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Bulletin

u

INSEC

AN

f.-^/. G

M Bulletin No. 5.— New Series.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOUV.

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS:

AN ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES OF IMPORTANCE IN NORTH AMEIIICA,

WITH

MENTION OF RELATED FORMS OCCURRING ON OTHER ANIMALS,

TKEPAKED UNDER THE DIKECTION (jV TUE EN'rOMOLDCIST,

By HERBERT OSBORN,

I'rofeasor of Zoology and ICntomologn, Iowa Agricultural College, Jines, Iowa.

WASHINGTON :

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB.

1896.

?A^r

SlU: 1 attWrtiiif? » prepared 1 State Agi iijileld ageii eii«aj;e<l, < iiK'iit, ill tl statement, irrofessor ^report, in i vl'iofessor durinji' tlie read and i Industry, jijnd is a ^ ^andaofa p, new seii Resj

Hon. J.

\^o'

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Siu:

II. S. l)ErART3IKNT OF AgBICULTURE,

Division oi-' l^iNTOMOLooY, Washiufiton, D. C\,Ju1y S, 1890. 1 traiianiit herewith the manuscript of a report upon insects

attectiiifjf <h)niestic animals in the United States. Tliis report has been

prepared l)y Prof. Herbert ()sborn,of the Zooh)gical Department of tiie

State Agricnltural (.'olleye at Ames, Iowa. Professor Osborn was a

liehl a^ent of this Division for some years \mov to 1<S1>3, and was

;enjiaj;ed, daring part of the time of liis employment by the Depart-

huent, in the ju'eparation of this report. As explained in the prefatory

'5;tiiteineiit, it was the intenticm of Professor Riley to collaborate with

[rrofessor Osborn in this work, but other duties interfered. The

report, in its present condition, is largely the result of work done by

Professor Osborn. untlcr a special conunission from the Departments

luring the i)ast winter. The chapter on remedies has been carefully

I'ead and revised by Dr. D. E. Salmon, chief of the Bureau of Animal

[ndustry. The report will form an excellent text-book of the subject,

nul is a work which, in the opinion of the writer, should be in the

mnds of all stock raisers. I reconnneud its i)ublication as liulletin No.

'|i, new series, of this Division.

Eespectfully, L. O. lIowAKD,

Untomologist. iou. J. Steblt>'(} Morton,

ISecrctary of Agriculture.

V^CoO

PREFATORY NOTE.

The report herewith submitted was originally i)lanncd in 1885 as a conjoint wmk Avitb Dr. C. V. Jliley, the intention beinj*- that the writer should make a first draft of tlie matter, presenting tlie results of his own studies, and tiiat the material slioald then be reviewed by J)r. Kiley to nnike such corrections and additions as the material in his hands might i»ernut. On this basis, manuscript was prcpare<l and transmitted to Washington at intervals u^) to 1800, but the numerous duties of Dr. Kiley, especially his work for the Paris Exposition in 1889, i)revented his giving any attention to this matter, and in 189(), at his suggestion, the cuai)ter on " I'ediculi and Mallophaga," which had been my special study, was put ir. shape for the press and issued shortly alter as IJulletin 7 of the series of Division Bulletins. Tiie other matter was held in reserve, tliough receiving attention at times when other work ijcrnutted.

After Dr. Kiley's death his successor, Dr. Howard, found the writer's incompleted manuscripts and proposed that they shouhl be revised, completed, brought up to date, and jjublished — a proposition whiiih I was very glad to accept, as it seemed after so nnich of my time had been given to this work while in the eniphiy of the Division of Ento- mology it was but right that there should be some publislied results.

In completing the work the original plan an«l scope has been tbllowed in most respects, but it has been found necessary, on account of the mass of material collected, to restrict the treatment of the species, giving special prominence only to those forms of interest to the Amer- ican stock breeder and poulterer, and especially in the bibliography to limit the titles.

Wiiile a large number of the figures have been prepared expressly for this work, a number have been secured from other sources, and will be ^ound duly credited in each instance. Of the original figures, 34, 30, 50, 51, and 52 were prepared in the Division o(" Kntomology; the others have been drawn by Miss Charlotte M. King, under ray personal supervision.

I take this opportunity to a"knowledge my indebtedness to Professor Eiley for his interest and assistance in die inception and preparation of the report, and to Dr. M. Francis, J*rof S. A. Forbes, Dr. A. S. Packard, Prof. Lawrence Bruner, Dr. A. Ilassall, Prof. ,1. H. Coinstock, Mr. C. F. Baker, Mr. S, E. Cassino, and others who have kindly aided me with the use of cuts or with specimens for study. To Dr. L. O. Howard 1 am under especial obligations for most valuabK aid ii. the final ravision and completion. He has taken great i)ain8 to furnish me references not otherwise at command and to provide illustrations.

Herbert Osboen.

Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. i

ClIAi'TKR I.

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led in 1885 as a : that the writer e results of his ■eviewed l)y l>r.

material in his s prepared and it tlie nunierons is Exposition in r, and in 1890, at lajia," whicli had ress and issued

Bulletins. The ,ttention at times

imnd the writer's lould be revised, •position which I 1 of my time had )ivision of Ento- blished results, has been followed )u account of the t of the species, rest to the Amer- ic bibliography to

epared expressly

!• sources, and will

iginal ligurea, 34,

I'^ntomology; the

mder my personal

(Iness to Professor ud preparation of )r. A. S. Packard, )instock, Mr. C. F. Uy aided me witli r. L. O. Howard 1 . the tinal revision ish me refereaces

s.

IBERT OSBOEN.

CONTENTS.

rage. CJllAI'TKR I.— INTIK DUCTION 9

Dofmitioim and 'irriingenoiit (p. 9) — Grouping of paranitic insects (J). 11)— Lifo liiHtoneH of parasites in general (p. 14) — Origin of the parasitic habit (i>. Itj)—l{e8ults of parasitism (p. 16) — Distribution of parasites (p. 17. — Effects of jjaraBites on the host (p. IS) — Losses line to jiarafites (p. 20)— Popular notions about parasites (p. 21).

Chaptkr II.— Dii'TKHA (nio8(|nitoes, gnats, ilies, and ticks) 25

Family CuMcitla' (mosquitoes, gnats, etc. ) 25

Prevention and remedy 28

Family CiiiHoyoMiD.K (midges) 30

The blood-sucking gnat ( Tet-aexthcg torrens) 30

Family SiMii.iiD.i: (black llies, buffalo gnats) 31

Lo.«8es from l»uffalo gnats (i». 32) — F^ifo history and habits (p. 33) —

i Preventives (p. 3(i)— Remedies for tlio bites (j). 37) — Natural enemies

I of buffalo gnats (p. 3S)— Descriptions of species, with notes on their

,; habits (p. 3H) — The columbacx midge (p. 3S) — Simuliuni ornatum

(p. 3!t)— The black fly (p. 4C)— Tlie Southern buffahi gnat (i>.41)—

The turkey gnat(p. 52)— The Western buffalo gnat (p. 55) — 8imulium

i piscicidium (p. 5(5) — Simulium cancscons (p. 57) — Sinuilium rivular.i

i (p. 57) — .Simulium sp. (in Brazil) (p. 57) — .Simulium venustum

I (p. 57)— Simulium sp. (near Washington) (p. 58) — Simulium pictipes

! (p.5M.

Family TahaniD/K (horse (lies, gad Hies, etc. ) 58

The black gad (ly or breeze Hy (p. (JO)- The green-head horse lly (]>.

, 63)— Tabanus stygius (p. 66)— Tabanus molestus (p. VtX) — European

V gad fly (p. 6K)— The banded breeze Hy (p. 69)— The oar fly (p. 69)—

I Chrysops nig«'r (j). 70)— Chrysops quadrivittatus (p. 70)— t'hrysops

I costatus (p. 70)— Chrysops fugax (p. 70)— The hippoboscid-like

Jtabanid (p. 71). .J Family Lki'TI DM (snijx! flies) 71

J Family (EsTKii).K (bot-flies, breeze flies) 72

The horse bot-fly (p. 76)— The ha'moirhoidal bot-fly 84

Horse bot-fly or "chin fly" (p. 85)— Gastrophilus pecorum 87

The bot-flies of cattle (p.87)— Warble flies: F-xtent and manner of „ injury (p. 88)— Loss on hides (p. 88)— Loss in milk and beef from

attack of bot-flies (p. 88,— Occurrence of warbles in man (p. 91) — Life history and habits (p. 91)— Remedial measures (p. 93)— Ox bot- fly or warble fly (p. 95)- Ox bot-fly or heel fly (p. 97).

The sheej) bov-fly or head maggot 102

The reindeer bot or deer hot (p. 105)— The emasculating bot-fly (p. 105)— The rabbit bot-fly (p. 108)— The cotton-tail bot (p. 110)— Other species (p. 110)- -Bot-fly of man, monkeys, dogs, etc. (p. 110).

5

6

CONTENTS.

I'nco. CiiAiTKit II. — l>ii'Ti;nA (iiioHqiiitocs, finatH, llicH, iiinl ticks) — (' intiniitid.

I'iimily Ml ■scum: (Iiiiiihh llirs iinil nllii's) 114

I'liclKiiii ll.v(i>. Ill)— 'I'lu'llnMl- (ly(i». IL'D— Till' still. lotlx (p. l:.'2)— Tlio iiH'iit liy (nlilow llv (|». r_':t)— lUm-liiittlc ll,v(p. llM) riii'siirw-Wdnn

iiy (p. iL';i) -I'lii' tsctso iiy (p. i;<:{)— riH) iiipiioiut.'s iiics (i:ti).

I'aiiiily llli'i'oiiuMih.i; (loi.'st llics. titks) JHf.

Tilt' liird ticks ((Ulcrsiii iiiid ( MiiitlHimyiii ) (p. lUT)— I'lic drcr tick (p. i:!7)— I'lic (dicHt Iiy nr lidisf t ick (p. ili?) -'I'lm slu-cp tiik (p. IIW).

Family N VtTKltiiiiih i (Itat IlicH) 110

CiiAi'TKii in — SinioNArir.isA (llcas) Ill

Tile .jiufji'l' llt',1 or (•lil;;o»' (p. I IL')— I'll" lull lien ( |i. Ill)— Tllr opossillll

llcii (p. ill!)— 'riic liKiisi' lli'.i (p. 117)— Tim liii'd lira ( ji. 1 17)— Tlic rat and iiiouHf Ilea (p. IIS) — Si|iiirnl llcas (p. 1 IS)— Thi' spciiniipliilt' Ilea (p. 11!))— 'I'lic doy; and cat, Ilea ( i>. IT.O)— Ifal.liit llcas i p. l.'il.')- Tin' inolii Ilea (p. l.">;!) — TIk" pocket, Kc'pl'cr Ilea (p. I'd). CllAl'TKU I\'. — lii'.Mil'TKltA (lni;;s Mild lice) 157

Siiliorder lli',ii:i!()i'i'i",iiA • I'ainily AcAXiiiiihi,: (Wed liii;; and allied tonus). 157 The coiiiiiioti bed liiii; (p. I."i7 ) — Thi' "coriico,"' or Mexican chicken liiiK (p. IttO) — The liani-swallow liiij? (j). Itil).

Family 1>|-.I>1 viiim. Ui3

The ldo()d-s»ckiu>; cone-iiose (]>. lt)3).

Siihordi r I'AKAsriA , I'aniily I'k.dk i i.in.i;— The smdoiial lice Kit

The crali louse (ji. Iti5) — The head louse (p. 1(!(!) — The hody louse (j). 1(17)— Louse of the ai>e (]i. H!S) -l.ice inl'estinjr the monkey ()i. HIS) — Th(> sucUiiif; doK louse (ji. I(»t>) — The louse (d' the camel ()». 170) — idee iiif'estiiiK' the niratl'c, deer, and anitdope {]>. 170) — The siiidvin^ louse of the jioat (p. 17(0 — The shoe]) foot louse (p, 170) — The short-nosed ox louse (p. I7L')— The loiii^-nosed (»\ louse ( p. I7(!i — The iMiHalo louse (]). 177) — The ho;; louse (p. 17S) — The sncklii;; horse louse (p. ISO) — Slicking lice of rodents (ji. ISl ) — l.oiise of the rat (j). ISl ) — Louse of the held nioiise (p. ISl) — Louse of the ralddt and hare ( p. ISl') — Louse of the llyiii;; siiiiiind (]>. ISL')— Louse of the fox siinirnd (j). ISli) Louse of the ^''ay s<iiiirrel (]i. ISl) — Louse of the white-footed mouse (]i. ISl) — Louse of tho ^lountl si|iiiri'ids and chipmunk (p. isr>) — lIieinatopi'iUH eiTaticu8(p. ISti) — l''ulia'niato|>ii!us : Mole louse (jt. ISIl) — Fiiha'inati>]>iiius uhnormis (p. 1S7) — lla'mato]dnoides: Sucking louse of the pocket j^ojiher (p. 1S7) — The ele)diant louse (p. ISS)— The louse of the harltor seal ()>. ISS). CiiAi'TiK V. — Suhonler .MalloI'Iiaoa (bird li.e) 1S!»

Family I'iiiloi'Ikimdi, 1!M

Louse of du(dis and geese (p. 19li) — The little red swan louse (p. 1!I2) — Lesser chic ken lousi; (j). 102) — Large (diicken louse (ii. UK?) — I'igeon louse (p. 103) — The peacock goniocotcB (p, IDI) — (Jtuiiocotes of the jiheasant (p. litl) — Hurnett's goniocotes (p. 104) — The chicken gou- iodes (]), 105) — (iiiinea fowl goniodes (p. 105) — The pigeon gtmiodea (]>. 105) — The little j.igc.on goniodes (p. l!l(i) — Louse of the turkey (p. 10()) — The peacock goniodes (p. 197) — The pheasant goniodes (]). 107)— GiMiiodes gigas (p. 107) — Idjienrus of the chicken and pheasant (p. 107) — Guinea fowl lipeiiriiH (j). 19S) — Louse id' the shel- drake (p. 198) — The i)igt^on lipeurus (]). 190)— Tho H(iualid duck louse (p. 200) — Idpeurus anseris (p. 200)— The lipeurus of the goose (p. 2(X)) — The turkey louse ''p. 201) — The variable chicken louse ^p. 202) — The white swan louse (p. 202)— The louse of the ('at (p. 203) — The biting louse of the dog (]>. 203)— The louse of the bear (p. 204) — The louse of the llama (p. 204)— The louse of the goat (p.204)— The louse of the suoep (p. 20(>) — The biting lice of horses, mules, asses, etc. (p. 207) — Trichodectes pilosus (p. 208) — Trichodectes panuu-

1

CONTENTS.

I'nge. illtilllU^l. 114

IcscrrW-Worill

IMfi

Tile (IciT tick |i tick (|i. I'-iX).

110

Ul

-'I'lii' opiisHimi

, 1 J")— Tilt! lilt KM'inopllilt' ll)Ml

1 (|i. l.V-M— Tlif

157

jillicd forum). 157 III cliickt'ii liii^

l(i:J

ir« Itil

lioilv louse (ji. iikoydi. UW)— l(l>. 170)— Lice ■ siifkinj; inimti

'lie t*li(iI't-Ill)S«'(l IC llllltillo lollHC

loiiHc ()). IHO)— ISl) — LoiiNo of liiiri! ().. ISL')— ox sqiiiriM'l (p. Ho \vliit»'-foot«>(l

cliipiiiiiiik (p. us : Mole lonse

iiiiito])iiioi<les: ele|)iiant louse

W)

litl

louHo (p. v.m—

p. I!W)— I'iKt'on IlilX'Otos of the eliiekeii Kon- iijieoii goiiioilea

of the turkey iHiiiit <;oiiio<leH e ehickeii and use of the sliel-

H(|iiali(l (luck 118 of the goose

eliicken loHHo lieeat(p.203)—

hear (p. 204)— it (p.204)— The !s, mules, asses, odeetes paruni-

Family LioriiKiD.i:

LuUHo of the dove (p. 210)— The coniiiioii \nm loime (]i. 210)— Menupoii biseriafiihi (p.212)— 'i'he pheasiiut ineiiopoii (p. 212)— The peaeoek louse (p. 212) — Louse of the (iiiinea, lioii (p. 2i;{) — Louse of ducks (p,21!{) — Louse of the ;;oosc and swan ( j). 21U)— Louse of (he yoose (p, 211)— The pigeon louse ( p. 21 1 )— The swan louse (p. 215)— Louse of tlie (iuiiiea piu (p. 215)— UyroiMis ovalis (p. 2lt!).

.\]>pendix to MaMopha<ia

Jjst of .s|ieeies of Mullo]>iui<::i in I'liited States, with descriptions of ui'W species (p. 210) — riiiiopteridie (p. 210) — Liotheida- (p. 24U).

|C'llAi'ii;u VI.— AUA(iiMi».v

Order .\( auina : llarxest mites; clii^fK*'!'"

Family (Ja.masikk

The bird tiik ()>. 25;{)— The i)oultry tick fp. 253).

Tamily Ixukik i:

The ear iiiito (p. 255) — The pigeon tick (p 2.55) — The American argas (p. 25(5) — The cattle tick (p. 257) — The dog tick or wood tick (p. 2'il)— The lone star tick (p. 201)— The lahiiit tick (p. 2(il)— Ixodes ricinus (p. 2(i2).

Family SAi!CniTii> i;

The itigcon jdiime mite(p. 202) — The cystic fowi niite (j). 2tiU) — Internal

chicken iiiKe (p. 2(iH)— Mites infesting mice (ji. 26:() — Tiie ear mite

i (ji. 2()1)— The chorioptes of the liorse ami ox and gout (p. 2(W) — Foot

I M-ah of sheep (p. 2ti0)— Ihe scab mite <d' shoei>, horses, and cattle

^ (p. 2(i())— The Itch mi(e (p. 20!l)— Itch niitc of (he cat (p. 271)— The

Itch mite of fowls (|). 272) — The suioodi siircop(es (p. 271 ).

Family I)k.moi>i:(II> i:

The follicle mite (p. 271).

Order LiNdiArii.iNA

Linguatula rhinaria (p. 275).

CllAI'ir.U VII. -K'iMl'.IilK.s — I'RK.VKNTIVi: TUi;ATMi;Nr

I'reventive measures

Insecticidal sulistances (]». 277)— Methods of api>licatioii of remedies « (p. 270)- Direct capture or destruction of insects ()). 270) — L'eiiova-

■f tion of henliouses (p. 2S0)— I'umigation (p. 281)— Washes and dips

(p. 282).

.CiiAi'TKK VIII. — List ok l'AUAsrn;s a» (oiiDiMi to Musts

J .VOecting m.in (p. 280)— All'ecting ajies and iiKUikeys (p. 280)— Atl'octing

I the dog (i>. 2X0)— Atfecting the cat (p. 2K0)— Aliccting the ferret

I (p. 28(;)— AU'ecting the horse, ass. and mule (p. 280)— AOecting cattle

I (p. 287)— AlVecting slice]) (i>. 287)-AMectiiig the goat (p. 287)—

AU'ecting swine (p. 287)— AOecting ralihits and hares (p. 287)— Allccting chickens (p. 287)— AOecting the turkey (p. 287)— Aflectiug tlie j)eafowl (p. 287)— AO'cctiiig pigeons (p. 287)— AO'cotiug ducks, geese, and swan (p. 287).

CiiAi'Ticu I.\.— Lrri;uATt UK

I'arasKes in general (ji. 288)— Diptera (p. 289)— Simuliuhe (p. 289) — (Estridic (p. 2!t0)-ruliclda' (p. 291 )-l'e<liculidie and Mallophaga (lice) (p. 292)-Arachuida (p.293)— Kemedies (i>. 293).

I'nKc 210

210

251

251 253

255

262

i

274

274

277 277

286

288

INSE

ILLUSTRATIONS.

I'ngr.

PI. T. (iiiHtropliilim (Mjiii in .st<)ina(!li of horse 76

II. hp«'c;i«'8 of MallopLagu 218

III. Ar>;!isiiiii' 255

IV. Tim ciittlo tick ( lioophiliiH horin Kiloy) 258

V. The <'attlo tick (y/<»oj>/ii<u« torts Kiloy) 258

8

Therela kingdom ]i tbese relat ^'In tlie iosectH w]ii Mlves nil peper of lust llCIO i sittectiiiii l^imalH ill I Insects n ^st, by oc< • occasion ie case of p4rt of the tl|roughout nintc's or so imtriiuent f

INSECTS AinniCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

(^IIAPTKK T.

INTRODUCTION.

I'llgr.

70

248 255 258 258

DEVINITIONH AND AURANOEMENT.

Tlie relations whicli iiiMects bear to the otlier branrlies of tlie animal kint^dom are of no little complexity, and the coniidete statement of these relations would requirti a lengthy (lisciission of detlnitions.

lu the present work it is intended to discuss i)articularly those insects which by direct attack upon domesticated animals ren<ler theni- selves an injurious element to the stock breeder, i)oultry raiser, and keeper of vari(ms aninnils for pleasure or i>roflt. Naturally, reference ust lu're and there be nuide to allied forms which may be of interest affecting some related animals or as possible parasites of domestic l^imals in the future.

; Insects may affect domestic animals in a number of different ways; flflrst, by occasional attack for the purpose of obtaining food ; second, by occasional attacks which wimply give irritation to the animal, as in the case of certain species of flies; third, by living as parasites during part of their existence, as in bots; fourth, by living as parasites throughout their lifetime, as with the licse; and, fifth, by living as mess mates or scavengers upon the bodies of the animals without deriving nutriment from them, as, probably, some species of bird lice. |ln general, the insects affecting animals are termed parasites, but evidently this term would not be appropriate for all the forms above aentioned. It is by no means easy to give a definition which shall be operly exclusive.

We nuiy say that a parasite is an animal whicli lives at the expense another, but this wcmld not include many species which are corn- only considered as ])ara8ite8 and which, while dependent upon a host imal for existence, take nothing that is of value to the host. On e other hand, if we say the parasite is an animal dependent at some iriod of its life upon another for existence, we must include many ms which have none of the habits whicli we commonly associate th parasitism, an Beneden has proposed three groups — parasites, messmates, and tualists. In the first group are placed all those forms which feed on the tissues of the host. In the second group are placed those lich simply take the food collected by the host, but do not demand its

9

10

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

own substance. In the third gi'oup are placed those which simply ask protection or an opi)ortunity to procure food in coniH'(!tion with, or t( live upon cast-ofl' portions or rejected matter from, the liost.

In liiter writings, many of which have appeared since the first writ ing of this chapter, tliis grouping has been more or less modified, and a caret'iil summary derived from thewoiksof Ijcuckhart, Looss, lUancii anl. Neumann. I'ailliet, and otliers is given 1)y I>r. ('. W. Stiles in thi' Proceedings oC the l-'ntomological Society of Wasliingtou, (Vol. 111. \). (i.) This arrangement, in bi-ief, is:

./. liasod on SyniMioHis and food: (1) MutnaiiHts: (2) ConiuiensuliHts; vii) Trnc parasites; (li I'sciidoiiarasites; (")) S]>iirions jtar.'isitcH.

7). Jiascd on position : (1) lurtoparasites; (U) I'.iidopaiasitus.

C. liascd upon tho auininl or plant : ( 1) Pliytoparasitcs: (<() in or upon animals; (/)) in or npon i)]ants; (2) Zoo-parasites; (c) in or upon animals; ((/) in or n|ioii plants.

/'. liuBi'il upon tiiMo; (1) Temi)orarv parasites; (!.') Stationary ])arusitcs; (</) I'eri odii'ai jiarasitos; [h) rermancnt ]iarasitos.

JC. liased npon adaptation or necessity; (1) I'ai'nitativ e j>ar;isites; iLM Obli^atorx parasites.

/■'. Rased \\]>tm llio unndter of liosts; (1) Monoxcnons ]>arasiles; (2) Ileteroxenons ])arasites.

A careful examination of the subject will show that none of these groupings furnish ii satisfactory basis lor a systematic plan of treat ment, in a work of tliis character at least, since we may have a numbe' of these roles assumed by the Siinu> insect at different periods of its existence or under (lilfcrent conditions.

It has .seemed, all things considered, tiie most feasible plan for thi> work to iiudude all insects directly injiu'ious to tlie aniiuiil economy, ordirecily as.sociiited with domestic jininiiils, to take up the ditferent .species in their zoological (U'der, so that similar '>rms may be tre;iteii together and repetition may be avoided, iind ro treat each specitss a^ fudy as jxtssible, giving its past history, extent of" injury, habits, and life history, ;ind liually methods of pr<'ventiug or relieving its injuries

In order to fuinisli ii convenient key to the ditferent si»ecies am enable the ditferent forms occiu-riug upon ttiie aninud to be .seei together, a tiibje hits been arranged according to animjils inlested constituting (Mmpter V-'Ill. Then a chapter is devoted exclusively to ;> discussion of rcMuediiil measures, methods of prevention, and notice (i: animals wliich have p;iiasites in common.

The group of worms is excluded from this work, as it wcmld toi greatly exten<l it, and, moreover, the most imi)ortant species havi received quite thor(»ugh treatment in vi^teriuary works and spe(!i;i treati.ses which are available to those desiring information regardin, them. jNIoreover, tliese jtarasites are less under the coutrol of tin breeder (except in the way of prevention.

In order to sliow more fully the relations of the i)arasitic species. ; brief review of the chissitication oftho.se included will be of assistant

■ The gi the oldei ihose aui \>y means |ody. I This ni |iisecta 1 pida, inci |rith ant |liorax,a Elongate |he Malai to tro]>i< i I Of tin eonnectio from thei man or d( The.sul ndency rders so ematicai ine grou irders, th curopter 'I These o feii (butt 0oleopter; ((Crickets nies, etc.) aamira (s] jA In the fomestic ; fender tht (|ntirely in |ind as sui tinimal att *ie group. * Of the 1 oths are eated in The or<l( semipai having rudime

HALS.

INTRODUCTION.

11

e whi(!h simply ask iiK'ction with, or tn the host.

iiiu-e the first writ • h?8S modifled. and lait, Looss, Ulaiicli V. W. Stiles ill thr lingtoii. (Vol. 111.

iiiiiiuMisalists; (;{) 'I'ruc

s.

0 in or ii])()ii nninials;

iiiiiials; ((/) in or ii])oii

;ny ])ariisit('s : (a) Peri

iriisitcs; (LM (>l)Hniitor\

sites; (2) llt^toroxenoiis

tiiat none of these ■inatic plan of treat n>ay have a niinibe'

erent i»erio(ls of it>

'easil)le phiii for thi> lie, aninial economy, lUe III) tlie (liiVereiit

riiis may be treated eat each specicss a^

injury, habits, ami elievinj"' its injuries

liferent speeies ami

iiuimal to be seei

) animals infested.

)t('(l exclusively to ;

intion, and notice a

ik, as it w«ml(l tni

rtant species liav^

works and si>e(!i;i

Mination regardiii:

the control of tin

*■

(

parasitic species. ; vill be of assistant (

GBOUPINO OF TARASITIO INSECTS.

The RToup of insects taken in its wider se >e or as usually s'iven in the older text books (the Tracheata of modern systems) includes all those animals having jointed bodies with jointed linibs aiul breathing j^y meaus of trachea or respiratory tubes distributed throughout the |ody.

% This nuiin group is divided into four siibgnmps: The Ilexapoda, or ijisecta proper, including all the six-footed, winged forms; the Arach- j^ida, including the eiglit-footed Ibrnis, none of them winged or provided yith antenna", and with the body not distinctly separated into head, fliorax, and alxlomen (spiders, mites, ticks, etc.) ; the IMyrh)i)oda, having Elongate bodies and numerous legs (centipedes and nnllipedes); and he Malacoi)oda, containing a few si>ecies of worm-like forms conliued ^ tro]>i( al latitudes.

! Of these only the two former contain si)ecies to be considered in this Oonnection, unless, indeed, reference be made to the centipedes, which, from their i)oisonous nature, may at times have an injurious etfect on l|ian or domestic animals.

^ The subgroup Ilexapoda is divided into a number of orders, and the lendency among recent systematists is to increase the number of these larders so that from sixteen to nineteen are recognized in different sys- tematic arrangements. For the purpose of this work, we may enumerate |iine groiii)s which may be (;onsi<lered as equivalent in most eases to lirders, though some of them, notably the Neuroptera a.ud the Pscudo- ^europtera, include several of the orders recently established. : These orders are the Hynu'uoptera (bees and wasps); the Lepidop- ^ra (buttcrtlies and moths); the Diptera (flies and mosquitoes); the 0oleoptera (beetles); Ileraiptera (bugs and lice); the Orthoptera (crickets and grasshojjpers); Pseudoneuroptera (dragon Hies, l\lay iies, etc.); the Neuroptera (shad flies, caddice flies, etc.); the Tby- Kinura (spriiigtails).

in tiie lirst of these orders, Ilymenoptera, no species parasitic on oiiiestic ar.imals o(!curs. Bees and wasps, by virtue of their stings, fender themselves obnoxious to aninuils; but since their attacks are |ntirely in the way of self defense, and never in the form of i)arasitism, |im1 as such attacks are not limited to any species either of insect or animal attacked, we deem it unnecessary to nnike further mention of |lie group.

, Of tlie Lepidoptera, no species attack the higher animals. The bee ttoths are sometimes very destructive in hives, but these will be found

eated in works on the apiary.

The order Diptera includes a number of families containing parasitic

seiniparasitic species. The members of this order are distinguished

|y having oidy one ])air of wings, the second pair being represented

rudiments called halteres, balancers, pcisers, etc. The Culicidie

12

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

include the mosquitoes which are notably irritating to a great number of domestic animals as well as to man. They are distinguished by the slender bodies and lancet like mouth parts.

The Simuliida3 include the buffalo gnats, small, heavy- bodied insects, which, by their persistent attacks upon the eyes, ears, and other exposed parts of the body, as well as by their painful and frequently poisonous bites, cause intense suffering and often death to their victims.

The TabanidfB include the large horse-tiies. They have a very seven- bite, and cause much discomfort to horses and cattle, and often to man as well.

The CEstridte, or bot-flies, are truly parasitic during part of their life- time, occupying various localities — the stomach of the horse, the frontal sinus of the sheep, subcutaneous tissue of cattle, rabbits, etc., and the testes of squirrels. In the adult form they are two-winged insects, with rudimentary mouth parts, and simply deposit their eggs in proper places for the young to gain entrance to their hosts. In this form they may do much harm, however, by worrying animals in their efforts to accomplish the deposition of eggs. As larvio they live within the tissues of the host, passing from these to the ground to enter the pupal stage, and from this they issue in the adult form.

The Muscidiv, a large family, including such forms as the common house fly, the horn fly, and others, includes a number of species that are of direct importance in their attacks upon domestic animals. In some cases it is the irritation or bite of the adult; in others, as with the screw-worm and blow-fly, the larva becomes the inimical form.

The Hippoboscidic include the sheep ticks and the bird ticks. Th<' latter have the wings common to the other flies; the former is wingless. They have mouth parts fitted for puncturing the skin and drawing up the liquid contents of the tissues.

The Nycteribiidic, or spider flies, are found only on bats, and are con- stant parasites. They are remarkable for their slender, spider-liko bodies. They deserve mention because of their peculiar structure and special adaptation to parasitic life, notwithtsanding that they are not found upon domesticated animals nor likely ever to be.

The Pulicida*, or fleas, are now usually placed in a separate order— the Siphonaptera — though in some respects they show affinities to the Diptera. T'lxey occur on a number of difl'erent animals, confining them- selves in most cases to different jjccies of hosts. They may live, hov\ ever, much of the time free from the host and the larva? develop indo pendently of the host, though in many <;ases it must be that they are confined to the places (xcupied by the host.

The Hemiptera are distinguished by having tlie month parts adapted for suction and llie wings either membranous or with the basal half o! the fore wings thickened and leathery. The order contains three sub orders, the Het .optera, Ilomoptera, and Parasita. The first includes thosehaving the fore wings thickened at base. In this division we havo the bed-bugs and cone-nose, and in the family Belostomatidie insects

rhich pi

the Beiu

ner, and

ttili/atio

in a Stat

to come

•ttracte(

liauie of

ibade to

ipecies n

l|hc basis

ikot be CO

to this pi

; Jn the

to be of i

The su

oulidas tl

animals.

species of

of any of

fined to a

V The grc

f^hat doul

they hav€

^ey natu

Book lice i

I^oup is V

tke very d

to go into

all entire]

cnlidie by

lAiey are i

\^ far the

The groi

l^^ the stn

%.rsi and 1

developed

I The Net

i^t contai

l^ecting d

|The Thy

^ccies, Pf, Che Ara

Kellogg, i lily Trich ' Lea ParaE

INTRODUCTION.

13

ALS.

to a great number itinguished by the

ivy- bodied insects. J, ears, and other nl and frequently th to their victims, have a very severe ), and often to mau

g part of their life- e horse, the frontal .bbits, etc., and the svo-winged insects, heir eggs in proper In this form they in their efforts to ey live within the I to enter the pupal

nis as the common

ber of species that

nestic animals. In

; in others, as with

) inimical form.

»e bird tic^ks. The

former is wingless.

in and drawing up

bjits, and are con-

ender, spider-like

uliar structure and

that they are not be.

I separate order— low affinities to the als, confining them 'hey may live, how irvie develop inde st be that they arc

outh parts adapted ;h the basal half «! contains three sub

The first includes lis division we have

stomatidie insects

hich prey upon young fish. The common Belostoma ameriranum and the Benactis (/riseus may prove at times quite destructive in this man- jier, and if fish (culture should become an important industry for the Utilization of ponds and streams, and such species as the carp be kept in a state of practical domestication, such insects might be thought to come witliin the scope of our work. The adult insect is strongly attracted by electric lights, and in many h)calities has received the Banie of " electric-light bug." Not inf're«jueutly curious observers are Blade to sufter from the imnctures of its powerful beak. ShouUl the ipecies require practical attention its gathering at lights could be made l^e basis of efJective measures for its reduction. At present it need ]4ot be considered as requiring notice in a work of the scope assigned to this paper.

In the hoiuopterous division of tlie Hemii)tera no species are known to be of importance in this connection.

The suborder Parasita includes the families Polyctenida; and Pedi- culidas the latter of which only is of consetjueiice as affecting domestic animals. These are degraded, wingless forms occurring on nearly all species of mammals, and may be considered as the most truly parasitic of any of the forms we shall consider, their whole existence being con- i|iied to and dependent upon a certain host.

, The group of Mallophaga, including the bird lice, has been of some- |rhat doubtful position, but at present authors are generally agreed that they have their affinities with the I'seudoneuroptera, in which group fliey naturally fall near the family Psocidje, which includes the minute l^ok lice so common in books, herbariums, insect collections, etc. The g^oup is well marked, though somewhat aberrant, doubtless a result of t%e very distinct i)arasitic habit of all the species. It is unnecessary to go into a discussion of its zoological position here. The species are all entirely wingless and may be easily distinguished from the Pedi- Cttlidie by their biting mouth-parts, the jaws being well developed. !0iey are all confined to warm-blooded animals, birds and mammals, \^ far the greater number being parasitic on birds.

The group contains two well-marked families,' quite easily separated i^ tlie structure of the feet. The PhilopteridiB having but very short ^rsi and being unable to travel rapidly, while the Liotheida' have well- 4|eveloped tarsi and run with great rapidity and ease. i The Neuroptera proper, which is divisible into several orders, does ^t contain any species that are to be counted among the insects Mfectiug domestic animals directly.

|Tlie Thysaiiura, including tlie little spring tails, would scarcely seem lively to present any parasitic forms; but IMegnin^ has described a

lecies, PodurhippuH intyriasicuti, as affecting horses parasitically. 'he Arachnida are for the most i)art readily separated from the

Kellogg, in his " New Miillophaga," proposes a new family arrangement, making a ily T^ichodectill!^^ for uiamnialian philopterids. Les Parasites and les Maladies Farasituires, p. 104.

14

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

insects proper by the i>rc8eii('eof four pairs of Ief>s aiitl arc represented ,| -p, by the familiar spiders, ticks, mites, scuu-pions, etc. Tlio parasitic ^v. .

Slicep t

forms, however, are inchuled in the order Acarina, and in this ord( i are confined to tlie families Trombidiicbe, Ganiasidic, Ixodida', aiul Acaridic, the latter including the specially parasitic subfamily Sarco]) tin;e. The tirst family can scarcely be called parasitica, the specie > livinjj; on vejictation, but occasionally attachinji" themselves to aninmis and cansinj;- intense sufl'eiinf;'. The Ixodida' also breed upon vegeta tion, but dei)end upon attaching themselves to mammals in the latci stages of their development, and with some, pt least, tliis seems esscii tial in the maturity of tlie reproductive organs, especially the develoj) nient of tlie eggs However, certain s[)ecies will be found to infest regidarly certain species of mammals, those infesting cattle, rabbits, sfjuirrels, etc., each adhering as a rule to its particular species of host. Some of these reach a considerable size, as the dog tick, one-half iucli or so in length, when I'lilly exteiulcd with eggs.

The Acarida' are v«'ry minute mites which produce itcii, scab. mange, etc., some of them living on the surface of the skin and other' burrowing within it.

mode of r( must be d

All (.f t siye stage eigs. conn llltch into ittsi/e an< a|d the ti n detei ke it ui

en for th foi- the dev ijAVe knoA Fjfecpientlj' vermin tha the ordinal greatest m

LIFK IIISTOUIKS OF PARASITKS IN (HONEKAL.

In their general life history, many of the j)arasiti(t insects travo! ^ethei* th nearly identical courses, owing to the similarity of the conditioii> wson. It under which they liv«!. l>ut when we <'onsider the semiparasitii; lbrni> "^ siimme and free species we meet a great variety of habit. *^"^^ '^'

The mosquitoes, horse-flies, and butfalo-gnats are troublesome to aiii ''^'^^"» ^'^'' mals only iu the adult stage, their early stages, except in the case oi Iw^'^ver, on the flesh-tlies living in wounds, or of the bots, being passed in aiientirel} "^^^^^^ ^''^ !*■' different manner. The mosquitoes, as is well known, live in water ;!• ®W!*^ ^^''1*^ " " wigglers," then become pupa', still aquatic, then issue in t he full wingiM cojltend wit form, in which stage they make their attacks upon tlie higher animal- vitkdity, anc and finally deposit their eggs on the surface of water. The horse-tlitv **t'^ vesnlt.

jmrsue a very similar round of life, but require a much longer time i\>\

thv, life

the various stages of development. "^ forms.

The bot-tlies, on the contrary, as already hinted, do all their injurious ^V'^'y ''^sii work, except that resulting from fright, in the larval form, at this tiiiit W'^^'-i'vatiot being parasitic within the host animal. The i.ui»a' and adults an ^fl'*^^'" tliat incapable of harm in themselves. It must be stated, however, tha' the adults are a serious annoyance on aitcount of the terror whicih tin } inspire in horses, sheej), and cattle when hovering about them to deposi; their eggs. Whether this terror is due to an instinctive knowledge m the part of the animal as to the injurious nature of the insects, as lin" been argued by some, or whether because of their resendilance to bet- or wasps, or horse-flies, which experience has taught to be capable v causing pain, we can not pretend to say with assurance. (!ertainly, tht effect of such fright is anything but <lesirable, except as it serve protect, in some degree, the terrified beast.

il

hatching iparently 1 ugh iu s< ve very I he mit<^i: jerever tl vest niit( s are usu it of tin themseb

klALS.

INTRODUCTION.

15

mil arc represented >U'. The parasitic , and in this ordd sida', Ixodida', ami ; subfamily Sarcoji i-asitic, the specie > iinselves to animals breed upon vegetu lunnials in tlie hiti i t, this seisms esscn ecially the develop be found to infesi ling cattle, rabbits, dar spei^ies of host. • tick, one-half iucl

roduce itch, scab, the skin and othei'

isitic insects travc ■ of the condition^ semii)arasitic forni-

tronblesome to ani iccept in the case (i; asscd inanentirel} n, live in water a nein thefull-wingci the higher animal- cr. The horse-Hir- uch longer time fm

<) all their injurioii- 1 form, at this tiiiit )a' and adults an fed, however, tha'

', terror \vhi(!h tin ) )ontthem todeposi ctive knowledge <ii

the insectvS, as ha- esend)lance to bee ht to be capable « nee. Certainly, tilt

ept as it serve^^

ic

5 Fleas propagate in the dust of dwellings, in the litter of the resorts dif the aninuds they infest, or attached to the hair of animals.

vShcei) ticks and bat ticks have acipiired a remarkably specialized mode of reproduction as a conseciuence of their parasitit; habits, which must be dealt m ith in detail in discussing that particular group.

All of the (liferent kinds of suctorial lice pass through the su(M'cs- sive stages of growth upon the particular animals they infest. The eggs, commonly called "nits,"' aie attached to the hair of the host and li^tch into young lice which resend)Ie closely the adults, differing only in size and in the hardness of certain ])arts. Tlie rate of propagation an<l the time involved in passing through the different stages have been determined for but one species, and that under conditions which make it uncertain as a basis for calculating possible rate of increase eiren for that species. ]\Iuch less can it be taken as a basis of measure for the development of other species.

;,AVe know, however, that the rate of increase is at times very great. Ftecpiently an aninud when first observed is so thickly covered with vernnn that the owner thinks they must have come by some other than the (H'dinary means of reproduction. The lice are frecpiently found in greatest nuiid)ers in tin; spring of tins yt'ar, but it is quite doubtful whethei- this is due to increased rapidity of reproduction in the Avinter season. It seems most likely that the reproduction is more rapid dur- ing summer, but the animals are then in a thriving condition, con- stantly in the open air, and by their own efforts keej) the lice from making su«-h headway as to produce noticeable results. During winter, h<|wever, one or two generations even, from the immerous flock i)resent wi|en the aiumals are housed, furnishes such luimbers that their pres- ence tells upon the economy of tue animal ami it is no longer abh^ to contend with its foi's. The result is loss of hair, poor condition, reduced vitality, and, finally, unless active measures are adopted for its relief, a fatal result.

S'he life history of the bird lice is very similar to that of the sucto- rial forms. Kggs are attached to hairs or feathers and the young, con- stantly resident upon the host, grow by easy stages to the adult form. Obsf-rvations on the ])eriod vcMpiired for the incubation of the egg have i»i|owu that for one species, \Hzm-lii(( i)iiHcaria,thet'nno from dei)osit ion tcS hatching is from fifteen U) twenty <lays. The rate of increase is apparently here less rapid than tor the suctorial species, but still rapid e8K>ngh in some si)ecie8, as, for instance, the cattle and horse li<!e, to p^ve very troublesome to their hosts.

S'lie antes, ticks, mange insects, etc., travel similar cycles of life w]|erever they are confined to the host throughout life; but for the vest nates and ticks, whi(,'h develoi) for a time on vegetation, the eflfcs are usually deposited loosely on the animal or upon vegetation and lut of the young obtaining a portion of their growtli before attach- liflr tiiemselves to an animal host. The young resemble the adults iu

16

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC. ANIMALS.

general outline, but it is a general rule tbat they have but thvee pairs of legs, whereas the adults as a rule have four. When gorged wiiij blood the adults may become distorted in shape, when the resemblance to the young becomes less marked.

ORiaiN OP THE I'AUASITK! HABIT.

M't'ulids, ,e sanui t body \ rasites. V#ry great structures

The problems of the origin of ])arasites, or the adaptation of ceitaii forms to a parasitic life, are among the most interesting met with ii biological investigation, btit we can suggest merely some of them he:;

It may be said from the biological standpoint that all parasites havt been derived primarily from nonparasitic forms — a proposition whiil is supported by innumerable facts in their morphology and embryologv and which nmy also be argued deductively. Since many species ai confined absolutely to certain animals as hosts, it is evident that the; could not have existed as parasites upon such species at least befoi the occurrence of the host. Unless, therefore, we claim an independen origin for them subsequent to the origin of the host we must allow ii adaptation trom some free-living 8i)ecies or from a parasitic specif qi on some other host, and following this back for its origin, we mu> fojnilvand ultimately arrive at a free form as the source. Miiiwhosci

In many cases the line of evolution is very apparent, as, for instance |A.j>.. the gradation between comi)ai'{itively free and fixed Mallophap ^The Ted Acnridic, Pulicidtc, etc. jfedicinus

rVith rel t each {. h specie

irasite fa onsider

stridic c( Primate linant ii lippobo ersia to

llESULTS OP PARASITISM.

It is also interesting to iiuiuire as to the el!'ect of the parasitic lit upon the parasite itself.

The natural tendency of an animal once started in the direction > parasitism will be to become more and more parasitic in habit, an with this habit a greater and greater specialization of parts wit reference to this habit will be observed. The disuse of certain organ as wings for flight and feet for ordinary locomotion, results in reductio or modification of these organs, and lience we find almost mvariabl that parasitic species are wingless, and that they have the feet adapte specially for locomotion among the haiis or feathers of the hosts. Tli adaptation is often looked upon as degradation; but it seems to ii preferable to consider it as a limitation in certain directions wii specialization of certain organs. We consider the foot of the hoi> highly specialized, and we must admit that the animal is limited in i use, as it can not climo trees, but we do not call the horse degrade

It is true that the limitations for many i)arasites are so great tli they are absolutely dependent upon certain hosts, and the presence certain conditions for cheir existence — there is reduction or degradatii of certain organs, but j^rogressive specialization of those organs wliii remain functional. Often such specialization assumes a parallel clia acter in widely divergent groups, as the clasping organs developed

)dentia, [ants, am Mie .Afall jeption o hfiiif'd to f, wliile ( [birds ha same <. nijies of i'cies in

I i'iwo

ig on the

iThe l»uli<

nited thai

js one spc

Intaiiis sfi

nirs mail

^he Sarc

Irasites ai

ige of ho

itaiu spe

Burring n

Uguatulid

4653-

IMALS.

lave but thvee pct'rs

When gorged wiiii

hen the resemblauci

I

INTRODUCTION

17

IT.

(laptation of ceitaii resting met with ii y^ soiiie of them he;, at all parasites havt -a proposition wind ogy and embryology ce many species ai is evident that the ecies at least befoi ilaim an intlependeii >8t we must allow ;i 1 a parasitic specie • its origin, we muf

rent, as, for instance fixed Mallopha^ii

of the parasitic 111

d in the direction > rasitic in habit, an '.ation of parts wit se of certain organ , results in reductio id almost mvariab! ave the feet adapts 8 of the hosts. Tli but it seems to n tain directions wii je foot of the hoi* liiiial is limited in i the horse degrade .es are so great tli , and the presence i»,tion or degradatii f those organs wliii umes a parallel clia organs developed

d'culids, mallophagids, hippoboscids, and sarcoptids. In other ca'^es the saiiu! etieci is attained by a ditterent process, as the llatteniii^ of the body verti(!ally in Heas and liorizontally in m<)st other permanent parasites. Modifications of the mo th-parts, eyes, and antenna' are V^ry great, and furnisli most striking examples of the modification of structures for adaptation to special conditions.

DISTKIHUTION OF I'AKASITES.

3

I

|VVith reference to all of the more strictly parasitic forms, we may say tlpt each group of animals has its i)articular forms of i)arasite8 and that ei|ch species of bird or mammal may be said to have its particular

|rasite fauna, while ea(;h parasite has its special limit of host species, lonsidering only the forms affecting birds and mammals, wo find the

Istrida; confined to mammals, and of mammals the genus Dermatobia t)| Primates and Carnivora, (lastrophilus to Kquida*, Ilypodenna to ruminant ungulates, tKstrns to Ovida*, and Chitcrebra to rodents.

Ilippoboscidai arc confined to certain families of birds and mammals — Opersia to raptores, Lipoptena alternates between birds of the grouse fl^fnily and mammals of the deer family, Melophagus is confined to 8heci», I||ppobosca occurs on the iiorse, and Ornithomvia occurs on various

jThe Pediculida' are all confined to mammals — Tediculus to man, ledicinus to monkeys, Ila'inatopinus to Csirnivora, I'ligulata, and (dentia, Echinophthirius to Puinipedia, Ibematomyzus to the ele- gants, and Hrematopinoides to Cieomys. he Mallophagii are all confined to birds or mammals and with the exception of Trichodectes and Gyropus, which occur on mammals, all are cctlifiiKMl to birds, Trichodectes affect Carnivora, Ungulata, and Kodeii- t||, while Gyropus is confined to the guinea pig. The genera confined birds have a ([uite varied distribution among the different groups, same genus fie<inently having representatives in widely different iiiiies of birds, while any one species of bird may harbor a number of |ecies in several different genera. Moreover, each species of INlallo- aga favors some particular region of its host, certain species occur- iig on the wings, others on the breast and others on the neck and head. The Pulicida' affect both birds and mammals, ami while less strictly lilted than the lice, have usually definite range of hosts. Sarcopsylla s one species affecting mammals and another affecting fowls. Pulex [ntaiiis species affecting both birds and mammals. Typhlopsylla urs mainly on Kodentia and Insectivora.

he Sarcoptida> and Liuguatulidie, which are the only permanent

[rasites among the arachnids, have definite hosts and usually little

iige of host forms. The genera occurring on birds do not ordinarily

itain species affecting mammals, and, on the other hand, the genera

:urring normally on mammals do not present avian parasites. The

iguatulida; present a case of migratory parasites, the species being

4653— No. 5 2

IS

INSECT ^ AFFECTINf) DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

dt'lMMi(l«Mit iii»(.ii two liosts. l)ot\veen wliicli they iilteniato for imrticiil:! stajyos of existence.

As regards the animals infested littlo need be said. For the doiiu^ tieated species of niannnals, eattle evidently snpport the larjjest nuniln of s])eeies of external parasites and the horse the fireatest nnndx'i . internal i)arasitie insects, while the hon' has the least.

Of the birds, honors are abont even between the hen and th«' pi<;'eoi The tnrkoy is somewhat more exempt.

];FFK('TS of I'AUASITKS ON 'nil', HOST.

The r>!Tects of jjarasites. or tlie piesence of noxious insects upon llit| anini;.! economy, nniy be considered nnde:- tiirec hca»^s: .i. Asdiici aji'er.ts of loss \o the aninml economy. 7>. As carriers of coiita}j:iiii or infections diseases. C. As carriers of other forms of i)arasites.

Tnder th*' first head we must consider (1 1 the effect i)ro(lnced l)y ili extraction m certain i)ortioiis of the nutritive fluids of the body, .yj the loss of vitality due to tlic i»roduction of sores, obstructi<»n of viltMt it is d functions by i)ressure or cloy<jiin,n' and formation of scales, nlcers, et( ft has be by the presence of the i)arasites, (:>) the loss of eneryy due to irritafioiqimoes aiu worryiujn-, and frcttiiiy of the animiH. bjithis sai

I'or tiie first i»art it may be arjrueil that tlic nutrinu'nt extracted biftxl of on so infinit«'simaily small that it is iu)t worthy of notice; but observiatii the the anuHint one mosi|iiito or louse is capable of holdinj;. then Minltiii! this by the thousands that may infest a sinji'le animal, tiien leflect tli, the substance tlioy extract is already i)assed throu<>h the slow i.rocr^ of preparation for nse by the tissues, and it will b(> seen that this dr; ik is not insignificant. If left in the animal it Avonld go to the formatin of flesh, the laying on of fat, or the strengthening of nerv;\

This loss, however, nmy not be so important as the loss from degi eration of tissue manifested in sores, ulcers, scabs, mange, etc., whi make a heavy drain on the vitality of tfie animal and prevent tlj| noinial action of the skin, these in turn <'ausing excessive irritatim uneasiness, and other derangements of the animal economy. Indeti the occurrence of these conditions may be looked upon in many cast as the result of lack of nutrition of the affected parts due to the draij by the parasite.

The irritation of the presetice of insects or their attacks upon son sensitive part of tlie animal is otten of the greatest injury. To anen ous horse the uneasiness caused by the Imz/ing of the mosciuitoesi flies is worse than the actual bites or loss of blood, while the inteii' irritation of bufralo- gnats in the eyes and nostrils, aside from tin bites, is ])roductive of the greatest distress. Doubtless much of tl: injury caused by lice is due to the irritation of their presence ratln^ than to the loss from their eating. Especially is this true of the bitiii and running lice Aviiich feed upon the epidermal scales, hairs, aiil feathers, of little or no value to the host axiimal. Indeed, Van BenedeS

VIMAT.S.

termite for |)articiil;i

INTRODUCTION.

19

HOST,

ms tliiit tlieso iue r »' paiasitcs, but iimtualists, and ar»' rather of advantajio than otherwise to the host, since they eU*au '.ip the .ast- (aid. ^<'i" ^''•' <^<>"" of matter. I must ditlei, h(»\vever, frcm the learned author in tliis MtthehirgestnnnilM^^i^.^^i^^ ^ji^^.^. ^,i^. presenee of these lice and the irritation of tlieir e fireatest '"""^••■' ,„oy^>,„e„ts is i)hiinly evidenet'd by tlie animals in tlieir sometimes ^'"^*" frwitic etforts to rid themselves of the i)ests.

ehen andthe i>iK«"i J,„> seratehiufi' of horses and cattle aj;ainst posts, rails, etc., the

dWtiMfj of ehicki-ns in ashes or road dust, and. hnally. tin' etfects to be

omerved in tiie wealieldn^- ol" calves, colts, etc., infested by these ])ests

sOTtles the (piestion of their danniying eli''"cts, to my mind, decidedly iu

;i()Ms insects upon i litlli allirnnitive.

' hca>^s: .i. Asdini «s carriers of contajjtious or infections diseases, the insects which •arrieis of contajjii'iawack domesric aninnils present an imi)oitant subject for study, >rms ot parasites. e«|>*'<''idly so since tlu' increases of oni- knowicdjie le^-ardin.ii' such dis- 'Ifect i)rodueed by ilietees and tlieir oriji'in in tlie multii>lication of micro-orjianisms. As luids of the body, yet c<»ini)arativeiy little is iiiiown upon tiiis ](oint, but en()n,uh to show s. obstruction of viithit it is deserviiij;' of yreatpr attention than it has as yet recei\ed. ot scales, ulcers, et( a lias been siiown that eh^phiiiitiasis is due to ^'ei'ins carried by iiios- leryy due to irritatirnqtatoes and it seems not improbabh' tliat other <liseases maybe carried

bptliis same universal jiest. Tiie mosipiito iiartially idled with the iitriment extracted bwixl of one animal snfferiiij;' from some infections disease, alighting' f uotice; bat obsei vup)ii the body of anotiier and iiisertinj;' its already wet beak, may olding". then Miultiii tl^iisfer witli it germs of the disease as well as its own subth' poison, limal. tiien reflect tlinm-e likely still if it be crushed and the blood with which it is tilled is DUgli the slow proci'-SMk'^d over the j)iei<'ed tissue. Since the above was wiitten the fol- )e seen that this dn ilo^ing item in I'syehe, Vol. \', page L'4, has appeared and is so much d go to the Ibrmatii g of uervo. the loss from degi'Mi

(s, mange, etc. nal and prevent

llie point that we insert it here:

Iscrls (IS (iii^horx of .-iiidemirn. — Dr. li. L. Maddox. in a pa])ei' read IxM'oro the Royal

roscoiiicai Socit'ty. (kMails tlio results of liirtliiM- exiierinients in iV'ediii":; insects,

pcially tiie eoniinoii lijow-lly, on tlie eoninia bacillns. His observations include a

iiHiin'oeror mieroseopieal duterininations. The resnlts of all his investij;ations

him to believe that th(( eoinina bacillus from <'iiltiires can iiass in a. living state

>• excessive irritatliiltlJ|„„li the dij^estive tubes of Home insects, and. thioM<;h this fact, that such insects al <'COnoniy. IndecaJMBikely to become an important means of distribnti'.iii,' disease, e.speeiiilly to an i- npon in many casi"*!?* that feed ui)on them. This is in accordiiiuo with the views of Dr. (Jrossi. that

jseets, esiiei'ially Hies, may bo considered as veritable authors of ei)idemics aud ts in infectious nuiladies.'" (Scientific Ainorican, Deceml)er 18, 188(5.)

urgeontleneral Sir William Moore (Medical Magazine, July, 18!)3) ards the dissemination of disease by Hiet> as a matter looked upon of the mos(iuitoest^^^' **^" much inditference, and in.stances an epidemic of anthrax )d while the inteii-^^^^' ^'^^ spread by tlies which had covered a carcass of a dog ■^ wu into a ditch in Cortal. He quotes the experiments of Lawt- nks with tlies and cholera germs, and (deserves that it is worth cing, in that in India it is during the time and season of the test prevalence of cholera that dies most abound. The possi- y of flies carrying the organisms of typhoid fever and phthisis is Igested, and the belief is exi)ressed that leprosy is often conveyed ies, wliiolx appear to be particularly fond of leprous sores, and the

)arts due to the drii; i

ir attacks upon son st injury. To a nen'

rils, aside from the mbtless mucli of tl their presence ratlii :histrneof the bitii al scales, hairs, :ii Indeed, V.an Benede'

20

INSKCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

inl'ectiiij; in tliis way of ^''o on a licaltliy pprson. Tliero is m doubt thiit oplitlialiniii is so ul, and an instant'O is ^iven of com

plete destruction of an cyt^ from diplitheria! inHaniination following tlit stinj; (bite) in the eye by a tly wlii<di had apjtarently risen from ;i dnnifhill. ( Kntoniolojiical News, V<d. V, j). IS.)

The laie Dr. John A. Kydcr presented the foHowiny very deeitlcd opinion:

Cliolrra and Ilk'H. — It niiiy not l)(> aiiiiss to <-iill tlio attfiitioii of tlif ]iiihlic to tli> gri'iit il:iii;r<'r I'roiii lioiiMr IlirH us ii^ciits in Nprciiiliii;; tlx' ('oiit:i;;ioii in i'iiNi> tiiiTi' li ait ciiiilciiiic of clioltTii. I liav(« rcpcatt'diy obsiTvcil lliat these insects will ridu h- II niiiiiher oftnilcH on street ears and doiilitleHM u1m)» iipoii other veliieles of traimii siicli as railway eoa<^lies, etc.. tlii)ii;;li I liavo never made ohHervations upon any ('(Pii veyaiiee liiit the ordinary tram or horse «^ar. Suppose a ease: Imagine a ehuler victim ii]ioii till) street or anywhere else vomiting. The llif-s pn'-sent aro iittriictii and ilrink until sateil, and IriNe their feet and month parts wetted with tin' vonii eontainiii^ the ^eriiis. They then perhaps tly out into the Htreet, take a plaet* on horse vnr, riilo several miles, disnionnt, lly into another hoime, where the famil are, at dinner, and eontamiiiate the food set hefore them with the ^erms of tli cholera carri<-il on the month parts and feet of the inHects. Some of the famil sicken and die, yet no one of them will ever ]ierha]i8 suspect that the (lies may hii\ carried the ^jerniH, as supposed above, for miles from some other case, Tim sal'i {{uarda are to at once clear awny, disinfect with corrosive siihlimate solution, aii< FiCald the spots where the \oinit has been thrown, and to bo vi<rilaiit in the use i: lly-screeiis, lly-trajis, etc. Dnrinjj the late war the late Professor I-eidy itointd out, ^vith beiielicial results, that the conimon house tly was instrnmental in spreail in;; the contagion of hos]iital ^an^rene. Why not beware of this imprudent am nbi(|nitoiis little dipter in iMrryin^ ami spreading the contagion of the dreadi' Asiatic jdagiie now menacing us? — (See EntotiKdogical News, Vol. Ill, p, 210.)

The determination in recent years of the connection existinj; betweoi the cattle tick of the Southern States and the formidable diseas known as Texas fever is a striking example of the imiuH'tance of tlii question. This particidar case is treated more fully in connectioi with the di.scussion of the cattle tick.

If we consider all contagiims diseases as due to specific organism.^ we may relegate them all to the rank of parasitic diseases, but leaviii, out all due to so-called mi(;robes or microorganisms as producers i specific diseases, we have instances where one parasite serves as tli carrier of other and more injurious forms. For examide, the louse aii' the tlea of the dog have been found to serve as the intermediate host for it tape-worm {PipyUdium caninnm L.) which also infests the ddi t!ie tape-worm, when mature, extruding eggs which gain entrance to 1 1 external parasite. The dog, in licking or biting himself to destid the ])arasite8 or relieve the irritation, swallows some of his tormentor- the young tape-worms are set free in the stomach, and there develoi) t maturity.

LOSSES DUE TO PARASITES.

It is practically impossible to make any accurate estimates of tli' losses resulting in a great many of the forms of insect attack u]>o: domestic animals. Naturally, uo notice is taken of their presence (

IMAL8.

MHoii. Then' is m ICO is ^fivt'ii of coin Illation followiii}; tin rmitly risen from ;i

lowiiiff very deciidiM:

ion ot* tli<< ]iiil)lic to th ntii;;ioii in oiimo tlicrc l< ln'sc insi'ctM will ii<ln Ic tlirr vcliii'lcs (>(' traimii icrvations iiimii any vin anc: IninKlnc a cliolci ii's prt'scnt air attracti ■4 wcttid with the voini Hirrct, take a place on HMiHc, wlu'io tin- faniil with tilt' jitTins of th ts. Some of tho fainll t that thu tli«-8 may hin ■ oIIht case, 'flu* Nal'i Nuhliinatu Holntion, aii' ifl vigilant in tho \im n •rofi'ssor Leidy ]iointt( instriinicntal in sprcaii of this iniprndent an' ntagion <»f the drcadf' . Vol. Ill, p. 210.)

ion existinjf betwcei

foniiidablo diseas

iiii])ortanco of tlii

fully ill connectioi

sjiecirtc orgaiiisiii> iseases, but leavin. iuis as producers i rasite serves as tli uiiple, tlie louse an B intermediate host ilso infests the do). j;ain entrance tot li

himself to destrn le of his tormentdi- iiid there develop t

ite estimates of tli

insect attack i\]W.

>f their presence o :

INTRODICTION.

21

le losses they oc<!asioii until some of the aiiiiiiils are so seriously

lected as to lose tlesli or be threatened with tleatli. In the meaiiliiiie

|e loss must have been very jjreat, since all of the animals must have

pen fed sutll«ientl.v to provide for the parasites, and also to keep up

]e increased vitality of the animal to meet the demands made by the

i§eseiice of an irritatiiiff aticnt.

Il'or actual statistics we must contlne ourselves to instances where

|(> presence of the parasites has resulted in the actual tleatli of

iiiibers of animals, or to a recognizable loss <u- depretaation on the

limals or some product from them. These must naturally fail to pre-

lilt tin' whole truth, sine*' isolated cases of the same kind will j>en-

fally fail to be recorded.

Murray cites Delafond and Hourjiiynon as atithority for the state- lent that ill the valley of Prattifjau, in the (irisons, Switzerlainl, in ^le years IS'il, IH-W, aim l>Ho3, out of upward of 'J,."»(H) floats, the half %v\'i' atta<*ked ami "»(M» died from etVectsof the parasitic mite, Sifmhiotes

■fiJeferiMice to the sections on bud'aiognats and bot-Hies will show Ime instances where more or h'ss deliniu^ tij^uies can be cited as to the Isses to stock industries from the attacks of injuri<u'.s insects. It will Jtlice to mention here that tin' loss in a siiifjle county <d' Tennessee K)m buffalo fiiiats in the one year liS74 was estimated at >«."tO(),(K)(> «nd Imilar losses have occurred in many ditlerent years and over .irge mcts of tiie lower Mississippi Valley. Or we may cite the estimatctl ^ssin the United States due toonesinj^le species of bot-tly, !?ri(M>(K>,0()(), j species, m(H'eover, which could be exterminated more certainly and jiuckly than any other with which we are acquainted.

rOIMTLAli NOTKtNS AUOl T I'AUASITES.

There are certain widespread notions re}iardiii}i' the presence of par- feitcs or vermin on sto(;k, and it may be in place to call attention to

ne or two of them here.

One of these is that only poor or weak animals are infested, an«l that \i' animals otherwise similar they will attack lean rather than i'at ones. It may be quite frecjuently the case that animals noticed as "lousy" Ire the weak ones of the herd, but it should be remembered that the |ice seldom attra<'t attention until they become so numerous that their fcffecis on the animal may be the real cause of its potn- condition. It pn not, certainly, be the case that they select only the weak and lean,

)r we have found lice in very fair numbers on animals in apparently as bod condition as tiny others in the herd, including those upon which lo lice at all could be found. It is true that certain animals in the lerd may remain entirely free from lice, even when others in the same ^erd are badly infested, but that this is due purely to their being fat ^r in excellent health seems open to much doubt.

Another idea ' \ that white cattle are infested rather than dark |)neR, an idea which we have heard most emphati(!ally urged by many

22

INSECTS AFIECriNO DOMKSTIC ANIMALS.

Ntocknii'ii fiiiuiliiir with tlio subject. W'v liiivt> not liiul <>|>)M>ituiiity In ptM'soiinlly i'Xiiiiiiiu' a sutllcii'iit niiiiibcr of lit'i'ils uiid compare tlie niiin of iiil'csiiition iiiiioii^ cattle of (litluriMit colors to Hatisi'y ourselves th.it there can he much of truth in it.

In one herd examined with Home care the Ihdstein cattle were mon gouerally alVected than those of other breeds, but these had a inc )>onderaneeof bliu;k in their color, atid on tliisacciuint the "nits'* wen especially consiMcnous. In tln^ same herd, however, one red heifer wii> «iuite as badly infested perhaps as any td" the others.

It is not always safe, however, to set aside the conclusions of experi enced men in any branch of industry, however little foundation thev nniy seem to have fiom a logical standpoint j and if these ideas prove to be supported by fact, we will no doubt in time h'arn the reason for such selections on the i»art of tlu' parasites. It is, in fact, a point oi rather general observation that in the human fandly mostiuitoea, tlies, and other insects will appear to select cei'tain individuals in preference to others, which wo may consider as due to sonu' pecidiar condition oi the skin or its s»'cretions. Flies seem to take particular pains to settle oil the exposed parts of sick i)eople, and lice, itch ndtes, etc., if certain observations and records are to be a<*cepted, sh(>w a decided tendencv to infest certain persons and to be either unable or unwilliny tohr.rboi upon others. Certain people exhibit much greater susceptibility td such attacks than others, and with the harvest antes or "chig}'ers"this amounts to pra(!tical immuidty from attack by some when, undei similar conditions, others are most seriously troubled. Whether this is due to some condition of the skin that attracts in one (iase and repels in the other, or simply that in one case there is particular sensi- tiveness, while in the other there is not, the effect on the peisona is in one case the extreme of irritation and in the other freedom fiom it. It similar conditions exist among the lower hnimals, we may suppose the attractive influence of conditions of the skin in certain animals — and this in animals of unhealthy action of the skm — might act asapositive iiitluence. As far, however, as ditference in color is concernetl, unless this is associated with some very constant ditfeience in conditions ol the skin (such as thickness, density of tlie hair (>r diameter of the individual hairs, or in the secretions, better suited to the clasi)ing, pro- tection, or subsistence of the lice, there would seem to be slight fouiida tion for the iiitluence in selection.

The fact that lice infesting one species of bird or mammal are in many cases incapable of existing upon the bodies of other species has doubtless a foundation in difference of the skin or its secretions or in the size of the hair. The thickness of the skin varies greatly in ditier- eiit animals, and consequently the proboscis of a species adapted to some thin-skinned si)ecies might be entirely incapable of reaching the capillaries from which its food supply must be drawn in a species Laving a thicker skin. The secretions of the integumentary glands

doubth

iited, t»f

[Huthcieii

lerence

iding up

materii

,t the pa

rough a

fcracteris

^y be woi

aparati\

ill credi

|es, has n •d parasi litor on t Kl.

'o the p

fy to the

Dse whic

n gener

tain ins

[tack, the

fevention

[While in

their exi

treatme

un a thoi

rth)n. \\

lowledge

inecessai

existenc

success!

^lucli ail

imals to

silting ill

lid by avc

Ite can n

How a coi

IMAL8.

) liiul oppnrtumt.v Id 1(1 (011111111 r \\w raiin iitisiy oursi'lvt's til ii

(Mil cattle \vtM« iiioii

It tlu'MO IliUl tl pic

niit tlii^ "nits" wen r, oiu^ rod lieitiu- \vii>

MicluHions ol" expei i tie fomuhitioii tlicv if these ideas piovt Iciini tbe reason foi s, ill tVu't, a point oi ily niosfiuitoes, tlies, idiials in preferen(( KH'iiliar condition oi tJidiir pains to settle nites, etc., if certain a decided tendency nnwilliny' to luirboi iv susceptibility to * or *'ciiifi^ers"tliis some wiieii, under led. VVlictlier this ;s ill one (iase and is particular sensi- HI the persona is in reedoiii from it. If e nniy suppose the tain animals — and ht act as a positive s concerned, unless ce in conditions of >r diameter of the o tlieclaspiiifi', i)ro- to be slight founda

or mammal are in ' other species has ts secretions or in s greatly in dilfer pecies adapted \o le of reaching the awn in a species gumentary glands

INTROnrCTION.

23

doubtless of very ditHerent nature in dilferent species, or, as already ited, of the same species under ditVerent conditions. This might be a siilllcient repellant innuenee simply from the dilVerence in odor, a dftVeience we know to exist in ditferent aniuials, or, I'or the 8pe(!ies falding upon the scales or excreted nnitter on the skin, a ditl'erciice in tlie nnitcrial making it unsuited to them fiu' food. We must remember

»,t the parasites have be(rome adapted to certain species of animals ough a long course of evoluti<ni and (litter almost as much in their olnracteristics and ne(;e8sities as the animals upon which they live. It imy be worthy of note, in passing, that the most odorous of animals are opnparatively free from parasites. The skunk,' for example, has never biien credited with harboring lice but in a single case, and this one (^onliHh'H nuphitidis Pack.), once reported, if correctly referred to ( loni- O^es, has much of doubt in it, sincre all species of this genus are strictly bii'd parasites, and the specimen described may have been an accidental Vjpitor on the skunk derived from some bird which had served it for flipd.

ItTo the practical stock breeder all these (piestions are simply subsid- itfy to the (Mie of how to contend with these various pests, and especially '* ise which cause a serious loss.

n general, it is most im])ortant for him to know to what extent a tain insect is capable of doing injury, the time and mode of its tack, the animals it may alfect, and the best methods to adopt for the evention or check of the injury.

While in some of the insects to 1)6 discussed here the ditVerent stages their existence appear to have little to reveal concerning the methods treatment, there are others which we can hope to deal with only m a Thorough knowledge of all steps in their development as a foiin- tion. We hope the reader who has any desire to nuike use of suc^b owledge will have patience with those parts which may seem to him necessary details, remembering that it is often in some minor detail existence, apiiarently of slightest importance, that we tiiid the (!lew successful warfare with a serious pest.

]Much annoyance may be saved in some cases by a knowledge of the

imals to which certain sjiecies of parasites are conhned, both by i>re-

ntiiig infection among those to which a certain parasite is common,

id by avoiding the trouble of unnecessary restrictions in case the i)ara-

te can not occur on two or more animals which it is convenient to

low a common pasture, corral, or stable. The list of parasites arranged

cording to host animals, Chapter YIII, which has been prepared with

re fr<mj all accessible records concerning such s])ecie8, will form a

ady means of determining such questions without having to spend

le in reading through the body of the work to find it.

The subject of remedies and i)reventive measures is treated fnlly

j' We iucliido elsewhere description of 11 louse, Trkhodectca mephitidiH, that has been lund iu abuudanceou tbe Hkimlv.

24

IKSECTS AFFECTlNf DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

in a separate chapter, and we wish hove only to allude in the brielcs nuinuer to a few j>oneral principles which should be kept in jnind in al cases of insect attack upon domestic animals.

As with many other insects, it is frequently much easier to prcm than to remedif, and if careful attention is given to the matter tin stockbreeder may, for many of the pests here enumerated, gain for lii nerds practical immunity, even if other herds in the vicinity ai infested. This is true for all species that are in<'ai)able of flight, or tlui depend for distribution on the direct association of infested animal with those that arc free, or that, by attaching themselves to posts, rail> etc., where animahi rub themselves, may be transferred from one I another. Prevention is also the most important measure with tli' internal parasites, bots, etc., which are with ditticulty reached wlui lodged. With any others, however, such as nios(|uitoe8, flies, tU'.]i> etc., and with lice, mites, etc.. if they have gained a foothold, dirci treatment is absolutely essential. Here there is necessity for examini! tion of the conditions and adopticui of one of two forms of treatment according to the circumstances. The first, rvpclUtnt^ where, as wit! mosquitoes, Hies, etc., it is possible to drive the insects from any pai ticular animal by mechanical devices or by use of repelling odors. Tin second, (lestnictire, where it is necessary by use of substances fatal ti the i)ai'asite to cause its <leath. In all of these there is choice among ; number of fairly successful measures, each of which may have soint particular advantage under certain circumstances. For example, dip' and washes, which may be safe enough in hot weather, may be uncU' sirable in winter. On this account it has seemed that some method o fumigation might prove (/f value, and experiments in this line havebcci made which show that it can be used ettectively. The time required, however, to do this in. ikes otiier methods still preferable. Uoubtlcs> some improvtiuents in detiiils of ai)plicati(>n may much facilitfite treat tnent in this manner, and we >vould call itttention to the subject di.'< cussed nnu'e fully in Chapter VH.

., The ins' jly one y present! illteres o ings are ^ve sue limals, t ^ach the The lar' le ditiert ?arly all »ey rang Inns wh 3on plan |The pu ideninj [)lit on t jparated le adult While froup inc ^ve stocl<

The m« tauzy wi Lre provi ^re capal

The la ^uatic, the fami

NIMALS.

allude ill the brielcs be kept in iiiiiul in ;il

iiucli easier to prcrcn en to tiie matter tin iimerated, gain for hi 5 in the vioiiiity ai pable of flight, ortlm 1 of infested animal nselves to posts, nul iisferred from one \r lit measure with tli' ihcnlty reached wIki os(|uitoe8, flies, ti(;k> ed a foothold, dircM lecessity for examini!

0 forms of treatment

1 hint, where, as witl iisects from any pm repellin<;' odors. Tin f substances fatal h ere is choice amoiif; liich may have soim i. For example, dip' eather, may be uiidi that some method n ill this line havebeci

The time re(]uiii'(l. efcrable. Doubth.v iiuch facilitate treat 1 to the (subject di>

CHAPTEH II.

DIPTERA.

Mosquitoes, Gnats, Flies, and Ticks.

I The insects of this group are readily distinguished by their having OTily one pair of wings, the second pair. (!ommon to other insects, being iftju-esented by a pair of rudiments or modified structures called li|klteres or balancers. In many of the parasitic forms, however, the trangs are entirely wanting, as in the sheep-ficU, spider Hy, etc. They iave suctorial mouthparts, and, in the forms attacking fhe various

fiimals, these parts become readily adapted to ])enetratiug the skin to ach the small bloodvessels. % The larva' are fleshy grubs or maggots, or slender worms, adai)fed in ma different families to widely different conditions of existence, but in ftearly all cases requiring some degree of moisture. In this respect i|iey range all the way fnmi the entirely aquatic moscpiito larva' to the

>rms which mature in comparatively dry situations in earth or even

ion jilants.

if The ]mi»ie are in some cases formed by the simple contraction and ^rdening of the larval skin and in disclosing the imago may either ^lit on the dorsal surface or in a circular manner so that a cap is gBparated from the head end. leaving a round aperture through which pie adult emerges.

J While comparatively tew are parasites in the strictest sense, the ^I'oup includes many of the most troublesome of the insect enemies of live stock, as will be recognized in the discussion of particular species.

Family CULK 'ID.F..

(]VIf>s<iuit ocs, (fiiats, clc.)

The members of this family are slender-bodied, delicate insects with fauzy wings, the veins of which bear minute scales. The mouth parts ire provided with laii(!et-like i)ier(!ing mandibles whi<'li, in the females, ■re capable of inflicting a severe bite.

W The larva' in those species whose life history has l)een traced are i^cniatic, and this may doubtless be considered as fhe usual habit for ^he family; but it is very probable that many species pass through

25

26

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

their transformations in moist places, under grass, etc., and perliai Jggs are even in tolerably dry situations. Otherwise it is difficult to accoiiiaa from t for the swarms of the adults in localities remote from water or low laiiaaion, oft

rnbh is ta >t txl hi h«

Flu. 1,—Ctili'X piiniii'us : a, feniiilc, I'lom kIiIc; h, male, Iniij] uliovc; c, front tarsuH (if siinioj d, miilil c, liiiul tiu'HiiH; /. cenitalia ol saiiio; (/, scales from liind border of wing; /i, Hrali'S from (li^l> wind— all onlargeil (from Howard).

The life history lias been often repeated in works on natural hiatuni and it is unnecessary to give it in detail here. It may, however, liti allowable to give a brief stat..;- nt of the general course.

wWcli are y is wi fliee away. Aliuut c L'ribed, [mostly [raajoril |he gen all oui

ANIMALS.

DIPTERA.

27

ras8, etc., and perliaj igj-s are deposited in small boat-shaped masses and the hirva' hatch- is difficult to accdiiial from these escape into the water. They move about by a jerky from water or lowlaiiaSion, often ascendinj? to the surface to obtain a fresh supply of air

srKlch is taken through a slender tube at the caudal end (tig. 2). The >upa' are also active and move about in the water during their brief ■,xi8ten<;e in this form, rising to the surface for air, which is taken hifngh a spiracle near the head When the insect is ready to emerge l»©;?l)upa rests at the surfiice with the doisal tace sliglitly out of the voter, the case splits and the mosquito draws (mt first the front legs

^

(lilt tiirsiiH (iT s;ini(>; il, iiiiilill' wing; /i, scali's Iniiu (Ii^k^

;s on natural histoijt Ft may, however. U 1 course.

Flm2.—0tilex jivnuenn: liirvii at lel't. impa at iij;lil, willi aiin! Hi'irnient lu'luw— all ciilargfil (trtira

Ilnwani).

wHcli arc placed on the water to serve as support while the rest of the y is withdrawn. The wings expand very (piickly and the insect

away. Ibout one hundred and fifty species of this family have been pibed, and of these over thirty belong to North America. They [mostly divided among the genera Culex, Anopheles, and C(U'ethra, I majority, however, twenty-seven accredited species, being included fhe genus Culex. Tiiese may be considered as mos(iuitoes proper,

all our most annoying forms.

28

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

f!

m

Tlieir aggnivatiiijf habits have been recognized by describers in sik significant names as molestus, punffcufi, punctor, dainuosus, ex('H<in, excnicians, impatiens, implacabiUti, prorocnns^ etc., which may be take as indicating tliat even a naturalist is capable of harboring resentnicn

Of the American species, Ciilcx pini(jens has been studied in the Hiv • sion of Entomology, and Dr. Howard has publislied in Circular No. 1 second series, a brief statement of its life history, being a condense statement of a fidler article published in UuUetin No. 4, of this seru

liie following (flotation, however, with the beautiful figures wine have been kindly plaited at my disjto.sal for this paper, will serve t give a clear idea of the habits upon which remedial measures must I based:

The follo\rin<; stiitemont conceniins the life Iiistory of thcso liisectn is hasod ii|ii a scries ot'oliservations iiiiido in this Uivisntii upon tlio tl('veh>i)ni<'nt of two snniiin j{en»'rntioiis of Ciiler pnnijenii, oiw of onr connnonest iuitl most wi(K'H])i'ea(l specii" Thf writer lins si'cu spcnincns of this insect from N(!w Hampshire, Massacimsi f New York, ^^ar,\"h^l'.(l, Distric* of Coliimhia, Illinois, Minnesota, Kentncky, Nchra^k Lonisnina, Georfjia, and the Ishind of .laniaiia, AVcst Indies. Xo doubt it is ,il abundant in New .Jersey.

Ey:g hiving takes i»lace at nifjht. The eggs are deposited in boat-shaped niasv ou the surface of the water, tie nnniber viiryinjj; froiii 200 to 400 in each mass, li eggH may liatcli in sixteen hours. 'I"he larva' li\'e beneath the snrfafe of the wiiti coming to the toi> at fre(|ncnt intervals to breathe. The larval state may be roi phited in seven days; the pupal state may last only twenty-four hours. An eiii;: generation in fiumincr time, then, maybe comiilctcd in ten days, 'I'liis length ^ time, however, may be almost indelinitely enlargeil if the weather be co<:l. Tim are, therefore, many generations in the course of a season, and the insect may Itvii successfully in a more or less transient surface ])ool of water.

Mosiiuitoes hilternate in the adult condition in celliirs and outhouses and iiiid all sorts of slielter. The degree of cold makes no dilference in successful hibcin tion; mosiiuitoes are ahiindaut in the ari'tic regions.

PREVENTION AND UIOMEDY.

That cattle and horses snfller a great amount of pain, and that tlici is actual loss to the stock owner from this source will scarcely be calif in (juestion by anyone familiar with tlie subject. These ; annals ma often be seen with a tlock of the ]>ests llyiiig around them or located n the body, tlicir distended blood red abdomens attesting their sanj;ii nary meal. This will be i)articularly noted where animals have bee pastured in lowland or near thickets, where mos(juitoes abound. Tim much can be done to abate this loss and pain is now well establislicii and the following extract from an article by Dr. L. (). Howard, who lia done more than anyone else t() <'all attention to these possibilities, wil cover the question of remedies better than any summary of my own

Of remedies against mosijuitoes in houses the best is a thorough screening of wic dowH and the ]daciug of nets about beds. If the insects are troublesome in sit i in. or sleeping rooms during the evening the burning of pyrethrum will so stupefy tin: as to make their i>reseiice unobjectionahle. Pyrethrum for this purpose should i- prepared by moistening the powder sufficiently to allow of its lieing roughly inolil'

[hand intc les are th |x such a hurtful cones Kliiitoes a pallia [he mosii easily k ) nailed (r the (pi and is Itoes are ireediug ire is abs lal reined iction of ti 'he drain sh places icessfnl ii

the introi

lere the

le. In ta

lito ]arv;e

Sere carp a

^ing in tin

|h, calicil t

in. Probi

[a mos(iuil

^robahly

litoes IS tl

111 that ke

^de nion^ 1

inle ill IW)

jitcly 1 oiii

lei'tnally <

JKCthatth

ley alight

Inewed for

iitions in c

: Since 189!

le practic

^ero rid ot

|ot jirove

^os(|iiitoes

ilile niidei

Jhere the

prosene r«

Se pit or

ligation i

turned ii

|ie hreedi

Ities, hou

losed dooi

ie vault,

ANIMALS.

id by deacribers in sik »•, (lam nouns, e.rcitii\i^ c, which may be takd harboring,' loseiitinc ?en studied in the I)i\ •' bed in Circuhir No. ] ry, beiiifj a condense in No. 4, of this sei ic beautiful lij^ures wIik is paper, will serve t lial measures must [

these iuseets is based ii|« •velojmiciit of two niiiiiih. most wi<lcs]irea(l sptM u Iaiii)»sliire, Massaclms. i sota, Kentucky, Xelira-k ilies. Xo (loiibt it IS ;i|.

DIPTERA.

29

?d ill boat-shaped mass to 400 ill eaeh mass, i:

I tlio .snrliirc^ of the wai.

larval state may In- mi

ty-foiir lioiirs. An em

ten days. This length weather be cool. Tli, and the insect may bn

;er. and (tiithoiises and iiml

L>e in successful hibeii;

' pain, and that tlici will scarcely be calli

These ; dimals iii;i nd rliem or located > testing tiieir saii^ii I* animals have liet litoes abound, Tli low well establisluMJ

(>. Howard, wlio Im lese iK)ssibilities, wil iinimary of my own

•rough screening of win 'o troiiblescmo in sit i in. I'um will so stupefy tlur • this purpose should '> . ts being roughly luolil.

Ihnud into little cones abont tiie size and shape of a largo chocolate drop. These les are then placed in a pan and thoroughly dried lu an oven. When tired at the Ix such a cone will smolder slowly and send up a thiu column of pungent smoke

I hnrtful to man, but stiipyfying to mosiiuitoes. In actual experience two or three cones burned iltiring the course of an evening have given much relief from

^(piitoes iu sitting rooms. It docs not kill the insects, however, and is at best

i a palliative.

|he mosiiuitoes found on the ceilings of bedrooms iu the evening may be (piickly easily killed by means of a small, shallow tin ' :'p (such as the lid of a blacking

1) nailed to tlie top of a stick and wet inside with kerosene. This cup is placed Ir tlie (juiesceiit mosijuito, which immediately drops or Hies against the oily sur- aiid is killed. Hut altogether the most satisfactory means of lighting inos- Itoes are tiiose which are directed to the destruction of the larva' or the abolition

Jreediug places. These measures are not everywhere feasible, but in many ]>lace8 )re is absolutely no necessity for the endurance of the mos(|iiito plague. Tiie prin- tal remedies of this class are three: The draining of jionds and marshes, the iiitro- |ctionof tish into lishless pools, and the use of kerosene on tiio surface of the water. The draining of brtseding jiools needs no discussion. Obviously the drying up of Eh places will prevent niosiinitoes from breeding therein, and the conditions of a jcessful application of this measure will, it is equally obvious, vary with each

the introduction of tish into fishless ]>onds is feasible and advisable in many cases ftXere the use of kerosene on the surface of the water would be thoiiglit nudesir- ie. In tanks sujiplying drinking water, for example, tish would destroy the nioa- ito lavv;e as fast as hatched. A case is recorded iu Insect Life (Vol. IV, ]>. 223) ll^ero carp were employed in this way with perfect success liy an English gentleman li^iiig ill the Kiviera. At (?an Diego, Tex., tl/e jieople use for tiiis jmrjiose a little ^li, called there a perch, the species of which the writer has not been aliie to ascer- iwin. Probably the common voracious little sticklo-back would answer admirably a mos(|uito destroyer.

^'robably the best, and certainly the easiest, of wholesale remedies against inos- iitoes IS the apjilication of kerosene to the surface of breeding pools. The sugges- in that kerosene could be used as a remedy for inosciuitoes is not new and has been If^do more than once. Exact exjieriments out of doors ami on a large scale were ni^de ill \X92 by the writer. These and siibse(|neiit experiments show that ai>proxi- Bttitely 1 ounce of kerosene to each b") siiuare feet of water surface on small jtools will «^e(tiially destroy all the larva' and juipa' in that pool, with the additional advan- tigc that the adult females, not deterred from atteniitting to oviposit, are killed when tbey alight oil the keidseiie-coveied water. Ordinarily, the application need not be l^uowed for a month, though varying circiimstaiKes may reiiuire more fre((ueut appli- i^tioiis iu certain cases.

Since 1892 several demonstrations, on large and small scales, have been made of

tlif practicability of this method, lender the writer's supervision two localities

%ero rid of mosipiitoes by the use of kerosene alone. It will, however, probably

not jirove feasible to treat iu this way the large sea niarshes along the coast where

os(iuitoe8 breed in hordes, although even here the remedy may jirove to bo jiracti-

ible under certain conditions and in certain situations. In inland places, however,

lliere the mosijuito supply is derived from comparatively ('ircumscribed ])ool8, the

frosene remedy will prove most useful. Iu some ( aliforuia towns, we are informed,

le pit or vault behind water-closets is subject to flushing with water during the

^rigatioii of the* land near by. A jieriod of several weeks elajises before more water

I turned in, and in the meantime the water iu the pit grows stagnant and becomes

le breeding place of thousands of moscjuitoes. Wheii, as in certain towns iind

Ities, house drainage runs into such a pit and an outdoor privy with a seldom

Josed door is built over it, mosquitoes will breed all summer in the fluid contents of

je vault, and of course will infest all the adjacent houses.

30

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

In such cases a ttMicui)fiil of kerosene poured into each vault at intervals di month or less, would i^reatly decrease the annoyance from nioscjuitoes, if it diil i, altojjfether iirevent it. This is a case where tho cooperation of noi^hhors is m^ essential; every householder in a fjiveu neighborhood sliould see that his vault treated with kerosene regularly and oftou. The cost is so trilliiij;- that it need ii 1)0 considered.

When, as is the case at nuiny country homes, rain water is collected in barrels }M)gsheads, for one i)urpose or another, mos(|uitocs nuiy and do brood in numbers such vessels. If the water as used lie drawn from t\w, bottom of tho cask, it will- uo harm lo ]iour in a little kero.seuc, since the oil will not lie drawn out witli t water. At all events, siu'li receptacles should be covered at ui^ht to iirevent c: laying.

The «|nestion what is tlu^ liest way to cover with kerosene the siirfa-cc of a jxidl some si/c is api>aiently needless, since the operation is -)bvi<insly simple, but sm< h (|Uestion has lic<'U asiied of the Division. .Sim])ly iionring the oil on I'lom any jmr of the sliore will answer tolerably well, since it will sp.ead of itself, but if for n reason it is desired to coat the jiool rapidly with kerosene, it may be advisable i sjiray the oil tliroiigli .a sjiraying iioz/le, either from the bank or from a boat. Ti method of apjilication will v;iry with each case, but in the class of jiools which rn l>e most advaiit;ige<iusly treated, namely, those of small si/e, tho oil can be Wi. spread by thinwing it on to windwiiid witli a wide swee]) of the arm.

F.uuily e:illIJ().N( )MI1)J<:.

The iiiset'ts of this family are nmsqiiito lilvc, but (lilVcr. in tliat tin costal vein is not continued ai'ound the winj;-. The antenna- of the inaKv are usually ])liiniose. The larva' breed in still water, and for a specit- whicli has been i»iesent in .ureat numbers in the water mains of Uoom Iowa, and which occurs iu water tanks and reservoirs, it has beci deternuned that the larva' form a protectino- tube of earthy ])articlc and bits of organic matter, the ])upa' coming to the surface to permit p,j the emergence of the adult (Bull, ."JL*, Iowa E\\h Sta,).

TiiK Blood sroKiNti (Jnat.

( '/'()•■•<( tit li I ■■< lorreim 'I'owi .)

This species, described from western >iew .Alexico, is the type of ;i new genus, Tersest lu's (Psyche, Vol. VI, p. iW.)). The.se gnats, acconl ing to Town.send, occurred iu some numbers upon horses, mostly on tin head and face, })ai'ticularly around ami below the eyes of the animals. They were veiy small and black, but their abdomens being distendi il and swollen with blood gave them a red appearance. The localiiv where they were taken was at an altitude of "something over 7,(Hmi feet." This species has not been rec(trded from any other locality and would seem to have a restricted range.

It is described as being If, mm. to 2^- mm. long, according to the dis- tension of the abdomen, the wings 1\ mm., the general color blackish, wings grayish, transparent, with barely a smoky tinge. For further details the original description should be consulted.

pl.e inst |simple lorn niJl Che larvl hdiig wi owing J |ges: thiinbane| 7i\, and p ^he ])erfcc| latlons o surface o Slum, le hirv;e Uilovm seiiiiova ax eight closed ii ace of til s.

he early

ericaii I'-n

of yoini

rwardsdi

■)y Seth

en tlueai

ted nine

iblo. 1

aii'orti<le \n

Honctiye Fal

the jicrlect

larv:e were :

3tcr plantt Stones at \ these w pKEN ions yoi Ptdiii this fi Bttcccssion « a single bro SB^aller tha: si^e of the 1 the sail tcies four J of Wasl Ithe Bubji In the Ai ruard dc Inntain e aks u fe\

ANIMALS.

ch vnnit at intorv.-ils „| u in()S(|uitoc8, il" it <li,i , itioii of uoijrhljora is m, lioiilil sec that his vault " trilliiijr tliat it iioed i;

!• is follccted in liarrds ul *li) 1h<;<m1 ill iiumb(i> toiii or tbociisk, it -nill- i>t 1.1' drawn out witli i I at iiinlit to jireveiit c.

10 the snrfac." of u ji,,,,! ii'iisly siiiiiilf. hut siK !i tin- nil nil iVoiii any jini d of itself, lint if for ,, 3. it may hi' advisahlc : ink or Iroiii a boat, i; ■ ••la>s of pools wliicli , ■ size, flio oil can be w, 'f tlif arm.

KK.

DIPTERA. 31

ir (lim'v. in tliiit ih. iiittMiiijcot tlieinalc tT, jiiid for a si)0('i(- Iter iiiiiins of iJoom, eivoirs, it has bcci ' of oartiiy particle 10 surface to periiiK a.).

!o, i.s tlio type of n liese gnats, aeconl uses, mostly on tin yes of the aniinaN, lis beiny distendi il iiK'e. Tlie localitv lu'tliinj;- over 7,0(in other locality and

cording to the dis- lal color blackish, iige. For farther

Family SIMULIII)^.

(Black Flics, Buflalo Cfnatt=s.)

pLe insects of this family are short and small, thick bodied, having sinii)le eyes and no transverse suture in the thorax. They are om more than a ((uartcr of an inch in length.

he larvii", so far as known, all live under water, nsnally in swiftly niiig water, and their structure and habits are both i>eculiar. Tiie iwing e.vtract sums up the facts regarding the discoveries of early

|gcs:

•lillnhaiier first discovorcd that tlic early stajrrs of llie ('(diimhae/ midne, ou';;, a, and pupa, were passed in the water and only left that eleiimiit to transforin be jierfeet insect. Some time afterwards Nordat and Fries pnhlislied the trans- lations of the Siiiiiirunii mricciim. 'I'be larv:e (if the latter sjiecies live under Hurfaco of the water on the .stems of water jilants on the j;enera I'liellandriniu .^iuiii.

le larva' are slender, cylindrical, and furnished near the mouth with two sinj;iilar flatjclliform ajipendayes arisinj; in |tairs. The posterior piirt of the body is inclosed in > seniioval cocoon attached to tlie ]dant. The i)U]i,i' have on each side of the thi^ax eight lonu' filiform ap]i<'ii(bi<j<'s risini;- in pairs, 'i'lie jiosterior ])art of the liody iB(h<'bised ill a seniioval cocouii attaclicrl to the jdants. The lly issues below the SUilface of the water, and, risiin;' to the top, is protected by a line silky covering of hi|rs.

he early stages of several of the American sjiecics have been studied. In the lericaii lliitoiiinloi'ist ( \'ol. II, p. L'.T, .lime, ISTdi. under the iieading. "The death of young trout," we described the larva and iiniia, with liunres of a .species rwards described by us as sinniliinn phcicidiinn (ibid., p, liiiT). These larvic were by Setb (ireeii to live attached ''o stones in swift running water and to 8])in a ;en thread in which young fish became entangled and killed. This statement ted much excitement among tish cultiirists at the time, and really seemed very iblo. It was contradicted, bowever, by Sara .1. Mclbide. of Muinford, \. V., in rticki published in the same vidiime (](i). I!(i5-|{tj7), and also by Fred Mather, of Hwieoyo Falls, X. Y., in private eorresponileuce with us. Mrs. Mclhide found that the perl'ecl Hies issued about the Ist of Ajtril and the 1st of .Juno thereafter the lai^a' were found in the streams in great numbers — as a general rule attached to Wftcr plants ;> or I inches below the surl'ace of the water. Some were also attaidied

f tones at the bottom. The majoi ity were fastened to green, decaying water cress. i these were green in cidor, while others which held to dead forest leaves of the vioiis year's growth, which hud beionie entangled with the cress, were brown, l"^)!!! this facL she .justly argued they fed upon decaying vegetation. There was a 8»cession of generations or broods throughout the season, the develoimient of *|iiigle bi'ood occujiying about two month;). The llies issuing in niidsumnier were Sliialler than those devclopiMl iu tb(> spring and fall, although no ditVereuce in the stie of the larva' and ]iupa' was pereejitible. Ill the same volume (pj». 22(1-2.10), (^sten Sacken gives an account of an undetermined icies found attached to the roots and plants in swift running streams in the vicin- of Washington. This article contains also an able review of previous writings jtlie subject, and is illustrated with tigures taken from Vi>rdat. jn the American Entomologist (Vol, III, pp. l!tl-193, August. 1880), Dr. W. S. uard described the stages, with figures of the eggs, of a common species in the inntaiu streams around Ithaca, N. Y. The eggs were found on the rocks on the iks a few iuches above the surface of the water; the newly hatched larva) were

32

INSECTS AFFKCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

,jii8t at tho Hiirt'iicc, aiul t'l'oin this ])(>iut tliuru was a rugiiliir grsidiitioii in tlio si/i the larva- down into t\w Ntruani. Tlie t'gjjH wero ibiind abundiintly on tli« tut of, I ii'

In tlio I'rocdcdings of the Boston Socii-ty of Natnral History for January, !>• Dr. Ila^Mi dos('rilied Shiiiiliinu picliiies, a roniari^ahly larjjo Hjuicies, tli« larvii n || jtnpa' of whicli wero found in the rapids of tho An Sahjo IJiver, Adirunda(;k Mu; tains, and in nicntioninfj; tlio fact in tho Anu'ri<'an Natnialist for April, IHH\, stated that tho larvio and pupa- of ])resiiiii{il)]y tho sanm 8|iocit;s wero fonml Messrs. Hubbard and Siliwarz in tho rapids of Michipicoton K'iver, north slion Lake Superior. The larva' wero there found to have tho jxTnliarity of lloatin:; long strings, attached t(t each other bv silken threads, while tho pupa-, found in t • piicter ])ools close by, ri'senibh.'d clusters of coral.

We also ha/.arded the stateinent that these, were tho innnaturo forms of tho cc brated Idack lly of tho Lake Superior region. In reference to the probable ideuti of tho Adirondack with tho Lake Superior species. Dr. Ilageii, in comparison of t ■))ecimeus of these larva- and pui»as received from Mr. Hubbard, with similar Ht.i; of iS. jiiclipen, remarked (C'anadian Liiloni(dogist, Vol. XIII, pp. l.")0, 151) that wli, the larva' an I pupa- did not <liH'er materially, imagoes from t\ui Lake Superior, n raised from tho j)ui)a' collected by Mr. Hubbard, ditfored from N. jiictiixn in tlit much smaller si/e and in tho color of the legs. (Report of tho I'nited S^m Entomologist for 188L pp. :M2-:ii:{.)

The report of the Kutomoloj^ist tor l.SStJ contains detailed aecoiiir of tlie life history of two sneeies named respectively the Soutliei bulfalo-jiiiat and the turkey-gnat. The recent appearance of this reiioi and its accessibility to all render it unnecessary to j;ive more than brief .synopsis of these s])i'cies, which will be added in their i)r(»i(t places.

LOSSES FKOM Bl'FFALO (iNATS.

The injuries caused by butfalo gnat.s are among the mo.-*t serioii resulting from in.sect attack on domestic animals and man. Since it; imitossible to refer all such injuries to the species causing them, statement of the losses due to the species collectively will be in pl;u here.

The fan > Colurabacz midge has kept up its yearly attacks \\])i> the stock ill its resi)ective locality for more than a century, accordiii to autlientic records, and so late as 1880 has caused, according to report from Minister John A. Kasson, the loss of loS buffalo, 18(5 oxei 17"» cows, 50 calves, 49 sheep, 118 horses, and 1,137 hogs. (See Rcimh U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, 1884, p. 341.)

In this country the losses from the species in the Northern Stato- tlumgh by no means inconsiderable, have not been such as to bring (ni accurate statistics. In the South the losses of sheep, hogs, poultiy cattle, hor.ses, and mules have been very great, but approximate est; mates are given in only a few cases.

As far as can be learned the damage in Louisiana was but slight prior to 1850; li« many animals were killed in 1801, 1862, 1863, 1864, and 1806. In this latter year tli parish of Tallulah, La., lost over 200 head of mulea, and upward of 400 mules um horses were killed within a few days in the parishes of Madison, Tensas, and (tn cordia, all in the same State. In other States they also did groat damage. In l.^^S many mules were killed in the lowlands of Daviess County, Ky. Although lie tpieutly causing more or less trouble aud loss, they did not appear again in hiid M

ANIMALS.

DIITERA.

33

iir Kriuliitioii in the hIzi indaiitly on the list of .mi; History for January, |v rK" Hliec'ios, tlio larv.i a IJiver, Adirondack Mn: nralist for April, iwi, no 8|iocieM were ionnd otcii Ii'iver, north shi.n ) peculiarity of lloiilin:.' lili! the pupil', lonud in t

nnatiiro forms of the (■( '11 to tli(^ prohahle idfnti i^'en, in comparison of i hbard, with similar sl.i. 'I, pp. !.")(), 151) that w!, ini th<» Lake Sn|)erior. i d from N. picliiKu in ib t>rt of the. United >^-

litis (letiiiled accoiiir ictivcly tlie Soiitlid >earance<)f tliis h'iki .' to ^ive iMofe than ulded in tbeir jnoiit

>iig tlie most serioii and man. Since it; fies cansiiig tlieiii. tively will be in plm

yearly attacks upn

a century, accoidin.

mscd, accordinji' to .

ir»8 bnffalo, 18(> oxoi

7 bogs. (See Reitm

be Nortbern Stait-

sncb as to bring on

sbeep, bogs, ponlfiv

lit approximate (st

slight prior to 1850; Im In this latter year tli iward of 400 nuiles am idison, Tensas, and Coi fireat damajje. In IMi ity, Ky. Although In* t appear again iu >.iui

Uwhclming nnmhers until 1871', \XT.\, 1871, 18«1, 18«L', 1884, IW"., and lS8ti. In b it was reported that the- loss of mules and horses in Crittendi n County, Ark., jeded the loss from all diseases, In 1873 they caused serious injury in nniny ]>ar- js (if Louisiana. In 1S74 the loss occasioned iu one county in southwest Tennes- Iwas estiuuited at $500, 0(K). The gnats have heen especially injurious since the jissijipi floods of ISHl and 188'J; in the latter year they were more destructive to •k than ever before, appearinj? in inniiense numbers in eastern Kansas, western Inessee, and Avestern Mississippi, and the great destruction of cattle, horses, and les caused by them adde<l greatly to the distress of the inhabitants of those sec- ts of the country caused by unprecedented, lloods. Many localities along the tissippi K'iver in Arkansas also sulfered severely. In 1884 biiHalognats apjieared [in in great numbers and were fully as destructive as in 18H'_*. In P'rankiin Parish, i, within a week from their first aitpearance, they ha<l caused th(< death of IJOO il ot stock. They were i'<|ually iiiinKM'ous throughout the whole regi(ui infested, |1 lor the lirst time in the history of the pest they attacked horses and mules on streets of the cities of NMckslMiig and Memphis No general outbreak tooii •e in 188."i. yet gnats api)eared in sullicient numliers lo kill <|iiite a number of lies in \ arious parishes of Louisiana, especially in Tensas and Franklin, l!iil)alo- r .ats apiicaied again in imiiiense numbers in lS8(i, and extended tliroiigliout the eiltire lower Mississippi \'alley, and swarms wereexcn obstMved and doing damage .away from the region usually invaded, I'liey came very late in tlit; season, and |Be(Hiently animals were in better condition to witlistainl tueir atlacUs, The nage was great, however, in many localities wliere ]ilanters had not taken steps lofect their stock. |esi(les the .•ictiial loss by death of Mieir stock, ))ianters lose mucli viliiable time _ii'c]iariiig their fields for the crojis. It so hii])pens th.'it the gnats appear at a tune ilPwJiich the ground becomes lit to b(( prejiared for cotton, and as It is sery impor- tant to give that idant as much time as possible to mature, every day is very valuable Marly sjiring. Planters owning large «'states have to use their mules for plowing, jwithstaiuling the gnats, while farmers on a small scale can keep their aniniaK m stable, thus jtroteeting them, ( K'eport I'nited States Department of Agricnl- !. lH8t), p. T,&2.)

LIPK IllSTOUY AND HABlT.s.

lie eggs liave been (liscoveicd tur but compaiatively few sjtecies. \V. S. liarnard describes and lignrcs tliose of a si)ecies found at ilea, X. Y. (xVmeiican l')ntoinob)gist. Vol. Ill, pp. 191-193):

hese eggs ( lig. ;> ) were found on rocks on the banks a few inches

)ve th(^ surface of the water, and give herewith a description ol tfCiii as a means of facilitating the other species.

flfliiliiig of those of T^e eggs are dejiosited in a com st layer. Their shape is long )i(l,bnton account of their Sott- as and clo.M' proximity to each otter they become distorted and lyheilral. ( >ne end is fiecinently ttened or concave. Each egg lasures 0.40 liy O.is mm. ;n jngary theeggsof the Columbacz ilge (S. columhatcceiiae Schiin- lier) have also been studied by

Fio, 3 Kggsof Siinuliiiin— miicli enliirged (after Bar-

IlllTlU.

Iward I'oiiiosvary, and the observations have heen published since his death by 4Go3 — No, o 3

84

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMAL8.

Dr. (ie/ii llorviitli.' Its c^ks. wliich iiio «nvolo|n)<l iii a y»'Il<>wiHli-\vliil« Nliiii dopositi'il towanl Mid mu\ of May <ir lioj{inniiif; of .Iiiiic, mo iilso ilcpositod

Ntoiir

rh

th

it<

II, will i>

ciiicr (•

M«#r)'ly last '' mwli all' not

In iiiiiiiy for (M'i't:iiii

cluitt'is.

j;rass(>\ anil in tlio brooks of tli(< iiinri' cli r(!gioriN. TiiD IViiimIo of that Njin k . Haiil lo (lopoHit on an avcraj-o froni "i to 10,(10(1 cjiHH, liKt no (li'tailcd dcscriiii is^iivcn, wliilo we haxct lonnil only ■> 500 in tlio iivarics of our Hpi'rirs.

Tli.'larvM- an) ^^cncrally ii'ss than I «Hl#'''"l»lt' an ini'ii in li<n^'tli, Hulxyliinlrtral, aii'theblsclvCH iialt'il in tiio iniilillr, anil ('nlar;;cil \i<\\ Wim\ iilioil botlii'iKls; till' iMisliriortliini of till' 111 4.„__ ,,i,. ,.

lory I'liK (1

is nincli stoiiti'i- than tho antrrior lli

jinil almost ciiili-shaiit'il. Tliiu'olornl ■

larva \arirs jj;ri'atly, anil is nsnaily n, 8p6CU'S, IHI

or It'ss liki' that of thu snltstam orotis. iilid

whii'li it is fustonoil. 'I'lir lirad, whir! Tlic jtiip: Kfrnrally iit'arly Ki|nari', is marked w n e^^jn mo^jf pair of small, hiai'k, api>roximatOMpiii« ,.

raih Hido that look liko uy.-s, but arc i; 'y I'lllIlK'l KcHide thi- iisnal niniith orijans. thr hi-ud ]ii>8Hi'ssi'8 two additional brown and lP'^P*' "' "'

Kill. 4 - Fiiii lit' Shiiiiliiiiii ii'viinrinii tiiv»l\y I'li liii i.'1'il ( ('mm liilrvi.

poS0(1 of a "■difRBn'iit sp '"att|l«'tii>iii Usell' wit hi I md. and ill cespiiiitory ){ silken th sticks, leavt

Kiri.5.-Pr(il.

.V. }):Vlllini

j; I' 0 a I I V lirgiMl l(ili)\ I.

Rataiainin;; 1 itmocphuric i( itatein tlut i-a remain for son

The pi-rfeit ng to somo V

Nbapud bodii's, which arc nsnally H])read ont itnd kupt in I'oiiHtant motion

catchin;; food; thoy open and dost) like ti Ian. ami if Ibldcd ciin bo jiiirtially

drawn into tlio month. 'J"ho simtoth body of tlic larva \» composed of twolyo

or sej^inonts, live of wliich form the cliib-shai)cil anal iiortion of the

body. On the iimler side of the tbortieic ])orlion is a Hiibeonicjil,

retractilo jjroceHs (tig. ."i), crowned with a circular row of sliort timl

8har]» bristles. Tlio anal extremity consists also of a siibeylin-

drical, triincated iirotnberance, which is crowned with rows of

oristles similar to those of the thoracic jirolcfi. The larva pos- sesses no stijiinata. but immediately below the amil jirotiiberanec,

on the under side of the body here are three short, cylindrical,

soft, curved, and retractile tentacles, to wliich the large trachea'

lead, and ■which are probably the orjjans of respiration. " *

In simu) of the most mature larva- two kiilncyshaped black spots are visible jnst

above the thoracic ]>rolej;, one on each side. If clo>orot0ttioii eiu in\ cstijjated with a good lens, it isseen that thetnftsoi i lurflk'c like a nicnts serving the future jmpa for respiration are alivaiwiftiiess. formed under the larval skin. All these lilameiits ;ii Tke immjo. — from the same sjiot and are branches of a single intri:rh<W are char tube. * ' tndir, and is

The most essential condition for the well-bciiij; of liiin^na' are c aijiiatic iTeatiires is rai;id motion of the water in which il on||and line live. • * * The next important condition of a sniciomev hat dila breeding ]dace is the pre ,ence of some stationary nialci )roW)Hcis is wi in the water npon which to fasten themselves. * ' lyes arc large; Water in rapid motion is IVnind only in certain, wherajjart. T defined i)lace8, either in streams coming from an el viiiiBMile, being plateau or in streams meandering through a level coiiiitn^^^nd can r

Tn the former any su-lden bend, or declivity, and any obstruction, no matter Li jUgnatsar*

^^ o iiud ui .\. Kolnmbiicsi logy, Dr. llorvuth Gezu, in Itovartani Lapok, Vol, I, ^'ll. ';|b^Haggressi'

Bndapest, 1K84. N^Bapturedi

Fio. 6— Hii'iitliiKf.' organs cif S. meriilioiiale -i;r('iitly en- largi'd (frimi Kileyl.

DII'TERA.

M

SOMll' ^^'ill )>i'<Mliirr iMM'eli^ralod motion of titr watrr. In tliti latti r hikIiIiii luiiiUiiru thif; iliii-f (MUM', III tlu) loniu'i' tln'io iiri' iiiiiiii'roim i»lii<(!.>( wluic ilir lnrvii- lun seflOiily la?*tcii llionisolvrs, Ihxiiiiho liir>;<' iiiiiiiImts olstickH piirtlN iihIiciJiUmI hi ttie mad 111"' not (Imtiiflu'il l>.v tlin ri.sinu wiitt-r

In iiiiiii.v pliicos till' r(n-k\ IkmIs of stirains rmiii.sli oxct'llfiit support fotci'itiiiii .sptu'it's. Ill Niicli plii(*«'s as these tlit'y occur iiiorc or less in

iNIMALS.

vellowJHli-wliito Hiiiih ', nn* also ilcpositod in ov<T wliii'li I lie watci il. xiUh oC iIio iiiort' I'll' :i

triiijilo oC tliat M|ii'i II '

on nn ii\ cranii Iroiii "■ lint no (li'tailcd dosiMiiii

•'!' ''''oi' '"",!', 'irs''"^ '"' cllrttors. liistiMK'd by the posterior cud of the l.ody uiid capable of eon- n/K(^i.3lT'l(rs^tliai, I «i<tii"!'^ movement, by truveliii}'' with a Iooihiio- oajt. I.y attacliiiiff i^'tli, Hiiiic.viiinlriral. iiii-thtBiselves with silken threads and tiien allo\vMiji>' the cm rent to move iddl.', aiiil«'iilar;i;i'il Inn tliai about, or by lloatinjj free with the curr«*iit untd liiidinoa satisfac- .lM.strriorfliiidoltliH„^QM j,j,„.^, j„ „.|,ij.i, („ |j,s|en aoain. ■'■ *'"'" '1"' J^i'tm'iiih T|^^^ j.^^^^j ^^j. j,|^ ,,^,.^..|. ,|.|^ ,1^^^ ,,,.^.,1 ,j,.f(.,.,nined tor manv of the

1»-Hlllllied. llKM'Olonl li. . , ., .1 , «. 1 ^11 ^1

ivatly, an.l isiiHnall.vi,,8p#it'«. l»iit t'i«' Southern bullalo j-iuit has licen proven to be eaniiv- lat of ilu) siii.stanir inor^is. and in all i)robability other species have a similar hal)it. toned, riic lu'iid, wiiiii ^„. pupa of the specnes of 8imulium is peculiar and distinguished lysM'i'''''.''^"'''''''''"! ^^''fifOHB mo*<t other tUitterous pupa- by the pn'sence of a tutt of respira- ''"'■''' :'»''"'"''"T^!'*'"""tonEiilaments startini; from each side (►f the thorax. (See lif^iut'S of

look hkoey.-s, but iini; *i '^ i •;• / x m I *v

additional hvown and i.Pttpf'' "' Snnuliiiin pt'vuumm aiul iiienthomh:) 1 hese tutts are com-

in conatant motion wipo^l of a variable numl)er of very slen<ler tilatiients varying with the

Idcd can bo jiartially "idimtent sjjecies of Simiilium. The abdomen is armed with spines, and

I loiiiiMisod of twolyojnijj^jl^j, ^j|^ .i,.^, i^^y,, larger bent spines or hooks by which the pupaanchor.s

itSfilf within the poueh-like (rocoon. This cocoon is open at the upper

3n4 iii'd allows the exposed head portion of the im|)a liearing the

ceaiiratory tilaiuents to have free access to the water. It is composed

of «lken threads, generally grayish in color, and is attached firndy to

stiws. leaves, h)g8, or other objects in the I'lirrent of water.

tion of tlio nibconi<'al, f short and Hiibcylin- li rowH of larva poa- tnlierance, yiindrical,

tl

trachoir 10 organs

irva- two sjldo, just

Fill. .5. -rri.i'. . , S. }>'i'ii(ini* C I- 0 a t 1 .\ •''® rirpoil f ItiUni. ng

on oarli sido. If clu^j; isKfcn tliat tlio tufts oliiioi for rcsiiiration arc aliiai All tlii'so tilami'iits ;ii UH'lioH of a siiifjlo illtrll

ini ir tlif woll-boing of ilim' i)f tlio water in whicli ihoi nt ('i)uditioii of a KtiiiM f honic stationary iiialirn stfii themselvi'H. ' 'y nd only in certain, w

conniifj I'roni an ol -vatW g tbrongli a level comitrli striiction, no matter li

,i Lapok, Vol. I, No.

Rflftoaining but a very short time in the pupal state, prolonged or shortened by itmolpheric inllueiices, they give forth the winged insects. Tlit- length of the pupal n the case of the turkey-gnat averages live daya. Hotb larval and pupal skins for some time in the empty pouch.

]»crfcct insects issue from their pupa' under water, and siirroiuided, a<'Cord-

some writers, by ;i bubble of air. I'lie silky hairs of tlie tly, however, are

tion enough to ]trovent it from drowning. The winged insect jiops to the

o like a cork, runs a few inches over the water, and darts away with great

ess.

Imuijo. — The perfect Hies , ary in length, the females being usually the larger, are characterized by their jiociiliar short and thick sliajie. The head is bent , and is nearly as wide as the \ery large and hiiinped tliorax. The thick me are composed of twelve stout Joints; the four-Jointed paljii terminate in and tine Joints; the jiosterior shanks and the iirst Joint of the hind tarsi are ihat dilated. The free labriim is as sharp as a dagg'T, mid the very iirominent iscis is well adajiled for drawing blood. The insects possess no ocelli, but their re large; in tht! male they Join at the forehead, liiit in the female they are far- part. The mouth organs of the nuile are also not so well developed as in the , being soft and unalde to draw blood. The bodies of thosi; gnats are (juite nd can resist considerable pressure. » « *

gnats arc exceedingly active, and endowed with very acute senses, which enable

jto find unerringly animals a long distance away. Only females seem to form

aggressive swarms, since not a single male h.as been found in the large uum-

aptured and investigated. The male stays near the place of its birth, and since

3()

IN8KCTH AFFKCTINO DOMKttTIC ANIMALH.

t'eniiilcH onci' K<>rt;iMl witli lilnod do not imkI can not ri'turn, coinilation anil llif di

itinK<>l'«KK'* muihI take |)lar<< very HOdn after t'niur^iiiK I'roni tlio wuttT. 'I'Iii'mc piiin have HH, vet to Uo in\l■^<ti^llt*Ml.

