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TlIK

NORTH AMERICAN

SYLVA

OR,

A DESCEiniON OF THE FOREST TREES

OF THE

irnilri) Itite, €111111^11 nnb 3(ioua Iroliii,

NOT DESCRIBED IN THE WORK

OF

F. AIN'DREAV MICIIAUX,

AND CONTAINING AM. THE

FORt'Sr TRKKS DISCOVERKD IN TIIF. nOCKV MOUNTAINS, THE TKRRITUKY

OF OREGON, DOWN TO THE SHORES OP THE PACIFIC, AND INTO

THE CONFINES OF CALIFORNIA, AS WELL AS IN VA<

RIOl'S PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ILLUSTRATE J BY 121 FINE PLATES.

BY THOMAS NUTTALL, F. L. S., "

Muliiber of the American Philosophical Society, and of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Fiiiladclpiiia, &.C. <&.c. &.C.

IN THREE VOLUMES.— VOL. I.

BEING THE FOURTH VOLUME OF MICHAUX AND riCTTALL'a

NORTH AMERICAN SYLVA.

i^^/\^/^%^^WV\A/W ^'S.^A^^—

PHILADELPHIA:
ROBERT P. SMITH, 15 MINOR STREET,

». BALDWIN, FATERNOSTER BOW, LONDON} 11. BOSSANOE, NO. 11

QUAI VOLTAIRE, PARIS; PERTHES, BES3ER & MA17KE,

NO. 2'2 JDKOFERNSTIEO, UAUBUBO.

1853.

/

244039

i!

KITE k, WALTON, PRINTERS,

No. 3, Kanstead Place.

; T. R. JONES, Coloriau

if^.

xf

TO THE LATE

WILLIAM MACLURE, Es^.

PrcMduM of the Mmlcny of Natural Scicccs in I'hUaMphia, ^c. ^c.

AS A MEMKNTO OP „rs ATTACiniENT TO, AND LIBEnAL ENCOUnACEMENT
OF, NATUHAL SCIENCES IN NOBTII AMERICA.

ALSO TO

F. ANDREW MICIIAUX,

Mcn.l.er of the Jl.nerican PInlosopMcal Society, Corre^ondcnt of the Institute

of ly-ance, ^c. ^c.

WHOSE NAME IS lOENTiriEn WITH THE HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OE
THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FOREST,

THIS WORK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

i i

BY

THE AUTHOR OF THIS SUPPLEMENT.

•I

P 11 E F A C: E .

The Forest Trees of Ameuica, being a subject of
such great extent and importance, I felt, consequently,
very difiklcnt of undertaking tiieir study, after what has
been ah'eady done so well by my predecessor M. Mi-
ciiAux. Yet, in offering a new edition of the American
Sylva in English, it appeared requisite, in keeping pace
with the progress of discovery, that all the forest trees
of the extended dominion of the United States, should,
in some way or other, be included in the present publi-
cation; and, I confess, the magnitude of the task ap-
peared, at first, sufficiently appalling, when we reflect
on the vast territory now claimed by the United States.
Beginning with the arctic limits of all arborescent vege-
tation, in the wilds of Canada, which we cannot, with
propriety, exclude, forming as it does the boreal boun-
dary of the North American forest; we then follow the
extended shores of the Atlantic, until, towards the ex-
tremity of East Florida, and its Keys or Islands, we
have attained the very confines of the tropical circle and
make a near approach to the island of Cuba and the
Bahamas: turning westward, we pass over the wide
forests of the Mississippi, pursue the western streams,
through vast woodless plains, until we attain the long
crests of the "Rocky Mountains" or Northern Andes.
Here, in these alpine regions, we meet with a total

VI

I'll KK ACE.

rIi;in<^o in llio (oftturos of tlic forest; resin iloroiis evrr-
^rcciis, of the lamilv ol'tlic Pines, now |)re(ioinin;ite, and
Jittaiii tlio most ^nifantic diinensions. All tin; speries,
and they are nnnierons, liavo peeiiliar traits, and lorni
so many enrious and distin('t spe('i(s, of which little la
yet known more than their botanical (lesiirnatiou.
Other remarkable forest trees, also imperfectly known,
inhabit this i^reat ran'^e of mountains, which contimies
uninterruptedly into the interior of Mexico in its south-
ern course; while on the north, followin«4 the sources of
the Missouri and the; Ore^iron, and after thus dividing
the waters which flow into the Atlantic and I'arific, it
is, at lentrth, merged in the "Shining Mountain which
send ofl' their distant tributaries to the Arctic ocean.

The plains of the Tpper Platte, those of the Oregon
and of Northern California, a region ber(;ft of summer
rains, forming extensive barren steppes, like those of
Siberia, present no forests, scarcely an alluvial belt along
the larger streams of suflicient magnitude to aflbrd even
fuel for the camp fire of the wandering liunter or the
erratic savage. The scanty drift wood, borne down
from the mountains, the low bitter bushes of the arid
plain, even the dry ordure of the bison, is collected for
fuel, and barely suffices to prepare a hasty meal for the
passing traveller; who, urged by hunger and thirst, hur-
ries over the desert, a region doomed to desolation, and,
amidst privations the most appalling, lives in the hope
of again seeing forests and green fields in lieu of arid
plains and bitter weeds, which tantalized our famished
animals with the fallacious appearance of food, like the
cast-away mariner raging with thirst, tiiough surround-
ed with water as fatal to the longing appetite as poison.

Towards the shores of the Pacific, and on the banks
of the Oregon, we again meet with the agreeable fea-
tures of the forest.

I

IMlF.FAt K.

VII

IS rvor-
iito, and
f^pccies,
[ul lorni
little is
LTiKition.
Uiiown,
ontiimcs

S ffOUtll-

urccs of
dividing
acific, it
wliicli
coan.
Orogon
summer
tliosc of
clt along
ford even
r or the
10 down
the arid
ccted for
il for the
irst, hur-
ion, and,
the hope
of arid
amished
hke the
lurround-
poison.
e banks
ble fca-

••MiiJL'.slii- wocxIm, ol'ivcry vigorous j;ircii,
Si;ijf(' aljovo stage, liiujli waving o'er tiic liills;
Or to tlu! far lioi-i/oii w iili' dilVusM,
A l)oiiii(llcs.s deep iiniiicMisity ot'.shailc."

'l'iims|K)rt('d ill idra to llio borders of tlic Hudson or
tlie Delaware, \\e r(M"liiie beiieatli tlio shade of \enerahle
Oaks and spreadiiiij Maples; w«! see, as it were, iViiigiiiif
tli(! streams, the familiar Cotton-wood and spreading
Willows. On the higher plains, and ascending the iiills
and mountains to their summits, we see a dark forest of
lofty |)incs; we iicar the light breeze sigh and murmur
through their branches as it did to the poets of old.
Ihit the botanist, in all this array, fails to recognise one
solitary acquaintance of his former scenes: he is em-
phatically in a strange land; a new creation, even of
forest trees, is spread around him, and the tall Andes
and wide deserts rise as a barrier hetwixt him and his
distant home.

My indulgent reader will then excuse me, if I, on this
occasion, appear before him only as a botanist; culling
those objects which have given him so much delight, he
wishes to present them to the curious public, alive to the
beauties and symmetry of Nature's works. Whatever
is yet known of their uses and history, is also givenj
and that the task might be more complete, we have
rambled a little beyond, rather than fallen short of, the
exact limits of the republic. We have thus added, as
our friends Toruky and Gray have done, or intend to
do, in their general Flora, a collection of the trees of
Upper California, extending our ramble as far as the
vicinity of Sta. Barbara, in about the 34th degree of
north latitude. We here met with several Oaks, Pines,
a Plane-tree, a Horse-chestnut, and a Box Elder, which
have not yet been found within the limits of the territory
of Oregon.

J>

~^

■I

VIII

I'UKKACK.

Wliilo tlio work was in projrross, Professor Torrry
inforiiiod nio of the arrival of a larj;e collection of dried
plants from Key West, in l^ast I'lorida, made hy Doctor
Ulodcjktt, of the Tnitcid States army. All the trees in
this lierharinm, at least forty species, were in the most
pencrons manner given np to me for publication by the
Professor. Most of them form distinguishing features
in the tropical landscape of the West India Islands.
Among them were the Mahogany, Simartiha, the (iua-
iacum or Lignum Vita*, the poisonous Manchinecl, seve-
ral trees of the family of the Myrtles, [Kujrenia^) three
or four species of Fig trees, the Calabash, and Papaw
or Melon-tree, the Mangrove, two species of Cordia, the
West India JJirch (Bursrm fj[U7nmi/'cra), and many other
arborescent plants which are now for the first time add-
ed to the Flora of the United States, and thus in a mea-
sure resolving the problem of the geographical limits of
the Caribbiean Flora. The island of Key West lies
about eighty-five miles from East Florida, and is the
same distance from Cuba. It is about nine miles long
and three broad, containing a population of about 400
people, chiefly engiiged as wreckers.

IJesides the trees we have noticed, I have been re-
cently informed of the existence of thickets of Cactuses
on the island, one of which with an erect, cyliiidric and
divided stem, attains the height of 30 or more feet.

In the islands of the Everglades, considerably inland
in East Florida, we have been informed that a Palm
about 90 feet high, forming a magnificent tree, has been
seen, but of this plant we have been unable to obtain,
as yet, any further account.

The haste with which I have been obliged to proceed
with the publication, has prevented me from receiving
much advantage from correspondents. Such as have
honoured me with their remarks arc mentioned under

I'UKl'ACK.

I\

TonuRY
of dried
J Doctor
; trees in
the most
)n by the

features
, Islands,
the (lua-
ccl, sevc-
■ff,) tlirco
id Pa paw
ordia, the
[iny other
time add-
in a mea-
1 hniits of
West Ucs
nd is the
miles long
ibout 400

been rc-
f Cactuses
ndric and
feet.

|bly inland
t a Palm
has been
o obtain,

lo proceed
receiving
as have
led under

the appropriate articles as they occur in the work; and
I take this opportunity of tendering them my sincere
thanks for all such assistance.

As fast as new materials may be discovered, we in-
tend to give thcni to the world in the form of a supjjlt!-
ni(!nt, and we shall then also have; an additional oppor-
tunity for correcting any errors which may have occur-
red eith( r in regard to information or in the progress of
printing, as well as of making such additions as a more
thorough examination of the subject may suggest, parti-
cularly the characters of the dill'crcnt kinds of wood in-
digenous to the most extended limits of the republic.

Thirty-four years ago, I left ICngland to explore the
natural history of the United States. In the ship Hal-
cyon I arrived at the shores of the New World; and
after a boisterous and dangerous passage, our dismasted
vessel entered the Capes of the Delaware in the month
of April. The beautiful robing of forest scenery, now
bursting into vernal life, was exchanged for the monoto-
ny of the dreary ocean, and the sad sickness of the sea.
As we sailed up the Delaware my eyes were rivetted on
tliQ landscape with intense admirfition. All was new!
— and life, like that season, was then full of hope and
enthusiasm. The forests, apparently unbroken, in their
primeval solitude and repose, spread themselves on either
hand as wo passed placidly along. The extending vista
of dark pines gave an air of deep sadness to the wilder-
ness.

"_

these lonely regions, where, retired

From little scenes of art, great Nature dwells

In awful solitude, and nought is seen

But the wild herds that own no master's stall."

The deer brought to bay, or plunging into the flood

I '

X IHIKFACB.

from the pursuit of tlio Indian, armod with bow and
arrow, alone seemed wanting to realize the savauc land-
scape as it appeared to the first settlers of the country.
Scenes like these have little attraction for ordinary
life, but to the naturalist it is far otherwise; j)rivations
to iiim are cheaply purchased, if he may but roam over
the wild domain of primeval nature, and behold

"Another Flora there, of bolder hues,

And richer sweets, beyond our garden's pride."

How often have I realized the poet's buoyant liopes
amidst these solitary rambles through interminable fo-
rests. For thousands of miles my chief converse has
been in the w ilderness with the spontaneous productions
of Nature; and the study of these objects and their con-
templation has been to mc a source of constant dvilight.

This fervid curiosity led mc to the banks of the Ohio,
through the dark forests and brakes of the Mississippi,
to the distant lakes of the northern frontier; through the
wilds of Florida; far up the Red River and the Missou-
ri, and through the territory of Arkansa; at last over
the

"Vast savannahs, wlicrc the wandering eye,
Unfixt, is in a verdant ocean lost."

And now across the arid plains of the far west, be-
yond the steppes of the Rocky Mountains, down the
Oregon to the extended shores of the Pacific, across the
distant ocean to that famous group of islands* where
Cook at length fell a sacrifice to his temerity. And
here for the first time, I beheld the beauties of a tropi-
cal vegetation; a season that knows no change; but that
of perpetual spring and summer: an elysian land, where
Nature offers spontaneous food to man. The region of

* Sandwich islands.

PREFACE.

XI

bow and
anc l.ind-

country.

ordinary
irivations
)am over

mt liopos
nablc fo-
•crsc has
oductions
heir con-
it doh<jht.
the Ohio,
ississippi,
rough the
i Missou-
last over

west, bc-
lown the
cross tlie
* where
And
a tropi-
but that
d, where
region of

the Bread fruit; tlie Tarrow {Coiocasia csnilenla) wliich
feeds tlie indigent mass of the popuh'ition; tlic Jb-oussono-
tia, a kind of Mulberry tree, wliose inner rind, called
tajMt, aftbrds an universal clothing. The low groves pro-
duce the JJanana, the Ciingcr, the Turmeric, the in-
ebriating A7/m, [Piper mclhi/slicitm,) a kind of Arrow
root, resembling the potato, (Tacra,) and the Saccharine
Tee root, [Dmcxna tcrminalis,) at the same time the best
of portable fodder. The common timber for construct-
ing houses, boats, various implements, and the best of
fuel, is here the produce of a Mimosa, {Acacia hctcro-
phyl/a.) For lights and oil, the too loui kernels (Akuriics
triloba) produce an excellent and inexhaustible supply;
the cocoa-nut and the fragrant Pnndanus afford delicious
food, cordage and mats, and the very reeds, reduced in
size, which border the rivulets, arc no other than the
precious sugar-cane of conmiercc.

Leaving this favoured region of perpetual mildness, I
now arrived on the shores of California, at Monterey.
The early spring (March) had already spread out its
varied carpet of flowers; all of them had to me the charm
of novelty, and many were adorned with the most bril-
liant and varied hues. The forest trees were new to
my view. A magpie, almost like that of Europe, (but
with a yellow bill,) chattered from the branches of an
Oak, with leaves like those of the Holly, (^Quercus agri-
folia.) A thorny Gooseberry, forming a small tree, ap-
peared clad with pendulous flowers as brilliant as those
of a Fuchsia. A new Plane tree spread its wide arms
over the dried up rivulets. A Ceanothns, attaining the
magnitude of a small tree, loaded with sky-blue withered
flowers, lay on the rude wood-pile, consigned to the
menial ofiice of affording fuel. Already the cheerful
mocking-bird sent forth his varied melody, with rapture
imitating the novel notes of his neighbouring songsters.

n

xu

PREFACE.

The scenery was mountainous and varied, one vast
wilderness, neglected and uncultivated; the very cattle
appeared as wild as the bison of the prairies, and the
prowling wolves {Coifotes) well fed, were as tame as
dogs, and every night yelled familiarly through the
village. In this region the Olive and the Vine throve
with luxuriance and teemed with fruit; the Prickly
Pears ( Cactus) became small trees, and the rare bloom-
ing Aloe {Agave americana) appeared consigned without
care to the hedge row of the garden.

After a perilous passage around Cape Horn, the
dreary extremity of South America, amidst mountains of
ice which opposed our progress in unusual array, we
arrived again at the shores of the Atlantic. Once more
I hailed those delightful scenes of nature with which I
had been so long associated. I rambled again through
the shade of the Atlantic forests, or culled some rare
productions of Flora in their native wilds. But the 'oft
told tale' approaches to its close, and I must now bid
a long adieu to the 'new world,' its sylvan scenes, its
mountains, wilds and plains, and henceforth, in the
evening of my career, I return, almost an exile, to the
land of my nativity !

v?
..-s-

\ I;

I

I, one vast
very cattle
ies, and the
as tame as
hrough the
/ine throve
Lhc Prickly
rare bloom-
[led without

Horn, the
lountains of
I array, we

Once more
'ith which I
ain through

some rare
But the 'oft
ist now bid

scenes, its
rth, in the
exile, to the

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I

OAKS.

Natural Order, Cupulifer^.. Linmran Classification,

MoNffiCIA, POLYANDRIA.

QUERCUS. (TOURNEFORT.)

MoNoicous. Male flowers in loose catkins or racemes. Calyx
monophyllous more or less deeply 5-clcft. Stamens, 5 to 10
with sliort filaments, the anthers oval and 2-ccllcd.

Female flower solitary, with a cup-shaped undivided hcnii-
splierical involucrum formed of agglutinated imbricate scales,
sometimes free at the summit. Perianth minute, superior.
Ovary terminated by 2 to 3 stigmas, 3-celled, with 2 ovules.
Nut or gland ovate-cylindric, coriaceous and smooth, l-cellcd;
albumen none, germ erect, with thick and fleshy cotyledones.

Trees or shrubs, principally of temperate regions. Leaves
alternate, stipulate, simple. Flowers green and inconspicuous,
appearing before the complete expansion of the leaves. Nearly
allied to the Chestnuts, {Castanea.)

!

WESTERN OAK.

QUERCUS Gauryana, (Dougl, Mss.), /oliis petiolatis, obo-
vatis, utrinque obtusis sinuatis siibtus pubescentibus, adul-
tis subglabris, lobis obtusis subaequalibus superioribus sub-
bilobiSffructibus sessilibus, cupula subhernisphxrica dense
squamosa, squamis acuminatis pubescentibus, glande ovuta.

QuERCUs Garry ana. Hooker, Flor. Bor. Amer. vol. 2. p. 159.

In our western tour across the continent, no feature
of the landscape appears more remarkable, after passing

VVKSTKllN OAK.

"TKi

tlio Missif?sip|)i to tlio >vidc alluvial borders of tlio I'laltc,
than tli(! almost total ahsoncc of our most cliarac-
toristic forest troos, tlio Oaks. When at IciifTtli wc
approached the Uoeky Mountains or Northern Andes, wc
looked in vain for any species of this important <Tcnus,
and as far as the eye could trace wi; commonly saw
nothinij but a dark unbroken mass of jiijjantic Firs and
Pines. It was not till wc had nearly reiiched the shores
of the Pacific, that wc again beheld any of the familiar
features of the Atlantic forest. At the conlluence of
the Columbia and the Wahlamet we pitched our tents
and moored our vessel, which had passed Cape Horn,
beneath the spreading shade of majestic Oaks. With
the first appearance of extended alluvial plains, immedi-
ately below the singular falls of the Oregon, called the
Dalles, or Dykes, wc observed, for the first time, this
western oak loaded with its fruit.

The strong resemblance of the leaf of this species to
tliat of the Post Oak [Qucrcns stcUnUt) is almost a libel
upon our gigantic plant, which may well rank among
the largest of its species. It attains the height of 90 or
100 feet, if not more, with a diameter of 3 to 6; indeed,
amidst a forest the most remarkable in the world
for its extreme elevation, our Oak still bore a strict
comparison with the rest. Its character, in nearly all
respects, equals the famous Oak of northern Europe,
{Q. pedunculata)', its lofty summit and enormous branch-
es spread out far and wide, affording the most perfect
shade; and, as a picturesque tree, it is much the most
striking in the western landscape. As an object of
economy we found it of the last importance, useful tim-
ber trees being scarce along the Oregon; indeed, no
other Oak exists along the coast of the Pacific but the
present till we arrive at the absolute boundary of Cali-
fornia. How far it extends to the north, I am unable to

WF^STRRN (lAK.

3

lio Pluttc,
; charac-
3natli wo
Viulcs, we
mt. genus,
lonly saw
I'irs and
he shores
c familiar
rtuence of
our tents
ipc Horn,
;s. With
?, immedi-
callcd the
time, this

species to
ost a hhol
nk amonji^
It of 1)0 or
0; indeed,
the world
•e a strict
nearly all
11 Europe,
s branch-
st perfect
the most
object of
seful tim-
ideed, no
ic but the
of Cali-
unablc to

say, i»nt probably as far as Noolka Sound. Fn TppiM-
California it is scarcely found boyond Monterey; its
limit is prohably somewhere between tlu; o>Sth and 5()th
deifree.

The wood is remarkably white for an Oak, hard and
fine grained, and well suited for almost every kind of
construction for which the White Oak or iMiglish Oak
is employed. It was used by our tradinir party as
barrel staves, and was found no way inferior to White
Oak. Logs of it brought a good price at the Sandwich
Islands, and, in short, there is scarcely any thing in
which strength or durability arc requisite, for which
this timber is not suited. The .'icorns being sweet and
agreeable, form an excellent mast for hogs, and even
the aborigines of this region, who never cultivate the soil,
employed them for food, first preparing them by stoving
and afterwards laying them away under ground for
future use.

The acorns are much larger than those of the Post
Oak, as well as rounder. The leaf bears a considerable
resemblance to that species, but is smaller, and, in fact,
intermediate in form between it and the European
species {Q. pcdunculala.) It differs from both, in the
whiteness of its MOod. The bark is whitish and scaly,
almost similar to that of the White Oak. The leaves
from the first are not pubescent above, or only slightly
so along the midrib, the hairs more numerous beneath,
are, as in many other species, collected into stellated
clusters; the young leaves of the Post Oak, previous to
expansion, appear brownish-yellow, and like a mass of
velvet, with the copious pubescence by which they arc
clad; in ours this appearance never occurs, and the old
leaves become nearly smooth; the lobes have narrow
sinuous openings, which scarcely pass half way down
through the leaf; the lobes are usually 4 on a side, and

I''

[

4 WESTERN OAK.

possess no great inequality with each other, the upper
pair mostly present a notch or small division on the
lower side, but nothing analogous to the singular obtuse
dilatation which that part of the leaf exhibits in the
Post Oak. The acorns, besides being larger, are not
striated, and the scales of the cup are acuminate, and
the upper ones free.

Plate I.

A young branch, with the leaves not fully expanded, with
barren aments.

■; the upper
sion on the
miliar obtuse
ibits in the
:er, arc not
ininate, and

>antlc(l, with

I ,

I >

H(ff/r /t-inri/ fAf/,-

(jiu'iM'iis AuiMlolia W§

f'/u'tiff/ /'fii if /<:<>• )/t' /ft'ii.f

•i

m

.^'

•'■ 'V/ ►■;

'■0

■*:Safi''

l/^

^

//tW f/l' Ifi'll.f

•vl»

<^. ^.Ai;.,.*-

; ,.i":^'

,^ ' ■■

•**

»• '

*v

_,.^r.-^;^;'

..W'v^t* I ' <

, .r ■■■

M

:":fi.

I !

i

5

HOLLY-LEAVED OAK.

QUERCUS agrifolia; fnliis laln-nvatis suhcordatis ilcntato-
spinosis glubris, fructibus axillarihus sessilihus. Nkk in
Annal. Scienc. Nat. vol. 3. p. 271. Annals of Botany, No. 4.
p. 106.

QuERCus AGRiFOLiA, folUs percnnuntibus siibrotundo-ovatis
subcordatis utrinquc glabris remote spinoso-dentatis, cu-
pula heviisphxrica; squamis (I'prcssis obtusiusculis, glandc
ovata acuta. — Pursh, Flor. Bor. Am. 2. p. 657. Willd. Sp.
pi. 4. p. 431.

Jin Ilex folio agrifolii americana, forte agria, vet aquifolia
glandifera. Plukenet, tab. 196. fig. 3 ?

This species, almost the only one which attains the
magnitude of a tree in Upper California, is abundantly
dispersed over the plain on which Sta. Barbara is
situated, and, being evergreen, forms a conspicuous and
predominant feature in the vegetation of this remote
and singular part of the western world. It appears more
sparingly around Monterey, and scarcely extends on
the north as far as the line of the Oregon territory. It
attains the height of about 40 or 50 feet, with a diame-
ter rarely exeeding 18 inches. The bark is nearly as
rough as in the Red Oak; the wood hard, brittle, and
reddish, is used only for the purposes of fuel or the
coarse construction of a log cabin.

As an ornamental tree for the south of Europe or the
warmer states of the Union, we may reconunend this
species. It forms a roundish summit, and spreads but
little till it attains a considerable ajre; as a hcdirc it
would form a very close shelter, and the leaves ever-
green and nearly as prickly as a holly, would render it
almost impervious to most animals.

i^

' il

(i

HOLLY-LEAVED OAK.

!■:

The leaves vary from roundish ovate to cHiptic, and
are of a thick rigid consistence, the serratures quite
sharp; the young shoots are covered more or less with
stellate hairs, and, for some time, tufts of this kind of
down remain on the under side of the midrib of the
leaves, which are, however, at length perfectly smooth
and of a dark green above, often tinged with brownish-
yellow beneath. The staminiferous flowers are very
abundant and rather conspicuous, the racemes the
length of 3 or 4 inches, the flowers with a conspicu-
ous calyx and 8 to 10 stamens. The female or fruit-
bearing flowers, are usually in pairs in the axills or
juncture of the leaf with the stem and sessile, or without
stalks. The cup of the acorn is hemispherical, and
furnished with loose brownish scales, the acorn much
longer than the cup, is ovate and pointed.

We do not recollect to have seen this tree properly
associated with any other, except occasionally the
Platanus raccmosus; their shade is also hostile to almost
every kind of undergrowth.

By Persoon this species is said to have been found
on the eastern coast of North America, while Pursh
attributes it to the north-west coast, about Nootka
Sound. It does not, however, extend even to the ter-
ritory of Oregon, as far as my observations go. Nee
says "I have only seen branches collected at Monterey
and Nootka." The leaves of the young plants (if I am
not mistaken) are perfectly smooth when first developed,
of a thin consistence, with numerous slender sharp
dentures; beneath they are of a brownish-yellow colour,
and appear smooth and shining.

Plate II.
A young branch with barren aments. «. A branch with acorns.

ill

elliptic, and
itures quite
or less with
this kind ot"
drib of the
ctly smooth
h brownish-
rs are very
acemes the
a conspicu-
ale or fruit-
tie axills or
:, or Avitliout
lerical, and
icorn much

ree properly
jionally the
le to almost

been found

hile Pursh

ut Nootka

to the ter-

|s go. Nee

t Monterey

ts (if I am

developed,

Inder sharp

low colour.

SMALL LEAVED OAK.

QUERCUS *nuMosA; ramis gracilibiis pubescentibus; foUis
rotundato-ovaUbxis siibsessilibus spinoso-dentatis glabriiis-
culis, subtiis villosis concoloribus.

I observed this species to form entangled thickets
over the base of the hills which flank the village of Sta.
Barbara, in Upper California. It attains the height of
4 to 6 feet, is of a very unsightly appearance, forming
what we should call scrub-oak thickets, of considerable
extent, over a barren and rocky soil, which denies sus-
tenance to almost everything else; the branches divide
into many irregular straggling and almost naked slender
twigs, clothed with a whitish smooth bark. The leaves
are evergreen, small, and wholly resemble those of the
Quercus cocci/era, but are somewhat pubescent above and
softly so beneath; the young twigs are also hairy, with
a persisting pubescence. Being unable to discover upon
it at the season I visited that country (in the month of
April) cither flowers or fruit, I am unable to give a
figure of it that would be at all interesting.

f 1

I 1

with acorns.

ROCKY-MOUNTAIN OAK.

QUERCUS uniiulata; fnttico^a ramosissima ; foliis pcrcn-
nantibus h'cvipetiolalis oblongis acutis simiato-dcntatis
dcntibus aciitis, basi ciincatis, siibttis pnlvn'uleuto-toviento-
si's, supra nitidis; J'nictibiis siibsolitariis sessilibits, cupula
hemisphverica squamis appressis, glande ovata acuta. Tor-
KEV in the Annals of the Lyceum of Now York, vol. 2, p.
248.

This dwarf Oak, considerably allied to our small
leaved preceding species, was discovered by Dr. James, in
Long's Expedition, towards the sources of the Canadian,
a branch of the Arkansa, and likewise in the Rocky
Mountains. It is said to be a small straggling shrub,
with the under surface of the leaves clothed with a close
whitish tomentum or down, more or less spread, though
more thinly, also on the upper surface, with the hairs
stellated. The leaves are small, and somewhat resemble
those of the Holly, about an inch and a half or two
inches long, rather narrowed at the base, of a thick and
rigid consistence, as in all the sempervirent Oaks, reti-
culately veined beneath, with the margin sinuately
toothed, but not that I can perceive waved, as the spe-
cific name implies; the teeth sharp and acute at the
points; above somewhat shining and minutely pubescent.
The acorns arc large and strongly resemble those of the
Live Oak; they arc, however, without stalks, and grow
alone or in pairs; the cup is deep and hemispherical,
with the scales pointed.

It is so nearly allied to the Holly Oak of the South of
Europe (Qncrcus I/cx), that it is necessary to distinguish
them. In our plant the base of the leaf is wedge-formed;

#

^

: fotiis jieren-
mato-deiitatis
'cnto-tomento-
ilibiis, cupula
t acuta. ToR-
ork, vol. 2, p.

) our small
Dr. James, in
le Canadian,
the Rocky
gling shrub,
with a close
•ead, though
th the hairs
lat resemble
half or two
a thick and
: Oaks, reti-
n sinuately
as the spe-
cute at the
J pubescent,
those of the
3, and grow
nispherical,

1

he South of

distinguish

Jge-formed;

\)

m

4''

4- »,;f?f„,,;

v_ Hf.

»

. ir*

I !'

" ^'"•' '■■''it-'

Jl'i'i-/,!

^

OiuM'i'UK I'luluhita

r/ii l/,'iijf/,Hil (^ilA

<7l<'flf Illl4/tt/f

■li

in

tO(

an<

! iWiil,

i! 'i

UOClvY MOUNTAIN OAK.

0

in tlie Ilex it is usually rounded, the border less dee|)ly
toothed, and not in the least sinuated. The cup and
acorn arc wholly similar, but in our plant a little larger
and less pointed.

Plate III.

A branch of the natural size, with the acorn.

2

M

fi

10

<

■l

DOUGLAS' OAK.

QTTERCUS DoTTOi.Asi; yo///,v mcmhranarri.s nhlnusrn.ovnlibus
hasi acntis pvliohtlifi siiiiKito-piinuitiJUlis siccitalc hand
iii'^rescvnlihxtfi, .supra i^/ahn'.s, sithla.s j)ubcri(/is, lohis hrri'i-
hns aculiu.scatis, pvtlolh ramulis(jue Juuiorihus dense,
fnli'o-pnheaccntibus; frnctihus seasilihu.s anlitariis binisve,
cupula hemisplicrrica dense .squamosa .sf/na?nis ovatis con-
nexis in appendiccm submeinbri-.naceamfuliHtrn appre.ssam
/ineare?n obtu.sam productis pnbescen/ibns; i^/ande ovala
cnpularn frip/o superanle obtusa cum umbone conico. —
Hook. Ic. ined. Hook, iiiui Aknot, liotiiiiy of IJcechy's
Voyage, p. 391.

This curious species, of which we have seen only a
tlried specimen, was collected in Upper California, and
bears some affinity to the Q. (iarryanu. According to
Hooker and Arnot, the leaves and whole appearance of
the plant closely resemble Q. sessi/ij/ora^ but with difl'er-
ent scales to the cup of the acorn. The leaves appear
to be smaller, narrower, and less deepW divided than in
Q. Gnrryana. The young leaves are covered with
down on both sides, and the lobes tipped with short,
soft, acute points.

To us, the branch which we have seen bears sonio
resemblance, though vague, to the Post Oak, {Q, str/-
lala.) The cup and acorn is also somewhat similar, but
larger, while the leaf is smaller and scarcely dilated
above. The under surface is covered with the samo
stellated pubescence. The stigmas of the fertile flowers
are from 3 to 5 in number.

! ■ • Ml'

, If

Plate IV.

