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Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la m^thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 I i ^ I if ^ UK SERIES -I FIQ^ERS OF- APRIL- MAY- AND-EARLY-JVNE With life size pen and INK STVDIES FROM NATVRE BY F.5CHVYLER MATHEWS TABER- PRANG ART CQ BOSTON & SPRINGFIELD, MASS. JGHT 1R93 BvlABW-PfVii ■•gApt Co Boston, u-'>a 4^^^ r A ' ih'iniiliri nil-r li Iff! mmi^i^timtmm muuSiitiiftiimtltii i'li'lii'iiii.'jp-ij.iii i AYSIDE FlO^C'ERS 1 i t ) (i SERIES I. BEING A DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS THAT BLOOM IN APRIL, MAY, AND EARLY JUNE ^ ^ I ; BY F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS ^ ^ ^ ILLUSTRATED WITH PEN AND INK DRAWINGS FROM NATURE BY THE AUTHOR J^ jfij.jfijikjfkjfkjfkjfkjkjk r TABER- PRANG ART (P ■BOSTON & SPRINGFI ELD. MASS. L . iJjMyiMimiiiiiiiiir'i iw»r 1^ \\ 38764 Copyright laaSBrTABERPRANGART Co.Ba5ToN,L' 5A WAYSIDE FLOWERS. PREFACE, SERIES 1. HE division of a popular work on wild flowers into four sections, which are designated by special seasons, is a practical and simple method of sort- ing out the flowers according to the way of Nature, without troubling one with the com- plex system of the botanist. It is a useful sort of classification, because, to one who chafes at the delay necessarily attending the search for a flower's family name among the records in a manual of botany, the advantage of having a picture of the flower directly connected with the time of its appearance, it must be acknowledged, is immeasurably great. For those, however, who prefer to find a flower properly placed among its family relations, I have provided a classified index, which includes some very important definitions and a nomenclature according to Dr. Asa Clray. Each of the four series is a com- plete book in itself, that is, ■ f -r as it goes ; and with " Gray's Manual " in hand ■ will be found that the series cover a well-trodden path through the garden of Nature, which will materially aid one in pursuing investigations beyond the limitations of the wayside. Although I have drawn many of the commoner flowers, I have not neglected those interesting ones which are less common ; here and there 1 have intro- duced an unfamiliar character with the hope of stim- ulating an interest in a search for those rarer flowers which frequently nestle beside characters thoroughly well known. It is not possible for anyone to make a choice of one hundred familiar wild flowers, which might corre- spond with our preconceived ideas of what is most representative. What is common to one person is uncommon to another ; and with about four hundred flowers to choose from, it is not likely that the selec- tions of any two persons would bear a close resem- blance. My choice, therefore, has been largely directed toward the proper recognition of the most interesting flower families, and the members of these families have posed for their pictures in the most natural attitudes. EavU flower or leaf is drawn jusf as it grnt', without the slightest deference to a standard type, or a general average, or anything else of the kind. A thoroughbred Yankee is not lacking in distinctive qualities ; it is not necessary that he should look like " Uncle Sam." An Iris is an Iris, yet there are no two exactly alike ; we do not want to be forever fur- nished with representative Irises ; we want a chance to see the differences. , A careful study of the wild flowers brings one to a realization of the fact that Nature's handiwork is infinite ; she is not content with senseless duplica- tions. F. Schi;yler Mathews. if (Oi ^^g|g^ggg|^,i(ggjl|^S^^;giji(S| layflower, TralliiiK Arbul Series i. } I Marsh Marigold (wrongly called Cowslip). Ciltha fia/iislHs. Dutchman's Breeches. Dicintra Cucullaria. '»***»M»in...At-» _iu„,._— ^.,My,uwu;. — j..^ ^.,.