All N|i<>rii'H of tiu> Ki'iuiM Siinnliuin, tlit; lifu liiHtorit'H of wliicli lnivt> \n-vu Ntmiin arc HiiijjIc-lirooiU'd.

I'ltKVKNIIVKS.

SnnidK'''* have tlinn far pro\cd tlic lioMt nictliod of protoctin<;' iininialH in the ii> a;;tiinst liulValo-^niitN. riioiiu;litfnl )ilant(>rs nn\ in the hahit of eollectinK and si< in;; during the year ill! kinds of niateiial that will produce a denHc and Htil'ii Ninokc; (tnch materials are tdd leather, caHt-olf clothin^r, dried dnn^i etc. Ar* '^m i\n lar^e .swarins of ^nats appear, and the stock is threatened hy thcni, lire> r started in iliU'ereiit jiaits of tiie plantation, and arc kept hiiinin;; as lon^ a^ il danger lasts. Anything that will produce sinuke is thrown upon the snioldcii: lo^H, ami the most offensive is considered the most usofni. if the time fur pluuii has arrived, smudges arc located in the liclds in sneh a nuinuer that the snioki drifted l»y the wiinl over the teams at work, .'^uch suioke-)iroducin;; tires arc :[{■ kept hnrnin^r in the cities, and they are t'onnd in fiont of cNcry livery and streei r staMc, as well as of such stores as employ drai't horses oi' niuU's. If tiicsc niiiin.i ha\o to hi* upon the roads, they may iisuall\' lie somewhat |irotectcd liy tin pails which some smudge is kc])t. ami which are suspended from their necks and from i. wagons.

Animals may also lie protected with a layer of mud or a coat of sirup. It lias li<r found that animals which have hIiciI their ronuh winter coat of hair ami li:i beconui snutoth are not as much tronhled as others still covered with louj; Iimi; The ^nats lind it much more dillleult to obtain a foothold upon a siuooth skin, m the elippin<; of the hair in earl\ --piinjt is therefore advisable.

HnHalu-^nats have a jfi'cat aversion to entcriiiK' dai'k places, and stables tlioioiiul, darkened are safe places for stock of all kinds in a ^nat season. The odor of anm Ilia jirevailin;; in such stables may also to some extent inevent the insects in entering. I'lanters with a small jicrcaKc, therefore, prefer lo keep their horses ;i mnles in the stable instead ol' workiii;; them in the lield. for the same reason > owners of livery stable.s will not allow their aiiinials to b<' taken ontside the > limits if ^n.'its are numerous eiiough to be (iaiiyeroiis,

Hut the great majority of planters can no> wait for the disappearance of the |ii" and have to resort to otiicr defensive means. \'arious external applicatiims lii been used to this ed'oct; hecoctions of aider leaves, tobacco, pennyroyal, and ell herbs, have been tried with a view of ))ic\ cnliug glials from biting mules wliili work; but all of them have proven iiiclfeclive. W a time when small swarm- tiirkey-gnats were tormenting mules plowing in the lield one side of the animal » moistened by Ml', Lugger with various insecticides, while the other side wa> i protected ai all. Ity following the animal and watching tlie gnats it was -> observed that any offensive smelling substance would drive the gnats from the |i' teeted side to the mi))rotected one. Kerosene emulsion, |iyrethrnm powder ~ ])ended in water, diluted carlioli-bisiilidiide, and dissolved tobacco soap weii used in turn, and all seemed to jirodiice the same etVect. .Several times the \\ Ir animal was carefully sponged with the one or the other of the above substaii" I'or a tiiiK! the gnats would not settle n]>i)n the animal; but in the course of t hiMir.s the beneficial effect of these insecticides was gone and the insects weic longer ke])t away,

lOxjierienee shows that the best preventive is grease of various kinds. The folio' ing kinds are the most important: Cotton-seed oil alone, or mixed with tar, fish' gnat oil; a combination of stinking oils alone, or mixed with tar or keroseiif' crude coal oil, kerosene oil, kerosene oil mixed with axle grease, and others. Tn effective, the grease must be used at least twice duriug the day, because as soon

oilensiM Il# ailvanta «^d, but it ■It these dif

bwiausc a CI The cm|di against the bat shown I Aiquaiit ity aort, and a » it Htincd i H«rcial il.'iyr thru w:i>llc( JiH lung ;i H^vidcd wi 1^ gnats.

inot perih the first t well (11 'dtt even wli

111 ciicli

tlgatioii t( maimer ol

pobably I whicli (

Mit tlu' I Kliioiis CO]

A nnnil h»vt' been proven III AOtticiciit I lid iidiiiii aiiiinoii jiirs uiit le iiniina I'Uiiniiij J Many ct iJive been liiifiihie^ |ut it wou

' Aceordiii grnat oil i feum Uni a, 'limalc fwti jillon, som( kill the Bi|uently i

NIMAI.H.

('()|iii]iiti()ii iiiiil tlitMli

I tilt' wattir. 'I'lu'Ni- poiii

Wllicll IlllVtl Ix'fll Htlllllii

H'tillM; iillillUllH ill till* Ik

ihit iirt'olli'ctiii^ uikI --h liico u tloiiNO uikI Htil' I tiricd iluiiKt ''••'. As -II iitriuMi liy llit'iii, lii'i-> .1 it liiiiiiiii;; tiH loti^ ii.s il >\vii n|i(in till' HiiKililciii ir till' liiiir for plow II iiiiiiini'r that tlic siiioIm I'-proiliiciii;; lircN art- iil- 'Vi'ry livery iiml stri-t'i i iiiiilcs. If tlii'si' aiiiiii;i protui'tcil liy till |)aih I tlivir iiuckB aiwl from i:

'oat of .sini|i. It liaH Im

jr I'oat of hair aiul lu

t'ovtTt'd with Iiiii^ h.ii:

upon a Hiiiooth skin, i:

t's, anil Ntahh's tlioroiiul ison. TIk' odor of amn Itlt'vt'iit the insects \u to keep their horses ,i I'or the same reason i If taken tnitsiile the i

lisappearanee of the [m- .ternal applieations lii

o, pennyroyal, and otl out liitin;; niiileB \vliil< le wiieii small swarm- lie side of the animal " e I he other side wav i y; the j;nats it was -i

e the gnats from the p , |iyrethrnm powder - Bd tobacco soap wei'

St!veral times the w I of the above siibstiiii'

1)ut in the course ol t

and the inseets weii

irious kinds. The folli r mixed with tar, lisli ' with tar or kerosene i ;rea8e, and others, in le day, because as sdoii

1

DIPTRRA.

37

Itii otlensixf odor <llHap])earN it beeonies inoperative, All siieh ii])plieiitionN are of BO advantaKe, howfver, on stock riinnin:; at larj;t'. (inat oil is very extensively Mrd, l)Ut it is, liku the rest of tlitt remedies, very apt to remove the hair.' In fact, ■It these dilVerent kimls of oil and giease are more or lens ininrions to the animals, btCUiise a continued coatinn with them wt-akens the sysleiii.

The einidoyees of the Hudson's Hay Conipany protect themselves anil their stock iMiiist the bites of the "black tly" by the use of oil of tar, and as long e\perieuce bil shown it to be a simple and easily applied wash, we strongly recommend its use. AiQuantity of coal tar is placed in the bottom of a larj^e shallow receptacle of some Mtt, and a small i|iiaiitity of oil of tar, or oil of turpentine, or any similar material, llBtiri'cil ill. The receiitacle is then tilled with water, which is left stamlinn for

reial days until well iiiipie);iiateil with the odor. The animals to be protected are

tH washed with this water as often as seems to be necessary.

IS lon^ as stock In the infested re^fion is siill'ered to run at lar);e, and is neither

jviileil with shelter nor food durin>{ the winter months, it will siill'er se\erely from ^ie ;inats. Animals well cared for can stand the attacks of the gnats far better, anil 4a not perish as readily. Illtreated and unhealthy mules and tliose bruised and cut We the Ih'st to die. and the prevailing opinion of intelligent ]ila>iters is to the effect -fdl^t well cared-for mules, if greased twice a day when working in the lielil, seldom even when attacked.

^n each iiifestt'd district it should be made an object of special inves- atioii to discover the breeding grounds; to determine the place and pinner of e^K' de])osition and other points in the life history since it is obiibly from this dire<!ti(Mi that sve must expect tculiscover some plan which to destroy the pests in the immature staj-es an<l thereby pre- nt the appearance of the vast swarms of Hies which produce such wious conse(|nences. "J

KEMKDIKS FOR THE IMTES.

j'A inunber of remedies to counteract the i)oison of the buff'alo-fjtnats hive been tried, but none of them hiiv«' been snlliciently tested or have

foven niiifoiiiily effective. The following' ai)plications have been of tHci«'nt use to meiit further trial : (1) Hubbiu}; with water of ammonia, (1 administeriiifi internally a mixture of 4() to oO grains of carbonate ammonia to 1 pint of whisky, repeating the dose every three or four iirs until relieved: (U) continued doses of whisky alone and keeping ^le aniniiil in ti cool and darkened stable; (.'») inunersiim in cold water ■i^' running streams.

Many cases of death of human beings from the bitea of buifalo gnats iiive been reported and some of them seem well authenticated. The j|jiinftdness of their attacks will certainly put people on their guard, Ipit it would be well for person.s in localities subject to invasion to go

'According to Messrs. Fahlen & Kleinsehmidt, chemists, of Memphis, Tenn., jnat oil is any kind of stinking oil; it should not contain drying oils, such as

ieum lini and O. ijosgypii." They use fish oil, and to increase its perfume add 01.

\imalf fiilidum, i ounces to 10 gallons But since fish oil costs ')() to I't cents per

jillon. some mix it with crude petroleum; this addition, however, has the tendency kill the hair roots. 01. liedeonw (pennyroyal) is too costly, and therefore not

[equently used. Fish oil and Ol. animale futidum have given the best satisfaction.

38

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMKSTIC ANIMALS.

\l

iitt

Itiepared with some means of protecting tliemsclves wlieii far from shelter dnriug the season of the year when the Hies abound.

NAIURAI. ENEMIES OI' HUFFALO ONATS

The adults have so far apijeaicd but little subject to attark frdin other aiuuials. Hut few birds have been observed to Seed upon them, though for the Southern lornis the mocking bird, winter wren, and esi)ecially barnyard fowls, after the Hies become gorged with blodd, feed upon them Dragon llies (Ijihellulida) and robber Hies (Asilidn have been observed to catch them.

The larvu' are devoured in large numbers by the smaller fishes, min nows, etc.; and probably the carnivorous beetles, bugs, and otlici a<iuatic insects piey upon them. Dr. Howard has observed nciu Washington the lai vu' of a speckles of Ilydropsyche feeding upon tlic larva' of a species common in that locality.

The pupa' are i)retty well protected by the resemblance in color fd the objects to which they are fastened and their quiet habits. The eggs would seem to be (<pen to the attacks of fishes, carnivorous bee ties, etc., but no positive observations seem to have been made.

DKSrKIPTlONS OF SI'I.CIES AVITH NOTES ON THEIR IIATUTS.

The species of this family, though not extremely numerous, have not been very fully characterized, and it is with ditliculty that they aif defined in brief terms. The attempt here is to euumerate the species so far clearly established, but more particularly to ]>resent the habits of each as related to domestic animals, without entering upon anything like a monographic treatment of them.

lari

" 111 the I May, i>t| Botovious iison onp far as if the coil ttacUed () liat ucighj jid swinel

11

The CoLiMBAcz MirxiE.

(SimiiliKm columh(ih':e)i8(' ScliriubamT.)

This, the first species to be studied in detail, was fully described by Ch. Hehonbauer' nearly a century ago, and has been discus.sed by Kollar and others at various times since. The jtast history of the species;, its distribution, destructivencss, etc., have already been stated.

Its distribution extends over the valley of the Danube, though par- li 'ularly marked in the region of Columbacz, and some authors believe its distribution to be quite general and many jther species to be but synonyms.

Kollar -^ says "-a small Hy, the length of which scarcely reaches 1.^ lines and its breadth half a line, is one of the greatest scourges of the Banat of Temesvar, particularly that i)art situated between IJypa- lanka and LTrsowa, which holders on the Danube.''

' Ooscliiflite tier scliiidlicheu Kohuuhatczer Miikk<ii iui Jiuuut, Wien, Patzkowsky, ITit"). • Treatise on Iiijiuious InsectH, etc., pp. (58, 70.

riMALS.

I'lvt'H wlieii far from 's abouud.

iNATS

]^^t to attack fmn, 1 to .'eod upon tlicm. I, winter wren, j,,,,! «oi«e(l with bI()(Ml, obber files (Asili«I;c,

smaller tislies, inin '' l>ii«s, and ()ili,.| lias observed ne;ii e feeding upon tlic

iiblance in eolor to quiet liabits. The s, eariiivorons bee been made.

iiKiR iiAmrs.

umerous, have not iiity that tliey arc lerate tlie speeies Pie>ent tlie Jiabits iiiy upon anything

DIPTERA.

39

nlly deseribed by 'eii diseiis.sed by ^t Iiistoiy of th(' jady been stat«'d. ube, tliouyh par- e anthors believe Hwcies to be but

-rcely reaches 1.]

; scourges of the

between Uypa-

^Vien, Patzkovvsky,

"In the year 1830 there ajtpeared in the end of April and becfinniug

May, after a previous overflowing in the month of March, the same

Botoiions <S'//«?<//»m colnnilHitrzni.sc m^ I was convinced by a ch)se com-

larison on the shores of the marsh fnnn its jun«'tion with the Danube

far as Ilanna, in ^Vustria-Ihingary and Moiavia,and most plentifully

the countries lying on the banks exposed to the inundations. It

ttacked cattle in the meadows as in the lianat, and the villages m

|iat neighborhood lost some hundreds of cattle, such as horses, cows,

lid swine.''

I I'M. 7 — Siinulhtm ornatiDn: a, larva, side virw ; h. Ratnc, liacU \ icw ; r. )iiiii:i. iK'iicatli : if. saims from abovL'i c, cocoon— iiiiuh I'ularyeil (alter Verilai).

Simitliiim rcptiim Linn, is considered by many authorities as equiva- lleiit to the cobim'ootczenHe. It was desiaibed from Laj>land previous to jtlie description of cohnnlxttczcnsc, and, if identical, should of course [iiuliide the form referred to that species.

SimuUiim ornatum Meig.

This is the species upon which Verdat and Fries made the extended I studies which have been mentioned in the fore part of this chapter

40

INSECTS AKFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

uiuler tlio iianie of IShnuliitm HerU-enin. Baron Osteii Sacken, howevcgjaa \\ pnl states tliat lie inclines to tlie opinion that it is in reality the or /Kj/^iipMyincesj and in deference to this opinion we iuclnde mention of it ntider ilisg^ftiy mi^ name. It may be remarked tiuit scriveum is considered the same u J^q \,xi'\ eolumbatczense, menticm of which has already been made. fljjlre" a si

S lO M

a^

TuiA'.—SimiiHviii iiinatinn: a. Iieail ofliirvii. Iionentli: 'i. inimilililc; c. iiiaxillii c. niidcr lip; /.

lip— nil ciiliir^ifd; (/. laiva attatlieil In plant; /(, ]iiiiiii in cnriMin natural size (alter V'enlall

ICll IS, S(

But I will TIlis si)ecies lias not the record of havinj'' i)roven a source of an gance only jt'reat annoyaiu'c in tlie rcffion to whicli it is common, nor is its gci of tlus /ooloi graphical limit iiiveii with precision in anv work at hand. The stndii , ' ," ," of its larval an<l pupal stayes, however, f>ave a tomidation for lau- ti^iiy. ( o research'.'s upon the subject, and as furnisliinj;- interestinj>' subjects tu: •^tlu-r coin comi»arison, we reproduce the liyures piU>lishe('. by Nerdat. i/^m weutu

flnt ill the V cattle woro < •XCejit that I year, withoi

to bf n'"i"""^

thiit t'roiii til

OOl|lHO(|iionc('

difeiuleiice.

incmiviilsiti

Or it' the 1

Aixeiulcd \vi

fit lor 1181

me iiiipin

whom tl

jiigleil po

»1» at any

ru jirovit

|«Hiiiy iiit(

low 11 tob

[was ailin

tthau this ii

ling over

Ively few

}n. I pa

Id Wii8 ol

|H au eloi

iat uu<l II

la a gnat

link swa

The Black Fly.

(Sim It I ill lit iiiiilextiun HarriH. MSS. )

The celebrated black tly «dthe Northern States has long been knowi in the adult fcuin as a torment to travelers and to domestic animals The follo\vin«i account by Dr. A. S. I'ackard (Anier. Nat., \'ol. II, pp 589-51)0) is sulhciently <'haracteristic:

The black fly is even a iiioii' forniidaltle jiest than the iiio8(iiiito. In the nortluMii snliarctic regions it op])o8f.s a harrier against travel. The Ltihrador Hsherman speml' his siiuinier on the seashore, scarcely daring to jienetrate the interior on iiccomit n the swarms oF tlieso flies. During asniiimer resiihnice on this coast we sailed ii]) iln Esi|ninuiiix Hiver for t! or 8 miles, spending a few hours at si house situated on tii' bank. The day was warm and hut little wind blowing and the swarms of black llii- were absolutely terrific. In vain we frantically w;ivcd our net among them, alhircil by some rare moth. After making a few desjienite charges in the face of the thronu ing pests, we had to retire to the house wht;re the windows actually swarmed wiili them ; but hero they would (ly in our face, crawl under our clothes, where they woiilil even reimiin and bite in the night. The children of the house were sickly and wui!, by their unceasing torments; and the shaggy Newfoundland dogs, whose thick coal- would seem to be jiroof against their bites, ran from their shelter beneath the beiu li and dashed into the river, their only retreat. In cloudy weather, unlike the iii(i> qiiito, the black fly disajipears, only flying when the sun shines. The bite of tlif black fly is often severe, the creature leaving ti large <lot of blood to mark the scene of its surgical triiun])hB.

The distribution of this species is not accurately defined, but south ward it occupies the mouutaiuous reyions of northern NeM' England.

'O

DIPTERA.

41

iiiiixillii: i\ under lip: /, ii|i{ liiliiriil sizi. (altfr V'enlati

>vt'n a source of an union, nor is its gv, It liiind. The sfinlie tbiMKlation for laic tcrestiny siibjeets td y \'er«lat.

ANIMALS.

Ksten Sacken, liowevcj^^ it probably occurs in localities tbrouyhout nmcb of tbe British m I'^'aJ'ty the o/»(j/»„p^yi„(.gg^ iif^ local distribution depending upon the occurrence of •ntiou of it under 'luig^f^ly runuing streams, whi(rh are essential to the lite of the larva'. )nsideie(l the sauic y ^^^^, i^rval form has not been pctsitively identified, but Dr. Packard en made. flgures a specimen which he collected in Labrador and which he sup-

poses to be the larva of molcntuni or a closely related species.

The Southekn Uuffalo Gnat.

{Himulhim pinianim Hiley.) EARLY HISTORY.

In the American .lourniil of Science (Vol. I, 1818) there occurs on paige .^8, undei' the headin}-:, "A destructiv<^ insect,'' the following iiljteresting account, whnh must certainly refer to the buffalo-gnat, and

ich is, so far as 1 know,theearliestauthenticaccount of its operations:

it I will not iMilarj;o iiixiii .i i'iict alreatly i'ainiliar. I will ask ytmr I'luther in<lul- ce only w liili' I (•ominmiicato an autlitntit- and cm i<nis fact ior the iuCorniatiou |lie ztxilogist.

the Clioftaw coimtry, IW miles uortlu'aHt of Natchez, a ])ai't of the jniblic. rociil

endert'd t'anmiis on account of the iieriodical return of a i)oisonons and destruc-

liy. Contrary to the custom of other insects, it always ai)i)e:irs when the cold

Ulier connnences in I K'ceniher, and as invariably disajipears on the approach of

rm weather, which is about the 1st of April. It is said to have lieen remarked

bt in the winter of 1S07, dnriiiH' a snowstorm, when its I'tlecta upon the horses and

Itle were observed to be similar to those of the gnat and mostiuito in Hummer,

«j^e]tt that they were more severe. It continued to return at the same season of the

y<pr, without ]>rodacin}i extensive mischief, uutil the winter of IHKi. when it began

tiSbc generally fatal to the horses of travelers. So far as I recollect, it was stated

tnt from thirty to forty traveling horses weri^ destroyed during this winter. The

«H|8e(|uences wen^ alarming. In the wilderness where the man's horse is his chief

dwendence, the traveler was surprised and distressed to see the beast sicken and die

inlsouvulsions, sometimes within three hours after encountering (his little insect.

Or if the animal were fortunate enough to live, a sickness followed, conunonly

A^nded w itli the sudden and entire shedding of the hair, which rendered the brute

mjfit for use. rnwilling to believe that etlects so dreailful could be produced by a

J use aj)parei!tly so trilling, travelers began to suspect that the Indians or others, whom they obtained food for their horses, had, for some base and selfish end, ngled poison with it. The greatest i>recaution was observed. They refused to •|d)) at any house <ui the way and carried, for the tlistance of 10 or 50 miles their <»ini provisions, but alter all suffered the same calamities. This excited serious ii<iuiry into the true cause of their distress. The tly which has been mentioned was l^owii to be a most singular insect, iuid ])eculiarly troublesome to horses. At length

fwas admitted by all that the cause of tht> evils complained of could btslio other on this insect. Other precautions have since been observed, i)articularly that of ^ ling over the road infested with it in th<i night; and it now hai)pens that compar- Ively few horses are destroyed. I am unable to describe it i'roin my own observa- 9\\. I passed over the same road in April last, only two weeks after it disappeared. Id was obliged to take the description from others. Its color is a dark brown. It Is au elongated head, with a small and sharp proboscis, aud in size between the lat and luosiiuito. When it alights upon a horse it darts through the air, much \ti a gnat, aud never (jiiits its hold uutil removed by force. When a horse stops to link swarms fly about the head aud crowd into the mouth, nostrils, and ears;

las long been knowi :o dome.sti(' animals er. Nat., \ ol. II, p|i

ipiito. In the northem lirador tisherman spem;. e interior on account . is co.'ist we sailed u]) lli. a house situated on ili heswiirnmof black th.- let among them, allnrcii lh(^ face of the throiii; actually swarmed will ithes, whore they wonM e were sickly and wmi. logs, whoMe thick coiil- ■Iter beneath the heiK li ather, unlike the iii(i> ines. The bite of tlif lood to mark the scene

defined, but south lern New England,

42

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

hence it is supposed the poison is (•oiuumuiciitcd iiiwaidly. Whether this he ti ik >y not, the most fatiil coiiseiiiifnces result. It is sinj;iilar tliut from tlio tiin(! of it^ li j- appearance it lias never (extended for a jjreater distance than 40 miles in one dir, tion, ind usually it is contined to 1.5 miles. In no other |iart of the country li:i. ever heen seen. Froui this fact it wouM seem ju'ohalile that tli(> cause of its < xi'l^*^! ence is local. Mut what it is muie can tell. After the warm weather comnuMic is|i disap])t!arsase(l'e(5tuiilly fnuu humau ()liservatir>n as if it were auuihilated. T<>\v;r»iy<fe*""' ^^\ the <'Iose of Uei'euiher it s|)riii,u;s up all at once into heinj; a^ain, iiiul resunicv i fiS^I's^i'^si work of destruction. A fact so ,sin.milar I could not have veutuied to state witlidS**™* '"^''' '"" the best evidence of its reality. .\ll the eircuiiustances here related are familiiu

AV'.tVUlsl

from I

onisiail iceptioi| durin

hundreds, aiul were in almost every man's mouth when 1 imssed tlirouj;h tlnscoum

In addition to this they wci(! coullrmed liy the acctuint which I received from ( John McKee, a jj;cutlcmau of ninch intellij'ence and respecta))ility, who is the ])it- agcnt of the (icner.-il (Joxernment for the Choetaw Nation. He has consentccii' ohtain specimens of the insect for your examination when ir- returns aj;ain ; and \\ I hojx'. accompany tiie tr.iiisniission with a more ])erfect descrii»tion than it has Im

Arkansil

ivous crel

moMaluindaj

IlliTcniicsstl

red «" »■'"■ 7 g|:Missouri

Kentucky

possible for lue to communicate. — Hi:v. I'.i.iAs CoUNEMis.

aaofinl the (> lEiinois ant

In the ro|>oit of the United States Department of Aj^riculture I' ijotdering ui 18SG, the foliowinji' summary of early oeenrrenees is giv^jn : andAViihash

It seems that no authentic record exists in Louisiana about the occurrence of t! J^ollBon l on Southern bulValo-uiiat prior to the year IXoO. It has been rejiorted, however, ili Ili,ea»tern they had ]»r"'viously apjteared in \HU\. In 18t!l and \H{i'2 they were very troublcMin in i»orti(nis of Missis.siitjii and Louiisiaiui; in IXtiH and XXiVl they abountled aim Shrevei)ort, L;i., and iu Chicot County, Ark. Noiu' are rejxirted to occur in iMi but in lS(i() they iinadcd the alluvial country between the Arkansas ami Ked ri\i! east of the Washita. In ISTIl and 1S71 serious injury was occasioned by them several re^jious in Louisiana. Hut in 1881.' ami 1881 they were luoi-e destriu'tive th: ever before, doinj;" iunuensc <lainajie to live stock of all kinds. Althou<ih not <!;eiii ally very mimerous iu 18><."), they appeared in sullicieut numliers iu several couiiih of i^ouisiana to kill (|uite a number of mules. In 188t) tiicy api)earc<l i;encr;ir throughout Mie whole extent of the region infested liy them, and they ai)iteiiii rather unexpectedly, because it was so nnpreeedentedly late iu the season.

In Indiana this insect was well known as I'ar back as ISi;^, when the settlers \\>i\ to watch fur it every year, as swarms would appear in certain regioiis with mon > less regularity, otteii occasioning eonsideral)le damage.

It was ascertaineil from a number of gentlemen iu Teiniessee and Mississijipi lli:i the bnrtalo-gnats were well known to their amcstors who tirst settled in that regi"! at a tinu^ when Indians were their neighbors.

But everyone qnestione<l in the ."States of Louisiana, Mississijipi, Tennessee, iui Arkansas would voice this universal opinion, viz., that bull'alo-gnats <'ome only wit high water and are contemporary with an overtlow. The connection between a overllow and the api)earance of the bnlfalo-gnats will he considered farther on.

^he extei thATifiU it 8p<Sfies froi' latier nniy of 111 is spec ani^titls.

BiBmestic !i f^^t localil do^, ami ca

AREA INFESTED.

The investigations of l.SSr)-S«;-.S7, which luive been rei)orte(l very fiillv iu the Department puhlications and from wiiich the statements hm' made are mostly com])ile<l, hiive shown that the e.xtent of territory invaded by tliese in.sects is much greater than formerly supposed. It may be stated to comprise, in the worst yetirs, the whole of the ^Missis .sippi Valley from the mouth of the Ked Hiver, in Louisiana, to St, Louis, Mo. All the land adjacent to the many rivers and creeks tlint empty from the east and the west into the Mississippi Kiver is invaded

AMMALS.

"m

DIPTERA.

43

y. Whether this be tn;, jy lilt from the time of itsii,., ' ' thiiii 40 inilcs in one <li, I- part of the country li,i. Hijit tiie ciiiiso of its, xi.ilii iinn weather coniniciK o?:

iwavnis, Tliey are drivoii about by the wind and reach j)()ints I'ar from tlieir breeding places.

ouisiauii ull the land incloaed Ity the Mi8sisHi)))ii and Ked rivers, with perhaps ception of tlie extreme western counties, is usually invitded hy the bnrt'iilo- durii!?;' a f;'"iit y*'ar. iSouth of the Ued J{iver they become scarce, less aggres- ^v<To annihilated. Td A,riiv|i|an(l appear only at very irregular intervals.

"K again, iiiid rcsn s i J^li.ssissii»i>i all the counties bordering on the river that gives the name to the

ire more or less invaded during gmit years. Arkansas, excepting jierhaps the western counties, shares tlie same fate. In the rous creeks and rivers of this State and of Louisiana the bulValo-guat breeds aliumlantly.

'ennessce the same conditions prevail as in Mi8sitisipi)i, bnt the swarms do not so far east as in the latter State. Missouri tlicf biitfalo-gnats infest only the southeastern counties, iiitiicky does not fare as well as Missouri, since swarms of them fre(incntly asCMlnd the Ohio h'iver for some distance. . f » . ,• Illinois and Indiana are also more or less invaded; J, 1 the former, it is tiie region

^ i .• _ ^"^^"'^'^''♦^ 'bordering upon the Mississipiii and Wabasii .ivers; in llic latter, that on the Ohio ^ ^ ■ an(i^Vabash rivers. In 188(5 bullalo-guats appeared in large swarms at I >e Soto, in

out the occurrence of tL J»MPOii County, 111., and ahmg the White Hiver, in Daviess County, Ind. II reiMtrted, however, ili IS^'istern Kansas swarms have repeatedly done great damage, icy were very tronblc>„ii <(U they abounded alxM ■fported to occnr in 1m ■ Arkansas ami h'cdri Mr s oc.asioncd by them • ere morcdcstructivetlLi

' ventured to state witli„S Kill" reliitod are faniiiiin 'asscd through the com, iitt' vhich I received from ( mq tability. who is the pro, ioii. lie has consent, 1 1 ttei ir. returns again; and u 2scrii)tion than it has 1m

'Is. Although not gem; libers in several connn,

'ify appeared genei.d; Ik'.mi, an<I they appear,, li in the season.

, when tlie settlers lis,, liii regions with mon ,.

see and Mississijtpi liiy st settled in that renin-

sissippi, Tennes.sce, »u<. ••-gnats come only wit; ••"iiuection between ;ii sidered farther on.

rei)orted very fiillv •e -statoinents luii' extent of teri-itoiy erly siip])()sed. It •Ijoleof tlie Missis I Louisiana, to St, rs and creeks tli:it •i Kiver is invaded

LOSSES OCCASIONED.

lie extent of the losses due to this si)eeies have already been stated,

ligli it is of course impossible to separate the losses due to this

;ies from those caused by the turkey-ynat. In a general way the

ir may be said to be more destructive to poultry, while the attacks

lis species are more particidarly directed against the larger domestic

lals.

nnestic animals are attacked in the following order, varying somewhat in dif- it localities, viz, mules, horses, cattle, sheep, setting turkeys an<l hens, hogs, i, and cats. Th,- death rate of mules is highest, both because they s<'cm to be susceptible to the bite, and because they an- almost exclusively used in the theni States lor I'arm work. Horses alsosiilfer greatly. Cattle, when wcakcneil inter cxi)osiirc ami by scarcity of f,iod, succumb easily to the continue, I attacks icir winged foes. Hogs show at first the clfccts of the bite hut very little; \ et [c numlieis die soon after the attack, while otlwrs die about six v ,(>ks aft«!r tilt* ippearance of the bntfa!;.-gna\.' ; they usually ])erish fiom largo ulcerating sores, i,li cause blond ))oisoning. Many jiersons claim that the so-called charbon is produced by the bites of these gnats, a statement which is, of course, not borne out by tacts. Sheei), although well ])r,)tc,tcil by their wool, suller greatly by bites ajwii thtMinprot cited jiortions of their skins, and injure themselves still more by |wdiug t,)o close to tires, which ar,' built to ])rodn,'e priit,'rting smoke. Many )1> crow,! SI) close to the fire as to be liurm'd t,> death. Setting turkeys and hens ifre,|nently forced by the gnats to l"ave their nests. Vonng fowls arc killed ont- f. 'fhe gnats, in attacking fowls of all kinds, force their way under the wings their victims, wh, 're they can not be ,1,, dodged. Dogs and ,'ats are also greatly nented, and will not rcnniin outdoors during a bntt'alo-gnat invasion if they can it. Deer, lbrg,'tful of any other threatening danger, are tornwuted to such a ree as to lose all fear, and ai)proach the smoldering tires; in their agony tht-y •times allow people to rub the gnats from their bodies, and will, in their frantic avors for relief, even lie down in the glowing embers or hot ashes.

44

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS,

i:i'i"i:( T oi' iiiK iiiTi:s.

4

in so :inctly ma

Animals liittou by many burtalo-^^nats hUow all tlio Hyniptonis of eolio, ami niifjiuts, wlii peojilo beiii'vc that theso bites brin<; on that diHeasi'. Mnlcs csptjcially arc i att'<'(t('(l,y('t large unmbtTu of i)08t-iuort( in examinations niadd by l>r. Warren K of Vickshnrg, and others, failed to show any relationship between this discasi the bites, nor wen^ any facts ohtainetl whicli would Justify the correctness of sii'Il tilt' ll^'l populiir conclusion. I)r, Kin<;; oiiincs that the eti'ccts of these bites on aniniMl- nnieh the saiuo as that of the rattlesnake on the human system. This seems r the gi'nerally accepted opinion amon;r the more intellisient planters, The :iii attacked becomes at first frantic, lint within a very short time it ceases t" si symptoms of ])ain, submits passively to the inliiction, rolls over, and dies; somiii all within the space of three or four hours. I'".ven if bitten by a very f^riiat niin: of j>nat8 death does not ne<'essarily follow, and then it is not always suddenly f;i Mules which at ni^^ht do not appear to be seriously injured will often be found c next mornin<;'.

Animals of various kinds become jrradually accustomed to these bites, and dm a long-eontimicd invasion l>ut few are killed toward the end of it. It is ii jircv ;ii,

notion that the bite of the {j;nats a]>pearin<j; first is the most ])cii- j.j(j_ i,, _>■,,„, oils. It would seem to Im more probalde, however, that the jmi,. introduced into the systems of animals — unless sndicient to \>\ fatal— may to some extent serve as an antidote a;;'ainst that iir f^h^ tip diiced later, and if this poison should remain in the system witii ; jjml on tli< stability, such a fact would also account for native or accliiii;r .•.■yL.i, i|.i\ stock bcinjj less suscej>tiblc to tlie poison from bites than tli.ii eeiitly imported. There is no doiilit that stock freshly iiuportci 1 '';*^ll Kentucky to Tennessee and Mississipjii is more apt to be killed i

(•^^

withstood one invasion, a sc<'ond one proves fatal but seldom, i reason why butfalo-<;nats a]ipearin^ very early in the season arc ii V.^i dan!j;ci'oiis may lie I'oiind in the fact that the stock, weakeiinl ■^ exposure durin;; the winter, have had as yet no chance to uaii.

strength by feiMling ujiou the early vegetation, which it obtaiii> | vioiis to and during a later invasion. ('oiisci|nently, the resist, power ol animals is greater later in the season. I'.xjierience hiisa taught owners of stock how to jirotect the same, and in compmi- with former gnat S(^asoiis fewer animals are killed of late. I'mi Fi(i.9.—Siw>ilitim A SchiinUaucr, who wrote nearly onv hundred years ago about ■ peciianiiii larva K<»lnmhac/ gnats of Hungary, witnessed tht! post-mortem exaiiii: -enlarged (timii ^^^^^^ ^^j ahorse killed bv these gnats, rixin dissection it was Inir Aiiniiiil lii'iHiit , , ' .,,.,,,.,,,

Dcpartraeiit Aa *'"'*■ ""* '"'0' ^^'"*' ™^ anus entirely filled with the flies, liut al-o; ricLiltiirc issfl) genital orifices, the nasal passages, an<l the bronchial tube anil ramifications, A case of this kind must bi; very exceptional, doubt gnats will sometimes enter these passages, but as a rule death is notoccasuii. in this manner. The loss of blood and the terrible irritation of the skin by so iim: poisonous bites arc reasons sufficient to account for the retlex irritation of the mi and blood itoisoniug.

LIFE IIISTOUY ANU IIAIUTS.

The larva is not diftereut in general appearance froni that of otlit species and the general characters have already been stated.

The annexed cut (flg. 1>) shows it considerably enlarged and will iiial a detailed description unnecessary. It is translucent when living: tL

IllOtl.

^cy dust as«|nic an c

neir the sii sinjtle threa ict free

mil of th

ts. alth

(ir nioiit

11 larg

h and

like ori;

Svater d

^tiiig mi

iPltions of riches till over til [tides, le they i he fan ible to e gro> es rev larval le of C

ANIMALS.

DIFTKRA.

45

ill some individuiiKs is witliout markings, while in most it is dis- maiked witli dark cross bands on the back in the middle of the yiiiptoiiis of polir, and in^Qijjis while at each side is a white space; the under side is more or

:;,:::r;;r;v"f:;:,;i4inv.n.im-.y»,,o..,;rt>vit,,.,,w,,

Ijip iH-tweeii fi.i.s.iisei.s,. ^^' •'*^"*^ ^"^ yeUowish brown, nearly square, hcxiiy, and nnirked as

itily the (oiToctnL'ssoCsiiiin^e ligure (lig. 10).

>f thcHo l)itc8 on auiin.ils

III K.vstcin. This st^t-niN ti

iiieiit pliintiMH. TIi(< iinii

hort lime it ccascH to si

lis over, and dies; sonifii-

rten liy a vory on-at niiin

is not always suddenly f;r

irfd will oftou be found ,|.

imI to these bites, and dm «'iid of it. It is a previiil, lin^' first is the most ]u>,~ 1<', liowever, tliat the |mi,

a.

Piofilt — Ni'»i"(iiM/i /"criannii : liciid of liirvn— o. Iiciii-iilli: ^, side

;ili(ivc— irrPiilly I'lilms''"! (from

i— unless snilicient to |>i

antidote aj;ainst that in

main in the syst.'ni willi;

mt for native or aceliiiin

ion from bites than thai

stock freshly imported li

s more apt to bo killed (■ 1

wse States, and that, inn:

I'ves fat.il but seldom, i

early in tho season are m

at the stock, weaken. il

s yet no ehauco to .i;;iiii

iition, which it (d>taiii>|

'onse(|iiently, the resisi,

■ason. KxiKTicnce lias;i:

he same, and in eonip:in-

are killed of late. Trol'

ndred years ago about t

I the i)ostniorteni ex.iiiii;

!>on dissection it was Im:

with the llies, but also;

the bronchial tube and

t bo very exceptional. '

le death is notoccasKii.

ion of tho skin by so iim

lex irritation of the nn

.Viinuiil l!ein)rt Ui'piirlniciit .Viiriciilliiri', \Mtt).

lie tip of the iibdoinen is crowned with lows of hooks (see fig. 11)

aqff OH tlie upper side of tlie abdomen is the set of breathing organs,

'h have been mentioned heretofore.

Phe liirvic tire Ibuiid more particularly attiiched to submerged

wholly or i>artly submerged stumps, brush, bushes, and other like

.cts in the linger creeks iiiid bayous of the region to which they are

tmon.

ice from that of (dii. been stated, ularged and will niiii !eut when living; ti

ey duster togetlur, and, fastened by the posterior iirotuheranco to the leaf, they

me an erect position, or make tlieir way u|(ward and downward with a looping

Freciiiently attached by a minutt,' thre.id, they sway with tho ripples at or

n^K the surface of the water, often as many as half a dozen lieinj; attached to a

siiisl^' thread. * ' * They make their way up and down these objects with

et freedom, l)ut do not ventnrt^ abov(> tho water.

oil of the /(irrir. — The larva' of the Southern butialo-finat ai»^ cainivoroiis in their

ts, although they do not. perhajis, reject tloatinji jtartieles of a vegetable origin.

iir month is not adapted for biting otf any jneces

1 a large or solid substanee, but is constructed to

h and ingulf small objects. To obtain these the

like oigans ]ieciiliar to these larva- create currents

■water direc;ed toward the mouth. Any small and

ting matter drifted by the <'urient of water into

vicinity of these fans is attracted by the ciliary

ari|tions of the eoniixinent rays of the same, and thus

dies the space* embraced by them, and the.\ , beiid-

over the mouth, direct the further motions of the

tides. If of the i)roper kind they are eaten, other-

le they are expelled by a sudden opening or jiartiiig

he fans. Th(!y do not feed, as lias been claimetl, n])on plants which they are .ble to bite <dVor chew, and which do not exist in the water at the time when the a- grow most rapidly. A searching investigation of the water in their l)r<'eding es revealed the fact that it was swarining with animal life, and was tilled with larval forms of small crustaceans belonging to variouh families, but chieily to e of Copepods and Isopods. Au abundant supply of food must also be found in

Km. M. — Simulhnripi'(ytinrvm: Tip (il'iiliclcinu'ii - inliir(;(>(l (Ironi An- iniiil Kcport Dcpartiiu'iit Agri- fultiiro, 1880).

1

46

■^

INSECTS AFFKCTINU DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Ill

tlio )iresoiuHi <»f iiiiineiiso iiuniburs (if IrcHli-watcr sjioiiKt'K, polyjis, (iiiil aiiiiiiii ri *ll*'> '*' LiU'vii' of tlie Soutlieni biiD'alo-jjiiiat kc]it in j^lass vessels wei>i iil)8erv«Ml to sw il, pQpal sU tht'sd iiiiiinto oi'iistacfaiis, ami iioiio of tliis footl was Been to lie exiit'llcd ir. A Timnbor of H(|iiai'e diatoms, joiiitfil tofiotlier in a chain, liavo also been oliscrv i

the intestines of tlieso Iarv:e by tlio aid of the micros Tlie iiresenct! of sncli (|iianlities of animal food will also aci for tlm (diservcd fact that the larva' j;i'ow so \fry i'a]>idl,\ in;j the ('ally sjirinj;, since this is tlio time of the year in \ most of the small fresh- water cr'istaceaiis spawn and ]iic

The ii<lu| fac6, vuii

almost u fig, II <1 ino| mak'

on

111 It'll illH

livinj; youn;;, and I'ood is, thercfoie, much more abundant y-j.* jj,,. iJ

th

s season

th

III at anv o

ther.

■Mi

When i'lillv orown llic liirvir descend to near ll

bottom of tlie stresim. sometimes 8 or 10 feet, to iiiiL their eocooiis.

silkt'ii

a iDaiiiH'i'

)es.

strii

larliair:

The eocooii upon these leaves is eonieal, {i'niyisli i strip*'. ^^^'I browiiisli, semitraiisparent. and has its npper ii;i Tlie imil cut s(piare oil', more or less ia};j;ed, as if left until head of ui ished. Its shape is irrejiiihir, the threads eoinposin. beton lui't it very eoarse, and the meshes rather open and old the iiidivif narily tilled with miid. They an^ not always fastener of the ey« separately, but fi«'(ptently crowded tojicther, n(»t formiuf-', howexei shovu in such c<»ral-like agjiiejiations as in some of the Northeru sjiecies. Tli. betw*'*'" ^

Fio, 12 i^imiill II III

liiruanim ]iuiiii- in- luiRi'd (Iroiii Kilcyi.

larva in spinning does not leave its foothold, lint runninj;' in the center of its work uses its mouth to spin this snug little Inmse. In it, it chanjjfes to a pupa, which Tias its anterior end protruding above tht^ rim.

The pupa (tig. 1-) is. Avhen fresh, of a honey-yellow color, the tilaments of the front i)art of the body brown an<l the abdomen above tiuged with brown. The filaments consist of six main rays issuing from the basal promineuco and subdivided two or three times, so that iu uiost cases as many as forty-eight terminal tilaments can be counted. The color of the pupa changes with age, becoming jyinkish, and, just be- fore emergence of the tly, black. "During the tirst of tliese colora- tional epochs they are attached to the vegetable substance upon which the pouch has been fastened, by the thoracic filaments, by threads about the body, and by the aual extremity; but during the last two the pupai hang by the short anal attachment alone to the threads at tlie bottom of the ptmcU and rise more and more out of it, until they swing freely iu the current, attached only by the drawn-out threads."

yiie tiiii tbfe earlini it is mut'h a rule, til

/"

Kill. Ill — Siiiiiiliinii pieiiarvtii: fcmiile, nidr view— i'nliirf;«d (from Auiuial Iteport I'f ]iiiniiiriit of Agriculture, 1880).

ANIMALS.

^e«, pol.viis, an.l anii,,,,,,., JlswoiooLservcdtoHu.,) I s.'en to l,e exprll,.,! „.„ ', I'iivo also bei'ii oliscrx «',i ^''0 i<i<I of tlio micros, , "''•"'■'"«<'<lwill..il,soa.-,„ '"' Ki'owso v<.ry rn],UU\ ,| liotii.H. orfhoyearii,;,,,, taceaiiN spawn ami jm,,.!,; ''«' ' •'! "I'Te Jlbuil.l;,,,,

i< <lescen(l to iicai' t K's 8 or 10 a.et, to ui.-A

'S '««-01licilI,f.r.,yi.s|,,

'<! liiis its upper Im i««V(l, as if loct uiilii tlietliroiHlscomposiii, i-atlicr ojieii and ..nl, I'o not always fiistoiui i<»t formiiif.-, ]iow<M,., ortlieni species. Tlit

DII'TEHA.

47

icy ri'iiiain in the pupa state but a short tiiiu'. lioth hir pujpal skins rtMiiaiii in the poncli ibr some time.

T^lic a<lnlt !ly on enuMocnuo I'roni the i)upa rises (juiolcly to the snv- fac(§, runs a few inclies over the watoi', aJid tlie winji's expanding almost instantly it darts away. The lly (li,ii-. 1.'} side view, fig. 1 I dorsal view of female") is nearly a (luarter of an m<# in len^^tli, tlie female l)einj;' sonu'wliat larger than the vamp and dilferin,!; in many .esi»ee(s. Tiie color is black, 1)1 the body is covered with {;rayisli brown, short, and n iiairs, which are arranged U]»on the thorax in sucli laniier as to show thn'c parallel lonoituditml black i)es. The altdomen is moie densely covered with simi- hairs and shows, fnrtheiinore, a broad dorsal whitish pe, which widens toward the ]»osterior end. $he male ditteis in the structure of the head ( lij^. 1"»: h^l of male at the rij^ht; of fennile at the left), the eyes b^};' larger, joininji' each other in the middle liue, and I'lo. u. — .s th# individual facets lieingmuch larger on the upper jiart ofphe eye, while those <d' the lower ]tart (not correctly 8bj|wn ill the ligure) are minute, the line of separation een the two sizes being well marked, 'he time of appearaiute of the swarms is regulated by (I earliness or lateness of the spring, and consequently It^s much earlier in the southern parts of the jMississii)])i Valley. As ule, tiiey can be expected soon after the tirst continuous warm

iniv- 1 1 It in [lei' II a- nan: iciniiU', from alluvia — ouliirgi!(l(ri'oin A II 11 II a I Hu- jiDit ncparl- iiifiit of Agi'i eiiltui-f, I88O1.

,"" ?«'<-■"«»•«»«.• female, ni,!,. I (from Aiiiiiial IJeiiort IV rriciiltiire, 1888).

, by threads about r the last two the the threads at the it, until they swing t threads."

]:<.-Simiiliiim jieciKtnnii .- licail of iiialc, al rij;lil ; lii'ail <if ffiiialc. at left— greatly enlarged (from Aiiiiiial lit'iiort ])e]iartmeiit of Agriculture, 1880).

l?§ather in early si)ring. In ISSo the tirst swarms were observed in luisiana March 11, in Mississippi and Tennessee j\Iay 1, and in liana and Illinois JNIay 12.

Hie accounts of its occurrence in December or other winter months

not seem to agree with the observations of recent years, but are

f-haps explicable on the ground of unusual seasons at the time of

ph appearance. Small or local swarms may appear somewhat earlier

INSECTS AFPKCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

tluM H('t'iii>f to lie (|nitc 11 jii'iicral nilc witli all tliiwe hiood-siickiu^ Hpucics wliidi , known to annoy man an<l other warni-liloiMli'd animals; lor tlii^ love ot'lilooil >n]i. ally Itrovcs iiiinons to tlioKc indix idnals whicli arr anxiuns to indiilj;;(« in it, a^ have sliown to l)t> tlic easo with tiic liai'vcst niitc or jijini-r '

ciiAUAc ri:!; oi- a swaum.

Tin- nnnihor of iinlividuaJH coniprisin;; a swarm oan not he ('oni)inted. as swaii vary fjroatly in si/c. Their lU'est-nce isat onee indicated l)y tlie aetiiHis of tho yarn aninnils in the liidd. Horses and mnles snort, switeh tlieir tails, stamp the yroii; antl show j^reat restlessness and syinpt'-ms of fear. If not harne.ssed to plow .n wagou they will try to eseaiie by riiiiniiif''away. Cattle rush wildly about in H(:n of rtdief. rornierly, wlu^iideer werir still nmiieroiis, they would lie so torinentei! these inseets as to leave tlieir liidiii;; places and run away, seekiii;;' protection i \' ill the iiresence of their greatest enemy, man. A|>pr()aehiii<raiiiinals in the tieM. notice at once small hlack Itodies, uxcecdinuly swift in their llif^ht, dartiiiff al"' their victims in search of a suitable spot to draw blood Miit even duriu};' a m; general invasion by these gnats these inseets are not luiiforinly distributed thri.iiui out the region infested, but they select certain idaces. Only low and moist grcMin is frei|nented by them; exposed or sunny spots are never visited. There may In- 1. iudieations of gnats in a whole neighborhood, and the iin]irepared farmer, dreaiinn. of no danger to his mnlesor horses in passing dense tliicketsof bushes, etc., iiearil roadside, is suddenly attacked by a swarm of these ^lests, and is frei(iieiitly iin;ili/ to reach a ]ilace of safety in tiiii(> to save his cattle. As suddenly as siieli swarii' ajipear. Just as sudtlenly do they disapjiear. During a gnat season cautions farinii' never travel with tlioir horses or mules without jiroviding theiusehes with some Kiih of protective grease.

When bnll'alo-gnats are very numerous the whole air in the vicinity of our doinc- tic animals is tilled with them at times, and looking toward the siitfering brute, ni sees it surroundiMl by a kiinl of ha/o formed by these Hying insects. Sweejiing r;i|' idly with the hand through the air one can collect liiindreds of gnats by a sinulr stroke. They crawl into everything, and theiilowinan has constantly to brush tlicn away from his face, which does not always prevent them from entering and filliii:' his mouth, nose, and ears; ho is so' tormented by them, and freiiuently by their liiit as well, that he has to cease working for the time being. Thousauda try to enter

' See American Naturalist, Vol. VII, 1873, p. 19.

l||Oht activi light iiiglit af0 iiHin< oi «]|cn liiin tbe w iudo\ iMCdiiic so I fineiiienl ii Ip.- ;i wcl s {■is nine tl tg(iccts inn.- $^;i\ fioiu ^thoiit nil

M

m^

sma

arms. rk in tl rival, riv Ion the t

JIOIIS, til

jen^ tho Bo rapid Itli blooi ivt of th Irce a dr( fill almo; ?in8 whii id their

ANIMALS.

IJIPTEUA.

49

* It varies yicatly. T t l>y tlu' wind uikI lal liaiints.

fivH and lilooilthirstN ; \ I N<M>n (lisiippears ciitin "lies Tlui (liinitioii ,,| a linv (lavs t«» (iv« m . iiafs liecoiiiK H)>Mii (lorni.i (lino aj,'fri-fs8ivc ajjaiii « ooii kills tlieiii and jniiv i«l<' individual is8li..ii; ■■^ Hoi.n die. Mnllalo-;,',, . a.s swii liy flio large nn: iriK'd attached fo niiil.^ d dr(.|» to Hit) jiniuiid ;, lir bloodthirsty lial.its.,, ■.iiickin^ Hpeeies whicli ;, or th(< love ofldood mv,,, »iiH to indiilfr,. in jt, ;,n v

I he eoiiipiited, as swjiii: tile actions of tho vaiM r tails, stamp the •rnuit >t harnessed to ))lo\v ,,, ish wildly ahont in sen, rtonld he so tornientei!

seeliill;; protection i\. h: animals in the (leM. « eir liif,'ht. dartiii;,' al'., Hnt even diirin;.;' a vd Illy distrihiited thmis;; l.v hiw and moist Mr,,iiii ■■^ittMl. There may hr i ■pared tanner, dreanmi. of hnshcH, etc., iieani nd is Cre.iiiently iin.ili: iddenly as siieh sw-.uu- seaNoneuiition.sfarinih iii8<dve.s with some ^il^

o vicinity of our doiiM- the snlierinc,' lirnte, ,ii, nsects. Sweepini,^ r:i|' (1h of gnats by a siim!- nstajitly to brii.sh tlicn nil entering and fillin; VcMniently by their liiie Tlionsaiids try to enter

p. Ifl.

lionses in villages and cities, ami the windows are rreqiiently completely fov- kd with llieiii.

Mum: (II AllACK.

J"lie lliglit (if all sjiecies of Siniiilhnii is very swift and |io\verfiil, 'i'\n\y possess, in '»i|)arisnn with must other llies, an eiKirimiiiHly large tlniras, consisting of a very Igh, chitinnns iiitegiiinent, that furnishes ample attachment for tiio Bti'diig innscleH ich pidiicl them during tlieir lung and continnons tlights.

Phc Soiitlieni bnlVahi-gnat in exceedingly active in all its iiuitidnM, and is at its |<id\ work as soon as it has gained a foothold upon an animal. The indiyidnal lilt IS inconspiciiiiiis and rarely iiiiii(^ tliaii a fc\\ feet from the gidiind. It is also lailv iKiiscless, but when (ine passes rapidly cl(is(! to the ear of a persnn tlie sound tdiiced is faintly like that o^' a passing linllet, and no (iiie wlm has listened to it |1 ever forget it, lint will always connect it wi li their presence, If the insects are not very hungry, (irif inllneiiced by tnii warm nr too dry an iicpHidicre. they cin 1(> round a mule or a horse very mii<di like ho many small liees; !(uini;iy, liowevt-r, they lose no time whatever, liiit with a few nervous Jerks settlt! ^oii the selected spots and immediately go to worli. I'lioy are never i|iiiet, but are »ht active during early morning and toward evening, T!ie,\ also (ly difing •.noon- |lit nights. Dining the hottest portions of the day, from 11 a. iii. to I p. in., they more or less inactive. Their favorite tiiiKMif attack is a cloudy, dark day, or |eii rain is thieatciiiiig. If the gnats try to enter lior.ses or slaliles by nutans of

windows, they constantly butt theirlieads against the puiies of glass, until they

pome so exhausted that they droji to the gidniid and die. Specimens kept in con-

Iciiieiit 111 larue vessels, with the bottoms covered with moss and soil and con tain -

!i wci spongi< and a saiiccr tilled with water, die witliin forty Iniiirs, During all lis tune they never ce;ise trying to escape. The sense of smell ( and sight ) of thes(! Beets iiiiist be w(dl devclopcil, because they nnciringl.v tiiid animals a long (iistance ray from their lireeding ]ilaces. If very iinineroiis the,\ cover the whole animal, Ithont making any selection of position. ['he siiialler tiirkey-gnats are not so bloodthirsty, nor do they form siwli large lariiis. Tli(^ snorting, biting, s\\ itcdiingol' tails, jind the general restlessness td' the bck in the liclds soon reveal the |ireseiice of their foes. Tli(> gn;its will, upon rival, rapidly circle around the animal, select a point of atta(d<. fasten themselves Ion the chosen spot, and iiniii(^diat(dy coninience to iiite. The genital and anal pons, the ears and portions of body between the f(irtdegs--in short, those parts iere the skin is most easily iiiinctiirod— are selected by these insects. The attack go rapid that in course of one minute the body of t\w tornientor is seen to oxjiaud jtli blood, which shows plainly through the epiderinisof the abdomen. Tlu^ bitten Irt of the animal shows a iii|iplivlike iiro.iection, and if tlie insect is removed b.v lrc(> a drop of blood as large as a good-si/ed pin's head will oo/.e out. Other gnats rill almost at oiici^ pounce upon the same spot and com !Uuo the biting. All those ?ins which jiriijcct under the skin of the animal are also favorable points of attack, ml tlieir course is made visible by the hordes of gnats fastened upon them.

niniKllIl'.S rUll'.l) ANI' I'lidl'OSKI) AdAINSr THK I.AKV K.

The results of a number of ditl'erent experiments with insecticides niion the larva^ the bnlfalo-gnats made by Mr. Lugger during the early spring indicate that it is parly if not (piite impossible to reduce their numbers by killing them iu the streams, attemiit to do so when all these streams are swollen, and fre(iuently from 10 to 20 ^rds w ide and half as deep, would be sheer waste of time. Wbeu the water is very |w and much more sluggish in its motion, thus bringing the chemicals in contact ith the larva', an application of them might be more efi'ective. Great caution list be used in any efforts iu this direction, however, as both mau aud beast are iu 4653— No. 5 4

60

INSECTS AFrECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

many InciilitieH entirely ilu)ion(l<Mit u|)iiii tlicNu Htroaiiis fur tliuii' wattT Hii|i]>ly, u tilt) introiliictiiiu ot'itoiHoiioiiH Hiilistaiiri-H iiii^lit ciin^itt iiiucli triMilili'.

Soiiif (if tlm nxiinimeiits wt-ro iiiiiil)) l>v conliiiinu tlio larvii' in nIaM> tiilicN ai Hiibniittin); tlinn to a rnniiit of wutcr to wliich tlio following <lci unioim and h<i|i tioiiH hiul been addud, vi/: Cliiim hurries, nalt, linii', Hnlplinr, tar water, keroMi eninlnion, and rarlion-lHsiilplndo. Strong' tar water killed tlieni; diluted, it jiruM llarln]e^«H. Kt'ruscno einul. .>n dilnted ti> rontnin ."> pi-r rent ki-roseno wmh etfcctui H ounces of curlion-bisnlpliido in 7 qnarts of water proved fatal within ten niiniiio the other inseeticideH were inelfeclive. It would be v(>ry eosttly tf» put enoiijiln theHe nialeriaJH in tlie water to prodip'o the desired etleet.

If the ^(I'neral opinion that broken levees are to Idanie for tiie destrnetive hwhih of bull'alo-Knats jirove to be the correct one. the restoration of such levees woulr within i; few years at most, lestore the fornu'r immunity from these" insects. 'Ih tinu- wiMild lie materially hastened by tlie removal i>t' tdistrnctions in all such p:iri of the bayous where they would come in contact with the swiftest current.

OVKllKI.OWS AND nil TAI.It (INA TS.

It is very generally claimed by the iuhabitnuts of the infesteil region that as loin as the States b(U'deiin;;>ipon the Mississip]>i Ifiver had a perfect lex ee system, wlm ])revented the water from escaping into the inland bayous, no damage was ocui sioned by liutValo-^nats, not even in districts now badly infested. It is furtlif; claimed that the bntfalo-gnats ajipear with e\-ery overllow, anil only with an omm How if such overflow occur at the ])roper season antl with the proper temperatiin viz., iluring the first continuous warm days of March, .\pril, lu' May.

The chronological data already given seem to ]irove such assertions correct, 'fin much weight should not, however, be attached to these data. The region is as ,vt rather thinly settled, antl no systeunitic records of the apjiearance of Imtt'alo-giiii in in.jurious nuniliers have ever been kept. \ general and widesjiread apjjearancc' these insects seems to take place, however, only during an inundation, and, granting the connection between the two phenomena, the caus4!s for it are yet obscure. I; was by the elucidation of this jiroblem that we hoped to discover some means n: preventing the injury of the Hies by jireventing the multiplication of the larvic

Inundations in the lower Mississippi Valley are not occasioned by local rains, liir by the immense voliimt' of water brought down by the river and its more nortlicii tributaries, and such overllows tirst take jtlace in the northern regions infested ii; the bu Halo-gnats, and not in the southern. The earlier appearance of these insert- in the South would seem to invalidate the prevailing belief that an overflow bri;'!.'- them. Similar conditions prevail in Hungary, where a closely allied insect does >' much injury to all kinds of live stock. There the gnats appear everv spring ii varying numbers, forming local swarms which move about with the wind; but m general invasion takes plac(i uutil the Hiver Danube inundates the region infested.

Is it not probable that swarms of the.se gnats are fon.'ed by the conditions coiisi quent upon an inundation to extend their flight beyond their usual haunts to tin more elevated and drier regions, and that in this fact we have at least one of tin causes of the connection ? Small swarms, otherwise local and unobserved, woiili; thus, during a period of high water, be forced to band together in such immciisi armies. There must be other reasons, not yet clearly demonstrated, why tlicsr insects apjtear in such vast swarms with an <iv4'rflow, and this problem can only l" solved by a critical study of many breeding places during several seasons over tlie whole region involved.

Some peculiarities of the swarms of buffalo-gnats have been observed, and thcsr may, by closer study in future, throw some light upon the problem. It is to lif noted that all the specimens comjiosing these swarms are females, and that not one male has been found among them either here or in Europe. There is every reason to believe that none of the females composing the blood-thirsty swarms return t«

1

e 1o( all JDi>;eil w

LMMAL8.

>r tlieir wnter supply, mi, I'll li'iiiilili'.

I.irvii' in yliiHs tuhes .n )\viiin <l»'i oitiiniH mill Sill pliiir, liir wiiter, ktiroMi 1 tluMii; diluted, it pi(i\i lilt krrosniic \v:is I'llcctn, liifal within ten iiiiiiiiti. ,v rostly to put ciioiijili,

"or till' dtsHtriiitivti swaiiu ion of Nucli li'vet'H wonlil IVoiii tlu'Hn iiisoctn. 'Hi;, tnirtioiis in all hikIi p:iri Hwiftcst ciirreut.

fcHted reKi<»i> that as Imn urft'ct luveoH.vstiMii, wind oils, no (lainnnc was oc i n y iiifi'strd. It is lurtlic: V, nnd only with an dmi I tho projuM- toiiiperatiin l.or May.

Ii assertions correct. 'I'd

ata. Tho ri'j^ion is as vf

pearanco of lmtl'alogii;ii.

videspread apix^arancr.

nniulation, and, yraiitln.

>r it are yet obscure. 1;

discover some nieaiis (i:

lication of the larva'.

oned Ity local rains, liii'

>r and its iiiore nortlnii

icin regions infested li;

learancc of these iuscct-

that an overtlow l)ri;ii;>

selv allied insect does >i

appear every spring ii.

with the wind; but in

es the region infested.

by the conditions coiisi-

heir usual haunts to tb

have at least one of tin

anil unobserved, woiilii

jether in such iniineiisi

nionstrated, why tlii"<f

lis problem can only Ih

leveral seasons over tlie

een observed, and thcst problem. It is to hf

nales, and that not oiif There is every reason

irsty swarms return tn

DII'TKRA.

61

i

iBe localities where they wore born and developed. Kxperiem e indicates that once ■ftrged with blnod tliey die. The swarnm dwindle in proportion as they are carrlel duny or move I'roiii their luceding jilaceH.

'Close investigation with the microscope has failed to reveal any eggs in the ovaries 4yf the females cmiiposiiig these swarnm, and if they deposit eggs at all it is before «*ngiegatiiig to attack aiiiiiials.

>fl'iiese singular facts invite speenlatton and theory, but It were iinwise to indulge m these before we have learned more about the eggs, when and wheredeposited, and i|i|icthur the females depositing them are in an,\ way dillereiit Ironi those ooinpnsing swarms. |ir. Frit/, Milller has jniblished in the Arehivos do Miiseii .Nacional do o de .Janeiro, Vol. IV, i»age I", I'ls. I\-VII, some very intercHtingobservatiimH on other lly (I'dlloxtoum tDrreiilhim), the larva of which is only i'oiitid in the torrents d cascades of certain streams descending the nioiintains of Mra/il. There the pie fasten b,\ the llat venter t() the rocks under water, and change into the jier t llies. He found liy o]ieiiing the mature ]nip,'e that there are always two forms ^ fcinaloH associated with one form of le lie. The one form of female jiossesses a jjildiiiieutary mouth «nly lit to sip honey, while the other has a mouth well adapted 'Ijl penetrate tho skin of warm-blooded animals and to suck Idood. *The male Simuliiim, so far us known, is only found near where it developed The uctiire of its mouth |irevcnts it from biting, and it shows no inclination to Join ie roving swarnm of females. Hence pairing of the sexes must take place in the iiiity of birth, and the egys are ]>robably Icposited soon afterwards. It is also sible, as in the case of other I)i])tera, thai the eggs are alri'ady well developed in le ]>u|)a.

['he condition of the inundated region forbids an indiscrimiimte selection of places deposit in, since the young larva' must in time lind suitable swift currents of ater after the subsidence to the normal level. Such breeding places we hope to be le to map out in future.

It has also been claimed that a number of successive broods of the butfalo-gnat

jiear in early spring. If such were the case the rehitiouship between the presence

tho gnats and an overtlow could be very readily imagined; but wo have already

iowu that there is absolutely no ]iroof thus far of more than one annual brood.

Ir. 'Wobster, while studying in the neighborhood of Vicksbnrg last spring, was

ipressod with the idea that the connection between the Simuliiim increase and

ertlows was dependent ui»on the condition of the levees, in that the river water

swelling the waters of tho bayous not only creates a stronger current in the main

you, but brings the current in contact with many trees and shrubs, as well as

mps and vines, along the bayous, thereby otVering much greater chance for the

irva' to attach themselves.

While we were at first inclined to give some weight to this view, and it seemed to ord an additional important argument in favor of keejiing the levees in good con- tion, a survey of the whole field leads ns to abandon this as the most important use in the increase of the gnats during the period of tho overflow, and to adopt e theory already advanced, viz., that tho connection is at least partly due to the its being driven by the advancing waters from the lower to the higher lands. Another theory, not supplanting this last, but supplementing it, we would advance re: There is no doubt but that the advance of the waters from the main river and eir commingling with tho clearer streams and tributaries carry a suddenly increased od supply, in the way of minute Crustacea and other aiiuatic erec^ures, to the mulium larva; .just at the season when these are about to transform. It is quite obiiblo that development in these larva' remains more or less latent or stationary ring tlie cold winter months or when the water in which they occur is depleted of

' Reviews of his paper appeared in Kosmos, Vol. VIII, pp. 37-42; Nature, .Inly 7, il, p. 214; Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, February, 1881, p. 206 and pp. 5-132, and March, 1881, pp. 225, 226.

52

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

luiuutc iiiiiitial lite, and that a siKldeu acdeas of food would accelerate the tiiial traiiMfoi'iiiatioiiB.

A posHible third couiiectioii between the overllow and thin increase may arise from the fact that the larvic, when the water rises, leavtj their attachments, or t'lat the (l^liris upon which they are fasteni ,1 becomes itself started by the Hood current, and that in coiisc(]uence the lar- c from hundreds of smaller streams and tributaries are carri.d away by the visini; water and impidled into tluMuirrent of the larj;e streams, by which they :ii;;y l)e carried for many miler, sjireadinjiont at last in the overflowed rejiion at.jnst the time when they are ready for their tinal transformations. On this theory the larvic from regions far distant become massed in the overllowed refjioii and vastly augment the uunibers which have naturally bred there.

The Ti rkey Gnat.

(Si III II Hum iiieriiUiiiialc K'iley. )

The eai'ly liistory < i' the tiirkey-jiiiat is so iiitiimitely connected with that of the pr'^i-ediuj;' species, and the losses due to the two species hiive been so y iierally confused, that what has been already stated upon these topics covets about all that can be said. It is nnnecessary, therefoi'e. even if it were jxissible, to give separate account in detail.

In the insect itself, however, and in many details of its life history and habits, there is so much difference that it becomes necessary to give some attention to them.

LIFE HISTORY.

While the area occupied by the adults c(UTesi)onds in general with that of the S. fH'CKto'iim, the breeding places appear to be (piite different. In tills sj»e<-ie>i the breeding grounds are limited to the smaller streams and biiiiiches, and the larva- are found attached to submerged dead leaves. Often these leaves are held by sticks, rails, ami other obstructions, which serve to fasten them in the nuid and at the same time create currents which are favorable to the existence of the larva'.

The larva has the peculiar shape and appearance of the Simuliida' larva* in general (see tig. 1(5 for the hirva, the hair line giving natural length). The nnirkings of the head and body are \mu:h more irregular than in <S'. mcKnrinn. They usually possess one or two lateral spots on the enlarged hind part of the body; the head lacks the regular arrangement of spots and lines; the breathing organs are (pute different, and three main trtmks branch each six times and the branches enter the trunk from the sides.

Klo. \n.—Sii)iiiliinii mcrhtidiiale .- lar- VH, sido vii'w — euliir(;('cl (from Ann. Hept. nept. Agr. 188C).

These larva* are evidently somewhat social in their habits, as they crowd together npou one leaf in numbers varying from ten to thirty, and, ju<lgiug from their uniform size, they must be the ott- spring of the same parent. As the current away from obstructions caused by twigs and leaves decreases in swiftness, so do the larva' decrease in numbers, until only a few feet away but ony or two can he found.

DIPTERA.

63

I'iemte the fiual

e may aiitm fioni 'II ts, or t'mt the >o<l current, and

tributaries are *' liirjre Ntroanm,

tliooverllowed ivtions. On this erdowt'd region

iiiiected with

'♦'inly stated uiiiiccessiuy, f ill detail.

lil'e history iie(!essHiy to

keneral witli ite different, iiiited to the ii' are Ibiiiid these leaves tioiis, wliich i same time t'xisteiice of

>eaiaiice of r the hirva, iarlciiif>s of tliaii ill ,s'. "■() lateral ; the head lines; the liiee main ches enter

ir hahits, as :l'roni ton to I hi' tlic off- 3»l hy twigs intil only a

Wlieii first found, in early March, they art- <|uite sniiill. but thoy grow rapidly dut- iii^j the latter part of March and early April. 'I'iu'y arc (|uiti' stationary when not (listurltt'd. Ut'Hidcs licing fastened to the leaf )>y the last jiostorior segnieiit, they iire also securely anchored by a very tiue silken tiiread. Wiien di,sturl>ed they loosen tiieir h(d<l at ouet; and lloat down stream, suspended and retarded by this thread, wliicii very rapidly increases in leugtli while tlie liiiv.e are drifting witii the current. Wliilo tlius <lriftiug they Jerk about in a lixely uiauiier, searclung loi' a new resting jdace, and sink to the bottcun (|uite gradually. Owing to their small size and to the fact already stated, that their color is in liannony witii tlieir surroundings, or with tlu' leaf upon whi<'li they an- fastened, these larvie are ditlicult to delect in a depth of 3 to I inches. When removed aiul i)ut iji a glas.s vessel they soon settle against the sides of their prison and can then be studied with a lens.

The larva can movi^ about very rai)idly in thi' manner of a span-worm, but with this (iirtereuce, that it always remains ancln)red by means <d' a thread, which length- ens as the animal proceeds. Ueiug very restless and active in such coulinement, it will keep on looping for hours, at a rate of tweuty to twenty- live loo])8 per minute. It can move both forward and backward, the forward motion lK>ing ]>ro- diiccd liy fastening the single thoracic leg to the side or liottom of the vessel, loosening the anal prolcg, bringing it close to the former, and let- ting the latter go at almost th<! same moment, the l)ackward motion licing simidy a reversal. In the coui.!c of six to eight hours the larva becomes weak and sickly. It will dro]i to the bottom of the vessel if disturbed, but will no longer try to escape. All the lar\ie thus im))risone(l. in re- peated trials, died in the course of twent.v -four hours. A colony of nearly fiillgrown larvic, in a small creek, shared the same fate when the over- llow of the Mississip]>i b'iver created a back tlow and made the water in this creek stationary for some time.

All the creeks and branches in which such larvie were found by Mr, r^ugger (lcs( end in beds composed of clay. The Hocky Hottom Hrancli. a tributary to the Horn Lake Creek, Mississippi, has worn out a bed in a solid deposit of stratified ferruginous sandstone, intermixed with couglomi'ratious of the same substance. The water, t) to S inches deep in luu'iual seasons, even during the summer months, runs over this stony bed in very ra])id currents, forming every where little c;i8cades, and no better breeding places tor the laiva' of any Simuliiim could be imagined. Yet none could be found, plainly indicating that the sitccies under consideration must be aide to fasten to submerged material to lind a suitable home.

The larva' form their cocoons Just above the bottom of the smaller perennial streams and are henee iu»t endanuered by tiie variations iu tlie depth of the water, for while it may rise suddenly with every heavy rain iind fall as sndilenly afterwards the dei)tii is quite uniform at other times.

The cocoon {W-^. 11, ti) is much neater than thai of S. jHriointm, beinjj fornu'd of line tlireads. lined witii ji'elatinous <mes. The web is (piite dense, uniform, with well-defined, .sometimes thickened rims. The cocoon is always .securelv fastened sin}>iy to a leaf or stick, and even if luiuiy are fastened upon tiie ssime leaf they do not crowd each other.

Kio. 17. — Simvliinn tiii'iiili'iiKih': a. 00- oooii; h, 1)111)11— ('iil.uyvil (IVoiu iiiley).

54

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Hi

Fl(i. lii. — Sniiidiuiii iiiciiiliuniil: : fc luiilc — I'll liirm'd (fnim Ann. licpl. Dept. Agr., ISHfi).

It tits simjjly about thv pnpa, wliicli is so securely anchored inside as to be with diilicnlty extricated.

The pupa (fiy. 17, h) has the general shape ami color ation of that of tS. juvKarum, but the thoracic tilanients iousist only of the original six rays, which do imi branch. The length of the impa stage for this s])eci('s averages five days.

The adult insect (Jig, IS, female; tig. U>, male) has llii' general ai)earance of pcciiuntm, but is smaller ami lighter in color.

The females are L',.~> to 8 nun, in length, the males from l.r> to 1* mm. The fenuiles are of a general slate-blue color and have darker markings on the thorax and abdomen, as siiowii in the tiiiure. There is also a sil very pubescence over nn>st portions of the body, and the colors of some parts change in certain lights, giving greenish. coppery, and dark blue. The n)ale has C(tntluent eyes composed of t\v(» very diflf'ercnt sets of facets, wVieh are clearly shown in the figure. The body throughout is darker, mostly black Avith bluish luster, and rather sparse white pubes- cence.

The rtight, method of attack, and other habits of this species need not be given separate de- scription, neither is there any- thing to add regarding remedies that may be available for the de- struction of the adults or preven- tion of their injuries.

The breeding places of the larva', however, seem more open to attack than the others, and ex- periments recorded in the report of the Department for liS8<» show that it is possible to atfect them with solutions added to the water, but not with great success, except when used in such quantities as to kill other insects, fishes, etc., which probaliy prey npim the gniit larvje.

It the brewliiijj ]iliices in tli<» creeks liavo t<» Le searched out to npply the insecti- cides, it would lie much more siuiple to remove all tho logs, sticks, and leaves. All the fences across tho branches should bo removed, or rather replaced l)y wire fences, which would neither impede tho current nor catch as many sticks and leaves, l-oj,'* and larger twigs, if not embedded too deep in the mud of the creek or banks, will always be removed by the high water, a very common occurrence in the buifalo-jiiniit region. Old leaves made heavy by tho adhering mnd would also be carried away liy

M\. -Simiiliiuii III! ridiuiuilf .• male— Hiilarjiiil ()'r(iMi Ann. Kt-pl. Dept. Afir., 1H8fl).

lALS,

DIPTKRA.

55

aiich(n«'d inside as]

al .shape and color thoracic filaments J »ys, which do ikii 1 ige for this s)>e('it's

K. 11>, male) has llie'i lit is smaller and /^

f?th, the males from general slate-bliiel II the thorax audi 'heie is also a sil < of the body, and i, giving greenisli. s ('omi)osed of two I

iiliunalf : iimlc— HiilHr;;i il Itt'pt. A^r.. IH8C).

ded to the water, uch quantities as ey upon the gnat

to apply tlio insect i- cks, and leaveH. All laced by wire fences, iks and leaves. ].i>^'8

eieek or banks, will ze in the bnft'alo-^^nat o be carried away tiy

ly hif{h water if tiio obstrnctions in these creeks were removed, and with t^e licks and leaves many, if not most of the larvic, wonld be carried away either into (• main rivers or the lower level of the creeks or lakes where there is no current and |hcre they wonld perish.

The Western Bufi-alo (Inai.

(Shniiliiim iKiidinlale Towiisiiul.^

This huffalogiiat is lir.st recorded by Mr. C. II. T. Townsend, in 1891 ['syche, Vol. VI, p. 10(»), from .southern New Mexico.

While no subse(iuent rec()rds have appeared, there is little doubt jiat it has continued to appear along the river valley where it was first Ibserved. I can do no better than to quote from Mr. Townsend with !^ard to its habits, etc. :

III tlu' sonthern jiart of New Mexico, along the valley of the liio (irande, there ;iiis to appear abont the 1st of May a bntlalo-j^nat which is (|iiite as tronblesome,

kiiciially to man, as its more Kastern conj^ener, S. jwcuanim. It jirovcs to be an

iidcscribed sjiecies. The lirst individuals that I have noticed this year were in an ■IimkI near Mesilla, on the 7th of May, and they were at that date swarming in

iiisidcrable nnnibers. Mesilla is abont ca mile from tlui Rio (irande, which Hows to

}!■ west of the town. Gnats were found also on the sunie date, but in leas nnnibers, ■n liie collegia grounds, which are sitnati;d abont 4 miles from the river. Tht' river lists ill M.iy, overllows all the low areas lying adjacent to it, ami becomes a roaring, liisliinn- liody of water. Its voliinn! is dependent upon the amount of snow in the liiotliills to the north, ])artieularly in Coloralo, and on the rains, which are only

iceidionally a factor. The snow in the canyons exerts little inllueuie, for its thaw

so gradual as not to be felt. I give these data for what bearing they nniy have

In the breeding habits of this spe<'ies. It is well known that Simulium breeds in

Hilling water, and our cjiecies is no dojibt dependent on the rise of the Rio (irande Sfir its appearance. Doubtless, also, it is distributed through the valley by the sys- leni (if acei|uia9 or irrigation ditches in nse in this country, which open from the [ivcr on a higher level to the north, ami t>"rnish the only source of water supply for llie raising of crops. This is an adverse bearing of the riparian irrigation on in.ju- |ioiis insects. The stu'uring of artesian water and shutting olf of the river water ^oiild no doultt lessen the dispersion of the gnats through the valley.

From the first jtart of May the gnats iuere, lo in numbers, until by the middle or last of the month they are very abundant in all parts of the valley. It is usually Detween this time and the middle of ,lnno that the river is at its highest jioint, I'liey are then to be found on the mesa to the east toward the Organ Mountains, and nay lie met \\ ith also on the elevated mesa nearer the mountains, esjiecially to the aorfli. On May 17 I ob8erv(;d them on the summit of the (irst mountain at the east- ern end of the Dona Ana range, which is nearor the river than the Organs, and pirtlier north. The elevation is at least i,'>()0 (probably ,5,000) feet above sea level, )r iilidut 1,500 (perhaps 2,000) I'eet above the level of the river. They are not found n the ( »rg;ni Mountains, which are about 20 miles east of the river, nor on the plains fii the east and south of them, though on the mesa to the west they .approach to

ntliin a few miles. This was observed May 23-24, while in the valley itself at this gillie they were almost unbearable.

These gnats are a great annoyance to man, by far greater than any other insect lliat we have in this locality. Many persons are so susceptible to them as to pre- serve through the height of the gnat season a chronic inflammation of the exposed

56

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

jiartBof tilt' face anil iifck. rt'siiltin;; from tlio ropcitteil l)it('s, which cause an inl> n- irritation and even give rise to ciitaneoii.s sores. The inclination oftlie junats to in;.

increases with the advance of tli season, hnt the i)e8t is consi<l(i:i hly ahatcd after the fall of tli water. 'I'iiey are also very tim; lilesiiin(( to animals, and are ^n\. posed to cause the iiillamed e\(■^ .; the h( es of this region throii;;: the s I'ijiier months. I aii]ieiii!„ descrii)tion of the species. I h female is aloiK! descrilied, aslli;r is the only sex which (•om])oscs ih liitiiig swarms, and I have nut ^i cured either the nnile or the cmi, •iges.

.!t>iii]»iii'('(l with otlu'i ioriiis. Townsinid says:

'I'liis species is smaller tli:ii eithm •'^. jieciiaritm orN. mendionn'' S. iiictulliiitm Iiell , t'rom Mexicn, !• Hiven as 2 mm long, hnt it is Ih' male which is descrihed. anil i!i' female would he very mneh lari;i'i .S'. occiih'ulalc diti'ers from > pvriniruiii \»'ry markedly in tli' thoracic and altdominal markings. These markings are ver,v much liki' those of > meridionale; hnt the median thoracic line is always very faint, the al)domen is li^ir fnlvons, the lateral lines ol'segnuiits,"), t>, and 7 are curved. ;!uil theahdominal maii ings are of a dilferent color, ln'sides otlier nunor ditferenccs.

1'"I0. 20. — Siiiiiiliiiiii pinrividiinii: ", lili'Xii; '', ]>ii|>;i, ilcirs.'il A-icw; (', siuiu'. lateral view; (/, same, vcnliiil view : i. tlKiriicic pnilcjr; J\ r«wn of bristles at cml of luxly (fnnn Aiuuricaii Eiitmiiologist).

ISo far 1 fesof tlu

iTliis sp 5ten Sa(

ICitt'd b )es not

est t»'('lii

Simiiliiim piKcicidiiim Ii'iley.

The past liistory of tliis species, tojiether witli tiie important fejitiiies of its life liistory, Inive already been stated in eoiinection witii the (lis eussion of the habits of tiie members of the family.

It has been recorded from New York and Ohio, bur further than tins we are not infornu'd as to its ,ineoj>'raiiliieal limits.

The eggs of this species have not been described, nor is it known where they are laid. <»r the details of the early life of the larva. The larger larva' and their habits, to some extent, hiive been detailed ami already referred to The accompanying (ignres will serve tt) show tlic similarit}^ to tln^ other sjx'cies, and we include them in order to briiiu together as nmcli as ])ossible the material wliicli will be of service in the further study of the habits of the groii|).

The adult described in the Americsan Entomologist (Vol. 11, p. 'M'' is for the most part velvety black, with a faint fulvous luibescence mi the thorax, and the eyes and sides of the abdomen ineliuing to brown ish or rufous. The length of the body in idcoholie sitecimens is 0.11 i' 0.17 of an inch.

iNIMALS.

DIPTERA.

r>7

<■><. wliicli caiisi" iiii int. 11,. nation of tlio nuats to i,i;. 's witli tlio imIvjuic'o of til lint flio ]K;st is roii.sid,::, t<'(l iiCter the fall of t| I'lii-y iin, also very tidi: to animals, aud an- mm, <'ans(!t lie iiitlaiiicd eyes,: t's of this u'jrion tliioii- miT iiiontlis. I a]ii)ciii!; ion of tlio specios. T], * iiioiio (!esciil>(.(l, as lli,r ly sex wiiich com poses 111 vaniis. and I liavo not ^r lii'i' till) malo or tlitM'.nv

)ill(Ml Witll Otill'l

r<>\viis<'ii(l says:

pt'cifs is .smaller th.n ifciuiniiii (tvS.mcriilio)iiii.

11)11 I'.ell , from Mexico, i. .' mm long, Imt it is 1 1,, •li is descriliod. and ih, Mild lie very much larj^ri ■iilalc diifcis iVom >

\cry markedly in th y much like those of >, nt. the alidomen is Imhi lid the abdominal mark

'unpoitanr rcatiiits it'ctitm with the dis.

uf fiiitlKM' thiui tliis

M'd, nor is it known of till' liirvji. The i Ix'oii (Ichiiled and I servr to show tlie 1 in onli'i' to bi'iiiij; li be of service in

ist (Vol. II, p. ;?(;7i ous pubescence on incliiiinyto brown- peciniens is O.H \'

io far as l^now n the adults never exhibit the bloodthirsty projjensi- ksof their Southern cousins.

Simnliutii canesceim nreiiii,

[This species has been studied by Kolliker, according to a citation of ^ten Sackcn (American Kntoniologist, Vol. 11. ]». L*;31).

Simtilium rinilarc I'lanch.

('ited by Osten Sacken (American Entoniolojjist, Vol. II, j). I'lU). It |)es not ai)pc.u' that it is discussed from an i'cononiic standpoint.

Simiiliiim sp.

A species <tf Sinndiuni is said to be a sciions pest in Brazil. It was fst technically discussed by Pohl and KoUar.

Simiiliinii veininliiw Say.

In ISL'.J Thonuis Say desiiribed in a paper entitled " Descriptions of

apterous insects of the Tnited States" a nund)er of Diptera whiidi he

jys were collected chiefly durinjL!,' the expedition to the Itocky JMoun-

fcins under the command of ^lajor Lonji'. AmoUj.'' the rest is the

lescription of the jtresent sjjecies and the following-; )iote: "This very

jreity species pendied in con.siderable numbers on our boat at Ship-

|ingsi>ort, l-'alls of the Ohio. It ran with considerable rapidity, con-

taiitly advancing its long anterior feet. Its bite is pungent."

While very ]M'obably one of the forms included under the general

lead of butfalo-giiats of tlie Mississippi Valley no further records of

N csjiecial attacks are known, and nothing is kiu)wn as to the larval

)rni from whi(di it develops. Shippingsport does not appear on pres-

it maps, but the '' Falls of the Ohio" lie between Louisville, Ivy., and

k'tfer.sonville, Ind., and since some of these species are peculiarly local

n their distribution, it would be courting success to search for the larva*

the rapids of the river at that i)oint.

Say's description of the adult form is as follows:

IMack ; thora.x, twoiterluceons spots liefore and a larui-r one liehintl: poisers black, :ai>itulum bright yellow, dilated,

Inhabits Shi])iiin;;'sport.

liody Idark; winys whitish, with yellow and iridesciuit rellections.

Male, eyes very large, separated only by a simple line, dull reddish .yellow, inferior balf black ; thorax velvet-black, a bright oblli|ue, perlaceous, dilated line each Hide pefore, and a large perlaceous spot or band behind ; sides beneath .ariod with })er- ceous; feet, tibia above, aud (irst Joint of the f(nir posterior tarsi white; abdo nen I'itli an oblique perlaceous line at base, anil two ajtproximate. lateral, perlaceous ^ncs near the tip.

I'eniale. eyes moderate; thorax plumbeous-black, immaculate; scutel black ; abdo- kicii whitish beueatb.

58

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

c-

-i»

*r

Simuliiim H]).

Baron Osten Sacken, in !iis careful i)aiK'r in the Aiiieri(!an EntoiiK.; gist «»u \]w habits and structnie of species <»f Siiimiiuin, ilescriln

larval form coininoii iu streams near VV;b \ in<>ton, but does not connect it witli ai species described in the adult form. Ili> li nies, wliich represent only certain parts the anatomy, are here rcprodui^cd (lig. I'l , Possibly the observations made by I Howard may refer to the same spetues. this case the larva- are ibund iittached to tli Fici.'.'i.-.Mmi///i(m s|i.: <(, jioriidii d'ocks fomiiuji' the bed of the stream, ;iii of ray of t\xu- b. nu.n.iii-i.. ; <•, ^,,^.i^. ]^.^l^■^^^ oencrallv conform with thos.- ,

niaxiUii; 11, iiniU'r lip; e. uiipcr

lip -all .uiarg..! (alter (tst.n the Northern 8i»ecics.

Sackeii).

Simiiliiim pictiju'g Ha<reii.

This species has already been mentioned as described by Hauc (Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., .Ian., 1S8(I).

Larva' and pupie occurred in tlie Au Sable River, Adirondati Mountains.

Family TAHANl 1 ) K. (Horse Fli<>s, C^ad Flics, etc.)

The members of this family are large, some of them being among tlie largest of the order IJijitera, and the females are provided with pow erful mouth parts by means of which they inflict very painful bitcj upon cattle, horses, and other animals. Man docs not escape, and a- t hey are able to penetrate even thin i'lothing worn in summer, tliej sometimes become a source of annoyance to workmen in fields.

The bodies are never very hairy, the head is large and composed almost entirely of the eyes, which during life are of brilliant col()i> and varied reflections. The antenna' are in-ominent and the tlu^u Joint is comi)osed of from three to eight minute rings, a character whiili. ■with the large eyes, distinguishes them at once from nearly all otlicr large flies. The strong piercing mouth parts of the female are com posed of six lancet-like organs, while in the male there are but foui and these are not adapted to i)iercing the skin of animals. The males, and also the females, if not finding other food, feed upon the nectar of blossoms or the juices of plants, exuding sap from trees, etc.

The flight of these flies is very strong and rapid and is attended witli a buzzing, tormenting noise. The males may often be seen with the wings vibrating so rapidly that they become invisible, resting motion- less in one place and then darting rapidly and resting suddenly again, generally turning the head in some other direction each time they dart,

Su	parge
ori	ir to ii
ei|	y i» l»
tbj	can
pli	[IS eas
tlH	1 com
o«	rhich
'	ich of
en	h and
\^	he bl(
t	abund
''«	Ing th

ANIMALS.

DIPTERA.

59

he Aiiierican EntoiiK,;®' -■ Siiimliiuii, (lesorilxs^f ill streams near VVih t coiiiiecf it witli r^ lie adult form. His ^ only certain parts ,®' I reproduced (Hg. I'l , vatioiis made by |i the same spe<Mes, | a found attaclied to tl; d of the stream, ;i;i conform with tliosr ,

I described l)y Ua-t "^^ le Kiver, Adirondan -^1

i'tC

l»ein beingr amorifj tlie provided with p,)« t very painful bites ■s not escape, and ;h orn in summer, tliev nen in tiehls. arge and composed e of brilliant col(ii> t and the tliixu. joint a ciniracter whidi, fom nearly all otiier the female are com there are but fmii iiimals. The males, I upon the nectar of trees, etc. iud is attended witli i be seen with the )le, resting motion ng suddenly again. ach time they dart,

i'argeau has ascertained that this maneuvering is performed iti

^r to intercept an<l seize the females. The jtower of vision is api>ar-

in pr(»portion to the size of the eyes. Dr. Williston says, "that

can see for a loi g distance seems ceitain. On tiie uninhabited

IS east of the Ivocky Mountains the writer has fre(|nently seen

coming from a long distance, attracted by the sight of the horse

rhich he rode."

icli (tf the larva' as are known are either a<|uatic or live in moist 111 and are canivorons, hence they may in some degree compensate Ihc bloodthirsty liabits of the adu-lt females. Hut notwithstanding (abniidance of the insects, very little has been d(Uie toward deter- png the early stages of the species. More than a century ago De |r described the larva of the common European species, TahonuH \)iHs, and \\\) to 1.S(I4 this was the only larva of the kind known. In year 3Ir. Walsh described a tabanid larva (Proc. liost. Soc. Xat. ., \'ol. IX, i)p. .")02-;{0(5), but without obtaining the adult form. In Trofessor Kiiey bred the same kind of larva to the adult form described tlie various stages (Hecond Hep. 3Io. State Eutom., pp. -1.'52), the insect i)roving to be Tahdniin atratiis Fab., which is uribed further on.

»r. Williston says: "The sjjindle-shaped brown or black eggs are

ml in sjiherical or tlat groujts, stuck together, and attached to the

j^es or stems of grass and other plants; those of the aquatic larvse

i fastened to rushes. The larva' are carnivorous; many live in the

th, others in water. They are i)redaceous, often upon snails and

Irious insects, thus in a measure repaying the agriculturist for the

jestatiou they cause nim. The young larva* are known to penetrate

ties or other larva' and renuiin within them till they have completely

sumed them, and their enlarged bodies have filled out the skins.

IS the larva' of ILematopoLa have been observed feeding upon

lops and those of Tabanus iipon Noctuic." (Stand. Nat. Hist., Vol.

[p. 417.)

►uite recently Mr. C. A. Hart has made a notable contribution to knowledge of this subject,' which will be drawn from in discussing early stages of particular species.

LUthors generally agree that the after eftects of the bites of these lects are less injurious .hau tiiose of mosfjuitoes or buttalo-gnats. le painfulness of the bite and the terror inspired by their presence Ihowever, a source of great torment to animals that are almost help- pin protecting themselves against them. The i)unctnre they make large, and after the proboscis is withdrawn there is not unfrequently |exu(Uition of blood from the wound. This would tend to remove poisonous injection, but since there is rarely any swelling or lainraation produced by these bites, it would appear that no poison is jveyed upon their piercing organs. Dr. Packard speaks of cattle

' Article VI, Vol. IV, Hull. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist.

60

INSECTS AFKECTINCi DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

and lioi'.ses beinj? " occiisionally killed by their iei)eated liai'iis> bites,"' and wliile this seems to l)e rather stionjj lanj.'iiafie, and wimi^ refer to it ajiain in e()nsi(leriii<i' Tahainis //;/ro/^(, tliere is no (iii(>i that the ett'ects are serious enonj^h, so that it is desirabh' to pKiit^ animals as far as ]»ossible from their bites. *■'

With horses in use the common ]>iaeti('«' of protectinff with lie

pa?

the most ell'ective method we know (»f, bnt for animals in pastnuj^jn would be particularly desirabh' to find some substanc*' which eoulilaii rubbed over the hair. and. retaiinnj;' its pro|)erties for a roasnnaa&j len]iith of time, have sulhcuMit repellinjj power t() keep the Hies ji\v''">

The larva- are not open to successful attack, and even if they wi

wt

the fact that m<tsl of them are pi()l)ably benelieial should detci g,- from usiiin' destructive measures ayainst theui. pi

They are widely distributed, and species occur in all parts or;i»| world, torturinjn' abke the elephant and lion of the tropics aiul ;™* peaceful reindeer of the arctic re^jion. It is during' the hottest si mer months that they are the most abundant, and they fre(]uent ln^, our tind)ered and praiiic^ rejiious. bet

The species are (piite uumumous, ovei- I.-'IOO beinji' known, of wliM about loO are credited to North AnuMica. Manilestly it would impossible in a work like this to even nuMitiou luore than a t'i'w spcci and, since so little is known of the early stajjes, there is no iiec(s> for treating- ea(!h specties in detail. We will therefore in considcir the species simply refer to the more common ones, the habits which have been observed, and more particularly those oceurriiii: this country.

Osten Satikeii's admirable '■ I'rodrome of a .Mono}>rai)h of the Tali Hida'of the United States"' in Meui()irs of the Uoston Societ.\ of Xatii; History (Vol. II, Part IV, Nos. 1 and 4) will enable anyone to maU thoroufjh study of our native sjn'cies.

TuE Ui.ACK (iAi) I'l.v oi; r.Ki:i;/.H I'l.V.

( I'ahinnit <ili<ilits I'alp. i

Probably this is the larj^est species in the family, and it is certaii one of the most eonsi»icuous, beinj^' (piite common and of such a ilctiil- black <'ol<)r as to attract attention either on the wiiiin" or when pcnli' on the back of .some i)oor animal that tries in vain to <lrive it i Fabricius described it in ITltt (lOnt. Syst., \'ol. JV, p. 3(»(>). V nl described its larva in 1804 (Proe. Uost. 8oc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IN. i 302-300), and in Itiley's Second Mi.ssouri Report (p. IL'.S) its life liism is given except the egy and early larval stages. Its bite is one <•!' i: most severe of the tribe, but fortunately the species does not occui such great numbers as the green-head tly. Its attacks seem more en moldy directed against cattle than hor.ses, and it is most uoticeahjc sunny pastures, though occasionally seen pendied on trees or the >i

ANIMALS.

DIl'TKKA.

61

leir i('i)eiittMl liar;is> ig laiiyiiaH'c, tiud wim ht, tliere is no (imsi t is (U'sirahlc t() iiiml

I

indtectiiif;: witli iu'i-| •r animals in ])astiiiij iibstancc wliicli coiildi uTtit's tor a roasonai I" to k«H'|> llu^ llios iiw , and even it' tlicy wi lu'licial slionld diMci ,

I'cur ill all i)arts <it ;

of tJH' tropics ami ;

lmiii«;' tlio liottt'st si

.and they trcqiu'iit In

bein;;- known, of wli •Mam lest ly it wouiii more tiian a i'ew spcci. es, tlicr*' is no ni'ccsv tlierofore in considcn: on ones, the. lialiits arly tliose occiiiiiii;;

iono<;Tai)li of tiic T;il )s)on Soch't.N of ^^ltl^ labk' an\()n(' to niakt 1

■;/.K Flv,

idly, and it is certiiii

n and of sncli a- (U'ciii-

winy- or wlion \H'\r\\'

n vain to <lrivc it i

1. JV, J). 3m). V'ai

fat. liist., Vol. IX. I

: {]}. 128) its life liisi.

Its bite IS one of t

ecies does not occur

ttacks seem more en

t is most uoticealiii

hI on trees or the >i

I'lti. -2 'itthttlllllt

II I III I II x . II. l;irvii ; (iil'lcr liili'V I.

imiiil:

iillllt

>me imildin^;. Tlu' oj;f?s are doubtless deposited in the vicinity of \v in moist places, but tlie exact details of ovijjosition are unknowu.

larvii (lij;. 22, n) is a l:uf;i',

te-JoiiitiMl. cvliiuliiial iitViiir,

iiiii; lit fiuli <'iiil, "I" fi tniiiH-

|t, lii^lilv iiolislifil, ^ilassy,

Kitsli, (II' jin't'iiisli iippcar-

jsliadtMl witli liliiisli .urct'ii

liniislicil almvt! iiml lii-ltiw,

Jill' lij,'ui(', witli laij:,'e, roinid-

Doiii^fliUf tiiln'r<U's which

fctr;ictt'(l (ir cxsiirli'd at tlu'

)t' tilt! insect, 'riiimnii tlin

ii:il iiitt'fj;iini«'nt is so tiniis-

|jt th;it the intrriial striularc idily visili!'.-, yet this iiit<'y,u-

is lirni iiiid the hil'va most

^)iis and activi', Imirowiiij^

(gi'ciit strength fiihcr l)ack-

[or I'orward in the earth and

gen one's linjierH when it is heiil. riaceil in water it will swini vi^roronsly hy .suddenly curling round iind IT out its tail, hat it is apparently not as much at honic in this element as in

loist earth, tor it is restless and remains near the surface with the tip of its |]eviited in the iiir. When tiio water is loiil, it mo\ es about aetivoly near tiie surface, hut when it is fresh it remains more (|iiiet at the bottom. The speciiiieii whu'Ii I succeeded in breeiling was sent to me by Mr. Adolph Kngelmanii, of .Shiloh, St. flair County, 111. It was found by Mr. William Cooper, ot' the same county, about 10 feet from a sm;ill but iiermaiieiit body of water. Mr. Cooi>er at tirst took it to be a letieh, and when ho attempted fi) capture it it iimnediiitely eonimenced burrowing in the ground.

The larva reared by Dedeer was terrestriiil. This larva is semiacpiatic, for it is ([uite at home either in moist earth or water. My specimen was kept for over two weeks ill a lar<ie" earthen Jar of moist earth well supplied witli earthworms.

It manifested no desire to come to the surface, but burrowed in every direction l)elow. I found several pale, dead worms in this Jar, though I can not say pos- itively whether they iiad been killed and sucked by this larva. Mr. Walsh, in speakiny of its haunts and its food, says:

I have, on many dilVerent occasions, found this larva among floating rojectainenti.. On one occasion I found six or seven specimens in the intvrior of a Itoating log, so soft and rotten that it could be cut like .cheese. Once I discovered a single specimen under a Hat, submerged stone, in a little running brook. Finally, I once met with one alive, under a log, on a piece of dry laud which had been submerged two or three weeks before, whence it irs that it can exist a long time out of water. I had on several previous lions failed to breed this larva to maturity, and the only imago I have was

\.—Tabanus Itua: liirva Hart).

(>2

IXSF.rrS AFFKCTING f)^)-IESTir ANIMALS.

ohtiiincil ill IHtil from larv.'i', wliicli, biin]i* iii;;' tln'in to lio ciiniivoroim lYcn vt'i'y vtiriud Htations in which they iiinl oLTiirrcil, I hail Hiiiiplicil with a iiiiii>Iik I'rt'isli-wati-r iiiolliiskH, but tlir haliits nf which, in voiiMci|iieiicc of liavin^ hccii n from homo, I was iinahlo to watch. Viii Seiitemher liu', ISli;}, I foiiml a iicailv , {jrowii larva amonjr lloatiii;; rojcctamt'iita, ami hctwccii that thito aiul Dcccinlii ho had (IcvonrtMl tiic iiioIIuhUs of cU'vcii univalves (h;<miiih I'laiiorliis) from mn'- to thrcc-foiirths of an iiidi in diameter ; and on three separate occaMioiiN I h.'i\ i < him worlv his way into the Hlitdl. In this o|ieration liis ]iHend())iod.s weru eini. icaliy eiii)ilovcd, and I found, on crackin;; die Biieljs after ii(> liail withdrawn, ili .small jxirtion of the tail end of the anim.il wa.s left nntoiiched — no doubt in k^ (|iU'nco of his Iteiiijj unahlu to ]ienetrate the Miiall end of the whorl of tlie shell- also the skin of tho remainin;; part and thu horny-ton<riied memhrane.

.My larva transformed to |inpa within the ;;roniid diiriiiij tho lore ]iart of .ImI\ romained in this slate liiit a low days and thu lly issiu'd .Inly Kf, and soon mail. liresence known hy its loud hn/zin;; inside the Jar. It was a ])orfect specimen, iiiid pn])al inte<{uineiit was snDlciontly linn and polished, tluit hy caret'iilly wasliiii; tho earth an (ixcellontcahine! speciiiien was ohtained, which retained almost the i form and a)i]>earanc(M>f tho liviii}; i»ii]>a. Hcibrc tho escape of the (ly, whiih olVectod through a lon<;itndiual liBHiiro on tho l)iick of the head and thonix, vr\u; in<; one of the mode of escajic of onr harvo8t-llie.s (Cicada-), this pupa hy means oi horns with which it is furnished had pushed itself up to the surface of the vx

Tlic ])n\y,\ (lij;. 22, h) i.s nearly an iuvAi and a <iiijirter in lenj^tli :iii< third «>!' an incli in diaun'ter. It i.s cylindiiiial, sli^litly curved, ;is the lij^ure, rounded at th«' head and tiiperinj? at the extreme hind [i tion. Tlie iibdomiinil sefrnients are sUl but the first one i)rovide(i w

a rinjf of line yellowi.sh bristles, ])(iiiit

biiekwiird. There is a .stout thorn at;

anal extrenuty, bearin},r six other tlmi The ])ni)a state lasts but a few di

and before the emergence of the lly i;

pushed to the surface of the grouiitl

means of the bristles and thorns nt ;

abdomen, with bending movements

the body.

it s})lits along the dorsiil line and t

Hy emerges leaving the pupa case in vi

j)erfect condition. The adult Hy (tig. 22, r) is an imli

more in length, bhu-k throughout. ;

back of the abdomen covered witli

blui.sh white bloom and the wings siin black. They are common thnmgh the summer months and it is \t sible from the ditt'erent times that full-grown larva' have been obsen that there is more than a single brood in a j'ear. It seems pr()b;il however, that the winter is 8i)ent in the larval stage and that tlic i grown larva' observed by Mr. Walsh in September were simply I specimens that had lived ove ' the previous winter and would lis pupated the same fall, producing the flies a few days later, and tli' have laid eggs to pass the si.oceediug winter. Hart says the hii

Fio. 24. — Egj; mass Tabanut atratiig hikI singlo (!^<! CDiitniiiiiij.; piiratjito (I'miii llnrt).

ANIMALS.

DII'TKHA.

63

:(> Iti^ iMiriiivoroiiH t'rciin i Hii|)iilicil witli a iiuihlk |iieii('o of liiiviii^ )H'fii ;i

IMtilt, [ foiiiiil a ni!arl\ .

that «laf« and Dcccinlii' ins l'laii(irl)i8) Iroiii oiii- [>aratti (iccaHioiiH I liavi-' s ])S('ii(l()ii()tls wertf t'liii. 51' 111' had withdrawn, ih touched — no donht in (d

thi' whoii of t\w whill , led ineiiiliraiii'. n;; the I'oro jiait of .lul}

, I Illy l.'{, and soon in;iil> s a ]t()rf('('ts]>ft'iiinMi. mill liat Ity carcfnlly wasliiii; ich retained ahnost tin' i-\ scajx' of the lly, wliicli lie licad and tliorax, iiiii. •), this piijia by means oi ;o the surface of the oar

<|uarler in leiigtli :iiii 1, slifi'litly curved, ;b t the extrenui hind i

(irst one provided w lowish bristles, jtoiiit e is ii stout tliorn at* earin).v six otiier tlini B lasts but a lew di iiergeiuie of the lly ii faee of the ground

sties and thorns ot ;

jending inoNenieiits

the dorsal line and I !"• the pupai'ase in v.

lig. 22, r) is an indi black throughout, i omen covered witli in and the wings siii^

months and it is \> va' have been observ ar. It seems probal stage and that tlio It smber were simply 1

inter and would Im

r days Liter, and tlit

Hart says the hir

taken every month of the season ex<'ept June, at which time they mostly reached the pupa or imago stage.

lie habits of the adult have already been sultlciently stated, and as have unfortunately no certain means of repelling them from cattle to pievent the bites, whicli is the only thing we need fear from 1, a discussion of remedies is unnecessary.

might be stated, however, that observations on tlu' elliHtt of tar [oil or other substances used to repel bot-tlies would be of value in ang at some method of preventing their atlacdis.

Fio. J5.— /'/idHKcini taOanicorus Aaliui. (from Hart).

irt records the rearing of parasites, riinnurus talxunroriis Ashni., the egg masses of this species. Also the apparent parasitizatiou i hu'va.

(iUKEN-IIKAD IIOUSK FlV.

(Tubaiiiin Ihu'ola Kab.)

lis is generally regarded as the most common species in North prica, and its occurrence in all parts of the country in large numbers

snpi)()rts such estimate.

Idle it nuist have been a fannliar pest to the early inhabitants of lountry, its iirst scientific description was given by Fabricius (Eut. ' , Tom. IV, p. 3G9.)

ckard, ''Guide to the Study of Insects," page 394, says:

I tty is our most common species, thousands of them appearing tluriug the hot- art of the summer, when the sun is shining on our marshes and western prai- norses and cattle are sometimes worried to death by tlieir harassing bites. In r weather they do not fly, and tliey perish on tlie cool, frosty nights of September.

(J4

INHIiClH Al'FECTlNCJ DOMIISTIC ANIMALS.

in' Mr.

(J

— (rriiiii I'lirkiird's Gui(lf).

Ami also in 'M)iir (loiiiiiioii lnsiM't.s," piiyc 11:

\V« wi^rit ti>lil <liii'iii'i tlio ImhI Htiiiiiiifr thiit ii linrsi' whii'h hIoimI l'it.sti'ii«*<l In . n, ill II Held ii*;;irtlii) iiiiii'slifs lit l\'(>\vli'\ , MiiHs., was ImIIoii to ilcalli l)y llicsc i c; lit'iitls; ami it i.^i known tlmt linisi's ami i':ittl<' an' incaHioiiallv killi^l l)\ t rt'|icat)-il liaraMHiuy; hiti's.

ThisdciiiMi ot'iiiiiinals iVuiii hiU's must lie vny lavo iiulct'd, fur in m years" n'sidciifc in tin' Mississippi Nalley, wlu'ic tlio tluis ubomni aiitlntr lias iicvor known of such an im'i<h'iit,tlio liic bites art' rvrtainly a ori'at toinu'iit.

IMie llics arc brown, with a tiiiof of rcibiisli. : the abdomen lias a e<Mi.spieuous whitish line ;i|. the miihlle. The eyes are a brilliant jrrren. ii wliieii the nanui is derived. to

Hart has (b'tailed the ehaiatters of the < ,i ( stages as f«»llows: "The larva of this spe«'ies einM rt'seinbh's the youn;;' of nifinstcus, and was not separated from ii lirst." lOxaniple.s of larva' aio said to have lu'eii colloeted in April i ill dune, jaipa' in .May, and iinajioes in May and dune, "'riie tal>a; pupa- develop iiineli more rapidly in hot weather than in eold. am this fact is probably due the difference in time of enieijjfence."

Larva: LriiL;lli. L.M) nnii, ; iliaiiictcr, I.' 7 nun. I'rollior.ix w iili la!ii':il ^liiiiini: n alioiit as Ion;; as tlai dorsal an-a, striatimi ahoiit tlic smiiic as that nf tlic ii;* int'sothoracii' aira; no iinticcahli' cfiitial siiiootli Npot ; a small oiii' on lowt'i' mar^iii jiostcriorlv ; i't'iiiainin<r lateral iircim a little inor<' lim'ly ami flo.s('|y Htriatv ; dorsal ami ventral areas ol' tlioiax ne.arly siiiootli on disk, with Nasal stria'; those on alidomcn with iiiodii- ately elose striie. more or less inteinipted on disk; all areas more or less sliiniiij;.

Surface whitish, dull jtiiheseeiil markiiif^s m'iv liylit lirowii hut distinct, annilli narrow, erest.s ol" false I'eet akso ihill imheseent, their Hides striate; lateral stripe.s id' thorax distinct, slender, not dilated posteriorly, lateral cdyes ot" dorsal area.s of thorax diver::;- iiifi; an oi)a<iiie dark riiiL;' ahoiit tlio haso of respiratory tiihe, and another cneirelin;; anal proiiiinemie, ahovo it usually three lij^ht- browu sjiotH.

Main iiitern.'il trachea' rather tliii'k and noticcalile, siilipjirallcl, not str()ii;;iy sinuate, at least liaek of the middle, 'rerminal sti;;- niatal s]iim' often ]tr(ttriid«;d.

ru])a: Length, 1!) mm.; diameter, .'i mm. I.i;;ht lerrui;inoiis brown, sbiiiin;;, abdomen roughly wrinkled and siibopaiiue. I'al- l)al sheaths imlistimt, not distant; tubercles not dark; oecllar tubereles indistinct or wanting; thoracii' spiracular tubercles (lig. -'8) slicrhtly but nearly ciinally elevated, free margin rounded at tiji, nma not vertical, evenly iiniiiate, slightly hooked in front.

Abdominal spiraciilar tubercles subtriangular, narrower behind, obli(|uely subconical, much shorter than basal diameter, bearing a small subcircnlar or short and strongly arcuate rima (lig. L'i)); on anterior slope a transverse groove, usually longer tiiau the rima; fringes formed of iinecpial jialc Hpines, only one or two long spines above on seventh segment; outer terminal teeth much longer than the others, directed hiterally .and upward, the tips of the four npper teeth al« in hne (tig. 30), fringe anterior to anal proinineuco showing a chitinous webln

Kio.27.-7'''ii

lilU'old : ]' (liirsiil ^ir' enlarj;iil r Hart).

hi

fini><ii'i'

thai lei ll I

Id my ti

one ll

iiiii^ liii' knts of stout

AM MA IS,

DII'TKUA.

<;r)

irh stood I'liHtfiu'd til a U to ilrUtll by tlli'Hi; I ug

rcaNloually klllml li\ i

laid i\iil<'C(l, i\)V ill III '** •(' tlu' tilt's iilxMiini.

«iich an in('iilciit,tl /

'lit tnninMit. a tiiij;*^ (if i('(l(iisli. ;; iioiis wliilisli liiu- :i|,, ii luilliaiit urceii, ii

liaractrrs oC tlii' i m; a. of this s|n'ru's rIciM »t S('|>aiat('(l iVoiii ii I colU'cti'd ill April ;i il Jiiiic. ••'I'lic talM icr than in told, aiu! »!' i'iii('r;;oii<'0.""

\ Willi iMtrl'iil •"lliuill;: :i'

<iiin(( US lliat of I he ii;

I miimII one

lilllc irioic

liix luai'ly

ith iiioili'i'-

irciiM iiioio

Iji'owii bat • IllirHciiit, i iidcr, not

l\' lllNtTj;--

tiilir, anil irei' li;;ht-

l.p.inillel, I i Mill Htii;-

rniniiioiis |Ue. I'al- occllar M'clcs (f\jy. >iiiul(^(I at

Voiit.

V Ix'liiiid,

l)cariii;i; a

,r 2!)) ; ou

tlio riina;

nj,; Hpines

iigtT than

10 four upper teeth alio

v'mg u chitiuuua wtblji:

to

S1|

hi

I

I''I0.27.-7''''J llneola : | (iDrsal ^> eiilarjicil ' Hart).

■••n thi' DaMcs of the NpineH, mo that the («i'piirated tufts of tlie feniah* hn'k liki« of hroad, hiw tct'lh witli several spiny |ioiiitH; latiral tufts low down, near ^( ventral frin^fe, foriiied of ulioi t Hpiiitrt.— ( Hart, i

spoiiics may bo stated to havti at U'ast oiut iiatiiial eneiiiy, for

American Kiitoiiiolo;:ist (V»d. II, p. S-\') thi'ie is an account, hy

,1. Diiiilap, of tlicir l>ciii«' eaten l»y tin' Nelmiska bee Killer

\^Ulclttls hdslilfdil Mllcq.).

is aceoiiiit IS of consnleral>le interest, and we (|iiote it lierewitli:

|m)<'((;/»(, ///•> iiiijiiil '.', /s',"".— I st'iid you an iiiBi't I liy mail to-day in a K'aHS

that has interested me for tliree or four ,\earM. 1 am hardly aide to deeide

„( 1 It is a friend or foe. Idy attention was fust railed to it liy Heeiny weveial

id my team diirmj; sumnu'r. Sujiposin;,' tlieiii to he a new horsr-lly, I watched

J) one liite, hul was linallv nwarded l»y seciny it jiounce upon a j;reenheud

liiiix llneiihi Falir. >. It settled upon my sleeve and soon had transferred the

Ints of Mr. (ireeiiliea<l's Imdy inside its own hy sneking thfjiiiees out liy means

stout luolioseis. 1 Haw this opiMatioii repeated many times. The present

\

_k

'J8

20

:!0

I'm. 'H. — Tithiiiiiin liiK'ulii: N|iii'aiiil:ir tiilicrcli' of impa— i'iilar).;i'il (Iniiii Hart).

I'm. 'Jli Taliaitiiii liiKdta: alMluiiiliial splriulc of imjia (tVoni ILirti.

V\i,.:w. — Tiitiiiitiisliiiv<>Uf iiiil 111' List Ni i:iMi-iit of impa (fruin Haiti.

Iicr 1 liavn Scon them dozens of limes, often live or .si\ around my team, and always noticed that in an hour or so after tliey appeared no mont horse-llios

I to lie found. I have atso seen them " siickinjf " liouse (lies, lady bu«;s, chinch- I, seveiiil moths, and liavi^ also seen tliein eat each ol her I'he one sent .\ ou had [<'aptiifcd a hoiii'vliec, for which otl'ense 1 m.nlc a iii;iilyr ol' him (or her) for the Jlit of sciemc.

Tim-; (iIji;kmikai).

