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32X

THE

NORTH AMEEICAN

SYLVA;

OR,

A DESCEirTION OF THE FOEEST TREES

OF THE

UNITED STATES, CANADA AND NOVA SCOTIA,
NOT DESCRIBED LN THE WORK

OP

F. ANDREW MICHAUX,

AND CONTAINING ALL THE

FOREST THKES DISCOVERED IN THE ROCKV MOUNTAINS, THE TERRI.

TORY OP OREGON, DOWN TO THE SHORES OF THE PACIFIC, AND

INTO THE CONFINES OP CALIFORNIA, AS WELL AS IN

VARIOUS PARTS OP THE UNITED STATES.

ILLUSTRATED BY 122 FINE PLATES.

BY THOMAS NUTTALL, F. L. S.,

Member of the American Philosophieal Soeiety.and of the Aeademy of Natural
Sciences of Pliiladelphia, &,c. &c. &o.

IN THilEE VOLUMES.— VOL. Iir

BKINO THE SIXTH VOLUME OF „ICHAI,X A«D NVTTALl's ^ORTH AMERICAN SVLVA.

PHILADELPHIA:

SMITH & WISTAR, 15 MINOR STREET
BESSEH & MAUKE, NO. 22 JUNGFERNSTIEO, HAiBURO '

1849.

Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by J. Dobson, in the
Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

#

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COTINUS, OR VENITIAN SUMACH.

Natural Order^ ANACARDiACEiG, (R. Brown.) Linnaan
Classification, Pentandria Trigynia.

COTINUS, (TouRN.) Rhus, (Linn.)

Flouers similar to those of Rhus, but hermaphrodite, and a great part of
them abortive, the barren pedicels at length elongated and clothed with
articulated hairs. Fruit a dry, cartilaginous, oblique drupe, without
any pulp, 1-celled. Seed solitary.

Small trees with alternate, simple, ovate or roundish, entire leaves ; the
flowers in loose, diffuse, slender, terminal panicles.

LARGE LEAVED or AMERICAN COTINUS.

COTINUS AMERiCANrs, foliis rhomhoulco-ovatis suhtus atl ncrvos jjubrs-

centihis, panicula parva laxa.
Rhus Cotinoules, Nutt. MSS. in Herb. Acad. Philad.
Rhus Cotinus? Torbey and Gray, Flora N. Amer. 1, p. 216.

In the autumn of 1819, during a tour made into the
interior of the Arkansas Territory, I discovered tliis inter-
esting species of Cotinus, on the high, broken, calcareous
rocky banks of the Grand River, a large tributary of the
Arkansas, at a place then known to voyagers by the name
of the " Eagle's nest." In this rocky situation, it did not

Vol. III. — 1

2 LARGE LEAVED OR AMERICAN COTINUS.

rise beyond the licijrht of a shrub, and had a yellow, close-
grained, fragrant wood.

Tiio branches arc sinootli and gray, the younger ones
brown, and rough with numerous vestiges of former pe-
tioles. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, by 2 to 2.^ wide, tho
lower ones rhombic-ovate and obtuse, tho upper ones obo-
vate,but still somewhat narrowed at the extremity, strongly
veined beneath, the veins pubescent even in the oldest
leaves. Panicle less compound than in the common spe-
cies, the hairs of the infertile peduncles more straggling,
no infertile rudiments of flowers on the adult peduncles.
Segments of tho calyx linear-oblong. Drupe dry, rugose,
brown, oblique, partly reniform, 2-ccllcd, 1-seeded, the
smaller lobe of the carpel empty. The whole plant pos-
sesses the same aromatic odor as the true Cotinus. It is,
no doubt, a hardy plant and deserving of cultivation, but as
it has not been collected since I observed it, it would ap-
pear to be scarce and very local.

Another very distinct species of this genus also exists in
Nepaul. There is a specimen in the Herbarium of tho
Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, marked
Rhus veluthiwnj by Dr. Wallich. It may be called

Cotinus velutinus, the leaves are oblong-elliptic or sub-
ovate, pubescent, beneath softly villous, the calyx and
young peduncles are also hairy.

The Cotinus of Europe, or Venitian Sumac, forms a
tufted small tree from 6 to 15 feet high, and is indigenous
to the south of France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Siberia,
<kc. It has an elegant foliage, an agreeable citron odot,
and the singular aspect of its woolly panicles resembling
almost a fixed purple cloud, renders it well worthy of culti-
vation for ornament. The wood is yellow and green, and
is employed by musical instrument makers, cbenists, and
turners, &c. It serves likewise for dying cloth a coflTec

LARGE LEAVED OR AMERICAN COTINUS, 3

brown, and in preparing morocco leather. The leaves and
branches also, in common with the bark of several species
of Sumac, answer for tanning. The figure in plate 10 of
the Atlas to Pallas's Travels, very much resembles our
plant, and is remarkable for the oblong form of its leaves.
This variety grew on the steppes of Kouman, near the bor-
ders of the Caspian.

Plate LXXXI.
A branch of the natural size in seed. a. Tho fruit.

STYPHONIA.*

(NUTT.)

Natural Order, ANACARDiACEiC. Linncean Classification,
Pbntandria Trigynia.

Scpak (or calyx leaves) 7 to 9, coloured, concave, with snarious margins,
imbricated in several scries, persistent, passing into the bracteoles.
Petals 5, oblong, s'lbunguiculate, similar with the sepals, pubescent at
base, inserted under the margin of the disk. Stamens 5 to 7. Sti/le
short; stigma minute, 3-lobed. Fmit a dry compressed drupe; the
pulp scanty, very acid and astringent. Nut compressed, bony, l-celled.
Seed solitary, suspended from a funiculus arising from the base of the
cell.

These are low and much branched, submaritime evergreen trees of
Upper California. Leaves simple, alternate, thick and coriaceous. Flowers
polygamous, sessile, in terminal contracted panicles.

ENTIRE LEAVED STYPHONIA.

*

STYPHONIA iNTEGRiFOLiA, folUs ovallhus intcgris utrmquc ohtusis

hicvi-2)ctiulaiis.
Styi'iionia intcgrifoUa, leaves oval, very obtuse at either end, entire, on

short petioles. Nutt. in Tobh. and Gray Flora. N. Amor. 1, p. 2l<!0.

This is an unsightly tree, with a stem about the thick-
ness of a man's arm, branching in a wide and straggUng
manner, forming impervious thickets, along the margins of

* From «Tt/^(w, to be astrinQcnt, In allusion to its qualities.

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ENTIRE-LEAVED STYPIIONIA. 5

cliffs, and steep banks near the sea, around St. Barbara
and St. Diego, in Upper California. These thickets, filled
exclusively with this plant and the following, at a distance
resemble our scrub-oak ; they arc equally indicative of a
barren soil, and are almost impervious, though not exten-
sive.

The older stems are smooth and gray, though the young
leaves and branches are minutely pubescent. The branches
are brown. The leaves are an inch or more long, three
times the length of the petioles, and rather prominently
veined beneath. The flowers are disposed in terminal, few-
flowered, sessile clusters, upon the short branches of the
panicle. The sepals and petals are rose-red. Drupes the
size of a pea, hirsute, dark red. The fruit is similar, in
most respects, to that of the section Sumac, in the genus
Rhus, though the inflorescence somewhat resembles that of
Lohadium, (the fragrant Sumac), it differs, however, from
both, in the gradual transition of the bractes into petals.

To this genus, I suggested that the Rhus atra of Forster,
from New Caledonia, might possibly appertain, but I have
seen since a flowering specimen of that rare plant, in the
collections sent home by the American exploring expedi-
tion, and find it to be more allied to Lithrea. The Rhus
mollis of Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, appears, judg-
ing merely from the figure and diagnostic character, to
belong probably to the present genus.

We know of no uses to which this plant has been applied,
but we observed that there exudes from the bark in small
quantities, a very astringent tasted gum-resin.

Plate LXXXII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The berries.
Vol. in.— 2

6

SERRATE-LEAVED STYPHONIA.

STYPHONIA sEBRATA, leaves oval or ovate, on very short petioles,
sharply rcpand-scrrate. Nutt. in Tork. and Gray, Flora. 1, p. 220.

This species grew commonly with the preceding, differ-
ing from it merely in the leaves, which are more ovate, and
when young being sharply serrated with small mucronate
notches ; the older leaves arc obscurely repand-serrate.

;

l

'

PRICKLY ASII OR TOOTH-ACHE TREE.

(Clavalieb, Fr.)

Natural Order, Zanthoxylb;e, (Ad. Jussieu.) Linncean
Classification, Dioecia Pentandria.

ZANTHOXYLUM. (Linn.)

DioEciovs.—Sepals small, 3 to 9. Fctals longer than the sepals, or
none. Stamens as many in number as the sepals, (or fewer,) oppo-
site to and mostly extended out beyond them. Ovaries 1 to 5,
elevated on a round or cylindric torus, (or place of insertion,) distinct,
with 2 suspended ovules. Carpels crustaceous, sessile or stipitate on
the torus ; 2 valved, 1 to 2 seeded. Seeds black and shining, globose,
hemispherical when in pairs.

The plants of this genus are trees or shrubs, mostly of warm climates,
usually with prickles on the branches, petioles, and often on the midrib of
the leaves. Flowers small, greenish or whitish. Leaves pinnate, rarely
trifoliate, marked with diaphanous aromatic glands, and as well as the
bark, aromatic and pungent to the taste. The timber of several trees of
this genus is valuable, being very hard and durable.

§ II. Sepak, petals, and stamens, i or 5; ovaries nsualhj 1
Styles short.— FxGxux, (Jacquin), and Ocukoxylum, (Schrebcr.)

to 3.

8

CAROLINA PRICKLY-ASII.

ZANTITOXYLUM CAnoLiNi.vNUM; rnniis pctiolisrjKr pkrixqnc rwnlrntis,

uciilcis stip/tlnfihits ojtposUis, Ihlus 2^i'i>i'itis i-d-ji'^is, ^ilahcrrhnis,

J'(jlii)/ls oviUO'lanccohUis i/uifjinldtrmlis sKhJiilmtis 27rfio/i/l<itis cn?inlo-

scrr/tlatis li/ci/fis, Jlorihus 2Mnicidatis ; tcnnintdihus scpidis minutis,

aipsidls teniis scasilihus.

Z.VNTHDXvuiM QtroltHuuwm. Lamarck's Diet. vol. 2, pp. 39, 40.

Catkshv's Carol, vol. 1, tub. 20. Touuey and Gkav, Flor. Amcr. 1,

p. 214.
Z. tricarpimi. Mini. Flor. Hor. Am. 2, p. 235. PuRsii. vol. 1, p. 210.

Decand. Prod. vol. 1, j). 720.
Z.fraxlnijuliuin. Walt. Flora. Carolin. p. 243.

i

n

Tliis remarkable tree appears to be first met with in
tlic state of South Carolina, on Sullivan's Island,* and in
Gcorgia.t It becomes still more abundant in the forests
of East Florida, particularly on the luxuriant banks of the
great river St. John's, where my ancient friend Wm. Bar-
tram, met with it in every direction in those umbrageous
solitudes. In Carolina it appears to be confined entirely
to the sea-board, as neither Mr. Elliott nor myself had
ever seen it in the interior of that state. It attains the
height of about 30 to 40 feet with a proportionate
diameter.

In 1774, William Bartram thus describes it as it ap-
peared on the banks of the St. John's, "The Zanthoxyhim
Clava HercuHs also grows here. It is a beautifid spread-
ing tree, and much like a well-grown apple tree."§ It is,
however, powerfully armed with prickles and spines, with

* Mr. James Reed.

§ Travels in Florida, &;c., p. 88.

t Doctor Baldwyn.

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, 39, 40.
Amcr. 1,

1, p. 210.

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CAROLINA I KICKLY-ASH.

which the leaves and branches aro t))i' kly beset. Stout
BteniB, as thick as oiio^s arm, Mtill present \\\\}tQ poiiitrd
tubercles, once small thorn !iow become large proji^ctions,
giving the stock, all, or more, than the ordmury attributes
of the club of Hercules. The wood like that of the West
Indian species, the true Z. Clam Jfcrai/ix, is y( How and
solid, and hence the generic name of Zanthoxylum, formed
of two (ircek words, signifying yellow luood. The West
India plant is considered a valuable timber tree, and made
use of in house-building ; it attains the height of about 20
feet.

As a medicinal plant, the bark of the present species
is considered a powerful stimulant, sudorific, diuretic,
and febrifuge, l^artram mentions that it is bitter to the
taste, slightly odorous, colouring the saliva yellow, exciting
salivation when chewed, and that it had been employed
with success in rheumatism, paralysis of the tongue, &c.
Dr. Gillespie, found the West India plant in tincture, to be
a good febrifuge ; and Manguct states that the decoction
is anti-sypliililic. The analysis of Chevalier and Peiletier,
gives a peculiar chrystalline substance which they call
Zitnihopicritc ; a yellow colouring matter which apjjcars to
be the source of the bitter taste of this bark, a red colour-
ing matter and some salts.

The leaves in the present species arc very smooth, pin-
nate in about 5 or at most G pair and an odd one, each
pair of leaves, send off, in common an opposite pair of long
flat thorns ; the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate, curved, and
acuminate, slightly serrate, the sides frqm the midrib very
unequal, the lower side of the leaf being scarcely half as
wide as the upper side. The flowers rather numerous, but
not conspicuous, are produced in a clustered terminal pan-
icle, with a minute calyx, but with rather large, ovate, obtuse,
greenish-white petals. The carpels are said by Michaux
to be usually 3, sometimes 2, but never 4. James Reed,

»l

10

LONG-LEAVED PRICKLY-ASIL

Esq., collected, in East Florida, a specimen of the female
plant, which scarcely presents a thorn either on the leaves or
branches. Upon the whole, we are inclined to believe that
the young and vigorous infertile shoots and branches, are
those which mostly present the greatest number of thorns,
for all the flowering specimens we have seen are possessed
of very little armature.

According to Catesby, this tree rarely rises higher than
16 feet, with a diameter of one foot, the bark is whitish
and rough, the trunk, in particular, which is almost wholly
covered with pyramidal protuberances terminated by sharp
points. The leaves have nearly the same odor as those of
the Orange, which in warm weather is perceptible at the
distance even of 40 or 50 feet, and as well as the bark and
seeds are aromatic, astringent and very pungent. It has
long been employed as a remedy for appeasing the tooth-
ache.

Plate LXXXIII.

A twig and leaf of the natural size, a. The panicle of flowers, h. Tlie

male flower.

LONG-LEAVED PRICKLY-ASH.

ZANTHOXYLUM macrophyllum, ramis petloUsqiic acidcatis, acidcis
sparsis, foliis pinnatis 6-8-jugis, juniorihus 2>ctiolisque ^J2<fey7^/is,
folioUs lanccolatis acuminatis viz incequalihus, pctiolulatis crenato-scrrn-
fatis, Jloribus panicidatis terniinalilms, capsulis suhsolitariis brcvi-stijU'
talis.

This elegant and curious tree is of frequent occurrence

I

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Clayaiitr ^jll

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, TOP- ;,;/ ■ ' : ..■

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JC anfiioxylun'i Pteroti^

L'laraUtr ^xll

BASTARD IRON-VVOOD.

11

on the banks of the Arkansas, in the lower settlements,
affecting dry and light soils at no great distance from the
stream. It grows erect, branching towards the summit,
and forming a roundish top. The height is about that of
an ordinary apple tree, and the diameter about a foot or
18 inches; the stem is, as usual, rough with prismatic
acute excrescences, which in an earlier stage of growth
have been mere thorns. That it must be a very different
species from the preceding, is evident by the climate it
inhabits; the other no where extends beyond the warm
sea-islands of South Carolina, this grows in a climate sub-
ject to severe frost and snow, as I experienced in the winter
of 1819.

The leaves are nearly twice as long as in the southern
species, they are about a foot in length, with often as
many as 8 pair of leaflets. The leaflets are about 3 inches
long and an inch wide, very distinctly acuminated, with the
petioles pubescent, as well as the midrib of the leaves
above and beneath, and in a young state the whole upper
surface is puberulous. The prickles are small and scattered ;
the naked part of the common petiole rather more some-
times than 2 inches long. The leaflets are also scarcely
at all oblique, never falcate, and the two sides from the
midrib nearly of the same breadth. The panicle is loose
and many flowered, the capsules mostly 1, rarely 2, and
shortly stipitate.

BASTARD IRON-WOOD.

ZANTHOXYLUM PxEnoTA, foliis pinnatis, foliolis obovatis emarginatis,
petiole communi marginato articulato inermi. VViud. Sp. PI. 2, p.
666, (under Fagara.)

12

BASTARD IRON-WOOD.

Z.vNTiroxYLi'M rtcrota, (IIi'mh. Bompl. and KrNTU.) prickly; leaves
uiK'fiiiaily piiinrito ; Icjiflcts 3 to G pairs, oliovtitc'-(il)li)i)ir, obtuse, eiiiiir-
f;inatc, glabrous, the margins crcnatc and glandniarl y-imnctate ; petiole
winged, prickly ; spikes axillary, solitary or by pairs, shorter than the
petiole; ovaries 2 ; capsule solitary, prickles in pairs, stipular, hooked.
KiNTii. Synops. vol. 3, p. 325. Touuey and (iu.vY Flor. Suppl. vol.
1, p. 080.

Ptekota subsj)inosa, foJiis mifioribiis per 2nnnas marginato-alatas disjjo-
silts, spicis gcminalis alarihits. Brown, Jamaica, p. 140, tab. 5, fig. 1.

Lcmro qljinis iasmini folio ahito costn media vicnibniniilis ntrinqne
cxstiwilihus alata, ligno diiritie j'crro vix ccdais, Sloane, Jamaic.
Hist. vol. 2, p. i-T), tab. 102, fig. 1.

Atb Sjidrroxyhim Surinamoise Lcntiscini minorihns foliis, radchi media
ujipcndicibus aiicto. Pluk. Mant. p. 172.

An imperfect specimen of this species of Zantlioxylnm,
was collected in Texas by Drummond. It appears also to
be common on Key West, in East Florida, according to
Dr. Blodgett. It becomes a small shrubby tree, about 12
to 20 feet high, so remarkable for the density of its wood,
which is yellow, and close like I3ox, that according to
Sloanc it scarcely yields to iron in hardness. Sloane
remarks, "If this be the Iron-Wood of Ligon, page 41, it
grows in Barbadoes, and at p. 74, he tells, that 'tis proper
to make cogs ; that neither sun nor wind hurts it, and that
it is so hard as to break their tools." Tlie leaves and
other parts of the plant have a strong rutaceous odor.

The branches are either prickly or unarmed, covered
with a gray bark. The leaves alternate, unequally-pinnate;
the leaflets from 4 to 6 pairs, are obovate-oblong, and
crenate on the margin, somewhat notched at the extremity,
smooth and subsessile, scattered with pellucid punctures ;
the petiole about 5 inches long, is marginated. The flower-
ing panicles branched, axillary and terminal. Flowers 4
to 6 together, subsessile, greenish-yellow and frajr^nt.
The caly.i: small and 4 cleft. Petals 4. Stamens 4, ioager
than the petals, with the anthers yellow. The ovary mostly

IRON-LEAVED YELLOW-WOOD.

kly; leaves
)tiisc, ciiiar-
tatc ; petiole
cr than the
Ifir, hooked.
, Suppl. vol.

ilatas dispo-
[lb. 5, fig. 1.
Us utfinqiie
NE, Jamuic.

arZt'/ii media

13

single, ovate ; style 1 ; conical ; mature fruit the size of a
grain of black pepper, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded. The
seed smooth, shining, and of a dark brown colour.

Plate LXXXIV.

A branch of the natural size. a. A cluster of female flowers, b. The
ripo capsule, c. The female flower enlarged, d. The mule also ma",
nified. °

tlioxylnni,
rs also to
wording to
about 12

its wood,
ording to
. Sloane
age 41, it
tis proper
, and that
javes and
odor.
1, covered
>7-pinnate;
•long, and
extremity,
lunctures ;
he flower-
Flowers 4

frajrrnt.
5 4, ioager
iry mostly

WALNUT-LEAVED YELLOW-WOOD.

ZANTHOXYLUM JvoLxymroLivyi, aadeatiim ; foliis pinnatis, foUolis
oblotigis acuminatis obsolete sermtis basi incequuUbus, petiole communi
subaculcato, paniculis terminalibus, Willd. Sp. pi. 1. c. No. 9. Pek-
SOON Synops. vol. 2, p. 615. Decand. Prod. vol. 1, p. 727.

ZANTHOXYLUM Cfem Hereulisl Macfadyen, Flora Jam-iic. p. 194
(non. WiLiD.) /3. Lam. Diet. vol. 2, p. 39.

Z. amerieanum sive Ilerculis arbor acukata major, jnglandis foliis
altcrms pariim sinuosis. Pluk. Almag. p. 396, t. 239, fi<r. 6 ?

Evonyma affinis arbor spinosa, folio alato, fructit sicco pentagono etpen-
taeocco, Itgno jlavo santali odore. Sloane, catal. Jamaic. vol. 1, p.
138. Hist. vol. 2. p. 28. t. 172 ?

Specimens of this species of Yellow Wood have been
collected in Louisiana by Mr. Teinturier. It has also been
found m the island of Nevis, and in St. Domingo, by
Foiteau. In Jamaica, according to Dr. Macfadyen, it
becomes a tree of about 20 feet in height, producing a
valuable tmiber, for house-building. The wood is yellow,
close-grained, and according to Sloane, has the aromatic
ooour of Sandal Wood, and might probably be equally use-
tul in driving away moths from chests made of it.' He

Vol. II.— 3

14

FLORIDA SATIN-WOOD.

likewise adds, tliat it is one of the largest and tallest trees
of the island, attaining the height of 40 or more feet, and
that it is also indigenous to Barbadoes, where it is ac-
counted a good timber for in-door work.

The stem is erect and armed with thick spines. The
leaves come out principally towards the ends of the
branches. They are unequally pinnate, and consist of 6
to 8 pairs ; the leaflets are mostly alternate, and becom<^
coriaceous, 2 or 3 inches long, marked with obscuro pel-
lucid dots and distant scrrulations, the base is rounded and
somewhat oblique, the leaves rather downy beneath. The
common petioles are beset with a few short scattered
prickles, sometimes almost wholly absent. The panicle is
terminal, much branched and downy. The capsules are 4
or 5, rather downy, containing black seeds.

FLORIDA SATIN-WOOD.

iM

1 f.

ZANTIIOXYLUM Floridanum, incrme,foUis pimmtis 2-5-ji/gis,foUolis
elUpticis suhovatis crcnulatis pcUuciclo-punctatis, glahris, paniculis tcr-
minalibus, muUiJloris, masculis A-5-amlfis.

This plant is said by its discoverer, Dr. Blodgett, to be
a large and common tree on the island of Key West,
where it is known by the name of Satin- Wood. A nearly
allied species of Guiana, called " Negro Pepper," from its
aromatic and pungent fruit, (Z. hermaphroditum), is said to
grow 40 or 50 feet high, and to produce white, hard and
close-grained wood.

The branches in our plant are cinereous, and much cica-
trized with the vestiges of fallen leaves. The leaves them-
selves almost resemble those of some species of ash, they

ft

m

i • v« \

est trees
feet, and
it is ac-

:s. The
i of the
sist of 6
I become
euro pel-
ndcd and
th. The
scattered
panicle is
lies are 4

^

iy *.

i/gis,folioUs
aniculis tcr-

^ett, to be

ey West,

A nearly

," from its

is said to

hard and

nuch cica-
ives them-
ash, they

\

'-si^.

Jv-

' > .-■ «&jf f

•mi

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..t r, , :..

k '

•!!■:'!•- I

^>r-.l'

:u-

L

111;

4

;c t

I ."ii:t \U\ fs, if-

i>.) • ,■<''

ti: ; ;/';. t^i/7'

■n.'- '■ /■•

< 'ijinic

t. i:

■'t.'ifi. in

■« !i

N .rariy

(MOV

, .-••■.t

'x.;c 1

" ■. 1 ' "■"
Mi llr

Xau»hi>x»'iuiii FJ'»ridaij.um.

Floriiiu. Auitn H'tcU

CUt-ftUur lUs FltruU^

1

Fr,ORIDA SATIN-WOOD.

15

arc alternate, on common petioles about 2 inches long ;
tlio leaflets 2 or 3, nirily l pair, arc elliptic or suhovate,
opponitc, obtusr, niinowtd at the base, and slightly obli<|uc
with shallow, «n all crenatures on tiic margin, at length
quite smooth, anil very dijitinctly marked (when held
against the light,) with pellucid punctures or transhicid
aromatic glands ; the petioles, young buds, and the stalks
of the panicles, as well as the midrib of the young leaves,
arc thinly clad with close pressed stellated hairs. The
panicles of the male {lowers arc large, and contain very
many crowded, small, yellowish-white flowers. The calyx
is very small and 5-toothed; the petals much larger,
oblong-ovate, 4 to 5, with the same number of Stamens.
The panicle of female flowers is smaller than in the other
sex, the calyx and corolla similar. The germs arc mostly
2, sometimes 3, each terminated with a small style and
a large uncqual-sidcd capitate stigma. The capsules are
brownish-yellow and stipitate, covered with turgid glands,
and each containing one shining black seed. This species
appears to be allied to Z. acuminatum, but the leaves arc
not acuminate, and the flowers have 4 and mostly 5 sta-
mens. From the rude figure of Sloanc t. 1G8, f. 4, wc
should almost be inclined to think it intended for our plant,
but the leaves arc entire and often emarginatc, and hence
the name of Z. emuririnatum, given by Swartz.

Plate LXXXV.

A branch of the natural size. a. The male flower enlargcJ, b. The
female do. c. The ripe capsule.

! !

It : li

* :i :i:

IG

LIGNUM VIT^E T K E E.

(Gayac, Fr.)

Natural Order, Zygophylle^e, (R. Brown.) LimKtan Clas-
si/icatio?i, Decandria Monogynia.

GUAIACUM.* (Plujiier and Decand.)

Calyx 5-partcd, obtuse, deciduous, the divisions unequal. Pctah 5. Stamens
10, witli the iilaments naked or partly appcndiculate. Style and stigma 1.
Capsule substipitatc, 2 or 3 to 5-ccllcd, with 2 to 5 salient angles. Seals
solitary, affixed to the axis, pendulous ; albumen cartilaginous, cotyle-
dons rather thick.

Trees of moderate elevation, with extremely hard and heavy wood ; the
branchlets trichotomous, leaves opposite, abruptly pinnated, the leaflets
entire, peduncles axillarand terminal, few and mostly clustered, 1-flowered,
the flowers blue.

SMALL-LEAVED LIGNUM WTM.

(lUAIACUM sA-scTim,fuliis ^-l-jvgis, foUolls ovalihits ohtiisis vincromi-
latis ; 2^ctiolis ranmlisquc suhpuhcsccntibus. Dec-axd. Prod. vol. 1, p.
707.

GuAiACUM SANCTUM, foUolls imdtiJKgis ohtusis. Limn. Commel. Ilort.
vol. 1, p. 171, tab. 88. Lam. Encyc. vol. 2, p. 615.

* Derived from a Mexican name altered by the Spaniards into Guaj/'
acafi.

mn

Clas-

5. Stamens
id stigma 1.
glcs. Seeds
lous, cotylc-

T wood ; the

the leaflets

,1 -flowered,

ns vuicronii-
od. vol. 1, p.

)MMEii. Ilort.

s into Guay-

i •>ia..'ic:!li. .•«','l'ii t U

FILXAXVT

r i luH-

■ 111-

I -iio

1 ..

'i h erlt I Uti

Gua-iacuni sanctum.

'fmtM-UarrdZdMn.um ViUt-

tiaytic heij jtainl

■•yH-xi •

SMALL-LEAVKD LIGNUM VIT^T].