A branch of the natural size, with acorns, a. The male cat-
kin and young; leaf. b. The staminiferous flower magnified.

ccilulc hand
v, lohis hrrvi-
')ril)us dense,
ariis bim'sre,
!* ovutis con-
m apprc.ssam
'^lundv oiHild
uu> c-nnico, —
of lieechy's

seen only a
iforiiia, and
ccordin<; to
pearance of
with tlifler-
ivcs appear
ded than in
vered with
with short,

bears some
ik, (Q, s(ff.
similar, but
;ely dilated
li the same
'tile flowers

he male cat-
lagnified.

i.

V

4

.i

" '-v

/^,>n.

I'l IN

i

OiirPk'ils l)ni|o'l:iKJi

/>i>lli//,/t,w f^,//'

('it'Hl' lU Ih>lltl/i4

M

i ■: v:m

ii

i!;i

^

^

m

()iM'rfiix Dfimil'lov:!

hennir f/ourrfd (fuU .

('/if'nf a /Years fimge^e.

* f

#

-yi^i^' i

lo\

oii

Tr

India
nerv(

; &:

11

§ *Castanopsis. Jimentfi eloni!;atcd and persistent , periunth
lanuginous, divided to the Ixise; scales of the spreading cup
loose and sqnarrose; stamens c.vserted; nut somewhat an-
gular and downy; stigmas several, filiform and decidu-
ous.

Trees of Oregon, California, and the Himmalay Mountains in
India, with the aspect of the Chestnut. Leaves entire, pennately
nerved, sempervirent. Amcnts elongated, erect, the flowers
conglomerated. Fertile flowers . . . ? To this section, or
rather genus, helong also, as far as the male specimens arc con-
cerned, the Quercus glomerata and Quercus spicatu of Dr.
Wallich.

11

''■$

DENSE FLOWERED OAK.

QUERCUS densiplora; foliis perennantibus coriaceis petio-
latis oblongo-lanceolatis hasi obtusis breviter acuniitiatis
parallele uervosis integerritnis niargine revolutis juniori-
bus fulvo-furfuraceo-tomentosis subtiis pallidioribus de-
miini glabris, anientis masctilis elongatis folia superanti-
biis densifloris valdc tomentosis nunc ad basin flores paucos
femineos gerentibus, frtictibus sessilibus, cupula brevi lie-
misphaerica dense squamosa, sqiiamibus elongato-linearibiis
laxis sericeis, glande ovato-globosa sericea. — Hook. Icon.
PI. ined. Hook, and Arnot, Bot. Beechy, p. 391.

This remarkable tree, scarcely a true Oak, but con-
generic with species in the Himmalaya Mountains, in
India, is a native of Upper California. It has so much
the appearance of a Chestnut, that the cup of the fruit
alone attests what it really is. The leaves are ever-
green and of the same lanceolate outline with the
common Chestnut, having similar pennate nerves, but
entire, or nearly so, on the margin; at first they arc

\ 1

m

n
1

12

DRNSR-FLOWRRF.D OAK.

softly clothed beneath with dense stellate brownish
hairs, but at length become smooth; they are about 4
inches long and 1 to H wide. The catkins are erect,
about 4 inches long, presenting the appearance of cy-
hndric, woolly spikes, beset with numerous cxserted
stamens with long slender filaments, as in the Chestnut.
The cup is shallow and patulous, within and without
softly sericeous, the scales numerous and acuminate,
very loose, somewhat spreading and 2h to 3 lines long.
The acorn is large, evidently angular, and more convex
on one side, covered with whitish down, and terminated
with several filiform, lanuginous and deciduous stigmas.
The Castanca chrysophylla of Douglas, if not the same
plant, appears to be another species of this section or
genus.

Plate V.
A branch of the natural size. a. The acorn.

M

ii

W9r-'

() Here UK I/Ctnia

I.tuis (fak

C/renf ilr I, I'll'

ht}'-:^

!mf?r

-£

•«' — I- —

QIJ

ae

\:v

I.KA'S OAK.

QlJKUCl'S Lkana, /o/iis inetnhraudCt'i.Sy /itni^ixsh/ie pe/to-
hitis, o/j/(jn,ii[o-nr(//il)iis, basi I'ntinKlati.s, siibrordulin, sinn-
atn-/)ln)ut/ifi(/is,(/c?nii?ii ij^lahris, lohis la/is inlcv^ris svtacco-
acinnhuilis; frurtibiis bt'cri-pcf/in'/htfi.t; sulitariis bini.'ive,
crtpvla he/nlsphcnca, sqiiamis ovatis oblusift, s^landc sub-
globosa vittatasubsemi-immensUfCumumbone brevi r.onico.

Op this remarkably ambiguous Oak I have already
spoken, in a note on Q. hctcrophylla, having at that time,
in concert with Mr. Thomas G. Lea, its discoverer, con-
sidered it as a variety of that rare species or some
analogous hybrid. Other specimens, accompanied with
the ripe glands, have now convinced me that it is either
a distinct species or another strange hybrid; but as I
am by no means satisfied of the existence of such spon-
taneous mixed races among our Oaks, I have taken the
liberty of giviii-T it as a species, and dedicating it to its
discoverer, an ardent and successful botanist. I shall
also take the liberty of adding a quotation from Mr.
Lea's notes, made on this plant, and sent to mc with the
specimens.

"The fruit resembles Michaux's figure of Q. hctero-
phylla, but diflfers in being more depressed and obtuse at
the summit. The cups, I think, are alike. The leaves
are on longer petioles, but accord in being inclined to be
cordate at base. If it is a hybrid, it may have come
from the Q. imhricaria or Q. tinctoria or Q. coccinea.
The fruit is too widely different from Q. rubra. The
peduncles are about the same length as in my specimens
of Q. imhricaria', in Michaux's figure of that species the
fruit is represented as sessile, which I think is wrong.
The petioles are much longer than in Q. imhricaria, the
2*

14*

LEA'S OAK.

leaves larger and more ol)tusc at base. These modifi-
cations (if it is a liybrid) may be derived from the long
petioles and larger loaves of the Ji/ark iim\ Scar/rl Oaks.
I think it does not partake of Qucrcns phci/os, (Willow
Oak,) a species that does not grow, to my knowledge,
within several hundred miles of this place (Cincinnati)."

"I saw two individuals of Q. phcllos in the Bartram
garden, which Colonel Carr assured me were propagated
from the seed of the original Bartram Oak. Certainly
our plant is very like Michaux's figure; but as that
appears to be a hybrid of Q. phcllos, I think they must
be considered distinct. If ours be a hybrid, it most
likely comes from Q. imhricaria and Q. (inctoria, or
coccinea,"

"I have found but a single stock of this (about five
years ago). It grows three miles north of Cincinnati."

I confess I see too little resemblance in our plant
with Q. imbricaria, to agree with my friend Mr. T. Lea,
as to any hybrid connection with that remotely allied
species. Betwixt the Grey Oak, (Q. ambigiia, Mich.,)
and Q. tinctoria, I perceive a nearer resemblance. The
fruit appears to be wholly that of the Grey Oak. The
gland in both is striated, and with a small conic projec-
tion. In our plant, however, the base of the gland and
that of the cup are yellow, indicating its alliance to Q.
tinctoria. The leaf differs wholly from both in its simple
undivided lobes, though the long petiole and rounded
base is that of tinctoria. Scarce as this species yet
appears to be, under the present circumstances, I am
inclined to believe it of a distinct race, with features as
distinct as any species in the genus. For the Grey Oak
being, I believe, unknown in Ohio, is again out of the
question. I suspect it is in all physical respects allied
to tinctoria, and would equally afford a yellow dying
material.

i

I

by

sm:

Thel

cent

less<

roui

The

by t

flow

rathi

obtu

som(

conii

mers

A 1
gland

LEA'S OAK.

■If)

Tlic full grown leaves arc from 5 to 5^ inches long,
by 3 to 3i wide, smooth and shining above, with a
small quantity of deciduous stellate pubescence beneath.
The lobes are about a single pair on a side. The
central lobe only sometimes again subdivided into three
lesser lobes, all of them ending in bristles. The base is
rounded, and often hollowed out, or somewhat sinuated.
The buds arc small and brown. The fertile flower often
by threes, on a short, thick, common pedicel, the middle
flower abortive. Male flowers .... not seen. Cups
rather deep, as in Q. tinctorial with the scales ovate,
obtuse, and closely imbricated. The acorn roundish,
somewhat ovate, broadly striate, with a short roundish
conic point or umbo about half way, or nearly so, im-
mersed in the cup.

Plate Y.{bis.)

A branch of the natural size with fruit. «. The cup. b. The
gland.

{

'!o I'

thi|

W

So

vei

the

de

Tl
Ai
dc
a(
I

C(

k

s

%
r

{

r :

y.i

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

QuERcus MARiTiMA, QJic Maritime Oak.) The friiit of
this species, and sometimes the leaves approach to the
Willow Oak, but this is a low shrubby plant of the
Southern States, with sempervirent leaves, which are
very often deeply and distinctly sinuated, rigid, with
the lobes often obtuse and niucronate.

QuERCus MYRTiFOLiA, (^3Ii/rtk-kavcd Oak.) Of this
elegant and curious species, we have yet no materials

deserving of a figure.

QuERCUS STELLATA. Q. ORTUSILOBA, MiCH. (Po.s/ Oak.)

The variety which I mentioned in the Genera of North
American plants, vol. 2, p. 215, under the name of (3.
dcp/cssa, rarely exceeds 3 feet in height, and bears
acorns at the height of 12 to 18 inches from the ground.
I first observed it on the hills of the Missouri, up to its
confluence with the river Platte, and it is also almost the
last species which we find to the westward. I have
since met with apparently the same low variety on the
gravelly poor hills of the island of Martha's Vineyard,
near Massachusetts Bay; it is this scrubby growth of
Oak which still affords shelter to the grouse on that
island. In some parts of Massachusetts, (according to
Dr. Emerson,) the usual large growth of this tree is
occasionally met with. The species of Quercus which
I called Q. Michauxii.^ is, I now believe, nothing more
than a mere variety of Q. prinus.

Swamp White Oak, (Quercus hicolor.) Of this spe-

ii

i lii

lis

I ■ I

"-les J /irst observed n ,.„ •

»«/& or Soji LclJ""""' "'"•iMy. which I eallerf /.

«leva(ed forests 07,11, f""''' ^< in the '^•

'"'ewise neaTphf/^^ "'''""'"'^"N^wYol '""""P>'

find, are of „ '''P'"'« «'"i Boston T^' f '"^<="'-«

under IL "^ ''"»" «>'m as in o ..^'"' '"""es, I

denture 'are f!"""^ *''««'' 'o,"rd, T "''"°^'='' "'

Mossy-Cup Oak rn

- where ,>!; I"'* ^'^^^ '» OraLe ^ ^''' ^'^"^^«"-

near V "'^ '^'^'^^•^^rf t>y Dr Tr^^f ''^""*>^' ^^w York
near Vernon in c *^ * "O^ton, anri if i *"^^»

""«'' <he spe o/rV"""'^' ^« Irs ; T?"-^

••"' 'he ieave^ a e , """• "''"'« Oak ."g- , " /"'^

^•^ are sinuatecl. ' ^ ^«- ^^^scolor,)

f-r thitf^a ^wi ~ -^'"Hatrr

in

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

15

vie with tlie finest woods known; it is of a clear pale
yellow, inclining to olive, and feathered in the most
beautiful manner; the polish is also equal to that of the
finest mahogany.

Bartram's Oak, [Quercus hclcrophylla, Mich. vol. 1. pi.
16.) This curious tree, which, in 1837, had attained
the height of 50 feet and a circumference of 3 feet 9
inches, was inadvertently cut down, and with it the
species, if such it was, appeared to be annihilated; but
Thomas G. Lea, Esq., of Cincinnati, informs me "that
several years ago he discovered an Oak between two
and three miles north of that city, the leaves and fruit
of which accord with Michaux's figure. The leaves are
sometim*^s larger than those represented, but with the
same ci"' ,, irregularly and coarsely toothed, or sub-
lobed, ui ;'i longish petioles, the margin is very rarely
entire. I'lie tree is about 25 feet high, and in a vigor-
ous state of growth. Some scattering Oaks of other
species arc in its immediate neighbourhood. I think it
is not a variety of Q. imbricnria, many trees of which I
have examined, but never found them with leaves the
least indented. The Q. /?//c//o.s" [to which it might be
allied] "does not grow in the vicinity of Cincinnati, nor,
that I know of, in any part of Ohio; this tree, therefore,
cannot be a variety of that species." Its nearest
aflinity appears to me to be to the Querciis amhigua of
Michaux, jr., from which it is principally distinguished
by the narrower and more simple divisions of its leaves.

I

The Willow Oak appears to be very nearly allied to
the Cluster-Leaved Oak of New Spain, (^Quercus confer-
tifiorn^) figured and described by Humboldt and Bon-
pland, but in that, though otherwise so very similar, the
leaves are hairy beneath, while ours are perfectly
smooth.

16

'['■

I '!

The W - -^ ^nt. OAKS.

jood are now brou<x1,t froTtl ""^ "i^^^^titios of this

According to W,n « Z'^'''" ^^e coast of Wesf PJ ?

/«'".'« i» Ea.etl" ::?; ''\ ^'■- Oar 'ni:f

•ibove 50 nn ^ '^ '^"^ ^le adds r i ^ ' ^^^'^'

Sfof J "fe'"es as We do

CWoFi ?ardT: "" ^'"•-<' of ,he Live Oak ' «
on an air nf , '■^'"' '"''''=''. robed i«\ '" ^o""'

"^j: «"<!, tha. aecoTdrtf "''i"™"^ <"■ "'« Oaks ,

Agamenticus Moimf .• ^^* ^«*^««w, Wirrn k

foiinw ^ c. * ^'^^i^ntani in York M/t • ; "'''^•A about
lound at Saco in ]u • ■'°^'^» (Maine.) an ; ,

ct «; ?• ^'«^'™' (Pin O.^y^" 'n York coum'
^""setts." jvr« p^^^ ^ '^K,; js veru rarp in H/r "^

--.ions e!!eeS^~^-r'~-'"4of::^^^

"leyard, and adds, thu "it

*

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

17

iks

hardly exceeds 20 inches in diameter, and 30 feet in
height," which is a circumstance I had overlooked, its
prevailing character there heing that of a shruh.

la,

n-

lis

a.

t.

1-

t,
e

The Oaks, though a very extensive genus, arc con-
fined to the Northern hemisphere. Besides the nume-
rous species which pervade the United States, IG were
discovered by Nee in Mexico and New Spain, one of
which, the Q. agr'ifoUa is found in Upper California; 21
species were add^d to the Flora of North America by
Humboldt and Bonpland found also in New Spain; 4
species Avere discovered in Japan by Thunberg; 2 in
China by Bunge; 1 in Cochinchina, and 1 in the island
of Formosa; 2 very remarkable species with lanceolate
entire leaves and very long spikes of flowers, like those
of a Chestnut, were met with in Nepaul by Wallich;
6 other species likewise exist in that portion of India;
Europe, chiefly the southern part. Northern Africa and
Armenia aflford about 28 species and several varieties;
Java, Sumatra and the Molucca Islands also produce 19
species. Thus it appears, of the whole number, (accord-
ing to the enumeration of Willdenow and more recent
discoveries,) the Old World contains 63 species, and
North America, including New Spain, about 74. Of
these the United States possess about 37, and New
Spain the same number. To these I may also add an
additional species from the island of Cuba, nearly allied
to our Southern Grey Oak, (Q. cincrca;) this I propose
to call after its discoverer, M. La Sagra,

QuERCUs Sagr^ana, foliis perennantihus ohlongo-ellip-
iicis ohovatisque intarris s. suhlohatis brcvi pctiolatis ohtusis
nitidis marline revoliiiis siibtus tomentosis nervosis suhalhi-
dis,fructibus hinis pediceUis incrassatis, cupula hemispJiseri-
ca, sfjuamis apprcssis, nuce ovata.
3

18

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

Ill

This species apparently forms a tree. The leaves are
broader than those of the Grey Oak, of a thick and
rigid texture, and are strongly veined both above and
beneath; they arc about 2^ inches long and about 1 inch
wide.

19^

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

In density and hardness the Live Oak mucli exceeds
every otlier species of the genns hitherto examined. At
first glance, and aided by its great weight, it appears
ahnost hke Lignum Vita3. The sap-wood is of a pale
brownish-yello^N , the perfect wood of a pale chestnut-
brown, and the extremely fine saw-dust almost as bright
a brown as that from Mahogany. Growing in a climate
subject to small changes of temperature, and being ever-
green, the woody circles of annual increment are very
faint and obscurely marked, which adds to the common
density of the fibres. These rings, on young trees, vary
from 1 to 2 lines in width, but in the older wood they
are much narrower. One of the most striking features
of this wood, however, is the distinctness of the me-
dullary rays which traverse in strong and pale lines the
faint waves of the annual increments. For the first
forty or fifty years, the Live Oak appears to increase in
the bulk of its trunk, as fast as our White Oak; but after
that period the growth is much more slow; still the
density of its wood is so great, that, through a strong
magnifier, the pores and vessels are barely visible. In
the United States Navy Yard, in this place, I have mea-
sured a squared log of Live Oak, 32 feet long, which
probably formed the trunk of a tree not less than 50 to
60 feet in height. The present value of moulded Live
Oak varies from $L20 to $1.30 and $1.45 per cubic
foot. Promiscuous unprepared logs sell from $L20 to
98 cents and $1 the cubic foot. Some very choice
timber sells as high as $1.65. This valuable timber has
been employed in the United States navy between fifty
and sixty years.
3*

20*

ADDITIONAL OBSKIIVATIONS.

Little is yet known respecting the southern limits of
this species of Oak, thougli there can be little doubt
that it continues along the borders of the Mexican Gulf
to Yucatan. Dr. Burroughs informs me that it is said
to be found growing on the banks of the Alvarado river,
about seventy-five miles south of Vera Cruz. I am also
informed of the existence of the Live Oak near Mata-
gorda in Texas.

It is stated in a late Texian paper that an English
company have recently landed on the Brassos, in the
neighbourhood of Brazoria, for the purpose of getting
out Live Oak. They are said to have contracted
with the English government to deliver two millions
of cubic feet. The country about Brazoria is loaded
with enormous trees, some of them casting a shade of
150 feet in diameter. The Live Oak extends into Texas
at least one hundred and fifty miles, according to the
observations of Mr. Caspar Wistar, jr., of Germantown.

John Lenthall, Esq., United States Naval Constructor,
has favoured me with the following remarks concerning
the timber used in the United States Navy.

The frames and principal pieces are all of Live Oak,
and the frames of several of our ships that were cut
from the islands of Georgia and on the coast, thirty
years since, are still in an excellent condition, though in
some ships, in which the timber was cut inland, the
result is not so favourable. The weight of a cubic foot
varies from 73 to 78 pounds. This timber is peculiarly
adapted to ship building, and is scarcely fit for anything
else, being short and crooked, so that the timbers are
rarely grain cut.

The White Oak, used almost exclusively for plank, is
cut from the seaboard of the middle states, and is equal
to the best English or foreign timber. The Red Oak is
never used. The Oak from Canada, is that which has

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

*21

gcnerfilly been introduced into England, and from it a
very erroneous opinion has been formed with regard to
the Oak timber of the United States, for the northern
timber is much inferior to that from the southern states,
and is never used. A cubic foot of unseasoned White
Oak is from 58 to GO pounds, and seasoned, 47 to 49
pounds. White Oak timber is often brought from the
lakes and used for keels and bottom planks; but for
upper works that from the Delaware and Chesapeake
Bay is preferred, being much stronger and more durable.
This lake timber is principally to be found at Newport.
From the Delaware river and Chesapeake Bay large
quantities of White Oak are likewise shipped for the
Eastern States, of which the better class of ships are
built. A great deal of Pine timber is also shipped from
thence for the same purpose.

The Quercitron is the bark of the Qucrcus tinctorial
freed from the epidermis. Besides tannin, it contains a
yellow colouring matter, which may be extracted by water,
and which, on evaporation, yields a peculiar extract to
the amount of 8 per cent, of the bark employed. The
tannin belongs to that variety which precipitates iron of
a green colour. This tannin is very injurious to the
colour, because it is precipitated by the same reagents
with the colour, and imparts to it a brownish tint. To
obtain the colouring matter free from it, a bladder soft-
ened in water, and cut into small pieces, freed from all
the parts which are soluble in water, is applied to the
infusion of the Quercitron bark, which t'kes up the
tannin; or it may be precipitated by a solution of isin-

glass.

According to Chevreul, the colouring matter which he
calls Quercitrin, although not a simple substance, is
obtained by cautiously concentrating an infusion of

kii

! il

22*

ADDITIONAL onSERVATlONS.

Quercitron. A crystalline substsuico then j)rccipit<ites,
which, while yet in suspension in the h<iui(l, imparts to
it a pearly appearance. It exhibits a slight acid re-
action by curcuma-paper. It is slightly soluble in ether,
but more completely so in alcohol. Water dissolves it;
and the solution becomes orange-yellow by the addition
of alkali. The acetate of lead and of copper, as well as
the protochloridc of tin, precipitate it in yellow flakes.
Sulphate of the peroxide of iron colours it at first olive-
green, and then causes a precipitate. Sulphuiic acid
dissolves Quercitrin, and the greenish orange coloured
solution becomes cloudy by the addition of water. ]?y
dry distillation it yields, among other products, a liquid
which soon crystallizes, the crystals possessing all the
properties of Quercitrin.

In the dyeing establishments the clear yellow colour
is obtained by precipitating the tannin by means of a
solution of glue or buttermilk; the colouring matter then
remaining in the solution is mixed with the solution ot
alum and carbonate of potash, by which it is precipitated
of a yellow colour in combination with the alumina.
Protochloridc of tin also produces with it a strong yel-
low precipitate.

QuERcus RUBRA? Thc largest Red Oak in North
America, says a correspondent of the Natchitoches
Herald, can be seen on the plantation of W. Smith, Esq.,
eighteen miles from Natchitoches, on the road leading
to Opelousas. This majestic Oak stands in the midst
of a rich and heavy bottom, on the Bayou St. Barb.
Two feet from the ground it measures forty-four feet in
circumference, and at six feet, thirty-two feet. The trunk
appears sound and healthy, and its height, to the branches^
is from fifty to sixty feet.

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

#»

t>3

From Dr. (I. Enj^olinanii, of St. Louis, 1 learn that the
White Oak, {Q. alba,) and the llock Chestnut Oak, {Q.
montana, Willd.,) grow in that vicinity, wlicrc tlierc arc
two varieties of eacii with sessile and with pe(hu\eulated
fruit, in this respect agreeing with the two varieties of
the Enghsii Oak, ((^. rohur,) which have been considered
as two species. He also informs njc that the Chinquc-
pin Oak, ( Q. prhioidcs, W illd.; Q. prhius chinatpin, Mich.
Sylva, t. 11,) grows commonly in South-western Mis-
souri. He also adds, that the Spanish Oak, (Q. falcata,)
he has only seen in tiie southern extremity of Missouri;
and that the Water Oak, (Q. ar/ualica,) grows no nearer
to him than the banks of the Arkansa.

1st
b.

In regard to the western range of our forest trees,
Doctor Engelmann informs me, by letter, that though
the Chestnut (Castanca americanu) does not grow in the
immediate valley of the Mississi[)pi, it still reappears
again in south-western Missouri and the north-western
portion of Arkansas, where is also found the Locust
tree, {Rohinia pscndacacia.)

The Sweet Gum tree, {Liiiuidamhar sti/racijlua,) he saw
on the borders of the Wabash; it grows also in Southern
Missouri and all through Arkansas to the province of
Texas, but he has not seen it through the greater part
of Missouri and Illinois.

The Black Gum tree, (Nyssa midtijlora, Walt. N. Syl-
vatica, Mich. Sylva, t. 110,) according to Dr. Engelmann,
is common in the southern parts of Missouri.

The Wahoo Elm, (Ulmus alata,) Dr. Engelmann finds
as far north in Missouri as the vicinity of Herculaneum.

Around Cape Girardeau, one hundred and fifty miles
south of St. Louis, he also observes the Tulip tree,
{Liriodcjidron.)

Beech trees, the Doctor informs me, he has not seen

2i'

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

%■ ■

west of the Wabash, except near Capo Girardeau;
they grow associated witii Pines in Western Louisiana,
and I have seen them in tiic forests which border the
Arkansa.

Chestnut Tree, [Castanca nmcricana.) The wood of
this tree is capable of receiving a fine poHsh, and well
selected pieces present waves and feathered figures of
considerable beauty and variety, the more striking as
they are seen with great distinctness through a pale and
light ground. Furniture of this kind may be seen at
Mr. Grout's cabinet warehouse in Sixth street, in this
city.

..

M

U !l

Ihiiiff ' ( '/fi'.>itinit

(MKhiiK'ii :iliiii'uliii.

(nat(ti<iiiier ii /f»i//f,i 4l <io/ii'

Pi V!

•%-^^*

iii!^

I ill"

W

Poi

I,."^-

'

CHESTNUT.

Natural Ordcr^ AiwENTACEiE, (Juss.) Lin7isean Classifica-

tion^ MONOECIA, POLYANDRIA.

CASTANEA.f (Tournefort.)

PoLYGAMUs. The male ament elongated, composed of numer-
ous interrupted clusters of flowers, with a 5 or 6 parted peri-
anth. Stamens 10 to 20. Female flowers about 3 in an ovoid
muricate valvular involucrum. Perianth urceolate, 5 or 6-
cleft, having rudiments of abortive stamens. The ovary
incorporated with the perianth, the stigma pencillate, exserted,
its divisions rigid and pungent. Nuts 1 to 3, included in the
enlarging echinate, 4-cleft involucrum.

These are trees or shrubs of temperate Europe and North
America, with alternate, stipulate, mucronately serrated leaves,
and very long axillary aments. Nuts farinaceous, edible.

DWARF CHESTNUT.

CASTANE A alnipolia, depressa, foliis obovatis subacutis,
mucronato-serratis subciliatis junioribus subtus pubescenti-
bus, amentis Jiliformibus solitariis tomentosis.

/g. PuBEscENs,yb/i2S brevtoribus, adultis subius pubescens.

Castanea alnifolia, Nutt. Gen. Am., vol. 2. p. 217.

Castanea nana, Elliott, Sk., vol. 2. p. 615. (not of Muhl.)

Fagus pumila, yar. prascox, Walter, Carolin., p. 233.

A SPECIES remarkable for its dwarf growth, and in-

t So named from Castanea, a town of Thessaly, near the
river Peneus, where large Chestnut trees are still found.

20

DWARF CHESTNUT.

'\i\

':ii!

!'

sorted only to complete the history of the genus. It
rarely exceeds a foot in height, growing in small
patches, Avith creeping roots. I first met with the
variety [3 in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina,
afterwards the smoother kind, much more abundant, and
in flower in the month of March, around Tallahassee, in
West Florida.

The Floridian plant is scarcely a foot in height, with
smooth purplish-grey branchlets; the leaves obovate, on
very short petioles, deeply serrate, obtuse or acute,
elliptic-obovate, Avhen young whitish pubescent; the
adult almost perfectly smooth on both surfaces; about
3 inches long by 1 inch or more wide. Stipules subulate,
rather persistent. Male amcnts solitary, long, and fili-
form, tomentose. The fruit I have not seen.

The Charleston plant grows in sandy pine barrens,
and the nut, which is solitary, is said by Elliott to be
much larger, but less abundant than in the other native
species. This plant rarely exceeds 2 feet in height.
Its leaves are glossy above, pubescent but not tomen-
tose beneath. Fertile flowers 1 to 3 in an involucrum,
only one perfected.

The w^ood of the Chinquepin, (C. pumila,) whenever
it can be obtained large enough for posts, is much
valued, as it is supposed to be more durable when
exposed to the weather than any other timber, except
the Red Cedar. {Elliott.)

Plate VI.

A branch of the natural size.

21

GOLDEN LEAVED CHESTNUT.

CASTANEA cnnvsopiiYLLA, (Dougl. Mss.,) foliis sempcrvi-
rentibus lato-lanceolaiis acuininatis coriaceis integerrimis
glabris suhtus aiireo-J'arinosis. Hook. Flor. Bor. Am., vol.
2. p. 159.

According to Douglas, this is a splendid evergreen
tree, varying in height from 20 to 70 feet, with leaves 4
to 5 inciies long, deep green above, and below of a rich
golden-yellow. These leaves are, also, (very different
from all the rest of the genus,) quite entire. The spikes
or catkins of flowers scarcely exceed an inch in length,
including the peduncle, and they are solitary in the
axills of the upper leaves. Sometimes all the flowers
on a catkin are male; sometimes the 2 or 3 lower
flowers are female. The fruits are 2 or 3, crowded,
or densely covered with acicular prickles. Said to be
common at the Grand Rapids of the Columbia, Cape
Orford, and near Mount Hood; constantly affecting the
hills. This species rests wholly on the authority of
Douglas. I did not meet with it, nor does it appear
that any specimens were sent to England. It will pro-
bably prove to be some very different genus to that of
the present.

H

BIRCH.

Natural Order, Betuline^e, (Richard.) Linnxan Classifi-
cation, MoNffiCIA, POLYANDRIA.

BETULA.t (Linn.)

Male flowers in long cylindric amcnts. Scales in a double
series, the inner by 3's, l-flowercd; stamens G to 12. Female
flowers with ovoid or oval amcnts; the scales trifid, 1 to 3-
flovvered. Styles 2. Nuts minute, compressed, 1-seeded,
edged with an alated thin margin.

Trees or shrubs of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere
on both continents with the bark often exfoliating in thin cir-
cular plates. Leaves alternate, ovate, or deltoid, serrated; pro-
ducing stipules; aments axillary.

WESTERN BIRCH.

BETULA occiDENTALis; ramis resinoso-verrucosis, foliis
lata rhombeo-ovatis sublobatis inciso-serratis hirsutulis,
subtus '^. ullidioribus punctatis, nervis remotis, amentis fce-
mineis lato-cylindraceis squamis lobis lateralibus ovatis
intcrmedio longiore.

Betula occidenlalis. Hook. Flor. Bor. Amer., vol. 2. p. 155.

This low species of Birch, only 6 to 10 feet high, was
first observed westward, near the sources of the Sweet-
Water, a northern branch of the Platte, and where it
penetrates into the first range of the Rocky Mountains.
On the borders of this clear stream, diminished to a
small purling brook, and accompanied by clumps of
willows, we first saw it growing. According to Drum-

f Supposed to be derived from Betii, the Celtic name for the
Birch.

5'»t#5:'

M&»,

riM-

'.*••<"•

;it

« hm-^^.

m
"J^^^

'',- ';'"•>-*

•ft*

'W '4iP^'''

. j^'^'..! ,.

JlvsU'i'ii

Ilcslci'/i lih't'/l .

IW'tula (MM'idt'uljilis

/Itnt/rau I'tcni^niii/

;ii!

tai

I)f

of

COI

virl
spi
brr
del
my
son
abo
ncr
witl
on,
cim
(Th
2 to
star
seal
leng
at t
atec
linci
bro{
sum
1
diar
The

VVESTEUN nilKJII.

23

moud, it occurs on the cast side of tlio Uockv Moun-
tains down to Jidinonton House. Douglas found it near
springs on the west side of the Rocky Mountains; and
Doctor Scouler met witii it in Oregon, near to tlie straits
of Juan dc Fuca; it also grows near Walla-W'aHa, and
continues up the Oregon to the country of the Tlut-
heads.