( TuhiiiiHs t(>.\l<ilin \\ ied.)

fliis is anotlier common species very abundant in the Prairie States, was described many years a.u'o. It is probalily al)Oiit as abundant widely distril)nted as hnvoln^ and causes a j;reat amount of iinnoy- ti and sutterinj^ to domestic animals.

flie followinj;' from Hart presents our i)resent kiio\vledj;;e of the life pory of the species:

lis seems to ho normally a terrestrial larva. AVe have taken it two or three JBs in the earth of cornlields in Champaii^u County. The dates yiven are May .U I June 4. Kxainides were placed in a breeding cage anil an imago of co.N/tt?it wtis Jred from them.

4053 — No. 5 J

66

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Tho imayo, kuowii as the "greenhead," is very jjenerally coinuion, and is quite a pest ill some buttoni land prairies. A few examples were noted alou^ shore at Sta- tion 1), August 20. Tho exaini>les iu our collection were taken on twenty-two occa- sions, all between July 15 and August 13, except three dates, July 8 and August IS and 31, which would make it ])robaI)le that it is single brooded. The localities are Carroll Lake, Cook and Ford counties at the north, and Fulton, AIcLean, and Champaign counties in central Illinois. Tho specimens were Irom a variety of situ- ations, usually 111 low herbage, often taken visiting llowers.

Larva: Length, 20 mm. ; diameter, 12.7 mm.; jirotborax with lateral shining areas about as long as the d(U-8al, coarsely striate, a smooth spot near ceuter of disk ; dor- sal and veiitrai areas of thorax smooth, a few striic en those of metathorax, especially posteriorly; remaining areas moderately striate, lateral areas of abdomen a little more finely striate than the others; all more or less shining.

Dark anniili pale, narrow, longitudinal strijjes scarcely present; false feet with <lull pubescent crests, their sides rather finely striate; a narrow dark annulus at base of respiratory tubes, another round base ol last segment, inclosing anal promi- nence and giving oft' a pair of lateral stripes, the lower one longer; no projecting spines seen.

Pupa (from defective east skin of male) : Length, 20 mm. ; diameter, 3 mm. ; light fuscous brown, shining; abdomen smoothly wrinkled; slightly opa(]iie; prothoracic 8])iracular tubercles slightly but nearly equally elevated, free mirgiu rounded at tip, rima not vertical, evenly arcuate, slightly hooked in front.

Abdominul spiracular tubercles small, subtriangular, narrower behind, obliciuely subconical, much shorter than basal diameter, bearing a very small subcircular ring; fringes formed of unequal pale spines, the longer ones sparse on seventh seg- ment above; outer terminal teeth twice as large as lower pair, directed laterally and slightly backward ; upper pair smallest, (lirected ui)ward ; veutral fringe of last segment not noticeably webbed; lateral tufts rather high, not near ends of ventral fringe.

My material of this s))ecies is not in )>est conditiou for accurate comparisons.

Tahanun aiiiiidatiiH Say.

This species was tU'scribetl by Say in 1S22 (Jour. Acad. IMiil., Yol. Ill, p. ol; Conip. Writ., Vol. II, p. .v3), and its territory stated as Missouri.

It does not seem to have received special notice since.

It is probably not abundant enough to (lause serious annoyance to stock or is commonly confused with some more common species and has consequently received little attenticm.

It is smaller than Tahanus lineola, the length of the body being a littic more than two-lifths of an inch.

It iii of a leaden-gray color ti;iged witli reddish; the abdomen black- ish brown with gray margins to the segments, the wings without spots and Slightly dusky. (From Say's description.)

Tahanus ntyiiina Say.

This species is almost as large as Tabanus airnfm Fab., nine-tenths of an iiich in length and occnirs in the Mississippi Valley. Say's description in 1822 (,lour. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hil., p. 33) locates it iu Arkansas.

It is violet bla(!k and with the thorax pale chestnut. The front of the head is yellowish, the thorax with live gray lines, the wings rusty with three brown spots. (From description of Say.)

DIPTERA.

67

■^'i^-'

It is fairly coninion at Ames, Iowa, but has not been observed as especially anuoying to stock. It has a wide range, however, and deserves to be studied with reference to its early stages.

Hurt gives tiie following facts concerning the species, with descrip- tions of early stages :

Tho present species Wiis the most abuiuliiiit tiilianiil larvii in the vicinity of Havana lust spring (1895) It first appeared in our collections September 11, when a num- ber were noted swinnnin;; amidst vegetation near tlie margin at Station IJ. In tlie spring they were found at nearly all of the stations, but more particularly in con- nection with tii)ulid, niuscid, and Eristalis larva-, in matted accumulations of dead stems and leaves over nnid. They were esj)ecially abundant March 30 in Flag Lake, where large plump laiva^ appeared at every turn. It was a surprise to find a few of them npon tho bottom in open, shallow water, far from shore, in the middle of (Quiver Lake at Station A. Young larvai have been common in connection with larvic of Ihttacomorpha and Limnophila at Station I since March 17. At Stations n and Gr they have been conmion in moist drifts of tine rubbish washed tip by waves l*ui»a' w»'i(! found in the breeding cages May 10 and 23. One emerged May 27 and another tried to emerge .June 2, but died and was removed from its case.

The larva' resemble those of the lincola grouj) in their stria- tion and coloration, lint differ in their short lateral prothoracic areas and larger size. They are like atratitn in size, but may be readily sejiarated from it by their coarser lateral striation, s raw-yellow tint, slender lateral vitta', and usually projecting erniinal stigmatal spine.

Larva; Length, 4.")-.") mm. ; di.ameter, 6-7 mm. ; bright straw yellow, varying in some young larva' to nearly clear white, marked with light fuscous lirown microscopic! pubescence, usually paler at each stage than alratua.

Lateral jirotlioracic striated areas not more than half as liuig as tho (forsal, striation not liner than that of the middle and lower lateral an^as of the mesothorax, striated portion shining; a small smoiitlispot adjoining the impressed line below; remain- lug upper thoracic areas a little less closely striated, but not strongly ditt'erent I'rom that of the ])rothorax ; abdominal lateral areas a little more finely striate; dorsal and ventral areiis with margin striated, disks nearly smooth in adult larva', last seg- ment more strongly striate, especially beneath.

Dark anniili distinct, broad, including false feet, a distinct, transverse dorsal and ventral pale spot in front of the false feet; .abdominal annnli often with a small triangular backward pro- longation on median line above. Prothoracic lateral sjiace occu- pied by a pale brownieli fuscous quadrate sjiot in front of tho striated space. Meso- and meta-thoraeio lateral .stripes usually distinct, but slender, scarcely dilated posteriorly, lateral edges of dorsal areas diverging; lateral stripes above the abdomen almost wanting, except on last t-. o segments. In these stripes the punctures of the iijiper and lower rows are indicated by rounded pale dots, and those of the inner rows by elongate dots. Last segment with bases of respiratory tube and anal iiromiueuco encircled with dark rings, joined by a lateral connection, its dorsum with at most a short basal line or pair of dots on each side. Coarser pubescence of false feet tipped with pale brownish.

Main internal trachea) thick and noticeable, especially in young larva', lustrous, subpar.allel, not strongly sinuate, nearly straight posteriorly; terminal stigmatal spine dark reddish browu, smooth, usually protruded (fig. 32, p. 68).

'^'i

Fio. 31.— Tab anus uti/'jiiis: l.irvii (alter Hart) .

68

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fio. H2. — Tahan kk ).7,i/,</t i/a: last sogmoiitof laivii. side vii'W showing ])rojcctiii{; spiuo— enlarj;e<l (from Hart).

Pupa 9 : Length iibont 30 luiu. ; diameter about fi mm. ; light Itiownish fuscous, thorax paler, shining; alxlomen roughly transversely wriiikled and sul)opa(|ue. Pal])al sheaths distinct, as far a))art as are the sctie borne by the larger tubercles at the center of the anterior surface of the head ; surface lietween them rounded, bear

ing a small wrinkled tubercle at middle; antenna- and tubercles darker tlian surrounding surface; ocellar tuber- cles distinct; prothoracic spiraculartul'Tcles slightly but evenly elevated in a i>lano i)arallel wii h i li;it of the sur- rounding surface; rima lUiarly straight in its oi. ler half, inwardly curving strongly forward and ending in a con- spicuous hook ; free margin of tubercles rounded at tip.

First alxlouiinal with two distinct seta' each side above the si)iracles; abdominal spiracular tubercles rounded, broad behind, low. subhemisplierical, rinia long, following posterior border of tubercle, slightly curved at middle, more strongly curved forward at each end; on anterior surface a transverse groove extending a<Toss the tubercle, but not as long as the rima. Fringes of nne<|iuil spines, often tipi)ed with blackish, all but two of the long spines wanting in a broad space above on seventh segment. Ter- minal teeth nearly eipial, tipped with blackish, their points marking the angles of a hexagon, slightly wider than high. Ventral fringe of last segment not webbed together; lateral tufts high, on a level with upiier lateral line.

Ttilxuiiin molSntun Say.

In de.scribiiifjf this species in 1S1*2 (Jour. A(!a(l. IMiil., Vol. Ill, p. .'Jl; Coiup. Writ., Vol. 11. i>. .■"»;>) Thomas Say s; ites:

This is onc! of the spi>cies tjiat are called pr.airie tlies. It is numerous in the ]irairies of the i^tati^ of Missouri and is very troublesome to the cattle. 1 liavt^ seen cattle in the forests which margin these prairies when attackeil by these insects start suddenly and jdunge into tlu! thickets that tlie branches may divest them of their enemies. Travelers are much incommoded by them ; many cover their horses with canvas, etc., to shield tlu'ui from their attacks, or rest in some shaded or secluded situation during that part of the day when tiit^y are the nio.st abnndaut.

No special mention is made of it in subsequent works, but we know it to be (airly <;ouunon in tise Mississippi Valley. Hay's acicount i)rol)- ably covers territory outside of the i)resent State of INiissouri; and Wiedemann (vide O. S. Cat., p. 2tl) is autiu)rity for its occurrence in Kentucky.

It is a rather large s[)ecies, nearly four-fifths of an inch lonj;'; the thorax j-ray, with brown lines; the abdomen black brown with a };ray central stripe which is widened on the middle sejiinents and consists of triangular spots on the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments.

EUROl'KA.N (i AD FLY.

( Tithamin liDviiiKK Linn.)

From the statements of European writers this is api)arently the gad- fly of Europe, or at least the one which is particularly troublesome to cattle.

According to Liuna'us (Syst. Nat., Turton Transl., \'oI. Ill, i(. 07), it inhabits Europe, and is extremely troublesome to cattle.

DIPTERA.

69

viiish fuscous, tl Hul)opa(|iu>. r tubercles at •••iiiiiled, hear aiitenu.c and )celliirtuber- 3S slightly but I* '>'" the snr-

Is" 'half,

"ig in ii cou- idcd iit tip. h side above 1<'S rounded, II J,', followiaj? <l at middle, oil anterior the tiiliercie, t"i|iial spiueN. o lonjj spines jrment. Ter- •'anirlesof a uot webbed

erous in the I hav(^ seen these insects divest them cover their *ome shaded tt abundant,

t we know >unt ]>rol)- oiui; iiiitl ureiice in

I<»nK; the til ii «riiy oiisists of

The eyes are greenisli; back of abdoineu with white triangul.'ir lou- •iitudiiial spots.

The early stages of this species were traced by I)e Geer (]Meni. Ins.), who found tlie hirva to be terrestrial ami carnivorons. His observa- tions on this species were the first giving inlorniation ui)on the early habits of the Tabauida'.

THK liANDKl) MlJKKZE FlY.

(Iheriopleclcn riiictiia Fab.)

The banded breeze fly, or orange-belted horse-fly, is a species of some- wliat larger size tlian the greenhead. It is rather less abundant than the black breeze-Hy which it somewhat resembles, excepting the orange or reddish band on the abdomen. It is limited more to the Eastern States. It was described by Fabricius at the same time as Tabanus (itmtiis (Ent. Syst., Vol. IV, p. 3(5(5).

Ilivmaiopola pliirlalia Linn.

According to Kollar this is one of the most troublesome species. He says :

It is not much larger than the common horse-tly, and is chiefly distinguished by its largo green eyes, through each of which run four brown mululating bands,

The body is gray with brownish cross stripes; tlie wings gray with brown spots. It fre(nients meadows and pastures and attacks horses and luTued cattle in sultry weather before rain, nor does num escape. Although the woui'd it intiicts is sharp, it does not produce any lasting itching or burning.

This statement regarding the injury caused does not agree entirely with the statements of other authorities, for in Kirl)y and Spence'a Entomology (p. 93) we find a quotation from MacLeay which reads as follows :

I wont down the other day to tlie country, and was fairly driven out of it by the Hdmatopolii iiliirialis, which attacked me with such fury that, althoii;jh at last I did not venture beyond the iloor witluuit a veil, in,v face and hards were swollen lo that <legree as to be scarcely yet recovered from the ell'ects of their veiu)ni, I was obliged on my return to town to stay two days at honu?. Wlienever this insect bites lue it has this elVect, and I have never been able to discover any remedy for the tor- ture it ])uts nie to.

Also, in Linna'us under tlie description of the species:

Like '/'. civcnth'HH, this little insect fixes on tlie hands, face, and legs, exciting a painful iutlamniation in the part where it has drawn blood.

' t/n' gad-

esome to

r, p. (57),

TlIK \')Ml Flv.

(Chrynopn vittiiliiii Wied.)

t

This is a rather small species, yellow in color, with black strii)es and a broad, smoky band across the nuddle of c-ich wing. It was described in 1821 by Wiedemann, but without reference to its habits.

70

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

It is said to l)e very troublesome in tlie wooded regions of the Mis- sissippi "V'alley, directing its attacks particularly upon horses' ears, in consequence of Avhicli it is coniujonly called the '•car-liy.''

('lirii>«>i>n iitiirittnliin 'Mnr(\,

This is a c(nnnion species in the ])rairie region and is recorded from District of Columbia, Maryland, Connecticut, >'ow Jersey, and Kentucky by Osten Sacken. It appears to be the most common species at Ames, Iowa.

ChrjisopH niger Maccj.

A similar species, black in color; also vc^y com- mon.

(Iirjisopn iiiKidriritliiliin Say.

Say described this species in I.Sl'l! as inhabiting the rejiion near the Kocky IMountains. It is of a gray color, with four longitudinal brown lines on the thorax. The wings have a large brown spot on the front margin. It is neaily two-lifths of an incii iu length.

I'hrysopx voHlainx Kali.

Occurs in Scmth America and the West Indies.

Oifjisops /iitia.r (>. iS.

FlO. 'd[i.— ('iii!ltl(lli,1 vif

tatxis : liii'vu (alfer Hart).

Tliis species, easily recognized from the figure, is widely distributed. Osten Sacken rcc«n'ded it from Maine, New Hampshire, Canada, Idaho,

Flo. .'U. — Chriisop* iiniviltatvs <(iriginnl, from i1rawiii|; liy M1b« L. Siilliviiii).

Montana, and Yukon River. It occurs at Ames, Iowa, and doubtless throughout the northern Mississippi Valley at least.

DIPTERA.

71

'v^y <^om-

t™

The llll'l'OBOSOID-LIKE Tauanid.

((loviojtx hippohoncoiden Aldrich.)

rnder tlie above luiine Mr. J. M. AUlricli has dcscrilu'd a very peca liar fly, that has the structure of the tabanids, but the j>eneral appearance of a liippoboscid, although it is not known bi.t only surmised that it may have a i)arasitic or semiparasitic liabit.

Sinc«^ nothing is known as to the

•■ajBgSNi,

k

liabits or the early stages ot the i'"o. 35.-h-gini..sH<.i <hn,,oj,^a-iti,„„nivom

',, , /. Hint).

spoi'ies, and it wouhl seem to be ot

very rare occurrence, it will sufli«"e for tiie purpos of this paper to

Flii. '.\i\, —i 'li iiiKiij'x noiiix ("litiiiiiil, (riini dniwiii}; liv Miss I.. Siilliviiiil.

simply refer to the original description and figures ( Psyche. \'ol, VI,

pp. 2;;«;,L».'i7).

F:miilv T.KPTIl ).i:.

(Snipe Flics.)

]\[ost .)f the sjiecies in this family are of medium size, with rather slender bodies, and the abdomen generally somewhat tapering. They are sparsely haired : tlie head short; the eyes in the males set ch>se together; the aiiienna' short, and the third Joint with a terminal bristle or slendcf style.

The larva- are carnivorous and live in the ground or else in decaying Mood, in sand, moss, or water.

The sjiecies generally prey upon other insects, but according to Dr, S. W. Willistou "some Western species of Symphoromyia suck blood. as do the horse-Hies."

As he does not particularize as to the species observed, the animals attacked, or the method of attack, we must let this brief mention sutlice.

72 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Faiuil>' (KS'ITMl KK.

(Bot-ilic's, P,i'<'(>x<> F]i«>s.)

The bot-tlies loiin a distinct tainily, easily rccojiiiized in larval or adult staties. The adults are heavy-l)()died insects, generally rather hairy, and characterized by the small eyes standing at the sides of the head, the small antenna' sunken into deep pits on the front of the head and by the rudimentary mouth parts.

The larva' aie thick. Heshy grubs living parsisiti<'ally iu various por- tions of the bodies of uiammals, the alimentary canal, the subcutaneous tissue, nasal passages, etc. The tracheal openings are located at the posterior extremity and protected by horny i)lates.

Frequently the segments are provided with rows of spines which serve to assist the animal in locomotion. The pupa stage is ]»assed in the grouiul, the i)arasite leaving its host and entering the gnmnd for this purpose upon attaining its full larval growth.

From the manifest economic; imimrtance of the ditlereiit species and the great interest attaching to the hsibits of the species, which depart widely from oven the most nearly related forms, they have been the subjects of investigation from the earliest jveriods of scientitic work. The habits in general of the mere common species were known more than a century ago and stated iu the works of Linna'us, DeGeer, Keaunuir, and others, while the Liter studies, early in the present cen- tury, by Clark and afterwards by Joly, Urauer, and others, have, cleared up most of the essential points in their life history.

For the most part, these must be stated in detail for each species, since the habits are very ditt'erent anu)ng the difllerent species, and i)ar- ticularly so iu the ditt'erent genera.

In all cases the eggs are deposited on the animal to be infested, either where the larva' will gain acj-ess to the })roper part, or in direct contact with the jiarts to be invaded.

In one case, at least — the sheep bottly — the eggs may have already hatched and the free larva' be deposited by the female.

Studies of the young larva have been attemled with some ditticulty, tlumgh iu the later stages they are well known and were accurately described at an early day. The full life of the larva has been a sub- ject of study by .loly and esi)e(!ially by IJrauer, who presents iu his "Monographic der Oestriden" a veiy careful discussion of the subject. A translation of this i)art has been i)ublislu'd by Mr. B. IMckmanu Mann (Psyche, Vol. IV, pp. 305-310), and the following extracts from this translation will be of such service in gaining a full understanding of the early life of the bot-Hies in general that it seems desirable to include them :

Tlio larva- of the (Estridii-, although in many cases (luito peculiarly sliiijied, are so nearly related to the larvir of the rest of the Miiseid.e-calyittra that it has not yet been possible to discover for them a constant distinijnishinji character founded npoii their structure. The reason of this lies iu part in the lestrid larvie themselves, since

DIPTERA.

78

tlicy iin- very dilVcri'iit iiiiioii!j tlieiiwelves, iiml in jmrt also in our flofertivo knowl-, cilyo of till) iiiuscid liirvir.

At ]>reseiit, it is true, no real inuscid larvic nre known with liir>;e thorn-warts — as [will call the dermal formations which occur in many icstrid larva", which are con- ical, soft at the Itaso. Meshy, and corneous at the tip — also none with the character- islii' stijfinatal ])late of the (iastrophilus larva-; ou the other hainl, very many are known with thorns, like those of Derniatoliia, or naked, like those of the young llyixxlernia, or with horny stiginatal ]>lates, like those of ('c])henoniyia. The rcniarkalile |iarasiti(; method of life in niaiumals can prohably be looked upon aa peculiar to the (Kstridie. I leave it, therefore, to a future observci to establish a character for the u-strid larva' whereby they niiiy lie distinifuishiHl irom all other nniscid larva-, and limit myself here to the description of the larva- ac(-ordiuf^ to j^cncra and 8jtc<-i(-s.

The o-striil larva- beloni; io tin- ;rreat division of those di])terou8 nuigtjots which ha\ebeen called headless. sinc(- they are sej^meuted throu<rhout and the usual rej^ious of the iu8e(-t body an^ not separated. Only a C(-}dialic and an aunl end, therefore, can be distinj^nished on the annulate body of such larvie. In j^encraltlie following common cliarac-ter-* and peculiarities of the lestrid larva- can bi; s])e(-itied.

(1) 'I'he body of all o-strid larva- is really conipos(-d of twelve rings. The lirst two are, however, not always distinctly separated, so that I take them together in the description, and designate them both by the name of ceithalic ring, on whi(-h in many (-asesan anterior ami ]>ostt-rior section is (-learly to be distinguished. On that a(-count I assume only elev(-n segments, as earlier authors have done. Only the new- born larva- of (iastrophilns make an excejttion to this number; they, if ,I(dy's state- ment is (-orrect, ])osse8sing thirteen segments.

(2) Two anterior, external breathing organs are always to b»> distinguished ou the larva-, between the tirst and second segments of the body, and two posterior, exter- nal breathing organs ou the last ring. The former are very small and ajipear either as points, knobs, or lissures, or th(^ anterior ends of the trachea- are hidden entirely in a cylindrical in\agination of the skin ((iastrophilus). Tim ])08terior breathing organs are either breathing tubes which are protrusileand retractile (new-born Oas- trophilus larva- [p. 3()] and Cephenomyia larva-), or large stigma tal i)late8 which are constructed ai-cording to two kiiids of types. One of these types is represented in OastropliiluH and Dermatobia, the other in the rest of the genera. The stigmata! jdates are mon^ or less jirotected by lip-like organs on the last ring or by withdrawal into the pre(-eding ring, and are in this way cleaned from substances which adhere to them.

I have des(-ribed in detail under that genus the strui-turi! of the posterior stigmata! plates in Gastrophilr.s, Th(- majority of the g(-uera jtossess, however, two stigmata! plates in a real sense, consisting of corneous chitinous substam-e ou the last ring. Each ring is usually cr<-scent-shaped or reniform, in younger larva- even (piite cir- cular, and appears when magnilied eith(-r as latticed with (-oarse meshes, tinely ponuis or almost snu)otli, sometimes radially furrowed. On the inner l)order of each plate is in all larva- in the third and in nmny in tin- second stage a thinner, mem- branous or kiiob-lik(i plat-e suj)erposedor embedded, sometimes inclosed in the jilate itself. The attacdiinent of the trachea corrcsixmds to this place on the inside. Since it usually has the appearance of an opening, and also has been taken for sm-h, 1 call it the false stigmatal oi>eniiig It has not yet been ascertained without doubt that breathing goes on in such stigmatal i)lates, but it jjrobalily takes ])lace through pores of the plate. It seems to me as if the plates were penetrable especially at the circumference of the attachment of the trachea-.

(3) The new-born larva- all possess external mouth parts; in the later stages larva- with oral hooks and those witliout tht-m are to be distinguished. An internal pharyngeal framework of various development always occurs; this incloses the nienibranoiis gullet and by its muscular structure is of essential service in the siu-lv- iug of the larva. If oral hooks are present, they are connected with this by a, joint.

74

liNSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Usually ii U'^^l'^P'"-''' ''unt chitiiKius jilati' is to lio seen, wIionc open sidt- looks up- wjird; t'roni tho sidf it liim tlie sbii])^ of a Kittiii!; biitterlly wlumo liirgo upper winy reaches far back and has the smaller, narrow under wiujj; under it. Since tho win>;8 of the two sides are j;rown together (irmly nnduriicath, tho whole pharynj;eal frame- work ajjpears like a liyinj; insect, when the winjjs are bent ajiart from above, and with the l/isc in a i>lane. The part lyin<j more or less in front, wliich is to }n\ fou&d in the middle betwet-n the iv.ti;;s, and which really ratliates out into these, or is united with them like a li<;ament, is what Schroeder van der Kolk calls tho tongue boue.

In the ])haryn,neal franu-work, therefore, there can bt; reco{i;nized a body (Sehroeder's tongue Itone) and four wing-like ]irocess«H, wh U'h often, again, consist of several parts. The body is connected with the wings i» .steri'irly. It is always bent in a U-sha]>e, and so that the o|ien end look ii'Vt. '. e.. if other soft jiarts of its vicinity which

also close this are disregarded ^ », ;• 't Hat, it shows a more or less distinctly Hshaped ciiitinous plate, with ^ ,; broa(. si ''» parts, which — in full-grown larva' •- become conllnent behind into a simple, br'" i idate, and only lea\ e an oval hole lu flout of them for tho passage of the tlischarge dnrt of the salivary glands, but jios- teriorly bear the four wing-shap(!<l jirocesses (two large upper, lU' in tht! outspread plate (Miter ones, and two smaller slenderer inferior or inner). On the anterior end of the body, In many genera, oral hooks are Jointed to the short anterior side parts. Ill the an*'' rior curved excavation of this lies in the membranous expansion a Binall corneor.s chitiiioiis jdate which is iderced like a sieve and whose nature has not yet been more closely investigated. It seems to iiie as if this jilato l.iy at the outlet of the salivary ducts. It is especially distinct in Cephenomyia larva-. It is wanting in several others.

Ill young larva-, the ]iliaryngeal framework consists only of two ciiitinous rods, which are united in front by a ciiitinous band. These ciiitinous rods radiate out behind in little wings. A (similar) jtharyugeal framework occurs in ail other muscid larva', and corres]ionds in tho pcr'ect insect to the ciiitinous frame of the proboscis. I have repeatedly convinced myself that such is rtally the case, since I have opened the coarctate piijia' of ('e]tlieiiomyia and (iastrophilus before the emergence of tho tlies. Since, in these genera, as we will see later, the nymjdi is tiglitly iiiclose<l by the puparium, it can be noticed how the already fiH'cd jdiaryngeal fiaiuework, which reinaius attached to the puparium, rests in the month tissure of the nymph, aud is drawn out of it as soon as the iiym]>h is taken away or the lower lid is lifted otf. It is also easy to form an idea that the piiaryngeal 'ramework, together with its internal parts, corresponds to the proboscis of the *'y if it is observed liow other muscid or syrphid larva' while alive iiro.ject and withdraw this exactly as the lly does its jiroboscis.

lu Hyi>oderma, the month jiaits undergo a retrograde metamorphosis fnnn the second stage (after tho tirst molt); the oral hooks disappear, and therewith all the external moiitli ])arls, but the internal pharyngeal frt.iuowork remains.

(1) The o'strid hirva' show ; iitenna' (at least rudimentary ones) above the mouth parts; these have the appearance of c(U'ueoiis or usually membranous knobs, and in the latter case are provided with one or two ocelli-like points. Subiilaie, iiiany- Jointed antenna', such as occur in iiiaiiy muscid larva', an^ never found.

(5) All possess an anus, which lies on the last ring, under the stigmatal jtlate.s, and is very small.

(ti) They molt twice while they are ])ara8iti<'. I have oliserved most closely the molting in llypoderma larva' of tho second stage. In //. (/i«»(«, tho passage from this stage (p. SS) to the last one takes place about tho beginning of February. If ill a cutaneous muscle which is richly larded with cMch larva' the capsules of those larva' whose hinder stigmatal jdates have; the shape of the third stage, but are still clear yellowish-brown, are carefully slit open, tho skin characteristic of the preceding stage, with tho many little thorns heaped in groups, will be found either still partly att.'iclu'd to the front end of tl'.e larva or entirely dependent from the cephalic end or folded together along the dorsal side. The process of molting

DIPTERA.

75

si'i'iiiH to l>t» cntirt'ly Biinilnr to tliiit in the Mclopliafjiis liirvii- ; at loiist Tieiickart >t;ili'8 that the <)1<1 Hkin in tlieso is Mbovcd together toward the eeiihaliu end of the liirvn', and there n-niains attaeho<l. The Hyitoderina larva, inunediately after the iriolt, is pnre white, very sol't, and appears naked, since tlie thorns do not become iliirk and distinctly separated from tlieir surronndings until tJiey liarden.

Three forms or stages are to be distingnished, cdrrespondiiiij to the molts, which luvnis in Hypoderma, (iastro]iliilns, and nermatohia show great diti'erenees. In the iliird stage tlie larva- reach their full size, usually change their color, anil that often very considerably, and then lirst leave their host animal, crawl away and pupate, after the nninner of tlie .Muscicbe.

(7) This pupation must be considered as a third molting, in which, however, the skin is only detached around the ])iil>a, but is not strip]ied otV, an<l remains in con- nection with it by means of four traclieic. The hardtuied larval skiu, or puparinin, is l)nrsto]icn at the cephalic en*l by the emerging ily by nu-ansof the frontal bladder liiled with lluid, in the direction of the arcnate sutures in adouble manner. Although ilic ])upation resembles herein that of the Muscida' in general, yet there occurs m line part of the (Kstrida', i. e., in Hypodernni, a peculiarity which has not l)eeu (iliserved before, namely, that tlm larva translorms in th(^ ]inparium in a comi)letely outstretched condition, an<l this, therefore, is far larger than the insect which comes I'orth from it.

(8) So far as they have been observed, they lead a i)araaitic life in mammals, and Iced ujion tin; juices of these* animals. In Hypoderma. a blood-red intestine often sliiiws through, and it is likely that these sometimes suck up blood in addition i'> the exudation wiiich immediately snrronnds them.

(fl) The closely observed larva- all sliow at lirst a slow and linally a rapid devel- opment, so that tliert! occurs a resting stage, which often lasts seven months, between the swarming of the imago and the lirst visible appearance of the larva-.

The larva- of the flCstrida- were formerly divided into two groups — into larva- with oral hooks and those without external mouth jiarts. Such a si-paration is of service in distinguishing the full-grown larv;e, but scientitically unnatural and incorrect, since in the lirst jilace this jiecnliarity of the full-grown larva* corre- sponds to no similar degree ot relationship of the j>erl'e<'t insects, and in the second place it is (Uily teiiipiu'ary (p. I{!h. since all o-strid larva- possc-ss oral hooks when they are ((uite young. Such a division also as Clark attenii)ted to make into cari- voUv, ciilicohr, and (lUHlrirohv, is inade(|iiate, fur wiiib- the species of a genus do, indet-d, tilways agree in life history so far as their occurrence as parasites in a deter- minate organ is concerned, nevertheh-ss the larva- of very ditl'erent genera may also share this same manner of life with others; for instance, Hypoderma. Cuterebra, Dcrmatobia, among which there is far more dittercnce between one and two than lietweeu Cuterebra and Cephenoniyia. if the imagoes are considered. Such a divi- sion is, therefore, likewise not a initiiral one, since it disturlis the natural n-lations of albuity. Two cleinents must be considered in order to bring about an appioxi- iiialely natural division : In the lirst place, the organization of the larva-, and. in the Si ^-ond place, their manner of life, and the latter in a subordinate degret;, though this is here more important than in other animals, sin(-e as yt-t there is no example iif two species of (Kstrida- of one genus having been found parasitic in dilferent sys- tems of organs. Thus the Cophenomyia larva- bi-long to the (esophagus, tin- Cepha- loinyiii and (Kstriis larva- to the nasal and frontal cavity, those of (Jastrophilns to the intestinal tract, and those of Ilyjioderma to the subcuticular cellular tissue.

Although it is stated that the larva of (iastrophilns has been found in the (esoph- agus, this is one of the exceptional cahes which are not authenticated. Of course, only the full-grown larva is meant ht-re. since young larva- nniy always be found in other places during the immigrations. So, for instance, the young (Kstrus and Cephe- noniyia larva- both immigrate in like manner through the nose, and their roads do not separate until they get there, but the former migrate into the frontal cavity and the latter into the tesophageal cavity.

76

INSr.CTS AI'KKCTINIi DOMKSTK" ANIMALS.

<M ilif orf^jiiis ill wliiili (I'.si riihi' nci

the Hkii]. or iriillv till' Hulii'iitiriiliir t'i'lli

lar ti>siic, is thai wlii<'ii is tlic riuist Mlr(iii>;l\ ;il liickrd ; tlif liiiv;i' ol' lour unifia- ll,v|Miili'niia, (Kstroiiivia, Dcrniiitiiliia, Ciiti-ri'lirii — Ii\'i' in it, 'I'lio nasal ami I'loni;! I'avitv arc iiiiialtitcd liy tlii< ficiii'iii Ct'idialoia.via and <l'',>tniH, tlii' nasal and ii'soiili

d

iiK''iil cavity liy llic j^cniis Ccplicnoiny ia, llic intestinal canal l>y the f;cniis ( iaslrn |i1iiliis. Ill

le iransrorniatiDiis cii' tlie otiier ueiicia i)i' d'.striila' arc unknown

It is interesiinif. t'lirtlicr. that many f;enera occur only as )iarasites ol' certain I'anii

lies of niammals. while others have a sHiiiewhat wiiler o

•rv w ide ranjic of distri

hution, and so have fur hosts the dilfei'cnt niiimnials. yet ncd ijiiite without clioiii

and often even scidi man foi their hreed

iiiji jdaccs

Thus, until now, the larva' of ('e|ihunomyia lia\)' only lieeti found in the throats ol I'LTvina, tlio>i' of the ircimra ('ejdialoniyia and (I'.slriis only in tiihipoila and < ttricuriiin. tliotii; of till' ncnii8 (iastro|diiliis in Hiil'uhinijulu and iiiiilliniiinlii { Hhiiiiiirni'i'i, lnit lly|M>dernia, on the other hand, in (■iiiiciiriiiti i Hos. Cajira. Antilopei, ccriMi/ (( erviis. Moschus). ami tiiiiiiln. Ciiteridira lai \ a' in liodenlia and Marsupial ia. and linally those of I )oriiiatolda in dons, oxen, horses, and even upon man.

( 1>. lOl Another picture is formed if the pci I'ect i usee Is are divided accord in;; to a jK'culiar characier int(» those with pectinat<> aiileiiiial Irrislles i Cnteiehra, Dernia- toldai. and Ihost-with naked antennal liristles ( lly|)oderma, (iaslrophilns, Ccjihe- iioniyia, ( Ophalomy ia ). sini'o tlii> larva' of the former are parasitic In ungulate nuimals as well as csjiecially in K'odeiitia and .Marsnpialia, hut tlioso of tlm latter only in Un;;ulata, This hitherto so con\'enient and practical division likewise can not ln) relied upon tor an inference, wince (KhIvhh liiiurhiiin hel(iny;s to the f;roii|i of (I'".strida' with naked hristle, Inil its larva Ine.s ujion :i rodent. It is set«n that such divisions are only ;irtiticial and .servo for orientation, hut that nevertheless nature can not he forced into tln-iii. Such divisions are therefore oiil.\ tcinjiorary, and only too oi'tcn hueonie nntruu mo soon as new dis<'overie.s ai'<i piihlished. It is therefore best to troat of the larva' accordin;i; to their geiu^ra, and to limit these as natually a.s jiossihle, since it ha.s thus far heen found constantly in this family that the lar\a' of one j;eniis all liaxc a like life liistorv , and eonversidv the jnenerie characters of the imagoes can scarcely lead us astray if we wish to draw an inferenc(> as to the life history <d' a larva perliajis not yet investi^jated. In tln^ case of a new ycnus, how- ever, we can infer its lite history with very little certainty. l'',xperience alone teaches this.

The tlies are seldom observed ex('ei)t in open smiiiy places and secrete tlieiuselvcs mostly in low Iierbaj^e, {jrass. aloiiji' roadsides, and other situations where they may j^ain ready access to their victims, Mo.st or all of them live in this stage strictly without I'ood, the mouth ])arts, except in a tew, beiiifj very rndimentiiry or entirely wanting. All are eonlined in their attacks to vertebrates, and all, so far as iiositively known, to mammals.

The species are qnite numerous, about sixty beino- known in the adult form, Imtoidy tiie more common ones have been thoroughly studied, and in our detailed discus.sion of the s])ecies we will give particular atten- tion only to those affecting the common domestic animals.

TUK IloUSi; IJOT-ILV.

A;

( liantrophiliin njiii l'"al). i

Bets in boige.^ have been a familiar form of i>arasite to farmers, stockmen, and veterinarians for we know not how long. Whether they were familiar to the ancients has been a matter of discus.sion among

Bui. 5, now serius, Div. of Entonnology, U, S Dopt ■ f Agncultuii

Plate

I iiiii'iiliir t'l'lli ii' Ibiir liciifra :is;il mill truiilii ismI mill <i'.so])|i I' ficiius (instill kiiiiwii.

Ill' rrltilili Imiiii IMIl;j[<' lit" (listii w iliiiMlt elinirr

II till' tliriiiitM III n iiinl ((iriiiiriiiii. 'ilii>liiffri)y), I lilt

■I rfiiiii ( ( rrviis, Mil liiiiilly liiosr

1 arriiliiilio- to a tiTlllIM, DlTllia-

■|i|illiln^, Ci'idir- tii' ill iiii^iilali' )M) nf tll<! latter inn likcwisi- ran I tit tlic )fri)ii|) of s si'iMi that siicli rtlii'lcss natni'i' lorary, and only It is tlicrcl'iiri- |lirHi' as iiatiially y that tlio larva' ?liaiarter.s«if'the ii'i' as to the litV lew Kt'uus, hi)\v- lxiu'ricnc«< alone

e.s iiiul setrreto es, jind other iins. Most or

inoutli ])arts, -iny. All are

its positively

n ill the iidult ►'stiulled, iiiid tictilar atteii-

B t() fanners, Whether tliey '* issioii among

'.>.. 1.

Fig. 2.

Gastrophilus equi in Stomach of Horse.

t'"l(i. I. -Hols oil till" Willis of a lioi'si's stoiiiacli. il'"riiiii a plioio^vapli liy tlii' aiithor. i l''iG. 'J. I'orliniiot' stoiuiii'li wall showing iinliitsof attacliiiii'iit of hots. iFroiii a plioto- Ki'uiili li.v llii' aiitlioi', I

liiiriK'tl iiu'i ii> hiiWits is 1 iipiibU'ol' I

led to SOIIH IIM'IIH iii»i»<'i» I lie lattor a iiirmorrlioiil .1 (li.sciissi<»i tonus \vi'i( a;,'(> as wril tlic stattMiK follows: •• pints \vlii( in tlio i'iiii < and passiii tlicduufr."' ISi:. Mr. IJ animals pr intt'iostin^i' in laif,'0 i>a

DilVrnMit

injury <lu»'

tliu opinion

presence ol

normal act

and soiiiet

orji'ans, or

The injii

attachmeii

interfere! \\

ulandular

walls of tl

acli itself:

they serve

ach to int

theniselve

Some cont

presence (i

in larfi'e d

ing no €ip]

seen then

must cans

sufficient

MIITKHA.

77

Ifiinu'd iiMMi, but tlic ilu'iiiion in ancient writin)4:s nt' the (Kstnis imd ii> liiihits is now jjentTiilly «'ttnsi(U'n'(l us n'toraltU! t(» sonic <»l" the Hich I jpahleot' iiicrcin<;', sncli as t lie •^ailllic," or horse lliesand not iiie l)ots. 'i'lie occniiciice of two or ilnci^ siinihir species all'cj'tinf;' tiie horse has led to some confusion in tlicir names. Tiiiis tlie iKslriix njui of Lin- iiii'UM appears to correspond wiiii tlu' illntrns ritnli of Falnicius, wliilo ilic latter autlior inchnles in (h'stnis ciiiii tiie (l\.slnis nannlis, (EntruH liii morrlioiiliilis, mu\ U-!sln(s rtttriinisot' I/wumvws. Witiiout fjoinj;' into .1 discussion of tliis synonymy iicie, it will he seen Unit all of these loriiis w«'re apparently familiar to scientilic writers more than a century ;i<;o as well as the more strikiii}: features <A' their life history. Thus the statement made by Linineus (Turton's translation, p. 5X1,') reads as follows: "neposits e<;:jis on the hairs of horses, and always on those parts which are most liabh' to be licked by the toii<;ue; these, eitli<'r in the ejijif or larval state are conveyed by the tongue into the stonnu^h, and passiii;;' through the intestines with the; food aic dischar^'cd with the (binj;.'' These lai\ a- are commonly known by the name of bots. In lSl,"i Mr. Ilracy Clark published his essay on bots of horses and other animals i)resentin^' the results of thorough investij;ation upon these iiiterestin;;' parasites, and subsetiuent investi}>ation has but contirmed III hiviio part the conclusions reached by him.

NATUUK AM) KMKNI' ul IN.Hin.

I liferent writers have jdat'cd very dill'erent estimates upon the injury due to bots, and as ;;ieat diveisity, or perhaps greater, exists in the opinions (d' practical men and veterinarians, some holdin;^' that the presence <d" the bot in the horse's stomach does not interfere with its normal activities, while others look upon them as extremely dauf^erous and sometimes refer almost any serious disturbance of the <lige8tive or;ians, or death fnun unknown cause, to bots.

The injury to the horse from the larva' may take four forms : (1) The attachment to tlie walls of the stomach causes an irritation which may interfere with the normal action of the ji'lands or reduce the extent of ;;landular surface; (2) the bots abstract some nutriment from the walls of the stomach, or b absori)tion, from the contents <d' the stom- ach itself; (3) by c(dlectiuj;. particularly in the rej-ion of the pylorus, they serve as an «tbstruction lo the free passaj^e (d'food from tlu^Tstom- lU'h to intestines; (I) in passajje through intestines they may attach themselves at times to walls or in rectum and cause yreat irritation. Some consider this as the source of most of the serious symptoms from presence of bots. In any of these methods the extentof injury depends ill larj-e dej^ree upon the number of bots present, a few probably caus- ing no .appreciable damage, while larj-e numbers (sufficient, as vre have seen them, to completely cover large patches of the stomaidi walls) must cjiuse serious disturbance and loss of nutrition and would seem a sufficient cause to produce fatal results. From the nature of the ttase

78

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

no (leflnito statistics can be given lor tlie losses incurred. It is prob- ably safe to say that nine-tenths of all colts and horses that are i)as- tured during summer, and a smaller proportion of driving and work horses, become infested with bots each year. Aside from the injuries inflicted by the larva', we must consider the excitement produced by the flies wiien depositing the eggs as a sourceof loss, and this in many cases is by vo means insignificant.

LIFE HISTOKV AM) IIAHITS.

Adults of this species are about three-fourths of an indi in length, the wings are transparent with dark spots, those near the center form- ing an irregular, transverse band. The body is very hairy, the head brown with whitish front, thorax brown, abdomen brown with three rows of blackish spots, which are subject to considerable variations. In the females the segments are often almost entirely brown with sim- ply u narginal series of yellowish spots, while in males the abdcmien may be almost entirely yellow or very light brown, with brown or dark

Fio. H7. — tiantinplilliifi rijii! : n, t'jii;— onlarsod ; h. cii;— iiutiiral h'i/.v . c ynuiiu Imvii : (/, vdiiii}? Inrvn — inuoli i'iilary;i'il, Mlmwiii;; Mpiiiv uriiiatiirr: .•. mal liooks: /', body siiimx: ;/, liiH-j;ro\Mi larva— twice natural Hi/.)'! Ii. mliill t'oiiialc loriiriiiali.

spots very distinct. The males are rarely seen, fur while it is one of the most common occurrences to witness the female around the horses depositing their eggs, the males evidently hold aloof. They are readily distinguished by the foini of the abdomen, which lacks the two tubular segments at the end, and is provided on the under side of the last seg- ment with ; of dark-brown, or black hooks, or clasping organs. Otherwise, c the color of the abdomen, alrerdy mentioned, they resemble very closely tiie females. The eggs (fig. .'?7, a and h) are light yellow in color and will be found attached to the hairs of the shoulders,

DIPTERA.

79

forelegs, under side of body, and sometimes even tlie mane and other parts of the body, most commonly, however, on the forelej^s and shoul- ders. The method of deposition has been frequently observed. The female hovers near the horse in a ]M)sitioii which appears to be nearly v«'rticiil, since the body is bent downward, and the extended abdomen is thrust f(U'ward under the body to its full extent. The tly then darts toward the horse, the eyjjf is glued to the hair in an instant and the tly retreats a yard or two to hover till another egg is ready to be deposited. Tlie operation is repeated at very short intervals, so that hundreds of eggs may be <leposited upon a horse in a comparatively short time. The eggs are held by a sticky tluid, which quickly dries and thus glues them lirndy to the hairs. They are about one-sixteenth of an inch in length, anil taper a little toward each end, thougii tlie attached end is the smaller. The outer end is provided with a little cap (operculum), Avliich is set (juite obliiiuely to the axis of the egg, though some authors represent it as cutting the egg sipiare off at the end. This cap or operculum breaks or is ])ushed otf when the grub hatches. Bracy Clark wrote that the eggs do not hatch until twenty-tive to thirty days old, while .loly found them to hatch in timr or five days. Verrill says:

The ogyH contain more or less pt-rfeotly developed larvii' when laid ; and when they arc mature <ir have been a few days attached to the hair, they hurst open and allow the young to escape alnu>8t instantauiMUJsly, when moistened. Thus, when the horse licks itself or its companious, the nioistuie hatches the eggs an*l the young larva' are transferred to the mouth l>y tiio tou^ue or lips, and thence to the stcuuach. where they fasten themselves to the lining memhrane l>y their two hooks.

Evidently some such condition is essential to the hatching of the eggs, as we have reiuoved haus containing eggs from tlie horse and keeping them where not subject to moisture they failed entirely to hatch, and even after a year's time do not appear greatly shriveled. Doubtless they must hatch in a comparatively short time or lose their vitality, for moisture does not etVect a hatching in those long kept away from the horse. The empty egg shells may I'ling to the horse for some time after the hatching of the larva' and give it the appearance of being coated with eggs. I'^xaniination, however, will readily disclose the absence <tf the opercnlum in the hatched eggs.

In order to determine more certainly as t<t the exact condition of hatching and the time involved, I undertook in 18J)3 some observations whi(!h were reported in ISiilletin No. '.V2 of the Division of Entomology (pp. 40—1!)). I'jggs collected from a horse while tlies were depositing, and therefore probably not long laid, were opened at ditl'erent times by rubbing them with a moistened linger, simulating as nearly as possible the action of the tongue in licking the body. While the larva' appeared to be fully formed during the first three or four days after deposition, the eggs hatched with ditliculty and the larva' seemed (|uite inactive, and all I irva^ that were freed in this manner up to the tenth day were hatched with diHiculty, though the larvae at the end of this time were becoming fairly active.

80

INSECTS AFrECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

\'\nn wi'cks aft«'r liiitrliiiij; the t'f^jjs ojitMird with tlio slijjhtt'st toiidi of ii \v»'t iinjior, ami the hirvu' adhcrinf-' to tlic lin;;«'r were very active, though in some east's they were inactive and apparently dead. Ahoid live wceiis after eoilectiiif;" the e.n»s nearly all j^ave oidy inacliv*' oi' iU'ad larva', thouj;h (>pen«'d with t'aseon hcinj;' louehed with the linj;er. and in Ibrly days alter collect iiij;- no livinj;' larva- eonid he found in the remaining' ('{ifis, 4'xcept one which had sncccctled in pnshinji'olV the cap of the ciii; and partially enierjiinj;'.

In view of (lies<' resnlls, I concluded:

(1^ I'llilt thf t'liUS (if lIu'lliU'sc I'tll ll\ <ll> IlOl lllltrll, l'\CC|)l 1>\ Mil' !(ssiMliillc't' of tlic

liorsn's i()ii>fiu>.

('-) riiiit hatcliiujj; ilocs nut in'ilinurily occur w li liiii ten or I w cl\ c duyn iiiul poHHi- blv loiiffcr, or if diiriiifi tliis pcrioil, <nil\ on very coiiiinnons ^nd iiclivc liokint; Ity tlio liiirsc.

(',i) Tlial tln> hatdiini; ol' lln'l:ir\ c talics jilaci' niosi icailily iliiriii!;: t lie third to lifth wi'i'k after (lc|iosition

,1) That the majority ol' I lie 1:

their \italit\ after lhirt\ tive to I'ortv

(Inya.

('t) That larvM' may reiani llieir vitality and .show nreal ai'livit\ upon liatchin;;

atler till' eiius were denositi

as late as tliirt.\ nine d

(Ct) I'liat it is possilile, tliouuli not normal, I'or e!',ns to lialili without moisture or friction.

(7> That in \ ie\\ ol' t licsc results, the scrajiiliuj olf of the e<;<i;s. or t lii'ir .enioval or

tlestrnetion li\ means ol' \v: shes will lie el'lective, even if not nse(

(1 oil

in two weeks dnrinu tl

period of ej^jj deposition,

ind

prolialily

ener than once

a smule

removal of the ojr^x al'tcr the period of ei

d.

losition

las p

that, II pr.

it t

Iw

j;reat majority of hots Irom iiaiiiinj; access to liie slumaeh, oral least ho hufic a priijiortion that little injnr\ is lil<el> to occur.

(Mill's

NVisliiiiii" to kno.v still more dcliintcly the period of most r«'ady liat-cli- ini;', and the elVcct of ditVercnt washes for treatment, I siiofi'csted to a veterinary student, Mr. Harry Shanks, a carclnl series of (thsei vatious, which were carried throiijih dnriiij;' the siiimiu'r of IS'M.

l-'roin this study, which was made under my direction, and so that I had fieiiuent opi.ort unity to note progress, a irimlx-r of points weie j^ained. which are worth addiiij;' to the al»o\c record. Three hundred were collected from a horse which had )>«'<>ii previously freed from e'iii's, so that the exact date of deposition was as;-,, red. The eji'jjs were tested every <lay.

On tlieday ot'collectioii tirstdayi the eci<;s;i])peaicd iiiimatuie. One day later eiyht e^i'j^s opened by pickinj; the oia'tculum olV showed three larva- with sliolit moveinenl. and li\'e '.mmovable. On the third day a half hour of frictittn failed to hatch e^'j^s. but the larva- when treed by piekinjLi (tif the o|)(i(-iilum showed two, slijiht mo\'ement; one. no move- ment, and one sutlieicnt inovt'ineii^ t(» j;et out of the opened shell.

On the Iburtli day the larva- in (-leven I'fins were all active, but had to be freed by jdekiiiii' otf the ojierculuni: the same was true np to the seventh day, the only ditference beiny- noti-d in greater luiituriiy and size of Uirvie.

DIITKUA.

Hi

tt'sl toiicli 'ly iirlivc, il. About liiclivt' (»i' !Im' liiij;tM', iind ill Mu> i>ll' tlic cap

ilaiii'o of til)- M Mild poHsi

tli<' lliinl to IVf III I'oity

oil llMlrllilll;

iiioistiiro or

I" .fiiioviil or iT I hall oiK'i' i.i!. a siiijilc |irt>Miit; tlic^ t HO lar{;»' a.

luly liiitcli- :t'st('(l to il st'i vatious,

I so til at 1 Hints were ' Imiulred IVced fVoiii t'lifjs were

lire. One wed tliree lird day a I treed by , no iiiove- diell.

', Imt liad np to the iirity iiud

On tlie iiiiitlt day, or ulieii the larva' were, eij^lit «lay.s lion; deposi- iuMi, one larva was I'reed by sev«uiteeii iiiiiintes of rnhbiii;;' with wet liii;;er, anether in t wcidy two minnles; on the leiilli (hiy t wo ot iters, oiie in loiirteiMi and tlie otiier in ei<4'::t ininiites; and on tin; eh>\('iith (lay several wen^ liatclied. the, time varyiu;;' I'roni two to live iiiiniites ol sahjeetioii to the Hali\a and I'rietioii. On the twelllh day it reijiiired hilt one or two ininntes, and on the thirteenth e;;<;'s would hatch in tilteeii to thirty seeinids. (hi the rourleent!i <lay a nniniier of e;;^s weie tried, alioiit one tliird of wliieli hatched almost immediately upon Iteinj;" touched with the moist linger, the others in from live to iuj;lit seconds. On the, lifteeiilh day all ej^f^s seemed fully mature, and pnth alily nine-tent lis would have hatched at oiic(> upon heiti;;' touched hy a

lorse's tonijfuu in theordinarv motion of li(;l;iii

From the si.\te<'iit h

(lay to the twenty-second the c;:};s would open with a tom-li of th<! fiiifier, but tin' larva' would not adhere except with moistnie. On the twenty-third day the first dead lar\a was noted, and a da.\- later four out of eleven e;ii;s opened lia<l dead laiva'. On the twenty tbiirlh «b»y all of theef;\us not previously <»peiie<l were examined with a lens, and only one showed the cap rt'iuovecl. the larva beiii};' partly out, but dead, 'flie hatchiii};- of but one ef-fi' out of tliree hundred seems to me to establish pretty fully my former opinion, that the ef^j^s recpiire moisture or friction for the release ol the yoniifjf.

On the twenty-lifth day, out of 10 e;;};s three <'ontaiiie<l dead larva', live j'oiild move sli;ihtly, and two were (piite active. On the twenty- sixth day (!aps were removed iVoiii tiiirty li\<^ e;4;4S, twenty-seven larva' heiiifj; dead, seven were capable of slij^ht inovement, and one was active eiioujih to escape from the shell.

On the twenty-seventh day out (if fortytliice c;:jis ojicihmI only one larva was alive and on the t went yciji lit li day ( ml v one out of sixty- live, and on the, twciit.x ninth day all the icma.'niiijj^ e;^<;s, one hundred and three, sliow<'d only dead larva-,

'i'he results of this study, it Will be seen, coiiliriii in tiie main the coii- cliisi(Mi of the I'ormei- ol servations, the princii»al ditVereiice lyiiij; in the fact that all the larva' were dead at a .somewhat earlier period. Ot ciMirse it could not lie said that of the ej;',i:s opened in tlie earlier (biys none would have survived loii,iier than Ibui- xvecks, Itut coiisiib riiij;- the number used and that (iiie third of them were kept the full four weeks and two-thirds nearly that loii.n' iielbre beiiiu oju'iied, the oiesiimption is stroiijn' that that is the full normal jieriod of survival.

it is sale, I think, to siini up the matter by sayiny that the i/u's nor iiially recpilre IVietion and moisture to permit of tlieir hatching; and trans- fer to the horse's month, that hatchiii;;' occurs with dillicnlty before the tenth day, and most readily alter the Iburteeiith day. and that they ]ose^ itality at a period varyiii;^' betw<'en the f wenty-eijiiith and fortieth days, the bulk not snrviviiiff more than four weeks. This jjives a solid foundation u|mui which to base iccomiinMidations as to the time when e{>fvs must be destroyed. 4(i.-,;5_>o. .") (}

82

1N8ECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Tbe newly hatched larva ^flg. 37, c) is a slender, worm like creature, so transparent that the internal organs are plainly visible. It grows rapidly at first, its food consisting, probably, of the jnucous secretions ot the month and (esophagus. When two days old it presents the appear- ance shown in lig,37,(?. As soon as it reaches the stonuich it fixes itsell to the walls by the hooks next tl;e mouth and .soon undergoes consider- able change in its tbrm and appearance. The body becomes more con- ical, but instead of the head end being widest this be(!onies more slender, while the tail end broaden.s. The si)irach's at first exposed in two Hap- like projections from the last segment are drawn more witiiin the body and are protected by the development of a horny plate. T\w spines on the segments following the head become more pronounced. When full grown the laiva is three-fourths of an inch to one inch in length and of the appearance shown in the accompanying figure (tig. 37, //). xVt this time they occur in large clusters upon tlie walls of the stomach, gener- ally more esi)ecially numerous at the i»yloric portion, where they serve to retain the contents of tlie stomach. From the fact that the food of the horse does not beconu' comi)letely reduced to fiuid, this obstruc- tion may be considerably greater than if only fiuid matter had to pass the pyh>rus. This growth has occupied fntni late in the fall, through the winter, till late in the spring, and when fully developed the bots loosen their hold and are carried through the intestines and, escapiiig with the excrement, burrow into the ground to i)ass the pui)a stage. This lasts for several weeks, thirty to forty days, according to .some authors, when the fiy. which has been already described, issues and is ready to proceed with the business of providing for another generation of bots.

The larva of this species has been found i: ' lu stomach of the dog. though it can not be considered a lun-nnd hah., at for it, and it is very doubtful whether the young larva' cctuld survive in the stomach of a carnivorous animal. Kailliet (Comptes Rendus des seances de la Societe de Biologic, 1804) cites records by Colin and others of such occurrences, and details experiments which show the possibility of the survival of nearly mature larva' that a e swallowed with fragments of the stomach walls attaching to the stomach of the dog and remaining alive and healthy fifteen days after the ingestion.

PREVENTION.

■ '1 dealing with bots in horses, by far the most important point is to prevent the inf/luction of the larva-, and while we have no ojjpor- tunity, as in the case of the ox bot-fiy, to completely v xterminate the pest, it is certain that proper att 'ution to preventive measures would in a few yeais greai'y reduce the numbers of the insect and procure comparative freedom. The better care usually accorded horses nuikes it possible to deal with it in some respects more easily than the species infesting :attle. The most vulnerable point of attack li«'s in the con- 8picu(;us position of the eggs. No horseman, probably, can overlook

J*'.'.

DIPTERA.

83

li creaturo.

rliese <>bjects wlu'u occurring on the horse lie is earing f(H', iind eolts in pasture sometimes become so covered with thpm as to give a decided ciiauge in color to tlie parts most att'ected. It is evident that removing or destroying these eggs previous to hatching is all that is necessary to prevent '"bots" in the horse. With horses kept in stables or used daily there is little trouble; the Hies have less opportunity to deposit eggs upon them, and the ordinary grooming of the animal serves to remove some of the eggs, or being constantly under observation the eggs attract the attention of *^he person in charge and he removes them, if not to i)revent bots at least to avoid the unsightly or ill-kept ai»pearan«e they give the aninmi. With colts or horses in i)asture, however, the case is very dilVerent. i!iot knowing the currycomb or card through the whole summer, and perhaps hardly seen from one week's er-d to the other, the eggs dejxtsited on them by hundreds have every possible chance to transmit larvic to the alimentary canal where they connnence their growth. During "uly, August, ami September, or as lat«! asejjigs ajjpear on the horses, those kept in jtastures should be examined once every two or three weeks and the eggs destroyed or removed. This can be accomplished in several ways. By using washes of dilute carb<dic acid, about one part carbolic acid to thirty parts water, or rubbing the affected parts over lightly witli kerosene, by (!lii)ping the hair or by shaving the eggs off" with a shari> knife or razor. Our own experience leads us to prefer the last. Witli a very sharp knife or razor (a dull one will glide over tiie eggs) the atl'ected parts can l)e very (piickly run over without removing much, if any, «»f the hair. This method leaves no doubt as to whether or not the eggs have been touched, as in washes, and subsequent examinations are not complicated l)y a lot of dead eggs or shells. Perform once every two weeks, and there can be very few of the larva' which gain entrance to the stomach. Will it pay, may natu- rally be asked by the man who has. say, from twenty-live to a hundred colts in the jtasture. I'ossibly not, il' but a single season is considered, but the loss of a single horse, or the poor condition (»f a number, result ing from bots, or the fretting of the whole number in i)asture, would inore than ecpial all the cost of removing the eggs from the entire lot. But when the presence on the farm of the pest year after year is consid- ered with all its attendant evils, we believe most emphatically that it will pay.

(i?uite frequently the tlies will be observed at work depositing eggs on the legs or body of a hmse at work or in carriage. If not noticed at once the nervous stamping, biting, or oftt'u greater excitement of the horse will ajjprise the driver of their presence. Although the Hies are pretty wary m\C. dart away when approached, a fewsecouds' watch- ing will enable •..('•, hy striking them down to the ground with hand or hat, to capture and kill the Hy and thus stop the deposition of eggs and annoyance to tii>, litrse. AVhether the larva' of this si)ecie8 can mature excei)t ui>oii gn-'iiing access to eavth seems not to have been determined, and for all the time the horses are in the held or on the

A f'^:-^

84

INSECTS AFFtCTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

voiid they luive ready access to eartb. But as some other forms can inipate snccessfally in the duii;^- heap, it would seem worth wliihi to subject the droppiujjs of horses known to contain L-ots to some process that wouhl d"str( y them and thus ])revent maturity of the tiy.

KEJIEDIKS FOW «OTS.

The prcvscription of druj;s for the reiuoval of hots from the stomach when their presence is known or susjiected l»eh>n}>s ratlier t(» the vet- erinarian than to tlie entomologist, but it nniy not be out of place here to call attention to a few of tliem. It is of course not an ea-y matter to determine during the life (»f the horse whether any ])articul:ir dis- turbance of the digestive organs or lack of nutrition is due to the presence of bots or to sonu; other agency producing similar symptoms, and even a competent veterinarian may be pn//Ied in diagintsis. If occasional bots are nctticed in the excrement of tlie animal together witl; j)oor condition, tlieii presence in numbers nniy be inferred. It must be remeinbeicd tliat the bots are capable of withstanding almost any substance that the walls of the stomach can endure, ami tlu' safest ]>lan, if intending to dose for them, is to employ a veterinarian. Tur- pentine is perhaps most generally given, but must be used with care.

TilK Il.ll.MOKUIIOIDAL Itoi-FLi.

(>ianlri>jtliiliix hii ifKin hiiiilalis Linn.)

While it is common to speak of tin horse bot tly, it should not be in- ferred that there is but one kind paiasitic upon the horse. Take the world over there au- at least six well detined sj»ecics occniring on tiic horse, ass, or mule, and any ui these are liable to be introduced into this country with imported animals. The alioveiiamed species is juobably next to <(iiii, the most generally distributed in this country. Witii the other allied specie it wuf well known in Murnpe during the last cen- tury and received mention (U' more elaborate (lescrii>tion tVoiii Liniia'us, iJeGeer. Fabiicins, .md other leading writi'rs on entoniohigw

Exii.-iT ;'i' iN.irm.

The losses ti> be reterreu to this species are similar to those of the other species, but iVom tlie aciounts ol' various authors and what we have heard I'roiii person^ who were plainly describing the actions of this particular toiiii, it is I'vident tiiat llie excitement and coiisciiueiit l(»ss due to the iitacks of tlie adult liy are much worse with this species than the common one. This is described by Clark as foll(»ws:

At till) sij^lil dl' tlii.s ll.v tile liorso a|)iiciirs miirh a;;it!Ui'<l, and moves !iis \n\nd liack- wartl anil I'urward in tlio air to l)allv its touch ami incx eni its ilartinji on the lips; but tlitHly, wait mi; for a favorable oiijtortnnity, ('(nitiiuifs to repeat the operation iVoni time to tune; till at len>ttb, liiulin^ this mode dt'dereiiHe iiisiiDicient, the eiirajied animal endeavors to avoid it by Kallopiiiji' away to a distant ))art of tlie liebl. If it still eontiniies to follow and lease him, bis las) resource is in the water where the

DIPTERA.

86

(Kstni.s is injvcr obscrvt'd to follow him. At other tiiiit'>- tliis <Kstru8 fjt'ts between the forelegs of the liorse whilst ht- is yniziiig, anil thus makes its attack on the ' jwer lip. TIk! titillatioii Ofcasioiis the horse to staiii]) violently with his forefoot ajijaiust the ground, and often strike with his foot, as if aiming a blow at the lly. They also sometimes liide themselves in the grass and as the horse stoops to graze, they dart on the month or lips and are always observed to i)oise themsehes during a few seeonils in the air, while tlie egg is ]ire]iaring on the jioint of tlie {ilidomen.

I.I IK IIISTOKV AM) U A 111 IS.

•

Hii\iiiff (list'ussed juTtty fully the habits of the (•(•imuoii .species, it will be nil necessary to ^o into details that are .similar in other species, but simply call attention to distiiijiuishinji' characiters and such differ- ences in habit as may be of economic importanci .

Prof. A. 1'-. N'criill (Keport on ICxternal and I'.fciiial Parasites of ]Man and Domestic Animals. ]). 21)) o'ives the followinjj condensed state- ment of its life history and habits:

The liastrDjihiliiK lui niiirrliniildHs, or red-tailed bot-lly, is a small species, easily dis- tinguished by the bright oiaiige-icd tip of tlie abdomen. The thorax above is olive gray and hairy, with a black band behind the suture. The base of the abdomen is whitish and the middle blackish, in strange contrast with the orange red of the end. 'I'he hirv;c Inive the sann- habits anil are found in the sann> situations with those of the common bot-lly, which they much resemble, excejit that they are whiter and smaller, their len.uth not exceeding one-half or lixe-cightlis of an inch. They change to ]ini)a' witliin two days alter leaving iiic horse, and th<> ])up!e are deep red. They remain in the ]iupa state about two months, and the tlies appear from tin' last of .lune till tlie cool weatlier of autiunn. In deposit iiig tlu

:s til!

leniale ditVers in

habit from the common bot-l

slie selects tlic lip,^ and nose of the h

orse as

the

most suitaldi- place for thi^ jjurpose. The e^gs are darker colored [some authors say Idack] than those ol' the common bot-lly, and ciuitaiu a luarly develo]ied embryo, so that they very soon hatch, .iml the young larvic are transferred to the mouth by ihe tongue, and thence gel into tlie sioniacli.

i;i;:\ii;iiii;s.

On account of thc^ shorter time b<'t\v«'cii deposition < if cogs and hatch- ing- of larxic. it is evident that the removtil of eggs as for that spc'iies would be less successful, ("or Inu'ses in use. immediiite attention when they give signs of the presence of the lly. the ctipture of the insect and the removal of eggs tilready attiichetl wouhl be Itnt tlie natural method suggested by a knowledge of *lie insect. I'or horses in pasture, if e\liil»itiiig signs of molestation liy this insect, the stiine attiMitioii Avould be iidvisable whenever the nature of the ctise w ill i>ermit. It wouhl be worth while to try the application of some oil or tar to the hairs of tiie lips as a ])revi'ntioii to the faslening of the eggs to them.

lloijsi; Hot i'L\ oil >-('iiiN V].\."

('i((.s/;'((///u7».s /i((.s((//« I, inn.)

As already stated, this sjn'cies litis been more or less confused with ft/Hi in scientilic writings tind doul.ttless still more so in general ob.servation.

86

INSKCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

It was (loscribed as U'^ntnis iia.st(lis by Liimu'ius (Fauna Sium'. ) and iMvii!^ :?lso yivi'U the name of rctfrinus by (.'lark. It was incliuU'd by Fabricius with li<niiorrhoi(l(ili.s under (Kstnis nfiii. The description in Systenia Natura' (Turton's translation) is as tblhnvs:

W'iiifjs iiiiiiiiu'iiliiti', body t't'iTiigiiioiis, Midi's of flic thorax iiiid Itasi- of the alidoiiuMi with white hairs. Deposits its t'i;jj;.s on liorsr.s and cattle, the larva' jindialdy pass thi'Diifih the stouiach like tlic I'oniicr one.

Less tlian f/'.'»fn(/) ((/»/. IiiHcrtion ol' the \v inns and liast^ ol' ihe ahdoiiieii covered with«whiti8li hairs; sei'oinl seu'iiieiit of the abdomen with two liairv tnbereh's.

r>

itl

ieneatli and leirs rus

I U

^tv )

trown.

1'

ernale with sometimes a Idaekish abdomen.

Of thir species Verrill writes (l')xt. and Int. I'arasites. p. L'S):

The (liiKlr<>i>liilitn luimilin is a smaller si>ecics. densely hairy, with the thorax yel- lowish red or rust-c(dored. The abdomen is either whitish at base, with the middle black ami the apex yellowish brown and hairy; oi- the base is whitish and all tho rest brown : or the middle i.s black, with the base and apex whitish, with jiiayish

muih like those of the precedinj^

hairs. Th

, ii.y;s are nnsootted. The larva'

[Inemorrhoidalis], except that they are smaller, and also live in tlu' stonnich of horses. They clianjje to pupa' beneath the manure, and the llies appear from . I un»' to !>ej)- tenilier. It also inl'esis the ass and mnle. and some anthors say that it li\es even in cattle.

Ztuii ■ ascribes this parasite to hor.ses. asses, nmlcs. and ji'oats. and says the ej;j;s. 1 mm. lonji', are laid on th.' lips and mar;;iii of nostrils. He describes the full-urown larva as l.» to 14 mm. loni;. deep yellow or yellow brown, thicker behind thai- before, and the seyinents "J to it aliove and 2 to 10 bel(»w with a sinylc row of yellowish, iirowu lipped si»incs.

The pupa he described as dark brown or Itlack. tlu' sejiinents witii only a single series of liorny spines, its len.utli of life in tins stage from thirty to fort,' wo days.

Professor (iarman- in a recent itaper on th«' std\iect yives a recoi d of the occurrence of tiiis species in Kciitiiclvy.

Fr(un this record it would ai»pear that the species i.s somcw liat common and troublesome in that region, and as the species has been recorded from many places in this country, it may be looked upon as liavinj; (piite a general distribiition.

The most essential point in hai>it ol' this species is tiic fact that the eggs are laid on the lips or nostrils, within easy reach of the tongue, and as it is (piitc juobable that tln-y hatch more pronii)tly than tiiost^ of <</«/, it is more ditlicult to adojit measures of preventi«»n. .Measures nmst consist in ])reventing as far as possible the deposition of eggs, for which purpo.se the application of a Utile tar and lish oil to the haiis of the under lip may be of service, and where <'ggs are suspected, the use of a wash of carbolic acid to the lips and nnirgin of nostrils.

According to (iarman. the eggs are white, and are attached to the hairs of the lip and throat by the greater part of one side. The species occurs in Europe and has been observed in New lOngland, New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Kiin.sas. I tah, and probably elsewhere in this country.

' Die tierischen I'arasiten, p. 100.

■^The Bot Flics of the Horse, Seventh An. Rep. Ky. Ag. Exp. 8ta.. p. xxvil.

DIPTERA.

87

fPW

I'lol'ossor (iarmaii {jives tho tbllowiiij^- key by whieli tlie diflereut si>eeies of bot-tlies uiiiy be (li.stiiifjfuisbed:

1. i(i) Discoidiil fell closed by croHS vtiii.

■J. (!{) VViug8 imuked witii hrowii a. ei/ui.

;!. (2) Wings not nmrUi'd with brown.

I. (.' ) Anturior basal coll iKMirlyorqiiitueiiiial totliotliscoidalcell inlfiijrtli. (1. miHalifi. '.. I () Anterior biisal cell markedly whortcr than tliediseoidal cell, (i.homorrhoiilallx. t|. (I) Discoidal cdl tipen (I. jieconim.

itfislrn/iliihiH iniiiriim I'ab.

\N\' art' not awiue that this s|)e('ies lias been encountered in the I'nited States, and if so it is evidently latlier rare. The t'oMowing paraj-rapli from I'rofessor Verrill's report would seem to indicate au ac(|uaiutauce with speeimens eolleeted in this country:

The (inalr<tj)hilnx piconim is densely covered with yellow hairs, with a band of black hairs on the thorax behind the sntiire in the male. The t'einale is yellowinh brown, the abdomen blaek, with yellowish hairs at its base, as well as on the thorax. The winj;s are grayish or light lirownish, clonded witli yellowish lirown. The larva- are similar to those of the more comnmn <l. I'liiti, and have similai' habits. The tli<'8 appear at the sami- time.

Osten Sacken's list of Anieriean D'j'iera records it only from .binuiica i<\[ (lie aiitlioritv of Walker.

TiiK Hot Fi,ii:s of ('AfTLK: Wak'Iilk 1"lii;s.

I'nril a lew years ayi* it Wiis assumed that the common bot lly atlect- ing cattle in this country was tlie sanu^ as the oiu' most common in Kuropean countries, and tlu' same specillc name was api>licd to it with apparently little careful examiiiiUion of either larva- or iidults to deter- mine the ([iicstion with certainty.

Following tli«' announcement oi Dr. Curtice, tliiit the larva- reached the backs of the animals tliroiijih rhe (csophatius, a (careful review of all available material was made (K'iley, Insect Life, Vol. IV, p. .'JbL'), which indicated that the species nxist abundant, if not the only com- mon form, was not the lioris of Kurope, but lincnta. which is likewise Huropeait iti distribution.

There is .so miu'li in common, however, in the habits and iiiiture of the injury of the two siiecies thtir it seems appropriate to discuss some of these {general features for the two s])e(!ies. and then to yi\e the dis- tinctive features lor the two forms with reference t(» such differences of habit or treatment as may be necessary.

A considertible portion of this yenertil matter was ])repare(l i)rior to the discovery of the identity of our species with linetdd, and, while written with hovix in mind, applies properly to the former species.

Historically, hovis has been recognized the longer, having doubt- less been known from earliest times, and the larva often mentioned in writings from 171(» on as, possibly, also lineuta, but bovus was described

88

iNsr.iris ai'I'Fa'TIncj domkstic ammai.m.

by I>«'(itM>r in 177(» niidtT tin' iiiinic of (I\sfnis Inn-is, liitcr cliiiii);*')! I»\ ].i)trii'II*' to ll/ipoilrniKi horis.

Ill ISITt l>»iit\\ Cljirk. in liis Kssny on lii«> llols ol' llorsrs iintl Otlit-i Aniiiiiils, |)i'(>s(>iit«Ml prolmhiy llir lirst ciircrnl shnly ol' its lilo liistoiy iiini Iniltils. ant] InU'v tlic li'soiin-ln's of Mrancr, 'rasrlicnlxM'^. /nni. ami otluTs lijivr adtU'il to onr know It'(lt;o (»f tlic species.

More recently Miss V). A. Onnerod. i'nnsnltini; eiitonnthtyisl of Hie IJoyal Atiiiciilliiral Society of lOn^ilaiul. lias iiiililislied results of a niiiii bor of reixnh'd and personal observations on its habits, injuries, etc.. and dnrinj; the sniiiiner of ISS'.t the l'"aiiners" I.N'view, in this eoniitiy. iindertooK an investi<:atioii on iiiiich the same pl;in.

The species are, so far as we Unow. closely coiilined to the In. vine race or nearly related species, limntd l»ein^ re^iardcd as a parasite of the biilValo as well as tho o\. Kollar (Treatise on liisecis) speaks of Inu'is as all'octin^- besides cattle, the si an', roe. and camel, but no aiitheiitic record of such occmri'nce lias i>e«'ii noted, and he ina.\ lia\e had as a basis for the statement the related species occiirriii^i norinally on these animals. There are, iinU'cd, records of the rare occurrence of these parasites on man. bnt such ar(> e\c(>ptional. and the species should be considered as restricted, primarily, to bovine animals. On account of this restriction, the insect is kni>wn in the larval stajic ludy wliere eat- tle are kepi, and can b»> introduced in a new country only in the larval staye with the animals. It is in this manner and this alone that they havo been scattered over the world with domestic breeds ol Catth'.

EXTKM AM) MANM'.U <>I I.N.Hin.

The resi nation are

:ivi»riiK<' l<'f<^ \ |l(\v I'n^""

liiin :■■<■ ^'

Iiiii'ii.

.11- in Scvi ii|nri(liil. I.ii /iii/iiiiiii. I'

iriM'(//i»iii.

Minin'iiri. liiiiiKiix. S liiiihifkfi. Ill Miiiiiifo

•liir rcMl li ■!

Ill Mi<lii;i'ii III llio mill 111! Miiiinl Oll'H

'\'\w iiinoi

.IfllHCll llllll

tlif l!ui"ii

hlOlltllH IVllI

it is fstiiiia ol' a hido i> tlu' iiMial < lh:m oiif-ll wiis 1, :(:!."),() til lliiH is II

tin- lllllllllll

iiiiiiHiils I'll

The losses from warble llies must bo considered from three distiiu't lioints. only one of which can be estimated with any ^reat accuracy. They are (1 > the loss incurred on the hidi's pertbrated by the maji'fiots, subjectiiifx them to discount or rejection in the markets; (L») the loss in milk and beef supply caused by the frettiiifi' and stuinpedinji'diie to the presence of the tlies wlvn layinji' ej>'}>s. ami (li) the loss to the vitality of the animal, its weakened condition, and coiise(|iient loss in milk or beef -ue to the ))resence ot" the warbles, with accoinpaiiyiii}>' ulcers in the back, sometimes, it is asserted, resulting in the death of the animal.

LOSS ON IIIDKS.

This will vary in ditVerent countries, both from the actual dillerences in abundance of warbles and coiisei|ueiit perforation of the hides and from the dit^erei't rates of discount applied by ditt'erent dealers. That it is by no means InsigniHcant will appear from the following eondensed statements of statistics and evidence on the subject:

As a result of many inquiries and testimony from numerous sounjes, Miss Onnerod estimated the loss in England at $5 i)er head for cattle.

i,t

In rryi

fronted I

source o

wild frei

and not

useless i

other ti

shade ol

partiall;

tunity f

It is, of

Hy, and

ligures

perhapi

tbis losi

Wc al tbe catt huzz an out (pii'

DII'IKUA.

89

'PIm^ results ohtsiiiHMl l»y tlir l-'iininTs' Ifcvicw in it.4 iccrnt iiivrsti ^iiitioii iiiT siiniiiiiiri/.«'(l ns lollows i Insect fjilc, \'(»l. II. p. I."i7|:

l'"riiiii Mm ii'|i<irlM rrrcivnl llii> ii|i|)ri)\iiii.'ili' iit'icriitaj^)- of mimIiIiv ciittli' :iii<l (lie ivi'iii^r liiMN on i^riililis liiili's till' till' |ii ill! ipnl hIih k raising' SImIch oI' IIh< Mi>>iHHi|i|ii \ lli'.v linvc liiM'ii <<Nliiii:ili'il iiH I'ollowH (AiiuiiHtT, IXH'.i):

mill ..1. S( \i'iily tliiii' |iiT ii'iil III' IImi I'liltlf iiiiuUiImI In llii' i;ii;lili\ siiisiin iirr inCiitnl « illi ):r''>H. ', ill' iivrraui' Iihh ihi ii unililiv liiili- U nni' lliinl.

Iiiii'ii. St'Vi'iilv mil' pi'i ii'iil III llir riilllr III I III' iii:i|iiill> nl riiiiiilji'H iiii' l:iiiIiI<v III till' m'li-x'li H|il'l'llii'll. I.IIHM nil unillliy Ililli'N lillr lllil'll.

Iiiiliiiiiii. I''iii'l,\ i'i);lil |n T ri'iit III llii' I'lillli' uriililiy. I.iih'< mi IihIi'n imi' iliiril.

II ifi'iiiiiiii. 'I'll ills llin I' |iri' > rill nt' i ill lie L:riilili\ . l.ii'<-4 nii IiIiIim iiiii' lliiril. Hhin. I''iri> hW lii'f i'I'IiI III' I'lillli' i;rillili\ I.iinm iiii lilili'i nnr I lillil. l/iiKMiii'i. I''iriy Mi'Vi'li |ii'i' mil III ml 111- i;i ililiy. I.ins mi liiili -i nni' llilnl. hiiiiKiiK. Sixty pi'i' < Till III' I'lillli' i:i'iilili,\ . I.imm ihi liiili'^ uiii' lliinl,

/ii /I'lii'A//.— Kill V Mi'M'ii pit' I'i'iil III' riitllii (jriililiy. l.iihN iiii |ilili"< mii' ilmil

III Miiiiimnlii mill Ihikiiln jinilm iirr pnirtlriill,\ iiiiktiiiwii iiiiiiiIil: I'lilllr.

Ill Sihriiikii liny mil iii»l very Imil wlini' loiiiiil; Iwi'hr <'oiiiilii"< iipnit iiii iiviTimi' i>( 4ii pnt'CMit. Till' i'i'hI Iii'iii'iI Irmii iiri' Irri' iil Ilir pi'sl. linililiy liii|i"< iiri' ilurki'il niii' lliinl nl tliiir Miliii'.

Ill Miihiiinii in pr I' I I'll I III' Mil' rill III' nil' iiiIi'mIiiI with <:nili-i In Ilir -tiiiilliii'ii iiiiil iiiiilillr riiiiiilii"< III llii> iiiirllii'i II riiiiiitii'M lliry all' iiiiUiiiiwii iir M'ly hiiii'i'i'. (iriililiv liiili'M hi'II I'm mii tliiril IrHs lliiiii xiiinil mii'H.

'Till' aiiiiiiiiit III' tins loHH riin \n\ licttiT ii|i|ii'('('iiiti>i| pi'i'liapM )iy ri'|ii'ii<liii'iii;; in rnii- ili'llHi'il liiiui till' ii|ipi'n\illlilli' I'Htilllllli- III' till' IdHS nil lilt' liii|i>s iif (;attli' litrcivi'il lit Mir I'niiiii Slock ^al'(ls nl' Cliira^o iliirin^ Mio ^I'litiliy Ni-:isiin, wtiii'li iiiclinlcs tli)> iiioiiMis ri'oiii January to .hin(\ I'Hiii^ Mm- riipnrtH liv Sfatt-.s iilmvc K'^'en iih a basis it is cHtinialt'il llial ."iH prrccul nf tin- raltlo riM't'ivi'd arr frriililiy. 'I'lio aviTay;" value ol" a lii(l« in put al +;i.!MI; anil while rnuii (he re|i(ii't rel'eried to (ilie-tliii'd value in the Usual ileiliietion I'm' ninhliy hides in this estiiiiate, Inif fl is (UMliieted, ur less ih.'iii line-third. I'lie niimlier nl' ratthi received in issii (nr the six iiioiitli> indicateil was l.Itltri.OL'li, >;ivinK a Inss nn the "ill jier cent nf f^inhliy animals nl' 4''ili7..'"iK!. \Vlien to this is added the loss t'lnin depieeiatnd \ aine and lessened i|nantity of the lieet, the aiiiniint t'nr each inlested animal is |int at ^.'i, indieatin<;a total Inss nn these animals rrnni tin' attack nf the lly ni ^;|!,;i;{7,'"iti'''.

Loss IN MIMv AND IlKHI KKdM ATIACK nl- ItO'J -FLIKS.

In rryinji' to present nny estimate of loss fVoni tiiis source we are con- fronted by the tact that nianyotlier llies with these serve as a constant source of annoyiince to cattle in pasture, excitinj;" them at times to a wild frenzy, when they {i'o chasiii{f about trying' to avoid their enemies, and not only losinji' the opportunity to feed peaceably, but usinj; up in useless activity the untrinieii) which should j^o to f( i m milk or Hesh; at other times drivin;^' them into ponds or streams ol water or into the shade of trees or sheds, where they remain for hours at ii time, only partially relieved from the torments of their foe and losinji the oppor- tuTwty for feediufi' which is essential to growth or protluction of milk. It is, of course, impossible to separate the losses due to each kind of fly, and even if it were ])ossib]e it would be ilitlicult to state in exact iigures the sum lost. The following note, ipioted bj' Miss Ormerod, is I)erhai)S as good an illustration as we can select to show ai»i>roximately this loss as estimated by a practical breeder and dairyman :

We all know, to our cost, how greatly these irritating tlies tnrnient and madden the cattle, causing fheni tn ijallnp or run as if for their lives to li'et away from the Imzz and presence of their tormentors. Feedinj; cattle can not i;rnw iu llesh with- out (luiet and rest, and inilkinjt cows must suffer to a greater extent than we are

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INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

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aware of. To use ii cominon remark, they soon "bate" — i.e., give less milk. To drive a cow fust or cause her to be exritetl reduces the quiMitity and quality of tlic milk. Without perfect quiet and rest they can not do their best for us. This leads me to one important point. What is our loss in the cheese tub caused by the warble and gad flies? I have tried to estimate the loss during the four or five summer months or even tlie eight months that a cow is supposed to be in profit. There are certain times of unrest when the cow will give about half of her usual flow of milk. These tormenting flies and the presence of th(N iirickly-coated warble maggot nnist keep uj) a perpetual uneasiness and retard the growth of our feeding cattle, to our loss, it may be, of £2 per head. In the dairy ccws the loss will be greater. The daily loss of milk may make a ditference of a hundredweight of clieeso per cow per annum. Half a hundredweight, or 12 per cent of milk less in a dairy, making 1 hundredweight at 70 shillings, conies to S5 shillings, liut 1-' per cent is too low an estimate. It may in some cases be i»ut at £3 ]ier head, and in a dairy of 100 cows would show a loss of £300.

Tliis source of injury, however, lasts but a few weeks during summer, and probably does not compare with the loss due to the presence of the maggots. This must be a constant source of irritation to the animal and a drain upou its energies from the time the warble begins to grow UTitil the sore heals after the departure of the maggot. It extends through at least one-third of the year, while the whole period of inva- sion probably lasts for eight or nine months. Imagine some fifteen or twenty boils or carbuncles located along the back producing a reg- ular supply of muco-pnrulent matter due to the iiiriammati(m and sup- plying nutriment to a healthy grub which grows to be three-fourtiis of an inch in length, and suppose, if possible, that these are no discom- fort or cause of loss to the creature aft'ected witli them.

The occasional attaclis of one or more species of bots upon man and tne di.sconifort caused by them in sudi cases would seem to be sutticient proof of the irritation caused in the low«'r animals, even it we aliow something on the ground that these lower animals are less sensitive to pain. Omitting, however, tlie creature's comfort as a matter of mere sentiment and considering the question from the practical standi»oint of money returned, it requires only the very nu>dest estimate of tlie loss of 81 per head to the cattle of the United States to show a loss of about $30,000,000 sustained by the country on the basis of the census of 1880 (doubtless between fifty and sixty millions at the present time). Young animals are injured more tlian old ones, and many writers assert that deaths are not infrequent from the effects of warbles.

Without consideri;ig the lessened quantity, the inferiority of the beef of animals infested by tlie grub is strikingly shown in an article on the subject in which the testimony of retail butchers and buyers of meat in Chicago and other cities is given. It is shown that the buyers of the highent class of meat, wlio supply hotels and res- taurants, will not on any account purchase carcasses showing traces of warble attack. Such beef has to be sold, therefore, at a price below that obtainable for good beef, free from grub damage, and the lessened value per animal was put at from $2 to $5.

The appearance known as licked-beef, which, resulting from the presence of the grub, may be described as a moist or running surface of a greenish-yellow color, is certainly unwholesome in look, if not in fact. The description of such meat ns given in the Farmers' Keview, quoting again largely from Miss Ormerod, is almost sufficient to turn one against beef altogether. — (Inhkct Life.)

DIPTETIA.

91

rt" we take the estimates as a whole, some of •which have been pub- lished since the first writing of this chapter, it is evidently a modest estimate to consider the losses from the diflferent sources of injury to hides, loss in milk and beef, and lessened Aitality to be $2.50 per head of cjittle for the whole United States, making a grand total of $90,000,000 on the basis of the census of 1880. Were this loss something unavoid- iible or requiring the expenditure of much time or money to prevent, there nught be some excuse for its continuance, but since it can by simple and inexpensive methods be not only wholly prevented from year to year, but practically exterminated from tlie country, thereby avoiding both the loss and the trouble of applying remedies in the I'utiire, it would seem of the greatest utility to adojjt those necessary measures without further delay. The preventive measures necessary bi'conte at once apparent by knowledge of the life history and habits of tiie insect.

OOOITRRBNCE OF WAKBLKS IN MAN.

There are many instances of tlie occurrence of the warble in man, and these records contain instances which are to be referred to both of the species. Dr. Riley having i)ositively identified one such case at least tor Unenia, and Dr. William Schoyen being authority for tlie European records of hovis. 'u all these cases there seems to have been a large amount of migration on tlie part of the larva and usually an emergence Irom the skin before complete maturity, which wouhl suggest that the liirva does not find the conditions exactly normal. The following instance observed by a physician who is also a trained ent(miologist is (»f special value as showing the conditions of such an occurrence:

Several years a^o I saw, professioniiUy, a boy 0 years of age wbo liatl lieeii suft'eriug l'(ir sonic luouths from the glaiuls on one side of his neck bciu;jf swollen and a fetid ulceration nronnd the back teetli of the lower Jaw of the same side. Three months treatment was of no avail, and tho end seenu'd near; one day a wliite object, which wjis seen to move, was observed in tlie ulcer at the root of tho tongne, which ou licing carefnlly extracted proved to be a large grub, which, from having frequently seen them, I recognized as a full-growu larva of Hypoderma. It was of the usual tawny color, about half an inch long when contracted, about one-third that thick- ness, and (juito lively. The case ended fatally. This boy had been on a farm in Illinois the previous fall, where probably the egg was in some way taken into his mouth, and the Lirva found between the base of tho tongue and tho jaw suitable tissue in which to develo)), coming to maturity at tlio same time with those bred iu cattle. (Dr. John Hamilton, in Entomologi(;al News, V(d. IV, p. 219.)

LIFE HISTOKV AND IIAHITS.

In certain points of life history and habit the two species agree. The adult flies are about half an inch in length and bee-like in appearance, the two species separated easily by characters to be detailed later.

They appear during the summer months and deposit their eggs upon cattle, the act of oviposition being frequently accompanied by a great amount of annoyance to the animals, iu some cases inspiring tbem with

92

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

|i

such terror as to result in costly stami)edes, preveutiou of feeding, and nervousness that is very injurious to the animal.

The flies probably nuite in the vicinity of their pupation, an<l the females seek the cattle in open pasture for the jiurpose of depositinii' their eggs. It is claimed by goo<l observers that they will not fly over water or follow cattle when they seek ]>rotection in ponds or otlui bodies of water, .and also that they do not enter sheds or trouble cattle in the shade. The method of deposition has been a subject of mucli discnssion. The earlier writers asserted that the insect punctured the skin an<l laid the egg beneath, basing the assertion, it would seem, on the great terror and apparent i)ain of the animal when attaiiked and the position o. the grub when rtrst <listinguislial)ie. KN'aumur even describes the boring apparatus by means of which it is able to pierce the tough hide of the ox. Clark and otiiers, however, held with eipuil strength to the view that the eggs are simply dei>osited on the skin, and the larvic begin at once upon hatching to burrow beneath. Willistoii (Stand. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, p. 427) saj's: "'The eggs of llypodermaare deposited on the hairs about the front shoulders, neck, and groins of artiodactyls <mly. It was thought for a long while that the female thrust the eggs within the skin, but sm-h is now known not to be tlie case.'' ]Miss Ormerod, after careful study of the very y<mng larva' and course of their channels, says: "From the i)resence of these small cav- ities just l)elow the cuticle, aiul the rtne canal running <lownward tVom them or from the surface, as the case may be, to the young warble cell beneath the hide^ 1 think we shall And that the egg is fixed just beneath the cuticle and that the young maggot works its waj' through the hide to where we And it in the early stage. It does not seem possible to me that the fly could pass the egg through the hide by means of her egg- laying api)aratus (or ovijiositor ), because, as observed, the i)assage down the maggot cell is sometimes of a shape that could not have been caused by the ovipositor." It seems hard to believe that all the fright and apparent pain exhibited by the cattle is due simi)ly to the alighting of the flies and deposition of the egg on the hair. They can not bite, fiu". • as already stated, tlu'ir month parts are rudimentary, and to suppose that the cattle are aware of the true nature of the pest and exhibit fear simply because of a knowledge that tliey will cause them future trouble is to accredit them with a wisdom rather beyond that usually granted to any of the lower animals. Neitlier does it seem that all this fright could be due simi)ly to their resemblance to bees, for cattle are not so freipiently stung by them as totlevelop such an intense fear of them.

The stnictiu'e of the ()vi])Osit()r dearly <>xcliul«'S the jtoH.sihility of imiictiire, for, though horny, it has a hluiit, trilid tip, and is beset at the end with eertain iiilnuto hairs, and strnoture of this eharaeter is a very safe guide to hahit. (Riley.)

Until recently it was assumed as a matter of fact that the larva' entered through the skin, but the discoveries of Dr. (Untice have proven, for Hneata at least, that the normal course is by way of the

DIPTERA.

98

f feeding, ami

Fio. 'iS.—Il!)iwdenna Uiienta: ovipusitorof feiiinlp : a, from sidf; 6, tip, from below — enlarged (from Insect Life).

iimiith and alimentary canal, as will be discussed more fully under lin- (vln. While from analogy it seems very probable that a similar habit will be proven for hoi'is I know no positive obser- vations, but Miss Ormerod adheres to the belief tliat the entrance for that species is through the >Uiii.

In either case the maggots, as a rule, must be within the animal as early as Octobei' (for Inmiia iiiiich earlier), and by January the lumps or swell- ings ahnig the back denoting their pi'esence be- come appreciable, and growth continues as late as April and possibly May, varying with latitude. We have «juite fully developed s])ecimens (of //Hmffl) taken March 25, from the backs of cattle at Ames, Iowa, at which time they were mostly well grown and some of them apparently about leady to escape from the ulcer. After working their way through the oi)eniug in the hide, in which they ar^ assisted by the prickly tubercles <overing the body, they drop to the ground. The full process is thus described by Dr. Williston (Stand. Nat. Hist., pp. 427-428):

Tliey have the peculiar ability to contract either end into an elonjrate cylindrical torm, which not only serves them in their egress, but also t() bore into the ground. A few days before they are ready to emerge tiiey begin to enlarge the opening by this expansion and contraction; when tliey have enlarged it sufficiently, a ring-like contraction of the body that begins at the posterio" 'tart and progresses toward the head enables them in a few minutes to *'ree themselves, which they usually do in the morning hours. Upon the ground they creep about until tliey meet some obstruc- tion, when they burrow from 1 to 2 inches tdow the surface, and remain as in the Gastrophilus sjtecies.

They reuuiin in the ground as papa* i;»r about a month and then issue as Hies.

KEMEDIAL MEASUUKS.

Knowing that the insect occurs, during nearly three months of the year at least, in no other ]>lace than in the backs of cattle, it is evident that the destruction of all the grubs in the back of every animal between .lanuai-y and April must result in tlie extermination of the pest. That there are measures sutticient to accomplish this destruction is certain, and at an outlay of time and trouble that makes them prac- ticable with every man who owns cattle, whether one or ten thou.sand.

Indeed the insect is open to attack in at least three different w.ays: (1 ) Measures to prevent the deposition of eggs; (2) measures to destroy the eggs or young grubs; (.?) measures to destroy the grubs after passing under the hide.

To ])revent the deposition of eggs the application of some persistent sticky substance may be recommended, or this may be combined with some substance of obnoxious smell.

94

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

%

i

Coating the back from neck to loins with tar or with a mixture of sulphur, 4 ounces; spirits of tar, 1 gill; train (whale) oil, 1 quart, oiico a week. Train oil alone two or three times in the season and one application of spirits of tar, carbolic, acid, sulphur, and linseed oil combined, are reported in Miss Ornterod's pamphlet as eftective for boi'ifi.

Ainmals that are lioused are said not to be attacked, and furnisli- ing sheds in pastures or access to shade of trees or to bodies of water is considered as heli>ful.

"VVe doubt, however, if these measures can be used as satisfactorily in large her^. j of cattle or on the ranches of the ^Vestern States as measures directed against the grubs. And unless the substance serves to catch and kill the fly it will of course simply seek animals not pro- tected or i)os8ibly be driven to deposit eggs on some other part of the body.

In January the warbles become large enough to be detected by pass- ing the hand idong the back, and at this time a little kerosene rubbed into each one or the application of mercurial ointment will destroy the grub, which rests with the breathing pores directed toward the surface, securing its supply of air through the small channel connecting the cavity with the outer surface. The sore heals u]) and the hide in a short time becomes perfect, so no loss need be incurred if the animal is to be slaughtered in late winter or early spring, and for nulch cows the drain upon their vitality and productiveness is stopped.

Even if these measures have been adopted every aninml should be examined during March and any grubs found should be destroyed.

They are by this time quite conspicuous, being felt by running the baud along the back, or in many cases can be distinctly seen as promi- nent lumps. The hole through which they breathe and flnalJy escape is now large enough, so that by careful pressure the maggot may be forced out unbroken. If necessary, the opening may be enlarged a little by using a round stick bluntly pointed, as a probe. If late in the spring, all grubs pressed out should be crushed to prevent possibility of their getting into suitable places to pupate and finally reach the adult stage. For cattle in stables it is a very simple matter, while handling or feeding them, to run the hand .along the back, and on detection of a grub to press it out, and all farm hands should be instructed to lose no opportunity to relieve the cattle from these annoyances.

While it is (certain that this insect could be practically exterminated in the United States in a single year, we realize fully the great difli- culty in getting every person owning cattle to know or apprecisite the need of using the necessary means; and two or three scrub cows in a county uucared for will of course perpetuate the species. Nevertheless, this should not debar anyone from attending to the matter with his own stock, for, since the flies travel but short distances, every farmer

DIPTERA.

95

iiiiiy secure practical immunity in his own herds, and after the first year's tliorougli work have scarcely any trouble in attending to them. Ho should, of course, examine carefully every animal brought to his farm, and rid it of grubs before the time of their maturity. Many liirmers are careful to attend to this matter already, but there is uo systematic ivttention to it, and the only permanent check to their increase j>t present lies in the ftact that millions of them infesting cattle slaughtere<l between October and April perish with their hosts, and hence only those in cattle kept over from year to year survive to con- tiiuie the species.

We can not close this sketch of remedies without presenting a plan which, though it may be styled fanciful or ideal, must if carried out result in the extermination of the pest and a saving, we believe, of not less and probably more tlian $5(),(H)0,(KK) per year to the farmers of the United States.

Let every man owning kine of any grade be posted by a general proc- lamation inserted in every newspaper in the land that in a certain winter, say 1900, he is to examine every anin.al in January and api)Iy kerosene or mercurial ointment to all lumps discoverable on the back from the neck backward, and down halfway on the ribs; that in March or at latest before the middle of April he must go over every animal again, and ju'ess out and destroy anj' warbles remaining. Then the following winter if any warbles whatever are to be found to rei)eat the processes. This, with the destruction of grubs in all cattle imported from other countries, must prove successful. Even if a few escaped by the neglect of some shiftless stock owner, or by accidental oversight in searching for them, the result would rei)ay over and over again, and for many years, the grand ettbrt of that year.

Ox lUvriiA' OR Warulk Fly.

(Ulipoderma liorix l)e(i.)

As previously stated, this species was formerly supposed to be dis- tributetl over America, but the utter fail- ure to find a single specimen of the larva or adult in the mass of material that has been examined in the last few" years makes it doubtful if even the earlier records of its occurrence in this country can be relied upon, and therefore it seems necessary to define its distribution as covering the countries of the Old World surrouiiding the Mediterranean. Brauer gives its European distribution as from Scandinavia to the southernmost por- tions, and also says it is distributed over Asia, Africa, and North America.

Fio. 39. — II;ii)odenna hovii - (after Brauer) .

• enlarged

96

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANL>rAL8.

The lulnlt riy, sliown eulaitfed in t!ie aeconipaiiying figure, is lialf a j. iucli t)r a little more in length au«l not very ditt'erent in general appear anee from a honeybee. It is c[uite hairy, and, although the surface of i the body is black, except the front of the face below the eyes, the color of the hairs gives it a banded appearance, the face white, the front parti

I'm. W.—lliilioili'nnit bvvi'i: n, e^jt; '>. lull-grown Inrva. vriitnil viowj c, ]iii]mriuiii. ventral view; (/. newly hntclii'd larva. Hiile view; «•, iiiial sti][;iiinla nl' larva — all onlariicd (alter llriiupr).

«>'■ the thorax yellow, middle of the tliorax black, hind part of the r '.orax whitish, base of sibdonieii whitish, middle of abdomen black, and apex of abdomen orange red.

The eggs are elongate oval, with an appendage for attachment to the hair (tig. M,<t).

			...v	.■/.;i.^..v.^;;/;.-
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Via. 41. — Iljiiioilfniiii Ikii^I.i: diajirnni of wpiny armature (alter Urniier, from Insect Life).

The larva of this species is only known in tlie later stages, thait; of the first stage not being described. Brauer describes the sec</nd and third stages, the latter form being carefully figured, and the figure is here reproduced from an illustration in Insect Life.

DIPTERA.

97

iieiit to the

Thia larva is thick and fleshy, of a yellowish white color, becoming (1, nicer ns it aiiproaclies maturity, but the most distinctive cliarai'tera lue lound in tlie disi^sition (»t' tlie spines which cover most of the sur- face of the body. Tlie last two scfjments are entirely naked, and also the dorsal and lateral prominences of the ninth sej^ment are free from spines.

This arrangement of spines is clearly shown in the diagram, which is a device adopted by Braner to indicate the ditl'erence in spine dis- tribution in the different species. Oomparisoii of l;his figure with that for linetita will serve to determine at once the identity of a specimei'. The wide spaces represent the dorsal (the left) and the ventral (the right) surface, and the rnirrow spaces the three rows of lateral protuberances. The si»ines on the upper aiul lower border of the segments are represented by dots.

The pupa is an oval dark body formed from the contracted larva, the anterior end of which is removed when the imago issues. It is clearly illustrated in the annexed ligure (fig. 42).

The treatment of the species is discussed under the general treatment for both species.

Ov Bot-fly or Heel Fly.

I III. i".— Ilillioih'niiii liiii'h: a, Illl|llll'illlll, t'rillil HJlll'; h, Hllllli',

I'lnm liolow, Hhiiwiii^ t'xit liolu i)f iiiliilt ; c, Clip which HplitH (iirtoalhiw the iidiilt toissiic natunil hIzc (at'tfr Clnrk).

{Iliipoderma Uiivata Villers.)

The synonomy and distribution of this species has been very fully discussed by Dr. Itiley in Insect Life( Vol. IV, p. 302), along with a dis- cussion of the distinctions of the species and T shall extract largely irom this article as well as from the one by Dr. Curtice, (Journal Com- parative Medicine and Veterinary Archives, Vol. XII, pp. 205-274, June, 1891).

The species was described in 1789 by Villers (Ent. Tjinn., Vol. Ill, p. 249), and later (from larva) by Brauer as bonnssi.

]Much confusion has existed, particularly because of the assumption that the common warble of this country should be referred to hovis, but the matter has been definitely set to rest by the researches de- tailed in the above-mentioned papers, which may be consulted for full uetiiils.

Aside from the occurrence in the butfalo, which appears to have been not uncommon, it is evidently a parasite normal to cattle. Which of these aninuils, if either of them, was the primary host of the species can not be stated, although the evidence seems to me to favor the opinion that it was primarily a parasite of tht ox and that its occur- rence on buffalo followed the introduction of cattle into this country. 4653— No. 5 7

98

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Ill Fiiiropo it is said to (mtuv in Swit/orlaiul, Norway, Criinoia, tin* Balkans, tlio (^aurasns, Kiit^Jand, Lower and ITppor Austria, etc., but it has not hcun noted in Htyria or Ilunpiry. In America it is known from all parts ol" the United States, hut is esperially abundant in the Honthorn portion and extending; iiortit to Illinois, Iowa, aiul Nebraska.

The amount of terror inspired by the a<lults is sometimes very jvreat, and the followinjjf jjraphiti aeeount of its iittaeks in Texas by a jfcntle man who has jjiveii nuieh time to them will serve to show its manniT of work and the loss entailed:

I l)('li<^vt< tliiit Iioro till* ll,v iiiviiriably (l(>|)ositH Uh (^^k** on tlio liiiir iiror.iul t)ioh)n«l, iilthoii^li tlio ]>i)|iiiliii' notion in Mint i\w tly iictiially Htiii^rs tin* iiiiinial. 'I'lio ciittio lick tluMiiHi-lvus, thiiH ronvryin^r tho i'^^h into tlio ntoutli, lliu larvii' making tliuir wny in betweon lb(< wiilltt of tlio giillot. Hero tli<\v runiain Honio niontliH, when tboy finally niakii tliuir way up to tlio Hkin alonj; tiio back, whero they horetliroiigli, renniininjj in tlio liolo a liltlo ovd- two niontliH. When they Hint reaclithe skin they are (|uite while, but g.adnally color an<l become a tlark brown or bla(;k,an*l forcing themselves ont of their sacks fall to the gronud. The skin of tlie larva becomes dark an<l shell-like, and at the end of about six weeks tho perfect lly emerges.

Although I know that in Pennsylvania tin* backs of the cattle are often badly infested with these larva-, showing that tho lly is by ni» means rare, yet 1 never saw that its i)resenee caused any fright or even uneasiness, while here it is so dreaded by the cattle as to cause at times heavy loss to stockmen. Tho tinu; of the tly begin- ning and ending its attack is very variable. I have secMi cattle running from It as early as December, while this year up to date (I'ebrnary !">) I have seen no indica- tion of its pre8enc(\

Cattle seem to l))>(U)nu) absolutely frantic from terror; a steer will be quietly graz- ing, when suddenly he will spring forwani, head eieet. tail arched, and in a moinoiit he will be madly rushing across the ])astur(\ jirobably t(» the creek, into which he will plunge, remaining for hours. If the streams running through the pasture havo muddy bottoms nuuiy weak aninmls become mired and perish miserably unless dis- covered and pulled out. As tho tly generally appears toward the close of winter, when <attl«> are often conn)aratively poor and weak, the loss in this way wouhl bo very serious but that stocknuni ha';e their men riilo daily along the banks of any boggy streams in order to rescue mired animals.

^Vhen a cowboy finds one unable to get out Ik* uncoils his lariat, deftly thows it over the horns, gives a turn or two around the pommel of his saddle, and calling on his pony, tho animal, unless very badly mircil, is soon on the bank and in safety, and horoaftor often comes tho most dillicult part of the business — the letting go. In getting hold the cowboy has it all his own way, but once the animal is on solid earth ngaui it forgets its former peril, remembering only the terrible wrench to head and neck, and i)rocoeds to get even with its tormentor, with the result that the man has sometimes to drop his rope and ride off trusting to its becoming loosened and drop- ping otf. (/'an any ono suggest the reason why the lly has such terrors for a Texas cow, whilst in rennsylvania she cares nothing for it? — (George W. Holstein, iu Entomological News, Vol. IV, p. 2t)9.)

LIFK HISTORY.

The egg. — Tho egg, ircluding the iiedicel or clasping base, is 1 mm. long and 0.2 mm. wide at tht? greatest diameter. In color it is dull yellowish white, and the surface is smooth and shining. As may be seen by the illustrations (tig. 43, a, h, c, d, the egg consists of two distinct iiarts, viz., the egg proper and the clasping base, which firmly secures it to the hair and connects with the egg proper by a thin but rather wide pedicel. This base is made up of two lips or valves, which close over the hair

niPTEKA. 99

iiiiil tliiiH (five a vory Honiro iiltticliiiKMit. 'I'liit i^nn m iiaiTow, nvoid, broailoat at itH iiiidillo, hikI 1ai'^«tr at tlio Iiuhi' lliaii i.t. tint tip, \vlii(;li Ih innriMir Iihs alirii]itly itiid iililii|iiitl.v tniiicatt! (Ii}r. Iltr/).

'riio striking' results of tlio I'eseiirclicH of Dr. diirlicc, wluch sli<»\v«?(l lliiittlHi liirvic iirti laktMi into tliu nioiitlis (»t' tlt<> iiniiiiiilH aiHl pass by wiiyof tlui (i'S(>|>lia;;iis to tlio siilM-utaiMMnis tissue aloiij,' the back, liave iilreadybeeii ineiitioiK'd, and it now renniins to j,nve in (h^tail the 8taj?es of the hirva, (biring this siranjfe eaicer. The time occupied by tlie larva is sometimes <|iiite Jon^;, occupying several months in reaching tlie skin, whilu the development aCter reaching* this loeuth>n is more nijiid.

Fill. 411. — 7/w"<f<'i'iHrt Ihii'ala: ri, ogs^ iitliwlictl to liiiirj h, <\ il, dorsal, \(irilnil, unci latcnil view of ''HSi <'i uiiil)ryoiiii!or(iist liirvii, im hocii in tim Cjiii; J\ ij, iiioiilhidiils iirsaiiie- t'liliuycil ; A, aiiiilHcg- ineiita of aiuuo— Htill iiichk «<iilai'Kuil (t'roiii Iiisni't Lil'u),

The larra,Jirnl utmjc. — 'I'his stajjt' (lig. 1:{, <;) whoii ready to Icavo tlii' t^aii, <>r whou lirst hiitcb»!<l, is O.OS niiii. long by 0.02 iiiiii. in wiiltli, tapt'iinji; aliove. Witliin tho ogg it lilla tbo cavity and may l»o seen throngh tlm hIioH and (|uito readily removed. It is dull white in color, with the surface I'rom the Hocond to the, twelfth Joiuts dis- tinctly and deuMcly spinose. The armed area occupies the entire surface of these joints, excejtt a narrow lateral free space. The arrangement of the spines ou these joints, excejit the last, is uniform, with iterhaps a slight increase in the size of the spines from the second to the eleventh joint. 'I'ho arnuituro of these joints and of the anterior half of the twelfth consists of a rather ])romiaent and posteriorly directed row on the anterior margin of each joint, I'ollowed by numerous suuiUer prickles, which decrease in size and abundance toward the posterior margin of the joint. The posterior half of the terminal joint is armed with very much larger and slightly curved jtrickles or spines, which point posteriorly on o!ie side and anteriorly on the other(see fig. 43, h). The anal spiracles are rejiresented by dark circular sj^its, and terminate in two prominent spines. The anterior spiracles api)ear as two minute elevations, and the month parts consist of two dark crescent-shaped hooks, the upper extremity of which projects, and two long supporting rods which furcate basally, aud ou the tips of which the hooks articulate (tig. 43,/, g).

i^^

100

INSKCTS AFFECTINQ DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

I

'3

i|

itit'i

Scronil tla(ie,—]\\ tlio aliMoiuo of any knowlcdKoof an iiitcrniciUHfo form, tli« larv i fonnil ill tlio irNoi.liaKim may li« cousitlcn'd »» tlio Hucotnl Htago (11^. 41). Tho inili viiUiald vury inlunKth from II to U min. and ar<' ijiiitit smooth anil ilovoid of pricklcM, rsccpt Honio minnir ouch, wliicli appear liko lilat'K npockH purtl.v Miirronnilinji; tint unal Hpiriiclcs (ti); 11.'/) and a few cNtrtmicIv minntfoiirs jiiNt aliovc tluunoiitli parts ((!(;. II, c). Tlmforint'i, oi' llioMo aroiinil tli(< anal HpiraclcH, aro of peculiar Htrmtiirr. and coiiHist id' a rirciilar, IirowniHh-ldack, nli);iitly cii'vatiil liaM', in tlio I'fiiti-r of \vliirli arisi-n aHliort, Htont, poHterioriv nuvfd \riv minnto Hpini', Itmh than onr-lialf tho diameter ol the hase in length. The month jiarts iire more ]iroiiiiiient than in the first Ntaj^e, and the apical (lortion Ih liroadeiicd and fiir- riite near the hane (li;;. II. h, c). ThiH Ntaye doos not dill'er in any esHential \va.\ from the Nta^e I'irHt found niider the Hkin in the hark heforc tho )ierforation to tiie nnrfaee is made. (Sec

liir. I"

/', <:)

Km. U. — Ihjimdfi

I'liirtl xliiiii'. — In thiH staHo, which is the second form of the

l>llUKilH

lii

li.

limata: Srioiiilslajjc laiva fouiid in the hack (fin.l'i, (/ «,,/'), the larva a;;ain diverges (if larva from (ino markedly from tho second ori)reeodiii]L;Htafi;o am' acquires many of the characteristics of tho mature larva. It tapers, however, coiisideraldo toward tlie i)osterior extreiiuty, rather than the revcrst>, and tho spinous arniaturo varies considerahly in ditl'er- ent specimens, hut veiitrally is similar to that of the adult, tho

(•iiliir^i'iiieiit III c(']ili

iili

r Sr^'im'Ilts,

I'llll

view ;i', iiiiiiitli |iarts: (/. I'lilnitrrd ciiil viiw

of iiiiiil Hi'K'iiiiit. s|iiiies1ieing, however, moronumeroiisand less iirominent. Tho

nIiiiwihk Hpirai'lcH ami s| iiM'H (Iriiiii Ii

HCCt I. ill').

lateral ,'iriiiatiire is sometimes iilinostwauting, liiitix^casioually occurs to the amount shown in the tigure (lig. -l."), rf). Tho dor- sal armature is much nioro scantv, aiul is either limited to the

(irst and second Joints or frequently outiroly wanliiif;'.

Fourth kIivjc — The fourth and last larval stage is shown with characteristie arnui- ture at, tig. !."> tj, i, dorsal and hitenil views. Its chief dillcrenco from tho larva of bovis (as shown in the diagram) is that tho pounltimate segment ventrally and also

¥l(i.45.— n>i]io<lerma Hiieala; a, Kcoonil ntngo of liirva from back; bum] e, cnlargeiiieiit of extremi- ties ; rf, ventral view of fliinl sta^c, with ilrtails of extremitiPM at c and/,- a, dorsal view of mat are larva, with eiilarsemeiit of anal spiracles at h; i ditto, lateral view— natural sUe indicated liy side lines (from Insect Life).

dorsally is spinose, as the preceding ones on the posterior margin, while in hovin it is distinctly unarmed. Tho full-grown larva when escaping i'rom the back is of a gray- ish-white color aud rauges in length from 22 to 25 mm,

a hand aero covered wit thoracic rci! men aliove, i are more or

DIPTERA.

101

I'liparhim, — Oiico out of tlio back tlio liirva rapiilly (liirkciiM iiiwl contriiPtH, and tho |iii|iuriiiiii, wliicli is iinT<ly tlm roiitnu'tcil utnl liMnlciiril liirvii, liiTiimtM <liiik liinwn, iiliiiDMt liliick, lull. otlit'i'wiHo poHttcsHi'H nil tliu (;liiirii<'lrrlHli('s nC I ho laivii.

/iH((;/o (FiK. '")•— ''•'"kHi, oiiu-hivlf iiicli (flv('-oinlith« with nvipoNitor uxtunilud); l;. iiiTiil color, liliick; body iiioio or Ichm clotlit'd with yi'llowiNli-wliilf. ri'ildiMh, and Iiiii\vni8ii-hliit'k hail's. Tlir Cront. HidfH, and liack of tiic head, Iht; nidt'ei ol' the Ihi^ax,

1 form ol' tint uiii div('rji;os if<|nirfH many xTs, howcviT, thiT tlian the iihly in did) r- tho adult, the niinont. Tlio toccaHKuuilIy d). Tliodor- liniitod to tile

storiBtic aiina- u tlie larva of rally and also

rrmrrrr

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t^^lm^iMJ* t i' I I I

v.u.v,

i.i,i':i i.'i ..I

• ^.1

3 3 4 S

6 1 $

f

11

Frii. 4n. — lt!i)ioiieri)ialiiii'ata: <liiii;riiiii of spiny nniinliiri>.

a hand ai-ross tlu< haso ol" tho scuttdluni, anil tho lia«al Hoijuiont of tho ahdouioii are covored with lonjj yollowi.sli-wliitc, alnioHt whito, hairs. Thi' hoad ahovo, <'0Dtral thoracic ro^ion, including jMotborax and nicsothorax, niiddlu HO^nionts of t\w alido' nionnhove, and I«f,'H, clothed with hrownish-bhn k bairn, whiiluui tho iioad and thorax arc more or loss intorniixed with whitish hairs. The oov(<riuy' of hairs in sliorior and

lent (if extromi- view of iiiiitare tlicnted liy Hide

Fio. il.—Tfjiiniih'rma lini-ata: fi.miilo— nntariil bI/.c iniliciitiMl liy sidr line (fruni Tiiscct Life).

scantier on the bead and thorax, an<l Ibo tip of the scutelluui and followin^i i>arta of the thorax, togethor with four pronunent lines on tho thorax, indicated in tho draw- ing by the liigb light, are snumtb and higbly polished. Tho hairs of the terminal seg- ments of tho abdomen are reddish-orange, wliich color also predominates on the bind tibiw.

