1 il j:.l^-- j^grvue:?-- ■ Jtaffr 94 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. i !' tt. Uthoaper'muin. Corolla fur-iel-form or salver-shaped, the 5 lobes ol the spreadini? limb rounded. Anthers almost sessile. Root mostly red. Flowers small and almost white, or large and deep yellow, scattered or spiked and leafy-bracted. 7. ITIyoso'tls. Corolla salver-shaped, with a very short tube, the lobes eon- volute in the hud; scales or apiienda^jfes of the throat blunt and arching. Flowers blue, in racemes without bracts. Low plants, mostly in wet places. 1. E'CHIUM. Vipek's Bugloss. E« VUlga're. (Blue-weed.) Stem erect, 2 feet high. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate. Flowers showy, in lateral clusters, the whole forming a long narrow raceme. — E,oadsides; common in Eastern Ontario. a. SYM'PHYTUM. CoMFREY. S. officinale. (Common Comfrey.) Stem winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaves, branched. Leaves ovate- lanceolate or lanceolate. — Moist soil; escaped from gardens. 3. ECHINOSPER'MUM. Stick SEED. E. Lap'pula. A very common roadside weed, 1-2 feet high, branching above. Leaves lanceolate, rough. Nutlets warty on the back, with a double row of prickles on the margin. '< 4. CYNOGIiOS'SUM. Hound's-Tongue. 1. C. officinale. (Common Hound's-Tongue. ) Flowers red purple. Upper leaves lanceolate, sessile. Stem soft-pubescent Nutlets rather flat. — A common weed in fields and along road sides. 2. 0. Virginlcum. (Wild Comfeey.) Flowers pale blue Stem roughish with spreading hairs. Leaves few, lanceolate oblong, clasping. Racemes corymbed, raised on a long naked peduncle. — Rich woods. ' 3. 0. Moriso'ni. (Beggar's Lice.) Flowers pale blue of wliite. Stem hairy, leafyy with broadly spreading branches. Leaves taper-pointed and tapering at the base. Racemes pani- cled, forking, widely spreading. Pedicels of the flowers reflexeA in fruit. — Open woods and thickets. hi COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT& 95 5. OIVOSMO/DIUM. False GBOJfWELi.. 0. Carolinia'num. Stem stout, 3-4 feet high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute. Lobes of the corolla very hairy outside. — Banks of streams. 6. lilTHOSPBR'lWUM. Gromwell. Puccoon. 1. L. arven'se. (Corn Gromwell.) Stem 6-12 inches high, £rect. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Flowers almost white. —Sandy banks. 2. L. hirtum. (Hairy Pfccoon.) Stem 1-2 feet high. Stem- leaves lanceolate or linear ; those of the flowering branches ovat©- oblong, ciiiate. Corolla deep yellow, woolly at the base iriside. — Dry woods. 7. MYOSO'TIS. Forget-me-not. M. palustris, var. laxa. (Foroet-me-not.) Stem ascending from a creeping base, about a foot high, loosely branched. Co- rolla pale blue, with a yellow eye. Pedicels spreading. — Wot places. Order LIX. HYDROPHYLLA'CE^. (WatkribafF.) Herbs, with alternate cut-toothed or lobed leaves, and regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers very much like those of the last Order, but having a 1-celled ovary with the seeds ie larger leaves often with an accompanying smaller one. Fruit a berry. 2. Phys'tilis. Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging after flowering, becoming at length much inflated and 5-angled, and enclosing the berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form. Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. 8. Hyoscy'aiiiuw. Fruit a pod, the top coining off like a lid. Ca^' ! urn- shaped, 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, t„o limb 5-lobed, dull-coloured and veiny. Plant clammy-pubescent. 4. Datu'ra. Fruit a large prickly pod. Calyx long, 5-angled, not persistent. Corolla very large, funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, with 5 pointed lobes. Stigma 2-lipped. Rank-scented weeds, with the showy flowers in the forks of the branching stems. t ■ '■)] 1. SOLA'NUM. Nightshade. ) . S. Dulcama'ra. (Bittersweet.) Stem somewhat shrubby and climbing. Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, the upper halberd- shaped, or ivith 2 ear-like lobes at the base. Flowers violet-purple, in small cymes. Berries red. — Near dwellings, and in moist grounds. 2. S. nigrum. (Common .Nightshade.) Stem iow and spread- in 'j, branched. Leaves ovate, wavy-toothed. Flowers small, white, drooping in umbel-like lateral clusters. Berries 6/ac^.— Fields and damp grounds. a. PHYS'ALIS. Ground Cherby. P. visco'sab Corolla greenish-yellow, brownish in the centre. Anthers yellow Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, mostly tootbedt JJerry orange, sticky. — Sandy soil^ ii I. -X " t'^ 98 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS 3. HY09tY'A3IUS. Henbane. H. niger. (Black Henbane.) Escaped from gardens in some localities. Corolla dull yellowish, netted with purple veins. Leaves clasping, sinuate-touthed. A strong-scented and poison- ous herb. 4. DATU'RA. Stramonium. Thorn- Apple. D. Stramo'nium. (Common Thorn-Apple. ) Stem greei* Corolla white, 3 inches long. Leaves ovate, sinuate- toothed. - Roadsides. Order LXIIL GENTIANA'CE^. (Gentian F.) Smooth herbs, distinguished by having a l-celled ovary with seeds on the walb^ either in 2 lines or on the whole inner sur- face. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, and sessile, but in one Genus alternate and compound. Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla and alternate with them. Stig- mas 2. Calyx persistent. Juice colourless and bitter. r ;- Kynopsln of the Oenera* i. H nle'nla. Corolla 4-lobGd, the lobes all spurred at the base. Flowers yellowish or purplish, somewhat cymose. 2. Gentia'na. Corolla not spurred, 4-5 lobed, mostly funnel-form or bell- shaped, generally with teeth or folds in the sinuses of the lobes. Sti&fnias 2, persistent. Pod oblonjj. Seeds innumerable. Flowers showy, in late summer and autumn. 8. Ulenyan'thes. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-lobed, densely white-bearded on the upper face. Leaves alternate, compound, of S oval leaflets. The flowers in a raceme at the tummit qf a naked scape, white or tinged with pink. 1. HAZiB^viA. Spurred Gentlln. H. deflez'a, Stem erect, 9-18 inches high. Leaves 3-5 nerved, those at the base of the stem oblong-spathulate, petioled; the upper acute and sessile or nearly so. Spurs of the corolla curved.— Not common in Ontario, but reported from Ancaster ^d OoUin|;wood, Common on tlie Lower SI;. I^wre^Q9, OOHMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 90 as m some pie veins, ad poison- m greej* aothed.- LN F.) ary with mer sur- it in one 7 as the . Stig- Flowers n or bell- Stijfnias y, in late e-bearded ets. The 3r tinged nerved, Jd; the corolla Qcaster a. GBNTIA'NA. GentIAN. 1. G. crini'ta. (Frinobd Gentian.) Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes fringed an the margins; no plaited folds in the sinuses. Flowers sky-blue^ solitary on long naked stalks terminat- ing the stem on simple branches. Ovary lanceolate. Leaves lance-shaped, or ovate-lanceolate. — Low grounds. 2. G. deton'sa (Smaller Fringed G.) is distinguished from No. 1 by the shorter or almost inconspicuous fringe of the co- rolla, the linear or lance-linear leaves, and the broader ovary. — Moist grounds, chiefly in the Niagara District. 3. G. alba. (Whitish G.) Corolla inflated-club-shaped, at length open, 5-lobed, the lobes about twice as long as the toothed appendages in the sinuses. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, sessile, crowded in a terminal cluster. Anthers usually coher- ing. Leaves lance-ovate, with a clasping heart-shaped base. — Low grounds. 4. G. Andrews'ii. (Closed G.) Corolla inflated-club-shaped, closed at the mouth, the apparent lobes being really the large fringed -toothed appendages. Flowers blue, in a close sessile ter- minal cluster. Anthers cohering. Leaves ovate-lanceolate from a narrower base. — Low grounds; common northward, flowering later than No. 3. 3. ME\YAX'THES. BUCKBEAN. M. trifolia'ta. A common plant in bogs and wet places northward. The bases of the long petioles sheathe the lower part of the scape, or thick rootstock, from which they spring. Plant about a foot high. Order LXIV. APOCYNA'CEuE. (Dogbane Family.) Herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with milky juice, op- posite simple entire leaves, and regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers with the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Didinguished by having 2 separate ovaries^ but the 2 stigmas united. Calyx free from the ovaries. Anthers converging round the stigmas. Seeds with a tuft of down on the apex. Represented with us only by the Genus I I ^P I ilj 100 COMMON CANADIAN WILD FLANTSi APO'CYBfUM. Dogbane. 1. A. androssemifolium. (Spreading Dogbane.) Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, pale rose-coloured, the lohea turned back, Branches of the stem widely forking. Flowers Id loose rather spreading cj'mes. Leaves ovate, petioled. Fruit 2 long and slender diverging pods. — Banks and thickets. 2. A. cannablnum. (Indian Hemp.) Lobes of the greenish- white corolla not turned back. Branches erect. Cymes closer than in No. 1, and the flowers much smaller. — Along streams. Order LXV. ASCLEPIADA'CE^. (Milkweed F.) Herbs with milky juice and opposite or whorled simple entire leaves. PodB, seeds, and anthers as in the last Order, hut the anthers are more closely connected with the stigma, the (reflexed) lobes of the corolla are valvate in the hudj the pollen is in waxy manses, and the (monadelphous) short filaments bear 5 curious hooded bodies behind the anthers. Flowers in umbels. Commonly represented by only one Genus, which is typical of the whole Order ASCIiE'PIAS. Milkweed. 