fiMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^V analrjscjs Hvmn from ^ntutt CHARLES EDWARD FAXON AND ENORATED BT PHILIBERT AND EUGfiNE PICART VOLUME XL CYRILLA CE^—SAPINDA CE^ ROSTOX AND NEW YOHK HOUGHTON, MIFFLLN AND COMPANY MDCCCXCI l* ^•*' Copyriirhl, 1«91, Bi ciuBi.i:.i sriuuLK sarornt. Alt rights rtservtil. -1 I EleclrotyiK-a auJ I'riiitvd l»y ii. 0. ItouulitoD A l)o. 1% ^V 1 I, To THE Memory of GEORGE ENGELMANN, IN ADMIRATION OF UlS CIIAUACTF.U ANI) LEARNING, THIS SECOND VOLUME OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA BY u:b companion in long jouknevs through tbj: FORESTS OF THE WEST. -^ SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME II. OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Ci,a;!3 I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 8tum» inri'casiiig in iliuniuter by tliu annua! addition of a layer of wood inside the bark. Leaves nettcd-vcincd. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Suh-Cla»» I. AngiOSperniBB. Pistil, a closed ovary conLiMiing the ovuIds and develo^iing into the fruit Division [. PolypetalEb. K'owers with calyx and corclla. the latter divided into separate petals. H. DISCIFLOR.o^ynous or perigynous disk. Ovary superior, many-celled. * • Ovnles pendiil(>us. raphe dorsal. 14. CyrillaoeBB. Flowers regular, perfect, 5-parted. Disk annular, confluent with the base of tlie ovary. Ovules solitary in each cell. Kmbryo minute, in fleshy albumen. Ijcaves alternate, exstipulate. * * * Ovules erect, or rarely pendulous, ru|>he ventral. l.'i. Celivf tracesB. Flowers perfect. Si'pals and petils imbrii^ated in asstivation. Stamens alternate with the petals. Seeds often ariled. Leaves simple; stipules minute, caducous. 16. Rhamnaceee. Sepals valvate in nMti-ation. Petals small, concave, or 0. Stamens oppositj tho petals. Seed solitary, n(jt ariled. Kmbryo large, in llesliy albumen. Leaves simple, stipulate. ' * * * Ovules ascending, raphe ventral or dorsal. 17. Sapindaceae. Flowers usuu.ly polygamo-di(eciou8. Disk fleshy, entire or lobed. Sepals imbricated or rarely valvate in sestivation. Petals imbricated in a;stivation or 0. .Stamens usually hypogjnous. Seed exalbu- minous ot r»r-1y albuminous. Embryo usually fleshy ; cotyledons most often plano-convex, conferruuiinate (foliaceous ill Ilypelatc and Acer). Leaves alternate, compound or rarely simple, exstipulate or rarely stipulate. TABLE OF CONTENTS. js SvNOPsis OF Ordkks CVKIIXA KACKMIKI.OKA Cl.lFTONIA MONOI'IIVI.I.A KvotfYMt'S ATKOl'IKl'UKKUS GVMINDA GUISKHACIIII 8(.'H.«FPKKIA FKUTmCKNlt . Rrynohia i-atikolia CONHALIA OllOVATA .... RllAMNIDIUM PERRKUM . RllAMNl'S CROCKA .... RiiAMMTs Cahoi.iniana RllAMNCS PuR-tlllANA CkANOTMI'S TllVRSIFI.ORl'S Cka.notiu's VKi.uTiNfs, var. arboreus COLUBRINA RKCLLSATA . jTlsilTI.US (ILAHRA .... jTviCULUH OCTANDRA jEsculus Cai.ifornica UmiNAlUA Sl'KIIOSA Sai'Indhs Sai'onaria Sapindus mar(iin\tus . KXOTHKA PANK'UI.ATA Hypki.atk trifoliata . AlKR .SI'ICATITM .... AcKK I'fnnsvi.vanicum ACP.R MnL'ROI'IlYLLUM Acer circinatum .... Acer olabuum .... AlEli BARBATUM .... Acer »a(.(iiarinu.m .... Acer rubrum .... AcKR Negundo .... FAOB I . . V Plate li .1 Plate lii 7 I'late liii 1 1 Piute liv 14 Piute Iv 17 Plate Ivi 21 Plate Ivii 25 I'late iviii. 29 Platen lix.. tx .'i,'} Plate Ixi 3r> Plates. Ixji., Ixiii. ........ 37 Plate Ixiv 4.i Plate Ixv. ......... 4.~> Plate Ixvi 49 Plates Ixvii., Ixviii. ....... 6.'> Plates Ixix.. Ixx 59 Plates Ixxi.. Ixxii 61 Plate Ixxiii (W Plates Ixxiv., Ixxv. . . . . . . G9 Plates Ixxv'.. Ixxvii 71 Plates Ixxviii.. Ixxix. . . . . . . 75 Plates Ixxx., Ixxxi 78 Plates Ixxxii.. Ixxxiii 83 Plates Ixxxiv.. Ixxxv. ...... 85 Plates Izxxvi., Ixxxvii 89 Plate Ixxxviii 9.'i Plate Ixxxix. 95 Plates xc xci.. xcii 97 Plate xciii 103 Plates xciv.. xcv. ....... 107 Plates xevi., xcvli. . . . . . . . .111 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CYRILLA. Flowers regular, perfect ; calyx 5-lol)ccl, the lobes imbricated in aestivation ; petals 5, hypo^ynous, contorted in lostivation ; stamens 5, liypof^ynous ; ovary 2-celled, the cells 3-ovuled. Fruit capsular, indehisccnt, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Cyrilla, Linnicu», Miint. 5. — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 100.— Knilliclier, Gen. 1413 Mi'isner, Oen. 137. — Torrey & Gray, Ft. N. Am. i. ^50. — I'lanclion, Lund. Jour. Bot. v. 2.''>4. — Baillon, Athinnnnia, i. 203, t. 4, f. 1, 2j Diet. ii. 330 — lientham & Iluoker, Gen. ii. 1220. A glabrous tree or slirub, with spongy bark, slender terete branch'ets conspicuously marked with large leat'-scars, and narrow acuminate buds covered with chestnut-brown scales. Leaves destitute of stipules, usually clustered near the ends of the branches, alternate, entire, oblong or obovate-oblong, apiculate, rounded, or slightly emarginate at the apex, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-veined, short- petioled. Flowers small, in slender racemes produced near the extremities of the branches of the pre- vious year from the axils of fallen leaves or of small deciduous bracts. Pedicels slender, from the axils of narrow alternate persistent bracts, bibracteolate near the summit. Calyx persistent, minute, divided nearly to the base into five ovate-lanceolate acute coriaceous segments. Petals white or rose-colored, inserted on an annular disk, three or four times longer than the calyx-lobes, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave, subcoriaceous, furnished below the middle on the inner surface with a broad glandular nectary. Stamens opposite the lobes of the caljTC, inserted with and shorter than the petals ; filaments subulate, fleshy ; anthers introrse, attached below the middle, two-celled, the cells united above the point of the attiichment of the filament, free below, laterally dehiscent. Ovary free, sessile, ovoid, pointed, two- celled, the division at right angles with its short diameter ; styles short, thick ; stigma two-lobed, the lobes spreading ; ovules suspended from an elongated placental process developed from the apex of the cell,' anatropous ; raphe dorsal ; micropyle superior. Fruit broadly ovoid, crowned with the remnants of the persistent style, two-celled, two-seeded, the pericarp spongy. Seeds suspended, elongated ; testii membranaceous ; albumen fleshy. Embryo minute, cylindrical, two-lobed ; the radicle superior. The wood of Cyrilla is hard, heavy, and close-grained, but destitute of st'ength ; it contains thin conspicuous medullary rays, and is brown tinged with red, the Sivpwood being rather lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.G784, a cubic foot weighing 43.28 pounds. ' liaillun (.Irfansonin, i.e.; /lull. Soc. Linn. I',iri,s, i. l.TC) first character the ovulea assume in growth. Le M.iout & Docaisne pointed out the peculiar development of the ovules of Cyrilla from (Trail. Gen. Hoi. '.HO), and after tlicra Heuthain & Hooker (Gen. what ho describes as " une sorte de saiUie plaecntaire " from which /. r.), described the raphe as ventral in Cyrilla and in Cliftonia. in they are suspended, the raphes becoming dorsal by the anatropous which, however, as UaiUon has shown, it is really dorsal. SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. cyuillacea;. The spongy bark produced at the base of the trunk is pliable and absorbent, and has been recom- mended as a styptic ; it is astringent, and is said to have a cicatrizing effect on wounds.' Tiie genus,'- established by Liniiieus, commemorates the scientilic labors of Domunico Cirillo,' the distinguished Italian naturaUst and patriot. It is probably confined to a single species.* ' F.HintI, Sk. i. 'JWi. — I'orc'llBr, Hemurcrs of Stmlhem Fields ami Foml.i, VM. ' CjiiUii has (jiviMi i!a imine to n small gnmp <>f pliints iif ratliiT uin'prtiiiii nflinitii's, incluiliiiR, iia it in now iiiidi-rstooil, in udditioa to tills RiMnis, Cllftiinlii iin.l Costieii, all three inlmliitnuts of the warnipr regions of Anii'rica. Klliotlia, an anonialoiin nionotypic goniis of llu' soulliiTii stall's, foinifrlv joi:ip(l with thi'in, is now inilti'd willi /•.Viiricnr, with which Ci/nllweir is I'onniM'tuil lij- thu hypojiynons iiiro'la, the stamens M many or twiee :is many a.s its divisions, the many-celled ovary with Tiendulous ovnK-s, and Ity the alhnniinuus seed with axile cmhryo, alternate leaves, and woody Ktcilis. They differ, however, from !-:rirair(r in the slrueture of the anthem, and from the eapsniar fruited trihes of that family in the indehiseent frnit. The eharaeters which have been relied on to nnite the family with Frirai'f(r also indicate its relationship with fliciuf(r. with wiiieh it also has allinities in the eharaeter ot the stamens and in the dorsal rapijo of the ovnlrs. » DonieiiieiiCirillo (I7lil-17!)!)) ; physician and afterward profes- sor of hotany at Naples, and the nnlhor of the I'imilnmenlii lliilnri- icn (1T71) ; of .In Arroimt of Ihe Mannn-lr,r nod of Ihf Tilrmihila (I'hil. Trivis. \\. 'Jillt) ; of PlanUimm ritriomh trfini Xroiiolilani fnsc. 1 el -J (17S8-1";IJ) ■, and of Cy/imi.i 1'tipi/rii.i (170*)). ('iiillo was elected a n-emher of the le^jislatnre of the Tarthenopean Ite- publie in 17110, and the same year paid with his life the penalty of his devotion to the canso of liberty. * A second species of ("yrilla, ili'serihed by Vandelli in a work npon Hrazilian plants, was pnbli-'ied in 177S a.s CyriUa rnmniftra. Miehaux, ill llie /■'.' i /iDnrtii-.-lracricfinn, deseribed what appears to be the same plant 'inder the name of C. AnIilUinn. No locality for Ihia plant Wiis given. Imt, if it was collected by Miehaui him- self, it vi'AA probably from tlu^ Bahama Islands, the only part of the Antilles which he visited. The leaves are tleseribed as cnneate-iil>- loiig, obtuse, and coriaetous, while those of the continental plant are described as cuneate-lanccolate, acute, and membraniU'eons (Fl, iioT.-Am. i. l.'iS). In the West liulian specimens (Wright, Planttt (^nlienntit, No. 111-0) and in a specimen eollected in Demerara by Schombiir^k anil preserved in the (iray Herbarium, the leaves are rounded at the apex and sometimes emarginate. In a sjieeiiiien collected by Spriiee near San Carlos in north llrazil, also in the (iray Herbarium, they are more eoriaceons and decidedly emargi- nate, and are borne on longer petioles than those of our plant, with which, however, these tropical specimens are eoiineeted by a form with leaves rounded at the apex, collected by I'alnier on the I'lorida keys in 1S74 (No. ll'J.'i). It is perhaps best, therefore, with the scanty knowledge of the West Indian and South American C'yrilla available, to civ.sider it a vari.'ty of the plant of the United Stati. to be ilistingnished by Ihe form and texture of the leaves, ami to be known a.s variety mremi/ern. The synonymy of this variety is then : — C. raremifern, Vandelli, Fl. Lusilnn. el /inml. Specimen No. H?,. r. Aniillaon. Michaux, Fl. tior.-Am. i. I.W. — A. Uichard, Fl. Cuh. iii. 7(i. — Crisehaeh, Fl. Ilril. W. Ind. W, ; Cat. PI. Cuh. 52. — Saiivalle, 11. Cnh. 8.->. lira riiirmiflora, Swartz, Prodr. M ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i. CMi ; Obs. 91, t. 4 (not l-'Hrfritier). Thus considered, the geographical distribution of Cyrilla Ls re- markable, and affords the strongest argument against this view of the mcuioty|iical character of the genus. No other tropical tree, with the exception of /'miu rnftcn.ti.!, extends into North .\nicriea beyond the islanils and shores of southern Florida. CYUILLACKit; i been recom- CYlllI.LACKvi;. SUVA OF NORTH AMEliWA. J Cirillo,' the D only part of tlio c(! as cuneiittMil)- tiiu'ntiil plant lire iibriiniu-rous ( Ft. (W iit;lil, I'lantir in IffUuTara t)y ini, thi' leiives are In a i4]HU'inH>n tmzi), also in thu Icciili'dly 1 lnar(;i- of onr plant, with luivtcil by a form Iter tui the Florida u^refore, with the Anieriean C'yrilla he Vnitfil Stati. ; leaves, and to be jf this variety in Speeimen No. 88. -A. Hiehard, Fl. ■ul. /'/. Cuft.5'J.— Occ. i. rm ; Oh. 1 of Cyrilla ii rc- ;ainst this view of her tropleal tree, o North .\nieriea CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA. Iron Wood. Leather Wood. C. racemiflora. Unnn-iis, Afant.riO: Si/xt. cil. 14. "II. — t)ae(|uin, ('"//. i. 111?; Iron, /I'dc. i. 47, t. 47. — .ilter, iV. tV/r. IO;i. — Laiiiarek, lUrf. ii. 'Jl.-); ///. ii. 11 1, t. 14/, f. '«'. — X, L'l. — Chapman, /■/. •27'.'. — Curlis, /iV.(. 'imloj. Sun: X. Cur. IfSGO. iii. 10.">. — .Sarjjeiit, Farest Trim A'. Am. \Oth Ci'imiix IK S. ix. .'17. Andromeda plumata, liartraiu, Cat. — Marshall. ^IWik.sY. vim. y. C. Caroliniana. .Miehaux, Fl. lior.-Am. i. 158. — Gairlner f. Friiit. Siipiil. 147. t. 20'.>. — I'ersoon, Sijii. i. 17.5. — I'ursh. I'l. Am. Sr/it. i. 170. — Nnttall, C'l//. i. 14,">. — I'ciircl. I.itm. Diet. Siippl. ii. 4iU'). — Uoeiner it SelniUes, Si/st. V. 408. — Hot. Mitij. t. '.'I.'pO. — Walpers, /ijc/y. vi. 4'.'1. — Dietrich. Sifii. i. «(>■>. Itoa Cyrilla, L'Hi'rilier. Stlrii. N/ii, the shallow ponds so e"nnnon in the I'iiw fonsta Mr. G. C. Nealy. Speeinn'ns from this loealily are preserved in of the (!ulf eoast, where the water si- .ids to the ileptli of one or the Gray llerbarinni. two feet dnriiiK three fourths of the year. In sueh parliiiUy a(iuatie " t'yrilla often oeeupies with the Water (innis, the C'liftonia, and aituatiuns its nioile of growth is peeuliar. Fifty or a hnndred steins HB"^"^ SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CrKILLACEJK. coast. In such situations as the last it attains a real arborescent habit and its largest size, usually growing with the Chftonia and Yaupon, with Water Oaks and Gum-trees. Ci/rilUi racemiflora was first noticed by Dr. Alexander Garden,' a resident of Charleston, who, in \im, sent it to LinniEus." Two years later it was, according to Aiton,' introduced into England by a Mr. John Cree ; it flowered near Paris ^ in the garden of J. M. Cels ^ in ITCG. CjrUla racemiflora, although valuable as an ornamenUil plant on account of its handsome lustrous foliage and graceful and abundant inflorescence, has probably seldom been cultivated except in botanic gardens.^ ,.c 11 .:— , ■ ,^ i,^f an inch to a foot in iliamcter, spring from a common root and spread in all directions like the sUilka of a tussock jf scJgc, interlocking and forming a dense impenetrable thicket thirty or thirty-live feet high. The leaves are often only an inch or an inch and a half long, ohlanceolate, rigid, and more persistent than those on plants growing in drier soil. This variety, which is not rare in the coast region from Florida to Louisiana, was first noticed by Dr. A. W. Chapman near Apalachicola, Florida, and is mentioned in his Flora of the Southern Stales, '2.T1. 1 See i. 40. ' Smith, Correspondence of Linncau, i. 319, 324. • Hort. Kew. i. ^77. • Lamarck, Diet. ii. 245. » .Jacques Martin Cels (1743-1806) established in his nurseries at Mont Rouge, near Paris, a large collection of rare plants, in- cluding many North American trees and shrubs obtained from the Michaui. The fame of this ganlcn is perpetuated ii Ventenat's important work, Description des I'lanles Nouvellea et peu connues, eullwies dans lejnrdin de J. M. Cels. It supplied also the subjects for many of the plant portraits published in the I'lantes Grasses of Ue CandoUe, in the .S'(ir/)es A'ooa of L'lldritier, and in les Ldiacees of UtfJouti'. Cels was an active member of the National Council of Agriculture, and of the Academy of Natural .Sciences, and con- tributed largely to the knowledge in France of exotic plants. A catalogue of his collections was published by his successor in 1S17. « According to Nuttall (Sylra, I. c), Cyrilla racemifiora proved hardy in John Bartram's garden at Kingsessing, near Philadelphia, where in 1840 he found a specimen twenty feet high with a trunk twenty-sii inches in diameter. This plant disappeared many years ago. Cyrilla llowered in the Loddigea' nursery at Hackney, near London, in 1824 ; and the figure in the Botanical Magazine wa« made from this plant. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate LL Cvrilla hackmiflora. 1. A flowering branch, natural siie. 2. Diagram of a flower. 3. A flower, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 4°. A petal, enlarged. 4*. A stamen, front and rear view, enlarged. 6. A cluster of nvulea, much magnified. 6. A fruiting branch, natural site. 7. A fruit, enlarged. 8. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 9. A seed, enlarged. 10. An embryo, much magnified. 11. Winter-buda, natural size. I 1^ ^r yw<, KXl'LANATiliN <■ 7 A in,' ■-rppj ■m j'vj ff Nr'h AmpfK d TA.h CYRILLA RACEMl FLORA .•i A'/i'>/i'.-i.i' i/;/'i' i>V i^' /it/U-l./- /.!/«' CYRILLACEiB. SILVA OF NOnru AMERICA. CLTFTONIA. 1 Flowers regular, pci feet ; calyx 5 to M-lobed, the lobes imbricated in sDstivation ; petals 5 to 8, hypogynous, imbricated; stamens 10, hypogynous ; ovary 2 to 4-eelled; ovules solitary. Fruit capsular, indehiscent, 2 to 4-winged, 2 to 4-seeded. Cliftonia, Giertncr f. Friirt. iii. 24(), t. 22."). — EnJlicher, Oeii. 1413. — MeUner, Oen. 247. — Torrey & Gray, i'V. N. Am. i. 256. — I'lundion, Land. Jour. Bot. v. 254. — Baillon, Ailanmnia, i. 202, t. 4, f. 3-G ; Diet. \i. 91.— lientliam & Hooker, Gen. ii. 122(i. Mylocaryum, WilUlenow, Enum. 454. A glabrous tree or shrub, with thick diirk brown scaly bark, slender terete brancblets marked with conspicuous leat'-scars, and small acuminate buds covered with chestnut-brown scales. Leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, glandular-punctate, short-petioled, destitute of stipules, persistent. Flowers in short tern-.inal erect racemes. Pedicels slen- der, bibracteolate above the middle, ])roduced from the axils of large acuminate membranaceous alternate bracts deciduous before the opening of the Hower. Calyx-lobes eijual or une(iual, broadly ovate, rounded or acuminate at the apex, persistent, nmcli shorter than the obovate unguiculate concave white or rose- colored deciduous petals. Sttmens opposite the sepals and alternate with them, inserted with and shorter than the petids, two-ranked, those of the outer rank longer than tho.se of the inner lank ; filaments laterally enlarged near the middle, flattened below, subulate above ; anthers attached below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells laterally dehiscent. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the oblong two to four-winged and two to four-celled ovary. Stigma subsessile, obscurely two to foui^lobed ; ovules suspended from the apex of the cells, anatropous ; raphe dorsal ; micropyle superior. Fruit oblong, crowned with the remnants of the persistent style, three or rarely four-celled, two to four-seeded ; peri- caqi spongy, the wings thin and membranaceous. Seeds suspended, fusiform ; testa thin. Embryo thin, surrounded by the fleshy albumen ; cotyledons very short ; the radicle superior. The wood of Cliftonia is heavy, close-grained, and moderately hard, although brittle and not strong ; it contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is brown tinged with red, with a thick lighter colored sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual growth. The specific gi-avity of the abso- lutely dry wood is 0.G249, •\ cubic foot weighing 38.95 pounds. It burns with a clear bright flame, and is valued as fuel. William Bartram' is the first bobinist who noticed Cliftonia. He found it during the spring of 1773 in the coast region of Georgia, near the Savannah River.'^ It was mistiikcn by Lamarck for a species of Ptelea, and later was dedicated by Sir Joseph Banks to the memory of Dr. Francis Clifton,* an English physician of the last century. The genus is represented by a single species. > Sco i. 10. ■' rrni'. 6, .TO. ' Francis Clifton (d. 1730) j tho son of Joseph Clifton, a raer- cliiint of (Jrcat Ynnnouth. Clifton entered the medical school at Ijcydcn in 17'J4, frrndiiated with honor the same year, and at once established himst'lf in London aa a physii-ian. A friendship with Sir ilans .Sloane and other men of science opened for Clifton the doom of the Kojal Society, to which he was elected in 1727. Ho received nn honorary degree of M. D. from the University of Cam- bridge, and was appointed physician to the Prince of Wales. Clif- ton left Kngland suddenly in 1734 for .Jamaica, wheiv he died two years later. lie was the author of several papers on medical sub- jects ; and at the time of his death was engaged in writing an ac- count of the diseases prevalent in Jamaica. (See Leslie Stephen, hit't. National Biography, xi. 80.) CYBILLACE^ SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OLIPTONIA MONOPHYLLA. Titi. Iron Wood. Cliftonia monophylla, Britton, Bull. Torrty Hot. Cluh, xvi. mo. Ptelea monophylla, Lamarck, lU. i. 336. — Poiret, Lam. Diet. V. 662. C. nitida, Gajrti.er f . Prunt. iii. 247, t. 225. — Wataon, Bull. Torreij Hut. Cluh, xiv. 167. C ligustrina. Sprcngol Syst. ii. 3*C. — NuttoU, Gen. i. 104; Sylva, ii. 92, i 73. — Walpcrs, Rep. yi. 422.— Dietrich, Si/n. ii. 1412. — Schni/.lein, Teon. t. 240. f. B, 7-10, 20. — Clia|)man, /Y. 273. — Sargent, Forest Treet N. Am. \Oth Cenam U. S. ix. 38. Mylocaryuin ligustrinum, Willdenow, Knum. 454. — Bot. May. t. 1625. — Punth, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 402, t. 14. — Poiret, Lam. Dirt. Suppl. iv. 41 ; III. iii. 616, t. 9.')2. — Kiiiott, .S7,-. i. nm. Waltheria Carolinensis. Cat. Ilort. Fra.ier. The Cliftonia sometimes grows, under favorable conditions, to a height of forty or fifty feet, with a stout trunk which is crooked or oftei iiulining, occasionally fifteen to eighteen inches in diameter, and covered near tlie base with deeply furrowed dark red-brown bark a ([uarter of an '.nch thick, the ridges broken into short broad scales. The bark of younger trunks and of the principal branches is thin, the surface separating into small persistent scales an inch or two long. The trunk generally divides, twelve or fifteen feet from the ground, into a number of stout ascending branches ; or sometimes, especially in the region bordering the Atlantic Ocean, where the Cliftonia rarely assumes the habit of a tree, the stem divides at the ground into numerous straggling stout or slender branches, growing sometimes a few feet high, or often to a height of thirty or forty feet. The shoots of the year are slender, rigid, and covered with bright red-brown bark, which gradually becomes paler during the second and third seasons. The leaves are one and a half to two inches long, lialf an inch to nearly an inch broad, bright and lustrous ,on the upper, and paler on the lower surface. They remain on the branches until the autumn of their second year. The inflorescence appears i i February and March. The racemes are at first nodding, and at this period are conspicuous from the presence of the long exserted dark red-brown bracts. These fall, and the racemes gradually assume an erect position before the fragrant flowers open. The fruit,' V iiich is a (piarter of an inch long, or rather less, ripens in August and September. The Cliftonia is found in the coast region of the south Atlantic states from the valley of the Savan- nah River in South Carolina to northern Florida, extending westward tiirough the Pine belt of the Gulf coast to eitstern Louisiana. It grows generally on damp sour sandy peat-soil, and attains its greatest size in the tree-covered swamps which border the large streams of the Pine barrens of western Florida and of Alabama and Mississippi. In these swamps, which are submerged for several months of the year, it grows with the Red Bay and White Cedar under the shade of Water Oaks, Gum-trees, and the Cuban Pine, forming impenetrable thickets sometimes miles in extent. The Cliftonia in such situations is a short-lived tree. The large trunks, which are generally hollow, are easily prostrated, and specimens which have grown for more than fifty or sixty years are not common. In open shallow swamps which are seldom overflowed except temporarily the Cliftonia usually assumes a shrubby habit, forming thick- ets with the Wax Myrtle, the Swamp Bay, Andromeda nitida, Lcuvothoe axillaris, and Vaccinium virijntuw, and near the Gulf coiust with Iter voriarea. The Cliftonia is one of the most ornamental of the small trtes of the North American forests, espe- cially in the early spring, when it is covered with delicate fragrant flowers made conspicuous by their background of dark green lustrous foliage. It was probably introduced into English gardens by John * The fruit, from its fancied resemblance to that of the Buck- wheat-tree ; a name, however, which is possibly not in culloquial ■wheat, baa caused the Cliftonia to be aometiuics called the liuck- use in any part ut the country where the tree is found. 8 ISILVA OF NORTH AJIKIilCA. CYRlLLACEiK. Friiscr ' at tlio tiiiii' of .me of hi.s last voyage-, to America, and flowered in 1812 or 1813 in his nursi'ry at Slonne S«iuare in London.- fliftoniu is now luitivateil in a few botanic gardens only.' I'l' i, 8. ' Till' llgurc in the Botanical Magasine, \mli\i nci) m 1813, ' "ide from a npwimtu grown in Mr. Knisi'r'ii iiursi'i-y. ' Aceorcliiig tu Niittttll {.S'v^hi, ii. W), Cliftonia Burvlvod for u niimlivr of juars witlioiit pnitcctiou in Uartraui'ii botanic garden at Kingscwung, near I'liiludvlpbia. EXPLANATION OK THE a 10. n. 12. 13. 14. 15. IG. 17. I'lATK mi. C'l.lhTONIA MllNOniVLLA. A (lowering branch, natural site. I )iagrani of a tlowi'r. A Hower, enlarged. A flower, enlarged, two of the petals rcmored. A [.etal, enlarged. A stamen of the outer rank, enlarged. A ulainen of the inner rank, enlarged. A pistil, enlarged. Vertieal section of a pistil, enlarged. An ovule, mueli magnified. A fruiting branch, natural size. A fruit, enlarged. Cross section of a fr jit enlarged. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. A seed, enlarged. An cmbryc. much Uiagniiied. Winter-buds, natural size. M- x_^,„.- CYRILLACF.^. in his nuFHvry iniu aurvivod for u a butauiu (^anlcii ut t .5 ,-■'« Silva ot North Ameru-.i Tdij L!i ■ r fU.iv'i -iel CLIFTONIA VONOPHYLLA , Bnu A h'u'^T.'uj >i:/ ""mr" ~" OELASTRACI'^^E. SJLVA OF NOItTJJ AMERICA. EVONYMUS. Flowers perfect or polygamo-tria>eious ; calyx 4 to 5-lohc(l, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; petals 4 or 5, inserted under the margin of the disk, imbricated in estiva- tion ; ovary 'i to .'i-celled ; ovules usually 2 in each cell, ascending or resupinate. Fruit capsular, IJ to 5-eelled ; seeds surrounded by a colored aril. Evonymus, LiiiiiEus, Gen. ^9. — Adanson, Fam. J'l. ii. Bcntimm & Hooker, 6^en. i. 3G0, 997. — TiaiWoB, Hist. Fl. ;i04. — A. L. ilo JussiiMi, Gin. 'ATI. — Knilliclicr, Gin. vi. .'!0. 108C. — Muisncr, Gen. 68. — Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 1«7. — Vyenomus, I'resl, lit' liemerk. 32. Melanocarya, Tmcziiniiiow, Hull. Mosc. xxxi., i. 453. Small trees or shrubs, generally glabrou.s, sometimes trailing or climbing, with fibrous roots, usually square, sometimes terete, often verrucose brancblets, bitter drastie bark, and slender obtuse or acuminate buds. Leaves opposite, petiolate, entire, crenate or dentate, deciduous or jjcrsistent ; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers in dicliotonu)us axillary cymes, usually few-flowered, rarely one-flowered. Calyx- lobes spreading or recurved. Disk thick and fleshy, cohering with and filling the short tube of the calyx, flat, four or five-angled or lobed, clo.sely surrounding and adherent to the ovary. Petals inserted in the sinuses of the calyx under the free border of the disk, spreading, entire, dentate or rarely fimbri- ate, nuich longer than the calyx-lobes, greenish white or purple, deciduous. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted on the summit or rarely on the margin of the disk ; filaments very short, subulate, erect or recurved at the apex; anthers didymous, introrse, two-celled, the cells nearly parallel or spreading below, opening longitudinally. Ovary immersed in and confluent with the disk ; style very short, terminating in a depressed or three to five-lobed stigma ; ovules usually two in each cell, rarely four or more, anatropous, ascending from the central angle, the raphe ventral, the micropyle inferior; or pendulous, the raphe then dorsal, the micropyle superior. Fruit fleshy, three to five-lobed, angled or winged, smooth, verrucose or ecliinate, loculicidally three to five-valved, the valves septiferous on their middle. Seeds two, or more commonly by abortion solitary in each cell, at'cend- ing, or resupinate and suspended; aril red or jiurple ; testa charticoous ; a"i'": > fleshy. Embryo axile ; cotyledons broad, coriaceous, parallel witli (he raphe ; the radicle short, inferior or superior.' The g(!nus Kvonymus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, extending south of the equator to the islands of the Indian Archipelago and to Australia. Botanists now distinguish about forty species, the largest number occurring in the tropical regions of southern Asia,'- in China ^ and in .lapan.* Several species are found us far south as the mountains of Ceylon ;° one of the Indian species occurs also in Sumatra and in Java," and one species has been detected in northeastern * TIio (lowers of Kvotttfmwi Etiropans were fduml by Oarwiii (OiJI'prfnt I'orrm of Flowers cm Plauts of the >'fimr.S';w'ri(.v, 'J87) to l)e of tliree forms, one witli iirrfcclly di'vclopfil stiiucDS iiiul pistils, one with st'iiii-storile Iienimplirodite liuwers, and a third with per- fect pistils and rndinientnry aiitluTS. The flowers of the North Ainerlran species, so far as I liavt lieen able to observe theiu, are perfect. ■■■ lli.ulter f, /■'/. Ilril. Itul. i. (i(l7. '^ Itentlian), Fl. lloufjk. tili. — Forbes & lleuisley. Jour. Litm. Soc. xxiii. 118. * I'Vatiehet it Savatier, Fuum. Pi Jap. i. 78. — Maxiiitowiez, Hull, .liw/ Sri. .St. IWershourg, xxvii. 241 (Mdl. Itiol. xi. 177). ' Thwaites, Knum. IH. Xeylan. 73. " Kvonymm Javaniais, Itluine, Dijdr. Fl. Neil. Inil. IMfl. — Hen- nett, /•;. ,/lll^ Itiir. 1:10, t, 28. — Miiiuel, Fl. liul. Hat. i., ii. fiSS. 10 STLVA OF NOliril AMERICA. CELASTRACK^. Australii." Tlio genus is represented in central Asia,'' and is widely seattered, with a number of siircics, tlirt)iij;li the Orient,' and thr()ii>;h temperate and southern I'lurope.' In Nortli America two sjiicies (ic'cur in tlie Atlantie'' and one iti tiie I'aeilie" rej^ion, and tlu-ee or four little known species inhabit southern Mexico.' One of the Atlantic species is a small tree ; the other American species aro shrubs. 'I'jie wood of Evonynuis is nuiilenitely hard, close-'jrained, touDfh, and lian s|)ei'it!s '■ are nauseous and ])ur1. — WutsDU & (?oiiUi'r, c;ni//'-- Mill. r.l. i;, 110. « liiv«i.r\ Wiilsiin, /;,!/. Cii!. i. !W. ' lii'lilliiilll, /'/. Iliirtinij. ;«■>, .W. — II.Mllsli'J-, Hill. Hull. Am. Ci-ril. i. ISH, ' l.uihl.n), Arh. lint. ii. lOl!. * Till' vfrniit'iiliir iiiiino .'^pindlo-trpo, first appIiiMi tit tlin Kurtt- p)':i[l s[M'ri<-s nil lU'C Mint of its usi' in .spililili'-milkiil;^, lixs lircri pruii- iiiilly triiiLsftTri'il to the tV '^ l'^roiii/mn.i Knnipiru.i, l.iiiiiiPitH, Spfr. 197. -■ !'>e <';iiHltilIe, I'rmlr. ii. t. IC. Iiili/nliii.1, .Seiipiili, I'l. Ciirn. .'t-J.^i - !)■• (';ill(l.)lle, /. ,-. I-:, rrrrn o,.,,,. Scnp.ili, /■■,'. f'nm. ,12.». - lie ('iill.i.)lle, /. ,-. " Lc .Mieiut kt Decai-siie. Trutl. (ten. Hot. ICiigli.'ili id. ^11. " Itriuiilis, I. c. '' I.e Maeiit & Decnisiic, /. c, '■■' Wiilliili ; K.>«biir),'li, Fl. Inii. eil. Carey, ii. 4lXi. — Itramlia, / <•. 7i). — I looker f. Fl. Ilril. Iml. i. (11.5. " Kuollie aeid was obtained by Wenzel {.-IfJi. ./f»iir. f'finrm. ISd'J, ai'J) fnnn tlie bark of Ft'iniiftniLt filropHrpurfn.t. It ei'^stiilli/cH in aeii'uliir fonn.s, and is precipitated by pliiinbic Hiibacetato. Ucaiii, Mipir, a bitter prine'el", asparaf,'ine, and tartarii*. eiirie, and nitric acids biive also been found in tbe bark of tbis species. (Milla- paii^li. Am. .Mi'il. I'l. in IlinnitnfuUhii' lirmiilii's, i. 4'J, t. 4-.) 1" .Im../.i.ir. /V«irm. xx. SO. - II. S. DLipms. eii. 14, 40;!. — Stiliii S: Maisch, ^^lll. IH.iprns. ed. ii, ri,"ii». '» London, Arh. lint. ii. 4(Ki. ** Kfimiitnnn Japnnii'n.1, var. ritiliran.^, Miqncl, Prol. Fl. Jap. 18. — Maximowie?,, Hull. Aad. Si'i. St. I'i'lerabonrg, xxvii. 441 (Mi'l. lliul. >i. I7S). IC. railifiinf, Sieliobl in herli. : Miipiel, /. c. 'Mti. — I'laiieliet & .*^avatier, Ennm. IH. Jap. i. 7It. ■I I'iiny, xiii. '.'1!. -^ /^.^^ 017, 1, ami. CELASTKACK^. Ii a iiuiiiIht of 111 Aiiuirica two kiKiwii species ricaii species aro oret;llli/.l'S ill ! siihiu-ctiito. Uesin, ^rir, I'iirii', atui nitrio his spi'i'ii'.s. (Mills- , i. IL', I. I'J.) .cmI. II, 40:;. —siilid liu'l, /'n»^ fV. Jaji. mrg, xxvii. Ill (Mri. 300. — I'liiiieliL't & . klastuacea:. SILVA OF iXOliTJI AMERICA. 11 EVONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Parts of the flower usually in 4's ; ovules ascending, the raphe ventral. Fruit smooth, deeply lobed. Evonymus atropurpureus, •lacqiiin, Hurt. Viiul. i\. flu, t. V20.- Lamarck, Dtrt. ii. flTU ; III. ii. '.»«.— Srlimidt, Oeslr. liauni. ii. 'M, t. 7;). — WilUIcnow, Spec. i. ll.'iLi; Knnm. 'i'M. — .Micliaux, /•'/. lior.-A m. i. Iflo. — IVr- Boon, Si/it. i. --t;i. — Xoureau Dnhnnwl^ iii. -0. — Dcs- foiitaiiius, Ilinl. .irb. ii. ICiO. — I'lirali, Fl. .!«(. Se/it.i. 1C8. — Turpin, Diet. Sri. Nat. xvii. flU'J, t. '.'7'J. — Nut- tall, Gen. \Tnt, — Kouiiicr & Ki'liultcs, lS'//s^ v. 4(i('>. — Ilayne, Deiidr. Fl. 24. — Klliolt, Sk. i. 29;(. — Do Caii- doUe, I'rndr. ii. 4. — Toricy, /'7. A'. K. i. 141. — Sjircii- gel, Si/st. i. 7SH. — Dun, (li'i,. .Si/nt. ii. fl. — S|iiu'li, Hhl. Veij. ii. 407. — Louiloii, Arb. Jlrit. ii. 4',n), f. 107. — Tor- rny & Gray, ^7. iV. Am. i. 257. — Dietrich, Si/n. i. 819 Grillith, Mf0, iii. 102. — Kocli. Dcmlr. i. 029. — Sartjent, FurcKt Trees X Am. lOlli Ceii.Kii.i U. i'. ix. liS. — Tre- lease. Trans. St. Louii Acad. v. Hfl,'!. — Watson & Coulter, Grai/'s Man. pd. (i, 1 10. E. Carolinensis. Marsliall, .irbust. Am. 43. E. latifolius. Mursliall, .-irbust. .im. 44 (not Scopoli). — Agardl), T/ieur. et Sijst. IH. t. 22, f. 4. ■i5 I A small slender tree, growing rarely to a height of twenty qc twenty-five feet, with spreading branches ; or more often a shrub six to ten feet high. The trtinlf, which does not often attain a greater diameter than six or seven inches, is covered with thin ashy gray fluted bark, the surface separating into minute scales. The branchlets are terete, slender, and marked with prominent leaf-scars which are white during the first winter ; they are covered with dark purple-brown bark, which becomes lighter colored in the second sciison, and which is often beset with small crowded leiiticels. Tiie winter-buds are an eighth of an incii long, acute and protecli d by narrow ]iui'p!e apiculate .scales with scarioiis margins and covered with a glaucous bloom. The Ic.ives are clli])lical or ovate, acuminate, minutely serrate or biserrate, membranaceous, piii)erulons on , the lower surface, two to five inches long and one to two inches broad ; they are gradually contracted at the base into stout petioles half an inch to nearly an inch long, and are furuished with stout midribs and primary veins. They turn pate yellow in the autumn and fall in October, The twice or thrice dicbotomoiis cymes are usually seven to fifteen- llowered, and aro produced on slender peduiicles an inih or two long, and conspicuously marked with the sears of minute bracts. The flowers appear in May, or, at tlie north, about the middli! of .Tune ; they are nearly half an inch across, when expanded, with rounded or rarely acute and mostly entire sepals, and with broadly obovate undulate dark piir]ile jietils often with erose margins. The fniit, which rijjcns in October and remains on the bianchcs during the early iiionths of wintiT, is smooth, deeply lobed, half an inch acro^is, or rather more, with light purple valves. The seeds are somewhat gibbous on the dorsid side, broad and rounded aliove, and narrowed at the end next the hilum ; they are a (piarter of an inch long, with a thin light chestnut-brown wrinkled testa, and are included in a thin scarlet aril. Hvonjirmis (ilrajmrjmrtnK is widely distrii)uled in eastern .