The principal branches arc erect and somewhat
virgatc, clothed with a bright brown bark, copiously
sprinkled with small resinous warts, so as to render the
branches rough to the touch. The leaves are somewhat
deltoid, or rhomboidly-ovate, on shortish petioles (in
my specimens), acute, but not acuminate, sharply and
somewhat unequally -errated, and very slightly lobed,
above somewhat glutinous, with very few piimated
nerves, below paler; the midrib and nerves sprinkled
with a few long hirsute hairs, which are also seen above,
on, and near the petiole. The leaves, in flowering spe-
cimens, arc only about l.V inches long by an inch wide.
(The adult leaves described by Hooker, Jirc much larger,
2 to 2^ inches long.) The aments are cylindric, in the
staminiferous plant, composed of a double series of
scales. Female aments pedunculated, cylindric, at
length drooping, often accompanied by a very small leaf
at the base; the scales trifid and dilated, strongly cili-
ated, the lateral lobes ovate; the central one nearly
linear and longer; 3 germs beneatli each scale. Nuts
broadly winged. Styles 2, very long and subulate;
summit of the germ pubescent.

The trunk of this species is only a few inches in
diameter, so that it scarcely ranks with proper trees.
The leaves are bitter to the taste.

Plate VII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The seed vessel.

'^1

OVAL-LEAVED BIRCH.

IJETULA nnoMniKoi.iA, raniis rrsinosis i^racUihus, foltis
,snftr/in/nf)()i(/('(i-oi'if/ifn(\, riw (icitti.s, ifrossr. .v(vvv///.v, unhliis
pallidiorihus cjninctuti.s; rciu'.s pilo.siusciilis ainviitis fuini-
ncis ctjliiidrdceis, aquamis Iripurtitis }:;l(tbriunculis lohis
oi'titis laleralibtis hrcvihus.

This is a still more humble slirub than the prcccdinjr,
which it somewliat resembles. It <frows in the central
Rocky Mountain range, and continues more or less to
the banks of the Oregon. It is spreading and somewhat
decumbent, with slender brown twigs, which, when
young, are more or less covered with resinous atoms.
The leaves, with their petioles, which arc 2 or 3 lines,
are not more than an inch long by \ an inch wide,
oval, and somewhat rhombic, deeply, sharply, and
almost equally serrate, rounded, but still generally acute,
smooth above, paler beneath, with a very few distant
nerves, somewhat hairy along their margins beneath.
External scales of the male aments ovate, and ciliatc.
Stamens about G. Female aments with nearly smooth,
deeply 3-parted scales, of which the central division is
the longest. I have not seen the ripe fruit.

Plate VIII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The seed vessel.

Obs. On the summit of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire grows the Bdula nana of Europe, found
there by Mr. Oakes as well as myself.

Mr. Charles Pickering also collected a specimen on

;/.v

his
iiii-

ral
to
at
un

IS.

id

It

:*'i.

i

I

My// /ein

III.

n

M

ff^^

J

^^^r ^^^^^^^^^ijm^ i^Bt^Kt^lHtKt^ML^

{

^^^^M Ik

U«>tulii i*li<)Jtil)iroli:i .

(haf leiiyeJ /iiri'h

Ili>il/eau (I /'rri//>'if i>i;./fs

thosi
cosa\
Ir
now I
is a|
Statl

Ci
Thisi
the
Dr.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRCH.

'So

those mountains, which appears to be the Betulafniti-
cosa of Pallas, first found in Siberia.

In the Rocky Mountains, besides the two species
now described, we met with the Bclula glandidosa, which
is also found on the high mountains of the United
States.

Canoe Birch, or Paper Birch, (Bctula papyracca.)
This very useful species of Birch to the aborigines of
the north, is found, according to the observations of
Dr. Richardson, as far as the 65th degree of latitude.

White Birch, (Bctula popiilifolia.) Kooker very
justly remarks the near affinity which this species bears
to the common European Birch, (J5. alba.) The general
aspect is the same. In our plant, however, the leaves
have longer ocuminated points, and smaller fertile cat-
kins. The scale of the same catkin in ours, is also
comparatively smaller and shorter clawed, with the
middle lobe acute and much smaller than the lateral
lobes, whereas, in the European Birch, the lobes are
nearly all equal and obtuse.

Ml

i I

ALDERS.

Natural Order, AiWENTACEyE, (Jussieu.) Lhinsean Classi-
Jication, Mon(ecia, Tetrandria.

Genus ALNUS. (Tournefort, Decandolle.)

Character. The flowers are moncecions, (or of two different
kinds on the same plant,) disposed in catkins, (or cylindric
spikes of short duration,) those producing the stamens are
long and cylindric; those of the fruit or seed are ovoid or
globular, produced upon branching peduncles. The scales of
the male flower are pedicellated, and in the form of an in-
verted heart, bearing beneath each 3 lesser scales; the proper
flowers are situated at the base of each of these, and are com-
posed of a cup with 4 lobes and 4 stamens. The scales of the
fruiting catkins are wedge-shaped, hard, and persistent. The
ovary is compressed, and bears 2 long stigmas. The envelope
of the seed is hard, with a border which is either thick or
membranaceous, and presents 2 cells with 2 seeds; the ovules
in the germ arc about 4, or 2 in a cell, 3 of them usually
abortive.

The plants of this small genus, confined to the temperate
or colder parts of Europe and North America, are either shrubs
or trees, with deciduous leaves, generally growing by streams, or
in cool and humid places. As trees they seldom attain a greater
elevation than 30 to 40 feet; the wood is hard and yellowish,
becoming of a brownish-red, nearly like mahogany, when ex-
posed to the air, and capable of acquiring a fine polish. When
stained black it resembles ebony, and it is capable of enduring
moisture for a great length of time.

The Alders may be divided into the two following sections;
in both the peduncles are subdivided.

-iisees!*--

ALDERS.

27

(

§ 1. Th, ^ml-ve,,cl/ur,u,hed with „ membrana.eon. wh,^,J

irvrr" "" '""'" "' '"' '-'"' '""-' -'- "'

The White Alder, {^hms incana.)
The Oregon Alder, {Mmts Ore<rona.)
The Heart-leaved Alder, {Mms corduta.)
Mountain Alder, {^bms viridis.)

k II. The margin of the seed-vessel thiek and opaque, and
with the sca.es oftheJruUlng ament distinetly loll:
Common Alder. {Jilnus glutinosa.)
Fme-tooth.,d Alder, {mnus serrulata.)
Sea-side Alder, {^biiis marifmia.)
Oblong-leaved Alder, {Jihius oblongata.)
Short-leaved Aider, {Mms brevifolia.)
Rhombic-leaved Alder, [Jilnus rhoinhifolia.)

,

28

§ I. Fruit alalcd.
OREGON ALDER.

ALNUS *oREGONA.; /oNis lato-ovatis ritrinque acutis, dupli-
cuto-sei'7'atifi junioribus q/utinosis, vcnii subtus pubescen-
tibus palUiUs; stipulis oblongis dccidids glutinosis, ramu-
lis glabris.

Alnus ghitinosa, PuRSH,Flor. IJor. Am.,vol. 2. p. 623, (in part.)

Thih tree, like the common Alder of Em'ope, n.ttfiins
the height of 30 or 40 feet, with an erect smooth trunk
o) small diameter, the wood of which is very similar to
tiiat of the European species, and might, no douht, be
coployed for the same purposes; it is, however, lighter
ill colour, but of a close grain.

Vs an ornamental tree, it is well worth attention, pro-
ducing an elegant erect top, and affording considerable
shade by the largeness of its leaves, which are about 3
inches long by 2\ wide. We found it, as usual with
the plants of this genus, growing along the borders of
small clear brooks, near the confluence of the Wahla-
met, but seldom, if ever, on the banks of the larger
streams which are subject to inundation. In our pro-
gress to the Weiit, we first observed this tree on the
borders of the rivers Boisee and Brulee, which pass into
the Shoshon.:c, not far from Walla- Wc 11a, and at inter-
vals it co(;tinues more or less common to Point Chin-
hook, ncur the shores of tlic Parific.

The twigs are smooth and oi a brown colour, and the
young buds of every kind resinous, as well as the uppe^
surface of the younger leaves; beneath, the leaves arc
more or less pubescent, particularly along the veins,

I'l. IX

h 'I

ORFXJON ALUEIl.

20

and paler and olton soinowliat Ibrriiirinous. Tlic veins
are v(n'v stronifly iiiiirked and prominent beneath, tlic
teeth hiry;e, hnt the denlicniatiuns nwnutc; and ifhindniar
at tlic points. Sometimes tiic leaves are clliptic-ovatc,
tlic stalks about the third of an ineh long. The stipules
arc resinous, and disappear >vith the evolution of the
b»id. The fruiting ament is roundish-ovoid, and very
similar to that of the common Alder.

This species is nearly allied to the White Alder, (Al-
nus iiicana,) but dillers sulhciently in its buds, branch-
lets, stipules, and leaves; in both the fruit is provided,
as in the Birch, with a translucent membr >us wing.
It appears, likewise, to have a consideraL. alhnity to
A, acuinintita of IIund)oldt and I{onj)land, a tree of Peru,
discovered by Dombey, but in that s|)ecies the leaves
arc more lanceolate than ovate and acuminate.

Besides the other economical uses for which the
wood of the Alder is employed, the knots furnish a
beautifully veined wood for cabinets; handsome chairs
have been made of it, which acquire the colour of ma-
hogany. In France it is used in making sabots, or
wooden shoes, and in the north of England it is em-
ployed for the thick soles of a kind of shoes called
clogs, and is preferred to these uses in consideration of
its durability and lightness. The chips, boiled with cop-
peras, give a black dye to wool; and the leaves have
been used in tanning; sheep will browse on them and
on the smaller branches.

n

Plate IX.

A branch of the natural size. u. The secd-vcsscl.

>5>,

<^.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

l^m 12.5
■^ 1^ 12.2
■ 2.0

140

L25 1.4 III 1.6

<

6"

».

vl

/

/A

''W

V

Photographic

Sdences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

^^^ <>'

Mi

WHITE ALDER.

ALNUS incana; yo/Z/.v ohlnns;is acutis srthtus pnbescentibits,
axiHis venarwn nndis, stijjulis lanceolatis. VVilld. Sp. pi.
,/ilnus nndiilata, Willd. Sp. pi., vol. 4. p. 336.
Black Alder, {j9/nu.<i i^fanca,) ]\Iich. Sylva, vol. 1. p. 378.
Betula ^tnns, rrispit, Mich. Flor. Bor. Am., vol. 2. p. 181.
Betula criftpa, Aiton. Kcw., vol. 3. p. 339.
Betula a/ntis, fi. Linn. Sp. pi.

This species forms a much smaller tree than the
common Alder, being only 12 to 18 feet high, and
sometimes indeed a mere shrub, as in the Alleghany
Mountains in Pennsylvania. In Massachusetts and
Maine it attains its greatest size. Its bark is grey or
cinereous; the leaves are sometimes villous beneath,
and the stipules persistent after the development of the
leaves, which are no way glutinous; those of the young
plants are smooth and glaucous beneath. It is common
to the mountainous parts of Europe nor less than to the
northern parts of the United States- It occurs likeM'isc
in this vicinity.

MOUNTAIN ALDER.

ALNUS viRiDis, (Decandolle;) /oliis rotiindato-ovatis ir-
regulariter argute serratis glahriusciilis, stipiilis ovatis
niemhranaceis deciduh; fructihua late alatis.

„Qln}is turidis, Decandolle, Flore Fraiitj-aise, vol. 3. p. 304.

Betula viridis, Villaks, Dauphin, vol. 4. p. 789.

Betula ovata, Schrank, Salisli. p. 2ri.

MOUNTAIN ALDEIl.

M

Betuln incanay jk. Lamarck, Dirt., vol. 1. j). J^.l.
JlhiMS tJ/jiina Tuinor, IJai'iiin's Pinax, p. Jii.s.

Labrador, the clcvutcd summits of the White Moun-
tains of New ll!impshire,t and the tops of the liigli
mountains of North Carolina:}: are tlic only locahtics on
this continent where the Mountain Alder has yet heen
found. It occurs, likewise, in the Alps of Switzerland,
at an elevation of between 4 and 5000 feet above the
level of the sea, where it frequently forms a small tree
about G feet in hei<,dit. In the White Mountains its
stature is much more depressed, and it is of rare ocur-
rence. It grows likewise in the barren and cold climate
of Kamtschatka.

The wood is white, and the branches arc covered
with a cinereous smooth bark. The leaf is near 2 inches
long and li wide, nearly smooth on both sides, but
generally somewhat hairy along the veins beneath,
rather acute, with numerous sharp small and irregular
serratures, but not doubly serrate. The male catkins
arc long, and grow 2 or 3 together at the extremities of
the twigs; each scale contains 3 tctrandrous flowers, as
usual in the genus. The fertile aments are roundish
and elliptic, about 3 together and terminal, the scales
are truncated and obscurely lobed at the extremities;
the fruit, like that of the liirch, is furnished with a broad,
thin, conspicuous winged margin.

f A specimen in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences in Philadelphia, was discovered on the White Mountains
by my friend Charles Pickering, at an elevation of 4000 feet
above the level of the sea.

t Recently discovered by Dr. Gray and Mr. Curtis.

I

1

:\'2

§ II. Fruit not altifrd; the mar<y}n oparptr.

THIN rj:AVi:D ali)i:r.

ALNl'S TKNMriKor.i a; fi)liis liiht-ovtiUs suhdculis diipllcalo-
crviiiitis !j;/(ifiri.\ liiisi rat ii mini is loiii:;!' jiilioliitis, .s/ijiiitis
dvcidiiis, pi'ddnculi.sfivininri.s i/itjt/iai/n-iut/no.si.s.

Tins v(M*v distinct s|)(>cics of Alder wliicli nrmiif^os
>vitli our coimnoii spccios, (.1. scnii/<(/(i,) uas inct with
on \\w borders of small streams uitliiii tlie ran^e of tlic
Koeky Mountains, and afterwards in the valiies of the
nhic Mountains of Oregon, a eliain wliieli may be called,
us it were, in comj)arison of their elevation, the Allc-
jjhanies of the West.

This species falls short of the character of a tree, but
yet it is scarcely inferior in size witii our common spe-
cies, ^irowinu: to about the heiiiht of a man, with numc-
rous short brandies, covered with a smooth n;roy bark.
The leaves are about 2 inches loni^ by li wide, with
slender petioles, from a iialf to i of an inch in length;
they are of a thin consistence, and usually smooth, with
obtuse denticulations. The fruitini!; branches arc often
subdivided, each branch bearing from 13 to 5 small
roundish ovate aments, of which the scales are very
distinctly lobed. The fruit is unusually small and ellip-
tic, terminated by the 2 remaining styles, and having a
thin opaque margin.

Plate X.

A branch ol" iIk- luilural size. it. The fruit.

I

fo-
ils

PS

th

IC

le

:'^^-

C!-

It

%,

<»;^.^''

*

.--

1,

1

\ '

-^

5t

<

«

77a,t

t^^tr Hf'lt

4i tt44l/l$-

33

RHOMBIC LEAVED ALDER.

ALNUS nnoMniPoMA; foliis suhrhomfmhho.orulis ohlnsi,,,-
cults ff/ntu,fm,s basi aculis, sulu/uplicutn.sen'ulalis .srrru/u-
r,s crehris acuth, ,ubtus puhvrulis a.rillLs vcnarum uaUi,,
stijmlis ohlonsrh vietnhranaceis livciditis.

I OBSERVED this spccics, a Kircrc shrub, ill the vicinity

of Monterey, in Upper Cahlbrnia. Its nearest rehition

appears to be to the European Alder, (.i. <rl,aimmu)

rom which, however, it is abundantly distinct. The

iruit I have not seen.

The leaves are about 2 inches long and U wide,
glutinous, beneath nearly the same colour as above,
and pubescent along the veins; the petioles are not more*
than about 2 lines long. The twigs are smooth and
brownish. It appears to be allied to the oblong-leaved
Alder {A. oblongata) of the South of Europe.

34

si:a sidi: afj)i:u.

ALNTS makitima; foliis ovalihiis if/ahris srrratis ohtrmis rel

ucttviiitiitis, ha.si ucutis, sKhtna J'vmtnincis; nrncnlis Jhini-

lu'is nKij'imiHy ,s(/U(imis (lii/)lir(ito-t(ih<ttis.
Ai.Ni's mahi'iima; Jhliis oralis .scrrutis, bust aculis. Mini,.

Mss. Oljscrvalioiics llolaiiira- di- I'laiitis Am. Scptcnt. j). lf».'J.

(ir> the l^ihrary of I he Acad. Nat. So. Philad.) and Ilcihariuin.

A si'RciMEN of tlii.s very distinct spccios of Aider was
collected on the Kastr shore of Maryland, by my
friend Charles Pickering. It ha.s the a|)|)earance of
beinjj a low shrub, with .slender snu)oth brnnches. The
leaves arc !2i to 3 inches long by \k or more wide, of
an elegant well defined oval outline, and supported upon
longish petioles; the young buds and leaves, alter the
manner of the genus, arc slightly glutinous; the nerv-
ings very slender, serraturcs shallow, and in the larger
leaves rather remote; the uppermost leaves on the in-
fertile shoots arc acuminated, and, at first glance, look
almost like the leaves of a Camellia. The male catkins
are unknown, as arc the stipules, which are probably
small. The fertile anient in size and general appear-
ance might be taken for the strobile or cone of a Spruce;
it is about the size of a Hop cluster, nearly black, with
the scales very thick and deeply and obviously lobed.
The carpel is small in proportion, and with a thick
opaque and obscure margin, as in A. scrruhila.

Plate X.

A branch of the natural size. ii. The seed vessel.

AliiiiH iii:ii-ilitir;i

! 1

!■ i

%

:i I

f^/wi/i/c /<<ii-e</ fift/i Or/Ill' i>/>iu/ite

I'l .sM.

N

i ii?

■ if!

s
I.

]

rio]

lie

of (

spe(

the

opci

pro)

for 1

ally

only

brea

scab

and

mari:

leaf^

E L l^^ s .

Natural Order, T^mac.^,. (A|i,bel.) Lhnnran C/assl/ira-
fioii, Penta.ndria, Digyma.

ULMUS.

(LlN\.)

OPAQUE LEAVED ELM.

ITLMIJS -opaca; fo/li, partus ohlongo-ovatis abtusis scabris

hesccnUbus, JloribusMcicuiatis,fr.ctibus LsJls '

In the summer of 1818, on my journey into the inte-
nor of the territory of Arkansa and on the phuns of
Ked Rn-er, near its confluence with the Kiamesha,
1100 ni.lcs up the former stream I had the satisfaction
of discovering this curious Elm, whicli, hke our other
species, forms a majestic and spreading forest tree of
the dimensions of an ordinary Oak. In tliose dry and
open savannahs, the sliade of this densely verdant tree
proved more tiian usually acceptahle. It is remarkable
for the sma Iness and thickness of its oblique and usu-
ally blunt leaves, which, with their short stalks, are
only about an inch in length by half that dimension in
breadth; they are also very numerous, close together,
scabrous, with minute papilte, of a deep green above
and somewJiat shining, oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, the
margin with shallow double denticulations; beneath, the
leaf ,s paler, a little brownish, with strong pennate,

I

36

Ol'AUUR LEAVED ELM.

simplo, or forkod norvcs; tlic base of the leaf is oblique,
as well as the wliole outline, and one half of the leaf is
much narrower than the other; the nerves are pubes-
cent. Tiie young branches are smooth and brownish.
The leaves, before complete development, are canes-
cently tomentosc and attended by large oblong mem-
branous brown stipules. The taste of the plant is astrin-
gent, but no way nmcilaginous.

This remarkable species appears to be nearly allied
to Ulmus chhicims, judging from the short description in
Persoon and Duhamcl. The flowers are fasciculated in
small numbers and on short peduncles. The samara is
elliptic, rather deeply bifid at the summit, covered with
a dense and somewhat ferruginous pubescence even
when ripe.

Of the uses and quality of the timber of this species,
I am unable to speak from experience, as it grew re-
niote from the settlements at that time established in
the territory. The density of shade produced by it, so
crowded with rigid leaves, and the peculiarity of its
appearance, entitle it to a place in the nurseries of the
curious, and it is probably quite hardy enough for all
temperate climates. To this species Virgil's epithet —

" Foecundae frondibus ulmi" —

might more justly be applied than to any other.

Plate XL
A branch of the natural size.

.N

Tlvotnas'i'KbiU-

rimus I'luM'iiMtsa.

0,

•i/Wy' u-y/ 'i/jpe'

IM Xll

..•<'^

fl 'v

^

'f '4'

M??f?

M .

i,

*?*«i '"\

1 - 'T * Ht • »■»

.vt...

w

ir

V(

Y

E

^

h

th

pr

•

L(

on

alj

ce

in

to

of

be

tir

If

V€

th

of

*

w

;n

THOMAS' i:lm.

ULMUS iiACKMos A,('l'rn)M.\s;)y(;///,y nvatis acuminalis ilupli-
ento-sert'dtis s^lithris suhtus pubcsvcntibus; Jlnrihus raccmo-
sis J'dsciculalis.

Ulmi's uArKMdsA, flowors in racomos; pi'diccls in distinct
fiisciidi's, united at tlicir Ijasos; leaves ovate, acuminate, duui)ly
scrrati!, f^la!)ruus above, [minutely) pubescent benealii; sti^r-
mas recurved. Katon's North An>. Hot. (ed. «.) p. Kil.
Tho.mas, in Sillinian's .lourn. Sci., vol. 19. p. 170, with a Plate.

This species, conroiinded witli our other Kims, is, ac-
cordintr to Professor Torrcy, an abundrtiit species in the
western part of the State of New York, and probably of
the Western States generally. Mr. Thomas, its disco-
verer, found it in Cayuga county, in the State of New
York, and in the adjacent country. According to G. H.
Emerson, Esq., Mr. Oakcs, he believes, has obtained
specimens from Vermont, collected by Dr. Uobbins, so
that it is probably a northern and western species.

The lower stout branches, according to Mr. Thomas,
produce corky excrescences like the Wahoo Elm.
Leaves broad-ovate acuminate, obliquely auriculated on
one side, doubly serrate, smooth, and somewhat shining
above, with the under surface and ribs minutv:ly pubes-
cent. The flowers, unlike any other Elm, are disposed
in racemes, composed of several clusters of 2 to 4
together and extending to the length of 1 to !2i inches,
often furnished with one or two small but perfect leaves
before the terminal buds are open; the flowers dis-
tinctly pedicellate. Calyx 7 to 8 cleft. Stamens 7 to
10. Stigmas 2, recurved. Samara elliptic, large and
very pubescent, with the margin thickly fringed, and
the membrane more extended on one side as indicative
of a second but abortive cell.

Plate XII.
A branch of the natural size. a. The flower, b. A branch
with the corky bark.

HICKORY.

Nuhiml Order Juolande;*:, (Dccand.) JAinurnn Clttssi-
Jiattion, MoNo:ciA, Polyandria.

CARYAt (NuTT. V.vix. Am.)

Siaminatr flowor.s in very loni^ and loose tcrnatc amciits, scales
iml)ricate(l, .'J-partcil. Stamens 3 to <i, with piloso anthers.
Fvrllli' (lower with a siiijj;U' l-eleft superior herhaceous peri-
anth. Style none; stigma partly discoid, iJ-lohed, the segments
hifid. Pericarp woody, 4-valved. Nut mostly somewhat
quadrangular, with an even surface.

Large trees of North America, conlined to the eastern side of
the Rocky Mountains, and extending from Upper Canada to
Florida. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules.
Flowers polygamous, in compound pendulous pedunculated
aments appearing with the leaves; female flowers terminal; the
pericarp opening by l valves. Nuts edible or hitter, usually
more or less quadrangular; in the Pukan even. Pubescence
tufted or stellate. (Persoon, as far back as 1807, divided the
genus Juglans into the two natural sections which it presented;
his second division included the Hickories only. " * * ,^menti.s
masciilis compnsitis, tetritntlrisy)

f From K*fun, the ancient Greek name of the Walnut. Hickory
is an Indian name for some of the vSpecies of this genus; one
of them was known to the Indians by the name of Pecan or
Pakinv, Rafmesque applied the barbarous name Hickoria to
this genus, without describing or limiting it; in so doing he has
no higher claims for the adoption of the name than our woods-
men and the aborigines.

SI-

Ciirya .Mt«'rtM;ii')iii

Snii/// /i-iii/,,/ //ifAvfp-.

Aiffffti fh'OI frill I .

I'l.VI

f!

.J!?

*?k^'

W;

-T V

%

*#■

^^* - "

-Jf

.^''^

^^,^-

•tft-.

'sis.

-.*.

;jy

§ I. Nff(s more or less (juudnwmtlar. IhcK

yo culled.

KoiiY, pro])crly

SMALL FRUITED HICKORY

Carj/a ,nicrocayi,a. Nltt. Co,,. Am., vol " „ ..•>, „,„
T0», Flora Ccst,.ica. [Ed. all.] p. .^.i, ' " ''"'■'•■'■•'-

J>.gluu, alba o^iorata. Iial«,„ Hieko,y. M«,,„,>u„ p. 68.

Tms species, allied to C. tomcnto,,,, or the common
H.cko.-y, becomes a fine lofty spreading tree fiO to SOfeet
h.g ., havng a d.ametcr of 18 inches to 2 feet or more

r s::,:x„''t;, ' *"' ''^"''' ■' - "-= ^-" "^

friend Drn '" """"^ ""^ Philadelphia, and my

iriend Di Darhngton remarks that it is frenuent in
mo,st woo ands i„ the vicinity of West ChesS T
nut ,s of the same form nearly as that of C. tomZ

rail n'ottr^h"' '"'? ""'" " """ «'-"• ""' "™" y
grows I beheve, also n, Massachusetts, where I havt
seen these peculiar nuts. The wood is ,4ite and tou'h
and possessed of most of the good ouaJities whf-^
recommend the ordinary Hickorv tL
remarkable for the smooL^sfofts Ja 1,TS I
hat respect, approach C. glabra or the PiJ NnT bit
they are every way larger and less deeply serrate 2 o

a„rr? ' r™'"^' -^^ ->-• * '» s'of » inch:; L:

and 2 to 3J „,ches w,de, oblong-lanceolate, with shallow

40

SMALL FRUITED HICKOllY.

ll i

serrulutions, smooth on both sides when fully expanded,
except a slight tuft in the axills of the nerves beneath;
the under surface sprinkled with minute resinous parti-
cles; the lateral leaflets subsessile and rather obtuse at
base, the terminal one with a short petiole and attenu-
ated below. Aments 3 together, upon a common
peduncle, slender, nearly quite smooth, scales trifid, the
lateral segments ovate, the middle one long and linear;
anthers hairy, mostly 4, sometimes 3 or 5. Female
flowers 2 or 3 together, sessile, on a common peduncle;
segments of the perianth very long and somewhat folia-
ccous. Stigma discoid, 4-lobed; fruit globose-ovoid,
about f of an inch in diameter; the pericarp thin, with
the sutures rather prominent. Nut somewhat quadran-
gular with the shell thin.

By the leaves it appears to be allied to C. glabra, but
the nut, on a small scale, is that of C. tomentosa or the
common Hickory.

Plate XIII.
A small branch, reduced about a third, a. The nut.

Common Hickory, (Carya tomentosa, /?. maxima^ This
is a remarkable variety for the great size of its fruit,
which are as large as a moderate apple. It grows a
few miles from Philadelphia. Mr. Elliott also observed
it on the sea islands of South Carolina.

Carya glabra, (Juglans glabra, Du Roi, Harbk., vol. 1. p.
335. /. porcina, Mich. North Am. Sylva, vol. 1. pi. 38,)
of this there are two varieties, one with globose, and
the other with turbinate fruit: intermediate forms are
also met with, proving them to be no more than varie-
ties.

41

§ II. Nuts (V(n, without juominnil aug/cs. Tjfujlcts often
numerous, — Pkcans.

Carya auifustl/o/ia. Jui>/uns an<^ustiJo/ia, Air. Kcw.
vol. 'i. p. 'Mil. J. Ferau, Muiil. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat.
Scrut. Horolin., vol. 3. p. 392. /. olicir/ormis, Willd. Sp.
PI. 4. p. 457. A fine stiitcly tree, tbrnicrly cut down for
tlie sake of obtaining a single crop of nuts; remarkable
for its numerous leaflets and tlieir almost falcate form.
In Massachusetts, where it has been submitted to culti-
vation, it never grows beyond the size of a shrub, being
every year more or less cut down by the effects of the
severe frosts.

Carya Pecan. Jughms Pccan^ Waltkr. J. myristicir-
formisf Mich. Sylva, vol. 1. pi. 39. This obscure plant
of Walter, may, perhaps, be nothing more than C. glabra.
Michaux's plant was unknown to Elliott.

Carya amara. Juglans aniara, Mich. Sylv., vol. 1. pi.
33.

Obs. According to an experiment published in the
Massachusetts Agricultural .Journal, the sap of the But-
ternut tree {.fuglans ciuerca)^ is capable of producing as
much sugar as that of the maple. Four of the trees
yielded in one day nine quarts of sap, which produced
1 i pounds of sugar.

The Black Walnut, {.fuglans nigra,) is met with as
far north as Massachusetts, particularly in the western
part of the State, as around Northampton. Mr. Emer-
son says, ''''.Juglans nigra I have found repeatedly as far
north as Boston. It is in Middlesex, Worcester, and
Norfolk counties" (Massachusetts).

On the banks of the Sciota, in Ohio, I have seen a
tree of fi feet diameter.
6

■w

'<

CAND1.EBERRY MYRTLE.

Natural Order, Myuice^t,, (Richard.) Linnscan Classifi-
cation, DlffiCIA, TeTRANDRIA to OcTANDRIA.

MYRICA, Linn., (in part.)

Flowers unisexual; those of the two sexes upon the same or
more commonly upon diflcrcnt plants. Male flowers in cylin-
drical sessile catkins; each flower with 4 to 8 stamens, with
the filaments elongated and more or less united at the base;
the stamens exserted beyond the borders of the dilated short
scale, many stamens in branching clusters nearly without
scales at the summit of the catkin; bractcoles none in either
sex. Female flowers in loose, sometimes filiform catkins,
with many of the lower scales abortive; scales 1-flowered,
the germ naked. Styles 2, very long, linear, and acuminate,
ovary villous. Drupe 1 -seeded, spherical, coated with a gru-
mose waxy pulp. Nut very hard; seed erect; embryo without
albumen, the radicle sui)ri lor. Cotyledons thick and oily.

A genus wholly distinct from Myrica Gale, which is common
to northern Europe and North America. The character of lunate
scales given to Myrica by Linnreus applies only to the Gale,
which therefore constitutes a genus by that name. The rest of our
species belong to Myrica. In the Gale, the fruit is a small ovate
dry nut, with an indurated bracte on either side of it, giving it
the appearance of being 3-1obed.

The species of this genus arc few; natives of the warmer and
colder zones of both hemispheres, growing generally near the
sea coast, and are chiefly shrubs, with alternate persistent, or
annual simple leaves, usually more or less serrated, or pinnatifid,
and besprinkled with aromatic resinous scales, as are also the
scales of the buds. Catkins axillary, expanding early in the

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LNODOllOUS ( \NlvLRT"KE.

4;{

year. Tliorc arc scvornl spocics in NVpai in Indi iiul iil, llif^
Cape of Clood Hope. 'lUv M. Fat/a, \\\i\\ a l-roll< il aipc, am^
nhoiit 10 stauKMis in loose, ralkiiis, will, no ddiibl onstitutc f
din'cront genus, wiiich I propose to call 1"'.vva Azuuk a.

INODOROUS CANDLE TRICE.

MYRICA iNonoHA; arhnrca, foliis lunccolalo-cllipticis in-
(pffris ohluftis nKtrgine rcvnlvlis hasi cuneatia suhlvs vi,r
squamosis plcris(]uc imdif, baccis majnscvlifi albidis.

Myrfca inodora, Uahtham's Travels in Florida, &c. p. lori.

MvKicA obovata, Ciiai'man, MSS.