1. A. COmu'tL (Common Milkweed.) Stem tall and stout. Leaves oval or oblong, short-petioled, pale green, 4-8 inches long. Flowers dull greenish-purple. Pods ovate, soft sjnnpf woolly. — Mostly in dry soil; very common. 2. A. phytolaccoi'des. (Poke-Milkweed,) Stem tall and smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at both ends, shori- petioled. Pedicels loose and nodding, very long and slender. Corolla greenish with the hooded appendages white. Pods minutely downy, but not warty. — Moist thickets. 3. A. incama'ta. (Swamp M.) Stem. tall, leafy, branching, and smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, obscurely heart- shaped at the bape. Flowers rose-purple. Pods very smooth and ^/aftrcws.— Swamps and low grounds. 4. A. tubero'sa. (Butterfly- weed. Pleurisy-root.) Stem very leafy, branching above, rough-hairy. Leaves linear or ob- COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 101 long-lanceolate, chiefly scattered. Corolla greenish-orange, with the hoods bright orange-red. Pods hoary. — Dry hill-aidea and fields; almost destitute of milky juice. Order LXVI. OLEA'CEiB. (Olive Family.) The only common representative Genus of this Order in Canada is Fraxinus (Ash). The species of this Genus are trees with pinnate leaves, and polygamous or dioecious flowers without petals and mostly also without a calyx ; stamens only 2, with large oblong anthers. Fruit a 1-2 seeded samara. Flowers insignificant, from the axils of the previous year's leaves. PHAX'INIJS. Ash. 1. P. America'na. (White Ash.) Frtiit winged from the apex onli/f the base cylindrical. Branchlets and petioles smooth and glabrous. Calyx very minute, persistent. Leaflets 7-9, stalked, — Rich woods. 2. P. pul)es'cens (Red Ash) has the branchlets and petioles softly-pubescent, and the fruit acute at the base, 2-edged, and gradually expanding into the long wing above. — Same localities as No. 1. 3. P. sambucifolia. (Black or Water Ash.) Branchlets and petioles smooth. Leaflets 7-9, sessile, serrate. Fruit winged all round. Calyx wanting, and the flowers consequently naked. — Swamps. Division IlL APETALOUS EXOGENS. Flowers destitute of corolla and sometimes also of calyx. Order LXVn. ARISTOLOCHIA'CE^. (BirthwortF.) Herbs with perfect flowers, the tube i)ening by uplifting valves. Ovary in fertile flowers free from the calyx, 1-celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top of the ceU. Style and stigma 1. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. SAS'SAPRAS. Sassafras. S. officinale. A small or moderate-sized tree with yellowish or greenish-yellow twigs and ovate or 3-lobed entire leaves. Flowers greenish-yellow, in naked corymbs, appearing with the leaves in the axils of the latter. Drupe blue, on a reddish pedi- cel. The 9 stamens in 3 rows, the 3 inner each with a pair of yellow glands at the base of the filament. — Rich woods, in Southern and Western Ontario. Order LXXIII. THYMELEA'CE-SI. (Mezbreum F.) Shrubs with tough leather-like bark and entire leaves. Flow&rs perfect. Calyx tubular, resembling a corolla, pale yellow. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx (in our species 8). Style thread-liko. Stigma capitate. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free from the calyx. Fruit a berry-like drupe. Only one Species in Canada. DIRCA. Leatherwood. Moose-wood. D. palustris. A branching shrub, 2-5 feet high, with curi- ous jointed branchfets and nearly oval leaves on short petioles. Flowers in clusters of 3 or 4, preceding the leaves. Filaments exserted, half of them longer than the others. — Damp woods. Order LXXIV. EL^AGNA'CEJE. (Oleaster F.) Shrubs with dioecious flowers, and leaves which are scurfy on the under surface. The calyx-tube in the fertile flowers becomes fleshy and encloses the ovary ^ forming a berry -like fruit i ■ ... j I . • :»' ■: ,1 F ■ •■fJ i : AT i T ' 108 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. r: Otherwise the plants of this Order are not greatly different from those of the last. SIIEPHERD'IA. Shepherdia. S. Canadensis. Calyx in sterile flowers 4-p.'^rted. Stamens 8. Calyx in fertile flowers urn-shaped, 4-parted. Berries yellow. Branchlets brown-scurfy. Leaves opposite, entire, ovate, green above, silvery-scurfy beneath, the small flowers in their axils.— Gravelly banks of streams and lakes. Order LXXY. SANTALA'CE^. (Sandalwood F.) Low herbaceous or partly woody plants (with us) with per- fect flowers, these greenish-white ^ in terminal or axillary co- rymbose clusters. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 4-5 cleft, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, lined with a 5-lobed disk, the stamens on the edge of the latter between its lobes and oppo' site the lobes of the calyx, to which the anthers are attached by a tuft of fine hairs. Fruit nut-like, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. COMANDRA. Bastard Toad-flax. 0. umbella'ta. Stem &-10 inches high, leafy. Leaves ob- long, pale green, an inch long. Flower-clusters at the summit of the stem. Calyx-tube prolonged and forming a neck to the fruit. Style slender. — Dry soil. Order LXXVI. EUPHORBIA'CEiB. (Spurge F.) Plants with milky juice and monoecious flowers, repre- sented in Canada chiefly by the Genus EUPHOR'BIA. Spurge. Flowers monojcious, the sterile and fertile ones both destitute of calyx and corolla, but both contained in the same J^-5 lohed cup- shaped involucre which resembles a calyx, and therefore the whole will probably at first sight be taken for a single flower. Sterile flowers numerous, each of a single naked stamen from the axil of a minute bract. Fertile flower only I in each involucre ; ovary 3- lobed, soon protruded on a long jiedicel; styles 3, each 2-cleft. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 109 • Leaves all similar and opposite, short-petioled, green or blotched with brown above, furnished with scale- like or/ritujed stipules. Stems spreading or prostrate, much Jorked. Involucres in ter- minal or lateral clusters, or one involucre in each fork, the in- volucre invariably with 4 (fnostly petal-like J glands in the sin- uses, 1. E. polygonifo'lia. Leaves entire, oblong-linear, mucronate, very smooth. Stipules bristly-fringed. Peduncles in the forks. Olands of the involucre very small^ not petal-like. Pods obtusely angled — Shores of the Great Lakes, in &andy or gravelly places. 2. E. macula'ta. Leaves serrulate, oblong-linear, somewhat pubescent, with a brownUh blotch in the centre, very oblique at the l)ase. Peduncles in dense lateral clusters. Glands of the involucre with reddish petal-like attachments. Pods sharply angled. — Road- sides. 3. E. hypericifolia. Stem ascending. Leaves serrate, often with a red spot or with red margins, oblique at the base, ovate- oblong or oblong-linear. Peduncles in cipnes at the ends of the branches. Glands of the involucre with white or occasionally reddish petal-like attachments. Pod smooth, obtusely angled. — Cultivated soil. * ♦ Involucres chiefly in terminal umbels, and their glands always without petal-like attachments. Leaves ivithout stipules or blotches, those of the stem alternate or scattered, the floral ones usually of a different shape, and ivhorled or opposite. 4. E. platyphylla. Umbel 5-rayed. S^em erect, 8-18 inches high. Upper stem -leaves lance-oblong, acute, serru- late, the uppermost heart-shapeini»'««'n>''P""' leaves all radical, very large and veiny, appearing after t' e spathes, which are close to the ground and are produced very early in spring. Flowers perfect, their ovaries immersed in the spadix, the latter globular and surrounded by the shell-shaped spathe. Sepals hooded. Stamens 4. ' .t consisting of the soft enlarged epodix in which the seeds are sunk. » » * Leaves linear, sword-shaped. Spadix on the side of the gcape. Flov^en with a perianth qf 6 sepals. No spathe. 4. Ac'orn*. Scape 2-edged, resembling the leaves, the cylindrical spadix borne ou one edge. Sepals hoUuwed. Stamens 6. I i 124 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. i!! 'i illi 1. AmsJE'MA. Indian Turnip. A. triphyllum. (Indian Turnip.) For full description and engraving of this plant see Part I., sections 66-68. 9. CALli.l. Wateu Abum. C. palustris. (Marsh Calla.) This plant is fully described and illustrated in Part I., section 70. 3. SYMPLiOCAR'PUS. SkunK CabbaGB. S. foe'tidus. Leaves 1-2 feet long, ovate or heart-shaped, short-petioled. Spathe purplish and 'ellowish, incurved. Plant with a skunk-like odour. — Bogs an J. wet places; not common northward. 4k. AC'ORUS. Sweet Flag. Calamus. A. caramus. Scape much prolonged beyond the spadix. — Swamps and wet places. Ordbr LXXXVI. LEMNA'CEJB. (Duckweed Family.) Very small plants floating about freely on the surface of ponds and ditches, consisting merely of a little frond with a single root or a tuft of roots from il,.^ Icwer surface, and pro- ducing minute monoecious flowers from a cleft in the edge of the frond. The flowers are rarely to be seen. The common- est representative with us is liemna polyrrhi'za, consisting of little roundish green fronds (purplish beneath) about \ of an inch across, and with a cluster of little roots from the under surface. Order LXXX VII. ^TYPHA'CE^. (Cat-tail Family.) Aquatic or marsh herbs with linear sword- shaped leaves, erect or floating, and monoecious flowers, either in separate heads or on diff'erent parts of the same spike or spadix, but without a spathe and destitute of true floral envelopes. Fruit an achene, 1-seeded. 