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S. A. ,"-'Siv'**'-S"^-''W I CONTENTS. THE NORTH AMERICAN CRINOIDEA CAMERATA. By Charles Wachsmutii and Frank Sprinobr. Chapter I.-IX. Page 1-369. A-OVN £[ttmotrit of t^t Pnatum of Comparattbt jSooIooq AT HARVARD OOLLEQB. Vol. XX. THE NORTH AMERICAN CRINOIDEA CAMERATA. Bv CHARLES WACIISMUTH and FRANK SPRINGER. IN TWO VOLUMES WITH EIGHTY-THREE PLATES. / Vol. I. CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.: ^tinttti for t&e iHugeunu Mat, 1897. 1 Co tl)e illemorp or LOUIS AGASSIZ, TO WnOSE INFLUENCK A.S TEACIIKII, KXI'OL'NDEK, ASH INVESTIGATOR, NATVRAL IIISTOIIY IN AMERICA l« 80 DEEPLY INDEIITEP, AND WHO FIU8T ISSI'IIIKU AND ENlornAOED US IN OCR EAIIUEU STUDIES, IS ORATErCLLY DEDICATED BY CIIAHLES WACII9MUTH. FUANK SrUIXOEK. m I .V.S^'SfeSi'S* '^^ NOTE. J The Manuscript of this work in its present form was received at Cam- bridge for publication September 1, 1894. Although in press ever since then, no part of it has been published until now, and the date of the work, for bibliographic purposes, will be that which appears on the title-pnge. During the long time that has been consumed in the printing of the plates and letter-press work since the completion of the text, many new species of Crinoids have been described by American authors, among which some of those herein mentioned as new are included, and thus anticipated. No attempt has been made to cover these cases by modifying the text, nor have any questions arising upon publications appearing subsequent to the above date been considered here. In a work of this size while in press changes could not be made to keep pace with current researches, and the date of delivery of the Manuscript for publication was therefore taken by the authors as final, so far as they were concerned. It is a source of extreme regret that my learned colleague and long-time friend. Dr. Charles Wachsmuth, did not live to see the publication of this Monograph, to which he had devoted so many years of assiduous labor. Never a robust or healthy man, his last few years were almost a continual struggle against disease. His strength gradually failed, and he passed away on February 7, 1896, at the age of sixty-seven years. Dr. Wachsmuth was a native of Hanover, Germany. He came to the United States in 1852, and soon after engaged in mercantile piu'suits at Burlington, Iowa, which became his permanent home. Failing health in time compelled him to relinquish business, and for the last thirty years he applied himself to the study of the Crinoids, first as a recreation and to secure outdoor exercise, and afterwards as his life work, with all the ardor of a scientific devotee. His keen powers of observation, sagacious judgment, and indefatigable energy have left their impress upon the works which have been brought out by us. While his death is a loss to Science not easily repaired, it is to none so great — aside from his family — as to the friend with whom he had worked in pleasant collaboration for so many years. It is with a melancholy pleasure that I avail myself of the opportunity aflbrdod by the appearance of his last work to pay this slight tribute to his memory. FRANK SPRINGER. Lau Vegas, New Mexico, 1897. ,:3i»r«'''pv; INTRODUCTION. The present work is the outgrowth of studies begun over twenty years ago under tlie encouragement of Prof. Louis Agassiz, and prosecuted con- tinuously ever since. During that time, we made two very large crinoidnl collections, of which the original one, in 1873, was secured by Prof. Agassiz, for the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Upon this collection one of the writers, while an assistant at the Museum, laid the foundation of the present work. Since 1877 the investigations were conducted by us jointly, and during that time we have built up together the extensive collection which is known aa the collection of Wachsmuth and Springer. The advantage of residing, for a time both of us, at Burlington, a locality so well known for the wealth of its crinoidal remains, gave us excellent opportunities to study the Crinoids in all f-tages of preservation, and being in the field ourselves, we could pick up such material as would help us in the study of minute details. Since the publication of our first paper on the Crinoids, it has been our aim to direct our special attention to studying the morphology of the vari- ous groups as they appeared to us, with a view to future classification, and to revise the work of the previous writers. The various classifications which had been proposed were not based upon strictly morphological principles, and in many cases widely distinct forms were placed together in the same group. It early became evident to us that we could not hope to gain a correct understanding of the fossil forms except by studying their living represen- tatives. The publication of Carpenter's two Challenger Reports, and De Loriol's important Monograph on the Mesozoic and later Crinoids of France, opened to the working paiasontologist a new field of research, and enabled him to study the relations between palaeozoic and neozoic Crinoids, which had been altogether misunderstood. It had been the general opinion, ever since the time of Johannes Miiller, that all paleozoic forms were widely distinct from the later ones, a view also held by us until 1890. Before the publication of the first Challenger Report, the attention of palaeontologists had been directed almost exclusively to the structure of the dorsal or abactinal side of the calyx; that of the ventral side had been very much neglected, and scarcely any attempt had been made to homologize the 2 INTRODUCTION. plates of the tegmen in the different groups. The first attempt in this direction wns made by Wachsmuth in 1877, and the subject was taken up again in our Revision of 1879. Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter discussed the question more elaborately in 1884, when it became manifest that our views differed radically upon several important points, and especially as to the identification of the oral plates. The progress of our studies on this and other questions was published from time to time in the Revision, and in short papers. This was done for the double purpose of making known the results of our own studies, and of stimulating inquiry by others upon points that were still obscure. Whatever may he the merits or demerits of the Revision — and that the latter are many and serious none are better aware than we — it accom- plished one of its purposes. It induced research and provoked discussion upon new lines and with an activity unprecedented in this field. The contributions to the knowledge of the subject, resulting directly from these controversies, have been of incalculable value to us, and none the less so because some of our own theories have been from time to time exploded. As the most important result, it has now become clear that the Crinoids were most intimately connected from the Silurian down to the present time, and that only the Camerata — a highly specialized type — became extinct at the close of the Carboniferous. It was not until this fact was realized that the way was opened to a better understanding of the whole Crinoid group, in which, as so often found in Nature, the simpler forms persisted, and. led down to present types. Although it seems jolain enough now, it was only by slow steps, and after long and patient research, that this result was reached. After a large amount of preliminary