102

insects affecting domestic animals. The Sheep Bot-fi.y or Head Maggot.

{(Estrus oris Linn.)

This insect, like tlie other ii)(3inbers of the family, has been known for centuries, and lias been e(iiially dreaded by the animals it infests. It was mentioned by the ( Jreek physician, AU'xander Trallian, as far back as the year r)(»0. Notwithstanding- tiiat it has been so well known, very different estimates have been placed ujioii the injury it may cause. Indeed, some writers have gone so far as to claim that no injury results from its ju-esence, and to ridicule the idea that sheep die of " grub in the head." Even so high an authority as Mr. Youatt declares:

It is int'oinpatiblt) with the wisdom and goodness that aro everywhere evident, in proportion as the ]dicnoniena of natnre arc chisely examined, that the destined resi- dence of the (J\striifi oris shonld hv. i)rodnctiveof pontinued inconvenience or disease.

Mr. liandall is ciurect in saying that " this is as farfetclied as a con elusion as the reasoning on which it is founded." If the grub in the head is not productive of inconvenience or disease, whence the suffer- ing condition, the loss of appetite, the slow, weak gait, the frequent co^ighing, the purulent matter, sometimes so ])rofusely secreted as at times to almost prevent the animals breatliing? Whence the tossing and lowering of the head, and the fits of frjnzy to which so naturally quiet and gentle an animal as the sheep is subject ? All these symptoms result from grub in the head, and the animal frequently gets too weak to rise, ami finally dies. These effects of the grub were well recognized and understood by such old writers and close observers as lieaumur and KoUar, while numerous flock nnisters of close observation who have sutt'ered from this pest agree in ascribing these symptoms to this car'«e. It would be as reasonable to believe that those parasites are beneficial which are so injurious to man either internally or externally, or those which prey ui)on on: (iaterpillars and other insects, and invariably destroy them. For although when theie are but few grubs in the head the ijijury may not be perceptible, they can never be beneficial, and when numerous will undoubtedly cause death. They can uot live in the head of tlie shecj) without causing great irritation by the spines with which the ventral region is covered and theho(iksA\Ith which they cling to such a sensitive membrane as that which lines the sinuses. IMoreover, when numei (US enough to absorb more mucus than the sheep secretes the grubs MiU iced on the membrane itself, and (according to the evidence of pome pracitical sheei)men) will even enter the brain through the natural I)erforations of tiie ethmoid bone, througii wliich pass the olfactory nerves, in either of which cases they must cause the most excruciating pain. The natural fear also which the sheep have of the fiy and the pains they take to prevent its access to tlu; imsr3 are of themselves i)roof that it is obuoxious to them. The pest appears to have been more abun

' Adapted in part m Riley's Mo. Rep. I, pp. 161-165.

DtPTfiftA.

103

(laiit in the Mississippi Valley than in the Eastern States, ac limes grubs being found in the head of almost every sheep that di< While it is possible that the disease produced by this insect may be confused with the " gid " or " staggers " produced by an entozoan parasite, the Tcvnia riinurufi, it is doubtless true that many cases of death from these bots ;uv, assigned to other causes. And, on tlie other hand, undoubtedly many other diseases are cloaked by the popular verdict of " grub in the Iiead."

The Hies whi(!h are represented in figure 48, 1 and 2, life size, make tlioir appearance in June and July, and deposit living maggots in the nostrils of the sheep.

This point may be considered as well established by competent observers, although the older authorities all speak of the de])osition of an egg. It may be possible, however, that eggs are deposited in cases where the flies are ])articularly fortunate in finding their victim with- out delay, but in such (rases the eggs doubtless hatch almost im- mediately after <leposition. Tiie larva; at once commence to work their way up the nostrils and nasal ])assages, causing great irritation on their way until they reach the frontal sinuses, cavities located be- tween the two i)lates of the skull and lying one on each side of the central line of the head and be- tween and a little above the eyes. There they attach tliemselves by the little hooks or tentacuhi, placed each side of the head, to tlie mem- branes which line the cavities, feeding on the mucus which is always to be found in them. Until they attain their growth they are of a creamy white color with two brown spots i>laced side by side on the posterior segment. These spots (fig. 48, 0, e) are spiracles or stigmata, through which the worm breathes. The seguu'nt with these two spiracles is retracjfile, and can be drawn in and hidden at the worm's i>leasure. When full grown the grub be(!omes darker, particularly toward the tail, the white of the first two or three segments becoming dirty white on the fourth or fifth, and growing darker on each successive segment until the last, which is a very dark brown. (See 4 and 5 of fig. 48.) It has two small parallel hooks or tentacula at tlie head {a), and above these two very small tubercles, not very easily shown in the engraving. It also has small brown elevated round spots on each of the segments along the sides, which might at first be taken for spiracles, but which are not, and also two small corneous appendages (5, h, and 0, < of flg. 48) on each side of the anus. The ventral region has a band of small elevated

3fiM«t«««v

Fio. iS.—<Kiilni» ovis: 1 and 2. Ailiilt lly. 3. 1*111)11. 4. FuUurown larva, dorsal view. H. Siiiiic, vi'iifral view. C. Young larva. 1 and 2 natural lizi", the others enlarged (from Kiloy).

104

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

dots niniiiiifjf the breadth of each segment in tlieir middle, which, uuder the maynitier, appear to be minute brown spines all pointing posteriorly (tiy, 48, 5). These aid the maggot in its movements. When ready to contract into a pupa it passes down the nasal passages o\' the sheep and falls to the ground, where it quickly buries itself, and in about forty-eight hours contracts to half its former size, and becomes smooth and hard and of si black color, tapering, as in the larva', toward the head. It remains in this state from forty to fifty d.'iys or more, according to the weather, when the Hy pushes oi)en a little round cajt- piecc at the head and thus arrives at maturity. In this stage it looks something likt^ an overgrown house tly. The ground color of the upper part of the head and thorax is dull yellow, but they are so covered with little round spots and atoms (scarcely distinguishable without the aid of a magniticr) that they have a brown appearance. The abdomen con- sists of five rings, is velvety and variegated with dark brown and straw color. On the under side it is of the same color, but not variegated in the sanu', way, there being a dark s\)ot in the middle of each ring. The feet are brown, the under side of the head is i)utted out and white. The antenna' are extremely small and spring from two lobes which are sunk into a (lavity at the anterior and under part of the head. The eyes are purplish brown, and three small eyelets are distinctly visible on the top of the head. It has no nmuth and can not, therefore, take any nourishment. The wings are transparent and extend beyond the body, and the winglets (calypteres), which are (piitc large and white, cover entirely the poisers. Its only instinct .seems to be the continua- tion of its kind. It is <piite lazy, and « xcept when attempting to deposit its eggs its wings are seldom used.

PREVENTION AND REMEDY,

To prevent it from depositing its young, different means are resorted to. Mr. Randall says " some farmers turn up the soil in portions of pasture so that the sheep may thrust their noses into the soft ground on the apiu'oach of the tly, while others smear their noses with tar or cause tliem to do so themselves." But as the Hy is very i)er8evering, and generally attains her object, the nutans to be most depended on is the dislodging of the larva' or grub, and so far lime has been thought the most effectual and should be given them so thai by snifling it they maybe made to sneeze, and thus dislodge the grub in many cases. Some sheep keepers even shut their sheep up for several nights in a tight barn when first taken up in the fall, believing that the close and heated atmosphere induces the grub to descend, and is therefoie more easily dislodged, and that the inju-y accruing from such foul air is trifling compared to the benefit received from dislodging the grubs. Other sheep breeders are in the b t'>it of fixing salt logs in their pas- tures, of sufficient length to enable all the sheep to get at them. Into these logs, at intervals of 5 or 6 inches, holes are bored with a 2-inch

DIPTERA.

105

;iii|{'cr, and during the season a little salt is kept in these Iioles, while every few days a little tar is smeared around them with a brush. The siieei) in obtaining the salt tar their noses and the odor of the tar keeps tlie fly away. In severe cases, where the grubs are already in lie head, they may be dislodged in a measure by a feather dipped in turpentine, whieli should be run up the nose and quickly turned. This, of course, (^an be but partially effective, as it is diflicult to reach tiie extremity of the tortuous canals, and it is in such localities that tiiey must cause greatest dilliculties. For the same reason and on account of the great i)ain caused the animal the use of a wire to remove tlie larvic as recommended by some should be discountenanced entirely. The burning of sulphur or other destructive substances in a closed mom is liiiely to l<ill the sheep before reaching the larvae m their retreats. In w<mhl be interesting, however, to determine what effect pyrethrum would have upon them. Valuable animals may be treated by trephining, to remove the grubs from tlie sinuses — an operation that should be jterfornied by a veterinarian or skdled operator.

The IvEINDeeu Bot.

{tKilrnuujvnn tarandi Linn.)

This s])ecies is reeorde<l as a parasite of the reindeer in Europe and North America and is doubtless of no little economic importance where tliis animal is an essential domestic species. Its habits are similar to those of llypoderma, and it is reeorde<l that the presence of the para- sites is a source of great annoyance to their hosts. No observations have been made, so far as 1 know, to determine the manner of intro- duction, but there would seem to be the same probability of their introduction by the mouth as exists for the species of llyiwdernui.

Deer Bots.

Species of bots are recorded from deer, elk, and antelopes, the flies being included in the genus Cephenomyia. Two species of this genus are credited to America, but it is probable that careful collecting from these animals would increase the number.

TiiK Emasculating Bot-fly.

{Ciiierebra emasculator Fitch.)

In the supplement to his third report as State entomologist of New York Dr. Fitch ])resent8 the history of a bot-fly which is of remarkable interest, and though it does not affect any domesticated animal (except as squirrels may be kept as pets), the subject is of such interest that we can not pass it unnoticed in this connection. It would be interest- ing to reproduce Dr. Fitch's notes entire, but they are too lengthy for anything but a brief synopsis.

106

INSECTS APPECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

He reared the fly from which his description is made from a larva obtained from tlie striped squirrel or chipmunk {Tamias striatits lysteri). The larva occurred in the scrotum, causing it to become unnaturally enlarged, and when found lay with tail end next a small opening "larger than the head of a large pin, the testicles being entirely con- stuiied." This larva buried itself August 13, 18r)6, and issued as fly .Inly 21», IS.")?. So far as we know, this is the only adult of the species which has ever been reared.

Sonje notes upon the species were published by Riley and Iloward in Insect Life (Vol. I. p. 214), with flguj' s of the larva, a few paragrai>h8 of wliicli we reproduce here, with the flgnres.

Fia.id.—Cuterebra einasculator: a, full-grown larva from abovo; h, Rnmo, from Itolow— enliirgod; c, hca<l of sumt;; (/, aual cud of Maine; e, portion of inU'guiiieiit of huiiiu — Btill moru enlarged (from Insect Life).

Dr. Fitch imhliBliod a painetakinfj description of the differont stajj;e8 and gave the Bpecies Wub unnu^ ^>( Cutvrvbra cintinciila'lor from tho hirval Ixahifc ■which he snitposed characteristic. Ho mentions tho fact thathuntirain the vicinity of I-akeville, N. Y., where the lirst specimen sent him was found, liad long heen familiar with the fact that at least one-half of the male gray squirrels shot in that vicinity were found to be castrated, and that it was the opinion of hunters that tho deformity was caused by the squirrels seizing and biting out the testicles of their comrades. In support of this idea he gives tho testimony of Mr, Ilurst, taxiilermist of tho New York State Cabinet of Natural History, who claimed to have seen a half dozen red scpiirrels unite in mastering a gray one and castrating him. Dr. Fitch queries whether the bot-fly may not be attracted by the wounds so made, if tiiis habit prove common, b;>t conclud(!s that the object of the joint attack of several ujton oue is ruther to kill tho grub wliich is engaged in omasculatiug hiui.

DIPTERA.

107

Tn fortunately there is yet Bome doubt as to whether Fitch's species -will hold, lirauc:-, iu his Monograph of the G-'strida', page 232, quotes Fitch's description at 1( iigth, and states that he can not separate the species from Cuterchra scuMlaria LocAV, a North American species, the hahits of whicli do not soem to ho known.

If this interesting insect has not attracted much attention of late years from entomologists, it lias not failed to lie noticed hy zooloijists and taxidermists, although we arc not aware that observations have been published. The following statoment was written at our request by Dr. Merriam, the ornithologist of the Department, as we had learned by conversation that he had made notes some years ago on the ahiiu- dance of the insect in New York State :

"In reply to your inquiry concerning the occurrence of Cuterobrie iu 8<iuirrels, I would state that during many years collecting in the Adirondack region of northern \ew York, particul.arly along its western border, in the Black Kiver Valley, I fre- ([Uently found Cuterebra". in or near the scrotum iu the gray scpiirrcl (.%(■«>•?/(( carolhi- ciisia IciicoUa), red squirrel {Sciurua hudaoniiiH), and chipmunk ( Tamias slriattia lyateii). I have observed the same thing at East Hampton, Mass., and in other locilities. The most extraordinary instance of the prevalence of this disgusting parasite that has fallen under my observation was at the south end of Lake Champlain, New York, in October, 1J<85. On the 7th and Jlth of that month I killed more than fifty chipnniuks (Tamiaa striaius hjateri) within a few miles of old Fcrt Ticonderoga and on the rocky 8i<le hill behind the town of Whitehall. ( »f these a very large percent- age—I think fully one-half— were infested with "wabbles" (Cnterelira'). More females than males were thus alllicted. The " wabbles" Avere usually situated near the median line, and anywhere from the umbilical region to the genitals. In a few cases they were in the axilla, and iu one or two instances i!i the upper part of the foreleg. In a number of individuals two Cutorebrie were found and in a few cases as many as three.

"Dr. A. K. l-isher tells me that he collected a number of chipmunks about the south end of I-ake (Jeorge, Warren County, N. Y., during the latter ]iart of August and first of September, 1882, a considerable proportion of which were infested with Cutercbrju. As many as three were found, in ditlerent stages of developmeut, in one animal. A gray squirrel killed .at Sing Sin'i, Westchester County, N. Y., con- tained a Cuterebra in the left pectoral region.''

It is very possible that the larvae of more tlian one species of the genus Cuterebra were concerned in the cases noticed by Drs. Merriam ami Fisher, but this point can not he decided at the present time. • * *

Concerning the capture of the specimen, which was from a fenuile cliipmunk, Mr. Starkweather wrote, October Ii», 1888:

"About noon on the 13th my children's pet kitten came iu from the grove near our house, in the Rock Creek region, with a 'chippy' iu its mouth. They rescued it at once, Liit, although warm, life was extinct. The strange appendage, ov abnor- mal growth which they noticed tm the under side, caused them to lay it away care- fully iu an empty covered cigar box 'to show papa.'

"My attention was called to it twenty-four hours later, when the dark-colored maggot was found in one corner of th<! box nearly motionless. Tliey described the 'swelling' as about an inch long and of the shape of a mulberry. There seemed to 1 e a natural opening at its apex over a sixteenth of an inch in diameter with a tinge of a dark liquid about it."

Subseciuent inquiry has revealed the fact that squirrel hunters iu this vicinity rei)ort that these grubs are very abundant around Washington in the common gray squirrel, one gentleman, with that freedom from fact-bias characteristic of the ani-'eur hunter, stating that he never shot a squirrel which was not infested by grubs. We will doubtless, therefore, have opportunities for maring the ailult and comparing it with Loew's acutellaria.

The larva has already been well described by Fitch, and our figures will illustrate its appearance. The specimen from which they were drawn was evidently full- grown, and has entered the earth in a breeding jar.

108

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

l'"lo. !iO, — ('vti'rrbra cunieiiH: ndnlt; Rid .sliiiws iialiirni li'D^lli (original).

line

It will be noted that all the cases so far cited show the larva' to be mature in the latter part of suinnier or in fall, and in tin* specimen reared by Dr. Fitch pupation lasted through the winter and until the follow- iufj- July, which is quite ditlerent from the i>eri(!d of pupation in most

of tiie hot-tlios, (U'diniiiily the pupa stajje lastiny but n few weeks and tiie winter beinf;]>assed in the larval staji'e in the bodies of the host ani- mal. It IS hardly to be supjiosed that eggs laid by an adult the last of July could mature by the middle of August, so we nius*; infer more than one yearas necessary t<» the life cycle of the insect, in some cases at least.

July .'U, 188"), Mr. ( '.eorge K. Ciier- rie, then astmlent in the Towa Agri- cidtural College, took two larvae from thc! scrotum of a chipmuidv, tlie testicles being entirely consumed. These be placed in ahrohol, and the specimens now in hand correspond perfectly with the description of larva given by Dr. Fitch, exce))t that Dr Fitch states that the head end presents no appearance of .jaws or other appendages, while in these spc<v

imens the hook-like appendages are * ~~^

distinct. These nughtbe so retracted, however, as to be inconspicuous and easily overlooked.

The figures here presented (tig. 49) were drawn from specimens i-eceived through the kindness of Mr. (leorge B. Starkweather. The details con- cerning their (capture, etc., we repro- duce (see ]). i07) from Insect Life (Vol. II, p. 216).

If it is allowable to detail a life cycle from the records at hand it would seem that full-grown larva' are found from the 1st of August until in October, and that within this time, probably, they esc^ape fror.i the host and burrow in the earth to pupate, renmining in the i)upa stage until July of the following year, eggs then deposited icquiring at least one full year for the growth of the larva', and the life cycle being completed in not less than two full years.

The llAniuT Bot-fly.

(Cuferehra ciinivuli Clark.)

Rabbits are infested with a very large bot, which attracted attention a century ago, the fly being named (Estrus euniculi by Clark, and later,

Fid. 51. — Ciiti'rehra ciniiciili: (oriiriiii'l).

side

DIPTERA.

109

.?*^"

hr-.s^

ill tlio I'iSsay» 1S15, referred to the genus Cuterehra, while at the same

time he described aiiotlier tonu as horripiltim. The adults of these

two forms are so nearly alike that

r.iiiuer believes them to be the same,

lilt" niiiiciili being deseribed from a

slijilitly di'imded spcc^iinen. Without

;itt('m;>tliig to settle this question, we

may |)i'o(t'ed on the Hupi)08ition that

ilicre is but one speiiies and then

(all attention to the specimens which

liiive exaet eorrcs|)ondenee with the

description of liorripilnni.

The adult is a large lly, almost as large and having some resemblance to u bumblebee. The head is black, the thorax above covered with a yellow-bi'own hair, the (irst segment of the abd<»men with yellow hair, an*^ the rest of the abdomen of a blue- black color.

The egg and early stages of larva are unknown, but the full-grown larva is a large, black, spiny creature, found under the skiu of the rabbit, where it, tbrms a large tumor.

CO

l'"in. 52. — Cuteri'hra cumctiK: a, larva, ventral ft»l»'i't; b, pupa, liitcral viewj c, anterior ox- Ironiity; (f, hooks and iintcrior spiracles of larva— nil enlarKed (original)

Kio. h'.i.—f!iio<n<bra liorriiiiliim .- ailiiU- natural size (original).

Tue Department records show these larviB to have been collected at Oracle and Khu-euce, Arizona; Tuscola, Fla.; iSavauuah, Ga.; Itiv-

Tm. M — Vvtfrfhrn larva, collected nt Ames: a, ventral; 6, lateral; c, dorsal aspect (original).

erside, Oal., and Estes PuiUv, Colo., while specimens from St. George, Fla., referred doubtfully to this species, were taken from the necks of rats.

110

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

■I'll

Til tho- a<u'()ini)jiiiyiug fi{,'iires, aO and HI, from Hpeciiiieus boloiifjing to the National ]\[nsenui, the adult is shown in dorsal and side view, whiU; ligiire rhi represents a spet'inien captured at Ames, Iowa, and whicli agrees perfectly Avith the form described as horripilnm. The i)oiiits nf diflerence will be noted as pertaining to the fullness of the liead in front of the eyes and in the form of the abdomen.

The larva shown in figure .IL* is from a piirtially contracted specimen, which probably accounts lor the difference between them and the fuller specimens shown in figure 54. The latter figures f.,re from specimens collected by Mr. George K. Caerrie from the common rabbit at Ames, Iowa.

While the material at hand so far favors the belief that we have here but one species, it is desirable that a hirger number of both larva*- and adults should be examined, and e: 'socially that more specimens be bred in order to establish beyond doubt the connection between certain forms of larvae and the adults.

The Cotton tail Bot.

(Ciitvrelira fonthiella Clark.)

This species was originally described by (Mark from specimens taken in Illinois, but it remained practically unknown until the descriptions by ToAvnseud in Insect Life (Vol. V, pp. 317-320). It is a large species, the flies being four-fifths of an inch and larviii an inch in length. (See the full description by Townsend already noted.)

r

OTHEU SPECIES.

Outerehra huceata Fab. is another species that has been recorded at various times iu this country (Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Carolina, Mas- sachusetts, Washington, D. 0.) and is doubtless a fairly common para- site of squirrels and possibly other small mammals.

Aside from these that have been mentioned there are a number of species in the genus (Juterebra from America which are known o"ly in the adult stage, and to discuss them here would not only too greatly extend the paper, but would be of little value, since for monographic pur])oses the student will naturally refer to the v^orks of Clark and Brauer.

Bot-fly of Man, Monkeys, Dogs, etc.

(CEstrus hominia L.)

The question whether there is a bot-fly peculiar to the Muraan species has been much discussed, but the burden of evidence at present avail- able leads to the view that the species occasiorally infesting niiu occurs also on dogs, monkeys, etc., and we therefore consider the species under the above heading.

DIPTERA.

Ill

Tlio flrst record tliat can be considered as referring to this form Is the description of Linnicu^, Syst^ma Natura, and which in Turtou's translation, 1802 (Vol. Ill, p. 583), roads as follows:

I fomin'm. —]i>n\y entirely brown

Iiilialiits South Aiiicricii. Lining ap. Pftll. Nor. 1. neytr.,p. 157. Depositn its e>?K8 iiiMlrr tlieHkiuoii thohoUie.sot'tlio uativos; the larva, it'distiirbud, puatttrutes deeper ;iii(l i»roiluco9 an uIcit, which Crtiiiiiently becomes fatal.

Siibseqnent authors failed to verify Lin n;«Mis's account and concluded it was a myth, thouffh Clark (llees, Cyclopa.dia, article Bots), while (•on>'iderinj; it probably a spurious species, at'i inpts to account for the record by sayin}? that it is "perhaps merely an accitleutal deposit of (Estrus bovxH in the human body, of which there are numerous instances."

Fabricius ijjnored it entirely in the Systema Antli{itorum,and Latreille considers tlni' the larvie referred to were those of Musva carnaria or some analaj?ous species.

Say, however, in 1822 described specimens which he had received from South America, and gives <iuite a detailed account of the habits as detailed by Dr. Harlan, who sent the specimens. (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Vol. II, pp^ 353-3(i0; Complete Writings, Vol. II, pp. 32-38.)

To the account published in Say's Writings Dr. LeCoute adds a (le.scription of his own experience with the in.sect and states that it is supposed to be the Dermutohia noxialis of (ioudot.

Previous to this Kefer.stein (Uber (Estrits /K...<mjs, Verh. Zool.-P>otan. Gesse^ls. in Wien, 1850, p. 637) had collected all the known foots regard- ing the bots infesting the human body, and Coquerel in 1859 had described larvse taken from the human body in Cayenne, Mexico, aud New Orleans (Revue et Magas. Zool., ser. 1859, T. 11, pp. 350-361), and with Salh3 (361-367) aud Labonlbene in 1861 a similar larva from Cayenne. Other authors mentioning it are Hill (N. T.), account of the larva of a sujiposed (Estrm hominis or gad-tly, which deposits its eggs in the bodies of the human species (Edinb. new Phil. Jour., 1830, pp. 284-288; Isis, p. 917, 1832), and Goudot (Observations sur un diptere exotiqne dont la larve nuit aux bteufs. Cuterehra noxialis. Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, 1845, T. 3, pp. 221-230. Extr. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 2, 1844, T. 2, Bull., pp. 40-42.)

Brief mention is made of this species in the American Entomologist (Vol. I, p. 86) under the name of (Estrus homuus Gmelin, and in Pack- ard's Guide (p. 406) occurs the following condensed paragraph on the subject accompanied by figures :

The genus Dermatobia includes the Ver macaque, of Cayenne and Mexico, found beneath the skin of man in tropical America, and it is disputed whether it be a true indigenous " ffi«<r«» /lominis" or originally attacks the monkey, dog, or other ani- mal. In Cayenne the species attacking man is called the f'er Macaque; in Brazil, (Para) Ura; in Costa Rica, Tor eel ; in New Grenada, Guaano peludo or Muche. The D. noxialis Goudot? Ver moyocuil lives on the dog and is found in Mexico aud New Grenada. The larvio are long, cylindrical, S-shaped, differing greatly from others of this family in form. The flies aie closely allied to those of the preceding genus.

■ill*'

112

IN8ECTB AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALB.

Professor Verrii". (Kxt. iiiid Int. I'anisites I)oh liiimis, j). 24) inon tioiis JJcnudtohid iio.ridlis UH liiyiiiff ejjjjfs in tht, Us nl" slii'cp aiul cattle, an<l that 'Mt also attacks nioii in tlie saiiio way, torinin;>' paiiit'ul tumors beneath the skin. The same or a simihir species also atl'ectN the (lofjs in tn)|)ical America.''

In a not«^ appi'nded (o I'rofessor Verrill's report tliei-e is a record of the occurrence of what is conjectured to be larvaM)!' the same insect, taken from a yonuj, \\(»man iit Mississippi.

And,<|uit«' recently, in an interestin;- article by Dr. Matas, imblished in Insect Life (Vol. I, pp. 7(» and SO), we have an account of the extra(! tion of threes parasites tVom a man wlio was oviposited iu while bathing during a trii> in Spanish liondurus. Tlic account aj^rees in all |)artic-

Fio. 65. — I'l'niinliiliia noxialiii: liii'vii; n, ventral nHiicrt ninlniiponi'itiicror ('I'lilialicnnilcaiulalRxtrem- itioH, uIhii till' thi'ci' riiwH I if s|ijiii's. single liiliiw. unci iIm' piiini wlit'ii' t!io tluiiliUt (liirHiil rows t^nil; fc, tlcpi'Kiil viiw slniws that the tlitvd rows ol' Hpiiics MJiiglti Ih'Iiiw aio iloulilo above— (greatly cnlar^iMl (IVdin lusiict Life.)

ulars with previous a<'connts of infection from this ]»est and emphasizes the fact of its injurious nature.

We do not wish to attempt here a solution of the mixed synonomy of this species, or nuike Jiny do}»inatic assertions as to the accounts, all referring to one and the same insect. That should be demonstrated by the n'aringof Hies in the region where bots abound. It maybe said in passing, however, that when occurring in man the larva must iu the great nuijorityof cases be killed betbre matuiing, and hence the multi jdication of the species be acconii)lished by the infection of some of the lower animals.

Treating the accounts in a body, there is certainly no d(mbt as to the injurious nature of the pest, for, while most reports are devoted natu- rally to presenting its injuries to man as of greater^ interest, enough is said to prove that dogs and other animals are greatly troubled by them.

DIPTERA.

113

TTpon man, »ill a«'coui»tM, except tliat of Dr. LeCoiite, reiuuseiit tliem lis setious aiiiioyaiice.H and some of tliem as fatal. Dr. licContu Hays in ilio infested natives tliey seeined to prodneo hnt little nneasiness, and iliat the parties were not aware of tlie time wlien the vgfxn were depos- ited. He admits tliat "theyi)ro«lnee a swelling liavinjj the apjiearance III' iin ordinary boil, in which at times is felt for a few seconds an acnte |i;iinwhen the worm moves."

Apparently no one has as yet obtained the adnlt fly from larvae infest- injif man, either by rearin;; them from larva- e.\traete«l or eseapinj^ from beneath the skin or by eaptnrin}; them when depositinj; ejjgs. Lin- niens's description refers to tlui larva.

In many accounts there is no reference to adistiin't sting at the time of egg deposition, this being determined by 8id)se(|uent lo(>ation aiul development (»f tumors; but Dr. r^eOonte, already cited, remarks espe- cially upon the victims not being aware wlien the eggs were laid, and this might give color to the existence of more than one species.

Fio. 5(1.— n, Hrnm'f's tlniiro cif ••ntiif Dcniinfoliiiv larva, Riippimeil to bo rlnsely allied to sprrimpiig Hlinuii In i'lii. 55; h. ci'iiliiilic rxlruiiiit.v; c, caudal cxtreniity uf giiiiiu s|ii'('iiiu'n ; d, D(>niiuliil>iu larva tit;»n'd by Coqurrt'I, niid rlimcly relatud to, if iiut identical with, proci'diiig only suuu iiiidt-r lower power and purliaiia in earlier period of duvelopuieut — enlarged (from luHect Lite).

It appears (|uite certain that m some cases at least the eggs are so fastened to the skin that the deposition is attended with pain.

The larva' evidently hatch very soon after and tlevelop with consid- erable rajudity, but since in all recorded cases tlie larva has been extracted before maturity nothing is known of its pupation. The form is quite i)eculiar and renders the accounts at least all referable to one genus of (Estrida'.

We reproduce from Insect Life the tigures presented in the paper by Dr. Matas.

The usual remedy consists in the forcible expulsion of the larva, sometimes assisted by incisions, the application of tobacco ashes, etc.

In a recent paper Blanchard ' gives an extended account of the

>R. lilanchard, Siir lea CEstndes amdricaines dont la larve vit dans la peau de rhonime. AiiiialoH de la Soci<St6 entomol. de Frauce, Vol. LXI, p. 109, Vi92. 4653— No. 5 8

114

INSECTS APFKCTINO DOMKHTIO ANIMALS.

^ffil

s|M'«'i«'SiUV«'('tinf; iiiiiii, und it'lers to two Hpcrit's, Itennatithin iio.ii<iliHmu] />. t'lfniiiniitris, the spiicio.s (otniiioii tliroujflnmt tiopiiiiil Aiiiorini. In tlio foriiicr tito sccoiiil iiiitl third H(';;;iiH>iitsaro])roviiluil witli lltiespiiuvs, wliilo in tlio latter tliow scjjnuMits iirr smooth; ami in th(* fonurr, also, the i)ost<'iior border of st»<«;nients 1 to 7 are without a ranp< of hooks ilorsally, while ci/onin'niriH has tlu'se sejjnients and al<o the eij^hth, sonieliiues, with a row of erooked hov>kH pointing' forward on the pos- t«'ri(U' border dorsally.

I'ailliet speaks of these liotsas at times a veritable si-ourj^e to cattle, usidc from tlieir attattks on man and do^:s.

l'\uiiily Ml >« 'II >.<-:.

(IIous<> KlicH and Alli«'s.)

These are robust-bodied, usually hairy llies, the larv;e of wliieh aro lleshy, lb(»tless majjj^ots, livinj; in deeayin^' nmtter, ordure, ete.

TiiK Iloim I'LV.

( Ifnuiatoliiit Hirnilii Wiil».-I><mv. )

In the introduirtion and I'apiil sprt'ad of this insect we have an excel- lent illustration of the importance <tf jiivin;;- altenti(Mi to the injurious insects of other countries and of takinj;- all i)ossible means to prevent their importation.

Fl(«. 57. JfteiiKiliihiii Hrrriila: a, t'Bti! }>, liirva; c, piipnriuiu . il, atliilt In billiid ]ioHitiun — all enlarged

(friiiii Hili'v iinil Ilowiinl).

The species in hand has been a common insect in Europe, and with other members of the same j»enus recognized as a troublesome insect, though apparently no careful study of its life history has been made there.

DIPT KB A.

llf)

It >viiH lirst noticed an troiiblwNoinu to rattlo in tliiM country in 1887, anil while wo van not Hiiy with curtiiinty JuHt when it wiis introdnccil uc may bo pretty Huro tlnit it was dnrinjr tin? year I8S«;, or at most not larlicr tinin ISHfi. It is oven possible that it nniy liuve been broii^rlit over in tlie sprinj; of 1887, as its jiowers of reproduction an' sn(!li tliat ,i few weeks wonld suHlce to nialie it a conspicuous pest in a limited ;ir(MI.

Within two years from the tinm when it was first reiioj^ni/ed in seri- ous numbers it had become so numerous and had spread over ho lar^e ,\ region that it was nnide the subject of u very careful and successful study by Messrs. Howard ami Marlatt of the Division of Entomology. The results of these investitjations were ])ublished in Insect Life (Vol. II, p. !>.'() and in the Annual KepiU't of the Commissioner of Agricul- ture for i881>.

It was also made a subject of study at the New Jersey l<]\perinn'nt Station, and Professor Smith's report in Jhilletin <!2 of that station gives the results of the season's observations ami trials of remedies. Since these papers appeared the insect has spread over practically all of the United States east of the Itot^ky Monntaii s, and also into a large por- tion of Canada, and numerous articles have appeared in the bulletins of experiment stations and in agricultural journals with reference to it, the greater portion of them being based on the original studies above meutioiu'd.

INTUODUOTION AND Sl'HKAD IN AMEIMOA.

All accounts agree in pli'.cing the first serious oircurrence of this insect in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and it apitears probable that it was at that port that the flies first landed.

From there as a center it spread in all directions, though at first nniinly southward, and by 1889 it had covered most of the State of New Jersey, portions of eastern Pennsylvania, a considerable area in Maryland, and also a portion of northern Virginia.

In IStH It had been reported from New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Georgia, Florida, and jVIississippi, and in 1892 from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Ciinada, Michigan, Imliana, Iowa, Louisiana, and Texas.

More recent records refer more particularly to its increase and local distribution in the various States, but it may be said to occupy now practically all of the United States east of the Rocky ^Mountains and the Provinces of Ontario and (Quebec in Canada.

NATURK AND KXTENT OF INJURY.

As witli most new pests, the nature and amount of damage caused by the inse<!t was the subject of much exaggeration and wild specula- tion. As usual in such cases extreme views were taken, both of which were erroneous, TUose who asserted that no damage whatever resulted

116

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

from its iircscMice ■were soon in'oven to be »vi(le of tlie truth, wliilo- the tixiiygcratod tah'.s of death to animals, the destruction of horns, and many other wihl statements were easily reeognized as imaginative.

Tliat the loss fntiii their presence is very eonsidersiblo is recognized by most i)riictieal stock breeders who have everyday association witli the allect«id animals, the loss showing in reduced vitality, lack of growth, or in loss of milk.

Mr Fletclur, the entomologist of the l>«tminion of ('aiuMla, (estimated the loss in Ontario and (^)nel)e(! at one-half the producit.

The loss is the direct result of the irritation to cattle, which keeps them in a ])erpetual worry and interferes with their fee<ling and witii the normal digestion of food, and to some extent from the loss of blood, \\hich, when the Hies occur by the thotisaiuls on a single animal, is an item not to b(^ ignored. When at rest .ipon the horns, at whi(di time tliey are most eonsiiicuons, they are in reality the least harmful, as they then cause '-.either irritation nor loss «tf blood.

The larva- are of (!ours»\ entirely hartnless and it is oidy the adults that atfect the animals.

Injury to other animals than catth^ seems to be very slight, and while a number of records ha\ c been given of the insect occurring upou horses these seem to be exceptional.

TOPILAH NAMES AM) POl'ULAU EKROBS.

l'l»on tliis subject liiley and Howard ray:

Till' iM)])ul;!i- inline which is hero atloptcd — th« "lioni-lly" — has tho sanction of popular use. It, is siilliciciitly distinctive, and wo therel'oro I'tM'oiiinieiid its ad(i2)tii>n. The name (if "'rcNas lly" and ''ImlValo-lly " and "biifValo-^iiat" aro also in iiHe iu some .scctiims and indicate an impression that the insect came from the West. Dr. Lintner uses tlie term "'cow -li(irn /ly." Objections may bo urged to all of those.

The most ]iniiiiinoiit of (lie ]iiipnlai' err^irs is the beliel' that the lly damages the

horn, cats into its snbstai , canses it to rot, and even lays eggs in it which hatch

into maggots and m;iy ]ieiietrato to the brain. There is no foundation for tnese beliefs. As we, sli.ill show later, the Hies congregati' on the bases of the horns only to rest where they are not liabhi to bo disturbed. While they are there they are always fonnd in the ciiaracteristic resting position, as shown in fig. (51), and described later. Where they liavo bi-en clustering thickly on the horns, the latter become "tlysjiccked " and apjiear at a little distaiii'c as though tlicy might be damaged, and it is doubtless this fait which has given rise to the erroneous opinions cited.

IIAHITS AND LIM; HISI014V.

The adults of the horn-iiy are about Inilf as large as the common house (ly and very much like it in sliapi^ and color. The accompanying tigures will serve to distinguish it, while the following technical descrip- tion by J)r. Williston shotdd be used for the exact discrimination of the species:

Male. — Length, 3.5 to I mm. Sides of the front gently concave, its least width e<innl to one-fourth of the distance from the foremost ocellus to the liase of the antenna;; in tho middle a narrow dark-brown stripe; a single row of sleuUer

DIPTERA.

117

'■^

■••^

.^

Fill. 58.

bristles on eaeli side, Antonna) brownish red; second Joint slijjhtly tninid; third joint a little htnger thiin broad, with its inferior iin;;le rectiiiif^iiliir; arista swollen Mt the base (which is black), tlio ])e(tin!ition lonj;. Tlie na' »w sides of the front and the still narrower facial and genal orbits silvery {Jfray, with a .slij^htly ycUow- isli cast; facial fovea' and cln^cks Idacki.sli, the latter clothed with yellowish hair. I'aliii black, the inner surface and iniiiicdiatc base more yellowish ; {gently spatnlate ill shape, nearly as Ion;? as the ])r<d)oscis and exl('n(liii;f two- thirds of llieirlen^fth beyond the oral niar;?in. Mesonotiini sub shining black in groniid color, hilt mostly concealed beneath a brownish dust, which, on the ])leiira', is more grayish. Alido men with similar dust; in the middle with a brownish, more siibinterrn])ted stripe and nar- row darker ]tostcrior niar^jins to the segments. Fc-mora black or very deep brown, lirst two pairs of tibia) and tarsi brownish yel- low or Intt'Oiis, the hind tibi;c and tarsi blackish brown; hind tibia) on the posterior surface with a noticeable, erect, aiibai)- ical bristle; hind tarsi about as long as their tibia-, the first three, joints widened from their base to tip, so as to form a distinct serration on their inner, acute angles, each of which terminates in a long hair. Wings with a light blackisli tinge (due to microscoiiic pubescence}, the imme- diate base yellowish, the lirst posterior cell rather symmetiically narrowed to terminate broadly at the extreme tip of the wing.

Female. — Front straight on the sides, its width about 0(|nal to one-half of the dis- tance from the foremost ocellus to the base of the antenna' ; the median dee[) brown stripe about as wide as the iirninose sides. I'alpi yellow, with the margins and tip blackish. liC^gs more yellowish; limd tarsi regular; i)iilvilli and claws small.

The flies are observed in fjreatest imiiiber in July, but appear as early as May, aiul remain till cold weather, the I'lill time depending upon the season or latitude.

The characteristic habit of clustering about the base of the horn seems to exist only when the flies are (iiiite abundant. When they average only a hundred or so to a single animal, comparatively few will be found on the horns. MoriMiver, as a gen- eral thing the horn-clustering habit seems to bo nitu'e predominant earlier in the season than later, although the tlies may seem to be nearly as numerous. 'I'lie clus- tering upon the horns, although it has excited considerable alarm, is not prodnctive of the slightest harm to the animal. Careful study of the insects in the field shows that they assume two chara<teristic positions, one while feeding and the other while resting. It io the resting position in which they are always found when upon the horns. In this position the wings are held nearly flat down the back, overlajiping at base and diverging only moderately attip. (See (ig. 58). The beak is held in anearly horizontal position and the legs are not widely spread. In the active sucking posi- tion, however, the wings are slightly elevated and are held out from the body, not

llmmatohiii nerrata: iicliilt in rcHtini; iidsilion- I'lilarj^cd (I'liiiii In.sfcl I.it'i'i,

11^

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

at right angles, but ap]>roachiug it, approximately un angle of 60° from the abdomen. The lege are spread ont widely, and tlie beak, inserted beneath the skin of tiie animal, is held in nearly a perpendicular position, approaching that in figure 59, c.

The tly before inserting its beak has worked its way througli close to the skin. While feeding, however, the hairs which can bo seen over its body do not seem to interfere with its speedy (light when alarmed, for at a fling of the tail or an impa- tient turn of the h<'ad the Hies instantly rise in a cloud for a foot or two, returning again as <xuickly and roauming their former positions.

FlO. 59.—II(einatobia gerrata: a, lipnd of female, front view ; h, liead of raalo, front view ; c, liead from

sido— nil eulargt'd (fuim Insect Life).

The horns are not their only resting places, for with the horns black for 2 inches above their base we have seen the Hies toward nightfall settle in vast numbers upon the back between the head and foreshoulders, where they can bt^ reached by neither tail or head. When feeding they are found over the back and ilanksandon the legs. During a rain storm they flock beneath the belly. When the animal is lying down a favorite place of attack seems to bo under the thigh and back belly, around tlie bag. With certain animals the dewlap seems to be badly attacked, while with others this portion of tlie body is about exf^mpt. Certain cattle, iigaiu, will be covered with flies ai; 1 will lose condition rapidly, while others are troubled but slightly.

FlO. SO.— fJaemafnhin serrafa : cow liorn showing band of resting (lies— reduced (from Insect Life).

On the borns the flies settle thickly near the base, often forniiug a complete band for a distance of 2 inches or more, (See fig. 60.) They seen t.^ ;)refer the concave side to the convex side of the curve of the horn, probably foi .,ne reason tliat the cow can not scrape them olf so readily, and Oi.e cow was noticed in which they reached nearly to the tip of the horn on the concave side of the curve only.

DIPTEBA.

119

V ; I', lieail from

The time and method of the deposition of the eggs were for some time a pnzzle, but it was clearly shown in the investigations of the Division of Entomology that the eggs are placed in fresh cow manure in daytime, mostly between 9 a. m. and 4 p. m., and that in laying them the females dart only for an instant from the cattle, immediately after the (lung is passed, and that within a little more than a minute afterward all had returned to the animal. They are laid singly, and never in clusters, and usually on their sides on the surface of the wet dung; seldom inserted in cracks. (Fig. ^>~, n.)

Egg. — Length, 1.25 mm. to 1.37 mm.; width, 0.34 mm. to 0.11 mm. .Shape, iriogtihir oval, nearly straiglit along one side, convex along the other. General color, light reddish brown, lighter after hatching. General surface covered with a hexagonal, epithelial-like sculpture, each cell from 0.027 mm. to 0.033 mm. in length liy about half the width. In the unhatched egg, even in those Just deposited, a long, rather luurow, rihbon-liko strip is noticed along the entire length of the tliit- teiied side, rather spatuloid in shape. In hatihing this strip splits oft", romaiuing attached at one end, and the larva emerges from the resulting slit.

Larva. — After the eggs hatch, the larva- descend iuto the dung, remaiuing, how- ever, rather near the surface.

Newly hatclud tarra. — Length, 2.4.5 mm., and greatest width, 0.48 nun. Color, pure white. Joints of segments rather i>lainly marked, venter with slightly elevated ridges at ends of abdominal segments, the ridges with delicate 8i)ar8o rugosities. Resembles in main full-grown larva.

Ftill-groivii larra. — Length, 7 nnn. ; greatest width, 2 to 2.5 mm. Color, dirty white. Antenna', 3-joiuted, last Joint pointed. Head with a lamellar or ridged structure shown in figure; divided by cleft at tip; skin behind lanu-llar struc- ture coarsely granulated, while that of thoraiic and abdominal Joints is nearly smooth. Thoracic stigmata itedunculat(i with six ])edunculate orifices. Kidges on venter of abdominal joints not strong, fainter than in young larva. Anal stigmata large, slightly protriuling, very dark brown, nearly round, llattened on proximal borders, slightly longer than broad, 0.14 mm. in length, with one central round opening, and a series of very delicate marginal tufts of cilia, iour tufts for each si)iracle, each issuing from a cleft, but none on the i)roximal edge. Anal segment below with a dark yellow chitinous plate showing six irregular ]»aired tubercles; the surfaceof the skin surrounding the i)late ratlu^r coarsely grauulated (lig. 57, b).

The larval stages are passed in from four to six days.

Pi(j)arJHW(. — When ready to transform, the liirva- evidently descend from the dung into the ground below from a half to three-ijuarters of an inch. Actual observa- tions were made on larvie in dung iu breeding cages where the soil was line sand, affording ready entrance to the larvie. Where the dung has been dropped upon hard ground the i)robabilitie8 are that they will not enter so deeply, and nuiy indeed transform upon the surface of the grouiul at the bottom of the dung.

De»cripi\on. — The puparium is from 4 mm. to 4.5 mm. in length, by 2 mm. to 2.5 mm. iu width, regularly ellipsoidal, the head rather more pointed; dark brown in color. The segnusnts are plainly separated. The anal stigimita are darker in color than the rest of the skin ; are slightly protruded and preserve the same shape as in the larva. The central opening is still visible, as are the slight indentations of the border. The ventral plate, noticed at the base of the anal segment of the larva is still noticeable as a series of tubercular elevations. (See fig. 57, o.)

The pupa stage may last from Ave to eight or ten days, so that the full time from egg deposition varies from ten to seventeen days, esti- mated for the average as about two weeks. As the Hies doubtless

120

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

begin egg laying soon after issuing from the pupa stage, there is room for a uumber of generations during even a northern summer, i)robably from sis to eight being common.

REMEDIAL MEASURES.

While the injuries of this pest have abated after the first two or three years in all localities where it has appeared, it is doubtless here to stay, and must be lool.ed upon as a pernument stmrce of damage, the amount of injury varying with favorable or unfavorable conditions.

For its treatment two lines should be Ibllowed, one directed toward the protection of the cattle from the direct attacks of the Hies, the other to the destruction of the larvic, with a view to lessening the number of flies.

'^ A

Fia. 6\ .—Hcematohia scrrata : a, side r'ow of head of larva; h, ventral view of head of larv«, show- ing aututiiiic and thoracic stigmata; e, dorsal view of anal end of larva, nlu)\viiii; anal stigmata; d, anal plate of ])u,iariiiui ; e, voutrul view of anal end of larva, showing anal i)lato — still moru enlarged (from lusect Life).

For the direct protection of cattle, the remedy most generally adopted, and which can be strongly recommended, is the daubing of the parts most affected with some sticky, otfensive substance to repel the flies. Of these, a mixture of fish oil and tar, equal parts, is found one of the most permanent and effectual. Axle grease is used with good results. Spraying the animals with kerosene emulsion has been recommended, and if adopted should be applied at evening when cattle are yarded, a convenient method being to drive them through a gate at emth side of which stands a man with spraying nozzle, so as to spray the flies of both sides at once. If only one nozzle is available the original sug- gestion of driving the cattle through a gate and then immediately back, so as to get the flies on the unsprayed side, may be adopted.

bIPTERA.

121

A plan whicli li.as been going the rounds of the agricultural papers is to arrange a trap in the doorway to a stable, the cattle, after passing thi! doorway, going through a set of brushes which dislodge the flies, which, with a properly arranged window above the door, collect at the liiilit, and are here trapped aiul die.

A recent number of the Denver Field and Farm mentions a similar device being patented. It is intended for thecai)t.i.e of all tiles gath- I'lingupon cattle, but would be especially useful for tliis species. The principle has been used so generally that there may be doubt as to its being patentable. (See chapter on remedies.)

For the destruction of the larva', which is i)robably the more effective way of preventing damage, two }M,inciples have been estabfished. The lirst involves the killing of the maggots by introdnction of sonu^ destructive agent; the other, the prevention of their maturity by the nil)id drying of the mass of dung which supplies their food. The use of lime, as origiimlly suggested in Insect Life, is a very elfective plan, and where not prohibited by expense should be generally adopted. Professor Smith's suggestion to spread out the droppings of nmnure so that they may dry rapidly is ai)plicable during dry weather and In some localities is accomplished by drawing brush across the fields, a method which nuist necessarily fail to be complete in its operation, but much less exx)ensive than the use of a shovel by hand.

The Flesh Fly.

(Sarcophaga mrnaria Linn.)

While this species is perhaps better known as a household pest attacking fresh meat, the fact that it often dejjosits its eggs in the wounds of living animals uuikes it an important ])est of domestic animals.

It has been a familiar insect probably ever since man began to appreciate the insect foes to his com- fort, and has been a (ionnnon subject of treatment in writings upon insects i'rom a very early date.

It was technically described by Tiin- na'us in 17(51, aiul its habits were already doubtless well known.

Its life history is easily told, and to some extent juobably familiiir to every- one who has had to do with the handling of fresh meats.

Living larvae are deposited by. the females ui)on any available bit of fresh meat, including wounds of animals, and these feed and develop with astonishing rapidity, soon consuming large quantities of flesh and, upon attaining their growth, crawl away, secrete themselves in the first ( on veuient shelter, renuiiu a few days in the pupa stage aud issue as U' its.

Fia, 62.— Flesh fly, Sareophaga camaria (reilriiwn from Van Ueiiedeu.)

1')0

1 ad W

1?,SKCTS AFFECTING DOMKBTIC ANIMALS.

It is cviilont thiit in Mie priinitivit coiHlitioiis of iiiitiirr, or in lociili tics whore poopio uro indilVfrtMit to tlu' ^'xposllI•(^ of llio cnn'assrs df (load iiniiiiiils, tlioso oioatiiros may poit'ortii an important I'linctioii, ilis pDsin;;' of oarca8sos in a short tiiiio whioh othor^vis(^ \voul<l containinali' tho atinosphoro for many days,

WlM'n infostiii}; tho stoiciionso, howovor, or attacking;' tiio wounds of thnnostii^ animals, tlio oaso is vory dilVoront and tho insect roipiins prompt snbjootion.

I'\)r stock it is important to pn^vont, as far as possible, the oc<*nrrenn of cnts, brnisos, or wonnds of any kind which may fnrnisli an attraction tor the iiios, and to yimrd ajjainst injury from l>arb«'d-wir<^ tenoesor iiic liorns of cattle. Wounds when formtnl should iMMlrossed with dilute carbolic acid and coated with tar to prevent deposition of o.ii^^s, whileil' already infested with tln^ larva' the woiuuls should bo carefully ('leaned, washed out with the carbolic acid solution and dressed with tar to pre vent further ej>:i; deposition.

Probably tho juost comnuMi AnuM'iean species is N. sarrdrniiir Kiloy.

TiiK Staulk Kly.

(Stovio.Vjis calcitfdiis Linn.)

This well known species is widely distrii)uted and a familiar pest in nujny countries. It was described by liinna-us in 17t»I (Syst. N'at., li, 1(K)4) ami lias been nienti(Miod in numerous works since then, (JeolVroy, J>e(ioer. l-'abricius, and many others noticiuj;- it, and it is unuetiossary to go into detail with re<>ard to its biblioj-raphy here.

Its bite is severe and it causes a f^reat amount of annoyance to cattle, horses, and other domestic animals, and it is frequently vory troublesome to people working; in idaoes where it alKumds. It is not coiilincd to stables «u' the tiuarters of domestic animals, but occurs frtM|Uontly in shady i)lacos, groves, and in dwollin;;s, especially in cloudy weather, and puts the occupants to j;reat inconvenience. Its bite is not poisonous, and aside from tho pain {iiven and tlu^ possibility of it disseminatiiij;' disease, it is loss injurious than some other nioin- bers of the jironj). When al)iindant, however, this annoyance may be very jiioat, and tiioy all deserve attention. Indeed, it is especially charj^ed ajiainst this species that they have been tho means of trans- mitting ji'landers from diseased to healthy horses and anthrax among cattle, a charge which ai)pears very reasonable from the fact that it intlicts a deep bite and does not gorge itself at a single animal, but may tly trom one to another in securing a meal.

It does not appear that the life history of this species has been fully recorded, although it has been stated that the stages are probably passed in dung. In connection with the studies of the horn-tly by the J)ivision of ICntomology this sjjecies was reared with others from horse manure, and it may be considered as established tliat the eggs are laid iu dung aud the larval stages passed there, requiring greater or less time for

bll-TKUA.

123

'. <»!• ill hx'iiii ciircjissrs (,f

'■"IH'Moil, (lis

»'«»llfil|||i|l;||,.

<li<^ Wounds sect i('(|iiiic,s

''•M'ciincin I III :ittriicti(Mi (i'licj'Hor i\w Willi dilute \i:HX, wliiliN'l' 'I'y <'i<'an('»l, li till' ((> |»i«'

'<-niiir litilov.

iiiiir pest in y^t. Niit., 2, II. (icoU'roy, iiiiieccssaiy

IIO.VillKMI to

u'litly v«'ry litis. It is

l»nt occurs peciiiHy ill

i«'iieo. Us

possibiliiy Oier iiiciii- ICO iiiiiy hv,

•'specially s of truns- iix among u't til at; it iiiinal, but

iH'eii fully >Iy passed J J >i vision 3 manure, I in dung s time for

llicir (Icvoloptneiit, a nimilM'r ol' <;(;n<>ratioiiN hcin;;- iirodiiccd cacli yaiv. '\'\h> |)i'oiiipt disposal of dung would tlicrelbrc help greatly in rediuung I he niltlllK^rs of I Ills pest.

TiiK Mkat l'l,^ OK I'll.OW l''l,Y.

(t'dllipliorii riniiiliirid I, inn.)

Tills lly agrees (|nite closely with lluitlesh tly in haldts, excu^pt that it deposits eggs instead of living larvn'. 'I'lui eggs, h(»w<'V<u', liatcii very ijiiieUly alter deposition, so the cl1e<'t is very much the same. iJUe lliat spcM^ies it lias long heeii known as a troui)iesome iiise<'t .iiid was descrilied by liiniia-us. It is a large. s|>e<:i<is and familial' as the largo liliui tly whi(di so noisily fie(|ucnts the window or secdis «intraiic<^ to pan- tries, ('(illars, ami stor«Mooms wIhm'o eatables are kejif.

With that species also it. is<M'edited with atta<'.king fiesh woiind.s, an<l raekai'd staft's that during tim war of the relKdlion they were griev- ously tormenting to our siddiers, laying their oggs in the. wounds, esiM'eially (d" those lelt oii the field ovor night.

On domestics animals wher*' these "lly blows," as they are ccuumonly called, occur, the same treatment suggested lor the lh\sli tly may bo prai'liced.

ULiTK-no'i'Tr,!', Ki,Y.

( /.iiiiliii ciiiKir I, inn. )

In history and haldls this species is very similar to the preceding specries and it is unin'cessary to go into d<'tail with regard to it. It is ono of tli(^ first to put in its ajjpearauco in s])ring, having livc(l through winter in soim^ sheltering ccuner. Its eggs are. deposited upon any available tleshy matter ami the larva' mature rapidly.

Packard, iii mentioning its habits, says:

Dr. ('hapiMiiii, of Apidacliicnla, w rites to .Mr. Sjinhorn tiiiit tliin lly, attriict(Ml by llir stoiii'li of ii niiisH of deriiyiii;;- luHcrtH wldi'li liavti ]>('rislM'd in tii!' Iciif of Siirra- <'«^niii, vciitnrt's in :in<l <l('i)o,sits its cff^s, and Mic larvj' dtsvonr tlio festering- lina)!. 'I'licHo in turn, on licrondnv; tiles, are unable to ;;etont of tludi' jiri.son, ]ierisli, and ai'c adtled to the |>utrofyin<; mass tli.'it hiid nonrislied them, ((innle, p. 1(1 1 )

TllK SCUKW-AVOUM I'l.Y.

{('ompHomfi'iK miirilUir'nt I''al).)

The screw-worm is uii(|uestioiiably ono of the most important of all the insoots that alfoct domestic iinimals, and while the literature of the subject deals largely with its attacks upon man, on account of its very general fatality when gaining entrance to the oi)enings of the face, by far the greater number (»f its attacks are upon the lower animals, and it is princiitally in this connection that we purpose to discuss it here, includ- ing such reference to its hominivorous attacks as may furnish aid in understanding its mode of work.

124

INSECTS APFECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The re(!Oyiiitioii of the injurious nature of tlie inst-t-t appears to have been in the early days:, of American settlement, and its description li;is occupied the attention of numerous naturalists. Indeed, it has nn appalling synonymy, no less than twenty-six names havingbeen appli((l to forms which are considered by };ood authorities as representativi s of this si)ecies.

It will be useless to attempt here a discussit>n of this synonymy, but I may(piote from an article by Dr. Williston' the more imi)oitant points in this connection, alonj^' with an extract from a Spanish article on llic subject, and simply add here that valuable contributions have been made to the knowledge of its attacks on domestic animals by Prof. II. E. ^Yeed,- of the Mississippi l'iXi)eriment Station, and Dr. M. Francis, of the Texas Station, whose papers will be dirtwn from in discussinj^ certain phases of the subject.

Dr. Williston's article is as follows:

In coimectioii with I'rofcssor Snow's article on this fly ' it scoiiis worth while to give it, brief .synopsi.s of papers piiltlishcd in thti past low years Ity the alile (lii»terol- ogist of South .Vnieriea, l>r. E. h. Arriliiilzaga, of liuenos Ayres. From his studies ho has aseertainod no less than twenty-six ditl'erent spoeilie, names that this lly had received. It is possible that some of these names would apply to distinct s])(>cies were their types examined, Imt it is a thankless task to endeavor to make order out of the chaos in which Walker, Maeqnart, and Kobineau-Mesvoidy have involved the subject, and the results of Arribalzaga's thorough studies can with i)roi>rioty be adopted. To these results, however, Mr. .1. Uigot, of Paris, has recently taken exception in a note '• on Professor Snow's i>apcr. This author's pene'iant for making synonyms 1. imself may perhaps have something to do with his wishing to pn'serve species founded on inade(inate grounds. His argument that " il me semblo fort hasardoux d'avaueer i|u'un seulo et meme ospeee so retrouve, en ])ermanen('e, depuis les confins <le la I'atagonio jusnu'au dela des provinces centrales de rAmeri<iue dn Nord, vivant iudillereinment sous lea zoiujs torrides, temperc'^es et memo froides!" is of little value, when the author him- hould know that other American Hies do

have a similar range of habitat, to say nmliing of the nearly allied Miinca (loiiKxHra.

The specimens which Professor Snow sent me for examination, although somewhat injured, certainly seem to mo to bo CompHomjiia macelhuia (Fab.) I'. Lch. A. The species may, with tolerable certainty, be recognized by its having a bright metallic green or coppery color on the abdomen and thorax, the latter above with three black stripes; the bristle of the antenme feathered to the tijt, and the head, except the eyes, chiefly yellow. In size it varies from 7 to 10 millimeters.

However, these systematic details will bo of l(!ss interest than the following, which I translate from tin; Spanish of Arribalzaga:"

"During the pleasant days of spring or tlio hotter (moa of summer, those flies may be seen covering in great numbers, now umbellifennis tlowers, now all sorts of filth; or, resting, there glistens in the sunlight the iridescent surface of their half-opened wings, and the bine, tho green, the violet, the copi)er, and tho gold of their metallic colored bodies.

' Psyche, Vol. IV, pp. 112-111.

- Bulletin No. 14, Mississippi Experiment Station (1891).

^ Bulletin No, 12, Texas Experiment Station (1890).

^ Psyche, Mar.-Apr., 1883, Vol. IV, pp. 27-30.

■Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 12 Sept., 1883, No, 17, pp.l.")4-155.

'' Analea do la SocCientifica Argentina, Vol, X, pp. 80-84.

DIPTERA.

125

•'('ur lly ilt'poHitH itH cgjj;, cuniiiioiily called "i/uereHa,'' in doiid liodicH, in innnnrc, ill irehli nwiit reserved lor Cood, and soon there appear ininMinisi) niini))ers of voracious |;ir\M> tlint rapidly conHnniu tliu ohjocts in wliieli lias begun tlieir aelivu life. Not (diitont with tbes<i habits, common to all tlic Bpeeies of tho f^roup to which it ])er- t lias, it d<'po8itH the j^erms of its posterity in the wounds of man and of animals, at the entrance of openin';8 of the human face, and, in its anxiety for ]>ropaffation, will (1< posit them ii: tho wool of sheep.

•A/ara was, I believe, the lirst observer who noted cases of human myiasis in Siiutli America. ('oi]iierel, nian.\ years later, called the attention of physicians and iiaiiiralists to the freiiueiit and fatal accidents which this evil lu'odnces among the ( \iles of Cayenne. According to this author, l>r. ('hajiuis, physician in chief of tho !'i-eiicli marine, attended one case in which tin? larva' of C. uuicvUnviii had penetrated Id the frontal sinusi^s, causing the death of tho patient; also one very niichian jterson ;iltacked in the nasal fossa" and the i)harynx, who siiccninbed after ho had ejected one hiiiidred and twenty larva'. There were, as XI. St. Pair observed, in the same country, .-■ix similar cases, of which three teriniuated in tho death of the patients after cruel siilVeiings; in two the noso was destroyed, and in the last there was a deformation of the olfactory "rgan. In another case observed by M. St. I'air there were removed, liy means of iii,i»>ctions, more tlian three* hundred larva-, but he was not able to obtain I liem all, and the ri'inainder soen ])enetratod the ball of tho eye, destroying the lower eyelid in conse(|iieiiee of gangrene, invaded tho month, corroiied the gums, and laid li.'ire the inferior maxillary. The victim died seventeen days alter his entrance into \\w hos)iital,"

After giving records of nnmeroiis other cases, ho further adds:

"To Dr. hesbini, of Cordova, are due the better observations ujjon cases of myiasis produced by ('. iii(tc('lhn-i<i. The lirst case presented itself in an old foreigner who liail an iilcer in his leg iilled with these larva' ; the second case occurred in Cordova, ill a boy of 7 years, attacked in tho left ear; tho third and last case was in a girl of K! years, also of Cordova, atVected in tho nasal fossie by tho i)re8once of two hundred and lifty larva'. All these jiatients were saved.

"It is itrobablo that, attracted by the fetid odor of nnelean individuals, these Hies hover over tho month or the nose, and thus deposit their eggs. Some atlirm that they at times enter the jiassages for this purpose.

"The area of distribution of Compaoiiiyia viarellaria is very great, and will be, I believe, yet greater with tim(>, since their habits facilitate their transportation l)y man from onii region to another. Hitherto they have been observcel in the following countries: Islands of America (Miiaca macellaria V.), North America (C/u'i/somi/irt tihialin, C. I'livrminuTi, ('. cirnilcscena, ('. decora, (', phii If.-Desv.), Mexico (Liirilia liomiiiiroraj), Cuba, Colombia, N'enezuela, Cayenne, IJrazil, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Argentine Hepublic, and New Holland."

Jwing. which

DISTKIUCTION.

U will bo noted in tlie i»reee(liiij^' parafjrapli that the species is cietlited to all of America between Patagonia and Canada, but the territory Avithin which the greatest damage occurs is within the tropical and subtropical belt. Weed states that the tly is killed by cold winters, which, if correct, means ii barrier to its northward extension beyond what is possible in each season by migration of tlie Hies.

HABITS AS A PEST OF MAN.

In discussing the habits of the species it will be convenient to discuss it with reference to the attacks upon the human species and domestic animals independently.

126

INSECTS ArrECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The attacks upon mail arc usually <lue to deposition of o;>'jufs in ili(> nostrils or nioutlis of slcopinj; or unj'uaiih'd individuals. tlion<;li im doubt expostMl sores or bruises liaviiif; a bloody surface w<nild boe(|niilly attriU'tive.

Professor Snow ' inis j-ivou a very «'areful des»'ripti(»ii (»f the iiltinks and results in a nnndu'r of j'ases, and it will be useful lu'ri; to extnn t from his paper some of tluf especially typical cases as showinj;' tlic mode of attack, the ellecis of the presence of the larva-, and the treiil- nient resorted to:

I liav<< I'l'Diii tiiiu> to tiiiir liiid ot'timioii tuiiotii tlio iluprodiitiiiiiH ot'tlio Ncrcw-woriii upon liorst'H and cuttle in tliis Stiitc, lint until rcct-ntiy have nut received iiositivc c\ idunco of its attaiUs njion hnniiin Hubjects in iiny locality so I'ar iiortli as Kansas. lint early in Scptenilicr, ISSL', I recci\t'd I'linn .Mr. S. 1). Osliorn, the postniasttsr al \iirck, in sontlicaslcrn Kansas, specimoiis "ol' tlio worms which canu^ I'nnn the nos- trils of Milton Carter." These jiroved to he tin* lar\ :e of I.uvUia mnvflUtv'ui Fall., the Ho-callcd "scnnv-worni." U]ion further inijuiry, I learned that iipwanl of one hun dred l'nll-;;ro\vn niajjj^ots csca])ed from the nose of this {latient. who finally rc<'overc(l from the serious illness eonsequent upon their ravai^cs. 1 also ascertained that .Mr. Carter had lonjf heen alllicted with an olfensive nasal catarih, which made his nos- trils an attractive jtlace for the oviposition of the lly, and that he had fallen asleep in the woods in the day time only a lew days before the lirst appearance of the symp- toms ])roducod liy the presence of the larva'.

Several other instances of the attacks of l.iirilia upon man soon came to my knowl- ed;;e, most of which led to fatal results. Anmn;;? thes() I will seltict the case ;'.ttende(l l>y Dr. .). It. Mritton.of Mapleton. in southeastern Kansas, who reported It in full at the session of the Sonthcast Kansas l>istrict Medical Society, in .Fannaiy, ISS:!. From this report I eond(!nse the followiuf; account :

"On tlio eveniu-; of Auj;''<t 'J'2, ISSi', Mr. M. 1'.. Hudson complained of a peculiar sensation at the base of the noso and alon;; the orbital processes, which was first fol- lowed by inordin.'ite snt^e/.iiijf, and later by a most excruciating pain over the os Irontis, also iuvolviujj; the left suiiorior maxillary. This p.icient also had sutl'ered, and was still sutferinij, from an ajij^ravatcd form of nasal catarrh. The discharyo was quite ]nirulent, ol' a yellowish color, frciiiicntly tiiijred with blood, with a disa- grcealde odor and at times intolerably olfensive. On the 21th there was a profuse dischar;:;e of much purulent matter from the nostril and mouth, when all pain instantly subsided. 'J'liis discharge continued for three days, during which time as much as Id ounces escaped, increasing in consistcni^v until it was purti pus. The odor becoming much more ((tVensive, his cough was more troublesome, and fever increased to such an extent as to produce slight delirium for twelve hours. What was thrown olf was with much dilllculty expectorated, and was sanious, containing microscopic jtarticlcs of tisseons matter, together with Hakes of jdastic exudation. The OS hyoides was evidently dtsstroyed. TIk; patient had spokiMi with dilliculty for thirty-six liours and there was much trouble in swallowing. The soft p.ibite had evidently given way. and there was an eutiire in.ability to protrude the tongue or use it in speech.

".About this time a worm similar t'*. a M'aggot drojiped from his nose. That was the lirst indic.'ition or suspicion that tii<u>j wasanythingof the kind present. 'I'here was not, as in some other cases rejiorted, any swelling, or movements traceable under the skin, nor was there at any time any complaint of the patient calculated to load to a knowledge of their presence. After the i])pearanco of the lirst I expected more, and was surprised to see them dro]) from the nostrils and wiggle from the month without any discomfort to the jiatient until they came in contact with the

' Psyche, Vol. IV, p. 27 (1883).

i;,liiieideri«i „„ 111-* part t iiiiiil unothe ,.,,\,.r them i ;um1 the i)al i.\;iiaiiiation tiiir fascia,

ini.iily 'l''*** III. .mil ami i ill- forty-eif 1„ 1 cxccedec imiient live

• I iiiit liv (Inipped froi

• Upon a fnid that all llirowiiig 111 vertebra- ex The OS liyoi' sapci'licial I

" My own |,i-obably th (if. At that Willi the stn I hat alVcctc* liirthcr troi In the I'ei Moravia, lo I make the -' While ti had the mis been tronbl Inmie a few cold. (Irov his ai»peari gestion of and he com the head, liiiu again, symptoms intense niii for in hast a mass of t South) col retreat en sweet mil away a la I5y Wednc ]>ortious ( a str-Mig t acid w». h their waj were una which iiv o])en up literally

DIPTERA.

127

>%i lini'i<lt>rian iimiiiliraiio, wlutii thoy iiiiiioyed liiia ^roatly, and evrry KtViirt wuh iiiadu oil Ins part to ox|ii'l thniii ; but so hooii aH uxpollud no t'lirtliir troiililtt was iiiaiiiittHtod iiiiiil another would ;;ntlnto tlio iiOHtril. Kvmy clloit was iiiadu cii iny jiart to dis- (iiM'i tliuiii under tliu tiHoiio, but tint Huft pahito bein;; deHtroynl to a ^nal cxti^it, ami tliu palatitio arch apparuntly lowered, it was witli nincli dinicnlty tliat an I \:iiMination iiould lie inado. Tim worniM were evidently burrowing; under tlio jiala- tiiir I'liscia, an it , resented a Inmeyeoinbed appearanee and in places patches w(>ro iiii.illy d((stroyn(l as larj^e as a dime [IM nini.|. They continued t" 4lrop Ironi the iiKiiih and nose, forced IVtini the nostrils by the ellortsof tin* patient, lor thc^ I'ldlow- iii:; I'orty-eight hours, duiin;; which time L'U'T were counted and lli<' estimated mini- liii ixceeded ilOO. At this time tin* whole of the soft palate was ilestroyed. 1 he pill ii lit live.l four days after the last worm canu- away.

" I put live of the worms in dry earth, and in fourteen days I'rom the time tiiey ilicipped from the nostril there hat<hed out three Hies.

" Ijion a vtu'y minute and careful examination after death I was astonished to liiid that all the tissue coverin;^; the cervical vertebra', as far down as I could see by tlirowin<; the h(>ad liaek and compressing; the ton<;iie, was wlndly destroyed and the \erte1ir:e exposed. The iialatine bones br(d\e with the slightest jiressureof the linger. I'lie OS liyoides was destroyetl and the niiHal bones loose, only held in jiositiunby the sii|ierlicial fascia.

" My own theory is that the tly deposited the eyj?s whih* the jmtient was asleep, liKibaldy the day previous to the peculiar sensation and sneezing tirst c(nnidained 1)1'. At that time they had aciiiiired vitality enough to annoy hiin while in coninet with the sound tlesh. So soon as they came in c<nitact with the unsound llesh, or I hill alVected with the catarrh, being, as it must have been, gangrenous, they gave no liirther trouble."' * " '

In the I'eorla, (111.) Medical Monthly for February, ISXIJ, Dr. .losliua Hieliardson, of Moravia, Iowa, has an article upon "The Screw Fly and its Ravages, "' from which 1 make the following extracts:

" While traveling in Kansas in th.. latter put i/ ut last Augnst, a citizen of this place had the misfortune to receive while aslt^ep a deposit of eggs from this fly. Ho had been troubled for years with catarrh, hence the attraction to the tly. He returned home a few days after the accidtuit and shortly after began complaining of ii bad cold, (irowing rapidly worse, I was called to attend him. ^Monday, my tirst day, his ajipearance was that of a nniii laboring under a severe cold. Had slight con- gestion of the lungs, and moderate grade of fever. His nose seemed greatly swollen and li<> complained of a smarting, uneasy feciing in it, and general misery through the htsad. (iave him treatment to relieve the congestion and fever. Tuesday, saw him again. His nose and face were still more swt>llen, and in addition to the other symptoms he was be(u>miiig slightly delirious and complained a great deal of the intense misery and annoyance in his nose and heao. A few hours after, 1 was sent lor in haste with the word that something was in his nose. I found on examination a mass id' the larva' of this lly (or "screw-worms, " as they are commonly called in the iSonth) completely blocking np one nostril. On touching them they would instantly retreat en masse np the nostril. Making a '20 jier cent s<dutioii of chloroform in sweet milk I made a lew injections up both nostrils, which immediately brought away a large number, so that in a few hours I had taken away some 125 of them. I?y Wednesday evening erysiptdas had begun, implicating the node and neighboring l»ortious (d' tlui face. Another physician was called. Hy continual syringing with a Btr'>ng antiseptic solution of salycilate of soda, bicarbonate of soda, and carbolic acid Wi. l">ped to drown out the remaining larva-. Hut they had by this time cut their >vay iiro so many roce.sses of the nose and were so lirmly attached that we wore unable to accomplish much. Finally we resorted to the chloroform injections, which immodiately brought away a considerable number. Friday I was able to ojien up two or three canals that they had cut, extracting sevor.il more that had literally packed themselves, one after another, in these tistulous channels. His

128

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

I" '^,

■fll

ttpttocli lHU(>iiiin){ HiuUluiily much wHixt^ I uxaiiiinoil tlio interior of IiIh iiioiitli .md IoiiikI tliiit' a i'l(Mtr-<!iit opoiiliiK '"■*! ''•'**i> iiintlu riitii'i'ly tliroiiKli tlio roI'j ]iuliito \i.\n his iiioiitii and lai');ii 4>iiou;;ii to iuHert tht« ciitl of a cuuinion loml iicncil. Satnnl.iy thu fuw roinainin); larvae be^an (^Itangin^ color and ouo by ono dropjiod iiway. nn Sunday for tlio lU'Ht time h('nlo^rhllK(^ IVoin lioth nostrils took place, vlilcli coiitiiiii> i| ivt intervals for tlirt^o days, Imt was not .it any tinio Ncvcrc. On this day the patient bogaii to improve, tho delirium and <>rysipelas havin)r Hnl>Hide<l, leaving hut little hi no annoyance in his heail. In n few days he liecanie alile to go al>onl home, iiinl even to walk a distance of half a mile to \ isit a friend and return. Knt whil<< tlii'ir he liegan com|ilaining of a pain in the neigliliorhood of his left car, ap[>arenlly whci. the eustachian tuhe connects with tho middle car. It proved to ho an ahscos. Heiug alrt'iidy so rotlnced hy tho tirst attack, ho was uuuhio to withstand the secomi, ami died after an illness of nearly thr«M) weeks, comphdely exhausted liy his prn- longed sull'criugs. Three days hofore his death the abscess discharge d its conleul> by the lel't nostril. The <iuantity of pes fornuid was about 1'] ouni^os [IX gramsj.

"In all aliout'_'r>() larva- were taken away from him iluriug the lirst attack, and, us the visildu results, not only had they cut the hole through thu Hoft palate, bni had also eaten tho cartilagu of tho septum uf tlio nose ho nearly through as to giv< him the appearance of having a broken nosis Tho case occupied, from the tirsi invasion <d' the lly to its liiutl result, nearly tsvo months, lie doubtless would have recovered but for the formation of the abscess, which, from all tho symptoniH, was caused by ono or nu)re of the larvae having found their way up tho left euHtachiaii tube."

Dr. Hiehardson also i|uotes tho Hev. William Dixon, of (ireeu. Clay County, Kans., as giving the following ac(!ount (d' his own experience:

'•While riding in his buggy a few years ago in Texas a screw fly attacked him. Hying up one nostril. Ho blew it out, when it dashed up tho other anil deposited its eggs before ho was able to expel it. Not realizing the danger, ho did nothing for about three days, when the jjain became so great that he hastened to Austin to con- sult a i)hysi(dan. His soft palate was ahnost destroyed before tho larva*, over 200 in nnmlior, were expelled."

This Avas the only one of twolvo eases known to Dr. Richardson in which tho patient recovered.

AS A PKST OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Until recently the references to the attiick.s of thi.s .species on domes- tic aniniiils have been of a very fraginentiiry character, Imt the papers by Weed and Francis have brought its triu; importance into prominence.

Its greatest injuries for the United States have occurred in Texas, and the Texas Experiment Station early began tho study of its habit.s. Prof. G. W. Curtis, formerly director of that station, wrote to mo at considerable length regarding the pests, kindly sending mo specimens of the vari(ms stages, and I can hardly better present the relation of the pest to the stock industry of that State thau to extract from a letter dtited December l."), 1888:

I am sorry I have not more time to answer your quostionH about the so-callod "screw- worm" of Texas.

I have been closely interested in practical stock raising in this county for nearly six years; always in charge of tho college stock and part of tho time privately with stock of my own, and I am free to confess that the man who can find a cheap, expe- ditious, and effective preventive or remedy of the screw-worm will confer a blessing fitly measured by the enormous iiuaucial beuetit which would accrue.

DIPTEUA.

129

County, Kdtis.

a iu which tho

the H(>-caIIo(l

My ohHorviitioiiH hiivo Imitn initiiily tMincernud with the practiciil mkIo of tli« Hiih- Ji'i I, mul not until tiio |iiist your or two have I tiii<i>n nniiii ttuiihlo tu iiivfHti>{iito Ihr lift) hintory of tho ioHt'ct,

Ami riih), tiio lly Ix'giiiH itH worl{ in Juno, bnt nothing iiko vigoruim linHinu'N ii<;tiv- iiy in ruiichcd until July, whtMi for throo ur four nionthH the time ot thu Mto( kinan ih k> |it, conHtiintly al)soi'1iu(l in iittondinK to aniiiiuls with " wormy" sores This ytstr I I^SH) tlimnost trouUlo was (tKporieui'i'il ilnriti;{ Soptcuilier and Ortolior, and out of --uiiiit 1.'(I0 licad of cattlu and t!l) or 70 head of hoK^* ^VI1 liad as nian,v aH l.'i or 'JO cnHcH iiiidfr trt!atnionl In a Hpacn of h'HS tinin two wuelis.

Ihr trouble starts usually liy Htnuit littlo H(;rati'h, porhapH caiiHtMl Ity barlitMl wire I.I liy a Htridvu from a horn; Honiotinu-s, fr»i|u<'ntly in fact, it Niarts liy an undue .ii'i'umulatiou of licks and conHi'i|Ui>utruliliin;; (d' tho anitual, wliicli, wliilu rtunoving smiio of the ticks, leavcH an o|i(>uing in thu Hkiii lhroii;;h which a little blood will lAiido. In eitlinr case tho hasiH of tlic o|'ieratiou himmiih to l>ti a raw or slightly Moody Mirfacc, and the rapidity with which tho work is carriiMl on is wonderful. Thu <'f,gs :iio dcpoHitcd and tho larvae a]>|icar iu a very Hhort time; from what I have noticed I siioiilil Hay in less than thirty-six hours after the egg itt deposited.

I have been told, tinio ami again, by those who assume to know, that the "screw- worm lly" does not deposit the eggs— that they are hatched within the body and the young larva deposiftid after hatching. Thert^ is a gray lly which does tins, but the female deposits only a few larva-, iinil they are not by any means to be dreaded so much as tlm green lly (brown head), which <leposit8 eirgs by the wholesale.

I have never Hi'cn a "Hurew-worm" (larva) which I could trace directly to a gray il,\ . All of the worms which I have bottled up and hutched under jiositive giianl against error have turned into the same kind of ily, specimens of which (m alcohol) are herewith transmitted for your exainiiiatioii.

It IS said, however, that tlm gray lly works earlier iu the season. TliiB may b<< true, as the Hies I have hatched out have been from worms taken from sores during September and October.

In October of this year a house cat which I have ha<l his foot injured, piesnmably by lighting. When we next saw h.m, about three days later, his foot was swollen and tilled with screw-worms. We tocdv out over (iO screw- worms from his foot within six days. All of the.se were placed in a liottle with a little earth and covered by a wire screen.

The worms pupated and transformed iu twtdve days, about 30 Hies coming out; all like the Hies sent you.

Dnring the fi^w days that the worms were in the cat's foot they divested the bone of almost every ]iarticle of tlesh and caused one of the ]dialangeal bmies to come out entire.

About a week after this I bought a thoroughbred Hereford calf and had him shippe<l down from the northern part of the State. On arrival 1 found screw-worms in the cleft of the right front foot (between the toes), produced by some tly in Dallas, as he was shipijcd directly from that point, and had been there for two weeks or more prior to date of Bhipmeut. I took out some 12 or 15 of these worms and "planted" them very carefully. I did not know but tho lly in north Texas might prove to he the gray one, and I was anxious to satisfy myself on this point.

Some 10 or 12 of the number "plautetl" transformed and the tlies appeared in eleven days from date of ])lanting, all green with brown heads, exactly like the ones I had found in tho cat's foot, and which must, of course, have been deposited by tlies in this immediate vicinity. • - »

Dr. Francis (Bull. 12, Tex. Exp. Sta.) states that no cases in raau

have fallen under his notice, and says :

Of all our domesticated animals cattle suffer the most from its ravages. They occur in wounds from horns, castrating, spaying, branding, dehorning, barbed-wire injuries, and often where ticks have hurst on the brisket, tlank, or juet behind the 4653— No. 5 9

130

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ^:Li^IMAL8.

udder Oj cows. They often occur in the vulviu of fresh cowa, especially if there has been a I'oteution of the ]tla<enta or afterbirth. Younjjf calves are almost invariably aflfectetl in the navel, .-ind often in the mouth, causinjy the teeth to fall out. One case occurred in the first stomach (paunch or rumen) that is worthy of mention. Last Sci>tember the writer had occasion to kill a .Jersey bull calf probably two mouths old tiiat ha<l screw- worms in both hind le;;s,ju8t above the hock .joint. On ojjening the abdiiincii I found hi ir balls in the stomach (ruiuen), and, to my surprise, aliout twenty-live fully matured screw-worms alnu)8t buried in the wall of that organ. I placed soiue of the worms in moist earth, and in ten or twelve days they hatched out genuine screw- worm Hies, llow did they come tlK'ref My opinion is that the calf licked the sores on his legs, and in doing so took some eggs that hatched and devolo[)ed in the slomach.

Horses and mules are not so often attacked. In them they are usually found in barbed-wire injuries, nnd occasionally in the sheaths of horses and the vaginro of marcs and tiie navels of colts.

Hogs are mor« liable to become affected than horses. 'I'hey are frequently wounded by dogs and by fighting, or there may be barbed-wir»! itijiiries, wounds from castra- tion, etc.

Sheep arc comi)arativoly free from the attacks unless injured by dogs.

Weed considers that next to the attacks upon man those upon cattle are of most importance, and he estimates that half of the cases in cat- tle occur where ticks have been crushed. He also states that "sheep are attacked when injured by dogs, or when the sheep are in poor con- dition the eggs ar laid upon the wool and when the larva' liatch they immediately bore into tlie skin. In many cases the sheep are attacked within the nasal cavities and the worms eat into the head." On hogs he says the favorite seat of attack is upon the ears.

LIFE HISTORY.

The fly which produces all tliis trouble is a small species less than half an inch iu length (10 mm.) and of a bluish green color with metal-

Fio. d'.l.—Onmptnmtjia mafrllaria: iidiilt, wings pxi)nn(lp(l— enlnrfjed (after Francis).

H :> ■

lie reflections. It is particularly distinguished from related forms by the presence of Ihree longitudinal black stripes on the thorax. The head is reddish or yellow and the body is covered with stiff black hairs.

DIPTERA.

131

The fly appears in early sammer (June or July for Texas), the time doubtless dept'iuling on the latitude, it having i)assed the winter as iidult presumably either in a latitude free from extreme cold or apro- ti'cted location in houses. There is no imi)ossibility of the miyratiou

^'"^^

.^^

\

\

Fid. 64. — ('iiini)soiii Ilia iniiivWi rill: iidnlt, wings iii rf«t — eiilnrjiwl (iil'ti'i- Knincis).

of tliese flies from h)calities sevenil hundred miles sonth of the place of flieir appearance in early sumi.u'r, as aside from the powers of flight they (!ouhl easily W. transportetl on boats or cars. I know of no obser- vations, however, to establish such a means for tlieir distribution.

In depositing its eggs it selects some wound or decaying matter and lays a mass of eggs at once; at least three or four hun- dred may be deposited by a single female within a space of a very few moments, and the same fly may oviposit at dift'erent times and in different places hundreds or even tlnmsands of eggs.

The eggs are cylindrical, like those of other flies, about 1 mm. in length, white. 'Tmler the microscope the eggs show a prominent ridge on one side.'' (Weed.)

The eggs hatch within a few lumrs. Francis says:

r I

Flo. 05.— C inaecl- laria : lieail, side V i (• \v— ciilarguil (after Francis).

My present opinion is tlint if tbo ejigs are laid in ii luniHt place and on a warm day it requires less than one. hour; whereas if laid in a dry place they Heeni to dry up and lose their vitality.

Weed considers the time required for hatching about nine hours. The idea that they may be deposited in living condition is combated by all careful observations. The larva, or maggot, is a whitish footless grub, rather slender and (luite active, burrowing into the tissues of the aflected animal or into the mass of putrid flesh or decaying matter that furnishes it food. They grow rapidly and mature in Ave or six days (Weed) or about a week (Francis). When mature they escape from tlie wound they have infested or wriggle away from the mass of matter

132

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

■if

in wliicli (hoy liav*' <l»^velo|MMl, juid biuy tlieiiis«'lv«^s in t.lio }>romi<l to trinislonii.

Tlu' impiuiii iiiv brown in «'»»lt»r, cylindricMl, roiindril at tlioends, and abont twolil'tlis ot' an inch in lonji'di. (See liji'. (»!).)

Tlio lenjith of time passed in thr pupa, staj^e appears to vary, but obsorvi'rs ajiicc on tVoin nin«' to twelvtMlays as tin^ nsual time; Francis says nine lor tiu' shortest and I'onrteen lor tlie lonj^est jx'riod observ<'d by him. l-'rom this liistory it is evident that llierc may be a succession of many {•ein-i ations during ii season, whiiih for ditlerent individuals so

Kid. (iti. - Kjiii of (\

iiKicillai ill Iv cnliiiuoil Kriincis).

l''ln.<iH l.arxiiiir ('. inacfllnrid cnliirycil (iil'lor

I'lilllciH).

KKi. ti". - K.ns; iiiiiss of O. inacellnilii (al'liT l'"iiim'is).

overlap and eond)ine tlnit tlu>re are liosts (»r the insects in idl stajjes, I'roni tlieir api>earance in tiie early pait of the season till cheeked by return of cold weather. As Francis says:

While tile liirv:i' ;ii'o lims (li>\ olopinjj, tlif llins al•<^ t'onstautly layiiiiu; fresh euKs '" the woiindis. so tliat tlii^ yomijf worms take tlit< places of the iiiatureil oiie.s, aixl thiiH keep up a constant and proyiessive loss of tisstu^.

KKMEDIKS.

It is evident from the above accounts that the fatal cases in man are due to the di'position of egys, mainly in the nostrils, sonu^times in the

I'lci. OS). - I'ii|i;n iiiin cil' (' nKictlltiriii—i^u- l:iiHi'(l (iil'li'i- l''r;iii(i.s).

Vw. Til. I'liiiiiiimii lit' <'■ iiiiieilliiriii, Khm\iuji liniki'U ciiil wlicrt^ll.v 1ms ciiiitk»h1— i'iiliiry;t'(l (after Fimii'is).

mouth, and that such deposition is most liiible to occur to persons sleep- ing in the open air or to those sutfering from catarrh. The evident precaution is t(» avoid these stuirces of danger by the use of mo8(iuito netting or wire gauze for sleeping rooms and of a ])rotection for the nostrils when exposed in places where the Hies are common. If once infested, medical attention should be sought at the earliest

DIPTERA.

133

0 ffrouml to

<'iiliir(;«il (aClor

possible iiionuMit, and in case of delay a ])r<tiiipt syriiif;in};' out of the nasal passajyes with dilute <'arl)oli(! acid, 1 i)!irt arid to -'(>(» piirts water, should be, resorted to to dislodj^e or kill tlu^ worms.

I'\)r the }jfeu<'ral abatciint^nt of the pest, attention to the destruction of f;arba^e, car<Msses, or liltli of any kind is to be (toniincndcMl, wliile prc- Ncntion of bruises, cuts, barbed -wire scratches, and especially the j)unctni'es of ticks, are anion*;' the most important I'K'asures. Weed and I''raiH*is aj^rei^ that ticks furnish the j;reat«!st nnmb(;r of cases, and tiie former advocates tiie feedinji <>' f^^^dt and suii)liur as a preventive of ticks on this account. Francis, however, considers tiie sulpiiur trc^at- ment of no avail, but dep<Mids upon killing ticks with dipping', a prot;- ess which ninst serve to kill ticks, lice, sitrew worms, and all external parasit<'s at once. (S«'e section on dip])inj;' methods.)

As a direct applicration for the sores infested with worms, a wash of carbolic a-cid is advised. The acid should be diluted with thirty times its bulk of water, and its value w<nild, I suspect, be enhanced if a little glycerin were a<lded. A final dressing' of pine tar or in dee|> sores a I>ackin;;' wMtli oakum and coating witli tar ar<i recommended.

Dr. Francis writes me that sinj^o the publication of his liiilletin on screw-worms they have found a very practical method «d" applying sub- stances to destroy tiie larvic. It is to use creoline, or any of the car- bolic sheep dips, in a nnuihinist's oiler, by which niciins one can deliver a few drops in th(! holes without waste. They nse an ordinary (MUiical zinc oil can of about 4 ounces capacity, and liml it very satisfactory.

SITMMAKY.

In brief, it maybe said that the screw-worm fly, whi<'h is distinguished by blue body, red front to head, and three bla(;k lines on tlic thorax, is distributed through all of tropical and much of temjicrate America; that it deposits eggs (not living young) in refuse matter, (tarcasses of animals, tlesh woumls, or even minute drops of exuded l)lood, and the exposed openings of the body; that the eggs hatch within a very few hours at most, au«l larva' grow to maturity rajtidly, consuiniiig all tissues adjacent to them, and in cases of attack upon the limbs often laying bare the bones; that pupation lasts about ten or twelve days aiul is i>assed underground; that adults are found through nearly all the summer months, but tor the southern United States more par- ticularly from. I uly to October; that for prevention and remedy reliance must be placed upon the prevention, as far as possible, of all wounds and filth on animals, and when infested, prompt treatment with washes of dilute carbolic acid and subsequent coating Avith pine tar.

Tub Tsetse Fly.

(Glossina morsitatia Westw.)

This famous fly of the central plains of Africa can hardly be omitted from a work of this character, especially since there is a possibility of

134

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

its distribution to othor countries. I'iVen uow it is thought to exist in Austral iii.

Its iittiu'ks upon (tattle, liorses, mules, slieep, as well as nunierons wild animals — /ehras, antelopes, buH'aloes, etc. — are saiil to be most deadly in result, and even man is attacked with severity, tlu)nj;ii it is clainu^l that tiiese attacks are less injuiious to man than to animals.

Other species <)t' tiu>. }>enus have similar habits, but are less known.

The Hii'PKLATKS Kr.iKS.

{Hip}wlatin N|>i>.)

Under the title of The llippelates ria}j;iu^ in Florida' Mr. E. A. Schwarz has called attention to a juroup of inst'cts thiit nnist have a very imimrtant place in the list of animal pkijuues, though they seem to have been pretty generally negh'cted. II is treatment of the pest is

Fm. "1. — ////'/'(''(I'i'K ilavii'm - luiuli cnlarp'il ( from Schwiirz).

almost entirely from the standpoint of their attacks upon human beings, but it is clearly shown that they must be a dangerous pest to domestic animals as well. There can be no doubt that these insects have been commonly met with and noticed as a source of annoyaiu-e, but no one seems to have nnule a study of them from the economic standpoint before Mr. Schwarx.

The species especially mentioned are : Ifippclati's plchejus Loew, ^flavi- pes Loew, Aiulpusio Loew, two of which are figured and the figures are here reproduced.

The annoyance caused by the flies is due to their darting into the eyes and other parts of the body after the moisture or [lerspiration, and also by a constant humming. They prove very iiritable. Further,

' Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 374-379.

DIPTERA.

135

l>( to oxist ill

its minicroiis '<» 1»<' most tlioii{>|i ii is

O illljlllills.

K'ss known.

Afr. K. A.

imist liavo ji 'i thoy seem t' the jifst is

they attack sores, scrutches, ulcers, etc., and by passinff from one per- son to another, or from <logs, cats, or other animals witli sores to healthy individuals, become a most dangerous source of disease contagion.

So far as doscribcMl the plague is greatest in the Southern States, especially Florida, Alabama, and Texas, an<l as similar species are common to many parts of the (country, there is little doubt tliat when investigated many of the annoying gnats will be Ibund to come within this group. In»le<'d, I feel conJident that in years past insects of this character iiave been often encountered in the Mississippi Valley, as the hard bodies and persistent elforts to ent<'r eyes have been noted, when no attempt was made to collect specimens or place them entomologi(;alIy.

Tho (lies aro stiii'tly diiiriiiil, and <i>iititiiio to lio tioubloHoiiui from early morning till near sunset, hein;; most, iij^f^ressivo ilnring the Dot and Miiltry hours of tlirafttT- noon. They prefrrubly freijnent open and snnuy plac-es, wliile in the shade of deuHO

'Oil human ons pest to Bse insects innoyance, s economic

oew, Jfavi. figures are

g into the

•spiration,

Further,

Fici. T.'. — lliiiiii'Uili's iilebrj 118— imu-h enlarged (from Schwiir/,).

forests their ])re8ence 's not notieeabio. They are e'lnally troublesome in th<' conn- try away from human habitationc^, and l:i tho streets of small towns, but I do not recollect having seen them in any number ou the streets of the larger cititjs. They enter the howoes, but evidently do not feel at ease in the loouis, for they do not attack people, but cctngregate on the ])unos of windows, if these happen to bo closed.

The life histories are unknown, but Mr. Schwarz suggests the stems of reedy iilants or the piles of decaying reeds along shores of lakes or marshes iis possible breeding grounds.

With regard to remedial measures Mr. Schwarz says:

Until some light is thrown on the life history of the Hies it is impossible to sng- gest any remedial measures to be adopted for the general abatement of this pest in a given region. Very little can be said regarding protective measures. To kill the flies, as we instinctively do the mosquitoes, by a slap of the hand, is of no avail against the Ilippelates, because they are too numerous and for other obvious reasouu.

136

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

A closo-fittlng veil would no doubt protect the eyes, but in the hot days of a sontli em summer the weariug of a veil is a torture almost e(iual to that of the Hies. For the same reasou applications of oil of tar, oil of pennyroyal, and similar suli- stauces, which are more or less satisfactorily used in the North against the mo8(ini- toes, black flies, and sand Hies, is hardly bearable iu the South. Smokinj; cigars or a pipe offers a good ])rotectlou to tlioso who ind\ilgo in tliis vice, but even an invet- erate smoker can not sniolie constantly when he is out of doors. A good smudgt also drives away the Hies, but of course can not l)o classed among tlie remedies that are handy and available at every hour and at every place. Sprinkling the coat collar and other parts of the clothing with Eucalyptus oil (and no doubt, also, other strongly smelling etheric oils), as lately recommended as a good r<'pellent against house Hies, should be tried, and promises, in my opinion, good results.

It is but Dr. ]nodnc( the mu ubumlii

This ::\^tch of the iiies is natur.ally very incomplete, as, were the attempt made to include all that may at times aimoy domestic animals, it would require a volume by itself. The common house fly, for instance, may often prove a serious pest to domestic animals, and its annoyance in houses is too well known to need any comment. The effort has been to give a fairly adequate treatment of those species which are of greatest concern to the stock raiser, especially iu the United States.

Family HIPPO BOSOID^E.

(Forest Flies, Ticks.)

This remarkable and interesting group of insects contains two species of special interest to the stock breeder, both of which are old and familar pests.

The si...cies of the family at large occur on a number of animals, but the greater number occur on b'rds, and especially upon birds of prey, and therefore have no relation to our present discussion.

They are horny bodied, Hatteued flics with tubular mouth parts fltted for suction, and having, except the sheep tick, well-developed wings. They are therefore somewhat migratory in their habits.

They are especially remarkable and abnormal in their method of reproduction, the eggs hatching and the larva? developing within the body of the adult, so that when extruded they have almost reached the pupa stage. The extruded larva changes almost inunediately to the pupa, the larval skin forming a hard pupa case, and in this con- dition they resemble seeds. This stage is quickly passed, and the adult ai)poars, assuming at once its mature form.

Williston <r marks that the genus Lii)optena is remarkable in that in the earlier state the flies have wings and live on birds, but later they seek quadrupeds, where they remain, and having no further use for their wings, they lose them. It must be inferred that the young flies issuing on mammals migrate by means of their wings to birds and later return to a mammal host.

DIPTEBA.

137

It is comnumly stated that these flies produce but one or two young, but Dr. (Jurtico is autliority for the statement that the sheep tick may ])roduce from five to eight young, one after another, which wouhl malie the multiplication more rapid, and better account for the occasional abundance of this pest.

The Bird Ticks.

The s])ecies occurring on birds are included in the genera Olfersia and Ornithomyia, the former being distinguished by the absence of ocelli and the presence of two teeth under each claw.

Ol/crsia americana Leach is a rather common species on owls and other raptorial birds and also the partridge or ruffed grouse. It ia described and flgured by Packard as Ilippohosca huboniH, in the Guide, p. 433.

0. alhipt'unis occurs somewhat commonly on herons, and (irdece is recorded fiom the same class of birds. Other si)ecies listed by Osten Sackon are hrnnnen,mexicann, propinqua, and suIcijVons.

Ornithoniifia contsiins eight species, of which ncbnlosa is recorded from an owl, JStru' nebidosa; and paUida Say from Sylvia sialis.

The Deeu Tick.

{Lipoptenn dcitrvana Say.)

This interesting form was described by Say from specimens taken from the common deer {Cerrns rmjinianns). It is wingless, as usually found on this host, but according to Williston is provided with wings and occurs on birds during the early period of its existence. At this time the wings are weak, the veins slender.

The h'oKEST Fly or Horse Tick.

{llippohoKca eijuhia Linn.)

Linnams described this species in 1701, but it must have been a familiar form to observers of insects long prior to that date. Since then it has received frequent notice, and mention of it occurs in numerous general works and in all treatises on Diptera or on the parasites of the horse.

Its injuries consist in the irri- tation i)roduced by the move- ments among the hairs, their punctures of the skin, and loss of blood occasioned when occur- ring in numbers. j.,q ^z.~mvpohosca eqidna (copied from Packard).

It would seem to be far less common in this country than in the Old World, and 1 have yet to hear

138

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

of a case where it has occurred in serious luuiibers. It is list»'d liy Osteii Sacken, on autliority of Kirby and Loew.

It is of course i)ossible that the species may multiply so as to becoinc a pest, and this possibility sliould be recofjnized. It might, from tlic ability to i\y, be more ditlicult to handle than the sheei) t'wk, but doubt less the careful grooming of horses aftected would prevent undue increase. Dusting pyrethrnm in the hair would be useful, and tliis could be resorted t(t with horses in pasture as well as those that aic stabled.

Thk Shekp Tiok.

i«!'4.

a":

J^-

m0tsm

JiC^*

{Mehtphagns iiviniix Linn.)

Linnanis described this spe(!ies in 1701 under the nsime of ITippohoscd oriniiN, but in the later division of this genus, which at lirst covered all the forms included in the family, this species was assigned to tlir genus ]Melophagus.

It ditt'ers from the other members of the family in never possessing wings. The head is small and sunken into the i)rothorax. The middle

portion of the thorax is rather slender, contrasting with the development of this region in the winged forms.

It is of a reddish or gray brown color, about one-fourtli of an inch long, and easily detected when i)resent in any numbers on sheep. They never migrate from the original host ex<!ept it be to attach to an other animal of the same spe cies,and ]trobably the principal movement is that which occurs after sheep are sheared, when the ticks tend to migrate to lambs. On the sheep, if abundant, they may cause considerable dam- age, indicated by lack of growth or poor condition, and when nuissing upon lambs they may cause great damage, resulting in the <leath of the victims if not promptly relieved.

They are distributed over the world generally where sheep are kept, and are too well known by sheep breeders to make it necessary to emphasize the injury they may cause. All breeds of sheep seem alike subject to attack, but I know of no record of their occurrence upon other animals.

Curtice has determined that each female may produce from five to eight young, the seed-like brown puparia of which are often to be met with among the more numerous adults that adhere to the wool or skiu.

Fio. 74.

a

-Meloiihaijiit <ivi)ius ; a, iidult; />, piipnriiim- I'lilurgetl (orijiinnl).

blP'iERA.

130

EEMKDIKS.

While the ticks may bo {•rcatly lessene<l in number by the vij^oroiis use of pyrcthriim — a most avaihible remedy during winter — the njost lira<*tieal i>hni to adopt, and one which it'tlioroughly followed will make iill otliers unnecessary, is to dip the sheep each year after slieariuff.

Of the numerous dips wliich are in use, and which are discussed iiM»re fully in the <'hai)ter on remedies the kerosene en)ulsion is recom mended for this fcn'in, and several of the patented dips on the mark are good, while tobacco dips, tar dips, etc., may be used, if preferred.

It is of (bourse desirable to use a dip that will etfectually destroy not only these ticks but the two forms of lice and the scab mites, in case any of these are present. A dipping tank is an essential part of the e(piipment for sheei) raising, and its construction is described in the chapter on remedies.

A Hock once freed from the pests will not be again infested except by the introduction of infested animals; htace care should be taken in making additions to t lie Hock to free the newcomers from parasites. It is also well to keep the sheep for a few days after dipi»ingin a ditfer- ent indosure from what they occupied before, to avoid possible infes- tation from any stragglers that may have been caught on wool upon posts or brush, and if the wool is charged with them when clipped it should be stored where the ticks could not easily return to the sheep. The ticks can not travel any distance independently, and will soon die when removed from the sheep, but proper care here will assure success. With due care to have an eliicient dip one operation should suffice, but it is a good plan to examine the herd a week or ten days after dipping, and if any parasites are found to have es(;aped, or to have issued from pupaj that survived, to repeat the operation.

A Bat IIippouoscid.

Under the title of " A remarkable new hippoboscid from Mexico," Mr. C. II. T. Townsend describes a species which he names Trichohiua duyenii and which he received from Dr. J)ug('8, of Guanajuato, Mexico, taken i'rom a bat, OlosHnphaga sorichia. (Entom. News, Vol. II, pp. lOo-lOG, 181)1.)

140

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESIIC ANIMALS.

Family NYOTKHIJ U II ).K.

(Bat Flies.)

These very reniurkable Diptera seom to have none a step farther excii than the lli]>p()l)<>s('i(la' i.i their adaptation to parasitic; lite, the kiutwn forms bciiij^- t')tally mIii^ less and eoiistantly eondned to their l.osts. Tlic latter are vaiious speeies of bats, and the spt'cits have been observed in various parts of the worM, three only beinj; recMtrded for this (Mtuntry, tlic iStrvhlit rrspct'tilionis Fab., credited to .Taniai( a. San Doniinyo, Cuba, and South Aiiieriea; tlic Mvtji.stopi>tlif pilatei, from Cuba, and an unuanieil speeies of Xycteribia, from California. The Sirehht rrspcrtilifniis is credited with occuf-

Fio. 75.— NycioriMn sp. j.j„jr (,„ i)jcr(.())is aiul parrots, but considcrinff tlic

nornnu habits ol all the known species these

must be looked upon as strayglers.

N:r

CIIAITKU III.

SIPHONAPTERA.

Fleas.

Tliis j;-i'<»iii) of iiiso(its, iiifliidiii}:f tlie well-known tieas, has by nniny wiiters hi't'U consiikM'tMl as lolateil to the DipttMa, bnt in most recent witiks on systeniatie eutoniology it is };iven separate rank un<ler the above nan»e. It is unnecessary here to discuss the (piestion of their /(M»h)}jrical positi(»n, bnt it may not be ontof phu'c to remark that, wliilo tliey are a very distinct yroui) and doubtless well de^-ervo to have this distinction indicated systennitically, there is nuich to in<licivte that they liave had a remote relationship to the dipterous branch. This is shown not only in the m<)nth itarts and feet of the adults, but in tiie larvie, wliieh are footless, slender, worm-like creatures.

The insects of this <;roup are characterized by the entire absence of wings, by haviny the bodies compressed, the legs long and stout, tne

Fill. 7tl.— /'»Jir iiiiliiiiii : II. liiivii; h, \n{\>n; c, iniajio— all ciliary:''! (IVoiii Vai, Itnicilcii).

coxai being lennirkably developed, giving them great leaping power. Tiie mouth parts are well developed a"- adapted for suction, all the species in tlie adult stage feeding upon the blood of mammals or birds. The antenme are small, usually sunken in a pit or groove in the side of the head and of peculiar form, the third, or terniinal, segment being annulated, or, in some cases, even divided into leaf-like plates. The eyes are simple when present, but in many cases they are reduced to mere rudiments or even completely wanting. The tarsi are 5-Jointed.

They undergo a complete metamorphosis, the early stages being passed in phues adjacent to the resorts of the host. The eggs, while sometimes laid upon the hairs of the bost animal, are loosely attached

141

142

INSKCT8 AFFECTING DOMKSTIC ANIMALH.

mid imiHt oidiiiiirily be scattenMl in placos wIumo tlu' liost forms sh-cp or lU'st. 'I'lic liiivii', so I'lir as kn()\v!i, livo In dust or litter in siinilin locations. Tlicy iir<^ slender, worm-like, footless objcets, with a spiUM' covering; of hairs. The pupa* form in similar locations, inclosing' them selves in eoeoons. \Vestwoo«l says:

Wlieu full >{r(>\vii, wliicli occiirH in Hiiiiiiiier in iilxiut twolvr diiys, tlio larvii' incloHr tlien)H('lv(>H in u Nuiall rocoon of hiIU, ol'tcu Cdvurnl with (IuhI, nn<l iittticlu'il to hiii- roundin^ HnliHtaiiccM, I{<")hcI, li(>\v*>V('r, ohsorvcil that Hoino <>!' tiio liirvii' uiiiU^rwviit thoir tianHt'orinatiiius withinit t'orniin^ n.iy cocoon.

Ill nittst of the avaihibU' works the j^roiip is mad«^ to eoiitain but ii sinpfle fimily, the rulieida-, but more reejMit systemati*'. works sepa rate them into three families, the Sareo|)syllida', including' the small forms, with large heads, whieh are eontined to the host animal while in the firavid condition; the Vermipsyllida*, in which the gravid females are not stationary, but the alMlomen becomes swollen, and in whieh the labial palpi are 10-J(»iuted; and the I'lilicuhe, including moMt of onr common forms, in which the female abdomen does not become Hwollen, and the labial palpi are from 3 to o jointed.

While the fleas are essentially parasitic in the adult stages, they are by no means so strictly eontined to the host as are the Pediculida- or most of the Mallophaga, but wander from the host at times, and may even be found on dilVereut spei'ies of animals than those which are evi- dently their normal hosts. Probably these stragglers do not, as a rule, maintain a permanent habitat upon the new host, and therefore, with the exception of one or two species, little attention need be given to prevention of migration or of transfer from one animal to another.

In the further discussion of species, which will be limited mostly to the American forms of economic interest, we will disregard these divisions and treat the species simply under their respective genera.

Thk Ji(}(}ER Flka, on Chigok.

(SarcopHj/lla pfiittraiin liinn. )

Linnu'us described this specir^s more than a century ago (17<»7) under the name of Pulex peitetrans., and it has been treated in many ditterent woi'ks since that time. The various names of "jigger," ''jigger tlea," "chigoe," and ''chicpie," applied to it in various localities, are evidently, in part at least, associated with its annoying habit. In distribution it covers all of tropical and subtropical America. Baker says "this tlea is undoubtedly found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres."

Kailliet states that it was Introduced into Africa about the year 1872, and that it has propagated there with astonishing rapidity.

While most of the re(!ords of its injuries have been with reference to its occurrence on man, it is a notable pest of inftTior animals, and doubtless occurs much more frequently as a parasite of some of these than of man.

Sll'HONAPTKUA.

143

V Itirvii' iiiclip-. It.'iclu'd to Niir rv.i' imiltM'wt'Mi

je8, they arc tMlieulidii' or es, aiul insiy 1 1 it'll are evi ot, as a rule, iiretbie, with be given to another. 3d mostly to egard these ve genera.

leyear 1872,

reference to ninials, and me of these

Tlie dog and rat are among the species that are spechilly Hnbjeet to it> attack, Ixit other mammalia are alt'e(;tcd, and Railiittt mentions slit'cp, goats, cattle, horses, asses, and males, and even birds as hosts, ainl cites particularly a case wher(^ a hog was very serionsly infested. I he foot examined by K, HIamthard had been obtained from ljil)cria

Vw.n .— SarciiiiKylla penelrans : 1, egg; 2, embryo; 3, larva; 4, cocoon ; 5, impii; 6 fcciiiidatcilfcinalo; 7, tlicgniiic on the third day from its cntraiiic iiiidcr tlic skin of its liiiiiian liost; 8, the saiiic alter scvcraldaye rcnidoiicciii tliOHkiii of its lioat ; 9. fully (jrown fcinalc— magnified four times; 10, head of sanio still more onlarge<l; 11, female before entering skin; 12, mouth partti much enlarged, m, mandibleH; </, maxillary palpi, «, labium (after Karston and Guyon.)

by J. Jullien, and after the extirpation of the fleas i)re8ented tbe appearance of the cells of boiieycomb, so thickly had the parasites been crowded together.

The adult fleas aflfect their hosts as in other species, but the females after impregnation burrow into the skin of the host, especially under

144

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

the toe iiiiils, and produce a swelling and later a distinct ulcer, some- times so serious as to result fatally. With the development of the eggs the body of the female becomes greatly distended, so as to lose all semblance to the original insect, the head and legs appearing as little appendages upon a large round body the size of a pea.

The larva' must normally escape from the body of the adult and issue from the opening of tlie tumor to v. dergo development after the ordi- nary habit of their relatives, but the crushing of tlie body of the adult ii' the tumor may result in their lilieration in the tissues surrounding the body of the adult, and if they are not promptly expelled from the S(.re they may increase the injury caused by the adult.

The remedy most recommended is the extraction of the female as soon as the jiresence of a swelling or tumor indicates the presence of the parasite. This is accomplished by the introduction of a sharp knife point, the effort being to withdr nv the insect entire, as the bursting of the body and discharge of the eggs in the sore is likely to result seriously.

For the prevention of the attacks upon domestic animals it would seem that attention to the infested animals and the destruction of the adults whenever detected, along with the liberal use of pyrethnun in the localities where the larva; develop, would be of some service, though it can easily be seen that an insect with so large a number of hosts stands a very good chance of survival.

regioni

The IIen Flea.

(Sarcopsylla nallinacea Westw.)

Westwood ' described this species from specimens brought by the famous Challenger expedition from Ceylon and collected by Mr. H. N. Mosely from the domestic hen. Taschenberg- gives his acccount of it from type examples in the collection of Dr. Bitzema Bos. The first record of its occurrence in America is a note in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington ^ ujion specimens from (laines- ville, Fla., sent to the society by Judge Lawrence C. Johnson, who later * jiresented the society with an account of the habits of the insect. These specimens were identified by Dr. A. S. Packard,'' who also pre- sents a review of the history of the species.

Baker '^ infers its occurrence in Texas from an account of injury to fowls reported in Bulletin 30, Texas Experiment Station, and records itfrom specimens furnished by the Division of Entomology from Florida; Fl>resville, Tex.; Hockley, Tex.; and Meridian, Miss.

» The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, Vol. XI, p. 246 (1874-75).

« Die Flctlu", p. 55, PI. I, figs. 5, 5a.

» Vol. I, p. 59.

* lot. cit., pp. 203-205.

6 Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 23-24.

" Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXVII, pp. 19, IH.

SIPHONAPTERA.

145

Packard mentions receiving specimens from Dr.Wagner, of St. Peters- burg, labeled "Strix sp., Murgab, Suirau-Beir, 3, v, 1893," and calling attention to this widely diflerent host suggests that the species lias been curried from one region to another by means of birds.

From what has so far appeared it would seem that this pest is likely to become a very important one, at least through tropical and subtropical

This species differs from penetrans in having the hind angles of the metatlioracic scales angled instead of rounded and the eyes and antennae in the posterior half of the head. It is from 1 to 1^ milli- meters in length. But little is known as to its life history, and the following observations by Judge Johnson include all that I have )uet with in regard to this phase of the subject and methods of treatment:

"Like all fleas, it abounds mostly in shady places, under old houses, on earthen floors, and in all dusty, untidy spots. Hence from analogy when some years ago my attention was called to the subject by poul- try breeders, I advised to have all such places i'losed up, and to deprive the fowls of all shade except such i)la('cs as could be rained upon. Those who acted ui)on this advice were rewarded. Losses fiom tins cause were reduced to a minimum. It was also seen that animals frequenting wet si)ots in summer were exempt from the pests.

"First ol)served to infest young animals, such as chickens, turkeys, kittens, puppies, and even calves and colts and children. I proposed for it the name of I'idex palUdorum; but whilst it is true the young sutfer most, because possibly less able to defend themselves, it is by no means confined to them.

"In general appearance, size, color, and form greatly resembling a flea, popular observation notices one considerable ditt'erence — it does not hop. Closely examined, wo find the femoral portif^n of the third pair of legs but slightly developed. Hence its motions resemble more the crawling of a wingless fly than that of our well-known active jumper.

"In its habits of feeding it differs from the ordinary flea. Instead of making an incision at which to lap blood, and from which it may quickly remove to another spot, our Florida variety plants itself where it intends ^o stay, like a tick. As to the males I can not say. Much of my information is second hand. The notion that these do not bite, which prevails with some persons, or at least that they do not stick, 4653— No. 5 10

Via. 76. — (Si .opgylla galUnace.a: mnlo, enlarged, ant, antcnniK; m, palpi, iimio culargoil (from Insect Life, drawn by Packard).

146

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

may be an error. Of the females, however, it is certain that they bury themselves in the skin of their victims. From the first they hold on with such tenacity that no ordinary brusliing will remove them. It seems to be at this stage in their existence that impregnation takes place. The males now are often seen in copula with them, and so remain apparently for days, or until the tumefaction of the skin excited by the embedded female closes arouiul her so as to shove liim ott". Here ends about all actually knowi of this history. From analogy we may infer tliat the licnod of gest;iiion being completed, the gravid female lays her eggs in this well-prepared nidus, or, more particularly, that they remain and are hatched in lier distended stomach, after which

they crawl out and drop to the ground. If in a dry, shady si)ot, they undergo transforma- tion to the perfect form; if in a wet spot or in the sun, they perish.

"Upo.i man I have never heard of the process continuing to the end. ilm itching caused by it generally attracts atten- tion sufticieutly to have the in- truder hunted out. With the lower animals it is difterent, most notably with chickens. Spots bare of feathers, or near- ly so, are selected in preference. A small knot resembling a wart grows over the insect, and so numerous and large at times as to spread over the eyes and into tlie jaws, and, blind Jind famished, the victim dies. In cases not fatal, after a month or two these knots or warts drop off, leaving a scar resembling a burn. With very young chickens or ]»uppies death generally comes in the first stage, when every portion of their bodies is covered with innumer- able enemies."

While some portions of this account would seem to refer to the chigoe or i'^nr('02)syUa penetrans, vsl^e^'ia.Uy thai portion referring to the attacks upon man and other maumials, it no doubt includes about all that is known regarding tlie actions of this pest, and no one, probably, is better ac(iuaintcd with the habits of the insect. There is also opportunity for confusion with the work of some of the Sarcoptes infesting fowls in cases where the observer cited was unable to make personal investi- gations.