\merica from western New York to Nebraska, with an extreme western stiition in the valley of the upper Missouri River in Montana, and extends south to northern Florida, .soiitherii Arkansas, and the liulian Territory. It generally grows along the borders of woods in rich soil, rarely assuming, east of the Mississippi Uiver, the habit of a tree, and being really arborescent in .soiitlicrn .\rkiinsas and the adjacent regions only. The wood of J'Jfoin/i'ii/K iitro/iur/inrt hk is heavy, bard, veiv close-grained, and dinicult to seas in ; it is white (inged with orange, with thin inconspiciKiiis meliillny rays. It has, when perfectly dry, a sp(!ciiic gravity of O.tioll'i, a cubic foot weighing •\ l.CS pounds. r- 12 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CELASTKACEJE. The Wahoo, as this plant is familiarly called,' is said to have heen introduced into English gardens as early as IT/ili,^ and it is still often cultivated, especially in the region where it aujunds, although its fruit and the autumn coloring of its leaves are less beautiful than those of some of the Old World Spindle-trees. Few insects are recorded as living on Evonymus in America,^ although the different species are occasionally disfigured by them. * i^vim!/mu.i atwpurpnreus is also known in some ports of tbo country as Spiiiillo-treo and lis Arrow-wood. ' Alton, Hon. Ktw. i. 271. ' The larva of a small moth, Hyponomeuta euonymella, Schop., fci'ils on the loaves of Evonymim alropnrpureia in Kt'iitiicky (V. T. Chambers, Canadian Entomohgiil, iv. i'2. — Hull. HayJm'a U. S. Gedog. Sun: iv. 110). The Fall Web-worm, Uyphanlria cunea, Driiry, soinetinics destroys the foliope (Hull. No. 10, I)ii: Entomol. Vept. Agric. U, S. 41)j and the bark and brand cs are freiiuently covered by a scale, Lccaiiium. The leaves are often infested by aphids. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. i;i. 14. 15. Pl.ATK LIII. EVONTMUH ATBDPnBPUBKtJS. A flowering branch, natural size. Diaijram of a flower. A flower, enlarged. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. A stamen, front view, enlarged. Vertical section of a pistil, enlargeil. Cross section of an ovary surrounded by the disk, enlarged. An ovule, much magnified. A fruiting branch, natural size. Cross section of a fruit, natui-al size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. A seed surrounded by its aril, slightly enlarged. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. An embryo, much magnified. Winter-buds. V ELASTKACEJE. [lish gardens altli()uji;li its Old World it species are yphantria cunea, 0, IHi: Entomol. s are fre(iueutly ftcii infested by 4 •■ i;ackuK W.iH.J ;v.i ■! , r! '.Vi.rl.i ^^ (I ■^3<' ;i iy* ') % d^ %t EVONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS A /i'i.\fi-u.f .lirr\} ' CELASTUACE^. iilLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 GYMINDA. Flowers unisexual ; calyx 4-l()l)t>d, the lobes imbricated in aestivation ; petals 4, imbricated in icstivaticm ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary, suspended. Fruit drupa- ceous, 2-celled, 1 to 2-sceded. Qyminda, Sargent, Garden and Foreit, iv. 4. Myginda (sec. Gyminda). Grisebach, Cat. I'l. Cub. nn. A slender tri'«' or Hlirub, with pale quadrangular hranchlets and minute aeuininate Inids. Leaves opposite, sliort-petioled, oblong-obovate, rounded and sometimes eniargiiiate at the apex, entile or remotely crenulate-serrate above the middle, with revolute thickened margins, t'eathei'-veined, coriaceous, persistent; stipules minute, acuminate, membranaceous, caducous. Flowers pedicellate, in axillary pedunculate few-tlowered dichotomously braiu^hed cymes, furnished inunediately below the calyx with two minute bracts. Calyx minute, persistent, with a short urceolate tube and rounded lobes. Disk fleshy, filling the tube of the calyx, cuj)-shaped, slightly four-lobed. Petals entire, obovate, rounded at the apex, reHexed, much longer than the lobes of the calyx, white. Stamens four, o|)posite the se])als, inserted in the lobes of the disk, exsertcd ; wanting in the fertile flower ; filaments slender, subulate, incurved ; anthers attached below the middle, oblong, two-celled, the contiguous cells opening longitu- dinally. Ovary oblong, sessile, confluent with the disk, two-celled, crowned with the large two-lobed 8es.sile stigma ; rudimentjiry, deeply cleft in the sterile flower ; ovules suspended from the apex of the cell, anatropous ; raphe dorsid ; micropyle superior. Fruit black or dark blue, oval or obovate, the size of a pea, crowned with the remnants of the persistent stigma, often one-celled by abortion ; sarcocarp rather thin ; putamen thick, erustaceous. Seed oblong, suspended ; testa membranaceous ; albumen thin, fleshy. Embryo axile ; cotyle his Caialntins i^lanlarum Cubensium, an account of the cidleetious matle by Charles Wright in that island. The moat important of (irisehach's contributions to science relate to botanical geography, a subject to which he gave particular at- tention and upon which he wrote voluminously. His Vetifldtiim der Erde, published in 1S7'J, is one of the classical books on the subject, and the author*8 crowning scicntitic effort, (iri.^eliarhia, a genus of heath-like plants native of south Africa, wa.s deilicated to him bv Klotz-sch. 14 aiLVA OF NOliTlI AMERICA. CKLAHTUACEii: QYMINDA QRISEBACHII. Oyminda Grisebachii, Sargent, Ganlen ami Forest, iv. 4. My^inda piUlena, Sargent, Forest Trees JV. Am. \Oth Myginda integrifolia, lIumlHililt, ii (not I,aniurck, Itiet. iv. :t'.Mi). — Do Myginda latifolia, Cliupnian, Fl. 7G (not Swutz) Tro- Cunilullis I'nulr. ii. lit. — (iriiti'lmcli, I'ut. I'l. Ciih. 55. — luaae, Tratu. Ht. Louis Acad. v. 366. SarKcnt, KM. (luzette, xi. ;J]4. — Trfleune, Tnitis. Ht. Louis AcaJ. V. MG. A tree, frrowing sometimes to :t lieij^lit of twenty or twcnty-fivo feet, with a trunk riirv^y more than six inches in diameter covered with thin hrown bark tinjjed with red, tlie Kurfaee .se|)uratinfif into tliin minute sc;ih». The i)ranchli'ts lieeome terete during their tiiird season, and are tiu^n covered witii thin slii^htly f^rooved and rouj^heiied lifjht red-brown bark. Tiie leaves are an incli and a iialt to two inciies lonff, three (]iiurters of an incli to an incii broad, and pale yellow-<;reen. The flowers, which are pro- duced on the sh(H»ts of the year, appear in Florida from April to June. The fruit ripens in November. G'l/rniudu Grixuhachu is common and jjjenerally distributed tlirough the i.slands of south Florida from the Manjuesas to Upper Metacombe Key. It also inhabits Cuba and Porto Kico.' A form '■' of this plant with smaller, less coriaceous, very glaucous leaves was found in Cuba" by Charles Wright.* Gymiiida Gristbavhii was discovered in Florida by Dr. John L. Blodgett." ' I*. Sintcnis, I'lantir PoTUmcen:tfs. No. tt'A'l. * Cyininda (Jrisebaehtif vur. ylauctseem. Sargent. Garden and Forest, iv. 4. Atyijimla talifolia, var. ijtaucescens, Griseboch, Mem. Am. Acad. viii. 171 ; Cat. PI. t'uft. 55. ' I'l. Cull. No. 81a. ' Sec i. IM. ' Sec i. 33. EXPLANATION OK TIIE PLATE. s. '.t. 10. II. Vi. 13. 14. l.l, If). 17. Pl.ATK LIV. GVMINDA GldSKIIACIIII. A dowering' Iiranrli uf u Htuniinate |ihint, natural size. A llowering liranch uf a |iistillatc plant, natural uize. Diagram of a stuniinatc flower. Diai^rani of a pistillatu Huwer. A 8taniinatu (lower, enlarged. Vertical sei'lion of a staniinate flower, enlarged. A (lowerlmil, enlarged . A |>i:>tillate flower, enlarged. Vcrtieal Rcotion of a pistillate flower, enlarged. ('ro88 Hoetion of a pistil, enlarged. An ovule., iiuicli magnified. A fruitiiiL^ brunch, natural Hize. Vertical »ection of a fruit, enlarged. Cross-secliou of a fruit, enlarged. Vertical section of a seed, (enlarged. An cinliryo, nuicli magnified. .Stipules, enlarged. CKLA8TKACEJC. ea N. Am. 10!)■ h: 7!, .'/■/! 'Ittifltf ! Itl'^' CEI im gill Scb nat( att bud obl( of 1 by nut! uxil tree pro] (list leiiso CKLASTUACEjE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 SCIITIiiFFERIA. Flowers unisexual; calyx 4-partcd, the lobes imbricated in icstivation ; petals 4, imbricated in aestivation, hypof^ynous ; stamens 4, hypogynous, inserted under tbe mar- gin of the disk ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary, erect. Fruit a 2-seeded fleshy drupe. Schsefferia, .lacijuin, Stirp. Am, 259. liaillon, Jlist. I'l. vi. .'i7. ■ Kiidlieliur, Gen. 1101?. — Meiancr, Gen. Oi). — licntliam & Hooker, Gen. i. ,'307. — Gliibrous trees or slirubs, with slender rigid terete; brandies and small obtuse buds. Leaves alter- nate, or faseicled on short spur-like branehes, entire, obovate or spatulate, aeute, rounded, or eniarginate at the apex, destitute of stipules. Flowers diceeious, pediceled or sessile, in axillary clusters from large bads eovered with seale-like persistent bracts. Calyx-lobes orbicular, persistent, much shorter than the oblong obtuse white or greenish white petals. Disk small, inconspicuous. Stamens op[iosite the lobes of tlio calyx, wanting in the fertile flower ; iilanients subulate, incurved ; anthers attached below the middle, oubglohoso, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary two-celled, ovoid, se.s- sile, free ; rudimentiiry in the sterile flow(;r ; style very short ; stigma large, two-lobed, the lobes spread- ing ; ovules solitary, ascending, anatropous ; the raphe thin, ventral ; the micropyle inferior. Fruit the size of a pea, ovate or obovate, crowned with the remnants of the persistent style, indistinctly two-lobed by a longitudinal groove on the two sides, slightly flattened ; sarcocarp tbin and fleshy, tuberculate ; nutlets bony, separable. Seeds solitary, ascending; testa membranaceous; albumen fleshy. Embryo axile ; cotyledons broad, foliaceous ; the radicle very short, inferior, next the hilum. Two species of Schajfferia are described. The type of the genus, /Sc/uiJ'cria frulcscem, a small tree or shrub, is widely distributed in the Antilles, reaching the islands of south Florida and Central America. Tlie second species,' a bttle knowii shrub, belongs to the arid region of western Texas and northern Mexico. The wood of Scluefferia is bard and close-grained ; the genus is not known to possess other properties useful to man. It was established by Jacipiin, and named in honor of J. C. Scliaeirer,^ a distinguished German naturalist of the last century. ' Schafferia ninrala, Gray, I'l. Uriylil. i. ll.") ; ii. i!!) (Smith-iih clnrpyniaii and Riippriiiti'iidi'iit at Hatisbmi from 1770 until his ni'nii Coiifrrt. iii.,v.).— Torroy, Hal. Mez. liounl. Surv. M. — 'Viv- drath. Ki'haciri'r was a writer cm zni;lcif;y, and tlin aiilhor of several lease, Trims. St. l.mm .Anul. v. XM. liotanieal lioolts, in.liidiiis llio llohimni Kr/ii'ilili.ir anil two illas- » .lakob Cliristian SeliaelfLT (1718-1790) ; born at Qnerfurt, a trateil works on the I'nnfji lonnil in the neigliborliood of U.ilisI)on. CELASTUACHiB. ISILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 17 ■ft I SCH^FFERIA FRUTESCENS. Yellow Wood. Box Wood. Flowers pcdicclcd. Leaves alternate, usually acute at the two ends. BohsBfferia fruteacens, Jarqiiin, Cat. I'l. Carih. 33 ; Slirp. Am. 259. — tiajrtncr f. Frucl. Suppl. 219, t. 225. — Poirct, Lam. Diet. vi. 727 ; III. iii. 402, t. 809. — De Caiidollo, I'rodr. ii. 41. — Kiirstcn, Fl. Culumh, i. 183, t. 91. — C^li.iiiiiKUi, /•'/. 70. — Giisebacli, l-'l. liril. \V. Intl. 140. — Wuljiurs, ylHtt. vii. 581. — Sargent, Forest Trees JV. Am. Wth Cen.iiis U. S. ix. 39. — Tielease, Trans. St. Lnuis Afdtl. V. 350. S. completa, Swartz, Ft. Ind. Ocr. i. 31.'7, t. 7. f. A. — I'diict, Jmni, Jll. in. 402. — Willdeiiow, Spce. iv. 741. — .Mai-failj-fii, /■■/. Jam. 207. S. buxifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, ii. 42. t. 50. A small slender j;'il)r<;js tree, with rifjfid uprij^ht terete branches, and slender niany-anj^led branehlels, frrowinfj sunietimes to the heij^iit of thirty-five or forty feet, with a trunk eij^lit or ten inches in diameter; or often a tall or low shruh. The bark of tlie trunk is rarely more than a twelfth of an inch thick, [lalo brown faintly tinged with red, the surface divided by long shallow lissures, and separating ultimately into small narrow scales ; that of the shoots of the year is pale greenish yellow, becoming light gray during the second year, and then conspicuously marked with tlie remains of the persistent wart-like clusters of bud-scales. The leaves are persistent, entire, obovate-oblong, usually acute, and then often minutely apieidate, or sometimes rounded or emarginate at the apex, the base narrowed gradually into a short broad petiole ; they arc bright yellow-green, two to two and a half inches long and half an inch to an inch broad, with thick revolute margins. In Florida they appear in April, and remain on the branches until the spring of the following year. The pedicels of the sterile flowers, generally three or five together, are rarely more than two lines long ; those of the fertile flowers arc solitary, or more often two or three together, and are rather longer than the petioles. The flowers are produced in spring on shoots of the yea?-, and are an eighth of an inch across when expanded. 'I'lie fruit is slightly grooved and compressed, and is bright scarlet at maturity. It ripens in Florida in November, and then possesses an acrid disagreeable flavor, but is greedily devoured by many birds. Schwfferia fruteacens is not rare in southern Florida, being found on the princii)al islands from Metacombe Key eastward, in the neighborhood «)f the Caloo.sa Uiver and sparingly on the Ueef Keys. It inhabits the Bahama group, is widely distributed through the West Indies, and has been noticed in Venezuela.' In Florida, where this tree was once much more common than it is now, it is usually found growing with the Eugenias, the Pi.sonias, the Florida Coccoloba, the Drypetes, the Uumelia, and the Ardisia, forming with them the shrubby second growth which now covers several of the large keys. The wood of Schaffcria fnitesccns is lieavy and close-grained ; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is bright clear yellow, while the thick sapwood is a little lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7745, a cubic foot weighing 48.'27 pounds. It has been used as a substitute for box-wood, and the large trees were cut in Florida many years ago and sent to New Providence for export to Engkind. SchaiD'cria fnitencens was first described by Plukenet'- in 1G91. lie obuiined it from the Barba- ' Near tlio oity of Qiilbor, Kartacn, I. e. ' Ihu-u-t I.ii'iri Aleiandrina foliis accedens Americana, I'hijl. U 80, f. 0; Alm.Iiol.li. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ,.. CELASTUACE^. 18 does: it was discovered in Jamair, by Sloane > and living plants were carried to England in 1793' by Admiral Bli«'-b.' It was Hrst noticed in Florida by Ur. John L. Blodgett. 1 liMi folio ,mjorf acumimlo arbor larrifi-rajhim minorc, rroreo, ,lip!/reno,' Cat. PI. Jam. 171; Nat. UUt. Jam. ii. lO'-', t. 'M'.\ f. 1. — lliiy, lliit. PI. Dendr. iii. t'w. ■' Aitoii, Horl. Keir. ed. '-', v. 371. a WiUium Hlij;!. (ITM-ISIT) ; a distinguishrd British naval oni- cor who early in lif.' a.-roin|.ani«l Cook m his 9.-oon,l voyaRe round tho world aa sailiuK-n.iust.T of the Kesohitioii. He i» hest known, perhaps, from his connection with tlie unfortunate voyage of the liounty, a vessel sent in 1788 t,. the South Seas under his counoand to introduce the Hread-fruit tree into the West Inilies. The story of the mutiny of the crew is familiar. Captain HliKh and a few companious were set adrift on the racilie Ocean in an open boat in which, after a voyage of three months, they suocoedert in renching the coast of ,Iava. and procuring a small vessel returned to Ihig- hiiiil. Hlighwas sent in command of the I'ruidence in 171)1 to make aiuither effort to introilucc the llread-frnit into the West Indies. In this he was successful, and it was on the return from this voyage that he brought Sehiefferia to England. In 1801 he was elected a memlM!r of the lloyal Society, principally on account of his services ti> botany. Ho was governor of New South Wales from 180,-1 to 1808, and was promoted to vice-admiral in 1814. The gemis lllighia, established by Kocnig for a plant of tropical Africa, now sometimes referred to Cupania, was dedicated to him. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platk LV. Soh.k.'-kkria fhitesce.vs. 1. A flowering branch of the ataminate plant, natural size. 2. A flowering branch of the pistillate plant, natural aizo. 3. Diagram of a staniinate flower. 4. Diagram of a i)islillate flower. r>. A staminate flower, enlarged. C. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 7. A jiistillate flower, enlftrge. — TruleasL-, Trann. St. houit Ai-ad. w.WT)^. Hull. U. S. Ant. At lis. xiii. 40. — Ciiay, Hot. llar.,-tte, iv. Scutia ferrea, Cliainnaii, Fl. 72 (not Urmigniait). 2U8. — Chapman, T'V. Su])])!. U 12. — Hiugeni, Forest Trees Rtiamnidium revolutum, Oliupiiiun, Fl. Suppl. 012 (not W right). A slender tree, twenty to twenty-five feet iir hei{(ht, with ii trunk six or eiglit inches in diiinioter, stout terut*' rii^id hraiiciiluts marked witli proiiiirient elevated leat'-.sears, and ininutu clustmit-hrown aeu- niinate liuds. The hark of tiio trunk is from a sixteenth to an eijrhth of an inch tliick, the dark red- brown surface dividinjf into larjjje thick plati!-like scales ; that of tlie younfr slioots is slightly |)iil)eruliius when tiiey first appear, soon becomiiij^ f^lalirons, and is j^ray faintly tinjfed with red, }i;rowiiitj darker durinfj tiie second season, when it is often covered with small tuljcrch's. The leaves are oval or ()I)l()nj.f or sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded, truncate, or more frecjuently eiiiar^inate at tiie apex, and usually minutely apiculate ; they are {gradually contracted at the base into slioit broad petioles, and are an inch or an inch and a half lon<^, half an inch broad, and very thic^k and coriaceous, with thickened revoluto niarj^ins, a stout broad midrib jjfrooved on the upper surface, about live pairs of primary veins spreadin, a cubic foot weighing (1(5.78 ])ounds.' The earliest account of Jieytionia latifolia' is that of Catcsby, who figures what is evidently this plant under tlu? name of Bullet-tree in his Natural History of Carolina? It was first collected in Florida on Key West by Dr. .1. L. Blodgett. ' Tliifl troe, in Klurida nt least, (^rowa vory .slowly. Tlio spoci- meii of the wotnl in the .IcsiipCullcrtioii of North Anicrioaii Wooi.^ in tho Americ'iiii Miisoiun nf Xatunil Ui.story in New York is seven inches in diameter, and is composed uf uue hundred and tlurty-two layers of annual prowth. '■* licyno.-tui Inii/olin hna I)een referred (Gray, I. c.) to Uhamnus Iceviffatus, Vuhl {Symh. iii. U), the (.\arwthis ^rciV/a^w, I)e Cun- dollo {ProUr. ii, itO). The leaves of Keynosia are usually oppo- site, while thoso of lihammis Itrvifjntus are deacrihed as aUernato, without allusion to their heinj; eniarpnate at the apex, a pretty constant clmrailer in Ui ynosia. Professor Treh'a,se, who exam- ined Vahl's herharium preserved at Copenhagen, was unable to find the type i>f fihnmnus lirrit^titn.'i ; and the i videnee of its idtuitity with Heymmn lati/nlin is liariUy sufiicient to justify tho adoption of Vahl's specitio name for our plant. a i. 7r>, t. 75. I EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. I'l.ATF. LVI. Kkyn(wia i.atikolia. 1. A Howerini; braiwli. natural she. 2. Diafjram of a, (lower. ;!. An unibfl of flowors, enlarged. 4. Vertical seetion of a Hower, enlarged. 5. Front and rear view of a Htainen, enlarged. 6. A pistil, enlarged. 7. An ovule, much magnified. 8. A fruiting lirancli, natural size. 9. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 10. Cross section of a fruit, natural she. 11. An embryo, much magnified. 12. .Stipules, enlarged. li ■WS»l«r.«A-»- Sllva Q\' ;>j,jrt!i A;n>=r: i '/•,',«.•■, .iW i^Er'NOSlA I.ATIFOLIA, I .'11, .J nil I i/.\i TT KIIAMNACKiG. SILVA OF NOliTU AMERICA. 23 CONDALIA. Flowers perfect ; calyx 5-lobcd, the lobes valvatc in aestivation ; petals 0 ; ovary immersed in the disk, free, I to 2-celled ; ovules solitary. Fruit drupaceous, 1 rarely 2-celled, 1 -seeded. Condalia, Cavanilles, Anal. Ifi.if. Nat. i. .'W. — Hninjjniart, Mem. JihamnSe.i, 48 KiiiUiilicr, Gen. lOiXl. — Meisner, Gen. 71. — Gray, Gen. III. ii. 171. — Hcntliam & Hooker, Geji. i. ;i7(i. — Uailloii, Hist. i'l. vi. «2. Small trees or shrubs, usually glabrous, with rigid spiuusceiit branches. Leaves alternate, subses- sile, obovate or oblong, entire, feather-veined ; stipules minute, deciiluous. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, short-pediceleJ, greenish white, minute. Calyx persistent, with a short broadly obconieal tube and ovate acute membranaceous spreading lobes. Disk Heshy, Hat, slightly five-angled, adnate to and filling the tube of the calyx and surrounding the free base of the ovary. Stamens five or rarely four, inserted on the free margin of tlie disk between the lobes of tlie calyx ; filaments slender, subulate, incurved, shorter than tlie ealyx-lobes ; anthers introrse, attached at the middle, two-celled, tlie contigu- ous cells opening longitudinally. Ovary conical, one or sometimes two-celled by the development of a false partition, and gradually contracted into a short thick style; stigma two or tluee-h)bed ; ovules solitary, ascending from the base of the cell, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; mieropyle inferior. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, rarely imperfectly two-colled, supported by the tube of the calyx, and crowned witii the lemnants of Mie style ; sarcocarp thin and fleshy ; tlie putanieii thick, crustaceous. Seed cctnipressed or subglobose ; testa thin and smooth. Embryo surrounded by a thin layer of Heshy albumen ; cotyle- dons oval, flat; radicle short, inferior, next the hihnii. Condalia is confined to the New Worhl, and is widely distributed from western Texas and scuithern California to Patagonia and Brazil. The type of the genus, CoHildlln ))iirr(ij)/ii/l/(i,^ is a spiny uiider- shrub of Chile. Two .species inhabit Urazil," and one is known to occur in Patagonia.^ Three species belong to the arid region of northern Mexico and the adjacent portions of the Unitctl States. Of these, Coiidal'iii ohovitta is a snuill tree; the others, ('. njidt/iu/ahi* and ('. Mvi'lcantt,'' are low many-branched spinescent shrubs. Condalia has few economic uses. The bark of the Brazilian C. ivfeclnrbi is rich in tannin, and is used in dyeing." The fruit of C. ohoimtn, the capulin of the Mexicans, is sometimes eaten by the inhabitants of Nuevo Leon. The name of Antonio Condal,' a Spanish [)hysician of the last century, is preserved by that of this genus. ' Cnvanillcs, /Imi;. //«/. Nal. i. 'M\ t. I ; lron.\i. 10, t. fi'.'C.— Do Ciuidolle, I'rinlr. ii. 'J8. » Ui'issck, Miirlim l-i llrmil. li., i. !H), t. i!4, f. 5, 0, t. 'J«. » (irny, liol. .V. I'ltrijic Kxpliv. ICrpeil. i. 'J"".. * (iniy, I'l. Wrif/ltt. i. li'J (.s'^iiMxoriiriri Cimtrifi. iii.). — Ilpnisloy, Hot. ISiiil. Am. Cml. i. llHi.- 'I'l-i'lcimo, 'I'nm.i. ,SI. l.ouii Arml. v. •MVi. ' Si'licclo, l.imuTn, xv. 471. — llemsley, I. c. — TrclcMisi', I. t\ ' Itaillon, Ilisl. I'l. vi. "0. ' Of Antonio Condal notliini; is known In'yond the fait tliat lie wa8 a native of llari'oloiiii, and that wIumi vt-ry youn^ hv was attached to tlic scientitle expiMlition sent in I7-V1 hy the Spanish f;over?iinent to exjdore its .South American possessions, as a.ssistant to the Swedisli hotanist, Peter litH'tHnfr, who died two years later at tlie Mission of Mcrereori, near Cnnnina. (For an account of PetiT l.oi'lhni,' and his travels, see Hossu, Travels thnnujh Loumana^ Kn^- lish ed. ii. 71.) I ltlIAMNACi:iG. SILVA OF NOliTJJ A^'bUilCA. 26 CONDALIA OBOVATA. Purple Haw. Log Wood. Flowers fascicled ; stigma 3-l()bcd ; ovary 1-cellcd, Condalia obovata, Hooker, Iron. t. 287. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. (IS.".. — (Jriy, (Int. III. ii. 172, t. \M : Jour. Bout. Sor. Nal. Uhl. vi. Uii) (K. Limlheiiii. ii.) ; PI. Wriijht. 1. 152; ii. 27 (Smitkmnian Contrih. iii., v.). — Torrey, Hot. Mex. Bound. Iffurv. 47. — .Sargent, Foreiit Tree.i N. Am. \OI/i CeiiKim U. S. ix. 40. — Trelcaae, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 301. A sniiill trcf, rising sometimes to ii lieiglit of thirty foot, with a slender trunk six or eight inches in diameter, and erect rigid zigziig branches terminating in stout spines ; ov more often a sliriib. The bark of tlie trunk is an eighth of an inch tlii(!k, divided into flat shallow ridges, the dark brown surface tinged with red, separating into thin scales. Tii» bark of the yoinig branches is gray when they first appear, and is then clothed with soft velvety pubescence ; this disappears before the end of the season, wiien they are quite glabrous, then- pale red-brown bark then often covered with thin sc^ales. The leaves appear in May and June, and fall irregularly during the winter, a few usually remaining on the branches until the period of new growth in the following year. They are spatidate or oblong-cuneate, short-petioled, entire, mucronate, and often fascicled on the short spinescent lateral branchlets ; they are half an inch to an inch long, a third of an inch broad, and rather thin, pale yellow-green, pubescent especially on the lower surface when they first appear, and glabrous at maturity, wtli a conspicuous midrib and about three pairs of prominent primary veins. The flowers are pioduced on the shoots of the year on very short stemmed two to foui--flowered fa.scicles. The fruit ripens irregularly during the summer ; it is a quarter of an inch long, dark blue or black, and possesses a sweet pleasant flavor. Condalia obooata is generally distributed through western Texas from the shores of Matiigorda Bay to the Rio Grande, and through the drier portions of northeastern Mexico. It attains a tree-like habit and its greatest size on the elevated sandy banks of the lower Rio Grande and its tributary strtiams. In less favored situations and on dry mesas it sometimes covers large areas with dense impenetrable chaparral. The wood of Condalia obovata is very heavy, hard, and clii.^e-grained. It is light red, with light ytiliow sapwood composeil of seven or eight layers of annual growth, and contiuus numerous irregularly arranged oj)en ducts and obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.19!)i), a cubic foot weighing 74.78 pounds. The wood oi this tree burns with an intense heat, and is selected for fuel in the region where it abounds.' Condalia obooata was discovered in Texas in 1833, probably near the mouth of the Rio Grande, by Thomas Drummond.'^ ' C. (}. I'ringlp, Garden and Forest, ii. .'lfl;i. I.indlioimcr (fimy, /'/. Liniiheim. ii. 1(1!)) is tile only niithnrity for tlie Htatemi cit that till' wood ilyes btiip, ami tliut Condalia obovata is called, tlicrcforr, Hliu' Wood or Lojj WtKHl. ' riiiiiiiaa Driiinnioiid (d. ISa,";) ; a native of SiMitland, and one of tlio most industrious and sucoessfiil of tho li.'taitiiMil explorers of the MorLli Anteriean llora. A narseryntan by profession, and then curator of *he Helfast llotanie (tardea, Drnniniond e:inie to Anu-rica in IH'jn as the assistant naturalist to tlio seeonil Overland Aretic Kxpudition uniler Sir jlokn K^anklin. llu traveled extensively flnrinf^ several years in the northern and northwestern jmrts of the eontinent, and later in western Texas, whieh he was one of the first botanists to visit, lleweittto Apalaeliieola in lH:lo for the pur- I)o»e of explorinjf the entire Florida peninsula, but soon left west- ern Florida with the intention of reaehinjj Key West by the way of Ilavanr., in wiiieh place he suildenly died. DrttmmoudUt, a genus of Anieriean Musses, was deilieated to him by his patrort, ^-Mr Wil- liam .bu'ksoii lliiulicr, by whom his pljints were dese.'ibed. The familiar Uruminoud I'lilox of gardens was diseovered by him in Texas. EXP.ANATION OF THE PLATE. Platk LVII. Condalia ohovata. 1. A flowering briiiicli, natural size. 2. Diagram of a Hower. 3. A flower, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. T). A stamen, rear and front view, enlarged, (i. An oviJe, nmcli magnifled. 7. A fruiting branch, natural size. 8. A fruit, enlarged. 9. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 11. An embryo, much magnified. 12. Leaf, with stipules, enlarged. 'II y ^1- w c^ Q ^"\r j,k; „■;■/ I I . J CO ND ALIA OBOVATA. Vi /l',. ,--,'.7., J ' RlIAMNACKyK. aiLVA OF NORTH AMEIUVA. 27 RHAMNIDIUM. Flowers perfect ; calyx S-lobed, tlie lobes valvate in icstivation ; petals 5, rarely 0 ; ovary iniinersed in the disk, free, 2-eelled ; ovules solitary. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, the seed destitute of albumen ; cotyledons Heshy. Bhamnidium. K<'i»»ck. Murtiu.i Fl. limsil. xi., i. 94. — (iriHebucli, Cat. I'l. Cuh. \Vi. — Heiitimm & Hooker, lieu. i. :i;s. — liaillon, Uist. tl. vi. 74. — Sargent, Oarden and Fi>ri:tt, iv. Id. Siiiiill trees or slirul)s, with slender unarniud terete braiiclies covered witli lentieels. Leaves oppo- site or ol>H(piely opposite, ohloiijj or ovate, entire, short-petioled, featlier-veined ; stipules iiiiniite, deeiduoiis. Flowers in axillary simple or dieliotoniously branched eynies. Calyx turliiiiate or broadly obconieal, the lobes triaufjular, acute, erect or spreadiiijif, cre.s<-ed on the inner surface, deciduous. Disk broad and fleshy, (illinjjf the tube of the calyx. Petals iuserteil ;::'.'l"r its free niarfjin, hooded and unijuieulate ; or wantinjj. Sfcimcns five, inserted under the niarjjin of the disk between the lobes of the calyx ; filaments subulate ; anthers oblonj;, introrse, attached on the back below the middle, two- celled, the contij^uous cells openinfjf loiire properly drupaeeoua, tlu. pulauwn, allhoui;h " Heiasek, ilartius Fl. Brmil. li., i. (M, 9.">, t. '.it, f 11, I'J, i;i, t. thin, heinj; clearly delined. With these (Iri.sebaeh joined lliree or 'J."*, f. I. I. III. four West Indiau shrubs with thicker less prominently veined ^ (irisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. 32. I i' *li1 UlIAMNACGiK. SJll-A OF NOltTll AMh'/i/CA. RHAMNIDIUM FERREUM. Black Iron Wood. 29 Calyx-lobks conspicuously crested ; petals (). Fruit fleshy, the stone thick and bony. « Rhnmnidium ferreum, Sar^jciit, finnlen and Forrat, iv. Hi. Condalia ferrea, Ormcliadi, /•'/. Hrlt. fV. liirl. 100. — Wal- Rbnmnua forroa, Vuhl, Si/mli. iii. 11, t. .IS. ZizyphuH emarKinatus, Swtii /., /•'/. hid. Otr. iii. 1954. MyKinrla iutogrifoHa, Lumarck, Ilirl. iv. If'.Ki. ConnothUH forruua. I)i> Oaiulollc I'rm/r. ii. HO. Bcutin ferrea, llnmijniarl, Mriii. Iihiimnii:i, .ICi ; Ann, Set. yitl. X. .'!(i:i (n.)t Chapman, /•'/. 7'J). piirM, Ann, vii. MH. — (iiny, /liil. (Iiizetif, iv. -08. — Cliapi laii, /•'/. .Suppl. or.'. — Kkuom. liiitl. (r. S. Nat. AliiH. Nci. t:i. 40. — .Sarjji'iil, l-\,rr>t Tires X. Am. Wth CfnuiiH U. S. ix. 'M. — 'I'lelcasf, Trans. Si. Limit Aim/. V. ;iG2. A low tri-e, TiHinfr snmotiiiius to .1 licifjlit of tliirty feet, with a slcndiT trunk cijrlit or tt'ii iiiclu-H in (lianu'tLT, l)iit {i[L'iierally iiiucli sniiillcr and more often sliruMiy tliiin arliorcsccnt in lialiit. Tiio bark of the trunk is a (jiiarter of an inoii thick, and divided into ])roniinent rounded longitudinal ridj^es, their surface hrokcn into short thick li<;lit fj;ray scales. The hark of the hranchlets when they tlrst a|i|(ear is green and covered with dense velvety pubescence; it is }f|ahrous in the .second year, and is then j;iiiy faintly tinj^ud with red and rouj^bened with small crowded Icnticels. The leaves are consjiicuoiisly netted-veined, fflahrous with the excei)tion of a few scattered hairs on the upper surface and petioles, broadly elliptical, emar<^inatc-niucronatu at the apex, an inch or an inch and a half long, and three (piar- ters of an inch to an inch broad, with entire or wavy margins. They are borne on stout |ietii)les a (piarter of un inch long, arc rather thin but coriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the u|)per surface, and pale yellow-green below, and remain on the hranchlets two or soinetiines tlirei; years ; the sti{inlea are acuminate, membranaceous, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced on the sho(»ts of the year in three to five-llowered cymes borne on stout ])eduncles sometimes half an inch long, or usually much shorter and often branched near the aj)ex. The jiedicels are slender, bibraeteolate, a (piarter of an inch long and twice the length of the yellow-green calyx, which is conspicuou.sly crcstcil on the inner surface of the acuminate lobes. The fruit, which is usually solitary, is borne on stems a third of an inch to half an inch long ; it is globose-ovoid and a third of an inch long, with thin black flesh. JNiininililiiim firrium is widely distributed in southern Florida from Cape Canaveral on the west coast through the southern keys to the shores of Bay Hiscayne. It inhabits Ste. Croix,' San Domingo,^ St. Thomas,^ Porto Rico,'' Jamaica, and probably the other West India islands. On the Florida keys lihnmniilhnn fcrrvum is one of the most common of the small trees which, with the I']ugcnias, the Ueynosia, the Citharexylum, and the Pisonias, compose a large part of the shrubby thickets which have replaced their original forest covering. The wood of lilinmiililiinn /crrnini is excecdinglv heavy, hard, stnmg, and close-grained, although brittle and diiUeult to work. It contains numerous thin medidlary rays, and is rich orange-brown in color, the thin sapwood being lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is l..'J()2(), a cubic foot weighing 81.14 pounds. The wood of this tree is remarkable for the large amount of ash — S.in per cent. — which is left when it is burned. lilMvuiUiium ferreum was discovered in Florida on Key West in 184G by Dr. Ferdinand Rugel. ' Vahl, /. c. » Kggera, Fl. Inil. Occ. Ezs. 1887, No. 1925. • K.KKC-rs, No. 171. * I'. Siutcnis, Planlit Portyricemen, No. 48;;4. I'' > EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate LVIII. Rhamnidium fkrkeum. 1. A floweriiif; branch, natural she. 2. Di.igram of n flower. 3. A flower, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged 5. An ovule, much niagnitled. 0. A fruiting liraneh, natural size. 7. A fruit, enlarged. 8. Cross section of a fruit enlarged. 9. Vertical section of a fruit, cidargcd. 10. An emhryo, much magnilied. 11. Stipules, enlarged. ill I I I 'i T i I ! it 1 1 Silva of Norih An:eri<'.(i ■ J I o ^ K hu;v M-l HHAMNIDIDM KF.RHKiiM, l> iiB j: ^ ','-■; *■ i.lf.yi.t .-ti/'l^ BUAMNACEjE. 8ILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. 31 I RHAMNUS. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioccious ; calyx 4 or 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in aDstivation ; petals 4 or 5 or 0, inserted on the margin of the disk ; ovary free, 2 to 4-celled. Fruit drupaceous, 2 to 4-coccous. Rbamnua, Linnn^ua, Gen. 58. — Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. ;i05, — A. L. do Jussieii, Gen. 380. — lirongniart, Mi'm. lihamnees, 53. — Kndliclicr, Geti. 1097. — Meisner, Gen. 71. — Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 179. — Bentlioiii & HooUcr, Gen, i. 377. — BaiUon, Huit. PI. vi. 74. Prangula, Adanaon, Fam. PI. ii. 305. — Gray, Gen. III. ii. 177. Cardiolepls, Rafinesquc, Neogen. 1 ; Sylva Telliir. 28. Sarcomphalus, liaiiiiuaciue, Sylna Telliir. 29. Sciadophila, Philippi, Linnwa, xxviii. 