work had been done, we proceeded to prepare for publication in permanent form such part of it as we could reasonably hope to finish, and to that end we began the preporation of the illustrations in 1887. The work has grown upon our hands to such an extent that we found it necessary to limit it to the Camerata, the largest and most remarkable group among Palosozoic Crinoids. Thus limited, we could hope to give a reasonably full account of this group, and in connec- tion with discussion of the morphological and systematic relations of the other groups, to give some accoimt of the Crinoids generally. The most of the drawings were made under our personal supervision in our Museum at Burlington ; a few were made in Washington. Thirty-five 1 "m^ INTRODUCTION. of the jiliites were drawn by Dr. Cliarles R. Keyes, tlio present State geolo- gist of Missouri ; thirty-three by Mr. A. M. Westergren, so well known for his drawings for Lovon'a great work on the Echinoids ; the reniainin"- twelve by Mr. John R. Ridgway, artist for the United States Geological Survey. The execution of the plates occupied about six years, and we avail ourselves of this opportunity to express our thanks to all of these gentlemen for the fidelity and earnestness with which they performed their work. When the work began to assume a definite shape, Mr. A. Agassiz, on being made acquainted with the extent to which it had progressed, kindly offered to undertake its publication as a part of the Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. No words of thanks would at all express our sense of the obligation under which this has laid us, not merely for the facility of publication through so desirable a medium, but for the mark of appreciation whicli this offer implies. If the work shall be found sufficiently useful to science to merit, even in a small degree, the indorsement thus given, we shall deem it the best return we can make. During the studies that led up to this Monograph, we enjoyed the privi- lege of continued communication with our lamented friend, P. Herbert Carpenter, up to the time of his decease. We had some energetic con- troversies in print, and a far greater number in private correspondence that never saw the light. To his incisive and suggestive mind is due the over- throw of more than one promising but untenable theory ; and we take a melancholy pleasure in recording here our appreciation of his high attain- ments, and our sense of the great loss which Science has suffered through his untimely death. It has been our purpose to give descriptions of all American species of the Camerata known up to this date, and those that coidd be recognized have been described anew, with the aids derived from the material brouo-ht to light since the original descriptions were made. Many of the species wen defined from very imperfect specimens, and often without illustrations. In the latter cases we have, when practicable, figured the typo specimen, and when necessary and possible have given figures of additional specimens. During the preparation of the work we have had access to most of the type specimens in the United States and Canada, which were placed in our hands for comparison, study, and illustration. A few only of Prof. Hall's types in the New York State Cabinet of Natural History at Albany, and some of S. A. Miller's later species, we were unable to procure. 4 INTRODUCTION. Not the least of the pleasure we find in bringing our work to a conclusion, is the opportunity it affords us of acknowledging our obligations to the men of science and collectors of America, for their liberality and personal con- fidence shown to us, by placing in our hands — often for indefinite periods — original, unique, and priceless collections, without the use of which this work would have been impossible. It would be difficult to express in fitting ' terms of acknowledgment the full measure of our indebtedness to them, and we can only venture the hope that they may find in the work itself some small return for the valuable contributions they have made toward it. To Mr. Agassiz we owe a lasting debt of gratitude: first of all for hia personal encouragement and valuable counsel, and next for the use of the magnificent collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This has been placed at our disposal without restriction, not only for examination at Cambridge, but for removal to Burlington of all specimens we desired, with liberty to use them as if they were our own. Only those who are acquainted with the character and value of this unrivalled collection can appreciate our obligation for such a use of it. It contains the original collection of De Koninck, of the Belgian Carboniferous Crinoids, and the Schultze collection from the Devonian of the Eifel, — by far the finest collections that have ever been made of the rare Crinoids of those interesting localities. There are also the collections made by Hon. B. J. Hall, Prof. W. H. Barris, and the original collection of Wachsmuth, all from the Burlington limestone, which include the types of a large number of the species described by Hall, White, and Meek and Worthen. In addition to these is the fine collection made by C. B. Dyer, from the Hudson River group, of Cincinnati, con- taining many typos of species described by Meek in the Ohio report, besides most excellent material from Waldron, Crawfordsville, and other celebrated localities of the West ; also the Walcott collection from New York. A full account of the various collections made use of by us would exceed the limits of a preface, but we cannot refrain from making par- ticular mention of some of them : — The collections in the American Museum of Natural History at New York, containing many of the type specimens of the New York Palaeonto- logical Reports, have been at all times accessible to us through the courtesy of Prof. R. P. Whitfield, who has been prompt to send us such specimens as we needed for illustration or comparison, and to give us any desired infor- mation obtainable from the extensive material under his charge. T ir r mii'ifciii mmm^ "r T INTRODUCTION. 6 During the lifetime of Prof. Worthen, the eminent Director of tiie Illinois Geological Survey, and afterwards under the administration of his accomplished successor, Dr. Josua Lindahl, we enjoyed the privilege of unrestricted facilities in ihe use of the type and other specimens in the State Museum of Natural History at Springfield. The private collection of Worthen, containing a large number of tlie types of the earlier species described in Hall's Iowa Reports, was packed up and inaccessible wiiilo he held the position of State Geologist ; but after his death, when the col- lection was acquired by the State of Illinois and incorporated in the State Museum, we were permitted through the courtesy of Dr. Linddil to examine it, and were given full use of the valuable type specimens. As a mark of our personal esteem, and in justice to the memory of this pioneer collector and geologist, we have inserted the name of Worthen in the notation of such of his type specimens as are now in the State Collection. These types are of great value, as they are the only types of the early Bur- lington and Keokuk species still in existence, so far as we know, with the exception of a few in the Shumard collection. We have been unable to obtain any information as to the types of Owen and Shumard's descriptions in the Report for Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, in 1852, — the