„,M-Mi.j3i^iiJ~vt'^ ^:M!M^- ESliU^• :ir J5Ui«:f ' Marsh Marigold (wrongly called Cowslip). Cii/tfia pa/iiitris. lamily . . RANUNCUI.ACEv*:, Crowfoot. Color . . Golden, shining vcllow. Bloomii . . April-Mav. Knvironmeiit. In wct meadows, beside brooks, on marshy ground. Height . . 8 ins. to 1 ft., rarely 2 ft, nal)itat . . Common northward. Character: A thick-leaved stocky plant, with a buttercuplike flower. Dutchman's Breeches. Dicentra Ciuul/driu. Family . . FUMARIACEi^. Fumitory. Color . . . White, cream-yellow tipped. Blooms . . April-May. Envipnment, Rich Woods, shaded rocky slopes. Height . . 7 ins. to 10 ins. Habitat . . NewYork westward, common. Character: Delicate, slender, ornamental leaved ; flower with two spurs. Ml Dutchman's Breeches. Dicentra Cuculldria. (*) 1:1 Series 1. 'II III ^ i ' i! 1 11 ■:■?*. Adder's Tongue, Dog's-Tooth Violet. Erythrbnium Americanum. Family . . LILIACE^. Lily. Color . . . Light and deeper dull yellow. Blooms . . April-May. Environment, Rich ground, borders of moist wood- lands. Height . . 5 ins. to 7 ins. Habitat . . Me. to Fla., west to Minn, and Ark. Character: Leaves often mottled with purple, * or green-white. Bloodroot. Sanguinaria Canadensis. Family . . PAPAVERACE^. Poppy. Color . . . White, yellow anthers. Blooms . . April-May. Environment, Open, rich woods, borders of meadows, roadsides. Height . . 8 ins. to 10 ins. Habitat . . Common. Character: Stems with acrid, orange juice. Floweropens before the leaves reach maturity ^ the latter early curl over the buds which later outgrow the leaves. Goldthread. Cdptis trifblia. Family . . RANUNCULACEiE, Ctowfoot, Color . . . White. Blooms . . May. Environment, Bogs, and moist woodlands. Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins. Habitat . . Common northward, south along the mts. to Md., west to Iowa. Character : Bright, shiny, evergreen, dark-green leafi rootlets bright yellow. m Goldthread. Ciptis Iri/olia. 'D ^Bjiffiiiiat5aMaaBt^UM^^;lt^JJlllibtfa^^ f i! If ■v > I i t Series 1. ,?«■-' M« False Solomon's Seal. Smilacena stellita. Family . . LILIACEyE, Lily. Color . . . White. Blooms . . May, early June. Environment, Moist banks, edges of copses, borders of damp woods. Height . . 8 ins. to I ft. Habitat . . Me. to N. J., west to East Kan. and Minn., and westward. Character : Pale, smooth, bluish green leaves ; berries blackish. Star Flower. Trienfdlis Americdna. Family . . PRIMULACE^, Primrose. Color . . . White. Kioon-s . . May. Environment, Damp, cold woods. Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins. Habitat . . Me. to Minn., south to northern Ind., and mts. of Va. Character ; Leaf light green, thin ; flower star- pointed. k l:-rz r9> ■',»'>5i«Bgil)lKli<j| Painted Trillium. TriHium erythrocarpum. Family . . LILIACEiE, Lily. Color . . . White, petal angularly marked with crimson. Bloomi . . April-May. Environment, Cold damp woods, and bogs. Height . . 9 ins. to i ft. Habitat . . Me. to Ga., west to Wise, and Mo. Character: Leaves taper-pointed; flower and leaves wavy. -%, Wake-Robin. Birthroot. Trillium f rectum. Family . . LILIACi" /*:, Lily. Color . . . Dull brownish red, often pinkish or whitish. Blooms . . April-May. - • Environment, Rich woods. HeiKht . . 7 ins. to 10 ins. Habitat . . Me. to N. C, wcst to Minn, and Mo. Character : Flowers variable in color, ill-scented ; leaves broadly round, pointed. ■ i w m w. m (U) ^SBKilSiol; i>M»jl«>»J«lwwii*i«aiWJ*i'i"ltiM>»*'' ' HSMiJnE" %jlfimiTiriBTl»F''rWi - i^^^&i^m^^ ^-«'-',^^w^Ki»^' -f— t-^":?^ jf-.^T^":"" ;_"^, £ E-,^«"*jji#iS^i«i!'Jfe-R(»;*i:-:> y \ ^ Rue Anemone. Anemonella thalictrohies. RANUNCULACE/E, Crowfoot. White, rarely pink-tinged. April-May. Woodlands. 3 ins. to 5 ins. Common northward. Family . . Color . . . Bloomn . . Environment, Height . . Habitat . . Character : 5 to i o white sepals, several flowers, blooms in company with A. ntmerha. Wood Anemone, Wind-flower. Anemone quinquifolia. Dr. Robinson. Anemhne nemorhsa. Family . . RANUNCULACEiE, Crowfoot. Color . . . White, rarely outer surface of sepals purplish. Blooms . . April-May. Environment, Woodlands, margins of woods. Height . 