Opossum Flka.

(Pulex Himnlans IJaker.)

This species, described from the opossum, is said to be closely related to irritans and distinguished from it by the nmndibles and hypopharynx being very short, not reaching one-half the length of the anterior coxte.

Fill

77. — Sa rcoi)siiUa ijaUhiaeen: feiiialo— enlnrgfrt (IimiM't Lili', (li'iiwn hy r.-n'kanl).

SIPHONAPTERA.

147

TlIK IIoiTSK 1^'lba.

i chickens.

{Piilex irrilaus Linn.)

This, perhaps the best known species of tteii, was described by Lin- iiicns in 1740. It is distributed widely over the globe, and often biicomes a serious pest in houses, sometimes even in spite of the most careful attention and cleanliness.

It is easily distinguished from the common Hea affecting dogs and cats, and which is almost as fre(iuent an inhabitant of houses, by the lait that there are no combs of spines upon the borders of the head or pronotum. From the nmch less common species just mentioned which occurs on the opossum, and which is most nearly allied to it, it is to be separated by the greater length of the mandibles and hypopharynx, which reach more than halfway the length of the anterior coxa', by the the single row of bristles on each abdomi- nal segment, the large male claspers, and the dark-reddish or piceous color.

The habits and life history of this spe- cies have long been known and freiiuently described. They occur i)articularly in houses, secreting themselves in be<lding and clothing, and, especially at night, make their attacks on their human vic- tims lor the purpose of drawing blood.

Their eggs are deposited in out-of-the- way ])laces, in the dust or lint under car- ])ets, and the larva' are said to feed upon the particles of organic matter whhh may be found in such localities.

Hailliet states that each female deposits 8 to 12 eggs, which are whitish and ovoid and 0.7 mm. long by OA mm. thick; further, that in summer tiie larva- issue in four to six days, become pupa' eleven days later, and after about twelve days in this stage become adult; the time for development from egg to adult being, therefore, about four weeks, wliile in winter, in a warmed room, it occupies about six weeks.

While no amount of personal cleanliness will protect an individual from their attacks in a building wliich is infested by them, careful attention to the removal of all dust and refuse which may harbor the larva' will assist in keeping them in check. The use of pyrethrum is very effectual in destroying them, and nuiy be dusied in places which liarbor them. (See also remarks under "The Dog and Oat Flea.")

Via.l^n.-Piilf.r irrtlans: lii'iul mid pro- iiotiiiii Blidwing I'oirii iiikI alisi'iiic ut' ('(iiiil)s ((iriyiual).

The liiBi) Fi.EA.

{Pnlex avium 'rasch.)

Ac<;ording to Taschenberg, the common fleas, aflfecting a great variety of birds, including the domestic fowls, are all representatives of a single species, and although some of the forms were described as early

i^l

148

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

as 1832 to 1835 he brings them all together, and, discarding the various names refei'ring to particular hosts, as f/alUnw Houcln', columbw Gov. vais, hirundinis Sam., sturni Dale, and fringillw Walk., proposes a new name, avium, to stan<l for the species.

It belongs to the series with no comb of spines on the head, but with a comb on the i)ronotum. The mandibles arc short, not reaching; to the ends of the anterior coxa^, and there are 24 to 20 spines in the pronotal comb. The liind femora have a row of minute bristles on tlic side, and the first two of the abdominal segments have minute tet i i on the disk above. Length, 3 to 3J mm. Dark brown in color.

Kt'

li

The Eat and Mouse Flea.

(Pitlex fanciatiiH Bosc d' Antic.)

This species seems to have received pretty general recognit^ • ,and has been recorded from (luite a number of different hosts. Whether itfc can be said to be primarily a parasite of the rat and mouse I do not pretend to say, but since if has been noted a number of times from these aiiimals, and so far only from these in this country, I have assigned it here.

Nothing has been recorded regarding its life history, but doubtless it is like its congeners.

The a<lults are elongate, witli the head evenly rounded in front, with- out any couib of spines on the lower border, while the hind border of the pronotum bears a comb of strong spines, IS in number. The mouth parts are of normal length, not extending beyond the anterior coxa', a character which will separate it from its nearest allies, tlic scinrornm and arium. Tascheiiberg has collected a list of the known hosts, and enumerates Myoxus, Cricctus /rnmrntariKfi, Mns musculus (mouse), ^fllli (JcciouaiiKs (rat), and Cani,s fa(/i>piis; and adds that he has also two examples from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. I have col- lected it from Mils <lc('iim(uni.s at Ames, I<)wa, which api)ears to be the only record from a definite host in America, but it is doubtless of com- mon occurrence.

Squirrel Fleas.

Several spetdes of fleas have been described from the squirrels, and while they do not occur Indiscriminately on all sjtecies it will serve our pui'i)()se here to consider them together, referring for full descrip- tion to the technical papers of Taschenberg and r>aker.

Puh'.r .sciurorinii Bouche, the flea which infests s(|uirrels in Fnroi)e, has not been found to occur on our American species of S([uirrels.

Ftilex houmnU Baker, recorded from the red squirrel, Ithaca, N. Y., " squirrel," Tallula Falls, Ga., gray or fox squirrel and nest of field mouse, Lincoln, Nebr., is apparently the most generally distributed of the American species.

SIPHONAPTERA.

149

There are no spines upon the head, but a comb of 18 spines is on tlie pronotuni. The in.ilc daspers are armed with short, black teeth wliich very readily separate this species from its nearest allies.

Specimens frcmi fox 8(iuirrel, Caddo, Ind. T., sent to nie by Prof. W. W. Cooke, probably belong to this species, as Baker mentions several specimens in my collection without host, and as several of these speci- mens were sent him the labels of which may have been lost. The speci- mens being remounted I can not positively recognize them now.

Jiaker also describes Pulex icickhami from the flying squirrel (;Sf(fiM- ropterns volans), at Iowa City; I'lilex (fillettel from the red s(iuirrel {Scinrus cfmatJcnsis), Portland, ^Nlich.; Pulex coloradcmis from Fremont's chickaree, Creorgetown, Colo. ; Pulex hirsututi, from prairie dog ( Cynomys

nt doubtless

Fia. 81. — Pulex howartU: a, fiMiiiiln; h, nenitiiliiiofiiiale— jjrisitly ciilargod (orijiinal).

ludovicianifs), Stove Prairie, Larimer County, Colo.; P. lonf/isphnts, from Fremont's chickaree, Colorado, undJ'nk'x montanHs, from the large gray squirrel (Seiurus alberti). foothills west of Fort Collins, Colo.

The Spermophile Flea.

{ Pnlex hrinicri liaikfiT.)

The common spermophiles, ^permophihiH 13-Uucatus and S. franlclini, are very commonly infested with a. large reddish-bi'owu flea which has been recorded so far from Lincoln. Nebr., .ind Fort Collins, Colo., as well as Ames, Iowa, where I have taken it Irequently during ajuimber of years past.

The head is without spines beneath, but the pronotuni bears a comb

of about 16 spinea. Baker describes it as follows:

Apical spines on joint 2 of hiuil tarsi long as joints 3 and i together; anteunal roovo in middle of head; maxillary palpi iu female with joint 2 throe-fourths of 4, and 3 two-thirds of 4, labial jialpi reaching to one-third of anterior femora; pro- notal comb of 16 spines; in anterior tarsi joint 2 longer than 1 and one-third longer than 3; iu middle tarsi joint 1 equals 3 and 4 together and shorter than 5, while 5 is

150

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

twice 1 ; in postorior tarsi joint 1 equals 2 iiud 8 together, "> ii little longer than ',< and less than one-half ol' 1, while 2 is three times t aii<l less than I and "> togemer: hind femora with a row oC bristles on the side; color, light reddish brown, darker dorsally on the abdomen; length, 2 to 2.5 nun.

/A'^

Fill. S2.— Pulfx hriinrii: iiiale — onliirjieil (nri^iniil).

While this specio.s lias been noted as so coiuinoii on its ordinary hosts it has never been observed as Oiumrriny upon any of the domestic animals.

The Do(^ and ('at Klka.

{Pulex Hirraticepa (ierv.)

The common flea, aflfecting the dog and cat, was described by Duges' under the name of Pulcv cams in 18.'i2, and by BoucIk' ■^ nn<ler the name of rnle.vf(ii.s in 1835, these names referring to the forms infesting the dog and the cat, respectively. The reference of the two to one species under the above name by (lervais ' was made in 1S44.

It is onc^ of the most al)undant species known, and is distributed practically over the entire world. As a house pest it rivals the irritam, and in many idaces even seems to be about the only species occurring. Howard states that from the specimens sent to the Division of Ento- mology it is this spe(!ies rather than irrifans that is usually troublesome.

It may be easily distinguished from that species by the presence of the combs of spines on the border of the head and pnmotum, those on the head being usually G to 9 in number and those on the hind border of the pronotum 14 to 18 in number.

The adults seem to adhere (piite closely to their hosts, as cats and dogs infested by them will be found to carry them (juite constantly,

' Ann. des Sciences Natnrolles, Vol. XXVII, p. 157. "Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol., Vol. XVII, i, p. 505. "Hist. Nat. des Ins. Apt , Vol. Ill, p. 371.

SIPHONAPTERA.

151

and their egjis maybe found adhering very loosely to the hairs of these animaKs. They drop oif, however, at the slightest touch, and must therefore be distributed in a groat variety of'nlaces besides the sleep- ing places of their hosts, which would naturally receive the greater number. Dr. How.ard suggests that for exi)erimenter8 who may wish to follow cmt for themselves the life history of the species an easy way to collect tlui eggs is to lay a strip of cloth or carpet for the animal to lie and sleep upon, and afterwards to brush the cloth into a receptacde, in which the eggs will be found in numbers if the animal is infested.

Verrill gives the following condensed account of the life history of this species:

Tho fomiilo cat Hoa layH her oggs among tljo fur of the cat, to whifh they are but sliglitly attached. These eg^^s aro very Hiiiall, white, and long oval. As the cat WiilkH t>r runs about, the eggs are constantly being Hcattered around, often in great numbers. On one occasion I was able to collect fully a tea- Bpoonful of these eggs from the dress of a lady in whose lap a half-grown kitten had been held for a short time. The places wLere cats sleep lie- come well tilleil with eggs. These liatch in about two weeks into little, white, footless, nuiggot- liko larva', whi<hhave small tufts of hairs along the sides. They are at first about one-sixteenth of an inch long. The head is pale yellow and the i)08terior end of tlie body bears two spines. These larvae feed upon decaying i)artieles of ani- nuil and vegetable nuvtter always to be found in the <lirt where they live. They move alxuit by nu>ans of their hairs and spines. Tliey grow rajiidly in wjirm weather, ami in aiiout twelve days, when they mature, sjtin a slight silken coeiion an<l change to a i>upa, which is inactive. This looks more like the mature ilea and has the legs fret;. In a. short time, varying from ten to sixteen days or more, aeeording ti> the temjierature, tiu^ pupa nuitures, and the full-formed Ilea comes forth from the cocoon, ready and willing to take care of itself. * * * They pass the winter both in tlie mature and larval states, and perhaps also as eggs and pupte. There are several broods each season.

Flo. S:i.—rttlex terraticeps: front part of l)ody, showing coniba on head and jironotum — enlarged (original) .

REMEDIES.

A very concise statement of the remedies to be applied for fleas is given in circular No. i;], by Dr. T (). Howard:

The larva' of the dog and cat Ilea will not develop successfullj' in situations where thoy ar(< likely to be disturbed. The use of carpets and straw nnittings, in our oi)inion, favors their develoi)ment, since the young larvae can penetrate the inter- stices of either sort, of tloor covering and lind an abiding'place in some crack where they are not likely to be disturbed. It is comparatively easy to destroy the insect in its early stages (when it is noticed), as is shown by the ditliculty of rearing it, but the adult fleas are so active and so hardy that they successl'ully resist any but tho most streniu)us lui-asures. Even the persistent use of California buhach and other pyrelhrum powde i. was ineft'ectual in i.ne case of extreme infestation, as was also, and more remarkably, a free sprinkling of floor mattings with benzine. In this instance it was finally necessary to take up the floor coverings and wash the

152

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

floors down with hot soapsuds iu order to secure relief from the flea plajjuo. In auother case, however, a single liberal ai>i>li(ation of hnhiich was perfectly success- ful, while in a third a single thorough a))plication of hen/ino completely rid an infested house of lloas.

To sum up: Every house where a pot dog or cat is kept may become seriously infested with fleas if the proper conditions of moisture and freedom from disturbance exist. Infestation, however, is not likely to occur if the (bare) floors can be Ire (jueiitly and thoroughly swept. When an outbreak of fleas comes, however, the easiest remedy to apply is a free sprinkling of jiyrethrum j)owder in the infosted ••oonis. This failing, benzine may be tried, a thorough spraying of carpets and floors being undertaken, with the exercise of due precaution in seeing tliat noliglitsor fires are in the house at the time of the ap))lication, or for some hours al'terwards. Finally, if the ])l:)gue is not thus abated, all floor covt^rings must be removed and the floors Avashed witli hot soapsuds. Tliis is a useful inecautiou to take in any house which it is proposed to close for the summer, since even a tiiorough sweeping may leave behind some few flea eggs from which an all-pervading swarm nniy develop before the house is riM)pened. * * »

Provide a rug for the cat or the dog to sleep on and give this rug a fre(]Uent shak- ing and brushing, afterwards sweeping up and burning the dust tlius removed. As •ill the flea eggs on an infested aninnil will not, however, drop off iu this way, and those which remain on it will probably develo]) successfully, it will be found wise to occasionally rub into the hair of the dog or cat a (juantity of i)yrethrum powder. If thoroughly applied, it will cause the fleas to fall ofl' in a half stupefied condition, when they, too, may be swept up and burned.

In the observations made at this Department upon this species of flea during the summer of 1895, some dillicnlty was found in preserving Just the right degree of moisture to eut'ible tlie insect successfully to transform. An excess of moisture was found prejudicial to the development of the species, as was too great dryness. The observations showed, however, that at Washington in summer an entire generation may develop in a little more than a fortnight. Hence a housekeeper shutting up her house in .June, for example, with a colony of fleas too small to be noticed inside it need not bo surprised to And the establishment overrun when she opens it up again in September or October.

Kabbit Fleas.

1 1'-''

m

The difterent kinds of rabbits are very abundantly supplied with

fleas, as doubtless any one who has handled these animals will willinj«ly testify. According to authorities, lK)wever, there are at least three different species of fleas which may infest them. The species infesting the European hares is known as Vulex goniocephalns Tasch., and this has not as yet been recognized in America. Pnlex gujixH of Kirby was originally described from Canada, and Baker has recorded it from the cottontail rabbit, at Lansing, Mich. It is described as having the head rather evenly rounded in front, the ej'es in the anterior half of the head, mandibles reaching two-thirds of the coxa;, the comb on the bordf^r of the head of one or two spines, pro- notal comb of 20 spines, light reddish-brown, the female 4 mm. long.

Fio. H. — I'idez inneqnalit— head and forepart of body — eularged (original).

SIPHONAPTERA.

155

rnlcv inaequalin leaker, described from cottontail and ja<;k rabbits near the Grand Canyon, Arizona, is thouglif by Baker to be the North Aiaeiican rei>resentativc of (foniocephaluH, It is distingnished from (j\(l(tH by liavinjj i\w, head obtnsely angulated in front, the liead spines r» or <» in number and pronotal spines 1(5. Length of tlie mah% 1.5 nnn. ; female, 1.75 to 2.25 mm. A variety called simplex is indicated as liiiving H spines in the head comb, 14 in the pronotal comb, and being slightly larger in size, 2.5 mm. in length. This variety seems to be tlie common fm-m on lAjnts sylraticiin in Towa.

Pulcv (fouiovephnhis has sharply angnlated forehead and prom)tal (!omb of 14 spines. It has a length of 2 mm.

The Mole Flea.

( 7'i/7)7i/»/>»////rt iiHHimHiH Tiiscb.)

This species, destaibed by Taschenberg from the European mole in 1880, appears to be identical with the species found on our common moles Sadojhs (uinatieus and aryentatus.

Fl(». ^r^.—Tii/ililotimilla amimilis: a ami h, lioatl and tormiiial Hcj;moiit of ft>iii«le; c, malt' — enlarged

(uri;;iiml).

The eye is very rudimentary, scarcely visible under the microscope, the head with a comb of 3 spines on the lower border and thepronotum with a comb of 7 to 9 spines on each side. "Male claspers boot-shaped, the sole turned up." Color rather dark brown, more intense along the dorsum. Length 2.5 mm.

It is recorded from Sorex vulgaris, Talpa curopea, Mus syliuUimis, and Arvicola arvalis by Taschenberg, and Baker records it from the mole, Lincoln, Xebr., and the "common garden mole," Lansing, Mich. I have taken it repeatedly from the prairie mole {Scalo2)s argentatus) at Ames, Iowa, and have specimens from I'rof. A. W. Bitting from Scalops aquoticHs, Lafayette, Ind.

From these records it would appear to be quite closely confined to the mole as its particular host, and the rudimentary nature of its eyes might be looked upon as a parallel adaptation with that of its host.

154 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The Pocket (Iopiikb Flea.

{Tyithlofninlla amertvana Hiikor; ftlHo Piilex iijiiola Milker.)

Tliis species, (lesciib«',<l by Ilakei- (Caiia«lijiii Knt(mn)lo{ji8t, Vnl. XXYII, ]). 1S(!), 1 liave taken repeatedly from our coininon pocket

Fid. Mil. — l)iiMopiiyHa attierieana : main; n, antiMiim— <'ii1arg<'il (orifjiiial).

gopher {(iromyn hnrmriuN) diiriiijj^ the past ten years, and it must be a common resident of their burrows. j\Ir. Baker records it from a '' large

Fio. S7. —Typhlopgylla americana: female — enlarged (origir il).

brown mole," and states that lie has seen specimens cjllected by Pro- fessor (xillette on the pocket gopher at Fort Collins, Colo., and by Professor AMrich at Moscow, Idaho, on Thomomys talpoides.

SIPHONAPTERA.

156

"oloyist, V„i. "irnon pocket

ertex evenly rounded from (H'oipnfi to month, Hlifrlitly llattonod above in mule; lii'iid with very weak liriHtles; liristleB on Joint 2 of antonnii- Inn^ur than third, joint, uliich if* without bristleH; nmn<iil>lt'H attaining tiin^e-fonrlhs of anterior coxii'; pro- iiotiil comb of 18 to 22 npines ; legs with Htrong spines on tibiir and hind tarsi ; hind fiinora with a row of bristU's on the side; in midillo tarsi joint 2 is longer than 5; in liind tarsi, joint I is about as long as 2 and 3 together, wliiir 5 is shorter than !t; .'ibdominal segments each with two dorsal and two ventral rows of nnmerouH bris- tles, the seeond dorsal row wi(h 12 to 14 bristles, tlio ventral row with nearly as many, ventral bristles not stronger than dorsal ; male elasiters long, linear, edges not parallel, end sonu^what ol>li<|uely ent off, rounded; <'olor, brown; length of male, L'.2r> nnn., of female 'A to ;<,2ri mm. (Haker. )

Tlie form described sis I'uhw ujnota by Baker is evidently ii I'eiiiale of this species, iuid, since it appears to bo a Typlilopsylla, the nauie mnvrivunn liad better be retaine<l.

Aside from the species mentioned above in the geiins Tyi)hh)psylla, Kolenati has described octavtinnsj hcxnctenvs, poitdctcnus, and divtrnm occurring on bats in llurope, Taschenberg nmiuetinuta on bat in Europe, muHculi i'voui rats and mice in Kurope, eaucanica on SpdJa.r ti/phlnn in the Cau(;asian Steppes, firavilis on Talpa europea and Sorer nih/aris in Europe, and Uaker has described alpiini from mountain vat, (leorge- town, Coh>., iUu\/r)iU'nn( from garden mole, Lansing, ^Mich., and Jirook- iiigs, S. Dak, host unknown.

mil).

it nuist be a "roma^largo

id by Pro- 0., and by

liisectH wiuitiiiff

llllS»'S.

wiiiRH. procure

This s bei'ii ii I quite tli

says:

Its iiiti- was well (Hist. All

that it ^ iuontioii> fiict, am little kii occnrB ii onyJiiDUi LettiTS,

It is this in com to 1 obsciii

As! parasi attacl other autho

CHAPTER IV.

HEMIPTERA.

Bugs an'? Lice.

SITIU)RDKK UKIKKOPTKItA.

Insects with suctoiiiil iiiouth imrts; tour Aviiifjs, unless nltogetlior wiintiiig, t\w upper or front pair l)iMn{;" thickoiiod or leathery at the l)as»'s. The younj; resemble the adults excoi)t in si/.e and in wantinjif \\ iiifjs. They live upon the juices of plants or aninuUs, which they procure by suction.

Fajuily A(^ANTTlin ).K.

(1J<h1 Huj^ iuid Alli(Ml Foi'iiiH.)

TiiK Common Ukd Biuj.

(Arantliia lectularia Liiiu.)

This species, desciibed by Linna-us a century and a half ago, has been a most familiar insect to man, though for how long a. time it is quite diflicult to determine. Westwood (Introduction, Vol. II, i>. 475) says:

Its introduction into this conntry (Kngliiiid) liiis Leon tv snbjoct of discnsflion. It was well known to I'liny (lli»t. N., 2!), 17), Hioscoriik's. ArisiopliaiioM, and Aristotle (Hist. An. Kd. Uok., p. Its, 12); bnt it has been gtMierally assc^rtcd to liavo been broufjht from America to England, wiiencti it jiasscd to tiie Continent of Kuroi)e, and that it was not known here until 1G70. MonflFet. liowcvrr (Ins. Tlieatr., p. 270). mentions its havinfr been seen in l,">'>;-t. It has, however, been noticed as a singular fact, and as showing that this disgusting visitant must have been comparatively little known in tlie days of "(iood Queen Mess,'' that, although tlio word "bug" occurs tive or six ditVerent times in Shakspeare's i>lays, iL is in every instance syn- onyinons with bugbear, and iloes not designate this insect (Patterson's Shakspeare Letters, p. 59).

It is by no means easy to estimate the amount of injury caused by this insect, tor so far as num is concerned it consists of loss of tiiue and comfort, while its eltects upon other animals arc involved in too much obscurity to allow of any estinuites being formed.

As found in houses infesting man it can only be considered as semi- parasitic, living for the most ])art secreted in cracks and crevices and attacking its victims dnring the night. Probably its attacks upon other animals are of a similar nature, although it is referred to by some

authors as a parasite of domestic fowls.

157

158

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

1-

Tlie ej;j;8 are oval in shape, of a whitish coh)r, slightly naiTowed :it, cue end, and will be found in great numbers in the cracks which furnish slielter for the adults. The young bugs escape from the eggs by pusli ing oil' a circular lid at one end. Tiiey are similar to the adults exceiit in color and in the i)roportions of the body regions. At first nearly white, they gradually assume the reddish and finally the dark reddisli brown «'olor of the adidts. The body is at first more slender and tin- head larger in proportion to the rest of the body, but gradually tlic abdomen wi'kiis untd the insect acquires the shape and si/.e indicated in the figure.

Professor Uhler says (Standard Natural History, Vol. II, p. UOa):

This H|)c('ii's lias been diatrilintud over most jiarts (if tlu) world, fhiolly l)y tlio agency <•!' iiiaii, and, as iiiii^lit he oxpcctiMl iiiidcr siicli ciiTiiiimtanccs, is subject to >^ iiiiicb varlatiiiii in the relative size,

projiortioiis, and forms of most parts of (lie body. Full- favored gross specimens are often ijnitc coarsely punctured and hairy, while their half-starved brethren have a nnich tliinner outside integ- ument and iiner jiunctures, with less conspicuous jiubescencf. Some spccinn-ns have the wing pads hang- ing loose as if ready to change into wing covers, but generally these are run together into one piece on the middle line. Thus far no indi- viduals of this ins(!ct have been met with fully winged.

There is sonie confusion its concerns tae attacks of the bedbug or its parasitism on other animals than man. Packard (Guide to tlie Study of Insects, p. ."i.")! ) states that ^''It lives as a parasite on the domestic birds, such as the dove," and further, same book and page, that "i\Ir. James ]\Iac Donald writes me that he has found a nest of swallows on a c<mrt-house in Iowa swarming with bugs." In the American Ento- mologist (V(d. 1, p. 87) the following statement occurs:

Ordinarily the bed-bug is confined to the dwelling places of num, and lives on the blood of v.s grc it lonls of crealion, but we have known it to awarni in prodigious numb'iis in a ch^ken house, wher<i it must have fed exclusively upon chickens' blood, and it is said to occur also in European pigeon houses.

As other species of the same gemis have been described as infesting pigeons, swallows, and bats, resj)ectively, it nught be that these state- ments are based upon observations wliich did not take into considera- tion tne specific distinctions. Still another source of confusion exists so far as birds arei'onceriicd, and that is the occurrence upon the swift (67trc<«»v(j)e///.s///'»,), frequently called "swallow "or "chimney swallow," a species of louse {Nitzschia pulicaria) which, though smaller, has so much of a reseu'.blance to the bed bug as to mislead an observer not familiar with the characters separating the divisions of insects to which these belong.

Fm. 8S.— .t('aJif/iin7cc^Kl(irm.n,.vouiig;&, a<bill— fiiliir;;iil (liom Kik'.v).

HEMIPTERA.

159

narroAved nt which lurnisli B^^rs by pusli Kliilts (\\f.ept f iirst nearly lark ictldisli •<ler and (i„. Jiadually the ize indieati'd

1>. -'Oo) :

clli.'dy by tiio '«, is siilijoct to 10 rclativosizo,

)I1U8 of ,„„8t

Full-favored o ofton (jiiito "I'l hairy, rved Idt'threii outside inte"-- incturcs, with sceucc. Some iugpfidNhiinj,''- U) change into aiiorally these p one piece on us far no indj. have been met

Hlbnf? or its > the Stndy !«' dituHvstic , that '<j\Ir. allows on a ■ieaii Ento-

l lives on the n prodijriouN »u <hieken8'

s infesting icse state- considera- iion exists I tlie swift swallow," Br, has so lerver not i to which

Whatever its foundation, there is a widespread belief that birds and bats carry bed-bugs from place to place, and considering the suddenness with which they appear in new buildings and sometimes in buildings never used for dwellings, it seems hard to otherwise account for their appearance. Still, to those fa- iiiiliar with the habits of the bed-bug and its opportunities tor transportation, there will be no insuperable ditliculty in ac- counting for all such appear- ances.

Another impression seems to l)e that bed-bugs occur in the woods and under bark. A foot- note in West wood's Introduc-

lion (Vol. II, J). 475) reads: Fm. so. — icantkia leclularia: lirad mi.l iirollmrux—

imich ciiliirgod, sliowiii;^ form ami olothiug (origi- Soutliall states that its lirst ap- ,,^1).

pearauee took phice after the great

fire in 16()(!. " Learned men," says lie, "united in thinliing they were imported with the new deal timber, as the bugs were naturally fond of turpentine woods." It is certain that they swarm in the American timlter employed in the construction of new houses; and it is said that they feed upon the sap of that wood.

We fail to find, however, any authentic record of such occurrence from pers(mal observation, and since we have never met it in collecting under the best conditions for observing it we are inclined to think that the impression is due entirely to other insects closely resembling the bed-bug having been mistaken for it. In 183".) Mr. Leonard rienyns published a paper in the Annals of Natural History (Vol. .5, pp. L'41-l.'4t) oil three undescribed species of the genus Cimex, closely related to the comnjoii bed-bug (C. columharius, hirundinis, pipistrelM). These are stated to infest, respectively, the pigeon, the swallow, and the bat. The occurrence of any of these but hirundinis has not yet been re- corded in the United States, although, for reasons already stated, they might fail to be recorded even were they fairly common,

PREVENTION AND BKMEDY.

Cleanliness and the ai»plication of the common remedies, such as ben- zine, corrosive sublimate, and hot water will usually sutlice U keep these i)e8t8 reduced in ordinary dwellings, but in large buildings more general measures may sometimes be necessary, and iu such cases there is probably nothing more eflectual, when it can be done, than thorough fumigation with sulphur, brimstone, or i)erhaps bisulphide of carbon. "I have known a house which had long stood empty, and yet swarmed with them, thoroughly cleansed by fumigation with brim- stone" (Westwood).

We know personally of an instance where a large building, badly

160

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

infested with this pest, on being thoroughly fumigated with sulphur as a disinfectant against scarlet fever remained for some time compara- tively free from bugs.

Attention to the cracks in the walls and around casings, as well as to the joints of bedsteads, will do much to keep pests under control.

For immediate relief in a sleeping room pyrethrnm is most sn ;iilabl('. since it can be used while a room is occupied, l^usted between tlic sheets of a bed, it will protect the sleei^er from the most voracioii> hotel bug.

The "Coruco," or Mexican ('hicken Bug.

{Acanthia inodora Dugts.)

In 1892 Dr. Alfredo Duges, of Guanajufita, Mexico, described ' and figured a species of bed-bug infesting poultry, and the same, or a very closely related form, is recorded from southern New Mexico by Prof. C. H. Tyler Towusend, who says:

There exists in sontliern New Mexico a Cimicid, known by tbo Mexican name of coruco, which is au uuuiitigated pest of poultry in this region. When the insect

once gains access to the hen- house it soon swarms in great numbers, infesting the inmates and roosts, and covering the eggs with the excrementa, which sliow as black specks. It is a very dilliciilt pest to exterminate, and has been fre- (jiicntly known to spread from roosts to dwelling houses, where it pioves more formida- ble than the bed-bug. This insect also exists in western Texas. * * »

Dr. Duges mentions applica- tions of vinegar as a remedy, doubtless to be applied to the poultry to alleviate the bites, as well as to deter the corucos fnun biting. Here burning of sulphur in the, henhouses and spraying of kerosene have been tried with doubtful results. About the only way to keep poultry uninfested is to keep them entirely out of doors and not to house them at all. The corucos infest and stick to the houses and roosts, awaiting the return of the hens at night. They began to appear in Las Cruces the present year (1893) before the middle of April.

lam informed that the corucos often swarm in inunense numbers in houses, com- ing up through the floors and cracks. In such cases it is almost impossible to get rid of thtan, the easiest and most economical Avay lieing to desert the house. They

Fio. QO.—Acanthia inndora'. femnle; n. outliiii! nC n;:);— en- larfji'd 'origintil).

have been times in soi and formed as^ainst an i plastered th

I have sent me (hawing distinct fr tion of th( not projec

■ La Naturaleza, 2d series, Vol. II, 1892, PI. VIII, 8 ligs.

This 8p( mon barn fessor Gil writer in

The bu!

parts of t

to them,

served on

barn nea

ground.

abundant

lows had

and spec

bottle cor

stopper V

lowing SI

be an eas

to surviA

iu crack

the builtl

during t

of the ]

containe

bers of

showing

deposite

would a

WhiU

safe to (

the SUB

spring,

It is'

4

HEMIPTEBA.

161

have been known, according to one informant, to swarm in military posts in former times in southern New Mexico to such an extent that the soldiers wore ordered out and formed in two linos, one line with brooms to sweep the corucos en masse up HLjainst an adobe wall, where the other line stood ready with trowels and mud and phistered them into the wall alive — a novel but effective means of riddance!

I have not seen Dr. Diijjes's original article, but bo has very kindly sent me specimens of the insect, and from these the accompanying (hawing has been piepared. It will be seen that the form is <iuite distinct from that of the ordinary house bug, esi)ecially in the excava- tion of the prothorax in front, which is very slight, the lateral angles not projecting forward on the sides of tlie head.

The IJaun-swallow Bug.

(JeaHthia hirundinis .lenvns.)

This species has occurred in great numbers in the nests of the com- mon barn swallow at Ames, Iowa, the occurrence being noted by Prof- fessor Gillette (Entomological News, Vol. I, pp. 20-27) and by the writer in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, p. LMJl.

The bugs appear to be conliued to the swallow nests or upon the parts of the barn adjacent to them, some being ob- served on the sides of the barn nearly down to the ground. They were very abundant after the swal- lows had left in autumn, and specimens kept in a bottle corked with a rubber stopper were alive tlie fol- lowing summer. It would be an easy matter for them to survive in the nests or in cracks and corners of the building near the nf sts during the winter absence of the hosts. The nests contained immense num- bers of empty eggshells, showing that the eggs were

Fio. 91 Aoanthia hirundinis— frnhxTgeA (orlgiual).

deposited directly in tlie nests, and where the young bugs in hatching wotdd at once gain access to the birds.

While it is impossible to say at just what time the eggs were laid, it is safe to conjecture that they are laid some time during the early i)art of the summer, probably soon after the appearance of swallows in the spring, and that the young become partially grown at least before fall.

It is of course possible that they may use other food than the bloo4 4653— No. 5 11

162

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

of tlie swallows, but it is evident that they are closely associated witli tliis bird as a host. Tlie li{jiire will indicate the distinctive chai-acters of the 8pe<'ies, and comparison with the levtiiltrria and Inodora will reveal suflllcient basis for considering it a distiui-t form.

The species occnirrin};- upon the pijjcon and the bat have not been recorded for America so far as I am aware, but it is (juite i)robable that they may occur. They are evidently (piite distinct species, and it would be a matter of interest to determine their occurreiute here.

Avanthin columbaria -lenyns is spetiially characti^'i/.ed by the rounded form of the abdomen, the slijjfhtly excavated prothoriiX, and the third joint of the antenna' being longer than the fourth.

Acaiithia piplstreUi Jenyns has the abdomen naiTowed. the i)rothorax moderately deeply excavated, the antenna' intermediate, between kctv- laria and columbaria.

-^

Fio. 92.— Aiitt'iinir, Hhowiii}: lompariitivo Iciijttli (if .joints in k, Aniiilhia Ithundinit: b. A.U'ctularki; c, A . iitiiiliir(i—i;nUiv<ivi\ (original).

Considering the inaccessibility of the original description.-t to many students, it may be useful to rei»eat here tiui full technical descriptions as given by Jenyns (Annals of Natural History, 1839, Vol. Ill, pp. 241-244) :

C. Icctiilariiix: .Ferriij^iiieo-ocliracous; tliorace ])rofiin(l(' ciiiiir^inati), latorilms rotlcxiH; alidoininu Huhorliiciilato. apice aciito; aiiteiinis articiilo turtio <[uarto loiigi- ore. Long, 1.'^ liii. llab. lu tioiiiibus.

C, coliimhariiiH : Fernioiueo-oeliraceiis; tbitraco ]tri>l'un(li' I'luar^inato, latorilms rellexis; ahiloiiiinoorhiciilato, apico .siiba<'iito; aiitcniii.s artii'iilo tcrtiii i|iiarto paiilo b)iigiore. Long, vix '2i lin. llab. lu coliiiiibis.

('. hinindhii. ■ Kuwco-lerrngineiis; tliorace^ leviter oniargiiialo, latiU'ibiiH planiR, abdonihio ovato, apicc siibacnto; antennis brcvUms, articulo tortio ct ([iiarto siib- ue(|naHl>iiH. Long. \'i lin. Hab. In nidis lliriiiHlini.'' iirbi(;a>.

('. ])iinntrcni : Ferniginoo-ocliraceus, nitidiis; tboracti |>r()f'iindtM^iiiarginMto, latori- bns paiilo rellcxis; abdoinino ovato, poistico attennato; antt^niiJH articulo tertit* quarto lougiore. Long. 12 lin. llab. lu VcHpertilionc pipiistrtdhi.

C.cithiiiiharhis: On comparing this species with the coninion house bug it will bs' found to be smaller and oC a morr circular form. The antenna- are shorter and the joints are not ciuite so slender, and the dilVerence in length between the third and fourth Joints i , not so considerable. The thorax is rather less hollow(Ml out in front, the anterior angles less produced, and the sides less rellexod. The abdomen more nearly approaches the round, the lateral margins being very niuch curved and the greatest breadth exactly in th(* middle ; whereas in the house bug the lateral margins are at first but little curved, and the greatest breadth rather behind the middle. The colors as well as the degree of the pubesueuce are similar in the two species.

HEMIPTERA.

163

C. hirnndinis: This Hpeoies is rather less than C. columbariux ana in respect to form (liferent from both this and the C. lectnlartiiH. Tlie antnniiii- are coinparativoly short, :iii<l the tliird Joint is scarctOy if at all longer than the fourth. The eyes are not so jiroHiinent, the thorax is mnch loss hollowed ont in front, the anterior angles but little produecsil, and the sides scarcely at all rellexed. The scntelluin is wider at the liase or more, transverse and does not jirojeei, so far backward; the elytra are less coarsely pnuctnretl ; the abdomen is not ko broad, and mure ronnded at the apex, the sides regularly curved. The wiiole insect is more pubescent. The color is f(!rru- !;iuoiis, inclining to testaceous, darker than ia Iheeommon bed-bug, and the head and tlioraiv are much clouded with fuscous. In one specimen the legs are spotted at or near the Joints with this last color. There are also some fusc(>ns spots on the abdo- men. The young or pupa" have the abdomen much narrower than tlio jierfect insect, inclining to oblong.

C. pipislrelli: The antenme of this S|>ecies are of an intermediate l«!ngth ' ♦^^ween those of the ('. Uctniarins and those of the V. (utliimbarins, and the third Joint is obviously longer than the fourth. The eyes are prominent. The tlior . has a mod- erately deep excavation in front, and the sides arc partially rellexed. The abdomen is narrower than in either of the above-named spe(Me8, and much more attenuated posteriorly, the greatest breadth being rather before the middle. The thighs are more incrassated. The wlioh* insect is more ]>ubesceut, approaching to his])id, and rather coarsely punctured. The color is dark ferruginous ochre, glistening with a faint metallic or subaeneous hue, not j)erceptible in any of the otuer species. The legs and antenna- are a shade paler than the abdomen, and, as well asthislatt, with- out spots.

Fjimily 1 1 Kr> I T VITD^K.

This fainil.y contains a lar{?e variety of bugs, tho majority of which appear to be strictly carnivorous in habit, many of them beinji' of uo little service in destroying injurious insec^ts. They are provided with stout curved beaks; the antenna' have the terminal Joints smallest; the head is cylindrical, the neck usually long and the bodies generally slender, while the legs are strong and often armed with spines. Many species are capable of inflicting severe wounds, but probably very few of them do so except in self defense. One sj)ecies, however, has been so many times reconled as attacking individuals of the human species for the purjiose of sucking blood for food that it should be mentioned, at least, in this c(mnection.

The BLooi)-SuoKiN(f C(>ne-no«e.

{ConorhiniiH HangiiisHtjit lioc.)

Tiiis species, sometimes called the " big bed-bug," is distributed throughout the southern United States and has been reported as fre- quently occurring in be«ls, attacking the sleepers and sucking their blood. The following from the American Entomologist (Vol. I, j>. 88) sums up its habits:

While taking his meal, as we are informed, he fairly spraddles himself out, and seems to enjoy it hugely. In the more southerly parts of Illinois, namely, in Madi- son, .Fersey, and Union counties, we know of no less than eight specimens having been found in beds, and it must also occur as far north as Adams Count,y, for we saw it in a collection of insects made at C^nincy and exhibited at the Htate fair in 18()8. Mr. Uhler, as he informs us, formerly received a specimen from southern Ohio, near Marietta, at which place it was said to be occasionally found in beds, and to cause

164

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

severe infliimniation by its puncturing. Dr. E. S. Hull, of Alton, 111., was once, aslio tells us, bitten in three places in the arm by one of these creatures, and the arm became so inflamed in conso(|uence that for three days afterwards he almost lost tlic use of it. In the northerly parts of tlie United States, so far as wo are aware, it does not occur. Like many of it.s allien it jjasses the Avuiter in the perfect state, for we have ourselves captured it in south llliDuis under loose bark in November, in company with its pupa (lig. 93, b).

m

Tia.93.— f'onorliinus,ian(iuUnfia: a, pupa; 6, itrtult (from Anier. Kiitom.).

All the species of this jjenus, most of which are South American, fly into houses by night, according to Hiirmeister, and live upon tlie blood of mammals, tho jmucturo of their beaks causinj; great jiaiu. In the larval and impal states they probably suck the juices of insects; for being wingless in those states they would have no means of reaching the larger animals. Tho single jjupa that wo found under bark in winter time occurred in a place that was about half a mile from tho nearest house; so that at all events it certainly could have had no chance there to suck bumau blood.

SUBOKDKIJ PARASITA.

This group includes the sucitorial lice, confined to mammals; tliey are strictly parasitic insects, being coufiued to their hosts constantly and deriving all their nourishment from them. They are wingless, and the mouth parts consist of a tubular suctorial organ.

This subordsr contains but two families, the first of which, the Poly- ctenidic, contains, so far as known, but two species, both of which are confined to bats, one in Jamaica aiul the other in China. These do not projterly fall within the province of this ])aper, and it will not be neces- sary to give them further consideration.

Fjiinily Pltll )ICn ILIl ).K. (The Suetoi'ial Lice.)

This family includes nearly all the species of the suborder and all that come within the limits of this i>aper.

We need only add to the character above given the short rostrum without joint and the tarsi adapted to clasx)ing and holding to hairs.

HEMIPTERA.

165

The eggs — "iiita" — are attached to hairs by a glue-like substance, and the young lice when hatched resemble the adults except in size. As the ciitin^ life of the parasite is passed upon the same animal or on another animal of tl»e same kind, its range of habit is easily stated.

Hut very few of the species are ever found upon any other species of animal than that whic^li they normally infest, and if so nlways upon very nearly related species. Whether this is due todirt'erences in (lie thickness of the skin, of tem- [icrature, of the size of the hair to which they must adhere and to which their feet are adapted, or to some subtle difference in the odor or taste peculiar //]

to their particular host which leads them to dis- card all others, we are unable to say.

The mouth parts are necessarily capable of great extension in order to reach the blood of their hosts. Uhler says (Standard Fat. Hist., Vol. II, p. 209): "A fleshy unjointed rostrum, capable of great extension by being rolled inside out, this action serving to bring forward a chapletof barbs wliich emlx'd themselves in the skin to give a lirm hold for the penetrating bristles, arranged as chitinous strips in a long, slender, flexible tube, terminated by four very minute lobes, which i)robe to the cajnllary vessels of a sweat pore. The blood being oncie reached a current is maintained by the pulsations of the pumping ventricle and the per- istaltic movements of the stomach."

The species infesting nnin are so nearly related to the others that we can not well pass them by without notice.

The Cuau Louse.

{/'hlliiriiiH inffiiinulia Leach.)

(ler .and all

/

Fig. 94.— Month-parta of

['ediculua vfstiiiienti., sliowing rostrum ami ex- tcnsili! tube — greatly en- largi'tl (after Si'biodte).

If we may depend upon ancient writers, this si>ecies has long been a companion of man. Ac- cording to Denny it is recorded by Herodotus, and atrctmling to IMaget was referred to in the writings of Aristotle. Some of tlie ancient accounts treat of it as occurring in the most prodigious numbers and causing most serious ailments to the infested parties. The disease produced gained the name of Phthiriasis, though doubtless this term has been api)lietl also to the attacks of the other species of parasites infesting man.

Its attacks are said to be more severe than those of the other forms of lice, although it is quite probable that in the worst cases reported the

16fi

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

diftereiit species have, been jn-esent, since tlie conditiuni^ favoriiifj tin- in<Teiise of one will also liivor the others. The reports, especially <it' the earlier writers, have many of them doubtless been subject to {jieai exafjfjcration, tor while the normal rate of increase will account for the sudden app«ai;i nee an<l ■ oid multiplication of the li(!e under certain

conditions, it is not equal to the marvel ous stories which are to be met with even in some works that lay claim to iU'vin H y.

-"r (. ,.-ab louse infests ])articularly the jie . e. 'ons, but occurs also amon{^ the sii.i hair.- * der the arms, in the beard, antl it is said also among the hairs of the eyebrows. It does not live in the line hair of the head.

It is very distinct from the other species, the body being nearly as wide as long, \\hile the strong legs spreading out laterally very greatly increase its apparent width and give it the form of a crab in miniature, thus winning for it the name of (irab louse. It is of a whitish color, with a dusky i)atch on eju'h shoulder, and with the legs slightly tinged with re<ldish, the claws having this color more pronounced. It is nearly one-tenth of an inch in length.

The remedies adopted for the head louse are applicable to this sjie- cies, altlumgh if is said they are less ettw-tual and must be i)eraisted in more vigorously. lied precipitate is probably most freijueutly used.

Fici. It'i. — I'litliiiiiis i-.iiii/iialix (iil'te'- iH'iinv.)

•iiliir;;t'il

The Head Louse.

(I'ediciiluH rapitix Di'G<'<m-. )

This louse has been I'ecognized under one name or another as far back as we have history. While very generally (lonfused with the following species, it is probably the one most (icuumoidy known, th<nigh perhai)s not the one which has caused the greatest amount of annoy- ance or that has occurred in the greatest nuTubers. The two species were not clearly defined till comparatively recent tinu',s.

Elaborate writings upon the louse Avere given by Swammerdam, Leeuwenhoek (IfiOS), and descriptions of it by Redi, DeCleer, Linmeus, (leottroy, liurmeister, Leach, and others, besides innumerable brief mentions and a goodly number of elaborate memoirs upon its embry- ology, etc. In later days, while a most annoy in j' pest, it does not appear to have caused such serious results as th body louse or the crab louse.

It is confined to the flue hair of the head, rarely occurring on other parts of the body.

The eggs (nits) are white and glued to the hair at some distance

c

HEMIPTERA.

1()7

from the lieiul, and are most abuudaiit, wo have observed, ba(^k of the

cars. When miiiierous they form quite conspicuous objects. The

young, upon hatchinj; from these, resemble the adults, except in size

iind in beinjj less distinctly nnirkcd. The proportions of

tlie body are also somewhat ditferent. the abdomen beiiifj

smaller than after it has bccoine enlarged by a stciidy

did upon hunnin bhxul. The full-grown lice are whitish,

with faint, dark nmrkings at llie sides of the thorax and

iibdomen. The last segment of the abdomen in the

female is bih)bed.

Murray has shown tlnit the (liferent races of man har- bor ditl'eri'ut varieties of this species <»f louse, the ditler- ence in the varieties being jtarticularly in color aiul in the VM.w.-reincuiuK form of the claws. In color they differ from the nearly <|'/''''''' (ait.<r whit(^ infesting the Caucasians to the black infesting the African. The claws dilVt'r sonu'what in proportions, and Murray thinks these dilferences constant, but they can at most be considered oidy us varietal dilferences.

IJemedies are white precipitate, suli)hur ointment, and especially cleanliness.

TiiK Body Lousk.

(I'fdinilHn ventimrnti Leiinh.)

As with the preceding species, the history of this parasite is lost in anticpiity, and most of the early accounts failed to indicate any dif- ference in the two forms. In the works of DeGeer, Leach, Denny, and others they ani distinguished and well characterized.

This form is most common where opportunities for good sanitation are wanting, as in armies, prisons, and all places where attention to

bodily cleanliness from choice or necessity is neg- lected.

It is not km>wn to infest animals, though we have seen specimens that were said to have been taken from cattle.

Until fully grown there is not nnich difierence to be noted in tiie appearance of this and the pre- ceding species, though the nnirkings at the sides are less distin(;t. In the adult form, however, the dorsal surface is marked with dark transverse bands.

Tlie insect secretes itself in the folds of the clothing, oidy penetrating the skin when in want of food. The long, slender sucking tube, by means of which it reaches the small blood vessels near the surface, is shown fully extended in figure 94.

iiii-nii (iii"li'r Di'iiii.v).

108

INSECTS AKFKCTINO l)OMESTIC ANIMALS.

ft

Tho t'jjfys iirc^ (lopositod in folds of the <1l()tlliIlJ,^ and, uccordiiip to tlio estiuiati's of liOcuwtMiliovk, a sinifle adult fcnialo may liavo a i)rogt>iiy of r>,<)(M) in (>i}r|it wi'oks, and lie adds tliat in tlut lioat of suniiner this estimate niiyht ho very ffieatly exceeded. This will readily ac<!()unl foi- all the autlientic repoits of snddeu and numerous appearauees <it' this pt'st.

A )-eady nu>ans of «'(Mid)atin^' this pest is to thoroughly bake the elothiii};' infested witli it, or, to he fully as elVeetual with less heat, This niijuhf l»e accompanied by fumigation with sul|>hnr or tobacco smoke. A repetition of this pioccss two or threes times at intervals of a few days, along with strict perscuuil cleanliness, should overeouie the most seiions attack.

Alt (lescribe«l, uiuler the iuiiiu> of I'rdiciihis tnhcaccntittniy the louse which hcM'onsideied as the cause of phthiriasis, but later authorities consider this as simply tiie re-stiincnfi present in aggravated numbers. Properly speaking, this atfection should be termed |)ediculosis. and the term phthiriasis rtserved for the attacks of I'htkiriuti iiKjuinalM.

LoiTSK OF THE Ape.

(rcdiviiliin riiiimthriiiiiH I'iiijjet.)

Closely related to the hunnin lice is a species described by Piaget occurring upon the Ateles ape [Atclcs iieniadactylns). It resembles especially tile I'eilivulKs nii>His, but ])resents sonuMlill'erences in form of heatl and structur(H)f alxlominal ai»|)endages which have led this author to establi>h the separate species. It appeals to differ less, in general appearance, from typical capifi-s than tho varieties of capitis oceurriug on ditVerent races ditfer annuig themselves.

Though there is t'onsiderable dilVereiu'e in the drawings, this is prob- ably the same species that is ligured by Murray (Keonomie Entomology, p. .'}S!M under the name of Pediculns quad nun an us and said to be taken from the Ateles ape.

Lice JNi'ENTiN(r the iMonkev.

Three species of lice are found ui)on monkeys, all being generically distin«rr fnun those inte.stiig other aninuils. They form the genus I'cdi- cinus, the most essential character of which is the presence of but three Joints in the anteuiue.

The species are tlie Pedicinus curyj/asicr Gervais, which occurs upon the maca(iues, Macacxs nemcsfrinns, cynomohjUH, and radiaius, accord- ing to Piaget, and Macacus sinicus, according to (liebel; the Pedicimts longiceps Piaget occurring, ai^cording to its author, upon the Macacua cynomo}(fUHii\\([ tho Seninopithccus pruinosm; and the Pedicinus breviceps Piaget infesting the Cercopithecus monas.

HEMIPTKRA.

169

Aside from those species of INMli(!iii(i.-.,(J«M'vaiH describes ii species of Ilifinatopiiius, If. ohtmim, from tiie SeinnopitlieruH maitruH.

Tlie abiin<liinc(i of tlieso vermin upon moni\eys can be attested l>y all visitors of z(M»lojjical gardens or menageries, and the ready means adopted by tlie iiosts for their siil>inpition are equally familiar — a method of destruction whicli, by the way, is said to be adopted by many tribes of inferior races belon^^ing to the human species.

THK SUCKINCr I)()(l liOUHK. {Hitmatititinun pH'tferuH Hiiriii.)

Althouffh the do}j has been the closest <'ompauion of nian amonjj the domestic animals from very early times, and (u>nsequently this para- site, in all pnibability, was well known to keepers of dofjs, it was not technically descrilied until about the yeai' 1S3.S.

It does not appear to have been a very numerous or injurious para site, apparently nuicii less so than the TrivhodevteH latus infesting the same aninnil, and less annoying than eitlier ticks or fleas. Denny says (Monog. Anop. IJrit., p. 20): "I have found it upon dogs two or tiiree times, but it is by nt) means of connnon occurren<*e." We have examined nmny dogs in quest of it, but only a single specimen so far has been our reward. Denny says (loc. cit.): "I also received specimens from the fer- ret.'' It can hardly be inferred, however, that tiiis animal is consequently a normal host for the s])ecies, as such an instaiu.'e might occur entirely from a(!ci- dent, the louse having been transferred from some dog to a ferret associated witii it.

This species is somewhat similler than the lice infesting most of the larger mammals, tiie full-grown individuals being nearly one-tenth of an inch long. It is described generally as of a light-red or ashy flesh color, but evi- dently varies as the other species, according to the condition of the body as well as the age of specimens. In preserved specimens these colors become lighter, assuming a yellowish hue, the abdomen, except where darkened by the intestine and its ccmtents, appearing a shade lighter than the front part of the body. Tlie abdomen is ihickly cov- ered with tine hairs and minute warty ennnences, these latter when magnified about 300 diameters appearing like the scales of a lizard or fish.

Specimens from different breeds of dogs do not appear to have been noticed as dirtereut, altliough a form describe<l as //. bicolor by Lucas may iierhaps bt found to present race characteristics.

Fio. 9S.—Ua!matopinus liiliJiTuii (uiitliur's il- lustration).

170 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

THK liOUSE «»K TUK CAMEL.

(Ilomatopiniia intntli Keili.)

Wo 'How (liobel and Piiif^ot in luliuittiii^ this spocies, nlthonjfh it (Iocs ii< appoiir to liiivc heoii observed by :in,v nioduni iiatiiralist.

I*ia}>t'i says (Ia's IN'-dic, ]>. i\\\): " l^a lij^nni (luo donuji iJodi, le seiil (|ui ait obs«M'V('' (H'tto cspna^ se nipprociio bt^aucoiip dti ctdlo de Vuriun"

lilCK iNI'KSTINC} TIIK (llltAPFK, 1)EEI{, AND ANTIXOI'E.

( IlivmatopinHH «j)i».)

( /losely it'lated to tlie lice intestiiij; tlie otlier lioofcd (piadruiu'ds arc those inlestiiiy rcspectivoly tiie jjiratl'e, deer, and aiiteh)i>e. Tiic hjic- (ies infeatin}; tlie j-iratl'e {VduivlopardoliH iiirnlTa) was described by Giebel under tlu^ name llwmntnpinus hrevirornis ; tliat infestin{f the deer was Urst mentioned by Rcdi and described an<l iianu'*! by Nitzadi ii» JI<rm<(topiinis rvnssirorniti; it is recorded I'roni tlie red deer (Ccrr».>( cUiphtis). The niviniitopiniis tihialis Piajjet, from Aiifilopa wmorj, is, according to its anthor, represented by varieties on t\w Aiitilopa sp. and the AntUopo subi'Utiurosa,'A\n\ he considers it jiossible that the //. cerncapnc Lucas, from Antilo^ht vcnHcapra, is also a variety of this same speiaes.

The SuoivTN*; TiOiisE of tiik Goat.

{IIwinatopiniiH slenupnis Kiiriii.)

We have no record of this si)ecies having been observed in this coun- try, and judging by the references to it in standard works it must be of rather rare ocu'urrence in countries where these animals are kept in greater abundance than here.

The species is not, so far as sit present known, transmissible to any other domestic animal, and if ever becoming abundant, will doubtless yield to the treatment used for the other species, though the long hair would Tnake some of them niore diftl(!ult of application. On this account pyrethrum would seem to be most practicable.

The Sheep Foot Louse.

{Ha'tnatopinim peduHH ii. sp.)

We would hardly expe<!t to find an entirely new form of louse on so common a domestic animal as the sheep at this late period of investi- gation of <anima} parasites. I sim able to announce, however, a species which seems to have entirely escaped observation heretofore, and, more- over, to describe a habit of distribution of the parasite on its host which has, so far as I know, no parallel among the related species. This suctorial louse of the sheep occurs only, as all examinaticms so far indi- cate, upon the legs and feet below where the long wool is found. It is

HEMII'TERA.

171

ospeeially coiiiinon to Mmi region of \hv 'm1»'\v «-,lii\vrt," wlit'H' tin' i'ligs uppuiir to l)u most (totiiiiioiily dcposih'tl.

It is of about tliu Hiiiiio ^<'ii(>ral Hlia|io as tlic sliort-noMi-d ox loiis(>, thoii^li Mcarcoly so l»roa«l and rather siiiallci. Tlic dark, cliiliiioiis portions of the body arc inucli restricted, so tliat it lias a more imma- ture look than the viinjNteninH. Its maturity, liowevcr, is tally shown by tlie developuH'nt of the neiiital or},'aiis.

It no doubt passt's throui^fh its various staj^es of development just as the related spe<'ies, an<l so far nothing <'an be said as to the exact time re(piircd in n'aehin;;' maturity. Efftjs ami adults were collected in January, but e<>°^s carried in a vest pocket in a small vial so as to be

I maori, is,

■~' nT|'\'\^'^^'

W;

Flo. 09 — llirnitttii/iiaiis fii'daUii: n. uiliilt IV'iimli'; (/, vuntriil view of tuniiiiial Hi'giiiPiitH of simin, sliowini; liniHhitH; c, tcRmiiiiil Hcumciits of iiialo; tl, cgj;,— all ('nlar};<Ml (nrijiiiial).

kept warm did not hatch. T <■ tigure will show the characteristic form and stru(!ture.

The fact that this species is confined to the lower i)art of the lejis and does not occur on the parts of the body covered by long wool is a very important one, and one which makes it an easy matter to treat the pest at any season of the year. The feet and lejjs can be washed with any of the ettectivo dipi)ing solutions, or the sheep may be driven into a shallow vat of the solution with enough of tin' solution to reach up to tlie body without wetting the wool. Dii)ping at shearing time for ticks and biting lice will destroy these also, so that if the ])racti(!e of an annual dip is followed there should be no troubhi from this new pest.

Homaloimius pedalis n. sp. Female : Head and thorax comparatively small ; abdo- men fusiform, tapering. Length, 2.20 mm. ; width of abdomen, 1 mm.

172

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Head abort, as wide as long, blnntlj' contracted in front of the antennip, with fow hairs. Antennie large, annulate with reddish-brown, terminal joint with three or fonr bristles. Occiput uicrging into thorax, with jjromiuent reddish oblique bands either side, becoming approximate on the thorax. Thorax wider than long, with anterior faint and posterior distinct band not meeting on median line of dorHuni. Legs not ditVeriug nuirkedly in size, but anterior smallest and posterior largest ; mid- dlo and posterior tibial with very prominent, spoon-shaped process opposed to tarsal claw, marked with red-brown bands.

Abdcmien oval, i'ui-ji'orm, thick, rising high above the thorax, sparsely set at base with irregularly scattered small hairs, those at mrrgiu a little longer and more regu- larly placed; Npiracles inconspicuous, pleural, not marked by chitinou.i tubercles; brush organs on seventh segment rather small, L-shaped, th<i bristles on cho end very small; terminal segment set with a duster of small spines cither side, ventrally.

Male: l?roi',der and flatter than tlie femule. Two brownish lines on posterior ven- tral segments, converging to tip of abdomen ; forked genitalia, showing through the transparent body wall.

P3ggs attached on hair of lower log and foot a short distance from the skin, of about the usual form, rather long, surface shining, minutely punctured.

Collected .it Ames, Iowa, from domestic sheep {Ovh arien). These sheep had been recently im^ ' rted from Canada. Tlie lice did not occur on more than a few animals.

The Shoet nosed Ox Louse.

{Hnmatopinua eurysternits Nitzsch.)

This is probably the species that has been familiar from early time as the louse infestiiiff cattle, though since this species and the following one have been generally confused, it is impossible to say which has ' fttn most common. It was first accurately described by Nitzsch under the name of redicnhis eurystcrmis in 1818 (Germar's Mag., Vol. Ill, p. 305^. and has received jnention in every important treatise on para- sites since that date, as well as innumerable notices under the head of animal parasites, cattle lice, etc. As with other species, the disease produced has been termed phthiriasis, and as treated by KoUar and other writers, it has been recognized as a most serious pest and numer- ous remedies tried for its suppression.

Since it has been very generally confused with the following species, we shall give more particular description and show as clearly as possi- ble how to distinguish them. The following quotation from Mr. C W. Tcnney (in Iowa Homestead for August 18, 1882) will show that this difference is not without interest or value as viewed by a practical breeder: ''Then there is a blue slate colored louse and a larger one of the same color that vaiy somewhat in their habits, and the last men- tioned is the hardest to dish)dge." Evidently it is the species under discussion to which Mr. Tenney refers as the "larger one." It infests particularly the neck and shoulders, and these parts are frequently worn bare by the efforts of the animal to rid itself of the irritation i)ro- duced by these u v ome visitors. Still, some cattlemen say that these parasites • no consequence, and that they never pay any

attention to them.

The full-grown females are about one-eighth to one-flftli of an inch

HEMIPTERA.

173

I the skin, of

long, aud fully half that in width, wliile tlie males are a little smaller and proportionately a little narrower. Aside from the difference in size th.e sexes differ very decidedly in the markings and structural fea- tures upon the umler side of the body. The males have a broad black stripe running forward from the end of the body to near the middle of the abdomen, as shown in figure 100, c.

The females have no indications of this stripe, but the black, broken bund of the U[)per side of the terminal segment extends slightly around on the under side. The most important character, however, is the i)re8ence of two little brush-like organs on the next to the last seg- ment, as shown in figure 100, d.

The head is bluntly roumled in front, nearly as broad as long, and with the anteume sitiratcd at the sides midway from the posterior to the anterior borders; behind these are located slight eminences upon which may be found the small eyes, which are seen with considerable ditticulty. At the front of the head may be seen the small rostrum or beak, the

Fo. \W^.—TTti'iiiatoiiinuseiini.<!trriiiis: n, fi'inuli' ; h, rostrum; r, vpiilrul surl'aitMtf tlio liist sppmonts of male; (/, sami) iil' I'omale; c, iij;^; .'', surfaio of Hamo groatly I'lilargfl (author's illu.stratioii).

end of which is usunlly at or near the surf ice, bnt which is caiMble of extension and retraction. The end of this beak is armed with a double row of recurved hooks (see iig. KM), h). The function of these hooks is doubtless to fasten the beak firmly into the skin of the host, while the true pnmping organ must consist, as in the Pediculi, of a slender pierc- ing tube, thcmgh we can see only slight in<u<'ations of this tube within the head, and we have not seen it nor do we find iiny recordof its hav- ing been seen fully extended in this species. Professor Marker says the rostrum can be pushed out, but his ligure shows oidy the basal portion with the crown of hooks and nothing of the tubular parts inclosed within.

The thorax is wider than long and widest at the posterior margin where it Joins the abdomen. Tlie legs project from the side, are long and stout, and especially adapted to chki jig and clinging to the hair.

174

TNSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

An exfni jn'ovisioii for this purpose coiisists of a double i)]iit.e haviiiji- flue transverse ri(l{;es in the basal Joint of the tarsus. This structure appears t() have been first described by Professor llarker (Aj^ricniUnral 8tiulents' (razette, Vol. 1, p. 1(>2). The abdomen differs <>'reatly in form and size, aecordinjf to the dejjreo of distention, which ac(U)unts for the discrepancies in the ditlerent tij^urcs of this s[>ccics. It may be called llask-shaped and more or less flattened according to the amount of matter contained in it. There is a row of luuMiy tubercles along each side and a row of ehitinous plates along each side of the upi)cr surface of tlie abdomen. Tiie spiracles are located in the tubercles at tiie sides, and tliere is one to each of the last six segments, omitting the terminal one. Jn <!olor there is some variation, as w<mld be surmised from a c;»mparison of descriptions by different authors. The general color of the head and tiiorax is a light brown approaching to yellow- ish, with touches of bright chestnut on the head and legs and margins of the tliorax, also touches of dark brown on these parts, more par- ticularly on tlie dorsal portion of the thorax. Tlie abd<;mcn in fresh specimens has a geneial bluisii asi)ect, not so noticeable in ])reserved specimens, besides its color depends evidently in large degree upon its contents. Denny says "grayish-white or ocliraceous gray," whicii would apply well t<» pieserved specimens, but his ])late shows it a bl;.e- gray. Ilarker says brownish gray. It appears to ns that the term used by Mr. Tenney, blue slate ctdored, t'omes quite as near describing the average appearunce as any that we have seen. The tubercles at the side of the abdonuni and the ehitinous plates are chestniit-colo'-ed, while the most of the upper surface of the terminal segment in the female and the ventral stri]te in the male are black.

The females deposit their eggs on tlie hair, attaching them very near the skin. Figure 100, c reinesents one of the eggs, siiowing its attach- ment to the hair and the distances from the root of the iiair in the speci- men drawn. The adluisive substance evidently invests the egg during ovii)Osition and is touched to the hair, the <'gg then slightly drawn along so as to leave the glue-like mass to form a firm union around the hair and t() the egg. The egg is elongate-oval, taperini': at the lower end, and having a cai)-like covering at the upper end. Ttie surface is set with ery minute points Just visible under an im^h objective, but showing clearly with a power of .'tOO diameters. At the surface no coi - nection is to be seen between different points, but focusing a little below the surface brings into view what appear to be minute threads or chan- nels running from point to point and giving a reticulate appearance to the eggshell. The points can not correspond to fli«' circular bodies rep- resented in Denny's figure (E, IM. XXV, Monog. Anop. Urit.), which have nuich more the jippearance of ])rotoplasmic granules of the egg contents. The shape of the i'ji;g in his figure Is also entirely different from that of the specimen from whi(;li (mr figure is drawn.

The young louse e8ca[)es from the outer or unattached end, whether

phur,

HEMIPTEBA.

175

by pushiuf? off the ciip-Iike portion or by »iru[)ly pusbiug tbrou,uh this portion, whi(;h ;ip[)ears to be thinner than the rest and may be simply laombranous, is not, so far as we know, derermiiied. Xo mnrked ( hanjj^es, except in size and. the develoi)ineut of the chitinous patches occur from hatdiiny to maturity.

This is one of tlie most dillicult parasites to destroy, an<l once settled iipou an animal should receive pr<»mpt and (horonjih treatment, 'riie main relianct' of veterinarian.'* seems to b(; stavesacre, and this can doubtless be depended upon to accomplish the desired end. !M r. Tenney rccontmends the seed of common larkspur steeped, and the animal thorou^^hly w.islied witii the liquid. He says: •• I have known one application to destroy every insect and ejjfg; two will sutlice it' done tliorouj;hly." Of course this and tiu^ stavesa''rt^ are nearly identical, both plants belonginj'' to the genus I>eli>hinium. Washes of carbolic- acid soap or (►f tobacco infusion are also etl'ectual, but waslies of any kind are of course illy adapted to use in midwinter, tlu'. time when there is frecpiently most nciiessity fur treatment. ^Mercurial ointment, sid- phnr, < r tobairco smoke, kerosene and lard, or kerosene emulsion, road dust, ashes, etc., may be resorted to, according to the circumstances. Infested animals sliouhl, if possible, be placed apart from the others, and nnicii trouble may be saved by this precaution.

Kxpcrinients witli fumigation have shown this to be a nu^thod avail- able when (»ther plans are undesirable, though from the etpiipment necessary, and the fact that it requires some tinu' in application, it may not prove of as general service as the; washes.

The method may be said in brief to consist <>f a tight box stall Just large enough to admit tiie largest animals to be treated, one end having a close-titting door to admit the animal, the opposite, end a stanchion in which the animal is fastened, and covering the oi)en part of tliis end, and made to lit tightly around the head just in front of the horns, is a canvas sack open at both ends, tlu^ inner one nailed to the stall and the outer with a running coi d to <lraw it down to the animars head, thus leaving the eyes and nose in open air. An opening at the bottom of one side admits the fuiuigating substance, sulpiiur or tobacco, the latter a|)pareutly the most elfective. In burning this we used a wire .screen to sjjread the tobacco, placing this over a tin trough containing a small (]uantity of alcohol. It should be burned, however, with coals or by using a small ([uantity ot kerosene. The time of exitosure *ssary will vary some with the strengtii of lunies, but I to '.' ounces of toi.;icco and exposure of twenty to thirty minutes was found ellective. I'yre. thrum might be better even than tobacco.

This species has been said to occur akso on horses; but if this is the case it nuist be in rare instances, and there need be little apprehension of horses becoming infested with it by transmission from cattle Avith which they may be associated.

176

INSECTS AFVECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The Long-nosed Ox Louse.

{lIwmatoiiiniiH rUiili IJmi.)

In couuectiou with the preceding species this h)use, as already stated, lias K)iig been fainihar to cattlemen; it has also been known to eiito iiiologists for a considerable time, but its history from the entoiuolo;; ical side is not entirely (dear. It seems to have been (list technically described by Linna-us under the name of PfnlicHlus rituli, which iianic has been followed by Fabricius, Berkenhout, Stuart, and Turton, and, with the exception of tln^ change in the generic name, by Stephens, Denny, and English and American authors generally. N itzsch described it under the name of Pedieiilns <>.i'i/rhi/iicliKs, wliich name was Latini/ed by Burmeister to tcniiirostris. Tiiis designation has been Ibllowed by Giebel and Piaget, but wliy the earlier name of LinnaMis was dro])ped we fail to discover. It seems more proper to retain the name given by Linna'us.

Denny describes and figures tlie species and says that it has been found only on tlie calf, (liebel also ligures and describes it, giving a very characteristi(! figure, though deficient in some details. Piiiget admits the si)ecies provisionally, but questions it being sei)arable from enry,sterniis from the fact that descriptions have been l)ased only on female specimens or on those in which the sex was not distinguished, and he seems to think it probable that immature specimens of eiirys- ternus may have furnished the basis for this form.'

From material in hand there can be no (piestion whatever as to there being a distinct form corresi)niiding with the descriptions above cited, and, while there are some details still to be cleared un, we propose to show as fully as jiossible the dilferences. Whileoiir •■iifiar^ does not include any siiecinien tluiL can be re(M»gniz«'d as a ina;i i, does include enough specimens of the early stages and females of both this species and the cxrystcrnus to entirely set at rest any (piestion as to immature forms of ciiry.sternus having been described as vifitU or f)nuiro.sfrin.

In this s])ecies the body is about one-eighth of an inch long and not more tlian one third of that in width (see fig. 101). The head is long and slender, the anteniiie set near the middle each side; there is but a very slight protuberance behind the antenna' and no eyes visible. The bead sets well back into the thorax, torming an acute angle behind; the thorax is longer than wide, and has a distinctly visible sjuracle above the scjond pair of legs; the abdomen. is elongate, without cliiti-

' Siiicd tlio j)r<'|);ir!iti(Hi of '".'is section iiiid tlie ri<j;iiroH illiistratiiifi; tli»> Hpeeies I Lave seen the HiipnlcMiieiit to riaj^ot's Les Pt'diciiliiies ami lind tliiit lie no\'' iidniits tluH a.s a j^ood spccioH ai'.d j^i ve.s a figiiro of tlio fe aalo, without, however, any special details of ej.'iiitiire.

^ A series of jiarasites kindly lo.iued to me liy Dr. A. W. Hii.ting, of I'urduo Uni- versity, Indiana, contains a set of rituli aiiioug which I lind a male. It agre(!S with females in general ^'jape and external characters, except brushes, but is considerably smaller. Length, 1.7" mm. ; »vidth, 0.50 mm.

I10U3 pll scgmeiJ thcuiK^ scgmenp In all Iroin cii men. c»| s[)eciesi mens oi cvideiul If, lio4 point gives ( very ; tuberc inclosii seen, a\ tionate in lenj vituUf UrnuN. move n forcnce rather ' specim hue is been d The y( The eflectu form.

HEMIPTERA.

177

Fin. \U\. — ll(einatoj)iinin vitiili: t'('llj:llr, limlff Hlirt'lU't) of lu8t SfJilllt'llls (if lllllllllllC'II of SllIlU',

.sliowiiiy •iish-liUe oi'^riins— en- lar^fd (iiMthor .s illiistriitioii).

nou3 plates and devoid of any tubercles along tbe sides; the terminal segment is also devoid of a bhick lioniy baiul; the bi'ush-like orjjiin on I lie under side of the abdomen (see ii<;. 101 ) is slender, while the terminal se<iinent is set with nmuerous rather lonj;" hairs.

In all of tliese [toints it will be observed there is a distinet diflerence troni rurijNti'nniN. The brush-like oriian on under surlace ol tlie abdo- men, common to the adult females of related species and which is wantinj^ in y<mnj; speci- mens of all species, must be tuken as distinct evidence of the maturity of the specimens* If, however, there were any doubt on this ^ point a stiuly of the youu<i' of ciiri/sicrxus •lives eijualiy conclusive testinu)ny. In the very y()ungest eHri/stcrniis, the <^hitin(uis tubendes alonj-' the sides of tiu'- abdomen inclosing the sjuracles are distinctly to be seen, while the head, though longer j)roiN)r- tionately than in adults, is by no means ecpml in length to that of adult riluli, A young ritiili, found, it is true, associated witli cKri/s- ti'mu-s, shows this elongation of the head still nu)r(^ nmrkedly. In color tiu're is little dif- ference in the two forms, this species having rather duUei' ( alors njjon the head and thorax. The abdomen of young specimens, when full of blood, appears dark red. but the bluish-gray hue is more prominent in adults. Tlu^ eggs of this species have not been described, and we have not had the g(»od fortune to discover them. The young are even more slender than the adults.

Tlie remedies that are available for the pre(H'<ling species will prove

eft'ectual for this, and it is evidently less dillicult to subjugate than that

form.

The Huffalo Loi se.

This s])ecies was d(^scribed by liurmeister ((ien. Ins.) under the name of lUdicidus tuhcrcnhdiis.

It is described in Giebel's Kpi/.oa, page 4(5, and described and figured by Piaget (Les Pedic, p. «»."»(), pi. .">;$, lig. 2). It is compared by (iiebel with the hog louse and by IMaget with the //. ciiriislcniK.s, which from his figure it seems nn)st nearly to resend)le. According to Piaget, this species is probably identical witli the I'cdicnhis (11.) jflithiriopsls of fJervais (Apti'res, I II, ,'{()(») from the lias cd/'cr nud with the Pnlicuhis {II.) hiijali of Dedeer >lem., VII, (iS), in which case tlu^ name givn by DeGeer slnmld b' .iopt-'d for tlu^ species. Pndow (Zeits. f. <1. ges. Naturw., XXXIV, l*i7^ dci^iibes a species under thenanu> of Ilivmitto- piuiis piincfatiis, from tin !u», fjruiinieuN, whicli [tossibly wdl be found referable to this same species. 4053— No. ."» 12

178

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Whether the same species occurs on our American bison is not known, but the unfortunate extermination of this animal renders the (juestion, from a prac-tical standpoint, of little importan(!e. Lucas describes and ligures the species in the Annales de la Soci;''te Entom. de France (185L', ser. 2, torn. X, j). 't'M, pi. 11, No. II), referring it to the species described by I'urmeister in J83S in the "(lenera Tnsectorum." Specimens, he says, occurred in immense numbers on a Bos buhaius in the Museum of Natural History.

The IIo(r Louse.

(Ilwmatophntii iirui8 Nit/.scli.)

Occasionally tliis species appears in formidable numbers, since wo often hear of swine badly affected witli lice, and no other species is known to attack this animal.

(liebel credits this species to Monfet, citing the Theatrnm Insector (1034, 2')(i), while Piaget states that it is cited by Monfeton the author- ity of Albertus (IV, C. 205), which would carry its recognition back to tiio thirtcentli century. Linna'us described it under tlie name of Ped- ienlHS ,sui.s, which name has been most conunonly followed, but Nitzsch revived the name of uriiis and tliis name has been foHowed by (liebel and Piaget. Along with other ]tavasites it received fivquent nu'ntiou by botli early and modern v.riters. Denny speaks of it as rare in Hng- laiid, but common in Ireland. He says {^Nlonog. Anop. Brit., p. 35):

'riiiHK])e('ies is found in i^rcat iminhersoii swine, lint it does not iijipi-arso yenorally spread as niiglit lio expected I'roni llie (liv:_s lial)it> ol' tlieaiiinialB. It i:iost I'reiinently occurs oil those fresh imported from tlie, sister isle. It was many months Vieforo I could obtain a sinjilo example. J h.id .iiiplied to hotli farmers and j>i^ InUchi'rs, neither of whom seemed to approve of the idea wliieli I had conceived, that of their l)ii;s lieinji; lousy, hut relerred mo to those of the Emerald Isle as hein;; sure to gratify my Avisbes (foijitttlii;;-. I suspect, that the Irish ]iij>s coiiio to this niarl;et to meet i'liiilish huyers). I i>ec()rdiuj.'ly visited a colony, just arrived, where I most ce.'.ainl.v met \\ ith a read.N oUjiplv; hut liere they Avere coiilined almost entirely to le ..'I animals, and \\ii<u'e\er I found a jiii;; fat or healthy no jfauio wen* to be seen

^lost stock breeders ii,; ve probably seen instances of its abundance, and li'oiii the fre(|uent meiilio:! of -t in Tlie agricnltural pa])('rs it would seem to be (juite coninioii tlironehonf the coniitiy, aii<l wliile, jjcrhaps, less generally <listributed than the >'\ hmse, to multijily sonu'tinies so as to cause miu;h more apparent damage to its host. The iact that they are niorecomtiioiily found on poor or iiiiitv animals should not he taken as evidence tlcit they have a preference lor such animals, hut rather that the aniinals n[)on which they have nudtiplied rapidly h.ave, in conse(inence, become emaciated and unhealthy. That they do not increase more raiiidly and become a much greater nuisance n>;y be in part because the majority of hogs are sold and slaughtered at a compara- tively early age, and with each one slaughtered must perish the ]»ara- sites which have beou snpjioited by it, unless, perchance, an occasional

HEMIPTERA.

179

one escape the scalding trough and succeed in finding anotiicr liust. Of the vast nuuibei- of hogs shipped to nmrlvct and shiiiglitered at the great packing hoiKses, none can beiiueatli the iiisccts Ihcy liave nurtured to their foIh)\vers. The amount of injury and tlie consequent need ot precautionary measures are therefore niucli less for t!;is sj)ecics than lor many others.

This is one of the largest species of the family, full grown individuals measuring a fourth of an inch or more in length, it is of a gray color, with the margins of the head and thorax and nu)st of the abdomen dark. The head is (piite h)ng, the sides nearly parallel, with strong eminences Just back of the antenna', which are set on tho sides of the iiead, midway from rostrum to occiput; the legs are li',iiter, Avith dark bands at the joints; the spiracles are inclosed hy a black chitiuous

Klti. 102. IliViiiitti'iiiiiiis iiiIkx: II. I'l'iiiiilr: li. vi'iitnil \ ii'W <il' pnnKMior sr:;niriils of iii;il<»; c, li'j;, hIkiw- iiiir iinilraclilc diriU nC tiliiu i'iil;ni;cil cmthcir m illll^itl■illil)n).

emiiuMU'c, aiul there is a broad bhick band on tlie last segment, broken near the middle. (See tig. 102.)

The male has the abdomen marked beneath with a large black area extending forward from the end >>f the terminal segment, so as to occupy tlie cciitral |iortion of the last tiiree segments.

There is a cniions ]»ro\ ision in the feet for strengthening the hold U])on the hair, which does not seem to have been hitherto described. It consists of a (circular ])ad-like organ or disk in the miter portion of the tibia, which is received in a conical cavity in the end of the tibia, and which can be forced out so as to press upon the hair held between the (rlaw of the tarsus and the end of the tibia. Ordinarily, and always

180

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

in the dead spocimcMis, this is withdrawn so as to a])i)ear sinii)ly as a part if thp tiMl of th»' tibia, and tlie spines located on its margin appear to belong to the tibial rim, but if examined with suilicientmafjfnificatioi! when the louse is alive it is easy t<> observe the «'.\trusion of the organ.

Whether similar organs exist in related s|)»'«'it's is yet undetermined, but it seems (piite piobable that they should, since in the specimens examined microscopically we have usually to deal with dead and ])re- served individuals in which this 8tru(^ture woidd almost certainly escai)e notice.

The eggs are one millimeter and a half in length (0.0(> imjii) by three- fourths of a miliinu't« i in width ((>.(>."» inch). Tlu'y are light yellow or dusky whitish in color, and taper slightly to the i»oint of attachment. The circular lid-like portion is hirge, occui)ying nearly all tlu^ suiface of the free end of the egg. They art> attached usually near the base of the hairs.

On account of the thinness of the hair the appli(!ation of remedi«'s, where necessary, is quite easy. Washes of tobac(!o water or dilute carbolic; acid, and the api)lieation of kerosene in lard, or kerosene enuilsion by means of a Ibrce pump, sulphur, ointment, etc., are recom- mended. The a])pli('ation of liiu' dust may be provided Ibr naturally by allowing the hogs a chance to i-oll in a roadway or any place well supplied with line <lust. Where this is imjiracticable the dust, ashes, or ])owdcred charcoal may be applied directly to th»> neck and back of the infested animal. The species is not known to attack any other of the domestic animals, and hence no precautionary measures in this direi'tion are nece.ss.irv.

The Si'CKiNtr House Lotsk.

(11(1 malonhnin aniiii Liuii. matrDcejilialiin IWiriii.)

]S'otwithstaudiiig the probable freciuent occurren<H' of this s|>ei'ies, we liave as yet failed to meet with it in any abundance. The biting lice from horses have been secured in great numbers, Imt we have searched in \iiin for this one, and but lew liave come to hand.

It is figured by b'edi (Mxp., PI. XXII, fig. I), and was described by binnans under the name of l'<')lici(lii,s osiiii; presumably his s])ecimens were taken from the ass. Later Ibirineister desciibed specimens from the horse under the name (»f' Pcdi- cuhiN )ii<icr()<'('i)Ju(lus. Denny retains the name given by Linna'us and states that it is common upon the ass, and that he also had specimens from the hors"; . from which cii-cumstam-e lie sasi)ected Hurnieister's macroccphalux to l»e the same (lie- bel and I'iaget both follow the minu^ of liurmeis-

ter, and Piaget 8ei>arates as a variety the form occurring on tlie ass,

and gives it the name of eoloraUi.

I

Fio. lo:i. — Ihvmatiiiiiniis asini (Irdiii ('miistoi'ki.

HEMIPTERA.

181

nMiiedii's,

Tt seems hardly i)robable tliiit it occurs in tliis country in sullicient numbers to cause much trouble on liorses. Possibly exiimination of mulfcft, asses, or donkeys would show {greater abundance tr(Mu the fact that horses in geiu'ral are more ciirefully groonu'd than tlieir somewliat despised relatives. Tlu^ size is about the same as that of the ox louse, but it differs very decidedly in tlie form of the head, which is long, slender, and the sides of the heiul nearly i)arallel, as shown in the hyure (fig-. Jb.'{), talien from Tomstock's Introduction to Kntoinology.

Careful gi<K;ming may be looked upon as at least favorable to the reduction of nund)ersiii thissi)ecies. In case they become too numerous, the applicati«)n of a little kerosene to the card or currycond) used in grooming the animals will be found of value. Where more vigorous treatment is net-essary, the measures recommended for the(»\ louse may be adopted.

Sur;Km(} Liok of Rodents.

( Iliimatopiniis »\t\i).

Belonging to the same genus of suctorial lice as those previimsly mentioned, we have a number of species common to the smaller mam- mals, p.uticnlaviy thos(M)flhegroupof gUiNving mammals, tlu^liodentia.

These smalh'r mammals, though peiiiaps never strictly domesticated, Muve tiie rabbit, iire very often kept in a semidomestiiated state, either as pets ill zoologiciil gardens, or, in I'ase of rats iiiid mice, (jnite involun- tarily l)e(ause of our inibility to i^itirely rid ourselves of them. A few notes on the liiu' Infesfing thi'm will therefore be <d' interest here. It is desirable to be able to identity them in case of their accidental occ.ur- renct^ on other niiimnials, and thus be able to determine whether, in such cases, we have to <leal with a species likely to prove troublesome.

Loi'HK OF THE KAT.

The common rat [Miis decumnnus) supports a species. H(vmatopimiH npiinilosiis, whii^h, with its host, must be distributed over most of the world. It has been taken at An\es, Iowa, though in small nund)ers, and it seems to be rathei- scarce.

It is a small species of a light-yellow c(dor, the head projecting very little in front of the antenna^ and the thorax very short. The mice are said to harbor a distinct species, but there seems to be some doubt as to its being a genuine species.

Louse of the Fii;li> Mouse.

{Iliimiilopiniis acanthopus IJuriii.)

Ai)parently common on our species of Arvicola, and does not appear to vary in any important particular from the descriptions of European specimens.

It has been taken at Ames from a species of Arvicola. It resend)les the preceding in color and form, but is somewhat larger. The sternal

182

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

]>Jiitois kito-slmped, tlu' iintcrior iind postiMior aiifjles ju-nte, th« lateral

iuinlcs rnuiidcd. Tlu' body is quite elongate, the posterior le}{s iiineh larjjer than the ante rioi' or middle ones. ^Fig. 101.)

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'l'li(M<j;g ill this s|»'<'i(^H, iiiiliki^ tliosc of otli. r forniR wo liavi- mot, im attach<'(l to a liiiiiillo of hairs iiiHti';i(l of to on<>, our spuciiiii'ii thus having attaclinu'iit to four iiaiiH, as siiown in tig. 101. Tliis would Hrciii lo 1)0 ail oxccllciit )irovisioii v- iioro the iiair is ho hue as ill tlu>so iniiinals.

The ojiji' in <!li)tigato oval, broad, and Homowhat trim- catoat the attached oiid ; tlio surfaco s Kiiighoncd, ru<;'ulost;, or fovoolate, appearing ii<|uaiiioii,s in ]>lacos, and in section Hhowing rouudod pits on thoHiirfaco; tho iiivostin<{sul»Htanct' at base is liyhtly corrugated. (Sec fi«. 104, f.)

The larva is much shorter and thicker in iirojior- tioii than the adult, the spiny liairH of the abdomen wantinj;, but with one or two long, Hlender hairs ex- tending back from tlio terminal portion.

Kid. 1(14. - //<»'Hl(l^l/l,■)^'» actnitlio- pxi.i: (I, (1(i1m;iI \ irw ; h, liiiid : C, Htcriiiil pliilr; >/. iKisti'iicirli'i;: >'. i'llii—nW ciiliii'Ki'il (iiiitlior'H illim-

tl'Utioll).

Louse of the Rahhit and Hare.

{/lirmaloihniix ntilrhomiH Denny.)

In this chai»ter, tirst published in Hulletin 7, it was stated that the rabbit louse had not been observed in this country; but .shortly after speeiniens were received from .Mi'. A. llassall, of IJaltimore, and I have sinee taken the speeies on the prairie hare ( Lcpns cdnipcstris), and it most likely occurs on the various species of rabbits native to America.

It is a thick-bodied species, the abdomen almost {jlobular, the leys quite short. It is not known from any other animals.

Louse of the Flying Squirrel.

(IIwmatopinuH Hciiiropteri Osb. )

Body slender, light yellow, head as broad as long, ex[>!inding latoriilly nt the pos- terior bordi 1 above and wilii an aciit(! angle behind ; bcncatli triaugiilai and running back to a sharp angle lietween the anterior legs, the front projecting very slightly beyond the antcnmc, very slightly convex, tlie rostrum located back of the anterior border; tiie tropin jiiainly visible, jtassing back into the prothorax ; the antenna' very large and strong, lirst joint much the largest, occupying in its attachment half the lateral margin of tlie head; second joint ordinary, third Joint very short, but the anterior ]iorti<)ii extending to more than usual lengtli and ajipearing like a process and bearing a stiH' hair and two or three tooth-like spines ; the fourth joint attached a]))iarently very ntsir the base of the third on ]>osterior side and of usual length ; the tilth joint sliurt, the teniiiual jut with two or three short hairs; the postero-lateral angles of the liead armed with a long, still hair.

Thorax widening fr«m before backwar<l, longer than its greatest width, lateral hordj'rs irregular, tlie posterior border concave; the sternal plate is very large, euarginate in front and a large emarginatiou corresponding to each leg, deeply

HEMIPTEKA.

183

bllobeA postorlorly ; anterior lejjs not half tho size of the others, claws weak; pos- terior lej;« liirgeHt. Tlioso and sreond i'Iu-h provided with Htroiig claapiug claws, or teruiinal joint of tarsuH, opposinj^ ImHiil Joint of tarsus, which is providi-d with conii^jattMl idate; tibia at aju-x internally provided with a short toothed npine.

Al.domon of eight Hegmcnts, elongiitc, ouch seguu^nt parsely set with rthort, very stilF haiiM, those at lateral angles Hpine-like; penis distinct, of ordinary form. (S«^o lig. 105.)

Kgg eloiiiiate ovate, attenuated tow;ird the attaehniont, tho Kurfaee with faint reticula- tions having form of scales; the liasal half of the egg has the walls beautifully corrui;atcd. (See fig. 105,/.)

Lenuth, 1.20; head, 0.27; thorax, 0.27; ab- domen, 0.7H; antcnnie, (». lOmni. Width, 0.U3; head, 0.2(1; tbora.T, O.lfO; abdomen, 0.3:J mm.

I'oHterior lemur, length, 0.10. I'oslerior tibia, length, 0.10. Kgg: J.ength, O.HO; width, 0.18 mm.

This s]»tM'ie.'*, in the form of tlic hciul and tho. chiiractcr of the antenniP, dif-

FlO. 10,'!. — Iliriiialopinii$ uciuroplcH: a, tiinle, (lor.sal view; 6, head, ventral view; c, Hiermil idiite; (/, Icjr; «>, teniiiiiiil ncjr- iiieiits; /, eg;; — all enlarged (autliur's illuHlratiun).

fers very deiiidedly from most of the other members of the. jfeuus and is readily distiii{;uished bythe.se char- acters, as al.so by tho form of the sternal i>late.

One specimen male and one egjj taken from different vspecimens of the llyinj^ sijuirrel, Sc'mropierm roluccUa, but un- doubtedly belonging to the same species.

Collected at Ames, Iowa; also repre- sented in the Burnett collection of the Boston Society of Natural llistory from the same host.

Louse of the Fox Squiurbl.

{IIomatopbuiH anivntintua Osb.)

I5ody long and slender, the .-ibdomen pro]>or- tiopately large.

Female, — Head narrow and rounded iu front, widening decidedly behind the anteiui.e, deeply- hollowed beneath the lateral margin, the postero- lateral margin subacute, bearing a short spiuo- liko hair and a long stift" hair, the posterior border with an acute angle behind; beneath broadly keeled, keel behind narrow, expanding in front to width of head between the antonme. Antenna' very different from other mem- bers of the genus; the first joint large with a short process on the posterior border bearing a sharp inwardly curved tooth; other joints ordinary, second joint loagest. Thorax short, widest behind, sternal plate ovate, broadest in front, lega

Flo. 106.— Iltrtnatopiiuit axtninatus: a, dorsal view; h, liead, ve;:lral view; c, antenna; (/, lej;; c, sternal ]ilate; /, egg— all enlarge<1 (author's illustration).

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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

^^^•^^^^

184

INSECrr AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

as with iillied i'oniiH, the posterior pair strongest. Ahdomeii lon<r, lateral tingles pro- tliiced, bearing a sliort H))ine or tooth, a sliort still' hair and along hair; a tnft of hairs on lateral angles of the eighth segment. Egg elongate ovate, surface smooth thr(mghoiit except at the cap, whicii is strongly convex and has a row of perfora- tions near the attachment to tlie body of the shell.

Leii'^th, l..">5 and 1.6."); head. 0.85; thora.v, 0.13; abdomen, l.liO; antenna-, 0.20 mm. Width, 0.50; head, O.'.'O; thorax, 0.22; abdomen, 0.50 mm.

Egg: Length, 0.7:?; width, 0 28 nnii.

Th's s|)ecies i.s iit once (listingui.slied from all others known by the peculiar structure of the anteniue, no other .specie.s desiU'ibed possess- !»}•• the proce.«<s and curved tooth of the bas.d joint. In form of head it approaches (H-aiitliopii.s, but is larjfer than that species and has the sternal i)late of different form. The egy is longer, more atteuucated at the base, and devoid of the surface markings charat'teristic of that species. Collected from a fox s«|uirrel, Sciunis cinercm var. ludovicianus, at Ames, Iowa.

Louse of the Guay St^uiuREL.

(Ila'malopinuH montaniis n.sj).)

Head rounded in front, projecting well in front of aiitennse ; antennic strong, basal

Joint without liooked tooth, a bristle at eacli side behind Sternalplatevery broad in front, contracted behind i'or lialf its length, almost fungiform. Ab- domen broad; hairs long, those on dorsTim slightly irregular, mostly longer than length of segment, those at lateral angles longer. Length, 1.40 to l..')0 mm.

On Western (Iray Sciuim.'l, Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker).

I have still another form sent me by Dr. A. Ilassall, of Ualtimore, which seems to dirter from both this and the antennatun and to approach the Iffriocephalm of Europe, FiaAoi.-ncematnpbvis tnimtanuK- but I liave Hot been able to Satisfy mysclf

enlarged (oriKm.d,. ^^,j^j^ ^^^,^^^y ^^ -^^ relationship.

Louse of the White footed Mouse.

(Hwinatopinus henperomydiH Oshorn.)

Body elongate, general color golden yellow.

Female. — Head sub(|iiadrate, rounded in front, a concavity for the rostrum, obtusely angnlated on the posterior border; antenna' set near the front , (irsi joint large, short; second longest, the rest nearly e(|ual; fourth with a small tooth on the posti^rior border, terminal pit with several short hairs. Thorax sliorter than the head, small, sternal plate cuneiform, obtusely angular, irregularly or obli<|nely truncate in front and sharply pointed behind; anterior legs small and weak, the middle ones some- what larger, the posterior ])air much the largest, flattened; terminal joint of tarsus very broad and curved, opposing basal joint of tarsus and meeting tibial spur in such manner that tho three form almost a complete cylinder; abdomen oval elon-

HEMIPTERA.

185

)iiiif((, 0.20 null.

gate, sparsely set with short spiny hairs, one or two hmg hairs at hittrul angles of sixtli and sev<Mitli segiiiuiitH.

Male, more .slender, head lou;;er and tapering somewhat toward the front. (See lig. 108.)

F.gjjf, as H<M!n in the Lody of adult female specimen, is elongate oval.

Length, 0.7') to 0.90; head, 0.1.S to 0.16; thorax. 0.10; al»doinen, 0.,'iO to O.tiO mm. Width, 0.J8 to O.IW; head, 0.10; thorax, 0.13 to 0.15; ahdonien, 0.28 to 0..33 mm.

This species approiiclies tho acanihopiiN, resem- bliiijj it ill the ionn of tlie sternal plate, the char- acter of the lejis, and the };eiieral form of the body. It differs, however, in haviiij; the sternal plate less narrowed posteriorly, more obtuse, or even trim cated in front; more decidedly still in the form of the head, which is lonj;er and less excavated for the insertion of the antenna'. It is also smaller, and the egg, if we may judge by what we can see through the walls of the female, is more ehmgated.

It has been collected from the white-footed or (le«'r immm^ {llcspennnys leuco2>us) at .Vines, Iowa.

Via. 1(IH lliriiialdiihniii he.spcf 1)111 iiitit : II, ihiPMal vimv : h, luiul ; c, stemnl pliitf. (/. |ic)Nti'ri()r 1(1^; (', ternii iial sejimonl 8, iiiii It' — all rnlnrticd (author » il liiHti'Utioii).

LOUSK OF TIIK (rllOUND St,»UniKi:LS AND CHIPMUNK.

(Hmnatopiniia suliiraliH ( >sliorn. )

Body short, hro'id; color, golden yellow.

Head oviil, roniide<I an<l detlected in front; a large chitinoiis ring inclosing the hase of the rostrum; a vny distinct transverse suture hehind th** autennii>; sides

slightly convex ; lateral angles obtuse, without hairs; posterior angh* acnte, and passing well hack upon the thorax ; antenuat sini))le, located anterior to the muldle of the sides ; joints nearly equal in size Thorax short,

j{^-p>jO xf^^^f^^^tOi convex .at sides, widest behind, sternal plate nearly

whr""^ ■^/fltljU|tt\ circular, surface roughened; anterior and middle legs

'" ' ' ' slender and nearly equal in size; claws slender and

sharjt ; itosterior legs very thick, claw strong and l)road. Alulomen short, ovate, broadest near the front, sutures inconspicuous, hairs long; some of those on sides and posteriorly very long. Males and females are very similar, and distinguishable only by genital armature of male.

Length, 0.75 to O.SO; head, 0.27; thorax, 0.13; abdo- men, 0.15 to 0.18 mm. Width, 0.35 to 0.40; head, 0.13; thorax, 0.18; abdomen, 0.35 to 0.40 mm.

KlO, XOO.—IIiruialiipiniiK lutur- (lit*: n, (lotHiil view ; h, licud ; c, Htnriial jilatc; i/, ]M)Ht<^rior ]t'ji; e., t(!rniinal sc;;iiit'iit». male — all eiilarjijoil (a'lthor'H illimtni- tion).

This si)ecie8 is particularly well marked by the general form of the body and especially by the conspicuous trans verse suture back of the antenna'. It differs further from most of the species in the genus in having both the anterior and middle legs slender and of nearly the same size, while the posterior legs alone are especially modified as clasping organs.

186

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Althoufrii weliave not seen Midrtendorf's description and flfjnrn of 77. Itt'rhisciilnii from iSpcrmoplnlus crcrsmanni, there can be scarcielya possi bility of this being identical witli it, siiure thiA ditters in abnost every particuhir as compared witli the diagnoses of tlnit species given liy (liebel and by Piaget. We therefore describe it withont hesitation as a new species.

It lias been fonnd i>lentiful on SpcrmophHus franldini and 8. 13-lim:- atuH at Ames, b)\va. An immature specimen from Tainias .striatiis ]nv- sents the charac^ters of tiie species so plainly that there can belittle doubt that it is identical.

lIu'inatopinuB erraticiiH n.sp.

Approaclics n<vniafopiiiiifi liixpironiydia. Abdomen broad, niiddlo and hind legs larger than front. Stt-rnal plate circular incised at sides behind and prochued medially. Head nearly as broad as lonj;, rostrum slij^ihtlv iiroduced. Antennic large, first joint thick, second longest. Fore legs rather small, middle legs (ionsid- erably larger, liind legs laigest. All tibiae widened, front tarsal claw sharp, middle and hind claws broad, llat. Sternal plate rather wide, circular in front, slightly sinuate at sides, excised behind tor insertion of posterior coxa-. Median portion ]irodnced, subtrnncatt!, reaching about halfway between hind coxa'. Abdo- men broad, lateral margins rather broadly corneous, disk with still" hairs.

From " Larus bonapartii" in the Burnett collection. This reference seems very doubtful as the actual host of the s])ecies, and I 8usi)ect that it was taken from the gull after contact with some other aninuil in .a game bag or otherwise. It seems to come most nearly to the type infesting rodents and family Murida^, and I would predict that the species will be Ibnnd on some mammal, probably a rodent. If actually I>ara8itic on Larus it is a remarkable exception to the rule for Pedicu- lida' and should be regarded, I think, as a form, but recently estab- lished on an avian host and derived from a mammal-infesting species.'

A REMAKKABLE PEDICULII) PARASITE OF THE MOLE.

While these pages have been passing through the press, I have encountered upon a mole, IScalops argentatus. collected at Ames, Iowa, a very peculiar species of i)e«liculid, and in order to bring it to notice In coiniection with the other si)ecies described here, I give a brief diag- nosis of its distinctive features. It difiers so decidedly from typical species of Ibematopinns in (iliaracters given generic value tiiat it will have to be ]>la('ed in a new genus or else form a subgenus and the characters of Haniatopinus be enlarged. I will call it Euhtematopinus

Antenuu' three-Jointed; posterior pair of legs greatly modified and bearing on the femora and tibiat stalked, disc-shaped appendages, iirojeoting at right angles from these parts.

' After the above paragrajjh was written I fonnd slides of tbe same species from Pfcromjis rohiirlla, where it was mounted witli one female specimen of £r. sduropteii, and also specimens from Arvioola pennaylvanica and Sciuriia atriatua.

HEMIPTERA.

187

EuhicmatopinuM abnormia u. sp.

Head nearly twico us long as broud, tlie anterior portion narrowing to a Itlnnt point and tins iiosterior portion scarcely longer than wide — nearly (jiiadratc, siinlitly narrowing behind. Antenna; three-Jointed, the lirst Joint large, articnlate with iiiiterior half of head; second and third Joints (Mpial insi/e; the third as long as tirst and ntsarly twice as long as second, and having on its apical enil a slight con- stri<'tion, which in sonx; speciniuns ai)))ears almost like an indistinct Joint.

Thorax wider than long, liroadeneil behintl; sternal plate rounded in front, ox(;ised slightly at si<les and produce. I Ixdiind into a strong spur, ending in a sharp ])oint, which rests bctwetin the hind pair of coxa-. Anterior an<l middle legs of the usual ty])e; the middle a trille larger than the front; the posterior ]»air greatly moilitied, shortened, thickened, and incurved ajtparently incapable of being fully extended and hidden from above by the margin of the; abdomen, so that the insect a])pears to have but four li'gs institatl of six. The femur and tibia are each provided with a stalked a])pendage which extends at right angles fiom the exterior margin and con- sists of a short stalk bearing a flattened, circular, disc-like structure. These discs may evidently be o])posed to the alMlomen or to the tibia; of middle legs and servo as clasping organs.

Hotly much <lepressed, sides of abdomen subparallel. Length l.tOmm., width of abdomen 0.<i.'> nun.

Hiinuttopinoidtg < )sboru.

AiiteiuiJi' c()nii)<)8o<l of three Joints, terminal Joint deei)ly excavsited on the jiosteiior side; abdoiniiiiil segments at hitcial margins broadly chitinons, with ii strono' tubercle and a semicircular plate above and below lapping over the ciiitinous portion of the succeeding segment.

SU0K1N(} Lot SK OF THE PoCKET (lOPIIEB.

(Ihvmatopi.

«7Hamo8H«Osb.)

Head small, longer

R(»ily oblong, broadly tiattened; general <!(dor, dark yellowish, than liroad, narrowly rounded in front, widening behind the antenna-; lateral a^igles rounded, pos- terior margin acutely pointed ', eneath, with two large hairs ."^et, between the bases of the antenna; and directed outward; antenna' coiuposed of but three Joints, these being nearly ecpial in size, the first short, stout; the third longest and with a deep excavation on the posterior side. Thorax suiall, broader than long, margin irregular, sternal l)late obtusely angled in fi'ont; lateral margins ])arallel, passing liy obtuse angles into an acutely angled po8teri(U- extremity ; immediately back of tlni sternal i)late are two irregularly triangrilar ehitinoiiB jtlates, occupying the region of the m(!ta- thorax and extending each sidi-. so that their bases reach to the bases of the coxa-. Anterior and middle legs of nearly the same siz*;; hind legs larger, stouter, and bettei- fitted for clasping. Abdomen largo, oblong or elliptical, broadening very rapidly at base and terminating abrui)t1y; lateral margins of segments broadly chitinous, n strong tubercle directed jjosteriorly and a semicircular plate above and below lap- ping over the chitinous portion of the succeeding segment, spiracle located at middle of lateral margin ; median portion membranous, apx)earing minutely stiuainous. The

Fid. 110. — IIa'iiiatoi)iniiiilessquamntii.i: a. fciiiiili' ilorsiil view; b, iinteuna; c, head; t/, .stcniiil plute; e, f >storior It'jj; /, l)or(li'r ()l' iibilonum — uU cu- largeil (autlior'H illu.stnitioii).

188

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

suturoB of the Hegnients faintly iudicnted, a few long hairH ncattored over tho lutMliin portion of the dorHiil siirfiice, two liuirH on each lateral tubercle, tiieist; iiinch cUiii- f;ate»l on Heginfi>tH <! and 7; the cifjlith witli a tuft of hairs.

Length, 1.20; head, 0.127; thorax, 0.13; abdomen, 0.87; antenna-, 0,10 mm. Wiiltli, 0.50; head, 0.13; thorax, 0.20; abdomen, 0..'>0 mm.

J This sptM'ii's depjirts so remarkably from others of the sroup that it seems necessary to erect for it a new genus. The most imi)ortaiit characters and tliose which seem of jieneric vahie are the three.jointcd anten'ia' and the semicirciihir jjlates on n)argfins of th(^ abdomen. Tlic sternal structure is also different. In general aspect, however, ii a])i)roaches the "enus Ila'matopinus.

T\>o specimens, botli females, collected from the i)Ocket or pouched gopher, Geomys Im r sarins, at Auiet>; Iowa.

TiiK Elephant Louse.

(I/wmatomjiziiH jiroboacidviia I'iaget.)

This louse, infesting the elei)hant, is about as (exceptional in its way as the animal which harbors it. It appears to be of (piite recent

notice, though it is not unlikely that it has been known in countries where the elephant has been domesticated for an indefinite length of time.

it was described by Piaget (Tijdschr. voor Ent., 2il series, IV, 254) in 18()J), under the name of Hwniatotnyzm elephantis. The same author, how- ever, in his elaborate monograph, Les I'rdiciilines, changes the name to Jf. proboscideus. This louse differs from the others of the family in having a slender prolonged snout extending in front of the head. The antenna^ are located at the base of this snout, and, according to Murray, are lenticuhir in form. In riaget's lignre, however, they appear of nearly equal thickness. "Color reddish, madder brown, smooth, shining, impunctate" (Murray).

Fio. 111.— Ilreintitomi/ziiii 2>rolnitcidi'iiii - cr.liirgeil (after Miirra.v).

The Lou«e of the IIarhor 8eal.

(EchinojMhiriuH setosux Lneati.)

This louse was collected in considerabh', numbers from a seal in the aquarium at New York last year (1895). Specimens forwarded to me by Professor Bean were accompanied by the statement that they were infesting the harbor seals there and it was feared they would prove troublesome. Later it was stated that they almost entirely disappeared during the molting of the animals.

The species is distingtiished by having the body covered with numer- ous small spiues, aud the autenua) are but four jointed.

\^:l

>.10uiin. Widii

(^HAPTElt V.

et or poucliod

SUBORDER MALLOPHAOA.

Bird Lice.

This group iMiibraces all the bitiufj lice inrestinghirds and niainiuiils. They are very <listiiict, indeed, from the precedinjf jiioup, althoiigli fre- quently placed with them under such unnatural divisions as Anoplura, Pedi<nxlines, etc.

Their b()dies are usually hard and .lorny and much flattened. They possess mandibulatc mouth parts adapted to <-utting and bitin;.; the hairs, feathers, epidermal scales, or excretions on the bodies of their hosts. They are said also to have a 8uctori;il organ by means of which they may at times draw blood from the host animal. The mandibles are situated in most forms underneath the head and near the center, the clypeus projecting and forming the most anterior portion of the head. The labrum is present and the maxillary palpi are ])rominent in a part of the group. The eyes when visible are located bnck of the antenna'. The antenna' are tive-Jointed except in Trichodc(!tes. The thorax is generally narrow and fretiuently but two divisions are appar- ent. The legs are adapted to clasping (IMiih>pterida') or to rnnniug (Liothei(he), the tarsi in the first case being short and fitted for folding against the tibia', and in the second case being long, well adapted to running, and provided with two claws. The members of the first divi- sion occur on both nuimnuils and birds, th()se of the second, except (lyropus, are limited to birds. Wings are entirely wanting, and the abdomen contains niiui or ten segments and is usually oval in ahape.

In life history this group agrees with the i)receding. The eggs are ghied to the hairs or feathers of the host iinimal and open with a <'ir- (iular cap or lid at the free end. The larva' are less flattened, shorter in proportion, and without the hardened i)arts common to tlie adults covering a part or all of the surface. The length of life and rapidity of multiplication has not been determined for any species so far as we know, and the habits of the insects make any such determinatiim a matter of great difticulty.

While it is, of course, very desirable that a more complete knowl- edge of the life history of the species be secured, it nuiy be considered as already established that all the species, with no known excei)tion, pass their transformations on the body of the fowl, and that, unlike

189

100

INSKCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMAL8.

the initoH, they may be attiicktMl with the asanraiico that ejigs iind newly-hatched youufi- are not dcvclopiiijf in some oiitol'tlie-way conicr.

Moreover, tlie ohservatious iinuU^ on the h'lijjftli of time recitiired lor the hatchiiiff of the eggs imlieate that they require a immber of (hiys at least, ho tiiat in repetition of treatments intended to kill individ uals hatciied since a former treatment a jteriod of ten days to twc weeks nniy be counted on as probably short enou'^h.

Even were we able to keep the eggs under suitable conditions au<l determine its exact perio<l of incubaticm for all the si)eeies. we wc.'uhl not know tliat this would hold for all times of the y«'ar. nor could we assume results as to the nunijer of eggs laid by one feiriale and length of life of the nuiture louse to be uniform under all conditions. For practical i)uri)oses, therefore, it muII be best to work on the facts already known, using, where possible, measures that will destroy «'ggs attaclieil to hairs or feathers as well as the lice, and to discrinunate between tl>e lice and the mites or ticks which breed away from the fowls, and must therefore be fought with a little different jirinciple in mind, though often the same measures may be adopted for both.

It should always be borne in mind that lice must grow from eggs laid by the adult louse, and can never originate from tilth or other matter. Chickens hatched in an incubator should be absolutely free from lice and remain so until brought in contact with a lousy hen or jmt in a lousy house.

The effect of these lice may be less im])ortant than the :<uctoriai lice or the sucking ticks or nutes; but Judging from the serious results lol- lowing the elforts of the animals to rid themselves, and from the known irritation due to auything crawling among the hairs or feathers, it can not be doubted that they cause much annoyance and inconvenience to the creatures that become their involuntary supporters.

A writer in the Poultry World gives the following stateujent as to the symptoms of lice in fowls;

Bowel (llHeaHt) in Hiiiuiuer is a Hi<rii of lico; the ^loopy diHeuHe, in wliicli tlit; cbicka arc sleepy or ilrowwy. is ii sign ; refusal to eat; imuy-lookiii.n' body iuid slow ;;rowtb; sudden deatbs ; gradual wasting away; constai't crying; Iosh of featbers on tbe iioad, and otber Byiuptonis tbat appear 8uri>rising or remarkable. Even in tbe (deanest of houses, when not a sigu of lice can l)e seen, look on tbe chick for tlu^ large lice. Not only on the cliicks, liut tbe large liody lice are lu-arly always on tbe a<lults. A cbick will 1 ^ve^ get lousy unless tbe (dd fowls are near, and that is why brooder ('hioka grow laster than tbost; under lunis. 'Ibc large liee will kill ducks suddenly. Tbcy kill nearly all tbe young turkeys that die. Whenever you notice a sick fowl dust- ing itself look lor lice. No doubt a majority of our readerh full,\ understand bow to get rid of lice, but tbe fact is Ibat they will not believe that lic.e are jjresent, and ascribe the results of tin; work of lice to some disease, thus doctoring tbe liirds unnecessarily. First, we wish to say that while you nniy easily discover myriads of little red mites in the poultry liouso, yet tbe real enemy is the large gray body louse which works on the heads, necks, and vents, .and which uaver leaves the birds. To find this louse a very close search must be made, as he lurks <lown on the skin, at tbe base of the feathers, and hides from view. A single one of these voracious fel- lows on the head or throat of a young chick will sometimes cause the chick to droop and die.

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

191

enicnt as to

Mr. E. W. Pai'ker, in Poultry WorM, gives ii good idea of how iadif- fereut one may be. Me says:

In July and An^nst oHpfiially (but iit nil tinioH of the year) lice nbuiind ninro than at any other time, iind ehickH will hecnnu' infoHted with thorn unless niem fure is taken. Many persons wonder why thrir young chicks droo}) and die, niopcnroniid for a wocTv (II two, all the time getting thinner and weaker, tinally becomo iniahlo to Htiiud, and (lie — these pcrHons claiming all the time that " liee is not tli(» cause of it" liecanse Iliey have searched under the wing i'or the red or yellow louse, on tie head Cor the large head louse, and in t'a(;t have looked them from top to bottom for ])ara.HJtes and have found none. I wonder if they have ever looked on tint throat, or at the side lielow thi» ears, for the large liead louse. I wonder if it entered into the brain of such breedera that the head louse could destroy the life of chicks from two to six weeks ohl by sucking the lifchhiod from tlie throat and under the lu^ad. If it has not, I can tell rhemthat such 's the case, and I say without fear of contradiction tliat when the chick appears weak, growing weaker and thinner, the skin seems to shrink upon tlie body, and theni is a slimy discharge from the body, and when the el i' k eats it is usually with dilheulty, and as the supposed disease advances ii seems almost impossible for the chick to swallow, tinally refusing to eat; when any or all of these .symptoms appear then eramine the niaierpart of the head and the throat and at the sides for the head louse, and nine timesout of ten he will be found snugly at home among the down or sprouting feathers; then apply two-thirds glycerin, one-third carbolic noid, and five times as nuieh water as the above mixture.

The order may readily be separated into two families upon cliaracters a part of which have already been mentioned, namely, the structure of the mouth parts and the feet. The latter, which is the most readily observed, can be easily told from the mode of locomotion, the members of the first group being incapable of rapid movement, but well adajjted to clinging to the hairs or feathers, the latter running freely and swiftly, but having less power tc- clasp.

Family PIIIL( )P TF.RIDyK.

Infesting houses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, chickens, turkeys, pigeons, ducks, etc.

The members of this family have the mouth parts on the undei" side of the head. Mandibles strong; maxillte wanting; tarsi short, of one or two joints, the claw meeting a tooth at the apex of the tibia; meso- thorax apparently wanting; abdomen having nine segments.

The group is a large one, the species being so numerous that there is scai'cely a bird but harbors one, and sometimes several, species of this family.

The genera are, for the most part, easily separated ; Docophorus, by the presence of a movable appendage (trabecula) in front of the anten- nse; Nirmus, by tlie presence of an immovable tooth in front of the antennjc and the genersilly entire terminal segment of the abdomen of the female. Goniocotes and Goniodes are robust forms, usually with large heads stroujrly curved in front. They ditf'er by the former having simple antennjc in both sexes, while in the latter they are modified in the male. The former are also usually much the smaller. In Lipeurus the body is generally long and slender, the antennas of the m^^Jes large

192

INSECTS AFFF.CTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

and often with a coinplicatud structure, while the tei miiuil Heguicnt of the female is biU)bed. The species of Ornithohim are white or trans- parent and especially characterized by having sliarp curved append ages meeting in front of the clypeus. TrichothctcN is at once kn«>\vii by the three-jointed antenna'. Otiier genera of the family do not «'on tain species infesting domestic animals, and hence need not be noticed here.

LOUSK OK DUOKS AND GEEHE.

(DocophoruH iclerodea Nitzsch.)

This 8])ecies has been recorded from so many different members of the order of birds containing the ducks and geese that it n>ay be con- siilered as common to the order. It was described by Fitzsch in 1818, and has been mentioned by most writers on parasites since that time. It is about 1 mm. in length, and has the head and thcnax of a bright reddish color with darker bands. The abdomen is white in the center, with broad, dark reddish, horny bands at the sides, with a darker spot at the margin. It occurs conunonly on our native ducks.

Little Red Swan Louse.

{Doeophonia cyi/ni Denny.)

Notwithstanding the apiiarent abundance of this species, it does not a])pear to have been described before 1842, when it was described and rtgured by Denny (Mouog. Anop. Hrit., p. 95, jd. 1, tig. 1), but accord- ing to tills author it was figured by Re«li (Exper., PI. IX, tig. inf.), which would carry its recognition back two hundred years. It is common on both the wild and domesticated swans, and Denny states that he has received it from the bean goose.