first Sub- carboniferous Crinoids described from the West. A considerable pnrc of the collections made during the first Iowa Geological Survey are said to have been destroyed by fire, either at Burlington or Keokuk, and it is supposed that a number of type specimens were lost in this way. McChesney's types were all lost in the great Chicago fire. The collections in the Canada Survey Museum at Ottawa, containing the typos of all of E. Billings's Lower Silurian species, and the later ones of Whiteavcs, have been freely open to us under the authority of S5l' Alfred Selwyn, and through the unremitting courtesy of Prof. J. F. Whiteaves. Through the attention of Dr. C. A. White and Prof. C. D. Walcott, we obtained the use of the types of some of Meek's descriptions in the National Museum at Washington. Prof S. H. Williams of Ithaca, New York, had the goodness to furnish us for examination the types of species described by him, from the •CTuseum of Cornell University, and some of the types from the Colonel Jewett collection. Through Prof A. H. Winchell we had the use of the specimens in the collection made by Dr. White, now in the University Museum at Ann Arbor, containing the types of a number of well known Subcarboniferous species. 6 INXUODUCTION. To Dr. G. Ilainbiich of St. Louis \vc owe the facility of examining the type specimens in the Shunuird collodion at the Washington University. We are under special obligations to Prof. Borden, of Borden Institute at New Providence, Indiana, for the opportunity of e.xninining the original collection of Dr. Knapp, of Louisville, from the now exhausted Bear Grass locality near Louisville, containing some of the types of species described by Lyon, Shumard, and Yandell, which now form a part of the Museum of the Borden Institute. To Prof. S. Calvin we are indebted for the loan of fine specimens from the Hamilton of Iowa and New York, from which we made descriptions of several species. Our thanks are also due to Prof. W. H. Barris, of Davenport, la., who gave us the use of his type specimens and other valuable material from the Hamilton group of Iowa and Michigan, which were under his charge in the Museum of the Davenport Academy of Science. We also avail ourselves of this opportunity of expressing our high appre- ciation of the favors extended to us by Dr. G. LindstrUm, of the National Museum of Sweden at Stockholm, in which are deposited the magnificent collections of Crinoids from the L'pper Silurian of Gotland that formed the basis of Angolin's descriptions. Not only has he at all times allowed us the privilege of having special drawings made from unique specimens in the Museum, but on one occasion, on learning of the difliculty under which we labored from want of adequate material to study the genus Crotalocrinus, he sent us, without solicitation, a series of specimens, including some of Angelin's originals, with liberty to retain them as long as might be necessary for the examination we desired to make. We have also to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr. Walter R. Billings, of Ottawa, Canada, for the loan of types of Trenton species in his own col- lection, and also for his good offices in securing for our use the collections of Messrs. Stewart and I. F. Sowter. Besides this, Mr. Billings has from time to time furnished us valuable notes in relation to many rare and inter- esting forms, often illustrated by exquisite drawings from his own hand. We extend our thanks to Mr. John Stewart and Mr. I. F. Sowte; , of Ottawa, Canada, for the use of their specimens, — Mr. Stewart having at one time sent us his whole collection for study. To the owners of private collections in the United States our obligations are so numerous and varied that we cannot attempt to express in proper terms of appreciation our indebtedness to each one. ri INTRODUCTION. It is especially (lifFiciilt for us to express our obligations to Mr. Victor VV. Lyoii, of Jcfl'ursoiiviilo, Iml., who with the utmost liberality placed his own collection at our disposal, and also that of his father, the late Major Sidney S. Lyon, through which wo secured tho use of all the types of tho species described by Major F.yon himself, and by Lyon and Cassodiiy. Mr. Lisbon A. Cox, of Keokuk, la., gave us acciss to his extensive and unique collection from the Keokuk limestone, containing tho types of a largo number of species described by Worthen in Vol. VII. of the Illinois Reports. Mrs. Yandell, of Louisville, Kentucky, has sent us for examination some rare types in the collection of tho lato Dr. L. P. Yandell. We tender our special thanks to this venerable lady for the efforts she made to serve us. To the natui-alists and collectors of Cincinnati and vicinity we are indebted for great facilities in studying the crinoidal fauna of the Lower Silurian of that region. Mr. I. II. Harris, of Waynesville, Ohio, placed at our disposal the species of his maguilicent collection of Hudson River Cri- noids. Mr. S. A. Miller favored us with the loan of his valuable types of Lower Silurian species. Mr. E. 0. Ulrich, of Newport, Ky., has sent us for examination the types of his species, and besides other instructive speci- mens. He also used his influence in our behalf with Messrs. Oeh and Vaupel, who placed some of tlieir finest specimens in our hands. Dr. E. N. S. Ringueberg, of Lockport, N. Y., has sent us the types of his species of the Niagara group of Western New York, with liberty to use them as we might find desirable. To Prof. J. M. Clarke, of Albany, N. Y., we are indebted for the use of valuable type specimens from the Hamilton group of New York, then in his private collection, but since passed into the New York State Cabinet. Mr. Thomas A. Greene, of Milwaukee, Wis., placed in our hands a large collection of natural casts from the Niagara group, including types of the Waukegan species ; and Mr. W. C. Egan, of Chicago, a similar collection from near Chicago, containing the types of the species described from that locality. Mr. F. A. Sampson, of Sedalia, Mo., gave us the use of his collection, containing the types of a large number of species described by S. A. Miller in the Missouri and Indiana Reports ; and Prof. R. R. Rowley, of Louisiana, Mo., furnished us the types of liis species. We are also indebted for the use of specimens and friendly acts in vari- 8 INTRODUCTIOX. ous ways to Mr. Asa S. Tiffany, of Davenport, Dr. C. C. Wnshbiirn, of Wal- (Iron, Ind., Dr. Mosua Elrod, of IIiirtHvillo, Inil, Rov. II. Ilerzor, of Hercu, Ohio, l{ev. John Davis, of Ijouisiana, Mo., Mr. D. II. Todd, of Kannas City, Mo., Mr. G. M. Nickels, of Sparta, 111., Mr. E. Brown, of Bi'lfaMt, N. Y., and others. To Dr. Horace O. Griffith, formerly of Burlington, now of Philadclpliin, wo express our grateful acknowledgments for his intelligent and unremitting efforts to aid us in the pro.secution of thiswork, and for his steadfast devo- tion to our interests manifested upon every occasion. We also bear in kindly remembrance our former townsman, Mr. James Love, whose fine collection was always at our disposal, and which, together with one made by Mr. J. W. Giles, afterwards passed into our hands. Dr. Charles R. Keyes has at all times exhibited a lively interest in the progress of our work, and we owe to him not only the procurement of some valuable specimens, but other friendly ofliees. Nor do we forget our good friend, Orestes St. John, whose keen eye and rare juilgment, and no less his skilful pencil, have always been at our