In the month of March, 1830, on tlic Imrdcrs of the
Escambia, in West Florida, I had tlic Ibrtuiic to rodis-
covcr this fine species of Myrica, so long since de-
scribed by the amiable and excellent Win. Bartram, near
Taensa Bluff, on the Mobile river, where he remarks,
August the 5th, 1770, (07 years ago:) "In my ex-
cursions about this place, I observed many curious
vegetable productions, particularly a species of Myrica,
(^Myrica inodora.) This very beautiful evergreen shrub,
which the French inhabitants call the Wax tree, grows
in wet sandy ground, about the edges of swamps; it
rises erect 9 or 10 feet, dividing itself into a multitude
of nearly erect branches, wiiich are garnished with
many shining deep green entire leaves of a lanceolate
figure. The branches produce abundance of large round
berries, which are covered with a scale or coat of white
wax; no part of this plant possesses any degree of
fragrance. It is in high estimation with the inhabitants
for the production of wax for candles, for which purpose
it answers equally well with bees-wax, or preferable, as
it is harder and more lasting in burning." Bartram's
Travels, p. 40,5 and 400.

We found it exactly in similar situations as those

>a

44

INODOUOlia ('A\m.R TRF.R.

doscrilMul l)y nurtram, niul it lias also been (buiul in
Alabama by Dr. Jnet, from whom I have been favoured
vvitb specimens. It may witii propriety be called a tree,
thou',di never so larjjc a one as tlie Myrim Faya, or
l''ayal Myrtle. Tlie stem sometimes attains tbe tliick-
ness of a man's arm, and, like tbe rest of tbe geiuis, it
is gregarious and forms stout tbickets on tbe margins of
small streams and swamps. Tbe berries are twice as
large as those of the conmion Wax Myrtle. Tbougb
tbe leaves bavc no perceptible scent, tbey are not
always entirely witbout tbe usual scaly resinous glands;
tbey bavc no serratures, and arc about 3 to 3.i incbes
long, by 1 to li wide. Tbe bark is of a grey colour,
inclining to brown. Tbe male catkins are unusually
large, as well as tbe berries, and tbe leaves, wbcn old,
are as stiff as in tbe laurel. Tbe stamens beneatb eacb
scale of tbe anient are 8, witb distinct filaments and
monadelpbous at base, tbe summit of tbe catkin is
nearly witbout scales, and terminates in monadelpbous
branchlets of stamens, eacb bearing 3 or 4 antbers. Tbe
female catkin is loose, and tbe lower scales empty; tbe
germ is pilose. Tbe wood appears compact, fine grain-
ed, and nearly wbite. Tbe candles formed of tbe myrtle
wax burn long, yield a grateful smell, and are destitute
of tbe disagreeable scent produced on extinguishing
tallow candles. In Carolina a kind of sealing wax has
been made of it, and the root has been accounted a
specific in toothache. In Prussia it has been cultivated
for the wax.

The Fayal Myrtle, (M. Faya,) is in Fayal tbe princi-
pal article of fuel; it there attains the ordinary height
of a peach tree, with a more erect stem; it produces a
considerable quantity of compact reddish wood. It is
also cultivated in rows between and around tbe orange

IXODORors CANDLE TIIKF..

45

reo8 for tlio purpose of Hl.eltor from the r.utin.r sea
breezes winch would otherwise ahrid.e their h<«i.rirt and
retard their ^^rowth. All tUo wardens of the island
require ti.e same shelter for which the ever^rrcen laya
.« so we I calculated, being perfectly hardy and indi^-
nous to the Azores. =

^1

Platk XIV.
A branch of U,e natural size. «. Tin. |,er,.y.

^ i

U ■-'

PLANE TREE.

Natural Order, PLATANBiE. Linnwan Classification, Mo-

NtECIA, POLYANDRIA.
PLATANUS.f (TOURNEFORT.)

Flowers of one sex, those of the two kinds situated upon the
same plant, and each of them disposed in spherical amcnts on
pendulous stalks, producing from 2 to 5 upon each. Male
flowers formed of minute thickish bractes; the filaments very
short, situated between the bractes. Jinthers 2-celled, attach-
ed to a connectivum broader than the filament, with a peltate
summit Female. Pistils numerous, in pairs. Ovary of 1-
cell, including 1 to 2 pendulous ovules. Stigmas 2, long and
filiform. Fruit a carpel seated in a tuft of articulated hairs,
including 1 pendulous oblong seed, destitute of albumen.

Lofty deciduous leaved trees, with widely spreading
branches and a dense broad foliage having a pentangu-
lar outline. Natives of Europe, Asia, Northern Africa,
and the temperate parts of North America. The
species about 3. Leaves alternate, palmate; the bud
concealed beneath a conical envelope and immersed in
the base of the petiole. The young shoots and leaves
covered with a deciduous down. The old bark at
length scaling off in extensive patches, leaving the trunk
smooth.

f The name is from the Greek word platys, broad, in allusion
to its wide spread leaves and branches.

o-

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47

CALIFORNIA BUTTONWOOD, or PLANE.

PLATANUS uACKMosus; Jbliis qiiinquclobo-pnlmatis basi
truncatis sub.miicalis siibtus lamiginosis jmllidis, laciniis
lanceolatis acuminatis intcgris, stipulis angtdatis, fructi-
bus racemosis. Nuttall, Mss. in Audubon's Birds of Ame-
rica, tab. 362.

This remarkably distinct species of Platanus is a
native of Upper California, in the vicinity of Sta. Bar-
bara, where it puts on very much the appearance of
our common Button wood, {Platanus occidcntalis.) As
far as I yet know, it is the only species on the western
coast of America. It grows probably farther north, but
I did not meet with it in the territory of Oregon. It
tloes not appear in this unfriendly climate to arrive at
the gigantic magnitude of its eastern prototype, though
it equally affects rich bottom lands and the borders of
streams, but the scarcity of rain, in this climate, which
had not for three years been sufficient to encourage the
raising of crops, and the consequent disappearance of
water in most of the brooks, prevented, no doubt, this
subaquatic tree from assuming its proper character in
a more favourable soil. At first view it would be taken
for the ordinary species, spreading out the same ser-
pentine picturesque limbs, occasionally denuded of their
old coat of bark, and producing the same wide and
gigantic trunk, but a gKince at the leaves no less than
the fruit, would remind the eastern traveller that he
sojourned in a new region of vegetation, and objects
apparently the most familiar he met around him, asso-
ciate them as he would, were still wholly strangers.

The leaves not fully expanded were about 4 inches
wide and the same in length, divided more than half

d8

CALlFOUiMA DUTTONVVOOD.

l\

ii I

way down into five slKirp pointed, lanceolate portions, of
which the two lower arc the smallest; all the divisions arc
(jnitc entire, two of them in small leaves arc suppressed,
thus producing a leaf ol' oidy three parts. Ahovc, as
usual, the surface is at first clad with a yellowish copious
down, formed of ramified hairs, which quickly falls ofT
and spreads itself in the atmosphere. The under sur-
face of the leaves are, however, always copiously clad
with a coat of w hitisli wool, which remains. The young
leaves, clad in their hrown pilose clothing, have a very
uncommon appearance, and feel exactly like a piece of
stout thick woollen cloth. The branchlets, petioles, and
peduncles are equally villous. The male catkins are
small, less in size than peas, full of long haired scales,
and with unusually small anthers. The femnle catkins
are in racemes of 3 to 5 in number, with remarkably
long styles, being between 2 and 3 tenths of an inch
in length, and persistent on the ripe balls. The raceme
with the full grown balls measures 9 inches. The tree
has, therefore, a very unusual appearance, filled with
these very long pendulous racemes, each bearing from
3 to 4 or even 5 balls, at the distance of about an inch
from each other. The stigmas are at first of a deep
and bright brown.

The wood of this species, as far as I could learn
from the American residents at Sta. Barbara, is far
preferable to that of the common Buttonwood, being
much harder, more durable, less liable to warp, and
capable of receiving a good polish; it is of a pale yellow-
ish colour, like the young wood of the Oriental Plane,
and bears some resemblance to beech wood in its tex-
ture. In the radiation of its medullary vessels, it resem-
bles the wood of the common species.

Plate XV.
A branch of the natural size. a. The carpel.

UlllENTAL PLA.M-: TUKB.

49

i

The Oriental Plane (^Philttints Orirntitlis) (loscrvet!;
to be j)huitc(l ill tlic United States as an ornamental
tree. It <ri-ows to tlic li(Miflit of from 70 to 90 feet,
with widely s|)readinir branches and a massive trunk,
formin<r altojTether a m.'ijestic ol)ject. The leaves arc
more deeply divided and indented than in our conmion
species. A native of the East, where shady trees arc
not so abundant as in North America, it was celebrated
in the earliest records of Grecian history. Xerxes, it
seems, (according to Herodotus,) was so fascinated
with a beautiful Plane tree which he found growing in
Lycia, that he encircled it with a ring of gold, and con-
fided the charge of it to one of the Ten Thousand. He
passed an entire day under its shade, encamping with
his whole army in its vicinity, and the delay so occa-
sioned was believed to be one of the causes of his
defeat. Pausanius (a. d. 170) mentions a Plane tree of
extraordinary size and beauty in Arcadia, which was
said to have been planted by Menelaus, the husband of
Helen, and to have been at the time he saw it 1300
years old.

Plane trees were planted near all the public schools
in Athens. The groves of Epicurus, in which Aristotle
taught his peripatetic disciples; the shady walks planted
near the Gymnasia and other public buildings of Athens;
and the groves of Academus, in which Plato delivered
his celebrated discourses, were all formed of this tree.

The remarkable Plane tree at Buyukdere, or the Great
Valley, mentioned by Olivier, tho naturalist, and after
him by Poucqueville, Hobhouse, and various other wri-
ters, has a trunk that presents the appearance of 7 or 8
trees, having a common origin, which Olivier supposes
to be the stool of a decayed tree, and which were all
connected at their base. Dr. Walsh, who measured the
tree in 1831, found the trunk 111 feet in circumference
7

50

ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.

at the base, and its branches covered a space of 130
feet in diameter. The trunk divides into 14 branches,
some of which issue from below the present surface of
the soil, and some do not divide till they rise 7 or 8 feet
above it; one of the largest is hollowed out by fire, and
affords a cabin to shelter a husbandman. The tree, if
it can be considered a single plant, is certainly the
largest in the world. But what renders it an object of
more than usup.1 interest, is that M. Decandolle conjec-
tures it must be more than 2000 years old.

The wood of the Oriental Plane in the Levant and in
Asia is used in carpentry, joinery, and cabinet-making.
It is said to make beautiful furniture, on account of the
smoothness of its grain, and its susceptibility of re-
ceiving a high polish.

Concerning our common Plane tree or Buttonwood,
(JPlatanus occidentalism Dr. Darlington remarks in his
Flora Cestrica, page 542: " It makes a noble shade in
front of houses where it has room to develope itself;"
and he further remarks that "the ivood is not much
esteemed; but is occasionally sawed into joists and
other lumber." It is beginning to be considerably plant-
ed as a shade tree on the side walks of the streets in
several of the large towns of the United States, and
being seldom attacked by insects, and rarely elevating
the pavements, it is exceedingly well calculated for this
useful purpose in a climate subject to such ardent sum-
mer heats; but, if the Oriental Plane would answer the
same purpose, and it is easily propagated, we should
not only possess an ornamental but also a useful tree,
as it regards the wood. The finest specimens of trees
of this species in the vicinity of Philadelphia, are those
round the Pennsylvania Hospital, which were planted
about the year 1760.

f

h^t^ f

A. I

POPLARS.

Natural Order, Amentack^, (Jussicu.) Suborder, Sali-
ciNEiE. Liimiean Class and Order, Dkecia, Octan-

DRIA.

POPULUSf Linn.

Difficious. — ^ments cylindric, with the scales deeply cleft.
Perianth cup-shaped, oblique, and entire. Stamens about 8,
(or from 30 to 100 or more,) inserted on the scale or perianth.
Fertile florets with the scales and perianth as in the male.
Stigmas 3 or 4. Capsule 1 -celled, 2 to 4-valved. Seeds
numerous, comose, with long soft hairs like wool.

Trees of the temperate and colder parts of Europe and North
America, with one species in Asia. The leaves are alternate,
roundish, or deltoidly cordate, the petiole, for the most part,
vertically compressed towards the summit, and often glandular
at the base; the flowers, (as in the Willows, to which they are
intimately allied,) appearing before the leaves.

The Poplars are divisible into two sections or subgenera.

§ 1. Those properly so called, with about 8 stamens, and,
usually, filiform stigmas.

§ 2. Those with from 30 to 100 or more stamens, and with
broad dilated reniform stigmas. — Potameria. These are m )stly
large trees which affect the banks of rivers, and includes P.^pu-
lus Isevigata, (P. canadensis, Mich, fil.,) P. angulaia. P.
monilifera, P. heterophylla, {P. argentea, Mich, fil.,) and
probably P. candicans, P. balsamifera, and our P. angusti-
folia.

HI

I An old Latin name of uncertain derivation.

5'^

NARROW LEAVED T, ALSAM POPLAR.

POPULTiS anufstifoi.ia; fitliis ovato-lanceohitis lanceohi'
ti.wc aciitis, supcrne uttcnuatis pennlnprviis cnncnloribus
g/abri.f adprcsso-serratis; 7'amuHs terctibus glabris, gem-
mis resinnsis.

P. aiigustifulia, Tokhev, Lyceum Nat. Ilisl. N. York, vol. 3.
p. 349.

Narroiv Leaved Cotton-wood, of Lkwis and Clahkk.

As wc iisccnded tlic banks of the river Platte, in our
extended journey to the West, about Lariniie's Fork, a
northern branch of that extensive stream, wc observed
scarcely any other tree along the alluvial plains but the
present and the Cotton-wood, and those were chiefly
confined to the islands, a circumstance accounted for
by the annual burning of the prairies, which wholly
strips the streams of their margin of forest, so that wc
behold far and wide nothing but a vast plain, a sea of
grass undulating before the breeze, and the illusion
appears more sensible by the fact, that the only varia-
tion to the scene is produced by the scattered islands
of the lofty Poplar which gives life and variety to the
wild and boundless landscape.

The height of this species, which so nearly resembles
the Balsam Poplar, may be about GO to 100 feet, having
a trunk of proportionate diameter, clad like the Cotton-
wood w^th a rough greyish bark. Although a brittle
and poor wood for almost every purpose, it will, like
ihe Cotton-wood of the Mississippi, {Populus angi/inta,)
become of necessity important for fence and fuel, when-
ever this country shall become settled, as scarcely any
other timber exists in sufficient quantity for economical

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NARROW LEAVED BALSAM POPLAR.

53

purposes. When dry it burns well, but is quickly re-
duced to ashes.

Whatever may be the immediate uses of the Narrow
Leaved Poplar, we must say, that in a country so
exposed and arid as the Rocky Mountain region, we
felt grateful for the shade and shelter it so often exclu-
sively afforded us, with the exception of a few insigni-
ficant willows, that frequently associate with it. In
short, we rarely lost sight of this tree, which acco a
nied us to the northern soi: ces of the Platte, pres; .&d
itself, as usual, on the alluvial banks of the Colorado of
the West, along Lewis river, of the Shoshonee, the
banks of the Oregon from the Walla-Walla to its
estuary, attaining along the banks of this noble stream,
and its southern tributary the Wahlamet, an augmen-
tion so great as to vie in magnitude with the tall Cotton-
w^ood of the Mississippi, and to pass amidst the mighty
forests of the West, as one of the largest deciduous
leaved trees of the country. We find this species of
Poplar also on the banks of the Missouri, on the upper
part of the river, from whence it continues uninter-
ruptedly to the vallies of the Rocky Mountains. In the
severity of v/inter the boughs are collected by the abo-
rigines to support their horses; the beaver likewise feeds
upon them by choice.

Early in the spring the balsamic odour of its resinous
buds may be perceived far and wide, and the shade of
its tall, round, and spreading summit invited hosts of
birds to its branches, particularly the large and fine
Band-Tailed Pigeon, which feeds with avidity on its
seed buds in the spring, affording them an abundant
article of food.

The lesser branches are rather tough than brittle,
covered with a smooth yellowish bark. The leaves
vary on the same branch, in this respect, that the earli-

.'^1

54

COTTON-WOOD.

est brought out are the widest; these are generally
o>ate and acute, (not acuminated as in the Balsam
Poplar,) rounded below; afterwards come out a set of
lanceolate leaves, much longer than the others, often
three inches by only one inch wide; these are acute at
both ends, and would pass very well for those of a Wil-
low; they are all margined with fine bluntish appressed
serratures, and beneath they are nearly the same colour
as above. The footstalks of the leaves or petioles are
about f to an inch in length. The nerves are all faint
beneath and pennate, with no appearance of being 3-
nerved at the base; the number of these nerves or late-
ral vessels are 12 to 15 on a side, at least double the
number they are in the Balsam Poplar. The rachis of
the female ament is smooth, the germs much corrugated
in drying, and the scaly cup of the germ very shallow,
not more than half the size of that of the species to
which it is so closely allied. Upon the whole compari-
son, we are satisfied that this is as distinct a speci*- as
any in the genus. In the Flora Rossica, vol. 1
t. 41. B. a leaf is given as a variety of the Bia^uin
Poplar from Altai, very similar to our present species.

,

Plate XVI.
A branch of the natural size. a. The capsule.

COTTON-WOOD, Populus laevigata, Willd. (P.
canadensis, Mich. Sylva, vol. 2. pi. 95.)

This species, more hardy than the Mississippi Cotton-
wood, is found on the banks of most of the western
rivers for a considerable distance towards the Rocky
Mountains. It is abundant on the borders of the Ar-
kansa, but is no where met with in Oregon Territory.

BALSAM POPLAR-AMERICAN ASPEN.

55

;enerally
Balsam
a set of
rs, often
acute at
fa Wil-
)pressed
e colour
oles are
all faint
leing 3-
or late-
uble the
achis of
rugated
shallow,
ecies to
ompari-
eci«' as
1 -^

ecies.

!d. (P.

IJotton-
vcstern
Rocky
he Ar-

tory.

i

BALSAM POPLAR, {Pojnilus balsam if era.) In Flora
Rossica, vol. 1. p. 67 and 41, is given a figure of a
Poplar from Daouria, called the Balsam Poplar, which
does not appear to be our plant. The leaves are wider,
with shorter petioles. This species stretches into
eastern Siberia, along the river banks to the peninsula
of Kamtschatka.

AMERICAN ASPEN, {Populus ircmuloidcs, Mich.
Fl. Am., vol. 2. p. 243. P. trepida, Willd.) This ele-
gant species, of which the leaves, like the European
Aspen, tremble and vibrate in the faintest breeze, is
met with west of the Mississippi, in scattering groups,
chiefly in the ravines of the mountains, where springs
issue out, and in narrow vallies, where considerable
groups of this tree may be seen into the centre of the
Rocky Mountain chain, but they here attain a very
inconsiderable magnitude, being seldom thicker than a
man's arm.

WHITE POPLAR, (P. Alba,) now commonly culti-
vated with us for ornament, soon attains the magnitude
of an Oak. This wood, remarkable for its whiteness,
is generally used in the South of France for wainscot-
ing and flooring their houses, and in England it is
employed by turners for a host of small articles and
utensils of housekeeping.

The wood of various species of Poplar has been
employed for dyeing; that of the Lombardy or Italian
Poplar boiled in water with wool communicates a very
permanent golden yellow colour; other species, as the
Black, Virginia Poplar and Cotton-wood give, accord-
ing to the length of time employed, and the quantity of
the wood boiled, various shades of colour, as that of
nankin, muse, the colour of the Vicuna, with other
shades, and answer conveniently for the ground of other
colours.

: I

W I L 1. O W S .

Natural Order, Amentace^, (Jussieu.) Suborder, Sali-
cinEjE. Linnsoan ClassiJI cation, Dklcia, Diandria, &c.

SALIX.t (ToURNEFORT, LiNN.)

The flowers are dkecious:): or very rarely monckcious, disposed
in c void or cylindric catkins, composed of undivided scales,
which are imbricated over each other, and each with the pis-
tils or stamens form a flower; at the base of these scales exists
a small glandular body, which is either simple or bifid, and
surrounds the interior organs of reproduction. In the midc
flowers there exists from 1 to 5, or even 7 to 9 stamens, (ordi-
narily there are only 2.) In the female flowers the ovary
is single, terminated by a bifid style, having usually 4 stigmas.
The capsule or follicle consists of 1 cell with 2 valves. The
seeds are very numerous and minute, each terminated by a
long tuft of hairs or pappus; the radicle is inferior, or in an
inverse position to that of the Poplars, to which they are so
intimately allied.

The Willows, numerous in species, are all (with two
exceptions in the straits of Magellan and Peru) natives
of the northern hemisphere, and all of them shruhs or
trees, some not more than an inch in height above the
ground, confined to the highest summits of lofty moun-

f Said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water.

X A term used by Linnaeus to designate a class of plants which
have flowers of different sexes on two different individuals: mo-
noecia, with two sorts of flowers on different parts of the same
plant.

t

1

WILLOWS.

57

tains; others attain an elevation of 50 or GO feet. The
wood is usually light and close-grained; the twigs of
several species, used by basket-makers, are remarkable
for their pliability. The bark of most of the species
contains a peculiar vegetable principle, called salicine^
which, for intermittent fevers, is nearly as serviceable
as Peruvian bark, and the down of the seeds has
been manufactured into a coarse paper. Most of the
species aft'ect wet or humid situations, being common
on the immediate borders of brooks and rivers, which
they fringe with a luxuriant and agreeable vegetation.
The flowers generally precede the appearance of the
leaves, and though not beautiful, they are seen with
delight, as the earliest harbingers of our northern spring.
The species, more than 200 in number, present nearly
the same general form of foliage, with the margin entire
or serrated; the catkins arc lateral or terminal, and the
stamens are too variable in number to admit of a classi-
fication by them; there are some with only 1, a good
many with 2, others with 3, 1, 5, or even 9 or 10. The
capsules, though small, afford the best traits of specific
distinction. The leaves put on various appearances,
and even outlines, in the progress of their growth, and
the Willows justly rank among botanists as the most
protean and difficult family of plants to discriminate in
the northern hemisphere. In our tour across the con-
tinent we have met with some remarkable species, four
or five of which become trees; we shall offer descrip-
tions of the whole, but only give figures of those which
rank among arborescent species.

i

! I

8

r)H

LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.

SALIX speciosa; foliis foii'^isshm's Innceolalis serriilatis
prumisse acianinatis !j;labris sublus i^Umcis juniorihiis
pilosis; amentis scrofi/iis 6 — D-andris, gcrmi)iibus pedicel-
latis lanceolatis acuminatis ^lahris, squamis lanceolatO'
oblongis sericeis, sligmatis lobis bifidis.

Salix lucida, Hook, (as it regards the Oregon plant.) Flor. Bor.
Am., vol. 2. p. 148.

No Willow on the American continent presents so
remarkable and splendid an appearance as the present;
the effect of which is produced no less by its magnitude
than the size and beauty of its foliage. Its aspect is
that of a large Peach tree, with the leaves and their
stalks from five to eight inches lone bv an inch to an
inch and a half wide; beneath, when adult, they are
glaucous, like those of the River Maple. The summit is
tufted and spreading; and the tree attains the elevation
of about 20 to 30 feet, with a trunk of 12 to 18 inches
in diameter. When in full bloom, which is with the
first expansion of the leaves, in May, the numerous and
large bright yellow catkins, loading the branches, emu-
late the finest Acacia of New Holland; they are also
agreeably fragrant, and attract swarms of wild bees
and other insects, in continual motion among their
waving branches. We have seen this noble species no-
where in such perfection as along the banks of the deep
Wahlamet and the wide Oregon, whose numerous
islands are almost exclusively decked with this imposing
Willow, which continues to the Blue Mountains, and
along the neighbouring streams as far east as the river
Boisee. As we sailed along the smooth bosom of these

serriilulis
jtinlorihiis
us pedicel-
lanceolato-

) Flor. Bor.

I

/

•esents so
e present;
nagnitude
aspect is
and their
nch to an
they are
summit is
elevation
18 inches
with the
irons and
!ies, emu-
are also
v'ild bees
ng their
ecies no-
the deep
lumerous
imposing
tins, and
the river
of these

^

I i

E I

f^

i.-

V

L

k

f>i>H(f le<>rc<t ffi^/oir- Ji'/vv/c ,)r,i,-it'44,t

;

LONO-LEAVEI) WILLOW.

59

extensive streams, for nuiny miles we never lost sifrjjt
of the liOniif-leavcd Willow, which seemed to dispute
the domain of tiie sweepin<r Hood, frin<fiiig the banks of
the streams and concealin<T the marshes entirely from
view; at every instant, when touched by the breeze,
displaying tlu; contrasted surface of their leaves; above
of a deep and lucid green, beneath the bluish-white of
silver; the whole scene, rellected by the water and
in constant motion, presented a silcMit picture of e.\(pii-
site beauty. Immediately behind this foreground of
spreading Willows, arose in the first rank of the legiti-
mate forest, the lofty Poplars we have already described,
succeeded by the majestic Oaks and Maples, while the
distant hills to their summits were impenetrably hid by
the vast towering I'ines and Firs, w hich mingling as it
were with the clouds, close in the rest of the landscape
with funereal grandeur.

This species is related to the Lucid and Bay Willows,
and the buds have something of the same aromatic
exudation, the serrulations and the base of the leaf are
also equally glandular. The bark of the truidi is rougli
and divided, the twigs smooth and shining, of a yellow-
ish-brown. The leaves, at first green on both surfaces,
are, before expansion, clothed with long brown loose
parallel hairs, which disappear with the progress of their
growth, at length they become silvery and glaucous
beneath; they are finely serrulated, acute at both ex-
tremities, with the points very much attenuated. The
stipules are semicircular and broad, serrulated on the
margin. The flowers come out with the expanding
leaves from lateral buds, containing, in the male, also two
or three leaves, so tnat the catkin appears as a pedun-
culated spike. The stamens are very long, from 5 to 9
in a scale, with filaments which are hairy towards the

i

^

1 1

<i()

l.()N(;-hKAVKI) WILLOW.

li

Imsf, and as well as the hairy, hroad, cunoato, sornitcd
scalcH, are of a hrijj[ht goIdiMi-ycllow.

The female j)laiit, at the time of rtoweriiij?, appears
to liave smaller leaves than the male, and those on the
hranehes which bear the calkin, arc green on hoth sur-
faces for a considerable time; they are also bnt little
acuminated: 5 or 0 leaves with their ap|)ropriate sti-
pules grow out on the same branch, which terminates
in a female spike. The scales of the catkin or spike
arc oblong or lancc-oblong, and less hairy than in the
staminiferous catkin. The germ is lanceolate, pedi-
cellate and smooth, acuminated and terminated by a
short bitid style, with 2 pubescent bifid stigmas. The
capsule is likewise smooth, and contains seeds w ith a
very long pappus, as abundant almost as on a seed of
cotton.

The wood is whitish and close-grained, and might
probably be employed for the same purposes as that of
the White Poplar, but the nearly uninhabited state of the
country in Oregon, prevents the possibility of making
any useful experiments. As an ornamental and hardy
tree, however, it stands pre-eminent among all its fra-
ternity, and well deserves to be introduced into pleasure
grounds, where it would be perfectly hardy as far north
as New York, or in any part of Great Britain.

I

Plate XVII.

A twig and leaf of the natural size. a. The female catkin.
h. The male catkin, c. The male flower and scale of the catkin.
(1. The open capsule.

i llli!

R, serrated

[(, appears

).so on the

l)otli sur-

biit littlo

)riato sti-

erminates

or spike

:in in the

ite, pedi-

tcd by a

as. Tlie

Is witii a

a seed of

id might
IS that of
Lto of the
r making
id liardy
I its fra-
pleasure
far north

i

Ic catkin,
lie calkin.

S:ili\ [MMilandi-a

L'LYVm.

r

.0

'^ ^

mm

-iM^-'

».^

)'- 1

Pi

#1 ll

«

.ii=i<^"15s,'

■'n,it&jDf

*'■»-■:

.'J ,.«.:

Gl

^

LONG-LEAVED BAY WILLOW.

SALIX pentandra; fofii.s elliplicis (ic.Hrm)itilis semilis s^la-
hris, petiolis siipenic <f/a)i(/if/o.si.'i, (unciifis scrot'ini'i pcn-
tandrisy i^c)'ini)iihus lancvolatis i^labris. Willd. Sp. pi. 1. c.
Vahl. in Flora Danica, tab. 943. Host. Sal. Austr. 1. t. 1.
f. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 1S05.

Salix pentvndua, fol'tis scrratis glahris, Jlorihus pcntan-
dris. Linn. Ilort. Clifibrt. p. 154. ct Sp. pi. p. 144. Flora
Lapponica, p. 370. t. 8. fig. 3. Gmelin, Flora Sibirica, vol. 1.
p. 153. t. 34. fig. 1.

Salix foliis glahris, ova lo-lanceohitis ; petiolis ghindidosis;
Jloribus hcxastcmonibus. Hallek, Flora Helvetica, No.
1G39.

Salix montana major; foliis Laurinis. Tournefort, Insti-
tutes Rci. Herb. p. 591.

Salix foliis laurco sive lato glabra odoralo. Rail Hist. p.
1420.

Salix pentandra, /2. caudata, foliis longissime. acJiminatis
attcnuatis; raniulis juniorihus kirsutis; capsulis rugulosis
opacis.

ki

We met with this species, hitherto wholly European,
in the very centre of the North American continent,
by streams in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains,
towards their western slope, in Oregon, and also the
Blue Mountains of the same territory. It is true, the
present variety is a remarkable one. The uppermost
leaves on the adult branches are about 5 or G inches
long, one-half of which distance, or about 2 j to 3 inches,
may be considered as the slope of the summit and the
point of the leaf; the buds and last developed branches
are also hirsute. This variety, like its prototype, be-
comes a tree 15 to 20 feet high, of a bright, but not deep.

11

'■^.ly

G2

LONG-LEAVED BAY WILLOW.

and rich green. The flowers are fragrant, produced
after the appearance of the leaves, and the capsules in
our plant are slightly corrugated, even when ripe and
open, and do not shine as in the common Bay Willow.
The leaves have the same odorous glands, and the bark
of the branches is smooth, shining, and of a brownish-
yellow colour. This tree is met with in mountainous
situations, by streams, in all the northern parts of
Europe, in Britain, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Lap-
land, and throughout Siberia and Russia. Its branches
are too fragile to be employed for any economical pur-
pose, and the wood decrepitates in the fire. The leaves,
which are fragrant from the resinous glands of their
margin, however, furnish a yellow dye, and the abundant
down of its seeds in some of the northern countries, is
used with success as a substitute for cotton, mixed with
a third part of the true material.

According to Loudon, it is one of the most desirable
species of the genus for planting in pleasure-grounds, on
account of the fine display made by the blossoms, their
abundant fragrance, the shining rich deep green of the
leaves, and the comparatively slow growth and compact
habit of the tree. It is also one of the latest flowering
Willows, the blossoms seldom expanding till the be-
ginning of June.

Plate XVIII.

A branch of the natural size. «. The capsule.

/

produced
capsules in
1 ripe and
y Willow,
i the bark
brownish-
untainous

parts of

den, I^ap-

branches

lical pur-

le leaves,

of their
abundant
intries, is
ixed with

desirable
'unds, on
Kis, their
ti of the
compact
owering
the be-

'^

Salix liit**:i

llrx/crii re/toir IViHiHi:

Smtt'f /'timie

T'l.XLX.

63

WESTERN YELLOW WILLOW.

Salix lutka, fotiis ovato-lanceolatis acutis Icviter scrrulutis
glahris, stipuUs lunatis, a?nentis pnpcocibtis brcvibus cy-
lindraceis, germinibiis pedicellatis glabris, ramis tuteis.

This is a smallish arborescent species of Willow,
which inhabits the Rocky Mountain region, and proceeds
westward to the banks of the Oregon, but is no where
common. It attains to the magnitude of a small tree,
and at first glance appears nearly allied to the common
yellow twigged Willow (<S. vilcllina), but it never grows so
large, and is after the very first evolution of the leaf buds
perfectly smooth, with none of those tufts of hairs which
in that species appear at the interior base of the bud; it
likewise possesses stipules, and bears short close catkins,
with smooth capsules, and the serrulations of the leaves
are not glandular, indeed scarcely visible, the leaf ap-
pearing to have a thin and often almost entire diapha-
nous margin.