I"

Jiisminvm vnlgo amcricannm. S. Ei'0)ii/7no nfllnis occiflcntnlia, nlalis
riisri foUis, micifcfa, coHkc wl gcntcula fuiigoso. I'luk. Aliiiag. \>.
139, tab. 94, fig. 4.

Ligmin Vike ex Brasilia. Biackwall, tab. 350. fig. 3, 4.

|3. G. *PAUviFOLiUM, foliis suhlrijiigis foliolis ohliqius, cajmdis pcnta-
pteris.

This species forms a spreading tree, resembling an oak,
with a thick short trunk, and, according to Dr. IJlodgett,
(who found it to be abundant in Key West,) its fine bhic
flowers, in April, make a very beautiful appearance. It
is a native likewise of various tropical parts of South Ame-
rica, the island of St. Domingo, St. Juan of Porto Rico
and in Mexico. According to Plumier, the wood of this
species is as hard and as heavy as that of the true Lignum
Vita}, but of the colour of Box. Yet Hernandez describes
the wood as blue internally, which probably takes place in
the older trunks, and thus again resembling the ofllcinal
Guaiacum. The bark of this tree is gray or yellowish-
gray, and even. The leaflets are never more than 2, or
mostly 3 pair, somewhat cuneatc-oblong, oblique and
obtuse, but terminating in short setaceous points; the
young branchlets and margins of the leaves are somewhat
pubescent. The flowers are terminal, on longish peduncles,
and from 2 to 4 together. The segments of the calyx arc
nearly smooth and oblong. The petals f), arc oval, rounded,
partly unguiculate, smooth and perfectly entire. The cap-
sule is turbinate, and furnished mostly with 5 salient an<dcs

cr wmgs.

The wood of the true Lignum Vita; is so heavy as to
sink in water, to the taste it is slightly bitter and inodo-
rous. It takes a fine polish and turns well, being much
used where solidity is an object, such as for ship-blocks,
pestles, &c. The centre of the wood is of an obscure
green, and is the part which contains the larger proportion
of resin ; the outer layer or sap wood is more yellow.

18

SMALL-LEAVED LIGNUM VIT;E.

lit

ri

lighter, and contains very little resin. It is remarkably
cross-grained, the strata of fibres running obliquely into
one another, in the form of a letter X. It is usually sawed
into pieces of 1 to 5 cwt. each, and seldom presents a
diameter of more than 12 to 18 inches.

Tlie peculiar substance called Guair-cnm, (now Guaia-
cine), is procured from this tree. It is friable, semitrans-
parent, light, of a brownish-green colour when exposed to
to the air and light, and ditiuscs on burning a somewhat
agreeable odour. It is slightly bitter, and produces in the
inouth a sensation of smartin<T and heat. It dissolves
entirely in alcohol, and partially in water. It either flows
spontaneously and concretes in tears, or is obtained by in-
cisions. The latter operation is performed in May. This
substance is also obtained by sawing the wood into billets,
and boring a hole longitudinally through them, so that
when one end of the billet is laid on the fire, the gum flows
readily from the other, and is collected in a calabash or
gourd. It may also be obtained by boiling the chips or
raspings in salt water, when the gum will separate from the
wood and rise to the surface. Guaiacine differs from
resins in the change of colour produced on it by air and
light, and the action of the acids, in not forming tannin
but oxalic acid when treated with nitric acid, and in the
large proportion of charcoal it affords when burnt.

Guaiacine is stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and purga-
tive. The Spaniards first imported the wood from America
into Europe in the year 1508. It had then a high reputa-
tion as an antisyphilitic, and the names of Holy Wood and
Wood of Life were given to it, and it was then in such
esteem as to be sold at the rate of seven gold crowns a
pound. It virtues, however, in the treatment of this dis-
ease have been now wholly superseded by mercury. The
decoction of the wood has been found useful in cutaneous
diseases and scrofulous affections. The Guiac itself is an

m

'' II

SMALL-LEAVED LIGNUM VIT/E.

19

crticacious remedy in chronic rheumatism and arthritic
aflbctions, and may be substituted for the wood, of which
it is the active medicinal ingredient. Its sensible effects
arc a grateful sense of warmth in the stomach, dryness of
the mouth and thirst, with a copious perspiration, if the
body be kept externally warm, or if the guiac be united
with opium and antimonials : but when the body is freely
exposed it acts wholly as a diuretic. The tincture diluted
with water has been employed as a gargle to cleanse the
mouth, strengthen the gums, relieve tooth-ache, &c.

It is probable that our variety /j {Guaiacum parvifolium,)
may be a distinct species from the true G. sanctum, and
more nearly allied to the officinal species, but we have seen
no authentic specimen for comparison, and our plant is
certainly, at the same time, exactly similar with a speci-
men so marked and collected in St. Domingo by Poiteau.
In the Dictionnaire des Plantes usuellcs, pi. 295, a. 1, there
is a bad figure of the G. sanctum, which may be that of the
G.oficinale, while plate 294, is made up of the fruit of the
true officinal Guaiacum, and the simple opposite leaves of
some other plant foreign both to the genus and o. Jer. In
the Icones Plantarum Mcdicinalium, of Nuremberg, tab.
540, the same false figure is given as the G. sanctum.

I i

Plate LXXXVI.

A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit.

20

BITTEE WOOD.

(QuAssiE, Fr.)

Natural Order, SiMARUBACBiE, (Richard.) Linncean Clas-
sification, Decandri/ Monogynia.

SIMARUBA.* (AuiiLET.)

Flowers MONOECIOUS, dioecious or polygamous. — Cal//x small, 5-parted.
I'etals 5, somewhat larger than the calyx. Stamens 5 to 10, with
scales at their base. St//lc divided at the apex. Carpels usually of the
same number as the petals, inserted by a joint on the axis, capsular, 2-
valved, internally dehiscent and 1 -seeded. Seeds without albumen, pen-
dulous ; cotyledons thick ; radicle superior.

Trees or shrubs of the inter-tropical regions of America with a very
bitter bark and milky juice : the leaves alternate, jjinnatcd, and without
stipules.

GLAUCOUS BITTER- WOOD.

SIMARUBA GiAvcA, Jloribus motioicis, mascnlis dccawlrisl, siigynatc 5-
2)artito, foliis ahnipte jntmalis, foUolis alknus sul>2)etlolidatis glahris
ghmcis. Decand. Prod. vol. 1, p. 733. Humb. Boni'l. ct Kuntii.
Nov. Gencr. Am. vol. G. p. 16.

* An Indian name given by Aublet, employed by the Galibis.

MtfjiV'M .

^*» '■ '^4>j^f%jt

\^ i)

f

1 V I,

ill ,.../..!.

I".. '.;,r>i.i!

• lUki I <• \r,li , ,1

' !'i '"Mvi , .i;f • iTiii-

■ml w;f;;..,!i

!xl

K^'\' * « '^ < 'M >"j. LivAVin JJK

.v:ii.

PLLXZXVn,

'•/•tliceri.- FjtUtr Wvid

Hiuutruha }j]aucii

Si*fuirt'u6u^ ti/t4<witi ,

GLAUCOUS DITTER.WOOn.

21

Tiiifl species of Hitter-Wood often confounded with tlio
ofTicinal kind, was first observed by 1 [uniboldt in tlio Island
of Cubn, near the port of La Trinidad, and according to
the Herbarium of I'oitcau, it also exists in St. Domingo,
wlicrc it was seen probably by Aublet. In Key West,
according to Dr. Hlodgett, it becomes a lofty tree and
llowers in April.

The Simaruha cxrclsa, according to Aublet, attains tho
height of CO feet, with a diameter of 2.J feet. Tho timber.
Dr. Macfadyen remarks, is of an excellent quality, tho wood
being of a yellowish colour, inodorous, light, not very hard,
but capable of receiving a very fine polish, and in Jamaica
is much used for flooring. Insects will not approach tho
bed-posts and clothes-presses made of it on account of its
bitter quality ; and it has been employed for this reason to
make cabinets for tho preservation of collections of insects.

The officinal part of tho Simaruha officinalis, (from which
tho present species is scarcely distinct), is the bark of tho
root. It is inodorous, with a bitter but not disagreeable tasto.
Tho pieces arc of a fibrous texture, rough, scaly, covered
with warts, and of a full yellow colour within, when fresh.
Alcohol and water take up all its active matters by simple
maceration, better than at a boiling heat. It is one of the
most intense and durable bitters known, and has the pro-
perty of a tonic and anti-spasmodic, being employed with
advantage in intermittent and bilious fevers, obstinate diar-
rhoea, dysentery, and dyspeptic aflcctions. The wood is
much used in England to give bitterness to malt liquors,
though the use of it subjects those brewers to a very heavy
penalty.

Every part of the present species is perfectly smooth,
and the young branches and panicles arc glaucous. The
leaflets, 5 or 6 pair, are occasionally both alternate and
opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed, and somewhat
oblique at the base, paler beneath, but not pubescent. Tho

Vol. III. — 4

'1 111'..,

ill'.

lll'l.ll(;H
i-ti

l^i

m

llllijif

22

GLAUCOUS BIT-ER-WOOD.

flowers appear to be wholly dioicous, as remarked by Dr.
Wright, in the Jamaica plant. The panicles are pedun-
culated and axillary ; the flowers are small, yellowish with
a tmge of red, scattered and mixed with a few linear obtuse
bracts. The petals are oblong-lanceolate. Stigmas 5,
revolute, smooth, germs the same number. The drupes
or capsules are seldom more than 3 by the abortion
of the other germs, oval, somewhat compressed, and
obtusely carinated, of a deep reddish purple, with little or
no pulp, indehiscent, and 1-seeded. From their appear-
ance they are in Jamaica called Bitter or Mountain
Damsons.

Plate LXXXVII.
A branch of the natural size.

by Dr.

pedun-
ih with
obtuse
mas 5,
drupes
Portion
d, and
ittle or
ippear-
)uatain

I

if

11'

j:::

if'trlir >ui

>^ta SiiU I'ra/u

PJ.LXXXVJIL

Coircolojiii aiivifera

Knumur ri (i>

'OflfKK

•J.LXXXVJIL

J, ■ i

"I- n".: ,;. ii 11; . t )>■',', c 'Ml:'',

•^ .(■•"•I;

>'|..r

■; ; , hV ;'lv.iii'y(. i '.,•( iv i.

■ ' ■ i '

._.-..-!

I i'V.

■ rapp.4

I (,?:.\XVlJi.

23

COCCOLOBA.*

(Linn.)

'-f=:

■■•'."

. "^^■■>

w

■■■f3K!s..

m

Natural Order, Polygone^e, (Juss.) Linncean Classification,

OCTANDRIA TrIGYNIA.

Flowers perfect, or polygamous. — Cahjx G-partcd, pctaloid, at length
converted into a berry. Corolla none. Stamens 8, anthers rounded.
Ovary 3-sided : stigmus 3, short. Drupe, by abortion, 1 seeded, tho
nut oval and pointed.

Trees or shrubs mostly of tropical America, with alternate entire leaves,
and short, cylindric, sheathing stipules ; flowers herbaceous, in racemes,
with articulated pedicels; the fruit resembling grapes.

SEA-SIDE GRAPE. (RAISINIER DE MER).

COCCOLOBA UVIFERA, foliis cordato-sithrotiimlis nitidis. Linn.

WiLLD. Sp. pi. vol. 3, p. 457. Lamarck. lUust. tab. 31 G, fig. 2.

G/EUT. t. 45.
Coccoloha foUis sidnvtmulis intrgris nitidis 2^f(inis, raccmis fructimm

ccrnuis. Jacq. Amcr. p. 112, tab. 73. Mim,. Diet. No. 1.
CoccoLonus foliis crassis o^lncvlatis sinu apcrto. RnowN, Jam. p. 208.
Polygonum caulc arhorco fructibus haccatis. Linn. Sp. pi. Ed. 1.
lIviFERA foliis subrotundis, am2>lissimis. Linn. Ilort. Cliflbrt. p. 487.
UviFERA litorca, foliis am2)lioribus fere orbiculatis crassis amcricnna,

Pluken. Almag. p. 394, tab. 23G, fig. 7.
Guajabara raccmosa, foliis coriaccis subrotundis, Plumier, ic. t. 145.

•n?-

* The name derived from two Greek words, alluding to the lobing of
the kernel at the base.

24

SEA-SIDE GRAPE.

Pmnns maritima rncrmosn, folio mhrnturulo glahrn, fnictu minorc pur-
jmrco. Sloank, Jnmaic. 183. Hist. vol. 2, p. 129, t. 220, f. 3.
CATKsnv, Carol. 2, t. 96.

Populus amcricana fotundijulia. Bauiiin's Pinax. p. 430.

Mwy-

w

The Sea-Side Grape forms a large and spreading tree
along the coasts of many of the West India islands, and
on the shores of the extremity of East Florida, where it
was observed at Key West, by Dr. Blodgett. It is truly
remarkable for the enormous size of its almost round and
smooth, strongly-veined leaves, which are often from 8 to
10 inches in diameter. The trunk attains the height of
from 25 to 60 feet, by 2 or more feet in diameter ; the
wood is heavy, hard, and valued for cabinet work, when of
sufficient size ; it is of a red or violet colour, and by boil-
ing communicates the same fine colour to the water. The
extract of the wood, or of the very astringent seeds, forms
one of the kinds of kino employed in medicine. This sub-
stance is of a very dark brown colour with a resinous frac-
ture. According to Oviedo, the Spaniards, when in want
of pen, ink and paper, used to employ the wide leaves of
the Coccoloba, writing on them with the point of a bodkin.

From its maritime predilection, it is known in the Ba-
hamas by the name of the Mangrove Grape Tree, The
fruit, disposed in long racemose clusters, is composed of
pear-shaped, purple berries, about the size of cherries;
they have a refreshing, agreeable sub-acid taste, with a
thin pulp; are esteemed wholesome, and brought to the
table as a dessert, for which they are in considerable
demand, but if the stone be kept long in the mouth it
becomes very astringent to the taste.

The branches are smooth and gray, but in old trunks the
bark is rough and full of clefts. The leaves are dilated,
round and obtuse, with a narrow sinus at the base, and
upon very short petioles. The racemes of greenish-white

c jnvr-
, f. 3.

T tree
;, and
lere it

truly
id and
nSto
ght of
r; the
hen of
y boil-
. The
, forms
lis sub-
is frac-
a want
aves of
bodkin,
the Ba-
u The
osed of
tierries ;

with a
; to the
iderable
louth it

jnks the

dilated,

ise, and

sh-white

'II If

lll>r-

Sinail IfOi't^L Siu ft A &mii)*

Coccoloba patrifolru.

ffaij;n.'e,- .1 t-.-MS.' /itiilUs

pi.iiXT\:i:v

7

/■ %

t

r ■' \

/ \

I

\ ^^

y

i
1

.r- N^

•^^.^1/

\

A- >•> r,.tlfli /illClUs

\

mm:

^'f.

Mi'V ^I'iori t>t..ii'r!'< ' •, »;••' ■.■Pi' ', {'•-..-«;• ;^ .»r ; ( St
J ,. ijiit III h'lii, i'c.'i ( 'u V, ,. ■ ■> ■ :. !'')(< -!.; u,

-•' .ki--'. Sued .-».r!if"-sU,, -''^^i, ij, ••< i-i' . •)>::«'ri!y uin!)''u ii:»;i'
h;!-!*:, !.rowi; ,i"f5 ,^ ' «ui,ir. -frin! i, 'i'i.cn. ' "• "-
■s an fijti.i ar u..'' -h i.;uin'''!' t,-/ ; m-'>u i.,u iat> Huin'''
•10 ica\«*^ uaviiti' !th a:-:; >..-.. ^;i. ;n ir i;ke th;it oi' ii
■ "Uc.l.

Plaix LX.A\VJfJ.
i,u' oi' tho nalsiral size. << TIio nir-i- ib^vcn. ^\ 'I ir? flowi^r.

;.' niA *(-.•; n-.Tr.>;.i It. ../ -,■ .

»J 'M 1 ■-.. f 'ir. '.I ■
'\ • i\s-i.JuU('. i •■ .. '^ K-\"- '

■ ■■•" '■•pcci"?. ac-'! .:;;... : .■ .ih. ■■!•>■;

- Mrr>- CO the lli^rbarj.rp . !' '■ i-f- .V5S j

fji-- pf'^ent:, hecomes it iari^f !?•,. . ,. .
' 'tl hern , Jls woud !>^ iuird rin.! '■•,"->i^

■ SUUUl'Uij.-,, ,

.<,■--<•,.•?

\ .: >;' •;,.■!<■
'"* ' 5 ■ . i i ; ! !. ' ).

■i: ■ 1

x:v

'■^f.'.it.'

J^.

-■■.twiTi-:

-tf

'.h

f • .,

-/\'

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V/'

%.^'l

\ V-

■>■ ;. -i. ita uar-; ;i A

l/.'J

-f i. 'i./I'

SMALL-LEAVED SEA-SIDE GRAPE.

95

polygamous flowers, arc 6 to 12 inches long, articulated
upon very short peduncles, and grow by clusters, at first
erect, but in fruit pendulous. The nut has a thin shell,
half 3-celled at the base, with narrow membranous dissepi-
ments. Seed somewhat globular, acute, deeply umbilicated
at base, brown and irregularly striated. There is some-
times an appearance of gummy exudation on the surface
of the leaves having an astringent taste like that of the
extract.

Plate LXXXVIII.

A twig of tho natural size. a. The male flowers, b. The flower.
c. The raceme of fruit.

SMALL-LEAVED SEA-SIDE GRAPE.

COCCOLOBA *PARviFoir\, clioica,foliis oblotigO'lanccoIatis ovalihusquc,

raccmis crcctis, Jlorihus octaiulfis.
/J. ovALiFOLiA, fuUis ovcdlhus utrinque dbtusis.
CoccoLOBA oUusifolial Jacciuin, Amcr. p. 114, t. 74.

This species, according to Dr. Blodgett, who found it
growing on Key West, is a dioecious tree attaining tho
height of 40 feet. It appears to have a near affinity to C.
ohtusifolia of Carthagcna, at least our variety ^. and there
is a very similar species also indigenous to St. Domingo,
according to the Herbarium of Poiteau. It appears very
near to the " Pigeon Plum,^^ of Catesby, plate 94, which,
like the present, becomes a large tree, bearing a pleasant
tasted berry ; its wood is hard and durable, and it affects
rocky situations.

^1,

m

iA

I I

'■['■<
I

li^

86

HMALL-LRAVED aEA-SFOK (JRAPE.

In tliis tree the branclilets nro niininroiis, short, and
covered with a hght grey bark. The leaves, smooth and
even, situated at the extremities of the branchlets, arc
oblong-hinceolate, about 3 inclies long, and a Httlo more
than an incli in width, rather acute at cither end. Raccmo
of the fertile plant 3 to 4 inches long, the flowers solitary,
with the lobes of the calyx whitish. In the infertile plant
the racemes arc longer, and the flowers smaller, and clus-
tered along the stalk of the raceme by 3 or 4 together.

In the variety ^. ovalifolla, the leaves arc sometimes
nearly as broad as long, rounded at each end, and some-
times slightly sinuated at the base.

This species appears to be also nearly allied to C.virens
of the Botanical Register, plate 181 G, but in that the
flowers are decandrous and the racemes nodding.

Plate LXXXIX.

A branch of tlic fertile jtlant of tlin nntural sizo. a, A twig of the male
l)lunt. b. The male flower.

If, I

at

and
and
arc
loro
3mo
iry,
lant
lus-

mcs
mc-

rcns
the

male

SATOTA PLUiM.

(SAroTiEK. Fr.)

Natural Order, Sapote/E. (Juss.) Linruvan ClasJ/lcalion,
IIgxandria Monogynia.

ACIIRAS.* (Linn.)

C'ldi/z G or 6 to S-partcd ; the »livisions ovate, concave and incumbei t.
C'oto/lii the length of the calyx, O-clcll, with the same number ol" para-
pctulous alternate scales within and attached to the corolla. Sld/nitKi
4to0; anthers adnate, ovate, with the 2 celts parallel. Style suha-
latc, cxscrtcd. JJcr/i/ with 8 to V2 cells, the cells l-socded, and with
many of the cells often abortive. Seal with a marginal hyhun, an;'
narrowed at tho apex; embryo erect, without albumen, cotyledons
fleshy.

1)

Lactescent trees of tropical America and India, with alternate entire
coriaceous leaves without stipules ; flowers axillary, and ■vith the leaves
aggregated at tho extremities of the brajichcs.

* 'I

Tho CJrcek name of the wild pcnr.

nm

28

SAPOTILLA OR NASEDERRY BULLY TREE.

m '-^'

ACIIRAS xxvoTJLtx, jflorihiis aggrcgatis,folus clUpticis utrinqiie ohtusis,

Jlorlhua hc.randris.
AciiKAs SAPOTA. /3. [ZapotUla) hmcJdnttts (liffiisus, fnictu suhrotundo,

cicatricula iimcrone brcviori, Browne, Jamaic. vol. 2, p. 200.
Anona mtawia, fuliis laumiis glahris viridi-fi/scis, fructu minimo,

Sloane, Jam. 200. Hist. vol. 2, p. 172, tab. 109, f. 2. Ray. Dcndr.

p. 79. Catesby's Carol, vol. 2, p. 87, t. 67.
Sfqwlafnictu turhinato minori. Pliimieu, Gcncr. p. 43.
/3. *PARviFoi,iA foUis cllqjticis brcvibus utrinquc ohtusis suhnarginatis,

fnictibus majoribus.

'.II

The small islands, or keys as they are called, at the
southern extremity of East Florida, afford in this tree, one
of the fine fruits of tropical America, indigenous also to
Jamaica, St. Domingo, the straits of Panama, and some
other of the warmer parts of the continent of South Ame-
rica.

According to Dr. Blodgett, it is common on Key West,
where it becomes a tree of 30 feet in height, bearing an
agreeable, wholesome fruit, about the size of a pigeon's
figg', which is larger than the small naseberry plum of
Jamaica. When the fruit is green or first gathered, it is
hard and filled with a milky or white juice as adhesive as
glue, but after being gathered 2 or 3 days, it grows soft
and juicy, the juice, being then clear as spring water, is
very sweet.

The fruit of the true Sapota is said to be round, bigger
than a quince, and covered with a brownish, more or less
grooved skin; before maturity the flesh is greenish, milky.

¥''

I

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A.cfu'a 3 Z apoizl.la .

Mt/ui/tftitr c'ffr;,.nun.

SAPOTILLA.

29

and of a very austere disagreeable taste, like our un-
ripe Medlar, and hence the Spanish name of Naseberry ;
but when ripe it is reddish-brown without, bright yellow
within, well scented, of a very delicious taste, and quite
refreshing. Jacquin even preferred it to the Pine-apple.
Like all cultivated fruits, the Sapotilla is subject to a
variety of forms, some being oblong and ovoid, pear-
shaped or round, others with the summit pointed and the
base enlarged. According to Tussac, there is scarcely any
fruit in the West Indies more esteemed, and it is there
carefully cultivated.

In Jamaica, the Naseberry Bully Tree is one of the
largest in the mountain forest, growing 40 or 50 feet high,
with a trunk as large as an oak, and is esteemed as one of
the best and strongest timber trees in the island. It bears
a round fruit about the bulk of a nutmeg, rough externally
like a Russetting apple, and of the same colour.

The summit of the Florida Sapotilla is spreading, and
the branches covered with a light gray bark. The leaves
are clustered towards the summits of the twigs, and are
about 2 inches long by an inch wide, elliptic, obtuse at
each end, and often emarginate, with ferruginously pubes-
cent petioles an inch in length. The peduncles are about
the same length, or a little longer, drooping, and aggre-
gated by 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves. The
calyx is brown, silky, and always closed, with 3 of the seg-
ments external. The corolla is cream-coloured and of the
same length with the calyx.

The bark of the Sopota is very astringent and febrifugal,
and was once supposed to be the true Jesuit's bark. The
seeds of this plant are powerfully aperient and diuretic.
The resin also which its milky Sap affords, is possessed
of medical properties, and when burnt diffuses an odor of
incense.

There appear to be two varieties of this tree at Key

Vol. ih. — 5

M

■'Mi

m

't

!:l

:i

30

SAPOTILLA.

West, the one now figured, which we have called j8. pnrvi-
folia^ and another with larger leaves, apparently identical
with specimens collected by Poiteau in St. Domingo, and
which he had marked Achras Sapota.

Plate XC.

A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit, somewhat reduced.

'Vt'

cal
ind

■U

w

i 1

' I I

.- jiLAa

I^uiuelia Ivfam <ifi{.

»>'■.( i'i'M -i^'t^lV^J^Wf Willi

jfiitjuf/i-i • J. ■ku'iescUlii-^

'; xci.

■'itSC^A

\ I

I. »

II

T\

(hit

I'll' r

V -I

m MiA.

\\,

f .tiff'.: an
■■r.y\) .

.;•' (0, -;i -.in ; '. til'!'

-''■■ t-ii

iV.'.' i

•v> ^;. r

.y »;i ■ .Mi': Hv,

T '■'■ .' ii.

i!u. tro:':::,:! I'.'U-;

;,,',VT-; -in-K

ilOili.lV I'l'I'M

SMOnTH-LMAV J

». *. »( ?' t j!

/5 >

Jf-ifp; f

U:;.'\ rvt.-io:pr

. i • , 1 ■ I ' i • (.

.( '.rj'.! 1

SI.

ceu'riis.

t'.'iSIK'"

n;!'"i" i;^'(":il '>, l:l'' '

!)•.( :!■..■' t..

'

■.i

III

■r :l '

i'

31

SOUTHERN IRON-WOOD.

(L'Aroan, Fr.)

Natural Order^ SAPOTEiE, (Juss.) Linncean Classijicalion^
Pbntandria Monooynia.

BUMELIA* (SwARTz.)

Ccdijx 5-clcfl, persistent. Corolla rotate, 5-partcd, internally with the
same number of toothed or trifid incurvd petaloid scales. Stamens 5
or 10, on short filaments arising from the base of the tube of the
corolla. Ovary superior, rounded. StyU short, stigma simple and
obtuse. Drupe small and round, mostly containing 1 seed.

Shining or smooth trees, with alternate entire leaves, chiefly natives of
the tropical parts of America or the warmer parts of the United States.
Flowers small, in close axillary round corymbs or clusters. The wood
generally hard and foetid.

t Leaves Dsculuous.

SxMOOTH-LEAVED BUMELIA oa IRON-WOOD.

BUMELIA liTCioiDES, spinosa erecta; foliis oUongo-lanceolatis bast
attenuatis demiim glubris, pcdunculis calicihusqvc ghhris,

BuMELiA lycioidcs. PuKsn. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1, p. 155. Elliott,
Sketches, 1, p. 287. Persoon, Synops.vol. 1, p. 237.

* A name given by the Greeks to the European Ash, and arbitrarily
applied to this genus by Swartz.

■. \t'-

J M

i I

J
IIHI i

I'll 1 ,1

11

!

ii! :!

32

SMOOTir-LEAVRI) nrMFJ.IA.

.SinrnnwioN hirioiilrx, I,iiin. Sp. pi. Di'iiAMKt. Arb. 2, p. 2G0, t. 68

Mm II. I'lor. llor. Aiiicr. 1, p. 1'-"-'.
Sii)r,n()\vi,o\ l(tf(\ VV.vi.TKH, l''lnr. Carol, p. 100.
Lv(ji(>ii)i;h. Linn. Ilortus Clilli)rl. |). 4HH.

A SMALL and rather cicgnnt tree, from 12 toiO feet hiyli,
cliicfly an iiiliabitant of low wet forests, from Carolina to
I'lorida, and in Louisiana, not far from tlic banks of the
Mississippi; but it is never met witli in Canada, as stated
by VVilldcnow in the Species Phintarum. It was first intro-
duced into France from the Mississippi, by tlin French
Cana(hans, under the name of the Milk-Wood of the Mis-
sissippi, from the fact, that the young branches, when cut,
yield a milky jtiice. The wood, according to Elliott, though
not used by mechanics, is extremely hard, heavy, and irregu-
larly grained, agreeing, in this respect, pretty nearly with
the species of Sideroxylon of the West Indies, deriving
their name from the hardness of their wood, which is com-
pared to iron. One of the tropical species has wood nearly
of the same yellow colour and close grain as that of the
Box tree.