ser- vice. We have from him some unsurpas,sed structural drawings, and he presented us several unique Crinoids from the Coal Measures of Kansas. Our thanks are due to Mr. Wm. F. E. Gurley, of Danville, III, for the use of specimens from Waldron, and to Mr. A. C. Benedict, of Indianapolis, for the use of specimens obtained by him at St. Paul, Ind. In addition to the facilities above mentioned, we have had during the preparation of this work our own collection, which contains authentic speci- mens of nine-tenths of the species of Crinoids described from the United States, and two-thirds of all the European species. From many of the typical localities we have been able to obtain, either by purchase of local collections, or by personal exertions, largo series of specimens, by means of which it has been possible to study m many cases, and among different genera, the indi- vidual variation existing in the limits of a species, and the modifications due to growth. In looking over the descriptions it will probably surprise some of the authors to find so many of their species placed in the synonym lists, but we were obliged to do so after careful study and comparison with authentic specimens. CHARLES WACHSMUTH. FRANK SPRINGER, BcRLiNOTON, Iowa, May 1, 1894. Received at Cambridge, September 1, 1894. ALEXANDER AOASSIZ. ^.' tm 'nm^, "PWiHw , *^HP'' TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTOUY PART. Pahe Inthodcctiom 1-10 IIhtuuical 11-31 TEHMiNOLOor 32-37 MUIU'IIOLOGICAL I'AHT. Primauy and Supplementary Plates 88 TiieI'lates of the AiiAtTiNAL System 38-88 The Stem and its Appcndagos . 38-,'j2 Dasols niul Iiifrabasuls .... M-'S The UaiUals 08-73 The Arms and Piimkn .... 73-88 The Plates of the Actinal System 88-101 The Orals 88-89 Mouth and Ambulacra 90 The Supplementary Plates . . . l(i.5 The distrlbutiou of the Plates and IhcU' relations to the diirercnt groups 105-123 The Anal Plates and the Anna . 121-1.'!9 Internal Cavity of the Calvx 110-112 Tlie Clianil)ered Organ and the Axial Canals 140 Tlie Convoluted Organ 113 SYSTEMATIC PART. Classification 141-172 Definition of the Cr'noidea and their Primary Subdivisions . . . . 1C9 Analysis of the Families .... 170 Geological and Geograi)hical Distri- bution of the Camerata . . . 172 Descriptive. Reteocrinidae 173-187 Analysis of tlio Genera 173 Geological and Geographical Dis- tribution 173 Reteocrinus 170 Xenocrinus 182 Tanaocrinus 185 Thysanocriniiiae 188-214 Analysis of the Genera 188 Geological and Geographical Distri- bution 188 Tliysanocrinus 190 Ptychocrinus 197 Hyptiocrinus 200 Idiocrinus 202 Lampterocrinus 207 Siphonocrinua 209 Rhodocrinidae 215-263 Analysis of the Genera 215 Geological and Geographical Distri- bution 216 Rhodocrinus 218 Gilbcrtsocrinus 233 Thylacocrinus 248 Diabolocrinus 249 Archa->ocrinu8 263 lihaphanocrinus 258 Lyriocrinus 201 Melochinidae 264-329 Analysis of the Genera .... 204 Geological and Geographical Distri- bution 265 Melocriuites 267 Glyptocrinus 267 Periglyptocrinus 277 Stclidiocrinus 279 Mariacrinus 281 Macrostylocrinus 285 Melocrinus 292 Dolatocrinites 304 Technocrinus 304 Allocrinus 306 Centrocrinus 308 Dolatocrinus 310 Stereocrinus 324 Iladrocrinus 327 Calvptocrinidae 330-359 Analysis of the Genera 330 Geological and Geographical Distri- bution 330 Eucalyptocrinus 332 CaUicrinus 353 T II E CRLVOIDEA vJAMEUATA OF ^'011111 AMERICA. INTRODUCTORV TART. I. lll.STOUICAL. The fifHt roforonco to FohhII CriiioidH, nccording to Do Koninck, 'vna miulo by Aj^ricola in tho second half of tho Hixtoentli century. lie distin- l^uislied between Tmc/ii'lcs, Eiilrochus, and Encnnua. The former name ho applied to all detached Htem-joints ; Enfroc/tiis to a series of joints, and Encnnns to tho calyx of Eiicn'mis liUifnriiih, at tlmt time the only Crinoid in which a crown had been found in connection with tho stem. As early as tho seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the crinoidal remains received tho attention of a large number of writers, some of whom regarded them as plants, others as animals. Rosinus, who lived at tho beginning of tho eighteenth century, was the first writer to show that tho Crinoidv were not plants, as before then gene- rally supposed, but wore closely related to tho Asterids, and especially to tlie group which afterwards received the name Euryale. He also supposed that tho Trochites and Entrochites were parts of Encrinus, and not inde- pendent bodies. An important advance in the knowledge of the Crinoids was made by Guettard,* who described the first recent Stalked Crinoid that ever came to Europe. lie gave this species, which was afterwards known as Pentacn'niis cnpiit-mcdiisce Lamk., the popular name " Palmier marin," and took it to be the type of all fossil Crinoids with pentagonal stem, as opposed to those with a round stem, of which he thought the living type had not been dis- covered. He gave a moderately fair description of its structure ; but added • M^moirc siir les Encrinitcs et les pifcrrcs dtoili'es, duns leqiiel on trnitera aussi dcs Entroques. (Miiiii. de I'Acad. Roy. Soo. do Paris, 1755 (published 1761), pp. 224-318. 12 THE CRINOIDEA CAMERATA OF NOBTH AMERICA. I \ /> little as to the systematic position of the Crinoids generally, stating, how- e\ , that they were neitiier Polyps nor Starfishes. Linnd, throughout all the editions of his '•Systema Naturae," placed the Crinoids among the corals. Bluincnbach * has the credit of having been the first writer who ranked them with the Asteroids and Ophiurids among the order " Vermes crustacei," which corresponds approximately to our pres- ent Echinoderms. Lamarck, in the first edition of his " Systeme des Ani- maux sans vertobres," published in 1801, ranged them among the "Polypes a rayons coralligenes," along with Gorgonia, Umbellula, and Pennatula; but he afterwards modified this opinion, and in 1812 t referred the Crinoids to the '• Polypes flottants," which he arranged next to the Kadiata. In 1810 J he placed the Encrinites (Stalked Crinoids) among the Polyps, but the Comatulae (Free-floaters) among the Echinoderms. Schweigger § directed attention to the close resemblance that he found to exist between the arm structure of stalked Crinoids and Comatuloe, and he considered the two forms to be closely related. Cuvier in 1817, || and again in 1830,]f placed the Crinoids among the Echinoderms. The name "Crinoidea," with the rank of a family, was proposed in 1821 by J. S. Miller, for the lily-shaped, radiate animals which theretofore had been known as Encrinites and Pentacrinites. He restricted the group to the Brachiate forms, and to those provided with a stem, as appears by the follow- ing definition:** "An animal with a round, oval or angular column, com- posed of numerous articulating joints forming a cup-like body containing the viscera, from whose upper rim proceed five articulated fingers." This description includes neither Blastoids nor Cystids, which were placed by Miller's successors as subordinate groups imder the Crinoids. It also ex- cludes the ComatuloB and the genus Marsujntcs, which have no stem, and which probably for this reason were referred by him to the " Stelleridoe." Among the latter ho recognized four divisions : " Comatula3, Euryale, Ophiura, and Asteria," and he placed Marstijnics in the same group with Euryale. Miller knew little of the structure of the Comatuloe, but enough 1S12. • Ilaudbiich der Naturgescliiclite, 1780. f Extrait du cours de ZoiJlogie du Museum d'histoire nnturelle sur les Animaux sans vertcbres, etc. 2. t Ilis'oire naturclle des Animaux sans Vertcbres, etc., 1815-1822. § Ilaiii'b. der skeletlospu, uugosliederton Tliiere, Leipzig, 1820, p. 528. II Le ni-gv". animal, 1817 (l''),Vol. IV., p. 12. ^ Op. eit. (Ed. of 1830.) ** A Natural History of the Crinoidea, Bristol, 1821, p. 7. HISTORICAL. 