4 ins. to 10 ins. Habiut . . Common northward. Character : 4 to 7 white sepals, bearing a single short-stemmed flower; plant-stem perfectly simple. Twin Flower. Linnia boreilis. Family . . CAPRIFOLIACEiE, Honeysuckle. Color . . . Pink of a crimson tone delicately graded to white. Blooms . . Late May-early June. Environment, Moist, moSSy woo(^lands. Height . . 3 ins. to 4 ins. Habitat . . Me. to N. J. and mts. of Md., west to Minn., and extreme north. Character: Delicately fragrant nodding flower} a vine. ^i a3> i^meHK-- .■^>im)sm»inemm.. •*«^i!«WF3K31«I*BfS]j.»r> ;. Bellwort. Oaiisia sesiilifhlia. Family . . LILIACEiE, Lily. Color . . . Yellowish, or cream color, sometimes slightly greenish. Blooms . . April-May. Environment, Low woods, margins of woodlands. Height . . 8 ins. to I ft. Habitat . . Me. to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and Ark. Character: Inconspicuous flower hanging be- neath the leaves. Yellow Wood-Sorrel. Oxalis corniculata var. stricta. Family . . GERANIACEiE, Geranium. Color . . . Yellow, of a golden tone-, not bright, but light. Blooms . . May, continues sparingly until Sep- tember. Environment, Roadsides, borders of fields, and wood- lands. Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins. Habitat . . Common. Character : Variable, low, drooping trifoliate leaves. E5 i.\S^ :// nflower. False Mitrewort. u coriiifblta. Family . . Color . . . Bloomi . . Environment, Height . . Habitat . . Canada Mayflower. Maidtifhfmum Canadime. Family . . LILIACE-*',, Lily. Color . . . White. Bloomi . . May and early June. Environment, Moist woods. Height . . 3 ins. to 5 ins. Habitat . . Me. to N. C, we it to Minn, and Iowa. Character: Fine flowersi i iconspicuous, shiny leafage. Robin's Plantain. Erigeron bfllidifhlius. COMPOSIT/E, Composite. Lighter or deeper pale violet, yellow center. May, early June. Copses, moist banks, roadsides, bor- ders of fields. 10 ins. to 1 8 ins. Common. Character : Asterlike, stout-stemmed. Foamflower, False Mitrewort. Tiarflla iordifhha. Family . . SAXIFRAGACEyE, Saxifrage, Color . . . White. Blooms . . April-May, sometimes early June. Environineiit, Rich woods, and moist, shady dells. Height 6 ins. to 8 ins. Habitat . . Me. to Minn, and Ind., and south through the mts. Character : A hairy surfaced, maplelike, mottled green leaf. (17) mi^tallMBMllI ^^1 Solomon's Seal. Polxgonhtum bift'orum. Kimilv . , IJLlACEv*:, Lily. c.l.ir . . . Grccnish-white. BIcMimn . . May, t'«rly June. Knvironnient, Wooded hillsides, shady roadsides. Height 10 ins. to 1 8 ins., rarely 3 Jt. Haliitai . . Mc. to Kla., wist to Minn., p^astern Kan. and Tex. Character ; Root pitted like a seal print, hence the name: Solomon's Seal. Mostly two flowers at base of each leaflet ; berries in autumn, tirst green, then blue-black like grapes. ^<<^£7 Fringed Poly«;ala, Flowering Wintergreen. Poly^ala pancifhlia, Family . . POLYGALACE/E, Milkwort. Color . . . Magenta, rarely white, often a crim- son-pink, near magenta. Bluoms . . May, early June. Knvironment, Woods, woody roadsides. Height . . 3 ins. to 4 ins. Habitat . . Me. to Minn, and HI., and Southward along Alleghany Mts. Character: Trailing, vinclike; the subterranean shoots bear concealed fertile flowers. K Wintergreen. ia. 09) SMMHII"*'"'*'*"" nil V V rl i 11 ' ill::; ,aA ■--''•; r«i5S3"--^-'«' i*?*«iS Wood Sorrel. Oxa/is AcetosHla. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Indian Turnip. Arisckma triphyllum. Family . . . ARACEiE, Arum. Color . . . Pale green, heavily striped with shiny madder brown. Blooms . . April, early June. Environment, Rich woods, beside brooks. Height . . I ft. to 1 8 ins. Habitat . . Me. to Fla,, west to Minn, and Eastern Kan. Character : Leaves taller than flower, hiding it; fruit at first green, finally scarlet. Wood Sorrel. dxalis AcetosHla. Family . . GERANIACEiE, Geranium. Color . . . White, crimson-pink veins. Blooms . . Late May, early June, sometimes early July. Environment, Deep, cold woods. Height . . 