1. Ty'pha. Flowers in a very dense and longf cylindrical terminal spike, the upper ones staminate, the lower pistillate, the ovaries long-stalked and surrounded by copious bristles formings the down 6i the fruit. Leaves sword-shaped, erect, sheathing the stenni below. 2. Sparga'niuin. Flowers in separate globular heads along the upper part of the stem, the higher ones staminate, the lower pistillate, each ovary ii\^ COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 125 lep^Ile and surrounded by a few scales rot unlike a calyx. Both kinds Of heads lea(\-bracted. Leaves flat or triangular, sheathing the stem with their bases. ^1. TY'PMA. Cat-tail Flag. T. latifolia. (Common Cat-tail.) Stem 5-8 feet high. Leaves flat. No space between the stamiuate and pistillate parts of the spike.— -Marshy places. a. SPARGA'!VIU1»I, BuR-REED. 1. S. eurycar'pum. Stem erect, stout, 2-4 feet high. Leaves mostly flat on the upper side, keeled and hollow-sided on the lower. Heads several, panicled-spiked, the fertile an inch across in fruit. Nutlets or achenes with a broad abruptly-pointed top. — Borders of slow waters and ponds. 2. S. simplex, var. angUStifo'lium. Stem slender, erect, 1-2 feet high ; the leaves usually floating, long and narrowly linear. Heads several, usually in a simple row, the fertile about half an inch across. Nutlets pointed at both ends. — In slow streams. Order LXXXVIII. NAIADA'CE^. (Pondweed Family.) Immersed aquatic herbsy with jointed stems and sheathing stipules. Leaves immersed or fioatinor. Flowers Cin our common genus) perfect, in spikes or clusters, with 4 sepals, 4 stamens, and 4 ovaries ; the spikes generally raised on ped- uncles to the top of the water. Plants of no very great in- terest. The most obvious characters of a few species are given here. POTAMOGE'TON. Pondweed. 1. P. natans. Submersed leaves grass-like or capillary. Spikes cylindrical, all out of the water. Stem hardly branched. Float- ing; leaves long-petioled, elliptical, with a somewhat heart-shaped base, with a blunt apex, many-nerved. 2. P. amplifo'lius. Submersed leaves large, lanceolate oroval^ acute at each end, recurved, wavy. Floating leaves large, ob- long or lance-ovate, or slightly cordate, long-petioled, many- nerved. 3. P. lucens, var. minor. Leaves all submersed^ more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronaie, shining. Stem branching. 126 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. il 4. P. perfolia'tus. Leaves all submersed, varying in widU» from orbicular to lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base. Stem branching. 5. P. pectina'tUS. Leaves all submersed, bristle-shaped. Stem repeatedly forking, filiform. Spikes interrupttd, on long slender peduncles. Division IL PETALOIDEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers with a perianth coloured like a corolla. Order LXXXIX. ALISMA'CE-ffil. (Water Plantain F.) Marsh herbs with flowers having 3 distinct sepals and 3 distinct petals, pistils either apocarpous or separating at maturity into distinct carpels, and hypogynous stamens 6- many. Flowers on scapes or scape-like stems. Leaves sheathing at the base, either rush-like or, when broad, mostly heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. Synopsis of the Oenera. * Calyx and corolla both greenish. Carpels united to the top, hut separating at maturivy. Leaves rush-like, fleshy. 1. Trlglo'cliin. Flowers small, in a spike or close raceme, without bracts, Carpels when ripe splitting away from a central persistent axis. * * Calyx green, persistent. Corolla white. Pistil apocarpous. Leaves luith distinct blades and petioles. 2. AlU'ma. Flowers perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels numerous, in a ring. Leaves all radical. Scape with whorled panicled branches. 8. Sa|(ltta'ria. Flowers monoecious, sometimes dioecious. Stamens numer- ous. Carpels numerous, in more or less globular heads. Leaves arrow, shaped, but varying gteatly. Flowers mostly in whorls of 3 on the scapes, the sterile ones uppermost. A 1. TRiGLO'CHllV. Arrow-grass. 1. T. palus'tre. A slender rush-like plant, 6-18 inches high, found growing in bogs northward. Carpels 3, awl-pointed at the base, splitting away from below upwards. Spike or raceme slender, 3 or 4 inches long, 2. T. maritimum is also found occasionally. The whole plant is stouter than No. 1, and the carpels are usually 6 in number. COMMON CANADIAN WILt) PLANTS. 127 hut separating 8. Leaves with 9. ALIS'MA. Water Plantain. A. Planta'gO. Leaves long-petioled, mostly oblong-heart- shaped, but often narrower, 3-9-nerved or ribbed, and with cross veinlets between the ribs. Flowers small, white, in a large and loose compound panicle. — Low and marshy places, often growing in the water. 3. SAGITTA'RIA. Arrow-HEAD. S. varia'bilis. Very variable in size and in the shape of the leaves. Scape angled. — Common everywhere in shallow water. Order XC. HYDROCHARIDA'CEiE. (Froq's-bit F.) Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polyganio-dioecious flowers on scape-like peduncles from a kind of spatlie of one or two leaves, the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 pieces united below into a tube which is adherent to the ovary. Stigmas 3. Fruit ripening under water. (■iynop^lti of the Ornera. 1. Annch'nris. Growing under water, the pistillate flowers alone coming to the surface. Stem leafy and branching. Perianth of the fertile flowers with a Globed spreading limb, the tube prolonged to an extraordinary length, threadlike. Leaves crowded, pcUucid, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled in threes or fours. Stamens 3-9. ?. T allisnr'i'in. Nothing but the pistillate flowers above the surface, these on scapes of great length, and after fertilization drav.-n below the surface by the spiral coiling of the scapes Tube of the perianth not prolonged. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like, (In both genera the staminate flowers break off spontaneously and float on the surface around the pistillate ones, shedding their pollen upon them.) 1. AIWACH'ARIS. Water-weed. A. Canadensis.— Common in slow waters. a. VALL.1S!VE'RIA. TaPE-GRASS. Eelgrass. V. spiralis. Leaves 1-2 feet long. — Common in slow watei's. Order XCI ORCHIDA'CE^. (Orchis Family.) Herbs, well marked by the peculiar arrangement of Lie stamens, these being gynandrous, that is, borne on or adher- ent to the stigma or style. There is also usually but a single stamen, of two rather widely separated anthers, but in the t , f II ^\: :'\ lit: I 128 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. mm ijRli' last genus of the following list there are 2 distinct stamens, with the rudiment of a third at the back of the stigma. As explained in Part I., Sections 71-73, the Orchids as a rule require the aid of insects to convey the pollinia^ or pollen - masses, to the stigma, but occasionally it happens that when the anther <^ells burst open the pollinia fall forward and dangle in front of the viscid stigma beneath, being sooner or later driven against it either by the wind or by the head of some insect in pursuit of honey. In all cases where the student meets with an Orchid in flower, he should, by experiment, endeavour to make himself acquaintv^i with the method of its fertilization. The Orchis Family is a very large one, there being prob- ably as many as 3,000 different species, but the greater num- ber are natives of tropical regions. Many of them are epi- phyteSj or air-plants, deriving their support chiefly from the moisture of the air, through their long aerial roots which never reach the ground. The perianth in many species, and particularly the lahelhim, or lip, assumes the most fantastic shapes, making the plants great favourites for hot-house culti- vation. In Canada, the representatives of this great Order, though not very numerous, are among the most interesting and beautiful of our wild flowers. They are, as a rule, bog plants, and will be found in flower in early summer. Synopsis of the Oenern. * Anther only one, hut of S cells, these separated in the first genus. 4- Lip toith a spur underneath. Anther on the face of the stigma. L Orchis. The 3 sepals and 2 of the petals erect and arching over the centre of tho flower ; the lip turned down. The 2 glands or viscid disks at the base of the pollen-masses enclosed in a little pouch just over the concave stigma. Leaves 2, large. Flowers few, in a spike. 2. Hnbenn'rin. The lateral sepals usually spreading. The glands or viscid disks of the pollen-masses not enclosed in a covering. Flowers in spikes. •«- •*- Lip toithout a spur. Anther on the back of the cc fimn. Flowers small, white, in a slender spike. 8. Spirnn'ihes. Spike (of white or whitish flowers) more or less spirally twisted. Sepals and petals narrow and generally connivent. Lip ob- long, the lower part embracing the column, and toith a protuberance on Mch iid* at Uu base. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 129 4. Goodyr'ra. Flowers very much as in Spiranthes, hut the lip sac-nhapfd, and withovt protuberances at the base. Leaves white-veiny, in a tuft at the base of the scape. ■*-•*-•»- L p without a spur. Anther on the apex of the style, hinfjed like a lid. Pollen-masses U, soft, separate, without an attached stalk or gland. 