18 to be struck by the rcseniblarico tlioy bear to the crown of rcuhvn'nm. and bo pointed out that the pentagonal plate at the base of the subgjubose body of the Coniatula) occupies the position of the first column joint of the " Crinoidea." Miller subdiviLled the Crinoidea into four groups: the Adticulata, to which he referred the genera " Apiooiuitcs, Encrinilca and Pciihicriiii/cs ;" the Semiautici:lata with " Po/criocrinl/ca;" the IxAirricuLATA wi\\i " Cfalhocri- nilcs, Aclbiocriiuti's, Uhodocrinitcs, and Plal/jcrinilcs ; " and the Coaduxata with " Eurjmhwriniles." His primary groups were based upon the mode of union between the stem and calyx, and between the latter and the arms; his genera upon the number and arrangement of the jilates in the dorsal cup. Considering tliat in 1821 only about twenty-five species of Stalked Crinoids, recent and fo.ssil, were known, and many of them only from fi'agmontary ppecimens, we cannot help admiring the genius of Miller, who brought order out of chaos, and laid the foundation of the present classification of the Crinoidea. Ili.s genera have been generally accepted, and are now rec- ognized as the types of well-marked families. Miller introduced an elaborate terminology, but unfortunately did not always apply his terms to the same parts. In some of his genera ho gave the term " pelvis " to the proximal ring of the plates within the calyx, in others to the plates of the ring al)ove. In Apiocriiins and Aclinocriiuia he called the radials " first costals;" the succeeding ones "second costals," and the first axillaries " scapidas." In P/iif//criiiii-s, however, and in Potcrlocvinvs and C'/iif/ifcriiii's, the radials ai'e his sc.ipula;, and are followed by arm plates. Pla'ijcrinus, according to Miller, has no costals at all ; but in the dicyclic Cyathocrinus and Pufemciimis costals are said to be represented by the plates of the interradial basal ring. A year after the appearance of Miller's work, Schlotheim published the first part of the Supplement to his Petrofactenkunde,* reproducing therein Miller's figures together with his own, and adopting his generic and specific names. A year later, however, in the second part of that work, he withdrew Miller's generic names, and referred all Stalked Crinoids back to Eiwrinus and Pentacrimts respectively. Goldfuss in his great woi-kt adopted Miller's classification and termi- nology. Cumberland t did not consider Miller's name " Crinoidea" appro- * Naclitraso ziir rptiTfactoukunilo, 1^23-193.'? (2 Biiiulc, mil 37 Kupfci-Platteuj. t Potrofricta Gormaniw, Diisselilnrf, lS2(i-1833. % Udiquix couservatoe, Bristol, 1820. i i I 14 THE CRINOIDEA CAMEKATA OF NORTH AMERICA. priate, as not a single Encriims or Pcntacrimis resembled in the smallest degree a lily, either in stem, root, flower, or bud. Nor did he think it absolutely pioved that they were anunals instead of coraliue sensitive plants. In 1825, Say * described three new species nnder the genus Pciitrcmk-s, which he made the type of a now family of the Crinoidea, and proposed for it the name Blastoidea. He also described the genus Carz/ocniiitcs, which he took to be intermediate between Ci/ulhocnims and Adinocriims. In the same year two additional species of Peiitrcndtes were described by G. B. Sowerby. In the years following up to 1840, a number of new species of Crinoids were described by Mantell (1822), Pander (1830), Steininger (1831, 1837, and 1838), Goldfuss (1832 and 1838), Zenker (1833), Phillips (1835-183G), F. A. Roemer (1836 and 1839), Heisinger (1837), Sedgwick and Murchison (1837), D'Orbigny (1837), Miinstor (1838-1846), and others; but they added little to the general knowledge of the Crinoids. L. Agassiz, in his Prodrome d'une Monographic des Radiaires ou Echino- dermes,t referred the Crinoids to the " order " Slclleiiilcs, together with the " genera " Comalula and Marsvpilcs, which, as he stated, differ from the Crinoids only in not having a stem. J. V. Thompson, in 1836, discovered % that the small species, which he had described in 1827 as Pentacrimis ciiropaus, loses its stem at a more advanced stage of growth, and changes into a free-floating Comatula. Thompson also discovered the ovaries along the pinnules. Other important discoveries in relation to the anatomy and development of recent Crinoids were made by Adams, Ileusinger, Savigny, Delle Chiaje, Blainville, and Dujardin. D'Orbigny in 1839 described the remarkable recent genus IIulopus,^ a Crinoid not attached by a jointed stem, but by the lower end of the calyx. In 1840 appeared the classical work of Johannes Mliller, "Uebor den Bau des Pentacrinus caput-medusao," || which marked a new era in the history of the Crinoidea, and threw a flood of light upon the whole group. Mliller in this work discussed the relation between the Pentacrinites and Comatulas, and pointed out the anatomical diflferences in the structure of Crinoids and • Joura. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pl.ila., Vol. IV., pp. 292-200. t Meinoircs dc li\ Sociule des ScieucL's Niitiiielk-.s de Ncufclmlol, 183,5, Tom. T, p. IfiS. J Alcmoir on tlic Starfish of tlio gonus Comrifiifn (Ediuburgli New Tliilos. ,Tourii., Vol. 20, p. 295. § Wicgmaim's Arcliiv I'iir Natnrgcscliiclitp, I, p. 185, Taf. 5, Fi2;s. 2-7. II Read before the Berlin Akadeniie dcr Wisscuschaftcn, April 30, 18iO. 1 im \ HISTORICAL. 15 Asterids. He also introduced a more rational terminology for the plates of the calyx, which is still used by Zoologists and Palaaontologists. He proposed the name " Bamlia" for the pelvis jilates of Miller, and '' Iiiidiulia" for Mil- ler's scapulaj and costals, including the first axillary. When the rays are free above the first radial, the axillary supports the arms ; but when that plate forms a part of the calyx, it is followed by the " DisticJialla," and these by the " P«/iH«;7«." For the supplementary plates he introduced the terms " Intcrnulmlui, Inlcrdhlkhalia and Interpubtttria." MUller divided the Crinoids into three great groups: the " Cnnoidm Arii- culata," the " Cnnoidca TesseUaia " and the " Crinoidca Custata," which he defined, and of which he gave a list of the principal genera. Of the Arikula/a, to which Miiller referred Pciitacrimis, Apiocrinus, Encrinm, and the Comatula9, he said that the rays develop directly from the base of the calyx, and the lower ray plates are united laterally by a skin, which is either naked or paved with irregular plates ; that this skin is continued to the ven- tral disk, closing the ventral side of calyx and arms ; and that the radials consist of three successive plates, of which the first and second, and the axillary and the first arm-joint, are united by muscles. MUller's Tessellata combine Miller's " Scmiarticulata," and " Inarticu- lata," and include the Blastoidea, Cystidoa and the Cretaceous genus Mur- supitcs. The calyx is composed of 3, 4 or 5 basals, which are sometimes separated from the radials by a ring of " parabasals." Between the radials there may be •' interradials," and between the distichals and palmars, " in- terdistichals," and " interpalmars." The "Scheitel" (ventral disk) covers the whole ventral surface ; it is constructed of solid plates, united at their