018. Small trees or shrubs, with terete, often spinoscent bi-aiiehes and acrid bitter bark. Leaves alter- nate or rarely obliijuely opposite, eonduplieato in vernat'on, potiolate, feather-veined, entire or dentate ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers in axillary simple or compound racemes or fascicled cymes, small, green, or yellow-green. Calyx campanulate, the lobes trianirular-ovato, ere'-t or spreadiiifi, keeled on the inner surface, deciduous. Disk lining the tube of tiie calyx, thin below, more oi !ess thickened above. Petals inserted in its margin, alternate with the lob'- of the calyx, unguiculate, entire, emarginate, or two-lohed, concave or cueullate, involute around the stamens in a'stivation, deciduous. Stamens iis many as and opposite the petals ; fdaments very short, subidate ; anthers didymous, intror.se, two-ceiled, the cells opening longitudinally ; rudimentary and .sterile in the pistillate Hower. Ovary free, ovoid, included in the tube of the calyx, two to four-ei^lled ; rudimentary in tlu! sterile flower ; styles united below, with .spreading stigmatie lobes, or terminating in a two to fonr-lobed obtuse stigma; ovules solitary, erect from the base of the cells, anatro[)ous ; raphe ventral, becoming in one section Literal and in the other dor.sal by the torsien of the short funiculus. Fruit oblong or spherical, supported on the cireuliir base of the calyx ; sarcocarp thick and fleshy, inclosing two to four sej)arable cartilaginous one-seeded indchiscent or more or 'ess dehiscent nutlets. Seed erect, obovate, grooved longitudinally on the back, with a eartiliiginous testa, the raphe in the gri.,)ve ; or convex on the back with a menf- branaceous testa, t!ie raphe lateral next to one margin of the cotyledons. End)ryo large, surrounded with thin flesh) albumen ; cotyledons oval, foliaceous with r n-olute margins, or flat and fleshy ; radicle very short, turned a little from the hiluin.' The genus Ilhamnus is widely distributed in nearly all the temperate and iii many tropical parts of the world, with the exception of Au.stralia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. About sixty species are distinguished. Th-y occur principally in Europe' and in tlu; Orient,' in southern and east- ern Asia,* and in North America.'' The genus is represented in the West Indies," Central America,' * Thi> ^eniiH Khun. una is .suparutiMl into the following soctiona which nre ooiiHidcnul gt'iiem hy mmiy luithora : — 1. KritiiAMNrH. Khiwcra iisiinlly poIypiiino- mostly si'ssih'. llrallchrs often fiiroislunl with lihint lipinos ; wintrr-linils si'iily. * Nynian, i'linsp'rt. Fl, Furiip. Mf). ' Hoissicr, /'Y. Oriful. ii. 1 1. < llookir f. /v. Uril. /lo/. i. I>;W — Tliwaitos, ICnnm. VI. Xi-y- litii, 71. — MaxinM>wit'Z, Mt'm. Acad. Set, St, Pi'tirsliinirtj. sit. 7, x. No. 1 1, (i. — rranilict & Savatior, /■.'rmm. PI, .Jap, i. S'J. — Kntnchot, /v. fhtvifl. i. 72. — Korhi's ^: llcnish'y, .lonr. I. inn. Sin; xxiii. I'iS. '' lliinihiililt, n<>iip]:tiiil \: Kuiitli, A'(H'. (ii-n. ct Spt-r. vii. 51), t. 'J. KiiANiim.A. I'hiwiTs pi'rfi'i't ; lulics of the stigma "liort anil (illi-lllH. — llinthani I'l. Ilarlinii. '^, ;i02. — Torroy & firay, Fl, obtnsr, morn or loss tinitiMl. Soed roundi'd on the bai-k ; testa A^ .I/h. i. 'Jt»0. — I!-. ..islry, /{»/. /{|W. .Im. C'im/. i. 107. — Tridi-asi', nu'inhrnimcrons ; raplii* hitrral ; iMityliMJons thick and tlcshy. In- Trans. Si. Lnnit .icati. v. '.U]rt. llori'Hccncc pcdimcnlatc. Hrancbca unarmed ; wintcr-buda naked. " (Irisidineh, /•.'. !!.:'. IT. Inil.Wl (Tournofort, /m(. tll'J, t. 38;i.) ' llemslcy, Tc. II 32 silva of north America. RIIAMNACEiE. Bray.il,' and tlio Canary Islands,- and in noftlicrn, tro|iical, and soiitlicrii Africa.^ About I'ijrliteun 8|K'iii's inhabit North Anu'rica, most of tliom bcinj; confined to the rejf'.ir. soutli of the United States. Of the five speeies indijjenons to tiie United Statics two l)elonff to tl.c Atlantic flora, and two to the Pacific flora, wliile one ranijcs across the continent. The fruit and bark of Khaninus an; drastic, and yield yellow and jifreen dyes. From the fruit of li/iniiniiix r(il/i; yellow. The fruit of the European A', iiij'i c/orid and of several allied species yiehls valuable dyes, and has considerable conuuercial importance. R. limldriti,''' a shrub of southeastern Europe and of (lliina, and Ji. l)a- vurivit ' furnish the China >;reen " of connnerce. The bark of the North American R. /'iirnhiana is a powerful pur-jative, and the bark of A'. FraiKjiiht'^ is used in dyein. * I.ilUKPUs, .Spec. ll)M. — Ut! Candolle, Printr. ii. 21. — Trelcaae, Trans. St. /.iiuin .-{rail. v. Ikio. — Wiitstm &■ (.'oulter, G'rai/s Man. cd. ti, 112. « Woiidvilli-, .^ff<^. Hot. v. 312, t. 111.— Kliic-kiccr & Ilanliiiry, i'fiannacofirnphia, 13!). — //. S. lmpen.t. ei\. II, 759. — StiUt^ & Mai.si-h, Nat. DLtprm. mi. 2, 1223. — Millspaiij^h. :im. Med. /'/. in Jiamtrnpalhic liemetlies^ i. 41, t. 41. — Maiisch, Organic Mat. .Med. ed. 4, 323. • Waldstciu & Kitaibcl, /'/. liar. Ilunij. iii. 2H3, t. 25i>. — liois- sicr, Fl. Orient, ii. 18. — Forbes & llcmsley, Jour. Linn. Sue. xxiii. 121) (/,. chlorophttra, Deeaisne, Cmnpt. Rend. xl. 1140). ' 1'alla.s, Fl. Uosti. ii. 21, t. (il. — Ledelioiir, Ft. Hoss. i. ,''.02.— Forbes & Iletiisley, /. r. 128 (/^ utilvt, Deeaiifiie, I. r.). " llondut, Notice du Vert de Chine et de la 't'eiuture en vert chez tes Chinois. ' Linrueim, Spec. li)3. — Do Candullo, Prodr. ii. 20. "> Haillon, lliKt. in. vi. (i'J. " Duhainel, I'rait' des Arbrei^ ii. 214, t. 50. — Luuduu, Arb. iirU. ii. 531. conspp:ctijs of the north amp:kican arborescent specifis. Ei'iiiiA.MN'lis. Flowers polygarao-diijecioaa ; seed (;ri)OTcd on tlio baciti raphe dorsal; cotyledons foliaceoas ; winter-bads scaly. Fruit red ; nutlets dehiseent ; leaves ]iersistent F'liA.Min.A. Flowers perfect ; seed rounded on the back; raplio lateral; cotyledons thick iind fleshy ; wintiT-luiils nuked. redurieles shorter than the jietioles ; leaves ileeidnous Peduncles much lunger than the {wtiolcs ; leaves deciduous or subpcrsistout .... 1. U. IKOCEA. 'J. K. Cauiii.iniana. 3. K. PullSUIANA. kuamnacg;!': HILVA OF NORTH AMEIUCA. 33 RHAMNUS CROCEA. Parts «»f the flower in 4's. Fruit red ; nutlets dehiscent on the inner angle. Leiivcs evergreen, often sharply toothed. Rhamnils crocea. Niittall ; Torrey & (iiay, /'/. N. Am. i. Brewer & Watson, Itot. Cal. i. 100. — Mary K. Curran, L'Ol. — l.iiitlUy, -/'en, but becomes dark red or reddish brown and (juite glabrous in their second season. Tlie winter-buds are obtuse .;nd ba:ely more tiian a sixteenth of an inch long, with slightly puberulous api- culate scales with ciliate margins. The leaves are alternate, elliptical, broadly ovate or subrotund or rarely lanceolate-acuminate, mucronate, reunided or emarginate at the apex, acutely or often glandular- denticulate, sometimes revolute, a quarter of an incii to three inches long, with short stout petioles, pnmiinent midribs grooved above, and broad conspicuous primary veins. They are persistent, coria- ceous, yellow-green, and lustrous on the upjier surface, i)aler or frequently bronzed or copper-colored below, glabrous or often puberulous, especially when young, on the under surface of the midribs and on the petioles. The stipules are membranaceous, acuminate, and early deciduous. The flowers are dicecious and destitute of petals, and are produced on the shoots of the year in small clusters from the i xils of leaves or of small lanceolate persistent bracts. The pedicels are slender, often puberulous, an eighth of an inch long and rather longer than the narrowly campanulate calyx, with acuminate lobes. The stamens are included, with short stout incurved filaments and large ovate anthers, which are minute and rudimentary in the fertile flowers. The ovary, which is reduced in the staminate flowers to a mere rudiment, is ovate and contracted into a long slender style, divided above the middle into two wide-spreading acuminate stigmatic lobes. The fruit ' is red, obovoid, slightly grooved or lobed at maturity, and a quarter of an inch long, with dry thin flesh and one to three nutlets which open along the inner angle. The seed is broadly ovate, pointed at the apex and deeply grooved on the back, with a thin membranaceous pale chestrnit-colored testiv and thick curved fleshy cotyledons.'^ Khninnus crocea is >videly distributed west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains from the valley of the upper Sacramento River to at least latitude 28" on the mainland, aiul to Guadaloupe Island, Lower California." It usually grows as an undershrub beneath the shade of trees and along the borders of the forest or iu sheltered ravines, preferring the northern slopes of mountiiins, although sometimes ' Hrewor & Watson (llnl. Cat. i. 101) state that the ripe fruit of iiilosa (Mary K. Cnrran, Proc. Cal. Acml. ser. 2, i. 'JCl. — Treleasc, lihtimnun crtH-fa is used hy the Indians as food ; and that "tlu'ir 7'ra»t.*. .S'/. Louis Amd. v. ;M>5). The Howers of this peeidiar plant veins are said to lH>eoniti tinged by a deposition of tlie red coloring have not lioen seen, matter." ■' This speeies has Irmmi sail! to extend into Arizona (Watson, ^ A'/fiim'it(.y Theodore llartwej^; ' in 184G, luit probably was soon lost from gardens. It is well worth cultivating in all temperate regions for its bright evergreen foliage and brilliant red fruit. * Rhamnns tTocca, var. in.'tuliiris, SurKi'iit, Garden and ForeM, ii. A*. imuUxriA, (Ireonr, Hull. (\ii. Aavi. ii. IJI^J ; Pittnnia, i. HOI. Il.crorni, Iaoii, Hot. fi'azi'ltf, xi. :i;l;l. — liramlcfjcc, Proc. Cal. Acad. srr. 'J, i. li'-'o. — Viiscy ^S: Kosp, ( 'onlrih. ('. S. Sat. Ilerh. i. II. Tins is Ii tree oft.'ii jjrowin^ (i> the height of tvvciitv-live or thirty fi'ot, aiul (hiwcrinj; »*ix weeks hiter than tlie onliimry form of A'. rrnrea, I'lnwers proviih-d with petals are Siiiil to oceiir (Trelease, Trann. St f.onis Arad. v. 'MiTi), but I have not hoi'Ii ihe:i'. 2 Tho.. as Nuttall (ITSt't-IHTi!)) ; a native of Setth* *hv Wect Hiding of Yorkshire, ami from 1807 to 184'J a r»- f .h' I'niteil States, where he nmde miuiy Ion- 1 ardiion^ .^ "ys ii the proseeutioti of hi.t stiidie.s in nat' .tory. Nntt. u>< an aeeoniplished and disti)igiii.s))i>d x\n North Amrriraii thira. Among Lis manerous puMieations are s':iions that liave lieei. made in tlie i\vU\ of North American botany ; and hin work on North Amerieau birds is still an autliority on the snlijeet. In ISiVt Nuttall w:w appointed eurutor of the Botanic (larden of Harvard CoUege, and instruettir in botany. The »bities of tlie ofliee were iu)t eungenial to him, n.s they Interfcnul with Ins luvo for travel and ])revcnted him from carrying on his invesligiitions in the field, and he ai>- pears to have passed only a sniall part of his time in Camhrtdgo. He resigned his positicui in IH-1*J and returned to Kngland to take po^acssiuu of u hand:)ume estate biMpieathcd tu him by an unele, and to indulge Ills taste for horticulture. NtittalUa, a Imnduome hhrnh of Oregon and California helnngiiig to the Hose family, Hxes the name of Nuttall in th.> annuU of botany, and m ives to com- memorate his early explorations and his hardships and dangers on the phiins and in tlie forests of the far West. ^ Karl Theodore llartweg (ISlii -1871 ) was a native of C'arls- ruhe, and the descendant of a long race of famous gardeners. At an i ^rly age he found employment in the Jardiu des IMantes in I'aris, and afterwards in London in the g;inleu of the Koyal llc^r- tieultiiial Sueiety, where his industry and intuUigenee soon attracted attention and led to his being sent to Mexico by the Hwiety to coU > -t plants and seeds. In IHitti Uartweg left Kngland on this mis- ^ .)n, ^>xssing seven years in Mexico, central arxl western equatorial A' . *-i antl ill «Ianiaiea, nniking important discoveries, including many coniferous trees of the Mexican highlands, and several or- chids which he successfully introduced into cultivation. Ilartweg returned to Mexico in IH-l/j, and was in California in 18-10 and 18-17, spending much of his time ut Monterey and penetrating to the upper valley of the Sacramento Uiver. On his return to Kuro|>e he was appointetl by his friend, the (irand Duke of Itaden, inspector of the dncal gardens at Sehwetziiigen, a position which he con> tinned to till dining the remainder of im life. His American plants wiTe descriWd by Hentham in the Plantir Hartwegiana. IIart>rff}ia, an epiphytal orchid, which be first found growing on the eastern declivities of Mount Orizaba, was named by Lindley in honor of its discoverer. KXPLANATION OF THE PLATKS. 8. 9. 10. 11. Pr.ATK LIX. Rhamvus crocka. A tlowerin;; branch of the staminate plant, natural size. A llowering branch of the pistillatti plant, natural size. A ^taininate Hower, enlarged. N'ertical section of a slaininate Hower. enlarged. A pistillute Hower. enlarged. Vertical section of a pistillate Hower. enlarged. A fruiting branch, imtural size. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. A seed divided transversely, enlarged. An otnliryo. initeli magnified. Nutlet showing the dehiseence, enlarged. S. 10. n. Pl.ATK LX. KlIAMNUH CROCKA, vaf. IN8ULARH. A Howering branch uf the staminate plant, natural si/.e. A Howering branch of the pistillate plant, natural si/e. A staminate Hower, enlarged. Vertical section of a btaniinate flower, enlarged. A pistillate f.ower, enlarged. Vertical section of a ])istillate ibiwer, enlarged. A fruiting braneli. natural size. (?ross Hoction of a fruit, enlargeil. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. A .seed divided transversely, enlarged. An embryo, much magnitied. H i Nilth Airif-ri' f f.i.t.; hi HH.'^^lNUS CHOCKA,:...;! AI...-..1.. F ' ■; 'i % , I -A i I I lii '■I i /' ill • i. I ■ ii It I Si;v S:.v.i ■•■' !ior;ii Arri'jnc i I't'f'.t.:,'" .Ill y I i ' i! i ': ; 111 4 ■' il F=!HAMNUS CROCEA INS'il.ARlS -,:v. ' I •I /rV.'.v.K./ ^I'l'wt' V I KIIAMNil P Rhamni III. i 153.- '-'.-HI. - I5U; ■:h->. - Sprer & Gi Kocli A slender heipoies of CllsuH'.nina TUeV- ••"'»- 1'-. "rr -vn in £urope... l«..anic panlcns un.ler this or \Vel>woru,.s ; und I{,jp,u,uirh cmm, Dr.uy, has been k„ow. to ™me is the l.u.opcau Khamnu. Frangulu. L., whuh elosely resen- bore U.t« the ,voo.l. Henry i;.lw,.r,ls (/'r,,,- Cu. h-n.l v. loU ^, ,,, ,,,■■„, mentions that I'apilio Kuryiimion, Uoisd., feeds npou the foliage of Dies hh't'nvts tartilmiana. ' ■' Various gcueral-feeding insects attack the foliage of the Am Ti- lihanmw< fimhiana. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate LXL Uhammis Cakommana. 1. A llowering branch, natural size. '.'. Diagram of a flower. ;?. A flower, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a (lower, enlargeil. .•"i. A jietal. enlarged, f) A stamen, enlarged. 7. A pistil, enlarged. 8 An ovule, much magnified. 0. A fruiting hraneh. natural size. 10. Cross section oi a fruit, enlarged. 11. A nutlet, enlarged. 1'.;. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. l;{. A seed, enlarged. 14. An embryo, much magnified. wood it IS ♦1 j« CilllllSl own lo . a n iiigf of 8 • ! ' 19 -.1 )' I fuiwi^i' i I t t Jlivvi o! t\c[ . ( .'. /v«. ,f< i:.' : ,"V f1 •1 1' : i Mli I i 1 i i i M ■M K w II '. I 1 RHAMNACE.*;. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. Bearberry. Coffee Tree. Parts of the flower usually in 5's, sometimes in 4's ; peduneles longer than the petioles. Leaves deciduous or subpersistent. II (: RhamnuB Purshiana, l)c Candolb, I'mdr. ii. 25. — Ixiu- don, Arh. Jirit. ii. SIW, f. 211. — Hooker, Fl. llor.-Am. i. 123, t. 4;{ ; London Jour. Hot. vi. 78. — Don, Gen. Si/nt. ii. 32.— Torroy & (!ray, Fl. N. Am. i. 202. — Dietrich, Si/n. i. 807. — Nuttall, Sijlvii, ii. 52. — Newlwrry, I'arijic Ii. K. Kep. vi. CD. — Koch, Deiuh. i. CIO. — Gray, Proo. Am. Aciiil. viii. 379. — Hrewcr & Watson, Hot. Cal. i. 101. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Cemiis U. S. ix. 41 ; Garden and Forest, iv. IC). — Trcloaae, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 300. — H. II. Rushy, Drinjijisls Hull. iv. .'{.•)4, f. 1,0, 7, H. R. alnifolia. I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 100 (not L'II(tritier). R. Californica, P^acnscholtz, Afem. Aead. Sei. St. Peters- hotinj, X. 285. — Don, Gen. Si/st. ii. ,'i2. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 20.3. — Dietrich, Si/n. i. 800. — Hrewer & Wiitson, Hot. Cal. i. 10].— Ilemsley, Hot. Hiol. Am. Cent. i. 197. — Sargent, Fore.it Trees iV. Am. \Oth Cen- sus U. S. ix. 40. — Trelcase, Trans. St. LouLi Acad. y. 300. — Mary K. Curran, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, i. 2,';2. — Mary K. Hrandcgce, Zoe, i. 240. — H. H. Uusby. Druij- gilts' Hull. iv. 335, f. 2, 3, 9. R. oleifolia Hooker, Fl. Hnr.-Am. i. \23, t. 44. — Hooker & Ariiolt Hot. I'oij. limhiij,\\M\,\VM. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. A'. A:i\ i. 200. — Bentham, Hot. Voij. Sulphur, 10 ; PI. Har'.'"^ .l/s pale yellow-green above and below, and sometimes dark green and rather opaque above and pah'r or often somewhat orange- colored or brown on the lower surface. In Washington and Oregon and at high elevations in t\w mountains they fall late in November, having previously turned pale yellow. Farther south and neiir the California coast tlu>y remain on the branches abnost all winter, or until tlie following spring. 'I'lie stipules arc ..lembranaceous, acuminate, and early deciduous. The flowers are produced on the young I 1 I i M ! 4 ll 38 SJLVA OF xonrii America. RUAMNACKA. shoots in axillary unibt'llate cymes on slender pubescent peduncles varying from half an inch to nearly an inch in leM«j^tii.' The pedicels are slender, p'lhescent, a (|uarter of an inch to almost an inch loii^, and four or live times lonj^er than the calyx, which is narrowly cam[>anulate with more or less spreadiuj^f acuminate lobes. The petals are minut(S ovate, and deeply emarginate at the apex, and enfold the short stamens whose lilaments are somewhat thickened at the base. The style is crowned with a slender two to three-lobed stigma. The fruit is globose or bro. lly obovoid, a third to half an inch in diameter, and very slightly or not at all lobed, with thin rather juicy pulp and two or three outlets. It is at iirst green, then red, and finally black at maturity. The nutlets are obovate, usually a third of an inch long, rounded t)n the back, and fattened on the inner surfact^ by mutual pressure, with two bony tooth- like enlargements at the base, (»ne on each side of the large scar of the hilum, and a thin gray or pale yellow-green shell. The testa of the seed is thin and papery, its outer surface of a yellow-brown color, and its inner surfaci', like the cotyledtuis, bright orange-colored." Ji/nu/uius J*urs/tiatnt is widely and very generally distributed from the region surrounding Pnget Sound southward into Lower California ; it extends eastward along the mountain ranges of northern Washington to the Bitter Root range in Idaho and the shores of Flat Head Lake in Montana. It occasionally occurs on the eastern slopes (»f the Sierra Nevada Mountains and reappears on the moun- tiiins of Colorado and western Texas. In one of its forms it is scattered through the mount;iinous portions of southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. Jihnmnus J'/trtihiann is a shiulo-loving plant. In northern California and in the region west of the Ca- ade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, where it attains its greatest size, it is usually found along the bottoms and the sides of canons, growing under the shelter of coniferous forests. Farther south in California it occurs on cool northern hillsides about the margins of the forest, or in sheltered ravines where it receives the protection of other trees and shrubs, and where it occasionally assumes the si/e and habit of a small tree. In the innnediate neighborhood of the California coast, where Ii/i(n)uu(s Piirshidna sometimes rises only to the height of a few inches, with prostrate stems forming broad cushions of scanty foliage, and in the Sierra Nevada at elevations of more than two thousand feet above the sea- level, as in the region south and east of these mountains, it occupies more exposed situations, and does not assume the habit of a tree.^ The wood of Rhamnus PurshUuin is light, soft or hard, and not strong. It contains numerous thin medullary rays, and broad bands of open ducts marking the layers of atnmal growlh. It is brown * In some parts of Culifuriiia near the ciwist tiie tiitweratif lifiam- utLt Purs/tifina, like those of many spei-it's itf Frangula, i-untinue to ajipear tiiiriiif; the growing; season, whii-h hi>ts until the advent of trost, and it is not uncommon tu fmil exparittin^; ttowfr-hud.H anil ripe fruit un the branch of a single season. The fruit is red for only a short time, deepeniu}^ gradually in culur until it becomes black. The first cnip, the only one in regions of scanty rainfall^ ripens usually in September and Octiplwr. ^ Kxtreme forms of the black-fruited Uhainnus of western America are easily distinguished, althuugh they are conneeted by 8o niiiriy intermediate forms that it dws not seem practieubli' to characterize them specilically, or even to fiml satisfaetory varietal eharaetera for them, except in the case of the plant of the Mexiean- bi>un(lary region. The diflferenees consist in the sliapi', size, and texture of the leaves, and not in the nu>re essential characters of flower and fruit, which do not vary in any important respect in the inrmmerable forms this plant assumes under the iuHuenee of widely dissimilar elimatie surroundinga. In the humid atmosphere of the northwest-coast region and of tlie nortliern Kocky Mountains, where Jihamnus Pursftitina grows in the dense shade of cnnifernus forests, it iM'cunies a tree with sliglitly pubescent bright red or green branehlets, and large thin broadly elliptical obtuse or abruptly pointed deciduous leaves, rounded (tr sometimes even cordate at the ba.se, and somewhat hairy on the upper surface and on the prin< eipal veins below, witli ^hort pulx'sceut petioles and prominent vt'ius. In the less humid climate of central California the leaves are semipersistent, usually thicker and smaller, and often Ian- ceolate and acuminate. The pubescence incrciises as humidity decreases, the principal veins are less prominent, and their reticu- lation is more conspicuous. In central ralifornio, however, indi- viduals occur in favored localities with the large thin leaves of the Washington and Oregon plant, while near them will be found others with the narrow coriaceous leaves of the more common Cal- ifornia form. On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains the plants are shrubby, with slender virgate branchlets often covert'd with bright hmI bark (li. rubra, (ireene, I'ttturtia, i. (IS), and rather thin narniw leaves. This extreme form passes on the one hand into the broad-leaved form of the north, aiul on the other into that of the California-eojist region. In the dry climate of the region north and south of the Mexican iMnindary the branchlets and under surface of the leaves are densely coated with short iine palu tomentum. ^ /ihamnu.s 'haitta is also known iti >;otne parts of the country as nitter Hark, Nhitltni-wood, Wuhuo, ;ihd licarwood. Il i,:ijt KlIAMNACEiB. siLVA OF Nonrn amkiuva. \\\) tiiij^ed with hmI, the tinii sapwood heini^ Hj^hter colored. The specilie gravity of the absohitely dry wood irt()./j83(i, a I'uhit- foot wei^rhirig ;{(i.:{7 pounds. The hark of li/ffimnifs J*nrnluitmi possesses the drastic properties found in tliat of tiie other species of tlu? genus. It is a [topulur (h>niestic remedy in the re;;ion where the ])hint grows, and under the name of Cnnvarn Smjradn has been aihnitted into the American materia niedica.' In the south liluninius PurMaim gra(hially passes into a variety- in winch the hrancldrts and h'aves, especially on their h>wer surface, are densely coated with thick white tonientuni. This is a low spreading shrub, aiul the oidy form in soutliern California, Arizona, and Mexico, occurring also occa- sionally in central California.^ lilutmnnH I^urshlunn was discovered in Montana on the hanks of a tributiiry of the Columbia in 1805 (u* 18(M), by tiie members of the first North American tiMUscontinental exploring expedition under command of Lewis and Clark. It was first noticed on the coast of California in 181G by the Russian naturalist Eschscholtz.* lUutmnus PurshUutd has been cultivatetl in the Arnold Arboretum since the year 1871$, and is sometimes fonnd in its dill'erent forms in Eiiropt>an botanic gardens. It is only precari(»iisiy hardy in New England." The specific name given to it by De Candolle commemorates the botanical labors of Frederick Pursh,'' who first desi-ribed this plant. * ^'(fsiYira So dru^ liein^ i-sti- niated at r)(K),eO() pounds. It in rniploycd in dfcoi-tions, tinctures, ituid extrat'ts, and eordiaU (Stilli* & Maisch, Nat. IKtperut. ed. \1, (i.~il). — Johnson, Man. Med. Hot.S. Am. IL'II. — Maitich, Organic Mat. Med. IIM. — Park, Davis & Co. ihgnuic Mat. Med. ed. 2, '14. — }*hnrmnroloijif of the Sewer Materia Medica, Part !5, January, 1800, f. \-\S, where will bo found a detailed aecount of the dru^ aiul its aetion). '^ Hhumnus Pnrshiaua, var. ' nientella, Mary K. lirandegce, Zoe, i. 244. H. tnmenlella, Hcntham, /'/. Ilarln-e;/. 'MY,i. — Seeman, /Jof. //-r- nldt 'JT.I. — Walpern, Ann. ii. 'J(i7. Frangnla Cnlifonucn, var. tumenlella, (Jray, /V. Wright, ii. 'JS {Smilhonicn Contrib. vi.). — Torrcy, Paeijir A'. Ii. Hep. iv. 74; vii. 9. R. Cali/omica, var. tometUella, Brewer & Watson, /iot. Cal. i. 101. —Sargent, Forest 7>cr.f A". Am. XOth Cfu.tun U. Six. \\. — Trclease, I'rnns, St. Louis Acad. v. 3t>7. — II. II. Uusby, IhuggUts* iiuiL iv. a:is, f. 1, 5, 10. R. Caiifnrnirn, Memsley, Hot. Hi»L Am. Cent. i. Ilt7. * lirniid-leaved fuinis of this variety, with tin* >;inie hoary tonien- tuM), I'oUci'ted liy ltr;indi'i;ee in l-:iK ind Colus:i i-imntii'S, serve to lUiito it witii the Lruatl leaved ;,'l;diruus form of the northwi'st-eoast region. * Johanu Kriedrieli (Iwnn Iwanowitseli) Ksehseholtz (KlKl IS.'U) WH» horn in Ihtrpat. He neeompanied Captain Kotzetiue as .^^ur- geon and naturalist in the ship Uurie, on the voyage of diaeovcry in the raeilie Oecan whieli he made between 1815 and 1S18, under the anspiees of Count UmnanzolV. passing the moulh of St'ptend)er, IKKi, in the nfighlnnliuml id' the May of San I-Vaneiseo, wlu-re he diseovered a miniln'i- of phmts aftcruards deserilwd liy him in the Memoirs of the Academy of St IVti-rshnri;. and .n I.mmra by his companion, the Imtanist ami poet, Adtdhert von Chaniisso, the au- thor of Ht'iT Schlemihl. On his retiiin to Uussia KsehscholtT: was appointed professor of nn'dicine and director of t)it* Mnseum of Zo(>logy in the Ciuversity of I)orp;il, lo which he presented Iiis col- lection. In lK2lt he accompanied Kotzebne in a second voyage of discovery, publishing its scientific results in London in 18-(i. Kseh- seholtz was the author uf numerous works upon zoology, including the description of the animals in the recital of Kotzehuc's soconrl voyage. J-Jsrhschollzia, the so-*, ailed California Poppy, now one of the most familiar and beautiful of garden annuals, commenioratcs his connection with the botany of the I'acilie coast. * In IS;W Katinesipie founil the tree whic!i he descrilied as /Vr- fonnn lauri/olium in Uartranrs Hotaiiic (iardeii near Philaih Iphia. It wiLs a native of the mountains of Oregon, ami was then twenty feet high. The description leaves little doubt of the identity of this plant with Rhnmnu.i Pur.tfud'ia. Its -^i/e, when Katinesipie saw it, wonhl indicate that it had been rai^^ed from seeil brought back by I-ewis and Clark from the valley of tin- Columbia Uiver. {har- den and Forest, iv. 7)> ) * Frederick Pursh (17TI-1S'J0) was born in 'rolioI>k, in Siberia, of (German parentage. lie was educated in Presden, and emigrated to Anu'riiM in 17iMt, estahlishing himself in I'hiiadclphia, where ftjr three years ho served lus gardener to William Il.tmilton, who.ie gardens were at that time the richest and Tiio-.t famous in Anu'rica. Pursh (hen devoted several years to traveling in eastern North Anu'rica and the ^Vest Indies for the purpose id' studying the plants of the country, the object, he tells us, that broui;ht him to Ann-rica. In 1812 he carried Ins collections to London, where two years later he published his Flora AmertefP Septentrioualis, in wlilch wero indndcil tin- plants discovered between 1801 and IStHJ by Lewis ami Clark on their transcmitint'ntal journey. Pursh afterwards seltled in Canada with the intention of ciiii liming his studies of the North .Vmcrican (iora, but diet! in Montreal before publishing any other work of impcutaiu'e. I ■ I ii I #0. a, ^ O V^. *ai IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 12.8 12.5 ^ ... I 2.2 I.I mm ■UUU 1111.8 Photographic Sciences Corporation -6 f/j 1-25 ||.4 ||.6 ■• 6" ► ^^ 23 WtST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. MSSO (716) •72-4503 '^ V Q '% <^' EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE& Plate LXII. Riiamnus Purshiana. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A flower, enlarged. 3. Vertical section of a pistil, the calyx removed and displayed, enlarged. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. r>. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. C. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. 7. An embryo, much magnified. Plate LXIII. Rhamnts Puhsuiana. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size (Oregon form). 2. A fruiting branch, natural size (var. tomentella). 3. A flowering branch, natural size (mountain form). 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged (mountain form). 5. A petal of the same displayed, enlarged. C. Front and rear view of a stamen of the same, enlarged. 7. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged (Oregon form). 8. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. 9. A seed, enlarged. 10. An embryo, enlarged. 11. A winter-bud. natural size. i j -^" / >•.":■. W s-« Y ^■yj*"^ w 11^ i\ i ' I • AMTION "i-- run PLATE«, ,\i! iimiirjc V: nitl r I. T.;»rKf,i I i ■ ' :iv'rlr. .".mei';;: a Vd LXl jyv :; /. Au,n M /:..,■/ A- RHAMNIJS PURSHIANA, A A'/i'i-rtHAi- 'lifter * /t!f/^ '.trt-ij- / ',in' \ \ . I i i • ;h ^ \ i \ V c / J \ V.,. \m- \i \ ! 1 a. #. %*V-' i^^i "W I .'■.W,\ nf North Araei-.i i Zxh , i.xii: RHAMNLIS PIIK5H1ANA, I I. , .« .•i Ju,'.-t\'ii.r iitr,\r i'fu\ H . T.tfti'itf r.irh' rilvmmackjj:. aJLVA OF NOJiJ'JJ AMKIilCA. 41 CEANOTHUS. Flowers perfect ; calyx S-lobed, the lobes valvate in apstivation ; infloxcd ; petals 5, inserted under the marj^in of the disk, iinf^uiculate, wide-sj)readinf!;; ovary im- mersed in and more or less adnate to the disk. Fruit drupaceous, 3-coccous. Ceanothus. Linii«ii», Act. [f/m. i. 77; Gen. ed. 4, 4!4. — Gray, Gni. III. ii. 181. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. i. A. L. lie Jiissicu, Gen. liHO. — Krongniart. Mem. Khnm- 37S. — Itaillun, lll»t. I'l. vi. 8(1. niea, C'J. — Kiidliclier, Gen. 1098. — Muiancr, Gen. 70 — Pnliurua, Adan.son, Fam. I'l. ii. 304 (in part). Forrestia, IWint'sciue, A'. Y. Med. Jiep. hex. 2, iii. 422, v. .'ir>l . Small trees or slirub», sometimes pro.stnite, with flexible, often aiififled, unarmed, or rij^id terete spinescent branches. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, petioled, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, entire, serrate, spinulose-dentate, or glandular^iliate, glabrous, caneseent-pubescent, or densely tonientose on tbe lower surface, triple-veined from the base or ])innately veined, decidiu>us or persistent; stipules slender, membranaceous and caducous, or thick and corky at the base with deciduous tips. Flowers produced in umbel-like fascicles aggregated in dense or prolonged terminal or axillary thyrsoid cymes or panicles, blue or white, often fragrant. Pedicels colored. Calyx colored, with a turbinate or liemi- spherical tube and triangular membranaceous petaloid lobes, deciduous by a eircuniscissile line. Disk fleshy, thickened above, filling tbe tube of the calyx. Pefcds alternate with and much longer than the calyx-lobes, exserted, spreading or rcflexed, deciduous, the long limb enfolded round the stamens in ajstivution. Stiimens five, inserted with and ojiposite to the petals, often persi.stent ; filaments filiform, spreading ; anthers didymous or four-lobed, introrse, two-celled, the cells ojjening longitudinally. Ovary three-celled, sometimes three-angled, the angles often surmounted by a Hesby gland persistent in the fruit ; styles short, united below ; stigmas introrse or terminal ; ovules solitiiry, erect from the base of the cell, anatropous, the raphe next the axis, the microj)yle inferior. Fruit subglobose, three-lobed, supported on the base of the persistent and comnKmly adnate calyx; epicarp thin and soon becoming dry, dehiscent into three crustaceous or cartilaginous longitudinally two-valved cocci. Seed erect, obovate-lentieular, with a broad basal excrescence surrounding the hilum ; testa thin, crustaceous ; raphe ventral ; albumen fleshy. Embryo axile ; cotyledons oval or obovate ; radicle very short, next the hilum.' The genus Ceanothus Ls confined to the temperate and warmer regions of North America. About thirty species are distinguished,'^ the largest number belonging to California. Here Ceanothus is one of tlie prominent and striking features of the mountain and foothill vegebition, especially on the ranges of the coast region south of the Bay of San Francisco, where many species with showy flowers are aggre- gated, and in the arid southern deserts, where sj)ecies with interlocking branches terminating in long rigid spines form impenetrable thickets often of great extent.^ Two species are widely distributed in the eastern part of the continent * from Manitoba to Texas, and from the ocean to the base of the Rocky Mountains ; and two others occur in the maritime region of the southern Atlantic stjites.° The ' Dr. l*arry first recorded {Proc. Davenport Acad. v. 1C4) the fact that the nutlets of many species when relieved from the disk expel the smooth-coated seed through the ventral slit with consid- erahlc force. To this provision, which serves to protect the ripe seed from omnivorous animals and insures its reaching the surfac of the grouiul, he nscrihcs the gregarious habit peculiarly charac- teristic of many of the Californiau species. • Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. l-ftl. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. I. 333. — Trcleasc, Prnc. Cal. Acad. scr. 2, i. lOti. — Parry, Proc. Davenport Acad. v. Iii-. * A number of forms of Ceanothus now believed to be hybrids have been noticed in California (Trelease, Garden and Forest, i. 7 ; Proc. Cal. Acad. scr. '2, i. 110. — I'arry, Proc. Davenport Acad. v. 170). ' Watson & roulter, Gray's Man. ed. 0, IIU. ' Chapman, Fl. 71. I II \\ 42 SI /A' A OF NOJiTIi AMKliWA. RIIAMNACEiK. rniiaitiiltT aro ppciili.ir to tlic Ho. ky-iiioiiiit:iin and I'lieilic-coast n'f^ion of thn continrnt, ranjriii); from Hritish Coliiml)! I to Mi-xico,' wlicie live or six spei'ies at least liave l)eeii detected, and to ('luateinala. Ceaiiothiis possesses few useful propertien. Tlio leaves, hark, aud roots are astrinjrent und tonio. The roots of CcuiiiilhiiH Amvricdiiiin are dark red, and yield a einnamon-eolored dye; and the leaves of this si)e(ies, which is still popularly known in some parts of the country us New Jersey Tea, are said to have heen used as a suhstitute for tea-leaves durinj; the Ilevolutionury War. The root was used hy the Cherokee Indians as a remedy for syphilis, and a deeoetion of tho seeds and leaves has heen employed for dysentery,- and in the treatment of ulceration of tho mouth and throat. Many of the species are heantiful j^anh'U [dauts.'' Ceanothus is formed fr(»m xmvu%i, u name given to some spiny plant by Theophrastus and trans- ferred by Linnasus to this genus. ' llcinsloy, Hot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 199. a f/. S. I),. l.omliui, .\rh. Ilrii. il rMl — Ummno & Niiiidin, /VnniW lO I'.imiieur ila Jnrilin.1, ill. 81. — Nicluilsoii, Did. Iliiril. — Nimilin, M'lwfl l. — Rev. Ilort. 