II IS 1 mm. in length, of a robust form, the head decidedly rounded in front, except at the extreme tip, where it is slightly excavated. In color the head, thorax, .and legs are bright reddish brown, while the abdomen is white in the center and dark brown at the sides, the brown occupying hard plate-like portions at the side of eacli segment.

Tlie form and the distribution of these plates are shown in the accom- panying figure.

Lesser Chicken Louse.

(Goniocotes holofiaakr Nit/sch.)

This common species which lives upon the domestic fowl wjis recog- nized by DeGeer and by Nitzsch. It has been generally confused with another form, or rather another larger and perhaps more common form

Fio. 112. — Docojihonit cyijni (autli(ir'» illiis tratiiiii)-

SUUORDEU MALLOPHAOA.

193

1 the acconi-

lias boun generally aciiuptutl by En^liHli uiid American writers us the hologOMtir^ this buiiif; duo to the desiuiptitm and llguro given by Denny, who does not seem to liave seen the true holoijnHfcr, but described for it, according to I'iaget, an immature HiK;cinten of the hirger Hpecies since de'icribed as GoniocntcH idxloininalis Piaget.

The holofjaHtir is only about I mm. in length, whereas the abilominalis, or Denny's holoijaHtn'^ is about .'{ mm. In general ibrm ttie sjiecies are somewhat simihir, the hnloijaHtrf being less constricted at the thorax and more regularly ta])ering to t\w 4'nd of the abdomen. Tiie head is more nearly quadrate; the ab(h)men not so conspicuously marked, the incurved margins of the segments not extending so decidedly upon the disk and presenting the distinct lines seen as a border to the fasciie iu ahdominalin.

liAUaK (JiriOKKN IjOUHE.

{llonioculen abilomiiialia I'iiiget; -= (!. giga» TiiHchnnberg.)

This is probably fully as c(unmon as the precotling species. As already stated, it is the form which has been commonly referred to in Knglish and American works as the-O'o/t/o- cotes holoffmtcr, which d<)ubtless accounts for its not having been des(!ribed until (juite recently.

It is a large, conspicuous species, about 3 millimeters iu length, quite broad, the head nearly cinmlar in front

and constricted behind, the thorax small, the abdomen widening to near the end and termi- nating abruptly. The head, thorax, and legs are yellowish, with dark margins and spots; the abdominal seg- ments bear lateral whitish fasciie bor- dered with black.

It appears to be much less common than some other species of chicken lice, notably Menopon iniUidum and L'qteu- rus variabilin.

Vin. 113. — Ooni'o.

riilct abiliimiiialis (uftor Dfuuy).

Via, Hi.— Ooniocotfn cowpar— enlargud (au. thor's illiiHtratioii.)

PiciEON Louse.

{(ioniocotea vompar Nitzsclx.)

A species which has been familiar for a long time and generally common, along with other lice, on domestic pigeons. It is a rather

4653— No. 5-

-13

194

INSECTS AFFKCTINQ DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Biiiiill-Hi/od sptiiHes, ii littU^ ni<>i-» than a inilliinoter in ltMi};th. Tlic liuiul is i'ouimIkI ill front, niirriiwcr Ittitwuen ttuMintunmr, hroiidt'Ht uoiir tlu^ posterior niiir;;;in. Tlio thoi'ax is narrower, tiui alxloincn in the male broadest near tlie po8terior end and H<|uarish behind; in tiu^ fouialc more rej^ular and broadest near tlie middle. It is wiiitish, with a ratlier broad brownisli nnir^in, iVoni whieii prohnigatiuus extend iuward upuu thu sutures.

Tm; l*KAC(M!K OoNIOOOTES.

{lloiiioooliH riolannulatiiH Nit/.Hcli.)

This speeies, which shares witli tlie (lonioiiiH /alfh'ornin the hospi- tality of the peaco(!k, was lirst described by Nitzscli ((ierniar's Ma;>'., Ill, L'04). It is u small species, about the si/e of the holoijantcr, which it resembles quite closely. The head is squarish, stmiewhat rounded in front, while the thorax and abdomen are short ami oval. While less noticeable than the larger species associ- ated with it, it is probably no less abundaut.

GoMO(!()TES (»F THE IMlEASANT.

Fifi. 115.-(,(.;i/oco/,« ( (loiiiiwoten vhryHovvi>haUtH (Jieb«)l. )

an:e. (aitei a- ']^\^\^ puTasito of tlic plieasaut was first described by

Giebel in 18(U> under the name of (Joniocotes volvhieiy

which he afterwards chauged to the above. It is said to resemble the

//oZof/a.s7c*' which affects the domestic fowl. Jt has not been recorded

from America, but will i)robably be found on imported birds.

BUKNETT'S GONIOCOTES.

(iioiiiocoten burneltii Pa(^k.*)

A species described by Dr. A. S. Packard (Am. Nat., Vol. IV, p. IH) is apparently much less common than some of the other species common to the sadly infested barn- yard fowl. According to Dr. Packard's description, it differs from the 0. holoijasier of Euroi)e, whicb lives on the same bird, in the short second Joint of the antennae, which are also stoutei', and in the long ■lead, the clypeus being much longer and more acutely rounded, while the head is less hollowed out at the insertion of the antenna'. The abdomen is oval and one-half as wide as long, with transverse, broad, irreg- ular bands along the edges of the segments. The mandibles are short and straight, two-toothed. The body is slightly yellowish and variously streaked and banded with pitchy black. This

Fia. 116.— Oonioco(c« burni-tlii — oulurKed (nftor Puckard).

'Probably identical with lApeurua heterographns Nitzsoh. (See p. 231.)

HUUURDER MALLOIMIAOA.

195

proves to bo a Lipennm, or at least it a;;reew with A. hvtvroijrnphuH in most particulars. Occurs also oil diiclis. (See L. htkronntphm, ulsu tcchuiuul uotus.)

The (!nH!KEN (Joniodes.

((SouiodcH ilinHiiiiiliH Nit/.srli.)

Althou);1i this sptM-ios lla^ been known for a consiibMiible time, it seems not to luive been abnnihmt e'iou|;h to receive frequent notice.

Denny says:

I Himpi^i^t tliiH Hpeoi«!H of \wiug of rar<^ occurrence, iih the only speiinicn which I huvo exiiniintMl wim coni- ninniciitud by Mr. Thoiii)mnn from ItelfitHt, lunl tliiit bein){ ii feinuht I am procIiMlcd from dcHcribiug the chur- aoteriHtii't) of tlio niulu.

It is a lar^^e species, 2 to L'^ mm. in length, an<l Denny describes it as tawny in coh>r, Buiootli, shilling;, and pubescent, with lar^v) Bubquadrate liead, a short transverse pro- thorax, and a hir^^e abdomen with tlie side nnirkin^s couliuent, and the sutures with deep tiliestnut bauds. It has not as yet been recorded for this country that we are aware of, though iu all probability it occurs here as well as in Europe.

Kit). in.—Uiiiiiintin ilittiiailit— dulargcd (ul'tur IH>nii,v).

Guinea Fowl Goniodes.

(doniodiH numidianun Donuy.)

Wg have only the record given by Denny (Mouog. Anop. Brit., p. 103, PI. XUl, tig. 7) as authority for this species. His diagnosis of the species is as tbllows: '* I'ale straw-yellow, shining and smooth, margined with black; head suborbicular; abdomen acuminate, with pitchy brown, interrupted transverse bands." tie states that "the only 8i)ecimens of this species I have seen are two males, which I took from oti" a pintado {Xumida meleatjris).^^ We have not had the oppor- tunity to search for this species and can not say whether any effort has been made in this country to obtain parasites from the guinea fowl. It is most likely that a careful examination of a number of the fowls would furnish examples of this species and possibly still others not yet recognized.

The Pigeon Goniodes.

{Goniodes damicornia Nitzsch.)

According to Giebel, this species was first described by Nitzsch, and his reference is " Zeitschrift f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, XVII, 119." It is

196

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

m

\:i-:'

*l

a rather large si)ecies, a little more than 2 mm. in length ami of .1 bright-brown coh)r. The head is very iinwh rounded in front and

.strongly angular behind. It occurs only on pigeons, but upon these appears to be rather conmion, though not yet met with in our own collecting.

The Littlk PirKON Goniodes.

{(lonlinhn minor Piagot.)

Piaget (Les IN'dieulines, j). i'r»C) has described as a distin(!t species, under the above name, a form quite simihir to the preceding but smaller and pr<»senting some differences »»f the antenuic and form of the head. According to this author, it is found on the domestic pigeons and also on Columba tigrina, C. rifioria. and C. hitor- qitnta. It has in)t to our knowledge been re- corded in this country as yet, lji;t is lilcely to be found along with the other I'orms.

LorsE OF Turkey.

(doiiiodea stiilij'er yi'it/.sch.)

Nitzsch describes this species in (lermar's Magazine (111,204), and it has been l're(|uently mentioned since that time. It was also described by Schrank under the name of PcdieiilKs weh'tufriN {F-duu. Ins. Aust., 504). It is a large species, 3 mm. or more in length, u^l (piite readily

Fi(i. 118. — tr'oHwdc*' damictir- ni»— milargt.il (author's il- luBtrutiun) .

Fl(i. V9.—<i(iiU<iiti'ii xtjili/cr: a, inoiiMi parts; It, aiilt ..iin'— cularRCil (iiner Ciivier).

<li8tinguished fnun other common spe(;ies by the hind angles of the head, wliich are extended backward into long styles, from the ends of winch extend strong bristles. The tiiorax is angular, with a black mar- gin, and the abdomen is pale, with transverse band.^ :)f dark color.

The specie; probably has a distribution eipial to that of the turkey itself, and with the other species common to this fowl render it pretty thoroughly infested.

1 and of !i front and

rs only on be latlicr

111 our own

DES.

described >ve name, a

nt smaller le antenna! f,' to this >i^eons and nd C. hitor- te been re- \g with the

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA. 197

The Teaoock Go> >des.

{GoiiiodcB falcicorniH Nitzscli.)

Tbis large find commwi species appears to have been first recorded by liedi, who flgured it under the name of I'nle.v paronis. Since tliat time it has engaged the attention of Linna'us, Frisch, Olfers, Fal)ri('iiis, Stephens, Schrauk, Nitzsch, Bur- nu'ister, Stewart, Panzer, Denny, Giebel, Piaget, and numerous other wrifers, who have described, figured, and discussed it under one name or another, from which we would infer that it must have been <uie of tlie most common and frequently met with of any of tlie parasites of oiir domesticated fowls.

ll is a large species, .'5 to 4 mm. in length, of a brigiit reddish-yellow color, with a large head, the liind angles of which are acute .and prominent. The first Joint of the antenna in the male is large and bears a prominent tooth. The abdomen is broad, 1 ight yellow, with prominent transverse lateral bauds extending nearly to the middle line. It has been taken repeatedly in America.

l'T(i. 120. — lliijiiotli's fill- ci'co/HiK— enlarged (af-

ter Denny).

204), and it

o described

Fns. Aust.,

lite readily

rior).

lies of the lie ends of black mar- (!olor. ;lio turkey r it pretty

Thk I 'he as ant Goniodes.

(doiiiodvg coIchiciiH Deiniy.)

This specief. is not likely to prove of any special interest in this country, except where pheasants have been introduced, and we will simply menriou it and repeat the diagnostic description gi \ en by Denny :

Uright clifstuiit- yellow; Lead iulKimuli'ate, leiiiporal angles obtiiso, thorax with a broad ieiriigiiions margin; abdomen i)ale, yello\v-whit«, nearly orbicular, each Hegnieut, excejitiug tlio first and last two, with a pitchy black arcuate fascia.

He refers this s])ecies to the insect nientioned uiuler the name of redknduH phusUmi by Fabricius, with a (^uestiou as to their identity.

(lonlodes gigaa Tascli (?).

Professor Coinstock. lii liis Introduction to Entomology, first ed., Pt. I, p. SO, names this as a parasite of the hen, but he states no author- ity for the sjjccies, and we are unable to find any other reference to it, unless it be intended for Goniocotes glgiiN Taschenberg.

LiPKUltUS OF THE CHICKEN AND PHEASANT.

(LijKuriin hetfrofjraj)hun Nitzsch.)

This species, first recorded by Niizsch, wouhl appear from the writ- ings of European naturalists to be rather common, but it has seldom

i

m

198

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

been taken in this country, a fact which nuiy be due to the little atten. tion that has been given to collecting these insects here, rather than t<i their absence.

I have taken it t'ronv the chicken at Ames, Iowa, and from the cTiar acters which it presents F believe that Packard's (hmiocotcs hurnellii was described from a female of this spe(!i«'S.

According to tlie figures given by I'iaget, it differs decidedly frcMii the vnriahUiH, with which it is most likely to le confused, in having the head rather narrowed in front instead of intlated, and the body is much stouter.

Besides ocunirring upon the common d«)mcstic fowl it is said to occur upon pheasants of certain sjjecies.

Guinea Fowl I.ipettrus.

{LipeuruK numidw Denny.)

Denny described this species under the name of Xirmus numidw^hiit riaget refers it to the genus Lipeurns.

It is characterized by Denny as " livid yellow, shining and smooth; head subpanduriform, lateral margin black; abdomen with twoluscous interrupted dorsal fasciae"

As he states that he found " t^\o specimens,'' it would appear not to have occurred in great abundance.

4

LousK OF THE Sheldrake.

(lAjiriiriiH tndormr Dcnny;.^ /,»/)<■«>•«»( lavtviin Gieliel.)

Denny <lescribed this species tVoin specimens taken from the shel- drake, and cites also a manuscript name of Leach. Ornithobius ta<lorna\ which he assumes to be the same and which applied to specimens in the IJritish ^Museum. The species was later described by (liebel witli the name lavtens, though he at the same time tpiotes Denny's name without stjitiug any reason for tiu-i change.

Piaget states that he prefers the name chosen by (liebel to that of tadornw in order to avoid as much as possible the names of birds upon which the parasites have been found. If this princijtle were carried out it would involve the change of hosts of names applied to members of this group of insects, and as it is directly opi)osed to the well-established principle of priority we believe the luime applied by Denny slu>uhl be restored.

The insect is characterized by a ndlky-white cohu-, the surface smooth and shining, the head, thorax, and abdomen with bhick marginal spots; it is elongate in form and the head heart shaped.

Professor Oomstocl > itcs it as occurring also ujion the goose, but upon what authority we are unable to say, as the authorities consulted mention it only as a parasite of the sheldrake.

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

199

J'ttle atteii. htlier tlmn to

jojii tlio cLar \>ff'fi burncffii

icidedly from

I liaviii^r f|,(.

*o(\y is mncli

<uid to occur

mmiaw, but

'xi 'Smooth; two tuscous

I>eur not to

i the sliel

•leiia ill the '' witli the lie without

f'> that of "rds upon JTiied out ambers of itabh'sJied iliould be

!e smooth a' si)ot8;

'»it uj^on mention

The Pigeon Lipeurus.

{LipeiiruB hacttlus Nitzscli.)

This is another of the species that was jjiven a name and figure in the work by Kedi more than two liundred years ago. It was also described briefly by Linnanis under tlie name of Pediculus columhv; but since the description by Nitzsch in 1818, under the name of Lipvurns bacillus, this has been the accepted name, and has been used by nearly all writers since that time." It is not strange that it attracted the attention of early naturalists, as it occurs in wonderful abundance on almost every pigeon that may be examined, and its striking a])pear- auce, due to the extreme slenderness of the body, would at once catch the eye of the observer.

It is about 2 mm. in length, the body very slender; the head and thorax are of a bright reddish-brown color, while the abdomen is rather dusky, with a series of patches of a brown color corresponding with the segments of the abdomen.

So far as known, this species is confined to pigeons, and there seems no danger of their being transmitted to other fowls with which they may associate.

Piaget states that he has found the females astray up(m a Sula alba, ujmn a Totanus filottis, and upon a Charadrius minor, only in the last case the appendages of the clypeus wanting; the last segment had the lobes more acute and the dimensions were less.

Denny described, under the name of Xirnius elavi- forniis, what appears to be the young of this species, though he gives measurements for males and females, whiiili would seem to indicate that he was able to see the sexual organs. In all the specimens we have examined that agree with his ligureand description of this form we have been unable to discover the genital organs, which makes it appear that tliey are immature, and they are in all cases associated with the haculus, with which they seem to agree in all structural characters. The body is shorter, the niarkings less distinct, ami the rudiment of a trabecula is more promi- nent than in the adults.

It seems best, therefore, at least till well-marked males and females can be found, to consider these as inunatuie bacnlus,

Piaget does not discuss this matter, but in his index to "Les Pedic- ulines" he gives N. elari/ormifi as a synonym of L. baculus.

Fio. 121. — Lipeurui hacidus — enlarged (author'a illuatra- tioii).

'Oiebel names and descriltcH two specioH, baciUnH and oaculuft, Telertiug both to NitzHch, and ])lacin<; under hacilliis tlie form which all other authors refer to baculm, and referriufj to haciiliin a form not separated by other authors, but which ho de- scribes as dirt'ereut from tlw other form. It seems undesirable to add names without a nM)ro detuded diifereuce in form, and wo agree with I'iaget in uniting both under the old name.

200

INSECTS AFFECTINd DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

rt-

iie.i

The Sqitalid Duck Louse.

(lApeitrKH Hqualidim Nit/Hrli.)

Accordinff to Benny, tliis species was referred to l)y Fabrioiusnniloi' tlu', name of Peilindns onatis, and it ^oeiiis extremely probable tliat it was referred to under other names by nuiny of tlie early writers, sinee it is so <'onunon on many species of ducks that it is hardly i>os.,ible that it should liave been entirely overlooked. Tlie first deliuite r»'fe Mice to it, liowever, is the description by Nitzsch in 1818; and, more fortunate than some of the related species, this has been allowed to hold in all snbse(iuent works, and so far as we know there are no syiuHiyms for its specific name.

It is a very abundant and common spec-ies and o(!curson.i f^reat many different species of ducks, both wild and domesticated; indeed, so generally does it occur on the different species of the genus A tins and related genera that we may alnu>st say that it is common to all species ()f the family includ- ing th(^ ducks.

It is (jnife (iharacteristic in ai)pearance, and not likely to be confused with other species on the same birds. It is about 4 mm. (one-sixth inch) in length, elongate in form, and of a light yellowish color, with dark border to the head, thorax, and abdomen. On the latter this border is broken into a series of quad- rate patches corresi>onding with the segments. The young lack the definite markings of the adults, but have nearly the same general outline of body. The annexed figui*^ will doubtless enable anyone to detennine with certainty as to specimens taken from ducks.

I.iprnriix (UiHcris Gurlt.

TTiidei- this head is recognized a species which is said, to differ from the «».sr//.s of Linna'us and other authors, which is referrt'd to jcjunuH of Nitzsch. It was described from specimens taken from the domestic goose, but would api)ear to be rather a rare species since it has not been generally recognized. We insert it ui)on the authority of Piaget, who seems to consider it as iiiKiuestionably distinct from related species, though apparently in doubt as to the real form from which the descrip- tions were made.

TnK Lii'KURUS OF THE Goose.

( LipenriiH jejunuH Nitzscli. )

It is generally accepted that Redi had this species in hand as one of the different parasites which he figured, and it has certainly been

Kin. 122.— T.ipi'v riit xijiiiiliiliiii—rii 1 a I'm- 1 1 (aiitlmr's illiistiiilicuii.

referred by Nitzsi would se taken fro beau g()<

goose, a« Itise^

of tbe g( We hi

pale yell

abdoniei

SUHORDER MALLOPHAGA.

201

>ricius nndoi

^"'''« tliiit; it

J">aiiy of f i,,'

jMfUjy SlH^cies

m it siioiiM Jiist (leJiuife l<'>il)tioii by I'iin some of f<I to boJ(i ii, know there

referred to by Linnteus, Albiii, Olfers, and otiicrs, but the description by Nitzsch may be taken as the first strictly technical description that would separate it certainly from related forms. Dcuny records it as taken from the white-fronted {^oose, the brent, the wild jioose, and the bean goose, and Piaget adds the gray ^oose, Canada goose, domestic goose, and the nujypilcuH,

It is evident, therefore, tliat it is generally distributed ui»on members of the goose family.

We have not had specimens in hand, but it is described its slender, pale yellow-white, with a iMtcthy margin, the lirst <'iglit segments of the abdomen with (juadrangnhir bands, and tlie legs dusky above.

TiiK Turkey Louse.

pe(!ies and '•■^ of ducks, <> goneiiiJIy

the geiiiis almost say nilyinclud-

<«, .'ind not "» the same "» loiigth, color, with f>uu'ii. On PS of quad- ants. The nearly the «ss enable >ni ducks.

iffer from

domestic not been «'et, who 8j)ecies, descrip

as one ly been

( l.iiifitniH poliitntjivziiiH Nit/.scli.)

This, like the niriahilin, apptiars to iiave been one of the earliest species to receive recognition, as Linna-us cites liedi (10xi»er., t. II, fig. 2) with the name Pi'diciilns nvcipitris, while he himself uses the name Pediculuft mi'leatfridis, and gives a brief description, wiiich i)robably refers to this species. Authors have (juite generally, however, foUowed the name given by Xitzsch, as above. It has d(mbtless been common wherever this fowl has been kept and is one of the familiar species.

It is of rather large size, ^ to 3i mm. (an eighth of an inch) in length, of an elongated form, having a pale, yellowish white coh>r, and with a black margin arouiul the body. The abdomen is long, and all the segments but the last are marked with agrayish brown trapezoidal spot on each side. According to Denny:

Tlieiriiio(l(< of profrressioii is rather siiif^iilar, as well as rajdd. They slidt-, as it were, side- wise extremely (piick from oiio side of tlio tiber of ii feather to tlio other, and move e(iiially well ill a forward or retrograde direetioii, which, together with their Hat, jiolished bodies, ren- ders them extremely dilliciilt to eateli or hold. 1 have observed that where two or more genera infest one bird, they have eaeb their favorite localities; for, while the (loniodes ali/lifer •\\U\ ho found on the breast and neck of the bird, the Lipeiim/i pohjtrapez'tHx will be conij;regatod in numbers on the webs and shafts of the ]>rimary wiiiu; featlnrs.

Veryconnuonon turkeys, and I have specimens from tlie wiUl turkey as well.

laiKi'il (alter l'iaj;i'l).

202

INSECTS APPECTlNa DOMESTIC ANIM\LS.

'II r

I

Km. 124.— /,i'-

jifvni.1 vari- ahilit — oil- lar{;i'<l (after Dfiiuy).

Br

The Vauiable Chicken Louse.

{Lij'curua variahilia Nit/sch.)

Tliis species appears to have been reeoide*! as early as 1668 by Kedi. later by Fristjli, unless these both refer to Mciiopon jKillidiim, and to have receiveil a brief (leseription by Linna-us ( FaM»/( Sue viva. No. 1!)6()) under the name of Pedivulnx caponis. The nana' by which it is now universally known, however, was {jiven with descriptiori by Nitzsch in 181S (dennar's Mag., Ill, 2\)'2), While no very extensive literature seems to have accumulated in reference to this particular speciies, it is of course included in the many articles referring to jxiultry lice in general. It does not seem, however, to be so abundant as some of the other species infesting the c(mimon domestii* fowl.

11 is abimt 2 nun. (one-twelfth of an inch) in length, the body elongated, of a whitish color, and smooth and shin- ing. The margins of the body are black ; the head is large, rounded on the anterior margin, and the whole appearance sufiiciently distinct from any of the s.pecies infesting the chicken, so that, with the ai«l of the ttgure, there can be lu) difficulty in distinguishing it at a glance. Denny says: "Common ou the domes- tic fowl, preferring the prinniry and secondarj* feathers of the wings, among the webs of which ""ic^^*^

they move with great celerity."

Thk Whitk Swan Loise.

(^Orn'ilhobiun vjKini l>cimy; O. hiicephahia (Jioliel.)

This large and handsome si)ecies was (juite certainly recogni/e«l by liedi and ligured by him and has received frecpient mention since. It is a conspicuous species, and appears to occur in great abundance on different species of swans, so that it is readily obtained. It has be^n re- corded as occurring on the domestic and wild swan of the old world as Avell as the wusicns and heirichii, and we have taken it in great abundance from the common swan of tliis coun- try, probably the Tiumpeter Swan.

The body in this species is whitish, but so transparent that all the internal organs are easily seen through the body walls. There are black points .at the outer hind margins of about four of the abdominal segments, as shown in the figure, and the last segment in dusky or uearly black. It is 4 mm. long (one-sixth of an inch), and t^ e body is

l''l(}. \2!>. — t>niithol)iu.i ci/'/iii — •'iilarjiiMl (aiitlior'H illimtra- tioii).

rather slen to be almoj which harl contain bh blood fron deep enoUi may have bird.

While i cius abou certain re in 1818. on the CO know the eut stage tantdepa thorough It is « has muc other d(j larly by and the out in a will oftc a hair i what di insect.

Then on any observi When a wasl be alio slowly

Son site c referi of Pi uude

SUnORDER MALLOPHAGA.

203

rather slender and decidedly flattened. Altojyether this species seems to be almost as beautiful and as j?raceful iu its movements as tlie bird which harbors it. Some of the specimens we have secured appear to contain blood, and wliile these jiarasites are not supposed to extract blood from their hosts, it is possible that they may at times burrow deep en<mfih to secure access to th«^ ciipillaries or feed upon blood that may liave exudeil from wounds upon the surface of the body of the bird.

THK LoilSK OF THK ('AT.

«»gth, the Jmd shin- id is large, Ppearance esting the ifficulty in he doiues-

:^.

Ml

{TrU'hodevliH mibroniraliin NilZHcli.)

While it is jiossible that this parasite was referred to by Otto l^'abri- cius about the year 17S() under the name of PeMcnluH c((nis, the first certain referen»'e to it app^-ars to have been the description by Kitzsch in 1818. Since that time it has been referred to by nearly all writers on the common ]>arasites of animals, but so far as we know there has been no special description of the differ ent stafi'es, and we must asstune that there is no impor tant departure from the habits of species that are more thoroughly known.

It is a little more than a millimeter in length, and has much the appearance of tlie species occurring (►n other domestic aninuds, but is distinguished parti<'U- larly by the form of the head, which is (piite pointed, and the under part of the front of the head is hollowed out in a furrow about the size of a hair. The insect will often be found adhering by the mouth parts with a hair so «^losely hehl in this groove that it is some- what difli<;ult to tell where the hair begins as sej)arate from the insect.

There is no re(!ord that we have seen that indicates its presence on any other animal than the domestic cat, and. Judging by my own observatiim, it is oidy occasionally that cats become infested with it. When they <h) the usual remedies may bo administered, especially a washing with kerosene emulsion, after which the animal should be allowed to dry in a warm i)lace, as the fur is so line that it dries slowly.

TiiK liTTma LoTTSK <»K THE l>oa.

l-'ui. V26. — Trieho- di'ctes luhrciitratuii — eiilarj;iMl (aii- tlitir's i 11 II Ht ra- tion).

'« illiistra-

lominal iisky or body is

{Ti'ichodcclfK latiiH Nit/.st^li.)

Something over a century ago DeCieer mentioned a species of para- site on the dog under the nante of Ricinus cams, which probably referred to this species, and another mention by Olfers under the name of Pediculns sefosiis probably preceded the descriution by l!fitz8ch under the name which the insect has borne since 1818.

i'

1; i

■*■ "■ '<

i' 1

■■;r ■■'■r

204

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMATES.

■ft

•Ii

Prohably everyone who has had mucli to do with dojjs is aware to what an extent this parasite may nudtiply and how troublesome it is to this Iriend of man. It is generally believed that the liee are niovf troublesome to pupiiies than to old dojjs, and it is not at all unlikely tiiat the insects mi}>rate when iiossibic from older to youn<«er aninuds.

In color this species agrees i)retty closely with tlic other species, and it is of about the same length as the cat louse, a little more than I mm., but it is miicli broader in ]iro])oriion, being more than half as wideiis long, an<l the head is short and the frcMU but slightly <-nrved.

Fki. \21.—lrirhnihcten liitiiH — <• II 1 II r {;<'''. (iiftor Oriiiiy).

Tin; i^oTTSE OF vuk I>kai{.

{Trivhtxin tin itiiiiiiiis Nit/scli. )

Inasmuch as tiie common brown bear has been to a considerable extent domesticated, and indee<l furnishes a means of sui)p(U't to a certain class of peojyle. it seems jn-opi'r to introdnci^ menticm of its common parasite here. The species was described by N^itzseh, and apparently later authors have done little more than quote his deserip tion. To what an extent bruin sulfera from the company of his guests we are not aware, but they probably multiply upcm him as i)n other aninnds and cause him the same amount of annoyance.

It is described as <;haracterized by the form of the head, which is sulxpiatlrangular. It is nearly 2 mm. in length.

TlIK liOT'KE OF Till', T^LA^fA.

(Trichntlectcs hnrirt'im Ifmlow.)

In some parts of S>)uth America the llanni is a very important domes- tie animal, and oonseciuently this parasite has a place with the other species included in this work.

This species was described by liudow in 1S(»(), \)ut as we h.ive not seen specimens we must leave it with the mere PKMition. It is said to be 1 mm. in length, ami (bmbtless agrees closely with tiie .)ther spociea of the genus in appearance.

TlIK liOrSK OF TllK (loAT.

(Triclioilecti'K rlimax NitzHch.)

Since this species was described by Nitzsch in llie early part of the present century it does not seem to have received very frequent notice, and Denny does not appear to have fount^ it in England.

It is described as having the head wider than long, (juadrangular in shape, and the body in the female nearly two-thirds as wide as long, the length being about 1.^ mm.

SUHOUDER MALLOPHA(}A.

205

18 aware td )le.somo it is ico aio nioK' and it is noi Jieii possible

'I'lui rricli<nl<Ttr.s ciiftnv of (Jnrit Ih considt'rjMl l>y Piiijjet as identitial with dim<i.r, wliilo +he Tr. cajiinr of i'ackard is not nientiou^d l»y him, '

(^^

c<^^

^ ''

Kio. Vi.'A-trkhodccUn cUmax : a, iiia'..; /-, f.nml.v c, c;:^'-"!! greatly eulurfe'tU (ori«iimI).

but J'roft'ssov Venill hiis exjnessi-d tiie opinion tluit it is eciuivalent to ImlxttiiK, mention of which follo'vs. It nuiy l)e stated liere, however,

%^:ii0 ]

FlO. 129.— rrichudecleslimbatus: a, tViiiiiU<; h, malt!— lareatly cnlarstxl ((irigiiiiil).

that the figure given by Packard agrees well with Piaget's figure of climax. . It lias been colleeted from goats at Baltimore by Dr. A. Hasaall.

20fi

INSECTS AFFEf'TiNO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Trivho

limhiiliiii (jurvaiH.

This spccios is ivfcrrtMl to tlm Angora (lout, aiul in lecogiii/.ed as a distinct hiu'cIcs by (iiolnO, Pia;;ut, and otiiers. It is the spi'i^ies to wliicli I'rof'essor \''.Mrill tiiinks Dr. I'acliaril's caiira- belongs. Dr. I'aclianl (Iocs not slate uiion wlii(th sperics of goat lio tbund his specimens, l>iit it is [trobablu tliat tiiey were fnun the common species, and if so, ami inasmmth as his lignre agrees fairly well with climu.r, it wouhl se«'m as likely to belong there.

In a recent bulletin from the Bureau of Animal In (lustry, Dr. Cooper Curtice describes these forms and endeavors to establish their specihc identity. The principal points urged are a proportioinil difference in si/e between nniles and females, a difference in nmrkings, and dift'ereuce in size of eggs, but those are all variable, and the dittereuces, as shown in the ex- fki. r.m. ^Trieiioiieohii eelleut ligures a<'companying the report, are so slight

iiirg.,a(uit.ri)..niiv). *'''*^* ^^^ •"■^' *^"® "'^''^ impressed with the view that they are only varieties, and unless it be shown that they do not interbreed nor survive if changed from one host to the other we should be inclined to use the two names as synonyms.

Thk Lottsk of the Subkp.

^Trichvdevlea M2>l"''*'ootl>li<iliix Nit.y.Bcrh.)

^gI?5S2gD s

^^-^^t^

Fio. \31.—Tnehodeetes sphcerocephalut: a. female; 6, antoiiiiai e, d, <1orHal and ai<Ie nspottt of leg— all

enlarged (original).

Redi Ls credited with the recognition of this spet'ies, and following him Liunseus described it under the name of Pediculus ovis, and later

still it was reference to occurrence, would be in of the host. It has he from (5air.u useful in tl The 11.11" head. Tb( Where i destroying few in 11" appUwi^^^"

Tl

The or

under th

Trkhodcf

sioii thatj

as Trichi

and wide

as tlie 1

insect i

the 8'«i>

form un

taiuly !^

the fan

andwei

by one

regard!

duce tl

ever, l<

ence I

equall

the l«

Linno

on te<

willt

and i

jiaui

SrnORDER MALLOPHAOA.

207

(^'•- ''uckar.l r'i'iu'ns, 1,1,1

r '^" «<>, iiiKl

JAiiiiujii Id jo forms and l"^'ty. Tilt! |1 (litteroii('<> jiftereiice in lit thoiso jue ' in the ax. i« so .slight ^ view tluit ''•own that to the other

ir.

"f leg-all

lowing d later

still it WHH deseribed in detail uikUt the niiiiie fjfivj'n above. Denny's reference to it would indicate it as ran^ in lOngland. It is of rather nire occurreiu'c, M'hich may be considered as fortunate, for, if abundant, it would be ratlier dillicult to contend with on account of th«' lout; wool of the host.

It has been fairly plentiful at Ames on sheep widrh eaine orijjinally from Oanada, and proved quite troublesome, ryrethrum proved most useful in the long wool in winter.

The name indicates its charattteristie feature, namely, the rounded Leiwl. The color agrees closely with the related spetiies.

Where it occurs it will be the best plan to pay close attcution to destroying them at the tinu< of clipping the sheej) even if they are but few in number, as at any other time the labor of making thorough applicutions for laem is greatly increased.

The 1Utin(^ Lk'k ok ITousks, Miilks, Amsks, v.vc.

( Trichoileetm ei/ui anct.)

The original reference by liiuiueus to the lice of horses and asses under the name of Pediculus aiui most certaiidy refers to the common Trk'hodectex infesting these aninmls, but IMaget has reac. A the conclu- sion that this reference is to the form subsequently desc.ibed by (liebel as Trichodevtea piloaua, and that the form described by Denny as equi, and which has since almost universally been tieated as the Linnu^an species, was in reality a different insect from that described by Linnanis under the same name. He therefore describes this form under the name of parumpilomts. It is cer- tainly somewhat confusing to be obliged to drop the familiar designation for so common a species, and were it not that this conclusion has been reached by one who is probably the highest living authority regarding these insects we should hesitate to intro- duce the change. The figures given by Piaget, how- ever, leave no question that there is a decided differ- ence between jnlosus and parumpilosus, and it is equally certain that o'.r common species belongs to the latter form; so, if there is no question as to Linnaeus having the form pilosun in hand, we certainly have no right on technical grounds to apply the term cqui to our common form. We will therefore introduce descriptions and comparisons of the two forms and adopt, for the present at least, and on the authority of Piaget, the nam "3 given in his Les P^dicvdines.

Fici. i:i2. — Triehoilecteg ]iHo»u I — e II 1 a r g ed (after IMaget).

208

INHECTH APFIXTFNO DOMKSTIC ANIMALS.

-i

'tVUhodevtvH jtilimiia UMn>l.

ThiH, iicc()riliii|>- to iMii^'ttt, is the t'oriii ori^niially dcsi^Miiitrd by ],iii. iiii'us :i.s iiiiii, iiiid wliicli, it' tliiit is correct, wuh tliu biisis for u iiaiin' wliicii has been widely uhc<1 to (Icsi^iiatc tlu^ biting' licoot* tli(niieiiibcr> of the liorsc laiiiily. 'I'lic ori;;iiial rct'crcncc dates baciv <'-onwitlcrabl,\ nion^ tiitiii a century, and doid>th'ss tlie ins«>ct was familiar many <-en tiiries betbi'«^ that, as tiie horst^ and ass have been too tUmiliar a> domestic aninnds to allow of the parasites common to them eHcapiii;; entirely llu^ notice of man.

According' to IMaj^ct this occurs upon both the ass and thu Iuumc, while the followin^^ species he has found only on the liorHc.

^Ve have not be«'ii fortunate »'nouj>h to secure examjdes of this form, thou;;'h we have tlie other in ^reat abundance, so we art^ compelled in

describing;' to depend upon tlu^ excellent descri|>- tion and lij;iiresof IMa;;et, the latter beiny; repro- duced hert^ for comparison. The head in this form is shorter and less rounded in front, that of the male ))ein;>' still less rounded than the female, whih^ the abdomen is more slentlcr and taperiii};'. The transverse bands are also repre- sented as less conspi(;uous. Perhajis the most striidiij;' point, however, is the position of the antenna-, which stand well forwai'<l on the head, so that the front border of the head and bas^e uf the antenme are nearly in liiu'.

The habits of the species and the remedies applicable to it are naturally identical with those of the other related species.

Fio. inn, — Triehmleetet par. uiiiliilum-ii (MiluiK<'<l (:tii tbor'H llhiBtnitiiiii).

Trirho(lectc» paruiniiiloBiiH Piufj[et.

While it does not Heem possible that all the writers previous to Denny should have over- looked this form, which appears to be the more <'(»inmon one, at least on the horse, it may be true that Denny was the lirst to pive it a tbor ougli des(ri'iption and cand'nl drawinjj. lie speaks of it as common on the horse and ass, but IMaj^et says he has never found it on the ass, and there is of ccmrse a possibility that Denny did not distinguish between this and tln^ preceding species.

In this Hpe(!ies the hea<l is decidedly rounded in front, the antenna' inserted wm'II back, 8(» that the head forms a full senucircle in front of the base of the antenna'. The abdomen is more slender and tapering than in smlarls, but less so than in pHotitis, as shown in I^iaget's figures.

The color is much the same as in the allied species, the head, thorax, and legs being a bright reddish brown, or chestnut, and the abdomen of a dusky yellowish color, with about eight transverse <lusky bands occupying the central or anterior portions of the segments and extend-

ing fnm> ^' Tliey aie In longer and I'iaget d« zi'bra (/•''/« serie.t of ey the snudl th(^ tarsi p respects ap The habi for nmiiy :\ colts or ho the latter to cause g particulail base of th rub bare p from the ii It is un they nuisi other spet: Kven if ordinarily be policy to associi* ance as > members

This s]

upon cat

to have

Linna'us

under tl

dently tl

name of

Notwith

which w

which i

(Gcrma

and it

subseqi

I'

SUnORDKR MALLOI'IIAOA.

20!)

iiig fk'oin tiio iiiidillt^ lino a littlu iiioro tliuii liiilt'wiiy to tliu tiuirtjin. Tliuy aril Ininlly mh cnnspiriioiiH as in mdhiris, iiiitl iippai'viitly ratliur loii|(ut' iiixl innrr conspicuous tlian In piloNiiH.^

I'iagi't tU'srribcs two Narii'tifs of this species, one tVoni i\w Uuiclieirs zchia {{JiiuiiH hitrrliilli) wliicli lie calls var. nnUatn on account of a Herie.-i of eye lil;*^ ninroloied spots on tlie alxloinen, iiiid tiiu other from the snnill horses of .liiva, var. tnrxtiln, wiiicii has the seconil Joint of tlu^ tarsi particularly <U>\<'lope<l, and whicli he mentions as in Home respects approaching; /nlosiiH,

The hahits of this spe»'ies ar»^ well known and have received mention for many years. They seem to accninuhite more particularly upon colts or horses in pasture, but their pieseiice becomes most manifest in the hitter part of the wintei-, when they may bec(Hne S(» numerous as to cause jfreat initation to the aidmals infested. They oc,cuj)y more particularly the i-e<;'ion of the neck, and also accumidate around the basi' of the tail and between the le;;s, anil the animals will fro(|Uently rub bare places in these regions in their atteniitts lo rid themselves from the iiritation.

It is unne(!essary to give ^iny spcM-ial notice regarding treatment, aa they must be attacked on the sannt plan as other species.

Kveu if it proves that this species does not ordinarily infest the mule or donkey, it would be p«)licy not t • allow these aninnils, if inlested. to associate with horses, as we have no assur-

anco as yet t!nit they can not thrive on any f^^~^iX!^ 'OCii-v ^ members of the equim' family.

JilTlNlt lilOK OF (lATTI.K.

(Tv'tihoihcli s xi-alariH TS'it/.Hcli.)

This species, Mhich is a very abundant one upon cattle ami occurs the world over, api)ears to have been lirst technically described by Lininens (System. Xatura', VII, p. 1017, 5o. !)) under the name of Vedindm htH'is, and evi- dently the same species is referred to under the name of J'cdimlns la uri {Fauna ISucvini, 11)10). Notwithstanding these descriptions, both of which were under .i dillerent genus from that in which it is now i)laced, the si)ecies was again described by Nitzsch (Germar's ]\Iagazine, III, L'90) under the name of Tricliodrctcs scahiria, and it has been known l)y this name in all of the numerous writings subseiiuent to this description. It has been treated by all writers

V II I. \M. — 'J'tlcliiiitectftsealnriii~ i'nlai';4('il (iiutlior's illuMtrit- tion).

> Tho hair lintt iu tho tiguru is about oue-iifth longer than it Hbould be. 4053— No. o 14

210

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

upon tlifi parasites of animals and is one of tlio best known species of parasitic insects. The elfects upon the cattle infested are often cpiitc serious on account of their jiveat nnnd)er, hut tiiey are ajipart'Utly h'ss injurious than the siu^toiial species which infest cattle. This injury depends, of course, upon the nunibers occurriiijif upon the indi\ idiial, and somewhat up(»n the irritability of the animal infested. This species nuwh resembles the form occurriiiy upon horses, but is some what shorter, and the abdomen tapers less toward the extrenuty; the dark bands across the abdomen are also more distinct. They are ^'en erally found in greatest abundance in the sprinj;* of tlu^ yesir, at wliich time adults and ejigs are discovered in yreat numbers. Their develop- ment corresponds v-Mi the other species, and tliey are subjei^t to the same methods <»f atca«'k.

They are very distinct from the su(!torial species in ap])earance, and this ditference is reco<jnized by i)ractical men, who si)eak of them as the ''little red lice," as contrasted with the "blue lice,'' and tln'y recog nize, too, the ditference in the trouble caused by the two species.

The api)Iication of kerosen«>. enndsion or of tobacco decoction at sea- sons when this is practicable is etVcctivt', and we have found the proc- ess of fumigation described in the chai»tcr on remedies to be etVective. This, of course, is applicabh". at all seasons of the year, even in cold weatlier, Avithout danger to the animal.

Family LK >'ri[En).F.. Loi sK OF I'liK Dove.

( VenojWH jiiyanteiim 1 )('iiny.)

This species of hmse infesting doves is described by Denny (Anop. Brit., 225, f. 2, \)\. 21). It does not appear to hav«* been commonly ob- served since that time. A species is described under the name of Menopon latum (Piaget, Les IN'dic., -t.lT). which is probably the same as Mcnopon ffigantiiim. As the species is evidently not a very abun- dant one, and the habits an<l remedies for this species are very similar to those for the Mirnqxtn p<illi<li(m, it is not necessary to enter into detail as to treatment. .' ccording to Denny, it is of a yeUowish-browu color, shining, the head with a small brown patch on each side, the prothorax Avith a cruciform depression and the lateral margin rellected.

The Common Hen liOi se.

{Mrnoiwu jiallidinn Nitzsch.)

This species, probably the most abundant of all the lice infesting poultry, has been a familiar creature in the writings of entomologists, and also in all the literature of poultry raising.

It was evidently recognized by Eedi (Exper., tab. IG, tig, 1), who figured it under the name of Pulex lapi. Linnieus described it as

SUI50HDER MALLOPIIAGA.

211

PcdivuluH //«7///t^r (Syst. Nat., lOL'0, 32), and it is also iiieiitioiied by Partzer iiii(U'rtlic same iiaine. Olfers doy Tibed it iiiuler the name of .V/r/«Hs Irij/oiiocepliahis, and Nitzs(!h, i('C(>{jfiiiziiij»' .ts true generic, relations, {•ave it tlio name i)i Menopon paUUhitii. While Denny, <liebel, and Piajiv!; nil iiinree in relerrinj;' the il'^iire by Kedi to this sj^'ciies, liinnnMis ])la('es it under his PtdicnhiN vapoiiiN^ which is (M|uivalent to Lifxiinis rnrldhHix X.

Tlie annoyance Ihat this one species causes poultry is ]>robabIy e(puil to that oC all tht other si)ecies com- liincd, for it occurs in j^reat abundiince, and almost every low 1 examined will be found infested. Then, too, it passes rea<lily to other species of Itirds, and iiiany instaiu-es are recorded where horses kept near licnroosts ha\e been very seriously troubled by them. Some ol" these a(u;ounts seem hardly credible, taken Km. isn.-.Vc «<-;.»« in connection with the hal»its of the insect. and we are /"<«"'"'" 'Miiucid

. (iiltiT lUiiiin ).

inclined to think tliat tlie worst cases, at least, may

have been due to I he presence of itch mites on the jxtultry and the

ndiiration of them to the h<»rses, ^-^''^ Ihouyh in such case we shouhl ex-

pect the fowls themselves to show more serious injury. It is, at any rate, imjwrtant to keep lousy chickens away from horses.

This louse is pretty easily dis- tinj'uished from other common species infesting the hen by its light color and its great activitj^, running with gieat celerity among the feathers ami from them upon the hands of i)ersons holding fowls. It is from 1 to Ih mm. iu length, rather slender, and of a light straw-yellow colcu-,

Ifemedies for this species must aim to reach the hiding places of the lice on the roosts and in the cracks of tlie walls of the hen- house as well as to destroy those (m the fowl. Thorough fumigation and whitewashing, with careful at-

Kiri. VM—^hnopim Hm'rltitiim—viihirtxM {oriui- teutiou tO cleauliuess, will do UUlch

""" to keep them in check, I'yreth-

rum, kerosene, etc., may be used <lirect upon the fowls, and if they are liberally supplied with ashes and road dust they will do much to i)ro- tect themselves.

l(-

■yi

,, 'I'm

' ''ililrm

/'Ill ['I 'nil Ml' \ ^\\^ 'HliHjiiiV/y

212

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Menopon hiaerialiim IMajjet;;^.!/. stratiiiiieum Nitzscli.

Uiuler tlio above naiuo l'iaj;t't(le8(!iilH's a. speciesof louse taken from tbe (l(ill(>pJi((.si,s oiricri, and whieh lie speaks of as occurrinjii' also on the (loiuestie fowl, tlie pheasant, and other birds, lie says:

Sur i\n (lallo/ihdnis (luiploiamiis) cuiiiii j'ai rctninvr- 1(< iih'iik^ parii.sito siir iin (lullim (h)ni('nliritK, sur iiii I'liasidiiun nilchiciix, Mir iin I'uro .ijiicifcniH iiiiiUi »■( ffiiu'llc cii asfst'/ yrand iionibn' I't (IcriiiinMiieiit aiissi siir iiiuv Mfhaijrix ijaUopavo. II sn i;i|i. proclio I'videiiinient «]u d I ram in cum (hi N., iiroineiicnt iriiiin Mrlidi/rin (jiiilnjidn,^ (loiiinia.ijo (jiio la diajiuosn iW (JiL'l)el (E])i/., p. L'!ll) Hoit lioji vaniM* iioiir ridfiitiiicr, iiiais plus fiicDrc, dii I'vdU-iiUit iiiflc<i)iri<lin iW Panzer (."il. I'. L'O). rciit-i'trc fst-cf Ic parasitf dc. Sdirauk NO. 1019, rociicilli Hiir Ic iiiriiic oiscau.

It seems very probable that the description of i'anziM'. Nitzseli, (licbcl, and Piajiot all apply to the same insect, and if sucli is the case it wonld carry the recojjnition of the species back to 171>.>, when it \»as described by Panzer under the name of I'rtliviihis inelcofiridiN.

It wonld seem to be confined moie iiarticnhuly to the Phasianidic. and of these io infest paiticulariy the peafowls and turkey, thouj;li its occurrence on the hen is freipient. it would evidently i»ass rciidily from any of these birds to others in tlie same family. I'^rom specimens received it would seem tt» l»e rather common on chickens in the United States.

The i'UEASA.NT Menopon.

m

(}fni(ii)oii fiilro-mdriilaliim |)cimv; M. prodiietiihi VUigi^t.)

Denny, in his mono<>'rapit ])ublished in 1842, describes and ligures. ixinU'v ihi', nimm o( Menopon fnl ro- iiiHcii III I iim, a species (dhMiscoecnrrinj; on tlie qiuiiland pheasant. Piagct describes also a species occurrinj.;' on l)lieasants (I'lidsifunin inctus and /'. rolcJiirii.s), which lie considers as probably the same as Denny's, tliouj;ii neitlier tlie description uor the tigure i'uable liitu to determine certainly.

Aecordinf>' to Denny, •' it is I'ulvous yellow and pubescent; head semi lunar, with a pitchy transverse spot on each side; abdomen clavate, with pale spots on the lateral margin."

Plaget says it is very similar to M. pnUiilmn., though distinct, and calls the color, ''jauiie ocre, fauve sur les cotes de Tabdomen."

Piaget also describes a variety [tuajor) taken from the Lopliophdni.s resplcmkuH.

The l^EAcooK Louse.

(Menuiion iih(vntomum Nitzscli.)

This species is apparently confined to the i»eafowls, as sincie its descrip tiou in 1S18 it has been taken oni irom these birds. Piaget states that it occurs on three di'^erent species, I'<iro spici/mis, ]\cnsfaiu,s, and /'. javanit'Ks. It lias not been recorded from this country, but is likely to be found by searching these birds.

SUnORDER MALLOPIIAGA. 213

Lou«E OF THE Guinea Uen.

( Menopon it irm idtr ( i . )

Giobel soeins to luivf been the first to li;ivo mcntioiuMl this species, and we nuiy iiift!r tha*^ it is usually not abundant. IMa^et speaks of it as siinihir to tiie Mriiopon jilittNtoiuinii X.

We have not lia<l opiM»rtunity to inak(^ careful search for it, but it doubtless occurs on guinea fowls in this country. It would probably l)e(lirticult for an or<linary observer to distln{;'uish between this and the coinnion species infestinj;' liens, and even if noticed in abundance on j;uinea Ibwls it would very ]ik«dy escape mention.

Ijoi'S]-: of Ducks.

( Triiioliiii liiridiim Nit/sc-li.)

Redi seems to have been the fiist to f>ive mention of this very <'om- mon species, it beinj^ lifiured in tiie Expcr., I'l. XII, iis the louse of the teal, it is also liyured by Albin (i>l. 4(1) under the sumo common nanui as quoted by J)enny. Nit/sch described it in ISl.S under the name j;iven abov«', ami the sjx'cies has been fortunatii enou,iL;h not to have received any other designation since, although it has been mentioned in most of the woiks referrinj;' to the parasites of domestic fowls or tlu^ parasites of birds. It is ji very common species and occurs on a great many dill'erent sjx'cies of ducks, so that it is unm'<^- essary to try to enumerate he hosts. So far as we have seen or can learn from record, however, it is not known to occur on birds outside of the <luck family {Anatithv).

its nearest ally is the <>(>ove louse, to be mentioned next, and il is easily distinj>uislied from that by the ditference in si/e and the more distinct markings in this species. The markings aie shown in the aecom- l>anying figure, their distribution on the head, thorax, and abdomen being clearly indi( ated. The abdomen in the spe(!imeu tigure is a trille inirrower and the sides a little more parallel than in some specimtuis observed. Jt is 4 to o mm. in leugth.

Louse or Tin-: (!oosk and Swan.

{TriiiDtoii conHpiifCHlitiii, Nit/.sdh.)

This .S])eeies was »>vidently recognized at an early date, and is said to be ineutioned by kSulzer under the imme of Pedivulus anseris. Nitzsch

VviAVu. — Tiiiiolnnluri- duiii t'iilar};iil (iiii- IIkpi's illuslratioii).

214

INSECTS AFPECTINQ DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

(Icscribod it in I.S18 under tho name wliicli lias b(M'n universally adojtlcil since, and it has rcteived iVeciuent mention since that time. It is vci y similar to the Trlnoion Iiirifhim, l)nt may {•enerally be easily separated by the more dilVuse col<»rin}f and its larj^er size, beiiij;' (J mm. (.'i lims aceordiiiff to Denny) in length. The two species are not known in infest the same kinds of birds. Tliis louse oc<'urs on a number ^r spec»'3S of geese and swans, and on om^ gnll; accordinj;' to Denny, on the common tloniestie goose, on the l.niiis chhuh^ and Ciffjiinshcirichii; on ('l/<linis (>l(n\ iU'ronVu\}>; to Ilurmcister; on T. m?^s•/c».s• and « /or, ace<ml in- to IMaget; and on Aii.scr rnjicollis, a<'cording to (Irube.

While the Triiioion hiridiioi we liave found to be rather common in America, the conspiircdtiini has not been met with, but tlu'. oi»portunitie> for examining geese have been lindted.

liOlT.SI'; OF 'I UK (ioosK.

{Triiiolon litiirolinii Mt/scli.)

This quiti^ distinct spetMcs of louse has been known to (Mitomologists since ISIS, when it was described by Nit/.sch. Denny, however, did not recognize the a])i)lication of the des(;rii)tion to this form and rede scribed it under tiie luime of Trinofmi s(jii(iliihnii. Later writers, how _ ever, have adopted the earlier name,

and there will ]>iobably be no fur ther confusion regarding it.

It is (piite easily distinguished from the other species of TriiH)ton. Ix'ing considerably shorti'r, smaller, and of a nearly white color.

It occurs, according to Denny, on Auficr alhi/ronN, \]n\ domestic goose, arid on Anas clinx'tita. It is also referred to tiie Smew, ;nd Piaget states that it has been taken fiom IhndrovjifiuK arhorcd ami Aiiser iilhi- frons,

TlIK IMlJKON liOr.SK.

(l'i)lji(i(Tiihilhiiii loiiiliidiiilinil Nit/sell.)

Kid. KiS. — Tiiiinliin litiiniliim^v\\\i\r>i (autliDi's illiiHlnitiiiiil.

Nitzs(^h desciibed this form, whicli o<-curson ])igeons, in ISIS, but it was again described by Denny in 184L', who gave it the name of fiirhiiKitnni. (Jiebel retained both these names, evidently considering that they referred to distinct species, but IMaget has ]»laced them together.

The species would not seem to be so abundant as some of the other

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

215

of the other

species of pigeon lice, iuul it lias not been found as yet on pigeons that we have had an opjxntnnity to examine.

It does not ai)pear to have been found on any other birds, but has been taken from the common domestic pigeon and also the turbot.

The Swan TiOusE.

(Colpoccphdliim iiiinntiini K'lulow.)

Tlndow seems to have been tiie fu'st to recognize this s])ecies, though its occurreiire upon tlie swan {dytiHus untsuiiis) malccs it rather strange that it sliouhl liave escai)ed observation so long. It is a very small species, as would be interred t'vom the name, and this may account in part for its not luiving been earlier n<»ticed.

It has not been recorded from this country, but may be looked for ujjon our species of swans, as the lice infesting these birds are generally widely distrib- uted.

LOTISE OF THE (JUINKA I'lG.

(dyroiniH iiracU'm Nitzsch.)

The guinea pig is ])erhai)s a rather unimportant factor among the domesticated animals, hut it sup- ports its duo (piota of parasites nevertheless, and they require a brief mention, at least. They are quite in- teresting in strn(!tnre, differing largely from any of the species considered hitherto.

The one to first receive notice, and probably the one here given, was referred to by Schraidi under the

name of roiicitlus porcclli, but Nitzsch, in 1S18, <le- scribed it as (h/ropus gra- cilis, a name which has been used by all subsequent writers.

It is referred to generally by writers on the subject, and would seem to be a fairly com- mon species where guinea i)igs are kept. It has not been met with in this country so far as records show, but may l)e looked for with great probability of success in any place where guinea pigs are kept in numbers.

Denny characterizes it as "elongate, pale, fulvous-yellow, finely pubescent; head and thorax darker, segments of the abdomen with transverse striated fas(3ia at the sutures; tarsi and ungues \< i y short and minute." Collected at Baltimore by Dr. A. Hassall.

Fia. 139. — ffi/yopwff gracilis— i^nlii rged (after ncuny).

Flo. '\M.—Gyr<>pu.i ovallii lur^ixl (al'tt-T Douiiy).

216

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Gyropus ovalia Nitzsch.

This is a form closely related to the precediiifj species, and observed aud described by Nitzsch at the same time. It ditlers from that species ill the jmu'h sliorter and broader body, and is, according to Denny, "pale yellow white; head and thorax bright ferruginous, the forme)- transverse; temporal lobes produced; abdomen large, nearly orbicuhir; legs thick, the two posterior pairs curved ; ungues long, curved, aud strong." ('ollected at Baltimore by Dr. A. Ilassall.

The scanty hair of the guinea pig makes tlie application of washes for the destruction of the lice a very simple matter, so that wherever it is a matter of inii»ortauco there need be no dilliculty in ridding the animals of the parasites.

APPENDIX TO IMALLOPIIAGA.

List of the species of Mallophaga recognized as belonging to the fauna of the United States, with descriptions of new species.

Fainily PIIILOPTKKlJJyl^:.

Docophorus platystonius N.

I'.unueister, Iliimlbucli, Vol. II, p. 42fi, hj.. 1,'!; Denny, p. 108, PI. IV, flg. 7; Giebel, Epiz., p. 69, Taf. IX, lig. 5; Tingct, ]i. 17, I'l. I, Ki^. J.

From sharp shinned hawk {Acvijntcr relo.v), Phode Island (II. C- Bumpus), lititeo .sivatmonii,l{i\\ix{ ?)(H.O. collection,) . Aquilaimperialis (Burnett collection).

Docophorus cursor N.

Uurnieistei-, Jliindbmli, Vol. II,p.426, up. 14; Donny, p. 101, I'l. II, Fig. I; Gicbel, p. 75, Taf. X,

fl^s. 5 ami ti; ria^ft, )). 24, IM. I, lif,'. r>.

From Asio irUsoniainiH, Ames, Iowa. Lincoln, Nebr. (Bruner).

Docophorus ceblebrachys \.

Denny, ]>. 92, I'l. I, fig. ;t ; Nitzsch MSS., Vol. IV, ji. 197 (liled by Denny), anil Zcit.s. fiir Niitur., 1861, Vol. XVII, 528; C.iebol, ji. 77, Taf. XI, liii. 13: I'iagct, p. 29, I'l. 1, fi,i;.8.

Fr<mi snowy owl, Iowa (II. (). collection; Cassiuo collection), Arctic Am. (Stejneger collection and ^AIcKay collection). Also specimens in Nat. Mus., Ace. No. 10827, and in Piley collection. It occurs very abundantly on this bird, but so far there is no record of its occurrence on any other sjiecies.

Docophorus superciliosus N.

Hunnci»tcr, llanilbucli, Vol. II, ji. 427, sp. 22; Denny, p. 09, i'l. HI, fig. 9; Giebol, p. 94, Tuf.X, (ig. 3; ring.'t, p. ;i9, I'l. Ill, lig. 1. x

From hairy woodpecker [DrynhattiH villosus) (Cassiuo collection). Docophorus communis N.

Kitzscli, Germar's Mag., Vol. Ill, ]>. 920 (290) (vitlc Giebol); linnncialor, IlaTidbucli, Vol. II, p. 425, Hp. 9; Denny, p. 70, I'l. V, fig. 10; Giobel, i>. 85, Tuf. XI, fig. 11!; I'iaget, p. 54, I'l. IV, flg. 5.

From Lanius boreuliH, Ames, Iowa. Shore lark Cassiuo collection).

t: :i

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

217

rielipl, Epiz., p. 69,

Docophonis compar Piaget.

riaget, p. 61, I'l. VII, lig. 1.

From Loxia e.-ininor, Ames, Iowa.

Docophorus bassaiiae Deuiiy.

MoiioK. Anop. Brit., p. 110, PI. VI, flg. 3, PI. VII, fig. 3.

Host uiiknown, probably the ganiiett (liurnett collection).

Docophorus flsBiformis Denny.

Miiiiofi. Anop. lirit., p. 84, IM. I, li(;. 2.

On "black-billed sandi)ii)er" (lUirnctt collection).

Docophorus testudinariuB Denny. {Vig. 1, I'l. II.) npiiiiy, p. im, I'l. I, ti«. 0; I'iiip't, p. 8:!, I'l. VI, Ji^-. fi.

From curlew ^^Nnmeninn lonairostris,^^ Ames, Iowa. S])ecimens from this bird aj^ree so closely with the liyuresand descriptions of the above species occurring on the related Xiinteniiis (irtintitns of lOnrope that I see no occasion to give it a separate description. On Burtraiuia loiujkamla. (Burnett collection.)

Docophorus bisignatus N.

Insecta Kpiz., p. 106, PI. IX, lis. 9; Piaget, Li'.s I't'dic, p. 92.

On Ibis alba; collection of C. li. Cook.

Docophorus spheiiophorus Xitzsch. D. phatttUm l)cini,\ , p. 100, PI. IV, lig, 0.

A specimen of this well-maiked species in the Cassino collection is without indication of host or locality, but it is doiibtle.'^s American, probably from spoonbill.

Docophorus pertusus Kit/sdi.

Eecorded by Kellogg, from coot (Fiiliea nmerlctout) at INIonterey, Cal., and Lawrence, Kans.j also from ruddy duck {EviamcAura rubUla) at Monterey, Cal.

Docophorus lari F.abr.

Pediculiia laH Otto Fal>ririns, Fauna (xroonlaiulira, p. 219.

Docophorus la lilh'miy, p. 89, I'l. V, lig. 9; I'liigct. Lvn I'C'.lic, p. Ill, I'l. IX, fijt.?.

From herring gull (Cassino collection) and Lnrnn iihilaiUJphia (Bur- nett (collection). Also recorded by Ivellogg from several species of gulls in Califor!,ia.

Docophorus colymbinus 1 )enny.

Monog. Anop. lirit., p. 80, PI. VIII, lig. 8,

On Vrinator himme (liurnett (collection). Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch.

Nitzsch, Gorniar'sMag., V.il. Ill, ].. '^911 ; Ilonny. p-. 102, PI. V, Pig, 11; Ciohil, Vol. Ill, pi. 10. fig. 8; Piaget, p. 114, PI. X, Pig, 1 ; ()sl)oni, Hull. 7, l)i\ . Kiit ,, 1'. S. Dept. Agr., ji. :il.

A very common species on many kinds of ducks. Si)e(dmens have been noted in the Cassino, iJurnett, and Stejneger collections, and also taken at Ames, Iowa. The Burnett specimen shows the clyixms more quadrate than in othei' specimens, especially many specimens taken at Ames in which the clypeus is cpiite decidedly rounded at lateral inar- gin. Recorded also by Kellogg.

Docophorus cygiii Denny.

Denny, Monog. Anop. Brit., p. 9.''); (iieliel, Ejiiz. ; Piaget, Lew Pedie., p. 115, tig,;!, PI. X.

From swan {Olor buvcinator {i) ), Ames, Iowa. Very abundant.

'.!18

INSKCTS AFFECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Docopliorus rostratiis Nit/.s< h.

I>iii'(iiili(inin riixli-alKn: r.iiriiii'i»l( r, JliindUiicli, VdI. T I, ji. 421; Itiiiiiy. )i. n7, I'l. I f, lly. I ; (iii'liil. p. 7ir I'l, X, I'il;, 4 ri;i-rt. p 'JT. I'l. T liji. 7.

A specimen of tliis wellinaiked species JVom the b;ini owl (Strir jyratincolii) in the colU'ctioii of Prof. Liiwreiice, Unuu'i'. Tliere is im (lilTereiice ol" note between this iind the ICnro])ean foi ni as descvihed. tii(»ujih it is iK'iliaps a little nioie slender and elon;i;ate than tlu^ li.uiircs woiihl indicate. I'lven tliis is jjossiltly due to extension ot abdonien I'roni l)ressui'e of cover ;;Iass in nn)untin;n'.

Docophorus melanocephaliis Iliinn.

In Hurnett <'oIlectioii. (Jicat Cayenne tern. I'eeorded by Kelloj;<;-. New Malloiduijia. p. !•!), on royal tern (Stcnio nia.riiiKt). Monterey, Cal.

Docophonis buteonis l'a('l<.

I'iuU.inl, Am. Xitnnilist Vi.l I \. p. !(;, I'l f. II::.:!.

Pacdvurd's description ol this species seems not to have been a(!eessi- ble to IMaji'et, or lie was unable to verify it. as he passes it with a mere mention. ( Les Pcdic. ]>. L'l!.)

I have specimens from Hiiho liiivufiis, the hawk from wliiidi i'ackard des<'ribed the s))ecies, sent me by Dr. ('. .M. Weed, of Hanover, N. II., which a jiree entirely with Packard's descrii»tion. an«l they appear to me to be snlliciently distinct iVoin other spi'cies to be retained. Packard's description is as follows:

Tlu) Hi^'ciis of I »()i'i)i)li(»riis ii^nir(!il on I'l. 1, lijj; ;>. api>ravs to W iiiiil<;scri1)<!(l, ami may l)is called I). IniltDiiix. It lives luMicatli the t'oallicrs iil" the reil-shoiiltlertMl jiiiwk. It is honey vi'llow. and the aluhmieii is whiti-h with fiia i,i;iilar (diitiiiiiiis plates oil eaih serine iit, the two on the seiinient next to the last f'ornim ;■ a eontinnoiis l)antl. Tlu) head is lonjier than hroad, with the tralu'ciihe (or iiiovahle horny ]tro('ens Just ill front of till) antenna') as Ion;;- as thi' two hasal Joints of the, aiit<>niia', and exteiidiii;^ to the middle ot the second joint. The hasal Joint of the, autenine is rather thick, iind the si inl Joint is as loiif? as the two terminal oik s.

Both desciipii(»n iind lij;nre are wiintinn' in reference to chiirjicters which would most certiiinly distiiif'uish tlu^ species, and I may add that the species is sepiiiiited from plati/stonnis by (ho deeper iiKiision of the clyi»eus, and the more circular outline of the clear lateral dilation. The jjeiiital jiatclies uro, appi'oximate and the i)roxinnil iiiiUfiins of the ])atches denticulated ; the outer ]»ortion of the i)atches faint.

A specimen in the IJurnett collection from Ti/rtntnim (dm is refej-red

here.

Docophorus halieti n. s)).

Head a little wifler than hinj;, (dyi>ciis tajiorin'^' Imt ■with <lihit<'d ai)ieal ])ortion eniarjiinate in front. 'I'lie tranH]),'irent(lil,itioii hut little in ad vaneocd" antenna 1 hands, hilt cnrviiiff outward ho as to show as a clear jiart atsidi?s; cmarf;ination shallow and reai'hinii; inner jiortion. Trahei'iihe .siinjile, hliintly yiointed, antenna' Hlender, eye ])r(miineiit, elyi)eiis and temjioral liorders with few short hairs, ahdomen ovate in female, round in male, sparsidy hairy ahove and helow, thickest on disk ahove; all hairs rather short, (ienital lio<d<s, male sharply curved, lietween them several prominent teeth, (ienital sjiot male, larjfe, distinct, the anterior lateral oval ])ortiou wide apart connected to central jiortion hy intlattul band; central ])ortioii hroad, widenin<f at middle, incised hy lateral bonier behind, the wider jiart with two hair insertiims on [losterior half, extending to tip uf last segment. Genital spot

BUBOROER MA.LLOPHAOA.

219

fciiialt', <Mirv»'(l, the iiimr convex inar>^lu approximate, the outer concave i)ortion incloHin^ near (lie Cront an oval Hpot, Ap])i'oa(^heH xnlermnHuii I'ia<;t^t, which is ilcscrihcd lioni lltil'iiihiH rooi/ir. Itilillcis i'roni (hat Hpccies in liavinj; the clyj)0U8 iii()recniai';;inate forthc transparent jxtrtion, tiiedensu jmrtion narrowcrai tip. 'I'hi; i^enital IiooUh are dceiih'illy hooked, the genital jtateli of male heavier and the ]iostei'ior portion broader. I'he ^^enital Hjiots of fenuile npproacii (do.sely to pattern nl" pldtjiHtomiis.

I"'roni l»iil<l ciiji'lo (Ilaliains h'Kcocephdliin) colh-ctcd l»y Dr. ('. M. Weed, ill I'loridn.

DocophoruB bubonis n. n|i.

(ieiieral appearance of /'. (rhlelirachjis, from wliich it dilVt^rs dJHtinctly in i'orm of lii-ad and jjenital hooks, and in eyes lieini; very oliscnre. Head oval, narrowinjj Ironi eyes to occiput, hroaih^st. at base of tralxM'ula', contractinjr sliari)ly to front: eyes very obscure or wantin;;', scarcely any convexity indicaliii;; thcur |insition, and no trace of pi;;iiieut iieneatli. Occiput slightly curved, temporal lobes narrow, Imijj, contracted posteriorly ; nu'dian s]>ace lietween (xu-ipital liauds narrow beiiiiid ; anten- nie situated slijjhtly in front of middle. I'rabecu];e siuali and rij;id, its in cihle- hraclijis. A very hhort hair at eacii side of transparent portion (d' front, a longer hair iit middle of external i lypeiis band, iind two hairs on maririii of temporal lol)e. I'rotliorax siiort, nn-tathorax broader than basal segment of abdomen. Abdomen widest l>eiijnd middle at fourth and lifth se^nuMit. Li^ht vtdlow bands, extending nu)rii tliiiii lialf way t(> middle disk, hairy, seventh sejimcut with dorsal margin. Male genital hooks jjroininent, long, heavy, sharjdy cur\ ed at toj).

Two siK'ciiiuMi.s, iiiiile iiiul fi'iiiiilc, ill Cassiiio ('olU'ctioii, from Buho rirtjixidiiHs, Pcniisylviuiia. This is ii wt'lllimrkt'd species, altlioufjli sliowiiij^- decided iiilinities to (rhhhravliys. Tlie form of head in narrow- ness and lenjitli beliind tlie aiitennie will distin<i'nisl» it from almost any desiuihed species, the redaction of the eyes is very marked, and the form of the jicnital hooks j>ive it wellestablished characters. Tn form of head and rij^idity of trabecuhe it approaches 2sirmus, but the charac- ter of the clypcns tind the ^jeneral fcu'nj of body, as well its its evident relationship to echl('})n(vlii/s, would prevent its reference to that fienns.

Docophorus syrini Packard — <!ited in IMaget, p. ;{l-f!urlt.

I have not met with (his de.scrijjtion, nor with any form which would seem to reju'e- sent it.

Docophorus quiscali n. s]).

Clyjieus broad, lateral angles rounded, with front slightly incurved, in some cases almost truncate, nearly as broa<l at tip as at base of trabecnlie, transparent foi about (uie-fonrlh <listance iVom ti]) to trab(MMilie. Trabecuhe large, curved, and with rather acute tip; margin of cly])eus and head with scattering hairs; metathorax with a complete band l)o8teriorly set with hairs; abdominal segments with bands (extending about one-third across the posterior border of these hands, with clear spots from which arise long, rather slender hairs. The eighth segment with the brown bund extended entirely across. Beneath a large brown jiatch occupying the

l''i(). 141 — /)()(!o/)/iocu,s' ijuincali — en- larged (Dfigiiial).

220

IN8RCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

\%

sixtli, suvoiilli, iiiwl toiii'liiii^ t1i<< eighth st<)j[iiiri)t, rc^iiliirly rouiulctl in front, rHiiglilv cxeiaril lii^liinil: brown N]iiitN loeatctl near tlm innr^iii on t'iicli Hi'Knient liiick to tlii ei^litli; tlioHi> on tlio Hixth Mc^niout Conn tliu outor jmrtion of IIki };unital iiatcli LiMii>tli, - mm.

(it'iioral apiuMiniiioe of roiinititnis, of which it iiiifjht \h\ cronsidorcd n varit'ly, but it is <niit(' distinct and constant in loiin of clyiuMis nm! {jcnital |)atch,an«l sccnis to(»ccnronly on <^)iiiscahis, its nearest ally lieinu a s|)«'ci«'s occuii'inj; on A<j(hi'n(s jtlia nirnis.

Froni crow bhickbird, colh'cted at Ames, b»wa.

Tliis is a very coiumon species on this liost, and I have not»'d it in various collections.

Docophonis agelaii n. s|i.

.Similar to (/i(i.sc((/i, Imt wlijuhtly narrower. Tlit* clyix'us trunrato or sli^ililly runntlcd, tlio Hides sloping; trabumla' <'iir\(Ml on tVoiit margin, Htrai};lil lichinii; lli> apt^x Noniuwiiat aciimiiiati'; liaiuls on tlio alidomcn broad, ninili inciNed at insertions ot till' iiairs; liand on llio <'i<i'htli H(>gnieiif ciintrai'lin;; in Ihr middle, almost broken. Heneutli, the jfenital ]iatcli larjie, stronffly curved in front, di-eply and irreniilarlj inciHed li(>liiiid : lateral sjiots small, rather elun^jated, obliipii', (^iiite close to i/iiiHctiH. aud both iniuhl bo considered varieties of cummtinw, but seem well cstublislied. Docophonis sialii n. sp.

Clypeus ta]ieriim, lateral aimles rounded, front convex, or very slivrhtly incurved at extreme apex ; no tians])arriit jtortion in front of the diitinous bars; tralicciilie strongly curved iu front, Blightly curved behind, acuminate at tiji.

On ISi<ili<( shilis, Merriain Coll. lielonys t(» roniiiiiiiiis yroup, but separated by head cliaracters.

Doc phorus corvi n. sp.

Whitish, with black and fuscous bands and stripes.

Length of body, L'.."> iiiiii.; head, 0 "5 mm,; abdomen, 1.17 mm. Width of head, 0.70 mm. ; abdomen, O.'.tS mm.

Head scarcely longer than wide, truncate in front ;cly])eus broad; clypoal signature acuminate and elongate ])osterii!rIy ; iioBUrior part black; anterior ]iortion with a

broad t'uscous margin; aiitennal bands deep fiiseous; trabecuhe strong, convex in front, slightly concave iiehiiid, blackish band at liase extending along posterior border; antc:in;c rat her. slender, basal Joint largest, with a black band extending nearly around, deepest in front; second joint slender, long, mostly idack, with a deep incision of the lilack portion toward the tip, Joints Ij, I, aud ."> nearly eijual, black, distal Joint scarcely as dark as the othere; eyes prominent; temjioral lobes clear, with black borJer, in which are three clear ^l>ilCi■.>, irom which hairs arise; occipit.il bands very black; occi]iiit slightly .""iinous. I'rotlioiax ii.-irrow, with broad, black margin; nietathorax nearly twice as wide i>s prothorax, lateral angles rounded, dee]tly mar- gined, with black «^xtending medially aud nearly un;*^- ing; each side set with about eight hair.s arising from round, clear jiustules. Legs banded and striped with black; abdomen oval, with broad fuscous m.irginal bands extending well upon the disk ; the ])ostorior margin set with Lairs which arise from circular pustules near the margin and from notches in the band on the disk; large, clear, circular spots marking posi- tion of spiracles; eighth se anient with a broad band extending clear across; ninth segment with two triangular patches approximate anteriorly; Literal angles with

Fu). 142. — Doeophoi-us corvi- eiilargud (origiiiul).

HIJBORDKH MALLOPHAGA.

221

«"< I'iick tofi,.. «<'mtiil inarli

•'oiisidorcrl ii

<''yii('ii.s nil, I

ii'»t('(I it ill

•' or Hii-iitly

' '••■hilMl; lll'r

i ;il iiiNt-riioiis

llllONl, lilnkcii.

ml irivyiilnpi^ tiil'lislu'd.

rliti.v inciirvcd !■•><; tnihciiil.c

yi'«»ui>, l)iit

I'o.il Hi^iKiiiiro

Oltloil will, ji

Iwp Ciiscoiis; li'ly I'oiicavi!

• iiiir j„),s(erior Iiii«;est, with

pi'Ht ill ridiit; witli ii deep ''!', Joiiifslj,

' •'<"'••• icely ii8

• i]ior;il ;„1„.H threci clear JiaiidH vtiry

nix narrow, ily twice as dcojily iiiar- in'arly iin;«^- ri.siii^r ironi tripc'd with « iiiar>riiial 1' l)ostorior 'aigin and rking posi- "<)8h; ninth uglea with

two (ir thrco Ion-;, xloriihir liairH; ^nhi, with n fimcoiiH oatch )iroiliU'(><t im front; Nti'rinim with ii mm.iII I'iihcoiis patch poiiitcil aiilrriorly ; ^mmiIiuI hands rouiidr<l in front, Willi t \vi> rii'cuhir, ihar spots hi'liiiul tlio I'roiit honh r <'\t< idin^ to \u .if tb<! iiiaruiii on the hImIi sc'^iiicnt, posteriorly proiliiccd ; a ratlicr n;i -row, roiijjh-eilLted inoccss on tho «(>\ ('III h se'^inciit, a series of MiiUinar^inal spots o sennuMits il toit, tliosi' on tiie rii^lilh II lid iiiiil li iiiri'K:i lit;' into a single t riradiali- spot.

("oiiiiintii (III ('<>rnis (tnurhuiinis. AliU's, Iowa, This is |»r<»l»ai»ly Piick- aiti's /,i]iinrits corri, wiiicii w as cvitltMitiy (It'scrilx'tl Irdiii an iiiiiiiatiiie spcciint'ii,

DocophoruH ininuto-trabeculatiiBn, sp.

Head pointi'd, slron;;ly taiicriir^ lieloic anlt'iina'; clxpciis narrow, sliniil ly iinivex ill Iront; aiilcrnir )iortioii transparent: clyiical mark roiindcd hihiiid, no hairs; tniliccnla' very Htiiall, ;;iviiiL; apiicaranco ol'a Nirmiis to Hide of head; eye not pronii- iicnt; antenna' short, rather strong, Joints eiiinil, two hairs on margin; temporal lolies full; oceipital bands not eonsjiiciKMis; all hands on head Joint, occiput Htrai<;lit ; prolhoias ahmit half the width of head, colored .it sides, central strijio li;;lit; metathorax enrved liehind, coloreil at sides, ceiitr:il stripes continiionH, with |)rotLora\ clear; colored portion incised Inr insert ioiit of hairs of posterior iiorder; liiteral hiinds of ahdoinen \t'ry short, except on lir.si se;;nHMit, where they (extend inward as far as colonul portion of thorax, litimis less ]iromincnt on ]ioh- terior sei;iiieiits; eighth without ((duration; two faint spots on terminal; ninth sey;ment, ulMhniieii, oval, nearly round ; a row of fonr hairs each on seifinents 15, I, .5, andii, marginal htiiis on each seirnicnt luick of liftli ; lei's cidorcd yellow ; tilda' larjjer tliiui femora; color lij;lit yellow lor colored portions, mostly wiiitish, possihiy not fully mature, lint has ap]icarance uf adult.

Oil fiilini tdiin'ininx.

Dillcrs ill t'orm (»f clyiK'iis and alxloiiK^ii front any .s]»ocios known to nie as o(;(!iin'iii,n' on related liiids. Collected fioin a stiin'ed biid in the lunseum of the Iowa Ajiriciiltnral Collefje. Inline niimtteness of the trabeeiila' this species iiiioht he taken for a Niriniis, but in the form of the head tinii abdomen, and in yeueral jti>i)eariinee it is decidedly a Docophoiiis.

Oocophorus fusco-ventralis n. sp.

(^nite nnil'orml.N chestniit hrown, rather slender.

1.en<rth, 1. I'll mm.; lead, 0.17 mm. ; ahdoinen, 0.()1 nini. Width id'hc.-id. 0. 10 iiimi. ; ab(himen. 0. !7 mm.

Head lonj;er than wide; clyiieiiH, hroad, truncate, thin in front, and with a ventriil notch at. tip; dypciil sij^nature stron;f, a lonjf, strong, dark-lirown spin() passing backward to a ]ioiiit niidwtiy lietwecn antenna'; sides of (dypetis ii little concave; traheciihe strong, forwiird margin curved (slnipe of cummiiitis] ; antenute slender, light hrown; temporal lohes rounded; occipitiil hands running out Wiird to hases of antenna' ; occijiiit netirly straight ; jiiiithorax small, siih-s straight, widening a little heliiud, posterior border slightly convex; metathorax hroadi^, widening rtipidly, distinctly tingled behind, hind liorder with a row of htiirs; iibdoinen tibovo brown, liitertil biinds reaching in^tirly to center, letiving a narrow, whitish, nHMiibranotis stripe from base to eighth segment ; eighth H(!ginent entirely corniMis and hrown, margin with blackish line, a row of strong, gohleii Iniirs on posterior border of each seg- ment to eighth; beneath nnifornily dtirk brown, obliterating genital bands; legs sui- 11, (juite nniforin with body in color.

On wood ])ewee {Contopns r/rcH.s) Cornell I'niverHity collection: akso in the Biunett eoli 'ctiou.

222

INBKCTrt AFFE(rriNO DOMKHTK" ANIMALS.

2 1^

ApproiK'lies communis typo in moiiio n^Mpccts, Itiit (lillui'H, I tliiiiK, troiii any Viiricty of communis in upproxiiniition of hiiinlN on iihiloinni

and uniform hrown color of vcntiiil sui- fiicc of alxlonu'ii iiinl si/tt of lt>;;.s.

DooopboruB cocoygi ii. n|i.

Ilt'iiil Imi';;o, ill iiiiilo iirai'lN lis liir^f hh alulo iiii-ii, bright. l'i'i'ni;;iiiniiH; iiImIoiidii \vliitiH)i, f\- )'t<|)t ill cciitri' mill rtii'iii'iiiis iMirtions, whirh i\tv liiii'K, aliiioNt liliicki.sli, tuiil ^ivu aliiloiiiuii u liiiii^li-lilac'. iiiMt.

I.Cllirtll, '_',,' llllll.

Ilciiil lar;;c, triangular; i'ly|i<MiH liroad, eiiiar- ^iiiat<< ill t'roiit lictwi'i'ii prdtjiicnl ('liiliiiiiiiH roiU and 'vitli tranxpan-nt fxpiinsion laterally, In ar- in^ lliroe lon^r liiiirH nicli Hide, a ilt^pi't'SNol rxca- \aliiiii aliovc, hilt with siiiiiatiirt' inrniiMpiciioiis; triiltfiiil.r rathor Hiiiall, bluntly ciirvod toward iip<>\ in Iriiiit, pnlnt acutely uii;;lcd; aiitt'iina' Hlcndfr; i'vch not I'ouspicnuiiH; tciiiporal loboH rrjj;ularly niiindcd; ]iin<l border of bead nearly Htiaijibt. very Hli;;litly eoiicave; prothurav <iimd- riite, slij;litly wideiiin^j behind ; nietiitli<n';i\ wid- ened beliiinl, iKiHteriiir border rejiiilar'.y eiirved. A traiiHverNe band iiidiind the middle I'aiiit in front, diHtinet lieliind, and ^vith its liiiid liorder incised Ity eironlar Hpott), t'roiii which ori^'inute a HoricH of liairH. Abdomen Hhort, broad, ncarc<'ly wider than head, montly covered with dark fascia', but the membraiioiis portions whitish. Female be- neath, with brown fasciic or circular spots formin^j ii series around border, a pair on sixth sef^iuent extend- ing farthest into disk, and on ui<;hth aet^ni' nt nearly nicetiii<; on mudian line with denticulated Itordcr. Male with a broad median ventral strip») riumin;; from disk to margin of termiual Hegmcnt, and with liroad lateral fascia lui the tliseal se<;mentH.

Flo. H;i.— /)(ir(i/iA(ini» ciirc.i/.'d"- cnlurHid (iirj):iiiiil|.

On yellow-billed rnckoo, Lincoln, Nehr., col- lected by Liiwiencc Hrnncr. Differs fi'ont />. latifrons in Iniving nan-owed «'lypeuH and in markings of ventral surface of abdomen.

Docophorus speotyti n. sp.

Head longer than broad, or in female almost as wide as long, tapering with a little concavity to front, mar- gin of clypeus in front truncate or slightly convex of medium width; signature long, acute, but not deeply colored ; trabecnbe short, acutely pointed, very slightly swollen at base; antenna- slender, joints 1 and l! equal, each nearly twice as long ms 3, 4, or 5, the latter equal in length; temporal lobes narrow.

Body rather slender; jjrothorax (|uadrate; meso-mota- thorax wider than basal segment of abdomen. Abdomen narrow in male, almost parallel; in female widening to liftli segment, clothed with long hairs and with dorsal fascia>, rather short in leiuale, longer in male; color, light brown.

Length, male, 1.70 mm. ; female, 2 mm.

wm

I'"i((. 144 . — Docophnnig tpeotyti— enlargvtl (ori^iuitl).

SUHOKDKR MALLOPIIAOA.

223

On hm'w\\Ui}H>\\\(Siiei)t!itoruni(iiliirin hifjmiiva) ; IVcmi I'rof. liiiwronw lititiM'i', liiiK'oln, N(>l)i-., I iimic, 1 t'cuuilc, iiiid IVom <'. F. Baker, Fort ColliiiM, Colo., L! iiiiiU's, L' tiuiialus.

OocophortiH oalvuR Killo^^.

N.H M,illc,|,li;i-;l, 1., 711 11 III, ll;; I.

(hi Ur'ia tioilr nilil'itniirti, Moiit«'r«'y, Cal. (K«'lloyg). DoouphoruH fuligliioBUH Kello^K.

New MiillH|,li,.y.i |i. H(), I'l. Ill, liy. .'.

(Ml CliiirtitlriKN simufanild, linwrvurv, Kaiis. ( Kt^lloj-'g). DooophoruB graviceps Kt'lln^^.

N< w MallupliiiL'ii, |i.M'J. n 111.11);. ;i.

Oil Fnlictt nnhricann, Monterey, (!al. (Kelloj,'*,').

DocoplioiiiB ncutipectiiB Ktilo};);. Ni'W .Mall<i|>liMKii.li HI. I'l III »i^ I

Oil (k't'ofhhu'a moiiiKwrtitti, Monterey, ('al. (Kellofjj^f). DooophoriiB quadraticopB K(-llo){)r.

N.u M,ill(i|i|iiit;ii |(. H.^i. I'l. Ill, li(,'. ■'.

On /•"iilini 'tmiricanu, Monterey, Cul. (Ivellogg). DocophoiiiB monteieyi Kdln;;^,

New Miilloiiliiina. |.. f7. ri lll.li;;. t!.

On Si/iitlililioi'luiitiiiliiis (t)iti<iitiis, Hrnvhjik'lKttiiphuH iiKirmoralXHy and PtjfrliorlianipliUH ah uticnn, Monterey, ('al. (Kelloyy;).

DocophoruB occidentalia Ki-llo^^.

New Mallopliii;;!!, i..H!l, I'l III, lit;, 7.

On ruliiiars, Fiilniants, Monterey, Cal. (l\ello^{?). DocophoruB kaiiBeusis Kelld^;;.

New Mallii|ilia;ii. p.!)l, I'l. I fl, 1i^', H.

On eared {jrebe, CoIjjiuOhn iiijirirollin c((li/ornivi(s, Lawrenee, Kaiis. (Kellojiff). DocophoruB atricolor Kcllo^jr.

NcwMalliiphiiKa. p. !»;t, I'l. III. lif;. !t.

On innneU'ts, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogji;).

DocophoruB iiisolitua Kclli)g<;.

>,'o\v Mal!opliii;:a, y !tl, IM. I V. ll;;. r..

On Aleutian nmrrelet, I'tyrhonintpltiifi aintiirus, Monterey, Cal.

(Kelln^^jr).

Nirmns discocephalua N. On HaVaius kucocephalns (Burnett eolleetion).

NirmuB euzonius NitzHih. On (jlypdi'fnN barhatns (Hurnett collection).

Nirmua fuscus Nit/Hcli.

M,miis/iitciiH^H/MU MSS., Driin.v, p. IIH, I'l. IX, li^.S: (liplicl, p. 1'-';!, I'l. VITI, fig.2.

From Butvo swainsom, Ames, Iowa, Avcipiter relax (Merriam). Nirmus brachythorax Giubcl.

Gifbel, p. i:!4 ; I'iaKct, p. ISO, I'l. X II, tig. 8,

From AmpeliH cedrorum, Ames, Iowa.

NirmuB submarginellus N,

Nitzsch, Zeit«ilir. Ciirg. NnturwlsBonsoh., 1800, Vol. XXVIII, p. 308; Glol)el,p.l48! I'ingot, p. 155. Kirmwi mennralynr. Coiiido, lUillt'tin dti Moscoii, Vol. IV, p. 424.

From lyre-bird, Menura super ba, ( Museum specimen f ) Mich. ( C. B. Cook collection).

224

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

NirmuB fenestratus N.

On CovcyzHx crifthrophtlialmus (IJurnctt collection).

Nirmiis cyclothoiax Nit/.sc^h.

Biinmister, IlaiMllmili, Vol.11, p. •l'J9, lij,'. 10; Denny, ]>. 150, ]'|. XI, liji.O; (iiebol, p. 1;t7, TI. VI, lifT. 0; riiiuot,]). 102.

From Eiifi'lish sparrow, PihsNcr (lome.sticiis (Lmirent collection), iiiid Amnthis lin<iri<i (?) (C 15. Cook collection). Nirmus candidiis Nitzscli.

On Milnneopvs varoliuua (Burnett collection).

Nirmus ornatissimus Gieliel.

r.ielK'l, I). 144; I'iasit,!). l«;i.

From AffclaniN pltaiiiceuN (Ciussino collection).

This hiindsome species cjin (piite certainly be referred to Giebel's species, though his description is not very full.

Nirmus ornatissimus, viir. xaiithocephali, n. \ ar.

Ill the iiuile tlio ventnil inediaii iiatcli is cxtciKlcd to the tip from the sixth scg- iiu'iit, there heinji cK'iir liitera! spaces on sefjiueiit (i, uiiil a hirjj;e, ch^ar median spaee on 8ejj;iiients 7 and 8, and lines ot' dusky rnuning from this patch to nicargiu of 8og- uienth posteriorly on fi and 7 and a small si)ot on S at sides.

On yeHow-headed bhickbird (Xtintliocephohis .*Y(w'/«>ce2>/<«/w«), col- lected at Fairfax, Iowa (II. O. collectum).

Nirmus pileus, N.

Xitzsch, <ierniiir's Mag., Vol. Ill, )>. 291 ; Zcitsclir. I'iir k- NiiturwiNBiMisch., 1806. Vol. XXVIII, )). ;t73; (liebcli). HW; I'la^r,.!, |,. ihl>. IM. XV.ti);. 0.

From stult'ed specimens of avoeet, in museum of Iowa Ajfricultural College. A well-marked species, our si>ecimen agreeing perfectly with description in European works.

Nirmus citrinus Nitzseh.

yininit fitrliuig Xitzscli, Zeit.sih. t'iii' (ifBaiiiint. Natiirwissriisch., 1880, Viil. XXVIII, ]>. ;I78.

Xirnnixttliuv Denny, ji. 1117, I'l. I.\, Kij;. I.

Xininm cilnniix (iiflicl, \.. 177; I'iafict, p. IflO, I'l. XVI. lln. 8.

From Aliens alle (Cassino collection), Simorhifuclms pijffnucns, 8. cHuiu- tellus, S. punilhis, and Sifnthlihorlinmphns (Stejneger <!ollectioii).

Nirmus liiieolatus Nit/sch.

(18:i9) \ii iiiiin liiieiilntv.i }i\ly.>ic\\. llniiiH'i.><t<T, Handliiuli, Vol. II, p. 4:28. (XodeMcription.) (18,51) Xiniiiiii iiiitatiis (irube. v. Middt'iiilorll's Sibir. I'eisc 477, Tat'. 1, liy;. 4 (viilo iiiebid). (1860) Xiiiinm liiiecliitun Xitzacli. /eits. liir HKii. Naliirwis., Vol. XXVIII, p. 370; (iiebcl, 177, Vol. IV, pp. 5, 0, 7, 8; Piajiet, 199, I'l. XVI, fij;. 3.

From herring gull, in collection of S. E. Cassino; Uaker collection, Elkhart, Ind. ; also recorded by Kellogg, Now ?.!allophaga. So far as I can discover, there is no description of this ajjecies prior to that (»f Grube's in 1851, the name alone appearing in Burmeister.

Nirmus signatus Piaget.

I,es IVilic, p. 180, V\. XV, fi;;. 8.

From avoeet, collected from stuti'ed bird in museum of Iowa Agri- cultural College.

This spe(!ies has so much the aspect of a Lipeurus that I fiiil to see on what basis IMaget places it in Nirmus. It is readily characterized by the prolonged point to clypeal signature.

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

225

'<! to (Jiebel's

iHfio. Vol. xxviir,

XXVIir, j,.;i78.

Nirmus gracilis N.

Xirmim ijracilig N'itzgrh.

Nirmiis eloiii/ntiis Denny, j). 140, PI, VII, fig, 4,

Mniiiin (jrncUin l'iaj;i!t, ji. 157, 1'l. Xlll, Ijg. 10,

Sniiill, light brown.

The licinl and body both l.incoolate in shape. Head abruptly lanceolate, the tip narrow and rorcipatc^d; dypeal Hutiin* (airly distinct, a transparent anterior border j)rojertin{5 Hliglitly in i'ront of Iho forcejis likci side pieces and involute, furrowed beneath, and a narrow slit ])assing backward from this furrow to the mandibles; tr.abcculu' in('oiis])icuous; antenna' short, first joint but little larger than the others; temporal lobes curved on the lateral margin ; jiosterior angles abruptly rounded with a single hair; occipital \ery slightly concave; prothorax constricted behind; nusta- thorax much wider behind than tlio base of ab(b)nien, with a fringe of long hairs; abdominal segments .about ecjual in length, light brown, with a central lighter 8trii)e and sutural margins and a lighter submarginal space, giving a series of four (juad- rate round margins to each 8(>gment; posterior margins of the segments without hairs except a single one at the lateral angles of segments 2 to 5, two on segments (! to 7, and several scattering hairs on terminal segment.

Described from one speciuien taken from the ]mrple martin [Progne si(bi.s), Ames, Iowa, in company with numerous specimens of Meuopou and Docophoius.

The lanceolate form of the head and the body and narrow torcipated tip of the elypeus are the most distinctive characters of the s]tecies.

While evidently to be referred to the above species, the descrii)tion will indicate the details of character iu our form.

Nirmus furvus Nitzsch. Ninnim /iinuis Nilzsili. Nirmus obtcvris Driiiiy, ]). 147, PI, X, f. 6. Nirrniis/invu.i (liel.il, p. 10,"!, PI, V, t. 2, 3. KirMim obiciinis l'tU'}»\, ]>. 10. Xiimnsfurriia Piii.i;i'l, I.cm POilic, \>. 169, PI. XIV, f. 8.

lirown, with a distinct dark border. Head elongate; clypens tapering, with a dis- tinct suture, circulai' in front and with a wide clear nuirgiu, a short hair on each side; autonnal band heavy, internal band narrower, ajiproacliing tlie anteuual band in i'ront of trabecular, a median light lino reaching the mandibles from tho clypeal suture; trabecuhe sharj), conic, traus])arent; antenna' with second .joint as long as the third and fourth; temporal lobes slightly widening behind, posterior angles regularly curved; occiput slightly incurved; prothorax margined with dark brown, wifloning behind; metathorax twice as long as prothorax, broadly margined with brown, widening to behind the middle, where there ajtpears to be a pretty distinct suture, as if the mcsothorax and metathorax we, o not fused, with two prominent hairs on each lateral angle; legs brown; femora thick, paler on under side; abdo- men with a broad, dark-brown or blackish margin, light brown in the disk, with a light line on each segment from 2 to (>; the posterior end of tliis lino merging into a dark circular spot open in front; segments 1 and 2 with two hairs each arising from clear dots each side of t\u) central dark spot; segments H, 4, 5, and G with hairs arising from light dots on ])osterior margin, two bordering the bhick central spot, the others midway from the8<> spots to the margin; seventh segment with hairs near the posterior angle; eighth with two lateral hairs each side; segments 2 to 7 with short hairs on the outer angle.

Described from one female specimen, taken from Phalaro^us tricolor^ iu the museum of the Iowa Agricultural College. 4653— No. o lo

226

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The species is specially marked by tlic presence of the central line on the abdominal segments l* to C, wliicli, merging into the dark spots, resemble a series ol' locks. The general agreement with descriptions of fin'vm is very close and it is referred to this species.

Nirmus rotundatus n. sp.

Xary lnoiul iind coiisiiicuonsly markctl AvitU black and dark hrowu ; typo of lati- J'asciaii. Head cordate, rcfiularly curved in front, very Hlij;hMy conic, the tip barely truncate, tlui antenna' and internal bands broad and prominent and inclosing; a broad lateral clear space; also a broad, clear furrow I'roni tip to mandibles, broadening in front of mandibles to form a wide, clear arc; trabeenbe inconspicu- ons, antenna' short, first two .joints thicker than otluTS, all but i'lrst annnbite with black, last three nearly etiual; ocidput slightly inctirved, a long hair at posterior angle of temporal lobe; i»rothorax widening behind, dusky at sides; metathorax widening much behind, a blackish band running across a little behind the center of posterior margin, obtusely angled, set with bristles; legs large, femora at base above and tibia' on dorsal side heavily marked with black and dark brown; abdomen ovate, vei'y wide, widest slightly in front of middle, with broad transverse bands above and below, those above broken on disk except on eighth segment; large, <'lear spaces surrounding spiracles; genital ban<l arched on eighth segment and with slender, dusky strip(!s running forward and slightly outward on seventh segment; ninth segment with short band or double spot.

This species is of the general type of variHs, bnt nnich broader. In this respect it is siiuihir to latifasciatus I'iaget, described from Xulla manfoht, but the clear spaces of the anterior jtart of the head are broader, the abdomen wider, the lateral bands extending farther toward the center, and circles around the spiracles larger, tlie head much more decidedly rounded in front, the clear spaces of dypeus and margin larger, and other characters indicating it to be a well-established form.

Described from one specimen collected from crow {('Orrusamencanns)f at Ames, Iowa.

Nirmus picturatus n. sp.

Head elongate <'ordate, one hair visible each side, margined with black, apex clear, margin wi<lening to base of antenna-, and from this jxjint directed inward one-third width of heatl and then liack to side of head; temporal lolies narrowly margined, occipital bands not blackened, occijuit not margined; alltenua^ with Joints snb- e(|ual, annulate; jirothorax or humeri in front and margin behind black; meta- thorax with broad, black band widened at sides to form subnuirgin; logs strong, femora al base and tij) and tibiae at tip broaiUy annulate with black or dark brown; abdomen with lir()a<l, black margin on segmtmts 1 to 7, broad ventral median bands on segnn;nts 1 to .'i, faint on 1 uudL', not sei)arated by mcMlian clear space, but with a transverse liglit band it little behind the middle of csich dusky band ; on segments 6 and 7 a continuous black ])atch, narrowing to ]>osterior ])art of seventh, and contin- neil as a narrow strijie to Join the arc on the <dghth segment in female and extended to tip of body in male ; a lew scattering hairs at the t ip of the body, with some light portions laterally on seventh segment; seventh and eighth segments with dusky arc open in front, and eighth with a medial dusky si)ot and a marginal faint dusky sjiot; ninth unnuirked, but indented at tip. The dorsal and ventral spots are not easily distinguished on account of thinness and transparency of body.

Taken from SturneJla mafinn, Ames, Iowa. Very closely related to

ornatmimns, but dift'ers distinctly from species on Agelaius and

SUBORDER MALLOPIIAGA.

227

tameriranns)f

Xantlioceplialus in being a little larger, the dypeus more romided inter- nally, and in the absence of oc(!ii)ital bands, and in the median bands of abdomen not shai'ply defintid.

Nirmus pallidus ii. Hp.

Almost ■\vliito thronglioiit. lle.id bluntly conic in front of antonna-, as long as wide; clypeuH conciive, ii rather deep ventral furrow runuin,^ from tip to mandibles; mandibles eliestnul, a sinyli', hair at posterior angle of temi)oral lobes, widening behind; occiput I'onvex, slightly cmarginate in center; antenna' with basal joint larger than others, but short; s(^eond Joint longest, fifth joint alnmst as long as second, third and fourth ecpial; i)rothorax rathernarrow; metathorax broadened Avith lateral angles but little behind ccntei- and bearing sc'veral stitf hairs; ]>osterior border sub- angulate, a few hairs toward the outer margin: legs uncolored, claws tinged with brown; abdomen elliptic, uncolored, sparsely hairy at si<l»is i>osteriorly.

Taken from rose-breasted grosbeak {Jlahla huloviciana), Ames, Iowa. All specimens, fonr in number, show the jtallid character of immature individuals, but as the largest shows no more coloring than smallest, and all appear to have chitinous framework thonmghly developed, it seems proper to consider them fairly mature, at least. 1 can not con- nect them with any described species, and believe the above diagnosis will serve to distinguish them even if additiomil material should bring to light more mature specimens.

Nirmus secoudarius n. sp.

Type circiimfaHciati. Head longer than wide, rounded in front and slightly conic; anteiinal band strong, thickened at marii'in ; trabecular conic; antenna- rather long, first joint strong, second joint slender as long as third and fourtii togtsther; eyes l)romiiient; temporal lolies narrowing behind, two hairs, one at middle of lateral margin the other at ]iosterior angle; occiput slightly sinuous; thorax narrow; pro- thorax slightly widened behind, a strong bristle at i)osterior margin; metathorax contracted for one-third its length, widening behinil; posterior margin regularly curved with stiff hairs set in ])air8; legs strong, anterior femora with a i)roniineut {callosity at tip above; abdomen widest behind the middle, marginal bands strong, l»rojecting deeply into i)recediiig segment, and recurved in segments 1 to T) and very slightly in segment 0; genital spot running from sixth segment to the tip and widening posteriorly. Color uiiiforiiily li,!;ht lirown, more prominent on margin of head; thorax and abdomen se])arated by clear lines on the sutures aud by a median light line longitudinally in the front portion of the disk. On Comis amerieanuN, Ames, Iowa.

Nirmus orpheus n. sp.

Head large, rounded in front, with continuous marginal band; autonna' slightly darker toward apex, eyes <listinct; temporal lolies wilii Idackish margin shading gradually toward the disk, with two hairs; occiput sligiitly concave; ])rothora.i short, transverse; metathorax more than twice as long as i)rothorax, enlarging l)osteriorly ; a hair at lateral angles; bigs fuscous, somewhat more dusky on the dorsal border of femur and tibia'; tii» (tf fiiinora siibannulate; abdomen enlarging ](osteriorly, margin without det'ix'r bands, median bands broad se])arated by wide, clear space on the sutures, those on the sixth, seventh, and eighth segments merging into a median stripe.

Length. l.fiO mm.; head, 0.5 mm.; abdomen, 0.!> mm. Width, head, O.'M mm.; abdomen, 0.!") mm.

Described from two niiih- specdmens, both of which appear to be scarcely mature.

228

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

I

J-

I ,)(■■;.

Oil (hilmsvopti's niroliiicitnis. IJiirnett collection.

Approiiclics the Xirmiis (iiiinilaiits, occiiriiiif'' on Ceopltlaiis pUmtus, bnt lacks the annulations of tlie antenna-. The l»lack margin to the abdomen and the median hands are dill'erently arranj?ed.

Nirmus tyraiinus n. sp.

Yellowish lirowii, witli duiker iiiiiriiin to iiietiiflioriix mid abdoiiieii.

Ileiid coiiii', tiipeiiiii^ Kliai'ply in I'roiil, hut with riilhcr hroiid tiiiiieuto rly])eiis; anteniiie inserted midway, socoiid joint, ahoiit as Ion;:; ,is tliir(l, I'ourth, and lil'lli ti)};ether; eyeH prominent; occiput eniarujinate ; tlioiax short; nictalliorax Imt liltle longer than jnnthorax ; Icj^s lout;, middle and ]ios(cri(ir coxa' ehin^ale; abdomen narrow, enlarninj; jtostei'iorly, miite uniformly yellowish brown, with four hairs arising; iVoui minute, clear spots near the jiostciior nnir^in of sejijmeiits ;!, 4, .">, (i, antl 7. Also on the s;ime s.-^nuMits are hairs arisingjust within thi' niai<;inal bund and one or two hairs at the lateral an<j;les; spiracles hx'Uted in clear Kpots Just within th(< niar;;inal liand: einhth si';;mcnt a transverse band, incliidin<; two clear spots from which hairs arisi-; ninth sej^inent very small.

l.enjffli, 2.('> nnn. to L'.S mm.; head, 0.7 mm.; abdomen, I.tts mm. Width, liead, 0..")1 mm. ; ahdomeii, O.tii! mm.

Described from two specimens (on 7'<//v««««.s) from the lUirnett col- lection, both I'emah's.

Nirmus cordatus il'l. II, fif^. a).

Head cordate; ahdonien ON'ate. t.aiKTint; ]iretty shar]dy caiidally. Color fulvous. Jlcad rcifularly ronmled in front; elypeal siniiatnre faint ; antenmc iusiTtcd in front of the middle, rather thick ; eye.s lari^e, ]irominent ; occiput einarj;inattt, with black- ish bonier; tciujioral lobes with two hairs; ]U()thorax short, a short hair on (he anj>le; mctathorax obtusely iinuled on the abdomen, two hairs at tlwOateral auj^le; logs Htroiij;, briii'lit fuhous without bands; abdomen ovate, v.ith transverse brown bands separated by clear sjiaces at the sutures, most distinct on the disk, ii few short liairs at the anjiles of the jiosterior segments.

Length, 2.1 1 nun.: head, o.iiti nnn. ; abdomen, 1.41 mm. Width, In^ad, (l.7:> nnn. ; abdomen, I). (II mm.

On l/imosa iKVUidsticn, Ilnrnett collection.

Described from a single female specimen and an immatnre indi\ idnal. The species, however, seems to be a well-marked one, and it .seems proper to give it ;i descrijition.

Nirmus marginatus n. si>. tl'l. II, tig. h).

Head and body with a blackish nuiryin, gala with an inverted shield-sbajied fuscous sjiot.

He,.(l longer than wide; e]y])ens broad, rounded with a wide <'ontinnons band; antenna- with rather deep insertions ; second joint about twice as long as the others, joints ;i to .") with dusky ainiulations; occiput transverse, straight; jtrothorax short, rather deeply inserted in the head; nu'tatlioriix twice tln^ length of pro- tborax ; jxisterior nuirgin straight ; lateral margin with blackish spot:< antt-riorly and a larger fuscous jiati'h ]>osteriorly, with a jirolongation inward to near (ho center; femora with a blackish dorsal sjiot extending into a jiartial annula; tibia' with ajdcal external spot and an internal black strijie; abdominal segmiuits 1 to 7 with a black border and more or less distinct median tr.'insvers(! fuscous bands; eiuhth segment with a narrow fuscous band prodnee<l in front iind with two clear ]>nstnles from which arise long slender hairs.

Length, 2 nnn. ; head, 0.")6 mm. Wiilth, head. 0.40 mm. ; abduiuun, 0.48 una.

On CenphlwuH pUeaUis, Burnett collection.

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

229

laiis pi lea I lis. larjjiii to tlic

tllicuto clyin'us; )lll'lli, anil lifti, iiirtalhoiax liiit coxa- t'lonjjatu; sli brown, with (if scijniciits ;i, ill lli(^ iiiarirjiial ■lear s])()ts Jiisi Jidiiij; two clear

Width, hfad,

i>uril('tt col-

Color fulvous. iStTtnl ill IVoiit ate, with hlack- Iiort hair on (he Hi lateral aii<;l(!; •aimvorst) brown ilisk, a few short

head, (l.T.'i ?iini.;

re iiidividiiiil. iiJid it seems

1 Hhield-shaped

iitimioiis band; U' as the otlusrs, ?ht; protliorax h'liiith of ]iro- •■i anteriorly and ear the center; hi; tibia- with nts 1 to 7 with I bands; eiyhth ) clear jnistules

0.48 mm.

NirmuB abruptus n. sp. (PI. II, li}^. c)

Ilciid parabaloid, almost ecmical in front, with a distinct ventral furrow in front of mandibles, outer iii:ir<j;in 'ileojily iiifuscated, beeoiiiiiij^ darker to the base of the antiMina'; anteniial pits siirroniided by a broad, dark border, curved in front, straij;lit behind, meryinjj into a Homewhat acute angle inwardly ; antenna- obscurely annulate with I'uscomh, deepest on fourth and tifth Joints, lifth, joint nearly as b>ng as third and fourth toi;ether; toiuporal lobes margined with a narrow black stripe, a single hair at thii outer angle; occiput straight; protliorax small; metatiiorax about as broad as head, with dw]t stripes set into margin ;iiid merging into a trans- verse strijie ; ])OHterior margin set with a low of stilf hairs: legs robust; femur and tibia- annulatii atdistal ends with fuscous and showing dori^'i-.lly and \(-ntrally deeper blackish spots; abdoim-n. witli segments 1 to 7 with rather liroad blackish margin within which the disk is light, clear, slightly ;ellowisli and with a central low of transverse bands on ventral surface, those of the sixth and seventh segments merged together and connecting with the transverse strijie on t Ik- eighth segnu-nt, the lateral ])ortions of which an^ curved forwin-il ; tevminal segment slightly notched, a single series of hairs on the posterior iiiargi:. ')f segments ."> toS and single hairs at the lateral angles on segmt-nts ',\ to 7.

Length, l.Oilmm. ; head 0.;>!» mm.; abdomen, l.dS mm. Wiiltli, head 0..'{."> mm.; abdomen, O.;")! mm.

On Coliinin rirf/iniamis, IlunietteoUectioii. 1 )escril)e(l from one mature n(livi(ln;il, the slide, also contaiiiinj;' an immature one, wliieli ])iesents th«^ same eliaiiicteiisties excei. in the intensity of the dark markings. This species is of the jj'eneral aspect of orndfis.simus, ditt'ering' in the intensity of tlie iilxhiminal niiirj^in and some ot the 1 ead markin<;s, and as it occurs on so distinct a iiroii]) of birds it seems worthy (»f 8ei)arate di'seription.

Nirmus parallelus n. sp. (I'l. II, tig. <f.)

T.ong and sh-nder, recalling the form of l.ifriiriin IkivkIiis. Head long, slightly coni<'; clyjieus wide, slightly coinex; aiitenmc dusky at tip; forehi-a<l with a clear spai'e in front of mandibles and a siibi|uadrate clear space between the internal bands, but the anterioi' portion of cly])eus dusky; orbital and temporal lobes strongly margined with black; protliorax i|uadrate, slightly narrowed in front; mtUathorax lobcd at the sicb-s; mesosternum, with central fuscons ])ateli, cniarginate in front, trunciite behind, connected at sides with ]iatches extending in from border; abdomen elongale, sides jiarallel, margins black ; disk, with median brown patches, •-marginate laterally, and separated at the sutures by transverse clear band; middle and posterior iibia-, with a dark si>ot nearly encircling the tip, male similar to the f<-iiiale; terminal segment of abd(mien rounded and dusky: genital hooks heavy, incurved.

9 Length, L' mm. ; head, O.-lL' mm. : width, head, (>.L',"> mm. ; abdomen, 0.1^7 mm.

,^ Length, 1.71 mm.; width, at)doiiien, 1.71 mm.

On .lujialitis roci/crn, Jiurnett collection. (Description writteii in May, ISiVl.)

This s|>ecics is lemarkiibly like the Lipeuri in api)earance in the slender body and p.uallel-sided abdomen and the character of the k'gs, but there is no trace of a process npon the third Joint of the aiiteuuie or of the notch in terminal sejiinent of male.

Kellogf^'s description of Xiriinis hoephlhiH from a female specimen from same host agrees (piite closely in most res])ects, bnt differs in i^ro- portioTis of head. The types for my description being now in the Boston

230

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

w

Society of Xsitural History, a detailed coini.iirison is impossible. Com- l)sirisous of a jjreiiter scries of specimens will very likely ]»rove their identity, in which case Kcllojig's name will luive jiriority. Kelloj-y's sujjjjestion that this rei>resents Packard's L'qtenrns (/racilis seems ([uitt^ well lonnded.

Nirmus picestaiiB Kullt><;<;,

N.-w Miilli.pli.iKa. p. im, IM. V, (iyn 1 uihI 2.

On royal tern, Stmia Dia.rimd, jSlonterey, Cal, ( Kelloj^j;). Nirmus hebes Kollogg.

N'.w Miilli.i>1i:i-ii. 11. inl. n V, iIl'. :i.

On royal tern, StcriKi maxiniK, ^Nlontiiniy, <"al. ( Kt'Iloj^j;).

Nirmus farallonii Kollof;;;.

\ow Mall(ii>1i;i(;ii. \\. lir., IM. V. li^' t

On J*hal(ict'o<'ora.r (liloplius <r//>o(;/7m7H.v. .Monterey, Cal. (i\elloyg). Nirmus orariiis Keil )^g.

New Miilloiiliunii.i). nil. IM. V, liL' r..

On Charath'ius domhiicus, Lawrence, Kans. (Kellojjjj).

Nirmus gigauticola Ki-llogg.

Xcw AIiilloiiliaKii. )i. 1115. IM. V, llg. li.

On Dlomvdea aUxilriis, Monterey, Cal. ( Kclloj^jn).

Nirmus boephilus Kellogg.

N.'W MiiUdpliajia, p. 107, IM. V, «■;. T.

On .T^gialitis rocifrra, Lawrenc*', Kans. ( Kelloj^j;).

Oucopborus minutus Nit/.Mch.

Xinnvt h(i')ih/i<.s' ( lii'licl, ji. I'd, IM. V. li);. 7. (hicoplionii miimlti.t IMajjot, ]). 21.'>, IM. XVIII. Mi;. 2.

On Fulica amcricaua Ames, Iowa.

Qouiocotes rectangulatus Mt^^scli.

(ioniocoirt rcclnnirulntiia Nitzacli, rn'Miiar» Mag., Viil. Ill, p. 204; (liiibcl, Epiz., ji. IS!).

I have not seen s])eeimens of this s|)e('ies, but mention it here since it is so certain to occur here as well as in Europe.

Qouiocotes hologaster Nit/.sch.

IHeiini.i(iallinifVi' (iecr. Vol. VII, I'l, IV, ti;;. 1.1.

Ooniocntf.i liiiUiijiDilir Kitzsch, (lentiRi's Maj; , Vol. Ill, )i 2!U; (iit'Iirl, Kpiz., p. 184; (lUrK, A'ol.

Vlir, IM. IV, tij;. 1 ; riuKct, t.o.s Vrdif., ji. 2:!1, IM, XI\', fl(;. C; Osliorii. litill. 7, Piv. Eiil.,

Hi'pt. A;;r..p. :t'J.

This is not the (/. hologastrr of Denny and of Enjjlish and American writt'rs generally, and I know of no positive record for America.

Gouiocotes abdominalis Tiaget.

Ooiii«e(itt:ili('li>iiast( }■ Dcniiv. ji. ir>;i, IM, XII, 11;;. 4. ^ Oonioeiite.i ahiliiinliiitlis i'iaf^et. ]i.2'M^, I'l. XX. li^.-; Osborii. Hull 7. Div. Kiit., Pi'pt. Agr., p. ,'!2.