edges. The Tessellata were subdivided by Miiller into two groups : Crinoidea tvith arms, and Crinoidea ivifhoid arms. To the former he referred all true Crinoids and the Cystid genus Cari/omnns, forms having no separate anal opening and no " Tentakelfurchen " (food grooves) upon the disk, and none probably upon the arms. The armless Crinoids comprise the " Pentremites" (Blastoidea) and " Sphaeronites " (Cystidea), forms with separate mouth and anus. MUller's classification, although a great advance upon that of Miller, was not accepted by the French and English writers succeeding him ; but it was revived later on by Ferd. Roemer and von Zittel. In 1842 a classification was proposed by Thos. Austin and Thos. Austin r 0' 5 IC THE CUIXOIDEA CAMEKATA OF NORTH AMERICA. II. LinEUIA (Free-floaters). Uiiathoerinoulea. Astnicriiioiilca. Comastella. Jr.,* who uuule the Crinoidoa in the widest sense a cliiss of the Echinodor- niata, to whicli they gave the name " Pinnastella." Among the hitter they placed as orders : — I. ClOXA ClSKTl (Stalked Criuoids). Families : Apiooriiioidea, rutoriocrinoidea. Encrinoidea. rentaorinoidca. IFarsupiocrinoidea. I'latyciinoidea. Actiiiocrinoidea. Dimerocrinoidea. Only the Platycrinoidea and Poteriocrinoidoa t were defined. To the former they referred the genera ; riahjcriims, Dic/wcrinns, IJcxa- criiiiis, Cai-yocnims, and Cijuthocmms ; to the latter : Fo/criocnim, Si/mhutho- criniis, Kiiracn'mis, and Fciitacrmis. Their Encrinoidea include : Encrinitcs, Eucul/jptocmilcs,- Cupnsmcrinitcs, and Fiir//ocrm/cs ; their Marsupiocrinoidea : Mursupiooimtes and Crotalocrinilrs ; the Actinocrinoidea : Actinocrinitcs, Bho- doenniks, Mchcrinilcs and TdracriniUs. The Austins placed the Blastoidea with the Sphaeroidocrinoidea, and the reriechinidic under the Cohnnnida. D'Orbigny in 1852$ undertook to subdivide the Crinoids (including Blastoids and Cystids) into twelve families, which contain most heterogene- ous elements. For description he divided the plates of the calyx into zones, without reference to their radial or interradial position. The next classification Avas that of Ferd. Rocmer, who wrote in 1855, § and divided the Crinoidea into three great groups: — I. ActiiwUlra, or true Ciiiioids, having large, pinnule-bearing arms. II. Cyst idea, Crinoids in which the arms are feebly developed or wanting, and mouth and anus are separate. III. lllanfoidca, Orinoids without arms, the soft parts of the animal enclosed within a calyx, wUicli is closed from all sides, leaving only a few openings. The Actinoidea embrace : A. Tlie Astylida, Actinoidea, Crinoids without jointed column. a. Attached hij thn lower face of the calyx. Holopocrinidje and Cyathidiocrinidse. b. Calyx free. Astylocrinidoe, Marsupitidte, Saccocomids, and Comatulicla3. • Ann. and JLig. NnN Hist., first scries, Vol. X., iip. 103 to 109. t Recent anil Fossil Crinoid's. Tlios. Austin and Tlioniiis Austin, Jr , London, 1S13. J Conrs elcincnt.airc do Paleontologic, II. j Lctbaca gcoguoslica (Ausgabc HI.), 1535, pp. 210-285. 1^ j*»,fc; .i ii^mim • HISTORICAL. 17 B. Styliila, Crinoids with a jointed column. a. The tegmeii formed of a shin. PentacriuidoB, Apiocrinidoe, Eugeniacrinidte, Encrinidse, CupressocrinidtB, Cya- thocrinidte. b. The ventral surface covered by heavy plates, immovably united. PoteriocrinidiB, Itliodocriuidte, I'latycriuidaj, Actiuoci'iuidoe, Melocriuidte, Ctenocrinida?, Sagenocrinidoe, Antbocrinidie. C. The arms imperfectly developed. Haplocriuidre and Gastrocomida'. Roomer's families are natural groups, except his Cyathocrinidae, among which he united a number of widely different forms. But this is partly due to Miller, who had included with Ci/uthocrinns forms which were afterwards referred even to different orders. Eoemer, believing that Miller's typical species, Ci/athocrimts planus was a Poteriocrinus, made his second species Ci/athociinus tuherciilatiis, which Phillips in 1843 had made the type of Tcuocrinus, the type of Ctjathocrhms. Together with the Classification was published Roemer's classical memoir on the Cystidea and Blastoidea, of which especially that of the latter fur- nished most valuable additions to our knowledge of the morphology of that group. In 1845 appeared the Memoir of Leopold von Buch on the Cystidea. He gives excellent descriptions of several genera, and places the group at equal rank with the Blastoidea and Crinoidea. De Koninck and Le Hon, in 1853,* described a number of new species from the mountain limestone of Belgium, and proposed certain changes in the terminology of the calyx plates. The proximal ring of plates he calls " basals," whether the species is monocyclic or dicyclic ; those of the second ring in dicyclic forms " sous-radiales." The radials comprise all plates up to the first axillary; and the succeeding plates of the rays, when parts of the calyx, arc " articles brachiaux," otherwise arm plates. The term " inter- radialos " is applied only to the pistes of the four regular sides ; those of the posterior side are " pieces anales." Another classification was brought out by Pictet, in 1857,t who divided the Crinoids into nine families. The first and ninth of his families contain almost exclusively Neozoic forms. The former embraces the Comaiitlce and MarsupUes, to which was added the Pala8ozoic Asf^locriniis {Agasskocrimis) ; * Rcclierclies sur Ics Crinoides du Terrain Carbonifere de la Bclgique. + Traite de Puleoutologie, par F. J. Pictet, Paris, 1837, Tom. V., pp. 278-345. IS I:? 18 THE CRINOIDEA CAMERATA OF NORTH AMERICA. m '.]' the latter fiunily, to wliicli lie applied the name " Pycnocrliiitloes," is divided into four Tribus, — the " Eiigeniacrinions, Encriniens, Apiocriniens, and Pen- tacriniens." His second and third families comprise '• Blastoides " and " C)s- tidees ; " the remaining ones, the •' Tessellata" of Miiller. It is somewhat curious that Pictet, while placing Cupressocrinus, Euca- li/piocrinus, and Crutulocrinus each in a separate family, referred all the other Palajozoic CrinoiJs to only two families, — the " Ilaplocrinides" and " Cyathocrinidcs." Ilis Ilaplocrinides embrace Ilaplocrinus, Coccocriiius, Cera- mocrinus, Mi/rtilocnnus, Epudocriitus, and Gaslcrocoma ; all the other Palasocri- noidea were placed under the Cyathocrinidcs. It is difficult to understand upon what ground Pictet's families were based. His " Polycrinides," with Eucaljptocriims, have closer affinities with Mclomims and Dolatocnints than these with Cz/athocriiuts ; while Cupressocrinus agrees closer with the Haplo- crinides than many of the Cyathocrinidcs among themselves. Pictet subdivided the Cyathocrinitns into four tribus, — the " Cj'atho- criniens," the " Actinocriniens," the " Carpocriniens," and the " Phitycri- niens," — of which the first are dicyclic, the last monocyclic; while the Actinocriniens and Carpocriniens are in part monocyclic and in part dicyclic. He did not discriminate between genera in which the lower brachials form part of the calyx and tho.ee in which they are free, nor did he pay the least attention to the presence or absence of anal plates. The classification of Pictet, although not so satisfactory as that of Roemer, was accepted by Dujardin .and Hupe.