1875, 30). CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMKUICAN AUBORESCENT SPECIES. Uranelilet-s poiisi)icuoiisly anRleil ; Iravea slightly pubrscent on the lower surfiK IJranchleti slightly angled j leaves donstdy tomentose on the lower surface . 1. C. TIIVRMIKI.OUU.S. 2. C. VELUTiNus, var. akhobeus. RIlAMNACEiB. riiiijriii}; from tiuiU'iiialu. !iit iiiiil tonic. 1 the ImvoH of •ii, arc siiiil to was ust'd \ty van has huvii Many of the bus ttud tranit- )rHfuntnini'8, Cat. naillcM, i» II plant will pi'rniit of it.i hiinjy l!c'i)n. — Dic'trirli, Si/n. i. 8l;i. — l.(iiiilon. Art), lirit. il. 540. — I.iiiilloy, Iht. Reg. xxx. t. :i8. — Niitlull, .S'l/'''"' "•'•4, t. 57. — Hpiitliam, Hat. Voij. Su//ihiir, 10; I'l. Ilartwe.ij. :Wi. — Ann. (liimt. iii. 11, t. 107. — To-rey, I'aeijic It. H. Kep. iv. 74; lint. .Mex. Itmind. Sun: 45; Hot. U'ilkea Er/i/or. Kxped. L'tht. — Newlicrry, /'mitir A'. J{. Kep. vi. •lit. — CooptT, I'lifijir II. /r. Kfp. xil. 57 Kocli, Dendr. i. tlL'l. — Wutsoii, I'roc ,l«i. Arnd. x. ;t,'i4. — Uri'Hcr & WalHon, Hot. Cat. 1. 102. — Siirjjeiit, t'oreat Trees N. Am. lOt/i Cetimii) r. S. Ix. 41. — Parry, /'roc Daren port Aciul. V. 170 — Tit'luase, I'ror. Val. Acad. eer. i.', 108. A Hinall tree, risiufj sometimes to the hi'ijjlit of tliirty-five feet, with a trunk twelve or fourteen inelies in diameter, dividing, five or six feet from tiie {ground, into many widi'-.>i|iieadin}j .slender branches ; or more often a tall or low shrub. The hark of tiic trunk is thin with a brij^ht red-brown siirt'ace separating into thin narrow appressed scales. The hranchlets are conspicuously angled, pale yellow- green, and sliglitly pubescent when they first appear, but .soon become glabrous. The leaves are persistent, oblong or oblong-ovate, smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, and paler and slightly pubescent beneath, especially along the principal veins ; they are an inch or an inch and u half long and half an inch to an inch broad, with prominent orange-colored veins, and are borne on stout peti- oles from a third to iialf an inch in length. The stipules are membranaceous, acute, and early decid- uous. The fragrant blue or white flowers appear in early spring, and are arranged in small peduncidate corymbs produced from the axils of miiuite deciduous bracts and collected into slender rather loose thyrsoid clusters two or three inches long, terminating long leafy pedunculate branclilcts of the year ; these 8])ring from the axils of upper leaves or of small scarious bracts, and are usually surmounted by the terminal leafy shoot of the branch. The fruit, which rij)ens from July to Se])tend)er, is black at maturity and is not crested. The seed is a line long, with a snu)oth dark brown or black coat. Ceanothus thiirKiJlorun belongs to the mountainous region of western California, where it is widely distributed through the eoa.st ranges from Mendocino County in the north to the valley of the San Luis Key River. It is usually found on shady hillsides growing on the borders of the forest, often in the neighborhood of streams. It attains its greatest size ' on the hills overlooking the swamps of the Noyo River in Mendocino County, where it is associated with the Redwood, the Douglas Fir, the Buckthorn, and various Willows and Oaks ; and in the Redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Towards the southern limit of its range it is reduced to a low shrub," often flowering and ripening its fruit on the wind-swept shores of the ocean when only a foot or two high. The wood of Catnothu.^ t/n/rnijlontu is close-grained and rather soft, with obscure medullary rays. It is light brown, with thin darker colored sapwood, and wlien absolutely dry has a specific gravity of 0,5750, a cubic foot weighing 'i5.8l5 ]iounds. Ccunotlms thymijlonis was discovered in 181G by Eschscholtz, and was introduced into English * As noticpd liy T. S. UrandeRee. thus in tho field, reaeluHl the ennpliisitm {Pror. Dtivritport .icad. ^ Ceanolhm thi/rsijlortiit shows a tendency to erttss willi other v. 170) that C l.nhhltinm (lliiokcr, F.ot. Mdfj. t. Ai^W) and C. species and prfwlneo natural hybrids. Several of these have heen Vritrhiauug (lluoker, Hot, Maij. t. -jl'JT) are hyhrids of this spe- Iiuticed ; and Dr. Parry, who lung studied the Calit'oriiian Ceaiio- uies. ,1 i ' i: ! Ill I l! ' j - i 1 1 Iff , I 44 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHAMNACE^. {gardens in 1837 by Richard Brinsley Itiiids,' who sent seeds to the Horticultural Society of London. Cvanothiis llii/rKljh)ruK,\ikc the otlicr Californian species, is not hardy in the eastern stiites ; and in Europe it is now rarely cultivated, havinjj been replaced by garden varieties and hybrids with more showy Howers. ' Richnnl Brinslcy Hindi) ; a Burpcon in the British navy, is best of tho voyage were published by Dr. Ilii-ls and Mr. Ikntham k^-.onn from liis ossueiation with the voyage of discovery of the in 1S44 in a work entitled The Botany of the Voyage of II. M. S. Sulphur under coniniand of Captain iSir Kilward HeUlier. Tho Sulphur. Uinilaia, a genus of lirazilian pknts established by Sulphur was in the Vn\y of San Franeiseu in the nutunui of IWAl^ Henthani, recalls his name tu botanists, anil two years later visited San Diego. The botanical discoveries EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate LXIV. Ceanothus thyrsiflouus. 1 . A flowering brancli, natural size. 2. Diagram of a flower. 3. A flower, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. G. A stamen, enlarged. (>. An ovule, much magnified. 7. A fruiting branch, natural size. 8. A fruit, enlarged. 9. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. A fruit, the nutlets detached, enlarged. 11. A nutlet, enlarged. 12. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. 13. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 14. Au embryo, much magnified. ^ I 1^ I , ^'- ^ -0 w *.' ¥ ■ i-- : k (if Jjlj'llli HI. ■u sU'iU- :lr. r !..\ ; (• Ilf 1jI»I||(IU. North A!i[»;r 9 ^ ■ /■ f-.tr.'r, ./../ CEANOTHUL; THYP.r.IFLORUS, F.^^hs t, J A'U'< '■« fftf .flttM ' 'fIf'Jt' /IWitlf f\t.'- i * i ^M \ KII/ Lci Cea I C. 8 i in c shri plat pale glal Thj pufa tot stoi broi ope proi den bro; The San nor usu intc bia piib ook obsi ope sap the 4Bi biiamnacea;. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 CEAN0THU8 VELUTINUS, var. ARBOREUS. Branches slightly angled. Inflorescence compound on more or less leafy branches. Leaves alternate, glandular-crenate, densely tomentose on the lower surl'aee. Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreiia, Sargent, Garden C. arboreua, Greene, TJi/W. Cnl. Anitl. ii. 144. — Trelca«e, and Forest, ii. 364. Proc. Cnl. Acad. ser. 2, i. 110. — lirandogeo, J'roc. Vol. C. 8orediat>i8, Lyon, /?«/. Oaxette,x\. 204,333 (not Hooker Acad, ser. 2, i. 208. — I'lirry, Pron, Davenport Acad. & Arnott). V. 1(19. A small round-headed tree, twenty to twenty-five feet high, with u straight trunk six to ten inches in diameter, dividing, four or five feet from tiie ground, into many stout spreading hranuhus ; or often u shrub. The bark of the trunk is dark brown, an eighth of an inch thick, and broken into small square plates which separate into thickish scales. The branchlets when they first appear are slightly angled, pale brown, and covered with short dense tomentum. In tlieir second season they are terete, nearly glabrous, roughened with scattered lenticular excrescences, and marked with large elevated leaf-scars. The leaves are broadly ovate or elliptical, acute, con.spicuously ghindiilar-crenati', dark green and softly puberulent on the upper surface, and pale and densely tomento.se on the lower ; they are two and a half to four inzhes long and an inch to two and a half inches broad, with prominent veins, and are borne on stout pubescent petioles half an inch to nearly an inch in length. The stipules are subulate from a broad triangular base, a quarter of an inch long, and early deciduous. The pale blue flowers, which open in July and August, are borne on slender hairy pedicels half an inch to an inch in length, produced from the axils of large scarious caducous bracts ; they arc arranged in ample compound densely hoary-pubescent thyrsoidal clusters three or four inches long and one and a half to two inches broiid, on lateral leafy or naked axillary peduncles which appear at the extremities of young branches. The fruit is a quarter of an inch across and black at maturity. Ceanothus velutinus, var. arboreus, inhabits Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa in the Santa Barbara group of islands off the coast of California. It reaches its best development on the northern slope." of Santa Cruz, where it is abundant at the highest elevation. On the other islands it is usually a bush branching from the ground with many slender stems. The insular plant appears to pass into C. vehttinus ' of the mainland, a species widely distributed from northern California to the Colum- bia River, and in tlie region east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, dilfering from it in habit, in its pubescent shoots, in the more constant pubescence of the leaves, in its long slender pedicels, and in the color of its Howers. The wood of Cx anothus velutinus, var. arhoreus, is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with thin very ob.scurc medullary rays. The layers of annual growth are clearly marked with broad bands of minute open ducts, liaving irregular groups of ducts between them. Its color is light reddish brown, while the sapwood, composed of seven or eight layers of annual growth, is nearly white. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7781, a cubic foot weighing 48.4!) pounds.'- This hand.sonie tree was discovered iu 1835 on Santa Catalina by Thomas Nuttiill." * Cmnothun 1'eiutinu.i, Duiigloa ; Hooker, Fi. lior.-Ain. i. 125, t. 45 1 Hot. Mill), t. nitW. — Torri-y & Cray, fV. A'. . I m. i. 'Jfjii, »>««.— Wat(oa, I'rvc, Am. Acaii, x. 334. — Uruwer & WuUou, liol, (Jul. i. 102. — Treleaae, Prov. Cat. .-lead. bcr. Davfiipnrt .ii-itft. V. Iti'.K • frordfu and Forest, iii. 33 ' • Treluado, /. c. 115. i, i. 110. — i'arry, Proc. ; I w ^ 1 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE, Plate LXV. Ceanothus velutinus, var. ARBOREua. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A fluwer, enlarged. 3. Vertical section of a flovrcr, enlarged. 4. A fruiting branch, natural aizo. 5. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. C. A seed, enlarged. 7. An embryo, much magnified. .'^- fm'. f*?^ <^ ^ 4i, /rt I ! I ! \i I Silvii nt' North America Q 1 /■ tt.it 'n ./,v CF.ANOTHUS VKLUTINUS . ARBOREUS .-.irot. -.■iij- ,!ir,\r ■ /■w A' f,uu'4t! . !\i \ \\ w IdlAMNACKJC. BILVA OP NORTH AMERICA. 47 COLUBRINA. Flowers perfect ; calyx S-lobcd, the lobes valvatc in a;stivation ; petals 5, inserted under the margin of the disk ; ovary surrounded by and confluent with the disk, 3-eelled. Fruit drupaceous, 3-lobed, H-coccous. Colubrina, Brongniart, M^m. ItKamnfet, 61 ; Ann. Sei, i\al. X. 3C8. — Endlicher, Oen. 1098.— Meinncr, On. 70. — ISentham & Hooker, Gen. i. 37t). — Uaillun, Uisf. PI. vi. 77. Ceanothus. IJiiniDiis, Aet. Vps. i. 77; Gen. cd. 4. 414 (in [)!irt). — A. L. di! .IiisHioii, Gr.n. 380 (in part). Paliurua. AilariHon, I'am. I'l. ii. :!(H (in part). MarooroUii, Katinosqiii', Sijlva Tdlur. 31. Diplisca, Kaiincsiiuo, Sijloa Tdbir. 'M. Trees or shrubs, with terete, glahrous or pubescent, sometimes sarmontose brancthes. Leaves altei^ nate, petioled, oblong-cordate or lanceolate, entire or erenate, piiuiately veineil or triple-veined I'rom the base, often ferrujrineo-tomentoso on the lower surface ; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers axillary in contracted few-Howered cymes or fa.scicles, yellow or (rreenisb yellow. (Jalyx-tubc beniispherical, j)er- sistent, the lobes spreadinj^, triangular-ovate, conspicuously keeled on the inner surface, d(!ciduous by a circumscissile line. Disk fleshy, filling the tube of the calyx, annular, five-angled or indistinctly five or ten-lobed. Petals alternate with and shorter than the lobes of tlie calyx, eucnllate, unguiculate, enfolding the stamens. Stjimens five, opposite to and inserted with the petals; filaments slender, incurved; anthers ovate, introrse, two-celled, the contiguous ct'lls opening longituilinallv. Ovary sub- globose, immersed in the disk, contracted into a slender three-lol)e. — Iluoker f. /•'/. Hril. Iml. i. 64'i. — Bnnthain, Fl. Austral, i. 413. — lli!lebrand, Fl. Ham. Is. 80. Ceanothus Asiatictts, Linnaeus, Spec. IOC. ■ Hooker f. /. c. • C. Tiiensis, Gray. Jour. Host. Soc. Nat. Hiit. vi. 109 (/'/. Linii- *«m. ii.). — Walper /Inn. ii. 268. — Trelease, Tram. St. Louis Acad. T. 308. C (rrcyijii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. XVi. * Ilfinsloy, liot. Biol. Am. Cm', i. 200. — Watson, Proc. Am. .■icad xxiv. 44. 5 Ui'isaok, Martius Fl. tlrasU li., i. 08, t. '2.% t. ffi, f. 2, 3. • Grisebach, Fl. lirit. IK. In Soeni.iii,' tlic natives of the Fci-jco Islands use tlif powdert'tl Imrk anil leaves of C. Aaiufica to clean the liair and to destroy vermin. The name Ciduhrina, from cnluhvr, a, serpent, was first used hy Linnjpus as tlio speeifie name of the West Indian and Floridian plant, afterwards made the typo (»f the j^eniis. It prohahly was f,nven to it on aeeount of the peeuliar twistiiifj of tlie deep furrows of tlie stem which produces in some of the species an effect resemhling that of a niaus of intertwined serpents. ' /••/. I'll. 42. itf UIIAMNACK.t: sii.VA OF yoirrii amkuk.'A. 49 COLUBRINA RECLINATA. Naked Wood. Infloukscknck pt'diinciilatc. Fruit dry ; iiutk'ts crustaceous, 2-val\ cd at the apt'X ; cotyK'doiis flat and fleshy. lA-avt's persistent, ^lahrate at maturity. Colubrina reclinata, IlpuiiKniart. Ann. Sri. yat. x. 'MV\. — IXjii, (iiii. S;isl. ii, ;i{l. — Uirhard, t'l. Cub. ii. 117. — (;ri«'l>iuli, /■■/. Itrit. \y. ln,l. 101; Cut. I'l. ('»/». ,i I. — KnniTK, />'»//. //, .S'. Sat. Mum. Ni,. 1;{, 10. — Sarj,"'"!. t'ori'st Trifi S. Aw. I'V'/t Ceustm I'. .S'. ix. 41. — Tie- leoKe, Tran». St. Louis Acvil. v. 'MS. Cennothua reclinatus, l.'llrriliiT. ^V/•^ An;/. 1. — l)i- t'uii- ilull.', I'r;,li: ii. .(1.— .Mm fiidy. II. Ft. Jam. '-Ml. Rharanus elliptica. Swait/. l'i-<"/i: ."0; /'/. /ml. (he. i. l'.»7. Ailun. l/i'it. A'. »■. i, I'll,"!. — Willduiiow, .f/nc. i. 1()'.».S. — U„Lii[,i- iV Scliiiltcs. i>!i.''t. V. L'.SM. Zizyphus Dominifensia. Snnriiiu I hi tin mil. iii. "lO. Diplisca elUptioa, UuHiu>iii|iit', Sijli'ii Tillm: M. A tree, jjrowiiijj in Florida to the heifrlit of fifty or sixty feet, with a stout trunk tlirw or fonr feet in diunu'tt'r, (hvidcd, wlien folly ^rowii, Ity many irrc^nlar dt'i'|) farrows ninlti|)lyin<>' and s])readin^ in all direetions. The hark is thin and oranjre-l>rown, exfoliating; with lariii- paiiery seales.' The hranchlcts when they first a])iiear are slijfhtly anj^led, |ial)eralent, and reddish laown, luit soon heeoiiie •^laltrate. and in the seeond Kea.son are nearly terete, with ^ray or li^ht hruwn hark marked with numerous small li<;'ht- colored lentieels. The leaves are elliptical, ovate or laneeolate, usuallv contracted at the apex into a hluiit point, entire, and furnished with two eonsjiieuous inar^^inal };lands on the wedjre-shaped or some- times somewhat rounded hase. When they first unfold they are irlahrous or faintly puherulent on the hiwer surface along the principal veins, and are then thin and naMuhranaeeons ; they hecome suhcoria- teous hefore reaeliin|)tihle of receiving a good polish. It contains niiiny small ojien ducts and numer- ous thin medullary rays, and is dark brown tinged with yellow, the thin sapwood, consisting of eight or ten layers of annual growth, being light yellow. The specitic gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8208, a cubic foot weighing rA.I'f jiounds. According to Baron Eggers,- the leaves of this tree are sometimes used in Ste. Croix and the Virgin Islands in the preparation of a stomachic beverage. The earliest description of Culiibriini rccliiidta, und the only figure of it which has been jtub- ' On the «i(le of llie (k'pp fiirruws where tlie Imrk does not sciile oft, the eilgea of forty or llfty of tlie layer« of piiiury Irnrk can .sometimes he eounted. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 40. !•' 50 SILFA OF NORTH AMERICA. RHAMNACEVK lished, appears in Patrick Browne's Natural U'lstory of Jamaica.' It was first detected in Florida in 1881 by Ml-. A. II. Ciiitiss.- Coliibriha rivlinala, according to Aiton/ was cultivated in the Chelsea Bobmic Garden in 17r>8 by Philip MiUur.^ * lihajnnus aroorescfm minor foliui ora'w venoxif, pedunctUii urn' visited several tiiiiea nn an appnt of the rniteil Statics froTornmcut fhlluhifh alarihiiSf/riftihuj .spht'ricit, 172, t. 'J'J, f. *J. ■^ Allen Ilirain CiirtLss, ii native of Central Siiuans Oswego tV.unty, New York, wiw linrn in 184."), am! moved to Virj^inia in l-^dJ ami to Florida in 1875, Mr. Cnrtis.-* has made Iar{»e and val- n:it)le hotanieal cotleetions in soutliern Virj^inia and in Florida, e;4[)eeially in the extreme southern part of the State, which ho lioa and of the Ameriean Mnseiini of Natural History, and iu whieh lie has found many plants, ineludiiig a nundicr of tropieal truos, not known in the territory of tho I'nited States hei'ore his time. His sets of dried phiuts arc found iu the prineipiil herhiiria of the United States laid of Europe. « /lort. Knr. i. 'JGfi. * See i. ^8. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. f 1. •» 3. 4. 5. (i, 7. 8, 9, 10. 11. ATK I. XVI. Cor.I'imiNA KKCI.INATA. A lloHcrinj; lirandi, natural she. I)i:ij;i'ain of ii llowor. A Hower, enlarged. \'erti('iil footioii of a flower, ciilartri'il. All ovule, inucli nia^uilicil. . \ fruiting hraiu-l., natural size. N'l'rtical section of a fruit, enlarged. . A fruit, out transversely. A nutlet, enlari;ed. , A si'i'd, eniari;e(l. An i'inl>ryo, niueh magnified. ij'tiiiijf '' I Holiiiiic (iarift'Ti 111 I '',>'• it I , •ik'ii 111 ITH.H it*?s V Silva of Ncrth Amerke ' A' /-.(.r,.!! ,/,./ "rf-D l.XVi fhwt ."■ COLUBRINA RF.CLINATA. A /iVi'.".'*/.i" ./>/>•./■ ' vV '^' T.ui^-ur /,>/■*■ f li n til 1 1 SAl' urn luti 3-c Hip Pa\ feti the (lifT pin bra the joii h)b mo filii inti thr mo of ini( or aiK OJH UIH uiu gn I I'rii r SAi'INDACK^. HJLFA OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 r 1 ^v i IT i i ; I 1 ( ^SCULUS. Flowers polygamo-moncDcious ; calyx o-lobcd, tlic lobes imbricated in {estivation, unequal ; petals 4 or 5, imbricated in icstivation, uiie([ual, bypogynous, inappcndicu- late ; ovary sessile, ;}-celled ; ovules 2, beterotropous. Fruit a coriaceous capsule, .'J-eelled and loculicidally 3-valved, tlic cells by abortion 1-seeded. Leaves opposite, digitate, destitute of stijjulcs, ^soulus, liiiiiix'us, Oen. lOi). — A. L. do Jiissieu, Gen. Macro thyrsus. Sp.icli, /(««. ■Sc/. JVn<. ser. 2, ii. 61. 2.')1. — Kiullii'licr, Gen. I(i7j"i. — Meisiicr. Grn. T>\. — Calothyrsus, Siiacli, -I/ih. A'ci. iV«^ ser. 2, ii. 02. (Jray, Gen. III. ii. 205. — liintliam & Hooker, Gen. i. Billia, IVyiitsili, Hot. Xelt. xvi. 153. — Biiillon, lllst. PI. o!)«. — l{:iilloii, ///.sV. /v. V. 424. V. 4'J4. Hippocaatanum, Adunson, /•'«)«. I'l. ii. 383. Putzeysia, Planclioii & Linden, Cat. 1857. Pavia, I'oiiet, Lam. Diet. v. 93. Trees or shrubs, with stout terete branelilets consjjieuously marked with triangular leaf-scars, fetid bark, tliick fleshy roots, and large scaly wiuter-bud.s, the outer scales sometimes coated with resin, the inner bract-like, accrescent with the young shoots, and often brightly colored. Leav> ?< opjiosite, digitiitely compound, deciduous; leaflets five to nine, rarely three (Billia), lanceolate or vate, serrate, pinnately veined. Flowers showy, white, red, or pale yellow, racemose or nearly unilateral on the branches of large terminal thyrsi or panicles appearing later than the leaves, only those near the base of the branches of the inflorescence perfect and fertile. Peilicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts, jointed. Calyx campanulate or tubular, mostly oblique or posterioily gibbous at the base. Disk bypogynous, annular, depressed, lohed, more or less gihlxius posteriorly. Petals alternate wich the lobes of the calyx, deciduous, the anterior one often abortive, unguicuiate, the margins of the claw com- monly involute. Stiunens six to eigiit, rarely Ave, generally seven, inserted on tiie disk, free, unequal ; filaments flliform ; anthers elliptical, glandular-apiculate, attached on the back below the middle, introrse, two-colled, the contiguous cells opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile, oblong or lanceolate, three-celled, echinate or glabrous ; rudimentary in tiie sterile flower ; style slender, elongated, generally more or loss curved ; stigma terminal, entire, mostly acute ; ovules two in eacii cell, borne on the middle of its inner angle, aniphitropous, the up|)er ascending, the micropyle inferior; the lower pendulous, the micropyle su|K'rior. Fruit echinate, roughened, or smooth, three-celled, the cells one-seeded by abortion, or often by suppression one or two-celled and then one or two-seeded, the remnants of the abortive cells and seeds commonly visible at its maturity. Seeds destitute of albumen, round when only one is devel- oped, or, when more than one, flattened by nuitnal pressure ; testa coriaceous, chestnut-brown, smooth and shining, with a broad opa(pie light-colored hilum. Embryo (illing the seed ; cotyledons very thick and fleshy, often conferruminate, une(pinl, incurved on the short conical radicle, and remaining undei> ground in gerniination ; plumule conspicuously two-leaved.' ' The Kf"i"* i'Kscuhis is dividt'd into two sections : — vritis of the leallet;; stnif^ht and less remote tlian in Ilippocasta- ihiMHH'ASTANt'M. I'etals Vi. Kruit o<'liinate with thick valves. unm. Primary veins of tlie leaflets sli/;iitly ari'iiate, remote. The North American yVi.^culus fjliibrii has the Dowers of Ptifia I'avia. Petals 4. I'niit smooth with thin valves. Primary with rather Ihiuvalved fruit wliieh, at least when younf;, is echi- nate, and the venation of ilippot'iitilauum. ■ i . : 52 SILl'A OF NORTH AMKIUCA. .SAl'INUACi:^. The genus iEsciilus is represented in tlie floras of tlie three continents of the northern hemisphere. Thirteen speeies are distinffiiisiiod, eij^lit of whieh arc Ainerinin. Tiie type of tlie genus, yEsptdun J/i/i/)(wris/iiiiiiiii,' is indi;>-ciu)iis in tiie nioinitaihs of Greece. One sjiecies" occurs in the forests of the western llinnilayas at elevations of from four to ten thousand feet al)ove the sea-h'vcl ; and another^ in the tropical forests of the Sikkim Ilimalayiis, of the Khasiu liills, and of Assam and Hurmali. .KsniJxn Chiiu'iinin* is widely distributed in northern China, and -<■/>■(•»/(/.•< (itrhliuda'' in central China and in Japan. With the exception of jEstahix Pncia'^ aiuX ^I'JsvuIhk jKirriJlora' of the southern United States, yEnciilKH I'lirn/i'* of Lower California, and two littK? known speeies with trifoliate leaves, one'' of which inhabits southern Mexico, and the other'" New Granada and Venezuela, all the Horse-chest- nuts are 'irborescent, some of them growing to a large size. ^Esculus has few useful properties. The wood of all the species is soft, straight-grained, light- coliiri'd. and easily worked, and, although it decays rapidly when ex|)oscd to the action of the weather, is emjiloycd in the manufacture of many small articles, and, in the I'nited States, in paper-making. The bark is iiittcr and astringent ; that of yEsniliis J/ijijii>iii.iirerent luitliors have believeii it to Imj a native of the C'uuciiMiis, i)f northern India, and of Thibet. Sibthorp noticed it on tlie niountainf* of northern (Ireeee (Nynian, Cfinsprrt. /■'/, Europ. l.'tti), but it i.-i only in recent years that Orphanidcs lian estalilished the fact that it is indigenous in tlie forests whieh cover these mountains. ((Irisebaeh, W'tjelation der Eriii\ French ed. i. "I'Jl, note.) 2 .EsrHhii /-j./(.vr, Clrbrnoke, Wnlluh Cat. No. 118S. — Hrundis, Forest FL liril. Ind. HIM, t. H».— Hooker f. FL llm. Iwl. i. (i7r.. I'avia Indira, Canibessedes ; Jnc'/Hrmont Voifatfr, iv. 31, t, Id. The Horse-chestnut of northern India, a fine tree whieh ^rowH to the hei^'ht of sixty or seventy feet with n stout trunk three or four fret iu diameter, is found in considerable numbers in moi.st sliatly valleys, whieb it enlivens iu .\pril and May with l.irp' panicles of showy dowers. It wiis introduced as »'arly as l.S,~)0 into Ko'^lish gardens, where for many years it dowered freely. It is, however, still little known in cultivation. (Hot. Mnfj. t. ^tW'i.) 8 .E.^ni/u.^: J'undnana, Waliieb, Cat. No. lIHlt. — Hooker f. /. '*. ./;. A.5. — Dcbeaux, Fl. Shani/h. '22. — flray, .\frm. Am. Arad. n. sor. vi. 384. — Francliet & Savatier, Enum. PI Jap. i. K(i. — Forbes & Hemsley, /. '". -7*. /*(iW(j, Thuuber^, Fl. Jnp. \'A (not Unnicus). //;. dis.wnHh, ilnrnphta, iii. 1'.).",. — Miqiiel. /'n./. FL Jnp. 257.— Frauchit & .Nivatier, /. r. .EschIhh tnrfnnatn is ni)w oi'ca>ionally cultivated iu the f»ardciis of the I'liilcd States and Kiirnpe, where it makes a barid.sonu' round ■ beaih/.«. de cortirp nipinic. — Turra, Delhi /ehri/uf/a Facoltii dt ir fpporfi^lann. ^WimUiWc, Med. Hot. ii. :H0, t. 128. — f/. .S'. pH.-ipens. ed. 1 1. l.'»05. — StilM & Maiscb, Nat. DL^tpetut. ed. 2, 712. The oil of the Horse-chestnut hiia also lieen used as a lotion in cases of rbronic ^out and rheumatism, and a decoction of the leaves was once a popular remedy in the I'nited States for wboopinfv- cou^b. A seed of the I'ltrse-ebestnnt carried on the person is Htill believed by many people in the 1,'rutcd States to be a certain pre- ventive of rheumatism. '■■ Millspan^di, .1 m. Med. PI. in llomaofmthic Hemeitie.i, i. 43, t. 43. '•'' (iray, (ien. III. ii. 207. '* Cray. /. r. !'• The hitler propiTties eontained in the cotyledons of /Escuhis eau Im> removed by rejieated wa.shin^j.s iu pure water, and, were it not for the eost of the operati.ui, they (<()uld be made in this way v:duablc a.H food for num. (See Mi moire snr It.s Murrons d'Inde by A. Hiiumc, published in Paris in 171)7.) SAI'INDACKiU. ht'inispliere. us, yl'Jsciiliin n'l'sts of the iiotluT^ in )liiii:i and in luTii United It'llVOS, OML''' Ilorsi'-clu'st- aincd. lijrlit- e woatlier, is ikin;?. Tlic . as a suhsti- )ts contain a Uanilina as a iiT Anieriuan used to in- ulinc, which s, and swine. — Liiiillcy, lint. 0, 116. . — liiil. Mag. t. Jariten and Foreal, . i. :198. — llcms- 103. — Walpcra, Triaim & Plan- Ann, I. r. C IfijKWiiAltinn. — febri/tti/n Fncottit », t. l'J8. — U. S. petui. c(l. 2, 71 '2. Hc(l as II lotion in tioii of the leaven IS for wliotipinp- tlie person is Htill be a certain pre- nuilies, i. 43, t. 43. cilons of yTlsculiiH ater, and, wen- il tiiiile in this wa\ htrnin^ il' Inde hv i "i sai'indacka;. siLVA OF Nonrir amk/hca. 53 Fhnir made from the seeds has been nscd as a eo.smctic,' and is said to make the best starch ;■ and it has been stated that j)astu nuuh? from tliis fh)nr is superior to any other on account of its jjrcater tenacity and becaii.se it is re|iellent tu moths and utiier inst^cts,' a ipiality wliicli rcconnnends it to Ixiok- binders. The seeds of yExcnlux Ckinomis are said l)y Sinitli ' to be sweet, and to l)e thoiii;lit useful l)y the C inese in tlie treatment of liinl)s contracted by j'.alsy or rheiimatisin. In northern India the U'aves and branches are cut in hirj^e quantities for the winter fodih'r of c.ittlc.' Th(! .hipanese employ the bark of vKaruhix liirbimiln in connection with ferrous acetate.' and sidpbates to produce a black dye." yl']s('nlus includes some of the most ornamental trees of the north temperate zone. yEsrtfhfs ///'y>- pocfttiffUtnnt lias heen a favorite in j^ardeiis and parks' since its introduction into Kurope in the mi(hlle of the sixteenth century/ A nuinl)er of varieties with diiVerently divided or hlotehed leaves, or witii more or less double flowers, have heen deveh>ped in cultivation,'' hut none of them equal the normal form in heuuty. yh'sfit/its nthiitntfhiy*^ a probable hybrid with bright rerl Howers, is valued by the lovers of beautiful trees. The American sjiecies are all handsome plants in cultivation. All species of ililseulus thrive in rieh rather humid soil, and display their <^rcatest beauty oidy in rej^ions of abundant ;'.:id ' /ell distributed rainfall. They can easily be raised from seed, whidi, how- ever, soon loses its vitality , and the varieties may be perpetuated by i;raftin<^. Although the llorse-ehestnuts are sometimes disfi«;ured and injured by insects," tiiey are not 1 Haiilon, Iltitt. PI. v. 388. '^ rariiieiitiiT, Hi chrrrhes mr ie.i ve'ge'tauz nourrissunt.t, 170, 218. « (Iriflitli, Med. Hot. 211. * Conlrih. Mat. Med. China, 5. ' BrundiH, Forest Fl. firit. Ind. 104. • Xic'm^ Japan navh Heisen und Stmlien im Auftrage der Kdniij- lich ]*rewimchen Heijiervng dartfctlellt, ii. 211. ' The syimiu'trii'al habit of the Iloi-sc-i'hoatnut and its dense heiivy head of foliage adapt it rather to formal gardons and ave- nues than to mure piutiire.stiue landseape-plantutioiiH. '^ The Horse-eliestnut was Hrst made known in Knrope hy Qua- kelheon, a Flemish ])hysieian attaolicd to the person of the famous traveler Husbeek, ambassador of the Areliduke Ferdinand I. at the court of Solynian II., who, in l."t.")7, sent a braneli and fruit from Constantinople to Matthiolus, the eomnientatorof Dioseorides (Lib. i. 18-t, f. ed. Ui7 1. — Spreiigel, Hint. Hei. Ilerh. i. 'MO), The seed was sent to Clusins in Vionna in 157(> from Constantinople, where it is possible the Ilorsc-ehestnnt was already in eultivation, by the Itaron David von I'lignad, ambassador of the Kmperor UiKbilph II. to the Ottoiiian I'nrte. Matthiolus gave the name of t\istartt't€ njui- n(K to the seeds, whieh he says were so eulleJ in Constantinople because* they were given to horses as a renietly for broken wiiul. He deserilted the leaves and fruit in a tetter to Aldrovandus (Fpint. Lib. iii. 125, ed. U17I). Ctusius deseribrd the tree as (\istanea equina in l.">8;i (/^fir. Stirp. /*finm;N. ;(,.*»), from a specimen whieb was growing in Vienna in 1581. (Jerard speaks of the Ilor.se- eliestnut in his Herbal as a rare tree in Kngland in 1570. It was Hrst planted in Fraiu-e in lt;i5 by a Monsienr Haelielier, whose garden in Paris was famous at that time (Loudon, Arh. Ilrit. i. 404). The Horse-chestnut was bntnght to the I'nited States in the last century, .lohn Itartram, writing to I'eter Colhnson in .April, 17lt), .iekno\vhMl;;es tlu' rcei-ipt of the seeds, of whitli he Iiad bnpis, at* *'sonie seemed to be pretty sound." (Darlington, Mimonals of liartrnm and Marshall, I7.~».) 9 LtHid.ui, Arh. lirit. i. 4(;:t.— Kueh. Ifort. Dnuh. 50. ^^ Loisejeup ; De Candotle, /'/. Har, in'ntv. t. 21 ; I/n-h. Awat. t- •MW. — De Candolle. Prf tliis plant has never heen satisfactorily determined. Kven tlie date of its appearance is unknown, altlnnigh it seems to have existed in France as early as 1812, and in Kngland as early as 1820, The belief that it is a garden hylirid between .E^rulu.-i Hip- ptira.itanum and /IC^fculu.^ Facia of the southern Cnited States is supported by tlie faet that it resembles the former in its dark green leaves witli remote veins and in it.s eehinate fruit, while tlie Howers have the four red petals of the latter. In stature it U intermediate lietween the two. According to Koch ( Vtrhandl. Ver. Jiefhrd. Gart. in dtn KVmig. Freuss. Slaat. 18.15), siuiie of the seedlings of this plant do not dif- fer from thf 'rue llnrsc-ehestimt, white others produce smooth fruit. Koch {Ifitrt. Ihndr. 50) refers to .JCsrulus ruhiruiuin as syno- nyms the following: — MlC.iculas i-arnni, (luimpcl, Otto Jt Ilayne, Ahhild. Ilolz. 25, t. 22. — llayne, Ihndr. FL 43. — Lindley, Hut. Feg. t. 1050. — Wat- son, Dendr. lirit. ii. t. 121. — Don, Gen. Si/sf. i. 0.52. — Torrey & Gray, Fl, \. Am. i. 253. Pfivia rartitd, ."^pacli, Ann. Sri. Xat. ser. 2, ii. 53 ; Hist. Veg. iii. 22. — Swee , F.rif. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. ;i0L .F.srnln* \Vatf'>nianfi (Dietrieli, S>iu. ii. 1225. — Paria Waf^nniana, Spacb, .Inn. .S"<(. Sat. ser. 2, ii. 53) is probably another hybriil of tlie same parentage, or a variety of ./;. rnliicnnda, from which it difl'ers principally in having darker odored Howers with shorter stamens. " Aiming insects known as peculiar or specially partial to tlu'se trees, a leaf-miner (l.ithovoUetui gutlijiuitflla, var. asrulistlhr Cham- bers, Canadian Fntomolinjist, iii. Ill) is recorded as abundant in Kentucky, mining the upper surface of the leaves of .■Esndu.'i gla- hni. The larva of a small inotli (PrutmUras trsnilann) boios into the tender terminal branchlets of this tree in Missouri (Uiley, Tniris. St. Lnuia Arad. iv. 321) ; and its leaf-stalks, buds, and (low- ers are sonictiuics tlestntved by the larva' of Slegiwopli/rha rhvjpi>' leaua, Uilcy {I'aptli», iii. I'.II ; Am. Xal. xv. HKtO ; xvi. !H3), The number of insects which are known to attack the llorsf- eliestniit ill Kurope is not large. It is worthy of note that two of the most troublesome have recently been intrudnced into America and threaten (»> become dangerous pests here, riiese arc the wood- I 'I 64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAl'INDACKiK. attacked hy many species. VVlien they are planted in tlie streets of cities or in other unfiivorahle situa- tions and weakened by droui^iit and insutlicient nourishment, funj^al diseases' seriously all'ect them, often htii|i|iini;' them ')l' their leaves by midsununer. The j;enerie name .Kscnliis- was deriveil from the classical name of an Oak, or other mast-hearing tree. It was lirst used liy Linna'us, who discarded the earlier and better name of Tonrnefort,'' Hippo- castanum or llorse-eliestnut, wliicii indicates the resemblance of the large seeds to those of the Chestnut- tree, and their use l)y the Turks. horii)}^ Ztuztrit fii/rintt, V. {(iarden auit Forrst, iii. IW), and the do- striii'tivt' (lypsy iiiiilli {Ocm ria dUpar, L., slm? .^pi't-ial liulUtin i\ta^,t. AjrU: Cil. Xuv. 1S,S',I). * A serious dlsctisc iinw oitiuiiiuti and widtdy spn-ad tliiiiii^li the northern I'liiti'd Stuti's is (hie to I'litfllostifla sphirriiitsoiilca, K. & K. (Ititll. Tont'ij Hot. Club, X. 117). It makes its ajipeiiranee in early sumincri attaeking the leaves uf ^■Exftdmi IlippocimUmum, Ai, gla- bra, and t)ther speeics cultivated aa ornamental aiul shade trees, and heeomes n«)ro marked a-s tlie season ativanees. It appears at first in early summer in the form of yellow discolonitious with a rather reddish mar;;in. Later the patches beeome quite hrown, jjivili;; tlie leaves the appearani-)' of havin;^ been seorchetl by tire, .sometimes extending from the midrib to the mar^^in of the leatlets, and not infrcfpiently oovcrinpf tho portions between the lateral veins without passing aeross them. The fruit nger than the stamens ; fruit glabrous 2. ilv (M t.imihA. Wintc-buds resinous. Petals nearly equal, inueli shorter than the stiiincns ; fruit sinuotli 'S. M. Calikuknica. SAl'lNUACE^. Pktals Leaves usuii .i£sculus glab Am, St'i)t. i. I'rndr. i. 5D7 lis, t. 24.— 1 ()(!.— Don, y)m. i. 251.- 4'.'4. — Ralin ii. 207, t. 17(: man, Ft. 7'.) Trees N. A Coulter, Gru .ffl. pallida, \ 2 12. — l)e C Ilayne, Ahh. IGG. — lion, A tree, i thirty feet ta slender spreai gray, densely scales ; that c appear are oi are glabrous The winter-hi inently keelet pale brown, i bloom. The and becomine and remain ( are composed with enlarge! bases of the contracted at slightly petio the lower su with the ext veins. The) low midribs inches in len short branch I t sai'INUAcea;. ;SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 65 ^SCULUS GLABRA. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. Pktals 4, shorter than tlie stamens. Fruit wlicn young covered with prickles. Leaves usually .'j-lbliolate. jEsculua glabra, Willilcnow, Knum. 405. — Tiirsli, /•'/. Am. Sviit. i. i;.")r(. — Nuttall, Giii. i. 