It is at the same time a very elegant and distinct
species, remarkable for its smooth bright yellow branches
and pale green, rather small, lucid leaves. It is well
deserving of cultivation for the sake of variety, and is
undoubtedly hardy from the climate it inhabits. The
leaves are rather narrow, more lanceolate than ovate,
acute, or somewhat acuminate, about an inch and a
quarter long, and less than half an inch wide. The
minute serratures or serrulations are rather crowded,
but very minute and shallow, and not in the least car-
tilaginous. The young leaves before evolution are
silky and white beneath, but the pubescence wholly dis-
appears with their expansion.

Plate XIX.

A branch of the natural size with fertile catkins, a. The cap-
sule.

i

|:

()l

HOOKER'S WILT.OW.

SALIX IIooKEniA.NA. (B;irratt, IMSS); rainis valdr rohnslis
])iihi'NC(')tlil)HN, Jiiitiorilnis dviisv loniruldso-houilis, J'otiis
Idle ohovalh J'vrv suhnthDidtills rii^idiiisciiUs scrt'dtis inur-
gine planis aupra {adult is) iuidii(.seulia suhlu.s tomcntn.so-
lanutis, slipulis [.scmicordn/i.s], inncntis cyliiidrdccis eras-
sis, S(/i/a?nis Idiii^e doisissinic /(t/itifis, orariis /oiii^e sfijii-
tutis /a/icco/a/is ^laherriinis, shjlo Itrvviitsrulo, stii^inalis
lobis intcgris. Hook. Flor. Bor. Am., vol. 2. p. 145. t. ISO.

This small tree, nearly allied to S. cincrra, we found
of common occurrence in the lower part of the territory
of Oregon towards the sea, particularly frequent on the
margins of ponds and in wet places near the outlet of
the Wahlamet, where it attained the height of eight or
ten feet. It was also found in the territory of Hudson's
Bay, near the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan, by
Douglas. The leaves are remarkably protean in their
form, sometimes wholly soft and villous on both sides,
more commonly so beneath, the nature of the pubes-
cence also varying till it at times resembles in appear-
ance and to the touch the most brilliant velvet; the old
leaves .ire generally obovate, smooth and shining above,
often nearly so beneath, and then of a bluish-green or
glaucous hue; they arc, moreover, both acute and ob-
tuse, sometimes even rounded at the extremity, and are
generally among the largest, or at least widest, of Wil-
low leaves. The stipules on some branches are very
conspicuous, circular and serrated. The male aments arc
extremely pilose in an early stage, as in our S. conifera,
to which this species makes some approach; the stamens
are two to each scale. The capsule is ovatc-lanccolate

BLUNT LEAVIil) WILLOW.

(>:>

and very smooth, tin; stylo cIon<Tatcd, and tho stifrnuis
two and undividod.

Tlio lwi«rs of this species are flexible, hnt the uood \n
too small tor (dmost Jiiiy economical employment. Tiie
old wood of the trunk of ^S. vnprm or the Sallow, so
much like the present species, is nmch esteemed by wood
turners.

i

BLUNT LEAVB:D WILLOW.

S.VLIX FLAVEscENs,yo//7,j obovutis sKblunccolalis Jluvescentc
tomcntosis inlcgris dcmum glabrifi, stipulis parvuUs sub-
semicordatis denticulutis, amcntis prircocibus, fapsnlis Icni-
ceolatis scricco-pubesccntibus, stigmatibus villusis.

We met with this shrubby species in the range of the
Rocky Mountains, and we are doubtful if it is not also
an inhabitant of Europe. It agrees very nearly with
the obtuse leaved Willow of Willdenow, {S. obtiisifo/in,)
of which we have seen no specimens, and which is ap-
parently a very obscure species, said to be a native of
the Lapland Alps. Ours is a large shrub, with much of
the aspect and general character of the Grey Willow,
which is indeed the type of a groupe of kindred Willows.
For, a good while the leaves still remain downy, particu-
larly on the under surface, which is tinged also with
pale yellow. The leaves, when old, are about Ij inches
long, f of an inch wide or more, wedge-shaped at the
base, obovate or oblanceolate, quite smooth, entire
apparently, yet the stipules are denticulate. The branches
are brown or dark purple. The catkins are short and
cylindric. The scales blackish, hairy, and obtuse, the
capsules white and silky; the style is distinct, and the
four stigmas long and pubescent.
9

(i(i

POND wi:jx)w.

SALIX ST \ay M.1H, folii.s obtoui^o-lauceohili.s n/ttit.si.s iii/t'ij;cr-
rhnin /nt.si cuncatis .sithhis puhcsccniihus, sti/tuli.s uii//i.\,
unwnlis cmrtanvis, cftp.su/i.s /ancco/ati.s acuininatis sericei.s,
s<i ua m is ,v u hi a n ccolatis.

This is anotlicr species iiulij^cnoiis to the banks of
tlic Oregon, related to the same section witli the last.
The twigs are dark brown and slender, and the leaves
scattered beneath with a minute brown pubescence,
which communicates a somewhat rusty appearance to
the leaves; they are about li inches long, and i to J of
an inch wide, in the bud they arc covered with long
silky hairs. The capsules are remarkable for their
great attenuation and len«i,th, the scales of the anient
are oblong-lanceolate and hairy. We have not seen
the male plant, and our account is therefore imperfect.

VELVET WILLOW.

SALIX CUNEATA, foliis lanccolatis oblongisve apice siibscr-
rulalis actitis, basi cuneatis g/abris snbius holosericeis,
stipulis minutis phrisqne miUis, amontis coxtaneis elon-
gatis, capsulis ovatis serkcis, stigmatibus brevibiis glabris.

This beautiful Willow we found growing in clumps
near the rocky margin of the Oregon at its confluence
with the Wahlamet, attaining the height of six or eight
feet. The branches are slender, and, according to their
age, vary much in appearance, at first villous and

WRSTRTIN PO\'n WFIJ.OW.

fi7

downy, but at. a later piTiod lirowii, and aomotinn's
quitt; blue, witb a ^luncoiis bloom. 'V\\v Icavrs, with
their short ju'tiolcs, measure about two iiioiies, and aro
about lialf an inch wide, pubescent above, at l(!ni;th
nearly smooth and deep jrreen, but always clad beneath
with a whitish close; tomentum, ))r()ducin<if all the bril-
hant display of tin; finest velv(!t. TIh^ male flowers wc
have not seen. The female catkins are ratluT lonj;,
loose, and subcylindric, ol'len accompanied at tlu; base
by two or three l(>aves, and come out wlu^n the; leaves
are considerably grown. The; capsules are silky, short,
ovate, and acute. The style short, and the stijxmas
four and smooth. The scales of tlu; catkin are brown
and oval, somewhat hairy, and much shorter than the
capsules. In the narrow leaved varieties, the leaves
appear almost wholly entire. The broader leaved plants
bear some resemblance to the Grey Willow, but the
serrulations are minute and the stipules very small, or
wholly wanting.

I

WESTERN POxND WILLOW.

SALIX MACRocAHPA, fulUs lunceolcitis angvstatis stibinle-
gerrimis tttrinqiie. acutis sttbaciuninalis demtim glabris
suhttis glands, stipidis obsoletis, amen/is coxtaneis dian-
drisy capsulis ventricosis caiidaiis glabriusculis pedicellatis,
stigmatibus subscssilibus quadrijidis.

This species, like our Pond Willow (S. griscn\ to
which it is closely related, is found forming clumps in
wet places where the water is stagnant, situations
which it always seems to prefer to the banks of running
streams. It attains the height of 3 or 4 feet. The

— ^--^gi

(iS

SOFT I.KAVRI) Wn,l<()W.

hraiK'lios iwc smooth and hi'owiiisli-hlac.k, somctiiues
^limcoiis or wliitisli. 'V\w Icjivcs (iihoiit '2 to A iiicluis
loiiu; ;jiul li.iir Jin iiicli >vi(lr) jiri' ;il liist covtsrcd \\\\U a
hrownisli silky down wliicli dis;i|)|)(';irs \\\\\\ !iij;(', wlion
tli(^ l(>;iv(>s Im^comu; dark irrccii and bliiisli-whitc, or
«rlaiu'oiis IxMU'atli, tlicv aro usuiilly v(>ry Jitutc, and
mostly cntirr. Tlio cjitkins aro small an ! oblonjf, with
"2 or 'A l(Nivos at tho base; ol the |)cdic('l; tlui scales of
tho stumiMis uYc small :ind blackish, oval and obtnso,
sonu^whiit hairy. The Icmalc amcnts have very short
|>(>dicols, and prodnco at the Inise about. 2 leavers; the
senles are narrow and line.ar; the capsules p(>dicell;ited,
somcMvhat villous, l)ut at lenu[th nearly suiooth, ventri-
coso-lauceolate, with loni; points, and niNirly sessile
stiumas.

SOFT r.i:Avi:n willow.

SALIX sKssiMi'oi.i A, yj^//7.v l(tiivrt)l(ilis srs.silihiis (/cii/i.sxitni.s
(I pice .suhscrniltitis vHIdsIs inoHihtiN, slipiilis n id lis, <t men-
tis stroti)iis (fidixh'is eloni^alis tcniiiiKilihiis! n^frniini/nis
/(I 'Id/ is, ('(/psit/is IdiH'coliitis don n in snliglahris, stijla pro-
/itni/r hipartita sli^nuitihiis hifuiis.

Tins beautiful and very distinct species of Willow,
formed dense tufts on the rocky borders of the On^gon,
at the conlhiencc of the VV^ahlamct, attainin<jj to the
hei«i[ht of about 0 to 8 feet, and when in flower a|)j)eared
as sliowy as a Miinosit. It is remarkably leafy, and the
leaves are hoary, with a rather lonu; and somewhat
copious pubescence, which communicates a softness to
the touch equal to that of velvet; whether the leaves
afterwards become more smooth or not I cannot say,
but think it probnble. Dilferent from almost every
other W^illow I have seen, the catkins each terminate so

1

PROSTRATR WILLOW.

09

inetimc's
i iiiclics
I with !i
H\ wIkmi
hitc, or
lite, siiul
ii;i,", >vitli
■((^iilcs of

ohliiso,
ry sliort
v(!s: flio
cclliilcd,
, ViMitri-

s<!ssilo

i/is.shni.s
.V, (f/nrii-
•))ii)iihi(s
ijln pro-

Willow,
[)rooon,
to the
|)l)c;ire(l
tiiul the
inowliat
ncss to
I lotivos
lot say,
■ every
natc so

t

many small leafy hraiH^hes about 2 inches lontr, ex-
clusive of the catkin or spike, which is itself about
LJ inches — in both sexes attenuated at tlu; base; these
branchl(!ts as well as the leaves are whitish, with soft
hairs, i)articularly the fornjor, but still the; green colour
of the leaf predominates; the points of the leaves arc
somewhat riirid, sharply acut(i, and, unlike most other
species, they are destitute of petioh^s or footstalks; the
scales of the ameut are oval and unusually cons|)icuous,
more hairy in the staminiferous flower. The stamens
are 2 to a scale. The capsule is jyubescent and lanceo-
late, at length nearly smootlh The stigmas ^^ and
rather long. No vestiges of sti|)ulcs appear in any of
our numerous specimens: the older branches arc dark
brown.

It is didicult to decide on the afllnities of this very
distinct species, which at a little distance resembles a
Protea or liCiicodcndron,, the leaves being ecjually grey
a;id silvery, with soft liairs, wliich are so ecpially distri-
buted on either surface as to obliterate the j)rescncc of
the veins, and reiuler both surfaces almost similar. It
appears, in some respects, to resemble S. armaria^ the
Sand Willow, but the late appearance of the aments
and their remarkable disproportion, arc almost without
a parallel.

PROSTl. VTE WILLOW.

SALIX m\ \c\ivc WW \, foliis ovatis lancc.olatisvc aciitis suh-
scssillhus intes^errimis cinerco-puljcscentibus sitblus incano-
villosis,stipHHs nullis, amenlis coivtuncis birvUnis glomcra-
tis, capsulis ouaiis ahbrcviatis tomcntosis, sligmatibus sub-
sessilibus.

This singular prostrate and dwarf Willow wo met

. . 'I

•70

PROSTRATE WILLOW.

with in the Rocky Mountain range, on the borders of
Bear river, a clear rapid brook cutting its way through
basaltic dykes to the curious lake of Timpanagos, in
New Mexico. This locality is likewise famous for the
numerous seltzer springs so strongly impregnated with
carbonic acid as to sparkle and effervesce like cham-
paigne. Our hunters called them the "Beer Springs,"
and for a day and a half that we spent at this memo-
rable place, the waters afforded us a most delicious
treat during the warm weather, in those arid plains.
In an open marshy situation, on the margin of the river
forest, grew an abundance of this curious, depressed and
hoary shrub, which has somewhat the aspect of the
European Sand Willow, {S. arc?iaria,) but it is much
more dwarf, with the leaves smaller, and filways hoary
with pubescence. The stem branches from the base only
rising four or five inches above the surface of the earth,
but with many diffuse, tough, woody branches, which
spread out into a circle of a foot or more. The root
stock is woody and thick; the branches full of cicatrices,
pubescent, but brown beneath, thickly covered with
small leaves, which in some plants are elliptic-ovate, in
others oblong-lanceolate, all very entire, nearly sessile
and acute, from half an inch to an inch long, about three
lines wide; above always grey with pubescence, but
beneath rather whitely villous; some of the lowest small
leaves are smooth on the upper surface. There are no
stipules in any of my specimens. The male flowers I
have not seen. The fertile catkins are sliort and some-
what clustered, not cylindric, few flowered, the capsules
oblong-lanceolate and short, villous, with appressed
hairs, not densely lanuginous, as in >V, armaria, termi-
nated by a short slender style and four short stigmas.

it**'

II

»

■i

%/

I'l x\

Salix ai-iinjilivlliJ .

Si/r/r /r<irc</ Iti/Am

Siiu/i <i /iittV/if <tr</fi//<r,f

f

ri x\. '

///'.I" <fr)/t'///{Y^f

hi :;«=

J,

71

SILVER LEAVED WILLOW.

SALIX AUGOpiiYLLA, foliis /iticari-'iuh/aucrn/d/i.s aciitis
se.s.sUihus inlev;crr'nnis uh'inquc argenlen-scriccis, stipulis
ohsolctisy anientis serotinis diandris, aipsiilis viltosis liin-
c CO la lis.

to the Wcst,

at Icnffth

In our devious progrc?
approached one of the hranclies of the Oregon, the river
Boisee, towards its junction with the Shoslionce; its
banks were not fringed with a belt of forest, but so
stripped of every character of an alluvial nature, that
when wo suddenly approached it, there appeared no
break in the plain, and the clear and rapid flood shot
through a deep perpendicular chasm of columnar basal-
tic rocks. Wc descended towards its brink and pur-
sued our path along its obstructed banks, climbing over
fearful rocks and along the margins of impending preci-
pices, night approached without any cessation of our
incessant toil. At lenjrth wc hailed with satisfaction
a small portion of the river bottom, almost covered by
tall bushes of a remarkable silvery appearance, which
proved to be the subject of our present examination, a
very curious species of Willow, which, with a kind
of Mock Orange, {Phi/adc/phns,) composed nearly all
the conspicuous vegetation of this sterile chasm. At
length our new Alnus, {A. Orcoonn,) the Narrow-leaved
Balsam Poplar, and the liOng-leavcd tree Willow, gave
evidence of an ample alluvial plain and the {>roximity of
the great Shoslionce.

This species becomes a small ir-^c from 12 to 15 feet
in height, as silvery and white as the Lcucodendron

,1 ••'•

72

LONG SPIKED WILLOW.

nrifcnlctim, tlic brandies arc brown, but the twigs are
hoary with villous hairs. The leaves arc very much
crowded, soft, with whitish shininjr silky down, so abun-
dant on cither side as wholly to hide the veins, and
nearly the midrib; they arc also nc.irly without foot-
stalks, entire on the margin, of a narrow linear outline
and sharply acute, with a distinct bristly point, li to 2
inches long, and only about three lines wide. Stipules
small and linear, seldom seen. The aments come out
late with the leaves, and the flower branches produce
from four to seven leaves. The male ament is small
and narrow, with the scales lanceolate and villous; the
female aments are oblong, the capsules lanceolate and
villous.

The wood of this species, though small, is very white,
smooth, and close-grained; the species must also be
hardy, well worth cultivating, and would then probably
grow to a considerable size. We perceive no affinity
that this species bears, except perhaps to the S. angusti-
folia of the borders of the Caspian, from which at the
same time it is probably very distinct.

Plate XX.

A branch of the natural size. a. The male catkin, b. The cap-
sule.

LONG SPIKED WILLOW.

SALIX MACRosTACHYA,^//w Uneari-sublanceolatis elongalis
remote serrulatis acutis titrinque argcnto-sericeis, stipulis
semiovatis deciduis, amentis longissimis prascocibus, capsu-
lis lanceolatis demum glabriusculis.

We met with this species sparingly on the banks of

i^ifis are
y much
30 abun-
ins, and
ut foot-
r outline
li to 2
Stipules
ome out
produce
is small
ous; the
late and

t

!

RlVEll WILLOW.

73

the Oregon. It bears a strong resemblance to the last,
without however being any way intimately allied to it.
It forms a slender bush, remarkable for its white and
silvery {)ubescence, which appears as soft and glossy
as velvet, the twigs are also pubescent. The leaves
are two to three inches long, two or three lines wide,
distinctly serrulated and nearly sessile, with the veins
conspicuous through the pubescence. The female cat-
kins, with their peduncles, are three or four inches in
length, the capsules are nearly sessile, and at length but
slightly pubescent. In this species there are distinct
stipules on the young branches.

*

■y white,
also be
irobably
• affinity
aniiusti'
I at the

""he cap-

longatis
stipiilis
capsu-

inks of

RIVER WILLOW.

SALIX FLUViATiLis; fo/iis linear ihns utriiK/ue acutniiur/is,
Nuhlanceululifi .sjjhui/n.^o-scrraf is (/em inn i^/it/iri.s- ronco/ori-
hiis, .sfipu/is nu//i.s, anicntis serotinis peduncalatis villosi.s
diundris, squamis uhlongis, fruclihu.s Idnceutali.s gliibris
pedicctlalis, sligmalibus sessilibus.

This species lines the innncdiate border of the
Oregon, a little below its confluence with the Wahlamet,
attaining the heiiiht of about six feet or more. We
believe this is tilso the same Willow that we mistook
for the Long-leaved species of Pursh and Muhlenberg,
{Salix Inngifolia^) which so commonly lines the banks of
the Missouri and Mississippi, and which often forms the
exclusive growth of the small islands and sandbars,
preparing these wastes, recovered from the flood, for a
superior growth of trees, and they are also accompa-
nied and succeeded commonly by the Cotton-wood,
{Popuhis canadensis.) We met with this species like-
10

!!(■ tuVM^tttntii i-i

74

RIVER WILLOW.

wiso on tho banks of TiCwia River of tlic Shoshoncc,
accompiinying our Long-lcavod Willow, both of which
continue uhnost uniiitcrruptodly to occuj)y tlic banks
and bars of all the Western streams to the Oregon,
and proceed aloiig that river to the borders of the
Pacific.

In this remarkably fluviatile species, the leaves of
the very young plants are somewhat pinnatifid, and
at all times the serratures, rather distant, are sinuated
and very sharp or spinulosely acute. The branches arc
brownish and very full of leaves. The leaves two to
three inches long, are seldom more than two lines wide,
except in the young shoots, when they are twice that
breadth. The branches producing the male flowers are
as short as usual, bearing only three or four small
leaves; the catkins are narrow, solitary, and rather short,
and come out with the opening of the leaves. In the
female plant the inflorescence is similar with that of the
male, but there is also produced a later growth of cat-
kins, which terminate proper divided branchlets. The
scales of the female catkin arc oblong and densely
bearded below, the germ is smooth, with four sessile
stigmas as in S. longifoHa. The young leaves arc at first
somewhat hoary and pubescent, with minute hairs; the
young plants have also often pubescent foliage.

We have met with the Salix longifolin on the banks
of the Arkansa, and it greatly resembles the present
species, but differs in producing distinct stipules, in the
minute serratures, and above all in the pubescent cap-
sule and elongation of the catkin. The leaves are also
generally broader, and it is said to grow only about
two feet high.

;

75

oshoncc,
)f which
c banks
Oregon,
1 of tlie

caves of
ifid, and
sinuated
iches are
s two to
ics wide,
r'icc that
wers arc
ur small
»cr short,
In the
at of the
I of cat-
ts. The
densely
sessile
e at first
airs; the

le banks
present
s, in the
ent cap-
arc also
nbout

SLENDER WILLOW.

S/\LIX ExiouA, foliis linvdrihus i(/n'ii(/iii' acrttia srihintvi^rr-
riniis .terici'is, .\ti/)iilis niiUis, anient is scrutinis clongulisj
capsuUs luncculatia scssilibus, dcminn nudiusculis.

This species is also a native of the territory of
Oregon, and grew with the preceding, which it strongly
resembles: it is, however, a smaller species, with still
narrower 1' ivcs, at all times more or less grey and
silky, till irulations are mostly wanting, though very
minute ones are sometimes seen: the capsules are
smaller, and not pedicellated. The male plant I have
not seen. The branches arc reddish brown and smooth.

ROUND LEAVED WILLOW.

SALIX ROTUNDTFOLIA,/o/^7s suhrotundis ovatisvc minutissime
serrulatis vel integriusculis iitrinqiic glabris concoloribits,
petiolis ramulisque pilosis, stipulis maximis dilatato-cor-
datis mcmbranaceis glandidoso-serratis, amentis cuwtimeis
diandris lanuginosis, capsulis glabris lunceolalis, stylis
elongatis.

/2. ovATA, foliis ovatis acutis dense serrulatis.

This dwarf and remarkable species of Willow, at-
taining about two feet in height, was obtained in the
gorge of a lofty alpine ravine, through which we fruit-
lessly endeavoured to pass. It was in the month of
July, and the perpetual snows which still covered the
mountains, mingled their outline with the skies. On the

I

.5(

VV St.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

la 112,8

■ JO ^^*

m m

1-4 11.6

■ 22

£ MS

Hiotographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO

(716; 872-4S03

'A^

Ht

llOUND-LRAVRl) WILLOW

skirt of this jrolid rotrioii jrrew our present subject. We
nnnied tliis scene of toil and dis5ii)pointment, Tliorn-
l)ur;r||'s Pass, or ratlier ravine, as no passajrc was prac-
ticable, from the man vvlio undertook to be our guide.
It was in the central chain of the Rocky Mountains,
and near to the pass of the Shoshonees, which the fol-
lowing day we attained.

We know of no species with which we can compare
this Willow. The older branches are brown, smootii,
and full of cicatrices left by leaves that have grown near
together, giving the plant a stunted appearance; the pe-
tioles ar(^ about ^ an inch long, with the younger branches
hairy, the younger leaves are also somewhat so on the
mid-rib. The leaves are nearly round, from li to ^
inches wide, and about the same in length, though some
of the later producer leaves arc ovate and sometimes
even acute, both sides are equally green, the margin in
the ovate leaves elegantly and very closely serrulated,
but in the round leaves the serrulations are often nearly
obliterated. The stipules are very large, wide, and
heart-shaped, finely serrated with glandular points, at
length they become membranaceous and deciduous.
The male aments are oblong, large and sessile, the
scales blackish and ovate, producing copious white hairs
longer than their whole length, the filaments arc very
long. The female aments grow on thick stalks, and
have the scales also very woolly; the capsules are
smooth and ovate, acuminate; the style is long, ter-
minated by 4 stigmas. The ovate leaved variety was
collected by the late Dr. Gairdener, on the hills of the
Wahlamct.

ect. Wo

It, Thorn-
was prac-
)ur guide,
loiintains,
;li the fol-

I compare
I, smootii,
own near
e; the pe-
' branches
so on the
I 1^ to 3
ugh some
omctimes
uargin in
crrulatcd,
en nearly
lide, and
)oints, at
eciduous.
ssile, the
lite hairs
are very
ilks, and
?ules are
ong, ter-
iety was
Is of the

MINUTE WITJ.OW.

SALIX NIVALIS, J'oUis ovalihus siihspalhtilatis integcrriniis
glahris obtusis, suhtiis coticnlorilms rcticulalis, uinentis
scrotinis pcdiccllalis paun'Jloris, gennini/)us ovdtis sericeis
S(ju(unu'. glabrie rctusic lungioribus, slig/nalibus siib.ses-
silibus.

Salix nivalis. IIookkii, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. 2. p.

This elegant and very diminutive shrub, merely
about 2 inches high, was obtained in the same alpine
ravine as the former, but on a plain elevated to the very
line of perpetual snow, at the height of about 10,000
feet above the ocean level. The stems are smooth,
brown and woody, sending out very few short branches
terminated by scanty tufts of smooth coriaceous leaves,
2 to 3 lines wide and about 4 lines long. The male
plant we have not seen; the female catkin is produc(>d
upon a pubescent pedicel nearly its length, the flowers
are about G, sessile, and the subtending scales smooth,
retuse and nerved. The germ is short ovate, and
silky, terminated by a sessile or almost sessile quadrifid
stigma.

This species is allied to the Salix myrlilloidcs, but at
the same time perfectly distinct.

Plate XIX.

A fertile plant of the natural magniludc. a. A leaf. b. The
young capsule and its scale.

I

1R=

■(jBto"

7H

DUSKY WILLOW.

SALIX MKLANorsis, /;>///.v linrdri-ldiH'coldtis sfrrrilatis tf/a-
bris hdsi (/ffninafis i'i\r prfio/</fi\, slipiilis nuHis, amenlis
coiclanein iliandris, si/iiainis stritilis t)b/ii.\i.\, cupaulis glu-
bris lanccohitis .suh.svs.silibus.

This species, >vliicli I have culled Dusky Willow from
the dark upj)CJirancc it assuincs in drying, wo met with
at our station called Fort I Tall, in the plains of the
Rocky Mountains, on the alluvial lands of Lewis river
of the Shoshonee, not growing in masses hut scattered
over the hanks of the river in the more elevated situa-
tions, and there attaining the magnitude of a small tree
12 to L'j feet high, with a spreading summit, and when
in flower forming a very elegant ohject. It is closely
related to the Triandrons Willow of Europe, {Salix
triandra,) hut still sufficiently distinct. It never, like
that species, hecomes a considerahle tree, hut more
resemhles in its magnitude and mode of growth our
common Black Willow (.S. ni<rra). The wood is white
and close grained as in that species: tiie young branches
appear blackish-hrown in a dead state, and the young
leaves appear also very dark, they are about an inch
and a half long, and about three lines wide, attenuated
at the base, so as to present no distinct petiole, acute
above, with minute scrratures; there are no hairs at
the base of the bud, as in S. trkmdra. The male flow-
ering branchlets are provided with five or six leaves; the
catkins linear and elongated, with dusky pubescent
scales, marked efich with about five striatures. The
female catkins are rather short, and the fruit smooth.

V, (imcntift
Ksulis glu-

low from
met witli
3 of tlic
ms river
scattered
L'd situu-
[iiull tree
id when
5 closely
, {Salix
t'cr, like
It more
ivth our
is while
•ranches
! young
an inch
enuated
), acute
lairs at
le flow-
VGE] the
besccnt
. The
imooth,

#

- ■ J

i

I

A-

-r^t

■V.

Siilix iiit'lailuiiHiK

lJiiitkri/i//<'n

Siiii/,-

iiiHniti'f

\'

DLACK WILLOW. 7<)

with sessile stiirmns, as in otlicr species of this particu-
lar ;^roupe.

Pi, A IK X\I.

A branch of the natural si/.c. ii. Tlic scale, h. The .stamen.
r. The germ.

Tlic Saliv lrian(h(i, so nearly allied to the present
species, hecoines a tree 'M) feet hijL^ii, and is IVecpiently
planted in osier jjrounds for the hasket-niaker; hut the
host kind planted for this purpose is the Osirr, |)r()perly
so called, (<S. viminalis,) wliicii niii^ht he pro[)agated in
almost every part of the United States.

BLACK WILLOW.

Salix nigra, Mich. Arb., vol. "2. j)latc 12'). fie;. 1. A
variety of this tree occurs in South Carolina and Flo-
rida, in which the leaves are villous and the scales of
the fiment densely lanuginous. In the herhariuni of Mr.
Schweinitz it was marked, on the authority of Elliott,
as a species S. siihv'dlosa.

This tree, a native of a I '-jc States from New Eng-
land to Florida, and west i, early to the foot of the
Rocky Mountains, is one of the few native species
which becomes a tree, attainiufj the height of 15 to 25
feet, with a diameter of 10 to 15 inches. It aflects the
banks of rivers and lakes, and generally grows near to
the water, in moist, occasionally overflowed situations.
In the warmer parts of the States it puts on a handsome
appearance, particularly when in flower, but has the
defect of branching almost from tlic base, and IcaiJng

80

lU.ACK WII-I,nw.

«

ill ii posttirc inon; wild iiiid pictun'scnio lluiii ho.iutirul.
It lias a (lark coloiinMl r(>iii;li hark, and tlio ItraiiclicH
are hriftic at tlir l»asc; tiic iiialf catkins c<)min«,' out
>vitli tliu leaves an; very eieuant, and attractive and
useful to hees. In tin; soiitiiern parts of tlic Union,
according; to Mr. Mlliott, tin; stems \\\un\ found suni-
ciontly lar^fc are eiiiployetl for tin; timbers of boats, and
are tbuiid to bo li<r|it and durable.

The Minn: \N'ii,m>\v, (Sd/i.r a/fxt, F-iw.,) appears
almost naturali/.ed in many parts of tlio United States.

f

It

th

vestcrn interior
Now .Jers(^y alon«; tlie !« lers of the VValkill. It <i;ro\vH
rapidly, becoming a stoui tree in n few years, and in
Europe it is considered the most valuai)lc timber tree of
the ^enus; it produces a wliit(; close-j^'rained wood,
capable of receiving a polish, it also allbrds fence-wood,
fuel, and bark for the tanner, nearly as good as that of
the Oak.

The uses of Willows and Willow-wood in iMirope arc
very mimerous. It is ijeiierally a close fme-Ln'aiiied
white wood, capable of takiiiii; a smooth and ccpial
polish, and remarkably linht withal. The osiers are
very extensively used for all kinds of bask(>t-work, and,
as Virgil remarks, the shepherd sits beneath its shade,
while it afl'ords fence for his field, browsing for his
flock, and lioney for the bees, —

"Saliccs, luiniil('.s(|uc gcnistse,
Aut ilia; pccori trondcm, aut piistoribus umbram
Siifljciunt, scpcnKiuc satis ot pabula nielli."

Gkorgkon, h.

boiiiitiriil.
bniiiclios
miller out
:tiv«' and
10 Union,
Hid siiiri-
oiits, and

appears
!d Stiites.
iterior of
It jj;ro\vs
s, and in
er tree of
'd wood,
ico-wood,
IS tliat of

nopo arc
>L^rjiinod
lul crpial

(~rs aro
irk, and,
t.s sliadc,

for liis

V, II.

M Ad NO L I A.1

Aa/iint/ ()r(/(t\ M.xcnoi.iac i:.f., (.fufssicn.) I.inmvan Clussi-

Jiaidoil, IN)I,Y.\.M)KIA, l'(M,Y«;YiNlA.

Co/i/.r of 3 (iccidtiuiis pefiiloid sepals. Cornlld of from <i to 12
pctiils. Stamnifi mimtToiis as well as the pistils. Carpels
disposed ill an iinbricatt-d coiio, 1 to 'J-setulcd, openini; by tlio
dorsal suture. Scvifs pulpy, n-d, suspciidi'd, wlu-ii ripo lianj^-
iiig out of tlic carpel by a lon^ umbilical tiiread composud of
•spiral vessels.

Trees aud shrubs with lar^c; entire alternate deciduous leaves,
and solitary terminal lari;e and usually odoriferous flowcr.s.
Chiefly natives of North America, Chin;j, and .lapaii.