The younger infertile branches generally produce axillary
spines, which often increase in size with the advancing
growth of the wood. The bark of the trunk is gray and
smooth, at length cloven into narrow longitudinal chinks,
that of the branches is brownish-grey and smooth. The
leaves, at first somewhat silky pubescent and whitish
beneath, are rather narrow and lanceolate, somewhat
obtuse, smooth and reticulated above, attenuated below
into a moderate and slender petiole, brought together
usually in lateral clusters; in the centre of which, sur-
rounded by the round clusters of flowers, issues occasionally
a spine. The leaves at length smooth, are about 3 inches
long including the petiole, and an inch or less in width.
The flowers, small and greenish, are in axillary or lateral

ODLONO-LEAVF.D DUMEMA.

33

roumlcd clusters ; tlic peduncles simple, nil of a length, ami,
as well as the calyx, quite sniootli. The stamens are 5 in
number, and about the length of the corolla. The leaves
on the infertile branches arc more decidedly lanceolate than
the rest. The berries arc oval, juicy, black when ripe, and
about the size of small peas. A tree now in Ilartram's
Botanic Garden, at Kingsesaing, in rather an unfavourable
shady situation, probably 40 years old or more, has
attained the height of about 40 feet, but being slender, is
not more than 8 inches in diameter ; it appears, however,
as though it might attain a still larger growth, and is per-
fectly hardy in this climate.

\\

Plate XCI.

A branch of the natural size. a. A cluster of berries, b. The flower.

OBLONG-LEAVED BUMELLV.

BUMELTA ontONOiFOLiA, sphmsa erecta,foliis lanccoInfo.ohhvgis oht?<sis
basi attcnvatis suhttis mollitcr pilosis, pedunadis brcvissimis cali/ci-
busqtte villosis. Nutt. Gen. Amcr. vol. 1, p. 135.

This species, which becomes a tree 18 or 20 foot in
height, is by far the most hardy of the genus, being indige-
nous about the lead-mines in the vicinity of St. Louis,
where the thermometer falls at times below zero. It is also
not uncommon in Arkansas, in the shady alluvial forests of
that stream, and it is met with on the borders of the Mis-
sissippi as far down as Natchez. It was first noticed
botanically by my late friend Mr. John Bradbury, F. L. S.

1 1

I

\

34

RUSTY-LEAVED BUMELIA.

The bark is rough and gray, and the wood very hard,
tough, and fajtid, indeed so much so, that it would pro-
bably drive away insects from chests made of its wood.
In its natural haggard state, near the lead mines, it is an
ungraceful tree with numerous tortuous and flexuous
branches. The young branchlets, as well as the petioles,
are clothed with soft brownish-grey hairs. The leaves
somewhat resemble those of B. lycioides^ but they are
larger, being 3 to 4 inches long by 1 to U wide, and more
or less hairy beneath, even when adult. The flowering
clusters are dense, the flowers numerous, on hairy pedun-
c'os scarcely longer than the ferruginously villous calyx,
the segments of which are ovate and concave. The inner
scales nearly equal with the corolla, are connivent and
trifid, situated opposite to the stamens. Drupe fleshy,
purple, at length blackish brown.

RUSTY-LEAVED BUMELIA.

BUMELIA FERRroiMiA, inermis, foliis obovatis puhcscentihus ohtiisis
snbtiis ferrugineo-tomcntosis, corymhis midtijtoris, calijcihus pcduncu-
Usque rufo lanatis,f.orihus pcntatulris.

Of this apparently very distinct species of Iron-wood,
I know nothing more than the single imperfect specimen
collected by Mr. Ware, in East Florida. The leaves in
the spineless infertile branch are unusually wide, being 1^
inches by 2^ inches in length, those on the flowering branch
however, are much smaller. It is quite remarkable for
the dense ferruginous pubescence on the under side of the

i'l.XCJi

ir

I'll
!|i S! ; i

nnimiKi teiiu.v

.i,i.-;i' 'ii' >■ . ; ' ,

Sp/KUiir^r irnu.'t

;; ,i!i vT ,,'i,t;

Sli.K V-i '\^^sV'i '': f.' V

;,r\n

iU Mr.

IJ 1 ■ ■

,/.'.^..

" >

lit

I Ml

- (jK . v\l.f■.^ ../'' I ' ' ''^ All* ::■
J»r,- ;:;lKi!;r. M> •

...(ji :;• ^o :h;U ' h'' U'Ui < '// .■

!. <■

K K

f . J.

if

I -MB

SILKY-LEAVED BUMELIA.

35

leaves, young branches and calyx. Its nearest affinity is
at the same time to the preceding species.

>ILKY-LEAVED BUMELIA.

BUMELIA TENAx, crecta, ramis junioribus spinosis, foliis cuncato-lan-

ccolatis phrumque obtusis, subtus sericco-7titentibus, sub-aureis, calijcibus

villosis.
BuMELiA tenax. VVilld. Sp. pi. 1, p. 1085. Persoon, Synopsis, vol. 1,

p. 237. Elliott, Sketch, vol. 1, p. 288. Loudon, Encyc. Plants, p.

149, t. 2394.
BuMELiA chnjsophyUoides. Pubsii. Flor. Bor. Amer. 1, p. 155.
iSiDEROXYLON tetiox. LiNN. Mant. p. 48. Jacuuin, Collect, vol. 2, p.

252.
SiDERoxYLON chrysophijlloi/les. Mich. Flor. Bor. Amcr. 1, p. 123.
SiDERoxYLON sericeum, Walter, Carol, p. 100.
Chrysophyllum Carolincnse. Jacq. Observ. vol. 3, p. 3, tab. 54.

This very elegant leaved species becomes occasionally
a tree 20 i;o 30 feet high, with hard tough wood, and the
trunk clothed with a light grey bark. The young branches
are slender, straight, ticxible, and as in all the species
of the genus inhabiting the United States, very difficult to
break, hence nie specific name of the present (tenax.') The
leaves are much smaller than in any of the preceding
species ; smooth above, beneath silky and sJiining, with the
down usually of a pale golden or ferruginous colour ; add-
ing a peculiar elegance and splendour to the foliage, nearly
equal to that of the true Chrysophyllum, or Golden-Leaf of
the West Indies. The flowers and leaves, as usual, are
both clustered at the extremities of the projecting buds of
the former season, but the older fertile branches do not
appear to produce any ihoriis. The peduncles of the ses-

fil

36

WOOLLY-LEAVED BUMELIA.

sile corymbs, are very long, and as well as tlui calyx,
clothed with ferruginous down. According to Wilklenow
the drupes arc oval. Inner corolla or nectarium 5-|)artcd
as the corolla, but with the divisions trifid, and the middle
segment longest.

This species affects dry sandy soils, and is met with, not
uncommonly, from the sea-coast of South Carolina to East
Florida. IJosc remarks that at the approach of evening,
the flowers give out an agreeable odour. In the Bartram
Garden, there is a tree of this species, less silky than usual,
whicli y. perfectly hardy.

Plate XCII.

A branch of the natural si/c. a. The (lower, b. The berry.

1^ \

am'

M

WOOLLY-LEAVED BUMELIA.

BUMELIA LANUGINOSA, sjyinutia; ranu/Us patcntissimis, pnh'scrntibits ;
folils cuncatO'hmiccolatis obinsb ; suUus lanuginosis fcrrugincis ncc

scriccis calijcmis glahri-, hasi piJosiusculis.
BuMKLiA lamigiiiosa. Pkrsoon, Synops. 1, p. 237. PuRsii. Flor. 1, p.

155.
SiDERoxYLON LA NuoiNosuM, spinosum; ramuUs patcntissimis, jwlicsccn-

tihns ; J'olii' ovali-limccolatis, siq)ra glabris, suhtus lanuginosis ncc

sericds. hlicu. Flor. Bor. Am, vol. 1, jv, 122.

This is a smaller tree than the preceding, affecting the
same situations, bushy swamps on light soils ; and is met
with in Georgia and the lower part of Alabama. The leaves
are small, as in the preceding species, but covered beneath
with a dull brown wool, not very thick, nor in the least

LARGE-FRUITED BUMELIA.

37

shining ; their form is cuneate-oblong, or sublanceolate and
obtuse, about an inch and a half long, and a little more
than half an inch wide, on short petioles like all the rest of
our species. The flowers are also much smaller, and the
calyx nearly smooth. In this species likewise the spines
arc stout, sharp and persistent. Its real affinity is to B,
lycioides, but it is in all parts much smaller.

LARGE-FRUITED BUMELIA.

BUMELIA iiACRocAKPA, (Irprcssa, ramis gracUllnis vaVlc spmosts, S2nnis
dongatis toucibus sitbn'ciin'is,foliisparv?(lis amcato-Iaiiccokuis ohtusis
juniorihiis lanvginosis, demum subglabi'is concolofibus ; cbiqui maxiinc
ovali.

This very low bushy species, allied to B» rcclinata^ I
give, (though from very imperfect specimens) to complete
the history of our species of the genus. The twigs are
very slender, at first pubescent, covered with a grey bark,
and with the spines long and slender as needles. The
leaves, before expansion, are exceedingly lanuginous, and
always small, with very short petioles, at length nearly
smooth. The fruit is edible, and as large as a small date !
I found this species on the sandy hills not far from the
Altamaha, in Georgia, in winter, and therefore do not know
the flower. It does not grow more than a foot high, and
the leaves are little more than half an inch long.

Vol. III. — 6

i':H

ti ■ i; ■ :~ -Si

;M

i:i

38

•j"! Leaves Scmpervirent.

NARROW-LEAVED BUMELIA.

BUMELIA ANGTTSTiPOLiA, glabra spinosa, foliis Uneari-ohhngis obtusist
Jloribus aggrcgatis glabris, drupa oblonga umbilicata.

This tree, according to Dr. Blodgett, is common at Key
West, where it attains the height of 40 feet. The wood is
probably equally hard with that of the other species of the
genus. The branches before us are more or less spiny,
and covered with a brown but externally silvery grey bark.
The leaves, unusually small and narrow, come out in clus-
ters from the centre of preceding buds, they are very smooth,
apparently evergreen and coriaceous, linear-oblong and
obtuse, attenuated into a sort of false petiole, and are about
an inch and a quarter long, by about 3 lines wide. The
peduncles are aggregated, rather short, and, as well as the
calyx, smooth. Segments of the calyx ovate, the two
outer smaller. Corolla yellowish-white not longer than the
calyx.

The berry, about the size and form of that of the Bar-
berry, is purpliph-black, and covered with a bloom,
oblong-elliptic, by abortion 1-secded, the 3 or 4 other
ovules stifled, and the one large, cartilaginous seed filling
up the whole cavity ; the berry is umbilicated at the apex,
and terminated with the persistent, subulate, slender style ;
the pulp is waxy, milky probably before ripe, as in the
Sapotilla. The seed is large, cylindric-oblong, pale testa-
ceous, hard and very shining, with an internal longitudinal

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spiny nor nulky-jtii(-e<], and i- !■;<-.'-
isy large as a ciierry,.

<lispo?f>d chic% ai. thr fj^Jfc: ,• '^^' o* '•!• ''-><,,: - --^ dioy nro

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FETID BUMELIA.

39

suture, bright-brown at the tip of the base, witli a conspi-
cuous lateral basal cicatrice.

This species has a considerable affinity with Sidcroxylon
spinosum of Linnrous, a native of India and Africa, the ber-
ries of which are acidulous, and agreeable to eat.

Plate XCIII.
A branch of tho natural size in flower, a. A branch with ripe berries.

FETID BUMELIA.

BUMELIA TCETmasfsiA, foliis hnccolato-obbngis ohtttsis mbemargineUis,

peduncuUs confcrtis ttxillaril/ns. WiiiD. Sp. Plant, vol. 2, p. 1086.

Pehsoon, Synops. 1, p. 237.
SiDERoxYtoN FoiTiDissiMUM iticrmc, folUs suh.oppositis, Jloribus paten-

tissimis. Limn. Mantis, p. 49. Jacq. Amcr. p. 55. Lam. Diet. vol.

1, p. 247.

This is another species, becoming a large tree, equally
indigenous to Key West and the island of St. Domingo,
and was found by the same person with the former.
Poiteau met with it the mountainous woods of Hayti, and
it was in flower in October. It is said neither to be
spiny nor milky-juiced, and it bears a round berry almost
as large as a cherry.

In this species the leaves are very smooth and large,
disposed chiefly at the extremities of the branches, they are
nearly elliptic and obtuse, somewhat waved on the margin,
on petioles nearly an inch in length, and of a thinnish con-
sistence, yet somewhat coriaceous ; they are 3 to 3^ inches

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40

FETID BUMELIA.

long and from Ij to 2 inches wide. The flowers are
numerous and in dense clusters, produced, apparently, in
the axils of preceding leaves, and therefore appear wholly
lateral. The calyx is almost entirely smooth, with oval
segments ; the corolla very spreading, yellowish-white, with
5 stamens. The stigma, very different from that of the
preceding species, is wholly sessile on the summit of the
ohlong germ, and is membranous and concave. The berry,
apparently yellow, is by abortion only 1 -seeded. The spe-
cimens collected in St. Domingo by Poiteau, are marked
SamarOi probably from the very peculiar almost cup-shaped
stigma and spherical fruit. It seems to be nearly allied
to Sideroxylon lucidum, (Solander), as described by La-
marck, Diet. l,p. 246. It is also nearly allied, apparently,
to B, pallida.

Nc

Plate XCIV.
A branch of the natural size.

Col
tl
c
t
II

SI

Ore
min
core

41

STUAWBERRY TREE.

(Ahbousier, Fr.)

Natural Order, EiiicEiE, (R. Brown.) Tribe Arbute^,
(Decand.) Limman Classification^ Decandria Mono-

GYNIA.

ARBUTUS.* (Cambr. Tournefort.)

Ccdyx inferior, 5-partcd. The corolla globosely or ovately campanulatc ;
the narrow border 5.cleft and reflected. Statnens 10, included. Anthers
compressed at the sides, opening by 2 terminal pores, attached below
the summit where they produce 2 reflected awns. Ovarmm, seated
upon or half immersed in an hypogynous disc, 5-cellcd, cells many-
seeded. Sti/le 1 : stigma obtuse. Jierry nearly globular, rough with
granular tubercles.

Large or small trees of the south of Europe, the Levant, Mexico, and
Oregon. The leaves alternate and sempervirent ; racemes axillary or tor-
minal and paniculate. Flowers pedicellate, provided with bractes ; tho
corolla white or reddish.

* An ancient name for the Arhiitm Uncdo.

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42

MENZIES'S STRAWBERRY TREE.

ARBUTUS MENziEsii, arhorca, foliis elU2Uicis acntis suhscrratis longc
pctiolutis glabris, raccmis paniailatis densijloris axillarihus terminali'
busque.

Arbutus mcmitsii. PuRsn. Flor. Bor. Amcr. 1, p. 282.

Arbutus laurifolia ? Linn. Suppl. 238.

Arbutus ^/-ocem. Douglas, Hot. Reg. tab. 1573.

This is rather a common species on the banks of the
Oregon and the Wahlamet, below Fort Vancouver, in
rocky places where it becomes a tree 30 to 40 feet high,
with a smooth and even light-brown trunk, from which the
old bark exfoliates, so that it appears as if it were stripped
nearly down to the living surface. The top is somewhat
pyramidal and spreading. The leaves, resembling those of
the laurel, are thick and of a rigid consistence, crowded
towards the extremities of the branches, they are chiefly
elliptic and mostly entire, though on the young shoots
sharply serrate. The flowers are very abundant, in dense
pyramidal panicles, made up chiefly below, of axillary
sessile racemes, they are nearly globular and yellowish-
white ; these are at length succeeded, about August, by
fine showy clusters of orange-yellow berries, which are
rather dry, and coated with a thin layer of granular tuber-
cular pulp.

This species appears to be very closely allied to A. Art'
drachne of the Levant, and I suspect it is not sufficiently
distinct from A. laurifolia of Linnaeus. At any rate, there is
certainly but one arborescent species of the genus in the

7i7-LaUis Men/.ie?!!

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> ..sitr ef€ *^fenius

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fUi^ '■ -. ir. 'iiinis nit."'' '■:<•• /"" •■'

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(lie iiVd-'', are t.iiiok an!: cf :
l*'\varJsr llio extrornitirs ot t!.
tilntic aail ir.n.-Jr m'h-o, iliOU'.fh en the vonnj^ shoots
.-iKuplv serni.to, '{'lir ik)vs*;rs ar.; vcrv abiirniaiit, in tl< ii-^o
tjvruuidai panKi'-', iniclo up rlhftiy IkIoy,, o!" axiliary
stHsil'i raot-iMe>^, fh^v ;iVf M.'nr'.y ^toh'i'O.- .-tnd ycilowisli-
vviii'cs th'jf'O ?••.•<• -i! length -',i<-coedf t. .th-.u! .Viigust, l>y
fiai^ sho^vv clustorM r :' t irint;-.' volio**. i-'nT'.os, whirji arc;
r.>!Ii«'r drv, :u;d ooatrd w.^', Ji. fhin luyc; of ^.;if;'...ar lubor-

cnlar pidj>.
■1 h^s :-!>''ci<vt appear- to •■ ■ vc;iy ol"-

• • tincT rroiM - ». tmirifolin ',>}' laniwr.j.

-r. .^-^^ hut onf; rab'"'.f:SCf>nt FpTlf-^v --J

: V ■ »

.iiU'd to yl. /1h-

viot ?uftfcioiUly

ny nttr, there i^

fi'p. genus in thr

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yUlntue Sifa>rieny Tnt

Arimtiis Menziesii

^'frbousitr c/t »tfemus

I

TREE WHORTLEBERRY.

43

Oregon territory. The young leaves are, in fact, as
described, sharply serrate, and the older leaves likewise
vary in this respect, some being wholly entire or nearly so,
and others distinctly serrulate.

We found the wood to be white, hard, and brittle, and
of no economical value, except as indifferent fuel. Its
diameter was usually from 1 to 2 feet. The pulp of the
fruit is somewhat aromatic, but wholly inedible. The cells
only about 2-seeded, the seed rather large and angular,
chiefly filled with a fleshy albumen.

All the species of the genus are highly ornamental, and
particularly the Strawberry Tree {A. Unedo) of South
Europe, which covers whole mountains in the kingdom of
Leon in Spain. The peasants and their children eat the
fruit, though not very agreeable and somewhat narcotic
when taken in large quantities. The leaves in some parts of
Greece are employed for tanning leather, and are also used
as an astringent remedy in medicine. In the island of Cor-
sica an agreeable wine is said to be prepared from the ber-
ries of the A. Unedo ; and in Spain both a sugar and a
spirit are obtained from them.

! i'

Plate XCV.

A branch of the natural size. a. The berries.

TREE WHORTLEBERRY.

BATODENDRON abboreum. Nutt. in Philos. Transact. Philad.
vol. 8.

44

TREE WHORTLEBERRY.

\ AcctNiVTi arboreum. Mah8hall, p. 107. Mich. Flor. Amcr. 1 , p. 230.

PuBsii. Flora, 1. p. 285. Elliott, Sk. 1, p. 495.
V.VCCINIUM (hj'usum. Aiton. Hort. Kcw. vol. 2, p. 11.

This species, commencing to appear on the diy margins
of swamps in North Carolina, and extending to Florida and
Arkansas, becomes a tree of 10 to 20 feet in height, with
an irregular round top, and sending out many long, straight
suckers from the root. The leaves are nearly evergreen,
oboval, or almost round, smooth and shining. The racemes
arise from the old wood, with the flowers white, tinged with
red, and angular. The berries are round, smooth, black,
nearly dry and astringent, filled with a granular pulp almost
like saw-dust, yet the taste is pleasantly subacid.

The bark of the root is astringent, and is sometimes
given in decoction as a remedy for chronic dysentery and
diarrhoea. The dried fruit is equally efficacious and more
agreeable to the palate, (Elliott.) We have not sufficient
materials for a figure of this curious tree.

Mountain Laurel, {Rhododendron maximum) " is found,
as you know, at Medfield and at Attleborough in Massa-
chusetts, and also, / believe, near Portland in Maine."
(G. B. Emerson.) I am unable to decide whether this
interesting plant is found as far north as the state of
Maine, though it is not improbable. On the high banks of
the Delaware near Bordentown, we meet with natural
clumps of this shrub, which in Pennsylvania is scarcely
found nearer than the first chain of the Alleghany Moun-
tains.

Spoon Wood (Kalmia lati/olia), "abounds in almost
every part of Massachusetts, as far north as Lowell," (G,
B. Emerson,) and I have reason to believe, also, that it

m

TREE WHORTLEBERRY.

45

extends into Maine. The largest plants of this species
which I have ever seen, not inferior to stout Peach trees,
were in the great cypress swamp, near Dagsbury in Sussex
county, Delaware. In the same locality also grew the
Hopea tindoria, Laurus Borhonia^ and the Quercus hemi-
spherica.

Sorrel Tree, (^Andromeda arborca), A tree of this spe-
cies now growing at the Bart ram Garden, is more than 60
feet high, with a circumference of 4 feet.

Vol. III. — 7

.

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I

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li

1

40

MELON OR PAPAW TREE.

(Papayer. Fr.)

Natural Order, Papayaceje. (Von Martius.) Linna^an
Classification, Dkecia Decandria.

PAPAYA.*

(Trew, Tourn. Jussieu.)
(Linn.)

CARICA.

DrcEcrous or polygamous. — Cah/x inferior, minute and S-tootlicd. Co-
rolla, monopetalous, with a contorted [estivation, i)i tlio staminifcrous
flower tubular, with 5 lobes and 10 stamens, all arising from the same
line, with those opposite the lobes sessile, the other alternate ones on
short filaments ; antlicrs adnata and 2-ccllcd, opening lengthways ; the
corolla in the fertile flower is nearly campanulate, and 5.partcd almost
to the base. Ovary superior, 1 -celled, witii 5 parietal many-seeded
receptacles ; stigma sessile, 5-lobed, fringed. Fruit a succulent indehis-
cent pepo. Seeds spherical, enveloped in a loose mucous coat, having
a brittle pitted shell ; the embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen ;
cotyledons flat, with the radicle inclined to the hylum.

These are spongy-wooded, quick-growing trees of tropical America,
without branches, like Palms, and yielding an acrid thin milky juice ; the

* The native American name. Linnaus changed the name for Carica,
because it was said to be a native of Caria ; but as the plant has no sort of
relation with that country, it is better, with Jussieu and Lamarck, to retain
the older and better name.

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l)r;uu'iicsi r,') uit; licij!.' !" •/' ■'. • "•- \ ■
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••ou.s Haniin;;) vvi.i.,..- .^- • : . • • .-ro ;<

i'iis.s.'on flower triDiis. Vhi: * (»■.; t;.! ;>aiiir.i!' -i
••>ut only tnwarda ilio sutnusr ot ihc ^u i;^
vircio lik(; an '..'wy v.\\\\)V< iui. 'J'h<' Htf-f
<i iooi ill <ii;im(^t.(;r, with till: M'"..i i ,
< ofjsistciic(\ and ;■;<< iibroijs as t«tr.:' '■< .■ ,jat ■■i\i ' • '• -i-
M ;0 like }5(.'!U|t. Ill y\\ iixjiiths •■ .r-." th':' '»'.^^;i". -.f n
i!i.in, aiul !^o<.n alter Ijoj^jus ft n v' , \ .ii";- *;*;'•.•■ i'-^ iituiosil
jnatxtiiliulo in ?, yiydrb.

Tlio roDi. is porpciuliriiliir, \> i.i ,--'n, i^pr'.y:}- =>•.] <.t u dis-
nfjn;oaljlc lustc and .sincll. iiic s^tetn }.s Kia.-jvt d nearly its
v,liol(> Icui^tli, \sit,h the scars of Lhe fuik;; Ifjuvc-, and is of

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^ '■■■^3

f^>:7

'T-'

d:'

. I

T'ci-p"- tr i' r*^*-

Pk-WAV^ v-|[>. ..jf£^.

P;.5tf*T?- . ^7ti7>l!t.'l:

^.:j!/lt/tf

I . I

M

COMMON MELON OR PAPAVV TREE.

47

ionvcs arc alternate and largo, digitate or palmatcly lobcd, on long petioles;
the male (lowers in axillary racemes with clustered flowers ; the female
flowers usually solitary.

COMMOxX MELON on PAPAW TREE.

PAPAYA VULGARIS, foliis palmafis 7-0-lohis shittatis, laciniis oblongis

acutis,Jloribus masculis raccnioso-corymbosis,
Pai' lYA vulgaris. Decand. in Lamarck's Diet. vol. 5, p. 2. lUust. t.

821.
Cakica Papaya. Linn. Sp. pi. Willd. Sp. pi. 4, p. 814.
Carica fronde comosa, foliis 2}cllatis ; lohis varic sinuatis. Bkown, Jam.

p. 3G0.
Papaya fnictii mclo-2)cpo)iis cjjigic. Plum. Cntal. p. 20. Trew. Ehret.

tab. 7 ? TouRN. Instit. p. 65U.
Papaya maram. Riieed, Malab. vol. 1, t. 15, fig. 1, [male], Amhapaya,

fig. 2, [female].
Arlmr mclonifcra. Boutius, p. 96.
Arbor pkUani folio, frucUt Pcponis magnitudine cduli. Bauhin Pinax,

p. 131. Mebian. Surinam, p. 40, tab. 40 and 02. 04.

The Papaw Tree, rising erect into the air without
branches to the height of 20 feet, in its mode of growth
may be compared to the Pahns, or to the tall and herba-
ceous Banana, while its true relations are to the Gourd and
Passion flower tribes. The elegant palmated leaves spread
out only towards the summit of the stem, and form a wide
circle like an airy umbrella. The stem is cylindric, about
a foot in diameter, with the wood of a soft and spongy
consistence, and so fibrous as to afford a material for cord-
age like hemp. In six months it attains the height of a
man, and soon after begins to flower, attaining its utmost
magnitude in 3 years.

The root is perpendicular, whitish, spongy, and of a dis-
agreeable taste and smell. The stem is marked nearly its
whole length, with the scars of the fallen leaves, and is of

>^i'

48

COMMON MELON OR PAPAVV TREE.

ii; I

■ f.

a somewhat solid consistence towards the base. The
leaves are on petioles which are near upon 2 feet long, they
are deeply divided into 7 or 9 sinuated gashed lobes. The
flowers arc axillary, yellowish-white and fragrant; the
barren ones in pendulous racemes with the flowers dis-
posed in corymbose clusters ; the fertile flowers are rather
numerous, on short usually simple thickened pedicels.
The fruit, produced throughout the whole year, is about the
size of a small musk-melon, usually oval or round, and fre-
quently grooved; it is yellow, inclining to orange when
ripe, containing a bright yellow, succulent, sweet pulp, with
an aromatic scent ; the seeds a little larger than those of
mustard, have a warm taste almost like that of Cresses.

The fruit of the Papaw when boiled and mixed with
lime juice, is esteemed a wholesome sauce to fresh meat,
in taste not much unlike apples. It is likewise employed
as a pickle, when about half-grown, being previously soaked
in salt water to get rid of the milky juice it contains, and
is, when ripe, frequently preserved in sugar and sent to
Europe with other tropical sweetmeats. The juice of the
unripe fruit, as well as that of the seed, acts as a powerful
and efficacious vermifuge, and its chief constituent, sin-
gular enough, is found to be fihrine^ a principle otherwise
peculiar to the animal kingdom and the fungi.* An appli-
cation of the milky sap is said to be a remedy for the
tetter or ringworm, and upon the coast of Malaquette in
Africa, the leaves are employed as an abstergent in place
of soap, they are also used for the same purpose, by the
African Creoles of the West Indies.