5. C'niopo'gon. Ovary not twisted, the lip consequently turned towards the stem. Flowers large, pink-jjurple, 2-6 at the summit nf the scape ; the lip spread irjg at the outer end an 1 beautifully bearded above with col- oured hairs. Leaf grass-like, only one. 8. Ctilyp'NO. Flower solitary, large, showy, variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. Lip large, inflate!, sac-shaped, 2 pointed under the apex. Scape short, from a solid bulb, with a single ovate or slightly heart* shaped leaf below, 7. C'orallorlii'za. Brownish oryellowish plants, with the small dull flowers in spikes on scapes which are leafleas or have mere sheaths instead of leaves. Rootstocks branchinK' and coral like. Perianth gibbous or slightly spurred below. Lip with 2 ridges on the inner part of the face. ♦ * Anthers S, one on each side of the stigma, and a triangular body, which is the rudiment of a third, at the back of the stigma. Pcllen loose and potvdery or pulpy. 8. C'n*i*ip<^'<1i*i>n. Lip a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which the style is declined. Sepals and the other petals much alike, the former apparently only 2, two of them being generally united into one under the lip. Leaves large, many nerved. Flowers solitary or few. 1. ORCHIS. Orchis. 0. specta'bilis. (Showy Orchis.) Scape 4-angled, 4-7 inches liigh, bearing a few flowers in a spike. The arching upper lip pink-purple, the lahellum white ; each flower in the axil of a leaf- like bract. — Rich woods, a. HABEIVA'RIA. Eetn-OrchiS. 1. H. tridenta 'ta. Spike few-jloivered, the flowers very small, greenish-white. //«>) wedge-shapedy truncate and 3-toothed at the apex. Spur slendevy longer than the ova7'y, curved upwards. Stem less than a foot high, slender, with one oblanceolate leaf below and 2 or 3 much smaller ones above. — Wet woods. 2. H. vir'idis, var. bracteata. Spike many-jloioeredy close. Flowers small, greenish. Lip oblong-linear, 2-3 lobed at the tip, much longer than the very short and sac-like spur. Stem 6-12 inches high, leafy, the lower leaves obovate, the upper oblong or lanceolate, gradually reduced lo bracts much longer than th^ T'l 130 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. i ''li ill 3. H. hyperbo'rea. Spike many- flowered, long and dense. Flowers small, greenish. Lip lanceolate, entire, about the same length as the slender incurved spur. Stem 6-24 inches high, very Uaj'y, the leaves lanceolate and erect, and the bracts longer than the flowers. — Bogs and wet woods. 4. H. dilata'ta. ^ ot unlike No. 3, but more slender and with linear leaves and white flowers. 5. H. rotundifo'lia. Spike few-flowered, loose. Flowers rose-purple, the lip usually white, spotted with purple, S-lobed, the middle lobe larger and notched, longer than the slender spur. Stem 5-9 inches high, naJced and scape-like above, bearing a single roundish lea/&t the base. — Bogs and wet woods, 6. H. Hook'eri. Spike many-flowered, strict. Mowers yel- lowish-green, the lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved ; petals lance- awl-shaped. Spur slender, acute, nearly an inch long. Stem scape-like above, 2-leaved at the base, the leaves orbicular. — Woods. 7. H. orbicula'ta. Spike many-flowered, loose and spreading. Flowers greenish-white. Lip narrowly linear, obtuse. Spur curved, more than an inch long, thickened towards the apex. Scape 2-leaved at the base, the leaves very large, orbicular, and lying flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath. — Rich woods. 8. H. blephariglot'tis. (White Fringed Orchis.) Spike many-flowered, open. Flowers white, very handsome ; the lip fringed, but not lobed, at the apex. Spur thread-shaped, three times as long as the Up. Stem a foot high, leafy ; the leaves oblong or lanceolate, the bracts shorter than the ovaries. — Peat-bogs, &c. 9. H. loucophse'a. (Greenish Fringed Orchis.) Spike as in the last, but the flowers greenish or yellowish-white. Lip S- pnrted above the stalk-like base, the divisions fringed. S^ur gradu- ttJhi thickened downward, longer than the ovary. Stem leafy, 2- 4 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; bracts a little shorter than the flowers. — Wet meadows. 10. H. psyco'des. (Purple Fringed Orchis.) Spike cylin- drical, many-flowered, X]iq flowers pink-purple, fragrant. Lip fan- shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the divisions fringed. Spur Qurvedf somewhat thickeued downward, very lou^. COMMON CANADIAN WIIit> PLANTS. 131 der and with 8. 8PIRA\TIIRS. Ladies' TuFssKH. 1. S. Romanzoviana. Spike denso, oblong or cylindrical. Flowers pure white, in S ranks in (he spik'c. Lip ovate-oblong, contracted below the wavy recurved apex. Stem 5-15 inches high, leafy below, leafy-bractod above ; the leaves oblong-lanceo- late or linear. — Cool bogs. 2. S. gra'cilis. I'lomrs in a single spirnl/t/ tirintcd rank at the summit of the very slender scape. Leaves with blades all in a cluster at the base, ovate or oblong. Scape 8-18 inches high. — Sandy plains and pine barrens. 4. GOODYK'RA. Rattlkrnakf.-Plantain. L G. rcpens. F/owers in a loose 1-sided spike. Lip with a re- curved tip. Scape 5-8 inches high, Leaves thickish, petioled, Intersected with whitish veins. — Woods, usually under ever- greens. 2. G. pubes'cens. Spike not l -sided. Plant rather larger than the last, and the leaves more strongly white-veined. — Rich woods. B. CAIiOPO'GOlV. CaLOPOGON, C. pulchel'lus. Leaf linear. Scape a foot high. Flowers an inch across. — Bogs. 6. CALYP'SO. Calypso. 0. borealis. A beautiful little plant growing in mosjsy bogs. The lip woolly inside ; the petals and sepals resembling each other, lanceolate, sharp -pointed. Column winged. 7. CORALLORHPZA. CoBAL-ROOT. 1. C. inna'ta. Flowers small ; the lip whitish or purplish, often crimson-spotted, 3-lobed above the base. Spur very small. Stem slender, brownish-yellow, with a few-flowered spike. — Swamps. 2. C. multiflo'ra. Spike many-flowered. Stem purplish, stout. Lip deeply 3-lobed. Spur more prominent than in No. 1. — Dry woods. 3. 0. Macrsel. Spike crowded, of numei'ous large flowers, all the parts of the perianth strikingly marked with 3 dark lines. T^ip not lobed. Spur none, but the base of the perianth gibbous. 132 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ■ ,t^ I m — This species is probaMy not cnrnmon. It has, howcrcr, been found at Barrie, Ont., and is reported also from the south-west. ern part of the province. 8. CYPUIPE'DIUM. Lady's Smpper. Moccason-plowbr. 1. 0. parviflo'rum. (Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.) Stem leafy to the top, 1-3 flowered. Lin y cUow, Jluttish above, rather less than an inch long. Sepals and petals wavy-twisted, l)rowni8h, pointed, longer than the lip. — Bogs and wet woods. 2. 0. pubes'cens. (Larger Yellow L.) Lip flattened lat- erally, roun^rted, but U parted in one species, spreading. Style short and thick Stigma obscurely lobed. Filaments slender. 8. Polygona'iu u. Flowers small, greenish, nodding, mostly in pairs in the axils of the nearly sessile leaves. Perianth cylindrical, 6-lobed at the sutumit, the 6 stamens inserted o-n the tube above the middle. Stem simple, from a long and knotted rootstock. Leaves glaucous beneath. t * * ♦ Leaves straight-veined, not grass-like. Stem from a coated or scaly bulb. Style 1, not divided above, but the stigma sometimes S-lobed. Fruit a pod, splitting open midway between the partitions (loculicidal). y. fjii'ium. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb, the leaves often whorled or crowded. Anthers at first erect, at length versatile. Style long, rather club-shaped. Stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong. Flowers large and showy, one or more. 16. Kryihro^niiim. For full description, see Part I., sections 61-63. (Dog's- tooth Violet.) 11. Allium. Scape naked, from a coated bulb. The radical leaves broad and flat, withering before the flowers are developed. Flowers white, in an uiubel. Style thread-like. Strong-scented plants. 1. TRILLIUM. Wake-Robin. 1. T. grandiflo'rum. (Large White Trillium.) Leaves ses- sile, longer than broad. Petals white (rose-coloured when old), ohovate. — Rich woods. 2. T. erectum, (Purple Trillium.) Leaves sessile, ahout as broad as long. Petals dull purple, ovate. — Rich woods. Var. album, with greenish-white petals, is found along with the purple form. It does not appear to be clearly distinguished from No. 1. 3. T. erythrocar'pum. (Painted Trillium.) Leaves dis- tinctly petioled, rounded at the base. Petals pointed, white, with purple stripes inside at the base. — Not uncommon north waxd in damp woods and low grounds. a. MEDE'OLA. Indian Cucumber-boot. Jil. Virgill'ica. Sten» 1-3 feet high.— Rich woodi. 136 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANW. . 5 I' ' it,; I ■ft 1' ^3. ZYG.VDES/XUS, ZYOAbEA'*,. ^ Z. glaucus. Not uncommon in bogs and oeaver-meadowft northward. Leaves flat and pale. 4. UVUIiA'RIA.. BellwobT. U. grandiflo'ra.— Rich woods. 5. CLISTTO'JVIA. ClintoniA. 0. borea'lis. Umbel 2-7-floweied. Loaves 5-8 inches long. Perianth pubescent outside. — Damp woods, often under ever- greens. 6. STREP'TOPUS. TwifeTED-STALK. S. ro'seus. Flowers rose-parple. — Damp woods. 7. SMILACI'lVA. False Solomon's Seal. 1. S. racemo'sa. (False Spikenard.) Baceme compound. Stem pubescent, 2 feet high. Leaves many, oblong, taper- pointed, ciliate. Berries speckled with purple. — Rich woods and thickets. 