The species is usually known as hologastrr in Enj;lish and American

writings.

Goniocotes compar Nitzsch.

Opniiars Map., Vol. lU, p, 294; Henny, p. l.'>2, IM. XIIT, fig. 2; (iurK, Vol. VIII, p. 117, IM. IV, lig. 2; r.iebel, p. 18.1, IM. XII, fig.s. 10 and 11, IM. XX, fig. 8; IMag.t, p. 2:i4, IM. XIX, iig. 10: (Lsborii, Hull. 7, Div. Knt., Dept. Agr. p. 31), lig. 19.

From Columha liria, specimens in Burnett collection. Ooniodes dispar Nit:',Bcb.

Gernmr's Mag., Vol. Ill, p. 294 ; Denny, p. 159, IM. XII, lig. 5; Giubol, Wpiz., p. liKt, PI. XH, figs. 12, 13.

SUBORDER MALLOPIIAGA.

231

assibh). Com- ly prove tlicii ty. KoUoyn's /raciliti seems

(Kt'Iloyg).

iz.. II. ]S5.

■t liero since

>. 184; niirll, A'ol. Hull. 7, Div. Kill.,

1(1 Aiuerican

leriea.

I><'I)f. Agr., p. '.12.

(I Auierican

viir, p. 117, 1'l. 1>. 2:;4, T'l. XIX,

it:t, n. xn, flgs.

A specimen from the quail in tlu^ dassiiuxrolleetion is referred to this species. 1 liave not heen able to <Titieally compare it with (>. orti/yis of I'iafifet.

Goiiiodes cupido Gioliul.

Zt'ltHrli. f. K*'**- ^"'"''^*i'*>*'"«<'''-. IHIIfl, Vol. XXVIII, ]). ;tH7; IJiidow, Zdilscli, f. ^'OH. Ts'iitiirwiH- HciiHih., 1H7(I, Vol. XXXV, |i..(H'J; I'hifjrl, T,cs I'MU-., )i. H.lil, I'l.XX, lit:.:!.

I^'ioni 'ri/mpainirliHs (ntwriranvs, (!. 1). Cook collection. Goniodes nieniamaiiUB riirkuril.

.\iiiiuiil KciMirl. r. S. CcdI. jiiiil dco^'. Siii-vcy, lK7a, ]). 7111 : IMii'.'cl, I.cm IVMli<\, ].. 'J.'.'i (rilcili.

I know of no record of tliis species later tlian the original dcscrii)tion. Goniodes dainicoriiis Nit/.Hcli.

/i'its<li. I', yrf., Niitiiiwissctiscli., IHlili, V<il. XVII, ji. 119; (iiflicl, Kpiz., p. lliV; I'iii;.;()t, p. li.lS, ri. X \, (!■;. H; ()nlnirii, r.iill. 7, IMv. Kiit., Dipt,. Anv., ]>. :i."), li^'. L':!.

Specimens from tlie ])igeon in tlie (Jassino <;ollection.

Goniodes stylifer Nit/si li.

I'l'dlftiliig iiK'litvirin ScliniiiU, p. .M)!; (iimiodes styli/e r ^Mzwh, (Ifniiiii 'h Mag., Vol. Ill, ]i.294; Dniiiy, p.irifi, I'l. Ml.lig.i;; (iiclid. Kpi/.., ji. liOO, IM. XIII, lig. 1; (Siirlt, Vol. VIII, p. 4:;i, I'l. IV, liKs.7,«i I'iiiKi't, p.'JIil, \'\. XXII, (ig. 1 : OhIhifu. Hull. 7. Div. Eiit., Diiit. Apr., p. :m, 11^. 24.

Specimens from the turkey {Mvlcat/ris (fallojinro), collected by Dr. A. llassall, llaltimore, Md.

Goniodes ortygia 1'iaj.cet.

Les IVclic, p. 2H'_', ri. XX II I (in. fi.

On Colitnis rir;ii)iia)inii, (vide I'iaget.)

Goniodes falcicornis Nit/Hcli.

l'itli.r pai'iiiih Ucili, p. 14.

J'rdiciilii.s jnd'iiiiis I.iimr, \'ol. II, J). lOlit.nfif); Filuli, Ins., ].. VIIT, tab. 4; 17114 Fall., S.vHt.

Kilt. 71. 27 p.Hd!)- I'iili.,SpiM'. Ins. (i. II, ]i. artl ; F»l»., Manl. Iiih. I, II, p.:i7(); S.liraiik, Inn.

Aust.; I'anzer. II. 51, lig. 1!). Nlriinii: tiiiiiiioiKiciiiIidlus ( )lft'rs, p. 9.

Giiiiiinli'.i/iilvienniiii Xil/.scli, (icriiiar .s JIng , A'ol. III. ]i. 203. Wicinim pavniiii! Kiiliy \-. Siionciv Int. I'^nt , Vol. II, I'l. V, lig. :!. Om)imlf:i/aU-ic(iriii» Dcntiy ji. 15.") PI. XII,fij;s. 1 anil 2; (lieliil, Kpiz.. !>. 108, IM. XII, fig.s, 14 nml

15; piiraiiU Drnning. rnic. IJ;iy. Sor. Kilinl)., 1871, p. VII; I'iagot, Les I'l'ilic, p. 275, I'l.

X XI I r. fig. 1 : OMliorn, Hull. 7, Div. Ent., Di'pt, A^'i ., j). 36, llg. 25.

Common on the pea fowl. Goniodes niepliitidis r.'ickard.

lii'lil. V. S. (Ji'iil. Survi'y, l.'»72. p. 7:i'J.

Xot seen. Tt seems finite unlikely that a Goniodes should occur on a mammal except as a stragjilcr, and I shouhl incline to believe that the species is one of the fornix* occurring on the gallinaceous birds, and has possibly migrated to the skunk from its normal host when the latter Avas devoured.

Lipeurus hetercgraphus Mtzsrli.

Cnnliiriilin Intnii'tlt r;u'liaril. .\mi'ri<aii ^'aliiriillHl, Vol. TV, p. !I4; Oslmni, liull. 7, Div. Knt., l)i!pt. Agr., ]i. ;i4, llg. 21.

In liiirnett collection I tind a spe(;ics which agrees witli Packard's description and ligiire, ami which must, I think, be his hiinictti, but it is not a (loniocotes, as I haAC specimens of lioth sexes, of Avhat is evi- dently the same species, Avhich prove it to be a Lipeurus.

232

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Hody niiirgiiKMl distinctly with blink. lloii<l oloiigatc, cordatt); iuitonuin sot in rather ik^'iily; oycH consnicuons; autonnal cavity aixl toiiiiioral lobes with black bonier oxtciiiliiif^ inward to ninnilildcs, also a ]ironiinciit orbital band; occiimt sin iioiih; iirotliorax Huban^ular, lateral anfflcs a little behind middle, with a siii;;ic pronunent hair; iiietathorax short, ]>osterior border straiKhl, lateral angles with three hairs, margin very black ; legs rather s]en<ler; abdomen with black margin, ami more or less distinct median liainls, which ar(^ separated in nu'dian line and most distinct at thi« anterior and ))osterior borders.

On doino.stit' fowl. IJiiruett coIU'C-tioii, aiHl Ames, lowii, Spociiiu'ii.s from Prol'cs.sor r.niiK'raic troiii a yoniiin duel., aiul it sociiis jn'obahlc that the species may (xu'iir on dilVeieiit doniestie I'owls wlieic oppoitimity offers for its transfer from oiu^ to aiiotlier.

I'aekard's fiytire (lij>'. lltJ. ante) is fairly jiood, tlioiigli it hutksin detail for the certain recojiiiition of the species.

LipeuruB baculua N'itzsch.

I'tiU:!' ci)hniih(V uiiijuris lirili, K\i>. jil. 2 (vide Dciiiiv); r.iiiisc iif I'iyiMiii. Alliiii, Aran. ))1.4;i.

I'lilii'nlir^ Cdliiiiilxv I.iniM'iis.

I'viiiiuliin fiiliiiiihii;Vtit>\]'r\\\i>\. II. ii. 7, p. "lit'.i; Scliniiik, |i. 1 14, ii. 4, 'riili. V., lit;. 3; l''iil)riciii» Syst. Kill.. 11.31, S|MM'. IT,|i, 482.

\iniiiii- fiH/oniitf!: OH'crs '.Ml.

J.i}i('iirt(s hiifiilii.i, N'itzscli, (icrnini's Mil;:. \ ol. 1 11. p. 'J'.K) ; l.yoiiPl, p. 27;!, I'l. X III. lli;. 10; ISur rai'isliT. lIiiiulliU(li.Vc>l.n,p,4:!4.S: Denny, p. 172, PI. XlV.lis. :!; C.urlt, Vol. VIII, p. 424, I'l VII r, Ii",'. »: (ililiil. r,piz.,p. 21,'">, Till'. Xvi, lig. S. s<l,!», lal'. X.X.II;;. ;i; (iiniiKl, IluUctin (tola Soc. Enl.. is.'i'.i; riiificl I.iB I'tilic.,;iu;i. I'l. XXV.lljr, -J. OslH.ni, Hiill.7, Div. Eut, Dcpt. Agr., p. 38.

Very common on i)ij;eoiis ami evidently very "eneral in distribution. Cassino collection, 11. O, colleeti«)n; llsissali collection, and C Ii. ('ook C(dle(!tion.

Lipeurus hiridus Xitzsch (?).

Elongate, nearly )tarallel, general color dusky brown.

Head tai)cring in front <d'aiitenn:i' ; elyiteal suture indistinct, sides of'head broadly margined; a large brown siiot extending forward iVoni theoccipnt, pointed anteriorly; antenna- of male with a very larger liasal joint, a much-curved third Joint with the fourth joint set upon the outside of the curve; thorax (juadrate, broadly margined with brown; nietathorax trajiezoidal, with four hairs near the postcuior margin; legslargo and strong; coxa' of second .-md third pair enlarged; abdomen widestabout the middle, in the male light dusky bauds running from side to side, occu))ying full length of the segments at margins; segments I, ,"». (i. and 7 with long hairs at lateral angles, spiracles snrnmnded by a small, clear circle.

I tind it impossible to satisl'y myself of the identity of my S])ecirae from the American coot with the liiridii.s of Enroiiean authors The description given by Piaget and the figure (by Nitzsch) in (liebci are neither of them in accord with my specimens, and while Denny's tigur might be made to fit, his description indi(!ates blacker margin than in my spe(dmens, and moreover, he does not seem to have been certain of his species, assuming it to be hiritluH from occurrence on the same bird. Therefore, Avhile retaining the name with s(mie doubt, I think it well to .state the diagnostic features, and if additional material or compar- ison with European s])eeimens prove it to be distinct, it will be time enough to give it a separate description and luime.

8UIJ0RDER MALLOPIIAOA.

233

Iii(;kH in dotail

Eurymetopus brevit Diifonr.

(I83."i) I'liUopteriiK hnviK Itiil'imr, AiiiiuIi'm dc la Sor. Kiil,, X'ol. IV, p. (174, I'l. XXXI.flf,'. 3. (vido

TIagi'l, I-t'H r6illc,). (18:19) /,i'/<i'i,ri/* fcniH.v (^nn-i/.v (if Nll/Ntli MSS.) ItiiiimiHtfi' IIiiihIImiiIi. Vol II, 1:13. J.iptvrut launm, Nitzwcli, Zn'tHclir. f. m^s. NiilurwiH.stMi.scli,, (18ti(l), \iil. XW'Ill, ]i. 1180 (vidti

lilclxd). (18fil) IhiriiphoioiilfHhnviHViS^VuiW. (^Iiiiiil .lour. Micro, Sc, im!4, N'ol. I\'. |>. 18, I'l. I. lAiiiunm liiurKH IMii^i't. I-'<'h IVdic , p. :i:i'J, I'l XXXI, tij; 3

Eiirytni'lKinmiiiuriig Nit/Hcli, 'riisclHMilieri;, l)ir MiillopliM^i'ii {IH8J), p. lH:i, I'l V, li(;H. 8,Hii. Lipevrii)! InurvsiMmrw, I'nic. Nat. MiiHt>iiiii, Vol, XII, p.

It sj^eins to lue iiecessiiry to rcstonr the iiaino ot I )ut,)iir for tliis species, as his description was publislied four years before u'ly by Nitzsch, and in tlie lirst indication of tlie Nitzscii description (lluiincister, Ilandbuch II. ]). 4.'5.'{) Dnfonr's name is{;iven,and it is simply stated in parentlu'sis that it is the iaiwuNoi Nitzsch's MSS, On what ^roiimi (Hebel shonld have resmre(!te<l tlie name ttinniN, or why Puifi'et shoiiM follow him in it, I fail to see, as both w«'re familiar with Dnfonr's description.

Piaget considers the L. ju'dc^-i/nrniis of Dnfoiir an example ol' titurns not fully developed (in way of development). '

Lipeurus bifasciatiis Tiauot.

LcH I'Mlculiiics, p, :i42, ri XXVIIl, lii;. 1.

From I'chcdnns cri/tlirorhynchos, Davenport, Nebr. ; collection of Prof. Lawren(!e IJruner.

LipeuniB forficulatus N.

Zcitsclir. fill' gcH. Xatmwiss(Miwcli. ((lioliol Kd.), IHfifi, p. '^>Ht■. (ijiilic^l, Iii,m«cta Kpizoa, |). 'j;!8.

From pelican, Ames, Iowa. I{e(!orded by Kellogg' tVoin I'dnuntits nilifornicus (Monterey, (-al.), and PelemuHH erythrorlij/nclniii (Lawrence, Kans.).

Lipeurus temporalis Niti^Hcli. Recorded by Kellogg, from Mergansfr serratnr (Monterey, Cal.).

Lipeurus testaceus I'schh.

Recorded by Kellogg, from Vufiiuns opisthomeJos (Monterey, Cal.).

Lipeurus toxoceros N'it/.Hcli.

Recorded by Kellogg from Plialarrocoror tlHoplmn (tlhocUUitun (Mon- terey, Cal.).

Lipeurus longicornis Pinget. Albiii, pi, 4it(') (vidol'iaf;«'t).

( ?) Lipi-uriis fc;.ii.ii)«i,v llonny, p. 181. Tnl>. XTII, ti;:, H. LijifiiriisUiiirjifdniis ria^cl, Lcs redic, p. :i:i4. I'l XXVII. lii: :!,

This species occurred in great numbeis ni)on a cormorant {I'hdiacro- forux (Ulophns), taken at Ames, Iowa.

Lipeurus squalidus Nit/ncli.

VedicuUig aiiatis Fal)., SvMt. Knt., p. 345.

lAjieunmefiiialidtii'SiViMh, Goniiai'sMaf;., V(d. Ill, p. 29'J; npiiiiv,]). 170, I'l. XVI, lig. 5; (inibp

Vol. II, p. 480; (iiobfl, p. 241, PI. XVI, ti{.. 1; I'iaget, p. 344, 1*1. XXX, liy. ">; Osborii, Bull-

7, niv. Ent., Dept. AiiT.,p. 39, fif;. 27.

Common to many kinds of ducks, si)ecimens in Cassino collection from Merffanser serrafor. Stejneger Collection from I^nivonvtta stelleri. (H. O. collection, N. M. coUectiou.)

234

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

LipeuniB variabilis ^'it^Ht h.

7'i'i/iV(((iuf caiiviiin, IJniic, S hI. Niit., Vol. II, p. lOL'n, ttfj. 33; Faun. Suoc, lOflO.

Liin'iinis rari(i'<iiinXilzs<'li, "lonmir'H Mkk- \'"'' I'l. p-Hl'^; iH'iiiiv. |i, 1(14, I'l. XV, i\g. 0; (iirlM 1 Kpi/.., i> 21!t, IM. XVI, i\y, 3; ( iiirlt, V.il. VIII, p. 4-J'J, J'l. Vlll, llj;. 10; riajjef, !,!■» IVdi, , 1>. 304, IM. XXIX, l\n. 4; «»»borii, Hull. 7. Div. Kiit, Uept. Agr., p. 41 tig. 20.

A cominon species on domestic fowls.

Llpeiirus polytrapezitis Nitzscii.

I'f<liri(liis iiifletiiii-iilit l.iiiiir. S.vHt. Nnl., Vol. II, p 1020, fig. 31. Faun, Suoc, 10,'>8. /.(/(('in-KA' y/(W,i;^ra//(-n(.v Nit/.scli, (irriii:ir'n Mag., \'(il. Ill, p 2!t3. Denny, p ltl,'i I'l, XV, llg ,'p (iicidl, p 21H, ri XVII, li-s 1 and'J, (iurlt, Vol. Vlll.p 4j:i I'l IV llg.ll; I'iii^'i't p. :i(i7 I'l. XXIX. Ilg 0; (tsl.nrn. Hull 7. Div. Km , Dcpt Agi. p 41 tig 28.

The (iouuiion liiiMMirus of the turkey ( ,1/<7m//r».s (fdllo/ttiro). I have specimens "oUected from the wihl turkey by I'rof. 11. W. Parker.

LipeuruB jejunus Nitzsdi.

On Anner alhifrons (jamheli (Cook collectiou). Lipeiiriis leucopygus, \tir.f(ixnalHs.

On liotitKfiiN sj). (liurnett collection). Lipeurus pustulatus.

On '•^ llalhvUiH hucocephaluN^^ (Burnett collectiou).

Lipeurus botauri, ii. m]>.

Slender, slij;litly iiiiirktil with hrownifili. clypens rugose. Head tapering; clypeus eirt'iil.ir in front, with .surface distinc^tly roughened with pftj)iIose r'lgosities, two hairs at the dypeal margin and two or three others on the margin of head in front ol anteniiii' and two on teir^poral lohe; occijint slightly eoncave; |)rothorax slightly wider hehind, tinged v, ith browu at sides; metathorax <|Uadrate, wider behind; posterior margin eoncave; legs large, anterior femora incrassate; abdomen witli faint brownish markings on each segment, most conspicuous on segments 4,5, and ti; angles of segments I^, I, .">, ti. and 7 with short lintrs.

On bittern or stake driver, Botaiirm lcutif/i)io.su.s.

Lipeurus pullatus Xitzsch.

(1842) (.') /,i'jiii()»,'(»^(Ty//ii/?i'iin;(/r«I)rnny, M<mog.,p.l80, PI. XV, Ilg. 2.

(18t;C) r.ipiKiiiii iniHatits mt/.avh, Zditrtdir. 1". ges, Xaturwis.<<pnscli., Vol, XXVIII, p. 387.

(187'.') Lipi'idvi }iiilliitiisiiU\»\. Kpiz., ii. 236.

(188(1) 1.1/1111 rut pullatus riagct, Lcs r<'(lic.,p.339,pl. XXVII, Ilg. 9.

On Sula hassinia and Siihi ((lb<u Burnett collection (Nos. 91 and 02). Specimens hibcled from )SiiIa alba lighter colored than those from Sida hassana, but the latter agree iierfectly with Tiaget's excellent figure. It would seem that Denny's sfaphj/Hitoides must come here, but the specimens do not agree with his description or figure.

Lipeurus infuscatus n. sp. (I'l. II, figs. e. and/.)

I.,ight iuscons, ii tran.sverse clear space, just behind the clypens. Female.— Head (luite unilormly fiiscons anil elongate cordate, the anterior portion rounded, with a transverse clear space abontonc-third distance between the tip and auteunie extending to margins; .antenna' nither long, second joint rather slightly longer than the others, all slightly fuscous; temjioral lobes oval, narrowing poste- riorly; occiput slightly <'oncave; prothorax enlarging slightly behind, slightly darker at the margin.s, the usual bunds not very distinctly marked ; metathorax a little longer than prothorax, widening behind ; legs nnicolorons, the anterior ones with more dis- tinctly marked apical ring to the femur and external marginal stripe on tibia' ; abdomen enlarging posteriorly, marginal biinds rather broad, median bands extend- ing to the clear spiracular spaces separated from each other by distinct sntural bands, a single row of hairs near the posterior margin and one or two hairs .at the lateral angles of segments 4 to 8.

SUBORDER MALLOPIIAOA.

235

tapering; clypeim

XVIII, p. 387.

Male. — Head rouniled in front, Hliglitly conic, transverse dear Bpacobchiiid clypcns; iintonnn' .stronj;, tliird joint itrodnccd mi antfrior niii "in, lorniinK Hinall l)nt ratlior nliarp ]iro('OHH; al)donK>n nirnioid; ir^s Htron^,

Head elonu;»to, Hlijjlitly conic, widest licliind antiT.iiii', front rounded, nearly par- aliolic, tLo marKiiiN dense, a dear transverse l)and very distinct lidiind dypoiis, ono- tliird distance from ti|i to l)as*^ of atitunnic, niandiblcM ( oiis]>iciioiiH itetween hasesof antennie; antenn;e stroiij;, ])roxinial Jcunt enlar<;cd. tiiird Joint slender, jiroduied oil anterior niar>j;ln forming; narrow rather acute process, distal Jidnt loiij;er tlian fourtli, cylindric, I and 5 direcited hacUwanl, Iteinj? attached on caudad surface of tiiird Joint; eyes black, teiii|ioral lolios rounded narrowin;; candad : occiput siiKhtly eniarginate; protliorax (|uadrate and widening sli;;lilly ]ioHteriorl\ ; nietathorax widening from jirolUorax to 1 ise of abdomen; anterior b'gs only alioiit half as large us median i)air, middle ai d hind legs large, coxie no) sp(Hi;illy elongate but (iiirly elongate ill hind jtair; abd(unen elongate ovate, widest segment beliiml the middle, with transverse brown bands, terminal segment scarcely notched, genital books slender.

9 Length, l.(!8 mm ; head, 0.18 niiu. ; abdomen, 0.98 nun. Width, head, 0.3(i mm. ; abdomen, 0. 17 mm.

^ Length, l.t>> mm. ; head, 0.47 mm. ; abdomen, 0.02 nmi. Width, head, O.'M mm. ; abdomen, U.4lt mm.

This species, which is (ptite rcii<liiy distinpiished by the transverse dear space in tlie forehead, is lepre.sentcd by two leiiuUcs, one from Philohvla minor and one from lUirirdm'ut loiifiiniiithi and two males I'rom Bartrmnia hmtjicawla and one from I'liilohcla minor, in the Burnett collection. LlpeuruB subangusticepa ri.aget. (PI. II, fig. g.)

Li'H rMiciiliiU'S. p. :i08, I'l. XXV, lin.r>.

Male closely rcseiiildes the lemale in shape, bnt is somewhat smaller. The clypous is slightly iiiorc! pointed ; the antenmc have the lirst Joint very long, about as long as all the rest together, st'cond Joint as long as the remaining Joints; third Joint very short bnt with a distinct process on tlio anterior margin; fourth and fifth Joints equal; termimil segment very slit;htly notched; genital hooks very long and slender.

(J Length, \i.'M niiii. ; head, 0.70 mm. ; thoiax, 0.56 mm. ; abdomen, 2 mm. Width, head, 0.30 mm. ; abdomen, 0.33 mm.

9 Length, 4 mm.

Describ»'d from one specimen in the Burnett collection, from ThalJns-

shlroma irilsoni, which (lontains also several tine specimens of the female.

Heretofore only the female seems i o have been discovered, and the above

descripticm is {jiven to complete the description of the si)ecies. Some

sbght differences seem to exist when compared with the descriptions

of Denny and ' iaget, but these are only varietal at most.

Lipeurus densiis Kellogg.

New MiillDidiaKii, !>• 1 U, I'l. VII, flgs. 1 and 2.

On IHomedea alhatrus, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogj;^).

Lipeurus varius Kellogg.

Now ^T.-ilIoplinKn, p. llfi, I'l. VII, tigs. If and 4,

On Fuhnarits glaeiaUs glupisclia and rodgcrsii, Monterey, Cal. (Kel- logg). Lipeurus celer Kellogg.

New Mnllopliagn, p. 117, PI. VII, flgs. 5 and 0.

On Fulmarus gUicialia yhtpisoha and rodgersii, Monterey, Cal. (Kel- logg).

23(;

INSECTS AFFECTINO DOMLSTIC ANIMALS.

"I

i

LlpeuruB longipllus Kollof;^.

Ni'» Miill<>|iliiimi, |>. Ill), n. V 11. lit;. 7.

On Fulica amvrUnnn, MonttMt^y, ('iil. (Kdlo};};).

Lipeiiiiis picturatuB Kcllo^'^.

Niw MiiIIoiiIkiuii. |>. r. I'l. Vlll.lluh. I iiikI 'J.

Oil Fnlirii anu'rintna, Mcmteiey, (Jul. (Kt'llnjf;;). LipeimiB diveiaiiH Kfllo^^.

Nt>\\ MllllnpliilKil. |l r.'l I'l VIII, llys .iMIIil I

On rii(liniis <>i>iNtlioiiicliiN, Moiiti-rey, Ciil. (Kellogg). LipdiiruB limltatiis Kcllo^ir.

New Miill<.pliiin;i |.,I21 I'l V 1 1 1 (Ins .''. unit H.

Oil I'liffiniis {/risnis, Monterey, <'ul. (Kcllogy).

LipeuriiB constrictUB doling);.

Now Miilloiilinuii iLfJ.'., I'l VIII ll«H. Tiiiiil H.

On Oidemia pcfuitivUUttn ami (>.<h(/l<tn(li, Monterey, Cal. (Kcllogjj).

Oiebelia mirabilis Kolldi;);.

Now MiiU(i|iliiii:ii. p. i:iH. I'l. Nl tl<.M 7 nml H.

On Fulfinm opiHtliom^ilas, Monterey, Ciil. (KelloH:^). Oncopl'iruB advena Kdlojrjr.

New Mallopliimii. i>. l;i:i, i'l. \ I llc« 1 nml "J

On Fiilivti (imtrinuia, Monterey, Ctil. (Kellogj'). Ornithobius cygni liiiin.

I'uhx njiiiii Ki'dl, Ksp. tall. A, Opcr., full. 'JO.

LcmsiMil' lliii .swan. AUiiii. .\iiin. )i. "D tali 4H.

I'idlciiliit fiiiiiii IJmi^', SvMt. Nat., Vol. II. )) I11I8.

I'iiliriilii.<i cyiiiii l'"iib., Sy.-tl. ICiit , p. HOT tij;. 1H.

(hnllliohlu»rii;ini Penny, p 18;i. I'l NX III, tly. 1.

Liju'Hfus liiici jiliiihiK (iiili<>l. Kpiz., ]). -"lit.

ODtithiihinshuci'j'hahis Viujivi. I,cs I'cilii' , n. 377. I'l. XXXI. fi«. 4.

Oriiill((iliiiiii hiicijilKiliie ^}a\n>\u I'lill 7. l>iv. Kiit., Dept Ayr., p. I'J. II}.'. flO.

Collected in abniulanc'c from a swan, probably Olor hitrnnator, at Ames, Iowa.

It seems to me necessary, on the groniid of |)riority, to rotain tlu^ name given by Linna-ns, and while in my previous j)apers 1 have fol- lowed Piaget in accepting (liebers name, it was simply to avoid con- fusion and in deference to his authority. In the present paper, and with tbe synonomy stated in full, it seems best to restore the early name. While certainly recognized by liedi and Albin, Liiinu'iis was the lirst to ])roperly describe it.

Ornithobius goniopleurus.

On lirauia canadeiisiN, Ibiniett colle<!tioii.

Trichodectes latus Nitzsch.

h'ii-iniin (•(litis !»<' (Jrcr. Vol. VII, Tali. IV, (ifi. 13.

Vfdiriiliis «cAi.s»f Olt'erw. i>. 84.

Trieliiidiclis l('tii.s Nii/.sili. (icriiiar's ^Inj;., Vol.III,p.296; nurmeister, Vol. II, p. 436; Donny,]).

18«. ri. XVII, lln. 1: (iurlt.Vul. IX, p. 2, I'l. I. tic. 1; (iielpiJ. p. 53, IM. Ml, Una. 2 and 3;

I'iaget, p. 384, 1*1. XXXI, fig. 0; Osboni. Hull. 7, Div. Eut., Dept. Agr., p. 43, Hr. 32.

A common species upon the domestic dog. It has had frequent mention in general works upon parasites. Spei'imens in the llassall collection, labeled 1884, may have been taken in England.

BUnoitUEU MALLOPHAdA.

237

r hiircinHtor, at

Trichodectes Bubrostratua Xit^Mcli.

(irriiiin aMuu , Vol. Ill |i 'JIMI, liii'liil /litMihr, Vol. XVII. |>HM I'l. I. Hum. 4, A iumIA. (iiiilf. Vol. IX.p.Oi Ulitlii'l K|ii/,. |i. M I'l. Ill, tltf S; I'iuui'l, !>. :<HU, I'l XXXl.llK.i'i OmIhiiii. IIiiII.T niv. I'.iit , Ih'iit. Aur 11.42 n« 31

'IMic <'()iiiiii(>ii louse iitloffin;; donicstic cuts, oftcti ahnii<1iiiit. I liav >|i('(;iiii('iiH troiii the l''itcli and various other Aiitericaii collui'tions. Trichodcctes letusiiH Nit/sdi,

I'litiiiilut iimthhf .Siliriiiik.

7Vl(7/»(/l(•^.v ;i7i;»i/.'( Nil/.Hcli, riPriiiar ■> Mnn Vol 1 1 I p ■J'.Hl, Tnvhi'tln'hi. (hihitin NiIzmi li, (iciliiiir .^ .Miii;., \ nl. 1 1 1 p. Jlltl. riielioihrhK ihihiim Drimy. p. 1»" I'l \ \ 1 1. (iu. 'J. 7Vi(7("r/.i'/(K r.7i/»((» ( IIiiImI p r>'i. I'l. Ill llu 4. '/'(•ii'/iim/((7i.v /itl»iiV/i'.v (ii((lirl p .'■)"i, I'l. 11 1 Ha 4. '/ViV'/i.m/,'.7..vc.7»»(/* I'limcl. p .IM" I'l. \.\.\l lii; S.

Collected from a wea.sel at Ames, Iowa, .Inly, iss;{.

S|)eci<neiis evidently heloiij^iiiff here and taken from the mink Inivo been examined in collections fioin I'rot'essor Hniner and I'roles.sor Comstock. In the Urnner eolleetion thero is a very (Ine series of Icinah's whi<h a^roe closely with di'senptions and fiffiires by IMajjet, but, unfortunately, there appear to be no mature males. A vsinjile mature male in the (^orn 11 colleciion, however, a}ire«'s with the male from the weasel, and I tlierefore feel little hesitancy in referring all to

rctKNKS.

Trichodectes craesiis N'it/Hcli.

1 have referred here, with .some hesitation, a specimen from the rac- coon {I'rocj/im lotor) (Burnett «'oliectiou.) The specimen was not in condition for absolute itientilication. Trichodectes climax Nit/»<('li.

Trioliiitlfftin cliiKii.c Nilz.sfli, (inriii.ii'.t Mn«., Vol. Iir, p. 'JOfi; (i<>rviiis, Vol. til, ]i. HIH. i)l. 48, t\i;. 3; Gitlicl, /cilHihr., Vol. XVll, p. «1, pi. I, ll«.s. I uiid 'Ji (iiiliol, Kpi/,., p. .'.8, pi, XX, llK. '2.

Triehoili'ctrs capr/e (iiirlt. Vol. IX, p. 3, PI. I, tlj;, 2; I'ackanl'a ftuiiln. p. 5li.5.

Trichmhcti.i climax riiiK't. p. ;101, I'l. XXXIl, li^. 1; Curtice, Aiiiin. I'lir. Slipcp, Hur. Aniiiiiil ImliiMtry, IVpt. Am-., p. Iin, I'l, VI; OsImhii. Hull. 7, DIv. K.iit , llopt. \ni . p 44.

Infe.sts tlie common yoat. Specimens in llassall collection, collected

at lialtimore hSDl. This and the following one are very similar.

Trichodectes linibatus (icrvais.

Triflidilivlcii liiiihatiiii (ieTviu^, Aptciii, \ ol. Ill, ji. 313. I'l. \'II, lij;. 1, CiU'Wcl, Kpi/,., p F

I'illKt'l, l.cs I'ltlir., p, 31t,'>. Trieliiidfetcs I'liiitdx var. VKijoi- i'ta^vt, I A^nVdihc, Suppl p 8t') I'l IX. fig. 5 Tfifliiiihctoi liiiihdtus ('urtice, Aiiini. Par. Slii'cp ISiii .\uiuinl Industry. Oopt. Agr. p 49, I'l. VI; Osborn, Hull. 7, Oiv. Knt . Dipt. Agr,, n 44

This form so chi.sely resembles the ctiiniix that it has been a question whether it is entitled to specilic rank. Specimens in llassall collection taken at Haltimore in 1891. (See ligure, ante.)

Trichodectes sphaerocephalus NitzHcb.

Fiijur.tl Keili. I'l. 22.

i'f(/ic»!i(s i/iiV Liiiuii, Syst. Nat. II, p 1017; Sclirank, p. 502, PI T, figs. 8 and 9.

Trichudi'Ctisiiiihierucfplialiiii Nitzm'li Geiiuar s Mag., Vol, III J'.Ki Denny, p. 193, PI. XVII, fig. 4;

;'.;rU, Vol. IX, p. ,'">; GielicI, Kpiz., p. 60; Pi;ig«t, p. 393, Pi. XXXII llg. 2, OurticK, Aulm.

Par. Slioep, Ihir. Animal Iiulustry, Dept. Agr.. p. 45, PI. V , Osborn, UuU, 7, Biv. Eut., p. 45.

A rather common parasite on sheep, though seldom in great numbers. Specimens in H. O. collection from Canada and Iowa. Fas been quite common on sheep at Ames, winter of 1895-0.

238

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Trichodectes scalaris Nit/scb.

I't'ilicultit hovin Liniir, Syst. i-.at., II, p. 1017; Iduii I/ilinr. Kiiim. Siii-c, j). ]!)4fi; iauri Vnh., Spn ,

Ins., Vol. II, ].. 477. TricliiiJirtcs m-alarh Xit/.soli, (ieriiiiir'n Mag., Vol. HI, p. 'JDti; Dcip y, p. 191, I'l. XVII, iiji;.'J:

(iieiii'l, p. tiJ, I'l. Ill, lig«. 7 iiii.l 9; Piagrt, p. ;!9«, I'l. XXXIII, llg. 2.

A very common imrsisite on domestic cattU', and I have seen speoi- mens in a luunber of c()lle<,'tion8. Althongh there can be little doubt tiiat Linn.i'us referred to this form in his descriptions of 1*. hovis and r. tauri, the mistaken geuericj reference and the indefiniteness of his description may be reason to j-ive Nitzsch's name tlie ])recedence, and I have followed all modern, authors in so referring it.

Pia{ (■qnl b

Kid. H5.—Trichoileetes tetoHvt: a. teniiiiiiil HcgmciitM of iiiiili'; '<, Iciimle— fnlnrgoil (origiuiil).

Tfevs

Trichodectes parumpilosus Piiigel.

Trichoileetfs eipii Dciiiiy, p. 191, I'l. XVII, fig. 7.

Trichodectei paru inpihiims riiigrt, ]>. HOT, PI. XXXII, fig. ,5.

Trichodecleii panniijiUiisti^i i)n\)ovt\, Bull. 7, I)iv. Kiit., Dupf. Agr., p. 48, fig. 35.

This species is the common one of horses in this country, and is the one which in En}>li8h and American works generally, since Denny's monograph, has been known as Trichodectes cqui.

Specimens collected abundantly at Ames, Iowa, and 1 have deter- mined it in a number of coUectious.

SUBORDER MALLOPHAOA.

239

Hiiii (iiriKiiml).

,.A;V'y*

Trichodectes pilosus Giebel.

I'edUului C'liii Linni'% Sywt. Nat. II, p. 1018; Gnrlt, Vol. IX, p. .'5 (vide Pincot). Trichudecteii piloxus Glolit'l. ZoitHchr. f. ges. Naturwissoimcli., 1801, Vol. XVII, p. 80 ; niol)ol,£piz., p. 59; riiiKCt, p. 395, I'l. XXVII, lig. 4; OMboru, null. 7, Div. Ent., Dipt. Agr., p. 45, (Ik.:I4.

Pinget holds that this is the form originally <les(!ribod as PefliculuH (qui by Linnu'us, but retains the name projjosed by (iiebel. He records it as occurring on both Equus cahaliun and Eijiim a.sinu.s. lam not aware of any re(!ord of actual occurrence of this form in this ccmntry, but it should be found on donkeys and horses, and it seems proper to include it with such statement.

Trichodectes setosus Giobel.

Collected from i)orcupine {Ercthizon dorsatuin) by Prof. Lawrence Biuner, Lincoln, Nebr.

Trichodectes geomydis Osborn.

lUill. 7, Div. Ent., Dept. A;:r., p. .14, fiR. 42.

A very common and abundant species on the pocket gopher {Geomys bursariidi), and I have examined specimens in the Cassino collection from 'Hiomomys. Also from T. hotta; from California, in Johnson collection.

The original notice and de8crii)tiou sue as follows :

lielated to the Trichodectes infesting the larger mammals is a species which has been taken in im- mense numbers from the pocket gopher ( OeomyH bur- •sarins), at Ames, Iowa. It was lirst taken in 1883, and since then hat been collected from a great num- ber of individuals, and I have also seen specimens taken from the western gopher, Thomomi/s, in a col- lection of parasites kindly loaned me by Mr. S. E. Cassino.

Body robust and rather hairy. Anteimai very loiijj;, the basal soginent enlarged, the head with a deep seniieircular incision in IVont.

The head is rather wider than long and the antennai are sitnatj^d somewhat pos- terior to the middle and usually directed backward, very largo and long, the Joints nearly equal in length, but the basal are much enlarged in the male. Head with a deep semicircular incision on the otherwise semicircular anterior border, the posterior border slightly trilobed. Thorax short and broad ; suture distinct; abdomen ovate, tapering regularly and rapidly to the anal segment. Genital apparatus of male distinct. The hairs are distributed evenly over border of head and sides of body; four central segments of .abdomen with transverse rows of stronger hairs or weak sjiines, and the lateral posterior angles of all segments Imt the iirst with long I)ristle8. Length, 1 mm.

The antenna! in male and the deep frontal incision separate this from any species known to me, and 1 think there is no question as to its being a distinct species.

Fio. 146. — Trichodrctet (fi'iimydis — en I a r god (authur'HilliiHtnitioii).

have deter-

t

240

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Trichodectes tibialis Piuget.

Los IVdiciilinoH, p. 3119, I'l. XXXH. flg. 6.

I have referred to tliis species some specimens from the bhick-tailed deer (Baker collection).

J *

'^:C^'^A

Fin. 147 TrlclinilirtfK tihiali.f; a, fciiiiilo; i, ninlo— Piiliirged (orijiiiial).

They do nut agree absolutely with Piajjet's description or tijjnre, hut until a more critical study can be made or additional material collected it may rest here.

Trichodectes parallelus n. s|i.

lleadliirKo, iihdoineii rather narrow, lii ml border iiR'sothorfix and niotathorax Kfraijjht.

Head large, clypens slightly concavf, a low short hairs on front liorder, anti'nnal anv,le>< very lir.iniinent; antennii' long, reaching beyond liiiid border of head, lirst Joint slightly enlarged, sec- ond and third abont eijual, third slightly curved; temporal lobes fjnadrate ; lateral anglen rounded ; occiput straight; occipital bands ]iiirallel.

Prothorax and nietathorax eiiual in length, nietathorax a little wider, prothorax with sides curved; nietathorax with sides straight; in both, posterior border straight.

Legs slender, claws long, slender.

Abdomen narrow, entirely corneous, segments straight and equal, no dusky transverse bands, spiracles conspicuous on 2 to 7, bordered especially ,,,„ m.-Tnchmlectei parallelus: in front with dark brown or blackish ; hairs at female— enlarged (original;.

-s.

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

241

tlie bhick-tailed

tliiml).

II or fijjfiir<!, Imt

angles, short, a row of lino ciliate hairs near ])Ostei-ior border of nietatliorax iii'ul onvh abdominal segment except last; cl.aspers or brushes small or wanting. Length, 1.70 nun.

DescrilxMl froin three specimens (feiiiiiles) from deer, <H)lle('tioii (Cornell riiiversity, kiudly loiined by Prof. J. 11. (k)mstock. Comes nearer to tibialis Piaget than any other species, but differs from that in narrow- ness of ab<h)men, lack of transverse bands upon metathorax, et<\, and while possibly it couhl be referred to some of the si)e(!ies from deer of

s \ I J

\ectet parallelus: rged (originul;.

Via. UO. — Triiiidilivlin castmin. it, male; h, iiiaU< teMiiinal scfiiiicnl and giiiilalia; (, t'rinali': il tcniiiual

M'giiicMl — ciilai'^i'ii (iirigiiuili.

Europe, it seems safer to give it a new descrii)tion than to increase the confusion regarding the European species affecting deer. Species of deer is not given, but pntbably Virginia deer {Cariarus virgiulaHns) is meant.

Trlchodectes castoris, n. sp.

Short, broad; head wider than long. Antenna' of male enlarged.

Headwidt', antenna; deeply set, front border regularly convex, not hairy, apex with shallow, curved iucision, with transparent space running backward.

Anteunie long, proximal joiut in male enlarged, distal Joint with sensory hairs on outer tip; temporal lobes full, not augulate; occiput strongly convex; abdomen 4653— No. 6 16

242

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

i"

uiembranons ovate, with slender, curved hooks on eigbtli sej^ment in female and conspiciioiis genital apparatus in uiale. 1-eugtli, male, 0.i)5 mm. ; feuialc, 1.15 mm.

From beaver, collected by Prof. Lawrence Bniiier. This species sim- ulates both f/eomj/dis and mcphiti<lis, and were it not for the wide sepa- ration of the beaver and skunk I might be tempted to consider them the same. There appears, however, some prr^-fy constant diflerences. The shallowness of the frontal hollow sei»ariif ■- it easily from (jeomydis, find the form of head and greater leugtii of female aiitenute from mej)hitidis.

Trichodectes mephitidia n. sp.

Short and broad, male antenna' largo, front slightly excised.

Female, head wuha* than long, trausversily il, front regularly cnrved, slightly excised at apex, the space directly behind the e ;. ion transparent, and the inte'-iial bands coming to a prominent right angle at each mdo of liollowed ]>ortion.

Temporal lobes rounded posteriorly, no angle; occiput convex, a few short L.iirson

■-^'^■"^x

tx"*^

a

■■I i

b S

Fio. \h^.—Trichiidfch'S wi'phitidiK: a, female-, h, tpi'iiiiiial HcjjiiH'iits, male; c, toriiiiiial sej^mont, iemule; d miti'DUiu, femulo; c, autenuii', male; /, .vcniiiK— fiiilargtMl (iirigiiial).

posterior lateral liorder of liead, none on front; thorax very short; legs as usual; abdomen without transverse bands or chitinous structures, except a pair of curved hooks on eighth segment at outer margin; scattering hairs, thickest on central portion.

Male with frontal incision doepur, some very minute hairs on front edge. Antenna! much larger than in iemah;, basal joint «Mdarged, terminal joint curved, short hairs on outer part near tip; abdomen tapering, membranous, not banded, stiff hairs at angles and on the terminal segment, liner hairs on disk; genital apparatus conspic- uous. Innnature specimens have the frontal incision more eouspicuous.

Length, female, 1.20 mm. ; male, 0.9.5 mm.

Collected from polecat {Spilogale interrupta), Tama County, Iowa. Numerous 8i)ecimeus from the skunk {Mephith mephitica) collected by Lawrence Bruuer, Holt County, Nebr.j also from Palo Alto, Cal,

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

243

it in female and

(.loliHsoii collection). Tliis species is allied to tlie 7'. retusutt occurring on weasel, <'t(!., and also to 7'. (jeoinydiH on imcket goplicr, but ditlers from the former in form of front of lieud, the absence of bands, size of male antenmc, temporal lobes, and other chara(!ters whicli make it easy of separation. Tiie same si)ecies, apparently, also collected from the rinjjtail cat {lidnnarm-KH a.sfutn}, Lake County, Cal, (.lohnsou collection).

Family T^K )'ri IP:I1 )^K.

Menopon rusticum (iicbel.

(iitbd, Kpi/.., ii.H.SH; I'higcl. I.cs IViIic, p. 14:1, I'l. XXX \'I, tiy. '2.

Occiin-ed in large nuMd)ers on a house martin [l'ro<iiic xiibh), at Ames, Iowa.

Meuopoii pallidum Nitzscli.

/'«/('.r rfl/H Itcdi, 'I'lili. XVI, lii;. 1 (viiln l'ia(;nt).

rediexdua ijnlUniv'iAU\i(\ Sy»t. Niit. II. \t. l()2;i, priibiihly ; I'uii/.or, p. 51. fi^. -1 (vidd I'iagot) j

(iCdlVioy, Vdl. 11.]). fiiil. \irmug tri;i(iiioccjiliiiliis OIUmh. p. !M). Mi-ii(>iwii2)alll(liiiiil)tiuu\. ]). 'JIT, IM. XXI, lij;..">; Omit, Vol. VII I, ji. 4i;h, Tiif. IV.Hk. 1-1; Giobol,

p.2!ll,ri. XVII, «<;. U.iin.l PI. XIX.l' . li mid .">; I'iagot, p.-«V,l, PI. XXXVII, Ji^r. 7, Osbom,

IJull.7, Div.Eiit., Dopt. \'^r.

A universal parasite of the domestic fowl. I have examined many

specimens in diflerent collections, and have seen and collected it on

many occasions myself.

Menopon biseriatutn l'ia<;et.

l'iaj;it, Li'.s Peilii'. p. 469, I'l. X XXVII, flg. 2.

Collected at Baltimore, from domestic fowl, by Dr. A. TIassall. Also in Cornell University collection. It appears to be less common than the preceding, though often as. ociated with it, and jnobably generally mistaken for large specimens of that species.

Menupoii titau Piiiget.

Lrs PiMliculliics, 18811, |i. ,".0:!, PI. XI. fiji. 7.

Tetraojilithalmim elillfiiKln ( Iros.sc. Zfit, f. w. Zool., 188:'), Vol. XIII, p. ri'.U).

Menopon titan Krllogj;. New Mallophaj;". !>• 16-'-

llecorded by Kellogg from VeJicnnns caii/ornivus. He ]M"oposes three varieties to represent the species.

Menopon consanguineura I'iaget.

(,') Mimoiuin jn-inle hvu\\, Pnic. Acad. Nat. Sol. Pliila., 187S, p. 100. Meiiojion coiiKdniftiiiKtun l'iaf;ft, I.cs Pidic, Sujjpl., ]i. lUi, PI. XII, lig. 7.

Ociairs in great nunibers in buccal cavity of peli<an. Mas been col- lected at Ames, Iowa, and specimens examined in collections of Na- tional .Museum, Kansas rniversity, Boston Society of Natural History, etc. A re<'ord of its occurrence has been given in Insect Life, V, p. 28 1.

Also recorded by Kellogg as var. impar of iitan ( ?) New Mallophaga, Proc. Ac. Sci. Cal., series 2, Vol. Vl (1S90).

It seems to ino the variations exhibited in this species maybe due to

its peculiar habit and the probability that this habit is of recent origin.

Menopon pallesceus Nitznch.

Menojnm jieriHeit Oeniiy, ^Ii)ii(»g., p. '22.'), PI. XXI, flg. 9.

Menopon pallencena ZtavLr. fiir ge». KaturwisBenacU., 1860, Vol. XXVIII, p. 391 j Giebel, Epiz., p. 293.

244

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

f

One male and one larva. Burnett collection. From '■^Perdijc ameri cana''^ {Colinus riy(fini<(nusj.

Nitzsch described tlie sp 'cies fr«)m specimens taken from Caccahin ni/a. Denny's desiTiption W(mld seem to have priority. He s.ays common on the partridjje {Verdlr cinerva).

Menopon tridens Xit/.sch,

Mniopon tri tens' Itiiriiu'istcr, nauilbiii'li, Vol. II, ]>. 440.

Lwmolmthnuii tn'lenn Nilz.scli, Ztsc^lir. f. (;''«• ^'iHiirwiHst'ri.srli., IHiiti, Vol. XXVIII, p. ,i!Mi (viili-

(iii'lii'l). MeiwiKiii gc'ipiilaconie I)<>nn.v,MonoK., p. 221, IM. XXVIII, !!;;.!(. Sfetiopoii t i-!'l.'ii n i:\rUA. Kpl/...].. 2'."0, IM. X VI 1, lij;-. !». Miiiopuii Iriilens I'iiii;ct, Lr.s I'c'di.'., p. 47i), I'l. XXXIX, lij;. 1.

From coot {Fiilica americaiid), Ames, Iowa. Agrees closely with European description, except that abdomen appears broader than tig ured. The peculiar structure running forward frotn occijjnt beneath seems to be characteristic. Also in liurnett collectiv.'i.

Recorded by Kellogg, who suggests three varieties to include the American forms, (New Mallophaga, p. Kio).

MenopoiA crassipes Piagot.

Li's IVaii'uliiK's, ].. 4r.(), I>1. XXXV, fit 7.

A specimen which I refer to thit: spec'ies is from the Jialtimore oriole, {Icterus galbula) (Burnett collection).

Menopon carduelis Doniiy.

Monog. Alio]). lirit.. ji. 228, 1*1. XX, fiR. 7.

On Spimis tristis (Burnett collection). Menopon fiilvo-fasciatum Piufrct.

Lo.s IVdirulitics, p. 417, I'l. XXXIII, lis. ;i.

Ou Milvus s^p. incog. (Burnett collection). Menopon crocatum Nit/sch.

Gicbel, Tii.sectii i^pizoii, p. 295; Piatjot, Lps I'l'dic, p. 47, I'l. X XXIX, litf.:i.

On Phitohehi minor iiml Jjimosa hwinoxtica (Burnett collection). Menopon navigans Kellogg.

New Malloiilindi,, p. l,-,(i, I'l. XIV, figs. 4 anil 5.

On short-tailed albatross, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg). Menopon indistinctum Kello^^.

New Mallopliagn, )). 157, I'l. .\IV, figs, li ami 7.

From American avoiiet (h'ecun'iroNtni aiiierictoid), Ijuwraiwe, Kans. ( Kellogg). Menopon numerosum Kollogg.

NowMalloiihaga. p. l.">9, I'l. XV, fig. 1.

From Pacific fiiliiiiirs (Fulmaruti (jUwiaUs gliqyischn and rodgerdi)^ Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg).

Menopon infrequens Kollogg.

Now Mallophaga, p. Kil, I'l. XV, fig. 5.

On Larus glancesccns, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg). Menopon loomisii Kellogg.

New Alallojiliaga, p. lt>2. I'l. XY, fig. 0.

On white- winged scoter {Oidemia deglaudi). Bay of Monterey (Kel- logg).

SUBORDER MALLOPHAGA.

245

'•'■Perdix ameri

1 Caeca his ni/ii. lys coiuinon on

:xviii, p. mm (viii.-

)8 closely with oiidcr than fig icipnt beneath

to include the

iltimore oriole,

llection).

wreiice, Kans.

and rod germ),

lonterey (Kel-

Menopon ezpansum n. sp. ( PI. 11, fig.,/).

AlKlDintm vory broad, ovate. Head with a sinuous margin and Vfry deeply emar- ginato occiput; orbital sinus entirely covered; temporal lobes with two long bristles and two or three short hairs; prothorax nearly as broad as head and closely fitting into the occipital cavity, the lateral angles in cimtact with temporal lol»es; posterior niargiu semicircular; metathorax short, roiin<le(l in front, with two bristles at the lateral angles; legs robust, Ibmora very large, irregularly set with short hairs; abdomen nearly as broad as long, uuitbrnily yellowish brown, margins of segments above with a closely set series of hairs whicli are longer at the lateral angles ])oste- riorly, and the entire ventral surface irregularly set with short hairs arising from minute clear ])U8tules.

Length, l.m nun. ; hea<l, 0.18 nun. ; abdomen, O.HO mm. Width, head, 0.47 mm.; abdomen, 0.80 n;m.

On DolU'honij.r oryzi ronts. Burnett collection (No. 07). Di.stiuguished by the extreme width of the abdomen.

Meuopoii iuterruptus n. sj). (PI. II, fig. h).

Light yellow, with conspicuous dark-brown bands and Idack lines. Abdominal bands of female broken and irregular near margin of segments ;{ and 5. Legs strong, lined with black.

Head semicircular in front, a few hairs on margin, antenna' scarcely passing mar- gin of head, orbital ]iits dee]), fringed with hairs behind; temporal lobes rounded, three hnig bristles arising from circular clear spots, dark brown on front, each side connecting with orbital black spot, teni]ioral margin deeply infiiscated occipitally; l)rothorax with siiarp lateral angles broader than long, posterior nuirgin rounded; metathorax broad and long, wich-iiing rapidly behind, ])ost(Tior nuirgin rounded, produced over abdomen, sides deeji lirown; sternal markings, on prothorax a brown patch broiulening in front, acute behind, and with the blunt ])roce88 behind the posterior lateral ])ortion expanding and connecting with i'liscous bands that extend latero-<'ophalad to the margin; on nicsothorax a central i)entagunal patch extending in fuscous bands postero-laterally anil laterally; on metathorax a sub- triangular i)atch acutely angled liehind, slightly convex in front; legs with enlarged femora, l)lackish border externally on fcnu)ra and tibia', and blackish annuhe at the cTpical end of tibia'; jiroximal Joint of tarsus with an enlarged membranous disk; abdomen with sides somewhat i)arallel and heavy transverse bands, which in female are interrupted and dislocated npou the third to tilth segments, but ))articularly upon the fourth.

Apparently a very common s])eciea n])on the American (!row (CorvuH amerieanus). A number of specimens in the llurnett collection. Also collected at Ames, Iowa.

Meuopon fusco-margiiiatus n. sp.

Head with rather deep orbital sinus, a large fuscous patch beneath with bands running h To-cephalad to the orbital sinus and jjosteriorly along the gular margin; prothorax with a mi cer-shaped sternal ](late; abdomen with broad laterfil fuscous margin, head rounded in front with scattering slender hairs, ])aliii reaching to the margin of the head; antenna^ barely visible, the orbital sinus beneath margined with still" hairs and with a dark-brown border; temporal lobes broad, bearing three huig bristles, head beneath with largo brown patch forked in front, the branches extending to th(^ orbital sinus and thence connecting with the brown 8i)ot8 at lateral margin of clypeus; prothorax broad, closely joined to he.ad, posterior margin rounded beneath with an acuminate miter-shaped sternal ])late and dark-brown bands; metathorax enlarging behind, legs strong, marked with brown, the distal portions of femora and tibiae annulate with dark fuscous; abdomen oval, margin broadly fuscous, fuscous bands crossing the disk but uniting into a long brown patch upon the seventh, eighth, and ninth segments; posterior margin of the segments

246

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

m

with a row of short hairs ino.st coiiHpionoiis on tho lateral donso portion. Mali 80inewlititHiiiiiIur to tiio fuiiialM with a brown patch on thu abdouitni, iucluding only thu eighth and iiintli Hej^inciits.

9 Loiigtb, 1. 73 nun; head, 0.32 nun; abdomen, 1.03 mm. Widtli, head, 0.50 nnii; abdomen, ().(i3 mm.

(J Lengtli, 1.41 mm; head, 0.3") mm; abdomen, 0.70 iimi. Width, head, 0.47 mm; abdomen, 0..'>1 mm.

On " Tiinlns minor^'' in Uurnott ooUectioii. This species approaclics tlie Mcuopou iiittrniptnsow.nvi'Hig on the <'Oiinnon crow, but (litters (lis tiiu'tly ill the patch on the under side of tlu' head, sternal i>late, and especially the abdomiual bands, whidi are not interrupted as in that 8i)ecies.

Ancistrona gigas Pia<ret.

Li'S rrdiiiiliiics. Sniijil., 18S5, p. 117, I'l. XII, (!«.«: KcIIokk. Now Miilloplin(;ft. p. l.W.

This species is retjorded by Kellojjg, as (joilected from the Pacific fulmar, Fulmanis yhicialis rothfcmii and {fliq)i,scliaj Bay of Monterey, California. Colpocephalum pustulosum Piag.

Lc» Pr'diciilincs p. O.W, IM. \ 1,VI tij,'. H.

On kingtisher, Cerylc iih-i/on (Burnett collection). Colpocephalum subpachygaster Piagot.

LPS IVidicnliiios, p. 517, I'l. XLII I, fij:. 1!.

On Bubo virginianus (Burnett collection.). Colpocephalum flavesceiis NitzHch.

NitZH<li, (Jeniiar s Miij;., Vol. Ill, p. 208; Lyoiiot, p. 262, PI. Xir,flg.2; Donny, p. 206, PI. XVIII, lij;.'.'; (iicl)cl, p.262 Pi. XUl, tig. 10,iiiiii PI. XIX, flga.3,4,aii(I 7; I'laget, Lrs Pi'dic, p. ,j1.">, Pl.XLlI.ii;:. 10.

A common species on various birds of prey. Collected from swallow- tailed kite, Ames, Iowa. Other authors have cited it from a large number of rapacious birds.

Colpocephalum longicau(3um Piagot.

Lcs Pt'MlifiiliiKv , p. f)34, PI. XLIV, lig.6.

On carrier pigeon (Burnett (!ollection). Also a specimen very similar on Oallus galluH. (Burnett collection).

Colpocephalum ochraceum Nitzsch.

A siiecimen which agrees very closely with this species is credited to Tringa maculata in the Burnett collection.

Colpocephalum assimile Piaget. Lim P<''dii'iiliiies, ji. 544.

Described from specimens taken from Orus americann in zoological garden at Botterdam. Also collected at Ames, Iowa (B. O. collection). Also on whooping crane, Lamar, Colo. (Gillette).

Colpocephalum fuscipes Piaget. I,e» PiMliculiiies, p.567,Pl. XLVlI.

From gull, Larus sj). in the (^assino c(>lle(!tion.

Colpocephalum unciferum Kellogg.

NewMnIloi)liiiga, p. 140. PI. XTI, ligs. l,2,nn(l 3.

On Pelecamis calif ornicus, Monterey, Cal. (Kellogg).

iS.

SUBORDER MALLOPUAGA.

247

180 portion. Mali UMi, iudiiding onl.v

til, liuad, 0.50 mm;

th, head, 0.47 mm;

icies approaclu s , but ditibrs (lis Binal i)lat(', and pted as in tliat

ipa. p. mo.

<»in tlie I^acific ly of Monterey,

niiy, i>. 206, Tl. XVIII. i{;i't, Lis iVdic, ji. ul'i,

(1 from swallow- it from a Iarj>e

len very .similar

58 is credited to

la in zoological I. O. collection).

Colpooephalum unlforme Kollogg.

Now iliillopliiiga, p. 142, 1'l. XII, tl},'. 4.

On American avocet [liovurvirotttra americana), Lawrence, Kans. (Kellogg). Colpooephalum pingue Kellof^g.

Now Mallophaga, p. 144, 1'l. XII, !!«. 5.

On short-tailed albatross {IHomeiUa <(lbatrii.s) (Kellogg). Copocephalum timidum Kullo^'^. Now Mnllophaga, p. 145, PI. XII, (!«. 0.

On golden plover {Charaih-hm dominicKs), Lawrence, Kans. (Kellogg).

Colpooephalum latioeps Kello<rpr. New Mall()i)haj;a, p. 149, 1'l. XII, lig. 8.

On Ardea egretta, Lawrence, Kans. (Kellogg). Colpooephalum funebre Kellogg.

Nt'W Mallupliaga. p. 147.

From Lams glaucescens, Monterey, Oal.

NitzBchia pulicaria Nit/.sch.

NilZDchia hurmeislfii Ufiiny. p. 2,10, PI. XXII, lig. 5. Menopon piilicare (riclicl, p. '.'90.

Aitztcliia ptilicaht Placet, ]>. r)74, PI. XLVIII, fig. 8; O.sborn, Can.,Eut. (rorord); Otiborn, Insect Lift! (period of iiKMibatimi).

Common on chimney swift. Collected at Ames, Iowa.

Laemobothiium atrum Nitzsch.

I'ulex fitlic't; Uodi, Kxp., Table IV, fig. 1.

LouHG of tlio Coot, .Mbiii., Aran., pi. 44.

Lcemdbdthnurii utruiii Nit/.scli, GiTiiiar'.s Mug., Vol. TIT, p. 302.

Ltvmoliolhriuui niijrum IJnrnieirtter, Hnndbucli, Vol. II, ]i. 442.

Lfcmubothrium atrum Dt'un.v, i». 240 ; Giolicl, p. 253, PI. XVIII, flg. 5; Piaget, p. 586.

A specimen of this well-marked species was in a small collection of Mallophagidic sent me for determination from Mr. Ph. Laurent, of Philadelphia.

Also recorded by Kellogg (New ]Mallophaga, p. 155) as collected from the coot, Fidica americana.

Lsemabothrium giganteum Nitzscb.

(1762) PedicuUis eiirci (ieoffrv, Hist, dea Ins., Vol. 11, p. 598, PI. XX, flg. 1,

(1763) Pedieuliis maniiiix Scopoli, Enl. Cam., pp. :i82, 1036. (1781) I'ediculug btiteoni Fabriciii.s: l{iciniix nilttiris Lntrcille.

(1818) Ltemabothrium inimntium Nilzscb, (Jcniiar's ^lag., Vol. Ill, p. 301. Lcemohothrium gigantium liurmeister. Vol. II, 441; Duuiiy, p. 240) Git'bel, p. 250; Piaget, Leg PMic, p. 581.

A specimen of this large species is in my collection, kindly sent to me by Mr. William l>eutenmueller. It was marked from harpy eagle.

Lsemobothrium hastipes Nitzscb. Friscli, Vol. XI, flg 24; Redi, Tab., 13. Pedieulus tinnunci lus Liuii., Syst. Nat., II, 1018. Nirmus lianticfpn Olfors, p. 87.

Lcemohothrium hatticips Nitzsch, Gennar'a Mag., Vol. Ill, p. 302; Burmeister, Vol. II, p. 442; Denny, p. 240 ; Ginbel, p.254; Piaget, p. 582.

Piaget questions the separation of this species from giganteum. Spec- imens kindly presented to me by Dr. Merriam agree well with the descriptions, and dift'er sufficiently from the giganteum in my collection so that it seems proper to indicate the form, at least.

248

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Laemobothrium similis Kellogg.

Now .Miillopliiitfu, I*. 1&3, PI XIV, Qg» 1 and 2.

On CohjmhuH nUjrivoUis valij'oruiounj Lawrence, Kans. (Kellogg).

Triiioton luridum Nitzs<>li.

FiKiircil ( ') Hfih IM. X (vido Pingct)! Albin., Arnn., pi. 48.

Triiiutiin luridum }i\V/,Hr\\ (iirmiir's M«){. Vol. lII.p.llOO; Slti])lion'n C!at., Vul.II, p, 334; Uiii

moistor, Uuiidbuch Vol II p. 441, Duuuy, p. 234, I'l. XXII, ll({.'.'; Gi.ibel, p. 258, ri.XVIU

flK-7. ( 1) Ttiiiiiton grneile Oriilio MiildondortrH Koisn, p. 404.

(0 Tiinotoii cniitinircatumrtniM Vol. VIII p.438; I'l. IV, (Id. 1.1; I'l.TI.flK.O. TriiKitnn luridiiiii I'iBiiet, |> ;')81 I'l XLIV, ll«. 3; OhIioiii, Hull. 7, I)iv. Kiit., l)«pt. Ajir.

This is a very coininon species on various kinds of ducks. 1 have met with it a number of times myself, and have noted it in rollections of the National Miiseuni, t lie Cassino collection, from the Meryiis nerrator, Bruner collection, KeUogg collection, ct<;.

Kellogg records it from Sp((tHl<( cli/peata, Mcrf/atificr serrator, Anaacaro-

Hiieiinis, l>ajila acuta, Anas bosvhas, and Anas amcricana (Lawrence,

Kans.), and ErinmatHra rubida (Monterey, Cal.).

Trinoton lituratiim Nit/Hch.

Germiir'H .Mas.. Km. 181 H. Vol. HI, p. 300; Hiiriin>istor Ilandlmrh, Vol. If, p. 441; Oiobnl. Inapcta Kplz., 1874. p. '.'.■><»; I'i;ii:i!t. Les I'udlc, 1880, p. .W', OMimrn, Hull. 7, Div. Kiit , I)«pt. Agr., p..')2. TrinotiiH sii\nilii}iim Deuuy, Alouog. Auup. lirit.. 1842, p. 235, I'l, X^III. ilg. 3; (liobel, Iiisocta Epi/,.. 1874, p. 2,11).

A specimen in the Cassino collection referred to this si)ecies is cred- ited to the blue-winged teal. It has generally been credited to the goose. Kellogg records it from JJaJila acuta and Merganser serrator, Lawrence, Kans.

Trinoton minor, n. sp.

Light brown, with f'nscons markings, mncb smallor than other nioinbers of tbo genus. Head snbtriangular, with obtuse clypoiis iind temporal h)be8 rounded in front; autennal pits covered by rounded swelling; eyes divided, prominent; head below the eyes heavily fringed with short hairs; toiiiporal lobes with four long bristles, a bhickisli pateli in front of the orbital swelling, and a reddish-ltrown patch just within and behind the eyes; oeeipnt with a blackish margin and two diffuse brownish bands running forward to join the blackish patches in front; pro- thorax with lateral angles produced anteriorly, narrowed behind, a fuscous submar- ginal band laterally ; mesotliorax short, with an angular process in front ; metathorax longer, margin curved; legs lobu.st: coxa' large; tarsal pallettes fully developed; first and third pairs of legs wanting in specimen; abdomen rather narrow, tai)ering posteriorly; lateral angles set with long bristles; eighth segment set at posterior margin with two bristles at each side, which are longer and stronger than the others.

Length, 2.67 mm. ; head, 0.59 mm, ; thorax, O.'Jl mm. ; abdomen, 1.14 mm. Width, 0,84 nun. ; abdomen, 0.87 mm.

Described from a single specimen in the Burnett collection, No. 102.

" Butter-bill coot," ( Oidemia).

Pbysostomum frenatum Nitzsch.

Burineister, Handb4iidi, Vol. II, p. 442; Giebel, p. 25(1, PI. XVITT, fig. 6; Plaget, p. COO.

From golden-crowned kinglet, Laurent collection. Very similar forms from Passerella iliaca Cassino collection, and Fipilo erytroph- thalmus, from Dr. Merriam.

Physotomutn lineatum n. sp.

Light brown nnicolorous, except for brown lino parallel to sides of thorax and abdomen. Small for the genus.

Head subconic, sides very slightly concave, front rounded with a few very short

iS.

Bill ?. rnw STifs, D'V of Entpmnli'gy U S Dipt o' Agncuitii

Plate

I. (Kellogg).

It., Vol. II, p, 334; r.nr sbol, p.-JSa, ri. XVIII

It., Dt'pl. Afjr.

(lucks. I have ill collections of MeryuH nerratot\

rntor,Ana8caro- ■ana (Lawreuce,

p. 441 ; Oiclipl, Insccta

. Kilt , Di'pt. Agr., p. .la.

tig. 3; (iiobol, luaorta

species is cred- credited to the i'ganser serrator,

icr nionibers of tho 1 lobes rotauletl in il, ])r<>niinout; liotid H'M with four long a reddish-brown 4h margin nud two telies in iront; pro- , a fuscons snbmar- 1 front; metathorax B8 fully developed; er narrow, ta])ering ent set at posterior ger than the others. , 1.14 mm. Width,

lection, No. 102.

PlngPt, p. 006.

Very similar Fipilo erytro2)h-

iulea of thorax and th a few very short

Species of Mallophaga.

Fipnii'Ort.iWcHiK.s cordriiiin ii. sp.; b, Niniiiis )ii(iiyiii<ihis ii. .sp.; c, yinmiD ahriipfu.i n. sp.; f^ Xininia panilliliin n. sp. ; <■ fciimli', / iimlc. Lifi'iinis iiifiisnttnn n. sp.; f/. r.iiM'unin .iiiliaiiiiustirciiK DiMiiiy; /I, Mvniinini inli'i-i 1(1)1 IIS ii. sp.; /. l>oii>iilwnis tvatudinarius Denny; J, MenopoH'e.nntnsum u. sp. (From pliotOKrnpbs Dy the author.)

hnJr Biiiii wi<h \.i form and (ill

I) bin loiii

I in t Qyx

S act Oyr

C

BUHOHDER MALLOPIIAfJA.

24b'

hairs, pallettofi Btnall, bonoath with a <'<>ntral clt'TutPil rhlw! iMmti»rii>r c(l)je iibovo HinuoUH, <liHtiii(;tly coiiciivi) tttirh Hide of occiput, liiltiiil aii^leH jirodiictiil; prothorax wideniiiK a littlu Itchiiul, p<mt»rior luaigin conciivo.

l.flgH rather l<>nK< himl oiii^s reacliitiK ixiirly to viiil of uIxIoiiumi ; alxloiiii'U ol' iihiihI form for ((ciiiih, Ni<lt<8 aliKlitly areiiatc Uiit nearly iiarallcl, of tlio Haiiii> color uh lirad ainl thorax. A very narrow brown line ]iarallcl to Hiduit ol thorax anil iilidonien (in lino of Hpirachm).

Described troiii three speciiiU'iis tVoin the ruhy-throattMl liuiiitniiij^ bm\ {Tntrhi I UH cohihriH Linn.) in Cornell University eolleetion. kindly loaned by Prof. .1. II. Conistoek.

It is quite (lifl'erent from auy other species of the genns known to me in the nniform color. OyropuB ovaliB Nit/.sch.

Qyroinii ovdliii }iit/Mv\i, (ici'iiinrM Miii;., \'iil. Ill,]), :i<)4; liuririi'iNtor, Iliinilliucli. Vol II. p. 443; Denny, {i. 24r>. I'l. XXIV, lU;. I ; (ili'liil. Kplz.; IMiikiI. ]>■ •'*») I'l. I,, li^. Ti: OHliorn. Hull. 7, niv. Ent., Di'pt. Aur.

Specimens received from Dr. A. Ilivssull, of lisiitiinore. Evidently

a common parasite of the (luinea pi^, its only host.

OyropuB gracilis Nitzscli.

reiliculiu jioredli Schiank, Ins. Aii.st., ji. 'ino, I'l. I, tl«. 1.

Gyruput ijranliH Xitzscli, (ii'imiir H Majj , Vol. HI, p. ;iii4; nnrmolnfor. Vol. II, p. 443; Honny, p. •J4ti, \'\ XXIV, lln. •-"; I'iiiKcl, p. fill, I'l. 1., 11k. (1; OhIioiii, Hull. 7, I»lv. Knl.. Di^pl. A^r.

Common, aloiifj with precediny, upon the (Jniiiea pig. Numerous specimens collected by Dr. llassall, IJaltimore, Md.

not man inse tica inch W men will toiy cout

Tl

mse(

sepa

and

eigli

are

tim€

bitii

usni

skill

tiou

Ii

spe* si tit anc A irfi por an Val

CnAPTEli VT.

ARACHNIDA.

While ill tlie inoro restricted Heiise the iiniinals of this division are not insects, they are coninionly hxiked upon in that light, and since many of the parasitic forms have habits similar to those of the tnie insects, and can in many instances be treated by very similar or iden- tical measures, often at the same time, there is the best of reason for including a «liscussion of them in a work having the scope of this jiaper.

While the group as a whole inchides the spiders, scorpions, harvest men, etc., the parasitic forms are included m the order Acarina, and it will be unnecessary to enlarge on what has been said in the introduc- tory chapter relative to the characteristics of the group as a whole, but confine what is said to the order Acarina.

Onlor ACARINA.

»

These are commonly known as mites, ticks, scan insects, mange inse(!ts, etc., and are in general distinguished by having no prominent separation between the difl'erent regions of the body, the head, thorax, and abdomen, forming one closely connected structure. They have eight legs, except in the early stages, when there are but six; the eyes are often small or obsolete, the si)iracle8 reduced to one pair, some- times apparently wanting; the mouth parts are fitted for piercing, biting, or in some cases for combined biting and suction, there being usually a pair of slender, sharp mandibles capable of penetrating the skin of the host animals. Much variation of habit exists, and ranges from free forms to strictly parasitic iorms.

Harvest Mites; Chiggebs.

In the ramily Trombidiida', which includes normally ]dant-feeding species, we find a few species which have adopted a jdiase of para- sitism which, though apparently abnormal, results in extreme annoy- ance to the animals afi'ected.

Apparently the most abundant species in this country is the Leptus irrifanx of Uiley, which is illustrated herewith. Tliis occurs in a large portion of the United States and occasions during the summer months an emu'mous amount of suffering. It ranges north in the Mississippi Valley iuto central Iowa, at least, appearing there by the latter part of

251

252

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

June or fore part of .hily, but becoming especially annoying dnritm August. In the latitude of Washington it is very abundant early m June, and farther south its season extends till, v' southern Mexi(<), what is apparently the same species is abundant and equally annoyiiii>- in January.

The form in which this pest is <>1 iv(m1 is invariably the larval or sixleggcd form. It is nearly circular in oiMiiie, the legs extending well bcyon<l the margins of the body, of a bright red color, and so minute that it is only with the closest scrutiny that it can be detected.

It is brushed from tlie leaves of various plants on to the hands or clothing of people and to the bodies of other animals, and the mito then proceeds to burrow into the skin, notwithstanding the fact that, so far as all evidence shows, this i)roceeding is absolutely fatal to it and prevents any possibility of its maturnig or producing eggs.

at th

(XpO!

wate parts

In alcoh

\V Ibun* ccnte nary allow an 1

ti^

Fig. i5l. —Iji'ptiiii imtiiiDi ti) tlio right, anil aiiniicaiin to tli«> Irl't (from Kilcy)

Just who' form this creature <levelops into if unmolested and allowed to pursue the even tenor of its w.'iy upon a vegetarian tliet seems never to have been determined. It is assumed, however, that it changes into one of the species of Trombidium.

A related form, L. amcricana, is figured also by Riley.

In Europe a similar pest, known as fjeptim aiituinnnliH, is said to bo a great annoyance to man and domestic animals, especially dogs and chickens.

REMEDIES.

There is great difference in the susceptibility shown by different per- sons to the attacks of this mite, some not seeming to be affected seri ously by them, while others must submit to extreme torture every time they happen to become attacked by them, even if but lew in number.

As the mites are invariably secured by working among raspberries, currants, or other shrubbery which harbors them, or by walking in grass or low herbage where they occur, sometimes even by sitting or lying for a short time upon grass or clover, it is evident that the best precaution for susceptible persons is to avoid all .such exposure. Where such avoidance is impracticable, the clothing may be made to fit closely

ARACHNIDA.

253

at the wrists and ankles, and then as soon as possible after having been ('XI)osed to the mites make an entire change of ch)thnig, bathe in hot water, and if any indications of mites are present wash the attected parts with diluted carbolic acid, one part acid to 50 or 100 parts water.

In the Tropics nun or whisky is recommended as a wash, and diluted alcohol can be used with good results.

With a little pains it is possible to locate the mites, as they may be lounjl before they have iioiupletely buried themselves in the skin in the center of the little red swelling that haa been raised by their prelimi- nary irritation, and if they are removed at this stage instead of being allowed to bury themselves in the skin the subse«iuent mtlammatiou an 1 itching will be largely prevented.

Family GAM AST!) .1^1

The family Gainasidie contains a largo number of small mitea, most of them being free, or semiparasitic in habit.

A large number occur as parasites on various species of insects, but the two i.peciAs to be mentioned here occur on birds and are some- times very troublesome.

TiiK r.iKi) Tick.

(PermniijiHsiiH nriiini Dwg.)

This is a very familiar form t(> keepers of cage birds, and is known in many i)laces as the red mite, it occurs on a gieat variety of birds, and has sometimes been considered to embrace the chicken tick, men- tion of which follows, but that is now generally conceded to rei)iesent a distinct form. The mites are easily seen with the naked eye and appear as animated red specks running over the bodies of birds, or on the perches, bars of cages, etc. The eggs -ire laid in cra<;ks or corners of the cage, where may be found also the molted skins and often nnmerons young and old mites.

The attacks on tlu^ birds are made, jn'obably, for the most part at night, but the mites are usually well lilled with blood, which gives theui their red c(>l<)r.

The use of perishes that are solid, smooth, and free from cracks, and the freciuent dip])ing of these in hot water, and the thorough cleansing of the entire cage, using boiling water if there are inaccessible cracks, will serve to destroy the pests.

The Poultry Tick.

(DeminnyssKS fjallina' DoGeer.)

One of the most persisteiit and injurious of the pests of the hennery is the little chicken mite, which gathers o\\ the fowls, especially at night, and sut^ks their blood. It is a well-known form, and has been

254

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

m'

described for many years, thongh in many works it is confused witli the i)receding siieties or considered simply a variety of tliat form, lis distribution seems to extend pretty generally over the world wheir domestic fowls are kei»t.

The full-grown mites are about 1 mm. lonj;, of a liffht sray or whitisli color, with daik patches showing through the skin, but when full ted have a distinct red color. They swarm in cracks and corners of the henhouse, and often, when numereus, over all surrounding objects, and at such time are liable to become a great pest to man and such other animals as they may get access to.

It is possible that the presence of fllth mny favor their increase, as it would seem possible for them to use fluid matter as food aside from

Tia, 152,— Dermanyesua ijallince : o, adult; 6, tar.siiH; c, mouth-iMirta ; </ aud c, yuuug— all uulurged

(original).

the blood of their ordinary hosts. A writer in the Poultry World, evi- dently a practical poultry keeper, says:

The mites will breed in the droppings. Rotten nest eggs arc good sources. TLcy swarm in nivriads where an egg has been broken in the nest. Tue heat from the body of the hon or, the nest hatches them by the millioiiH. Kvery crack and crevice contains them. They come out ou the roost at night, like bed-bugs, and prey on the birds.

The dust bath is considered of use in checking this pest, but wh^rc there is a general infestation, 1 believe the best plan will be found to clear the house, then spray well with kerosene or kerosene emulsion, taking pains to reach the cracks; thoroughly drench the roosts with hot water or kerosene, benzine, or gasoline, whitewash the house, or dust with cai belated lime, and then daub the ends of the roosts, where they come in contact with aupjtorts, with coal tar, so the mites will have to cross it to reach the fowls.

ILS.

is confused witli

)f that form. Its

the world wher(

it srayorwliifisli but when full t'vA id corners of the ding objects, and and such other

heir increase, as s food aside from

youug— all oulargod

Itry World, evi-

r>t\ soiircoB. They Tiie beat from tlie cmck aiul crevice ;8, aud prey on tlie

lest, but wliwre i^ill be found to isene emulsion, ;he roosts with I the house, or e roosts, where the mites will

Bui, 5, now series, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

ARGASIN/C.

Fio. y -Ripirhoprhim spinomini. <lorsal view ; Irr, vfiitral view ; 1?)-!/. details of sniiio. Fid. 'i. — (iriii/lioili>ni.i iiiiierirKiiii.i, ddi'snl view ; s.V(, vi'iitral view ; •Mi-'ii (U'tiiils of same. Kui a— l)r/<(.s nmfr/VrfjiK.s, dorsal view: Hn, ventral view ; ;^^, side view of ventral portion; 3c, larva, dorsal view ; M, larva, veutral view ; 3i'-3fc, details of same-all lii(,'ldy magnified (.from Marx).

Plate II

ARACHNIDA.

F.iiuilv 1X< )I>I1)/K.

255

Fiff.3

IMC.

liiine.

il iiortioii ; 3i', larva,

U'l'oin 3Iarx).

This family includes the ticks ]m)i)er, and tin; species are some of fheni larjiB, and esj)ecialiy when gorj;ed witli blood, and the females with oygs are quite bulky. !n sonu^ cases they reach a lenj-th of nearly half an inch. The common dog ticks will serve as a good illustration of the -;rOHl>.

They are onlj' semiparasitic, most species attaining some growth l)efore attaching themselves to animals, and in many cases they move to and from their hosts at will.

The .species of Argas, formerly included with the Gamasids, are now included in this group as a subfamily.

KXl'LANATIOX OF I'LATE III.

V\^. 1. RhynchopriiuH Hpiiiosiim, dorsal view, la. Ventral view.

\h. Young, ciipitnlnni not redrawn. Ic. Full sucked iiidividiiiil,ciipitulum projected. Capituluui, dorsal view. Maxillii'. Mandibles. Stigma. Front foot.

Fig. '2d	. Cai>ituluni, dorsal view.
2e.	Maxillif.
2/. Stigma.
2j/.	Female sexual orifice.
2h.	Front foot.
2i.	Mailer's organ of hearing.
Fig. -A.	Argas americaniis, dorsal view
3a.	N'eutral view.
3b.	Side view of anterior portion.
3c.	Larva, dorsal view.
3d.	Larva, ventral view.
He.	Capituliim, ventral view.
3/.	Mandibles.
3g.	Maxilla;.
3h.	Stigma.
3*.	Front foot.
3k.	Haller's organ.

Id. le. 1/. i'J-

n.

li. Haller's organ of hearing. Fig. 2. Ornithodoriis americanus, dorsal view.

2a. Ventral view.

2h. Side view of anterior iiortion.

2c. Position of capitulum in full- sucked individual.

The Eak Mite.

{Sejus auria Leidy.)

In 1S72 Dr. Leidy, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, described a nnte from the ear of an ox, which he referred to the genus Gamasus, but Murray considers it a Sejus. It is evidently not ;i common form, as I find no further menti(m of it in American litera- ture and nothing to indicate an injurious attack from it.

The Pigeon Tick.

{Argas refleiua Fab.)

This is a common species in both the Old ana New World, and occurs principally in the more southern latitudes, but in Europe extends

256

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

north into Germany and Enyiand. In the United States it ia common, I believe, as far north as St. Louis.

It is found mainly in itij>eon houses and sucks blood for nourish ment, but it is capable of living an alnu)st incredible length of time witlumt food, instances being on record when; it has been kept in con finement without food for two years, (luring which time the molts recur at frequent intervals.

The body is pvojected in front far in advance of the head, the color is a deer> gray, the form ovate, and the length about one-eighth of an inc

A itei pecies, Argan persicvfi, is said to be a pest in houses in Persia, and An > • monhaia \\\ Angola, and Ahjus Udaje in Guatemala, are equally annoying m their respective habitats.

The American Ae<}AS.

(JryaK amcricanux Pack.)

This species was described by Packard in the Report of the Geolog ical Survey of the Territories for JS72 (p. 740), but rather oddly both Murray and liailliet credit it to Kiley. Kailliet, however, cites Hope as authority for its reference to rnMatns,

It is reported by Ur. Francis as destructive to chickens in parts of Texas, and in the original description it is said to have been collected with the cattle tick from cattle.

Paitkard's description reads:

Body very Hat .and thin, oval, with the liead and month parts concealed by the overrea(bin<j[ dorsal ])ortion of the body, which is lient upward aroiintl the marfjin, though the edge is not revoluto. Uody above covered witli very nunu-rous little round pits, large in the nii'.dle and becoming smaller on the edge. There are two large, conspituons pits on the middle of the anterior third of the body, just in front of the middle transverse curved row of six smaller i)its, three on each side. Behind are six proniin<!nt jiits, three on each side. t)n posterior thinl of the body are rows of these punctures radiating outward. The edge of the body is roughly granulated. Margin of the body beneat'i j)itted as above. Smooth between the legs and on the head. I'alpi long jukI slender when stretched out, not reaching the edge of the body. Legs large and stout, hind pair Just reaching edge of body. Claws long and curved, as usual.

Length, 0.2(5 inch; breadth, 0.15 inch.

Shown in PI. Ill, fig. .'J, drawn by Dr. Marx, the figure, however, not indicating the radiation of the pits on the posterior part of dorsal surface described and figured by Packard, and which gives the name radiatUH.

Two related species, t'e Rhj/nehoprinm sphiosnm Marx, from Texas, and the Ornifhodorns americanus are illustrated in PI. Ill by the lamented Ur. George Marx.

LS.

lies it ia common,

lood for nourish le length of time jeon kept in con e the molts recur

e head, the color one-eighth of an

pest in houses in ye in Guatemala,

257

rt of the Geolog ather oddly both j^er, cites Hope as

3kens in parts of v& been collected

■8 concealed by the troijiid the marjjtin, Hiy nuituTons little l^e. There are two body, just iu front each Hide. liehiud f the body are rows oiifjhly graimlatod. the le^H and on the le cdf^e of the body. V8 long and curved,

ire, however, not • part of dorsal gives the name

irx, from Texas, PL 111 by the

AltACHNIDA.

Tkk Catj'le Tick.

({{oophlliiH hoi'in Hiley.)'

This ia without question tlu; most important of the Ainoriciin speciies of ticks and has a doubh' iuiportaruni since it has been detcnnincd that it serves as a carrier of tiie destructive Texas fever of (tattle.

It was dcs(rribe<l in l.S«)*.) by Prof. C. V. Kiley ' and ti<;urcs extensively in discussions of cattle pests since. Dr. Cooper Curtice Iwilds that the Alf^erian tick, described by Me^i'uin as LmtUs tluijiiiii, is identical with the Ainericiui form, with tlie ])robabdity tliat it was introduced into America on imported cattle.

The elaborate report on this species by Dr. Curt' .v' will serve as a basis for a sununary of the essential facts re^jtardin;. tli> ■(pccies, while the nunu'rons experiments of Dr. M. rrancis,'of tl i Texa.. Experiment Station, lurnish the most valuable guide in treatment.

The species is distributed certainly tliiough all of the wavmer por- tions of the United States and (juite «'ertaiidy i.i Mexico, Central Anu'rica, Scmth AnuM'icii, and Cuba, while, if ti 'i specu's occurring in northern Africa is identical, it would extend its range tlinmgli Egypt, Algeria, and i>robably all northern Afrii^a and some of the southern- most parts of Europe.

Professor iJiley's (U'iginal description and remarks are as follows:

A i'»!ddi.sli, coriiict'oiis, tlattfiicd sjn'cics, with tln' liody oblong-oval, contracted. just beliind tht^ middle, iiinl witli two longitudinal iniiirensions aliove tliis contraction and tbrt'c below it, more especially visible in tlio (Iried sjiecimen. Head short and broa<l, not sj>ined beliiii<l. witli twodeeji, round ))it8. rali)i and beak together unus- ually short, tlic])alpi liciiig slender. Labium short and broad, densely s|iined beneath. Mandibles smooth above, with terminal hooks. Tlioracic shield distinct, onc-tliird longer than wide, smooth and polished; eoinex with the lyrate medial convexity very distinct. Legs long and slender, pale testaceous red; coxa- not spined.

Length of body, 0.15 of an inch; width, 009 of an inch.

Missouri collection, ('. V. Kiley.

"This is the cattle tick of the ^Vestern States. Several hundre<l spec- imens in diti'erent stages of growth have also been receive«l from Pul- von, west coast of l^icaragna, taken from the horned cattle, and on a species of Dasyproctti by Mr. J. McNeil. They preserve the elongated tlattened form, with the body contracted behind the middle, by which this species may be easily identified. The largest specimens measure

'If Curtice is correct in connecting this witli the African form iiihI Itailliet in referrinn it to Jiliipi ci'jilialus naiujuinevn Liitr.. the svnoiioiiiy be<'oiiics quite coniiilicnted, esiiccially if Curtice's sti.spicion tliat tlie rotea of Kn<'li and the aitniilatux of Sny also come liere. The whole synonomy would run Konietliiiig as follows; Ixmleii naiiijiiineiiii Latr. (IHOti) ; Jxodi's amiiilatnii Say (1820) ; Ixodes phimhevs Du^es (1834) ; /jot^c* (fwr/csi'i (Jervais (1844) : Ihniiaphysalit ri'ura Koch (1844); Hhipicephahi* sangui- tieus and Hicxdax Koch (1847) ; Ixodes bovis Hilcy (IStiU) ; Jxodis duyesii ^6giiin (18 j9) ; Jioophilus hovU Curtice (1890); Uhipicephalus languineua Railliet (1895).

'Government Report upon the Diseases of Cuttle by Gamgce (1869).

^Bulletin 24, Texas Experiment Station.

4653— No. 5 17

i: i

m

2'yS

INSECTS AKFECTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

0.50 by (>.;{o of ail inch. Wlicii pormMl with hlnod tliey are nearly ns tliic^k tliroiifjli as tlicy are broad. In tlie freshly hatched hexapod(>ii> youiij;', and the youiif"' in the next sta;;o of jxrowth, tlie thoracic shielil is one-third tlie size of tiie whole body, \vhi<'h is pale yellowish, witli very distim-.t creniilations on the hinder edye. The fourth pair of le<>s are added apparently at the first molt. It is called ';;ar apata' by the inhabitants of Nicaragua."

Cnrtice <;ivea the life history in considerable detail, and the follow- ing" extracts will show the essential jioints:

On OctolxT 10 I placiMl MHiH' ut" tbi'HO eg^'* (''!• ^ > ''K- •"•> ••' -^ Biiiull, ^lasB-covere<l «lisli lillcd with (l.'iiiip 1111)1(1 and set it aside in tli(< iiicnliat iii^' nioiii ol' tlin lalioriitoiy. On Ndvenilier 1 tho y<tiin>; ticks ( I'l. \', lijj;. (I) had hoyuii to cnii'ij;!', and by N(tveiiili(.'r l.'i th«! liatclilii); was coni])1ctod, fiirh t'^jj; hiiviii<r jii-odiict'd a yoiiiig- tick.

At this time tlic ticks wcio takiMi to the ttiireaii cx]icrinii>iital fiiriii and put i>n n ralfwLich w as coiilmcd in a sialile, whose tciiipcratiiro was niiiintainod at siiniiiicr lit'iit througbdiit the cxpcriiiMiit. A call witli iv white alidonien was selected, tlirowii on its backus])! iiikled with ticks directly on its tine, silky hairs, and time allowed lor them to crawl into tin' skin. In this i^roccodinu tlie certainty of the young ticks arriving at the most suitable snrroiiiidings was nsHiired.

It is well to state here that the iiareiita of these yonny ticks were the last seen at the station on any of the cattle, and tliat the room of experimtiiit and the calf were <|nit(( free from ticks before the exjieriinent began. The following table will serve to illustrate the se(|iieiice of events in the experiment and present it in rough but compact form :

I)utl^

Stiii;t> Mlc\|)i riiiirnt.

Tinir coimunioil In vnrionn stncPs.

Oct . ;i Kirir l.iyiiii.' liejnn

(»cl. ill K^;; layiim lini^lml | Ovipositing 1 wpck,

Nov. 4 TicUs iippi- iumI j IlHtrliiii;; it diid 4 wcclis

Nov. l,"i lii'iiniig III), nil .... ! fiiiu'ct .■«siii\ inlcrvnl nl l week.

XiPV. "J'J I Kirst iiiiill, larvii til iiyiiipli bai vnl stiiye lastcil 1 wock.

\i)v. "Jii Srciinil limit, iiyiiipii 111 iiiliill l.iiMlidl wi-cU.

IUh'. 11 Friiiali' hah" i;i<>"ii with male A:ii)iil 'i weiks later.

Dec. in I'Api'riliiiiit rlii'-rtl .\ limit I wick

Kxpciiiiunt eiiiliiri'U • \ I unit 'J.J iimiitlis.

The egi^s were laid in a little mass, were siibovoid, dark brown and oiiaqiie, and coated with some protective substance. In alcohol they show a thin, shell-like cov- ering, with a dark, opai|iie ni:i.'~s within. In the latter stages of incnbation the form of the young ticks beraiiie more and more a])|iaient until they emerged. The exit from the shell Hcemed to be by the sliell ruptiiriiig and the inqirisoned occupant thrusting it otf with its feet. The torn edges al'terwariisrolled inward and jnodnced the apju'arance oi'clam shells, so rre(|iiently meiitioiied in wriliiius on this subject.

The larva is six-footed, ])08sesses no sexual organs, ;ind wants the large, single stiiiinata found in later stages.

The next or nym]ilial stage, as seen through the skin of the larva, has added a jiair of limbs behind the others and a pair of large stigmata behind them. The additional legs lie along the sides in a loop w ith its convexity directed candally. The rontents of the three front i>airs of li'gs litive withdrawn until only their white tips remain in the testa itbout to be inolttMl.

The ditference between the ticks destined to become either male or female during their final nndt is ns-t marked. The tiverage of the males is smaller, but a small female may not be an.\ larger than an ordiiniry male. In each the nnnitli ring and month jiarts, the shield-like headpiece, the breathing jtores, the limbs, aijd the body are tilike.

After they emerge, however, the nniles (PI. IV, tigs. 1 to 3) can be quickly chosen

L,8.

vy any iioarly :i^ lu'd hexai)o(lmi> '' tlioraric shield yellowish, wifii nth pair of Ic^^s ar apatii' I)y tin-

, ami tilt' foUow

iiniil], fjliiss-covered II ol tli« laliortitory. 1', and by Noveiiilior ij;' tick.

I'anii and put on a ntained at Ninnni)-i' iiH solc'cti'd, tliiown nd tinio allowid tor 111" the \onnj» tiiks

ere tin- last seen at t and tlio calf were iij; tabic will serve nt It in roiijfh but

It'll in viirloim ntii

wock.

Ill 4 WCfliM

inliTviU 111 I week, lusted 1 woi'lv.

k.

(,s hitrr.

ItllH

and (i|ia(ino, and liii. sln'11-like cov- ■ul>atii>n the form iicigeil. 'I'lie exit iiisoned (X'ciiiiant i iird and ]>ri)dnced

on this subject.

the larj^e, siiif^lo

has added a )>air

Tlie additional

l.\'. The i<»ntcii)s

bite tips remain

or female during iller, but ii small

month ring and lbs, aijd tbo body

Bui. 5, ri'w soriea, Div. of Entomology, U S Dcpt. of Agriculture.

PLATE IV.

The Cattle Tick (ffoo/i/u/Ks hm-ix Riiev.)

1, Mftle, seen from nimve: ^', K't'innle. seen from above; 3, JIale, seen from below; 4, Female, seen from below; .">. Claw ami pnlvillus; 11, Lower surface of first, secoml, and third segment of leg; 7, Spiracle or peritreuie. (.From Curtice, Bui. ^4, lex. Ag. Ex. Sta.)

e <iuickly chosen

Bui

r

<

3,

n,

V.

C

Bui. S. now Mtios, Di». of Entomology, U S. Dept of A^'iculturn

Pirate V.

The Cattle Tick (/;<(()yi/<Wi(.s/)«r/.s'Kiii"y.t

1 Front foot, showiiiL' sintilf sour: In, Shiu'osimI s.misc crtfiiim: «'. Hind foot. sliowiiiK'loiilili>si>ur: :[ Il"ul of tvIIiHle; I. la, 41>. l.-. Ke.naU- ticks, natunil si/,., sb..w.i at .liir.T-nt stap;s ot .v.linK; .'i' Euk: ti, YouiiL'tiok: 7. Dorsal surfan- of tlm mouth |. arts of feiual.' a. niandiblo. 1), l|>iii-iim. c-'. palpus .1, mouth riuK. e, sj.ots covi-r.'cl with papilla-: .s J.ul.mm and luandihU's; Ha, 1/'I'|I ' ..iilmrfd: !l, .Mandihl.- X-Husic's ovRan, use unkuown; 10, Mouth parts ot yoimg tick. Urom Curticv, Hul. -,'4, Tt-x. Ag. K.\. Sta.)

ARACHNIDA.

259

l>y their smaller size, by the ahseutie of a well-defiued head shiehl, hy the extension of the shiehl over the whole hack, aud by the two ])air.s of chitinous phites situated on the abdomen behind and on eacli side of the auns.

Throughont life the male enlarj^es but little. Ho betomes a little broader, hmjicr, .ind thickPT, but not markedly so. The female, on the contrary, grows to a conipar- ativelj' inmicnse size (I'l. \', tigs. 4, •!«, 4h, Ac), swelling day by day, her body becom- ing so rotund and replete with the food drawn from her host that she can scarcely l)e recognized as of the same species as the males. While her body has inflated, how- ever, her head, her legs, and breathing jiorcs have not undergone any changes. These remain exactly of the same size as in the beginning, and, with the exception of the head shield, arc '>ut little dill'erent from those of the male. The disparity in size between th<j legs and the body of the fully-gorged female is so marked that the legs aud head apjiear even smaller than at first. The comparatively small size of the male has caused it to be overlooked or, if found, caused it to be classed among the young of this sjTCcies.

After molting, the young fenuile again attiichesherself to her host and seems rarely to change her positiou. AVhileshe may be able to do so at lirst with ease, she l)ec()mes so heavy and logy later on that any < hange would cause her to fall to the ground should she loosen her hold with her beak. The males, however, remain small and light, and it is not impossible I'or them to change their position, and iio (loul)t do so. After molting, they hunt for mates through the dense growth of cattle hairs and, linding them, attach to their host so that they enu <'onveiiiently embrace them belly to belly and bring their external genitals in apposition.

When fully gorged, when the organs of geneiaticui are fully prejjared, and either the eggs within fertilized or a suHieient (luantity of senu'ti stored in the re<'eptac]e for tlieir i'ertilization, the female (I'l. IV, fig. 4/)) loosens her bold on her host and lulls to the ground. She must do tins to lay her eggs, (.'riiwling otV to some dark corner, her work soon l)pgius. Any delay seems to me to Ix? caused by the tick not being prepared to undergo the iinal act at the time of reuio\al from the cow. The lemale nuiy, if detached, lay eggs any tinu; after it is half grown, (PI. V, fig. Ir'. ) Most ticks under my observation ha\e waited ii day or two before commencing ovipositing, and scmie e.en nwre. While the tick prefers to act in (juiet, she will, if retarded long enough, show her secret method under almost any dillieulties.

1 must now draw attention to an (Ugan which, though accessory, jilays an impor- tant role in ovijiositing. I'etween the nu)Uth ring and the head shield is u sjiace which beeonu's very marked in the f'e( '.md tick. At this jioint o))en uliinds, wliich are paired, riicemose, and situated Just under and within the head shield, Unring the last dnys of tiie grow f h of tli<' ticks these glands lieconie distended w itli a viscous fluid substance with whiili tlie eugs are to be co;ited for |iroteclion.

The lirst visible act in ovipositing is the witlnirawal of the moutii ring and .•i])iienil- ages ajiparenfly into tlie body, fliereli.v le.'uini;' a (le|M('s>ion (ir]pn<'ket, ,\t the same time the ovijiositer ])rotru(U's towartl the Imlging skin at the lunk of the month ring until they touch. The head is now entirely eoneealec!, As soon ms the ovipos- itor touches the o]>iM)sinL, or;;an at the slit whirh appears in ils middle, an egg jiasses from it and is inunediately siii ronmltd liy the coating sac. 'I'his passage of the egg is diflicnlt to detect, Imt if the jiassage is interfered with <'iin he nnide out altera time. The ovipositor then withdiaws, the iinMith ]iarts a])]uar, and the egg is pushe(l from its coating sac, which recedes from around it. As the mouth jiarts are commonly known as the head, it ap^icars as though th(> femah ]iasse<l the eggs over her head and laid theui from her neck, A eiuious affair, surely.

Th(! object of coafing fl..' egg has been clearly (lemonstrate<l by liertkau, who found that eggs laid after destroying the coating s;i(^ and preventing the eggs I)eing covered dried up and would not hatch, while others newly laid by tins same female and coated hatched iTi di. , time. Kgg a<fer egg does the little creature lay, her ])ile growing constantly largei while her body constantly contracts, until in about a week little is left but a yellowisii, dried-up, shriveled skin, whence all life has dejmrted.

¥^

260

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

RELATION OF TICKS TO TEXAS FEVER.

That ticks have a rehitiou to Texas fever was held many years ajjo by people acquainted with Southern cattle, but no valid reason lor such belief could be a<lduced, and the idea was looked upon by tin scientific world as only one of the popular notions that come from taking coincidences as meaning cause and ellect.

AVhen, however, the study of the disease wis entered upon from tlic standpoint of modern bacteriology, it was leariicd that the ticks may have a most important rolationshii) as carriers of the disease germ and thereby serve as agents of infection, it is now generally acceptv^t! that even if the ticks aic not an essential means of transmission, they are so generally the scmrce of infection that their destruction constitute."^ a most important factor in the [nevention of the disease.

PREVENTION AND REMEDY.

Since tlie ticks get access to the animals mainly by being brushed upon them from the leaves of bushy i)lants or trees, the keeping ol

jz-r-r:::^

Vmi. \'t^.~ Dfriiittci iiliir (iiiiirifiniun: nil If— t'liluruud (i)riuiii:ilt.

cattle away from wooded pastures is recommended as oneadvantag<'ons nu'thod of ])reveiiting theii' injuries. Weed strongly recommends t lie feeding of sulphur awA salt as a preventive.

For direct treatment there is probably nothing that ecpials the dip ping process, by which the whole animal is completely drenched with a dipping solution. Dr. Fn^ncis, alter using a sjiraying outfit for the purpose, says that he has discarded it entirely for the more satisfactory method of dipjung, special i>reference being given to a dip of cotton seed oil. Full details of this process and the form of vat required are giveu iu the chapter ou remedies and their application.

ARACHNVDA. 261

The Don Tick oh Wood Tk^k.

( htrmaeenior americunue I/iim.)

The most conimoii tick tliroush the Northern States, at least, is the 8o-(;alh'(l dv)g tieli, tlie name being" associated with its most common host. It o(;cnrs, however, very frequently on other animals and on mail. Wlien fully gorjied, the ticks are nearly half an inch long, and they seem to favor the ears of dogs, or at least parts near the head.

The males, fig. 158, do not enlarge like the females, but are about the size of the females before engorgement, and the body above as well as the borders of the legs are marked with bright, silvery lines and blotches, as shown in the figure.

As Avirh other species, the young clind> to the outer parts of leav^.-s, from whence they are readily brushed to the bodies of passing animals.

TiiK LoNK S'l-AK Tick.

(Amhhiommn iinipiiHcta I'lick.)

This species, next to the cattle tick, is probably of the most imi)or- tance in the !Sonthern States, siiaring with that species the hospitality of cattle and also attacking other domestic animals. It is thought i)r«>bable that, like btn-is, it may convey Texas fever.

It is < asily known by the single bright, silvery spot on the b.'.ik. When fully gorged, tlie female is about eqiMil to the cattle tick in si/e.

Measuresof treatment will be till' sauu' as lor that Hi>ecii's.

TiiK Hauhit Tick.

( h'hiph into Ilia IfiioriH.)

ihUliiina Ifpiii-is- n, voiifrnl view of iiiuutli '. b, larsiiH— L'Ularged (origiual)'

This is a rather common species on rabbits, and is Ibund i>erhaps more commonly in the ear than elsewhere on the host animal. It is a small species, and the tigure will indicate its form.

^62

INSECTS AFrEOTING DOMESTIC AN3: .U-W.

m

|<i', .

/ro(1en ririiiiis Linn.

A very coininoii tick upon the little ground sciuirrels in tlie Missi-;

•sippi Valley is a speeies which Dr. Mar\ has determined for nie as ricinn.s. li this be identical with the Euroi)e;in rft7HMN,its habits would seem to besonn' what diti'erent, as there it is said to oc cur on dogs and other large mammals, but here it is apparently conliued jiretty closely to small rodents.

The ti^ure will serve to distinguish it, and it is hoped that it uiay receive tlie attention of students, so that the full <U'tails of its habits may be better known.

/.I (hies reduriuH, crhiffceiis, and martji- iuitiis, Hiinlomitut iv<ji!i>fi'mi and afri-

cunum, and Dermaventor rcHcuhttus are among the species recorded as

troublesome in the Old World.

15fi.— Ixodes rietvtis — enl.irfred (orig-

Ol

h

k

at

Fiunily SAI^( "( )I^TIT).K.

This .family includes s])('cies which are strictly i>iH'iisitic, and all may be cousidered as normally infesting the skin, tliose species which occur withiu the quills of feathers, in burro'.\s of the skin, ur in the subcuta- ne<ms tissue, or on internal organs, being extreme forms and doubtless iri all cases derivatives fV-M species that first lived on the surface. In fact, the I'xtieme forn • .>i' mites in this family show in a beautiful manner the gradual adaptalioii to difl'erent modes of living and lead to the worm-like condition i)resented by Deuiodex.

The s])eci('s are all minute, often almost invisible to the naked eye, the skin striated or furrowed, usually wl.dte or trans])arent, the numth parts fitted for biting or suctu)n, the tarsi generally with sucking disks for attaclnnent, itud tl'u eyes wanting.

Thk Pigeon I'mimk Mitk.

m

li-

These mites live in the feathers of the pigeon and other birds, atid some very interesting facts have be>-i brought to light by the studies of Megnin and Trouessart, which sli< w that the mite may undergo a peculiar transtormation during the immature stages, whereby, instead of veuiaining on the feathers outside the body, they migrate w-ithin the skin and live in the subcutaneous tissue or attached to the blood ves- sels of the neck. lu this form they are rather worm-like, and were originally described as a distinct species, Uypoderas columbce.

'^'-\W»"fi-V''

^ALS.

'.>«• '^''■■■A

ARACHNIDA.

263

irrels in the Missis !ies wbieli J)r. Minx me as rioinus. ii itli tlic European ildseeiii toltesoiiH' ire it i.s said to oc Br large mammals.

itly coiinued pretty

Its.

'e to distinguish it, it may receive the s, so that the full s yiay be better

nacens, and mar<fi- miif'rim and (ij'ri- pecies recorded as

The same form occurs r\\ the bbie heron, and 1 have taken it in immeiis-- numbers from tiie subcutaneous tissue of this bird at Ames.

In the genus Dermaleichus and albes we have an immense nund)er (»f fornui occurring on various species of birds, scarcely any of which have been studied in this country.

They will form a most interesting study, though, so *''>r as ])resent knowledge indic^ates, there is little of e(;onomi(; importance to be attached to them.

The Cvs'i'K! Fowl ]\riTK.

(Laminosioplcn cfistivola Vi/.ioli.)

This mite is described as living normally on tlu^ surface of the skin or under scales, but commonly working into the subcutsineous connec- tive tissue, more rarely to the d«'ei)er i)ortions, and on its death the presence of the dead matter results in the formaticm of a calcareous cyst or miliary body, which j;ave rise to the techniital name of the species.

Chickens, pheasants, and geese nre iimong its hosts. I do not know of its oci'urrence in the I'liited States.

isitic. and all may )ecies which occur or in the subcuta- nis and doubtless 1 on the surface, low in a beautiful ivnigand lead to

() the nak<'d eye, inent, the nnmth ith sucking disks

L\TKKiNAL (3hi(MCi;n Mjtk.

{Cjltodih'H iiiidii-i Vi/idli.)

These are minute mites that live in the air passages of gallinaceous birds i)articularly, and, according to Kailliet, they appear to thehakc*! eye like minute active granules running over the surface of the walls of the air cells and in the trachea and bronchi. They appear to suck siujply the serosity of the tissues, and, .mless in great number, to (!anse no great inconvenience to their hosts, but il in great numbers to cause activt^ irritation and asphyxia.

The species has been observed in this country at Washington, 1). C.,' and I have specimens from Dr. Hassall, of Ualtimore, taken from the peritoneum of chicken.

MlTKS iNFEsriNO MlOK.

other birds, and t by the studies may undergo a hereby, instead ?rate within the • the blood ves- i-like, and were umbte.

We may mention here two inteiesting little mites, Mifohia iiiKsciili ;ind Mi/ocopies iiiKNcuUiiKs.wU'ivh infest mice. The former 1 have found many times on mice at Ames, and have also received it tVoni Professor .liii'.ner, of Nebraska University.

' h'iley Am. Nat., Vol. WII, p. 422.

K'^M'^

V, ■

' fj'r;

264 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

TiiK Ear Mite.

(Chorioplcn aiirinilariim Lucas ft Nicolet.)

This species, represented by viirieties canis,/t'H.s, rati, uiul fnronis, is described as afl[eetiiij»' particnlarly the auditory canal of its liosts. 1 ;un not aware of its recognition yet in America.

Fif). 150.— ,V )/..')('(> ','niiciil! : a, yoiiji!;: ^.fomalc: r.minitli am' IVotit lojrs iiinrr lii^ilily nmiiniliod; (/, tiiiMis ami eliiw iii' ixi.sicriur It-;;- iill mii^iniliid (coi.iiil I mm M iii r;i\ .s tifiin'-* :iliii' ('lii|iai<^ili'i.

TiiK Chorioptks of the Horse am) Ox ani» (ioAT.

Tliis mite, unlike tlie itcli mite, doe ^ .lot burrow into tiie slvin, but adheres to the surface or to hairs by means of reniiulvable suclnii<i' orpins attached to tiie lej-s. I'rom this vantage ground it pierces tlie skin and feeds ui)on tlie sei-tuis lluids.

L8.

ARACHNIDA.

265

/, and fitronis, is its hosts. 1 am

Iiisliiy inauniliod:

H illllT ('lilpillV'lk'l.

t (ioAT.

the skill, but

~~|vablt' siuildiio-

it pierces the

The varieties occurrinjj on the liorse (<'7«/), on cattle {horin), and on the goat (ctiprcv), are considiaed certainly as belonjiinj^' to the one species, while tliere is some question as to the form occurring on sheep, mentioned later, and on the rabbit.

d

1<'|(). I'l". — .l/.i/"i'ii;i'i'K iiiHtoiHiniK: fi.inali-; />. IV'iiiiilr; c, I'nmt vii'W; i/, iiii>iitl\ (('(ijiiiMl fnnii MiiiTuy's

lifinro alter Oiipartili').

The variety occurring- on j;()ats is .'edited with havin<;- ravajjed the goats, in the Grisons, m tlie vaUey of tlie I'rattigau, iSwit/erland, in

Fl(i. I.IK. — f7iii)i'n/ifc.v .■Jiiiiiliititc ■ i\i\»h'): a. antt'riof lou sliowiiit; surlici'M (at'liM- KiirstiMiluT:;. mpied

I'livm Murriivi

1851, 18.'»L', an<l 18."»,'}, when (»ut of 2,5(»(» animals half were attacked and r»(H> died.

Evidently the dipj>ing treatnuuit will prove the most etfective for these parasites.

2G6

IN8KCTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Foot Scah op Siikkp.

This variety ol' kchI), \vhi«;li i.s (Iiic tit i'huriopten njimhiolcti Verheyoii, var. ((,'(.s, is ol' rnro occiiiTi'iuc. Jt Las luu'H iiotired iiihI studied in (ieniiany Ly Zuni.

The seat of tlu' dis(;aso is in thu Iret and limhs. Tim dimuiHu iirojtresHi's \ci v slowly from the I'cct, and little by little iiivadts the npiKr jtart of the lind)s and ailjoiniii^ juirts. It is not readily coinnuuiicaMe to other Khecjt, and Hprcads slowlv.

In the heyinninji •I'i'* variety of scalt is characteri/od hy the reddenin^^, followcil by the alinn<1ant scaliny: of the skin, and later by yellowish white crusts. Tlir animals stani]), scratch, and bite the jtarts. showiiifj an intense itching. As (he d\- ease jtrogresscs the crnsts liecome thicker, cracks (brni in the fidds of the ])UHtcni, and the limbs become quite unsightly. Tb<' jiarasitesswarni Itcneath the crusts, and when found form a certain symittoni of the character of the disease.

I'oot scab is not a serious malady, as it readily yields to treatment and is slow oi' extension. Any of the remedies jtrojiosj-d for the treatment of common scab may be used with jfood elVect. (Cni'tice.)

The S<ai{ ]\Iitk of Sjikki', Houses, and Cattle.'

(I'mniijifin ioniminih Fnrst.)

The (li.sease known as scab of slieej) is anion^' the few ])ai-asitic dis- eases wl'icli is fnlly ai)i)r('('iatt'(l by tlic niajoiity of sliccp breeders, so well known, indeed, that many of the States iiave strinjient laws in foree for its (luarantine or extermination. Cnrtiee says:

(If all the diseases of sheep in this country scab is the most le.-ired by tiie llock master. So insidious is its attack, so rajtid its course, so destructive its etVects, and BO dillicult IS it to extcinuiiate that it has Justly eained tlie distinctutn of beiny more injuriouM than any other disease causeil by external parasites. Seali alone of the liar.'isitie diseases has lieeonu' llie subject ol' lejjislatiou in most countries, and yet, il proper jirecautions were taken and a rational treatment followed, this disease conid soor. be completely vnulieated.

The earlier writ injis upon the di.seas(> do not jiive its detinite infor- mation a.s to the iiarasite in hand, but in ISU (iervais (Ann. Soe. Nat.) gave the spet'ies a seientitic <leseri]»tion und»'r the name of Psoroi)t('s I'lliii. and the later publications of (ierlach, Fnrst enberji', Murray, and iVIeoniu contain detailed di.scussions of its habits, anatomy, etc.

ScAlt Mll'K OF SlIKKP.

( \'ar. tiriH. )

This is the vitriety which ]»rodiices the best Known form of disease; indeed it iippetirs that (he <'lfects of this parasite Jir*' by no means so much dreaded upon the other hosts, either because those animals are not so seriously iiilbieneed by its preseiu-e or because their skins do not

'Then! has Iteeii considerable eoiifusion witli n^garil to the name of this species, partly owing to the fact that some authors have given a name for each form occur- riny oil the horse, sheep, and cow, jtartly because the earlier names have not been rebjiected by later writers. The names adopted here are the ones that seem to be the rightful ones, taking the; first for the species as a whole and using the varietal niinies to indicate the host animal.

ARACHNIDA.

267

furnish so favorable ii rosort for tlie inultiplir'sition of tlio pests. On this iiccouiit the history of the species is more i)artieuhirlv the history of this variety.

Its (listribntioii is at present i)ractically over the entire worhl where sheep are bred, and while there may be practical ininiunity in some States where viyilant attention has been in piactice, no sheep breeder should negflect occasional examination for ir nor, esi)ecially, the most careful scrutiny of all new animals introduced into his Hock.

]''l(i. IM.— P.iiiroiiliiiciiiiiiiiiiiii': \nT. '■'/iii. K'niiicil IVcmi Murray's lij;iirr al'tii- Fi.rslriilMri:.)