'IVi.— Du C'anilolliN /'rm/r. i. 597. — (iiiimpel. Otto & llaync, Ahbilil. llnh. 'M, t. 24. — llayne, JJiiiilr. Ft. 41. — Sprunfji!!, Synt. ii. lOti. — Don, Gen. Si/st. i. ii't'J. — Turrey & (Jruy, /•'/. iV. Am. i. 251. — Dictrii'li, Si/ii. ii. 122.') WalpiTs, Ili/i. i. 424. — lialincsqiiLt, Ahui/ni/i/i. Am. Gi). — Gray, Ouit. III. ii. 207, t. 17li, 177. — lyoiiUon, Arh. llrit. i. 407 ChajH inaii, I<'l. 79. — Kiieli. Ihndr. i. WA. — Sargent. Forest Trees N. Am. U)th C'e)i.ifi.i U. S. i.\. 42. — Walsuii iSi C'diiltoi, Grnijs Mini. ed. t>, IKi. .Sj. pallida, Willileiiow, Knum. 400. — Nutlall, Gen. i. 242. — Df Caiulollp, I'rodr. i. .597. — Ouiiiip(4, Otto & Ilaynp, Ahliihl. llnh. 29. t. 25. — Spicii-cl. S,ist. ii. 160. — Don, Gen. Syst. i. 052. — Lindley, Jiut. Hey. xxiv. t. 51. — lliifinonqiic, Aho'/r//. r.i OF xnnrii ami:ihca. SAl'INOACK.t; iinil troin halt' an iticli to an inch hiii'^. or niorc than twice the h'li'^tli of the |HMlici-ls. TIic petals are nearly eijiial in leni^th ainl |iul)ci'uloiis ; the thin linih is ahont twice the len<{th .>t' the claw; in the lateral pair it is hroailly ovate or ohlon-r, ^inil in the superior pair uhlon^spatulate, nnicli nar- rower, and sometimes marked with red stripes. There are usually seven stamens with lon<; cxserted enrved puheseent tllaments and oranj^e-eolored anthers l)earinjj a few scutterod hairs. The ovary is puhescent and covered with lon<;; sleiidi'i' deciduous prickles with thickened tid)erelc-like liases, which enlar,.iliis (jlubra was not introduced into English gardens until 18'21.' It is the le.ist desirable of the American species as a garden plant, and is rarely cultivated. It is perfectly hardy in New England, where it forms a small round-headed tree flowering at the end of May and ripening its fruit in October. • Hale, A'frr Hemeilirs, 1S77, li). — Mills|i:iugli, Am. Med. PI. in HnmanpnlliK Uriuiilirs, i. I J, t. It. " (lullliilf Iltinriih MuflilenliiTg (17.">.'l-1Sl."i) ; n nii'inlipr i>f ,a (listiiigiii.-lit'il l.iilheraii family of Geniian origin, wa.»( born in N'i'W i'roviiieniT, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, and receivcii liis early education in the common schools of IM)iluiIi'l|tliia, and after- ward.s at llalle, where he wa.s sent to study literature, the sciences, and theology, lie returned to America in 1770, and was appointed iLssistant pastor of tlu.> Lutheran Churi-h in I'hiladelphia, and ten years later pastor at Liineaster, Pennsylvania, a position which he tilled assiduously and iaillifidly during the remainder of his life. Muehlenla^rg was luited for his knowh-dge of botany, especially of the (ir-.isses, and enjoyed the frieiHtship arul correspondence of the principal .Vnu'rioan and European botjinists of his time. His most iniiHU'tant works are the Index Flnrtr I.fVifa.-^lricu.sU, piddished in 17VK1 in the third V(diinie of the TranMiftiimn nf the ArntTi'-an I'hilo^ .wphiriU Sufifly ; Cttlalofftts Planlantm Amerirte Sfptentriottalui ; and lie.^frifilio nheriiir Graminum, Mnehleuhfrfjiti, a genus of (trasses widely scattered in its many spctues over the surface of the earth, fitly associates his name with the family uf plants that be studied so successfully. ^ Nicholson, I tiviinnary of ( lardaiing. \i Hi 'I p:XrLANATION OK TIIK IM.A IKS. ;!. ■I. 5. f). 7, «. 0. 10. 11. I'l.ATK I, XVI I. iEsril.U.H (1LAUB.\. A llmvi'iirii,' hriiiicli, imturul »he. A wiiitir Imil. Dliih'i'Xo "f ii llowcr. V'lTtii'al sictioii of a .ilaininali' flower, enlar),'i(l. Vertical oectioii (if a pistillate (lower, enlurgetl. A lateral pclal. cnlarijpil. A superior petal, enlarged. A .stamen, front and rear view. A pistil, eiit transversely, enlarpwl. Vertical sectiiui of an ovary, enlarged. All ovule, innrli niUKnilieil. l'l..\TI- I.XVIII. .^KsiiMis (ILAliHA. 1. A frultlnf,' lirani'li, natural size. 2. A lialf-^;roWM fruit, natural si/.c. .'i. A fruit with a portion of two of the valvis reinoTPil, natural size, 4. A seed, natural size. i". Vertical section of a need, natural si/e. !>. An embryo, natural size. 1 J 'j i 1 m .'i.;ut , '1 i i I \ ■ . i ) i 1: i ASCUlJia GLABRA, .V i/ ^ / / UV* I ..#-■ ,,-.^'-,-. --->< . I I I I /ESCULUS GLABRA, /lit', tiiu ./.*>ti * fffih' I'tfU'M ' itn, i: SAl'UJUACEiE Petai others. ] ^sculus oc (iarilfii lit M. lutea, W 133, t. «. Sijn. i. 40; ^. flava. Ail i. 11, t. 4 15, f. 2.- Biiumz. 1 Fl. Am. . Otto ik H /Y. 41. — 163, t. 1( Gray, Fl. Walpcrs, 3. — Kocl A tree three feet i limits of its dark brow winter-biul! brown seal covered wil aro bri, f. 2. — WiUdenow, S/wr.n. •m>; Kiiiim. 10."); /;,/■/. /•iru.is. Sfiiiif. ]Hr>'>. — Chaimaa, Fl. 80. —Curtis, Jirj,. (Iniliiij. Sun: y. Car. IHGO, iii. 48. — Sargent. Fnnst Tirea S. -iiii. \{)lli Cciixiis U. S. ix. 43. — Watson & Coul- ter, (tritij's Mini. ed. 'i, H')3. Pavia flava, Moencli, MHli. (1(5 Do CandoUe. 1' //•. i. ,")',)S. — Uun, Xi. — Spaeli. /lw7^. /S'l'. JVl'(^ .ser. 2. ii. .55 ; //!.tt. Walpers. J{i/>. i. 124. — .Sclmiz.leiii, lean. t. 2.'!0»*. f. Te-/. iii. 24. — London. /f/V-. /(nV. i. 472. 3. — Koch, Verhamll. Ver. Jiefiird. Gait, in den Kiiniij. Pavia fulva. P. bicolor, Hatlnesquc, Alsoijmjih. Am. 74. A tree, rising sometimes to the lieif^lit of iiinoty feet, witli ii i,.ll straight t.iiiik two iiiid a lialf or three feet in diameter ami small rather ])eiidul()iis hraiieliL's ; or towards the soutliern and southwestern limits of its range reduced to a low shrub. The bark of thu trinik is three quiirters of an incli thick, dark brown, and divided by shallow fissures, the surfaee .separating into small thin stales. The winter-buds are two thirds of an inch to an ineh in length and rather obtuse, with broadly ovate pale brown scales, roinided on the back, minutely apiculatc, ciliate on the margins, destitute of resin, and covered with a slight glaucous bloom. The inner scales sometiines grow to a length of two inches, and arc bright yellow or occasionally scarlet. The hranchlets arc glabrous or nearly so and orange-brown when they first .ipjtear, and in their second year arc pale brown anil marked by numerous irregularly developed lenticular s|)ots. The leaves, which are composed of five to seven leaflets, are borne on slen- der glabrous or slightly pubescent petioles four to six inches in length; the leaflets arc elliptical or obcvate-oblong, acuminate at the apex and gradually contracted at the base, anil are sharply and eiiiially serrate, four to six inches long and one and a half to two and a half inches broad ; they are short-petio- lulate, glabrous iibove with the exception of the midribs and veins, which are sometimes clothed with a reddish brown pubescence, and more or less canescent-pubescent on the lower surface, wliich becomes glabrous at maturity with the exception of a few hairs along the midribs and in the axils of the principal veins. They are dark yellow-green and paler on the lower than on the upper sinface. The Howers open when the leaves are about half grown, or from March, in the extreme southwest, to the middle of .lune at -iigh elevations on the Alleghany Aloiintains. They are an inch to an inch and a half long, pale or dark yellow, with short pedicels, and arc mostly unilateral on the branches of the j)ulicsccnt inflorescence which is from five to seven inches in length. The jictals are connivent. very unc(nial, puberulcnt, the claws villous within ; the spatiilate limb of the superior jiair is minute, the long claw exceeding the lobes of the (lalyx, while that of the lateral pair is large, obovate or nearly round, and subcordate at the base. The stamens, with straight or inclining subulate villous filaments, are usually seven in number and rather shorter than the petals. The ovary is pubescent. The fruit is two to three i GO SILVA OF NOUTII AMERICA. awvsnxcKX.. inches lonint. i. /■!■:. hi/liriilii, Dc Camiiillo, Cat. Hurt. .Von,«;i. 75. — I'oiret, iain. (>.'»;i. — S|i!iih. Aim. Sci. Kal. scr. 2, ii. GU ; //«/. Vey. Hi. 'J?. — Dii-l. Siippl. iv. 'Ml. /K. tlUt-oInr, Piirsli, /•'/. Am. Sfpt. i. -."). — Nill1;lII, firn. i. "J-t'J. — Hot. Rrg. iv. t. ,110. — Klliiitt, Sk. i. Hki. — .•^imiigil, Sy^l. ii. 1(»T. — Sert. Hot. iv. t. — Walpere, Ann. iv. .'ISl f'nria (IL'crtor, Poirct, Lam. Did. Siippl. v. 7fi9. — Ron, flm. Si/sl. i. dTii. — Spacli, Ann. Sci. Nat. slt. '-', ii. .W ; Ili.^i. IVj. iii. '2«. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. i. 171'. Ijuutioii, Arh. lirit. i. 17'J. — Kucli, Oendr. i. r}V2. /iC. I'm ill, var. discolor, Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. '252. — Walpira, l:rp. i. 4Ji4. //i. Jtnva, var. purpurasceni, (Irajr, Man. cd. Ti, 118. — Sarf^oiit, Fomt Trer.i N. Am. 10/4 CensM U.S. ix. 43. — WaUou & Cotiltir, Oray^i Man. ed. *i, IKi. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Platk LXIX. ./Esci'Li's ikitandba. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A winter-hull, natural siw. 3. Vertical section of a atiiniiiinte flower, natur.il «lie. 4. Vertical section of n pistillate flower, natural size. 5. A lateral |ietal, natural size. 6. An upper petal, natural size. I'l.ATI-: I. XX. /Escl'LUS OOTANOBA. 1. A fi'iiitln); lir.'iiich, natur.al size. 'i. A seed, natural size. '•''. Vertical section of a aeeil, natural size. 4. An emliryi), natural size. 1 .1 WuiK. '»V'si((o/i . i 1} it:. t A /-'ti.'/i -A-/ yESCULUS OCTAMDRA. ,W /''/«.■< f. s«c^ r*'-'i-tr Tcit, L/. \W w^ ." 1 J . ' i 'IH . \ /■ /•: lu.i. Mail. (. ."i(l77. — Fl. ilis Sems Chruii. 1S,")S. Ml. — Uibj. Jlorl. ix. 1-1. . :•.!•. t. IIU'J tiiird. ' Ittv. Hurt. ISO'.', WIO, f . KXl'Ly\NATK)N OF TIIK I'L.VTKS. i Pl.i;; I.XXI. yl^stri.is (JAMrouNKA. 1. A fli)W(rin); Ivraiich. n:itural si/.o. 'J. l)iiii;r,iiri iif a llowcr, iiatiiial siie. '.K Vertical si'c'tlon of a staininatc tlowcr, natntal si/t'. 4. Vortical section of u jiistillato llowcr, natiiial siie. 5. A staiiu'ii, cnlargcil. 0. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 7. A winlcr-biitl. natural size. I'latk LXXII. yEsii'Lus Cai.ii-okxica. 1. A fruiting branch, natural si/c. 2. Vertical Bcction of a fruit, natural size. 3. A seed, natural size. w INDAfK^K. IIU'll, wlio 1111(1 t'll'Ct KxftiT it iwL'ix'il in lie genus. li in t^ I) f:rj.iM ./,■/ /ESCULUS CALIFORNICA A J\'ti frttr ,/iri\r /»!/• y .^.'ir.i./- / ' i II I'l W !l !M ^^, * ' /.■ J-iLi ,>n lii'i l\\tll /■ ■! yf:SClJLUS CALIFORNICA, /} J^.u/tiLi ihrtw ' Mu* /i' fti/kuir /'iirtf V SAl'l pft, stij) loci Ung marl brov late, baH( toiiii iiloii and thu f'ron lane the thic whe tlie tuft HUl't or I ante flow dini styl on iufi oft SOIIl K|)Il aim (loii inei tin^ and cub 'II I SAriNUACE.K ."ilLVA OF MOUTH AMERICA. 63 UNO X A OTA. I LOWKRS polygamous, irroii: 75; (Jen. \{)7'>, — iMiisncr, '»V«. ,'!l(>. — 'rurnv iV (irav. /•■/. .V. .Iw. i, '.Tia. r,H\. — (iniy. '!''i. HI. li. L'H'.I. — IJcn- tliuin A. lliM)kiT. n<^-|)eti(>lL'il, four or live, or rarely three-lolin- lnt hilum. The wood of Ungnailia is heavy and close-griined. although rather soft and brittle. It is red tinged with brown with lighter colored .sapwood. and contains numerons ineons]>ieuous medullary rays and many evenly distributed open ducts. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.ODo'J, u cubic foot weighing 3!). lli pounds. 64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAHNDACK^. Tho soc'ds of Un;:;na(li;i have a sweet rather pleasant flavor, but possess powerful emetic j)roperties and are reputed to be poisonous. Unsnadia was discovered in western Texas by Thomas Drummond. It was named in honor of the Karon Ferdinand von Uuf^nad, ambassador of the Emperor Rudolph II. at the Ottoman Porte, who in IfiTfi sent sei'ds of llie Horse-chestnut tree from Constantinople to Clusius at Vienna. It is repre- sented by a single species. APINDACKiK. ; ])ropt'rties onrr of the )rt(', wlio ill It is rcpre- SAl'lNliAClwK. HJLVA OF NOJtTJI AMEUIVA. (35 UNGNADIA SPECIOSA. Spanish Buckeye. Ungnadia speciosa, Endlidier, Atakt. Hot. t. 30 ; Nov. iSfir/i, iJir. ITt. — Toiicy & tiray, I'acijie It. 11. Jif/i. ii. 1G2. — Waljiers, lii/i. i. IL'.'i ; v. ;!71 ; Ann. vii. 025. — (!ray, Gen. III. ii. till, t. 178, 17i); Jour. Ilo.il. Sac. Nat. JU.if. vi. 107 (PI. /.ind/ie.liii. ii.) ; I'l. Wriyht. i. 38; ii. 30 (Smithsonian Confrib. iii.. iv.); Mem. .Ini. vIok/. II. Bcr. V. 299. — Toircy, Hot. Mex. H^niinl. Siirr. 48. — Fl. des Serren, x. -17, t. 105'J. — Sclini/.luiii, Jcon. t. 230", f. 2, 8.—L'Hort. From: 18(1.-|, t. l.'i. — K„(!i, Ueiulr. i. 515. — Watson, I'mr. Am. Acad. xvll. 337. — Sarjjent, Forest Trees N. Am, lU/A Census I'. H. ix. 44. — IlLiiLslcy, IM. liiul. Am. Cent. i. 21'_'. U. heterophylla. Hclieule, Lhinira, xxi. 589. U. beptaphylla, Silieele, Linniea, xxii. 352 ; h'oeiner Tej-as. 432. The Ungnadia sometimea Si>(> i. 74. Aii^iistii, (icorf^in. Later it boa beuu suecesal'ully gruwu by Dr. '^ Vnijnailio :h, natural size, niagrain of a Howcr. Vertical section of a stnniinate flower, enlarged. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. An ovule, much niagniticd. A fruiting branch, natural size. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. An embryo, natural size. A winter branch, natural gize. ■^ ' i '\ < i ,■• u 11 < It ! i v.l I J . '.I ■ Huum .M UNONADIA SPECIOSA .'I A'i4'iftlt.l- tfi/nr' /•'/•/l' '.','l/h i i\ sai'Inuacka;. SILVA OF NORTII AMElilCA. SAPINDUS. 67 Flowkrs polygamo-dicrcious, rcffular ; sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in aestivation ; petals 4 or 5, naked or api)endiculate, imbricated in ji'stivation. Ovary 2 to 4-celled ; ovules solitary. Fruit baccate, coriaceous, 1 to ^-seeded. Sapindus. LinnicuH, Gen. 155'.). — Adaiison, Fam. J'/, ii. 'M'ti. — A. L. (le tltisHifu, (it'n. li'47. — Cainbcs.scMU!!*. Mtiit' Mils, xviii. 'JO. — Kndlii'lier, Oi'ii. lOi'O. — Meisner, Gvii. 53. — Ciiny, Cle». 111. ii. 'JUi. — Ucntliuiii & Iloukei, Gen. i. to I. — liiiillon, Ilht. ri. V. .'504. — Radlkofer, S!U. Ahid. .Miiiuli. XX. 'J8;>. Aphania. liliiiiie, IHjdr. Fl. Ned. Iml. 230. — Endliclier, (tfii. 1(170. — Mcisnur, Gen. Tt'i Didymococoua. Uluiiic. Rumjihia. iii. 103. Tret's or slirub-s, sonictiniL's subscaiulent, with teri'to liiaiiclit's, tliiek fk'sliy roots, and blHer and detersive properties. Leaves alternate, destitute of stipules. ai)ruptly pinnate or rarely one-t'oli(date ; leallets alternate or opposite, entire or oceasionally serrate. Flowers minute, in ample axillary or termi- nal rai lines or panieles. I'edicels short, from the axils of minute deciduous hraits. Sepals une(pial, sHghtly united at the base. Petals ecpial, alternate with the sepals, inserted under the thick edge of the disk, unfjuieulate, naked or often furnished at the sunnnit of the elaw, on the inside, with a two-eleft scale, deciduous. Disk annular, fleshy, entire or erenately-lohed, hypogynous or perifi^ynous. Stamens usually eight or ten, rarely four to seven, in.serted on the disk inunediately under the ovary, eipial ; filaments subulate or filiform, often pilose, exserted in the sterile, nuuli shorter in the fertile Hower; anthers ohlong. attached near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells o|ieninhm, iii. '.«. — Wal- ptTS, Hfp. i.lni ; V. '.V\'l ; .-Inn. i. \\V\ ; ii. "Jll ; iv. .'i7S, — Thwaitos, Knum. J'l. j^eifliiu. ."m. — 'rurczaiiiiiow, Hull. .)/»,•{<•. i. 401. — UiutttiT f. Fl. Ilril. 1ml. i. 082. — Mii)ml, Fl. hut. /i.i(.i.,ii.."il ; Siippl. lOS, COH j Mua. I.ugd. ISal. ill. !«. — Harvey & SdikIit, Fl. Cup. i. •J4(). — Oliver, Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 430. — lli'iitliaiii, /•'/. AmXral. i. 4'. Sajwitarid is used by the ne;froes of the West Indies for washiiifj linen, which, however, it is said to injure and soon destroy." The fruit of several of the South American speeitw is I'Uiployed for the same purpose. iS(i/tinth(s Miikorossi^' a widely distributed tree in southern and eastern continental Asia, and now naturalized in ,)apan, is generally cultivated in northern and central India for the llesl-.y pulp of the fruit; it is an important article of trade in the Punjab and northwest provinces, and is prefi'rred to soa]) for wasliinfif flannels and Cashmere shawls, and is also used for wash- ini:f silk.' In India the leaves of this tree .servo as fodder for cattlt , and in China the roasted fruit ia occasionallv eaten and the seeds are employed medicinally.* S. Iri/oliatiis,^' a native of southern India, is cidtivateil in Henjjal. The fruit of Sapindus j)ossesses a terebinthine and disajjreeable (lavor ; the l)ark is bitter and astringent, and has been used as a tonic ; and the pulverized seeds are siiid to poison fish." The seeds of several of the species are strnn"- to form chaplets and bracelets, and are sometimes used for buttons.' The n. Iiut. lib. 9, c.ip. 5. — Sloano, Nat, Hut. J( I. ii. ia2.--M!Kf:i(ljpii, Fi. Jam. I.V.I. — Radlkofir, Silz. Akaii. Miinrh. IS78, lilVl. '' (iicrtncr f. Fni~l. i. Ml. t. 70. — l)e Cunilollc, I'rn.lr. i. (i()0. — Iluokor f. FL flrit. Iwt. i. (jS;V — Fniiu-hct & SaviUitT, Knnm. PI. Jti/f. i. Sli. — Fiirht's *K: Ili'mslcy, .foitr. Linn. ^or. xxiii. Iil9. • lir.%iulis, Fiirml Fl. lirit. lud. KMi. ' Smith, Conlrih. Mpei'ies whii^h is sct'ii uljimt the villii^es all tlirotigh Routhrrn Indin. Clrplinm Rtatps that its eiiUivatinn in fiivnnillfl sitiiaiion.H yieltU a larp'r rftiini than thai of any uther fruit-trt'e. {Forenln nnd Garilfus of' Southern IniUiit *JIV.I.) * NlcrpHilRTfj, IFtst. Nat. ;iti8. — .Shi.mt', /. c. — Macfadyon, /. c. ' " Tho Slono i.H niatli' L'.so of for HiittMnH, ami tln'rcf(. (m!», t. HO. 8AriNI)Afi;,K. lesser deji^reo , of the West linen, whicli, ■ail species is outlit'i'ii and ami central 111 noi'tliwcst led for wash- sted fruit is ithern India, ' Havor ; the id to jHiisun e sunietimcs d use of the published by on in fuvnr;il,lt> other fruit-tri'o. ai'fadyen, /. c. ■rcforo tlic licr- I Rrcat Qii.inti- iii I'ravi-ra timn ill SAl-INUACKiE. tilLVA OF jSOUTU AMKltWA. SAPINDUS SAPONARIA. Soapberry. (\\r,YX-i,onE8 rounded at the apc^x ; petiils iniippciuliouliitc, short-chiwcd. broadly winj^cd. 'ctioles Sapindus Saponuria. I/innwus, Sper. 'M'll. — Swartz. Ohx. I.')-. — Willilcnow, Sjn-r. ii. -MiS. — l*oirt't, Ijitm. I>ii't. vi. 66!! (in part). — I.iinaii, Hurt. ilam. ii. 177. — Titford, Hurt. ]lot. Am. (Jl. — Discmiililz, /■'/. Vnl. .'iiili/. iv. 1?1. t. 201. — Do Canilollf, /'mtr. i. (■)07. — Mayccick, /•'/, /!>irl). 1 (">'.».— DiHi, (Ifii. Si/sf. i. (JCr). — Spach, JIUt. Veij. iii. T)A. — Ma'fadycn, /■'/. J(im. 15',). — Kaflnes. A small tree, sometimes jrrowinjr to the liei<;ht of twenty-five or thirty feet, with a trunk which rarely exceeds ten or twelve indies in diameter, and erect hriiiiclies. The hark of the trunk is from a (jnarter to half an inch thick, lifrht <;iay and rou<;'hene(' tli oldoiif^ lij^htcr colored excrescences, tho outer layer exfoliatinj^ in Iarf;e ilakes, exposiiij^ a nearly '>Iui' -urface. The hranchlets are at liist slightly !iiany-aiii;le(l, oran^e-^rceii, with white lenticiil spots; in their .second season they hcciime terete, and are then marked with laith and an inch and a half in breadth, j^fla- bious on the upper surface with the exeeiition of a few hairs alonj;- the channel of the niidril) when tiicy first appear, softly pubescent on the lower surface, and rather coriaceous at maturity ; they are yellow-green, paler below than above, and prominently reticulated, with yellow midribs and primary veins. The panicles, which ajipcar in Florida in November, are terminal and seven to ten inches in length, with an angulate peduncle and branches. The flowers are usually produced three together, and are sluut-petioled ; the calyx-lobes are rounded, concave, and ciliate on the margin, the two outer rather smaller than those of the inner rank ; the petids are white, ovate, shoit-clawed, rounded at the ajjcx, and covered, especially towards their base, with long si'attcicd hairs ; the stamens are iiuliided or slightly exscrted, with hairy filanicnts i)roadened at the ba.se. In Florida the fruit ripens in spring or early sum- mer ; it is two thirds of an inch in diameter, with thin orangi-biowii semitranslucent flesh, and black slightly obovate seeds half an inch across, the hilum surrounded with long pale hairs. Sii/iiiiihi.'f Siijinixtrui is found in Florida on the shores of ("ape Sable, on the shores and islands of Caximbas Hay, on Key T-argo, Klliott's Key, and the slnu'cs of Hay Hiscayne ; it is generally distributed through the West Indies, and occurs in Venezuela, lu Florida it is most common on Cape Sable, but reaches its greatest development on some of the Thousand Islands. The wood of Sujihitlus Si/joiinriii is heavy, rather bard, and close-grained. It is light brown tinged with yyllow, with thick yellow sapwood, and contains numerous thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.SIJGT, a cubic foot weighing 5'2.1-t pounds. 70 SILVA OF NORTH AMKRWA. SAl'INDACEiK Tlie fiiL't that the fruit of tliis troe was used by the Caribs as a substitute for soap attracted the attention of early travelers in the New World. It was mentioned by Oviedo y Vuliles' in X^uVS, and has been notieed and described by nearly all subsequent writers on the natural history and products of the Antilles. It was first discovered in Florida by Dr. .J. L. lilod. — Niiiilaa .Moiiiirdcs, Itisl. M,,l. ihI. Si-villu, 1">"1, ful. lll,-i. - C'lllsiiis, liidl. lib. -J, iiip. Hi. (S>ec ulao Jouiine lie I.iict, A'oi'. Orb. lib. .'), cap. 'Jl, aUI.) Sajmnariir .iphirruUr arltorii filici/oU(T, .J. Hauliin, HUt. Gen. i. 31L'. yundiT sapnnttri'F nun etlttles, C Hiitiliin, Pin. .'ill. "Sopc berrii's like a musket bullet that waaheth a» white as sopc." " Siipe berries, the Kernel so big aa a sloe, and goiMl to cat." (Smith, Trav. uwl Olit, ."w, fiti.) " /)p Varbre qui parte lis .tai'omttes." (llu Tertre, //i.sV. (ten. Antil. ii. Iti.^.) A^iu- .imerieana, /olii.i atnlis bifidis, Kiggelaer, Cat. Ilort. Ikaum. yi. — Comuiclin, Ilort. i. 183, t. tW. Pmni/em .«ii'r nueipruni/rra, Plukenet, Phyt. t. '_'17, f. 7. Prtmij'era raremnsa, folio aliito, eostd media membranulis utriwjue extautilim donati',/ructu aaponario, .Sloaiie, Cat. PI. Jam. ItH ; Nat. Hist. Jam. ii. l;ll. SapimlM, Liiinasus, Ilort. Cliff. 1,">'J. — Koycn, PI. l.eyd. Proilr. nn. riie Hlaek Niekcr-tree, Hughes, Natural Hiatory of Barbadoa, lis. Sapimliu folia ohlongis, viz petiolati», per coslam ample alatam Jii- /lo.iitist FIrowne, Aat. Hist. Jam. iiOO. ' Ilort. Keir. eil. \1, ii. 4'J4. > Hooker, .VlV/rr I'l. 'JlU. Sapiiidtu Sapouaria is said by Raillkofcr {Sitz. Akad. Miinek. 187H. .'Ill)) tu inhabit Polynesia and the Philippine Islands. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate LXXIV. SAriNni-s Sai'onahia. 1. An intloresccneo of the st.iniinatc plant, natural size. 2. A flowerings brancli of the pistillate plant, natural size. 3. niagrani of a perfect flower. 4. A staniinate flower, enlarged. 5. Vertieal section of a staniinate flower, enlarged. 0. A petal, enlarged. 7. An anihcr, rear and front views, enlarged. 8. A |ierfcet flower, enlarged. !). A flower-liud. enlarged. It). Vertieal section of a pistil, enlarged. Platk LXXV. Sapindus Sapovaria. 1. A fruiting braneli, natural si/.e. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 3. A seed, natural size. 4. An embryo, enlarged. iai'indacea: ttructud tilt' n 1,')3,'), and prodiiL'ts of of Beuiifort on Home of 17, f. 7. mnulis utrinijHt Jam. 1»J ; A(i(. V. Liyil. Profir. / of Barhaiiofft mple alalam itit- A had. Munch. slaiida. i; ill ■„ ,/,■/ SAFINDUS SAF'CNARIA, •f l,'i,:r.M.r ./u;:i ' .'■>/;' i'^ ' ■/frt//' /iuv i i V i '"■^^---^ Silva of North America ib :.x;' A /III.!', ,/./ r.APlNDUS SAPONARIA, 1, /I /.■/,•. •1,'ihl ■tff,;r ' /'"/• A /iiri't./ fU \ I SAPINDACK/E. isILVA OF NORTH AMEltlGA. 71 SAPINDUS MARGINATUS. Soapberry. Wild wihina Tree. Calyx-lobes acuto ; petals appcndagcd. Petioles wingless or nearly so, Sapindus marginatus, Wi'ldenow, Kniim. 432. — Muelil- eiilwrg, Citt, 41. — l)e Candollt?, I'roilr. i. (107. — S|)nMijrcl. Sijst. ii. -."lO. — Don. (ii'ii. Si/nt. i. (105. — Spach. /fisf. Veg. iii. .")4. — Toney & Gray, Fl. A'. A m. i. 2i>ii, 085 ; Faeific li. Ji. Jic/i. ii. lOli.— Nuttall, .syivi, ii. 72, t. 6r>. — Kngelmaiiii & (liny, Jniir. Iio.it. S»f\ A'at. Hist. V. L'41 {PI. Llndheim. i.). — Gray, Gen. III. ii. 214. 1. 180 ; Jour. liont. Soc. Nat. Iliit. vi. 1(18 (I'l. Limlheim. ii.) ; PI. Wriijht. i. US (SmithsoniiiH Contrib. iii.). — Kngiliiiann, Wislheiius' Mem. ?•>. — Torrey, Kmorij's Itf/i. l.'iH ; Miir- r!/\i Ji'f/i. 2(ii) ; Paajir U. li. Hi-p. iv. 2, 74 ; lint. Alex. Hound. Sun: 47. — Schnizlein. Iron. t. 2;i0, f. 22. — Chapman, PL 79. — Ili'insley, Hot. liiol. Am. Crnt. i. 214. — Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xvii. Xi'. — Sargent, Purest Trees j.V. Am. Wth Census V. S. 'w. 44. S. Saponaria, Lamarck, III. ii. 441, t. .'507 (not i. .niP'tF,', — Mii'liaiLY, PL Hor.-Am. i. 242. — I'niret, /ya?H. Dl.'t. vi. (IG.'i (in part). — I'ersoon, Si/n. i. 444. — -I'iash, PI. Am. Sept. i. 274. — NuttiiU, Gen. i. 257. — Elliott, Sk. i. 460. — Tiirrey, Ann. Li/i: N. Y. ii. 172. S. faloatus. Kafmoscpie, Med. Hot. ii. 261. S. aouminatus, Kalincsque, New PI. 22. — Radlkofcr. Sits. Ahid. Miinrli. 1878, 316, 39,'i. — Watson & Coulter, Groi/s Mini. ed. 6, 116. S. Drummondi. Hooker & Arnott. /Sot. I'mj. lieeehey. 281 (oxel. van). — Walpers, lieji. i. 417. S. Manatensis, l{;idlkofor. .S'(V,;. AI;od. Miinch. 1878, 318, 400 (.Sluittlewurth in Herb. Huz/el). A tree, forty or fifty feet in lu'ii>ht, witli it trunk sometimes a foot and a half or two feet in diame- ter, stout, usually erect hranelies and minute depre.s.sed f>l()lndar wintei-buds. The hark of the trunk, whieh is from a third to half an inch thick, .separates hy deep lissures into lonsj narrow Hakes, their surface hreakinjr into small red-hrowu scales. The hranchlets when they ajipcar are slijjhtly manv anirled, pale yellow-irreen, and clothed with [)uhescence. In tlie second year they are terete, with Iar>'. Mtinnlensiji of Shuitlewurtli iiiul i>f KtuWkofer. 72 illLVA OF NOnril AMERICA. SAI'I.NDACEiK. to the valley of the Washita River in southern Arkansas and to southern KansaB, through Texas to the niountiin valleys of southern New iMexieo and southern Arizona, and into northern Mexico. On the Atlantic coast it is a small tree, nrely exceedinj^ twenty feet in height, and is not common ; it is most abundant and reaches its greatest size along tiie river bottoms of eastern Texas, where it grows in com- pany with the White Elm, the Texas Elm, the Honey Locust, and the Ilackherry, or often occupies considerable areas to the exclusion of otJier trees. It prefers moist clay soil, although it sometimes grows on dry limestone uplands. The wood of >%piiidtin marijiimtu.s is heavy, strong, and close-grained, with several rows of large open ducts clearly marking the layers of annual growth, and thin obscure medullary rays. It is light brown tinged witii yellow, with ligiiter colored sapwooil composed of about thirty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8120, a cubic foot weighing CiOXA jKJunds. It splits easily into thin strips, and is largely emi)loyed in Texas in the manufacture of baskets used in harvesting cotton, and in New Mexico for the frames of pack-saddles. The fruit is eaten in Texas by cattle and deer. SdjH/iduK mnrijinatuH was discovered by the French botanist Michaux on the coast of Georgia, and was first described by Lamarck, who confounded it with the West Indian *i^*«>|MMI' i 11 .iJrM'i j"i!r.Ti'''i SAFMNDMS MARGINATUS . -Aili,! H!^ '' !| /J /»';•■, /iiAr Jir/\r '■'"y A' 7itfit'>ir J'-ir.' M!' \ / i> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^' /, U.J. 1.0 I.I l^|28 |2.5 |io ■^" HHI ■^ IIIIM 2.0 .If ■« 11-25 iu 1.6 HiotQgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTIR.N.Y. 14SS0 (716)t/3-4S03 ,-\ iV rv .>^ <^ 6^ 0 Ks ^ ^ ^ I i Siiva of riorth America l,A/.Vi, ' f-' /,/.f«V( ,/,■/ SAPlNDUa MARGINATUS, VV.Ii // l\'f.',n4t.f ,Ur.\i in\f> h l',Uh-ui' /'iUf' St ill 'II SAl'lNUACE^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 73 EXOTHEA. Floweiis regular, polygamo-dia-cious; sepals 5, imbricated in aestivation; petals 5, imbricated in icstivation ; ovary 2-colled ; ovules 2 in each cell, suspended. Fruit baccate, by abortion 1 -seeded. Exothoa. Macfadyen, /'/. Jam. 232. — Endlichcr, Gen. Hypelato, Cambessedes, jlf^m. Mus. xviii. 151 (in jiart). — ll.'it. — Moisncr, 6V«. ;i49. Heiaham & Hooker, Gen. i. 408 (in part). — lluillon, Melioocca, A. L. do Jussioii, Mem. Mus. iii. 178 (in part). Hint. FL v. 4U8 (in part). A tree, with thin sculy bark and terete branchlets covered witli lenticels. Leaves alternate, petio- latc, abruptly pinnate, or three or rarely one-foliohite, glabrous, persi.stent, destitute of stipules ; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovatc, acute, rounded, or emarginate at the apex, with entire undulate margins, obscurely veined, membranaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and slightly paler on the lower surface. Flowers small, in ample terminal or axillary wide-branelied panicles, the peduncle and brani^hes clothed with orange-colored pubescence. Pedicels short from the iixils of minute deciduous bracts, and covered, like the Howei'-buds, with thick pale tomentum. Sepals ovate, rounded at the apex, ciliate on the margins, puberulous, persistent. Petals white, ovate, rounded at the apex, shortly unguiculate, alternate with and rather longer and narrower than the sepals. Disk annular, fleshy, irregularly flve- lobed, j)uberulous. Stamens seven or eight, inserted on the disk, in the sterile flower as long as the petals, much shorter in the fertile flower ; filaments flliform, glabrous ; anthers oblong, introrse, attiiched at the base, two-celled with a broad connijctive, the cells opening longitudinally ; rudimentiiry in the staminate flower. Ovary sessile on the disk, conical, pubescent, contracted into a short thick style ; rudimentiiry in the sterile flower ; stigma large, declinate, obtuse ; ovules two in each cell, suspended from the summit of the inner angle, anatropous, collateral ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit a nearly spherical one-seeded berry, contiiining the rudiment of the second cell, and tipped with the short reninant of the style, the base surrounded by the persistent reflexed sepals ; pericaip thick, dark purple, and juicy at maturity. Seed oblong, .solitary, suspended, destitute of albumen ; testii thhi, coriaceous, orange-brown, and lustrous ; embryo subglobose, tilling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, puberulous ; radicle superior, very short, uncinate, turned towards the hilum and inclosed in a lateral cavity of the testa. The wood of P^xothea is very hard and heavy, strong and close-grained, and capable of receiving a beautifid polish, although liable to check badly in drying. It is bright red-brown, with lighter cohu'cd 8a[)wood composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth and obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is CO/JSIJ, a cubic foot weighing .')!).ll pounds. It resists the attiu'ks of the Teredo aiul is therefore valuable for piles ; it Is also used in Florida in boat-building, for the handles of tools, and for many small objects. The generic name, derived from i^uOLj, to expel, was bestowed upon it by Macfadyen ' when he ' James Miu'fadyiii (lS()0-lS,"in) was horn in (;in»p;ow wlicre he studied hiitany under Sir Williiun Hooker mid was pfrailiiiileil from tho Sehool of Medieiiie in IH'Jl. He was aeieeted on the recninmundation of Hooker to orfijanizc a jjitvernineiit Itotanieal (lardon in .lamaiea. This he did, liiit tlie ^anh>n laiij^uished, and Maeladyen soon retired from ils direetion and <'stablished himself ini tlio ishmd as a physieian. He did not, however, ahamhin tho study of holnny, and in 1SI17 (udilished the (Irst vnlonu' of his Wiim of Jamaica (^ttatiunadacea to Lt't/itmiiioiia)^ a work which cud- Uiins, as far as completed, the best ncconnt of the plants, and ospc- eially of tin; trees, of flic island, which has been published. A second volume was written and printed in Kinji^ston but never pub- lished, the author's career beinjj suddenly ended by cholera which he eontraeted while zealously ilcvotinjj himself to his professional duties. Maffiidyaua, a larj^e genus of tropical American fiif/iumi- afrcr, was dedicated to him by A. do Candollo. (See i'nu: Linn. Soc. ii. i;io.) !; 74 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPINDACK^l';. srparatcd it from the group of plants with which he supposed it to be allied. The genus is represented by one or perhaps two species.' * RjidlkofiT {Sitz. Akad. Miinch. xx. -7n) tlisliiipuHlios a second nfrn, vi. tlO. Uatonin ap., llomsley, Bot. Biol. Am, Cent, i. "\'\), species 111' Kxothcu, E. CnjHiliUo ("Copiililto,** Scblcclitciiiliil, /.m- but 1 have never seen it. SAPiNi)Aci;yt;. is represented Am. Cent. i. L'i;i), SAPINDACEit:. SILVA OF NOIiTII AMEJilCA. 76 EXOTHEA PANICULATA. Iron Wood. Ink Wood. Exothea paniculata, Itadlkofer, Durand Index Oetieriim, 81 ; Sitx. AUad. Milnih. xx. 276. — Sargent, Garden and t'oreM, iv. 100. Melicocca paniculata, A. L. de Jussicu, Mhn. Mns. iii. 187, t. 5. — De Candulle, J'rudr. i. (115. — Uiutrich, tli/n. ii. l'J78. — Nuttall, Si/Idu, ii. 74, t. C5. Hypelate paniculata, Cambesaedes, Mem. J/h,«. xviii. 32. — Oon, (Jen. Si/st. i. 671. — Rii'hard, Fl. Cub ii. 122. — Grisubiicli, Fl. Uril. W. Ind. 127. — Clmpnmii, /'/. 7!). — Sargent, Fore.it Treen X. Am. lOth Cen.sii.i U. S. ix. 4.'>. Sapindus lucidus, Hamilton, I'rodr. I'l. Ind. Oce. 3(i (teste Kudlkofer, /. <:). E oblongifolia. Macfadyen, Fl. Jam. 232. — Hooker, Lon- don Jimr. But. iii. 227, t. 7. The Exotliea sometimes grows in Florida to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a tall -runk twelve or fifteen inches in diameter and slender upright branches. The bark of the trunk is from an eighth to a (juarter of an inch thick, with a bright red surface separating into large brown scales. The branchlets are orange-brown when they iirst appear, becoming red-brown in their second year, and are thickly covered with small white leiiticels. The leaves, which are borne on stout grooved petioles half an inch tc nearly an inch in length, appear in Florida in April ; the leaflets are four or five inches long and an inch and a half or two inches broad. The panicles of sterile and of fertile flowers are produced on separate plants. The flowers open in Florida in April, and are half an inch across when expanded. The fruit is fully grown by the end of June, and is then dull orange-colored ; it remains on the branches during the summer and ripens in the autumn, when it is juicy and dark purple.' Tlie Exotliea is found in Florida from Mos(piito Inlet on the east coast to the southern keys, where it is generally distributed, but is nowhere a common tree. It also inhabits San Domingo, Cuba, and Jamaica. It was discovered in San Domingo early in the century by the French botanist Poiteau,'- and was first noticed in Florida by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. ' According to Kiehard, the fruit of Exothea panimlala is de- voured in Cuba by hogs and other dunicstie animals. (fV, Cub. ii. 112'J.) ' Alexandre Poiteau (17C(>-1S50) was one of the most famous gardeners of his time Horn at Amhlecy near Soissons, he learned botany ai d gardening in the Jardin dcs Plantea in Paris, and so dis- tinguislied liinisclf that he was soon sent to organize a rural insti- tution in the Dordogno, and then in 171>;t to Ilayti, where he was made direetor of the recently estal)lis!ie(l botanii-al ganlen. Poi- teau retorni'd to Paris ir. 1802, carrying witli him many nhints and seeds, and was placed in charge of the royal nnrsery-gardi-us at Versailles ; in ISin ho was sent to America again to take charge of the (lovernmcut (lardens in French Guiana, iu which position he re. niained until ISlil. Heturning tc'ious ; calyx ^-lobcd, the lobes imbricated in aestivation, deciduous ; petals 5, imbricated in lestivation ; ovary ^{-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, heterotropous. Fruit a flesby drupe, 1-celIed, 1-seeded. Hypelate, Browne, Nut. IIi.it. Jam. 20S. — Cambessedos, Gen. i. 408 (in part). — Baillon, Hist. PI. v. 408 (in Hem, Mils. xiii. 31 (in part). — Kmllichcr, dfii. 1071 part). (in part). — Meisnur, Gen. 03. — lientham & Hooker, Melicocca, A. L. de Jussieu, Mem. Mus. iii. 178 (in part; not Linnniun). A glabrous tree or shrub, with smooth bark iind slender terete branches. Leaves aittrnate, long- petiolate, the petioles sometimes narrow winged, de.stitute of stipules, three-foliolate, the terminal leaflet rather larger tiian the others, persistent ; leaflets sessile, ohovute, rounded or rarely acute or emargiiuitc at the apex, entire with thickened revolute margins and prominent midribs, coriaceous, conspicuously feather-veined, the veins arcuate and connected near the margin, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and bright green oti the lower surface. Flowers minute, in few-flowered long-stemmed wide-branched terminal or axillary panicles. Pedicels slender from the axils of minute deciduous bracts. Calyx-lobes ovate, rounded at the apex, slightly puberulous on the outer surface, ciliate along the margins, decidu- ous by a circumscissile line. Petals rather longer than the calyx-lobes, rounded, spreading, white, with ciliate margins. Stamens seven or eight, inserted on the lobes (d' the annular fleshy disk ; filaments fili- form, in the sterile flower as long as the petals, much shorter in the fertile flower ; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the bottom, two-celled, the cells spreading from above downwards, opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile on the disk, slightly three-lobed, three-celled, contracted into a short stout style ; rudimentary in the sterile flower ; stigma large, declinate, obscurely three-lobed ; ovules two in each cefl, borne on the middle of its inner angle, amphitropous, superposed, the upper a;x"n''i!