2. S. Stella'ta. Raceme simple. Stem nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high. Leaves 7-12, oblong-lanceolate, slightly clasping. Berries black. — Moist woods and copses. 3. S. trifo'lia. Raceme simple. Stem low (3-6 inches), gla- brous. Leaves usually 3, oblong, the bases sheathing. Berries red. — Bogs. 4. S. bifo'lia. Distinguished at once by the 4-parted perianth and the 4 stamens. Raceme simple. Stem 3-5 inches high. Leaves usually 2, but sometimes 3. — Moist woods. 8. POIiYGONA'TUM. Solomon's Seal. P. biflo'rum. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Stem slender, 1-3 feet high. Leaves avate-oblong or lance-oblong. Filaments hairy.— Rich woods. 9. lilli'iUM. Lily. 1. L. Philaderphicum. (Wild Orange-red Lily.) Divi- sions of the peiianth narrowed into clatvs below, not recurved at the top. Flowers erect, 1-3, orange, spotted with purple inside. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper mostly in whorls of 5-8,— Sandy soil. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 137 ^ Ik. Canaden'se. (Wild Yellow Lily.) Divisions of the ^leridntA recurved above the middle. Flowers nodding, few, orange, spotted with brown inside. Leaves remotely whorled, 3-ribbed. — Swamps and wet meadows. ^ L. super'bum. (Turk's-Cap Lily.) Divisions of the p'srianth very strongly recurved. Flowers nodding, often numer' ous, in a pyramidal raceme, bright orange, dark -purple-spotted within. Lower leaves whorled, 3-ribbed or nerved. Stem taller than either of the first two, 3-7 feet. — Rich low grounds, com- moner southward and south-westward, 10. BRYTHRO'NIUM. Doo's-TOOTH ViOLET. E. America'num. (Yellow Adder's Tongue ) Perianth light yellow, sometimes spotted at the base. — Copses and rich meadows. 11. Aliliium. Onion. Leek. A. tricoccum. (Wild Leek.) Leaves lance-oblong, 5-9 inches long, 1-2 inches wide. Pod strongly 3-lobed. Scape 9 inches high. — Rich woods. Order XC VI. JUNCA'CE^. (Rush Family. ) Grass-like or sedge-like plants, with, however, flowers similar in structure to those of the last Order. Perianth greenish and glumaceous, of 6 divisions in 2 sets of 3 each. Stamens 6 (occasionally 3). Style 1. Stigmas 3. Pod 3- celled, or 1-celled with 3 placentae on the walls. The plants of the Order are not of any very great interest to the young student, and the determination of the species is rather diffi- cult. A brief description of a few of the most common is given here, as an easy introduction to the study of the Order with the aid of more advanced text books. Synopsis of the Cienera. 1. Eiii'ziila. Plant less than a foot high. Leaves linear or lance-linear, flat, usually hairy. Pod l-celled, S-seeded. Flowers in umbels or in spikes. Plants usually growing in dry ground. 8. (f uncus. Plants always smooth, growing in water or wet soil. Flowers small, greenish or brownish, panicled or clustered. Pod 8-(-elIed, many- §fede4. ; fl 138 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1. liU'ZUi.A. WOOD-EUSH. 1. L. pilo'sa. Flowers umbelled, long-peduacled, brown- coloured. Sepals pointsd. — Shady banks. 2. L. campestris has the flowers (light brown) in 4-12 spikes, the spikes umbelled. Sepals bristle-pointed. — Fields and woods. a, JUNCUS. Bush. 1. J. eflfu'sus. (Common or Soft Rush.) Scape 2-4 feet high, soft and pliant, furnished at the base with merely leafless sheaths, the inner sheaths awned. The many-flowered panicle sessile, apparently produced from the side of J.\e scape, owing to the involucral leaf being similar to and continuing the scape. Flowers small, greenish, only 1 on each pedicel, stamens 3, Pod triangular-obovate, not pointed. — Marshes. • 2. J. filifor'mis has a very slender scape (1-2 feet high), fewer flowers than No. 1, and 6 stamens in each. Pod broadly ovate and short-point,ed. No leaves. 3. J. bufo'niUS. Stem leafy, slender, 3-9 inches high, branch- ing from the base. Panicle terminal, spreading. Flowers single on the pedicels. Sepals awl-pointed, the outer set much longer than the inner. Stamens 6, — Ditches along road-sides. 4. J. ten'uis. Stems leafy beloiu, wiry, 9-18 inches high, simple, tufted. Panicle loose, shorter than the slender involu- cral leaves. Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels ; the sepals longer than the blunt pod. — Open low grounds. Order XCVII. PONTEDERIA'CEJE. (Pickerel- weed Family.) The most common representative of this Order with us is PONTEDE'RIA. PiCKEBEL-WEED. P. COrda'ta. A stout plant growing in shallow water, send- ing up a scape bearing a single large arrow-heart-shaped blunt leaf, and a spike of violet-blue flowers with a spathe-like bract. Perianth 2-lipped, the 3 upper divisions united, tlie 3 lower spreading, tho whole revolute-coiled alter flowering, the fleshy base enclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, 3 of them exserted on long filaments, the rest short. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 139 REL-WEED with US is Order ^CVIII. ERIOCAULONA'CE^. (Piiewort Family.) Represented with us by the genus ERIOCAU'LOJV. Pipewoht. E. Septangula're. A slender plant with a naked scape 2-6 inches high, growing in shallow water in the margins of our northern ponds. Leaves short, awl-shaped, in a tuft at the base. Flowers in a small woolly head at the Bun.uiit of the scape, monoecious. Perianth double ; the outer set or calyx of 2-3 keeled sepals ; the corolla tubular in the sterile flowers and of 2-3 separate petals in the fertile ones. Scape 7-angled. The head (except the fc>.ard) lead-coloured. Division III. GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS. Flowers without a proper perianth, but subtended by thin scales called glumes. This Division includes two very kirge Orders — Cyper- aceoe and Graminese — both of which present many diffi- culties to the beginner. Accordingly no attempt will be made here to enumerate and describe all the commonly occurring species of these Orders. It will be sufficient for the purposes of this work to describe two or three of the very commonest representatives of each, so as to put the beginner in a position to continue his study of them with the aid of Gray's Manual or other advanced work. Order CXIX. CTTPERA'CEJE. (Sedge Family.) Grass-like or rush-like herbs, easily distinguished from Grasses by the sheaths of the leaves, which in the Sedges are cloned round the culm, not split. Flowers in spikes, each flower in the axil of a glume-like bract, either altogether without a perianth or with a few bristles or scales inserted below the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, becoming an achene (2- or 3-angled). Style 2- or 8-cleft. Stamens mostly 3, occasion- ally 2. 140 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ¥nM. The species of the genus Carex are exceedingly numerous and dilHcult of study. The one we have selected (Fig. 4) is one of the commonest and ot the same time one of the easiest to examine. In this genus the flowers are mondntious, the separate kinds ])eing either borne in different parts of the same spike, or in different spikes. The genus is dis- tinguished from all the others of this Order by the fact of the achene heincf enclosed in a boUle-sh((ped more or less inflated sac, which is made by the union of the edges of two inner bract- lets or scales. To this peculiar sac (Figs. 5 and 6) which encloses the achene the name pprli/ipmnn is given. The culms are always triangular and the leaves grass-like, usually roughen- ed on the margins and on the keel. In the species under examination (which may be found in almost any wet meadow) the culm is some 18 inches high- The staminate spike (only one) is separate from and above the fertile ones, which are 2 or 3 in number, few- (5 to 8) flowered, and quite near together. The perigynia are very much inflated, that is, very much larger than the achenes ; they are distinctly marked with many nerves, and taper gradually into a long 2- toothed beak from which protrude the 3 stigmas. The bracts which subtend the spikes are leaf-like, and extend much beyond the top of the culm. Order CXX. GRAMIN'E^. (Grass Family.) Herbs somewhat resembling those of the last Order, but the culms are hollow except at the joints, and the sheaths of the leaves are split on the opposite side of the culm from FIC4. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANXa 143 lerous and 4) is one of same time e. In this I'cious, the r borne in e spike, or enus is dis- lers of this 3hene he'nig nore or leas de by the nner bract- eculiar sac icloses the m is given, ngular and y roughen- the keel, xaniination ilmost any s some 18 nate spike the fertile w- (5 to 8) perigynia uch larger arked with -) a long 2- 3 stigmas, e leaf-like, MTLY.) Order, but le sheaths culm from the blade. The student is referred to Part I, section 74, for the description and illustration of a Grass-flower. In addi- tion to the terms there defined it may be explained that the name ligule is given to a thin membranaceous upward exten- sion of the sheath, and lodicules to some minute hypog; nous scales usually accompanying each flower. We shall give brief descriptions of representatives of six common Canadian genera. 