LARGE I LOW I:RED MAGNOfJA.

MAGNOLIA GKANDiFLORA, Linfi. (Mich. Sylva, plate 51.)

In the ncighourhood of Snvannali in Gcor«;ia, and
near New Orleans, this s])lendi(l tree often pre.scnts an
ahno.st equal, smooth, columnar shaft of (H) to 80 feet
elevation, and attains the heiirht of 100 feet or upwards,
with a jrraccful hij^h and spreadin<r summit. On the
trunk of this species, near Savaiuiah, I observed large
quantities of the parasitic air plant, Epidrndrum rotiop-
sctim, and it appeared there to grow on no other tree.
According to Wm. Bartram, who saw the species so

t Named by Linnaeus in honour of Pierre Mognol, a botanist
of Montpelier.
11

! S\

83

l,AI((;r. FLOWKIIF.I) MAfiNOl.lA.

nbundant in his tour in Tlorida, its snnimit forms a per-
fect cone, risini^ from a straij,'lit clear trnnk, roscniMing
u hcautiful cohnnn, ami, from its dark foliaf^'c "silvered
over with n»ill\-\Nhit(> (lowers," it is seen at a j^reat dis-
tance. The succession of llowers is also lon«r conti-
nued, in favoural)l(! situations from May to An;;ust.
Thouirh confnied very much to the nei^hhourhood of
the sea-coast, it extends westward in (ieor;,Ma as far as
Milledj^M'ville; and I met with it in Alaliama,on the hanks
of I'tchee creek, about \'2 miles from Cohunhus in
(ieor<^ia, and afterwards in other parts of that State
down to West Florida. It is known to the Creeks hy
the native name of 7W(/.

In the new edition of J)uhamel, we have the followin*:;
account of its introduction into Trance. There is at
IVIaillardiere, about five nules from Nantes, a fme Ma<^-
nolia, which was brou<fht from the haidvs of the Missis-
sippi, in I7.'V^, and planted in a poor soil. It <rrew there
neiflected for more than 150 years, till M. Jlonami, a phy-
sician of Xantes and j)rofess()r of botany there, nx'og-
nised this beautiful tree to Im; the Mdiino/ia ixrinidiflorii;
and at the meetin;^ of llie States of Rretairne in Septem-
ber, 17()0, in Nantes, he pr(>sented to the Princess of
Kohan-Chabet, a line branch of this Magnolia in tlower,
which became a subject of conversation and interest to
all assembled. Louis XV. possessed several small
plants of this species in his garden at the Petit Trianon,
but they did not thrive; and, havinir heard of a Ma«^no-
lia 3;') to 10 feet hiirh, which every year wiis covered with
fine llowers of a delicit)us perfume, he sent two of his
gardeners to ascertain if it was possible to transport
this tree to Versailles; and, above all, should they do
so, if it would be certain to grow. They saw the tree,
and, being of opinion that it would not survive removal,
it was suffered to remain in its place. It was at that

I a por-

silvered
cat (lis-
ir couti-
Au;,Mist.
Iiood of
s far as
ic banks
1)1)118 in
It State
ccks l)y

)lloNving
re is at
ic Ma<f-

3W tlirrc
i, a pliy-

>, ri>C()<r-

ndi/fora;

Si'ptoiu-

jccss of

1 flower,

crest to

small

riaiion,

liMaj^no-

ed witii

of ills

[an sport

Ithcy do

jhc tree,

jnioval,

at that

I.ONO-I^F.AVRI) MA(JN<»I.IA.

s:i

time from 35 to 10 feet lii;;li; lint, dnrinij the tronhles of
the civil war of La Vendee, it was iinnilated, and lost
nmst of its hraiulu's. Afterward.'', the Imrnin;,' of the
lionso near A>lii('h it uas piantt'd havin;; <laina^ed its
head, the hraiiehes >v«'re eroiipcd down t(» the trnid\, and
it a;^ain shot out with >i;jfoin', l>nt the Noniii^ shoots,
not haviii.f had time to ripen, were destroyed hy the
frost; n(»twitlistiindini; tins seven' elie«k, it aifain re-
covered, and afterwards hecaine a liii«' tree, hetween *J."i
and ;{() feet hi;,di, with a hir'j,^' well proportioned head,
and a trimk of fonr feet in ciremnfenne**, the lower
branehes swee|)inj; the ^romid, and the whole tree pro-
dncini; annually from 3.')() to KM) lar;,'e, ele<ranf, and
fragrant llowers. Tlu; seeds, however, never arrive at
perfect matnrity, althonjjh the fruit attains its fidl si/.e,
and remains upon the tree till tin; following sprinj,'. This
tree still exists, and is now upwards of IK) Ujct hi«,di, and
more than 100 years of aLr(>.

At Caserta, in the neighbourhood of \aples, this tree
has attained the heijfht of nearly ()0 feet. In this cli-
mate they also rip(>n seeds freely.

LONG-LEAVED MAGXOLLV.

MAGNOLIA MACROPHVLLA, Michuux, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. 1.
p. 327. Mich. Sylva, pi. 57.

The principal locality of this fine species has been
for many years confined to the vicinity of Tiincolnton,
North Carolina, 10 miles S. E. of the town, near or on
the estate of a man named Smith. The trees occupy
the banks of a small stream, and arc chiefly dispersed

f

V'^

84

EAR-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.

over its acclivities, in a rich loamy soil. In Tennessee,
near the Cumberland river, I afterwards saw a few
small trees of this species; but in the winter of 1830, in
an extensive tour which I made through the interior of
the Southern States, I met with abundance of the ]\Iu<r-
nolia macrophi/f/a, 70 miles from Tuscaloosa, on the
banks of the Coosa in Bibb county, Alabama, growing
often in the same bottom lands as the Illicinm J/ or idamim.
To give me some idea of the magnitude of the Mag-
nolias growing in this vicinitv, a farmer told me some
trunks produced IG rai/s to the cut, and that the trees
were two feet in diameter; but as timber it was little
esteemed, not enduring long in the air. To the town of
Cahaba, I still saw the Magnolia, and afterwards, in the
immediate vicinity of Tuscaloosa, on the road down
the banks of the Black Warrior, towards Florida, I ob-
served this species in the greatest abundance, often as
much as 60 feet in height; but being the depth of winter,
I, of course, could form no adequate conception of the
splendour of its appearance when in vigorous vegeta-
tion.

Ear-Leaved Magnolia, {magnolia auricu/ata, Lam.
Lojig-leaved Cucumber Tree, Mich. Sylva, pi. 5().) In
Bartram's Garden, at Kingsessing, in this vicinity,
there is a tree of this species, 70 or more feet high,
and with a trunk of the diameter of two to three feet.

Umbrella Tree, {Magnolia Iripetala.) According to
Professor Torrey, no person since Michaux has found
this tree in any part of the State of New York.

Tulip Tree, {Lyriodendron tulipifera, Linn.) Re-
specting the northern limits of this tree, G. B. Emerson,
Esq., informs me, "I have found a single tree of Lyrio-
dendron in Norfolk county, Massachusetts. It is plenti-
ful on Westfield river."

I

U

/"i

Tennoasoc,
=aw a few
of 1830, in

interior of
f the MuiT.
la, on the
a, growing
Horidamim.
' the Mag-
1 me some
t the trees

was little
he town of
irtls, in the
oad down
rida, I ob-
e, often as
I of w inter,
ion of the
js vegeta-

Jata^ Lam.
. 50.) In
5 vicinity,
feet high,
fee feet,
wording to
has found

NN.) Re-
Emerson,
of Lyrio-
t is plenti-

i \

(ti/i/ori/Ni/i /I'lir //v"/"

l)i-inio|tliylliiiii |iauril'loriiin

/>/ 'I //t I '/t// 1 //i fit nt fi^ytift '.

n xxi

m

•=5*.

■^ih

.Ikii/'j

/'<///f//'/,>/;:

I

DRlMOPUYLLUM.t

Natural Order^ LAURixr.yr;. (Vcntcn.it.) Linnirmi C/assi-
Jiattion, Enneandria, MoNO(iY.\iA.

Flowers HERMAPHUoniTK. — Pcrigonium (i-cleft, subcampanu-
late, the segments s|)atluilate-lincar, e(|iial, decicluous, the base
persistent. Stamina 9, in 3 scries, all fertile, filaments short,
the 3 of the inner series witli a pair of roundish large sessile
glands, near the base of each, ,/ltit/io's elliptic-ovate and
similar, all opening on the inner side, l-cclled, the cells equal
and parallel, with all the valves ascending. Ovarium 1-
celled, with one ovule. Style short; stigma somewhat de-
pressed, capitate. Berry 1 seeded

A sempervirent, small tree of Upper California, with alternate,
lanceolate, minutely reticulated, pungcntly aromatic, smooth
leaves. Flowers small, yellow, smooth, in small terminal
naked clusters. (Nearly allied to Ocotea of Aublct, but with
hermaphrodite flowers, similar and uniformly introrse anthers,
and a deciduous perianth. The leaves are also naked, without
pennate nerves, and the inflorescence not in panicles. It is also
nearly allied to Aperiphracta of Nees, but with flowers of a
very different habit, and, with those genera, belongs to the tribe

OrEODAPHNEjE.)

CALIFORNIAN BAY TREE.

DRIMOPHYLLUM pauciflorum.

Ocotea salicifolia? Kunth, Synops. vol. 1. p. 45S.

This is a very elegant evergreen tree of Upper Cali-
fornia, growing round Sta. Barbara, 20 to 25, or 30

t From A/M;Mi/c, acrid to the taste, and cpi/Axc^, a leaf.

"■■,■:':,■Jl■V(lMP^^-■f

8G

DRIMOPHYLLUM.

feet high, with erect, terete, and smooth branches. The
wood is white and rather soft. Tiic leaves arc alter-
nate, evergreen, coriaceous, perfectly smooth, three to
four inches long, and 'i to H inches wide, lanceolate
pointed, but obtuse, entire, with very indistinct slender
lateral nerves, and strongly but minutely reticulated
above; the footstalks are about two to three lines long.
The odour and taste of the leaves are very aromatic,
the latter so much so as to be quite pungent, even more
so than the leaves of the Bay, and they are employed
as condiments by the inhabitants. The flowers are in
small contracted clusters, at first surrounded with bud
scales, which are caducous, but not in the form of an
involucrum. The flowers are about four or five toge-
ther, on pedicels nearly as long as themselves. The
perianth is yellowish, funnel-formed, and somewhat
spreading, deeply G-cleft, the segments linear-spathu-
late and smooth, a little pubescent within towards the
base. Stamens 9, with short and broad filaments, the
anthers oblong, 4-celled, all opening from within, the
cells parallel and nearly all equal, with the valves
ascending, the three innermost each furnished towards
the base of the filament with two large reniform, sessile
glands. The perianth is deciduous, the base alone being
persistent, and enlarging with the 1 -seeded berry. The
perfect fruit I have not seen.

I

Plate XXII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The flower enlarged.

U M B E I. L U L ARIA,

(Nees ah Escnb.)
Natural Order, Laurine^. Llnnvcan Classijicallon, En\e-

ANDRIA, MOXOGYNIA.

Flowers heumapiirodite. — The perianth deeply G-parted and
shortly companulatc, the scj^mcnts equal and deciduous. Sta-
mina 12, the 9 exterior fertile, interior sterile, the 3 fertile
innermost ones each with a pair of large glands covering the
back of the filament. „inthers 4-celled, those of the 3d series
with the two upper cells introrsely opening, the lower ex-
trorsely and lateral; the sterile fdaments thread-shaped. Stig-
ma peltate, subrepand. Berry 1-sccded, seated on the cup-
shaped base of the perianth.

A tree of Upper California, with alternate pennately nerved
leaves. The flowers aggregated in axillary umbellated clusters,
inclosed by the involucrum, the scales of the involucrum broad-
ish, alternate and approximate, after the opening of the flower,
caducous.

i

%

CALIFORNIAN U.MBELLULARIA.

UMBELLULARIA Califorxica, hei^maphrndita, foliis pe-
rennantibiis oblongo-lanceolatis vix acittis penninerviis
reticulata-vcnosis glabris, pcdunciilis axilluribus simpli-
cibiis, Jloribus pluribtis, umbetla subcapitata, pedunciilo
folio brevioribiis.

Tetrantheka? Californica, Hooker, et Arx. in Botan.
Beech. Voy., p. 159. Hooker. Flor. Bor. Amer., 2. p. 137.

Laurus regia? Douglas. Journal, in Hook. Compan. Bot.
Mag., vol. 2.

This splendid evergreen tree was discovered on the

88

CALIKUUMAN UMUKLLULAUIA.

iiortli-wost coast, in Upper ('{ililbniia, hy Mr. Mcnzies,
who first in!i(l(! known to botanists tijc vcc^ctablc trea-
sures of tlint interesting and tiien unexplored region.
Douglas afterwards found it in nearly the same country,
south of the CoUmihia or Oregon, and adds, that it
attains llie lieiijht of from 10 to 120 feet, with a diamc-
tcr of from 2 to 1 f(!et. It commenc(;s at the southern
limit of the prevailing pine and fir forests, which line the
wastes of Oregon. The foliage gives out, when bruised,
a most powerful camphorated odour, which from its
pungency is capable of exciting sneezing. Flowering
specimens of this interesting tree were in Douglas's
collection from California. It is to be regretted, how-
ever, that no detailed description nor figure is given;
and I had not the good fortune to meet with it myself.

SASSAFRAS (Tmuh/s Sassafras. Linn). The inha-
bitants of North and South Carolina distinguish two
kinds of Sassafras, the Red and the White. The Red
or true L. Sassafras I referred (in the Genera of North
American plants, vol. 1. p. 259, 2G0.) to a sub-genus
Eiiosmns^ embracing also the following variety, which
I then considered as a species, by the name of />.
[Euosmus) albidu. It is distinguishable from the Red
by having the buds and twigs smooth and glaucous; its
leaves arc also smooth and thin, ai;d the veins almost
obsolete beneath, the petiole is apparently longer. The
root is much more strongly camphorated than that of
the Red sort, and is nearly white. It is better calculated
to answer as a substitute for ochra {Hibiscus cscidcntus)
than the common kind, as the buds and young branches
are much more mucilaginous. It is abundant in North
and South Carolina, from the Catawba Mountains to the
east bank of the Santec, growing with the common
kinds.

\

REMARKS ON THE LAURIN/E.

89

From the present order of plants we derive the Cin-
namon, Cassia and the Camphor. Srvcral species allord
tiie Cinnamon of connnerce, and tlie iMurtis Qni.vos pro-
duces tliat of Peru. The Cinnamon of Santa Fe dc
IJogota is aflbrded hy Ijiunis Cinmimomoulrs. A great
deal of the finest camphor of India, liowever, is the pro-
duct of the Dryohalanops Camphorn. Tiie volatile oil
obtained from some species of Laurus found in the vast
forests between the Oronoko and the Parime, is pro-
duced in great abundance by merely making an incision
into the bark with an axe, as deep as the liber or young
wood. It gushes out in such quantities that several
quarts may be obtained by a single incision. It has the
reputation of being a powerful discutient.

I

common

*i

12

THE LINDEN, or LIME TREE.

Natural Order Tiliack^ (Jussicit). Linnwan Classification^

I'OLYANDUIA, MoNOGYNIA.

Tii.iA.t (r.iNN.)

Sepals 5. Pt'lals 5. S/amciis nimicroiis, disposed more or less
in 5 clusters, the central tuft (chiclly in the native species)
transformed into a petal. The ovarty j^lohular, villous, and
5-celIed, each of the cells hcarinji; 2 ovules. Capsu/c lig-
neous, glohular, by abortion only 1 -eel led, with 1 or 2 seeds.
Cotyh'duncs sinuate.

Trees of Europe and North America with alternate dilated or
cordate leaves, oblique at the base, serrated on the margin, and
with a tough and fibrous bark; stipules caducous. The flowers
disposed in flattish pedunculated clusters (or cymes), and with
the peduncle curiously adnate for a great part of its length to a
large membranaceous, linear bracte. The rest of this family of
plants are nearly all tropical productions.

LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, or LLME.

TILIA HETEROPHVLLA, folUs ovalis, arsfiife srrralisy hast
nunc cordatis, nunc oblique aut wqualiter irnncalis, subtus
tomentosis; nucc pisiformi. Ventenat, Mem. de I'Institut.,
torn. 4. p. 16. pi. 5. Puusn, Flor. Bor. Amer., vol, 2. p. 3(J3.
NouvEAu DuHAMEL, vol. 1. p. 229. Decandolle, Prod. vol.
1. p. 513.

TiLiA HETEROPHVLLA, leaves glabrous and deep green above,

f An ancient Latin name, probably from the Greek ^r«Aw, the
Elm.

REE.

las.sijicalion^

more or less
live species)

villous, and
Jap.sx/e lig-

or 2 seeds.

tc dilated or
margin, and
'I'he flowers
s), and with
s length to a
lis family of

'ratis, ha.si
itis, suhlii.s
0 riiistitut,,
'I. 2. p. 3()3.
!, Prod, vol.

I'cen above,
;k irfwwj the

M

■ '*^''^rV|>'

•y»v.

4i.

j> #;

1

1'. '

J

%

{^*

'niia lii'lri'u|>livllM

/.i/n/f /fi/rrt/ ///////// 'Ji/A/./ /ii'ft'/-i>/t/i(f/i

i

LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.

91

very white and vclvety-tomcntose beneath, the veins dark
coloured and nearly glabrous, with coarse mucronatc serra-
tures; petals obtuse, crenulate; staminodia [inner petals]
spatulate, entire, style hairy at the base. Tukkev and Gray,
Flor. North Ainer., vol. 1. p. 2.'J9.
TiLiA ALKA. Smilh's Insects of Georgia, vol. I. p. 21. t. 11?

This is one of the rarest and most ornamental trees
of tlie whole genus, and as far as my own observations
go, it is almost wholly confined to the shady forests of
the Ohio and its tributary streams, to which Pursh also
add?; the banks of the Mississippi; Torrey and Gray
received it likewise from the neighbourhood of Macon, in
Georgia, where it was collected by our late mutual friend
and excellent observer Doctor Loomis. In descending
the Ohio, late in autumn, (about the year 181G,) I
ffot out of the boat in which I was descending to walk
round Le Tart's Rapids above Cincinnati, here I ob-
served almost an exclusive forest of this fine Linden, on
a rather elevated alluvial platform, in a light, rich cal-
careous soil. Most of the trees were tall and rather
slender, GO to SO feet in height, and the ground was
thickly strewed with their large and singular leaves,
almost as white as snow beneath. According to the
herbarium of Mr. Schweinitz, it exists also in Virginia,
probably on the borders of the streams which flow into
the Ohio, near Pittsburgh; and according to Doctor
Short, of Lexington, Kentucky, it forms in his vicinity
one of the largest forest trees in the rich lands there.
DecandoUe speaks of having received a specimen of
some very similar species from Mexico. It does not
yet appear to have been introduced into Europe, though
it is properly described in the new Duhanicl, probably
from Ventenat's essay, as the leaves are saiti to be
snow-white beneath.

The young branches arc purplish and somewhat glau-

\ •]

I

'^

!. J

92

LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.

cous. The largest leaves I have seen are ahout 6 or 7
inches long, and 3 to 5 broad. In the young state, the
white pubescence beneath is most conspicuous when
the leaves are tiiinly covered, the hairs are stellate, the
serratures are strong and sharp, with acuminated rigid
points, the upper surface is dark green; the base of the
leaf varies considerably, sometimes it is sinuated, at
other times perfectly flat and truncated; the leaves are
always very oblique at the base. The flowers are some-
what larger than those of T. americana^ and the fruit is
villous, nearly spherical, and certainly always without
any ribs.

The TiLiA ALBA, White Lime of Michaux, plate 132,
not being the T. alba of Kitaibel and Aiton, (Hort.
Kew. 1. c.) which is a native of Hungary, it is necessary
to change his name, and we propose to call it Tilia
MicHAuxii, (Michaux's Lime,) if his plant should indeed
prove to be any thing more than a smoother variety
of our T. hetcrophylla.

Plate XXIII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit, h. The flower.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The Lime has long been a favourite tree for avenues
and public walks; it is planted in the streets of some of
the principal towns of France, Holland and Germany,
and it is used for forming jxvenues both on the continent
of Europe and in Great Britain. It has of late years
been much planted along the streets in several towns and
cities of the United States, but in Philadelphia it is so
much attacked by insects that it probably will not long
survive. The species employed for this purpose appears

out 6 or 7
state, the
ous when
;ellate, the
atcd rigid
ase of the
luated, at
eaves are
are some-
he fruit is
s without

plate 132,
Dn, (Hort.
necessary

1 it TiLIA

aid indeed
er variety

c flower.

avenues
some of
Germany,
continent
ite years
owns and
it is so
not long
D appears

LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.

93

i

i

to be principally the European, while the native kinds
being more hardy and vigorous, ought to have the pre-
ference, particularly the present species, (7'. hctcrophi/f/a,)
which in a good soil becomes a large tree, and is at the
same time splendidly ornamental. The insect that de-
vours the leaves of the Linden appears to be a moth,t
which suspends its cocoons at the ends of the twigs of
the trees it has stripped; these ought carefully to be re-
moved and destroyed, by which means the evil, if not
wholly cured, would be decidedly mitigated.

The Dutch plant the Lime in towns, along their widest
streets, and by the sides of their canals; and the whole
country is thus perfumed by their flowers during the
months of July and August; they likewise aftbrd an
ample repast for the bees.

The wood of the European Lime tree is of a pale
yellow or white, close-grained, soft, light, and smooth,
and not liable to be attacked by insects. It is used by
pianoforte-makers for sounding-boards, and by cabinet-
makers for a variety of purposes. It is turned into
domestic utensils of various kinds, carved into toys, &c.
The most elegant use to which it has been applied is
for carving, for which it is superior to any other wood.
Many of the fine ^.arvings in Windsor Castle, St. Paul's,
Trinity College Library at Cambridge, and in the Duke
of Devonshire's mansion at Chatsworth, from the hand
of the celebrated Gibbons, are of this wood. It makes
excellent charcoal for gunpowder. Baskets and cradles
were formerly made from the twigs. The leaves are
also employed as fodder for cattle in Europe. It is
in Russia and some parts of Sweden that the well-
known bass mats arc formed from the inner bark of
this tree. The bark stripped from young trees of six

f A species of Oikclinifi.

J '

HTmilWVIU n\

94

LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.

inches to a foot in diameter are selected for this purpose.
These strips arc steeped in water till the bark separates
freely into layers, it is then taken out and separated into
strands, which are dried in the shade, and afterwards
manuflictured into the mats so much used by gardeners
and upholsterers, and for covering packages. The
fishermen of Sweden make fishing-nets of the fibres of
the inner bark, formed into a kind of flax; and th«^
shepherds of Carniola even weave a coarse cloth of it,
which serves them for their ordinary clothing. The
whole plant abounds with mucilage, the sap, like that of
the Maple, aflbrds a considerable quantity of sugar, and
the honey produced by the flowers is considered superior
to all other kinds for its delicacy, selling at three or
four times the price of common honey; in Europe it is
used exclusively in medicine, and for making some
particular kinds of liyiiciirs, especially Rosolio. This
Lime tree honey is only to be procured at the little town
of Kowno, on the river Nieman, in Lithuania, which is
surrounded by an extensive forest of Lime trees. The
triturated fruit produces also a paste very similar to that
of Cocoa. During the taste for grotesque decorations,
the Lime, like the Yew, was cut into various imitative
forms, and in some of the public gardens of recreation
round Paris and Amsterdam there are very imposing
colonnades, arcades, walls, pyramids, and other archi-
tectural looking masses formed of this tree.

The European Linden attains a height of upwards of
100 feet, and grows with vigour for several centuries.
In Switzerland there are some very large and ancient
Lime trees: one mentioned by Dccandolle the younger,
near Morgos, has a trunk of 24 feet 4 inches in cir-
cumference; another near the great church at Berne,
which was planted before the year 1410, is 30 feet in
girth.

j

3 purpose,
separates
rated into
fterwards
gardeners
es. The
fibres of
and the
oth of it,
ig. The
:e that of
igar, and
I superior
three or
rope it is
ig some
3. This
ttlc town
which is
!s. The
r to that
arations,
mitative
creation
mposing
r archi-

vards of

inturies.

ancient

ounger,

in cir-

Berne,

feet in

/lllfllCIII .//,4/l(//i'

Klii/opiitti'.'i AiiM'i'iciiiiii

/{ /n \t'/i/ri>rf 1/ .iiiicfiifiii'

f*

I'l.XMv

.///, /•/.!

'fiorr 1/ Jiiicrujfiii'

MANGLE.

Natural Order, Rhizophore^e, (R. IJrown.) Linnican
Clussijication, Dodecandria, Monogynia.

RinZOPIIORA.f (Linn.)

Tube of the calyx obovatc, coherent witli the ovary, the border
divided into 4 oblong, persistent scgmcnls. Petals 4, oblong,
cmarginate, coriaceous, conduplicate, before expansion em-
bracing the alternate stamens, the margins each with a double
row of long woolly hairs. Stamens twice as many as the
petals; anthers nearly sessile, large, linear-oblong. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style conical, short, 2-
furrowed; stigma 2-toothcd or bifid. Fruit ovate or ob-
long, crowned near the base with the persistent segments of
the calyx, longer than the tulie, at length perforated at the
apex by the radicle of the germinating embryo.

Maritime trees of the tropics with entire opposite leaves, and
axillary flowers.

AMERICAN MANGLE, or MANGROVE.

RHIZOPIIORA AMERICANA, folUs obovatn-oblongis ohtusi.s;

pedunculis trichotomis jictiolo loiigiorihiis, stylis sul)ulu-

tis bijidis,fructibiis subnlato-clavatis obttisis.
Rhizophoua mangle. Jacquin, Amer., p. 141. t. S9. Brown,

Jam. p. 211. Dec AND. prod. vol. 3. p. 32. Nutt. Florid, pi.

Sill. 5. p. 295. Tor. and Gray, vol. 1. p. 484. (not of Linn.)

t The name, from pi^u, a 7'oot <fipa', to bear, in allusion to the
seed germinating before it falls from the branches.

^ A

m

AMERICAN MANGLE.

Candela amcricana follis Utnrinis. Catesby's Carol., vol. 2.

p. ()3. t. G3.
Mauglc (U/uah'cdy Jhiii.s auhrntuntllN et piDtctatis. Plumieh,

Gen. p. 13. Sloank, Jam. p. IS.I. Hist. vol. 2. p. G3.
Murguc Guapuriba. Piso's Brazil, 1. 4. c. 87. U.

This tree is foiiiul in the maritime swamps of Louisi-
ana and luist Florida, and along the coast of Te.\as, not
uncommon. The Mangrove, like the famous Banyan
Fig, sends out innumerable roots from the fusiform fruits
which terminate its branches into the surrounding
marshes, so that after a wliile a single tree becomes, as
it were, the parent of a whole forest of several miles in
extent; and growing well even into the salt water, it ia
not unfrequcnt to sec their branches loaded with oysters
(the Ostrca folium) of an exquisite flavour. Those
thickets likewise afford a rcLort for various kinds of
sea-fowl, and fringing the margin of the ocean and the
salt pools with their spreading summits, they give a
peculiar feature to the tropical landscape, but at the
same time afford shelter to clouds of musquetoes. The
bark and fruit are useful for tanning; the flower, accord-
ing to Loureiro, ("yes a very durable black, and, accord-
ing to Sloane, affords a material for ink.

The Mangrove of the West Indies and tropical Ame-
rica becomes a tree about 40 to 50 feet high, and 2
to 3 feet in diameter, with a ferruginous bark and
white wood of no great value, except for fuel, yet, ac-
cording to Sloane, the wood is good for building and
shingles. The wood of that of India, as described by
Roxburgh in his Flora Indica, is of a dark reddish colour,
hard, and durable.

The Mangrove is not very tall, but very branching,
the branches almost always opposite, elongated and
pendant. When touching the soil, they strike root and
become new trees, which re-multiply themselves in the

AMERICAN MANGLE.

97

il., vol. 2.
Plumikh,

' liOuisi-
Bxas, not
Banyan
rm fruits
rounding
omes, as
miles in
Iter, it is
li oysters
, Those
kinds of
1 and the
y give a
It at the
es. The
, accord-
, accord-

cal Ame-
h, and 2
ark and
yet, ac-
ing and
ribed by
|h colour,

[anching,

ited and

root and

IS in the

same manner, thus forming an almost impoTK .mblc
barrier on the borders of tlic s(>a.

The leaves are opposite, entire, coriaceous, .«t first
folded inwards, with caducous stipules between the
petioles. The (lowers are pale yellow, the segments of
the calyx lanceolate. The anthers are subulate; the
margin of tiie petals pilose. The style bifid, with the
divisions rather long and subulate. The verdure of
the Mangrove is dark and gloomy, and the whole tree,
inhabiting a region of desolation, presents an aspect of
sadness.

The most extraordinary plant of this, or rather a
nearly allied genus, is the Rhizophora <rymnorhiza of
Linna3us, (now Bni^icra.) This tree grows commonly
in the maritime marshes of India, and the branches of
its numerous roots ascending into the air produce the
appearance of a large umbrageous tree, as it were, on
stilts, or as Roxburgh says, supported in the air on a
circle of converging hop-poles. The fruit, the leaves,
and the bark of this species are also said to afford food
to the native inhabitants. A figure of it is given by
Rumphius, vol. 3. t. G8, and by Rheede, in the Flora
Malabarica, vol. 6. tab. 31, 32.

Platk XXIV.
A branch of the natural size. a. The fruiL

13

G U A V A .

Natural Order, Myrtacr^. Llnnvnati Classifi cation,

IcOSANDIlIA, MONOOYNIA.

PSIDIUM,t (Linn.)

Calf/.r-\\\hc (or external jijerm) ellipsoid or obovato, often oon-
tiactc'd at the summit; the border at first iiii(livi<lcd and ovate
\vhil(! in flower, afterwards 1 to >')-cleft. Pcldls 5. Sluincna
very numerous, distiuet. Sfi/lc filiform: .sliij^ina capitate.
The ovari) with from T) to !.'() eells, some of them abortive,
each cell subdivided by the interposition of a jjlacenta resem-
bling a dissepiment. Oi'ulefi numerous, horizontal. Fruit
a many-seeded berry, coated with the adhering ttdje of the
calyx and crowned by its persisting lobes. The seeds scatter-
ed through the ])ulp in tiie ripe berry, having u bony or
hard shell. The enil)ri/o curved in a half circle round the
protruded base of the testa. Coti/lcdunes minute, the radicle
rather long.

Trees or shrubs chiefly indigenous to the intertropical regions
of America, with opposite, entire, imj)unctate, feather-nerved
leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1 to 3 flowered, each flower with a
pair of bractes. The flowers white.

FLORIDA GUAVA.

PSIDIUM HirxiFOLiuM, glat)riim, ramulis teretibus, foliis
parviilis coriaceis cuneato-obovatis obtusis siibsessiiioits
margine revolntis, pedunculis solitariis brevissimis unijlo-
ris,Jructu pyriformi.

For a knowledge of tliis interesting tree or shrub we

I

t One of the Greek names for the Pomegranate. Giuwa is a
corruption of the American aboriginal name of Guayuba.

fiat/ Ion ^

, ofion 0011-
il niul ovatu
S/(///icn.t
a capitate,
ni abortive,
ciita rcscni-
Lal. Fruit
ubc of the
c(h scatter-
a bony or
round the
the radicle

ical regions
her-ncrvcd
vvcr witli a

bus, foliis
•bscssiiious
nis xuiijlo-

slirub

vvc

'jrUdVCl IS a

uba.

■■^^'^-JR*

'■-^■""

HiVa.., KviMi^"

iH. M

r

FLORIDA GUAVA.