* The latter, however, changed the sequence of the families, making the "Cystidees" the first family, and placing the " Comatulides " last. In America, up to 1858, little attention had been paid to the study of Crinoids. Of the fourteen hundred American species that are now described, oidy about .seventy were then defined. In 1843 and 1851, Iliill had de- scribed a moderate number from the Silurian in the P.iloDontology of New York, Vols. I. and II., and a few additional ones through the Regent's Reports at Albany. Owen ami Shumard, in 1852, United States Geological Report of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, described nineteen species from the Subcarboniferous of the Mis,sissippi Valley, mostly from the Burlington group; and Shumard, in Swallow's Missouri Geological Report of 1855, twelve species from the same horizon. Tiie few remaining species had been described by Conrad, Roemer, Casseday, and Yandell and Shumard. • Histoire Naturelle dcs Zoophytes Ecbiuodermes, i)ar M. F. Dujardiu et M. U. Hupe, Paris, 1862. HISTORICAL. 10 About the year 1858 the interest of the American Palneoutologists wa.s aroused by remarkable discoveries of Crinoids in the Southern and Western States. Troost, at the meeting of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, in 1850, reported the ac()uisition of eighty-si.\ new species, with sixteen new genera, from the State of Tennessee.* This discovery, liow- ever, was totally eclipsed by the wonderful finds in the Northwest, where, at Burlington alone, upwards of three hundred species were obtained, which for beauty and excellence of preservation surpassed anything that had ever been seen before. This one locality furnished a greater number of species than had been described from America and Europe together up to 1857 ; and while before, with a few exceptions, only calices had been ol)tained, now hundreds of specimens were found in wliich arms, stem, and occasionally the root, were preserved. The collections which were made at that time by Wachsmuth, Barris, Dr. Thieme, and Hon. B. J. Hall, of Burlington, and which were afterwards secured by Prof. L. Agassiz for the Museum of Comparative Zoology, give testimony to the energy and enthusiasm with which collecting was carried on in those days. The same interest, often mingled with jealousy, was manifested by the men of science, who, anxious to publish the new forms, and fearing they might be preceded by competi- tors, brought out preliminary descriptions to secure priority for their species. These descriptions, in many cases, were so indefinite that the identification of the species was almost impossible, and this created considerable annoyance and labor to later writers. About the same time other large deposits of Crinoids were discovered in Indiana. Crawfordsville fin-nished upwards of thirty species, Waldron and Hartsville nearly twenty. At the latter places large collections were made by Dr. Moses N. Elrod and Dr. C. C. Washburn. At Louisville and sur- rounding country a large number of new species were found by Lyon, Yandell, and Dr. Knapp ; at Keokuk, Iowa, by Dr. Kellogg, who afterwards discovered also the rich Crinoid bed at Richfield, Ohio. Still more success- ful as a collector in the Keokuk rock was L. A. Cox, who found two local deposits of finely preserved Crinoids, — one at Keokuk, the other at the opposite side of the river, which produced nearly forty new species. Dr. Roeminger discovered the Crinoid bed in the Hamilton group at Alpena, Michigan ; Springer that of Lake Valley, New Mexico, in the Burlington * These genera niul species were described by Troost in a monograph. Tlie manuscript was deposited at the time of his death in the Smithsonian Institute, but was never pul)lislicd, and ho did not receive the credit which is probably due to him. 20 THE CRINOIDEA CAMERATA OP NORTH AMERICA. ii i| group. Among tlic pioneer collectors must bo mentioned also Mr. Anthony, U. P. James, and C. B. Dyer, of Cincinnati ; I. II. Harris, of Waynesville ; J. Kelly O'Neall, of Lebanon, Ohio; Thomas A. Greene, of Milwaukee; W. C. Egan, of Chicago, — who all made large local collections which have furnished many type specimens. Within the last ten years three most remarkable finds were made in the West : — the first at Le Grand, near Marshalltown, Iowa, in the Kinderhook group ; the second on Indian Creek, ten miles from Crawfordsville, Indiana, in the Keokuk group ; and the other in the Upper Coal-measures at Kansas City. The Le Grand bed furnished about twenty-three new species, not counting the Blastoids. Of the latter, two species of Orophocriiiiis are repre- sented, and in quite a number of their specimens the stem and pinnules are preserved. Most of the Crinoids have arms and stems, and some of them roots. The crinoidal layer, which is but an inch or two thick, furnished many excellent slabs. We have one in our cabinet about a yard in diam- eter, on which ninety-five specimens are exposed, both sides of it being thickly studded. Tiie Indian Creek locality was discovered by the late Charles S. Beachler while collecting for us. It proved to be a local deposit in the bed of tlie creek, not over twenty feet in diameter, and covered over a foot deep by water. Too much credit cannot be given to Mr. Beachler, who obtained under the most trying circumstances several thousand specimens, repre- sented by nearly forty species. The specimens in places were so plentiful that more than half of tliem had to be sacrificed to save the others. The preservation is excellent, and in some respects surpasses that of any other locality. The bed at Kansas City is in the heart of the city. It was di.scovered by Sidney J. Hare in the excavation for a large building. Only seven species of Crinoids were found, but they are of exquisite beauty, and being embedded in a soft clay, are of most excellent preservation. Good collections were made here by David H. Todd, Sidney J. Hare, S. A. Howe, and E. Butts. Almost as fast as new discoveries were made the species were described, and in 1865 the number of American Crinoids had increased to six hundred species. In 1858 appeared the Iowa Report, Vol. I., by James Hall, in which he described over ninety species of Crinoids, not counting the Blas- toids, and in the following year, in a Supplement to that Report, .seventy- four additional ones. In 1861 Hall issued a paper entitled " Description of i ..--m-tgi"^^-^ :^w>~«vwcw» iaimwr»iar.uwg^-- ; ■ '•i/mm'-^K .«'«P' • HISTORICAL. 21 I New Species of Crinoklea, Albany, 18G1," in which ho gnve on eighteen pages preliminary notices of one hundred and eleven Hpeeies. A large num- ber of these descriptions remain in that shape to this day, while some of the species were redescribed by him in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. VII. In the Puhuontology of New -k, Vol. III., Hall described twenty-six species from the Ilelderberg groups, — some of them, however, from arm or stem fragments, — and from eighty to ninety additional ones through the dill'ereut Annual Reports of the N\'w York State Museum. A largo number of species were described by Meek and AVorthen, and after Meek's death by Worthen ; they amount to two hundred and seventy species, with ten new genera, all well illustrated. Another lot was descrilied by Lyon and Casseda\', and by Lyon individually ; in all thirty-one species, with six now genera. Dr. C. A. White described thirty-five species, and made three new genera. In Canada, E. Billings described some forty species from the Trenton and Hudson River groups, with seven new genera. In later years the most prolific species-maker was S. A. Miller, who increased the number of species quite considerably. Many of his species have proved to be synonyms, and while some of his new genera will be accepted by every writer, others will go into oblivion. Additional species were described by Whitfield, Wetherby, Ulrich, Barris, S. II. Williams, Wiiiteaves, Ringue- berg, Wachsmuth and Springer, Walter R. Billings, Keyes, Rowley and Hare, and others. The American Palasontologists followed the termuiology of De Koniuck, aid their descriptions, as a rule, are concise and readily understood. But few writers besides ourselves discussed morphological questions, and S. A. Miller, Prof Chapman, and we, are the only ones who attempted to classify the Crinoids. Billings, like most of the earlier writers, believed that the opening in the disk of Palaeozoic Crinoids represented mouth find anus combined.