1. Agrog^tis valga'rig. (Red-top.) In the examination of Timothy it was found that the very nu- merous flowers were so densely crowded together as to form a cylindrical spike. In the well-knov Grass now under consider- ation the flowers forma loose open pani ?). As in Timothy, each pair of glumes encloses but one fiowc, and we must observe that the term spikelet, so far as Grasses are concerned, is applied to the pair of glumes and whatever is contttmed in them, whether one flower, or many, as is often the c e. In Red-top and Timothy the spikeleta are 1-Jlowered. The culm of our Grass is from 1 to 2 feet high, and the whole panicle has a purple appearance. Ob- serve the very thin texture of the paleta, and also that one of them (the lower, i.e., the one farthest from the stalk) is near!y twice as large as the other, and is marked with 3 nerves. a. Poa pratensis. (Common Meadow-Gbass.) The inflorescence of this very common Grass (Fig. 7) is a greenish panicle. The spikelets (Fig. 8) contain from 3 to 5 flowers and are laterally compressed. The glumes are the low- est pair of scales, and they are generally shorter than the flowers within them. Observe the delicate whitish margin of the lower palet of each flower (Fig. 9), and the thin texture of the upper one. Count also, if you can, the five nerves on the lower palet, and observe the 2 teeth at the apex of the upper one. 3. Bi'oiiius secal'inus. (Ghess.) A common pest in wheat fields. This Grass is comparatively easy of examination on account of the size of the spikelets and Qowers. The spikelets form a spreading panicle, each of them if ' m 144 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. being on a long slender nodding pedicel, and containing from 8 to 10 flowers. Of tiie 2 glunje-i at the base of each spikelet one ia considerably larger than tiie other. The outer or lower palet of each flower is tipped witli a bristle, while the ujfjx'r jniJet at loKjtIi becomes alfaehed to the fjroove of the o^^-;i,j (frahi. Observe that the (jlumes&re not awned. ^T 4. Trit'icum ro'pens. (Coucn-GuAss.) Very common in cultivated grouifds. In this Glrass the spikelets are sessile on opposite sides of the zigzag peduncle, so that the whole forms a spike. Each spikelet is 4 to 8-flowered, and there is but one at each joint of the peduncle, the side of the spikelet being against the stalk. The glumes are nearly equal in size, and the lower palet of each flower closely re- sembles the glumes, but is sharp- pointed or awned. The Grass spreads rapidly by running root- stocks, and is troublesome to eradicate. 5. PaEu'icuiu capilla're. (Old-witch Gbass.) This Grass is to be found everywhere in sandy soil and in cultivated grounds. The sheaths and the leaves are very hairy, FIC.7. ^i^fl the panicle very large, com- pound, and loo5ie, the pedicels being extremely .^lender. The culm is from 10 to 15 inches high. Of the 2 glumes one is much larger than the other. Unless you are careful you will regard the spikelets as 1 -flowered ; observe, however, that in addition to COMMON CANADIAN WILn PLANTS. 14?) tig from 8 ikelet one ;her. The r h tipped t at ten'jfh ffie r^^,y.i,J not awned. GUASH.) cultivated Grass the an opposite •eduncle, so ns a spike. 8- flowered, me at each , the side of against the are nearly the lower closely re- lit is sharp- The Grass nning root- Iblesome to the one manifestly perfect flower there ia an extra pafct helow. This palet (which ia very much like the larger gl ime) is a rudi- mentary or abortive second flower, and the spikelet may be de- scribed as 1 ^-flowered. 6. Pan'icum Cras-galll. (Barntard-Grass.) This is a stout coarse Grass, common in manured soil. The culms are from 1 to 4 feet in height, and branch from the base. The spikeleta form dense spikes, and these are crowded in a dense panicle which is rough with stiff hairs. The structure of the spikelets is much the same as in No. 5, but the palet of the neutral flower is pointed with a rough awn. 7» Seta'ria glaa'ca. (Foxtail.) Here the inflorescence is apparently a dense bristly cylindrical spike. In reality, however, it is a spiked panicle, the spikelets being much the same as in Panicum, but their pedicels are pro- longed beyond them into awn-like bristles. In this plant the bristles are in clusters and are biwrbed upwards, llie spikes are tawny-yellow in colour. 'if ►illa're. lASS.) be found soil and in 'he sheaths ^ery hairy, llarge, com- lider. The Ine is much vill regard iddition to SERIES II. FLOWEELESS OH CKYrTOGAMOUS PLANTS. iill Plants not producing true flowers, but repro- ducing themselves by means of spores instead of seeds, the spores consisting merely of simple cells, and not containing an embryo. In the introductory part of this work no reference was made to the plants of this series, chiefly because the ex- amination of them is attended with too much difficulty for the young beginner. It is true that the structure of the Cryptogams is less complicated than that of flowering ]ilants, but the organs requiring examination are so minute as to put a proper understanding of their nature beyond the reach of any but practised observers. Besides, there are many details of structure and function with which botanists are as yet but imperfectly acquainted, so that on the whole the better plan is that which has been adopted, viz.: to study first those forms which are bet- ter understood, and which do not require so great a nicety of pbservation, and then to make an efF6rt to understand the relation between these lower forms which are now to occupy our attention, and those with which our previous practice has made us more or less familiar. 146 81 ij II COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 147 The series of Cryptogamoua plants is subdivided into three classes, as follows : — 1. ACltOGfClVa. a. A\OPIIYTKS, 3. tuall.oi*iiyte:9. The AcrOgens, the only one of these three clasaos to which we ■hall devote any special attention here, derive tlicir name from the mode of growth of the etem, which is quite different from that of Exogens and Endogena. In the Acr<)<,'on8, or point-grow- ers, the stem is increased by aucceaslve additiona to its extremity only, all the tissues below this being completed when they are first formed, and undergoing no subsequent change. Tliis class embraces the Ferns, Horsetails, and Club-moases, plants which in addition to the peculiar mode of growth of the stem are characterized among Cryptogams by; the presence of vai'culnr as well as cellular tissue in their composition. The plants of the other two classes, the Anophytes and the Thallopliytes, are com- posed of cellular tissue only. The Anophytes include the true Mosses and Liverworts, which are like the Acrogens in their mode of growth, but, as just stated, are without any woody^tissue whatever. The Thallophytes include the lowest plants of all, such as Sea-Weeds, Lichens, Mushrooms and Moulds (Fungi). All these plants fail to exhibit any distinction of stem and leaf; they consist merely of an irregular mass of cellular tissue, the sim- plest ones of all being reduced to a single cell, a state of things well exemplified in the microscopic plant known as Bed Snow. Cheese-mould and Bread-mould consist of a number of cells placed end to end. In ail the Cryptogams reproduction is carried on by means of spores. These are extremely minute bodies, somewhat similar in structure to a pollen-grain, being provided with a double coat. In germination the inner coat is protruded and forms a thin green leaf-like expansion, with very minute root-fibres on the lower side. On the same side are also produce little cellular bodies of two distinct sorts, corresponding to i stamens and carpels of Phanerogams, and fertilization takes place in a man- ner analogous to that observed in the action of pollen. As a re- .: i\ fl 148 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. suit of fertilization a new plant is produced resembling thai which produced the spore. It is to be noticed, therefore, that while a true seed contains in itself the embryo of the new plant, which is directly produced in the process of germination, a spore produces a body on which are afterwards developed the organs the mutual action of which gives rise to tlie new plant. As the spores do not con- tain an embryo, there is of course nothing answering to the cotyledons and the radicle \\ ith which we are familiar in Phanerogamous plants. Cryptogams are therefore also known as acotyledonoiis plants, or shortly acotyledons. FERNS. These beautiful plants are favourites everywhere, and we shall therefore enter into a description of their charac- teristics with sufficient min- uteness to enable the young student to determine with tolerable certainty the names of such repre- sentatives of the Family as he is likely to meet with com- monly. Fig. 10 is a representation of the common Polypod Fern. ItuKiy be found in shady places almost every- where, growing FIB.I3. Fig. 10. for the most part ou 'ocka. The horizontal stem, shown in the i^x. is*-' COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 149 lower part of the figure, is a rhizome, which runs along beneath the surface of the ground, the fibrous roots being produced from the lower side. From the upper side of the rhizome grows the upright leaf, with a long petiole and pinnately-lobed blade. It is, however, something more than an or- dinary leaf. On the back of the upper lobes (the figure shows the back) you observe rows of dots on each side of the middle vein. These dots are clusters of spore-cases or sjiorangia. The clus- ters are called sort. The m i c r o s c o^p e shows each sporan- gium or spore-case to be an almost globular one-celled body with a stalk attached to it, and en- circled by a jointed elastic ring. When the spore .ase ripens, the ring breaks at some point, and its elasticity then enables it to burst open the spore-case, which then discharges its spores. 