2 ins. to 5 ins. Habitat . . Me. to Penn., Lake Superior and northward; southward in the Alle- ghany Mts. f21) .Cil'! ;S! Series I. > ■;'•! I ' '' ;; ' Blue Plaz, Larger. Jris versicolor. Blue Flag, Larger. Iris versicolor. IRIDACEiE, Iris. Lighter or deeper violet, striped purple, white and yellow. May, early June, sometimes through- out June. Beside streams, ponds, and in swamps. 1 ft. to 2 ft. Me. to Fla., west to Minn, and Ark. Character: Stem angled on one side; leaves sword-shaped. Family . . Color . . . Blooms . ■ Environment, Height . . Habitat . . Series 1. "Srrr^-- SS^^ t ^ ranium, Cranesbill. 'iiiHiii miitiilatuin. Wild Parsnip. Zizia aurta. Family . . UMBELLIFER/f:, Parsley. Color ... A not very bright golden yellow. Blooms . . May-June. Environment, Roadsides, meadows, and meadow copses. Height . . 1 8 ins. to 2 ft., rarely 3 ft. Habitat . . Atlantic states, west to Minn., and Tex. Character : Smooth, lined stem ; aromatic odor when bruised. Wild Qeranium, Cranesbill. Geranium maculatum. Family . . GERANIACE/E, Geranium. Color . . . Pale magenta-pt'.rple. Blooms . . May-June, sometimes early July. Environment, Open woods, roadsides, fields. Height .. I ft. to 2 ft. Habitat . . Common. Character: Stem erect and hairy. (26) yiWHMilS Mfarrt.-MBit'J iU««ftli->a'.i?tV-«nlii s; . IIJ! Sari*. Pp. I^ANUNCULACE^, Crowfoot. Herbi with numerous stamens, and usually more than one pistil, all the parts of the flower distinct, and inserted on the receptacle. Calyx often colored like a corolla, when the latter is wanting. Thimble-weed, Aiummu Vir- giniana II-2I Wood Anemone, Wind-flower. AntmoHtfumguifolia. Ant- mom ntmorosa .... I-13 Liverwort, Hepatica, Hipaiita iriMa I- 3 Rue Anemone, AHtmmuUa Ikalulroidts I- 13 Marsh Marigold, Caliha paluslrts I- s Goldthread, Copiii trifolia . . I- 7 Co\Mm'ci\TX,AquiUgiaCamultH3is\\- 5 PAPAVERACE^ Poppy. Herbs with regular flowers, calyx mostly of two sepals which fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 3-5 times as many, numerous free stamens. Juice usually milky or colored and narcotic. Bloodroot, SaHguinaria Caita- dtHsis I- 7 rUMARIACE^ Fumitory. Delicate and sn-.,' °i herbs. Sepals 2, scale-il . ; 4 larger irregular and closed peuls, the two outer with spreading tips, and I or both spurred or saccate at base, the 3 inner and smaller united by their tips, which inclose the anthers of the 6 stamens in 2 sets along with the stigma. Compound leaver,. Dutchman's Breeches, Dicentra Cucullaria I- 5 CARYOPHYLLACE^, Pink. Herbs with regular flowers with not over I o stamens, 2-5 styles or sessile stigmas, mostly separate to the base. Calyx persistent. Petals sometimes minute or wanting. Opposite en- tire leaves. Long-leaved Stitchwort, SUUa- ria IcHgifolia "~ 5 HYPERICACE^, St. John's-wort. Perfect flowers with many or few stamens (usually in 3 or 5 clusters) inserted on the receptacle. Leaves opposite, entire, simple. Upright-leaved St. John's-wort, Hypericum adprtsium . IV- 7 Common St. John's-wort, Hy- ptricum perforatum . . . IV- 7 OERANIACEvE, Geranium. Herbs with regular flowers on the plan of 5, stamens 10, herbage scented. Leaves simple, variously lobed or even dissected. (In Oxalis leaves compound, of 3 obcordate leaflets, and flowers usually open only in sunshine.) Wild Geranium, Cranesbill, Ge- mHium maculatum I-25 Herb Robert, Gtramum Raber- tianum IV- 9 Snim. Pp. Wood Sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella 1-2 1 Yellow Wood-Sorrel, Oxalit corniculala VM. siricia I- 15 Jewelweed, Touch-me-not, /m- patient pallida III-19 POLYGALACE^, Milkwort. Herbs with very irregular flowers. Calyx persistent of 5 sepals; 3 of them snuUI, viz. : 2 on the lower, and I on the upper side of the blos- som, and I on each side called wings, which are larger, colored and would be taken for petals. Within these on the lower side, are 3 petals united into 1 body, the middle one keel-shaped and often bearing a crest. Stamens 6 or 8 concealed in the hooded middle peul. Leaves simple, entire, alternate or whorled. Fringed Polygala, Flowering Wintergreen, Polygala pauci- folia I-I9 WVAVvon, Polygala polygama . III-ii Milkwort, Polygala cruciata . IV- ; LEGUMINOS<€, Pulse. Flowers (always on the plan of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i.e. butterflylike or having a sundard, keel and wings. Sepals united more or less into a tube or cup. Leaves compound and alternate. Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria IV-3 ROSACEiC, Rose. Plants with regular flowers, numer- ous (rarely few) distinct stamens in- serted on the calyx, and i or many pistils, which are quite distinct. Calyx of 5 or rarely 3, 4 or 8 sepals, united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, and inserted with the sumens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Leaves alter- nate and stipulate. Meadowsweet, Spir,ra salicifolia 1 1- 1 9 Hardback, Steeple-bush, .S//r(7a tomenlosa II-19 Purple Flowering-Raspberry, Rubiis odoratus .... II-17 Wild Swamp Rose, Rosa Caro- lina Ill- 7 SAXIFRAGACE^, Saxifrage. Flowers mostly nerfect with as many or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or stigmas than there are petals or sepals. Stamens and pet- als generally borne on the calyx. Foamflower, False Mitrewort, Tiarella cordifoUa . . . I-i 7 DROSERACE^, Sundew. Bog herbs, with regular flve-petaled flowers, and bristly fringed leaves in a tuft at the root. Insectivorous plants. Long-leaved Suno^w, Drotera intermedia var. America': . iii- .15 MELASTOMACEiC, Melastoma. Plants with opposite simple 3-7 ribbed leaves, no stipules, as many S«riM. Pp. or twice as many stamens as petals, both inserted in the throat of the calyx, anthers of peculiar shape opening by a small hole at the apex Meadow Beauty, Deergrass, Rkexia Virginica , . . . III-19 ONAGRACE/E, Evening Primrose. Herbs or shrubs with showy perfect and symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely in two to sixes) throughout. The calyx tube bearing the petals, and as many or twice as many stamens. Styles always united into one. Fireweed, EpHoiinm anguslifo- lium III-15 Hairy Willow-herb, Epilobium hirsMtum III-15 Evening Primrose, CEnolhera biennis IV- 7 UMBELLIFER-E, Parsley. Herbs with small flowers in com- pound umbels calyx with 5 minute teeth or none, ; petals, 5 stamens and 2 styles. Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, more commonly compound. Wild Parsnip, Zitia aurea . ■ \-i$ CAPRIFOLIACE^ Honeysuckle. Shrubs, or rarely herbs ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube. Leaves opposite without stipules. Twin Flower, Linnaa borealis 1-13 RUBIACEiC, Madder. Shrubs or rarely herbs, stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube. Entire opposite leaves with stipules between them, or else (as in Galium) the leaves whorled without stipules. Bluets, Quaker Ladies, Hovslo- nia carnUa II- 3 Btdstnvi, Galium asprellum . III-li COMPOSITE Composite. The largest family of flowering plants. Corollas either tubular (or fiinnel- formed and lobed)' or strap-shaped, sometimes both kinds in the same head ; when the marginal strap- shaped corollas form what are called tay flowers, those of the central part of the head are called disk flowers. There are almost always five stamens, and the anthers are united in a com- mon tube through which the style passes. White Snake-root, Eupatorium ageratoides III-21 GoIdenAster,C*r)'."V''"/<»''''»''' HI- 7 Lance-leaved Golden-rod, Sol- idago lanceotata .... IV-19 Blue-stemmed Golden-rod, Sol- idago casta 1 V-2 1 White Golden-rod, Solidago hicolor IV-17 Smooth Golden-rod, Solidcgo serotina IV-13 Gray Golden-rod, Solidago nem- arals IV-15 '26' L_ '':iijjwM«^i-ff^^aa;.j'%'ig-?'"