^g v.'ith the micropyle inferior, the lower pendulous with the micropyle superior. Fruit an ovate black drupe, crowned with the remnants of the persistent style and supjjorted on the persistent base of the calyx ; sarcocarp thin and fleshy; endocarp thick and crustaceous. Seed destitute of albumen, solitary by the abortion of the upper ovule, suspended, obovate ; te.sta thin, slightly wrinkled. Embryo conduplicate, filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons thin, foliaceous, irregularly folded, incumbent on the long radicle. '^ ne wood of Hypelate is very heavy, hard, and close-grained. It contains numerous thin obscure medullary rays, and is rich dark brown in col".' v,ith thin darker colored sapwood usually composed of four or five layers of annual growth. It is ibi . i. in contact with the soil, and is valued in Florida for posts; it is also used in shi^hbuilding and for tlie handles of tools. Hypelate, the ancient name of the Butcher's Broom, liiixvn^ J/i/poplii/lhtm of Liinueus, was adopted by Patrick Browne as the generic name for the West Indian tree. The genus is represented by a single spt^Mcs. i^ 78 T>, t. 14. — Liinuii. Hurt. tlam. i. 3«7. — IKlessert, Iniii. iii. 'J3, t. ;i(). — l)e Caiidolle, I'nutt. i. (11 }. — Miiefmlycn, Ft. Jam. Ki;?. — Dietrich, Sijv. ii. I'J7'J. — Chapman, Ft. 7)*. — Grisebach, Ft. Itrit. W. Ind. 127 ; Cat. PI. Cub. 46. - Sargent, Ganlen ami Forent, iv. 100. Amyris Hypelate, Uobinaon; Lunuii, Hart. Jam. i. 149. A tree, rising .sometimes in Florida to the height of thirty-five or forty feet, with a trunk occa- sionally eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, although generally much smaller. The hark, which is smooth, is rarely an eighth of an inch in thickness and is marked with many shallow de|)rcs8ions and minute lenticels. The hranchlets are i>ale green when they first appear ; tliey become gray later in the season, and bright red-brown in the secmid year. The leaves unfold in Florida in June and remain on the branches untd the second season and often longer. They are borne on stout petioles one and a half to two inches long, furnished with narrow green wings. The leaflets are one and a lialf to two inches long, three (|uarters of an inch to an inch and a (quarter wide, and very bright green. The inflorescence is few-flowered, and is three or four inches in length, with a slender ]ieduncle and branches. The sterile and fertile flowers are produced in scparatt! panicles on the same tree. The flowers appear in Florida in Jinie, and when fully expanded arc a little less than an eighth of an inch across. The fruit, which is produced very sparingly, ripens in September ; it is three eighths of uii inch long and possesses a sweet rather agreeable flavor. IIi/jK'lalc (rt/oliata is known in Florida only on Upper Metjicombe and Umbrella Keys, and is one of the rarest of the tropical trees which occur within the territory of the United States. It also inhabits Jamaica and Cuba. Ifi//i<:l(itv tri/oHata was discovered in Jamaica by Sir Hans Sloanc, and the earliest account of it appears in his Catalogue of the Plants of Jamaica published in IGOti.' It was first found in Florida by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. * CylLtus arlwreuSf fuliis oblusit filahfit, fnliorum pffiiruti^ alatui, Fruticoaa^ /atiis ahotxitui pinnato-tematiji, petioto marginatn of- 141 ; A'n(. llUl. .lam. ii. ;i;t. — l{ay, lli.il. I'l. iii. 47;t. The Hruh) Jiiia ; Bruwne, A^al. .'/«(. Jam. liOS. in tlio Natural History tif Jamaica, to whicli Sluane himself rtfcre, represents anotlirr plant. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate LXXX. Hvrr.i.ATi; thifoi.iata. 1. A flowering brunch, natural »i7.e. 2. Diagram of a flower. '•^. A Htaminato flower, enlarged. 4. A stamen, baik .anil front views, enlarged. .'). A liistillati' flower, enlarged (i. A pistil divided transversely, enlarged. " Vcrtieal section of a pistil, enlari,'ed. 8. A pair of ovules, much magnified. I'l.ATK LXXXl. Hyi'elatr trifoliata. 1. A fruiting branch, natural si/e. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlaiged. 3. A fruit cut transversely, erdargej. 4. A seed, enlarged. .'), U. An endtryu, much magnilieiL 1 SAI'INDACK^l PI. Cub. 46. — Jam. i. 149. I trunk ocea- irk, whit'li is ressions iiiul ' later in tliu and remain oles one and and a lialf ripflit jrreen. jduncle and tree. The I of an ineli ;htli8 of an ■; and is one dso inhabits ccount of it 1 Florida by marginato af- -. /tiv I ■ / 1! I'iUli ,i,i at; rr^n Wood. t]..;V h< ivi.lc, rtiid f!l.l!l '111 IML'li! (•!•> 9 I f CQ'-'OJ (■ /■/.V-vn ,,',./ HYPELATK. TRIFOLIATA, /I iit.-.tt-n.i .firr.i ' "i /i\ ftthuf' f'.it" : ' i^ I w W' n\ y 0 /•' .'•^Klc't ■''•/ HYPE LATE TRIFOLIATA. ' ; :. t ii.t i-f '/■ ' ' I SAI'INOACK.K SILVA OF NOIiTIl AMElilVA. 70 ACER, Flowkus regular, ditrciously or nioiurciously ijolyganious, rarely perfect, or did- eious; calyx generally ^-parted, the lobes imbricated in iestivation ; petals usually 5, ind)rieated in aestivation, or 0 ; ovary 2-eelled ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. I'ruit a double samara. Acer. I.iniiieiiii, (ien. 11-. — AilaiisDn. F'lm. /V. ii. ,'W3. — Nosundo, Mciencli, Mfth. .Ttt. — Kmllii'licr, (hii. lO.'Ci A. L. lie Jussieu. Oen. '.'■") 1. — Kmlliilicr, '/'(«. lO'ilj. — Mii.siiiT. (Iiii. fiti. — (Jpuy, (lin. lU. ii. 'JOI. — IlLiitliam Meisner, Oen. 60. — Gray, Uiii. III. ii. liV.I. — liuntlium ^ lluukcr, (Ien. i. lOit. & Hooker, Oen. i. 409. — lluilloii, Hint. J'l. v. 427. Negundium, UutiiiL'»(|iio, iV. 1'. Med. lie/i. hex. '2, v. '.ifii), Tri'i's or rarely slinibs, witli liin|iiil or sonu>tiiiu>.s milky juicf, tiTi-tt' braiiclu's, sealy \)wU, tlic inner scales often acLTOscent witli tlie yoiinif slioots, and lil)i'ous roots. Leaves ually live-parted or lolied, decidu- ous. Petids as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted on the ni.iii;iu or base of the di.sk, tMpial, erect, colored like the calyx, deciduous ; or wantin;;'. Disk annulai . Ilesliy. more or less hdicd, with a free maririn, or rarely rudimentary. Stamens four to ten, usually ci^ht. inserted on the summit or insidu of the disk, hypoloniment, wiufj-niarjjined on the back ; styles two, inserted between the lobes of the ovary, connate below and divided into two linear branches sti^matose on their inner surface ; ovules two in each cell, collateral, rarely superposed, asceudiiijj, attached by their broad bases to the inner alible of the cell, auatro[ious or finally amphitropuns ; micropyle inferior. Fruit compo.sed of two .samaras .sc[)a- rable from a small persistent axis, the nut-like carpels compressed laterally, produced on the buck into a larjie chartaeeons or coriaceous reticulated winii; thickened on the lower margin. Seeds .solitary by ub ion or rarely two in each cell, cimipre.ssed or irrel, li(V,(]). tlio trees (lower, iitxl perniitiiites nt oiiee. This is n provision, per- AcKK. Flowers polygnmouB or dticeious, petuloiis or a[)etalous. hajjs, aequiretl liy these speiies to insure their perpeluation ; they Leaves simple. grow ill low wet lun<), often iniimiateil ihirinp the winter, and the Nuii'.NiH*. Flowers diieeioiLs, apetaloiis (in the Aineriean epe- beed, if it ripened in the aiitnnin, would often lie in water through eies) or furnished with petals. {.eaves pinnately or ternately the winter jiiiil Ite in danger of losing its vitjllity ; but it reaehes divided. the ground nfter the water hits falli-n in the swamps and hefore the * .\eer appears to have Iteen unrepresented in the Tertiary Ari'tic exposed stirfaee of the grouiul has Iwcoine haked hy the hot sun of ilora, aiul to have heen rare in that of (ireenlaiui. (Ileer, Ft. /'o,«. suiunu'r, that is when it is in just the coiulitliiu ti> insure the gcr- Art-t. vii. Die tert. Ft. v. (iroful. lU.'i, t. iH, f. I -Ii.) It was more mination of seed. ahuiulanl in Spilzhergeu at the same epoeh (Ileer, Ft. Fiis:i. .-int. 80 s/L\'A or xoirr/f AMinncA, HAriNDACrX. (•antral parts of tlu* cotitinoiits s|H'(i«'.s :iri> inorc inultijilit'il th;iii in tli(> wcHtorn partn, and un coninion iiiiil i'li.ir.U'tcrislii* t'cituris of vi'^rt.ition. Sixty or seventy specieH may he di^tiii^iiislicil,' nearly half of thorn heh)n^in^ to (7hina and tlaimn/ which inu^t he eonsideied the head(|Uarter}i of the p*nuH.' One with'ly dintrihiited Hpeeies of Kotithern India is t'omxl in Sntiiatra antl .lava ; * twelve are endeniie to tlie llinialaya-nionntain re;^ion/* and twrlve to Kurope and the Orient.'' In North Aiiirriea nine spi-eies oeenr ; live (jf these hchtti;^- to the Atlantit; and two to the Paeitir re^^ion ; one is pet-njiar to the central mountain ranges, and one extends aeruiiH the continent. The wood ot Xvvv is li<;Iit, close-t^rainctl. and moderately hard. Tlie hark is astrin^i>nt and yiehU red and yellow eoiorin;; matter,' anil the lim[)id Hweet K^ip of some <»f the Anierieaii HpeeieH is mannfae- tureil into sui^ar. The most valnalile timln^r trees i>f tin* p'tuis are the Knropean Art r I'mmiffP/afth wz/x," the American A. hitrlnffm/t^ and the Indian .1. ('(Unpin Hii.' In .lapan the wood of Acer is littlu omplovcd. althon<^h that of A. /iirhnu ^" sometimes serves for the interior finish of hnildin^^s; a few species supply material for turnery and tor making trays and other small ohjeetH, and tlie mucilajrinouH inner hark of .1, irttfitfji/'ti/itfnt " is used in paper-makin*^. Acer contains several Kpccirs which have heen planted for centuries as. ornamental trees in Kurope j ami in North America and Japan,'" where the brilliant cohtrs asHunied hy the foliage of many Maples inereiuse their \alue. iv. Sfulzh^rfj.u, m, t. ii-'-'JI, "J.", f. I :i), sn tliat it prnlal.ly i'\i>I«'il in pohir rcj^inns hi'fiiri' its ii|>)HMriim-c in i-tMitnil Ktiru[n-, when' tin' early vestij^'ti of Acit dati- (inly from (In* iippcr Km-tMic. (Suimrtu, OriijiHf l'al> ontoloijiijttf ties Arhren, 'JSl.) ' Dr. Konlinanil l*ax, in hi?« rcciMit Monof^raph of \vvt {Kinjlrr Hot. Jnhrh. vii. 177), (listin^iilslies niorr than t'ij;lity spi-i-it-H. Ah, howevi'r, lie Hometiini'H fstalili.slifs sfHM'irH on >iii^lt> ht'rhariiiin s[m>- cinuMis witliont llowt-r or fruit. lii-« vii-»x will hi' iu-ci |)t<> found to 1h> ui'arcr sixty tlian ci^^hty in number. ■' Maxiiuowirz, HnU. .led-/. Sri. St. I'' tmhounf, xxvi. i;t7 (M(*l. Hiol. X. .V.n ). — Knimhct & .Savatior, Hnnm. PL Jap. i. S7. — Kran- cbft, /'/. l>(U'i,l. ITii, li:M); /'/. ihlimnjivur, i. 144, t. :U. — ForU-s & Ilt-niitlcy, Jtmr. Lmn. Sue. xxiii. 110. * I>r. Ilcinriih Mayr c^liinatts that fully thirty (ht ipnt. of the deciduous forests of Japan are iiini|M).seil of different sju'eiea of Maple. * Art'r nit'fium, Itlume, Hiimphin, iii. VX\ t. H»7, U, f. I. — Miquul, Fl. hi-l. lint, i., ii. ."WJ. f' Hooker f. hi. lint. lud. i. tl'.»*J. * Nymai), Coimpert. Fl. Europ. i:l."». — Itoissier, Fl Orient. \. 017. ' I^» Maout & Deeaisnc, Tmit. Gt'n. Hot. Kngli.sh ed. .'iTrf). " hiunicuH, Spec. 1054. — Fl. lUvt. i. VuTi. — Keiehenhaeli, Icon. Fl. fierm. v. t. KM. The wuo~Plntmms is eonipaet and tirm without bein^ very hard ; it is easily worked and doi's not warp or .shrink when properly seasoned. It is mueh nsed in eentnil Knrope in turnrry and wood-sculpture, and in the mamifaeture of trays, vio- litis, and other niusieal instrunu'Uts, and of rollers, spoons, plate'<, peslh's, and many other small household utensils. It ha.s \\ hij;h fuel value, both in the fpiantity of the heat it priKlnecs and in the length of time it burns. The leaves, ^thcred jjroen and dried, are used a.s winter fuddur fur aheep in some parts of Europe. " llonkrr f. Fl tirit. luit. i, (\'M\. Aur rnmphiUii is the prinei- |ial Maple of the northeastern ilinialaya, where the wood is used 111 large ipianlities for planking and in tlie nianiifaeture of tea- boxes, ((iainble, .\f{\n. Imlian Ttmhtr^, 101.) '*' Tliunberg, FL Jap. lOlI. — Kranehet & Savntier, Fnum. PI. Jap. i. H7. -" Maxiinowiez, Hull. Arad. Sri. St. iVleritbourff, xxvi. 443 (Mt*l. Hiol. X. r.W)— llwikfr f. Ft. Brit. Ind. i. IIIXJ. In India, where .4. pirtunt is also widely di.stribiited fnmi the Indus to A»- .sam, and is the most eonunon species of the nurthern Himalaya, its woimI is used for eonstruction and in the inanufaeture of pIowH aiul other articles ; and its brnmdics are cut for the winter fodder of cattle, (tiandile, .U.in. Iwlinn Timhtnt, lOl.) " Sielmld & Zuccarini, Ahhand. Aktvl. Miinrh. iv. 'J, XTtTt ; FL Jap. ii. H4, t. 147. — Maximowiez, Hull Acad. Sri. St. J't'teritbourg, xxvi. 441 (Mdl. Hiol. x. TilHi). '- Acrr pnlnuitttm (Thunlwrg, Fl. Jap. lO'J. — MaximowicZf Bull, Arad. Sci. St. I\frrshourff. xxvi. 448 [M(*I. Ilitd. x. G07]), Acer Ja- poniitim (Thnnberg, /. r. t(il». — Maximowiez, L c. (>(>."»), both in many fiirins. and .1 . dinhohrum (Miipiel, ProL FL Jap. "20. — Maxi- niuwicz, /. r. .~ilKl), are the most eominonly cultivated Maplc-trec8 in the gardens of Japan, in which they are consMlered indispentta- hle ; and the last holiday excursion of the year is made late in the autumn by the Japan<>se lover of nature to look on the brilliant cobtrs of A. pnli/mtirp/tiim.(\if^\n, Japan nurh lieiteti und Studieti itn Au/traffe der Ki'miiflirh PreMAxinchen Hetjieruutj dargestellt^ ii. Slifi.) As a general rule the Knropean Maples which have been plantcti in the I'nited States have not proved long-lived or handsome trees. The exception is the Norway Maple (/lar platanaide.'t), which tiourishes here, especially in the ncighborlnnKl of the ocean, a.s well ati any of the indigenous species, reprotliieing itself naturally and abundantly. Arer Psewin-Platatim, the most stately and beauti- ful of the Kuropean Maples, and one of the most beautiful trees of the genus when it grows in the tnoumaiu valleys of central ICurope, fails to Ix^conie a large or long-lived tree in the United States ; and none of the .Asiatic species which have Itccn planted here appear capable of lulapting themselves permanently to the climate. tj SAI'INIIALI i:. itl ar coininoii iiiii mill .Ia|>!m,^ ICS of SDIlllll'I'M 11.' ami twelve t<. ilif Atlantic ('\tt'riils across ;ciit and yields 'ics is inaiiiil'ac- /'s(ll,/,,./'/,ll wiiittT fodder anch. iv. 'J, ir,r> ; Fl. Sci. St. iVterubvurg^ — Miuiiiiowicz, Hull. 1. X <»<>7]), Acer Jn- , I. c. IH):!), Ixith in Fl. Jap. 'JO. — Maxi- ItivatiMl Miiplo-trces nsiilrrcil iii(lisfH>iis.v r is iimdr lati' in the iiok on tli(> hiilliiint Vi.twi uud Sftiilieti im largrnteUt, ii. ;t'jr». ) li liHvc Iktm pIunUM) 1 or lifiiulxomc trrrn. platauoitie.i), whit'h [>f the peur the climate. BAI'INDACKit: S/IAW OF NOirrii AMKincA, 81 Acer is Jittarkcil l»y :i nuiiilirr of iiijiii-ioiis insH-ts,' and is utl'ected, altli(>i];r|i not very Herinusly, liy variuiiH t'iii);^al diicaMs. Acer, llu! cliissical naiiu' of the Miiplclrcts was adopted lor i\\v riiiiitiinriy WfMMlfi. In AniiTicii athl in l-luro|H- the ililf'cn-nt spciicM are tnjiirrd by inuny inHi>cl>t. Packanl han fminil thirtv-»ix H|M>cic.H (/t'l//. No. 7, ('. S. Fnliimulni/. t'lunm. KKl). whiih prohahly rcpri'st-nt but a •in ill prn|H)rlioii of tlioHe living n|Kni Maph-tri-i-M in tliit countr) ; wliilt' Kiilti-nhach has cniinii'rati-ii ni> \vnn than HJxty-?iix fnnnd on tlu'sr tni'H ill (itTinany alone (/>ir l*jUtnz'H-j) uht uhh 'l>r ('iii.i.''f der Iti.ierlrtt, HT). 'Ihr larp- Sii^mf Maple horer ('»V'/.- */»i'W .«/*<( i- Ofu-t) in una of the inoHt tlan};ernii.H licctlcH whieli infect theHe trecA in thin country, often canitin^ their death (llarriH, lmrctn lujunnfin to I'rifi'tiUiou, ed, 'J, 101), anH have rarely U-en serious onoii^'li to attract general attention. Apliiil.s ipiite freipirntly infest Maple-trees, and the scale inseit known a.s the Cottony .\laple Seale {l*\dvinnrin inuHmirnhilts, Uatli- von) in often exeeedinj^'ly tronblesouH' and destiuetive. (.1. |). INitiiani, /V«r. iMreuport Arwl. ii. litKi.) .■I rer AV(/»tm/fi, besides iK'in^ liabhr to injury by the borinj; and folia^e-eatiin* insecLs which prey »>n the other Maples, is peculiarly liahle to defoliation by the Fall Web-worm (Hull. 10, />iV. Fnt. Dip. Affric. 1MS7, 10) ; and the Hi»\ FIder bii;; {1,,-ptnrons triviUn- tuf) is reported as seriously alTeetinj; the growth of this tn'e. (First Ann. Hip. Knusn:* Kr Sttilion, IS.HS, 'J'JO.) * A con..iderable jiiinilK-r of fnni;i are parasitic upon Maples. As a rule, howeviT, they art? comparatively free fnitn seritais dis- eanos causetl by fun^i, and the species found upon them, wliile possessing much Imtanical interest, cannot be said to be of f^reat importance from the point of view of the arborieulturi.st. In Fu- ropc a disc:ise caused by Ctrcimpora aceriua, U. liartig, utVccts seedliii^^s of the different species ; it has not yet !H*en observed, however, in (his country, where tin- riiltivalitui of Mapb-s frmn seed i.'i not very often attempted on a lar|;e scale. The most striking funpil di»ea»4' of Maple.<< in the I'nited States is that causei) by Hfiifti.iiiui iinriuum, Fr., whii'h prt black and more or less cir- cular and itiickein'd spots of considt>nihte si/e ou the leaves. It is paiticiilaily con->pieiious on the narrower lobes of the leaves of the .Silver Maph-, and i^* also common on the leaves of the Ked and Sii^ar Maples. On tliose species which affect northern or moun- tainous re;;ions, such ils A. /'ennniflrnuUttin ami .1. sptattntn, a si-e- uinl form (lihutinma punrttitHtn, Fr.) is nuire freipiently found. It differs in appearance from the first sitccicn in that the blotches are not u uniform black mass, but are a^'<;re^rations of small black s|H>ts. The leaves aff«'i ted with Ithvlisnui are conspicuous in thu aniiimn, aUlMui^b the fnripis does not nuitnre until winter and after the leaves liave lallcn. Hhijtismn anrmuiii is conunun in Ameriia, where it is founil frotii Maine to Louisiana and California, as well as in Fiirope. Allhoo^Oi le-^s <'on'*picnous to tlie eye, other leaf fun;ri are more injurious 'to Maples than the Khytisnia. In adilition to tlie Furopeau species, (ilitmporium iiciriituni, \\vsU\., and FhhuHpom ilivrw, Sace., occur on the Silver Maple in the Cnited States, the last \w\\\^ common also on Acrr Xfffutul" in ('alifortiia. This is the American species Hrst dcscrilHul by Iterke- ley and Curtis umler the name ttf Sphirrop-tii miuimii C/'rcriV/fd, iii. -), (i'ltiilhstirlii itcirirola^ C. &. F., Ffiomit minima, Saee.), which attaiks A. hurhutum, A.rnhrum, and A. I'musiflninicnm in the niirtlicrn .states, forminjj rather small scattered spots which are while, thin, and britth' with a black border. This fundus is occa- sionally so prevalent as to di^tijjure and injure the trei-s. In more moiintainitns districts, A. Ptnu.ti/li'anirtint, esjieeially wlu-n youn|;, is badly infe>ted by Siptoriit nrmnn (*Jo/A Ann. H'p. A'. Y. Slati' Mu- $ium, K7), which forms brown irref;ularly polyj^onal spots on which an* sprinkled the browni.sli fruit dots. When abundant and mature this fungus sonietinies covers the leaves, and the copious spores exude in powdery whitish masses. Of fungi U'longing to the /VrLtporiiunr or mildews, I'nrinuUi rirrtnatii, C. & 1'., replacing the Furopean I'. .Ic/nv, is common on nearly all the Maples of the northern states. This plant forms a thin while mesh with scattered minute black globules usually on the under >tde of the leaves. Of the species of fungi fouiul on tho trunks and branches of Maples, the greater jMtrtiou lielong to the Ft,Ten(iinifri(ts and Ii;/inerHnnf/i-piou8 ; Ic.ivcs simple. Flowers ,is„ally polygu.no-.nonaMiuus in tcT.ninal raco.nes on leufy l.ranHics. appearing later than the leaves. HowcMs ill dense ii|iright raieiius. ^ IVtals lin i-spatulate. .nMol. Un.^n- than tlu- sepal.s ; leaves three or .slightly live-lobe,! . 1. A. .sncATUM. FluHiTs in ilrooping raeeiiii's. IVtals ohovale ; ovary an,l young fr.iil glabrous ; leaves tl.ree-lol.e,! at the apex ... 2 A. Pfnnsvi VANICUM IVtals olM.vale; ovary ami young fruit i,airy: leaves deeply e,l .'J. A. MACBon.VLLtiM. ' 1' lowers in tenuinal pe.luiuulate eoryiiilis, ai)peariiig with the leaves. Flowers usually polygain.iinoiueeiuiis; petals involute, iniii'li shorter than the sepals; leaves palinalelv seven to ei.'ht-lolied ... < > „, „ ■ , ■*■ '^- " ■K'l-NATUM. !• lowers usually ]iolygainodi,LTious ; pel,als linear, as long as the sepals: leaves three- lobed or three-parted .... r . p,, ,, ' •'•A. liLAIlKUM. flowers usually polygamo-niona'cioiis, in nearly sessile umbel-like terminal and lateral eor- ymbs, app.Mring with the leaves. Flowers a,,elalous; leaves three to live-lobed .!. A. ..AltUATUM. Flowers preeoiious, usually polygamo-j;i. — Don, Gen. S,/st. i. (>t8. — Audubun, IlinLi, t. KM. — Spmli. Ann. Sri. Snt. ser. 'J, ii. 1G3; Hist. Veij. iii. 87. — Torrcy & (iray. /'V. N.Am.'x. '.M(j.— Dietiicli, .S'//«. ii. 1 '-'S 1 . — Torny. Fl. S. Y. i. I.'J."i. — Chaimiiin, /'Y. 80. — Ciiitis, AV/i. (•nilnij. Sun: .Y. C'li: 18(10, iii. iVJ. — Hucliciiiui, Hot. Zeit. xix. 'JSr>. t. 11. f. 'j;!. — Knell, ]tvitilr. i. ,V."_'. — Kiiicison, 7'/vcs Miisx. cil. '_'. ii. ,'i(17, t. — Hill. /I'c/). (It'oliHj. Sure. Clin. 1878-80, r,V Sargent, Fnre.il Trees X. Am. ltl//i, (\'H,vi(,< I'. S. ix. 4(i. — I'ax, Kmjler lint. Jiilirh. vii. 188. — Watsiin & Coulter, (Iray's Man. ed. (>, 117. — WiMiiiifl, Gen. Aeer, Ki. A. Pennsylvanicum, I)u Uoi, Disx. (11 ; Uarhk. Jiaum. i. 22, t. 2 (nut Liniiii'ns). — Wiinijcnlicini, Sunlnni. Ilttls. 82, t. 12. f. no. — Mai-sliall, Arhust. Am. '.'. — Castifjlioni, Vinfj. net//l Stnt'i I'h'tti. ii. 172. A. piirvillorum, Kliiliurt, lle'itr. iv. 2.1; vi. 40. — Moencli, .Melh. ,-)(!. A. montanum. Ailon. Ilmi. h'ew. iii. 4l!."i. — Sclimiilt. Ointr. Iliiuin. i. lo, t. 11. — Micljaux, //. line.- Am. ii. 2,"):i. — Willdi'now, Sjiee. iv. 1188; J'Jiinm. 104;").^ I)i sfoiitaincs, lli.it. .\rli. i. .'101. — Nimveau Dnliinnel, iv. 'X\. — Trat- tini.'k. Arehie. i. t. l.'i. — I'lirsli. /'V. .1 ,SV/,.'. i. 207.— Nuttall. Gen. i. 2.I.'). — (inimpcl. ( i 'aync. .Mihilil. Huh. :,\). t. 48. — llaync. Demlr. J .. — KUiott. .S7>. i. 4.")2. — S|ircn^'il. Stiat. ii. 224. — Hooker, Fl. lior.-Am. i. 111. — liimiow, i-i. y;,'.-, and are then lanceolate, jiale and paju'ry, and in fallinj;- leave n.irrow scais surroundinu,- the hase of the hranehlcts. The leaves are memhranacetnis. three or sliolitly llve-lohed with taper-pth hy somewhat le.ss in hreadth, and are home on slender petioles two or three inches lonj? with eidar^ed bases. Thev are pidierulous on the upper and densely tomentose on the lower surface when they tinfold, and at maturity are hoary-puhescent helow and frlahrous ahove. The petiole is often scarlet in summer, while the hiade of the leaf, whi(di turns later to various .shades of orange and scarlet, is still hrifjht green. The miinite jj;reenish yidlow flowers are jirodiiced t()o;ether, the fertile towards the hase, and the sterile at the ends of narrow many-tlowered lonn'-stemmed uprii;ht sliohtly comiiound puhescent racemes which ajipear during the month of dune after the leaves are fully grown. The pedicels are thread-lik(! and half t(t three (piarters of an iucli in lenglh. The calyx-lohes are narrowly ohovale, colored, puhescent on the outer surface, and much shorter than the linear-spatulate pointed petals. There are .seven or eight stamens inserted immeiliately uniU'r the ovary, with slender glahrous filaments as king as the petals in the .sterile flower and ahout the length (d' the sepals in the fertile flower, and glandular anthers. The ovary is densely (oated with pale tomentum, and in the sterile flo\,er is reduced Ii 8i SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. SAPINUACEiK. to a niinuto point surroumleil by a twft of pale hairs. Tlie style is coliimniu uul almost as loiif^ as the [ji'tuls, with very short stignuitie lobes. The fruit is almost glabrous, withnioie or less divergent wings, and is rather more than an inch across. It is fully grown and bright red in 'luly, turning brown late in the autumn, the racemes then being pendulous or nearly so. The seed is an eighth of an inch long, with a smooth dark test;i and thick Heshy cotyledons. Acer xpicaliim is common in all the region from the valley of the lower St. Lawrence River to norther!! Minnesota and the Saskatchewan, and extends southward throi!gh the northern states and along the A])pahu'hiun Mountains to !!ortheri! Georgia. It is represented i!! the Horaof eastern Asia by a pla!it widely distributed from Ma!!t'bi!ria to Japan, hardly distinguishable from the American tree.' Acer xpicalum grows o!! moist rocky hillsides i!i the shade of other trees, and at the north is rarely more than a spreading shrub, becomii!g really a tree only o!i the westeri! slopes of the high inou!!biina of Te!iiiessee and North Carolina, where it occurs in great abundance in forests of the Sugar Maple, the Beech, the Birch, the Hemlock, the Buckeye, and che Ash, often formii!g a considerable portion of the undergrowth. The wood of ^Iccr Kpicatum is light, soft, and close-grained, with thin inconspicuous medullary rays. It is light brow!i ti!iged with red, with thick lighter colored siipwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5330, a cubic foot weighing 33.22 pounds. Acer splcntum, according to Aiton," was cidtivated i!! England as early as 1750 by Archibald, Duke of Argyll,^ but it was not described by a!!y bot;»!iist u!itil twenty years later. It is now rarely cultivated, although well worth a place in the shrubbery. ' A.npicatum^ vnr. Uhirunduensff Mazitnowicz, Prim, FL Amur. fi". ; Hull. .1 mil. Sri. St. /'. Imbourfi, xxvi. IIW ( Mdl. liiol. x. r,'M). — Fiaiuliit & Savatior, Enum. PI. Jap. i. 88. — i'ox, Etigler Hoi. .InMi. vU. 189. A. Ukumndueruf, MiildendorUf, Fl. Ochotsk. No. 78. ' // )rr. Kcw. iii. 435. • See i. 108. EXPLANATION OK TUK PLATES. Fi.ATK LXXXIL Acer spicatum. 1. A flowering branch, n.-itiiral »\ie. 'i. A [itaniinatB flower, enlarged, it. Vertical section of a utaminatc flower, enlarged. 4. An anther, front view, enlarged. ,'), Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged, ti. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. Platk LXXXIIL Acrr mi-icatum. \. A fruiting lir.tncli, natural size. U. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. ;!. A seed, enlarged. 4. An embryo, much iimgnitied. 5. A winter branclilet, natural size. SAPINUACK^. • 1 ' 1 as loiifif as the iverfreiit wings, * ng brown late f an inch long, ■ J rence River to , { I em states and 'astern Asia by V^meriean tree.' lortli is rarely ■ igli niountiiins Sngar Maple, able portion of ous medullary ' cific gravity of by Archibald, is now rarely • o. 78. ( I I' it' V !i '■ i' V V n ' 8 /' ^ ■ . '1 II '■',' '. i' I ').?" ■ f.orlh Alri'-r:. % ^ i> u \ -^ ACER SPICMUM ^ m :• M n 1 i h ACER SPICATUM. ( iV.-.>, /-■'«.>■ ,/u^i ' ■,; ;'.,...., ,'i<.'= tmBMsumiiamiil w ■ h I BAl'INUACKiK. aiLVA OF M)IiTIl AMERICA. 89 ACER PENNSYLVANICUM. Striped Maple. Moose Wood. Fl.oWKUS in lonj5 drr)(>|)in;^ racemes; petals obovate, as long as the sepals; ovary and jounjj; fruit glabrous. Leaves li-lobed at the aj)ex. Acer PennBylvanioum, I^innieiis, i9/)cr. 1055. — Micliuiix, /■'/. I'wr.-Am. ii. '-'.">-. — Willilenow, 6'/"'''- '*'■ '-"^'Ji t-niiin. 1()4.'">. — Dpsfontulnes, Hint. Arli. i, .'I'.tl. — Noiioeitu l>u- hamii, iv. W'l. — Trattinick, Arrlili'. i. t. II. — llayne, J)ni(lr. Ft. '.'10. — Kllmtt, Sk. i. iri 1 . — Torrey , /■V. iV. Y. i. I.'i.'i. — Sprungt'I, Si/nt, ii. '1'1\. — 'I'oproy & (jruy, /■/. A'. Am. i. •JKl. — llcokcr, Fl. llnr.-An. i. Ill- Gray, dm. in. ii. '_>()(), t. 174, f. 1-;}. — rimimmn, /v. 80. — CurtiH, liei,. (Jfnlmj. Sum. N. Oir. 18C)t>, iii. 62.— Itiichcimii, I kit. y.,!t. xix. 285. t. 1 1, f. L'l. — ICch, l>ni, ft'ti'. — .SttrKi'iit, Furent Treeji U. Am. loth Veitau.i U. S. ix. Iti. — I'ax, Enyler Hut. Jahrh. vii. 215. — Wtttnon & Coulter, Gniy't Man. ed. 6, 117. — Wi'siiiai'l, din. Acer, 4G. A. Canndenae, Mar»liall, Arhunt. Am. 3. A. Btriatum, l)ii Uu\, DUs. .58; llnrlik. Unnm. i. 8, t. 1. — Wuiifjinliiiin. Siiriltim. Iltih. 2'.), t. 12, f. 28. — Cai>ti);li- oni, Viii'j. neijli Stall i'niti, ii. 172. — Lamarck, Diet. ii. ;t81. — Kliiliart, Ihitr. iv. 25. — Selimiilt, Ot.ilr. lianm. i. I.'i, t. 10. — Mociicli, Meth. .50. — IVmouii, Si/n. i. 417. — .Micliaiix f. //iV. Arh. Am. ii. 242, t. 17. — l'iir*li, /•v. .till. Sijit. i. 2ri7. — Nnttall, den. i. 2r>:i. — I )e Cari- ilollu, I'rudr. i. 5'.>:!. — Watson, Dendr. Ilrit. ii. t. 170. — Dciii, den. Syst. i. t>48. — Loudon, Arh. Jirit. i. 407. I. — .Spacli, .inn, Sci. Nat. .ser. 2, ii. 1(12 i I/iiit. Veij. iii. 85. — DJL'trii'li. Si/n. ii. 1281. — llijjclow, /'/. Ilo.iton. ril, .'t, 407. A sniiiU trei>, thirty or forty fei't in hci^^lit, with a short trunk iMi;lit or ten inches in diameter and slender u|)ri;e proportion of their shriilihy under- (K'lirs ill till- tlora of .fa|iuli in A. ruliiiiro' (Sicliold .Sc /ili-ciil'ilii, Miliimd. Akwl. Muiuh. iv. •.', I.m ; I'l. Jiij,. ii. «•"■, t. 1 IS. — Maxi- iiiuwicz. y>ri//. t '(/'/. Sci. St. P'tt rshourij, xxvi. 1-11 [.Mii|. itint. x. .I'.XiJ), wliiill 1^ Imrcly ili.-17"!l) was a imllvo iit liiitluiia anil ii favor- ite pupil anil ilisiipip of I.inii.TUH, at wlmso instanoi' In- wiw si>nt hv tlic Swi'tlish f^ovi'miniMit to travi'l in Anit'rira, whiTi- ho lanileil in 1718 and i-ciiiainoil during tlirco yoam, dovotiitf^ tlii-ni to oxplora- tion~ of Ihc ll'Ta and naliiral irsourcus of the middle and northern statoi*. On hi:i return lo .Sweden Kulm was appointed profoHsor of liotuiiy in the I'tiiversity at .Alio, and pul>li.-.|u'd ( IT.'ill-lTlil ) an ac- count of his Aniorii'an travels. \ (lennau edition of this iutcrent- in^ IhioIi .siKui appeared, and Wiu followed in \77)1 hy an KiiKliKli edition. Thin is the iiiuHt important of Kului'i. pnhlisheil worku, although he wnite a number uf butanieal treatises. His ineinory is |M'r{)etiiuted by the name uf the lieantiful Mountain Laurel, A'a/- iiiKi, iK'stowed \>\ his master, I.tiinieus. ^ The earliest lij^iri' uf Arrr Pefiti,ii/tvaninim was published by Duhamel in the Trnih' ile» AThres in 17iV> (i. -8. t. I'J). * Aiton. llit't. Hew. iii. VXJ. HAriNDACi':^; >ii;r ami ii little Htaini'im, wliii'li Tlic piHtil is adiiifr rcciii'vcil licit is |)r()(lu('c(l u'li lonjr, and is >ii{r with a (lark le valley of the of fjakt' Huron lit' interior and leorjjia.' ed of the Suj^ar II some parts of |ien situations it he slopes of the I. ntinieroufl thin 1 to forty layers ; foot weifjhin^ are turned into aeehariiie juiec, , consists in its d-seales in early innn colors, an -M ACllR PhNNSYL/AIilCUM, .1 Hi.' • ■ <"■•" ' ',' ,'.f'''iJ ■ '«w 1 11 I i n ( ■ r. /■ac.'f li: ACER PENN?.\T.VANICUM is 'i/.».'.'.VA/* >:i,t*.r infr-rmtintt'iPi , r SAl'lNl)ACEi»;. iilLVA OF NORTH AiMEL'K A. «!t ACER MACROPHYLLUM. Broad Leaved Maple. Fi,()\vi;us in long tlrooping riicunics ; ovary and young fruit hairy. Leaves deeply 5.1ol)ed. Acer macropbyllum, I'uruli, Fl. Am. Se/if. i. 2('>7. — I'oin't, Liiiii. I)ht. Siippl. V. 00!). — Niitliill, (ifii. i. 'J.").'l ; Sijli'ii, ii. 77. t. 07. — Dc C'liiuIulK', Vrixlr. i. .VJt. — .Spreiigi'l, SyM. ii. L".'."i. — Ilimker, Fl. /hr.-Am. i. UL'. t. .'W. — Don, (Jen. Si/.it. i. OIS. — S|iiu'li, Ann. Sri. X'. A". A'c//. iv. 7t; lliif. .I/cr. /luiinil. Siiro. 47; Hot. ir///,c.s Fjr/i/iii: Kriii'l. 2,')S. — Newberry, I'ucijir Ii. Ii. Hill. vi. 21, (lit. — Cooper, I'ueific H. Ii. Rep. xii. 2S, r)7. — I^yiill, ./»/(;•. JJiiii. tloc. vii. 134, 14-1. — liolaiulcr, I'nir. ('ill. .|///r/. iii. 7H. — ^ liothruck. Sm!f/i.'. ix. 47. — I'lix, Eiiijliir Hut. Jiilirh. vii. 190. — Wcsiiiai'l, Gen. Arer, 17. A. palmatum. Kalimsciue. A'cic /'/. i. 18 (not Thuiiberg). A tree, t'if^lity to a. Iiiindreil feet hifijh, with a tall straire are nine or ten stancns with orange-colored an- thers and long slender filaments, hairy at tiie liase, exserted in the .stciile. and included in the fertile fiower. The ovary is coated witii paK' tonu-ntum, and in tiie staminate flower is reduced to a minute rudiment; tlu' styles are united at the iiase only ; and tlu' stigmas are long and exserted. The fruit, w Inch is fully grown by the first of July, is then pale green, and ripens late in the autumn ; the nutlets I- 'i ■I'M n\ 90 SILVA OF A'ORTII AMKlilCA. SAPINDACKyK nri' covurt'd with l()ii<^ p:ili> hairs, :iii an inch ami a lialt' in length, hall' an inch in hroadth, shfjlitly tlivt'i'^t'nt, ami ^lahrous with tiu; i-xct'ption of a IVw hairs on the thickened edije. The seed is a (jiiarter of an indi loii}?> with a dark claret-colored rnfjose pitted coat ami I'oliaceons cotyledons. .Icir iiKivro/i/li/l/iiiii inhabits the coast of Alaska houIIi of latiiide ;") iiorth ; it occnrs on the islands and coast of Hritisli Coliiniliia. is widely and generally distrihiited thronf^h Wasliini^ton and Oretjon west of the Cascide Mountains, and spreads south alonj; the coast ranj;es and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of ("aliforiiia to the San nernardino Mountains and to Hot Sprinjf valley, San Diejjo t'ounty, rarely cxtcndinj;' more than four thousand feet aliovc the level of the sea. It <;rows al(in1-1H|'J) was born at Weeni in the county of IVrlli, Seothmd. and was early attaehed to the Hotanic (iurden of Kdinhurjjh, of whieh his l)rother William was afterwards curator. Through the aasistjinee of L)r. Hope, tlie professor of lM)t- any in the L'niveraity, he was enabled toobtain the decree of M. I). He then settled at Caernarvon, but soon enten^l the navy as assint- iiiit-surgcon on board the Xonsneh, and was present at the victory ">. Subsequently hi* served in the West Indies as a naval surgeon, but early in the cen- tury quitted the sea and established himself as a physician in Lon- diui. Men/ies mu8. SAt'lNDACKiK. ich in breadth, . Tlie sfi'il in yli'doiis. (K'ciirH on the iwliinf^ton and • wi'sti'in hIo))!' iiijr valley, San si'a. It f^rtiws ic rocky sloju's L' bottom-lands 'aiitifnl forests, lUer, especially ranched ronnd- •ained, and can h thiek lighter iwth, and many c foot wei^hinjJT )rms concentric wood produced and Orei^on is ndles.' rv by Archibald the members of ave been intro- if Europe, where remarkable for 'astern America, ast, and may be Eliiiiil ill 1789. Mcn- st to C'il|itaiil Vnnc'iiu- I vovHKO "f (iiii'ovcrv, [1 on tho coast of New Is, ami the northwoat ■95. Subsequently In' I, but early in the ccn- as a jihysieian in Loii- iral objects, cspeciHlly the Chilian Araiicaria. )» to the Heath family Vinerica and of eastern nie. !8. F.XPLANATION OK THK I'LATES. I'l.ATK 1, XXXVI. AlF.U MAclllll'IIYLLUM. 