The Papaw, moreover, has the singular property of ren-
dering the toughest animal substances tender, by causing
a separation of the muscular fibre ; even its vapour alone
is said to produce this eflfect upon meat suspended among

* Thompson's Annals of Chemistry, 1. c.

COMMON MELON OR PAPAW TREE.

49

the leaves, and that poultry and hogs, though old, become
tender in a few hours after feeding on the leaves and fruit.
This property was first described by Brown in his history
of Jamaica, who remarks, that meat washed in the milky
juice, mixed with water, became in a few hours so tender
that when cooked it could scarcely be taken from the spit.

The utility of the Papaw is proved by the fact of its
being cultivated over the whole of South America, (accord-
ing to the observations of Humboldt and Bonpland ;) it is
likewise cultivated throughout India and in many of the
islands of the Pacific, particularly in the Friendly and Sand-
wich island groups ; here it frequently produces fruit at tho
height of 6 or 8 feet. In the wilds of East Florida, accord-
ing to Bartram, it presents a more imposing and stately
appearance, and adds a peculiar feature to the almost tro-
pical scenery of the forests of the St. John. It is also
met with on the small islands or keys, near the extremity
of the peninsula, and is indigenous to many parts of South
America and the West India islands.

Linschoten says it came from the West Indies to the
Philippines, and was taken thence to Goa. According to
Sloane, it grows wild in the woods of Jamaica, but is there
of small stature. It was observed also at Realejo in Guate-
mala by Dr. Sinclair.

In Bartram's Travels, (p. 131,) is given a very ani-
mated and exact description of this graceful tree. He adds
it " is certainly the most beautiful of any vegetable produc-
tion I know of; the towering Laurel Magnolia, and exalted
Palm, indeed exceed it in grandeur and magnificence, but not
in elegance, delicacy, and gracefulness ; it rises erect, with
a perfectly straight tapering stem to the height of 15 or 20
feet, which is smooth and polished, of a bright ash colour.
Its perfectly spherical top is formed of very large lobe-
sinuate leaves, supported on very long footstalks ; the lower

' I

I :^

i

1 1 II

i

l:

:;

50

COMMON MELON OR PAPAW TREE.

leaves arc tlic largest as well as their petioles the longest,
and make a graceful sweep, like the long/ or ttie branches
of a sconce candlestick. The ripe and green fruit arc
placed round about the stem or trunk, from the lowermost
leaves, and upwards almost to the top. It is always green,
ornamented at the same time with flowers and fruit."

Plate XCVI.

Tho female tree on a reduced scale, a. Tiic fomalo flower of the natural
size. b. A portion of the malo raceme, of tho natural sizo.

ist,

ICS

iro
ost
en,

:ural

\'\\

;;

Jlaiyt- •/'lcitvmi2)'yi*ved

Corxtvis Nuttallii

xcvii

f:
I

i

t^t ^'uUuIl.

nfi-.-'-- .1

COUVrS/ rr-: .iXi.roar;]

■ ♦..' Vii ill. I ;■■!.■

■A I

(

•I !!l>. ■' ''•(■■* >•'•■

l.Mii^K-^ V^\ J:'n.I' t^i"\\ '■ ^

1^'-!

II

5 ,„

r--

|;^^

.^fi

■r. •*.

M:.

^■^ ':£^.

" . ' r 1 ■ - ■ ■ ;■?: - ■

/f

■^^■^■

■*t--

:-^¥^'(M ■

*; ...■

, -J

■^'

m

ZtJi v^ •/ 'f'rtrt^'vw'j^^rxv*; ..V.

< -cHfilS vSw'.tiilljI.

ctf/yrafi-u/if iit - Va<**^/t

! li'

51

DOGWOOD.

(CORNOUILLER. Fr.)

Natural Order, CoRNACEiE, (Decand.) Linncean Arrange-
ment, Tetrandria Monogynia.

CORNUS.* (TOURNEFORT.)

Border of the cahjx 4-toothccl, minute. Prf«/s oblong, spreading. Stamcjts
4, longer than the corolla. Style somewhat club-shaped ; stigma obtuse
or capitate. Dnipcs free, berried, 1 to 2.ccllcd, 1 to 2-secdcd.

The plants of this genus are chiefly trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous,
with a bitter bark. Leaves opposite, (or rarely somewhat alternate)
usually entire, witliout stipules, and feather-veined. Flowers small and
white, disposed in compound, terminal, flat clusters or cymes ; sometimes
capitate and surrounded by a coloured involucrum resembling petals. Hairs
of the leaves and stems afiixed by the centre.

LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD.

CORNUS NUTTALLir, (Audubon), arlmrscens ; mvolucris A-G-foIioIrJis,
fuliolls ohovatis, acutis acuminatisvc basi angusiatis ; fullis ovalibus,
viz acuminatis ; cortice Icevi.

* From cornu a horn, in allusion to the hardness of tiic wood.

52

LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD.

! .1

CoRNUS NUTTALLir, Icavcs of tlio involucrum 4-6, obovatc, acute or acumU
natc, narrowed at the base ; drupes oval ; leaves oval, scarcely acumi-
nate. Torrey and Gray, Flor. N. Amcr. 1, p. 652. Audubon, Birds
of America, plate 367.

CoRNus Florida, Hooker, Flor. Bor, Amer. vol. 1, p. 277, (partly.)

On arriving, towards the close of September in 1834, at
Fort Vancouver, I hastened again on shore to examine the
productions of the forests of the far West, and nothing so
much surprised me as the magnificent appearance of some
fine trees of this beautiful Cornus. Some of them growing
in the rich lands near the fort were not less than 50 to 70
feet in height, with large, oval, acute, lucid green leaves,
which, taken with the smooth trunk and unusually large
clusters of crimson berries, led me, at first glance, to
believe that I beheld some new magnolia, until the flower
buds, already advanced for the coming season, proved our
plant to be a Cornus, allied, in fact, to the Florida^ but with
flowers or coloured involucres nearly 6 inches in diameter !
These appeared in all their splendour, in May of the follow-
ing year, of a pure white with a faint tinge of blush j the
divisions, also, of this brilliant pseudo-flower are usually 5
or 6 in number, of an obovate outline, with the points often
acute. The leaves are about 4 inches long and 2^ wide,
with a considerable quantity of pubescence beneath. The
cluster of bright red berries is scarcely inferior to that
of the cone of the Magnolia umbrella^ and each of them is
strongly terminated by the 4 persistent teeth of the calyx
and the style. The petals are oblong-ovate, shorter con-
siderably than the stamens.

The wood, like that of all the species, is very hard,
close-grained, of slow growth, and would be useful for all
the purposes for which the wood of the C. Florida is em-
ployed. The extract of the bark, boiled down to a solid
consistence, containing in a very concentrated state the
vegetable principle corninc, we found of singular service in

LARGE-LEAVED DOGWOOD.

53

the settlement of the Wahlamet, where, in the autumn of
1835, the intermittent fever prevailed. In most cases pills of
this extract timely administered gave perfect relief. Though
the berries are somewhat bitter, they are still, in autumn,
the favourite food of the Band-Tailed Pigeon. To the
north this species prevails, probably as far as Eraser's
river, or Sitcha, but we did not meet with it CaUfornia, nor
any where eastward, even in the vicinity of the lower falls
or cascades of the Oregon. There is therefore, no doubt,
but that it is as hardy as the Common Dogwood and more
deserving of cultivation. It has been raised in England from
seeds which I brought over, but the plants are yet small. *

Plate XCVII.

A branch of the natural size. a. A cluster of berries.

William Bartram in his Travels in Georgia and Florida,
gives the following account of the appearance of the Dog-
wood {Cornus Florida), as it appeared near the banks of
the Alabama. " We now entered a remarkable grove of
Dogwood trees which continued nine or ten miles unaltered,
except here and there by a towering Magnolia grandijlora.
The land on which they grow is an exact level ; the sur-
face a shallow, loose, black mould, on a stratum of stiff
yellowish clay. These trees were about 12 feet high,
spreading horizontally ; and their limbs meeting, and inter-
locking with each other, formed one vast, shady, cool
grove, so dense and humid as to exclude the sunbeams, and
prevent the intrusion of almost every other vegetable ;
affording us a most desirable shelter from the fervid sun-
beams at noonday. This admirable grove, by way of emi-
nence has acquired the name of the Dog Woods. During
a progress of near seventy miles through this high forest,
there was constantly presented to view, on one hand or

Vol. III. — 8

'I I.

54

WOOLLY-LEAVED CORNUS.

the Other, spacious groves of this fine flowering tree,
which must, in the spring season, when covered with blos-
soms, exhibit a most pleasing scene," p. 401.

WOOLLY-LEAVED CORNUS.

CORNUS PUBESCENs ramis pnrpurascentihis, ramulis cymisque hirsutis ;
^foliis ovaUbus aaitis glahriuscuUs suhtus 2wtUi(lis hirstUo-xnihcsccntihus,

cymis (k2Jrcssis, dcntibiis calycinis minutis, pctalis lanccolatis acutis,

NuTT. in Torrcy and Gray, 1, p. 652.
CoRNus circinata. Ciiamis. and Sciileciit. In Linncca. 3, p. 139.
CoRNUs scricca, /3. ? occUkntalis ; leaves larger, more tomentoso beneath.

ToRK. and Gray, vol. 1, p. 652.

This species is confined to the immediate borders of the
Oregon and Wahlamet in wet and dark places. Accord-
ing to Chamisso, it also exists round St. Francisco in
Upper California. The stem is about 6 feet high, but it has
no pretensions to become a tree, and is only introduced here
for want of any other suitable opportunity of publishing it.
Its true affinity is to Cornus stolonifera. The stem is simi-
larly reclined and full of slender red twigs. It differs from
that species, however, in the nature of its pubescence which
is whitish and hirsute, with a crowded and close hirsute
cyme, and larger lanceolate petals. The leaves are also
oval, or somewhat broad ovate, and merely acute, not
acuminate, almost smooth above, whitely and somewhat
hirsutely pubescent beneath. The flowers are white and
rather large, crowded so as to hide the pedicels. The f^i'it
we have not observed.

i i

CORNEL-CHERRY.

55

White Cornel. (Cormis stolonifcra, C. alha, Pursh.)
This species grows on the borders of streams in the Rocky
Mountain range, and also on the banks of the Oregon, and
in the Blue Mountains of that territory.

The Cornel-cherry {Cornus mascula), is a native of the
south of Europe, but thrives well in this climate. It blos-
soms early, and bears a handsome crimson fruit, about the
size and appearance of a cherry, which was formerly used
for tarts and made into a roll. The wood is very hard,
and made into wedges, will endure almost like iron. It has
long been cultivated in the Bartram Garden, in this vicinity,
where fine plants may be seen in the autumn full of fruit.

!■ '

■ ■! 'a

I •

i

56

l!li'

h

'li 'I

:!!

FRINGE TREE.

(CHioNAirrE, Fr.)

Natural Order, OLEiNEiE, (Hoffmansegg and Link.) Lin-
ncBan Classification, Diandria Monogyma.

CIIIONANTHUS.* (Linn.)

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla monopctalous with a short tube, the border 4-
clcft, the segments very long, pendulous, narrow and linear. Stamens
2, sometimes 4, included and inserted into the tube. Ovarium bilocular ;
ovules pendulous and collateral, 8 in each cell. Style short ; stigma
partly bilobed. Dnipe succulent, 1 -seeded, the seed provided with
albumen. Embryo inserted.

Small trees of India and the warmer and temperate parts of America,
with opposite, simple and entire leaves ; the racemes or panicles of flowers
terminal or axillary.

COMMON FRINGE TREE.

CIIIONANTHUS vihoinica, panicula tcrminali trifida; peclunculis

trijloris; foliis acutis. Willd. Sp. pi. 1, p. 46.
CiiioNANTiius, pedunculis triJUlis trijloris. Linn. Hort. Cliff, p. 17.

* So called from its snow white flowers. {Cliion snow, and nnthos a
flower.)

vi:<-.

'..«»"

1^,

l .'^ ■■ iU

#

<*

iJ.;'

# /

j#.

.!<^?

:i«*^-

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^.

^

V<i':'-.

^..v ;^j(i.

■., 1

*'|41-

'^i':'

>

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'V

"V

-••V S

•3 '

^

y

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0

*'► 4:

, h;' ilU/ • tft,' ■ ;=• \ iV Si" ; ; -1 CA.

.M»

: i V<j 1 T \l h i...

. i r.

.' ai;si ' .iiiU. ) .?,(•?-

1 1,'.'*.. •.t.\.

111. a

:.l*i li'

..;; Mi ::>: .1'

'. ■ I

vi U -!•!■

: ■ lii.'i. !':iw' ■ "lii: iTi''' i:;-" ■■ :i' ;''tr;'. !•:•' ' '.'■■-v-" .■

i:\M

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r

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V,:

!l

Cluona n rt-»v isVir J inica .

.:f

■ ' 'C' i

1 1

Fi-uK^t. Thee

i /uoni*,sU.c u< r:ry{nz4>

COMMON PRINCR TIIER.

57

DuiiAMRL, Art). 1,(). lOA. Dv Rui, lliirbk. 1, p. IM. Lam. Diet. 1,

p. 735.
m. ciiioNANTirirn (liuifolin), fo/iis ovato-cl/iptkis. Ait. Kow. 1, p. 22.

C. maritima. Pvkhii. 1, p. 8.
Amclunchirr vi ^iniana, Itiuroccrasi folio. Pktiv. Sici, p. 241. Catkb-

BV, Carol. M... 1, p. 08, tab. 08.
fi. CiiioNANTUUs (angusti folia) foliis fanceolatia, (narrow-leaved Fringe

Tree.) Ait. Kf!W. l,p. 22.

tl

This beautiful tree attains tlic height of 12 to 20 feet,
with a diameter of 10 to 12 inches. When in flower,
which is here about the commencement of June, few
objects can be seen more singular and elegant ; the pani-
cles of pendent flowers with which it is then clad give it
the appearance of a mass of snow white fringe, and, when
the flowers fall, the ground seems covered with a carpet of
white shreds. It is also highly ornamental when in fruit,
presenting, amongst its broad, deep green leaves, numerous
clusters of dark purple drupes, which look like so many
small plums, but are not agreeable to the palate. Mr. Elliott
mentions a variety in a garden near Charleston, (that of
Mr. Champncy) in which the panicles of flowers were so
long and numerous that they appeared cylindrical. The
variety /*. C. angustifoiia of Aiton, with narrow oblong-
Innceolate leaves, and smooth beneath, appears to be a
distinct species, and takes a more southern range.

The farthest known northern station of this tree is in
the woodlands, on the borders of the IJrandywine, near
West Chester in this state, where it was observed, many
years ago, by my late friend David Landrt-th, senior; it is
therefore perfectly hardy to the northern limits of the
United States. To the south, it is met with as far as
Florida, and appears to be replaced in Mexico by the C,
pubescens of Humboldt, Kunth and Bonpland, but in that
species the flowers are larger and red.

Of the quality of its wood nothing is yet known, nor is

i':

'■• '■}

i : fi.:^i

V 1!

58

COMMON FRINGE TREE.

it sufficiently common for economical purposes. Accord-
ing to Elliott, the root is used in form of an infusion, as a
remedy in long standing intermittents.

The tree presents a roundish spreading summit; the
leaves are opposite, petiolate, oval, pointed at either end,
entire ; green and smooth above, pubescent beneath, 6 or
7 inches long by about 3 wide. The white flowers come
out in pendent paniculatcd racemes, of which the extreme
ramifications are usually 3-flowcred. The fringe like petals
are 8 or 9 lines long, sometimes with 6 divisions instead of
4, and as many as 4 stamens. It grows generally in humid
places, near swamps and streams, and bears cultivation
extremely well. In the fine old garden of the Bartrams at
Kingsessing, there is a tree of this species which has been
growing nearly a century, and is now 32 inches in circum-
ference, and about 20 feet high.

A species very much resembling the present, the flowers
equally loose and trichotomal, but with thick smooth coria-
ceous leaves, according to Poiteau, inhabits the island of
St. Domingo, and will probably be met with in East Florida.

Plate XCVIII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit.

PI Xc It

Jj'fn.t'Siit^ Asti-

ii'raxinus Oregona

Natural C

Malr flowe
ing. Coj
feet. Oi
2 ovules,
seeded, t(

The Asl
fined to El
natc; the
of some o
called mm
esteemed

FRAXINl

aciUis s

cohribu

hasi ain

/3. iiirAui.

m

^sm^^

iff^ifffi^^mi^m . w«p< I, ( «

59

!i I

ASH TREE.

(Fbene, Fr.)

Natural Order, Oleineje. LinntEan Classification, Dioecia

DiANDRIA.

FRAXINUS (Linn.)

Mat,k nowerswith a minute 3 or 4.toothcd calyx or that part wholly want-
incr. Corolkt none ; .sto«»c«s 2 to 4. ristUlale foivcs equally UTipcr-
feet Ovary superior, ovate, eompressed, 2.eellecl, the eells eaeh with
2 ovules. Capsuk (or Samara) compressed, 2.ccllcd, by abortion 1-
seeded, terminating in a membranous lanceolate wing.

The Ashes are trees of the northern hemisphere, and almost entirely con.
fined to Europe and North America. The leaves are opposite and pin-
nate; the flowers dioecious and paniculate, rarely racemose. The leaves
of some of the species in warm climates exude the saccharine substance
called manna. The wood of several species of this genus is much
esteemed for its strength and elasticity.

OREGON BLACK ASH.

FRAXINUS OREGONA, folioUs s^ihscptcnis scssi/ibiis, ovato-lanccolatis
acutis mbscmitis intcgrisvc cum r<u-hilnis pctio/isquc puhescentibus con-
coloribus, Jlonhus cdkululis, samarls brcvibus mncalis cmarsmatis
hast an'4ustatis.

/3. Rii'ARiA foUis mogis scnatis, samara lanccolata intcgra.

■ life

4'

60

OREGON BLACK ASH.

This is the only species of Ash we met with in the Ore-
gon territory. It becomes a large and useful tree 70 or 80
feet in height, and always affects wet or low alluvial lands,
many of which are subject annually to temporary inunda-
tions. We never saw it above the first falls of the Oregon,
which would appear to be its limit or nearly so, in this
direction, and we believe it is not known in Upper Cali-
fornia.

The leaves are 8 to 10 inches in length ; the lateral leaf-
lets, about 3 pair, are 2^ to 3 inches long, the terminal
leaf about 4 inches, the breadth about 1^ inches, they are
ovate-lanceolate, acute, but scarcely acuminate, sessile,
entire, or now and then slightly serrate, on both surfaces
pubescent, but particularly beneath as well as the midrib,
and nearly of the same colour on both sides.

The male flowers are thickly clustered, the flowers with
2 or 3, oblong obtuse stamens, and a very minute calyx.
The female panicles are smooth, trichotomous, and many
flowered, with the rachis flat and compressed. The calyx
small and 4 to 5 toothed ; the style rather long, with 2
revolute stigmas ; no corolla. The germ subquadrangular,
ancipital, 2-ce!ledj cells each with 2 ovules. The samara
is rather wide, cuneate-oblong, emarginate, and narrow at
the base, subtended by a minute irregularly toothed calyx;
it is only about an inch and a line long. In the White Ash
it is sometimes near upon 3 inches. In our variety ^. the
samara is somewhat longer, and generally acute and entire
a> the tip.

The wood of this fine species is nearly white, and found
no way inferior to that of the White Ash, being used for
the same purposes at Fort Vancouver and amongst the
settlers of the Wahlamet. It was much esteemed for oars
as well as for the handles of all sorts of implements, and
found tough and durable. Though allied to the Black Ash
(F. Sambucifolia) by botanical affinities, it is very superior

I I

Fraxmus Pauciflora.

J'Tnaii Itai^ci^sJi.

fitneu /ttit'/etFltn'-J

/

ns (unl)er. ;\w\ \^ .n.-tl* vCii-.-i! .■■l ■}■■ (•wt-in-Au: |.io,-«( t'> in-
All <.»|iriu )ii [))OV'u!;-. ill *' ''/(,:"t iijii ••;'.' i;.'" i'ntilitr.-; ■•■!•,•.!

ltl<lliin:S tll;li i>i!l.-:')Uf)l! : ■(•.•■;•■ ^ ■^ ;i IT. U'lA.'l ■ !) tlM) ^U.'lO.

tivi'T <)[' o'''iiii;r\ will "

A..-'!

V. •. ',,;<' -i^-; iv-! ,-ii-.

l't'l;it''i! "i ;i tick of ?!ii' lit;,;--, V ': ; -Ml/ '!:•• I<i|!i!.

Suaki' U> n lire 'A';!!) -.' f, r t:' ', ■ -.i ':-i S'i-Ui .'v.

■.<i til it It .\(.!il(! St M)ii' : 'i" ... '"', 1 r '•! . j) !,• 01 ji,

(l is •:!I;;::;i:i;t;' 1m p'iii.irK I >{:■■ .•:r._<'' -iij^^' 'iU'iii :[)

i-i'p'afii to ihf l/ir'>!"-Mi .\,-!-. pt,>v;:;:c:! >'•*.'. m; U:*.- \in,r r.\'
i'iiiiy tin; \;!tin-;i! lii •\<\va)

1

M

l-'AJl X'lX.
A . i.i.irl, ■:• i;" .1 •;, :-:«i 5,1/1,. n, 'i i.'- •:■ I'M!

n..

! ;■ Wf Nil S ;Vt <■;,,•,,.. .>.-,-■. ■

■ ii'.li.- :;l :'.-■// en,!,"'. , -11 '■,:■■ I j, ','■•/..: .,

rit!3 rf'iii.ivk;i!.;,:,V'j>r(M' > '•> V-'-
■ 'tir- nvi:j-t-i)i..ur!ifi<jii i-i\ '•■'V :■.,■'.' ■' i'il;' ir, ;[■, :. . .,,-!

'l'!io rharnctrr o( \\i: \ur a. id \^v ti'';'' >' • ' iH i.uuitii
\ ;>i,, lii. -'.)

II

''A
Ma

i

' K

i ...I

I" i4'l

^^

y

v

i^A

i

i W I

f ,;/

,/

P^--

/ /

.//

Frftxiiiui? Paut'ifL'ra .

. V»// f*0>-Vt\/ttJl.

yiHuf.A /tcitus /•',', s

SMALL-LEAVED ASH.

61

as timber, and is justly considered as one of the best in tlio
territory.

An opinion prevails in Oregon among the hunters and
Indians, tliat poisonous serpents are unknown in the same
tract of country where this Ash grows, and stories are
related of a stick of the Black Ash causing the Rattle
Snake to retire with every mark of fear and trepidation,
and that it would sooner go into the fire than creep over it.
It is singular to remark, that the same superstition in
regard to the European Ash, prevailed even in the time of
Pliny the Natural Historian.

Plate XCIX.

A brancli ol' the natural size. a. The germ. h. Tlie (Viiil. r, A varioly

with kmccolatc I'riiit.

^<

SMALL-LEAVED ASH.

FRAXINUS PArciFLouA, ramis glabris gracilihus, foliolis quinls cul srp.
tents lanccolatis rcmotis longe pctiolatis vttivque nciiminatis kvilct
scrratis glabcrrimis, raccmisfructifcris simplicibus, paucij/oris.

This remarkable species of Ash was collected in Georgia,
in the neighbourhood of " Trader's Hill" by the late inde-
fatigable and excellent botanist Doctor Baldwyn. Speci-
mens exist in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. It appears to have been observed
by no other botanist.

The character of the tree and the quality of its timber
Vol. hi. — 9

62

TIIREE-VVINGED ASH.

I

is unknown, but the figure and description may probably
serve to recognise it and lead to further inquiry.

The branches are smooth and remarkably slender, the
buds small, yellowish-brown and pubescent. The leaves
are half a foot or a little more in length, with 5 to 7 lan-
ceolate leaflets, which are 2 to 2^ inches long by about f of
an inch wide, acuminated with a slender point, and much
attenuated below, with rather long pedicels ; they arc
opaque, smooth and green on both surfaces, except a
slight trace of pubescence alongside of the mid-rib, and
slenderly serrated on the margin ; the petioles are remark-
ably long, and the distance between the pairs of leaves
very great ; but the most characteristic distinction claimed
for this species is in the inflorescence of the fruit-bearing
plant, which consists of 2 or 3 remote pair? of racemes,
each being quite simple or unbranchcd, terete, and pro-
ducing only 2 or 3 samaras or capsules in place of the
usual trichotomous and compound cluster.

The samara is about 1^ inches long, lanceolate, obtuse,
and entire, attenuated and cylindric at the base, and with-
out any proper calyx, there being a mere margin of junc-
tion with the pedicel.

Plate C.

A branch of the natural size with the fruit.

THREE-WINGED ASH.

I! i

Fbaxincs triptera, samara latissima dbovato-clUptica, pkrisque tri-
alata, basiangustissima, ecaliculata; fdiolis, . . Nutt. vol. 2, p. 232.

BLUK ASH.

63

I onsEiiVED fruit of this curious species many years ago,
in winter, in the oak forests of Soutli Carolina, and as I
thought, tlie leaves of the same ; but I am now in doubt
whether the leaves tlien collected actually belonged to the
same plant with the fruit. I must therefore leave the spe-
cies in the same imperfect manner I then found it, as I have
never since seen any other specimen.

The fruit is the most curious of any in the genus, at first
sight almost similar to that of an Halesia, being nearly of
the same breadth ; the samara, in fact, appeared to be
more rarely 2 than 3 winged, the seed itself was also 3-
sided, at the base the fruit is attenuated into a very slender
peduncle without being at all terete. Perhaps it is merely
a variety of F. platycarpa.

Plate C.

The fruit which is S-winged.

Blue Ash. {Froximis quadrangulata.) Mr. T. Lea of
Cincinnati, informs me that he measured a tree of this spe-
cies which was cut down in his neighbourhood, which was
104 feet high, 32 inches in diameter, and its age by the
concentric circles was 232 years. The diameter under the
bark was 30 inches. Another growing near to it was
about 36 inches in diameter, and proportionably high ;
they were both healthy trees and had not attained their
jrreatest size.

Besides the valuable uses of the Ash as timber, for which
it has been employed from the highest antiquity, it was
formerly used as a medicine, and thought to be equal to
the woo(i of the Guiacum, by Bauhin, who also remarks,
that the inner bark of the common species (F. excelsior)^
steeped in water communicates to it a blue colour in the
same manner as our Blue Ash, {F. quadrangulala), yet it

if; I

I I

I '^

^ 0

ot

WIIITE Asri.

is not known whether if. can be used in tlyein«^. Ttwns for-
merly considered nn n (hurelicof consider.ihle cfllcncy, tho
bark and the wood is still known to be a mild purgative, no
]css than the manna which distills from its incisions in tho
warmer parts of Kurope. Most part of the manna of com-
merce is collected in Calabria and Sicily, from tho Uound-
leaved Flowering Ash, (Ornus rolundifolia). The manna
exudes spontaneously in fine weather, from tho middle of
June to the close of July. During the heat of the day wo
observe a transparent liquor issuing from the trunk and tho
branches, which thickens and becomes clotted ; these indu-
rated exudations are nearly white, and arc collected tho
following morning with a wooden knife, provided they havo
not already dissolved to water, as a humid fog is often suf-
ficient to melt it. It is finally dried in the sun, and is what
is known by the name of manna in tears. At the close of
July, when the spontaneous exudation ceasos, the peasants
make incisions in the bark of the Ash, from whence issues
during the heat of the day a great deal of liquor which
thickens in large flakes, and produces an inferior manna of
a brownish colour, which, however, purges more than tho
preceding.

Several species of Ash afford manna as well as tho
Ornus.

The shade of the Ash is found destructive to other
plants, and its roots impoverish the soil to a great degree ;
indeed the ancients imagined the shade of this tree un-
healthy. On the other hand it will thrive in the shade of
other trees, and may be planted in the interior of a clump
where scarcely any other tree will survive.