«k>,^^;.at!jjh!!iw?i;^ SYSTEMATICAL INDEX. Sariw-Pp. Heart-leavtd After, AiUr car- di/oUus IV-JJ Purple-ilemmed Alter, Aslir pmmtnu IV-17 Rough-leaved Alter, Asttr ra- WlUow-leived Blue Alter, Aittr Nmi-BtlgH 'V-13 White Heathlike Alter, Atttr ■ irUaidii IV-ai Paoided White Alter, Aslir panicuUaus IV-i 5 Robin'i Planuin, Erigtron M- luHfoUHS l-'7 Daily Fleabane, Erigtron stri- gosHt ni-13 Black-eyed Suun, RuJitciia Urta '"-'9 Wild Sunflower, HtUantAus gi- gantiut III-15 Beggar-ticki, Bidtns frondosa . IV-ii Larger Bur-Marigold, BiiUns dirysaiUhtmoidit . . ■ . IV-ii Fall Dandelion, Liontodon au- lumnalis IV-35 LOBELIACE/€, LobelU. Planti with milky, acrid juice, alter- nate, timple leaves, and scattered, racemed or panicled flowers. The corolla irregularly 5 lobed and mostly split down, on the upper side; the 5 stamens united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers; style only one. Cardinal Flower, Loitlui cardi- nabs "I-'7 Indian Tobacco, LoitUa infiata I l-i 5 CAMPANULACE-C, CampanuU. Herbs with milky juice, and scat- tered flowers, with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla, and 5 sta- mens borne on the summit of the calyx tube. Style i ; stigmas sev- eral. Stamens separate. Leaves alternate. Harebell, Bluebell, Campanula rotundifolia IV-5 ERICACE/C. Heath. A large fiimily of shrubs, herbs, and small trees. Flowers almost all regular with as many or twice as many stamens as there are petals or lobes of the corolla. The heath and heather belong 10 this family and are distinguished by needlelike evergreen leaves, and 4-iobed corol- las. Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus, Epigaa ripens . ■ ■ I- 3 Shin Leaf, Pyrola Mtptica . .11-7 Bell Heather, Erica cinerea . Ill-i i Indian Pipe, Monotropa uni- flora n-25 PLUMBAGINACE/E, Leadwort. Known by th» regular flowers with 5-lobed plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite as many petals and almost separate from them, and 5 styles. Sea Lavender, Marsh Rosemary, Statue Limonium var. Caro- lineana ni-23 PRIMULACE/C, Primrose. Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on the corolla and %mfm.9y. as many as iU diviiioni and oppoaite them ; one ityle and stigma. Star Flower, Trientaki Amdri- cana 1-9 Four-leaved Looieitrife, Lyti- macUa quadrifolia ■ ■ ■ II-13 Common Loosestrife, Lyiima- chia slricla n-13 APOCYNACE^, Dogbane. Herbaceous or woody planta, with milky juice, opposite (sometimes whorled) simple aod entire leave*, without itipules, and regular flowers. Calyx, corolla, and stamens in fivct, but the itigmai and often the ityle* united into one. Spreading Dogbane. Apocynum androsamifolinm ■ . . . II-15 ASCLEPIADACEiE, MUkweed. Plants with milky juice opposite (sometimes whorled) simple and entire leaves without stipules, and regular monopetalous flowers with five parts to the calyx, corolla and stamens. Anthers connected with the ttigma. The short filaments bearing curious appendages behind the anthers forming what is called a crown. Swamp Milkweed, Ascttpias in- carnata III-13 Common Milkweed, Asclepias Cornuti Ill- 9 GENTIANACEit, Gentian. Herbs with regular flowers, having stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Leaves opposite, simple, entire and sessile. Centaury, Erythraca, Erytkraa spuata III-20 Sea Pink. Sabbatia stillaris . Ill- 5 Slender Sabbatia, Sabbatia gra- cilis Ill- 5 American Centaury, Sabbatia cMoroitUs Ill- 5 Fringed Gentian, Genliana cri- nita IV-19 Closed Gentian, Bottle Gentian, Genliana Andrewsii . ■ . IV-ig SCROPHULARIACE/t, Figwort. Known by the 2-lipped or at least more or less irregular monopetalous corolla, 2 or 4 stamens, single style entire or 2-lobed stigma. A few have the corolla almost regular, and one or two have 5 stamens either complete or incomplete. Turtlehead, Chelone glabra . III-19 Purple Gerardia, Gerardia pur- purea 111-21 LABIATE. Mint. Herbs with aromatic herbage, square stems,oppositesimpleleaves,2-lipped corolla, the upper lip divided into 2 lobes, the lower into 3. 