1. A tlimrriiij; liiuncli. iiatiirul »i/.a. \t. A .stiimiiiatf tlnwcr, Kiil.irf^ct!. .'(. \'i'rlic:il srrtion of ii »liiiuimiti' lldwor, eiilarncd. 4. A staiiii'ii, t'iilur);i'il. fi. A |iistillatc llower, iMilai'Hcil. 6. Vcrtii'iil srrtioii \r ' i M SAl'lNDACE^. :^ILVA OF NUliTII AM Kin (A. \)'6 1851, V'.tl, f. '.'lO. — Newberrv. I'a,-[lii- U. 1!. Jirp. vi. L'l, 69. — Coo|ier, t'arttic li. U. Hep. xii. "JS. ">". — I.vall, Jmir. Linn. ,SV. vii. 134. — Gray, Vrw, Am. Acml, viii. ;i7'.». — Kmli. Dniili: i. r,2:i. — Torri'v. Hot. Uill:,:i Kx- jiliii: /-.'.r/ifil. '.'.">H. — HrcwiT & Watson. Ilaf. Cal. i. 107. — (1. M. Dawson, Vnnndian Xnf. n. stT. ix. illJO. — Sargent, Fnre.it Trees N. Am. \i)th Census f. iS'. ix. 47. — Pax, Kmjler lint. Jii/irli. vii. 20.'i. — Wosiiiael, Gen. Acer, 'J'y. ACER CIRCINATUM. Vine Maple. Floweks in terminal unihtl-like corymbs ; petals involute, much shorter than the sepals. Leaves palmately 7 to 9-lobed. Acer circinatum, Purali, Fl. Am. Se/it. i. '.'()(>. — I'oiri't. L'im. Dirt. Su[)|il. v. {>{>'.>. — Nuttall, (len. i. 'J").'t; .lour. Phil. Anid.xii. 17 (excl. Hj-n.) ; .sy™. ii. SO, t. (17.— Dc Candolle, Frmlr. i. .'it),'). — .Sijrenfjcl. Si/st. ii. '.'LT). — Don, (len. Siiat.\. i\'A. — Loudun, Arli. Jlrit. i. 41.'2, f. 112. — Spaoli, Ann. Sei. Aat. ser. 2, ii. Itii): I/i.it. Veg. iii. 97. — Torrey & (Jray, Fl. N. Am. i. 247. — Ilouker. Fl. Iior.-Am. i. 112. t. :«). — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1282.— Lindley, Paxton Fl. O'nrd. ii. 150, f. 210; Ganl. Chron. A. virgatum. Uatlnesciue, .'-eic Fl. i. 48. A low tree, rarely thirty or forty feet in height, often vine-like or prostrate, with a trnnk ten or twelve inelies in diiinieter covered with thin smooth bright red-hrown hark marked hy numerou.s shallow tisi-inrcs ; or often a low wide-spreading shrnb. The branehlets are glabrons, sometimes pale green and sometimes reddish brown, frequently covered late in the season and during their first winter with a glaucous bloom, and occasionally marked with small lenticular spots. The winter-buds are an eighth of an inch long, rather obtuse, and furnished at the base with a short brown papery suiipetiolar .scale with ciliate margins. The outer bud-scales are rounded on the back, rather thin, and i)right red ; they inclose a pair of thick scales coated with den.se white tomentum which ])rotect the inner series ; these are green in the bud and lengthen with the growing shoot until at maturity tiu-y are two inches long, a quarter of an inch broad, obovate-spatidate, rounded at tlie a])ex. contracted into a long narrow claw, bright rose-colored, and more or less hairy-pubescent, especially on the outer surface. The leaves are almost round in outline, palmately seven to nine-lohed sometimes nearly to the middle, with acute lobes sharply and irregularly doubly-serrate ; they are conspicuously palmately-nerved with primiinent veinlets, and are cordate at the base by a broad shallow sinus, or sometimes almost truncate, two to seven inches across, and borne on stout grooved petioles one or two inches long which clasp the stem by their large bases; they are tinged with rose-color when they unfold and are then somewhat puberulous, principally on the lower surface and the petioles, but at maturity are glabrous with the exception of a tuft of pale hairs in the axils of the large veins on the upper surface ; they are thin and membranaceous, dark green above and paler below, and in the autumn turn orange and scarlet. The llowers appear when the leaves are about half grown in loose ten to twenty-llowered umbel-like corymbs drooping on long stems from the ends of slender two-leaved branehlets, the staminate and j)istillate llowers being jirodiiced together. The sepals are oblong or obovate, acute, villous, pur])le or red, and much longer than the greenish white broadly cordate ae\!.te petals which are folded together at the a])ex. There are from six to eight .sbimens with slender filaments villous at the base, exs.'rted in the sterile (lower, and in the fertile flower shorter than the petals. The ovary is glabrous with spreading lobes, and is surmounted by a stylo divided near the base into long exsertcd stigmas ; in the staminate flower it is reduced to a small poin surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs. The fruit is two or three inelu's long with thin wings which spread almo.st at right angles to the peduncle and, like the nutlets, are red or ro.si^-colored in early sum- mer, when the fruit is fully grown, although it does not ripen until late in the auiumn. The seed is ovate, with a pale chestnut-brown testa and foliaceous cotyleat (liniiMilties and dangers, iind from liis untimely and horrible death, a eonspienous figure in the annals tif Aineriean botanical eiploration. Douglas, who had been trained by Sir Wil- liam Hooker and hiid made a short botanical journey in e.'ustern America in ISJM, was sent in IS'JI by the way of I'ape Horn to the Columbia Uiver, where he arrived in April, 1H*J,5. He S|, AbUs amahili^t and /*iiiu.t Lflmhrrtiilntt, the largest of its rjiec. In .Marcb. 1H*J7, |)ouglas started from Kort \'ancouvi'r on the Columbia, erosscil the continent by the Hudson's Hay posts, and embarked for Kngland, which be reached in OctultiT of the same year. Two years later he left Kngland for the last tinie and reaebcd the mouth of the Cidnmbia on the lid of .June, 18;W), re- maining in Oregtm until the autumn, when be sailed for Monterey. Here he r(>mained until the next sununer, discovering no less than a buudri'd atul fifty species of undescribtMl plants, and then saileil for the S.'indwicb Islands. In the autunm of this year he returned to the Columbia Kivcr, and in the following suniuu'r extended his exploration !is far north as the Fraj^cr liivcr, in which he was wrecked, losing his collections und instrunu'nts and barely escaping with his life. Hut the beauties of tropical vegetation lured him from the awful solitude of the sombre Kir forests of t!ie northwest, and in October, IS^Ul, he suilcd again for the Sandwich Islands. Here he passed tbo winter, aud on the IJtIi of .Inly, IH^M, while engaged in ex])loring the high peaks of the islands, he fell into a pit in wliicli a wild bull had Ihumi captured, and several hours later was found dead and terribly mangled. Pougbis is saiil to have introduced two hiinilred and seventeen spei-ies of plants into Knglish gardens, the list including many valu- able aiul beautiful trees like the HedwootI, the .Sugar I'iiie, and the Douglas Kir. No other collector lias ever reaped such a harvest in America, or associated his name with so many useful plants. Hy an unfortunate ha/anl of fate the noble Dougl.-LS Kir, the most im- portant tinil)cr-tree introduced by Douglas, and one of the must valuable trees in the world, docs not, as might well have Iwen the ease, perpetuate his name in the language of science, and it is a bumble primrose-like alpine herb which eommeiuoratcs this ex- plorer of forests and iliscoverer of mighty trees. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. ■ I I Plate LXXXVIII. Aif.k circinatum. 1. A flov»cring braneli. natural size. 2. A stainiiiate flower, enlarged. 3. Vertical section of a staminatu flower, enlarged. 4. A jiistillate flower, enlarged. 5. A jietul, mlurijcJ. ti. \'ertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 7 A fruiting lirancli, natural size. Vi, Vertiial section of » snnmra. natural size. 9. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 10. An einliryo displayed and much magnified. 11. Winter-buds, natural size. I HAl'INI)ACEi»; iroufjh Wiisliiiij;- l)IU( of till' Il><).st (if fdiir tliimsiiiiil i-liiiuls. In sui^li Iff ill wiilo t'urvus irni imiiuiietnible at no other plant 'ommon, growing it is light brown ilLiry rays. The iinils. It is used oast for the bows r by the members It was iiitroiluced ieeds from David ist, forming a low lid, flowering and sver by any of the [iver, in which he wiis iita ami l>arcl_v uscapiiij; 1 voj;t!tation hired hiin urt'sts uf t!iL' nortliwfst, thi! Sandwieh lahiiuls. th of July, lS:n, while 10 islands, he full iiitu u and several hours later hundred and seventeen st iiieludinR many valu- the .Sujjar I'ine, and the ■eaped such a harvest in lany useful plants. By )u;^l.is Kir, the most im- s, and one of the most lij^ht well have been the ; of seienee, and it ia a eommnmorates this ex- argod. tiiral siio. freil. niagnilieil. i' i' ii i N-v:' .'.«„•■, .!■! ACER CIRCtNATUM.'.-.^ I I ,■!/*■ 1 ii !i n ^Al'lNDAlKiK. t7 pounds. Aid' (jl(ihru)ii was discovered in the valley of the Bear River by Dr. .Tames,' the naturalist of the United States Exploring Expedition which reached the Kocky Mountains in 1820 under command of Major Stephen H. Long. It was introduced several years ago into the Botanic Garden of Harvard College, where, as in the ArnoUl Arboretum, it is perfectly hiirdy, forming a small shrub which flowers and iiuits everv year. * F^lwiii Janif.s {1707-lHtiI), host known an tht* botauiat ami his- torian of Lonjj's Kooky Mountain Kxpoditioii, was liorn in W't-v- bridgf, ViTuiont, and ediu-atrd at the Miihili'hury At-aiU'iny in that state, aftorwanis stuilyintj nu'dicine in Alhaiiy, N'fw York, whtTc, under the inspinitioa of Katon, he became interested in natural sei- once. In IS'JO Dr. James, havinjj Iteen appointed a suri^eon in the United States army, was attaehed as naturalist to the party sent ttt explore the then little known eentral part of the continent, and ni.ade many interestinj; diseoverit-s on the alpine heijjhts of the cen- tral Hoeky Mountains, whieh he was the Hrst botanist to reaeli. Dr. ifanies remaiued in the army initd 183(), and then returned to Albany where lie engap;*'** '" editorial duties, and in 1830 removed to Hurlinf^ton, Iowa, then ou the very edge of tlie wilderness. Kxtrenie views on moral and religious subjects separated liira from the W()rhl, and he ))assed the last years of his life, brought to an end by an unfortunate ueciilent, as a reelusc. Jamesia, a delicate shrub of the Saxifrage family, represented by the single species discovereil by Dr. .lames in the Uoeky Mountains, perpetuates hi:* name. (See Am. Jour. Sri. scr. 2, xxxiii. A'2S.) EXPLANATION OF THK PLAIK. Plate LXXXIX. Acek (ilabrum. A branch with .stnniinate ilowora. natural size. A branch witli pistillate tlowers. natural size. Vertical soetion of a staniinate Hower, enlarged. Vertical section of a pistillate Hower, enlarged. 0. Fruiting branches, natural size. Vertieal section of a fruit, enlarged. Vertieal section of u seed, eidarged. An embryo, niueli niagnilieil. A three-parted leaf, natural size. A winter branchlet, natural size. SAriNDACEA;. :ew humlied feet id canons of New I or often nearly fie gravity of the 3 naturalist of the mJer coniniand of arden of Harvard irub which flowers , ami then returned to Us, and in 183G rpinoved edge of tlie wilderness, iects separated him from iif his life, hrought to an use. Jamesia, a delicate ed hy the single species ountains, periictimtes his 1U8,) lif! ii I. ii ;lv.:» o!' rin-a, Atucr'u-.i ACER GLABRUM !.■;: .1 ,')'tOr'tUt.l '/!''t'-l -•V/'/{'.'i.V(.V.-' ■'•}'• :■ I, BAl'LNUACK,!;. aiLVA OF NOliTlI AMElilCA. 97 ACER BARBATUM. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. Flowers in nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs, apetalous. Leaves U to 5-lobe(l. Acer barbatum. Miihanx, Ft. Jior.-AnuW. 2't'i. — WilMe- now, jS'/'ic. \\\ '.)Slt. — I'oirct, Lmn. l>iil. Suppl. ii. T<1T\. — I'ursh, I'l. Am. S^/jI. i. 'JIUI. — NutUiU, (,'fn. i. LT).'!. — Klliott, A'A-. i. 4.51.— I)e CaiiddlU-. /Vw/c i. r, (ill part). — Sargent, Gnrileii itnd Fori -if, ii. :m. A. saochorinum. Wanpenheim, Nordam. IIols, 26, t. 11, f. 20 (not I.innii^us). — Lamarck, Piet. ii. .'J79. — Caatiglioni, Vlaij. iiiyj/i S/dfi Uniti, ii. 171. — Srliniiilt, Ocitr. liiiam. i. 12, t. 8. — Walter, Fl. Cm: 'J'A. — Aiton. Jforf. Kcic. iii. 434. — Klirliart, lieitr. iv. 24. — I'ersoon. Sijn. i. 4 1 7. — Noui'eaii Ituhamel, iv. 29, t. 8. — Willileiiow, Sjirc. iv. '.Wr<: Kniim. 1044. — Dcsfontaine.s, //iV. .Ir*. i. 392. — Trattinick, Ari'hii), i. t. 'A. — Micliaux f. Uiit. Art. Am. ii. 218, t. l.">. — Higelow. Fl. Uosfmi. 247. — I'lirsli, /Y. Am. .S>/,^ i. 2(1(1. — Nuttall, den. i. 2ri,'i ; ,S'(//c,j, ii. 88. — Haync, Th;,dr. Ft. 214. — Klliott, Sk. i. l.-.d. — I)e C.an- ilolle. IWndr. i. .TO"). — Toriey. Fl. X. Y. i. l;i."). — Sprengel. .S'l/.sY. ii. 22."i. — Hooker, /•'/. llor.-Am. i. 113. — Don. (Ifii. Si/st. i. (l.')(J. — Spacli, Jlist. (V;/. iii. 99; Ann. Sii. X'if. ser. 2, ii. 17(t. — Undon, Arh. Ilrit. i. 411, {. 122, t.— Toirey & Cray, Fl. X. Am. i. 248. — Die- trich, Sijii. ii. 1282. — Walpeis, Uiji. i. 409. — Nees, PI. Med. .1. — Knierson. 7V»'< .-■ Muss. eil. 2. ii. .l.'iS, t. — Gray, (}eii. III. ii. 2(t(l, t. 174. — Ihirlington, Fl. Ce.itr. e.l. ;>, 45. — C'liapinan, Fl. 80. — Curtis, Jie/i. Geulnij. Siii-f. X. Cur. I8()0. iii. ill.— Hell, (leoloij. Hep. Cuibula. 1879- 80, .II'.— IJidjiwiiy, /'.•"(•. V. S. Xiit. Mils. 1882, 02.— Sargent. Forest Trees X. Am. \Ot/i Census V. S. i.\. 48. — Viix, Fnijler Hot. tinlirli. vii. 241. — Watson & Coulter, Omijs Man. ed. 0, 117. — Wesmael, Oen. Acer. 44. A. sacoharophorum, Koch, Hurt. Demlr. 80. A. Sacoharum, Hritton, Cat. I'l. N. ./. 78 (not Mar- shall). — Hitchcock, Trans. St. LoitU Acad. v. 490. A noble tree, a hutidrod or a hiiiidred and twontj' feet hij^b, witb a trunk throe or four feet in diameter, risinjr sometimes in tbe forest to the height of sixty .)r .seventy feet witiiout a braneh, or in open situations deveUiping, eight or ten feet from tlie ground, stout iijiright branehes whieh hnm, while the tree is young, a narrow egg-shaped lieiid, and iiegin to spread when it is Hfty or sixty years old, gradually making a broad round-topped dome often seventy or eighty feet across. The bark of large trunks is from a half to three cpiarters of an inch thiek, and is broken into deep longitudinal fur- rows, the light gray-brown surface separating into small scales. The bark of the young triuiks and of the priiu'ipal branches i.s pale and smooth or .slightly fissured. The branchlets are green when they appeiir, but by the end of the first season become orange-brown; they are then lustrous and marked with numerous large pale oblong lenticels, and are encircled at the base with the scars left by the falling of the accrescent inner hud-scales ; in the secoiul winter they are pale brown tinged with red, and are still faintly marked with lenticels. The winter-buds are acute, a tiuarter of an inch in length, and covered with about sixteen purple slightly puherulous j)ointed scales imbricated in jjairs, those of the outer pairs being much reduced in size. The inner .scales lengthen with the growing shoot until at maturity they are an inch and a half long, narrowly obovate, contracted at the apex into a short blunt point, thill, coated with ptdieseenee, and bright canary-yellow. The leaves are three to five-lobed with rounded sinuses and u.sually acute s{)aringly sinuate-toothed hibes, and with three to five consjiicuous pale primary veins iind reticulated veiiilets ; they are heart-shaped by a broad or narrow sinus, or trun- cate or sonu;tiines wedge-shaped at the base, liensely coated when they unfold with pale tomentum, glahrous or more or less pubescent on the under surface at maturity, four or five inches across, often rather coriaceous, dark green and oj>a(im! on the upper, and generally paler on the lower surface. They 08 / nortluTii forest ill pnrly autumn -^ It is not uiiiisuiil to liiid tlic tniilcrf^iMwtli in Homo of tlic forest is due to tlio iibuudatieo of the Sugar Maple, wlileh is tlletl uiisur- regions near the northern Itoriler of tlie I'uited Stateti eoniposod passed in brillianey of color by any uplaiul tree. Indi\iduals vary almost entirely of young Sugar Maples ; and the iiniltiplieation of in the time and iu the tnanni-r of assuming (heir autumn colors, hut this tree is insnn'd .llul its value in forest composititui iniTeased by Rucli peculiarities appear tixed and are certainly renewed year after the remarkable ability it possesses wliile young to grow under the year. All the leaves on a sitigU- branch sometimes turn briglit dense shade of other trees. scarlet early in tictobcr, while the rest of the foliage remiiius green. * -Sugur-makitig begins with the upward flow of the crude sap. On some trees a part of the li'aves turn scarlet and a p:irt orangft or between the cud of Kebrnary and the beginuing of April, as the or yellow ; on others all the leaves assume shades of bright clear season is early or late, and continues during thri r four weeks. yellow, and on others a few leaves become red or ycdiow on differ- Trees twenty or thirty years old are considered the most prodiie- ent parts long before the rcinaiuder lo.sp their dark green Hummer tive and yii'ld the purest sugar, although sap can be drawn from color. the tree year after year without seriously injuring it. Trees exist '■' The fruit of Avir hnrliiitum, althiuigh it usually appears to be in northern New York which are known to have yielded sugar fully developed, is often abortive ; ami it is rare to tlnd perfect every year for a ci'ntnry, and which, while much swollen about the seed iu each of the I wn carpels, or a tree which produces seed every base from repeated wounds, arc still vigorous and fruitfid. A tree year. of the average size will give in an ordiuiiry season twenty or thirty SAriNllACKi*;. The lloweiH arc u\ t'l-iJiii lateral IVreiit trees, the 11(1 are greenish leuirth. The ry un the outer sterile Hower, eh in the sterile scattered hairs. \u* I'ruit, which lan an inch in h lon^j-, with ii tl North AnuM'iea. iuls southward 'rn Georgia and y. hy the shores oods, and in the It is one of the luMii mountains, White Oak, the rth I'ornnnjr the th a line satiny th thin sapwood illary rays. The inds. The wood \nieriean Maph'. he interior finish shiphnildin^ for lited States shoe- ii<*h the j^rain is are coninion and irge quantities of I in fliuni' of tlio forest lited States cnrnposod \ the iiiuUi|iIit'atu)ii of njiositidii inerejLseiJ bv '"K to jjrow under the How of the enide Kap, iniiinj,' nf April, us the three or four weeks, red the uiost priHlue- ip enn he drawn fn>in jurinj,' it. Tree.n exist o have yielded mipir iieh swdllen ahout thi' and fruitful. A tree i'UM»n twenty .01 per cent. lH>in^ the avenigc of this trei^ during the season (Wiley, Hull. 51, Cficminit IHv, Jtijtt. At/rir. IHH.")). The primitive niethixt of obtaining the sap consisted in eutting with an axe into the siib' of the tree, two iir thrt>e feet frcun the grournt, a noteli Hianting a little upward in order that the sap might drop from the lower end into a eoneavu wooden spout about a font long whieli wa.s inserteii in the bark Ih-1ow the noteb, and from which it then llowcd into a cedar pail placed ufton the ground or hung upon a nail driven in the trunk. Sueh a noteb, although it yields a mpid flow owing to the larj^e surface exposed, injures the tree, and Ih now seldom used ; instead, one or generally two holes are bored about three 'puirters of an inch into the trunk on the Houtli side uf the tiY;e with a thrcu-ipnirter-inch auger, and into these holes arc driven short spouts made by hollowing out pieces of Klder or Sumach wood. The wip is collected from the pails every day and carried to the sugar camp established at a centnl and convenient spot ; hero it is allowed to evaporate for a short time, when it i.s boiled to the eonsisteiu-y of honey in kettles or in *iliallow copper or iron pans nuide f*)r the purpose. It is then dip])<'d from the pans, passed through a woolen stniiner, and al- lowed to stand for eight or ten hours to deposit suspended impuri- ties. This part of the process is called "syruping ofT," and nnicb of the prmluct is sold without further concuntratitui in the form of maple-syrup. When the syrup is to Im' converted into sugar it is carefully poured into a kettle for the liual process called "sugaring oiV," imd boiled over a brisk tire. To prevent the syrup fnun boil- ing over, a few drops of cream are (K'ciLsionally added, or a piece of tat pork is bung on a string a few inches below the rim of the pot, and cold sap, milk, or the wbiti^ of eggs, is lulded from time to time to clarify it. It is kept simmering over a slow lire until a heavy scum rises to the surface ; this is skimmed otT aiul it is again boiled until it reaches the proper (consistency. This is determined by stirring a small ijuantity in a saucer, when, if it grains, the syrup has Ikm'u Bunieteiitly Iniilcd ; or hy sprt^ading it un the snow, when it should candy or l)oeome like glass ils it grows cold. If the test is satisfactory, the syrup is poured into moulds and allowed to eool. when it is ready for market. Mapltssngar ha.^ the app<>aranee of raw cane-sugar, except that it is nithcr darker in color, and it lo.ses in ndining the peculiar tlavt)r for which it is valued. It often contains a con.->iderable per- centagc! of melite of linu>, a substance that fe<>ls like sand In the month, and seems to increase in quantity in proportion to the length ok time tht^ tree hm been tajifwd. (See I.AhonUin, Nouveaux V^oy- afifs dans VAnnrititte Sfptentrimmle^ ii. 59. — Castiglioni, Viaij- uefjli Suid Uuiti, ii. IHO ; ul.so an account of the Sngar-t e in a letter aildn^'ssed to Thiuiias .lefTerson by Pr. Hcnjaniin Hush of IMiila- delpbia, published in the thini volume of the Transactitms of the Amrriittn PhUnxnphivnl Sucifh/t tM. — (iuibourt, IIi,\t. Drog. ed. 7, lii. titHi. — .1. C. .lack, d'ardcn uuil K.n.-/, ii. iWJ.) About UMMH),1KK) pounds of maple-sugar and •J,(MMMM)0 gallons ui maple-syrup are made annually in tin; forests of the I'nited States, — Vernuint, New York, and Michigan prtMlucitig the largest (piantities. Tlie yiclil will probably deereiwe rather than inerea.se iu volume us the Maple forests are destntyed and tht? price of other sugars is lowered. Land covered with sugar orchards is still eon- si and of other trecswere well kiiiiwu to and made use of by the Indians be- fore the earliesi ^rttleuuMit of Kuropeans in New Krance or in New Kugland, anil that the making of maple-sugar was an established industry of the Indians during the last half uf the Hcvcntecnth cen- tury, and before the discovery ttf the uppt'r Mississippi Uiver by Kuropeans (l(l7It). Itossu, a French oflicer of much intelligence who traveled in America between I7"j(> and 1771, states explicitly that the Kreui-h learned the uu'thtKl of sugar-making from the In- dians ( .\'iiuvftiux Viii/iiffi's linns rAmiri'iUf Sfittftttrinnnlf, -37); and the testimony of earlier travelers points to the sanu' coru'lusion (see Ijcscarbot, Ifistoirc ilr la \oHnlli- Frnt.rc, ed. lOlH, lib. vi. chap. xvi. HVtTt. — Sagard, (iramlr VotuKje, MYl. — Pierre Houchcr, HiMoire Viril'iblr et \ittunlle de la Ximtrllr Franre, 14. — NicoljLS !>enys. ilistinrc iVatHrelle de VAmeriijue SeftteTilrionale, ii. 'Mii. — I^clerc{|, /\(afilissemenl de la /''(»y, i. ii/iii ; youvtlle Illation de la (ias/teHit't chap. vi. I'JI. — .lontel. Journal H istori'iuet '^ii'J. — Uasles, Lettres I'Jdifiantts, iv. H'.\. — Laiitau, .l/ofur.-* des Sauvages Anu'riimns com- ftan'es anx mueurH des premiers temp,^, i. 188. — riaiiies Smith's Cap- .L. ,, .'it!, tJH. — See, also, a paper (Ui *he evidence relating to i.f, ii-inaking by the Indians, by II. \V. htiishaw in the Amiricau Anthrt>pi>lo(jist, \\\. iMl, and a paper by A. I'\ Chamberlain in the same tnaga/ine, iv. It'J, lui Thf Moplf amiini/s( 'fie A/ijonkinn 'I'rihe.t ; and papers by William 1>. Kly in O'ardin and Furtsl, iv. 171, 18;t, •jd-). * Af'iT liarhatum, var. uiijrum, Sargent, Gnrden and Forest, ii. ;Uil ; iv. 1 IK, f. *J7. .1. uiffrum, Michaux f. Hist. Arh. Am. ii. '2'^, t. Ui. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 'JtUi. — i'oiret. Lam. Diet. Snppl. v. (Ui'J. — Nuttall, Gen. i. 'jr»;j. — Klliott, Sk. i. 4oO.— De C'andoUe, Prvdr. i. 51(5. — Sprcngel, SijM. ii. li'J-'J. — Don, iiet%. Hyst. i. (ioO. — Spach, Ili.-'t. I'"/, iii. IHI ; Ann. Sfi. Nat. aer. 2, ii. 170. — Dietrich, Syn. ii. 1L'8L>. — Koeh, i>endr. i. filV.'. -~ liailey, Hot. Gazette, xiii. '213. ,1. snrrfniriuumt var. nii/rum, Torrey & (Jray, Fl. N, Am. i. •J48. — Torrey, Fl. iV. V. i. i:Wi. — London, Arh. lint. i. 411.— Htdl. Geuloij. Hep. Canada, 187(V«0, T)-!'. — Sargent. Fore.^t Trees i\. Am. liith (Vn.n(j.v U. S. ix, 49. — Watson v^ Coulter, Gray's .V«H. ed. 0, 117. .4. Itugelii, Pax, EugUr Hot. Jahrb. vii. ^ii'X Acer sairhariuum, var. pnewlo-platanoiilts, Pax. Knghr Hut. Jahrb. vii. \1V2, — Wesniael, Gm. Aeer, 1.5. .•Iccr sncrharinum, var. glauntm, Pax, Fughr Hot. Jahrb. vii. 'J4'-'. — Wesmael, Gen. .Xrer, \'t. A. satrhnriiiHin, var. Hitijelii, Wesmael. Gtii. Acer, Ao. llHt SILVA OF NORTH AMHIiWA. 8AI'INDA('i;,y III'' lohed with ontiiv or bluntly toothed lohes, and often appear almost peltate hy the overhippinj; of the sides of the deep narrow hasul sinus. Tliey are freipUMitly thinner than those of the coninion form of the Suf^ar Maple, are usually j^reeii on the lower surface, whieh is often vilhnis-pnheseeut, especially ah»n«^ the principal veins and on the petioles, and sonietinu's are six or ei^ht inches across, alth(ni<;h varyin*^ cousideraMy in size.' The HIack Sn^ar Maple is generally found on lower jj^round than the connnon form, occupyin*^, as a rule, the hanks of streams or rich alluvial river*l>ottom hinds. It has heen noticed on the shores of Lake (*hamplain in Vermont, and spreads an far west as Konthwestern Arkansjis and eastern Kansas, ran«;iuj)^ southwanl west of the Allej^hany Mountains to northern Ala- bama and to the valley of the Chickasaw River in Mississippi." Aii r hurhahnn in the Cnlf states passes into a form' havin|r small three to live-lobed leav(»s an inch and a half to three inches across, with obtuse entire or Leon. Alt r htu'huftnn reappears in the mountainous rej^i(»ns of tin* interior of the continent in another form ' very similar to the last. The leaves of the mountain Sni^ar Maple are three-lobed and slightly rordatf nr truncate at the base, with broad shallow siinises and acute or obtuse lobes which have nearly entire or sinuous mavi^ius. or sometimes are somewhat thrce-lobed ; tln-y are two or three inches across, ratiier pale on the upper, much paler ami at maturity slii»htly pubescent im the lower surface alonjj^ the principal veins, and are boriu' on slender ])etioles an inch or an inch and a half lontr ; the tlowers and fruit' are smaller than those of the eastern tree. This is a small tree, rising occasionally to the hei»;ht of thirty (U- forty feet, with a tnnik ei^lit or ten inches in dianu'ter cttvered with thin dark brown bark, the surface of whieh separates into plate-like scales. It j^iows at an elevation of fn)m live to six thou- santl feet altove the sea-level, and is rare and local, formin»:j occasionally with the Aspen small ^n>ves on the banks of streams. It occurs 4>n the headwaters of the Columbia River in northern Montana, ^ Pnifrssor L. II. Hiiili-v culls .-ittiMitiiin to the fiiot that the »'u\va (if the hirj;i' h'lives iif ihi' Hhn-k MapU' as it ^rows in sonii' parts nf central Mitlii^an ilronp aiul han^ ilown like pirri-s of nhl limp thick cloth. Thi.s |>6culiarity is particularly iioticonhle when thu loaveH are fully (jrown, and ^ivcs the tree a hciivier and duller as- pect than that t)f the eoinnioii Su^rar Maple, making it possible tu distinguish the two trees at some distance (I*of>ular iianleuiuff, iii. 1*4 ; Jiot. iitizette^ xiii. 'JI 4). More rcniarkahle is the occu-sional occurreiici- on some Indiana and Michigan troes of large foliacenus and caducous pulicrnlous or snutll rudimentary stipuics, organs otiicrwisc unknown in the ^cuus. (A. (iray, Am. Sat. vi. 7tH ; vii. 122. — Wheeler, Cut. Mu-h. J'l. 'S.\. ~\\:\\\py, I. t\) They are apparently al'normal, although reproduceti year after year on some trees, and uannot he relied on to distinguish thiii plant K|H>citi- cally, as no trace of them appears on such specimens from other parts of the country as I have been alile to examine. Kxtrenie forms of the Hlack Maple, like those found in Michigan, are easily recognized and appear distinct, hut they seem to pass gradually I»y many intermediate fiirnis into the plant which is usually regarded as the type of the species, and it is not easy to tind characters suf- ficiently ciuistant toestuhlisli satisfactorily the Hluck .Maple even as a \aricly. "^ The wood of the lilutk Maple is not distinguishahle from that of the common Sugar Maple, and is used commercially for the same purposes. The specilie gravity of the alisolutely dry wooT harhiitum, var. FlnruUmum, .Sargent, finnlen ami Forfi.it, iv. 148. A, Murhnrinnms var. FhrniUinHm, Chajunaii, /•'/. 80. — Wesmael, Gei\. Acer^ 45. A. yhxicnnum^ (iray, /*rw. Am. Aavi. v. 170. — Ilenisley, Httt. liiol. Am. Cent. i. Iil4. ,1. Flnriilauum, Pax, Fnifler Bot. Jahrh. vii. 'J4.T * Acer hirlHUum, var. yratniiiletitntupi, Sargent, (I'nnh'n nnd For- est, iv. 14H. Jot ifninitiflrntiitum, NutUiU ; Torrey & (Jray, Fl. N. Am. i. 'J 17 ; Si/lva, ii. 82. t. 0!». — Dietrich, .S>n. i. I28;j. — Walpers, /iV/(. i. 401*. — Watsiin, Ktni;\^ Hep. v. 52 ; /*/. Wheeler, 7, — I'arry, Am. Nut. ix. 201, 2(>H. — KothriM-k, W'heelcr'x lirp. vi. H'X — Kual)y, fiitll. Torrey fiot. Cluh, ix. 100. — Sargent, Fore.it Tree.i N. Am. 10/A CenstLi U. S. ix. 48. — I»ax, Kngler Hot. Jahrb. vii. 220. — Wes- mael, fieti. Acer, IM). * In a s|M'cinien collected by Profe.s.sor II. II. Kusby on the Mo- gollon Mountains, and in specimens gathered by Marcus K. Jones in I'tali, the fruit is as large and hardly distinguishable from that of the eastern Sugar Maple. ( )cc!isionally, however, it is not half so large ; and on a specimen collected by I'ringle in the lluachuaca Mountains on tlie tirst of duly, the fniit is apparently fully grown and has small i>ink wings. SAI'INDACK.I'; ippillLf of tlui iiiiioii i'oi'in of I'lil, ('s|Krially loss. altll()l|ir|| lllll in the Iliiarhiiara tarently fully j;ro\vii .S.M'l.NDACK.K. SIJ.VA O/' yoilTII AMK/HCA. 101 wiiere it was iliscovorod by Thomas Niittall, on the Walisateli Mountains of Utah, on the Iluaehiiaca anil other ranges of sonthern Arizona, anil on the Mo^ollon Mountains of New Mexieo, the Gua(lalon|io Mountains of western Texas, anil the raii;;-es of (Joahiiila. The wood of jlccr hurhu/iiiii, var. ijritiKrnh iilnliini, is heavy, liaril, and very ilo.se-f^raineil ; it is light brown or sometimes nearly white, with tliirk .saiiwood and thin remote medullary rays. Tho sjteeiiie gravity of the absolutely dry wood is ().()'.K)2, a euliii' foot weighing 4)J.()1 ]iounds.' Acirhitrhiiliii)i,ynr. i/riiii'lidiiiliitiini, was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum in 1SS2; it grows very slowly, and piobalily will be of little value as an oriiaiiieiital tree. The Sugar Maple, strangely enough, escaped the attention of the early botanists who examined the forests of North Ameriea, and it not known to Ijiniia'us. Wangciiheim,- whose work on Ameriean trees was published in Germany'. 17S7, lirst ilcscnbed it, although it is stated by Aiton' that the Sugar Maple was introduced iii.o England by I'eter (lolliiison ^ in ]~']r>. The hardiness of the Sugar Maple, its rapid growth in good soil, its excellent habit, the grace of its flowers, the beauty of its foliage especially in autumn, and its freedom from serious di.sease make it one of the most valiiaiile ornamental trees of North Anu^rica, and it is now planted in immense numbers in the northern states for shade and for the embellishment of streets, roadsides, and parks,'' ^ This Irci', as tnis^hl 1h* cxpcctoil from llio ariiiity ;inil the Iiij^ti c^levation of tho rrj^ioMs it inhabits, ^rovvs very slowly. Tin- siici'i- mon whii'h reprosonts it in tho >trsnp Colli'i'tioti of North Amoriculi Womis in tbo American Mnsfiim of Natural History in New Yoi'k, "V'l whii'l, was pithtTfd in I'tah, is oi^ht anil thrco ipi.-irlor iiichrs dinint'tor, aiul shows oiio huniln-cl ami forty layers of annual rTow..' ith oif^dty-tive layers of sapwood. '^ '' ';t»nheiin, iiusUmI no doubt by the name .•iinrArtrinum lie- fltowi i l-y I,inn.Tns upon another Ameriean Maple, transferred it to tho tnio Su^ar Maple ; and his name lias been adopted by nearly every author who has siiieo writtcu of this tree. » llorl. K,n: iii. KJo. « .See i. S. '• The .Sucar Maple, like Ihe Iliekories, the While Dak.s, and oilier uplanil trees of eastern .Ameriea, does not tlouiish in the (Md World, and really line speeiinens, if they exist at all in Knrope, arc extremely rare, altliou<;li one hunilreil and fifty years have passi'i! sine" it was introilneed, and at ditlVrent times eon-.iileraMe atteli- titm ha> been ^iveu to its eulrivatiiui. It is now seldom planted in Knrope, and this aeeonnts, perhaps, for the faet that no marked seminal varieties of the .Siijjar .Maple have been developed in culti- vation ; for it is not probable that this tree wonbl show less ten- ileney to vary in the shape of its leaves than other Maples, had it been raised in nurseries from seeil in as j^reat numbers. The trees ]ilanled in Ameriea are seldom obtained in this manner, being gen- erallv taken from the forest. i I EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. t Platk XC. Ackr babbatum. 1. A bramh with stominate flowers, natural size. 2. A branoli with pi«tillate flowers, natural me. 3. A sUiniinate flower, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a staniiiiate flower, enlarged, ."i. A piHtillate flower. eiilar(,'eil. 6. Vertical section of a |ii8lillate flower, enUrged. 7. A fruiting branch, natural siie. 8. Vertical section of a fruit, natural siw. 9. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 10. An embryo, much magnified. 11. A winter branchlet, natural siie. Plate XCL 1, 2, 3. Var. nigrum. 4, Var. Floridanum. ACEK BARBATUM. Plate XCII. Acer barbatum, v»r. oRAOTtnEOTATCM. 1. A brand, it'.i sUminate flowers, natural size. 2. A branch with pistiUato flowers, natural site. 3. A staminate ilowcr, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. 5. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. A pistillate flower, the calyx removed, enlarged. 7. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 8. A fruiting branch, natural she. 9. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 11. An embryo, much magnified. 1'2. A winter branchlet, natural siie. il •■# ! i I I J i H i it lb xr ■ / l:,.,„r, ,IA ACER BARBATUM, Michx A Hu<,l.'t:r ,l,i.-j • /i ;.:ni-iit ! .j/f . i I, 11 f I I »■ /'.l.ivw .,',•/ ACER BARBATUM NIGRUM .. ACER BARBATUM . FLORIDANIJM }UfUr^tA .ft.-'": ' i , I I I i > ACER BARBATUM,.- ORAtiDinENTATUM, '/:i' 'i' 'ilfif'n' /'•' SAl'lNDACEiG. SILVA OF NOUTJI AMERICA. 103 ACER SACCHARINUM. Silver Maple. Soft Maple. Flowers sessile in axillary fascicles ; ovary and young fruit tomentosc. Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Acer sacoharinum, Unnmiia, Spec. 1U55. — Koch, Ihrt. Ihndr. 80. — Sargent, (hirden ami Fori'M, ii. 304. A. Snccharum, Mar.slmll, Arlimt. Am. 4. A. rubrum, l^iulli, l)e Aivre, 11 (not LinniEU.H). — I^amarck, Diet. ii. ;i80 (oxcl. var. /8.). A. dasycarpum, Khrlmrt, lieitr. iv. 24. — Mocncli, Mflh. .'iG. — I'crsoon, Sijn. i. 417. — Wilhlenow, Spec. iv. 9S5 ; Knum. 1044 — Aiton, llnrt. Kew. ed. 2, v. 44(). — Purali, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 2GG. — NuttuU, GV«. i. 2.')2: Sylmi, ii. 87. — Hayne, /Jcm/r. /'?. 