I 1

White Ash, {Fraxinm acuminata. Lamarck. F. amcri-
cana. Willd. F. epiptera. Mich. Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p.
256.) This tree grows from 50 to 70 feet high, and
sometimes 2 to 3 feet in diameter. The wood is said by

WFtFTR ASH.

65

Michaiiv to be preferred to that of other species. Mr.
I'illiott, however, renuuka tliat ho behcves they arc nil
indiscriminately used.

Carolinian or Broad-Fuuitrd Ash, {Fraxinus platycnrjm.
Mich. vol. 2, p. 250.) Mr. I'.iliott remarks, " I think it
sometimes becomes a large tree."

9;

CG

I !

FLOWE]lING ASH.

(Frene a Fleuk, Fr.)

Natural Order, Oleinr^e. Linna:an Ciassijication, Diandria

MONOGYNIA.

ORNUS. (Persoon.)

Calyx 4-partcd or 4-toothcJ. Corolla 2 to 4 parted, the segments usually
clongatctl. Stamens cxscrtcd. Stigma cmarginate. Samara 1 -celled,
1 -seeded, winged.

Trees, natives of Europe Asia and Western America, with opposite
unequally pinnated leaves, and terminal or axillary panicles of flowers,
scarcely distinguishable from the Ash but by the presence of a corolla.

CALIFORNIAN FLOWERING ASH.

ORNUS DiPETAiA, foUis 3-jitgis, folioUs cuneato-ovatis scrratis ohtiisis
glubris, paniciiUs axillaribus, corolla (Ujpctala, antJtera chngata, jxla-
mentis brevihus.

Obnus dipetala. Iloolcer and Arnott, in Botan. Beech, tab. 87.

Fraxinus (ornus) dipetala ; foliis 3-jugis, foliolis ovalibui ibtusis acute
scrratis glabris basi cuneatis, infcrioribiis in pctiolulum longiusculum
attcnuatis, supcrioribus duobiis scssilibus, supremo longe pctiolulata,

mm

rici.

[A

lly
cd,

lite

TS,

lists

cute
lum

K'

%'^l^l

r

-•■*k

1

/

y^:

./

w/

¥

•'■*v!i--«.-....%-.,

^Vfj.

,0'

i*^ ^•

/'W;

V '■^7

^ .^>r'

U

p.i- i I'ltj .* •#. »/■*./ . /.» /^

M i M .S * i- \

^\■^

/.- :■ . //"

ah ( r

(A'

{■ w i' \l I ;\ G A:^ 11.

■ ■.'•■, >;;■ r.

- ; ', ; !

.(,; /'/ns<-''"\ii:i,i,, r'i..<

.*\'p;i I-

'J?V 1'

u u-^'5'M v- ? ^,^^' !'!a:NL .v-ii.

'I

> ' ■-.(•.- H'i-l' VaI, V. 'I'.-ih^-r .\,iJ ..'!/ •■■
1'.;, ■ , ' , I . .n-ii i.|. V-: v! A . ',...,•,,

'■;.•,,/;. ;;. ''// r,./ ■,<>!';. ■'•r ;', .-

Ill H iirin, cSi'i' •■!!. i . J. ~- 1 .
'■::.--. /'Vv.V ■■•:/'■/;•■/; nAr;,.-\ /;■ -./.

.■.■,'. ,■.', $i-' !''''./iUJ 'i '.'.T p;'li.(j

7. /-..■ ,

U .'itrs', ad

)Hii:lhir ,; . ...

( > I'llU.S II itr)'( .'<Ih .

I f

I \m

u\

< Jl

ii

I

CALIFORNIAN FLOWERING ASH.

67

paniculis mnltijloris longitiicHnc fere foliomm ac infra folio ortis,
petalis 2 obovato-oblongis obtusis wrguiculatis. Hook, in Dot. I'ccchy,
Suppl. p. 362.

Spbcimgns of this curious tree were collected (probably)
by Douglas in the forests of Upper California. The flowers
appear less showy but more curious than those of the com-
mon Flowering Ash, {Ornus Europcea.) The leaflets appear
to be small and distant from each other, smooth^ of an
elliptic ovate figure, with small and distinct sharp serra-
tures. The flowers are small and come out in ramified
clusters from the axills of the leaves ; they have a distinct
4-toothed calyx, and 2 oblong, obtuse spreading petals
about the length of the stamens. The stamens do not
appear to be exserted as in the European ornus ; the
anthers are also very large and long, and the filaments so
short as not to appear beyond the calyx. The germ is
ovate, and the stigma merely notched.

Of this curious plant we have seen nothing more than
the plate and specific character as given above. The
author remarks, that it is allied to F. Schkdianus of Schlcc-
tendal, described in the Linnoca. vol. 6, p. 391, a Mexican
plant, but the petals of that species have not yet been
observed.

Platk CI.

A branch of the natural size. a. The flower magnified, b.

also magnified.

The germ

The Ornus americana of Pursh. Flor. Bor. Amer. vol.
1, p. 8, is given on the authority of Persoon, who merely
notices it as a variety of the European Ornus, and
cautiously places an interrogation after americana 't giving
at the same time no locality. Pursh, however, adds, " In

m
I' i

:JiSi

m

I i^'

Im

:| m

C8

OLIVE TREE.

I

moist shady woods : Maryland and Virginia, rare, b May,
V. r." Yet with all this assertion, it continues, as far as I
know, to rest wholly on the authority of Pursh, no other
botanist having pretended to find this obscure plant, which
in all probability, is nothing more than a name bestowed
upon a mere variety of the European Ornus, by gardeners
for purposes of profit.

The Olive Thfie, {Olca Europcea.) The cultivation of
the Olive has been attended with the greatest success in
Upper California, and the olives produced are of an excel-
lent quality. It might also, no doubt, be cultivated in the
southern part of the Oregon territory. Around Sta. Bar-
bara, the Olive trees were in full flower in the latter end of
March and beginning of April, and put on the appearance
of a willow grove. Forty barrels of these pickled olives
were shipped from St. Diego to Boston in the Alert, the
vessel in which I returned to the United States in 1836.

I'l.rii

fff /-'li'^jkertfit/

';m

!>

iJ(J f \

^-S',cJr'd,

-,-•• ,-;,

I'u-.-.i or fi'./ii',.; of 'r, jiii-i; A'n-^i-i'-

rifi.

.tl.SlA

i'i> Kj;:ii.\iii i.

'tUi-'j'jioitttu init ::

■hiA T'^n.

:ulo

,>r7"!' !» -.

.k..Ni.;iA ?«y/>.-7A'U''i. [jiJii, Ji'uM, Hi

ii;juk: .:> n.'J iri.iii ^icj,^.

i'( uK; uloiii.l.

»•, I

!U.— 10

M^

I

1^

I

]iM

I I

1 I

#

^iA

Afdi^'Ki Pi'kenni'iut

/;:,,.>., f.'a/^..

r r./

V.' ./V / iiv/

69

f'i

A R D I S I A.*

(bWABTZ.)

Natural Order MYRSiNEiE. (R. Brown.) LinncBan Classifi-
cation^ Pentandria Monoqynia.

Ccdjfz 5.parted, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, S-parted, reflected.
AfitJtcrs large, erect. Stigma simple, acute. Drupe superior, the nut
1 •seeded.

Trees or shrubs of tropical America and India, with alternate thickish
or coriaceous leaves : flowers terminal, paniculated, or in axillary cymes
or umbels.

FLORIDA ARDISIA.

ARDISIA PiCKERiNGiA, panicuUs axillarihus tcnninalihiisque, foliis
cuneatO'dblongis integris coriaceis aveniis, calycibus abbreviatis, caule
arhoreo.

Cyrilla paniculata. Nutt. in Silliman's Journ. Sci. vol. 5, p. 890.

PiCKERiNOiA paniculata. Ibid. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. 7, p.
95.

* A name derived from afSif, a point, on account of the acute seg-
ments of the corolla.

Vol. hi. — 10

70

FLORIDA ARDISIA.

This beautiful evergreen tree, according to Dr. Blodgctt,
is very common at Key West, where it attains an eleva-
tion of 20 feet. Many years since, it was discovered in
East Florida, about the latitude of 28°, by my friend Major
Ware, but from the imperfection of the specimens, I was
led to mistake its character, and form upon it a distinct
genus. It bears a very considerable affinity to the Ardisia
coriacea of Swartz, but differs wholly in the flower, and in
the smallness of its calyx ; the leaves are also longer in
proportion to their width.

The leaves, resembling those of a laurel but smaller,
grow out towards the extremities of the branches, which
are covered with a dark-brown bark, they are 3 to 4 inches
long, and an inch or more wide, very entire, oblong, or
ovate-oblong, obtuse and narrowed below into a short
petiole, so thick and opaque as to exhibit scarcely a vestige
of veining above, and in this respect very different from A.
tinifolia, which has also much larger leaves. The flowers
are showy and rather large, white with a purple tinge, and
disposed in axillary and terminal panicles made up of
racemes. The calyx is not more than one-third the length
of the corolla, with 5 obtuse, imbricated, spotted leaflets
with membranous margins. The segments of the corolla
are ovate, obtuse, and reflected, with dark-brown, almost
black, narrow longitudinal blotches. The anthers are large,
flat, and cordate, not quite so long as the corolla. The
style is subulate and acute. The branches of the panicle
are of a ferruginous brown colour and pulverulently pubes-
cent.

According to Sloane, the drupes of A. coriacea, (t. 200,
flg. 2,) were eaten in Jamaica, and accounted a pleasant
dessert.

Plate CII.
A branch of the natural size., a. The flower somewhat enlarged.

Igctt,
leva-
id in
lajor
was
tinct
disia
id in
cr in

illcr,
'hich
iches
r, or
short
stige
n A.
wers
and
p of
ngth
iflets
rolla
most
irge,
The
nicle
ibes-

200,
sant

d.

! j

picni

If 1 '

tWirUfiU

Lino Irtiftd i'<ilil'»i>i Tru

Cfescescntia Ciyete.

t''i44$fn»/Sj- u r Cu/itt

PI cm

f"t44ifi^sjur Cu/ii*

( A ].

\]S \-

*! AiiAS''it:a.

I\

Natural Onicr, bOi.ANK-v,, LinniFun Ciiftbil'i'aiion, !)ii>r-

N'AMI A A NniOSrEJlMl •\.

CRESCJ'NTIA.* fr.:v;..;

.''/.)■ '-i-|)arti^J, t'.(r.n! '>!•' .iv.-; I o -,••

'!)Ur', ils SC'gilU'lUJv .i'Ti'-' ■• -- ■ i .
'0> -'S ii/iiL^ as th" .1'- ': ■
"-.••juir b\\:\V!vl);i.''\. 'i';t. »
■ ■ ■;! u ■juiid bark, 'r;-';: ■■

."-oas or sliruiis of trn;,*,: .;.
- Urge, ahovnnio aiii i;j»:-.M--.!?
Im uuuk or !)r-iucl;i -i,

Lo\G-]£Ay\:i) (. \-.\i5\.i? (Ni;!

'IlEc^C}':N'f'!.\ CfJKlK, /■•//:„ r;/,?i-V,;./U/A.>t^/'

■ \ irf/

-■"iamfd iii liicinory ■..■i I'iei.'o l-'niitcntiv, iti ;■- ..,i » 'i'lNT mi A!;r.ci;i-

m

l'( ri!l

.A--

■'■■'^t-'

#

'■■i^ .

0

■JS'

feJS-

•V "■ ■

V^

I i

II jH

V

■4'

i,,'tr*f i'A'- .4 i'tsi^A.K 'J rt.4-

('r*«*Hr*^SCIttl/i i'Mf^M i:

'■**i*fft-L|. (,/ V » ftt^iU

I ■

}'! 111!

•f' Ih

. ■-«

71

CALABASH TREE.

(Calabassier. Fr.)

Natural Order, SoLANCiE. LinncBan Classification, Didt-

NAMIA AnGIOSPBRMIA.

CRESCENTIA.* (Linn.)

Calyx 2-partecl, equal and deciduous. Corolla large, somewhat campanu-
late, the tube unequal, ventricose and incurved, the border 5-cleft, un-
equal, its segments dentately-sinuate or torn. Stamens 4, (sometimes
5), as long as the corolla, 2 of them shorter, anthers incumbent.
Stigma bilamellate. The berry large, 1 -celled, resembling a gourd,
with a solid bark, within pulpy, many seeded.

Trees or shrubs of tropical America and the Caribbean islands ; the
leaves large, alternate and fasciculated, the flowers mostly solitary arising
from the trunk or brunches.

LONG-LEAVED CALABASH TREE.

CRESCENTIA Cujete, foliis cuneato-laiiceoMis confertis. Swartz.

* Named in memory of Pietro Crescentio, an Italian writer on Agricul-
ture.

m

72

LONG-LEAVED CALABASH TREE.

Obs. p. 234. LiNX. Sp. pi. WiLLD. vol. 5, p. 311. Laeflino's Iter,
p. 225. Jacq. Amer. p. 175. t. Ill,

C, arhnrcsccns, foliis coufcrtis olmvato-ohlongis basi angtisdoribus, fructu

sphcrico maxiino. Buowne, Jain. p. 265.
CujETE foliis ohhugis ct ang/ixtis, magna fructu ovato. Plvmieb, Gen.

23, ic. 109. PiGO, Brazil, p. 173.
Arbor amcricana cuc7irbitifcra, folio longo mucronato, fructu dblongo,

CoMJiEL. Ilort. Amst. vol. 1, p. 137, t. 71.

I

This species attains the ordinary height of a pear tree,
being 20 to 25 feet high, and about a feet in diameter, with
the trunk crooked and dividing with great regularity at the
top into numerous, long, thick, almost horizontal branches.
It is indigenous to the Antilles, New Spain, Guiana and
Brazil, and has also been recently found at Key West by
Dr. Blodgett. The wood of this species is said to be white,
hard and susceptible of a polish. In the countries it inhabits
it is commonly employed for saddle-trees, stools, chairs and
other articles of furniture. The fruit varies in form and
size from ovoid to round, and is from 2 inches to a foot in
diameter; it is covered with a thin, even, smooth skin of a
greenish-yellow, and under this there is a hard and ligneous
shell, which contains a soft yellowish pulp of an acrid and
disagreeable taste, which is, however, considered as a good
remedy in a great number of diseases and accidents, being
employed for dropsy, diarrhoea, and inflammations of the
chest; applied externally it is thought serviceable in bruises,
burns and head-aches. Cattle occasionally feed on the fallen
fruit, as did the Indians in time of scarcity. In an unripe
state it is also candied with su^ar. The Indians made use
of them when hollowed out for rattle-boxes in their noisy
superstitious ceremonies, in the same manner as our
northern aborigines used the calabash for the same pur-
pose. Alvaro Nunez speaks of their being thus employed
in Florida. Hughes remarks that the fruit smells like wine
and that the juice is even relished by some as a beverage.

LONG-LEAVED CALABASH TREE.

73

The shell of the fruit emptied of its pulp, is used in the
West Indies for various kinds of domestic vessels, such
as goblets, coffee-cups, tobacco-boxes, dram-bottles, &c.,
and it is said even for kettles to boil water in, it being so
thin, hard, and close-grained, as to stand the fire several suc-
cessive times before it is destroyed. The external surface
is sometimes finely polished and ornamented with figures,
coloured with indigo, rocou and other pigments.

The Mexican Chronicle published by Purchas, (p. 1092,)
records that the shells of this fruit, out of which they drank
their cacao, were rendered as a tribute to the Mexicans
from the towns of their hot countries who were their sub-
jects.

The leaves grow out in clusters of 9 or 10 together at
unequal distances, and are from 5 to 7 inches long, and
about an inch broad, narrowing very gradually towards
the base, where they are almost sessile, ending in a rather
long and acute point ; they are also entire, very dark-green,
smooth and rather shining. The flowers come out on the
trunk and branches, are of a dull greenish-yellow, about 1^
inches long, marked with brownish streaks or veins, soli-
tary and of a disagreeable smell ; the tube is almost glo-
bosely ventricose, with the border 5-cleft, each of the divi-
sions trifid, in long filiformly acuminated segments, the
central one being longest. The stigma is deeply bilam-
ellated.

Platk cm.

A twig of the natural size, with a flower.

i',-^ iiS

74

TRUMPET FLOWER.

(BiONONE. Fr.)

Natural Order, Bignoniace^, (R. Brown.) Linncean Clas-
sificatiorii Didynamia Angiospermia.

TECOMA.* (JussiEU.)

Cali/x campanulate, 5-toothec!. Corolla with a short tube, towards the
orifice campanulate, the border 5-lobed, unequal or bilabiate. Sta-
mina 4, didynamous, with the rudiment of a 5th. Stigma bilamellate.
Capsule long and cylindric, resembling a pod, 2-celled, with the dissepi-
ment in a contrary direction with the valves. Seeds transversely dis-
posed in a double series, imbricated and winged.

Very ornamental trees, or rarely shrubs, mostly climbing or twining,
often producing hard and valuable wood, inhabiting the tropics of either
hemisphere; the present species, (^T. radicans), extending farther north
than any other known. The leaves opposite, mostly unequally pinnate ;
the flowers terminal, clustered, or paniculate, yellow or red.

* From TecomaaochiU, the aboriginal Mexican name of one of the spe-
cies.

i

Clas-

irds the
. Sta-
mellate.
dissepi-
lely dis-

twining,
jf either
er north
pinnate ;

the spe-

PI CIV

T<'*'"rua riKjiraii^,

iJitmnin Tfitmfifl /7. »< >'

fii^ncn* it* Virt/un/

FICIV

fOMMo., TnJMn,' 1 1,1 iwr'!

i 1 '! V

> ■..■■U'i-'i. itUti'HU:.

•I "'I:".;.* UMilt A.\'-. I.'--:-, I;,,'r * /.

!"^. r.t'l.v. M,;vOiri.. vi.'. ; |., 'i^ >■■, \,

^\ ^-v^i . <, \( I' ', • . I .h :;*;, \'. .)','.

It'-,

h! , 1 !•. u-i

i'l !■-.;",' -

' iil.:.l '

.■'■^•ll. f A'uW York, -r

■ (> oO or 'iO J'.ol, 1>> :ir%..'., -.
'iickv'!!> :i!!(i takes iw iufU • • ■■ i-'
■ i'i'i.idijix. •■ s-jtitiy Irunk .' ' '■< ' :,,ti ,!■' ■
•'ifcrfMce, v-; i: :i Jj-'jp'v (iUr vuit .• .
■unii^icr it ""ifuid^^ out fror.', is '■ 'vat(.:d .■
^ >.M mtiss of iuiig iiojif ridii.ti u-^ i^^- pnh'-;

• 5!'Av<;rs, sorneUung in th. luvii; '-f ?-
■ continuail} .^frr;,.cti-(i ilockd <>!" ''■■■'
"leril. ct' {.ho honeyed n^pa,-?, the •, ^•- .•

; -irDJinicma! climbin;; tivCv !i ^ •':^ '^ «:'. rrvo better

tfHcn^ dd Viri^itiit

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75

COMMON TRUMPET FLOWER.

TECOMA RADiCANs, foUis pinnatis ; fdiolis ovalibiis dcntatis aciimi-

natis ; corpnbo tcrminali ; tubo cmolUe calijce triplo Imigion; i lulc

gcniculis raciicatis.
Teco.«a radicans. Jussieu, Gcncrn Plant, p. 155.
BioNoMA RADicANs. LiNN. Hort. Cliff, p. 317. WiLLD. Sp. pi. vol. 3,

p. 301. Walter, p. 169. Mich. Ti^lor B' i. Amer. vol. 2, p. 25.

PuHSH. Flor. 2, p. 420. Elliott, Sk. 2, p 108. Curt. Magaz. •.

485. Nouv. DuiiAMEL, vol. 2, p. 9, tab. 3. Miller, icon. t. 65.

Wangenh. Amor. p. 68, tab. 26, f. 53.
BiONONiA fraxini foliis, coccinco Jlorc minore. Catesby's Carolina, vol.

1, p. 65, tab. 65.
BiGNONiA amerkana, fraxini folio, Jlore amplo pJtccniceo. Tournefort,

p. 164.
Gelseviinum hederaceum Irulictim. Cornut. Canad. p. 102, tab. 103.
Fseiulo-Apocynum licdcraceum amcricamtm, tuhnhso Jlore pluxnicco,

fraxini folio. Morris, Hist. 3, p. 612, f. 15, tab. 3, f. 1.
Gelseminum clctnatitis, ^'c. Barrel, Ic. 59.

This beautiful climber is indigenous to all the states
south of New York, and westward to the borders of the
Mississippi. By means of the radicant fibres of the stem
it clings to trees and walls, ascending to the height of 30
to 50 or 60 feet. In fa»'ourable situations the main stem
thickens and takes an independent stand, so as sometimes
to produce a woody trunk 20 feet high and 3 feet in cir-
cumference, with a deeply furrowed grey bark. About
mid-summer it sends out from its elevated summit a bright
green mass of long depending twigs, producing from their
extremities, for a long succession, clusters of large, brilliant
red flowers, something in the form of trumpets, to which
are continually attracted flocks of young Humming-birds
in quest of the honeyed repast they so long aflbrd. As a
hardy ornamental climbing tree, few plants deserve better

i

\\t

7«

COMMON TRUMPET FLOWER.

i !

M

to be cultivated along walls and trclisscs. Tn tl . Jsattram
Garden, (Kingsessing,) there is one of these trees, probably
a century old, with a thick, short and nearly erect stem, its
summit spreading out into an independent airy bower. A
familiar retiring place for 3 generations of the family, it
scarcely presents any sign of decay, being only stunted by
the thinness of the soil in which it grows. May the vener-
able groves, and splendid and curious trees of this patri-
archal residence, long survive the waning existence of its
present proprietors. But I fear the love of change and of
gain, will at no distant date turn these remarks and refer-
ences into a matter of mere historical recollection in place
of existing facts.

The wood of this species appears to be hard and fine-
grained, but it is no where in such quantity as to make it an
object of economy. That of some of the tropical species
is highly esteemed for it durability and hardness.

The leaves, which drop off in winter, are opposite, un-
equally pinnated, with 4 or 5 pairs of leaflets, these are
oval, long pointed, serrated and acuminated, smooth above,
beneath a little hairy along the vessels. The flowers are
large and of a bright red, with the tube inclined to yellow,
disposed in clusters at the extremities of the branches and
coming out in a long succession. The corolla is partly
funnel-formed, with the tube about twice the length of the
calyx. The capsular pods, somewhat cylindric, are about
6 to 7 inches long, about an inch wide, and pointed at each
end.

This species was introduced into England as early as f.he
year 1640. According to Loudon, there is one of the finest
specimens known in Europe trained against the Pala':e
Pitti at Florence, which, in 1819, was upwards of 60 feet

high.

Plate CIV.

A branch of the natural size.

CATALPA.

It

T7

Catalpa, {Catalpa syringafolia, Sims. Bot. Mag. 1. 1094.
Bignonia Catalpa^ Mich. Sylvn, vol. I, t. 64.) In a journey
wliich I made into Georgia, Alabama, and West Florida
in 1830, at Columbus in Georgia, on the banks of the
Clmtahootshec, I for the first time in my life beheld this treo
decidedly native, forming small haggard crooked trees
leaning fantastically over the rocky banks of the river.
Around Philadelphia,, and other parts of the middle and
warmer states, it appears to bo perfectly naturalized and
very common, particularly in rocky and gravelly soils. It
is a tree of rapid growth, with the wood remarkably light,
greyish-white, of a fine texture, capable of receiving a bril-
liant polish, and when properly seasoned it is very durable.
The bark is said to be tonic, stimulant, and more power-
fully antiseptic than the Peruvian bark. The honey col-
lected from its flowers, like those of the Gelseminutn, is said
to be poisonous.

3

Vol. III. — 11

•^

1

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1

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I '

I

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78

A V I C E N N I A.

(AviCENNE. Fr.)

Natural Order, Myoporin^. (R, Brown.) LinrxBan Classi-
fication, DiDYNAMIA AnGIOSPERMIA.

AVICENNIA.* (Linn.)

Calyx 5.partecl, permanent, leaflets subovate, concave, erect. Corolla mono-
petalous, with the tube short and campanulate ; the border somewhat two-
lipped ; the upper lip truncate, flat and emarginate ; the lower trifid, the
segments ovate, equal and flat. Stamens 4, with subulate filaments in-
clined to the upper lip, the anterior pair shorter ; anthers roundish, 2-
relled. Stigma bifid, acute, the lowest division reflected. Pericarp a
coriaceous, somewhat rhomboidal, compressed capsule of 1 cell, with 2
valves. Seed one, large, without albumen, taking the form of the cap-
sule, the cotylcdoncs in four broad fleshy folds, germinating while on
the tree ; radicle inferior, bearded.

Maritime tropical or subtropical trees with opposite entire leaves : flowers
in small terminal and axillary panicles, with the calyx subtended by three
bractes. A genus of 3 species chiefly indigenous to New Zealand, tropical
India and America.

* So named after the famous Oriental physician Avicenna.

I

i#

Olassi-

u mono-
hat two-
rifid, the
nents in-
idish, 2-
ricarp a
1, with 2
the cap-
ivhilc on

: flowers
by three
, tropical

\ ^s

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III

HI 11

<i hfrttr aW

St't- Uarfii . it ifffinia

Avicennia toiru^nlosa

,iytffHHe CtJl*"truin

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so. f . ^ * ' vS

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\ o ."I mcli aiid ■: 'i'lii' widi;. ' '

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79

SOFT-LEAVED AVICENNIA.

AVJCENNIA TOMENTOSA, {Jacquin), foUis ohiongis obtusis subtus tarr^^n-

tosis. WiLLD, Sp. pi. 5, p. 395. Jaco. Amer. t. 112. Palis. Beauv.

Flor. t. 47. Bhown, Prod. p. 518.
Bontia foliis integris oblongis oppositis, petiolis crassis hrevissimis sub-

amplexantibus, Jloribus racemosis. Brown, Jamaica, p. 263.
Halodendruji. Thmiar^s Gen. Madagasc. No. 26.
Mangle lauroccrasi foliis, Jlore albo tetrapeUdo. Sloane, Jam. p. 156.

Hist. 2, p. 66. Raj. Dendr. p. 115.
Anacahdium. Bauhin, Pinax. p. 511. Oepata. Rheed, Malab. vol. 4,

p. 95, tab. 45.^ ScEURA, Forsk. ^Egypt, p. 37.
Mangium album. Rumph. Amboin. vol. 3, p. 115, t. 76.
Rack. Bruce, Iter. t. 34.

The Avicennia or Malacca Bean, according to Rheed,
becomes a tall and graceful tree on the coast of India,
rising to the height of 70 feet, with a trunk of 16 feet in
circumference, sustaining a pyramidal and somewhat orbi-
cular summit of dense and dark verdure. The wood is
whitish, covered with a grey bark, and is employed for
many economical purposes. The kernels, naturally bitter,
deprived of this quality by steeping and boiling in water
are uien sufficiently edible and known to the Hindoos by
the name of Caril ; an oil may also be expressed from them
as from the nuts of the Anacardium.

The leaves are opposite, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or
lanceolate and acute, entire, smooth and shining above, on
short petioles, beneath more or less whitish with a short
close tomentum ; they are about 3 inches long, and from
an inch to an inch a nd a half wide. The flowers are rather
small and whiiish, with an agreeable odour, and disposed

1,

V', pll

i.ir m

I

80

SOFT-LEAVED AVICENNIA.

at the summit and axils of the branches in panicles or short
racemes which grow often 3 together, the divisions of the
panicle, as in the branches, are opposite, the peduncles and
the calyx are whitish and tomentose. The fruit resembles
in form, and is nearly the size of an almond.