2 or 4 sta- mens inserted on the corolla tube, 2-lobed stigma. Flowers from the axils of the leaves or bracts, in clusters or spikes. Self-Heal, Brunella vulgaris III-i i 0RCH1DACE;€, Orchis. ■ Perennial herbs more or less de'- pendent upon insects for fertilization . The six-parted perianth composed of three outer divisions answering to sepals, and the three inner (which alternate with the outer divisions) answering to petals ; one of these which is larger and difterent from the others is called the lip or label- lum. There are one or two stamens which are connected with the style ; the pollen is moitly coherent in masiea. Calopogon, Bearded Orchis, Calop0gon pukheltus . ■ .11-11 Snake's Mouth, Pogonia ophuh glossoides ll-i 1 Uulies' Tresses, Spiranthts cer- nua IV-21 Rattlesnake Plantain, Goodyera pubescens Ill- 3 Greenish-White Orchis, Habe- naria tridentata ■ ■ . . II- 9 Smaller Green Orchis, Haiena- ria Hookeri II- 9 Ragged Fringed Orchis, Habe- naria Icuera 11- 9 Smaller Purple-Fringed Orchis, Habenaria psycodes . . II-M Showy Lady's Slipper, Cypri- pedium spectabite . . . .11-21 Moccasin-flower, Lady's Slip- per, Cypripedium acaule . . 1 1-7 IRIDACEit, Iris. Flowers perfect and showy, from a spathe of two or more leaves or bracto ; divisions of .the perianth in two seU (answering to sepals and petals). Style I, or rarely 3-cleft; stigmas 3 opposite the 3 stamens and the outer divisions of the peri- anth. Anthers &ce outward. Blue Flag, Larger, Ms versi- color 1-23 Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium angustifolium II-3 LILIACE.C Lily. Large family with regular symmetri- cal flowers, usually with perianth of 6 parts, and as many stamens stand- ing in front of the divisions. Chiefly herbs with entire leaves. Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum biflorum I-19 False Solomon's Seal, Smila- cena stellata I- 9 Canada Mayflower, Maianthe- mum Canadeuse . . ■ ■ 1-17 BeWvoTt, Oaiesia sessili/olia . I- 1 5 Adder's Tongue, Dog's-Tooth Violet, Erythronium Ameri- canum 1-7 Wood Lily, Wild Red Lily, Lilium Phitadclphicum . . II-25 Canada Meadow Lily, Lilium Canadense II-23 Wake-Robin, Birthroot, TrU- lium erectum I-l I Painted Trillium, Trillium ery- tkrocartum I-l I ARACE^, Arum. Herbs with pungent watery juice, small perfect or imperfect flowers in a fleshy head or spike called a spadix, usually furnished with the colored enveloping bract called a spathe. Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Indian 'X\a- a\p^ Arisama triphyllum 1-2 1 (27) (JKHJ-; ALPHABETICAL INDEX CF THE FOUR SERIES OF WAYSIDE FLOWERS. 'i ' I I -C S«rim I I I II I I Adder's Tongue . . AiumoHt Htmorosa . AHtmoni quinquifolia Antmoni Virginiana Anemone, Wood . . Anemonella IhatictroiJti ApetvHum anJrosamifolium II Aquiltgia CanadtmU II Arlmtui, Trailing ... I Arisitma trifhytlum . . I- Aicltfiai Cornuti . . .111 AuUpias incarnala . , .III AsUr cordifolitu . . . .IV Aster erieoides . . . . IV Aster, Golden Ill Aster, Heart-leaved ... IV Astir Novi-Btlgii . . .IV Aster, Panicled White . . IV Asltr paniculattu . . , IV- Astir fuHiitus .... IV' Aster, Purple-stemmed ., . IV AsUr rndttia IV Aster, Rough -leaved . . . IV- Aster, White Heatblike . . IV Aster, WUIow-leaved Blue . IV Baftisia tinctoria ... IV- Bedstraw II Beggar-ticks IV Bellwort Bidens (krysanthemoidis . IV- Bidtns frondosa .... IV Birthroot Black-eyed Susan ... II Bloodroot ... Bluebell IV Blue-eyed Grass .... I Blue Flag, Larger . . . Bluets I BruHilla vulgaris ... II Bur-Marigold, Larger . . IV- CalopogtH pttkhitlm Caltha paluslris . . Campanula rotundifolia . IV- Canada Mayflovrer Cardinal Flower .... II Centaury, American . . I! CMeni glabra .... II Chrysopsis faUata , . . II Clover, Yellow or Hop . . II Columbine I Coptis Irifolia .... Cranesbill Cypriptdium atauU . . I Cypripidium spictaHU I Daisy Fleabane .... II Pp. - 7 -'3 -•3 21 -13 -13 -'5 5 3 21 -9 '3 -J3 -21 7 -'3 ->3 «5 '5 >7 '7 »3 23 21 '3 3 II II >5 II II II 3 7 5 - 3 -23 - 3 -II -II 5 5 -'7 "7 S <9 7 -»3 5 7 »5 7 21 «3 Dandelion, Fall . . Deergran ... Dit intra Cutullaria Dogbane, Spreading Droscra inlirmedia var. Amiritana . . . Dutchman's Brcechea Epigaa repins . . Epilohium anguslifolium Epiiobium hirsulum Erica cinirta , . Erigiron bcltidifolitis Erigtron strigesus . Erythrira spimta Erythronium Amtritanum Eupatorium agiratoidts Evening Primrose Fireweed .... Flowering Wintergreen Foamflower . . . Galium asprellum Gentian, Bottle . . Gentian, Closed . . Gentian, Fringed . . Gentiana Andriuisii GiHiiana crinila . . Giranium matulalum Geranium Robertianum Geranium, Wild . . . Gerard ia. Purple . . . Gerardia purpurea . . Golden-rod, Blue-stemmed Golden-rod, Gray . . . Golden-rod, Lance-leaved Golden-rod, Smooth . . Golden-rod, White . . Goldthread Gaodyera pubeseens . . Habenaria Hotkeri Habenaria lactra . . Habenaria psycodes . , Habenaria tridentata Hardhack Harebell Heather, Bell ... . Heliantkus gigontesu Hepatiea triloba . . . Herb Robert .... Houstonia carulea . . Hypericum adpressum . Hypericum perforatum Impatient pallida . . Indian Pipe .... Indian Tobacco . . . Indian Turnip .... S«rlei Pp. IV-25 III-17 I- 5 11-15 III 1 1 III III- III-i I-i III- III-23 I- 7 III-21 IV- 7 111-15 I-19 1-7 Ill-ii IV- 1 9 IV-19 IV-25 IV-19 IV-25 1-25 IV-9 1-25 ni-21 111-21 IV-2I IV-I5 IV-19 IV-I3 IV-I7 1-7 III- 3 II- 9 11-9 Il-ii 11-9 11-19 IV- s Ill-ii 111-25 1-3 IV- II- IV- IV- III- 11-25 II-15 I-ai Indigo, Wild . /ris versicolor Jack-in-the-Pulpit Jewelweed . . Ladies' Tresses l.Rdy's Slipper . , Lady's Slipper, Showy l.ionlodon autumnalis Lilium Canadense Lilium rhilaJtlphicum Lily, Canada Meadow Lily, Wild Red . . Lily, Wood . . . l.innaa borealis . . Liverwort . . . Lobelia cardinalis lobelia injiata Loosestrife, Common Loosestrife, Four-leaved l.ysimachia quadrifolia Lysimachia stricta . . Maianlhemum Canadense Marsh Marigold . . . Marsh Rosemary . , . Mayflower Meadow Beauty , . . Meadowsweet .... Milkweed, Common . . Milkweed, Swamp Milkwort . . . Mitrewort, False . . . Moccasin Flower . . . Monotropa uniftora . . Oakesia stssilifolia . . (Enothera biennis . . Orchis, Bearded . . . Orchis, Greenish- White . Orchis, Ragged Fringed Orchis, Smaller Green S«riw P| IV I-: 1-; 111- IV-: II- 11- IV-: II-: II-: I1-: II-: H-: 1- I- 111- II- II- 1I-: II- II- I- I- 1II-; I- III-l II- III- III III-ll,andIV-i I- Orchis,Smaller Purple-Fringed Il-i 1 Oxalis acetosella Ojcalis cornicuJata var. stricta !■ Parsnip, Wild . . . - Pogonia ephioglossoicUt Polygala crueiala Polygala, Fringed . . Polygala pauci/olia , , Polygala polygama , . Potygtnalum biflorum Purple Flowering- Raspberry Pyrola eUiptiea . . Quaker Ladies . . , Rattleanake Plantain Rkexia Virginico . , Robin's Plantain . . 11- 1I-: 1-i IV- II- II- II- II- I-21 I-2S ll-ll IV- s I-I9 1-19 in-ii 1-19 11-17 II- 7 II- 3 III- 3 in-17 1-17 Aosa Carolina . , Rose, Wild Swamp Kubus odoratus RucOierkia kirtn . Rue Anemone Sabbatia chloroides Sabiatia gracilis , Sabbatia, Slender Sabbatia slellaris Sanguinaria Canadensis Sea Ijivender . . Sea Pink ... Self-Heal ... Shin Leaf ... Sisyrinchium angustifalium Smilacena stellata Snake-root, White . Snake's Mouth . . Solidago bicolor . , So/idagv casta , , . Solidago lanceolata , Solidago nemoralis . Solidago serolina . . Solomon's Seal . . Solomon's Seal, False Spiraa satidfolia Spiraa tomentosa . . Spiranlhes cernua Star Flower . . . Slatice Limonium var. Caro- lineana . , . Steeple-bush . , , Slillaria longifolia . Stitchwort, Long-leaved St. John's-wort, Common St. John's-wort. Upright-lv'd IV- 7 Sundew, Long-leaved Sunflower, Wild . . Thimble-weed . . Tiarella cordifilia . Touch-me-not . . , Trientalis Americana Trifolium csgrarium ■ Trillium erectum Trillium erylkncarpum Trillium, Painted . . Turtlehead .... Twin Flower . . . Violet, Dog's-Tooth Wake-Robin . . . Willow-herb, Hairy . Wind-flower . . . Wood-Sorrel, While Wood-Sorr«l Yellow Zisi'd aurta . , . (28) ' U««