2i;i. — JCUiott, S/c. i. 449. — Torrey, /7. JV. ¥. i. l.'W, t. 18. — Spiengel, Syat. ii. 22i5. — Tau.scli, Hcyrruth. Fl. xii., ii. 5.53. — Hooker, ^7. Itor.-Am. i. ll.'!. — liigelow, Fl. liontmi. eJ. .'», 407.— Torrey it Gray, Fl. N. .Im. i. 248. — Knier.soii, Trrrx Ma.1.1. ed. 2, ii. .'ii'iO, t. — Darlington, i'V. 6'e.s^r. ed. 3, 4t). — Cliapnian, i*'/. 81. — Curtis, Kep. Geolog. Siirv. N. Car. 18G0, iii. 51. — Buclionau, Hut. Ztit. xix. 285, t. 11, f. 17, 18, 18«, 20, 27. — Kodi, Dcndr. i. 541. — liell, Ominij. Iiiji. Vniiiulfi. 1870-80, 53^ — Itidgway, I'roc. (K S. Nat. Mas. 18H2, (12. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. \Mk (Jeiisii.-! I'. S. ix. 40. — I'ax, Fiiijler Hot. Jahrh. vii. 170. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. G, 117. — Wesniael, Gen. Aeer, 11. A. rubrum mas, Sdiinidt, Oe.^tr. llautn. i. 11, t. 7. A. rubrum, var. pallidum. Aiton, Ilorf. Kew. iii. 434. A. eriocarpum, Mlelianx, Fl. Itor.-Am. ii. 2't'A. — IVsfon- taines, Ann. .Mux. vii. 412, t. 2.">, f. 1 ; Hist. Arli.i.'6\}'J. — I'oiret, Lam. Dirt. Suppl. ii. 573. — Trattiniek, ./IrcAiw. i. t. 8.— Michaux f. UUt. Art,. Am. ii. 205, t. 13.— NoHveau Ihthamel, iv. .30. — Do Candolle, I'roilr. i. ,505.— Don, Gen. Sijst. i. (TO). — Spacli, Hist. Veij. iii. IIG; Ann. Sri. Sat. ser. 2, ii. 177. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. UCi ed. 2. 245. — Dietrieli, Syn. ii. 1282. A larj^e tree, ninety to a iiiiudred and twenty feet Iiijifh, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter, wliich the valley of the Blue Uivcr in Kansius, and to the Indian Territory. It j^rows iMi the sandy banks of clear .streams which, with Wilh»ws and the Red Birch, it lines in some parts of the country, esjieeially in the valley of the Mississippi, where it is one of the larirest and mo.st comiiKiu of the river-trees. 'I'he Silver Maple is rare in the immediate lU'ighhorhood of the Atlantic coast or amouL; the hif^li A|ipalachian Mountains; it reaches its jrreatest size on the banks of the lower Ohio and its tributaries, and there forms one of the most eharaeteristie and beautiful features of the forest vegetation. The wood of Ai( r Kiicc/iiiriiiiiiii is hard, str'llll^^ eloso-grained, and easily worked, but rather brittle ; it is pale, faintly tinged with brown, with thick sapwood composed of forty or fifty layers of annual growth, and many tiiin mecltillary laya. The speciKe gravity of the absolutely dry wood is t).r)2G!>, a cubic foot weighing ol2.iS4 jxiuiids. It is now sonu'times used for flooring and in the manufacture of cheaji furniture. Sugar is occasionally produced from the siip. yln /■ xnirhari/iiiiii appears to have been lirst distinguished by the Swedish traveler Kalm, who sent it to I.inn.i'us. It was introduced into Knglisb gardens in 172;") by Sir ('harles Wagi i. The Silver Maple grows very rapidly in cuitivatioTi,- even on dry .soil, and for this reason was planted at one time in immense nundiers in the northern states as a shade and street tree. When it has grown under favoi'- able conditions it forms a wide-spreading head, beautiful in tiie play of light and shade through the deeply divided li'aves dancing with the slightest breath of wind on their slender stems and displaying the silvery whiteness of their lower surface. On dry and elevated giound, however, it is not handsome except when young; the branches become brittle and are e.'usily broken, and tin habit is loose and unat- tractive ; and the Silver .Maple is now much less frecpiently planted in this country than it was lifty years ago. It grows almost as well in Europe as it does in its native country, and numerous varieties have been found in .\nu'rican and European nurseries with variously cut and marked leaves and with more or less pemlnlous branches.' * Wlipn tlii.s tree is mtii-L-d into I'xpaiKliiif^ it.s ttnwcr-biids by tlie a trunk cirpiimfpronce 8t tlircp and a half feet from the prmind of .sncceskiiin of .1 fi'W4uinatiir;illy »:irm diij-.s in u inter, its fruit is twelve feet six inehes in IKDT. Fifty-twii years later thi' trunli, often entirely di'stroyed liy spring; fm-ls. Not infre(|uently only whieh had lieeome hollow and inni'li decayed, measured at the naino one of the two earpels i.s developed. Ilir ,.ther appeariiijj a« u small dintanee frimi the ground Mevente.ii feet four iiiehes. rudiment. ' I'ax (Euijler hot. Jahrh. vii. ISO) proposes the folhiwinj; sub- * The .Silver Jlaple is a fast-j,'ro»inp; tree, even after it hiui at- varieties for variously eultivated seminal forms of this tree : — taineil a large size. Tlie great tree on the meadows in Northanip- Var. unrmalt (.1. lulescrm, Ilort., VVittniack, (Inrlenz. 18S;i, ttVi. ton. .Massaehusetts, mentioned by l^inersmi (7>ii< Mitts. ISO), bad .i marwphijUuu,. .■!. Pima, A. jmlmahm. .1. tfrinilum). SAl'lNDACK.K. Iciivi's, wliicli 'ss |iiilit'S('('nt iiwi'i-. Tlicre iM'c tiiiiL's as wliiili is riiili- Iriiit, with 11 i^niatic lobes, iiid ripens in 111(1 liiivi! thin era of an ineii un inch lon^, )ns cot^li'dons 1 several jiairs ew Biiinswiek and westward lian Territory, lines in some [rest and most if the Atlantic vs of the lower eatures of the rather brittle ; vers (>r annual ;k1 is 0.r)2(J!>, a nannfacture of Kalm, who sent r. The Silver I at one time in vn under favor- le throufjh the and display in}? i not handsome loos(,' and nnat- ban it was fifty inerous varieties leaves and with t from the (jrouml nt jars later tliu trunk, iioiuurcd lit the sftiiio inches. •3 the folhiwillf; sub- IH of tllis tree : — [, l.arlem. 18S;t, TiU. f}H-atum). ,.nsv...M. SILVA OF AOimf AMKIUCA. l^'"' None of these seedling varieties are very .listinet or possess greater heanty than the i^. ■ ■ . II. Vur ii,i!>iitinn(A.(lmirll'' i !'■ '^ \'. J ! I)i'illiiint shades of scarlot or scarlet and oraiifje. Tlie Howers are pedicellate and are produced in few- tlowered fascicles devel()|)ed on the braiieheH of the previous year from a^j^regated obtuse liuds,' the stani- inate and pistillate flowers in separate clusters on tha sanu; or on dilferent trees; they open in March and April before the appearance of the leaves, anil are bright scarlet or dull ' ellowish red. The sepals are oblong and obtuse, and as h)ng as and broader than the oiilong or linear ])etals. There are from live to eight scarlet stame;is, with slender tilameiits exserted in the sterile, and included in the fertile (lower. The ovary is glabroits, and is borne on a narrow slightly lobed glandular di.sk ; the styles are united for a short distance above the base, aiuj then separate into long exserted stigmatic lobes.'- The fruit, which ripens in the latter part of spring or in early summer, is borne on droopii'g stems three or four inches long and is scarlet, dark red, or brown, with thin erect wings convergent at first and diver- gent at maturity, half an inch to an inch in length, and from a ipiarter to half an inch in breadth. The seed has a dark red rugose testa, thin foliaceous cotyledons, and a long thin radicle ; it germinates immediately after falling to the ground. ^Ic'7' nihriini is one of the most common and generally distributed trees of eastern North America. It extends from about latitiule 4!)" north in New Brun!""ick, Quebec, and Ontario, southward to the Indian and ('aloosa rivers in southern Florida, and westwanl to the Lake of the Woods, eastern Dakota and Nebraska, Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River in Texas. It occurs along the bor- ders of streams or in low wet swamps, which it .sonu'times co*ers, particularly a*, the north, almost to the exclusion of other trees ; or in the northern states it is mingled with the Black Ash, the Swamp White Oak, and the Gum-trees, and in the south with the Swamp Hay, the White Oak, the LobU)lly Bay, the llctl Gum, and the Cotts .lometimcs made domestically by boiling the bark of the Red Maple in soft water and combining the tannin which it cont-:iins in large quantities wkh sulphate of iron. At one time the bark was occasionally employed in dyeing.' is ,1 t'li'inicter, howpvpr, wbiirli I'an hardlj he depended on in (he Ciuse of tliiM tree. Of two individual.^ stundin^j^ side hy side, one may havp large thin five-Iobetl leaves cordate or truncate at the base, and the other small tliiek almost entire leaves rounded at the base ; or nearly all the forms may ho found on different parts of the same tree, or sometimes even on the sr.me branch. 1 l.innious, Aniipn. Arait. ii. '_'0t. ■^ The Howers of the lied Maple are usually descrilwd tut poly- gamous, and it is possible that perfect (lowers occasionally occur on this tree. Much more c.-.nimoidy they are montecious or dio'- eious by the abortion in the pistillate flowers of the stamens, which, although they are npparcntiv- wcll-t.^rnuNl in the bud, do not lengthen after the (lower opens, and fal' witiiout discharging any p(dlen. The stamini'.'.e and pi.stiUate (towers art; generally proetol)er. * The characteri.stics of the bark appear to have been known to the Indians, as .losselyn, when describing an oil m.ade by them in eastern Massachusetts out of the acorns of the White Oak, says : " The Natives draw an ( )yl, taking the rottenest Maple WotMl, whicli being burnt to ashes, they nuike n strong Lye therewith, wherein they boyl tlu.-ir white Oak-Acorns until the Oyl swim on the top in great ({uantity " (IVew England liaritien, 4H). Sec, also, Kalm, Travels. Kugliah cd. i. I(i8. HAI'IMJACEi*;. (>(l lived in few- )ii(ls,' the stani- opcn in Munrli (I. 'I'lic sepals "iu'i't' aiv from (1 in t\w tVrtilo tli(( stylus aru • lohts.- Tho stems tiirce or first and diver- l.ieadtli. The it germinatuH North America, uthward to the eastern Dakota i u\m\fr the bor- h, almost to tin; Swamp White obloUy Hay, the ■y of the Missis- irj^e tributaries, pieuons feature its brilliant red y strong. It is ware medullary • gravity of the large (piantities gun stoeks. A iometimes made tannin which it lly employed in H (Proc. Phil. Acad. trcort to chanf^ the ccta of autumn color II dry seasons to flnd ituiiiiiiil tiiiU by llit\ u until late in Svp^ have boon known to oil inado by them in lie White Oakj flays : ; Maple Wood, which e therewitli, wherein rl swim on the top in Sec, also, Kaltii, SAJ'I.NDACK^.. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109 Aver rubruni, var. Drummondli,^ u well-marked variety of the lied Maple, is common in the deep river-swamps of southern Arkansas, eastern Texas, and western Louisiana, and occurs occasionally in the other Gulf states and in southern Georgia. The leaves are three-lolicd with short broad lobes, usually rounded, or sometimes a little cordate at the l'a.se, which is entir(M)r slightly and remotely crenulate- toothed. The lower surface is covered, its are the young shoots and netioles, with thick white tomcn- tum. The fruit, which ripens late in March or in April, is bright scarlet with large convergent wings two or two and a half inches long and a half to three <|uarters of an inch broad.' The lied Maple, as it inhabited swamps in the inunediate neighi)orliood of the coast, attracted the attention of early travdiera in America; it was carried to England as early as IdG, jirobably by the younger Tradescant,' in whose garden iieur London it was growing in that year. The first description, drawn from Iradescant's cultivated trees, was published by Plukeiiet ' in 1G!)L It has always been a, favorite tree in cultivation in the United States and in Kurope, and a number of seminal varieties'' have appealed. None of these are particularly distinct or valuable. The lied Maple, altho.i< ii it is found only in low wet ground which is often submeiged during a large j)art of the year, grows as rapidly and to as large a size whei! planted in rich well-drained upland soil as it does in its native swamps ; and its excellent habit, the beauty of it.i leavi s in summer and in .'utumn, the brilliancy of its fruit, anil its freedom froni disease, make it one of the most desirable of the trees of eastern America to plant for ornament where sutticieiit space can b>! allowed for its full development." ' Am ruhrnm^ VAT. Dnitfiuwnitiiy Supgent, Forest Trees N.Am. Wik Censm V. S. ix. fiO. A. Ihitinmorutii, Hooker & Arnott, Jour. li>it. i. 199. — Ntittall, .S'v/ra, ii. 83, t. 70. *■* Tliis tree in some extreme forms i.s certainly very distinct, hut it . 'ei is to pa.ss frradually by many intermediate forms found in the eastern (iulf states into tiio typical Ued Maple, f.arge trees destitute of leaves and covered in the early spring with intensely scarlet fruit are very beautiful, especially when they arc .4urrouniled by tho broad-leaved evergreen Rays with which the Ued Maple is usually associated in the (iulf Si'ites. » .See i. 'JO. * Acer Virgiuumum folio majore auhtits artjenteo, supra viritti splen- lienle, rkyl. t. 2, f. 4 ; Aim. Bol. 7. — Catesliy, .Vu(. Ilisl. Car. L C'J, t. G2. .lc«T Virtjitiianum/olio sufitm inrano Jlosrulis ex ririV/i rnhenlihrLit Ilerninnn, Parail. Ilnl. i. t. 1. — Miller, Dirl. Iron. i. tl, t. H, f. i!. :{rer folio pntmato-antjulato Jlore fere apelalo .ir.<^ili j'ltn'tn pniuncu- latn rnrymboso, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 41. — Coldeii, t 'at. H.j. Acer foliis ipiinquelohi.1 sufitlcntatU niilitiu t/lauri.i, Jli}rihu.-i pedun- culatLi simpUcia.timii rare aggregati.^ dioicis^ True, /*/. Ehrd. 47, t. 85. '' Nicholson, (ittril. Chron. n. si r. xv. 172. *^ The Hed Mapio and otiicr forest trees, especially thi' Canoe Itireh, the Ued Oak, and the Mountain .\s)i, are sometimes do- stroyed in considerable numbers in northern New l-'ngiaiiil by tho Yellow-bellied Woodpecker (iS'yj/iyro;)iV'(.t t'irii4.y\ Hainl), who drills into the trunk for the purpose of drinking the sweet sap. (Frank Holies, Garden and Forest, iv. 177.) f EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PlATK XCIV. Ai KK KI'BBfM. 1. A branch with Htaiiiinato flowers, natural iiiie> 2. A branch with iiisliUato Hciwcrs. natural size. 3. A Btitniinate Huwcr, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a atJiniinate flower, enlarged, <'>. A piHtillate flower, cnlar);e '> i" 1 ! 1 : 1 1 1 ; ■ 1 \ ■ r. ' 1 if 1 i^ilvs of Nor'h Amern^a. .';/..../: .wi ACER RUBRI'M ,"/..:•/ /• ,-t,i}'it'i-rt'.iJ- in/'^. ■ n.iu'i.r ,"«/■.. > 1 ll 11 I i o'.lva o. iN'T'ii .■•:ii''i ij.i \\ N. // { } 'I ■ i is' I t ft , fl Norih A;n^ r ■ .'. ritn^ft i.W ACER RUBRUM . . DRIIMMONDI .1 .V/.'.yjVi/' i/imr 'II' h'. 'inn'ur /U/hf 1 1 H :1 SAl'lNDACEiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill ACER NEQUNDO. Box Elder. Ash Leaved Maple. Flowers dioecious, destitute of petals. Leaves pinnately or ternutely divided. Acer Negundo, Liniisus, Sj>ec. 1056. — Wangenlieim, Nordam. Hoh. 30, t. 12, f. 29. — Murshall. Arhist. Am. 2. — Castiglioni, Viag. neijli Stall Uniti, ii. 172. — La- marck, Diet. ii. 380. — Schmidt, Omtr. Baum. i. 14, t. 12. — Walter, VI. Car. 2!)0. — Aiton, Hort. Ken: iii. 436.— Michaux, Fl. lior.-Am. ii. 253. — Pcrsoon. Syii. i. 418. — Deafontoines, Hist. Arh. i. 391. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 992; Jinum. 10i6. — Noiiveau Duluimel, iv. 27, t. 7. — Trattinick, Archio. i. t. 40. — Michaux f. Hist. Arh. Am. ii. 247, t. 18. — Pursli, Fl. Am. ^V/<^ i. 208. — Hayne, Demlr. Fl. 216. — Klliott, .S7.-. i. 452. — .lames, Limg's Exped. ii. 09. — Torrey, Ann. Lyi: N. Y. ii. 172 ; Emory's Kep. 407. — Sprengol, Sysf. ii. 225. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abbihl. Jlolz. 119, t. 95. — Oie- tricli. Syn. ii. 1283. — Buchcimu, IM. Xeit. xix. 285, t. II. f. 31, 32. — Koch, Dendr. i. .544. — Baillon. Hist. PL V. .374, f. 426. — Pax, Knyler Hot. .lahrh. vii. 211. Negundo aoeroides, Moencli, Math. 334. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. i. 250. — Nuttall, Sylun, ii. 91. — Gray. Gen. III. ii. 202, t. 175; .Jonr. Host. So,: .Vnt. Hist. vi. 166 {PL Lindheim. ii.) ; PI. Fendler. 29 {Mem. Am. Amd. n. ser. iv.) ; Pt. Thurber. 300 (Mem. Am. Aead. n. .ser. v.). — Darlington, FL Cestr. ed. 3, 46. — Chapm.in, FL 81.— Curtis, Hep. Qeolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 53. — Wat- son, Kiiii/s Hep. V. 52 ; PL Wheeler, 7 ; Proe. Am. Ariul. xvii. 338. — Uothrock, Wheeler's Hep. vi. 84. — Hell. Geoloy. Hep. Cnnmln. 1879-811, IS'. — Ui(l),'way. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu.1. 1882, 63. — Sargent. F,ire.it Trees N. Am. 10th Censns ('. S. ix. 50. —Coulter, Hoeky Mt. Hot. 49. — Watson & Coulter. Gray's Man. ed. 6. 118. Negundium fraxinifolium, Lafmesqne. X. Y- Med. Hep. hex. 2. V. 352. 3,")4 ; Desvaiix, ./our. Hot. ii. 170. Negundo fraxinifolium, Nuttall, Gen. i. 25.3. — De Can- dolle, Prudr. i. .596. — Hooker, FL Jinr.-Am. i. 114.— Hon, Gen. Syst. i. 651. — Spacli, Hist. I'ey. iii. 119. — Hatinesciue, Neu' Fl. i. 48. — Scheele. Hoemer Texas. 433. — Schni/leiii. leon. t. 227, f. 2, IH. ? Negundo Mexicanum, I)e Candolle, Prodr. i. 596. — Sohlechtendal, Linna-a, xvi. 487. — Ilemsley, Hot. HioL Am. Vent. i. 214. — Pax, Enyler Hat. Jahrli. vii. 212. Negundo trifoliatum. Uutinesciue, Xen' Fl. i. 48. Negundo lobatum. Ratinesque, Xeir FL i. 48. Negundo Californiciun, Scheele, Huemer Texas, 433 (not Torrey & Gray). A. Negundo. var. Texanum, Pax, Kmjler Hot. Jahrh. vii. 212. Negundo Negundo, Sudwortli, Garden and Forest, iv. 166. A tree, fifty to seventy feet in height, witli a trunk two to four feet in diameter, dividing near the ground into a number of .stout wide-.spreading branches. Tlie bark of the triudc is from a quarter to half an inch thick, pale gray or ligiit brown, and deeply cleft into broad rounded ridges, the surface separating into short thick scales. The branchlets when they first appear are pale green and glabrous or slightly pubescent ; in their first winter they are marked with a few dark lenticels, and are bright green and lustrous or sometimes pale purple with a glaucous bloom ;' in tiie .second and tliird years they are gradually covered with smooth or somewhat fissured bark and are still marked with lenticels. The terminal winter-bud is acute, an eighth of an inch long, and rather longer than the obtuse lateral buds ; they are protected by scales with slightly overlapping edges and thickly coated with pale tomentuni, the outer pair being often rudimentary, while the inner pairs are accrescent with the .siioot, an inch long at maturity and deciduous, leaving when they fall conspicuous scars visible at the base of tiu' branchlets for two or three years. The leaves are three or five-foliolate, and are borne on slender petioles two or three incites in lengtli, with enlarged bases often furnished with a miinite fringe of stipule-like decidu- ous white hairs, and in falling leave large conspicuous scars surrouiuling the stem ; the leaflets are ovate > This purple color of the bark of the young branclilcta seems which arc hardier than tliose raised from seed gathered in the east, more common on the trees in the region between the (Jrcat Lakes This midcontinental form of tlie Negundo is found in (ierman nnr- and the eastern base of the IWky Mountains than on those in other scries under the name of Xe. lo Cati/ornicum, but it must not be parU of the country. Seed gathered in this region produce trees confounded with tlie I'aciHc-eoast tree which grow in cultivation more lapidly and to a larger size and fl 't ' 1 1 I I 112 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAPlNDACi;^. or oval, acute, roimilod, or wt'd^i^sliiiped at tho base, and eoarst'ly and irregularly serrate above the niidilii', or sonii'tiint's tlnTC-inlu'd, the lower surface lieiiij^ eoated with toinentuni when they unfold, and at maturity are snuioth or more or less jiuheseent ; they are meuihranaeeous, prominently veined, lifjht hrij-ht jjjreen, paler on the under than on the upper surfaee, two to four inches loufj •mil l.vo or tlireo inelu's broad, and are boine on stout petiolules, that of the terminal lealiet beinjj oftio an inch I'.'ifj, or twice the lenjftii of those of the rather smaller lateral le:illets. The sterih; and fertile llowers iippe.i." on sej)arate trees, and expand just before or with ;he leaves from buds deveU)ped in the axils of the 1 ist leaves of tiic previous year, the sterile Howers f.uscieled on slender hairy pedicels an inch and a half to two inches in lenp^h, the fertile flowers in narrow drooping racemes. The flowers are minute, ajieta- liuis, and yellow-<;reen, witii a hairy calyx which is five-lobed and campanidate in the sterile flower, ami in the fertile flower is much smaller and divided tt) the base into five narrow sepals. T'lere are four to six stamens in the sterile flower, with slemler exserted hairy filaments and loufj; linear anthers surmt/inited by the pointed end of the connective. The ovary, which is placed on a narrow rudimentary disk, is covered with pabeseence, and is only j>artly inch)sed by the calyx ; the styles sepirate at the base int<> two loujif stif^uiatic lobes. The fruit, which aUains its full size early in the summer, hangs on stenis an inch or two inches loufj;, iu "graceful racemes six or cij^lit inches in lenj^th ; it ripens in the autunui and drops from the stenis which remain upon the branches until the followinjj sprinji; ; the samaras are an inch and a half to nearly two inches long, with narrow acute nutlets diverging at an acute angle, and with thin reticulate-veined straight or falcate wings, the margin undulate towards the apex. The seed is narrowed at each end, and is half an inch in length, with a thin coat, narrow thin eotyl'dous, and a rather long r'ldide. Acer Niijumio is one of the most widely distributed, and in scmie parts of the country one of the comnu)nest, trees of the North American forest. It occurs oji the b.mks of the Winooski Uiver and of Lake Champlaiu in Vermont, on the shores of Cayuga Lake iti New York, in eastern Pennsylvania, and ranges to Hernando County, Florida, and northwestward to Dog's Head Lake in Winnipeg aiul along the southern branch of the Saskatchewan to the ea tern biuse of the Uocky Mountiiins ; in the United States it is fouiul as far west iw the eastern slopes o.' the Uocky Mountains in Montana, tiie Wahsatch Mountains in Utiib, western Texas, New Mexico, Mid eiistern Arizona, extending south along the uu)untaiu ranges of northeastern Mexico. The Box Elder inhab'ts the banks of streams and lakes and the borders of swamps ; it is comj)ari>tively rare in all the region east of the A|ipalacliian Mountains, and is much more common in the basin of the Mississippi, being most abundant and reach- ing its greatest size in the valleys of the streams which flow into the lower Ohio River. Here it flourishes in the deep ridi moist and often inundated bottom-lands, formijig a large part of the growth under the Oaks, Hickories, and Gum-trees, which in such situations rise to a great heigl'i. It is mingled with Willows, the Elm, and the Hackberry on the banks of the streams which flow through the midcou- tinentiil plateau almost to the western limit of tree-growth, while in the central uuiuntain region it is confined to valleys five or six thousiuid feet above the level of the sea. In western Texas and in New Mexico the pubescence which clothes the young shoots and the under surface of the leaves of the I5ox Pilder increases in thickness and is persistent, and the eastern tree is thus gra.lually connected with the variety ' which in (/'alifornia is found on the banks of icreams in the valley of the lower Sacramento Kiver, and in the interior valleys of the coimt ranges from the IJay of Ai^er yftfimrtn, vnr. Cnlifnrmciim, .Sargent, Garden and Forest^ iv. 14H. Seipmilo Cali/oniinim, Turn y & (Iriiy, /•'/. IV. Am. i. ii.'jO, (184. — llookiT & Aniolt, Ilol. I'l/.v. /.V..7i.v, ,'i'.;7, t. 77. — WalpiTs, Hep. i. 4IU. — lieiitlmm, J'l. Iliiriweij. .'idl. — NiitUill, Sijlm, ii. !K), t. "•-'. — Koili, Ihmlr. i. .".I.-.. - liriwiT& Wuimm, liiil. Cill. I UIS. Acer Cali/itnticum, Uiutriuli, .s'yn. ii. I'.i8ij. — l*iii, h^nyler Uot. Jahrb. vii. '_'i;l. — Wi'smai'l, Gen. Aeer, 1!7. — (int'iic, Ft. Franvin. i. 70. Nrtiundo arernidei, Torrcj-, I'acijie R. 11. Hep. iv. 71 ; linl. ^fex. liimnd. Sun: 47 ; ll(il. WiUm' Fjrptiir. Frjud. liuU (not Mocni'li). — lliiliirulcr, I'roc. Cat. Acad. iii. 78. Neipmt, acervidif, vur. C'aliJ'iirtticum, Sargent, Garden «ii./ Fur- «/, ii. ;Mi4. SAPINDACKiB. lite above the L-y liafold, and y vi'iiied, lif^ht d l.vo or t'lireo 1 iiidi I'.ig, or vers iipjjea.* on :il8 of the hst and a ha1( to niisiute, ajii'ta- rik' flower, and ere are four to jrs surmidinted luntary disk, is the base lot" ijfs on stenis an in the autumn r ; the samaras an acute an^k', the apex. Tlie hiu eotyl'jdons, ntry one of the uski River and I Pennsylvania, Winnipeg and inbiins ; in tiie I MonUuia, the (tending south of streams and lie Appaku'liian lant and reaoh- ;liver. Here it ■t of tiie growth It is mingled igh the midcon- iiin region it is :s and the under ! eastern tree is if streams in the rom the Hay of • (!ri piio, Ft. Frnnrix. iep. iv. 71 ; liol. lUfX. UuU (not Mooiic'li).— ^nt, (Inrilen and Fnr- SAI'INDACKiK. S/LVA OF Ndirni AMi:i!ICA. 11 ;{ San Francisco to about latituile '.^^ , and in liigii canons on the western slopes of the San Hernardino Mountains. Tiu; California Neginido, which is a spreading tree fifty or sixty feet in iu'ight. may be distinguished by the bark which is darker tban that of the eastern tree, by the thick tomentum of the winter-buds, by the short \ydh persistent i)ube.seence of the branchlets and riiie fruit, and by the con- Htiintly trifoliate leaves witii larger more coarsely serrate and more freipiently lobed Icallets densely coated, even at maturity, on tlie lower surface with pale pubescence. The wood of Am- Niijttiiih is light, soft, close-grained, but iu)t very strong ; it is creamy white, with thick, hardly distinguishable sapwood, and contains numerous nu-duUary rays. The specilic gravity of the absolutely y David Douglas. The rapid growth made by the Box Klder in good soil, its hardiness, and the che<;tiil color of its graceful foliage have always made it a favorite tree in gardens, although it is i>-.i long-lived or very stately or handsome in old age ; and in the United States it has been planted in great numbers of late years, esi.ecially in the naturally treeless central part of the continent, where it supports better than many other tn^cs the severe climatic changes and the deficiency of moisture. Many varieties '■ have appeared in nurseries, and one of tluni, producing leaves marked with broad blotches of pure white, is now a pop- ular garden-plant in most European countries. > frufessDr ,1. H. Iliirrin),'t.Hi (Trnm. Unii. Soe. Cannila, v. .3, whicli appears to have been first used liy Uay, is of unknown moan- 1887) found tliat llie averii;;e yiild of sugar for a number of trees Injf and derivation was 2.50 per cent. -Loudon, Aril, lirit. i. Hill, t. ■' Arhur exnlirii foliii Fruxiui imUir iiiutialLi, ; Aim. Ilnl. 7. — lioerha:ive, l^yil. But. ii. iiiH. — Dnhaniel, Tmili' . A stiinien, ciilar(;eil. r.. A pistillate flower, ciilavKed. 7. Vertical Rectio". i>f an ovary, enlarged. «. An ovule, roucli niagniflcd. 9. A fruiting lirancli, ni-tural »i/.e. 10. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 1 1 . Vertical section of a Heed, enlarged. 12. An embryo, enlarged. 1,'(. A winter branclilet, natural n'ne. Pi.ATK XCVII. A( KK Nkcilndo. var. Caliitobnicum. 1. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural she. 2. A flowering branch of the staniinatc tree, natural sir.e. 3. A pi.stillate flower, enlarged. 4. A staminate flower, enlarged. .5. A fruiting branch, natural hiie. fi. Vertical section of a fruit, natural »he. 7. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 8. An embryo, enlarged. 9. A winter branchlet, natural nhe. / ! ft ra^. ym .'■: f.,.,.': ,M ACER NEGUNDO, l. /I /i'i.\ I 'It,! .r'i/' . • -V i.'uu'ui :\ui'- I ' h s ACblK NKCUM.iO .V.;- CM, IFORNICl' M J M:, r li :,l!:fl,r f'l/:.> 1 ,1 ) i; i i H INDEX TO VOL. II. Names of Onlers are in small capitalh ; of admitted (ieiicra and Species and other pn.per names, in roman type ; of HjiiuiiynLs, ill ilulics. Acer. 70. Acer (tlho-i'ariegntum, 105. Aver albtiin, 10r>. Acer nrgeuteo-vnru'ffntum^ 113. Acer aHreo-fftrifffatum, IKt. Acer tiarbatuni, *.»7. Acer i)arl)atuni, var. Kloridamini, UiO. AftT barltatuni, var. jjrandidentiUuui, KXi. Acer harhatnm, viir. iiignim, 1)9. Acer Cnli/iirtticum, 112, 113. Aeer Canii.hcIIii, 80. .leer Cfindtietisc, Ho, Aver Carnliriiunum, 107. Ai'tT firriiiatum, '.K*. Acer corriueunif lO-'t, 107. Acer erata'^ifoliiim, 80. Acer criy>um, 113. Acer (lasifcnrpurn, 103. Acer (l(is,/carfmm mouosperiniiTn^ 105. Acer dialmliciim, SO. Acer (lis.srclum Wdgneri^ 105. Acer ihinffldsii, U"). Acer lirummohdii, 100. Acer eriocnrpfim, lOIJ. .leer Flurititinuin, UK), 105. Acer hloridum, 1(»5. Ai-er ^lalirum, iK"). Acer f/lnhrnin^ var. fripartifum, 05. A'tr tjlnucum, 107. Actr (jrnuilidcutntHm^ 100. .lor hettrophifUnmy 105. Acer huhridum, 105. Acer .Japoiiicum, 80. Acer Uiriuiatum Whrii, 105. Acer limffi/oliuin, 105. /|(Vr lutenreus, 1(15. -■Iivr nincrocarpum, 105. Aeer maorophylliini, 80. /leer mncrophijUum, U)4. .'Icrr Mericatium, KM). ^4fcr microphiiUnm, 107. .'f(Tr /HfHj/(inn»i. 8!i. Acer Noj^indo. 111. Acer Nej;undo, var. ('j»'ifornieum, ll'J. Acer S*'(jund>K var. 'rixntium. 111. Acer Ne^umin, var. viilj^are, 113. Acer Nef^iindo, var. vul^are, b. anguftissi- ntiim, 113. Acer Nrtjtiuilo, var. vnljjare, a. bicolor, 113. Acer niijrum, \YJ. .Veer nivcutn, 80. Acer paliiiatum, 80. Acr piiimiitum, H'J, 10|. Acer piirci/lonini, K\. Acer /'(irm. lOl. Aver ^lendidum^ 105. Acer Pennsylvanieum, 85. Acer Pennaiflvnuicnm, 83. Acer pictum, 80. Acer pbitaniii(b*s, 80, Acer polyniorpbnin, 80. Acer IVciMb>-l*lat[inii'^, 80. Acer pulvi rulenlum^ 105. Acer nilinini, 107. Acer ruhrnm, 103. Acer ruhrnm ma^, 103. Aver rulimm, var. vhmtutn, 107. Acer riibruni, var. DruninmiKlii, 100. Acer rultruiii. vitr. eunthrum, 107. Acer ndn-utii, var. mirrophifllujn, 107. ^-Iccr ruhrnm, vnr. pallidiflorum, 107. Acer ruhrnm, var. juiUidnm, 103. Acer ruhrnm, var. sar.guiueum, 107. Acer ruhrum, var. semiorhicutatum. 107. .iccr ruhrnm, var. tomentosum, 107. Acer ruHiuTve, 85. /leer lintplii, 00. Acer saccliariniim, 103. /Icfr .v(i(r/;iWN»»i, 07, Acer sacuharinuui, var. albo-raaculatum, icr.. Acer saecharinuni, var. euneatiini, 105. .\cer saccbaritiiini, var. dissectum. 105. A'tr mcvhnrinum, var. Fhridnnnm, 100. Acer mccharinnm, var. tflaucum, 00. Acer naecbarinum, var. laeinialum, MM*. Acer sarcharinuni, var. niifrum, 00. Acer saeebarinutn, var. nomiab', 10-1. Acer mcc/utrinnm, var. pseudo-plitluui't'lts, m. Acer mccharinuni, var. liuyelii, 90. Aver siicv/uiropfiorum, 97. Acer Sdcrh'irum, 1*7, 103. i4rer stctif/uineum, 105, 107. .4 err Snini, 105. .■!('(T semiorhivuhUum, 107. Acer spicatum, 8;i. ^irer I'picatum, ItVl. Acer spicatum, var. Ukiiruiduense, 84. Aver striiitnm, 85. --Irfr /fiJHf'N/(Wnm, 105. Aver Iripartitttm, 05. vl(vr l'k'uruwlittU!te, 84. .Ifrr violitceuvi, 113. ,l(vr virtjalum, 03. /Iirr ['irtpnivnm ruhrum, 105. /If'cr r'( r>'(V'(»/(ir, 113. /Keidiuni a'sciill, 51. ,V-^cria acerni, 81. /KkcuIus, 51. ^ICsculus nlfxt, 55. ^Haculus tin/utu, 55. .ICscultm Asnmiva, 5*J. .Kscnliis Californica, Gl. ^I^scutus vdrii^'d, 53. .Kseiilus C'hinensi.'*, 5'J, 53. vKseiiliis Cobimbiaiia, 52. /Esculns dUvolor, (iO. Ainvulus dissimilin, 52. ^•tJsculu.i evhiituUi, 55. sliscnlusjlncd, 50. .•Esvulns/iavd, var. purpurtisvfu.s, t\0. /KsciiUis glabra, 55. .Kseuliis Hippocastanum, 52, 53. .ICsculm hifhrida, 00, /Ksculus Indiea, 52. .I^nculns luted, 50. ji'^,svuluj< macro:eolk'tiH ^nittilhiittillu, var. otsculiavlla. Calofhi/rsu,-*, ."il. nniininouil, 'riionins, 2r>. 5,3. Calothi/rmis i'uli/ornira, (U. DriiinnitPiidia, \1.'}. Lo^-Wi. id, 25. rapnlin, 'SX I)rv»u'aiiipa nthiiMiiidii, HI. Ciinliiilrpis, ,'U. Dwarf Maple, 05. Miu-fadycn, Jaine.s, 73. I'll nlioli pis ohiHStt, ;i7. Mae fad vena, 73. Cusi-ara Saj;rii(la, 31*. Kllinttia, 2 Morrnt/ii/rstLi, 51. ('rani)tlms, 11. /•JiiiJolropis olrifolia, 37. Maple.s, fmifjal di.sea.sp of, 81. (^iinothus, 17. K.sch.-«e)ii)ltz, .Jiiliaiiii Fricdrich, 30. Maple-sii^ar, inakiiij^ of, U8. (\>iuiot)iU!t Aiiioricanii.s 42. KM-hscludt/ia, 30. Ahirntrtllit, 17. <\ nnothu.'t arhnnus, 15. J'^sriilus, ry\. Afelanornr>iii, 0. <\fViothii.-( Asiaticiis, 17. Kudiiie acid, 10. Meltrorrtt, 73, 77, Cfaiiotlni!* a/.iiri'ii.s, !'_'. Kvotivtutis. 0. Atilit'orm ptiuii'ittiitn, 75. (\iiuolftu-i rol'ifirinus. 17. Kvonyiniis lUropurpuroiis, 11. Meiizies, Areli hald, 00. (\a»nlhu.< t'< rr< ti.<, «!). Kvtniyiiuis Au.ttraliaiins, 10. Menziesiii, !Mt. Ccaiiotlnis (ilitin* dc Wrsaillcp, 42. Evim;imiin ('(imlihtusis, 11. Moi)se-w*MMl, H."». Cranntlms, livl)ri(ls, 42. Kviuiviniis KuntpaMis, 0, 10. Mnuntaiii Maple. H3. (\iiuolhu.-i litni/iilu.'i, '21. Kvonyiinis .lapunicns, 10. Miieldenlier^. (inttliilf Iluiarich, 5(i. Craiiotliu.** I.ulibiatms, -13. Kvoiiyiiuis .laponinis. var. radieaiis, 10. Miielili-iiber^ia, 50. (\ivwthm rci'IitKUim, U). Kvmiyiiiiis •lav.inicns, 0- Myrf'ijuhi^ 13. C'atiotfimt aitniiuVu.t, V.. Kvdnynins latil'nliits, 10. Mipjinih inlt'i/ri/olia, 14, 29. I'l-aiiniliiis tluTsiMnrus, 13. /''rntiifmii.t Intifohn.*, 11. MflffmiUi lali/oliti, 1 1. (.'t'anothiis Vcitcliiniius, 43. Kviinyiuns radicaii.s 10. Miffjiwla Inti/oliti, var. (jlaucescem, 14. C.-aiMitliiirt vrliitimis, V}. Kvnriyimis tinjjeiis, 10. Mf/ffiuilii fHiUens, 14. Ccaiinthiis vi'Iiilinus, var. arboreiia, l."». MviHiviHus vernicdsus, 10. At tjlontntim, 5, I'H.ASTKACKK. It. Kxothea, 73. At i/ltKarium liijmirinuin, 7. ('(•Is, lacqufs Martin. 4. Kxntnea Copalillo, 74. ('i'n'ns|«tra ai'i-iiTia, SI. I'^xolhut ohlotujifolui, 7t>. Naked-wood, 40. ('Iii->>iil)t)(liii> ri'inorata, SI. Kxiitlien piuiii-idata, 75. Netptndium, 70. ('irillit, l>(mu-i)irn, 2. A'* tfiiuilitim /mriii{fhtium, 111. CliflMii, Kraiu'is, .">. Fetid Huekeve, 55. Afrpttu/ot 70. Cliltoiiia, ."i. /■'orrrstia, 41. i\tfptinin arfniiiit;i, 111, 112. ('iil'lnniit lif/'i0. (■|iiii!*.s, Allen Ilirani, Ti*). ihlpilnlt' ptiniriii'ild, 75. Piirin /hdlrii, 5'J. Cviilla. 1. llypidati' trit'oliala, 7H. I'tiiiit lulni. 50. C'lnUn ArifU'iiun, 2. Ilvpliaiitria ciitiea. 12, ',M\. Paria un/hria, 50. Cijrillii (.^nruli'iifiuii, 3. Ilyponoiiieiita eiKniyiiiella, 12. Pavia (lhiin'usi.i, 55. C^UM LACK V, 1. Paria /lallida, 55. Cifrtllit fusnir-i, 3. Iniliau Cherry, 3-^>. Paria rnhra, 52. ('ijrilUi pnrrif'i'lia, 3. Iiik-wo<>d, 75. Paria WaUnuiaua, 53. ('l/riflii /iiilif\litrfiiii. 3. Irnn-w0. Cvtilla rai't'initlni-ii, 3 Jtiit ntremiftiirdf 2. Fhla'ospiira Aeeris, HI, ( 'i/rillii nirrmosti, 3. I'hiima tninimat Si. Cu'illa riu'cnmsii, var. raoetnifiTi, 2. James, Kdwiii, *.H), PhifUoslirUt ureri.-nla, HI. Jaiiiesia, !N». IMiylloHtietn Kplueropsoidea, 51. I);uliii« IMiiiM.'-'l. Foitiua, 75. hitlyiiuH-oci-us, 1)7. Kalni, Filer, H5. Fuiteaii, Alexandra, 75. , fcsculiaella, th,5G. -ens, II. iniiV-um, 112. [2. Protcotema icsculana, 53. Ptden monopfujlla, 7. I'lilviiiiiriu iiinuii.erubUifl, 81. I'lirplf Hjiw, 1!5. I'iifhIi, I'Vcderick, 39. Vutzftpiny 51. Putzeysia rosea, 52. QmTcus Esculiis, 54. Uetl Irnii-wo(Ml, 21. Ilcd Miipl.', 107. Ueyiiosiii, I'J. UcyiioHia latifolia, 21. Rryt>"S"< Alvari), VX IlHAMNAlKK, ii). KhainniiUutii, 27. Rlminnidiiim ffrreuni, 29. h ham nil Hum rcvulutum, 21. HliaiiinuH, 31. lihfwiuua ahii/olia, 37. lihnmnun Citli/ornira, 37, 39. lihtimwiK Cfili/ornira, var. nifira, 37. HhainuHs Culi/nniira, var. UmunleUa, lU*. KhaitinuH Caroliniana, X. Ktiainniis eatliartiea, 32. Hhiimmu^ rhlorn/ihiira, 32. lihuntnux colubnna, 47. ItlianinuH tToci-a, JUJ. lihamnm crncedj 31, Rliaidinis crtH-i'ii, var. inswlaris, 31. Uliaiiinus I r7. Saftiml'i.t (inimiiinfus, 71. Siipinply' lia davpolcana, Vt3. iStripcd Mapl. . S."). Sugar Maple, 07. Sweet Biiekcyc, fiO. Till, 7. I'ni'iiiula Acpris, 81. riicinula fireinata, 81. I'lK'iiiula llexuosa, M. ViiKiiadia, 03. Vufjnailia heptnphijUn, (>,'>. h'mlinvlm hflrriiyhijUd, Cfl. Uiignailia .spi'ciosa, 05. Vine Mi.i>Ic, 03. Vijt'nmnu!!. Zizi/phus l)aminff'nsis, 49. Zizyphus emanjhiaULi, i9.