Scarcely any tree is more widely disseminated throughout
the tropics than the Avicennia, it is commonly associated
with the Mangle or Mangrove, affecting the saline borders
of the ocean in Xndia, America, nearly all the groupes of
the South Sea islands, and extends on our part of the con-
tinent from Texas to Florida, and New Orleans, near to
the estuary of the Mississippi, where it may often be seen
brought in the oyster and fishing boats and called usually
the Mangle. The roots spread out in all directions in arches
over the surface of the soil, and send out from the mire in
which they grow, numerous erect naked shoots resembling
asparagus in appearance, I have not been able to ascertain
its size on our coast, but I believe it attains there a much
smnllcr elevation than in India. In the Herbarium of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, are fine specimens from
Surinam, collected by Dr. Herring. In these nearly all the
leaves are acute, and are furnished with conspicuous,
rather long petioles ; yet, as on the same specimens some
bluntish leaves may also be seen, it probably merely con-
stitutes a variety which may be termed A. tomentosa fi.*
lonoifaiia. The plant of India seems truly identic with our
own.

Forstcr discovered in New Zealand a third species which
he calls A. rcsinifera, from its trunk transuding a green
coloured gu.r., which the natives esteem as food. In
other respcctR it scarcely differs at all from the present
species.

Plate CV.

A branch of the natural size. a. TIic flower, b. The fruit.

-I

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►r short

of the

les and

lembles

ughout
ociated
l)orders
upes of
lie con-
lear to
be seen
usually
arches
niire in
jmbling
icertain
a, much
I of the
3 from
' all the
)icuous,
s some
sly con-
tosa ^.*
i'nh our

s which
I green
>d. In
present

jit.

"11

! II

I ill

III !

Cordia Sebestena

Tioufh Ct«y»<i ContlM..

J'tdtS'fur doniisHfUt-

■pi cvi.

r u :; d f \:

r-u/ Oil' r. i n;..j;\-'..v.. .\l. (irowii.; T;- //rr;;? / 7-^"

l<-:'i.l'.->n. !^ VrAN'.'RlV M^i.VM'.i-

■■. !

- • i ...!•! ilXM-f^ ..;■ i, , ■■•.■\\.:r .' ■ ' . '^ ■

.■:■■■ ■■ 7;i-i. ':-V...n. U ;

.-.^lV-» >.;■•,

tr doniestij'^

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ifc^

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81

C Oil J) I ;\.* (Plumikr, Linn.)

(Sehestieii. Fr.)

Natural Ordcr^ Cordiacr.e. (R »vvn,) Linncean Classi-
Jicalion, Pentandria iVloNOGVNiA.

C'ali/x tubulnr or campanulnte, 5-tootlicd or 5-cloft. Corol/n mostly funnol-
formed, the tube ns long or longer than the calyx ; tiie border usually
5-lobcd and more or less spreading. Stamens 5 or more. Sti/k oneu
or twice bifid, with obtuse stigmas. Dntpe globular or ovate ; the nut
2 or 4-cellcd, some of tiie cells often abortive, cells 1 -seeded.

These are trees or shrubs chiefly of inter-tropical India and America,
with alternate leaves, the (lowers disposed in axillary or terminal corymbs
or panicles and subject to vary in the number of their parts.

ROLGII-LEAVED CORDIA.

CORDIA Sehestena, foliis obhngo-avatis repanrlis scahris. Hassei.-
uursT, Iter. p. 458. Miller, Diet. No. 1. Willd. Sp. pi. vol. ;J, p.
1073. Plum. Gen. p. 13, ic. 105. Lam. Illust. tab. DC, fig. 1. Bolan.
Magaz. t. 794. Botan. Repos. tab. 157.

*Namcd by Plumier in honour of Euricius Cordus and his son Valerius,
two German botanists of the 16th century. Sehestena is from the Persian

name Schestan,

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WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80

(716) 872-4S03

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82

ROUGH-LEAVED CORDFA.

I 1

CoRDiA foliis amplioribus hirtis; tubo floris subaguali. Brown, Ja-

maic. p. 202.
Sebestexa scabra, flore miniato crispa. Dillen, Hort. Eltham, p. 341,

tab. 255, f. 331.
Caryophyllus spurius inodorus, folio stibrotundo scabro, fore racemoso

hexapetaloide coccineo. Sloane, Jam. 136. Hist. vol. 2, p. 20, tab.

164. Raii, Suppl. p. 86. Catesby, Carol, vol. 2, p. 91, t. 91.
Novella nigra. Rumfh. Amboina, vol. 2, p. 226, t. 75. Burm. Ind.

p. 59.

This fine ornamental species is a native of the East and
West Indies, and has recently been observed on Key
West in East Florida, by our friend Dr. Blodgett. It
becomes a tree about the size of an ordinary apple tree,
with a spreading dark-green summit, and affords, in the
tropical regions it inhabits, a most agreeable shade. Bruce
remarks that in Abyssinia and in other parts of Africa, this
or a nearly allied species is held sacred, and commonly
planted before the houses of the inhabitants. Without
being venerated, it is in the Sandwich islands a favourite
tree of ccrmmon occurrence in the vicinity of the habita-
tions, and admired for the beauty of its flowers.

The leaves are large, ovate-oblong, and scabrous to the
touch, nearly entire when fully expanded. The flowers
are deep yellow or orange, in large terminal corymbose
racemes, in form very much resembling those of the Marvel
of Peru, {Mirabilis), being funnel-shaped, with the border
of 5 or 6 oval, obtuse, waved and crenulated divisions.
The stamens are 5 ; and the stigmas are twice bifid. The
fruit is a round or pyriform drupe containing a deeply fur-
rowed nut.

According to Catesby, the wood of this species is of a
dark-brown approaching to black, very ponderous, and
containing much gum, in smell and appearance resembling
that of Aloes, and it is by the inhabitants of the Bahama
islands, where it grows, called Lignum Aloes. Brown

N, Ja-

). 341,

cemoso
0, tab.

[. Ind.

it and
Key
t. It
tree,
in the
Bruce
a, this
monly
ithout
ourite
labita-

to the
lowers
mbose
Marvel
border
isions.
The
ly fur-
is of a
s, and
mbling
ahama
Brown

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Cordia Floridana.

^Iffitla- Careii»y

•Seirjfi*!' mViT PlofiiUt.

• ■ ■^.. in; i/rd vvi:!» ri;;-! ■■> ■.

"if V 'vr

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ii'

Kjiind : f K ■ \ \Vi' ! .
■ f; tr, V ho Mm

■; J 'iiju;; ■'. ■ ^ . ; lit:-

'V'":- on !hr uppcv ,url'r;,\ Uf

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Cor«hA Doridrn^

/■'irn.i'.r « •«»'

i'; ^. */frr* f/c.r ./*

FLORIDA CORDIA.

83

says, that a small piece of the wood put on a pan of lighted
coals, will perfume a whole house. From the juice of the
leaves, mixed with that of a species of fig, is prepared the
fine red colour with which the natives of Tahiti dye their
tapas or cloth. The drupes are said to be eatable, and also
to afford an excellent glue when they are ripe. A syrup of
the fruit is, in the East, reputed as a remedy for the same
diseases as that of the Cordia Myxa,

Plate CVI.
A branch of the natural size.

FLORIDA CORDIA.

CORDIA Flohidana, foliis ablongis obovatis parvulis integris scaherri-
mis subtus glabris, corymhis terminalibus dichotomis, stylis bifidis.

This species, which does not appear to be described,
was found at Key West in East Florida, by our friend Dr.
Blodgett, who remarks, that it becomes a tree of 20 feet
elevation, and if at all like the C, gerascanlhus or Spanish
Elm of Jamaica, is entitled to consideration as an excellent
timber.

The twigs in our plant are slender and diverging,
covered with a brownish-gray, smooth bark. The leaves
appear to be thick and rigid as in evergreens, an inch to
an inch and a half long by a half to three-quarters of an
inch wide, they are oblong or obovate, obtuse, and often
rounded above, narrowed below into a minute petiole, very
scabrous on the upper surface, dark-green and shining,

84

CORDIA MYXA.

beneath paler and very smooth as well as the young twigs.
The flowers, rather conspicuous, are bright yellow, and
formed into a terminal branching corymb. The calyx is
campanulate, with a S-clcft acute border, nearly smooth
externally, and villous within. The tube of the corolla
extends beyond the calyx, the border is 5-lobed, with
obtuse, broadish segments ; the stamens 5, are linear, long
and acute, situated above the orifice of the corolla. The
drupe is about the size of a pea, and contains a nut with
4 cells and 4 seeds. The style is bifid, and the stigmas
capitate, flat, and emarginate.

i

Plate CVII.

A branch of the natural size. a. A transverse section of the nut showing

the 4 seeds.

The fruit of the Cordia Myxa or Assyrian Plum, which
is of an agreeable taste, has been esteemed a valuable
medicine in disorders of the chest and urinary passages,
but is not now used officinally. The East Indians eat it
macerated in salt and vinegar as a remedy for diarrhoea.
An excellent glue also is made of the pulp, which is more
viscid than that of the jujube. The West India species,
Cordia collococca^ or Clammy Cherry, has an edible fruit
from which also a glue has been made, and hence also the
specific name.

l:|(l,.

III!
il

85

THE YEW.

(If. Fr.)

Natural Order, Taxine^e. (Richard.) Ltnnaan Classijica-

lion, DlOECIA MONADBLPHIA.

TAXUS.* (TouRN. Linn.)

Dioecious. — Male floiver composed of imbricntod bud scales, connate at
base. Slaminifcroiis column cxscrtcd, the stamens 6 to 14, forming a
capitate cluster. Anthers peltate, 5 to S-cclled, the cells opening from
beneath. The Pistillate (or fertile flower,) the same as the male,
but solitary. The fruit a nut imbedded in a translucent succulent cup.
Embryo inverted, in the axis of the perispcrm: cotyledoncs 2, very
short.

Trees or rarely shrubs indigenous to the temperate and colder regions
of both continents ; leaves narrow, rigid, acerose and sempervircnt, near
together and distichally spreading; the buds axillary and sessile, com-
posed of imbricated bractcs: the leaves in vernation or before develop-
ment, appressed.

The plants of the present order, Taxine-e, inhabit temperate climates
over the whole globe, but are most frequent in the southern liemisphere ;
between the tropics of the old world they also occur, but rarely.

* Probably from the Greek, Toxon, a bow.
Vol. III.--12

80

WESTERN YEW.

i I I

TAXUS BBEViPOtiA, foliis linearihts brevihs planiuscidis ahrnpte
mucromdatis distickis, reccptacidis mascidis subgloliosis, atit/ieris mino'
ribus. Taxus baccata, Hooker, in part Flor. Bor. Amcr. 2, p. 107.

This species of Yew, so much like tliat of Europe, occu-
pies a distinguished place in the dense maritime forests of the
Oregon, and probably extends to the north as far as Nootka,
being hardy like its European prototype, but inclined to
grow taller, and more slender. Its usual height is from 40
to 60 feet, and we observed no trees of more than about
2 to 3 feet in diameter. The wood has the same close,
and almost invisible grain, as that of Europe, of a beautiful
white colour, slightly inclining to yellow in the branches ;
with the character of the older wood I am unacquainted,
but believe it to be extremely similar to that of the Common
Yew, {Taxus baccata), for which our plant might easily be
mistaken. The leaves are, however, shorter and thinner,
sharply and abruptly terminated with a bristly point, and
below attenuated into a short but more distinct petiole.
From the European plant it also differs in its leaves
acquiring when dead and dried, a strong and bright ferru-
ginous tint. The male flowers are much smaller and more
similar to those of the Canadian Yew, (T. Canadensis),
with the scales of the perianth imbricated in 3 pairs instead
of 5. The stamens are 9 to 11, with the anthers only
about half the magnitude of these of the Common Yew.
The nut, as usual, is seated in the bottom of a translucent
red succulent cup. The leaves are from 5 to 7-tenths of
an inch long.

11 li:

* H :

ihrnpte

s tninO'

107.

OCCU-

i of the
ootka,
ncd to
rom 40
I about
5 close,
3autiful
inches ;
minted,
ommon
asily be
thinner,
int, and

jetiole.

leaves
ferru-
nd more

densis)^
nstead
only

on Yew.

nslucent

enths of

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•/ino'!:; !:;;>•. 'I'V :■■ .-M'mxs' ■:; ari' jiitir!! .•;ii..i!i 1 r!in< ri.irc
Sllij'tc^r ^^ i;. :. > !■ r, ^ , ..v. ( /' (\ur'U „sis},

■Will' ttl(- ■,c:i!t.:S ii'" ftfi- p' :rj;,!.i .!.,')r.< :iti. :i in Ii ;:air - iliS^'-lu'
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i K'

PI CVIII

;,.; ^ •■•3

:«:rC.

•■■■h^. ol

Taxus oocidentalis

^I'fsUr/i.yin*:

I/' <iOec

ident

;■■!

WESTERN YEW.

87

The Yew of Europe, indigenous to Britain, and as far
north as Norway and Sweden, usually affects rocky and
mountainous countries. It is very robust, grows slowly,
and is attacked by no insect. In the sombre valleys of
the lower Alps, the Yew is seen in all its natural majesty,
among steep rocks in forests as ancient as the world, and
planted by the hand of nature.

The wood of the Yew is considered one of the most
valuable in Europe, and for beauty not inferior to the finest
and most curious sorts of India. Both the root and trunk
furnish, at their ramifications, pieces of wood beautifully
veined and marked, which are highly prized for furniture.
It has in a high degree all the good quahties which we find
so seldom united, such as durability, solidity, elasticity,
hardness and fineness of grain, even when exposed either
to the air or water. The sap-wood or outer layer, is of a
shining white, the inner or perfect-wood of a fine red
colour, and both take a polish as perfect as marble. It is
wrought with facility, and is suitable for every thing which
requires strength and durability, such as wheels, axle-trees,
screws, the teeth of mill-wheels, and for water-pipes. It
makes beautiful furniture, vases, &c. Inlaid work, sculp-
ture, and ancient coats of arms of this wood, may be seen
in the old churches and halls of Europe, in a state of
perfect preservation, and free from worms after a lapse of
more than 500 years. The sap-wood though of as pure a
white as that of the Holly, is easily died of a jet black,
when it puts on the appearance of ebony. A single tree
is sometimes worth £100. The bows most esteemed among
the ancients, were made of this wood, whose perpetual
elasticity rendered it unrivalled for this important use.
The aborigines of Oregon are also now in the habit of
selecting the Yew of their forests for the same purpose.
It is the heaviest of any other wood in Europe, a cubic
foot weighing 61 pounds 7 ounces French weight.

i

1 1
k

i

i:

' I

1, ''

ii

i"?

88

WESTERN YEW.

Ml

III

I
I

The Yews for their use, no less than their sombre gran
deur and funereal aspect, were planted in all the old church-
yards. According to the ancient poets the Styx and
Acheron were overshadowed by its enduring and lugu-
brious verdure. The conic form of its summit, and the
density of its foliage, always green and insensible to the
changes of seasons and of years, gave it a character of
solemnity and repose, characteristic of tombs and mortality.

It was formerly much cultivated about gardens, houses,
and pleasure-grounds, and clipped into various fantastic
shapes of beasts, birds, &c., but this taste for the grotesque
is justly exploded, and the Yew is now seldom seen in cul-
tivation either for use or ornament. This usage still, it
appears, exists in Flanders and Holland, and we see very
large Yews representing colossal figures of animals, globes,
towers, chandeliers, armed warriors, hunters with their
guns, men smoking their pipes ! &c.

The antiquity of the Yew is as surprising as any other
of its properties. Mirbel counted in a slice of Yew, 20
inches in diameter, 280 annual layers, and Mr. Pennant
mentions a Yew in Fortingal church-yard, in the Highlands
of Scotland, whose ruins measured 56^ feet in circumfer-
ence, and was in all probability a flourishing tree at the
commencement of the Christian era. The ordinary height
of the Yew is, however, seldom more than 25 to 40 feet.

In 20 years it will attain the height of 15 feet, and it
will continue growing for 100 years, after which it becomes
comparatively stationary, but will live for many centuries.
According to Loudon the largest tree of this kind in Eng-
land is in Harlington church-yard, near Hounslow, which
is 58 feet high, with a trunk of 9 feet, and a head of 50
feet in diameter. The oldest are at Fountain's Abbey,
where they are supposed to have been large trees at the
time the abbey was founded in 1132. The trunk of one
them is 26 feet 6 inches in circumference at 3 feet from

WESTERN YEW.

89

the ground. The Aukerwyke Yew, near Staines, is sup-
posed to be upwards of 1000 years old.

The IcRves are poisonous to horned cattle and horses,
though the berries are inoffensive. Cattle so affected run
about in fury and delirium, and at length drop down dead.
Three children, according to Dr. Perciral of Manchester,
were poisoned dead in a few hours by taking a small dose
of the green-leaves, as a remedy for worms, but they
appeared to have suffered no pain, and, after death looked
as though they were in a placid sleep. The best antidotes
to this poison are oily substances.

Plate CVIII.
A branch of the natural size. a. A twig bearing a berry.

i

I li

Hi !'

in

I i

li pi,

ii

90

TORREYA.*

(Arnott.)

Natural Order, Taxine^e, (Richard.) LinncBan Classifica-

tion, DiOKCIA MONADELPHIA.

Dioecious. — Male anient subglobosc, at length elongated. Scales stami-
niferous, pedicellate, subpeltate, one-sided, each bearing a 4-celled pen-
dulous anther. Female ament ovate, 1 -flowered, the base with imbri-
cated bractes in the same manner as in the male. No fleshy hypogynous
disc. Ovulum erect. Seed naked, large and ovate, with the bractes at
its base not becoming enlarged, the shell thick, carnosely coriaceous,
within fibrous, integument hard and crustaceous. Albumen ruminate.
Embryo subcylindric and short ; cotyledones connate.

An evergreen tree resembling the Yew, with spreading distichally forked
branchlcts. Leaves distichal, linear, rigid, bilineate, mucronately pun-
gent.

* Named in honour of the well known botanist, Professor Torrey of
New York.

a-

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en-
bri-
ous
3 at

)US,

ate.

ked
)un-

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u.'W.?,i<i TiT

TorriyH 'r.-iiilolia.

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■ 'hi- >f i'M'-ti ;'•" Ml ;.,.•. .

■■•-ii colour, !ik^ ;:. : , .

' • '^ itrni;;. t] Of |iur:iL ,■.,'! i'l. '_.■■
\'i • ^M)try W/li^re if. ^TwVV-.. •■':;•.:.
' \ • ■ '• :t r.illi M.>r Ii iKj' ;:•!- ; ■

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A-,,- .i' //

91

YEW-LEAVED TORREYA.

S^'.

fM

ay

TORREYA TAxiFOLiA. Arnott, in Hook. Icon. Plant. Incd. vol. 3, part
5, tab. 133, 133. (Exclude the Synonym of Taxus inontafia, Nutt.)

This stately evergreen, resembling the Yew, was disco-
vered in Middle Florida, by the late lamented H. B. Croom
of Tallahassee, and is sufficiently abundant around Aspa-
laga to be used as timber and sawed into planks. Accord-
ing to Professor Torrey and Mr. Croom, it is a tree of from
6 to 18 inches in diameter, and from 20 to 40 feet high,
with numerous spreading branches, the branchlets dividing
into threes : its appearance at a distance is not unlike to
that of the Hemlock Spruce {Abies canadensis). The wood
in the section given me by Dr. Torrey is rather light, not
very close-grained, and of a yellowisfi-white colour, almost
like that of some of the Pines ; it is, probably, however,
only the sap-wood, for in old trees it is said to be of a
reddish colour, like that of the Red Cedar {Juniperus vir-
giniana): It has a strong and peculiar odour, especially
when bruised or burnt, and hence it is frequently called, in
the country where it grows, " Stinking Cedar ;" it makes
excellent rails for fence, and is not liable to the attack of
insects. A blood-red turpentine, of a pasty consistence,
flows sparingly from the bark, which is soluble in alcohol,
forming a deep clear solution, and when heated evolves a
very powerful terebinthinous, but unpleasant odour.

The foliage is much like that of the Yew, but the leaves
are broader and marked with two longitudinal lines. The
ripe fruit, or rather seed, is as large as a nutmeg, it has no

92

YEW-LEAVEI) TORREYA.

llcshy Clip, as in the Yew, but the external coat of the seed
itself is carnose or rather leathery, and covers the whole,
leaving a minute perforation at the summit. The seed,
when deprived of its succulent external covering, bears a
strong resemblance to the gland of a largo oak. The
round male aments resemble those of the Yew but arc
much larger, and furnished with imbricated scales or
bractes at the base.

According to Mr. Croom, it is found on the calcareous
hills along the east bank of the Apalache river, near the
confluence of the Flint and Chattahoochee, and on Flat
creek of the same stream, as well as copiously on the
borders of the Aspalaga. Besides these localities of this
fine tree, Professor Torrey writes to me, that it has lately
been found south of the Suanna. He also adds, '* I have
another Taxoid yet undescribed, given me by Croom. It
is an erect tree, often 30 feet high, with foliage and male
flowers resembling the European Yew." To this plant I
doubtfully attached the name of Taxus monlana, and a
recent specimen from Mr. Croom, accompanied by a paper
of the fruit, now in the Herbarium of the Acad. Nat. Sc.
of Philadelphia, is marked Taxus *jloridana. This species,
from wliat I have seen, is scarcely distinct from our T.
brevifoliay but yet it occupies a very different geographical

range.

Plate CIX.

Torrcya taxifoUa. A branch of the male plant, natural size. a. Male
amentum, b. Back view of one of the stamens magnified, c. Female
amcnt and ovule, magnified, d. Section of the ripe seed. e. Germi-
nating seed.

Taxus nucifera of Thunberg and Kajmpfer is, accord-
ing to Mr. Grey, also a species of Torreya, as is likewise
according to Zuccarini, the T. nucifera of Wallich from

TAXUS NUCIPERA.

93

Nepaul. The former is a native of the northern provinces
of Japan. Ktempfcr describes it as a lofty tree, with many
opposite scaly branches, producing a hght wood : the nut
is said to be coated and above an inch long ; the oil of the
kernel is in use for culinary purposes, but is too astrin-
gent to be generally esteemed.

Vol. III. — 13

M

J U N I r E R.

(Le Genevrieh. Fr.)

Natural Order, CupRESsiNiC. (Richard.) Linncean Classi-
fication, Diobcia Monadelpiiia.

m

JUNIPERUS.* (Linn.)

r

1 1

Flowers mostly dioecious. — Male amont globose, small. Stamens mnny,
naked, inserted around a common axis ; filaments excentrically peltate,
imbricate, cells of the anthers 3 to 6. Female aments axillary, ovate,
the base surrounded with imbricate bractes. Scales of the involucrum
3 to 6, united at the base, with 1 to 3 ovules. Fruit drupaceous, scaly
at base, the involucrum becoming a berry, umbilicato at the apex, and
with bony seeds. Scccls 1 to 3, erect, subtriquctrous. Embryo inverted,
situated in tho axis of a fleshy albumen. Colyledones 2, oblong, radicle
cylindric, superior.

Large or small trees inhabiting the mountainous regions of the ancient
continent, more rare in North America ; the branches erect or pendulous,
leaves imbricated, mostly minute, rigid, and sempcrvirent, resembling
scales, of a linear-lanceolate form; tho buds naked.

* From the Cellic jenepnis, rough or rude.

Ill

SSI-

tiny,
Itate,
vato,
crum
scaly
, and
jrted,
idiclo

ncicnt
ulous,
nbling

VI. ex

i'M

Hoeli^ Miuntai'fv Jlmi/itn

Juniperus Au^iiva.

Ge ne.irrttr' As ^fu/tsi

VI ex

nooKV ^;*

4 MPrJ:

ivfi*r <ilt.s CiJ'^ti

Vii i'.hl S s '•.;.,,•■ i. ,■■■//• ■■
^('<W<i- (ji'-OfSii, ■••■ : . ■-

\>' '2, u. I'''-

itdo-, -.xni] aj)j)r(.;iciii!i^ Lowis'r^' River of the (.)roiio!j, h*-

:-t '.'b-^ervcii this envious and cleg;uiL tree, accou.[..i<!iV .if;

i'VcH uf the Ainwican Ccinbr;i Pine, ^prt;;H!J^lr m ; •;.;._:

•n^r ihe ('-'cjivuv <>!' the nK)!;i.t;:iu, nuJ tn :■>! • ■ . ;*'

.('Clion a^:C!;;n(hn^Jr wph [o^S;(r:i^ tin- -rV'-': .. ;:;;■

■■;, whicli ?liil |ti'c-f:tii€<i pau:hf'- • i . ;, > ;

V. iindvT liirr ialiUi<ie <..r r!. •>.: ^. ..,

■:'i} thf iic)l-i?J ^.: . _ . .. j^,

V (hll(;ri/!lt. >!•• . r ■ , •

:-i^rcrn.

'1 'n Icavo-;
•^ ^iioi; m '; ' i rov< -,
■■ . iho ]>ro,/"'i ]«.;,!• ' •' iHi!!' ;
'■ -r conv'xify, ttn-i v^ithi.^;* •
i!i;!;iprou~! and c: sr; •-•a': •
■ l'ira<>r than ilic^f .n' in
' ■ ; i!firk-urown ix'.y] ^h"""
' 'Cs whjcll COfupdHi;- ;?, ,

Mian' t^. no <iou!a. Jam..

i'li

i,

Ic'Cft. . v>v 1 aT'loin l.cw!? ■■it. i.hf

«^' wafi ;■;' (it |(u:

I X

^s*''"'

1;

ir-

m,-

s"'»

■>%,

ii!

iJ/'. •/■,.:V(. A ^'iifn

\\i\\K'Ynfi

Aiui'.

95

ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER.

JUNIPERUS ANDiNA, ramis patcntibus, foliis quadrifariam imhricatis
ovatis dbtusiuscuUs convcxis apice subcarinatis, eglamluhsis, baccis
magnis, caule arboreo.

JuNiFEHUs occidentalis ? Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 166.

On passing a gorge of the Rocky Mountains or Northern
Andes, and approaching Lewis's River of the Oregon, we
first observed this curious and elegant tree, accompanying
groves of the American Cembra Pine, spreading for miles
along the declivity of the mountain, and in an opposite
direction ascendmg well towards the summit of a moun-
tain, which still presented patches of snow in the month of
July, under the latitude of about 42 degrees. It attains
nearly the height of our Virginian Juniper, or "Red
Cedar," growing up about 15 to 20 feet, but presents a
very different aspect, the stem ending in a roundish, and
not a conic top. The foliage is also of a glaucous or
bluish-green. The leaves are all closely appressed, and
imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the older ones on the stem
acute, the proper leaves minute, rather bhmt, remarkable
for their convexity, and without any glands ; the branchlets
are numerous and complicated. The berries unusually
large, larger than those of the Common Juniper, {J, com-
munis,) dark-brown and glaucous, with distinct vestiges of
the scales which compose them.

This plant is, no doubt, the Juniperus excelsa of Pursh,
but not the plant of Pallas, according to specimens which
I have examined from Tauria. He speaks of it as col-
lected by Captain Lewis on the banks of the waters of the

II

H\

^ ■■■'.i«

96

BARBADOES CEDAR.

I '

Rocky Mountains, and calls it a lofty elegant tree ; but we
never saw it near any stream, but on the dry declivities of
mountains, and as a tree it is neither tall nor elegant, but
sufficiently singular and interesting. The plant mentioned
by Pallas was observed in the Crimea. It grew erect like
a Cypress, with the trunk often a foot in diameter. Com-
paring it with the Savin, (J. sabina,) he says, the leaves are
more slender and distant, acute, and rather prominently im-
bricate like the leaves of the Tamarisc. The opposite
applies to our plant, the leaves are thicker, shorter, and
more closely imbricated, so as not to be visible in profile.