* He pointed out that the grooves and galleries, passing out from the centre of the disk at the inner floor, are connected with the ambulacral system, and communicate through the arm openings with the arm grooves, but do not enter the tegminal aperture, which he found to be interambulaeral. When Billings took iip this question again in 1869,t presuming that the aperture represented the mouth, he concluded that in the earlier Crinoids, in Blas- • Geol. Surv. of Canada; Decade IV. pp. 14 to 17. t Notes on the Structure of the Crinoidea, Cystidea and Blastoidea (Amer. Journ. of Sci. and Arts (2d series), July, ISfig, and January and September, 1870. V ; 22 THE CRINOIDEA t'AMEUATA OF NORTH AMERICA. tuidd luul iimny C^'Mtuld, the iiiuuth wns di^tconiiuetcd from tlie niiibulacra; and that in those Cystidn hi wliicli inoro than one opening is represented, the lateral one is the mouth, and not tlie central one, as had been generally supposed. A difl'erent interpretation of the opening was given l»y Schultzo, Sir Wyville Thomson, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Dr. Liltir, Steininaiin, Ncuiiiiiyr, and Jaukt-I. Tlic Belgian Crinoidx w«re inscribed hy do Koniiick, and hy Fraijiont ; tlioso of Iliissia by Kicliwal 'Mcwingk, Volbortli, F. Sobinidt, and TnuitMcbold ; a few Indian HpoeiinciiM i.^. Wangt-iv and those from Australia by Ethoridgo, Jr., and McCoy. In tlio year 1879 appeared the first volume of von Zittcl's IIandi)uch der Palicontologie, with a chapter on the Crinoids. IIo made the latter a class of the Ecliinodorinata, with tiiroo orders : the Eneriinilihtt or Crinoidca scmn sirido, the Blastoidea and Cystidoa. Tiio Eucrinoidoa wore divided into three sidjorders : TesselUda, Articiilula, and Coslntu, in which ho followed Miillor. Ilia Tessellata wore separated by him into twonty-six families, which comprise all the PuliKozoic forms, and the Cretaceous genera Mursiijii/i's and Uiiifucriiiiis ; the Articulata into seven families, all Mosozoic and recent forms ; the Costata comprise only the Jurassic Sitcrocinmt. The Tesscllnla were defined by him as having thin, immovable calyx plates, united by suture with smooth faces; " intorradials" rigid; mouth subtogminal and anus excentric. Among the families he discriminates between forms in which the tegmon consists : — A. Exclusively of five large orals, or in addition to them small covering pieces closing mouth and food grooves. The orals forming a pyramid or a so-called Consolidalions-AjijjaraL" Arms simple : Ilaphicrinidw, risocvinuhe, and CiipressncfhudfP. B. Togmcn composed of small plates ; the mouth closed by five orals, which either are teguiinal, or placed underneath the tegmen ; tlio anus excentric. Dorsal cup formed of three (rarely two) zones ; the base gen- erally dicyclic. Arms strongly developed ; tlieir ambulacra covered by two or throe pieces : Ilybocrinida; Cijuihocrimdw, Taxocriiiidce, Ichthi/ocriiiidce, Cro- talncnnidce and C/ieirocriin'da: C. Tegmen vcntricose or balloon-shapod, composed of numerous thin pieces ; mouth subtegminal. Anal tube long and heavy, the anal opening near the base. Arms strongly developed and pinnule-bearing : Hcicrocrmda', PoteriooimdcB and MnrsvpUida: D. Tegmen composed of heavy, frequently nodose plates ; the middle portion covered by seven larger pieces. Mouth subtegminal, communicating with the arms through plated tubes. Anus often extended into a long pro- 84 THE CRINOIDEA CAMEHATA OP NORTH AMERICA. boHcis witli tlie opening at tlio upper ciul : Onxtirocomiiliv, PlKti/rriiiiifir, Cai'i»)criiiiilu', liriarociiiitilie, Diim. irrinitliv, liuiruiuliocriiiidw, Aclinocriiiiihf, i/i/j>il/ulii; UintucriniJa, (Jtifiitociinidic nnil liho' diicriuiilit. K. Teginen bottlc-Mlinputl, nnnowcr ftt tlio top ; composed of Inrgo, polygotml pliites, regularly nrraiiged. ArniH not exteniKd beyond tlio cidyx, biML-riul ; placed between rib-like projectiouH, or occupying closed conipurt- ments : Cii////>fi>crini(l(t, Till' Arllciihlii were defined by Zittel ns follows : Plates of the dorsal cup generally very heavy, the articular faces excavated or smooth. Base mono- cyclic, and Ibrmed of five pieces ; exceptionally dicyclic. Tognien, as a rule, composed of a sUin-Iiko pcrii-oine, rarely plated ; mouth and food grooves exposed. The mouth central; nnus excentricj orals present or absent. Plates of the dorsal cup perforated by axial canals, passing out from the dorsal organ, ajid continued along the solid parts of the arni» to the ends of the pinnules. To the Artioilnlii ho refers the following families : the Encrinhlce, Eiii/nm- criiiiilif, IJii/i>/>ii/iP, Plk'dtdcriinihc, A/iincriiinlii', Ptulacrinida' and CnDialiilldtf, Examining tho characters upon which Zittel separated tl.o Tessellata from the Articulata, it appears that not one of his distinctions holds good throughout the families of either group. The " Taxocrinidn) " and " Ichth^o- criniilif," which he refers to the Tessellata, have a more flexible disk than •either tho Encrinidas or Apiocrinida), and even than many of the Penta- crinidiv ; and, besides, have an open mouth and open food grooves. Tho Poteriocrinid:u have a flexible disk, and well defined muscular articulations between the radials and costals. Tho interbrachials of Giictlardhrinus and Apiomniis roissj/aniis are as heavy and rigid ns those of any Acfiiiocriiiiis, and tho plates of the dorsal cup in Eiipnchi/crhius and Erlsocrmts are perforated by axiul canals, a character which was supposed to occur only among the Articulata. Neither is it true that the Articulata are "rarely dicyclic"; the reverse would be more nearly correct, for most of them had small infra- basnls in early life, which gradually fused with the stem. No doubt Zittel's groups marked A and E form excellent divisions, but B, C, and D comprise widely differing types, and some of their families include monocyclic and dicyclic forms. As a whole, Zittel's cla.ssification marks a great advance over those of his predecessors, and he is the first writer who gave a good definition of the families, and who arranged them systematically. HISTOUICAL. In 1H70, n month or two iiftcr tlio uppi'mimco of von Zittt'l's IlMinltnicli, wo piilili^licMl I'liit 1. of our l{ty lis to subdivide the tinee groups, hecau>e. as wo thought, tlio knowK'dgo of fossil Crinoids had not been advanced snllicicntly to justify it. Wo waited for tlie pnbhcation of tlio Challenger Keport, which wo hoped would solvo certain important morphological questions. It seemed to us that a revi-ion of tho genera, many of which had been incorrectly, others insulhciently, defined, and tho arranging of them systematically among a few largo natural groups, was prefeial)le to n classification based npon nnrelialde data. Wo separated tho Crinoids into Palivocrinoidea and Stoinatocrinoidea,* tho latter to include idl M