99

arc indebted to tlie late indefatigable Dr. Baldwyn, >vlio
met with it in some part of East Florida, near the river
St. Johns. To show how very unlike this species is to
all the others known, it was hastily marked by Mr.
Schweinitz in his herbarium, (of which the sjK'cimon
forms a part,) " Qucrcus vircns,''^ and, at the first hasty
glance some resemblance may be traced with the Live
Oak in the leaf and twig, but, of course, the presence of
the fruit at once dispels the illusion.

I have seen but the single specimen now figured, and
would recommend its examination to some future tra-
veller. The twig is round, covered w ith a grey bark, and
at near distances marked with the cicatrices of opposite
fallen leaves. The leaves on the upper branchlets are
crowded together in opposite pairs, of a very thick,
opaque, rigid consistence, and appear to be scmpervi-
rent, they are perfectly smooth on both sides, paler
beneath, dark green above, cuneatc-obovate, obtuse,
sometimes with an attempt at a very short and blunt
acumination, with the margin reflected, and beneath
marked with numerous approximating feathered nerves;
they are from 1 inch to 1 h inches long by ^ to f of an
inch wide. The peduncles are axillary and solitary,
very thick in the fruit-stalk and scarcely two lines long.
The flowers I have not seen. The berry is blackish-
purple, pear-shaped, about the size of a cherry, and
appears to have been succulent, as usual; internally it is
filled with horizontal rows of flat, subreniform, pale
brownish bony seeds, with a narrow embryo curved into
the form of a horse-shoe. The cotyledones are very
small, and in the seed of a bright waxy-yellow. This
species is very nearly allied to the Purple-fruited Guava,
(P. Cattlcianum,) scarcely diircring in any thing but the
smallness of the leaves find the pyriform fruit, though
the leaves of the Purple Guava, besides being much

i

100

FLORIDA GUAVA.

larger, are also pubescent when young. Most of the
species of this genus are cultivated in the tropics for
their fruit. The P. pyrifcnwi, or common Guava, bears
a fruit about the size of a hen's egg, yellowish, with a
peculiar odour; the pulp is rather firm, flesh-coloured,
sweet, agreeable, and aromatic. In the West Indies it
is highly esteemed by all classes, being eaten raw, as a
dessert, or formed into an excellent sweetmeat and

jelly.

Of the fruit of the Purple Guava, to which ours is so
closely related, Lindley remarks, "The excellent flavour
of its fruit, which is very like that of strawberries and
cream, is far superior to either P. pyriferum, pomtferuni,
or poiycarpony Mr. Sabine remarks of the fruit of this
species, "that it is juicy, of a consistence much like that
of a strawberry, to which it bears some resemblance in
flavour."

What the present species may become, when culti-
vated, remains to be proved, but in a genus so generally
interesting for their fruit, the experiment is worth making,
when an opportunity may offer. Probably, Dr. Bald-
wyn found it growing near or above New Smyrna, as
he did not go much farther into the interior of East
Florida.

Plate XXV.
A branch of the natural size in fruit.

'J

f

ilost of the
tropics for
uava, bears
'ish, with a
ih-coloured,
ist Indies it
1 raw, as a
itmeat and

I ours is so
ent flavour
)erries and
pomiferum,
Tuit of this
;h like that
mblance in

vhen culti-
3 generally
•th making,
Dr. Bald-
Smyrna, as
)r of East

('iilv|ilr;in(li«*s rlivli-Mriilia

I'lA'

if:.

"-ym

bt

■a-»?s^li»|v^ci5.v

. ■:'&■..

*"^

'>5^.---" ■

(1

14:

CALYPTRANTHES,t

(SWAHTZ.)

Natural Order, MvRTACEiE. JJnnwan Ciassljiiulion,

IcOSANDRIA, MoNOGYNIA.

Tube of the calyx obovate, with the border entire, when flower-
ing bursting circularly in the form of a lateral, and at lenu;th,
deciduous lid. Petals none, or 2 or 3 and minute. Stuyncns
many. Style 1; stigma simple. Ovary 2 to 3-cclle(l, Ihe
cells 2-seedcd. The berry by abortion 1 -celled, 1 to 1-seeded.

Small trees of the West India Islands and of Brazil, the leaves
with pinnated veins. Flowers small and numerous, usually in
axillary or terminal panicles.

FORKED CALYPTRANTIIES.

CALYPTRANTHES chytraculia, arboren, foliis ovatis
apice attenuatis rigidiusculis demum glahris, jjcduncrilis
axillari-terminalibus trichotumis panicidatis Jloribusgiie
rtt/o-velutinis. — Decand. Prod. vol. 3. p. 257.

C. Chytraculia, arborea, pedunciilis terrninalibus trichoto-
mis tomentosis, foliis ovatis apice attenuatis. Swartz,
Prod. p. 79. Flor. Ind. Occid., vol. 2. p. 921.

Myrtus chytraculia, pedimctilis dichotomis panicidatis to-
mentosis, foliis geminis subovatis terrninalibus. Linn.
Amoen. Academ., vol. 5. p. 398. Swartz, Observ. p. 202.

Chytraculia arborea, foliis ovatis glabris oppositis, racemis
terrninalibus. Brown, Jamaic. p. 239. t. 37. fig. 2.

Eugenia fallens? Poiret. Suppl., vol. 3. p. 122.

This plant forms an elegant and curious small tree,

f The name from x4xi«r^a, a veil, and avSo?, a flower, in allusion
to the operculid form of the calyx.

?*,

I I

102

FORKED CALYPTRANTHRS.

^vitli hard wood, find in Jamaica is accounted an excel-
lent timber, but the trunks .seldom exceed 14 or 15

inch

In Ji

found in the dry

m diameter.

mountain lands; it is also indigenous to the islands of
St. Thomas and (iuadalouj)e, and it has now also been
found on Key West by Dr. Blodgett.

The branches appear to be covered with a grey and
smooth bark. The leaves, when in bud, as well as the
young branches, flower-stalks and calyx are clad with a
short, soft, ferruginous down, which from the leaves, as
they advance in their developement, wholly disappears,
they arc of a lanceolate-ovate form, narrowed into a
short petiole below; above acuminate but obtuse; beneath
they are distinctly pcnnate-nerved, and too opaque to
admit the light throui»h the resinous glands with which
they are nevertheless provided; they arc about two
inches long by an inch in w idth. The flowering panicles
are trichotomous, usually terminal, and considerably
ramified. The flowers are small and whitish, from the
colour of the stamens. The calyx is ferruginous and
tomentose, formed of a small obovate even cup, the
whole border separating in a circular manner flies over
to one side, in the form of a rounded petal, from whence
issues the numerous filiform stamens with small whitish
anthers. The germinal fruit appears small, dry, and
tomentose, but I am unacquainted with it in a ripe
state.

Plate XXVI.

A branch of the natural size. a. A flower magnified, .showing
the lateral adherence of the lid of the calyx.

I an cxccl-
14 or 15
in the dry
islands of
also been

grey and
ell as the
ad with a
leaves, as
isappears,
cd into a
;; beneath
•paque to
ith which
jout two
f panicles
siderably
from the
ions and
cnp, the
flies over

I whence

II whitish
dry, and
n a ripe

, showing

KJ^Iiiiriy ili'l.

Sincla.ir'sLitti

,S'ii>tt//-/r'tti'ft/ /^r/afr/t'/i

EtijJmiia, diiihotoma.. .

/rrtn/iasicr dSurA^Atntf

Sinciair'sLiti

%.

m

'*»»

f).

,**?■•

{ : 1

T

' '« '*»-»

»

•^:^'i,

i

^ ^ '-

• V

-^v."

~

*r*^' ■

,i^' .

♦ ,:> '■«■ ■ '-

'■f

»

.-*•■

■r*-

At

'■ '.^f '"

■?

t-^

i

•tv/,'

'X

E U G E N I A .t

(MiciiELi, Linn.)

Natural Order, Myrtacete. Linnvean Classification,

IcOSANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.

The tube of the calyx roundish, with the border deeply 4-parted.
Petals 4. Stamens many, free. Ovary 2 to 3-cclied, the
cells containing several ovules. Berry sub-globose, crowned
with the persisting calyx, when mature 1 or rarely 2-celled.
Seeds 1 or 2, roundish and large. The embryo pscudo-mono-
cotyledonous, the cotylcdones very thick and wholly blended
together, the radicle more or less distinct and very short.

These are trees or shrubs, mostly indigenous to the Caribean
Islands, or the warmer parts of America. The leaves and in-
florescence are very similar to those of the Myrtles.

SMALL-LEAVED EUGENIA.

EUGENIA DicHOTOMA, pedunculis acciUarihxis oppositis el
siilHerviinalibus folio longioribus bifidis uut bis bijidis,
floribus in dichoto7niis sessilibus cwJeris ])ediccllatis, foliis
elliptico-lanceolatis basi attcnuatis pcllueido-punctatis,
adultis glabris, jiinioribus utrinque rarnnlis calycibusquc
pubesccntibus. — Decand. Prod., vol. 3. p. 278.

Myrtus dichotoma,YA\\\\ JNISS. Poiret, Supplem., vol. 4. p.
53? /S. viwciwss, foliis ovatis glabris. Eugenia fragrans.
WiLLD. Sp. PL, vol. 2. p. 9G4. Bot. Magaz., t. 1242. E.
montana, Aubl. Guian., vol. 1. p. 495. t. 195?

Eugenia divaricata, Lam. Encyc, p. 202.

This elegant and fragrant species of Eugenia rcsem-

t So named in honour of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who was a
protector and encourager of botany, and jjossessed a botanic
garden.

104

SMALL-LEAVED EUGENIA.

I' '

li 1

m

bling a IMyrtle, becomes, at Key West, according to
Dr. Blodgett, a tree. It is also indigenous to the islands
of St. Domingo and Cuba, where specimens have been
collected by Poiteau and La Sagra. The variety
fragrans, for such I must consider it, is a native of the
high mountains in the southern part of Jamaica and
Martinique, and if the same with Aublet's E. montana it
is also a native of Guiana. The E.fragrans has many
years since been collected by Dr. Baldwyn, in the vicinity
of New Smyrna in East Florida.

The wood of E, divaricata, according to Lamarck, is
hard, close grained and reddish, and is much esteemed
for articles of furniture. The wood of the Florida tree
is exactly similar, while that of E. montana^ according to
Aublet, is hard, compact and white.

The branches of the plant now figured are covered
with a smooth light grey or silvery bark, and at the
summits are crowded with small shining almost opaque
leaves, but yet interspersed with the usual resinous
vesicles of the genus; they are from an inch to an inch
and a half in length, and about three-quarters of an inch
in breadth, mostly elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, and always
narrowed below; sometimes they are nearly lanceolate
and obtuse at the point; scarcely any veins are visible
on either side, but the mid-rib is prominent beneath.
The young leaves, buds, peduncles and calyx are clothed
with a close, short, hoary pubescence, which in the
variety /raw-raws is much less distinct or almost wanting.
The peduncles are axillary, coming out towards the
summits of the branches, and are of various leiigths,
sometimes only a little longer than the leaves, at other
times crowded into trichotomous branchlets, two or three
times longer than the leaves; in their most sunple form,
except by the abortion of the lateral buds, they termi-
nate in three flowers, the central one sessile in the fork,

.1 -'.

SMALL-LEAVED EUGENIA.

105

I H

lording to
he islands
liavo been
D variety
ve of the
naica and
nontana it
has many
le vicinity

imarck, is

esteemed

orida tree

wording to

3 covered

ad at the

St opaque

resinous

0 an inch

)f an inch

id always

anceolate

re visible

beneath.

e clothed

in the

wanting.

^ards the

lengths,

at other

or three

lie Ibrm,

y termi-

the fork,

;n

>

and the lateral ones are longish diverging pedicels; at
other times the peduncles arc twice trifid, or even more
ramified, and lengthened out very nuich in the progres-
sive ripening of the fruit. The segments of the calyx
are always four, broad and rounded, covered with resi-
nous cists or vesicles, and pubescent or ciliatc on the
margins. The petals are likewise rounded or concave,
whitish, with a tinge of red. The stamens are numerous.
Style simple and subulate. The berry at length only
1-seeded. There are a pair of minute subulate bractes
under the base of each flow er bud, but so deciduous that
they are seldom to be seen.

One of the specimens of the variety fragrans from
New Smyrna has very slender twigs; and on the same
specimen there are obtuse and very sharply acute leaves.
In this also the peduncles are chiefly axillary. This
plant is nearly as fragrant as the common Myrtle.

Plate XXVII.

A branch of the natural size a. The flower a little enlarged.
b. The berry, of the natural size.

14

lOG

TALL EUGENIA.

I I

EUGENIA VTHociERA, pedicellis unijloris axillaribus 2-4 con-
fertis folio brevioribus sub Jlore bibracteolatis,foliis ovatis
obtuse acuminatis ramisque glabris. PoiRET,Suppl. Encycl.,
vol. 2. p. 129. Decand. Prod., vol. 3. p. 268.

MvRTUs PROCERA, pcdunctiUs confertis axillaribus uniflorisj
foliis ovatis acuminatis planis glabris, ramis virgaiis,
caule arboreo. Swartz, Prodr. p. 77. Flor. Ind. Occident.,
vol. 2. p. 387. WiLLD. Sp. pi., vol. 4. p. 968.

This is another plant with the aspect of a Myrtle,
which becomes a tree and attains an elevation of 20 to
30 feet. It was discovered by Swartz in the forests of
the interior of Hispaniola. It is likewise indigenous to
the islands of Martinique, Sta. Cruz, and has now been
found common on Key West by the same gentleman
who met with the preceding species.

The wood appears to be white and close-grained.
The twigs are clothed with a light grey, almost white
and silvery bark, and are spreading and sometimes zig-
zag. The leaves are on short petioles H to 2^ inches
long, by an inch to an inch and a half wide, ovate,
acuminate, and obtuse, rather opaque, nearly scentless,
though provided with the usual resinous vesicles, and
from the bud they are perfectly smooth. The flowers
are said to be fragrant, and come out on separate
axillary peduncles, from 2 to 4 together; the peduncles
at first are not more than 3 or 4 lines long, but grow
out at length to the extent of half an inch. The seg-
ments of the calyx are 4, rounded and broad, rough,
with aromatic vesicles, but smooth. The petals 4, are
rounded and concave, slightly ciliated, and appear to

his 2-4 con-
foliis ovatis
ppI.EncycL,

IS uniflorisj
is virgatis,
J. Occident.,

a Myrtle,
n of 20 to
) forests of
igenous to
i now been
gentleman

3e-grained.
nost white
jtimes zig-
' 2J inches
ide, ovate,
scentless,
sides, and
le flowers
1 separate
peduncles
but grow
The seg-
id, rough,
tals 4, are
appear to

I . •

/

"l^;

1

-•. t.

I

r.iitioiiiji |U'0(MMn

/</// JitO/l'lUU

l(iiii/p(i{>u'r e/fr4'

¥/

I I

!' :'

TALL EUGENIA.

107

h.ive been reddish-white. Stamens numerous, the an-
thers whitish. The berry spherical, brownish-yellow,
about the size of a grain of black pepper, studded over
with numerous glands or aromatic cists, and crowned
with the broad persisting border of the calyx: at first
2-celled, with several ovules, at length the berry is only
1-seeded, the seed large, with no distinct cotylcdones.
It flowers in April. The size of the leaves appear to
vary, so that in some specimens they are uniformly only
about half the dimensions we have given.

Plate XXVIII.

I >i|

I'

A branch of the natural size and of the large leaved kind.
A cluster of the berries.

a.

"

i

!

108

li >

BOX-LEAVED EUGENIA.

EUGENIA ^iVxlTQl.^ \, pcduncu/is axiUarihis ramosis rmilti-
Jlorifi brci'isslmis, pcdiccllis sub Jlorc bihraclculaliti, fnliis
obovalo-ohloHi^ift obltt.sis basi (tttenuatis opucissxiblus punc-
tatis mari^ine subrcvolutis. — Decand. Prod., vol. 3. p. 275.
WiLLD. Sp. pi., vol. 2. p. 900.

Myrtus buxifolia, raccmuUs hrevisshnis conferfis axillari-
bu,s,foliis cti/ieatisob/ongis ubtusis convexiusculis. Swartz,
Prod. p. 78. Flor. Ind. Occident., vol. 2. p. 899. M. monti-
cola ? SwARTZ, Flor. Ind. Occid., vol. 2. p. 898.

Myrtus axillalis, Poiret, Diet. vol. 4. p. 412, (non Swartz.)
M. Poircti, Spreng. Syst, vol. 2. p. 483.

This plant, also a native of Cuba, St. Domingo, and
Jamaica, has been observed at Key West by Dr. Blod-
gett, where it is very conn'iion in sterile places, affecting
the vicinity of the sea, and becoming a tree of about 20
feet in height, with a hard, white, close-grained wood.
The bark is whitish-grey and even, the twigs are slen-
der and chiefly clothed with leaves towards their sum-
mits, they are wedge-oblong, sometimes almost lanceo-
late, obtuse, and always narrowed below into a minute
petiole, so that they appear to be nearly sessile, above
of a darkish green and somewhat shining, beneath dull
and paler, slenderly nerved beneath, somewhat opaque,
punctate and slightl}'^ revolute on the margin, they are
about \\ inches long by ^ to f of an inch wide. The
flowers are very small, in axillary branching clusters of
3 to 7 together on the minute and very short bracteate
raceme; there are 2 minute bracteoles under each
flower; the calyx as well as the petals are studded with
resinous glands, and the latter arc more than twice the

w.^is mil It i-
latis, foil is
'htus punc-
1. 3. p. 275.

is axiUari-

'y. SWARTZ,

M. inonti-

jn Swartz.)

lingo, and
Dr. Blod-
, affecting
' about 20
ned wood.
; are slen-
iheir sum-
st lancoo-
a minute
ile, above
neath dull
it opaque,
, they are
ide. The
;lusters of
bracteate
ider each
[Ided with
twice the

4^^l'''

f'

f^\ -

K'H?^'

■■w*

{

hi'

t'>'v'f\

r

..^*

.-HTJI

^ ^

•^i«^:'

lu.

k »>

f"{^

i

■<<'

S^J.

I.'

the

^"•, ^ -V

Kiiiiciiia biixiloli:!

rixxix

UiAt: /t'itiYv/ /,'///,

laeHKi

/(nn/M>i'it'rii ffiuif/rx J* huis.

f*^
W-

BOX-LEAVED EUGENIA.

109

length Of the calyx. The calyx, racemes, and minute
branchlets are covered with a close brownish pubes-
cence. The flowers are polygamous, on many speci-
mens sterile, though furnished with the pistillum, and
many of the flowering clusters are produced on the
naked branches where they have been preceded by the
former leaves The berry is dark brown, covered with
resinous glands or cists, about the size of a grain of
black pepper, and when mature contains one or more
(rarely 2) large seeds in 1 or 2 cells, with blended, in-
separable cotyledones.

/ !

i i

Plate XXIX.

A branch of the natural size. «. A flower enlarged, b
berry, c. A berry with 2-cells.

The

■ \

A il

IIP

i \

INDIAN ALMOND.

Natural Order, Combretace^, (R. Brown.) Lhincean
Classification, Decandria, Monogynia.

TERMIN ALIA, (Linn. Decand.)

Flowers often polygamous from abortion. — Border of the calyx
deciduous, campanulate, 5-cleft, the divisions acute. Petals
none. Stamens 10, in a double row, longer than the calyx.
Ovary with 2 or 3 ovules. Style filiform, somewhat acute.
Drupe not crowned by the calyx, often dry, indehiscent, 1-
seeded. The seed resembling an almond. Cotyledones spi-
rally convolute.

Trees of the largest size or shrubs, with alternate or rarely
opposite leaves, crowded towards the extremities of the branches,
and hence the generic name. Flowers in spikes, the spikes in
racemes or panicles, bisexual in the lower part, and male in the
upper.

§ L Catappa, (Gaertner.) The drupe compressed, with the
margin tvingcd or much attenuated.

CATAPPA, OR INDIAN ALMOND.

TERMINALIA cat avp a, foliis obovatis basi attenuatis stib-
tus m,ollitfr pubescentibus, glatidulis m.inim.is subtus in
basifolii ad latus nervi m,edii. — Decand. Prod., vol. 3. p.
11. Linn. Mantis, p. 519.

Terminalia catappa, leaves about the extremities of the
branchlets on short petioles, obovate, cuneate and attenuated,
at the same time slightly cordate at the base, a little repand,
with a large depressed gland beneath on each side the midrib
near the base: racemes axillary, solitary, simple, shorter than

D.

) IJnncBan

A.

■ of the calyx
ute. Petals
in the calyx,
lewhat acute,
dehiscent, 1-
yledones spi-

ate or rarely
the branches,
the spikes in
I male in the

sed, with the

\J).

'enuatis sub-
is subtus in
od., vol. 3. p.

lities of the
id attenuated,
little repand,
le the midrib
, shorter than

n \\\ii.

(M-lililuiIlK «-:ilii)i|):l

/lii<liiiii(t r I A- • Ifii/d /j)ir

CATAPPA, OR INDIAN ALMOND.

Ill

the leaves; drupe oval, compressed, glabrous, with elevated
navicular margins, convex on both sides. Aunot, Prodr. Ind.
Orient, vol. 1. p. 313. Jacquin's Ic. rar., vol. 1. tab. 197.
Lam. lUust. tab. 848. fig. 1. Jidamarum, Rheep, Flora
Malabarica, vol. 4. tab. 3 and 4. Torrev and Gray, Flor. N.
Amer., vol. 1. p. 485.

According to Torrey and Gray, Dr. Hasler has dis-
covered this splendid tree in Soutiicrn Florida. A
variety of it is known to exist in the Caril)b(?an Islands,
which Humboldt and Kunth imagined to be introduced,
but for this supposition there is probably no sufficient
ground, as Poiteau collected it in the forests of St. Do-
ininifo, of which I have a specimen now before me. A
near congener, if not the same thing, was found in
Guiana by Aublet, his Tanibouca; yet the favourite re-
gion of its existence is in the tropical forests of India,
on the sandy and gravelly coasts of Malabar, and in the
island of Java; it there becomes, according to Rheed,
a very large and splendid tree of a pyramidal form, like
that of a lofty spruce, the leafy summit being composed
of almost horizontal branches disposed in circular
stages. Its wood is white, very hard, covered with a
smooth grey bark which is red within. The leaves,
situated near to the extremities of the branchlets,
6 or 7 together, at intervals, form circular clusters of
great regularity; they are about 6 to 9 inches long, by
3 to 5 wide, of an inversely ovoid or cuneate oval
figure, widening towards the summit, where they be-
come almost round, with a short, abrupt, slanting point
in the centre, narrowed and somewhat cordate at the
base, nearly entire, or obscurely, though sometimes very
distinctly crenulated on the border, green and smooth
above, slightly pubescent beneath; the young leaves and
shoots as well as the petioles, clothed with a brown and
close tomentum. The flowers are small, without scent,
of a whitish-green, and disposed in great numbers in

i; H

112

CATAPPA, OR INDIAN ALMOND.

several almost terminal axillary slender spikes, they are
nearly sessile, with caducous, concave, oval, pointed
bractes. The calyx contains a small, very hairy, 5-
toothcd cup. The spikes are not as long as the leaves.
The fruit is an elliptic shell, a little compressed, glabrous,
surrounded with an elevated margin, convex on both
sides, and reddish-brown when mature. This dry drupe
includes an oblong very hard nut, of one cell, containing
a white kernel, of a taste approaching to that of the
filbert nut, but more oily and soluble.

In India it is filso cultivated in gardens. The large
almond-like kernels of its nuts are eaten and served at
the best tables. An oil is obtained from the kernels
by expression similar to that of the olive, which is said
never to become rancid. It is made also into emulsions
like almonds. The Indians employ the leaves medici-
nally for indigestion, bilious aflfections, and other mala-
dies.

Plate XXXII.

A small branch of the natural size,
nut

a. The flower, b. The

Terminalia Benzoin has a milky sap, and was believed
to produce the Benzoic acid, which, however, is now
doubted.

Another of the species, Terminalia vernix, is said to
afford the celebrated Chinese and Japanese varnish used
in their lacquer ware. This tree grows on the mountains
of several of the southern provinces of China, and in the
Moluccas. It possesses a lactescent juice, which as
well as its exhalations even, are said to be deleterious,
but the kernels of its fruits, like those of the Catappa,
are perfectly harmless and agreeable. At Batavia regu-
lar plantations are made of the Terminalia Moluccana in
the gardens and places of public resort, for the sake of
its agreeable shade.

Bs, they arc
al, pointed
y hairy, 5-
tlic leaves,
d, glabrous,
ex on both
s dry drupe
, containing
that of the

The large
id served at
the kernels
hich is said
0 emulsions
ves medici-
other mala-

ver. b. The

ras believed
ver, is now

, is said to
arnish used
5 mountains
., and in the
i, w^hich as
deleterious,
le Catappa,
itavia regu-
Woluccana in
the sake of

ronorarpiR erreta.

Jiuiton tre4t.

(oiioi'ftvpe i/rt>t/

I'lXXMii

K^.:l

#2/

V'^*

^/jw t/n'fV.

i%if ji •<. .".V

if' •

f-

.Ai>;' ■

#'

I'

CONOCARPUS.t

(diKnTNEn.)

Natural Order, CoMrmKTAcn.f;. Unnican ClassiJI cation,
Pentandkia, Monoovnia.

The flowers densely ap^i'^'fi'ited in c;lol)iilar or ohlonu; splkcts like
amcnts. — Tiil)c of tlie c(tli/x alxiiit \\w lcnfj;tli of tliu ovary,
persistent; tiie border .'j-clcft. Petals none. Stiiinois ;j to
10, exserted; the anthers heart-shaped. (Juarj/ conipresscid,
containing 3 ovules. The fniits coriaceous, corky and scale-
like, closely imbricated, and indehiscent. Cutytcdoncs spirally
convolute.

Small maritime trees or shrubs, with allernatc, entire, some-
what coriaceous leaves. Heads of flowers pedunculated, axillary
or terminal, solitary or in panicles.

BUTTON-TREE.

CONOCARPUS EnECTA,/o///.9 ohlont^is iitrhique (tcnuifua/h-
ssepius bast /)ig/a)idi(/osis, capilnlls paniculalis. — Dkcand.
Prod., vol. 2. p. IG. Jaci*. Amcr., p. 7S. t. 52. Catksuv's
Carolina, tab. 33.

tt. arborca. Decand. 1. c.

Conocarpus erccta, fruits retrorsely imbricated in a subglobosc
head, somewhat boat-shaped, scarcely winged; tube of the
calyx not produced beyond the ovary; leaves oval-lanceolate,
mostly aci.te or acuminate at each end, usually with 2 glands
at the base; heads paniclcd. — Touuey and Guav, Flor. N.
Amer., vol. 1. p. 48.5.

t From Kavoc, a cone, and MafTra, sx fruit, its fruit resembling the
cone of an alder.
15

114

BUTTON-TREE.

irii

:; : I ' i

I'l

i i

; ; ii ■

dHi^ ^

Manghala arbor Curassavica foliis sal'ignis. IlEBiM. Parad.

Bat, CoMMELiN, Ilort. Amst., p. 115. cum. ic.
»^lmis viaritima myrtifolia coriariorum. Pluk. Almag. 18.

t. 240. f. 8.
t/Ibii frnctu laur'ifnlla arbor maritima, Sloane, Jam. Hist.,

2. p. 18. t. 161. f. 2.
Jnnominata. Plum. ic. 135. t. 144. f. 2.

This is another tropical West Indian tree which the
southern extremity of East Florida has afforded. It has
been observed on the shore of Key West, Southern
Florida, and around Tampa Bay. In the West Indies,
like the Mangrove with which it grows, and for a kind
of which it is taken by the Spaniards, who call it Mangle
Saragoza, it affects the low sandy and muddy shores
near the sea, where it becomes an erect tree about 30
feet high, with the trunk a foot in diameter, having a
smooth whitish-grey bark and angular branchlets. In
South America it also exists on the coast of Guayaquil,
and in Chili, near Valparaiso. In a country where the
finest kinds of wood are so common, that of the "Button
Tree" is little esteemed, and it is, therefore, only used
for fuel; it is, however, fine and close-grained, in the
branches brownish-Avhite, capable of a high polish, with
scarcely any visible annual layers, and made up almost
wholly of dotted medullary rays. The general aspect
of its inflorescence, and, indeed, its closely imbricated
inelegant heads of flowers lead us almost to compare it
with some of the amcntaccso, particularly the Alder, while
its real relations are to the present family, Avhich includes
in the Comhretum itself, and the singularly splendid
Cacoiicia of Aublet, some of the most elegant and beau-
tiful of plants.

The bark is grey, bitterish and astringent, and no
doubt medicinal. The leaves of a yellowish-green, are
from 2 to 3 inches long, I to an inch broad, acute at

BUTTON-TREE.

115

•:rm. Parad.
Almag. 18.
Jam. Hist.,

I which the
led. It has
, Southern
'est Indies,

for a kind

II it Mangle
ddy shores
e about 30
r, having a
ichlets. In
Guayaquil,
r where the
;he "Button
;, only used
ned, in the
polish, with
) up almost
eral aspect
imbricated
compare it
ilder, while
ch includes
ly splendid

and beau-

each end, very smooth, and on short petioles, which have
fioquently two glands at the base. The flowers, for
which butterflies have a great predilection, are very
inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, small, and collected into
globose heads, in axillary and terminal few-flowered
panicles on pedicels about the length of the capituli.
The heads at length become reddish; the capsules
are small and scale-like, corky, dilated elliptic, internally
concave, with broad, thin, carinated margins, and are
very often abortive, never more than 1 -seeded, and
pubescent at the summit.

The island of Cuba aflfords another allied but very
distinct species, which may be the C. procumhcns of
Jacquin, put down as a variety of the present by
Decandolle; the calyx, however, is almost entirely
smooth, with very acute segments, and the leaves are
sharply apiculated, and sometimes obtuse w ith a short
point. In this the wood appears to be very hard and as
close-gr lined as Mahogany, of a dull white, inclining to
grey, v ith a delicate feathered appearance, and a thick
bark, grey externally and blackish within.

According to Pince Maximilian, the bark of the
Conocarpiis raccmosa (one of the plants called Mangrove
in Brazil) is much used at Rio Janeiro for tanning.

Plate XXXIII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The flower, b. The fruit,
of the natural size. c. The same r>- ^nified.

lit, and no
-green, are
i, acute at

UG

SILKY BUTTON-TREE.

CONOCARPUS ERECTA. y. sericea, (Forstcr in herb. I'Herit.)
Jbliis oblongis utrinque acwninatis ad utramque paginam
etiam adultis adpressh villoso-sericeis. Decand. Prod., vol.
3. p. 16.

Mangle foliis oblongis integris idrinqiie violli lanitgine holo-
sericea obduciis. Sloane, Hist. Jam., vol. 2. p. 67. tab. 187.
fig. 2.

According to Sloano, this tree is known in Jamaica
by the name of the White Mangrove, and attains the
height of 20 feet, having white wood with a very small
pith; the bark is also smooth and whitish. This variety,
or species, has also been found, with the above, at Key
West, in East Florida, by Dr. Blodgett. We do not
see any thing to distinguish it as a separate species
from the crcda except the peculiar silky, shining pubes-
cence with which the leaves continue to be clothed even
in the adult state.

I . ,^

!(.''

erb. I'Herit.)
ue paginam
I. Prod., vol.

mgine holo-
67. tab. 187.

n Jamaica
ittains the
very small
lis variety,
ve, at Key
^e do not
-te species
ing pubes-
Dthed even

. ♦ >; •

l.:Mjiiii«'iil:n-iii i-jh*<muos:i

li/ii/,' Uiiiniriiic MiiiK/hCr ii (/rtil'ih's

ar

'Iti'i' ii iii'i initfx.

'.','.'1-

"*-■%,,

■

->.j%jft>\

(■:

■■.':'..;i^

V ■■■V-..l>'

I

V. i

'M
\i:^

LAGUNCULARI A,t

(G^RTNKR.)

Natural Order ^ Comhretack.f.. Limncan C/asslJicallun,
Decanduia, Moxogyma.