Our plant appears to be nearly allied, if not identic with
the J. occidentalis of Hooker, but the leaves are certainly
without any appearance of glands, and the branchlets are
angular. Douglas's plant was found on the higher parts of
the Columbia and at the base of the Rocky Mountains,
where it attained a height of 60 to 80 feet, and a diameter
of from 2 to 3 feet, dimensions also greatly at variance
with the present species.

Plate CX.

A branch of the natural size, with fruit.

m

Barbadobs Cedar, (Jttniperus barbadensis.) With the
leaves imbricated in 4 rows, the younger ones ovate, and
the older acute. This species of Willdenow, said by
Michaux and Pursh to inhabit the coast of Florida and the
Bahama islands, appears to be merely a variety of /. vir-
giniana^ our common species. If any thing, the leaves are
somewhat more closely imbricated, and, apparently, none
of them spreading. The same variety is probably more or
less spread over the whole of the United States, as I have

SAVIN.— RED CEDAR.

97

collected specimens in Massachusetts, which cannot be dis-
tinguished from others from the West Indies. Like our
ordinary species it also becomes a tree of 20 or more feet
in height.

Savin, (Jiiniperus sahi7ia.) This species, apparently the
same with that of Europe, is indigenous from Canada to
Maine. It is not uncommon in the vicinity of Portland,
retaining its usual dwarf habit. Pursh's variety, procumhcns,
I have seen along the shores of Lake Huron. It is a very
distinct species, being wholly prostrate, and spreading
along the ground in very wide circles. According to
Pallas, there is also a procumbent species on the borders
of the Tanais, with the branches extending on the sand for
several fathoms.

■ji

I if

4ii

Red Cedar, (Juniperiis virginiana.) West of the Mis-
sissippi this tree appears on the high abrupt banks of the
Platte, particularly at Scott's Bluffs. The " Black Hills"
or most eastern chain of the Rocky Mountains, are so
called probably from the dark Red Cedars and Pines with
which they are thickly scattered. The borders of Bear
River, of Lake Timpanogos, and, in short the whole range
of the Rocky Mountains, clear over to the borders of the
Brulee, a stream of the Oregon, are all more or less clad
and decorated with our familiar Juniper. It is also said to
become one of the highest timber trees in the island of
Jamaica, affording very large boards of a reddish-brown
colour, of a close grain, odoriferous and offensive to insects
and is therefore of great use to the cabinet maker.

In Sussex county. New Jersey, near Franklin Furnace,
I have seen trees of the Red Cedar 50 to 60 feet high, and
with a diameter of 2 feet. There is now in Germantown,
in this vicinity, on the estate of Mr. Shoemaker, several

If

98

RED CEDAR.

trees that are 140 years old, and 75 to 80 feet high by 2
feet in diameter or upwards.

With Mr. Crout, a cabinet-maker here, I have seen a
small table made from the heart of Red Cedar, which
receives an exquisite polish, presents much variety of
figure, and is of the most beautiful crimson that can be
imagined.

^

I'jfM

99

EVEEGEEN TAXODIUM.

Natural Orders CupRESsiNiE. (Richard.) Linncean Classi-
Jlcatiorii Monoecia Monadelphia.

I'AXODIUM sEMPERvinENs, fdiis percnnantibus distichis linearihus
acutis coriaceis glabris opacis. Lambert's Pines, (cd. 2,) tab. 64.
Loudon, Arborct. vol. 4, p. 2487, fig. 2340 and 2S41. Hooker and
Arnott, Bot. Beech. Suppl. p. 392,

CoNDYLocARPCs. Salisbury.

I

This remarkable species, which is said to be evergreen,
was discovered by Mi. Menzies on the north-west coast of
America in 1796, and immense trees of it were found by
Dr. Coulter in 1836.

The leaves are linear, acute, and distichous, coriaceous
and smooth, opaque, and shining on both sides, keeled
beneath, flat on the margin, half an inch to an inch long,
half a line broad and decurrent on the branch. The gal-
bulus (or fruit) is terminal, solitary, roundish, with short
imbricated scales at the base, the scales trapezoidal, pel-
tate, thick and woody; rough above, and radiately striated,
depressed in the centre, terminating below in a thick
angular pedicel. Seeds many to a single scale, angular
and yellowish. Probably a different genus from Taxodium^
as conjectured by Salisbury.

It is thus alluded to by Douglas in the Companion to the
Botanical Magazine, 2, p. 150. "But the great beauty of

im

100

EVERGREEN TAXODIUM.

the Californian vegetation is a species of Taxodium^ which
gives the mountains a most pecuHar, I was almost going
to say awful, appearance, — something which plainly tells
that we are not in Europe. I have repeatedly measured
specimens of this tree 270 feet long, and 32 feet round at
3 feet above the ground. Some few I saw upwards of 300
feet high, but none in which the thickness was greater than
those I have instanced."

Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum^ Cupressus disticha,
WiLLD.) Doctor G. Engelmann informs me that the most
northern station in the west for this tree, is at the mouth of
the Ohio, and between Mount Carmcl and Vincennes on
the Wabasii.

101

ARBOR VITiE.

(L'Arbre de Vie. Fr.)

Nutural Order,, CupRRSsiNiE. (Richard.) Linnaan Classijl'
catiotii MoNOEciA Monadelphia.

THUJA.* (TOURNEFORT.)

Monoecious. — Male amcnt terminal, small and ovoid. Stamens many,
naked, inserted on a common axis, filaments cxcentrically peltate,
loosely imbricated ; antJwrs 4-cellcd, opening lengtliways. Female
amcnt terminal, small ; the scales spreading, imbricated in 4 ranks.
Ovules a pair at the base of each scale, erect. The strobile formed of
imbricated woody scales, each having a reflected mucronatc subtorminal
point. Seeds under each scale 2, with a long or membranaceous testa, on
each side winged. The embryo inserted in the axis of a fleshy albumen
of its own lengtli: cotylcdones 2, oblong; radicle superior.

\ V

1^

Scmpcrvirent trees of Asia and North America, with compressed
branchlcts, clothed with minute compressed and imbricated ovate leaves,
with the buds nuked.

* Derived from 6vci sacrifice, in reference to its use in the East.

Vol. III. — 14

\m !

■■ ilii

! 'I

lO'i

GlCi ANTIC ARBOR VIT.E.

THUJA oiOANTK.v, (Ni-TTALT,, Plants of Rocky Mountains, p. 52,)*
raviis ramulinqnc compirssis ncdis, Jhliis ovatls aciitis nrctc nu(ulrija-
riam imhriaitis inter nicUis convcxis j^iticto uiiptrsso rtul)ciculatis,stro-
bills arctc rrf/f'.iis. Hookkh, Flor. IJor. Am. 2, p. 1C5.

TiivJA Moizicsii, DordLAH, MSS.

'[!uviX2ilicata. Lamukut, Pin. No. 01, (in part.)

This is one of the most majestic trees west of the Rocky
Mountains, attaining tlie height of CO to 170 or even 200
feet, and being 20 to 40 feet in the circumference of the
trunk. On the shores of the Pacific, where this species is
frequent, it nowhere attains the enormous dimensions attri-
buted to it in the fertile valleys of the Rocky Mountains,
towards the sources of the Oregon. We seldom saw iv
along the coast more than 70 to 100 feet in height, still,
however, much larger than the common species, (T. occi-
dentalis.) We observed it also on the banks of the Wah-
lamet, and according to Douglas it is found north as far as
Nootka Sound. It appears to have been also collected by
Menzies. The largest trees seen by Captain Wyeth were
growing on the alluvial borders of the Flat Head river.
Its general aspect is a good deal similar to that of T. occi-
dentalism but the branches are rounder and more erect, less
flattened or ancipital ; in their colour they vary, for while
some are green others are glaucous. The seeds are elliptic,
and furnished with a wide aluted margin. The leaves arc
always destitute of the glandular tubercle conspicuous in

* Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philud. vol. 7,

¥' 'i

i2,)*
ri/a-
, stro-

Dcky
200
■ the
ics is
attri-
ains,
fiw iv

still,

occi-
A^ah-
ar as
ed by

were
river.

occi-
t, less
hile
liplic,
es arc
3US in

w

1>'''U 'ii;^.i;ii

'^tct-Zfr //■/*,

10 J

i,u. wiM AiMioiv' \ IT i:.

t mi: V

•.lltl.-l"'

\1

.^irik.' I'l.ill!- •'. U'liv MiMlilMiiil-, p. .'-^.i
1 1,1 I.- i(, , I i: ■.■•I. 'i. 1'. K'*'.

■ ' ■'♦ til" lii»ck_

. ,. ; ( K> 111' tlx-

., sntjcH'S i-

tl'«-ijHr;i* It 1!' "1 MC'i- ' rirl;i:',. Uti-flt' "r

hui.<>»i 1" il 'li .1' r I'M •"< V- >>( ilir ;; \luiiiit:ii'! •

aivirig ilio coa-'* n .lo I'nr..: T^n* ine 'cej ;:; liciu'^K -iii'-

iiOVVev.-r. liUlcIl ilM-'.TI (Ili'M 11!'. i.itI<M H)!! 'pctlL-. (7' .';;Ti

.^w)^,7;v.^ W 0 ftb-iM-.'^ I i: ii'-(. uii liir I'M'1>^ <»!* t!io \V:;ii-
'; ■ ■ i, iifid nr<:ori.lin^ t-) i.-wuij! ri it i- t'".'iii iioilh ms lar ;
'^'.'Olkii S'uHin. li :i/,H;ir- lo l.ivfj U <Mt ai<u en!!. n.cd In
M.^ri'-ios. ']'■■•■ if "• ■■ >^> '• I"' ' lit ...> NSy(.t!i wcvt-

;.n-(M.i,!.. oii I'li; iiui.s ,.il ')'.' '■'■*■.■< '■'• ','i' i !;it llviul rivr!

Jt.S fM-IU-l"!:! IC-i'i-' * r-" " ('- ■. ; -Hihiir !'> l!i;il (>1 J'. iVf;-

(icnla/is^ \m[ th- i-iii; .: • r'u.' '!■ r .jiul nir.iv erect, k:- -

fliiltfiicii or ruu:[)!iil. '• i' irtolojr tlic.- varv, for avIiul
soiiK"" avi- i!;ret'H oMicr in: ji.-.n'm.-j, i \\v .M-ods nrc ol!i[,!i'
and fnrni^hcd witli n. wu'.- m! .••, d ni;ii-^iii, '['\w. !criv<;s ai-;
nlv. a\ i ti.cstiluie of iIk- L'I;i)i(ia!ar tuix-rr!!- cotis^iicuoi' .'•

•■ loiiiiwi oi'iiir A' JuliMv ni' A.i'ii'.il .S.vncc-. I'hiLin. vo'. 7.

rijwii

•IV-

Thuja (fi^aritca.

ill

ail

I

ill

(ii4/an/ir .irhrHlur

Vlmut </iiiriiifi .t^uf .

NEE'S ARBOR VIT^E.

103

the common kind, and the cones are more drooping and
more clustered. Young trees have the usual pyramidal
growth of the genus. Of the qualities of the wood, in the
wilderness it inhabits, we can say nothing from experience,
but imagine it to be very similar with that of T, occiden-
taiis.

The inner bark of this plant is much used by the natives
of the Oregon both for food and clothing, for the latter pur-
pose it is split into narrow strips like a long fringe and tied
together in a belt round the waist, to conceal the wearer
from absolute nudity. According to McKenzie, the abori-
gines of the West, likewise employ the inner rind of the
Hemlock Spruce {Abies canadensis,) for food. It is taken
off early in the spring and made into cakes, which they eat
with salmon oil, and consider almost as dainties. The
natives of the Oregon probably use the salmon oil they col-
lect in the same manner, with the inner bark of the Arbor
VitJE.

Plate CXI.
A branch of the natural size, a. The seed.

'I i

NEE'S ARBOR \ITJE.

Thuja plicata, foliis rliomboi/ko-ovatis aciitis, a/lpressis, quadrifariam
imbricatis, mulis medio tuberculatis, strohuUs ohlongis nuta7itibus, semi-
nihus obcordatis. Lambert's Pines, 1. c. No. 61. Donn. Hort. Can-
tab. 6, p. 249. Loudon, Arboret. 4, p. 2458.

This tree, of which very little is yet known, is a native
of Mexico, where it was found by Nee, and also of the

104

Nj^E'S arbor WITJF..

western shores of N. America at Nootka Sound, where it
was collected by Menzies. It is described by Loudon as
a very branching, spreading, hght-grcen tree, the branches
being crowded and covered with a reddish-brown bark ;
branchlets dense, often divided, pectinate, compressed.
The leaves are rhomboid-ovate, acute, closely ad pressed,
imbricated in 4 rows, crowded together between the nodes,
glabrous, entire, shining, and tubercled in the middle. The
cones are solitary and scattered, oblong and nutant ; the
scales elliptic, obtuse, flat, obsoletely furrowed. The seeds
compressed, winged all round, obcordate-oblong, and emar-
ginate at the summit. Scarcely distinct from T. occi-
dentalism of which Loudon imagines it to be a mere variety.

ior»

NOOTKA CYTJIESS.

Natural Order, CuPRRssiNiE, (Riclianl.) Linmean Classi-
Jication, Monoecia Monadelphia.

CUPRESSUS NuTKATE\sis, ramis siihcrectis tetragonis, foliis late-avntis
acuminatis qiia'lrlfariaiu i/iibricatis dorso carinatis etubcrculatis, gal-
bulis magnitiuJine plsi majoris gloltosis rariios breves terminantibiis,
sqiiamis umlmnatis lcvib//s. Lambert, Pin. n. 60, Sine ic. IIookkr,
Flor. Bor. Am. vol. 2, p. IG.J.

Thuja cxcelsa. Bonuahd, Voget. dc Sifclia, p. 40.

This species, which I did not meet with, was collected at
Nutka on the north-west coast by Menzles, at Observatory
Inlet by Dr. Scouler, and as far north as Sitcha by Bon-
gard. The branches are sometimes a little compressed,
nearly erect and tetragonal. The leaves broad ovate,
acuminate, imbricated in 4 rows, the back carinated but
without the glandular tubercle ; the fruit about the size of
a large pea, terminating short branchlets, and the scales
are shield-formed and even. It has a near affinity with
the Common White Cedar, (C Thyoides), but that has
shorter, flatter and more spreading branches, with tubercles
on the back of the leaves, and smaller fruit.

106

P I X E S.

(Le Pin. Fr.)

Natural Order-, CoNiPERiE. (Jussieu.) LinncBan Classijica-
iiorif MoNOEciA Monandria.*

PINUS.t (Linn.)

Stamin'ate flowers in clustered cylindric aments. Antlter scales crested
at tlie ajiex, each bearing two masses of pollen in cells, and opening
lengthways. Fertile Jlmvers in ovoid aments, the scales imbricated,
2-flowcrcd, becoming woody, embracing the seed, and forming a cone
or strobile. The mU usually winged at the summit.

Trees of various dimensions, natives of Europe, Asia and America,
some of them among the largest of known vegetables, bearing leaves
which are evergreen, dry, and needle-like or acerose, at first single, but
afterwards produced from 2 to 5 in a common sphacelous or membrana-
ceous scaly sheath. The aments or flowers are lateral and terminal, con-
glomerate ; the fertile ones persistent and becoming woody cones.

• It was referred to the order Monadeipiiia by Linna:us, but is, in
fact, strictly Monandrous.

t A name derived from the Celtic, pin. or ^;c«, a rock or mountain, in
allusion to the usual place of their growth.

ca-

jsted
ning
ited,
cone

jnca,
saves
;, but
rana-
, con-

is, in
un, in

PI czu

Hi

11

i|:

ll:

PtnuB I'lezllJN

.4nifrifnti fttnlTn /hi'.

t'itt crlit/rvf cf ■ iiNffl

"I ifli

PI CJCU

\^i:.KK ^ s < i ^';..,

.. '/i. -A//.' ■,■■,. .. j:,

i.\ ■ .- i •

■ ■'.(' ( ', .-. > t. i..'\.

I i. < ■ -■ .

t '•^(.•. i .'. i'^wr 1

•U !..«Mt;.!'s ' \|K:tl!iuni. r'ti:.!iy m •■«; i.iiih-t'K; Uiii !• , .;'■■

•'so :!> (lie tiv<i >: U;.;-. .)!' 'li-- H-.v v "^
:i^ rivof l'''v

lijra^sy p';i!f!-; nr'."!;!!^ \\ri-

ion in' wiurh tSiCv ar- p !'•!,• ;;i!i'. •■

Mitd to the '(.f>v liiiis «)■' Ikac •■"
• Luke Tiuipan.'i.gos.

r- re- ro !('et high, wul! a hxcv • ;>,■

I ^w'H.ih h;tr]\ liko ihai .■ li^ >.'i -. l\;

V-'y \'<V tliO tll'MhlllfV <>t' •: • --'^-^ ci V'

1-;^

v\l;\:fMtlC^. 'l\ir Uli

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I'l <

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107

AMERICAN CEMfUlA PINE.

^1

PINUS FLExiLis, fniiis qidnis kvibus, vagina abb/eviata, cmiis ovntis,
squamis crassis umhilicatis sidKarinatis incrmis chtigcUis gil)bosis,
nucibus duris, scminum alls oblilctatis, atUluirarum crista lacera
actiminnta parvida.

Pijivajlcxilis. Torrey and .Tamks, in Long's Expedition Annal. Lyceum,
N. York, vol. 2, [>. 249.

PiNus La/uOc/tidHU, /3. IIuuk. Flor. 13or. Amcr. vol. 2, \k 1G2.

This species of Pine was discovered by Dr. Edwin James
in Long's Expedition, chiefly in subalpine tracts, and ex-
tending from the lowest range of mountains to the region
of perpetual frost. In my western tour, I met with it
also in the first range of the Rocky Mountains called the
"Black Hills;" a high broken country, commencing about
35 or 40 miles from the usual ford of Laremie's fork of
the river Platte. Scattering trees of this Pine, mixed with
clumps of Red Cedars {Juniperus virginiana)^ communicate
a sombre aspect to these high hills so much in contrast with
the grassy plains around them, and hence the above appel-
lation by which they are generally known. We met with
it afterwards on the granitic hills of the Sweet- Water,
another northern branch of the Platte, from whence it con-
tinued to the lofty hills of Bear River, which empties into
the Lake Timpanagos.

The iVmerican Cembra forms a tree of moderate size,
40 to 50 feet high, with a large dense summit, and having
a smooth bark like that of the White Pine. It is remark-
able for the flexibility of its branches which are leafy at
their extremities. The leaves grow by fives in the same

1 1 \

k

i I-

108

AMKUICAN CEMBRA PINE.

very sliort shcntli, and are ratlicr short and stiff, perfectly
even on the margin, trianjrular and glaucous within. The
anthers have a small filiform bifid or trifid crest. Tiie
young cone is almost acutely ovate, greenish and smooth,
M'ith thick protuberant scales which exude a clear resin.
The older cone is thick and ovate, the scales stout and
woody, about twice the length of the seeds which are as
large nearly as peas and without wings, except in an early
stage, the scales are terminated by small umbilical eleva-
tions but have no prickles ; on the lower portion of the
cone they also project considerably. The seeds are agree-
able and eaten by the natives and the hunters who frequent
the mountains.

So nearly is this species allied to the Pimis Cembra, or
Siberian Stone Pine, that we were for sometime doubtful
whether it was more than a variety of it. Like that spe-
cies it produces wingless seeds which are catable> the
leaves of both are in fives, but in Cembra they are serru-
late, in ours even and more rigid. The cones of both are
very much alike, but in the present the scales which com-
;)ose them are twice as long as the seeds, in Cembra they
are much shorter, and when young pubescent ; the nut in
Cembra is also probably larger.

According to Pallas the Cembra is found on the western
side of the Uralian mountains, and in the northern and
alpine parts of Siberia, it is of frequent occurrence, some-
times with other species, at other times forming by itself
extensive tracts of forest. A dwarf variety exists through-
out Kamtshatka. The trunk of the ordir. y kind is per-
fectly erect, nearly free from branches to the summit, and
not unfrequcntly attains the height of 120 feet, with a
diameter of 3 feet near the root. The nuts are sent to all
parts of Russia as dainties, and are greedily sought by
various wild animals. In Siberia the seeds of the Cembra
are sometimes produced in immense quantities, at which

AMERICAN CEMBRA PINE.

109

time they form, according to Gmclin, about the sole winter
food of the peasantry. From the very resinous immature
cones is obtained a very fragrant and celebrated oil, known
under the name of Carpathian Dalsam.

The Cembra grows slowly, the wood is white, somewhat
resinous, and of a lax '.exture, similar to that of fir wood
but less tenacious. Mr. Lambert, however, remarks that it
" has a finer grain than common deal." It yields abun-
dance of a fragrant, yellowish, hard, pellucid resin.

The variety P. Cembra helvetica of Switzerland, grows
with remarkable slowness, according to Kasthofer. A tree
with a trunk of the diameter of 19 inches, when cut down
was found to have 353 concentric circles, (indicative of so
many years growth.) The wood is very fragrant and
retains its odour for centuries, which perfume, though so
agreeable to man, is so ofi^ensive to bugs and moths as to
deter them from infesting rooms where it is used, either as
wainscotting or as fu. liture.

The variety /3. of P. Lambertiana, Hooker remarks, " A
Pine in many respects similar to this was found by Mr.
Drummond in very elevated situations of the Rocky Moun-
tains, near the " height of land" yet there growing 50 and
60 feet high. The leaves are, however, shorter (2 or 3
inches) and more rigid, and the specimens have the closest
aflSnity with those of the European P. Cembra. No cones
exist in the collection." Flor Bor. Am. 2, p. 162.

Plate CXII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The cone. b. Front view of the scale
of the cone. c. Back view of the same. d. A cluster of leaves.

Vol. III. — 15

110

SABINE'S OR PRICKLY-CONED PINE.

PINUS SABiNiANA, /o/m tcmis pralongis ncutis marginc scabris, strohilis
maximis rrcurvis ovatis aggrrgatis, Sfjiiamis patentilnis latissimis apU
cibus longe acuminatis incurvis spincsccntibus, nucibus duris.

PiNUs Salnniana. Douglas, Lin. Transact, vol. 10, p. 749. Lambert's
Pinca, (Ed. 2,) t. 80. Loudon, Arborot. vol. 4, p. 2240.

This splendid and useful species was discovered on the
western flanks of the Cordilleras of California, by the late
Mr. Douglas. It was found at a great elevation above
the level of the sea, being only 1600 feet below the range
of perpetual snow in the parallel of 40° ; likcMise on the
less elevated mountains near the sea coast, where the tem-
perature is higher but more uniform, in the parallel of
37°, inhabiting the summits of the mountains only, it
also occurs in some part of the range of the Blue Moun-
tains of Oregon, as the Indians brought bags of the
eatable kernels to trade on the Grande Ronde Prairie.
Dr. Gairdner also collected it on the Fallatine Hills of the
Wahlamet.

The stems of these Pines are of a very regular form, and
grow straight and tapering to the height of 40 to 140 feet,
and are 3 to 12 feet in circumference when standing apart,
clothed with branches down to the ground. The largest
and finest trees are seen in the Mountains of California.

The wood is white, soft, coarse-grained and not very
durable. A copious transparent resin exudes from the
tree when cut; and the nuts, like those of the Ccmbra
Pine, are in great esteem among the natives as food ; we
found them nearly as pleasant to the taste as almonds,

/.lU

I

I

i

i

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the

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••• ' V (•■''■•;! niiovcr

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■'■ t, <■:■ ihc tcnv
• i.'; p;>ra]itl oi'

'!t. lov*' ■>» .! v> :• ..- ':•' '.. !- • ' •- ^

Oi ^terpctiuil iuow ■;! • , .. "■ *■

iCi-- '^lovattv! moil; ::iinf: ru; '• .m- ,>-f-): ■ ■
p'T-turci IS lii^^'Uir \:>\l iiiovo inii''..;:;.
J'.' , iniiabiiin;: rhc huiuiniis of ilu: rn.'onitriii).-' onlv, it
ubo occMrs in some u.ui. oI" tiio fangc ot rhc Hln;' ^iouis-
VMUH C'\ i>re<Ton, ns iho indiaiAC- bror.gh*. \ih<t'\ of ibo
caiat)lc kt;jiioU lo (ra^ln on lit;' (^»;nid<. Rori.l'^ Prnicirv
Dr. Gairdr.Hi' also coll<!Ci.'.\l ir on ihe I'aHiUirtc IS'Jls oi" fhc
VV aiilan)' t .

The ^tnnii of ilifse rnujs .oo ff;; vta K^ijrilfir (■ti-;»v, rind

''.inj rii-' A to

]*; i^ct

?.v.'\ (in*- it I 'i.iC's nr;' m:vu :■.- ^
Two wood w xv'iito. - i!^if.

K:.'. .-'I

;i.!!'!!:ii: iiiKi.:

."''>'.i'i

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i< i:;ri:0

''•'• .! :,Oi!M^ J.'l ( '•,;;: Ivili;i'
{ iiid W'A

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V;r

tfv-v wilt n ci:t : ui:d ''k .1.; , -K

-ill v.;Xudps iVoui li

I . ! ■ t '

.f \'< (

J*ii)(;, iiT'!! in ■.icii!; f ^'t'vui ;m

ll^l-it' OK

n.-tliw;

i' i.)i' ; Vt t

iiiiirid thorn uoariv ;!,-; pia.sict u* iL'-. i.ivU: a?> ahnoiid.'

!..

t;

f'l cm

1 I

il

t '

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i-'l

; I!

11 ■

.•(

SABINE'S OR PRICKLY-CONED PINE.

Ill

except that they left behind a slight resinous taste. Thoy
are of a roundish oblong form and about nine-tenths of an
inch long by half an inch broad, being much larger than
the seed of the following species.

The leaves grow together in 3's rarely in 4's, and are 1 1
to 14 inches in length, serrulated on the margin, the
sheath of the leaves IJ inches long. The cone very
resinous, ovate, recurved, pressing on the branch for sup-
port, growing 3 to 9 in a verticillated cluster, and remain-
ing on the tree for a number of years; 9 to 11 inches long
and 16 to 18 inches round. The scales of the cone are
spathulate, 2i inches long, with a strong, sharp, incurved
point, which, near the base of the cone, exceeds the length
of the scale. The wing of the seed is short, stiff, and
about one-fourth its length. The seed leaves are 7 to
12.

It was namt ! ^v" Mr. Douglas in honour of the late
Mr. Joseph SaL tt .^ ocretary of the Horticultural Society
of London. I had not the satisfaction of seeing this tree
during my visit to Oregon. The species in the gardens
round London appears to be as hardy as the Pinus
pinaster,

Plate CXIII.
A cone two-thirds of the natural size. a. The leaves, b. A scale.

i

i

i'

=;.:

112

COULTER'S PINE.

PINUS CovtTETiJ f foliis tcrnis prcelongis comprcssis, vaginis Jilamentoso-
laccfis, strobilis dbhngis solitariis maximis, squamis cuneatis, apicibus
elongatis incrassatis lanceolatis mucronatis ancipiti-compressis aduncis,
Don in Lin. Trans, vol. 17, p. 440. Lamb. Pin., vol. 3, tab. 83.
Loudon, Arbor. Brit. vol. 4, p. 8250.

This magnificent species of Pine was discovered by
Doctor Coulter on the mountains of Santa Lucia, near the
mission of San Antonio, in the 36th degree of latitude,
within sight of the sea, and at an elevation of between 3
to 4000 feet above its level. It was accompanied by the
Pirus Lambertiana.

The tree rises to the height of 80 or 100 feet with large
permanently spreading branches, and the trunk is 3 or 4
feet in diameter. The leaves of a glaucous hue, are longer
and broader than in any other known species of the genus,
and the cones which grow singly are likewise the largest
of all pines, being often more than a foot long, half a foot
in diameter, and weighing about 4 pounds. Travellers
compare them for magnitude to sugar loaves, which they
resemble in form, suspended as it were from forest trees !