160 ^ COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Fig. 11 shows a very much magnified sporangium whose ring has broken and ruptured the spore-case. Observe the vdning of the lobes of the leaf-blade. You will see that the veins do not form a net-work. They are merely forked, and as they are not net- ted they are said to be/ree. The sori ox fruit dots are formed at the ends of the forking veinlets (Fig. 12). The leaf of the fern, therefore, as it bears the fruit in addition to performing the or- dinary functions of a leaf, is entitled to a special name. It will be spoken of as the frond. The petiole also will be called the stipe and its continuation through the frond the rhachis. Fig. 13 shows the peculiar way in which the frond is rolled up in the bud. Such vernation is said to be circinate. Fig. 14 shows a portion of the frond of the Common Bi ake (Pteris aquilina). Here the frond is several times compound. The first or largest divisions to the right and left are called pinnce. The secondary divisions (or first divisions of the pinnse) are the pinnules. The stem, as in the Polypod, and in fact in all our ferns which have a stem at all, is a rootstock or rhizome. But here we miss the fruit-dots or sori, so conspicuous in our first example. In this case it will be found that there is a continuous line of sporangia around the margin of every one of the pinnules of the frond, and that the edge of the pinnule is reflexed so as to cover the line of spore-cases. Fig. 15 is a very much magnified view of one of the lobes of a pinnule, with the edge rolled back to shoAv the sporangia. Some of the sponuigia are removed to show a line which runs across the ends of the forking veins. To this the sporangia are attached. The veins, it will be seen, do not form a net-work, and so are free, as in Polypod. Observe, then, that in Polypod the sori are not covered, whilst in Pteris the opposite is the case. The covering of the fruit-dots is technically known as the indusium. The individual spore-cases are alike in both plants. (Fig. 11.) Fig. 16 shows a frond of one of our commonest Shield-ferns (Aspidium acrostichoides). It is simply pinnate. The stipe is thickly beset with rusty-looking, chafi-like scales. The veins are free, as before. The sori or fruit-dots are on the back of the upper piuusB, but they are neither collected into naked clusters. COMMOS" CANADIAN' WILD PLANTS. 151 as in Polypod, nor are they covered by the edge of tlie frond as in the Brake. Here eaoli cluster has an iii'hisiinn of its own. The indusium is round, andattaclied to the frond hy its depressed centre (peltate). Fig. 17 shows an enlarg- ed portion of a pinna with the sporangia, escaping from beneath the indusium. From one forking vein the sporangia are f^trippod off to sliow where they have been attached. The separate sporangia discharge tlieir spores in the manner represented in Fig. 11. In some ferns the fruit - dots are elongated instead of l)eing round, and the indusium is attached to the frond by one edge only, being free rfT^^W^ on the otlier. Sometimes •i^^f<|y| two hmg fruit-dots will l^^^l/* be found side by side, the [ I \ free edges of the indusia ' ^ being towards each other, nc.l7. so that there is the (ii>i> i ranee of one long fruit-dot with an indusium split down the centre. Fig. 18 represents a frond of a very common swamp fein, Onocleasensibilis, or sensitive fern. It is deeply pinnati- fid, and on one of the lol)es the veining is represented. Here the veins are not free, but as they form a network they are said to be ref/eu/ateif. You will look in vain on this fron.£j- : I evidently two kinds of frond. That bearing the fruit-dots we sh?ill call t'.c Jertile frond, and the other we shall call the sterUe rOMMON f'ANADIAX WIU) PLANTS. 153 y" One. Von must iiof look u])oii thn T.iiinulo in wliic'; t'*., soriaio wrapped n[) i\y. iui iiuluHium. Soii wbii'ii ;iro vrappfi up in t'us wa^ liavo an indusiuni of their own ])e- sidea, ])ut in this j)hiut it is so obscure aa to 1)0 very (liHiinilt to ol)S(!rve. The spore-cases l>urst open by means of an elastic ring as before. Fig. 22 represents one of the Moon- worts (Botrycliium Virginicunj), veiy common in our rich woods everywhere. Here we have a single frond, but made up manifestly of two distinct portions, the low- er sterile, and the upper fertile. ]5oth portions arc thrice pinnate. The ulti- mate di\ isions of the fer- tile segment are little globular bodies, but you cannot unroll them as in the case of the Onoclea. Fig. ^\ 23 shows a ^j(\\\ couple of them -.- greatly enlarg- ^J0(, ed. There is a <^AT C'/,:^^ slit across the middle of each, and one of the slits is partially 'fM kJ/w t^f'% ^^'-'.% open, disclosing the spo7'es inside. Each little ^lobe is, in fact, a spore-case or sporaniiium. So that here we have something quite dilferent from v/hat we have so far met with. Up to this point we have found tUe spor- angia collected into dots or lines or clusters of some sort. In the Moonwort the sporangia are sepa -vte and naked, and instead of FIC.22 Ul 154 OOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. bursting through the action of an elastic ring, they open by a horizontal slit and discharge their spores. In other ferns, as the Osmunda, the sporangia are somewliat similar, but burst open by a vertical instead oi a horizontal slit. Observe that the frond of Botrychium is not circinate in the bud. It is the only exception we have. We shall now proceed to describe the commonly occurring representatives of the Fern Family. Order CI. PILICES. (Fern Family.) Flowerless plants with distinct leaves known as fronds^ these circinate in tlie bud, except in one sub-order, and bear- ing on the under surface or margin the clustered or separate sporangia or spore-cases. SynopnU of the C^encra. Suborder I. POLYPODIA'CEJE. (The True Ferns.) Sporangia collected into various kinds of clusters called sort. Each sporangium pedicelled and encircled by an elastic-jointed ring, by the breaking of which the sporangium is burst and the sporca discharged. Sori sometimes covered by an indusium. 1. Pol^npo'diiiui. Fruit-dots on the back of the frond near the ends of the veins. No indusium. Veins free. (See Fig. 10.) 5. Adinn'iuin. Fruit-dots marginal, the edge of the frond being reflexed 80 as to form an indusium. Midrib of the pinnules close to the lower edge or aU'j ether wanting. Stipe black and shining. All the pinnules distinct and generally minutely stalked. Veins free. 8 Pte'ris. Fruit-dots marginal. Indusium formed by the reflexed edge of the frond. Midrib of the pinnules 'n the oentrfl and prominent. Veins free. Stipe light-coloured. SeeFi^. 14. 4. !*♦ ''Iw 'a. Fruit-dots marginal, covered by a broad indusium, formed by th< reflexed margin of the frond. Small ferns (3-6 inches high) with orcii or twice pinnate fronds, the fertile ones very much like the sterile, hut with narrower divisions. Stipe brown and shining, darker at the bace. 6. Aitple'niiti m. Fruit-dots elongated on veins on the back of the pinnules, but only on the upper side of the vein. IndrMum, attached to the vein bj one edge, the other edge free. Veins free. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTa 155 0. the ends of 7. 10. Scolopcn'drliim. Fruit-dots elongated, occurring in pairs on eontigu • 0U8 veinlets, the free cdye-j of the two indusia facing each other, so that the sori appoar to be sinjrle, with an induslum split down the centre. Veins free. Frond aiiiiple, ribbon-shaied, about an inch broad, guner- ally wavy-niargiiied. C'aiiiploso'rHs. Fruit-dots elongated, those near the base of the mid- rib double, as in Scolopendriuni ; others single, as in Asplenium. Fronds simi'le, J or | of an inch wide at the heart-shaped base, and tapering into a long and narrow point ; growing in tufts on limestone rocks, and commonly rooting at the tip of the frond, like a runner. Veins reticulated. Ph«>gop icris. Fruit-dots roundish, on the back (not at the apex) of the veinlet, rather small. Induaiwn obsolete or none. Veins free. Fronds triangular in outline, in one species twice-pinnatifld, with a winged rhachis, and in the other in three petioled spreading divisions, the divisions once or twice pinnate. Ai«|>i«l'iuiii. Fruit-dots round. Indusium evident, flat, orbicular or kiANT3. 169 ovatc-oblong in outline, once pinnate, the piniino deeply pinnati- fid, 6-9 inches long, broadest in the rnidille, the lohea slightly scythe-shaped, finely serrate. Fruit-dots large, near Uie midiib of the lobe, — Rich moist woods. 6. A. marginale. Stipes very chafTy at the 1)ase. Fronds ovate-oblong in outline, twice pinnate, the pinnic lanceolate in outline, broadest above the base. Pinnules crenate-margined. Fruit-dota large^ close to the marjin. — Ric woods, mostly on hill- sides. 7. A. acrostichoi'des. (See Figs. IG and 17 and accompany- ing description. ) — Rich woods, every wliere. 8. A. Lonchi'tis. Not unlike No. 7, but the fronds are narrower and longer, more rigid and with hardly any stipe. Pin- nae densely spinulose-toothed. — Apparently not common, but plentiful in rocky woods west of CoUingwood, Ont. 10. CYSTOP'TERIS. Bladder Febn. 1. 