Coh/,r border persisting, suboanipiiiuilalc, 5-lobc(.l. Petals 5,
minute, spreading and caducous. Sfanie/is 5 or 10, in two
series, included. Sh/fc subulate, stigma capitate. Nif/ mar-
gined, coriaceous, valveless, 1 or 2-seedcd, crowned with the
calyx. Colijleduncs convolute; the radicle very long.

A tree of the Caribbce islands with o])posite, elliptic, smooth
leaves. Racemes opposite, many-flowered, the flowers sessile,
furnished with deciduous bractes; the calyx bibractcolate at the
summit. The seed germinating within the nut. A genus nearly
allied to Luainitzeka of India.

WHITE MANGROVE.

LAGUNCULARI A racemosa, Gxrtner, fil. Carpol., vol. 3.

p. 209. t. 217. Dec AND. Prodr., vol. 3. p. 17.
CoNocARPUs race:mosa, y^/Z/.s lanccolalo-ovatis obtusiuscuUs,
fructihus seqregalis. Linn. Sp. ])1. Willd., vol. 2. p. 995.

SwARTZ, Obs. p. 79. Jacq. Amer. p. SO. t. 53.
Conocarpus, foiiis cUiptico-ovalin, petiolis biglandulosis, ru-

ceinis taxis, fructihus sejunctis. Browne, Jam. p. 159.
Mangtn julifera, fotiis clUpticis ex adverso nascentibus.

Sloane, Jam. p. 156. Hist. vol. 2. p. Gfi. tab. 187. f. 1. Raii,

Dendr. p. 115.
Sphenocarpus. Riciiard, Anal. Fr. p. 92.
ScHOusBOA commutata. Sprengel, Syst. Vcgct., vol. 2. p. 332.

This plant is a native of the sandy and muddy shores

f From taguucufa, a little bottle, in allusioh to the form of
the nut.

118

WHITE MANGROVE.

i

of the Caribbean islands and the neighbouring continent,
where it becomes a lofty branching tree, sometimes
dividing into three or four trunks close to the ground:
it is called White Mangrove by the English inhabitants
of these islands. Dr. Itlodgctt has sent specimens of
this tree also from Key West, in East Florida.

The branches are cylindric and brownish, the twigs
ferruginous; the leaves are opposite and smooth, about
three inches long and an inch and a half wide, upon
short petioles, quite entire, thick, and somewhat coria-
ceous, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, and sometimes emargi-
nate, with a pair of glands near the summit of the
petiole, and, in most of the leaves, towards the edge
appear a number of raised glandular points, which arc
closed or open. The flowers are disposed in axillary
and terminal elongated racemes, the racemes sometimes
trifid. Flowers small, sessile, greenish-whitej the germ
pyriform, and, as well as the short border of the calyx,
covered with a short whitish, silky pubescence. Petals
5, very small and caducous. Stamens 5, not exserted.
The germ at its summit with 2 small dentiform brac-
teoles, the bractes themselves short, broad ovate and
caducous. Style, at length somewhat exserted, with a
small capitate stigma. Nut 1 -seeded.

Plate XXXIV.

A branch of the natural size. a. The nut in an early stage.

>_

'!-.

^

•1..

t

g continent,
sometimes
the ground:
inhabitants
iccimens of
la.

I, the twigs
ooth, about
wide, upon
vhat coria-
les emargi-
imit of the
Is the edge
, which are
in axillary
sometimes
)', the germ
* the calyx,
ce. Petals
►t exserted.
form brac-
ovate and
ted, with a

irly stage.

lin/ifn/ Berrr

Sho|»lu'rititi ariieiileu

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23 WIST MAIN STRUT

WEBSTiR.N.Y. I4SS0

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■■%

RABBIT BERRY.

Natural Order, EL^.ACNEyV., (Jussiou.) Linnxan Classiji-

CUt'wn, DlQXIA, OcTA.NDIUA.

SIIEPIIERDIA,t (NuTTAM..) IIippoimiak, (Pursli.)

Flowers ni(Eci()us.— Malk cali/x l-ckft, much larger tlian that
of the female. Corolld, none. Slarninu s, alternating with
a torus of 8 glands.— Fkmale flower with a small l-cleft,
superior, campanulate caftja', and S glands. Sti/le 1; stigma
ohliquc, suhcapitate. Berry ]\.ncy, 1-seeded, glohosc, invested
with the fleshy calyx.

Small trees, spincscent or unarmed, with the general aspect of
Elicagnus. Leaves entire, opposite, clothed with silvery and
ferruginous scales. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, or in
spikes. Berries pulpy, diaphanous, scarlet, suhacid.

RABBIT BERRY, or WESTERN SIIEPIIERDIA.

SHEPIIERDIA AnaizyTEA, fo/ih nhInns;n-ovalis, ohtusis^i^Iu-
bris, ttlrinr/ne ai'gentco-lepidotis, Jlorihus g/omeni/is. —
NuTT. Gen. Amer., vol. 2. p. 2t0. Lounox's Encyc. Plants,
p. S36. Arhoretum et Frutic. p. 1321. fig. 120S. Hookfmi,
Flor. Bor. Amer., vol. 2. p. 13S. tah. 178, (well illustrated.)

IIippopHAE argentea, Puiisii, Flor. Bor. Am. p. 115.

This very useful, hardy, and ornamental tree, is

t Named in honour of the late Mr. Jim. Shrphvrd, then cura-
tor of the Liverpool Botanic Garden. A most scientific gardener
and skilful cultivator.

120

llAUniT 13EIUIY.

wliolly a native of the northern and western regions of
Nortli America. Dr. Kicliardson observed it on the
banks of tlie Saskatcliewan, between Carlton and Ed-
monton House Forts, in the latitude of fil, and Major
Long's party found it growing on the borders of Rainy
Lake, about latitude 49. On the banks of the Missouri,
the hmit of its southern range is the borders of the
Phitte, but it appeared to be most abundant and fertile
around Fort Mandan, or the Great Northern bend of tlie
Missouri, in about the latitude of 48; here it becomes a
small tree 12 to 18 feet in height, and when adorned
with its brilliant scarlet berries, j)roduced in thick clus-
ters so as almost to conceal the brunches, few objects
are more ornamental, contrasted also with the silvery
hue of the leaves, which reminds one of the useful olive;
it presents at once an appearance both striking and
novel.

Amongst the natives and Canadian voyageurs it has
several different names. According to Lewis and
Clarke, it was known on the Missouri, to the natives,
by the name of the Rabbit Berry, from being fed on
probably by those animals, and it was met with by their
party in the gorges of the Rocky Mountains. Rich-
ardson says the Creek Indians give it a name which
signifies Bloody Berry, (Metheoo-meeva,) from the sin-
gular redness and transparency of its fruit. The Cana-
dian voyageurs called it (iniissc dc h(mij\ or Bufl'aloe-fat,
from the imaginary relish of the berries, or from the
practice of mixing them with their fat pounded meat or
pemican.

In 1815 I introduced a plant into the Liverpool
botanic garden, but being kept in the greenhouse, it was,
I presume, killed with kindness, and was soon lost.
About 12 or 15 years ago, my friends Messrs. Wind-
ships, of Brighton, in Massachusetts, in the vicinity of

RADBIT DERRY.

121

rcffions of
it on the
n Jind K(l-
md Major
I of Rainy
! Missonri,
3rs of the
and fertile
>cnd of the
becomes a
n adorned
thick chis-
cw objects
the silvery
seful olive;
riking and

eurs it has

[jcwis and

he natives,

inj; fed on

th by their

ns. Uich-

me which

m the sin-

iThe Cana-

ufl'aloe-fat,

■ from the

d meat or

Liverpool
isc, it Avas,
Isoon lost.
3rs. Wind-
Ivicinity of

Boston, obtained a few seeds of the Shrjthcrdin from the
banks of the Missonri, which irrowiiiir, <rave oriujin to all
the plants now in the United States and in Kurope.
A standard tree, at this time ^rowiiifr in their nursery,
is quite as larj^e as an ordinary Appie-trec; of the same
age, and it is yet very vigorous and increasing in size.
It is, I believe, about 20 feet high, with a handsome
erect trunk, clothed with a somewhat smooth bark, and
presents an appearance of the most vigorous health.
Its resemblance to the Olive is very striking; it has a
rounded uniform elegant summit, and when in fruit,
which is at the close of summer, scarcely any thing can
be more brilliant, from the load of berries with which it
is every where clad; these are about the size of small
red currants, juicy, but not waiery, of a pleasant sub-
acid taste, mixed with a sweetness, which renders them
generally agreeable. Made into sweet jelly, in the
manner of currants, they are thought preferable by most
who have tasted them. But the great use of the Shep-
herdia will be for constructing hedges or live fences, at
least in the Northern States where it thrives well. Kept
down by cutting it becomes sufliciently close, and has
also the advantage of being thorny, green, or rather
silvery, till late in autumn, and it is attacked by no
insect, nor subject to any disease or blight.

The berries are greedily devoured by all the autumnal
birds, particularly Robins and Blue-birds, who Hock
round the tree in throngs while any thing remains to be
had.

In its native state it is a small, rather narrow topped
tree, with the branches ending in stout spines. The
leaves are oblong-ovate, obtuse, sIkmIIv petiolate, on
both sides free from hairs, but covered with peltate or
rounded scales, which (through a lens) appear to be
ciliated. The flowers, which come out as early as in
16

122

RABBIT BERRY.

March, arc in clusters. The calyx of the male flower is
considerably larger than that of the female, and divided
down to the base into four subovate, obtuse divisions,
internally yellowish, but outside scaly like the leaves.
The stamens arc eight, with oftentimes rather short
pubescent filaments; the anthers arc oblong and 2-
celled. The female flowers are smaller and shortly
pedunculate, witiiout any vestiges of stamens. There
is one style, and a thickish, oblique, subelliptic stigma.
The germ appears inferior, but is, in fact, only invested
by the tube of the calyx. The berries are collected into
clusters, and are sparingly scattered with scales, but
bright and pellucid. The seed, or rather nut. with a
cartilaginous shell, is subovate and shining, much like
that of Hippophae^ it is also scored externally as if
partly 2-lobed, with a small projection at the base. The
embryo is straight and flat, without albumen, and the
radicle inferior. The cotyledons are large, thick and
oval. Mr. Wyeth, in the Rocky Mountains, observed
a variety of this species with yellow berries.

Plate XXXV.
A branch of the natural size.

A second species of this genus is the

SHEPHERDIA canadensis, or Canadian Shepherdia,
with elliptic-ovate leaves, nearly smooth above and
naked beneath, clothed with stellate hairs and ferrugi-
nous scales, the flowers are also in axillary spikes. This
species, it appears from Hooker, ranges far to the north,
throughout Canada to Fort Franklin, on Mackenzie
River, and from Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay to the
Rocky Mountains. In the State of New York I have

f '

ale flower is
and divided
le divisions,

the leaves,
athcr short
3ng and 2-
and shortly
ns. There
)tic stigma,
ily invested
)llected into

scales, but
nut. with a
, much like
•nally as if

base. The
3n, and the

thick and
3, observed

CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA. jg^

TZH^ '' """ the borders of the smaller inland lakes,
as wel as on the shores of Lake Erie; but this species
Bcarcely becomes a tree, is without thorns, and the
hemes though equally brilliant with the precedincr,
are rather unpleasant to the taste. On the authority
of Menzies it is said also to exist on the North West
coast, but I have not seen it there.

HEPHERDIA,

above and
nd ferrugi-
ikes. This
> the north,
Mackenzie
Bay to the
ork I have

X IMENIA,t

(Plimier.)
Natural Order, Olaci\r;e. IJnnxan Classiji cation ,

OcTANDllIA, MoNOGYiMA.

Calyx 4-toothccl, minute, persistent, not cnlar}:;ing. Pc/ah 4,
densely pilose within, connivent, above rcvolute. Slamcns 8,
the fihiments capilhiry, anthers adnato, long and linear, not
cxserted. Ovur;/ l-celled, l-seedcd. Style 1. Drupe ovate,
1-seeded. — Dec and. 1. p. 533.

Tropical trees or shrubs, with smooth, alternate, entire, ellip-
tical or ovate, exstipulate leaves; flowers mostly in small axillary
umbels.

MOUNTAIN PLUM.

XIMENIA AMERICANA, spinosd, fnliis ot)lonqis, pcditnculis

mullijloris, — Linn. Sp, PI, Hort. Clifl". 1193. Swartz, Obs. p.

149. Decand. Prod., vol. 1. p. 533.
et. ovata, foliis ovatis. X. mullijlora. Jacquin, Amcr. p. 106. t.

277. fig. 31. Lamarck, Illust. tab. 297. fig. 1.
XiMENiA montana. Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 121, a

variety, however, Avithout thorns.
Xi.AiENiA aculcata, flore villoso, fructu lutco. Plumier,

Gener. p. 6. Ic. 261. fig. 1.

This plant forms a small tree with an erect stem and
spreading, grey, verrucose and somewhat angular
branches. It is indigenous to the mountains of Jamaica,

t Named iu honour of Francis Ximencs, a Spanish naturalist
and missionary.

siji cation^

;. Pel (lis 4,

Stamens 8,

(I linear, not

Drupe ovale,

entire, ellip-
jmall axillary

, peduncnlis
vAtiz, Obs. p.

ler. p. lOG. t.

ica, p. 121, a

Plumier,

:t stem and
at angular
3f Jamaica,

ish naturalist

i

Xiiiiniui AiiU'iirniin

lli>i)iiftii II I'ltuH ,\i ilifnir . /ihrfi<<4iilf

Mor.NTAIN "I.UM.

125

Kny Went in Tloridii, ulicro it uas lound by Dr. IMojI-
}H'tt^ jind is also nut A\itli in tlic n(>i<;lil)<Hirli(>o(l of
Ciirtli;iir(>na, in llispaiiiola, and many v«>ars a^o it was
collected in tiu! inl«'ii(»r ol" Mast I'iorida l»y John liar-
train, as Mr. A. Gray saw spccinii'iis of it in his (•ollcc-
tion still extant. Aecor«lintf to Drs. W'i'rht and Kox-
bur;,di it is also indi<r»'nons to the coast of India.

It hears a drnpc the size ot'tlu! IMmn ol" llnrope, or of
a pij^roon's o«Tfr, yellow, smooth, and shininii, l-seedcd,
with a thin rind and watery pnip of a pleasant sweet
snhacid taste. The seed is larjiro and white. This
Plum is of an ajrrceahlc llavonr, and not inferior to the
common varieties of that of Europe; it has a siijiht
de^^rec of astrinr^ency with a pleasant acidity. The
llowers have a frajjrant odour said to be like that of
frankincense. The wood is as yellow as that of the San-
dal, and, in India, its powder is often substituted for it
by the IJrabmins in their religious ceremonies.

The leaves grow 2 or 3 together, on short, lateral,
tuberculoid branchlcts; they are pctiolatc, oblong-lance-
olate, obtuse and narrowed below, smooth, obscurely
veined, about 2 or 2J inches long, and less than an incb
broad. The flowers are disposed in small pedunculated
axillary and subtcrminal umbels, the umbels 13 or 4-
flowcred. The calyx is miimte and 4-tootlied. Petals 4,
linear-oblong, conniving into a tube below, recurved at
the apex, and covered with rather long and dense
brownish-yellow hairs within. Stamens 8, as long as
the petals, the filaments like the most delicate threads,
the anthers long and linear, ovary 8-angled at the base,
conical and subulate, with the style as long as the sta-
mens.

Plate XXXVI.
A branch of the natural size. a. The fruil.

M AC LUR A,t

(NUTTALL.)

Natural Order ^ ARTOCARPEiE, (R. Brown.) LimKzan
Classijication^ Dkecia, Tetrandria.

1

Flowers dkecious. — Male flowers with the calyx 4-cleft.
Stamens 4, exscrted. Female flowers in globular aments;
the calyx fleshy, 4-parted, with the bases ingrafted together.
Corolla none. Style 1, filiform, villous. Germs numerous,
each 1 seeded, coalescing into a compound globular berry of
many cells, the cells 1 -seeded. Seed obovate.

A lactescent tree, related to the Fustic, and with nearly simi-
lar yellow wood. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules,
producing superaxillary simple spines. Male flowers in pedun-
culated umbels. Aments axillary. Berry verrucose and large,
resembling an orange, at first lactescent, greenish-yellow or yel-
low. Nearly allied to Broussonetia, but distinguished by the
coalescence of the germs, and a peculiar habit.

OSAGE ORANGE, or YELLOW WOOD.

MACLURA aurantiaca. Nutt. Gen. Amer., vol. 2. p. 234.
Loudon's Encycl. of Plants, p. 784. fig. 13256. Arboretum
et Frutic, vol. 3. p. 1342. 1362. figures 1226, 1227, 1228.
Lambert's Fupplement to Pinus, 1. c. Eaton's Manual,
(Ed. 8.) p. 311.

This remarkable tree, though perfectly thriving and

■j- In honour of the celebrated geologist, philosopher, and
patron of natural science, Wm. Maclure.

LinncBttfi

i.

'aJyx 4-cleft.
bular aments;
ftccl together.
ns numerous,
bular berry of

nearly simi-
lout stipules,
ers in pedun-
)se and large,
mellow or yel-
lished by the

.^OOD.

ol. 2. p. 234.

. Arboretum

1227, 1228.

aN's Manual,

hriving and

osopher, and

c-

M:icl\ir:i Aiit'aiili:icii

(fxtuff (h'ltiu/c

/;.v/,v ,/.//

'"'^"-VT-, ■-' I 'nm\fj Mill..

/Iviii/f ffrmKje

Mucliira .\iii'jmli:i(:i

liiug ti ./re

OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW-WOOD.

127

hardy in the chmatc of Pliiladclphia, raised from seeds,
does not naturally extend to the north of the Arkansa
river; it is even there of rare occurrence, and j^enerally
destitute of fruit. We saw a few old iil-trrown trees on
the banks of the Pottoe, a few miles from Fort Suiith.
It was oidy on the rich low bottom lands of Red River,
near the contlucnce of the Kiainesha, that wc beheld
the Madura in perfection, forming a great part of the
prevailing umbrageous forest, and attaining an elevation
of 50 or 60 feet, by a diameter of between 2 and 3 feet.
It is, however, much inclined, when full grown, to throw
out irregular spreading limbs of considinviblc extent,
though at first it presents a very elegant roundish
spreading summit. But at all times it strikes the be-
holder as something remarkable in the northern forest
by the beauty and splendour of its dark and shining
foliage, which in appearance strongly resembles that of
the Orange, and the numerous spines which the branches
present seem to confirm the comparison. The fruit is
alike singular, resembling full grown yellowish-green
Oranges, but filled with a milky juice, and, as they ripen
at intervals, or become abortive, the ground beneath,
Uke an orchard, is strewn with this curious fruit, which,
when first discovered, lying neglected beneath the tree,
led the voyagers to fear and report it as a poison; but
the family to which it appertains and its relation to the
Mulberry, aflfords a presumptive sanction for its harm-
less qualities.

The Madura was first noticed by Hunter and Dunbar
in their voyage up Red River, on the banks of the Little
Missouri, of the Washita River, also near Natchitoches,
and upon the banks of the Arkansa. It was likewise
observed by Dr. James, in Major Long's Expedition,
along the banks of the Arkansa and the Canadian. I
first saw living plants, bearing fruit, about the year 1810,

128

OSAGE OIIANGE, OR YELLOW-WOOD.

in the garden of Mr. Choutcan, at St. Louis, wliicli were
raised from seeds collected in the country of the Osa<fes.
It was afterwardn introchiccd into the «far(len of the late
Mr. M'Mahon of Philadelphia, from seeds collected by
Governor Lewis. The largest tree I have seen in cul-
tivation is in the garden of Mr. Thomas (now David)
Landreth, in Federal Street, Philadelphia. It is about
20 feet high and 5.^ in circumference. This tree has for
many years borne fruit, but the seeds have only of late
been perfected, in consequence of the absence of the
stamiuiferous individual, on the .iccession of which, how-
ever, it produced abundance of seeds nearly as large
as those of the Orange, and much of tiie same form;
tiiesc were indicated in the fruit by an unusual projec-
tion of tiie external tubercles.

The wood of the Madura is solid, heavy, and elastic,
of a fine yellow colour, which, like the Fustic, it readily
communicates to water, and it might consequently be
used as a dye. It is also capable of receiving a fine
polish, and resembles satin-wood by its brilliant gloss.
The elasticity and durability of its wood has long been
celebrated by the Indians, who, from its use, have be-
stowed upon it the name of Bow- wood, and the Cana-
dians, who traversed these regions in quest of furs,
knew it long by the name of the Bois (Tare. The bark,
as in Broussonctiaj affords a fine white flax. Another
important use of the Madura, in this climate, is that of
forming live fences or hedges, for which purpose it is
well adapted, as it bears cutting, grows close, and is
very thorny, as well as free from the attacks of blight
and insects; it has all the advantage of keeping for a
long time green, and appears, in all respects, as elegant
a fence as that of the Wild Orange in the south. It
has, besides, an additional recommendation in its use

OSAGE ORAN(!E, OR YELLOW WOOD.

129

lich wcro

2 Osaj^os.
f llie late
Icctcd by
en in cul-
w David)
is about
3C has for
ily of late
cc of the
lich, how-
' as large
inie form;
lal projcc-

,nd elastic,
, it readily
quently be
ving a fine
iant gloss,
long been
have be-
the Cana-
,t of furs.
The bark.
Another
is that of
mose it is
se, and is
of blight
ping for a
s elegant
south. It
in its use

for feeding silk worms, for wliich purpose it is scarcely
inferior to the /(t//io//,s Morns Mii/liaiu/ls.f

The branches are tlcxuous and round, clothed with a
smooth grey bark. The leaves are alternate, upon long
foot-stalks, and are usually oval and acuminated; on the
bearing branches they are, however, often considerably
larger and heart-shaped at the base, very entire, with
the point mucronated and a little pungent, the upper
surface is smooth and shining, but the petiole and
nerves on the under side of the leaf are somewhat hir-
sutely pui)escent. The petiole is often an inch or more
long; the leaf itself 2 to 4 inches, and 1^ to 3 inches
wide. The staminifcrom plant appears uniformly w(!aker,
more delicate, and smaller leaved than the fertile plant.
The flowers in it arc axillary, in pedunculated small
umbels, each umbel containing about 15 to 20 flowers,
consisting merely of a small 4-cleft calyx, with oval
hairy segments, and 4 stamens, on lengthened and ex-
scrted filaments. The anthers are 2-celled, large and
oval, opening lengthwise. In both plants, single, undi-
vided thorns come out in the upper axills of the leaves.
The /cmo/c capitulum consists of a congeries of flowers
united into a globular form, about the size of a cherry;
these consist also in a calyx of 4 divisions, but less
regular than in the male. The styles and stigmas, one
to each germ, are | of an inch long, giving to the ament
the appearance of a tuft of long pubescent threads.
The berry filled with a milky juice, becomes about the
size of a moderate but not large Orange, having an
irregular tessellated appearance, almost like that of the
Bread-fruit; these tessellations are the unduly enlarged

t Different opinions are now entortaincd of the value of the
leaves of the Madura as a food for silk-worms, some approving
and others discouraging their use.
17

130
fleshy

OSAGE ORANOR. OR YELLOW WOOD.

summits of the soijmc'iif h of the calyx. The whole
of tlic calyces, at a short (hstanci; hclow the immediate
surface, hecome partly engrafted togi^tlier into one
mass, and a transverse section of th(; fruit, therefore,
presents a series of radiatiii«r and woody fihres, amongst
which are immersed the one-seeded germs. The seeds
arc obovate, compressed, and nearly as large as those
of the Orange. The testa is yellowish-wliitc and car-
tilaginous; there is no albumen, and the seed is of a
yellowish-brown, pendulous, with the radicle inverted
from the axis of the fruit, and curved partly over the
margin of the thick and fleshy cotyledoncs towards the
point occupied by the hylum. The fruit, when ripe, is
succulent, has a sweetish but insipid taste, and is some-
what acrid. As far as we know, it is not eaten by any
animal.

It is readily propagated by sowing the seeds, and also
by cuttings of the root, which grow much more readily
than cuttings of the branches. Although several male
plants were raised in this vicinity, it is singular to re-
mark, that while the fertile plant is in its utmost vigour,
very few of the former survive; and as their presence is
necessary for fertility, it probably would be the best
way to ingraft the male on some one of the branches of
the bearing plant.

Plate XXXVII.

A branch of the male plant of the natural size «. The male
flower a little enlarged, b. The female capitulum.

Plate XXXVIII.

The fruit of the natural size. a. A transverse section of the
same. h. The appearance of the abortive germs in the section.
c. The seed with the testa, d. The same divested of the testa.
e. The embryo. /. The back view of the same.

OSAUR OHANCJK, OH YELLOW WOOD.

i:u

ho whole
uincdiiitc
into one
hcrcfore,
amongst
he seeds
as those
and car-
[1 is of a
inverted
over the
kvards the
!n ripe, is
I is some-
DH by any

!, and also
»rc readily
eral male
dar to re-
)st vigour,
resencc is
the best
anches of

Besides the Fig, we luiV' . in thJH interesting family
of plants, the famous nn^ad-frMit of India and the
islands of the l'a(;ilie. Thr Cow 'i\ •\ or I'alo do
Vaca of South America, which if tapprd like a foun-
tain, and yields a coj)ious ipply of ricii and wiiolesome
milk. The nuts o{' i\\c Jirosimum nA/V//,s7/-//m, when roast-
ed, are used in the place of bread, iti the West Indies,
and have a taste similar to that of Hazel-nuts: the juice
of all the plants of this family also contains more or less
of caoutchouc. Amidst this generally harmless group
of plants, it is singular to find the deadly Upas of Java,
{Anliaris toxicario,) whose inspissated juice is found to
contain that most virulent of all poisonous principles,
strychnia. It in, however, somewhat doubtful what the
real aftinities of this plant are, as it is acknowledged to
be an anomaly in the family.

The male

Ition of the
the section.
If the testa.

NETTLE TREE.

Natural Order, IJLMACEiE, (Mirbcl.) Linnsean Classifica'

tioilf POLYGAMIA, Dl(ECIA.

M

CELTIS,t (Linn.)

Flowers polvgamous. — Staminate flower with the calyx 5 or
G-partcd. Corolla none. Stamens 4 to 7. Perfect flower
with the calyx deeply 5-parted. No corolla. Ovarium 1-
celled; the ovules solitary and pendulous. Style very short;
stigmas 2, thickish, subulate, and spreading. Drupe globu-
lar, 1 -seeded, thinly coated with a sweetish pulp. Embryo
inverted. Cotyledones folded.

The genus within its proper bounds includes deciduous leaved
trees of South Europe, the Levant, the mountains of Nepal and
Cuba, and the forests of the United States. The true Celtides
have alternate, entire, deciduous, and mostly cordate leaves,
generally oblique at the base, 3-nerved, entire, but mostly ser-
rated on the margin. The stipules are membranaceous and deci-
duous. The flowers are precocious, or appear before the expan-
sion of the leaves, with a film-like irregularly torn membranous
perianth, the staminiferous ones near the base of the branchlet
pedicellate, and 3 or 4 together. The fertile flowers are solitary
and axillary, on short peduncles. The drupes brownish-yellow,
rather sweet, insipid, and nearly juiceless.

For the tropical species with axillary cymes coeval with the
leaves, 2 distinct styles and an ovary with 2 ovules, I propose
the name of Thachydendron, (in allusion to their rough pubes-

t The ancient name of the Lotus, applied to this genus by
Linnaeus.

\

M

Classifica-

3 calyx 5 or
rfcct Jloivcr
Ovarium 1-
; very short;
^rupe globu-
). Embryo

luous leaved
f Nepal and
rue Ccltides
date leaves,
mostly ser-
lus and deci-
e the expan-
membranous
he branchlet
\ are solitary
nish-yellow,

val with the
js, I propose
•ough pubes-

lis genus by

it

lM.\v,\

('<*ltis iM'li«nljihi

S.-ii./tV /<v//vv/ A,///,- /...,,

I '• )■'<;<■':■ /.'. , .'■) /i,in','

IM.WX

'i{i/t'

'4Hv,--:

SMALL LEAVED NETTLE TREE.

133

cent leaves and twigs.) Most of these species have a tough fibrous
bark of the nature of hemp.

SMALL LEAVED NETTLE TREE.

CELTIS RETICULATA, foU'is brevihus, lalo-cordatis, s^ihcoria-
ceis, vix et irregulariter serratis acutis ba.si obliquis sca-
bris, siibfus subglabris venis elevatis reticulatis, peduncu-
li% fructifcris miijloris.

Celtis reticulata. Torrey, in Annals of Lyceum, N. Y., vol.
2. p. 247.

This low growing species of Nettle tree was dis-
covered by Dr. James near the base of the Rocky
Mountains; I likewise met with it in the same moun-
tain range, by small streams, and also along the borders
of the Oregon, towards the Blue Mountains, particularly
along the banks of the Bruise, a small stream falling
into that river. It does not, in the situations where we
observed it, become a timber tree, but rather a tall
shrub, full of slender, and, at length, smooth branches.
The leaves become thick and rigid, and are about an
inch and a half long, by less than an inch wide, acute,
but scarcely acuminate, with a few irregular serratures
towards the point of the leaf, though a number of the
leaves may be observed possessing no serratures at all;
the upper surface is shining and scabrous, beneath the
leaves are pubescent along the nerves, though at length
nearly quite smooth; the petioles are 1 or 2 lines long
and pubescent; the base of the leaf is very oblique,
rounded and slightly sinuated. The drupe is globose,
solitary, brownish-yellow, on a short peduncle. Of the
wood of this species nothing is yet known.

Plate XXXIX.
A branch of the natural size.

rS

134

LONG LEAVED NETTLE TREE.

CELTIS LONGiFOLiA, fo/tis ov(tfo-hinccnI(it'is prnmiftfic acti-
viinatis iulci^erriinis /!ri<ii^(//is clemitm i>;labris basi rolun-
datis obH(]nis sitbcuneatis, pedunculis friictifei'is imi-
Jlnris, cortice subtievi.

Celtis occidenldlis, ji. integrifuUa, Nutt. Gen. Am., vol. 1.
p. 202. (not of Lamahck.)

This tree, growing to the height of GO or 70 feet, in-
habits tiic deep shady forests which border the Missis-
sippi from St. Louis to the vicinity of the sea. Its even
and not deeply cleft b^.rk, in the absence of its aspiring
summit, at once distinguishes this species from the
Common Hack-Berry. Like all the rest of the genus,
(confined within its proper limits,) the insignificant filmy
flowers appear early in the spring, before the expansion
of the leaves. The small branches are smooth and
yellowish-brown. The leaves are smooth, of a thin
consistence, and remarkable for the great length of their
acuminated points, of an ovate or ovate-lanceolate
form, subtended by deciduous stipules, and at first
pubescent beneath, particularly along the large vessels
or veins; at length almost absolutely smooth, at no time
scabrous either above or beneath, and wholly entire on
the margin. The length is about from 3 to 3i inches
by 1 to H wide. The obliquity of the base varies ac-
cording to the position of the leaf on the branch; those
first developed are nearly equal at base, and of a lan-
ceolate form; the later ones are larger, wider, and more
oblique. The flowers are as usual; the males about 3
together towards the base of the branch, the f 'malcS

rS

a.

mii.t.sc acti-
bdsi rotun-
iferis vni-

Vm., vol. 1.

ro feet, in-
he Missis-
Its even
;s aspiring
from the
the genus,
cant filmy
expansion
looth and
of a thin
th of their
lanceolate
I at first
je vessels
Lt no time
entire on
3i inches
/aries ac-
ch; those
of a lan-
and more
i about 3
3 f'malcs

m-'

<,

''fi 't\

* J.'

■,3

#■

i^*>:

V'^^

^^

'iNMi»«U^k

■s

%■

H'

-4 ■

Ccliix Li)iiUtr«ilin .

I.otiif leiiivft \cftfi' free

ifitoi'itii'er ti f(<ff(fiie,t /em/Ze.^