The ell'ects of the parasitt' on tlic sheep and the appearances by which it may be detected are here (pxotcd irom Curtice's Animal Para- sites of Sheep:

Atteutioii to the disecTSo is first !ittriu'tc<l 1)y the infected sheej) ncratcliiiij; and bit- iu{^ and rnbliiiif;' themselves. The <'oats ot the animals look i'on,u;li, taj^gy, and felted. The ilebin<j is always most violent vhen tlie sheep have been heated by drivinji or warmiuf;- in the stable.

l?y separating tbo wool and exaniiniuji; a recently infected spot ther(! can lie seen some niinnte elevations which ditVer from the snrroiiiidiiig skin in being slightly whiter or yellower and which have been i)rodu<'ed by the bites of the ])est8. The

2(18

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Hi

iiiHoctN tln'iiiHclvcsniM l»ofouinl iinioii}; th« liiiirH at but litMiuliHtunco Croni tlieliii.-.. Ah tiiii« ])iiNNi!.s and tlio iiiHuelH iiiiilti])I,v in nninlx-rs thrstt «>l*'Viiti<tnN Itfcoiint Ui«\<' uiiil nioro nnnicicMiH and cIomci' and ilostT tiigftln r, until (lii-y llnally nnito over aciin Nidi'ral)ii> oxt*>nt. From llio Huniinitot'oach elevation or ])a))nl« ii wntury, Huroim llnin exndt'H and accuniiilatcs, wliich tranNlr uis them into vchIi I's and iMmtnlt^s, aii>! wliitdi in drying cdvci thoni over with a tliiii i i ust. In ii lew days \h wli(d« mirCac. irtcoveit'd \vitliay«'ilo\vi.sli, jrreMNy.Hcaly layor, niider wliicli tlio iiaraHitoH .fdliiddi-n. Am tliti disj'ast^ )>ro<'('cds tiiin lay<T f^radnally incroatsis in tlii«d<nn.HM liy an incrraso i<\' tln' serous I'xudiiii', and in iir( innt'crtMicr l>y llic cxtcnHion xt'inllaniination iiroduciil hy th(Mivt'r-niulti|dyin;j, jiaraNitt's wldcli live lioncath it, rorniinjf sealy <T>iMts. 'i'licsc <Tn8tM in lit'in;; toiii out, mainly by the rubbing with which Ihe Hheeji endeavor.H \i> allay its intense itehinfr, ejiiiy with them the ta;;H«d' the wool, the loss of which i-- an early symidoni of th<< diseii!*e. At a later period the crnstsare replaced by auoiJuM set of thicker, lirnicr, adherent, scabs, which are still lurther cular);ed by theoul- war<l mi;:ratiou of the ])araH;tes. As they abandon the center cd' the m abs thesis iiri' again rejdaccd by a peelinjioll' (d" the external layers of the skin, wliicdi gradiuilly heals, while the disease slowly proiiicHses at the outside, '^llt^ eem|ileto cure is very slow, and tho skin renuiins thick and folded for ;i long time. In sheared sheep (he skin becomes co\-ered by a thick, dry crust, like ])archnient, whilo beneath it reniaius nuich swftUcn.

The lU'eco of scabby slu'cp jtrosents a churaeterislic roujjh look. In jdaccs the wool is stuck tofiether in masses; in idlieis it tails, whiles in otlicrs, which aic apj)arently sound, it- can be easily |dncked oil'. The rubbing and scratchiii;', indulged in by the sheejt not oidy tend to tear awav tlu^ wo(d but increase tho irri- tation of the skin, which m;iy be intensely iidlamed and tinally end in superficial death of the part. Tnlike f"arcoi>tcH, tlie I'soruptt s seeks the longest, thickest ^^ ool. It begins its attack along the back and extends to the neck, tlaiiks, a!id rump. The l*8oro]des aie stddoni found in the region of the chest and abdomen. They are col- le<'ted in masses on circumscribed surfaces. Tho scabs they itro<luco eonstantiv increase at their edges, ami their i'und)er de])cnds on the number of ]daces invaded. Owing to the closeness in which the sheep congregate and lo their violent scratch- ing, the parasites become very generally ^cattered, aiul finally, the scabs nuiy run together.

Wliile few ol' the parasites aic present in tho (d<lcr diseased parts, at the edges of'

look like little white points with a

the scabs they can be found in swarms. '1 luy loou iiKe iiiiicwnite points wiiu a brownish extremity. If ]iicked up by the jioint of tin', knife or a sharp stick and placed on tho hand they will bo seen to nu)ve. The six-legged young, tho eight- legged adults, the sexes, coiijtlcs Joined together, and tho eggs of this interesting insect can easily be identified 1)y tbti aid of a low-jtowcr nuignifying glass.

i)ES(n{ii'Ti(i:r and i.iik iiistouv.

The ejigs of this niitc are iiiiimte, ylisteiiiii.t' white specks, loiijijer thiui broad, aiitl nearly tiiiiloriii in tbiekiie.s.s;. Tliey may be fouiid under the scab.s as before mentioned, and their <h'te('ti()ii, even when mites are not seen, may be taken as evidence of the di.seii.se.

Tho larvic htive nearly the same shape as the adults, but are to be distinguished by the fact that only si.v legs are a[)parent.

The fuU-fiTown mites are nearly as broad as long, and are <'harac- terized by their piercing mouth i)arts and the structure of the two posterior pairs of legs (see flg. 159). In the male, the fcmrth is much reduced, and the third bears ti long thread-like appendage passing the sucker, Avhile in the female this leg carries two long, threadlike organs and no sucker.

AHACIINIDA.

2(;i)

The only trciitiiieiit for fVis KjMuiii'.s worthy of r<M'oj;iiiti(iii is tluit of dippi !!;;•, and tliis, if jn-opeily dono, will sccmiit llir cxti'rniiniitioii of tlie pest, and ii llock once Irct'd will n<»t beconic ii^iiiii infccti'd t'xrcpt by cxpo.snre to iiitccted aninuils or by tin; introduction of Hcabby individuals.

So imi)ortant is tin's i)araKit(> (U'cnicd that many of the Htatcs have adojjted strinp-nt laws for tlic <|uarantin(' of iiilVctcd aiiiin:i!s :ind for prcscribin;^ (lips that must be used. A summary of llu'se n'^-ulalious and tho formula- for the various dips w ill be found in ('urti<-('V Animal Parasiicsof SluM'p. which should be in tho hands of all sheep »)wn('r<.

The i)articulai' kind of <lip is (»f less importan<'e Ihan tin lhorou;;h use of the one selected. The toba<-co dips, sulphur and liuu> dips, and also several of the patent dips ])repai'ed by ieputal)le lirms, <'an be recommended. The main objection to the hitter, ])erliaps, is the fact that the user nuist ])a\ a rather exorbitant price for a few simple chem- icals, and further, in the case of the arsenical dips, that he may not know the in>;Tedients or their proportions and theieby endan;ier the animals treated. (See details of dippinj; in chapter on remedies.)

fiiK I re II ."\Irn-.

The itch ndtc^ «»f num is ])erliaps bet^ondn^a pretty rare iM'stin <'ivil- i7.ed i'ommunities, but since it occurs at times on domestic animals, and in certain varieties beeonu's at times a serious pest to such animals, it deserves tieatnuMit here. Authors ha\e diltered greatly in their treat-

but are to be

Fid. UW.—Snrcojites seal ifi: iiinlii ami Iriimli' (ii'ihutMl IVoiii FiirMleiiliiTii iit'tt'r Miiriiiv ).

ment of the species, some making a diti'erent species for each host animal, believing that they could tind distinctive characters in the size, arrangement of si)ines, etc., but IJailliet, who has published the latest full discussion of the species, has combined most of these under the one species scahiei^ though in some casea retaining the varietal distinction for vncious hosts.

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270

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS

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The varieties so retained are hominis, infesting man ; xcabiei crMStofKc Fiirst., for the so-called "^'orway itch;" equi, for the form infesting the horse: oiv*.s, on the sheep; rrtjjm', on thegoat; mwic//, on the camel ; a«r/(- enia; on the llama; ««/«, on the hog; nniiculi, for the rabbit and hare;

furonis, on the ferret; cnnis, on the dog; lu})!, on the wolf; r«72)/.s, on the fox ; Jeouin, on the lion, and iromhati, on the wombat.

All stages of the parasite occur on the host upon which it is abso- lutely dependent for existence. (len- eratiou after generation may occur on the same animal. The mite bur- rows into the skin, iu this respect differing fnmi the scab mites.

The adult mites are flattened, rather circular in outline, and may be separated from related forms by the character of the feet and by the i)resencc of six short spines or thorns on the thoracic portion and fourteen on the abdominal po''aon of the body.

Eggs are deposited along the burrow as the mite extends its channel into the deeper portions of the skin, and as Ihcy hatch the young feed ujjon the surrounding tissues, and it is said molt four times before

Fia. IGi.— Sarcujites tcaliiei; n, anterior leg; b. iiiimtli parts (rt'diiced from Fnrstfiibcr;;, lifter Miirniv).

l"l(i. H)2.— >Sttri^iijili n KciibU'i : (I, lioslerioi' 1. ys (if liiiili', li. |"iHleinii' lei;H ol leiiiale (alter KnrMleiilinf;.',

fniiM Munayi

maturity. When fully grown they wander around and mate on the sur- face of the skin, aitcr which the fenmles begin a I'rcsh burrow.

Infection with this parasite is accompanied with intense itching dui- ing the formation of pustules and inflanu'd areas, and while in man it is usimlly confined to the base of the fingers ami between the knuckles, in aggravated cases the whole hand and arm may become invaded.

ARACHNIDA.

271

The "seven-year itch," "army itch," suul "Jackson itch" are simply aggravated cases, where, from hick of good sanitation, tlie mites are able to thrive better than usual.

Fio. ion. — r.urri)\v nf ilcli iiiitc in liiiiiiuii skin, with <'j;j;.s iinil mite— enlarged (after rurstmiberg,

t'niin itnrniy).

In the human subject the application of sulphur ointment, in addi- tion to fiH'quent washing with soap and hot water, and for domestic animals the use of washes or dii)s, as ior scab mites, are to be adoi)ted.

lT<Mr MiTK OF Tin; Cat.

■ (alter I'liistenln'r;

(.Sarvoplin tali Ilcriiij; iiiid (ierliu-li.)

r am not aware that this species has been observed in this country, but from the descri])lions of it in the Old World it nmst be a very destructive species to tin* animal it inl'ests. Our account is takeu from Murray:

On the cat niitl rabbit the sjiecies is a good dciil siiiiiUer than tho Sarcoples scahiei Tho thorns or s|iinf8 on tlic back bcjrin to alter; on the tliorax they arc absent or tnrncd into hairs, and tlicro are now twelve thorns on the back of the ab(b)nieu.

])Oth in the cat and the rabbit this ]iarasite takes the luad as its point of attack, and more particularly the base of tli(' nose, llic lips, the ears, and the eyes. I'.ven ■when the animal is inoculated elsewhen.' by pntlinj;' mites ni>on other i)arts of the body, and after they ha\ e actually taken iiossession and begun to burrow, theysoon leave thest* ])arts and, makinu' for the hi'ud, establish themseht's about the nose and the ears. lu its early stage the burrows, when sought for, can Ix^ easily seen, but the obstruction caused by the numerous hairs makes them more tortuous and ol'ten interrupteil. As the mites increase, so do the burrows and th(^ itching, and the cat scratches itself mid tears the skin. Then the hairs fall oiV, and the jiai'ts around the eyes, nose, and ears liccome covered with hard crusts s]>rcad oxer and adhering to the sull'ering i)arts. The time that the mischief takes to reacli this stage varies a(!cording to the age, strength, and <'ondition ol' the cat. As a rule, the young and strong resist longer than the old aiul I'ceble. In Iheni by the twentieth or thirtieth day it may have sprea<l over the head, cars, nose, slionblers, and even the l)ack and loins. The crust becomes harder and gray and agglutinated to the hairs, and under the crusts the sjieciniens »>f the Sartojites may be foiiml. liy decrees, as the malady progresses and the auinuil becomes weaker, the skin increases in thickness, becomes hard, stitf, and forms A'olnminous folds round the neck. The swelling of the ti88U(!s increases anil their inflammatiott extends to the nostrils, obstructs the respiration, and gives the liead of the cat that elephantiasian appearance that occurs in the lion, and is indeed a constant ehara<'ter in cases of itch anions' feline animals.

272

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS

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When it has completely covered the head, it extends by degrees over the wiml,; body; it is theu impossible to describe the miserable condition of the poor amm i|. which the parasites are devouring as if it were a dead carcass — the fecbleuesH in >•> great that it totters on its limbs and can scarcely drag itself along. All its skin is a focus of infection, where crusts and entangled hairs form pieces like hideous shells. and which pieces tear ort in ]>lates. It is true that they rarely reach this extrcniu stage, being usually destroyed before the disease passes through all the stagiis of complication. Still i>lenty of dead cats that have had tlio disease bad eiiou<fli may be seen in the dust carts and on the manure heaps of all great towns. The most of them an; either killed or die in cellars of houses where they have taken refuge.

In the country the complaint is mucli rarer, the opjiortuuity for contagion being much less; but when it appears there it runs its course as rapidly as in towns. M. Delwart, of Brussels, siiid, in 1830, that he had seen on large farms, where a great many cats were kept, the malady spread itself with such rapidity that in four or five weeks all the cats had been earned otf by the infection, and in W27 M. Sajous, a Ncterinary surgeon, residing at Tarbes, related that a very intense epizootic itch had raged in that district among the cats for 8(^veral years, and it proved so mur- derous that entire villaj,es remained wholly deprived of cats. The malady seems to vary in virulence at difl'eient times, and when very bad it is called epizootir-, when milder sporadic; dilVercnces which may be due to the eharaiiter of the season or general robustness of the animal's health at ditl'erent times.

The symptoms are the same in the rabbit when it is infected.

The remedies that are used for the itch in man should be iiseil for this variety, and of course moditied in their administration to suit the different characters of the patient.

In the country the cats may occasionally in autumn b»( seen sntl'ering from great irritatiim, and ])eople are a]it to Jump to the conclusion tliat they have got the itch. But it is always easy to tell whether it is so or not, for if the itch it shows itself about the head an<l nose and ears, and if, iustead of tliat, the irritation is about tlie feet, ten to one it is caused by the liarvest mite, Leplus antiimnaHa, which the cat lias caught in wandering about the garden, and usually on examination the matter can be ])ut beyond dtuibt l)y tiiiding the little red mite in the fur or between tiie claws of the cat. If kept from getting a fresh supply, it will soon get better, for the mites will soon leave it of their own accord; but if allowed to get a fresh supply every day, it will of course get worse and worse as long as the supply is renewed.

Another vaiiety of this si)ecie!S is the rabbit mite, var. (miiictdi, which produces the same symptoms in rabbits aiul hares.

The Itch Mite of Fowls.

{Sarcopies miitana Robin and Lanq.)

This species is a jiarasite on the domestic fowl. We owe our knowledge of it to M. Lanqiietan. M. Keynal, and Professor Koiiiii. A full description, with careful iig- iires, will be found in the HuUetin of the Society of Moscow, 18fi0. It is a very Hat, broad species, and the absence of spines on the back at once distinguishes it from all the preceding. The ailment i»roduced by it is ol)serve<l most frecpiently on the hen and cock, appearing lirst on the feet, on the comb, and about the beak. No pre- monitory symptoms indicate its approach. The fowls jireserve their appetite and liveliness, although sometiuies a careful observer may see that the sick animals shake their heads, raise and stretch their legs in a convulsive manner. If the examination is followed up some white points and lines traced in zigzag, covered by very small scales, which the least rubbing knocks off, may be seen ou the comb. The skin

ABACHNIDA.

273

t!8 over till' wimlc f tLo poorauiiiiil, HI feebleiiesH is mi ^. All itsskiti is ike liideuiiH shells, •t'acb this extioiiie i;1i all tlio 8ta;;('s Ht-aso bad cnoiiirh treat towns. The ) they have taken

r contagion being v as in towns. M. ns, where a great ty that in Ibnr or I 1^!L'7 M. Sajous, nso epizootie itch it proved so nnir- le malady seems to ;d epizootie, when r uf the season or

(I lor this variety, r'^Mit characters of

1 tiering from great have got the itch. cli it shows itself tation is about the tlia, which the eat ination the matter fnr or between the Kxni get better, for ved to get a fresh g as the supply is

. vumcuU, whit'U

tnowledgo of it to II, with careful tig- >. It is a very l!at, tinguishes it from

freciuently on the the beak. No pre- bheir appetite and sick animals shake [f the examination )red by very small

comb. The skiu

covered by them is lightly chagrined and of a brown color, which contrasts with the red color of the rest of the comb. At that period no lesion of the tissues is observa- ble. The malady remains stationary for fifteen days or even a month, at the end of which time the base of the comb thickens and becomes darker, and the linear trac- ings assume the appearance of true burrows of the itch insect, and at the bottom of them the Sarcopies miitana is to be found. At a later period the feathers of the head and about the beak undergo a remarkable change. They turn back, stand on end, and lose their brilliancy ; they become white and atrophied, as if there were some pex'version of the secretion of the skiu of the bulb. At the point where the feather

Flo. Ifi4 Sarroptin nmtimn: male anil female (copied from Murray's figures reduced from Robin).

detaches i'-"lf from the skin iuere is found a mass of epidermic matter in a bed of the thickncBc of some millimeters, and all around are lines or burrows formed by the raising of the skin.

An the malady proceeds the feathers of the head and upper part of the body beome atrophied; their free extremity bends, twists, and rolls upon itself, and ends by u'sappearing in the midst of the epidermal products accumulated at the base of the quiii. The head and neck of the fowl have at that period a very peculiar aspect. They are despoiled of all the feathers that decorate them in their nor^^ial state. Tho comb is brown, with a ragged surface, drawn back upon itself, broad at its base, and spotted with whitish, mealy patches. On various parts crusts, of some lines in thickness, appear, which when detached leave a scaly surface, which recalls to mind the disease named phthiriasis. The complaint does not always begin on the head. It sometimes makes its first approaches on the feet. Similar symp- toms occur there, but they proceed more slowly, but by and by the stales on the feet and legs begin to come oft", and a crust forms upon them, more especially between the toes. Sometimes it envelops the whole of the foot and tibia, forming a crust a third of an inch in thickness. Bits as large as a hazel nut or a walnut may be broken otf. This atfec- tion has much analogy with the Norwegian itch above described. It can be com- muuicated both to man and the horse. (Murray.) 4663— No. 6 18

Fio. 165 Sareoptcs mutant: side \iew

(copied from Murray's figure after Kobin).

It ^•

274 INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The Smooth Sarooptes.

{Sarcoptea lav'ia Uailliet.)

This species, described by Kailliet in 1885, is represented by several varieties that live in the feather bulbs of birds, notably the pigeon and hen. It has not been observed as yet in America, but it is quite likely that it may be found to occur here.

Family DKMOOEOID^T].

This family includes only one genus, the description of which will indicate the family characters.

The Follicle Mite.

(Demodcx folHeiilorinu Simon.)

The follicle mites are rather degenerate worm-like forms that occur in the hair follicles of different animals, the variety occurring on man {hominis), producing the little specks or blackheads so frequent on the

face, and which are said to be almost uni- versally present, though it is seldom they cause any special irritation. The variety occurring on dogs (Ca/m), produces a se- rious disease, as does also the one on hogs (iSuis). In both these animals the affected parts are the face and nose and occasion- ally larger tracts of the body.

The variety on cattle affects the body at large and has a somewhat different inter- est, as it is recorded as damaging the hides for market. A record of its occurrence in this manner is given by Walter Faxon and also by Dr. C. W. Stiles.

The mites evidently undergo all stages of development in the follicles, but doubt- less migrate over the surface of the akin when mature and before laying eggs. The use of dips and washes would seem to be the only sure treatment for domestic aniinals, and if it is thought necessary a similar mode could h:* adopted for man.

m

Fio. 166 — Demodex follicvlnriim, vnr. homiiiU: a, mite j;reiitl,v enlaiced; b, mites iu hair tolliele and seba- ceous gland— enlarged (eojiiod from Murray).

Order LINGUATULINA.

This group, which includes a few species of remarkably modified Arachnids, may be recognized by the worm-like footless condition of the adult, two pairs of hooks at the sides of the mouth, and the

LS.

ARACHNIDA.

275

lented by several

ly the pigeon and

it is quite likely

on of which will

forms that occur centring on man ) frequent on the 'o be almost uni- it is seldom they on. The variety ), produces a se- » the one on hogs inals the affected se and occasion- ody.

fects the body at it different inter- inaging the hides its occurrence in '^alter Faxon and

idcrgo all stages licles, but doubt- face of the skin aying eggs, shes would seem il if it is thought

rkably modified

•otiess condition

mouth; and the

rudimentary condition of the circulation and respiration. Only one species need be mentioned here.

Litiguatiila rhivaria I'ilger.

The worm-like condition of this ])arasit(' may be inferred from the fact that it was originally described as a tapeworm (Tiviita rhinaria)j but its Arachnid allinitics were early suspected, and with tlie de- termination of the early stages were proven beyond questi()n.

In the adult worm-like stage it is a parasite in the nasal cavities of various animals, especially car- nivores, tlie most common host, perhaps, being the dog.

Tlie larval state occurs in the viscera of different animals, but more particularly those which are herbivorous — the horse, sheep, ox, goat, and many others — as well as man.

The migrations between these hosts, which are evidently an es- sential part of its existence, may be stated in brief to be the discharge of numerous eggs in the nasal cavitites of the dog or other host, which, in sneezing or coughing, spreads them over vegetation that latei' is taken as food by some herbivorous animal, and following this ingestion the embryos escai)e into the glands and viscera of the new host, occupying especially the mesenteric glands, liver, etc., wheve they remain in an inactive condition until fragments

of the viscera containing them

rt^\^\\^I^\\IliY^VTmvryw '"'*^ eaten by a carnivore, when

SlV' '* '^'M\VPrrrrwTcrwv<:<;VS^^^ they gain access to the nasal

cavities and become mature. In case they have not the for- tune to be eaten by a carnivore, it is believed tlie^^ may migrate within the body of their herbivore host, reencyst themselves in other organs, and even in S(mie cases reach the nasal cavities by way of the lungs and air passages, thus accounting lor the rare occurrence of the adult form in a herbivorous host,

Curtice ^ records the occurrence of this species in America, the larval stage (dcnticulatMni) having been taken from rabbits in two instances, once by Dr. F. L, Kilborue, in 1887, and once by himself, in 1888.

Fi(». Ifi7. — Liii'ivatnla rhinaria: larva io ser- rata Htajto— uiilarsed (copied from Van Ben- idcii).

Fia. WS.—IAnqvatvla ihiiiaria: adult (after rn<kai(li.

' Animal Parasites of sheep, p, 69.

I: !

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CHAPTElt yil.

RBMEDIES— PREVENTIVE TREATMENT.'

There are so iiuiny of the external parasites of (loniesticiited animals, which, even thoujfh very widely ditlerent in structure and aftinities, have very sinular liabit and can be readied by i)racti(!ally the same treivtnient, that a chapter devoted especially to general treatment will be of special importance. We may consider the subject under the heads of "Preventive ineasures," " Insecticidal substances," and "Methods of application of remedies."

PREVENTIVE MEASTTRES.

Prevention is for a large number of parasitic forms by far the most desirable plan. For some it is the only plan that can be of any service in avoiding injury.

The attacks of semiparasitic forms, as mosquitoes, flies, buifalo- gnats, etc., iray be abated by operating upon their breeding places and, further, their direct attacks upon animals, where the number to be protected is not too great, may be prevented in some degree by smearing the hair of the animfils with preparations of flsh oil, tar, train oil, and axle grease. Pennyroyal is also recommended as beneficial.

For the bot-fiies it is important to destroy the eggs before the larvae hatch by shaving or clipping off those noticed on horses, or washing them with kerosene emulsion, carbolic acid solution, dipping solution, or, if a dipping vat is available, by swimming the animals through the vat.

For the constant external parasites, as lice, itch mites, etc., quaran- tine of all animals introduced into a herd or thorough treatment of such animals to prevent infection of a herd that is free cannot be too strongly urged. It is the most practical protection against these pests.

INSECTICIDAL SUBSTANOES.

In this enumeration of substances which may be used in treating insects affecting domestic animals, the aim siiall be to include all that have a real value in this direction, either individually or in combination, and to indicate their valuable properties and very briefly the forms to which they may be applied.

Arsenic, a deadly poison, is used in some of the dipping solutions and

'Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of tho Biiropa of Auinial Industry, hiis very kindly read and revised this chanter. — L. O. II.

277

278

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

m

ll m

[«!»'

kills (ixiickly when tsikcii into the iilinunitary cainil or penetrating tlic tissues of Ihe insect. It is, however, too danjierons a poison to be used except with the ;;ieat«'St care, and the possibility of tlu^ animal trcutcil lickinjjf itself or catinj^ food npon which the solution has di-ipped to snch an ext«'nt as to jjet a poisonons dose is too j^'reat to {ifive il strong indorsement. It hiis its gri'atest value in this connection in treatment of sheep scab, wliicli often resists more simpler renu^dies.

Carbolic acid, one of the jnost etl'ective of agents against ])arasites and especially in certain combinations, is to be highly recommended. In many cases the crude article can be used to as great advantage as the relineil and at great saving in cost. Used externally without other combination than with water, it shonhl have a dilution of about l()l> times its bulk of water. If used too concentrated or npon very sus- ceptible animals such as(h)gs, it may bo absorbed and cause poisoning. Dr. Francis recommentls it very highly in combination for cattle ticks, and the I'oultry World gives it the highest praise as a conddnation witli slaked lime, to be used in buildings for I'hicken lice.

Calomel is used in some cases, but is for tiie most part superseded by more satisfactory remedies.

linizine nuiy be used in the Ibrju of a spray or wash against bed-bugs and fleas, and in chicken houses Jigainst ticks, though for this purpose it Las no advjintage over kerosene emulsion.

OaHoline may bo used in the same way and for the same imrpose as benzine. Both must, of course, be used with due regard to their inrtamnnible properties.

Cotton-Nccd oil is strongly recommended by Dr. Francis for treatment of ticks in the Southern States, especially in connection with dipping solutions. Its a(!tion is similar to that of other oils, and while it kills some of the ticks, there are others on the same animal which apparently are not injured by it. In the States where cotton is jiroduced and the oil can bo secured at low cost 't has special advantages, either alone or combined with other remedies as an application for various external parasites.

Kerosene has a wide range of usefulness in the treatment of parasites notwithstanding the fact that it does not seem to have fultilled the requirements for a good dipping solution. It may be used free for the spraying of the interior of chicken hcmses, for tiie destruction of bed- bugs, and for filming the surface of small i)onds, water tanks, etc., in order to destroy mos<iuitoes or their larva' and abate the mosquito nuisance. In emulsion it is very etfective against lice on cattle, killing both adults and eggs, for use as a spray to kill horn-flies, and as a wash to kill eggs of bot-flies or lice.

Emulsions iiay be made with either soap or milk and according to the following well-known formuliw:

Milk emuhion. — To one part milk add two parts of kerosene, and churn by a force pninp or other agitator. The creaniy emulsion which reaults is to be dilated with water, using eight or ten times the bulk of water.

LS.

KEMBDIES — PREVENTIVE TREATMENT.

279

penetratiii}; tin' )()iHon to be used o animal trcattd

has di'ipped to to {fivtj it strong ion in troatnifnt

'S.

gainst i)arasit('s y rccoiiinuMKled. at advantajje :is ly witbont other on of ahont lOO

upon veiy siis- ijanse poison in<jf.

for eattle ticks, s a eombination ee. •t sni>erse«le«l by

igainst bed-bngfs for this pnrpose

«une jMirpose as regard to then- is for treatment m with dipping ul while it kills hieh apparently odnced and the , either alone or a'ions external

lent of parasites ive fnltilled the ise<l free for the trnction of bed- T tanks, etc., in e the mosqnito >n cattle, killing s, and as a wash

iccording to the

d churn by a force to be dilated with

Soap «mu{«ion. —DisHolve «>ii«-hulf pound hiird soap in 1 Kiillon of liot water, and wliilu still at near Iioilinj^ point add 2 ^'alloiiH kt^roHonn, and emulsify liy use of force pump or a^^itator of hoiiio kind. Dlluto with water one part eniulHiou to eight or ten parts water, and uhu aHHpray, wanh, or dip.

Oil o/turiu'ittine is recommended as an application for external ])ara- sites, bnt should not bo applied to the skin of horses, though when suitably mixed it is sometimes prescribed for bots in these animals.

Coal tar is usefnl as a barrier to mites and lice in the poultry house.

DuHt and aslu's are natural remedies used by fowls.

lAme iu form of line slaked dust mixed with carbolic acid and scat- tered throughont the buildings or applied as whitewash is one of the best remedies for chicken pests, as well as for the lice and mange insects of other f.iiintals wlii<*h infest stables and fences. It is also used as one of the ingredients in sheep dips.

I'yrethruni poicdrr, known also as Persian insect powder, "JJuhach" (the California brand), and Dalmatian insecjt powder, is a most excel- lent parasiticide, anu the powder dusted in rooms troubled with fleas, lice, or bedbugs, on dogs, eats, ehi<tkens, etc., is very effective. It has been found to be the only satisfactory remedy for lice and ticks on sheei) in winter, when the long wool prohibits other treatment.

Sulphur as a fumigating material or dusted on the skin, in ointments and in dipping solutions, has a groat range of usefulness.

Tobacco is a very effective agent against i)arasites and in fumigation, in dipping solutions, and in form of snuff dusted among hairs or leathers is applicable to many external ])arasites.

METHODS OF APPLICATION OF BEMllDIKS.

In the treatment of the different i)arasites there is room for much choice both as to the material used aiul the manner of its application. Treatment that is possible on a few animals or in a (;losed room maybe absolutely prohibited on a large scale, or with herds of animals in pas- ture or ranch, and that which may be applicable in summer may be dangerous or out of the question in winter; so it will be seen that in giving methods it is expected that each individual is to study the conditions and adapt the treatment to his particular case.

KIltElT C'APTIJIJK OR DKSTIU'CTIOX OF INSKCTS.

There are many occasions when the use of a little dexterity may accomplish the destruction of an annoying bot-tly, horse-fly, or swarm of mosquitoes. Picking the cattle tick by hand and burning it is the most reliable method which has yet been proposed for its destruction. A stroke of the hand or a wisp of grass, a strap or even a whip may accomidish the desired end, wliile sprays of kerosene emulsion may be used to destroy clusters of flies and mosquitoes on cattle as they come from the pastures in evening.

A trap arranged at a stable door for catching flies from the backs of cattle has been described in many agricultural papers, and the following

280

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

m

(leHcriptioii applies evidently to u Huiuewhut more coujplUtiitcd arnviiin! inent for tliiw puriMise:

A nmchino for cat'liing IlicH rroni tlio Itiif.kH of ciittlu, and ho uD'onliti^ tho iininijil-. rpliof anil comfort, lian liccn iiivontrd by a farmer in MuiliHon County, Ky. 'I'lic flycatflior i» ii kind of covcrod ]i(>n or ])aHHa>;i'\vay, tliron^li wliirh tlio animal niiisl walk to HeiMiro ndiof. A fmv foct from tin* t'litranco tlioro in a cupola, or dome, in tlio roof of tliu pasHa^jeway, madr of ^la^s and arran|;ed as a llytrap. Iloyond IIiIh tint passaK*<way ih in darkness. Tlio ani'mil walks tliron^di tiio mii(Oiino, andjnsl i s it jMiHHi'H the dome and enters tlie darkened jiart a set of ItruHhes Mwcejis olf tlu! Ilivs, wiiieli naturally riso into the lighted dome, and tliosteor passes out at liie ofiierHidc free from IlieH. The Hies are rotaineil in the dome trap. The in\entor has experi- mented with his nnieliine,and finds that animals soon learn the value of the macliini' ami know enough to walk thronjjii it when tlie Hies l)e;!;in to bile. 'I'hedeviee is saiil to be patenteil, but a plan involving tiiu same ]irineipleM has been in ;iso amon;; farmerH lor tho destruction of horn-llios for a year or two jiast, — Iteiinr I'lelil ami Farm, .iptil .'■'>, isun.

According to The llomesteud, "the device above referred lo was invented by a Canadian fanner named (inthrie in ISjtl and was described very fully in the .luly number of the Canadian Live Stock and Farm Journal. A description of it also a]»peared in these columns in the same month, the horn-tly beinfjf a very serious pest that season."

KKNOVATION' or IIKNUoraKS,

The treatnjent of henlumses that have become infested with li<!e, mites, and ticks is often a vexatious matter, and tho writer thinks that if tho structure is not too valuable the best jdan would be to burn the whole cmtfit, submit the fowls to a thorough (|uarantine, with apidica- tions of i>yrethruin powder or other etfective iiisecti(!ido to free their bodies, and build a new heidiouso on fresh {ground as far as may be from the site of tho old one. Where such a method is injpracticable, and of course it may usually be so, a thoroujih fiunifiation with sulphur, if the walls are tight enough to retain the fumes, or the application ot a spray of kero.sene or gasoline to the interior, the drenching of all roosts with kerosene or hot water, followed by whitewashing, and the use of tar on t'le ends of the poles and wherever they come in contact with supports are pretty sure to bring success. The addition of 4 ounces of crude carbolic acid to the gallon of whitewa.sh increases its eltiuiency for this i)urpose. Itepeated applieatuins may be necessary, but due attention to reaching all points to which the pests resort will keep the nuisan<e in (iheck at least.

In this connection, it may be well to include a paragraph from Poultry World detailing a method which appears to be valuable, although the writer has not personally experimented with it.

Dr. Spaulding says:

I promised you a spocific against all manner of miscbiovous insoetfl th.at infest tlie poultry house and nests. Something surer auil nioro convenient than fnmiga tion and whitewash, and so speedy and simple that when once employed the poultry- man fuateus his hold upon it as an entirely satisfactory speciiic. I take for GOO

REMEDIES — PREVENTIVE TREATMENT.

281

Htjiiure fnot of lioiino room onn-liiilf hiiHliil of liiiio, pliico it in ii liox in tho n]><>ii uir an<l Hpriiiklo witli wator HndNcciiruconiiilt-topuIvt'rlxiitloii; in otb<-r \v(ii'<ls,slit('1( tiio lini(> ]iorfect]y, let it tn't i<ntir*>ly n>o|, ami tlioii to tliis liiiif IhihIkI of ]Milvori/uil linifl iiild 10 ponntlH of Hnlplinr and 1 ouikmi Ijiiid tarliolio atid, iin<l Ntir tliu wiiolo witli M Htirk nntil wvU ndxod. Tlu-n it can litiHafoly liandlcd witli tiio liand. After Nwui'])in); ont tlic licnlionso, drive out all tlio birdH, <'iosn all tho doors and windows, and be^in at llio Itii'tlnT end and walk backward, NcattiTln!' tlin nii\tiin< fri'cly all over tho lloor and tliroui;!! tho air onto tho porchcH and into tho nests e\erywliere thoron^hiy, and it is dillienlt to eoneoiv o how dense tlieeloud of niodie.ittMl dnnt that will han^ HnNpeiiiled through tlio wholu interior of the lioiiso. (iradnally it Huttles ONcrywhere, in every eraek aiul erm ire, and wherever 't reacdies a hcnlonse or otluir iiiHuet ho rotires from ImsinesH jx^rmaiuMitly. It ]inrilios as if by firv, I think there is nothing; o<|nal to it for thoronfrhness, eheapncss, and oxjtuditiun. If thoeliieks have ronp, leavo thom in tho hoiiHO and let them stem theNtorni; it won't kill nor hnrt tliem, but 'tho Hiieit/iiifr will bo t(<rrilie, and ovory partielo of ninend that haa aecunnilated in the air jiasHaKcs and throat will bo expelled.

Stockiii}^ the ixmltry yard at tho stiirt by reiiiiii}; offfjs in an iiicii- batof ami nev«'r iiitiodtidu}^ a fowl to briup parasites, .should avoid many of tlie worst poultry parasites.

KIMKIATION.

Fumifjatiou as a method of treatment Inis a limited value, but there are circumstanees under whi(!h it may be of great service. It involves too much exi>enditnre of labor and time to prove of general value. In winter tiuu', when washes or dips are unsafe from dauger of eliilling the animals, it <'an be used to advantage. As a general plan, liowever, the writer wouhl recommend the use of other measures at times of the year wlien this objection will not hohl. Kitlier sulphur or tobacco nuiy be used, but the latter seems in some respects preferable, ruinigation with sulphur is sometimes available in vacant buihlings or rooms to clear them of bed-bugs, fleas, and other pests, and may be sidopted for henneries that can be tightly closed. Sulphur should always be burned in an iron vessel to avoid danger from fire, and if ]»reviously moistened with alcohol nuich trouble will be avoided in causing it to burn.

A simple plan of fumigation for cattle ami horses is to covt r the ani- mal with a blanket or air-tight canvas kept tis free from the body as possible and to putt" fumes of tobacco from ii bee smoker under the edge.

A permanent box stall may be made just large enough to accommo- date the larger animals, with an opening for the head, the animal being held by a stancliion. The opening nuist be provided with a close <'anviis, sirranged so that wlien the aninuil's liead is in place the edge of the canvas can be drawn down tight just behind the eyes, thus inclosing every part but the moutli, nose, and eyes. A tight door must be arranged to close behind the animal, and the fumes nmy be Intro- duced by i)ufling from si bee smoker or by burning tobacco or sulphur in a tin or sheet-iron tube passed tlirough at someimint on the side, the outer end being closed and the heat applied by using a small oil stove, with due precautions to avoid communication of fire to the building. It has been found that by this plan cattle lice could be killed by au

282

INSECTS Ai^PECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

exposure of fifteen to twenty minutes, but in some trials on sheep it was ineffective even with an hour or two of dense fumes, the lonj,' matted wool evidently protecting the parasites. In the experiments the sheep had wool G inches or more long. When out of the wool tin; insects succumbed quickly to fumes.

SI'' 'I

ir;f

f'

I'll

WA8HKS AND DIPS.

Applications of liquid remedies are the main reliance in the treat meiit of external parasites, ami the choice between methods depends largely upon tlio amount of work to be done.

The most iivailable substances are the solutions of tobacco, diluted carbolic acid, kerosene emulsion, infusion of stavesacre for lice, or souui of the regular sheep dips.

For lice on cattle a wash of kerosene emulsion rubbed on with a raj^' or tht, hands to the parts where eggs and lice are most abundant can be used even in winter, with some care to avoid exposure, and while not usually reaching every louse, wdl suffice to keep tlie pests in check.

Tobacco decoction. — A simple tobacco decoction is made by steeping tobacco leaves and stems in water. Such decoctions are poison«ms to most animals and should not contain more than 2 to 5 per cent of tobacco. With horses they should only be ai)plied to a part of the body at one time.

Tobacco and sulphur dip. — A combination especially favored in Aus- tralia, given by Curtice, consists of tobacco and sulphur, of 1 pound ea(!h to every 4 gallons of water to be used, the tobacco solution and sulphur being stirred together till of a creamy consistency and then diluted with required amount of water.

Sulphur and lime dip. — Flowers of sulphur 25 pounds, quicklime 20 pounds, water 100 gallons. Lime is first slacked in usual manner, then the rest of the water and the sulphur are added. Boil for twenty min utes and strain well. Hold the sheep in the mixture until the scabs are thoroughly soaked. Immerse the head at least once. Use the dip at 100° to 110° F. Dip twice, with an interval of ten days. The ingredi ents should be carefully sifted before mixing, and the sediment should not be thrown into the tank.

Tobacco, sulphur, and hje dip. — Thirty pounds of tobacco, 7 pounds of sulphur, 3 pounds of concentrated lye, dissolved in 100 gallons of water.

Lau''s dip. — Tobacco K5 })ounds, oil of tar 3 pints, soda ash 20 pounds, soft s«)ap -k pounds, water .W gallons. Sufficient for HO sheep. The tobaeco should be steeped, afterwards the other ingredients added at 70° F.

Cottonseed oil. — This is claimed by Dr. Francis to give on a large scale the most satisfactory results for ticks. The oil is simply poured on a vat filled with water, the cattle being drenched with it as they emerge.

For a few animals a small vat is sufficient, and pigs, lambs, dogs, etc.,

	s
m	7

REMEDIES — PREVENTIVE TREATMENT.

283

ds, quicklime 20

may be dipped in a b or barrel. There is a patented dipping device for lowering animals into a tank.

\\ herever dipping is to be practiced to any great extent the con- struction of a i)ermanent tank or vat for the purpose will be a matter of economy.'

The following description of the method of constructing a dipjiing vat is from an article in the Texas Farm and l^anch, by Dr. M. Francis, of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College. It is so clear in explanation that anyone should be able to construct a vat fitted for the purpose. If the vat is intended for dii)i)ing sheep or small animals only it may be made smaller, but it would evidently be in proportion, and if it is intended to keep the vat constantly filled ready for use it might be preferable to have one for horses and cattle and a smaller sized one, with the proper dipping solution, for sheep, hogs, dogs, etc. It is thought, however, that by the use of a false bottom, so as to i)re- vent any possibility of the smaller animals i'ailing to get out of the larger vat, that all animals could be treated in one of large enough size to accommodate the largest animals.

Fio. 109, — Section of diijpiiij? vnt.

iimbs, dogs, etc.,

Dr. Francis's description was in the form of a reply to Mr. James M. Niall, Kockhampton, Queensland, xVustralia:

Mr. Jamics M. Niall,

Rovkhampton, Queensland, Australia.

Deak Sir: Yours of December 24 is before me. Ticks have becoine smili a curse in this country that we have b<it'u compelled to devise some means for their destruc- tion. After various unsuccessful attempts in this direction, we have adopted the dipping process with very gratifying results.

We use a large vat of r),0(X) gallons capacity and force liie cattle to swim through it. Without further remarks, I will now describe the arrangement and its operaticm. (Seeflg. 169.)

' Many of the patented or registered dips are valuable ami, if the user docs not object to paying a higher price for the ingredients used, may be utilized.

284

INSECTS AKFKCTINO DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Ill Holooliiift II Iticniiiiii Cor ii viit I woiilil iiilvimi a point to wliicli >viiti«r Ih ion voiiiiMit. 'I'liiN limy Im« rnrniHluMl h,v li wind iiiiiiip, ]ioiiil, or Htrtniiii. I would iiAmd wiitiM'H ('t)iittiiiiiiiK iiiiiii«i'alH or iilliali. I iviiow ol' no oliJtMition to Hiilt wator.

I'.xcavato a triMuli 7 toot, iloop, I tVid wido in Uottoin, and L'l Coot loiif{, in wliirh l<i liiiiltl tln« val.

In doiii^ MiiH considoraldo ol' tlio work can lio <loiio liy plowing and Hi'rapin;r IIki dirt, out at ono i>nd an<l dumping il. ho uh to lorin a iiiound on wliiidi lo liiiild (Im^ dri|>piii;; platt'orin.

'I'liK tronch iniiHt. Iii< roniplt^tod liy liand lalior l>,v llirowiii^ tho dirt out in alxiiH oipial i|uan(ili)H on oacli Hidu.

Lay in bottom of tr«Muli 2 ^doccM ol' I by I inciics by l.'l l'<M<t lon^ :il iiiclum aparl ; lay llioni parallel and l«>v<'l. On tbcso nail cross pieces li liy I by 4IJ, IS inches rrom centers bei;innin;j at Ni|naro end oflreiicli. 'I'liis will rciinire 17 pi»(c-eM '2 by l by Is. Ciit'iM piecoM - by t by 10 for iipri<;lits. Nail lowor ends of iijtri^lits into Hills ami eroNH |ii<<ces, and slant upper ends onl ward, making; upper ends S feet apart.

Having done this eontinne tlie I b\ I inch bottom sills It! f<<et up the incliiKwiml make the outer imuIh <>'{ f(<et apart so that the uprights to be atlache<l will come in line with those already in place.

Zl

^ — "T^i^ia^x "»'^-":\

	I?
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CU«tr

Ti :i

V.-»

-at-J^

».«■

i''-t-

Vui. J70.— lUanram of slici'i) pens, Hliowiii^lncntionof <li])|ihit; vat Imlow.

Put cross pieces on sills as in bottom, Kach cross piece will be longer as you ^o up. and uprights will be shorter.

Fill and tamp around the sills and cross jiieces thoroughly. For floor and sidiiif; we use 1' by 4 by 10 pine, dressed and matched, laid in white zinc jiaint, both secret and face nailed with sixteeupenny wire nails.

Mr. R. .T. Kleburg, who built tho first vat I know of, used 2 by 12 cypress floor and siding, ami calked joints with oakum.

Extend the siding 8 feet high to prevent wa«te of dip from splashing. Box up 8»iuare eml of vat 6 feet, cleat the incline with 2 by 4 pieces 18 inches apart for cat-

iLH.

RKMKDIHS — PRUVENTIVK TUKATMKNT,

285

which \vul.((r Ih com

tlllll. 1 NVOIllil ii\(ii,|

I) Hlllli waliM-.

Hvf. lon^, ill Wllirli In

11^ mill Hcrnpiii;; ^h<^ I wliioh Id Itiiilil Uw

lio tlil'l. Dill, ill iiImiiiI

oii^ :il iiiilioH iipiirl ; )y m, 1>< iiu'hi'H iVoiii ' |iiiM!t'H li by 1 liy \x. I'i^lits into Hills anil S I'cofc II part. it lip tlit> iiK'liiio anil tiai'lutil will conic in

4''*
It	1 **	J'

111 licliiw.

bo longer as you jin

'or lloor and Hidiii;^ o ]iaiiit, both oecret

by 12 cypress floor

splashing. Box np cheH apart for cat-

110 to Hociiro a CooUiik- Kraco l.ho vat ('IohhwIho liy iisinK ^ by '^ ''.V *>' hIuH', witlj nailed into lop of II pright.H. 'I'IiIhIh very linportantaHif. iirovoiif.H Ini lf<iiif{ and <!ol lapse.

Tlio drip|dii){ lloor is built, at tlio oxit tVoiii \\w viit and Hlopcs I foot, diainiiij^ into vat. ItHhoiild bo cloatod t(» prcvoiit Hlippin^ of cattb^ It Ih important tliiit tlio exit and dripping idatfurni l)o 1 loot abovo wator lino to (diock wavcH and jirovcnt wasto.

Wo liavn not found a draina)i;n ))ipo noccsHary. I''ill in around tlio vat np to gronnd line and tamp well. lncloH(t drippin){ lloor with a Htroiig leiKto and provide a gate.

dhule and (mpiloor. — MaUea lonj; narrow elnite, It Cect wide, leadiii)^ to vat, and iiox lip sidoH ti>;ht, no <'attlo can not see out. Hink two pimtH (! by (i liy K at end of cliiito lis close toend of vat as ]iosHiblu and boru U inch aii){erliolcH tliroii){li the posts at (ground line, and put a l]iii(di iron ]dpo through on which to balance tll(^ trapdoor.

Allow box iiifr<d' chute to project It fitet into vat. Make trapdoor of heavy material, 7 feet long, lij feet wide, and attach saiiio to axle ho iih to allow I feet to iiiii.jeet into chute and U feet into vat. TIiiih arranged it will fall back into place after being tilted. It is desirable, though not iieccHsary, to f.-ii^e trapdoor with boiler iron, as it will caiiHo cattle to slip readily and becaime wooi! hooii wears out.

Coimtriict pciiH Honietlilng like diagram. (Sco tig. 170.) Vou may find <tvcr(low pipes tlcsirablc in ciiho of heavyraiim. These coiiHist of l-ineli or l|-inch iron jiipc, 2 feet long, one el bow and another pipe, say, K or 10 inches. I'lit long end in vat and short end through hole in side of vat about 5^ feet from bottom, or at water line.

111 caso of tloodiiig this will allow the water to cscajie and will hold the oil. 'I'liu arrangoniunl'desctribed abovo has been in operation at this statirni two years and has proved so satisfactory that I have no change to HiiggcHt.

(Jul' vut cost about$JUU. I think it ouuld bu duplicated almost anywhere for $150.

f

ml

CHAPTER VTII.

LIST OF PARASITES ACCORDING TO HOSTS.

In the following list of insects affecting domestic animtils no atteinjit is made to enumerate siilcU as lead an inde2)endent existence and niako their attacks on a great variety of animals.

The moscjuitoes, flies, bugs, ticks, etc., which have no definite host could be included under almost every species.

The only exceptions made are in cases where species of .special imi)ortauce have a decided preference for certain animals, as the horn- fly and cattle tick for cattle.

Further, the list is intended to be a key to the species treated in this work and not to enumerate every species that has ever been recorded on any species of animal.

AFFKCTINQ MAN.

The OX bot-flies (Uypoderma Uneata and

bovis) (accidental). Bot-fly (Dermaiohia noxialis). The bot-fly (Dermatobia cyanivcntrw). The Bcrew worm ( Compsomyia macellaria). The house ilea, (Piilex irritans). The dog flea {Pulex serraticepa). The jigger flea (Sarcopsylla ptnclrana). The crab lonae {Phthiriua ingiiinalis). The head louse {Pediciihis capitis). The body louso {Pedictdua vestimenU), The itch luite (Sarcoptea acabiei var.

houiinia.) The follicle niito (Demodex folliculoriim

var homitiia),

AFKECTING APES AND MONKEYS.

The ape louse (Pcdiculiia conaobrinua). The nionkt'y lico (Pedicinua spp.).

AFFECTING THE DOO.

Bot flies (Dermatobia noxialia and cyani-

rentris). Screw-worm Hy (Compaomyia macellaria). The dog flea ( Puhx aerrativipa). The suckingdog louse {Hamatopitiiis pili-

ferua). The biting dog louse ( Trichodectea latiia). The dog tick or wood tick {Dermaveitlor

amcricanua). The itch nnte (Sarcoptea acabieiviir. cania). The follicle mite (Demodex folliculorum

var. cants). Linguatula rhinaria. 286

AFFECTIN(i THE CAT.

Bot-fly (Dermatobia noxialia). Screw worm ( Compaomyia viacellaria) The dog or cat flea (Pulex acrraticeps). The cat louso (Trichodevtia aubroalratnx). The itch mite of the cat (Sarcoptea minor

var. cati). The cat chorioptes or ear mite (C/iorio^'/'S

auriculorum var. felia).

AFFECTING THE FEIIRET,

Ferret louse ( TrichodecteaJ). The ferret chorioptes (Chorioptea auricn- lornmfuronia).

AFFECTING THE HORSE, ASS, AND MULE.

Common bot fly (Oaatrophilua eqiii). Ked-tailed bot fly (Gaatrjphilua hwmor-

rhoidalia). The chin fly (Gaatrophilna naaalia). Gaatrophilua jiecorum and Gaatrophilna sp. The horse tick; forest fly (Hippoboaca

equina). Tlio suctorial horse louse (Hmmatopinm

macrocephalus). The biting horse louse (Trichodecten

parumpiloaiia). Trichodectea piloaiia. The itch mite or mange insect (Paoroptcn

communia, var. c^.J). The itch mite (Sarcoptea acabiei,\a,v. equi). The horse symbiote mite (Chorioptes

aymbiotea, var. equi). Linguatula rhinaria larva, adult (occa- sional).

Screw won

LIST OP PARASITES ACCORDING TO HOSTS.

287

uo definite host

ecies of special

THK CAT.

IB I'KUKKT.

IE, ASS, AND MULE.

ilu8 nasalia).

nd Gastrophilua sp.

it fly {Hippobosca

)ii80 {HamatopinuH

luso {Trichodeciet

o insect {Paoropten

18 8ca6iet,var. equi). mito {Chorioptes

rva, atlult (occa-

AKKECTINCJ CATTLE.

Ox bot-fly; warWe fly (Europe), Hypo- derma bovia. Ox bot-fly; warblo ily (in America),

llypoderma lincuta. The horn fly (Homntobia Si-rrata). The screw ■vvorni {Compmmy'm macel-

lariii). Short -nosed ox louse {Hamatopinua

euryaternun). Long-nosed ox hmse (Ifamatojiinua

tenuifoatrix). Biting ox louse (Trichodcctea sralarla). Itch mite of cattle (Choriopiea aymbiotea,

var. bovia). Itch mite of cattle {SarcopU- acabivi, \iir.

bovia). Scab mito of cattle {I'Horoptea communla,

var, bovia). The cattle tick {Hoiiphihia bovis). The lone star tick (Ambtyomma nnipunc-

tala). Follicle mite {Demodex foUiviilorum, var. bovia). Linguatula rhinaria (larval stage).

AFFECTING SHEEP.

Sheep bot-fly ((IJatrua oria).

Screw worm {Compaomyia maceUaria).

Sheep tick (Mehphagua oriiiua).

Sheep foot louse (nirvaiopiiiua pedal in).

Sheep louse {Trichodcctea aphwrdcrphnliia.)

Sheep scab mito (Paoroptca covimunia, var.

ovia). Sheep foot scab mite {Chorioptea aymbiotea,

var. oris). Sheep itch mite (Sarcoptea acabiei, var. ovia).

AFFECTING THE GOAT.

Goat louse {Ilmnatopinua atenopaia). Biting goat louse (Trichodectea ditmi.r). Louse of the Angora goat {Trichodectea

limbatua). Goat scab mito {Paoroptea commitnia, \nr.

capru). Goat itch mite (Chorioptea aymhiotex, var.

capro^). Itch mite (Sarcoptea acabiei, var. caprn).

AFFECTING SWINE.

Screw worm (Compaoniyia inacellaria).

Hog louse ( JFwmatopinua uriua). Follicle mite (Demodex folliculoriim, var.

8«i8).

AFFECTING RAUBITS AND HAUES.

Uabbit bot8(C'M/er«/>r« cuniculi, horripilum

iuid fontinella). Ka)>bit fleas {Pulex yoiiiocephaUia, inw-

qiialia). Kabbit lice {Hmnatopinua rentricoaua). Itch mite {Sarcoptea acabiei, var. 8i(i8).

AFFECTING CHICKENS.

(,'liicken flea {Sarcopnylla yallinacea). Flea ( lermipaylla alakurt). Chicken bug {Acanthia inodora). Chicken lice {Goniocotea gigaa, hologaater,

hurnetti; Goniodea diaaimilia; Lipeurna

rariabilia, heterographua; MenoponpMi-

diim, biaeriatum). ■ Chicken tick {Dermanyaaua gallinw). I Chicken tick {Argaa americanua). Chicken mites {Cytoditea niidiia, Laminoai-

opteacyaticola, Sarcoptea mutaua, S. laevia

var. gallina).

AFFECTING TIIK TURKEY.

Turkey gnat {Slmulium meridioiiale). Turkey lice {Goniocotea rectangulattts,

Goniodea atylifer, Lipeurua polytrape-

siua).

AFI'ECTING THE PEAFOWL.

Peacock louse {Goniodea falcicurnia).

AFFECTING PIGKONS.

Pigeon bug {Acanthia columbarina). Pigeon lice {Goniocotea comi , Goniodea minor auCi damicornia, Lipeurua baciilua). IMgeon tick {Argaa rejlexua). Pigeon plume mito {Falciger I'oatratua).

AFFECTING DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWAN.

Duck lice {Docophorita icterodea, Lipeurua

aqualidua, Trinoton luriduw). Lice of geese ( Trinoton Jejunum, Trinoton

conapurcatum). Swan lice Docophorua nigni, Ornithohiua

bucephalua). Lice of the guinea hen {Goniodt-n nunii-

dianua).

CITArTEK IX.

LITERATURE.

The following list of works upon the subject of parfisitism incliulos those of greater importance, and esi)ecially those containing original matter referring to American species. The enumeration of all papers bearing on the subject whicli was at first contcmplateil would have so enormously increased the si)ace required that it was deemed InexjM'- dient. The titles coUecited in the progress of the work would alone iill a volume. JVIoreovor, it is assumed that any student xeho would need such a complete bibliography must have access to some of the general records of zooh)gy and entomology which would answer his special purpose :

Pauasxtks in Gknekal.

Ai.Hlx, Eleaza;:. — A Natural History of Spiders, and Other CiiriouH Insects. Lon- don, Moiitajiu, 1730, ]i. 7(), p. 8.

Childukn, Joiix CiKi)K(iE. -Catalogue of Aracbnida and InBccts. liaek's Voyage an polo dii nord. 1H36. Pg. 11. Appd., p. 532.

DesiTipticm of tlie nrtlculiitod aniiiiiilB collected in the iiortliwest expodiUon of Cnptnin Back.

ClTUTiCE CoOPEK. — Tho Aniiual I'arasitos ot Sheep. Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. Agr. 1890.

GuKLT, EuxsT ruiEDiJ. — Verzeichulss dor Thiere, auf welehen Sclnnarotzer-Insecten leben. Wiegni. Archiv. 1857. T. 23, pp. 27*^311.

GuiiLT, E, F. — Die auf HauBvIigeln uud Siiugethleren hsbeuden Sclnnarotzer-Insec- ten. Mag. f. d. gesainnite Thierheilkunde 18^2. Jah.g. YIII. St. 4, p. 109. Jahrg. IX, St. 1, p. 1, tab. 1.

Geuvais, Taui,. — Hist >iro naturelle des insectes aptcrea. Paris, 1844. 3 vols.

KoLLAH, Vincent. — A Treatise on Insects Injurious to Hardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. 1840.

C'li.i])tor oil parasites.

Ml^H.NiN, P. — Les Parasites et .^es Maladies Parasitaires chez I'honmie, los Animaux

donif stiques, etc. 478 pp., 65 figs., and 26 pi. Insectes, Arachnides, Crustac^s.

Paris, 1880. Neumann, L. (1. — A Treatise on the Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of the Donu's-

catedAninuils. Translated by fieorge Fleming. London, 18!)2. 800 pp., 364 figs. G.'iieral ivoik. Very complete. Less full 'ir inaects tliaii venues. OsnoHN, II. — External Parasites of Domestic Animals, h'ept. Stock Hreeders' Assoc.

Reprint Hull. la. Ag. Col.; Dept. Ent. 1884. Packauo, a. S. — Certain Parasitic Insects. (Hlustr.) Am. Nat., Vol. IV, i>. 83. Packahd, a. S. — Our Coipmon Insects.

Includes mcmtion of many insects aft'ccliug d» .estic auimala.

Packaud, a. S.— Guide to Study of Insects. Fourth ed. Salem, 1874. Tncludes mention of many species of insects affecting domestic animals. 288

LITERATUSE.

289

Packaui), a. S. — llalf-llour RorreatioDs in Natural History. DiviHioii First — Half Hours with Insects. JJoston, 1871-75. Relations of Insects to Mand)]). ()r)-it6, flfjs. .')t-70). Unity of Creation: Act onnt of some Human I'arasites, some sting- ing, some poisonous), and somti useful insects and Arachnids.

Haii.likt, a. — Traitc do Zoologio Mi'dicale et Agricole. I'aris, iirst ed., Part 1, 1885. I'art II, 1880. Second ed., I'aris, 18!)5. Pj.. 1303.

UlLEY, V. V. — Insects in Ifelation to Attriculture. Stoddard's Encyclopedia Ameri- cana, 188:^ Vol. I. Pp. 135-112, li^s. 1-L'!t.

Iimects injiiriiiiis to livestock; botfly of I'attlu (llyiioderma bovix); Hlieep botfly {(Ettrui ovin); liorso hot fly ((insti'iphlliin njui).

Van Benedkn. — Atiimal Parasites and Messmates. International Science Series. Vei'.uiij,, a. E. — The External and Internal Parasites (d" Man and Ponu'stic Animals.

Hartford, (.'onu., 1870, T- (?),!>• 140. Reprint from Report of Connecticut State

Board of Agriculture. WiLUSTox, S. \V. — Diptera, Statidard Natural History, Vol. 11, pp 403-133. DisciisMej' nuinuroiiM spocics of Diptern tliat iitft'cf iiiiiii and domeHtic niiinialH.

ZCrn, v. a.— IJio Schmarotzer aiif und in dem Korper unserer Haussiiugethiere. Erstor Theil : Die thiorischen Parasiteti. Weimar, 1882.

IMl'TEIiA.

chmarotzer-Insecteu

COQUEUEL, CHARI.E8, — Nouveau cas do mort produite par la Lucilia homiuivorax et

description do salarve. Ann. .Soc. Ent. rr.,ser. 3. 1859. T. 7, pp. 233-237, fig. KiLPATRic'K, A. R. — The Sere"- Worm. Am. Ent., Vol. III., j). 275. Riley, C. V. — Screw Worm. Its jjarentage in doubt. Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 203. Riley, C. V.— Abnormal Prevalence of Plow Flies. Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 21.

Note, and copy of account of injuries by blow flios. Referred to Lucilia maeellaria as probable cause.

Riley, C. V. — Prevalence of the Strew Worm in Central America. Anier. Nat., April (Mar. 15), 1883, Vol. XVII, p. 123.

Extract from letter of >T. < '. Zeledtm on tlio abundance and ravages of Lucilia maeellaria and related flies in Costa IJica,

RlLEY, C. v., ami Howard. L. (».— The Horn Fly. Insect Life, \ol. II, pp. 93-103,

1889.

Full account tif life liistory, habits, and investigations as to renu'dies.

SIMULIID.i:.

Barnard, W. S. — Notes on the development of the Black Fly (Simiilinin), common in the rapids around Ithaca, N. V. Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 191, 1880. (Figure of

eggs.) Dodge, C. R.— Field and Forest, Vol. I, ]>. 2, 1875-7t:.

Unusually great killing of horses and mules in the 8t)uth central TTnited States by "buffalo gnats " in the si)ring of 187").

Howard, L. O. — Notes on a Siniulium common at Ithaca. N. V. Insect Life, 1, 99-101,

Oct. 1888. .McBride, Sara .T. — The so-called Web Worm of Young Trout. Am. Ent., Vol. II,

p. 365.

Followed by editorial note by C. V. Kiley.

OSTEN Sackkn. — On the transformations of Simulium. Am. Ent., Vol. II, p. 1'29.

Figures after Verdat anil Osten Sncken. Kef'erences to authorities. RiLEY, C. V. — Report of Entomologist. Ann. Rept. IT. S. Comm. Agr. for 1880, pp. 459-592, 11 pi.

Buffalo gnats, etc. (pp. 492-515). Dctoilcd account of life history, habits, etc.

Riley, C. V. — The Southern BuH'alo-Gnat {fSimuUum pecuarum). Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1884, p. 340-3-15.

4653— No. 5 19

290

INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Hi

h

KiiKV, C. V. — The nnllalo Onii t Problem In the Lower IMissiasippl Valley. Al).si i u, t, Proc. Aincr. Assoc. Ailv. Sci. for 1««7, May, 1888, Vol. XXXVI, p. 362. KcMultuf lute iiiri'stlgntiDiiH on Hp<«fit'H of SiiiiMliiiiii. Rll.KY, C. V. — .Siiimliuiii Iroiii Lake Superior. Aiiier. \at., November (28 Oc^t.), 1881, Vol. XV, p. Kit!.

Niiti(')> (it'fiaiiiT liy II. A. Uikfjeii; larvii' iiiitl ]iiipii> Croni Luk« Siipcrinr NJiiiilar to tlioHc u\' S. pictipes, liiit tint iiiinKo.s I'i'diii llio hiiiiii' localitins aio (lltrerciit.

Rir.KY, C. v.— Death ofMules Caused by Insects. Am. Ent., Vol. I, ]). 148. Kii.r.Y, C. v.— The Death Web of Young Troiit. An;. Knt., Vol. II, j). 171. ('(ipy of an irticlo from Wilkes's Siiirit of tlio Tiniea, wiUi ciiitoriul comnii'iit.

Rli.EY, C. v.— The Death AVeb of Young Ti mt. Am, Knt., Vol. II, p. 211. KiLKY, C. v.— The Death AVcb ..f Young Tro it. Am. Knt., Vol. II, j). 227. Kli.fiY, C. V. — Kditorial nota on article by 8ara .1. Mcllride, entitled "'The Ho-call(!(l Aveb-worm oi young trout." Am. I'nt., ^'ol. II. i)p. 3(56-367. Doscribt's siiiiuliiim iiiscifiiliiim.

Vekdat, G. ,1.— Meiuoire pour servir a I'histoire des Simulies, genru d'inseeto,-^^ ili'

I'ordre des Dipteres, famille des Tipulairea; lu a la reunion de la Soeif'tt- lielvi -

ti(i)io des Sciences naturellcs a Hale, le 25. .luillet 1821. Vkkuat, («. J. — Gcsc hichted. Siiunlien in Naturwiss. Anz. d. allg. Schweiz, Gesellsch,,

1822, No. 9, and in Tium's archiv., Vol. II. Wr.nsTKii, F. M. — Keport on ISull'alo Gnats. Huli. No. It, Div. Eut.U. 8. Dejit. Agric,

p„ 29. 1887.

<i;sTKii).i:.

Allkn, Ciiahlks II. — Dcmonstral ion of locomotion in the larva- of the (Kstrid;r. I'roo. Amcr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. XXH', pp. 230-2.)6.

Staif it'iit of iv Ciim^ ill ■wliicli liiivir, of iirt)l)ably Ihjinnh'innt hnvii', iiiovod, n-Npcctivcly, I, fi, ami 110 inclifx iintlrr tlio Nkiii of a boy. Notes on otber bir. i' of (Kstri(bi'.

Arture. — Observations sur I'espeee de ver nomm(^ Maea(iue {<I\8trHx). Mem. A.i'ad.

Paris, 17.53. Hist., p. 72, ed. in 8. Hist., p. 106 (cf. Percherou 1, p. 11). BlocH, Maiu'IS Kmazau. — l?eitr."ige zur Naturgeschiehte der Wiirmer, wolche in

audern Thieren lebeu. ((Kstrus.) IJeschiifi. Kerl. Gesellsch. Natnrfor., 177!>,

pp. 531-561. Braukr, F. — Die (Kstriden des Hochwildes, nebst einerTabelle zur Heatimmnng allev

europiiischen Arten dieser Faniile. Verhamll. AVien Zool. Hot. Gesellsch., 18,")8.

pp. 385-414. Braukk, F. — Nene ISeitriige znr Keuntniss der europiiischen (Kstriden. Verhaudl.

AVien Zool. Hot. Gesellsch., 1858, i)i>. 44!»-478. Brauer, F. — Monograpliie der (Kstriden. Ilerausgegeben von der K. K. Zool. Hot.

Gesellschaft in Wien. AVioi" 1863. COfjl'icRKl,, Chahles. — Noti; sur une larve d'CKstride extraite du bras d'unhonmie h

Cayenne. Revue et Magaz. Zool., ser. 2, 1859, T. 11, pp. 3.56-361. C()Qi;EUia,, CiiAHMCs. — Note sur les larves d'CKstrides dt'veloppees chez I'liomme an

Mexiijue et a la Nouvelle Orleans (avec SjiII^^). Revue et Magaz. Zool., ser. 2,

1859, T. II, pp. 361-3()7, iig. Cl.ARK, Bkacy. — < )bservations <m the genus (Kstrus. Transact. Lin;.. See., Loudon,

1797,vol. 3, pp. 289-329. Clark, Bkacy. — An essay of the Bots of liorses and other animals. London, 1815,

p. 72. Supplementary sheet. Discovery of the Fly of the White Hot, p. 4. Clark, Bracy. — Of the Insects called (Kstrus by the ancients, and of the true spe- cies intended by tliim under this appellation, etc. Transact. Linn. See., London,

1827, pp. 402-411. Clark, Bkacy. — Note on (Jistrna equi; the Bot of Horses. Entom. Magaz., 1838.

Vol. V, pp. 336-338. Clakk, Bracy. — An Appenuis or Supplement to a treatise on the (Estri and Cuterebric

of various animals. Transact. Linn. Soc, London, 1843, VI. XIX, pt. 2, pp. 81-91.

I.ITEKATUR' .

291

nu «)f the (Entridii'.

C) ARK, Bracy. — Addondii 1848, 1 p., llg. (2 nov. Hpec). <>n tlm liirvti (»f (Kslrun

cirvi. Zoologist, 1«4»S, pp. lo(j))-1570, fig. Davih, a. ir.— Vitiility of (I-Jstnin bovis. Entoni. Magii/., ISUf). Vol. Ill, p. lOU. I'lTCii, A. — Kinasciilating hot fly (Ciiterehra emajvulalor). Tliinl l{«'pt. N. Y. Kiitorn.,

p. 478, No. 210. GoUDor, .Fi'siiN. — 01)serviitioiis «ur iin diiitt re ('xoti<|Uu dont In Jiiivo unit mix

hiwwi'H (('iilirehra iioxitillit). Ann. St;. Nat., ser. H, ISI,'), 'I'. li, pp. L'l'l-L'.'iO. (lAHMAX, H.— ']'!io bot ilies of tlic I'liited States. Ann. Kept. Ktntiiclty Ag. ICxp.

Station. (jHEEN, U.— Natnri.i History of tlic Hot Fly {(lagtrnn reterinim). New Kngland

Fanner, 1826, T. 4, pp. ;{»5-:M7. llKNNKi,!'. l'\ — Uolier</'.8<)H8 ei/iii oris nnd cetri vaiireoli. Allgeni. Dcutseli. Natnrh.

Zeit,, 1855, T. 1, pp. 2!I7-:}0V, tab. 2. (irrstat( kor. Itoriciit, lS."iti, ]>. IK!. Mil. I., Natiiamki. 'riK)MAS. — Accoiuit of till) larva of a hii])]io.simI (Kstrim huminis or

gad lly wliich dKj)o8itH its eggs in tlio body of the liiiuian species. Kdinb. Now

I'hil. .'jor.rn., I8:H0, pp. 284-288. Isis, 18:{2, p. J»17. .loi.Y, N. — Kechcrclies /oologiqiios, anatoniii|ni>8, physiologiqucs, et niodicalcssur les

(Kstrides en general et partieuliercnient snr les (Fstnis (|ui attu(|uent riioniine,

le clieval, le boeiif, et lo raonton. Ann. Soe. d'Agric, Lyons, 184(5, T. it, pp. l.">7-30o.

Separate, Tonlonse, 184(i. LABori.Bi;NK, Am'.xandkk. — Description et iignred'uiu^ lurvo d'd'atrido do Cayenne

extraitodc la]iand'nulioninie. Ann. Soc. F.nt. Fr.,ser. 4, IStil.T. l.jij). 24!)-2r>;j,lig. liElOY, .losK.i'ii. — KeniarkH on the larva of a sjteiies of (I'.strus. Proceed. Acad.

Nat. Sc, I'hilad., 18r)7, p. 204. OuMKUoi), Ei.KAXoij, — Observations on the Warble I'ly, or Ox Hot I'ly. Third ed.,

London, 188;"

From Kopiiri on Iiijiirioiia IiiflectH for 1H84. Uathvon, S. S.— The Sipiirrel Bot. Am. Ent., Vol. 1, p. 117.

Notes on ^l(^'^■('^^•a fc!icca<rt Fab. Kii.KY, C. v.— The Sheep Bot Fly, or Horse Magg()t. I'irst Ann. liei)t. on the noxions,

beueticial, and other insects of Missouri, ]ip. l(il-l(>5, ligures.

ruuciD.K.

iLin:;. Soe., London,

litem. Magaz., 1838.

Bakkr, C. F. — Preliminary Stndies of the Siphonaptera. Canadian Entomologist,

Vol. XXVIl, 1895. Bkrtoi.otto, L. — Histoire de la Puce, avec notes et observations precodee <^' e Migo-

nient, <ju'il a obtenu contre lo sieurMai'Strootsnivio deCadot-Biiterx it )'!';;'iibi-

tion des Puces industrieuse.s, Paris, 18154. Ed. II. Engl. Trausl. Thrt istory

of the Flea, with Notes and Observations. London, IKil, lig. Bo.sc D'Antic, L. a. G. — Description d'uno Espice du Puce (/'. faaciaiua). Bull.

Soc. Philom., 1801, T. 2, p. l.-)t5. BoucuK, Peter Frieorich. — Beitriige zur Insecten Kunde. 1. Benierkungen iiber

die Larven der zweifliigligen Insecten. 2. Bernierkungen iiber die Gattuug

Pulex. Fig. Nov. Acta. Acad. Leopold, 183"), T. 17, Pt. I. BruMEisTER, Hermann Carl Conrad.— Ueber Puhx penvtrans. Lotos, 1854, T. 4,

pp. 167- .68. Di;(ifc8, Antoine Louis. — Recherches sur les characteres zoologiciues du genre Pulex

et sur la multiplicitc des insectes qui'il renl'erme. Ann. Sc Nat., 1832, T. 27>

pp. 145-164. DuFOUR, Leon.— Des cocons de la Pnco. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.. ser. 4, 1861, T. 1,

pp. 255-258. HoWAEi), L. O. — The cat and dog flea (Pulex serraticejm Gerv.). Bull. 4, new series,

Div. Entom., U. S. Dept. Agric. (1896), pp. 24-31, 2 figs. Taschenbero, Otto. — Die Flohe; Die Arten der Insecten Ordnuug Suctoria, nach

ihrem Chitinskelet mouogruphisch dargestellt. Halle, 1880.

292

TSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

I'RDKiri.llM.; ANI> MALLOI'IIAOA (UCK).

ALnitKCiiT, .ToHANS rKTF.H. — D« podioiilis nbortiiiTi pricRagientlbuH. K]i1ioiii. Acml,

Nat. Curi.m., UiOO, I »«•<•. II, Aim. St, Ol.mjrv. 8H, pp. 151-151'. Ai.T, IIkinuicii Ciikihtian.— Do IMitliiriiiHo disHort. iiiiing. Donn, l^lM, p. IH, tab. I. HruMi;iHTKU, H. C. C— Hiinillmch drr Kntomoln^tic. Mi'iliii, 1HH2-1X55. liiKMKisTKit, H. C. ('. — (ittiiom liiHcrtoriini iconiliiiH illiistravit et deticripHit II. Km

nwister. Vol. 1, liiiyiuhotii. Kerolini, IKW. HiUNi'.TT, W. I, — On the reliition of the rediciiU ti) tlm dith-reiit I'miiiu'. I'lur

MoHton 8of. Nat. Hist., IH.')(), T. >'», pp. 324-H2<'.. UruNKTT, W. I. — On tlic relation of tlio iliHtributioii of Lieu to the ditlorent ruiiii;i .

Proc. Aiiior, Ahmoc. Adv. Wei., 1H.")1, T. 4, pp. IIW-IIW. CuiNDK, .1. I*. — Noti'H pour Burvir u I'liistoire des Kpi/oiqucB. Description dc

qut'liiUfB eHpi't't'H noiivclleH apparttMiant aiix ^curt-.s: D<>ro]ihoruH, Nirnius,

l.ipourns, c'tc. Hull. Moh.ow, lW!t, T. X', pi>. UK-ll'7. Dknny, IIk.nkv. — Mono^rapliia Anopliirornin itritanniii', or an KsHay on tliu KritJNli

Hpeciua of Parasitic InNtutB. London, liohn, IM'J, ]>p. l'<)3. Dknny, IIknhy. — UiHcription of hIx Hiipposed new spci-ies of imrusites (I I'ulex.i

Ann. of N. H., 1«4:», T. VJ, pp. •M2-M7. DUKOUR, Lko.n. — DeHcription et niono^ra))hie de trois espicos nonvelloB du genre

Philoplfnis, paraHitt< d'Albatros. Ann. .Soc. Knt. Fr., 18H5, T, 4, pp. 669-68I. Fl.A(i(i, GlUHKiK VV. — Lice on Sheep. No. !>. Trichodiclea sphnrocrphaliia {z=^Pediculiin

ovh): description, habit.s, remedies. UyphoboKia irina {-^IlippohoBca ovinaf):

habits, deBcrijition. N. K. Farmer, v. 53. KEU,()(iO, V. \j. — New Mallo|)ini);a. Pioc. California Academy of Sciences, ser. 2,

Vol. VI, and I.eland Stanford, jr. Univ., 18!t«. GlKUKL, CiimsToiMi.— Inseeta Kpizoa. Die auf Saiinetbiereu nnd Vogeln sehmarot-

zenden Insekten, naeh Zeichniingen von C. 1... Nitzseh's Nacblass bearbeitet.

Leipzig, 1874. Van Leei'Wkniioek, A. — Pedicnlos nou esse berniaphroditos. Fornucro non eon-

strnuut luccam ; nou mordent ac puugunt. VI. Vervolg der Hrieveu, Delphis,

1697. Lucas, II. — Deseriittion du Pedicnlus Phoea'. Guerin. Magaz. Zool., 1834, T. 4,

No. 121. Lucas, H. — Notice snr uno nonvelle especo d'epizoique appurtenant an genre de

Hamiatopinus et (pii vit itarasite sur I'antelope des ludes. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,

ser. 2, 1847, T. 5, pj). .531-540. Lucas, H. — Description «'t figure de rHa^matopinus tuberculatum Burm., qui vit

parasite sur le bu-uf (f) d'ltalie. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 2, 1852, T. 10, Bull.,

p. 5. Murkay, Andrkw. — On the pcdlculi infesting the different races of man. Trans.

Roy. Soc. Edinb., 1860, T. 22, p. 3, p. 567. NiTZ8(;ii, C. L.— Die Familieu nnd Gattungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta epizoica)

uls ein Prodroiuus der Naturgeschichtc derselben. Germar's Magaz. Entom.,

1818, T. 3, pp. 261-316. Separat, Halle, 1818, pg. 58. NiTZScH, C. L. — Anleitung ziir IJeobachtuug von Thierinaccten. Aus seinem Nacb- lass v(m Giebel mitgethcilt. Jabresber. uaturw. Vereins in Halle, 1851, T. 4, pp.

113-135. NiTZSLH, C. L.-^ZurGeschichteder Thior-Insecktenkunde. Zeitschr. f. d. gesamuit.

Naturwiss., Halle, 1855, T. 5, pp. 269-287. NiTZScn, C. L. — Cbaracteristik der Federlinge Philoptorus von Giebel verofFent-

licht. Zeitschr. f d. gesamuit. Naturwiss., Halle, 1857, T. 9, pp. 249-263. OsBOKN, Hrrkekt. — Notes on Mallophaga and Pediculidw. Canadian Entomolo- gist, 1884, \ ol. XVI, pp. 197-199. List of FodicuUdw aud MuUoi)hagidte.

LITERATURE.

293

IH. K]ih(Mii. Aiatl.

of Sciences, eer. 2,

ForniicaB non roii-

?H of mau. Trans.

OnnoRN, llKKiii'.itT. — Tho Pcdicnli and MiillopliiiKiv IiifeHtinK Man and tlin Lower Auiiimls. Kiill. 7, Div. Knt., U. S. Dept. Aki'., ".ti pp., 42 liKiires, 1«U1.

Ti-riitH H|it<rlt'H III' I'eiliciilittiii mill Matlo|iliaea known to iill'i'it iiiiin ami iloiiirMtir anlnmlH, with nii'iition III' HiiiiiK N|ii'riuH uoiirriu); un wilil auiiiiuU. UrHi'i'i|itUiuH nl mi-vituI uuW HjH'cluH anil on« ni'w ^iniiit.

Ohdokn, lli'.ititKUT. — l.ireiitVoctiiit; (ImneHtic uiiiinals. Hiilh'tiii No, 16, lowii Kx])ori-

ni(<iit Stiition, AiiicH, la., 1H\V2. OsitoiiN, IlKitiiKur. — Kc.vH to the (ioiiorii of rodiciilida' aixl Miillupha^ida'. Aiu.

Monthly Mi<ioH. Journal, \iA. XV, i>p. :UI-;M(J, Nov., ISlll. O.siioiiN, Hi'.iiiii'.ur. — Note on the Period of Devclopiiieiit in Mallopliaga. Insect

Life, Vol. Ill, p. II."., Nov., 18!M».

OliHi'ivatlon on inruliativi« lu-rioil In Mtiirhia iniliearin.

PlAtiKT, K. — Li'H rrdicnlliicH. Loide, 1S80. SiippleiiienI, 1885.

Tli« niuHt ronipli'to work on t1ii< reiliriiliilii' nnil .Mallopliafsu |inli||Hliei1.

IJiLKY, (J. V. — AdiaastroiiH Hbcep parasite. Amer. Nat. (3), December, 1881, Vol. XV, p. 1011.

A par«8ito [Trichotlectei i-rii/) doini; groat injury to Rlicop In lIllnolH.

TASCiiKNDKiui, 0.--J)ie MallopliaKcii, init iMMonden-r Heriuksiclitiginif; iler von Dr.

Meyer gesainiiielten Arten. SyNteniatisch liearbeitet. Malic, 1882. Ulli.EK, P. n.— ParaNita. .standard Natural History, Vol. II, jip, 200-212.

DldcusHfs varions wpi'i'leu of pura«ltic ili'nilpti>ra I'arasita.

Uiii.KR, P. R.— Mallopliaga. Standard Natural II -ry, Vol. II, pp. 2!»4-21»fi. Gt'uoral tri-atnii'ut of tli(> (irunp.

AltACIINIDA.

CsoKoR, .loiiAN.N.— I'ebcr Iliirsackinilben iind eine iieiie \arietiit dt^rsolben bei Schweimn. (hemotivs ph;/lloidis.) Yerbandl. «l. >!ool.-bot. Oesellscb. in Wieu, 29 Pd. 1880.

Detnodex/ollieiiloriitn var. suis.

F1.XCIIKR. — Memoir on the Argas of Persia. Ito, with plate. Moscow. 1823. Packaki), a. S, — A ('ha])ter on Mites. Am. Nat., Vol. Ill, p. UGl. KIM.Y, C. v.— Vitality of the Sheep Scab. Am. Ent., Vol. I. p. 12() (note). K11.EY, C. v.— An internal mite in fowls. Amer. Nat., Apr. (15 Mar.), 1883, Vol. XVII, pp. 122-423.

LnngH. bronrhln.anil liningMortliorarlcanil alxloniinal cavities of a Hli'k chlckrn covenMl with Cytoleiclitit narcdptinden Mognin ; liabitat of tliu 8aino in fowls In £uropo ; (liaeaHCM caiiHi-*l by it. Cytoditi-iiniidiit'Vii.

Trouessart, K. L. — Les Sarcoptidcs Plnmicoles. Revision dti groupe des Analgesinte et description des espt-ces ot genres nouveaux de hi collection du Musee d'Angers. .lourual de Micrographie, T. VIII, 1884. p. 92, 150,211,257.331,380,428,527,572.

Walsii, B. D., and Riley, C. V.— Ticks and Texas Fever. Am. Ent., I, p. 28.

jchr. f. d. gesammt.

UEMEDIKS.

The New Encland Farmer. — No. 1. Means against wood lice; bots in horses, and remedies. No. 5. Remedies for lice on cattle. No. 7. Disappearance of lice on calves in presence of sheep. No. 10. Calomel as a cure for lice on cattle. Vol. I (new series, Vol. XXIX).

FuANCi.'*, M. — Remedies for Ticks ( ?). Bull. Texas Exp. Sta.

OsiiOHN, Herih'.rt. — Methods of Attacking Parasites of Domestic Animals. Insect Life, Vol. VI, p. 163. Paper read before Assoc. Econ. Ent., at Madison, Wis. Smniuary of niuthiKls of attacking parasitic insects.

Riley, C. V. — Sheep Parasites : Pyrethrnni. Am. Ent., Vol. I, p. 278. Note from letter from Alex. Mitcliell, iliscussing use of pyrctbrum.

Riley, C.V. — Pyrethrum for the screw worm. Amer. Ent., November, 1880. Vol. Ill, p. 276.

Notice of paper by A. K. KIrkpatrick, directions for tbe use of pyretbruni powder against the " screw wonu " (Liieilia maceUaria) ; objections to the use of other roiuedies.

h?

Acniitliiiicii lilriiiHlii liiiitliira, Itictiilon |ii]iistrol Aciiiitlilidii', AniiitliisUii Acrlplttir vc Acnrldic, 14. Aci)ritm,2r>l. .KKinlitis vol A|;rlaiiiM ]i1i> Alloiifinllt', 'J Anililyninniii Anipt'llH coili AuitH aiiicrlci bimi'ImH. : t'uruUni'ii clyiKiHto, AnciHtroiin u Aimer nlliifni Cnnili TtltU'oUiH, Aiitolo|)i> lice Antllopaccn itiai)ri, 17( Hiibciittii Apo loiiHu, lA Appendix to Aqiiila impel Arachiiiila, l: Arilea ogrott ArgaH aniorii inoubata, perHicng, radlatiis, relU'xus,; talivjii',25i Arnouio, 277. Arvicola arvi peuiisjiv Hpp, 181. AaboB, 279. Asio wilsouii AsB, louse of Avocett, 224. Banded breez Barn-8wallo\« Bartramia loi BassariBCus e Bat hippoboB

INDUX.

(NoTK.— SyiionyiiiH iirc i>\|iri>MHi'il in tlaltcXtUvn,]

Acanthia cnlnmlmrhiR, l.M), lO'J.

liiriiiHiinix. IM), tni, 102, lua

iiiiKliini, Kill.

ImtiilBna, \.<7 ina.

Iiiplstrelli. ir>U, 102, ion. Armitliiidii', 1,'>7. Acmitlilsliiiarlii '.".'4. AtTlpittirvtlox,'Jl«,'J23. At'arldii'. 14. Ai'arlna,2ril,

.i;j{lallll8vo.lfera, 220, 2110. AKi'laiii.'* pliii'tllreiiH, 220, 224. Alloiigalli' 224. Anililyoniiiiit iiiii|>iiii('tn,2fll. Ampi'liH codriinim 22:i. AnaN aiiKM-icaMii, 248.

hoHcliaM. 24H.

rurolini'imiH, 24H.

olypoata, 214. AnciNtroiia Kiuai«,240. AiiBor alliifrniiH, 214. ):anilH'li, 2;i4.

rutlc'olliH, 214. Ant(>lopi> lice, 170. Antllopa c'crvlraprn>, 170.

nmori, 170.

Hiibciitlurnsa, 170. Apo loiiHu, 108.

Appi'ndix to AIaUoplmga,210. Aipiila iniporialiH, 210. Aradmida, 11, 13,251. Ardea cgrotta, 247. ArgaH aniorioanuH, 250.

inuubata, 2.')6.

perHions, 256.

radiatiis, 256.

rolU'xiis, 255.

tulajii',250. ArHouic, 277. Arvicola arvalis, 153.

peunsylvauica, 180.

Hpp, 181. AhIios, 279.

Agio wilsonianuH, 216. A88, luuee of, 207. Avocptt, 224. Bauded breeze fly. 69. Barn-Bwallow bug, 161. Oartraniia lougicauda, 21, 236. Bassarisciis astuta, 243. Bat hippobosoid, 139.

Ilrar loimi', 2ii4.

Hid IdiK, 1.^7.

Ili>lnittoiiia aiiirrii'aiiiiiii, 13.

Ili'iiai'iiH uriHouH, 13.

Il<'ii/.iiii',278.

Bird Ilea, 147.

lioo, 180.

tiekH, 137.2.'i3. Illark tlii'.s, 31. 4U.

gild lly.flO. IIIiMid Hill king ciiiiii luiau, 103.

gnat, 30. Itlow lly, 123. ItlimbotllKtly, 123. Itiiily liniHi'. 107. Iliiopliilii.s liovis, 2,')7. Hon buMali, 177.

catVr, 177.

griinnionR, 177. Itot.|lien,72.

oloatfli>,R7.

of mail, nnmkoyg, dogs, otr., 110. IlotauruH liMitigiiiosiis, 234. ni'n<:iiyrlinni]))iiiH niannuratns, 223. Ilranta rauudeimig, 230. lircfzo tlios, 0(1, 72. ImndtMl, 00. Bubo vii'glniauuH, 210, 246. Biill'a]iigiiatrt,31.

iiataral (>iii'iiiif.s of, 38.

loiiso of, 177. Bugs, 157.

I'.uriiott'H gonincoteR, 104. Biitoolin('atns,218.

swaliisonii, 210, 223. Carcabi.sriil'a, 244. (Jallii)liora vomitoria, 123. Caloiiiol, 278. Canu'l louHi', 170. CaiiiolopardaliH girall'a, 170. C'aiiiH lagopuH, 148. Carbolic acid, 278. Oariacus virginiantiR, 241. Cat flea, 150.

roiModiea for, 151.

louse of, 203. CattlP tick, 257. Ceplialorayia, larvip of, 75. Cophcnomyia, larva) of, 74, 76. Ceopbleus pileatus, 228. Ceryle alcyon, 216.

39tl

296

INDEX.

m

;%!

CerorhiDca monocerata, 223, Cervus elophus, 170. Cbtctiira pelnsgia, 158. CharailriiiH dnniiuicus, 230, 247.

squatarolu, 223. Chicken goiiiodva, 105.

lipourus, 197.

louHe, 202. Cliiggere, 251, Chigoe, 142. Cluufly,85.

Cliiimiunk, louse of, 185. Cliirononiidn', 30. Clioloraan(lflie«,20. Cborioptes auriculoriiiii, 284.

synibiotes, 284. vt\r. ovis, 200. Chrysops costaius, 70.

fiigax, 70.

nicer, 70.

quailrivittatus, 70.

Hiiivittntiis, 70.

vittatiis, 69. Coal tar, 279.

Coccygiis erytlirophthalmuH, 224. Colinus yirginianiis, 229, 230, 244. Colpocephalum asHimile, 246.

flavesreus, 246.

fnnebre, 247.

fuscipes, 246.

laticeps, 247.

longicauiluiii, 214, 246.

niinuriim,215.

ochracpiira, 246.

pingue, 247.

puatuloRnin, 240.

gu'ipachygaater, 246.

timidum, 247.

nnciferuni,246.

uniforme, 247. Columbalivia,230. Coliimbacz midge, 38. Colymbus nigricollm californicnB,223. Corapsomyia macellaria, 123. Conoirtiinus sangiiisuga, 103. Coiitopns virens, 221. Corvus araericanuB, 221, 226, 227, 245. Corupo, 160. Cotton-, ed oil, 278.

dip, 282. Cottontail bot, no. Crab louse, 165. Cricetns frumentarius, 148. Culex daninosus, 28.

excitans, 28.

excrucians, 28.

Impatlens, 28.

Implacabi'.is, 28.

molestus, 28.

provocans, 28.

pnnctor, 28.

pungons, 28. CuUddas, 25. Cuterebra buccata, 110.

cnnindi.lOS.

emascnlator, 105.

Cuterebra Tontinclla, 110.

horripiluni, 109.

noxialis. 111. Cygnus bewickii, 214.

niu8icu8,214.

olor,214. Cynomis ludovicianns, 149. Cystic fowl mite, 263. Cy1odite8nudus,203. Datila acuta, 248. Dcflnitions and arrangenii'nt, 9. Dcmodocida!, 274, Dcmwlex folliciiloruni, 274.

var. cani8,274. Iioniinis, 274. Buis, 274. Dendrocygna arborea, 214. Deor bote, 105.

lice, 170.

tick, 137. Dermacentor aniericanns, 261.

reticulatns, 262. DernianysHUs avium, 253.

giilllna>,253. Dormatobia cyaniventris. 114.

DoxialislU, 114. Diomi'dea albatrus, 230, 235, 247. DiplydiuiU caninuni,20. Dips, washes and, 282. Diptera, 11,25. Distribution of parasites, 17. Docoplioroides brevis, 2311. Docopliorns acutipectus, 223.

agelaii,220.

atricolnr, 223.

bassanas 217.

bisignatus, 217.

bubonis,2in.

buteonis, 218.

calvus,223.

celilcbrai'liys, 216.

cnccygi, 222.

colymbinus,217.

comniiinis, 216.

conipar, 217.

corvi,220.

cursor, 216.

cygui, 102, 217.

fissiforiiii,-, ?17.

fnliginoHus,223.

fus< oventralis, 221.

gravicp])s, 223.

hnlieti,218.

icterodi's, 192, 217.

iu8olitii8,223.

kanscnsis, 223.

larl,217.

mclnnorephalus, 218.

minutu-trabeculatiis, 221.

montercyi,223. occidontalis, 223. ])ertusus, 217.

plataleip, 217.

plat) stomns, 216, 218,

<|uadraticep8, 223. quisoali, 219.

JNDEX.

297

Decophomn rostratas, 218. Bialii, 220. Bpeotyti, 222. Bphenophorus, '.'17. supercilioHiis, 216. syrini, 219. testudinnrins, 217. Dog flea, 150.

louse, suctorial, 169.

bitiug,203. tick, 261. Doliclionyx oryzivorus, 245. Dove, loiiHeof, 210. Dryobates villoHus, 216, Ducks, lice of, 192, 213. Duat, 279. Ear fly, 69.

mite, 255, 264. EchinophthiriuH setoans, 188. Efl'ects of parasites on host, 18. Elephant lou.se, 188. Emasculating bot-fly, 105. Eniconetta stellori, 233. Equus asinus, 239. burchelli, 209. caballus, 239. Eretbizon dorsatum, 239. Erismatura rubida, 217, 248. E Jboimatopinus nov, geii., 187,

abnormis. 187. Euroi)enn gad fly, 68. Eurymotopus brevis, 233. Falciger rostratus, 262. Field mouse, louse of, 181. Fleas, 141. Flesh fly, 121. Fill's, 25.

Flying nquirrel, louse of, 182, Follicle mito, 274. Foot scab of sheep, 200. Forest flies, 136.

fly or horse tick, 137. Fox squirrel, louse of, 183. Fulica amerieana, 217, 221, 223, 230, 2.30, 244, 247. Fulmarus, 223.

glacialin glupischa, 235, 244, 246. rodgersii,235,244,246. Fumigation, 281. Gad flies, 68, 08. GaleoscoptCH carolinensis, 228. GalluH gallus, 246. Ganiasida', 253. Gasoline, 278. Gastrophilus cqui, 76, 86, 87.

life history and haltits of, 78. nature and extent of iujury of, 77. prevention of, 82. remedies for, 84. Laemorrhoidalls, 84, 85, 87. extent of injury of, 84. life history and habits of, 85. remedies for, 85. larvH) of, 73. 75. nasalis, 85, 86, 87. pecorum, 87. yeterinuB, 80.

Geese, lice of, 192.

Geoiiiys bursarius, 154, 239. Giebelia mirabilis, 230. Girafl'e, louse of, 170. GloBsina iik<)rsitaiis, 133. Glossophaga soriciim, 139. (Jiiat, blood-auckiug, 30. Gnats, 25.

buffalo, 31. Goat, louHe of, 170, 204. GoniocotcH iilidouiinalis, 193, 230.

hurnettii, 194, 231.

clirysoceplialus. 194.

eompiir, 193, 230.

giijas, 193.

hologaster, 192, 230.

rcctaiigulatus, 194. 230. Goniodes colcliit'Urt, 197.

cupido 231.

daniicornig, 195, 231.

dispar, 230.

dissiiiiilis, 195.

falcicornis, 197, 231.

f/i;;«». 197.

mephitidis, 23, 231.

merriamanuH, 231.

minor, 196.

nuMiidiauus, 105.

ortygis, 231.

styllfcr, 196, 231. Goniops hippoboseoides, 71. Go])h«r, pocket, louse of, 187. (loose, Lipeurus, 2»0.

loose of, Trinoton, 213, 214. Gray squirrel, louse of, 184. (ireenhead horse fly, 83. Grus amerieana, 246. Guinea fowl, Gouiodes, 195. louse of, 198, 213.

pig, louse of, 215. Gypa'tus barbatus, 223. Gyropus gracilis, 215, 249.

oralis, 216, 249. H;.bia ludoviciana, 227. Hivmiiphysali.s rosea, 257. Uiematobia sorrata. 114. Hiematomyzus ])rol)oscidou«, 188. HiBuiatopinoides, 187.

squamosus, 187. Ilaimatopinu.s acaiithopus, 181.

autennatus, 183.

atini, ISO.

brevicornis, 170.

caniell, 170.

ccrvicapno, 170.

crassieornis, 170.

erraticus, 186.

eurysterniis, 172.

hesperomydis, 184.

uiacroceplialuH, 180.

nuintaiius, 184.

pedalis, 170, 171.

piliferuB, 169.

Bciuropteri, 182.

spinulosus, 181.

stenopsis, 170.

Buturalis, 185.

298

INDEX.

i

HiEmnto])inun tenuiroitris, 170.

tibialis, 170.

tiiberculatUH. 177.

uriua, 178.

■ventricosurt, 182.

vitiili, 176. HiT'iiia1o])ota pliivinlis, 69. HiPiiiorrboidal hot-lly, 84. HalietuH leucoeeplialus. 210, 223.

voi'it'or, 219. naibor aenl, louso of, 188. Hare, loiisf oi', 182. Harvest iiiitfs, 251. Head iiia^^ot, 102. Heel tly, 07.

lilobistoryot', 98. II(iiiii]iti>ra, 12. 157 lieu lli>a, 144.

luiisi', 21l>. Hcsperoinys liMicopiis, 185. Ht't«'ni|itcra, 157. llexnpoila, 11. Hipiielatcs (lavipes, 134.

flifs, 134.

]il('hejii8, 134.

])ii.><iii, 134. llippolmscn ('(luina, 137. Hipiioboai'id cit'bat, 139. ]tippiib(isi'i(]lil<e tabanid, 71, Ilippcilxist'ida', 12, 17. 130.

ilistrilmlioii of, 17. Hop, louso of, 178. Horn fly, 114,

liabits and life history of, 116. iiitrodiu'tion and Hjiroad of, 115. imtiiro and oxtciit of injury of, 115. popular names of and i)opular errors, 116. remedial measures for, 120. Horse bottly, 70,85.

flies, .W.

louse of, 180, 207.

ticl<, 137. House flea. 147.

flies, 114. Hyalomnia a'gyptium, 262.

afrieanuni, 202. nyineMo])1era, 11. Hypoderas eolumbir, 262. Hypodenna liovis, 88, 95.

larva' of, 74.

lineatn, 97. Ibis alba, 217. le.terus galbula, 244. Tiiseets as aulliors of opidcraics, 10. Inseetieidal substauees, 277. Internal chlekon mite, 263. Tntroduotion, 9. Itch mite, 269.

of eat, 271. of fowls, 272. Ixodes annulntus. 257.

boviB, 2r)7.

dugesii, 2.')7.

erinacens, 262.

i..nrginatus, 262.

plumboua, 257.

Ixodes reduvius, 262.

ricinus, 262,

sanguineus, 257. Ixodidrt,', 14, 255. Jigger flea, 142. Kerosene. 278.

for ino.squitoes, 29.

milk ennilsion, 278.

soap omnlsion, 279. La'mobotbrium atrum, 247.

giganteum, 247.

hasfiiH's, 247.

luistice/is, 247.

nigrum, 247.

similis, 247.

trident. 244. Lnminosio])tea eysticola, 263. Laiiins borealis, 216. Lams bona|)artii, ISO.

eanua, 214.

gbmeescens, 244, 247.

Philadelphia, 217.

sp., 240. Law's dip. 282. Lepidoptera, 11. Leptida', 71. Leptusamerieana. 252.

autnmiialis. 252.

irritans, 2.'il. Lejius eami>eslris, 182.

sylvaticus, 1,">3. Lesser cbiekeu louse, 192. I.iie, 1,17.

Life histories of parasites in general, 14, Lime, 279.

Liniosa binmastiea. 228, 244. Linguatnla rhinaria, 275. LIngnatulida', distriiiution of, 17. Linguatulina, 274. Liotlieda', 13,210,243. Lipenrns anserls, 200.

I)arulus, 199,232.

bifasclatus, 233.

botauri, 234.

brevieornis, 233.

brevis, 233,

buee))lialus, 236,

eeler, 23,').

con8tri<'tus, 236.

coi'Di, 221.

deiisus, 235.

diversus, 236.

forlieulatus, 233.

lieterographus, 197,231,

infuscatuH, 234.

.iejunua, 200, 234.

bii'tens, 198.

leucopygus var. fasciatus, 234.

Umitatus, 230.

lougieornis, 233.

longipllns, 236.

luridus, 232.

numidie, 198.

}i('dcr^for»i»», 233.

pictnratus, 236.

polytrapezius, 201, 234.

Lipenrus pti squalidn ttaphylln subaugu! tadomiB, taunis, temporal testaceus toxocero! variabilis varius, ; Lipoptena de Literature, Little jiigeon Lists of para Llama, louse Lone atartiel LopbopharuH Losses due t Loxia e-minii Lueilia ea-sa Malacopoda, 1 Mallophaga, 1 appendix distributi Meat fly, 123, Megistojioda Melanerpes ei Meleagris gal Melopbagus < Menojion lust' cnrduelis, conaaugu crassipes. crocatum, expansun fulvomaei fulvofasei fuseoniarj giganteui indistinct iufre<iuer interrupt loomisii,^ navlgana, numorosi nuniidie,! pallescen pallidum, perale, 241 perdicix, ! plnestom rustieum gciijmlaco strnuiine titan, 243 trideiis, 5 Menurasupi Mephitis me Merganser s Methods of i Mexican I'hii Midges, 30. Milvtis Bp.,5 Mite,ey8tie ear, 264.

INDEX.

299

■J47.

I, 2«3.

12.

OS ill gciiornl, 14. 244.

ion of, 17.

31.

atu8,234.

LipeuruB pullatu!), 234. squaliiliiB, 20U, 2:^). tlaphylinoidet, 234.

Biibaiigu8tirep», 235. tadorniB, 198.

tatirv.1,233. tcmpornlia, 233. te.staceiis, 233.

toxocoros, 233. vniiuliilis, 202, 234. viiriiis, SS.I. Lipoptcnn (Icprcssa, 137. Litfraturo, 2H8. I.ittlo pigeon (loniddt's, 196. I.iHts of para.sitos act .mliiij; to hosts, 28C. I.lainii, loiiNC of, 2U4. I, one sfartifk.'Jfil. Lopliiipliai'iiR rosplciitleiia, 212. l,n3.s('H due to ]i»raRiteH, 2U, Loxia r.-iiiiiior, 217. Liicilia cirsnr, 123. Malacopoda, 11. Mallopba(:a,13,17, 189.

appendix to. 216.

distrilmtion of, 17. Meal ll> , 123. Mcgistopoda pilatci, 140. Melanerpeii carolinus, 224. Meleagris {;allo|iavo. 231. 234. McIopliapiR (iviiius, 138. Monopon liiHciiatuni, 212, 243.

cardnclis, 244.

consangiiiiioiini, 243.

cra88i]M'8, 244.

cr(icatiini,244.

expanaiim, 245.

fiilvoinacnlatiitn. 212.

fiilvofaHi'iatiini, 244.

fiKsroniarginatus, 245.

gigaiitt'11111,210.

iiidistinctuni, 244.

iiifri'(iiien8,244.

intcrniiitns, 245, 246.

loiinii.sii, 244.

navigans, 244.

iiiimoroHuni, 244.

niimidip, 213.

pallt'scens, 243.

Iiallidiim,210,248.

perale, 243.

pertiieU, 243.

plia'stiinium, 212.

rii8ti(Miiii,243.

scdjiulacnrne, 244.

Rtraiiiinciiiu,212.

titan, 243.

tridons, 244. MiMiura siiperba, 223. Mi'pliitisnieiiliitica, 242. iliTganstT st'iTator, 233, 248. Methods of application of remedies, 279. Mexican chicken bug, ICO. M idgcH, 30. Mi1viiHsp..244. Mlte.cvstie fowl, 263.

ear, 204.

Mite, infesting mice, 263. internal chicken, 263. itch of cats, 271. offovls,272. pigeon plume, 262. Mole, parasite of (Pcaiculirt), 186. Monkey lice, 168. Mosquitoes, 25. Mouse, field, louse of, 181.

white-footed, louse of, 184.

Ilea, 148. Mules, louse of, 20". Mus decuiiiauiis, 181.

niuHCuIiis, 148.

sylvaticus, 153. Mnseidas 12, 114. Myoliia musciili. 263. Myocoptes iiiusciilinus, 263. Myoxus, 148. Myriopoda, 11. Neuroptera, 13. Nirnius abniptiis, 229.

alctf, 224.

boiiphilus, 230.

brachytliorax,223.

candidiis. 224.

elariforniis, 199.

citrinus, 224.

cordatus, 228.

cyclotliorax,224.

di8co('e]ihalu8,223.

cu/.oniiis, 223.

faralhinii,230.

fonestrat 118, 224.

fili/onnit, 232.

furvus, 225.

fuaciis, 223.

giganticola, 2.30.

gracilis, 225.

hastierjin, 247.

bobes, 230.

lineulatus, 224.

marginatus, 228.

W(';iHrflB-/j/ra»,223.

minutiis, 230.

ohscnrus, 225.

ornati8Binius,224.

var. xanthocephalus. 224.

«f)inti(.if, 224.

orpliens, 227.

pallidu8,227.

paralleliis, 229.

pileus, 224.

liictiiratus, 225.

priestans, 230.

rotiindatiis, 226.

secundarius, 227.

Hignatus, 224.

siibmarginellus, 223.

telragtmocrphalus, 231.

triijonncephalut, 243.

tyrannus, 228. Nitzscbia pulicaria, 1.5, 158, 247.

hurmeuteritUT. Note prefatory, 4. Nomenias arquatus, 217.

u

300

Nninoniiis longirostris, 217. Nyctoribiidip, 12, 140. (Edeiiiagena tarandi, 105. OEstriite, 12, 17, 72.

■listribiitiuu of, 17.

larvic of, 73. ffistruH }t<iminis, 110.

ovis, 102. Oiili'iiiia, 248.

(loglamli, 244. Oil i>f turpentine, 279. Olor buccinator, 217, 230. Oncoiilioriis ailvenn, 236.

niiuiitus, 230. OpoHHuni Hoa, 140. Ornithobius bneophalus, 202, 2,16.

cygni, 202, 236.

(jouioplcurus, 236. Oruitboiiorus americanuH, 256. Overtiows and bufi'alo gDats, 50. Ox bot fly, 95.

louse, sbort-uoged, 172. long-uo»ed, 170. I'arasita, U, 164. I'arasite!*, diBtribution of, 17.

eir»'<!t8 on iiost, 18.

Lost list, 286, 287.

poiMilar notions about, 21. Parasitic babit, origin of, 16. Parasitism, results of, 16. Passer domesticus, 224. Passerella iliaca, 248. Pavo cristatus, 212.

javanicus, 212.

spiciferus, 212. Peacock Goniocotes, 194.

Goniodos, 197.

Mcnopon, 212. Pedicinus spp., 168. Pediculidic, 164.

distribution of, 17. Pcdiculus ana(i», 233.

bovis, 238.

capitis, 166.

caponU, 234.

cicci, 247.

consobrinus, 168.

ci/ynf, 236.

equi, 239.

ei(njtternu$,n2.

gallince, 243.

marinus, 247.

meleagris, 231.

oxyrhynelmt, 176.

setonn, 236.

<aH)-i, 238.

tinnuncvlvi, 247.

vestinienti, 107. Pelecanus californicus, 243, 246.

orythrorliynchus, 283. Pcrdix cinerca, 244.

Plialacrocorax diIo]ihus albociliatus, 230, 233. Pbalaropus tricolor, 225. Phanurus tabanivorus, 63. Fhaslanus colchicus, 212.

pivtus, 212.

INDEX.

Pheasant Ooniocotos, 19i.

Ooniodus, 197.

Lipeurus, 197.

^enopun, 212. Pliilobela minor, 235, 244. Philoptcridte, 13, liU, 210. Fhilopterun brevis. 233. riitbiriu.s inguinalis, 165. IMiysostomum frenutum, 248.

liiu'atuni,248. Pigeon Goniodes, 195.

Lipeurus, 199.

Iou80of,193,214.

plume mite, 262.

tick, 255. l'll)ilo erythrophthalnuiH, 248. Pocket gopher, louse of, 187. Prefatory note, 4. Preventive treatment, 277. Procyon lotor, 237. Prognt! subi.-j, 225, 243. Proniacbus bastardii, 65. Fsoroptes communis, 266. var. ovis, 266.

equi, 266. Ptycliorlianiphus alouticus, 223. PuilinuR opistholnielas, 23::. 236. Pulex avium, 147.

bruneri, 149.

canis, 150.

capi, 243.

coloradensis, 149.

columhce, 148.

majorit, 232.

cygni, 236.

fasciatus, 148.

/elit, 150.

fringillcv, 148.

fulicie, 247.

gallinw, 148.

gigas, 1!>2.

gillettei, 140.

^•vniocephaluH, 152.

hirsutus, 149.

hirundimi, 148.

howardi, 148.

ignota. 154.

iniequalis, 153,

irritans, 147.

longispinua, 149.

raontanus, 149.

palhdonim, 145.

JIODOJltS, 231.

penetrans, 142.

sciurorum, 148.

serraticeps, 150.

sinuilauH, 146.

sturni, 148. Pulicidiu, 12, 17.

distribution of, 17. Pyrethrum powder, 279. lUbbit flea, 1S2.

louse of, 182.

tick, 261. Bat flea, 148.

louse of, 181.

iRrcnrvirostrtt Tii.duvlidro, 16; Ini'indeorbot, 1 , modies, 277. i;. novation of liipicophalus llliipistonia It'll p;liynchoprium |l;i('inus cauis, galHnw, 23( pavouis, 23 todents, lieo of sucophag.acar psarcopsylla gal l)eiu!trans, J^arcoptcH eati, Iwvis, 274. mutans, 27 scabiei, 269. var. cru eqr ovi cap I cam auc fun can i Icon iupi vul| won smooth, 274. I .Sarcoptida>, 262. distribution I Scab mite, cattli of horse of sheey I Scalops nrgenta aquaticus, 1 I Soiuroptcrus vo 1 Sciurus alberti, canadensis, cinereua, 18. var. ludi Screw-worm tly as i)est distribv habits, life hist renuMlif summai Sheep bot-fly, 1 pre scab, 2C louse of, 20( tick, 138. Slu^ldrake, loue Sliort-nosed os Sialia sialis, 22i Simorhyuchus pusiUus, 22 pygnircus, Simuliida;, 12, Simulium cane columbatci meridional

INDEX.

• 301

iKrcnrviroatra americnnn, 244, 240, 247. R((liiviidn), 163. |l!('iudeor bot, 105. cmedies, 277.

• ■novation of Iieiihousrs, 280. hipicophalug saiiguiui'UH, 257. [iliipistonialcporis, 261. Ijyucliopritim Hpinosiini, 256. CiciiniH cnuis, 236. giiDintP, 230. pavouis, 231. iodeiits, lico of, 181. iii'cophagacariiaria, 121. iircopsjllagalliiiacea, 144. l)eiiotran8, 142. [Sarcopti'M cati, 271. Irevis, 274. nintanH, 272. scubiei, 269.

var. crustosa', 270. yqiii, 270. ovis, 270. capni', 270. camel i, 270. auchcDJii', 270. fiinmis, 270. can is, 270. leoiiis, 270. iiipi, 270. vulpis, 270. wombati. 270. smootb, 274. Sarcoptida', 262.

distribution of, 17. .Scab mite, cattle, 266. of horses, 266. of sliee]), 266. Scalopg argentatns, 1.53, 186.

aquaticus, 153, Scinropterus volnna, 149, 183, 186. Sciurus alberti, 140. canadensis, 149. cinereus, 184.

var. ludovicianus, 184. Sorew-worm Hy, 123.

as post of domestic animals, 128. distribution of, 125. habits, as post of man, 125. life history of, 130. remedies for, 132. summary, 133. .Sheep bot-rty, 102.

prevention and remedy for, 104. scab, 266. louse of, 206. tick, 138. Slicldrake, louse of, 198. Short-no.sod ox louse, 172. Sinlia sialis, 220. Simorhynchus cristatellus, 224. pusilhis, 224. pygmrcus, 224. Simuliidfe, 12, 31. Simulium canescen s " .

columbatozens. , 38, 39, 40. meridiouale, 52.

Simulium molcstum, 40.

occidontale, 55.

ornatum, 30, 40.

pecuarum, 41.

pictipes, 32, 58.

piscicidium, 31, 56.

reptans, 39.

rivularo, 57.

sericeum, 40,

spp., 57, 58.

venustum, 57. Slphonaptera, 141. Snipe flies, 71. Sorex vulgaris, 153, 155. Southern butl'alo gnat, 41.

area infested liy, 42. character of swarm, 48. early history of, 41. effect of bites of, 44. habits of, 44. lifo history of, 44. losses by. 43. mode of attaek of, 49. remediea for, ■'9. Spalax typlilus, 155. Spatula clypeata, 248. Speotyto cunioularia liyiioga-a, 223. Hpermophilo tlea, 149. Siieimophilus franklini, 149, 186.

13-liiieatus, 149, 186. Spilogale iuterrupta, 242. Spinus tristis, 244. Squalid duck, louse of, 200. Siiuirrel fleas, 148.

fox, louse of, 183.

flying, louse of, 182.

gray, louao of, 184.

ground, lice of, 185. Stable fly, 122. Sterna maxima, 218, 230. Stonioxys I'aleitrans, 122. Strix pratinrola, 218. Strebla vespertilionis, 140. Sturnelia magna, 226. Sula alba, 234.

bassana, 234. Suctorial lice, 161. Sulphur, 279.

.md lime dip, 282. Sythliborhamphus, 224.

antiijuus, 223. Swan louse, 202.

little red, 102.

louse of (Triuotcm), 213. Tal)anida>, 12, 58. Tabanus annulatus, 66.

•itratus, 60.

bovinua, 59, 68.

costalis, 65.

lineota, 63,66.

molestus, 68.

stygiuB, 66. Talpa europea, 153, 155. Tamias striatus, 186. Teraestlies torrens, 30. Tetraophthalmiis chilensit, 243.

302

INDEX.

ft n

H

Thollasidronia wiUoui, 2.'<5. Tberioplectcs cinctus, f 0. Tliomomys, 239.

talpoidot), 154, 188. Thysannra, 13. Tick, Lono Star, 201.

of cattle, 257.

of (log, 261.

of rabbit, 201.

of sheep, 138. Ticks, 25. 136.

prevention and remedy, 200.

relation to Texas fever, 260. Tobacco, 279.

decoction, 282.

and 8ul|)Iiiir dip, 282.

snlphur, and lyo dip, 282. Tricliobius diigesii, 139. Trirliodectes breviceps, 204.

caprro. 205, 237.

castcris, 241.

climax, 204, 237. var. ?/iajor, 237.

crasaus, 237.

dubitis, 237.

equi, 207, 238.

gponiydis, 239.

latua, 203, 236.

lii.ibatns, 206, 237.

niephitidia, ..'42.

parallelus, 240.

pnruniDilosus. 208, 238.

pilosus, 207, 208, 238.

pingiiis, 204.

putillut, 237.

rctasus, 237.

scalaris, 209, 238.

setostis, 239.

sphiuroiiephaliis, 206, 237.

Bubrostratus, 203, 237.

tibialis, 240. Tringa nviculata, 240. Triiiotou co)c8purcatani,2l3.

Trionton gracilo, 248.

Uturatum, 214. 248.

loridiim, 213. 248.

minor, 248.

squaliduni, 248. Trocbilns cnlubris, 240. Tronibididas 14. Tsetso fly 133. Turdtis minor, 246. Turkey, Goniodea of, 19C.

gnat, 52.

life history of, 52.

lonao of (Lipeuru8),201. Turpentine, oil of, 279. Tynipauiichus aniuricaniis, 231. Typlilopsylla alpiua, 155.

aniericana, 154.

assimilis, 153.

cancasica, l.'>5.

dii'tcnns, l.'iS.

fratt'rna, 155.

gracilis, 155.

hexiictonuH, 155.

octatciiiis, 155.

]ientactenus, 155.

iinipectinata, 155. Tyrannna atra, 21K. Uria troilo callforuica, 223 Urinator lunime, .'17. Variable chicken louse, 2U2. W.irblo fly, 95. Warble flies, 87.

extent and manner of in.iury of, 88. loss on hides from, 88. loss in milk and beef from, 89. occurrence in man, 91. remedial measures for, 93. Washes and dips, 282. Western buffalo gnat, 55. White-footed mouse, 184. Xauthocephahis xanthoceplialus, 224. Xulla niautola, 226.

9C.

52. I), 201.

>niiH, 2U1. 55.

.'2:1

2U2.

uer of injury of, 88. iiti, 88.

beef from, 89. an, 91. •es for, 93.

cephalus, 224.