0. bulbif era. Frond large (1-2 feet), narrow and very delicate, twice pinnate, the pinnae nearly at right angles to the rhachis. Rhachis and pinnae usually with bulbleta beneath. Pin- Lules toothed. — Shady, moist ravines. 2. C. fra'gilis. Frond only 4-8 inches long, with a stipe of the same length, twice or thrice pinnate. Rhachis winged. — Shady cliffs. 11. STRUTHIOP'TERIS. OsTRlCH Febii. S. German'ica. Sterile fronds with the lower pinnae gradually much shorter than the upper ones. Pinnae deeply pinnatifid. — Common in low, wet grounds along stream i. 13. ONOCI^E'A. Sensitive Ferw. O.sensib'ilis. (See Figs. 18, 19, 20 and 21, and accompanying description.) — Common in wet grounds along streams. ■> I ii a IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 I.I 11.25 U£ IM us |i£ 12.0 us lU u I; ■■■ Va 7 >:) Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) •72-4503 \ iV [V k •SJ \\ 'do ^ 160 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 13. OSMUN'DA. Flowehing Febn. 1. 0. lagalis. (Flowering Fern.) Fronds twice pmnaw*, fertile at the topf very smooth, pale green. Sterile pinnuica oblong-oval, finely serrated towards the apex, 1-2 inches long, either sessile or short-stalked, usually oblique and truncate at the base. — Swamps, along streams and lake-margins. 2. 0. Claytonia'lia. Fronds large, onco pinnate, pale green, densely white-woolly when unfolding from the bud, with fertile pinnce among the sterile ones. Pinnae deeply pinnatifid, the lobes entire. — Low grounds. 3. 0. cinnamo'mea. (Cinnamon Fern.) Fertile Jronds dis- tinct from the sterile oneSt contracted, twice pinnate, covered with cinnamon-coloured sporangia. Sterile fronds rusty-woolly when young, smooth afterwards, once pinnate, the pinnae deeply pin- natifid. The long, sterile fronds in a cluster, with the fertile ones in the centre. — Low grounds. 14. BOTRYCH'IUM. MooNWOBT. 1. B. Virgin'icum. (See Figs. 22 and 23 and accompanying description.) — Rich woods, everywhere. 2. B. lunarioi'des is occasionally found. It is easily distin> guished from No. 1 by the sterile portion of the frond being long- petioled instead of sessile. Order On. EQXJISETA'CE^. (Horsetail Family.) Wo shall confine ourselves to the description of a single species of the genus BCtuiSB'TUM, Thh Only Genus of the Obdbb, Fig. 24 is a view of the fertile stem of Equisetum arvbnse, the Common Horsetail, of about the natural size. It may be observed early in spring almost anywhere in moist sandy or gravelly soil. It is of a pale brown colour, and in place of leaves there is at each joint a sheath split into several teeth. At the summit of the stem is a sort of conical catkin, made up of a large COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 161 number of six-sided bodies, each attached to the stem by a short pedicel. Each of these six-sided bodies turns out, on examina- tion, to be made up of six or seven sporangia or spore-cases, wliich open down their inner margins to discharge their spores. Figs. 25 and 26 are enlarged outer and inner views of one of them. The spores themselves arc of a similar nature to those of the Ferns, and re- production is carried on in the same manner ; but each spore of the Horsetail is furnished with four minute tentacles which closely en- velope it when moist, and uncoil tiicmselves when dry. The use of these tentacles is not known. The fertile stems will have almost withered away by the time the sterile ones appear. These latter are of the frame thickness as the fertile ones, but they are very much taller and are green in colour. Observe, Jlf^^^^ also, the grooving of the sterile stem, Kjr^^ and the wliorls of 4-angled branches produced at the nodes. ric.25. is^t nc.EB. FIC.24. Order GUI. LYCOPODIACEJE. (Club- Moss Family.) Chiefly moss-like plants ; often with long running and ])ranching stems, the sporangia solitary in the axils of the mostly awl-shaped leaves. 1. Erder8 in small cafiitals. The names of Qeneia, as well as popular names and synonyms, aru iu ordinary type. I, Paok. Abies 12) ABIETINEiB 120 Abutilon 22 Acer 28 Achillea 72 Acorns 124 ACROGENS 147 Actsea 6 Adder's-tonfrnc 137 Adiantum 156 Adlximia 10 Agrimonia 37 Agrimony 37 Agrostis 143 Alder 117 Alisma 127 ALISMACE^ 126 Allium 137 Almond Family 34 Alnus 117 Amaranth 103 Amaranth Family 103 Amanr (itus 103 AMARANTACE.E 103 Ambrosia 63 Amelanchier 41 American Laurel 79 Ampelopsis 26 Amphicarpsea 84 AMYQDALKiG 84 Anacharis 127 ANACARDIACE^. 25 Anagallis . 82 Andromeda 79 Anemone 8 ANGTOSPERMS 1 ANONACEiE 6 Paok. ANOPHYTES 147 Antennaria 64 APET ALDUS EXOGEX.S 101 Apios 34 APOCYNACEiE 99 Apocynum 100 Apple 41 AQUIFOLIACE.t: 80 Aquilegia 5 Arabis 13 ARACE^ 123 Aralia 50 ARALIACEiE 50 Arbor Vitao 122 Archangelica 49 Arctostaphylos 73 Arenaria 20 Arisaema 124 ARISTOLOCHIACE.f: 101 Aromatic Wintor^rc m 79 Arrow-Grass 126 Arrow-head 127 Arrow-wood 54 ^Artemisia 63 Arum Family 123 Asarum 102 ASCLEPIADACEZ: 100 Asclepias lOO Ash 101 Asimina Q Aspen 119 Aspidium 153 Asplenium I66 Aster 67 Astragalus 82 Avens 87 163 164 INDBZ. Paob. Balsam Family 25 BALSAMINACE.1': 25 Baneberry 5 Baptisia 84 Barberry Famil)' 7 Barnyard-Gi ass 145 Barren Strawberry :^8 Basil 02 Basswood 23 Bastard Toad flax 108 Bayberry IIG Beach Pea 33 Bearberry 78 Beard-tonjifue 87 i^eaver-Poison 49 Beech 115 Beech-drops 83 Beech-Fern 157 Bedstraw 55 Beggar's Lice 94 Beggar-ticks 71 Bellflower 75 Bellwort 136 BERBERiD ACE.i: 7 Bergamot 92 Betula 117 BETULACE^ 116 Bidens 71 Birch 117 Birch Family 116 Birthwort Family 101 Bishops-Cap 43 Bitter-Cress 12 Bitter-nut 113 Bittersweet 97 Black Alder 80 Blackberrj' 40 Black Bindweed 106 Black-Mustard 18 Black Snakeroot G, 48 Bladder Campion 19 ' Bladder Fern 159 Bladder-nut 28 Bladderwort 83 pAei. Bladderwort Family. 83 Blazing-Star 64 Blite 103 Blitum 103 Blood-root 9 Blue P.eech 115 Blueberry 78 Bluebottle 62 Blue Cohosh 7 Blue-eyed Grass 183 Blue Lettuce 74 Blue-weed 9<| Boehmeria m Boneset 64 Borage Family 93 BORRAGINACEiE 93 Botrj'chium 160 Bouncing But 19 Bowman's root 87 Bracted Bindweed 96 Bracken 156 Brake ise Bramble 89 Brasenia 8 Brassica 13 Bristly Sarsapariila 60 Brooklime 85 Brook-weed 83 Broom-rape Family a 88 Bromus 143 Brunella 92 Buckbean 99 Buckthorn 27 Buckthorn Family 27 Buckwheat 106 Buckwheat Family 104 Bugbane Q Bugle-weed 91 Bunch-berry 61 Burdock 62 Bur-Marigold , 73 Burning-bush 28 Bur-reed , 125 Bush-dorer 88 XNDflDL 165 Paoi. fiuiih-HoneTsnckle 68 ^Butter ., 108 174 XNDBX. Paob. Sparge FamHy. 108 Spurred Gentian 98 Squaw-root 84 Squaw-weed 65 Squirrel Corn 10 Stachys 03 Staflf-tree 28 Stafif -tree Family 27 Staphylea 28 StarFlower 82 Star-Thistle 62 Starwort 20,67 Stellaria. 20 Stickseed 94 Stone-root 91 Storlc's-bill.. 24 Stramonium 98 Strawberry 39 Strawberry Elite 103 Strawberry Bush 27 Streptopus 136 Struthiopteris 159 Succory 73 Sumach... 6 SummerSavory 92 Sundew 17 Sundew Family 17 Sunflower 71 Swamp Loosestrife ..... 46 Sweet Brier 40 Sweet Cicely 49 Sweet Clover. 39 Sweet-Fern 116 Sweet Flag 124 Sweet-Gale 116 Sweet-Gale Family 116 Sycamore Ill Svmphoricarpus 53 Symphytum 94 Symplocarpus .> 124 Tamarack 121 Tanacetum 63 Tansy 63 Paoi. Tape-Oiass 127 Taraxacum 78 Tare 83 J. AXI^i'h^E,, ....•..,,.,•...,.... 121 Taxus 122 Tea-berry 79 Tear- thumb , 106 Teasel ,.. 57 Teasel Family 67 Teucrium 91 Thalictrum 8 THALL0PHYTE3 147 Thaspium 49 Thistle 61 Thorn 40 Thorn-Apple 98 Thoroughwort 64 Thuja 122 THYMELEACEiE 107 Tick-Trefoil 82 Tilia 23 TILIACEiE 23 Toad-Flax 86 Toothache-tree 26 Tooth wort 12 Touch-me-not 26 Trailing Arbutus 78 Treacle Mustard 18 Trefoil gi Trientalis 82 Trifolium c 81 Triglochin 126 Trillium, 135 Triosteura 63 Triticum , 144 Trumpet-weed 64 TUBULTFLOR^ 58 Tulip-tree 6 Tu rtle-head 86 Twin-flower 53 Twisted Stalk 136 Typha va TYPHACEiB ^ 124 IKDSl. 176 * Paos. Ulmaobjs 110 Uhnus , Ill UMBELLIFERiE 47 Urtica Ill URTICACEiE 110 URTICBiB 110 Utricularia 83 Uvularia 136 Vacoinika 76 Vaccinium 78 Valerian 66 Valeriana 56 VALERIANACEiB 56 Valerian Family «... 56 Vallisneria 127 Velvet-leaf 22 Venus's Looking-glass 76 Verbascum 85 Verbena 88 VERBENACE^ 88 Veronica 85 Vervain 88 Vervain Family 88 Vetch 83 Viburnum 54 Vicia 83 Vine Family 26 Viola 15 VIOLACE^ 16 Violet Family 15 Viper's Bugloss 04 Virginia Creeper 26 Virgin's-Bower 8 VITACEiE 26 Vitis 26 Wake-Robin 135 Waldsteinia 88 Walking-leal 157 Walnut 112 Walnut Family 112 Water Anuu 124 Water Beeoh 115 Paos. Water-Cress 12 Water-Hemlock 49 Water Horehound 01 Waterleal 06 Waterleal Family 05 Water-Lily 8 Water-Lily Family 8 Water- Marigold 72 Water-Milfoil 44 Water Milfoil Family 44 Water Parsnip , 40 Water-Pennywort 48 Water-Pepper 106 Water-Pimpernel 83 Water-Plantain 127 Water-Plantain Family 126 Water-Purslane..... 40 Water-Shield 8 Water- weed 127 Wax-Myrtle 116 Wax-work 28 White Lettuce 78 White Snakeroot. 65 White weed...... 70 Whitewood 23 Whitlow Grass 14 WildBeaa 04 Wild Bergamot...., 02 Wild Comfrey 04 Wild Elder 60 Wild Ginger 102 Wild Indigo 84 Wild Liquorice 65 Wild Sarsaparilla 60 Willow 118 Willow Family 117 Willow-herb 46 Wind Flower 8 Winterberry 80 Win tergreen ^ . 70 Witch-Hazel 44 Witch-Hazel Family 44 Withe-rod 64 Wood Betony ••• 88 176 INDSX. Paqi. Woodbine 63 Wood-Fern 158 Wood-Nettle Ill Wood-Rush 138 Wood-Sage 91 Wood Sorrel 24 Wood-Sorre' Family 24 Wormwood 68 Xftnthlum •••«••■••••«•••••«•••« 08 Paoh. Yam , 183 Yam Family 188 Yarrow 7J Yellow Pond-Lily 8 Yellow-Rattle 88 Yew 122 Zanthoxylum 25 ZizU M 49 ^gadenuf.. , 136 ;V Paom. .. 183 .. 188 >. 7S . 8 . 88 . 122 . 25 . 49 . 136