The spinous processes of the scales of the cone are very
strong, hooked and compressed, 3 or 4 inches in length,
and about the thickness of one's finger ! characters which
essentially distinguish it from the preceding species. The
seed like that of the preceding, to which it is closely allied,
is about the size of an almond and eatable.

113

SxMALLER PRICKLY-CONED PINE.

PINUS MURiCATA, foliis tcrnis ? strohilis inaguilateri-ovatis aggregatis,
squamis cunecUis apice dilatatis umbilico-clcvato mucronatis ; baseos
exterruR clongatis ancipiti-comprcssis recuroato-patentihiis. Don, in
Lin. Trans. 17, p. 441. Lambert, Pin. 3, tab. 84. Loudon, Arbor,
4, p. 2269, fig. 2180.

This belongs to the same group with the preceding, but
the cones are not larger than those of Finns inops, and are
remarkable for the squarrose spreading of the basilar
scales, which present long and sharp points in all direc-
tions.

This singular species was discovered in Upper California
by Dr. Coulter at San Luis Obispo, in latitude 35°, and at
an elevation of 3000 feet above the level of the sea, distant
about 10 miles. The tree is straight and rather stunted,
not exceeding 40 feet in height. The cones grow 2 or 3
together, and are about 2 inches long and 3 inches broad,
the scales are wedge-shaped and very thick, dilated at the
apex, obscurely quadrangular, mucronatcd, and with an
elevated umbilicus, those at the base of the cone elongated,
compressed on both sides, shining, recurved and spread-
ing.

114

HEAVY- WOODED PINE.

PINUS PONDEROSA, foliis tcrtiis prcelongis tortuosis, vaginis brcvibus,
anthcrarum crista rotundata intcgra, strohilis ovatis rejlcxiSy squamis
comprcssis nubquiulnmgidatis fqnce spimdosis rccurvatis.

Viava porukrosa. Douglas, MSS. Lodi;tg. Catal. ed. 1836. Loudon,
Arboretum Brittanicum, vol. 4, p. 2243, fig. 2132 and 2134.

This species was discovered by the late Mr. Douglas,
on the banks of the Spokam and Flat-Head rivers, and
near the Kettle Falls of the Columbia, in the territory* of
Oregon, where it grows in abundance. The same species,
I believe, grows also near Monterey in Upper California,
where it likewise gives support to that curious parasite the
Arccuthobium *americanum, which exists on one of Doug-
las's specimens.

The timber is said to be so heavy as almost to sink in
water. The tree has proved quite hardy and of rapid
growth both in the climate of London and of Edinburgh.
It has a very elegant appearance, even as a young tree,
and seems to surpass all others in strength and luxuriance.

The leaves are disposed in parallel spirals, from 9 to 1 1
inches long, 3 in a sheath, which is from half an inch to 1
inch in length. The scales of the cone terminate in flat-
tened processes scarcely ribbed in any direction. In the
centre of the process is a protuberance, large in proportion
to the scale, which terminates in a sharp prickle pointing
outwards ; the scale is an inch long.

The trees I observed in California, growing in a poor
soil, were not more than 12 to 20 feet high.

115

OREGON PITCH PINE.

PINUS iNsioNis, foliis tcrnis elongatis tortuosis, stroMlis ovcdis aaitis

drflexis, sqnamis tuhcrculatis rcLusis incrmibus wfcrioribus conicis rC'

Jlexis.
PiNus insignis. Dovo. MSS. Loudon, Arboretum Brit. 4, p. 2265, fig.

2171, 2172.
PiNus tuhcrculata. Don, Lin. Trans, vol. 17, p. 442. Lamb. Pin. 3, t.

85. Loudon. Arbor. 4, p. 2270, fig. 2181.

This species was sent by Douglas to the Horticultural
Society's Garden in London in 1833, and is said to be of
vigorous giowth, and as hardy as any of the Californiaa
Pines.

The leaves are of a deep grass green, thickly set on thr»
branches, of different lengths, and twisted in every direc-
tion. The leaves in the dried specimen from Douglas, are
3 to 4i inches long. Cone 3^ to 4 inches long. In the
young growing plant near London, 5 to 7 inches.

This is, I apprehend, the Pinus rcsinosa of Hooker,
Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 161, as far as the locality of the north-
west coast is concerned, for he quotes Douglas as finding
it growing with P. Lambertiana. It is however, I imagine,
sufficiently distinct from that well-known species. The
cone appears to be much larger, and the leaves are in 3's.

I cannot perceive any specific distinction between tho
present and the cone described by Don of his P. tuhcrculata^
figured by Loudon. It was collected by Dr. Coulter, with
the following, which it resembles in size and habit, on the
sea-shore of Monterey. The leaves of this or the follow-
ing species, which I collected during my very transient
visit to that place, are usually in 3's, slender and about

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ij

116

SPREADING-CONED PINE.

4 inches long, with the margin and inner ridge finely serru-
lated and grooved internally on either side the mid-rib.
The cone figured by Loudon is indeed more oblong than
in P. insignist but we have no doubt they vary as much
as the figures given, and the leaves appear to be wholly
similar. It is also nearly allied, apparently, to P. patula,
found by Schiede and Deppe in Mexico.

SPREADING-CONED PINE.

PINUS BADiATA, foUis tcrnis, strohilis itiaqiiilateri-ovatis squamis
raclicUo-rimosis umbilico dcprsso truncatis ; bascos exterms triplo
majoribus giblmsis siihrccurvis, Don, in Lin. Trans, vol. 17, p. 442.
Lambebt, Pin. 3, tub. 86. Loudon Arboretum 4, p. 2270, fig. 2182.

This useful species of Pine, as well as the preceding,
grows abundantly in the vicinity of Monterey on the sea-
coast in latitude 36°. Point Pinos, at the entrance of the
harbor is covered with them exclusively. The trees of this
species grow singly or together, and attain to the height of
about 100 feet, with an erect trunk clothed with branches
nearly to the ground. In its foliage and general appear-
ance, as well as economy, it is allied to the Yellow Pine,
{Pinus variabilis.) It is also scarcely distinct from P,
patula and the preceding species.

The cones as described by Mr. Don, are said to be
aggregated, of an ovate form, about half a foot in length,
ventricose at the base with spreading obtuse scales.

According to Dr. Coulter it affords an excellent timber,
which is very tough, and well adapted for the building of
boats, for which purpose it is much used.

TWISTED-BRANCHED IMN'i:.

117

Of the PiNus Californiana of Loiscleur Deslon<j;clmin|)S
in the Nouveau Duliamcl, 5, p. 243, too litllc is known to
consider it as a well defined species. As a tree it is pro-
bably identic with one or other of the preceding species,
being observed in the neighbourhood of Monterey, and
seeds were collected by the gardener Callignon in the expe-
dition of La Peyrouse. The cone producing eatable seeds
like the Cembra, is, however, a character wholly at variance
with any species growing round Monterey.

TWISTED-BRANCHED PINE.

PINUS coNTORTA. Douglas. Loudon, Arbor. 4, p. 2292, fig. 2210 and
2311.

This plant is considered by Hooker, 2, p. 161, as a nere
variety of P. inops with the leaves less rigid. Growing at
Sitcha, and along the shores of the Pacific, from the con-
fluence of the Oregon, and around Observatory Inlet, (Dr.
Scouler,) ^. forms a low scrubby Pine along the north-
west coast ; on Mount Rainier, near the snow, not exceed-
ing 10 feet in height, and according to Hooker, the speci-
mens exactly agree with the same species from the United
States.

A.

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Vol. III. — 16

IIS

WHITE PINE.

PINUS sTnonva,foHis (juinis grnrilihus,V(igi/iis nul/is, strnhilis c/ongatis

sulxiiilinili-accis cernuis, sqimmis Icuis 2^luuiusculis, anlhcraniin crista

minula, srtdcea, bifida.
PINUS Stiobus. Linn. Sp. pi. Punsii. Flor. Am. 2, p. G44. IIookeu,

Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 161. Lamhekt, Piiics, tab. B2. Micii. Sylvn,

tab. 145.
/8. MOTiTicohx, foliis brcvioHhus obtusis vix arrrnlafis. Pinus monticoJa.

Douglas. "The Mountain, or Sliort-Loavcd Weymouth Pino."

Loudon, Arbor. 4, p. 2201, fig. 2208 and 2209. Lambkrt, Pin. vol.

2, p. 3, tab. 87.

Respecting the geographical limits of this species, Hooker
adds in his Flora. From Nova Scotia and Canada, to the
Saskatchewan of Hudson's Bay, in latitude 55°, and the
east side of the Rocky Mountains. (^Drummotid). On the
west side of the same great chain of mountains, (including
only the variety ^. monticola\ from the sources of the
Oregon to the alpine range of Mount Hood, towards the
north-west coast.

The largest trees of this towering pine which I have
seen, are on the borders of the Androscoggin near Paris
in Maine, where they seem to emulate in elevation the vast
Firs of the Oregon. In the vicinity of Portsmouth, I am
informed by .Tohn Elwyn, Esq.. a tree was cut down some
years ago which measured 200 feet in height. Naugen-
heim also remarks, that from the size of two masts for 74
gun-ships, that he saw in the Plymouth dock-yards, which
measured in the whole piece 108 feet each, that such a
tree must have been 200 feet long, and 5 feet or more in
diameter.

1

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VVIIITK IMN'K.

110

No troc nppronclios so near to this woll-mnrkod species
ns tlic niiotaii Pine (/*. cvcrlsn,) a native of the mountains
of N'cpaul in India. Tliat specie?, lionoiired with the native
title of the "Kinjrof the Kirs," attains to the hei«fht of
1*20 feet, and unhke onr White Pine in its physical pro-
perties yields an abundance of liquid resin. Accordin*,' to
Mr. Lambert, who has made the i'ines and Firs a special
study, and illustrated their history by a splendid mono-
graph, r. exci'lsa approaches so near in hal)it, and in the
shape of its cones to P. Strohiis, that, were it not for the
simple, round, membranaceous crest of the anthers, it
would be almost impossible to distinguish them spccitically,
still the ieaves are lonjjer and the cones thicker, and in its
native soil it is remarkable for its drooping branches,
whence it is frequently called the " Weeping Fir," by tra-
vellers in the Himalayas.

The timber of the Weymouth Pine continues to be
cx|)orted to Britain in immense quantities; but it is consi-
dered as very inferior to some of our other species, and to
the pine timber of the north of Europe. Mr. Co|)land, an
extensive builder and timber-merchant, (according to
M'Culloch), when examined before Parliament as to the
comparative value of European and Anierican Timber,
affirmed, that " the American pine is much inferior in
quality, much softer in its nature, not so durable, and very
liable to dry rot; indeed it is not allowed by any professional
man undtr government to be used; nor is it ever employed
in the best buildings in London ; it is only speculators that
are induced to use it, from the price of it being nmch
lower (in consequence of its exemption from duty) than
the Baltic timber. If you were to lay two planks of
American timber upon each other, in the course of a
twelvemonth they would have the dry rot, ahnost invari-
ably, to a certain extent." M'Culloch adds, that " many
passages to the same cfiect might be produced from the

i''i

120

WHITE PINE.

evidence of persons of the greatest experience in ship-
building." (iWCulloch\<i Cotnmcr. Diet., article Timber
Trade.) There is no doubt a good deal of truth and some
prejudice in these statniieiits, particularly as regards the
durability of White Pine timber, as any one will acknow-
ledge on inspecting the present condition of the Schuylkill
bridge at Philadelphia, which, after 37 years have elapsed
since its erection, is apparently as sound as ever.

From S. W. Roberts, Esq., civil engineer, wc learn that
the superstructure of the large wooden bridges, so nume-
rous in Pennsylvania, is principally constructed of White
Pine. The lattice bridges are built of thick White Pine
planks, for which use this timber is well adapted on ac-
count of its lightness, freedom from warping, and the ease
with which it is worked. The Yellow Pine being harder
is better for the posts of the bridges, because it undergoes
loss compression. These bridges are generally roofed and
weather-boarded, but not ceiled, so that the frame timber
is protected from the weather but exposed to the air. In
such situations good White and Yellow Pine posts and
beams of moderate size, season without injury from dry-
rot, and hist so long, that Mr. Roberts has no experimental
knowledge of their comparative durability, but he supposes
that the Yellow Pine will be the most durable, as it con-
tains the most resin.

Mr. Roberts remarks, that the thin weatherboard ing of
White Pine on the sides of frame houses, although thus
exposed, remains sound for a generation, even without
paint.

"One of the greatest wooden bridges probably in the
world, is the aqueduct over the Alleghany river at Pitts-
burg, through which the state canal passes. It has seven
spans of one hundred and sixty feet each, with a water-

WIIITK PINE.

121

wny sixtcon foct wide nnd four foct deep, Imvirig a towing-
path on each side. The whole structure is roofcMl and
xfcatlior-boardod, it is tliirty feet wide, and l)uilt of pine
brought down the Allej^liany river. The entire cost ot'tlic
aqueduct, inchidirig the heavy masonry of tlic abutments
and piers, was about $1 1 (),(><•<>.

" I have lately erected several very largo bridges with
wooden superstructures of White I'ine ; tiie piers being
built of stone; but one of them, put up in a peculiar place,
has two |)iers, the foundations of wliich arc of stone, v a
which arc erected piers of timber^ fromed with half-lri)
splices and lock-joinings secured by screw-bolts, so that
any stick may be replaced. The sills arc of white oak ;
the posts, standing in cast-iron shoes, are of white-pino,
and so arc the braces. The wooden portion of each pier
is one hundred feet in height, and each spun of the bridge
127 feet." S. W. Roberts.

Mr. Roberts remarks, that the Yellow Pine (P. varia-
bilis^) which grows on the hills bordering the Susquehanna
in Columbia County, (Pennsylvania), is a fine, sound cohe-
sive timber; but that the kind called Norway Pine, (/'.
resinosa ? Ait. P. rubra^ Mich. t. 1.34,) from Steuben
County, New York, is inferior to the Yellow Pine, as the
layers of the wood are more easily separated. He also
adds, it is well known that the quality of timber depends
very much upon the age of the tree, the soil in which it
grows, and in some cases the influence of the sc.i-nir.
Generally speaking, in Pennsylvania, the timber grown in
the river valleys, and still more that grown in the moun-
tains from 1.500 to 2400 above tide, is inferior to that from
the hills at intermediate hci^rhts.

In

I I

122

GIGANTIC PINE.

PINUS LAMnERTiANA,/o/«".v quinis rigiflis scahniisciiUs,vaginis hrevis-
simis, slmhills crassis longmimls cijUmlraceis, squnmis kixis dilatatis
iyifcrinrihxs sitbpnliilis.

PiNirs Lainhcrtlana. Douglas in Lin. Trans, vol. 15, p. 500. Lamh.
Pin. (cd. 2tl), vol. 1, t, 34. Lamson's Manual, p. 361. Loudon
Arborot. vol. 4, p. !2288, figs. 2206 and 2207 (reduced), and figs. 2204
and 2205, natural size.

This majestic pine, according to Mr. Douglas its disco-
verer, covers large districts about 100 miles from the bor-
ders of the Pacific, in latitude 43° north, and continues to
the south as far as 40°. He first met with it towards the
sources of the Wahlamet (called also Multnomah.) It
grew sparingly upon low hills, and was scattered over an
undulating country east of a range of mountains which ter-
minate at Cape Oxford, in a soil of pure sand, apparently
incapable of supporting any vegetation, but here it attained
its greatest magnitude, and perfected abundance of seed.
The trees did not form dense forests, in the manner of the
other pin js of the north-west coast, but were seen scattered
singly over the plains in the manner of some Californian
species.

This stately species attains to a height of 150 to 200
feet, and varies in circumference from 20 to 60 feet. A
specimen overturned by the winds was in length 215 feet,
its circumference at 3 feet from the ground was 57 feet 9
inches, and at 134 feet from the groimd, 17 feet 5 inches.
The trunk presents an erect shaft, devoid of branches of
from 100 to 170 feet elevation covered with a vcrv smooth

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light brown bark. The penthilous brandies form an open
pyramidal head, like that of a fir-tree. The leaves are
between 4 and 5 inches long and grow together, like the
strobus in clusters of 5, with similar short, deciduous
sheathes ; they are rigid, of a bright-green colour, but not
shining, with the margin slightly scabrous to the touch.
The cones hang pendulous from the ends of the branches,
and are two years in acquiring their full growth, they are
at first erect, and do not droop until the second year; when
ripe they are about 1 1 inches in circumference at the thickest
part, and vary from 12 to 16 inches in length ! The scales
are loosely imbricated, dilated and rounded above, and per-
fectly destitute of armature. The seeds are 8 lines long
and 4 broad, oval, and like those of the Stone Pine, the
kernels are sweet and pleasant to the taste ; the wing is
about twice the length of the seed, and the seed leaves are
from 12 to 13.

The whole tree produces an abundance of pure amber
coloured resin, which, when it exudes from trees which are
partly burnt, by some chemical change, loses its usual
flavour and acquires a sweet taste, in which state it is used
by the natives as sugar to flavour their food. The seeds,
(like those of the Cembra in Siberia,) are eaten roasted, or
pounded into coarse cakes for winter food.

Its timber, like that of the White Pine, is white, soft,
and light, abounding in turpentine reservoirs and has a
specific gravity of 0.463. The annual layers are very
narrow, presenting 56 in the space of 4^ inches on the
external side.

It is allied to P. slrohusy from which, however, it is
essentially distinct, but almost equally hardy in cultiva-
tion.

Plate CXIV.

Cone Iialf of the natural size. a. The leaves.

!

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H

134

BANKS' OR LABRADOR PINE.

PINUS Banksiana, folils hrevihus geminatis rigidis divaricatis obliqtiis
strdbilis rccurvis tortis, sqnamis incrmilnis. Lamb. Pin. (ed. 2,) vol. 1>
tub. 3. Puusii. Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 642. Loudon, Arboretum, 4, r.
2190.

PiNUs rupcstris, (Gray Pino.) Micii. Sylva, tab. 136.

PiNUS hudsonia. Lamarck, Encyc. 5, p. 339.

PiNU9 sylocstris S' divarkcUa. Solander in Ait. Kew, vol. 3, p. 366.

Notwithstanding the dwarf size of this species in many
situations, Doctor Richardson* describes it as a hand-
some tree, with long spreading flexible branches, generally
furnished with clustered and curved cones, of many years
accumulation. It attains even the height of 40 feet and
upwards in favourable situations ; but the diameter of its
trunk is greater, in proportion to its height, than in the
other pines of the country ; and in its native situations it
exudes much less resin than the White Spruce, (^Ahies alba).
Dr. Richardson found it exclusively occupying dry sandy
soils, and it occurred as far northward as latitude 64°,
and was said to attain even higher latitudes, on the
sandy banks of Mackenzie's river. Douglas found it on
the higher banks of the Oregon, and in the valleys of the
Rocky Mountains. We also met with it sparingly in the
same great chain of mountains, towards the northern
sources of the Platte, and forming considerable trees in
the valley of Thornberg's ravine, in the western chain of
the Rocky Mountains.

Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Seas in 1819 and 1822.

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.

125

Doctor Engclmann of St. Louis, informs mc, that this
Pino accompanied by P. strobus, P. variabilis and Abies
canadensis grows on the islands of Lake Michigan.

In the famous Pinetum at Dropmorc, in 1837, according
to Loudon, there was a pine of this species 27 feet high,
with the diameter of the trunk 18 inches. It forms an
elegant tree as described by Richardson, with long spread-
ing flexible branches. Another tree at White Knights,
has attained the height of 30 feet.

Dr. Richardson remarks, that the Canadian porcupine
feeds on its bark ; and the wood, from its lightness, and
the straightness and tenacity of its fibres, is much prized
for canoe timber. Titus Smith adds, that on the shallow
soils in the vicinity of Halifax, (Nova Scotia,) when not
reduced by fires, it produces timber of an useful size. As
an ornamental tree it is prized in Great Britain ; but with
us, as yet, the appearance of pines is too plebeian, from their
abundance and predominance throughout the barrens and
uncleared lands by which we arc still surrounded.

i

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of

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.

PINUS PUNOENs, foliis gcminis hrcvihus aaitis, strdnlis ovato-conicis,
acukis squamarum cUmgatis suhulatis inciifviSt wfcrioiihus rcjlms.
PuRsii, Flor. Amcr. Sept. vol. 2, p. G43. Miciiaux, tab. 140. LASin.
Pin. (cd. 2,) 1, tab. 17. Loudon, Arlrorctum, 4, p. 2197, fig. 2079,
and figs. 2077 and 2078, (excellent figures of the cone, &c.)

A tree 40 to 50 feet high, with the habit of the Scotch

Fir, (P. sylvcstris,) but with a rounder and more branching

summit, by which appearance in its native sites it is readily

distinguished. The quantity of this species on the Table

Vol. III. — 17

11

126

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE.

Mountain, and on a wide stretch of high mountains for
many miles north and south of this locahty is very great,
and no apprehensions need be entertained, nor is there the
most distant probabiHty of its ever being extirpated by the
puny hand of man. On the vast precipices, slopes, impend-
ing rocks and chasms of the Linville, a branch of tlie
Catawba, it darkens the whole horizon and presents an
imposing mass of intense and monotonous verdure. It
generally occupies the summits of the highest rocky ridges,
and sweeps over the most dangerous and inaccessible
declivities to the margin of precipices, some of which, over-
hanging the cove of Linville, are at least 1000 feet perpen-
dicular. To the north, its peculiar verdure enables us to
trace it by the eye continuously to the vicinity and summit
of the Grandfather Mountain, and it seems, Mr. William
Strickland, who introduced the species into England, (ac-
cording to Loudon,) stated to Mr. Lambert, that he
observed large forests of it along the Blue Mountains, on
the frontiers of Virginia, so that it is by no means a scarce
species, but affects the alpine heights of the highest of the
Alleghanys, which can never be cultivated or made use of
by man except for wild pasturage.

At Dropmore, in England, in 1837, there was a speci-
men which had attained the height of 34 feet, with a
diameter of 1 foot 9 inches, (Loudot^). In the character
of its cones it approaches the P. Sabiniana of Oregon.
The quality of its wood is unknown.

John Lenthal, Esq., United States naval constructor,
informs me that the Pine timber in most general use in the
United States Navy, is the fine-grain long-leaf yellow-pine,
{Pinus palustris,) from the southern parts of North Caro-
lina, South Carolina, and Georgia, which is fully equal, if
not superior, to the Baltic timber. Upon this point also
an incorrect idea prevails, founded upon the yellow-pine

TADLE MOUNTAIN PINE.

127

that finds its way to the European market from Canada
and Virginia, being in general of tlic coarse-grain kind, or
which has has been tapped for the turpentine, such not
being used by the government, and by the merchant builders
only from motives of economy.

The average weight of a cubic foot of seasoned yellow-
pine is from 4G to 48 pounds. It is very doubtful whether
any of the best quality of southern pine is exported.

In the Navy the beams and decks together with the
plank between the ports are of yellow-pine, (Pinus varia-
bilis, Lambert,) also the lower-masts, yards and top-masts.
The Yellow-Pine of New Jersey is of an excellent quality,
but is not in sufficient quantities to form an article of expor-
tation, it is used in New York and Pennsylvania.

The only Northern pine used is the White Pine, and
that for boards and such purposes ; in the merchant ships
it is used for decks and single stick masts.

From the opportunities which I have had of seeing the
materials made use of in the European dock-yards, and
from the specimens in my possession, I have reason to
believe that our materials are in no way inferior to theirs,
and our ships certainly last as long.

i ;;

i

128

SPRUCE Fill.

(Safin. Fr.)

Natural Order, CoNiPERiE. (Jussicu.) TAnnnan Classifica-
tion, MONOECIA MONANDRIA.

ADIES.* (TOURNEFORT.)

Tlic plants of this gonus diflcr from the Pines, with which they have
usually been associated, in having the cones less decidedly grouped, the
strobiles cylindrically conic, the scales of the cone not thickened at the
summit, the wing of the seed persistent, and the leaves solitary, partly
scattered, and more or less disposed in 2 rows.

These are evergreen trees of Europe, Asia and America, of tall, erect
and often pyramidal forms, clad with a profusion of accrosc foliage.
Nearly all the species arc hardy in cool and temperate climates, such
as those of Britain and North America. The genus is so strictly natural
as to render it somewhat difficult to define the species.

§ I. Adies proper. Scales of tlie cone dccicltious ; anUwrs dehiscing
transversely.

* From dbco, to rise, in allusion to their aspiring growth ; or from
apios, a pear tree, in reference to the form of their fruit.

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ija>vcv<jr., in ]h)wn jn Iiciuiui, (uccor'H-iglo ! ou.ion,) n . .
uU ycarrf plunltMl, i.siiioh mea'^'utes .Vi fcot .-. 'ni'/hi. ;,., ,
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,.Lv>!;s. P'n), vol. .'<, K </!.).

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129

WHITE SPRUCE FIR.

i !

Abies alba. Dr. Richardson, in his Appendix to Frankli I's
Tour to the North, mentions this tree as the most northerly
that came under his observation ; and states that, on the
Coppermine River, in latitude 67.^°, within 20 miles of the
Arctic Sea, it attains the height of 20 feet or more. In its
native forests it rarely exceeds 50 feet in height. There i,«,
however, in Down in Ireland, (according to Loudon,) a tree
60 years planted, which measures 55 feet in height, and
another in (Jalway,at Cool, is 5G feet high, with a diameter
of 2| feet.

DOUGLAS'S SPRUCE FIR.

ABIES DouoLAsii, (Sabine MSS.), foliis lincanhitx oUiisis suUus alhuUs
linca malla clcvatd marginibm rrjlcxis, strobiles crcctis ovatis, sqiiamis
paucis kitissimis, hrnctcoUs olmato-lanccolatis cxscrtis tnfulis rrjlcxis,
hicinia media suhuhda latcralibus membraiiaccis crosis longicri.

PiNUs (Abies) Doiighsii. Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am. 2, p. 162, tab. 183.
Lamb. Pin. vol. 3, t. 90.

PiNus taxifolia. Pursh. Flor. Am. 2, p. 040. Lamb. Pin. (EJ. 2,) 2,
tab. 47.

This plant, in the dense forests of the north-west coast
of America, constitutes one of the largest trees known in
either hemisphere. It forms a pyramid of deep verdure,

130

DOUGLAS'S SPRUCE FIR.

which in all its dimensions may almost vie with the loftiest
pyramids of art. Its vast arms spread out in wide circles
often nearly from the ground ; at other times they issue
from the summit of a tall colossal shaft. In general the
conic outline is regularly preserved, and stage upon stage,
the branches decreasing in length, finish by a pre-eminent
tuft at a height which astonishes the beholder. It was one
of these trees, in all probability, which Lewis and Clarke
found near the shores of ihe Pacific to measure near upon
300 feet. The trunk measures from 6 to 15 feet in diameter.
Of the prostrate stump lying at Fort George, near the mouth
of the Oregon, noticed by Douglas, 150 feet still remained,
without any branches, and it gave a circumference of 48
feet at 3 feet from the ground. Its ordinary height is 150
to 200 feet. The bark of the young trees, like that of the
Balm of Gilead Fir, has its receptacles filled with a clear
yellow and aromatic resin, the oldor bark is rugged, deeply
furrowed, and from 9 to 15 inches in thickness. The
leaves strongly resemble those of the Balm of Gilead or
Balsam Fir. The cones are about 3 inches long, terminal
and single, composed of a very small number of wide,
rounded, entire, persistent scales, from between which are
seen to issue the remarkable, at length reflected, trifid
bractes, of which the central segment is slender and elon-
gated. The leaves about one inch long, are rather nume-
rous, spread out in two directions and in several rows,
dark green above and silvery beneath. The male catkins
are short, dense, and roundish. The anthers obcordate,
very short, 2-celled, the crest very short, obtuse, tuber-
cular.

The timber is heavy and firm, with few knots, about as
yellow nearly as that of the Yew, and not liable to warp.
Planks have been sawn of it at Fort Vancouver, where a
saw-mill has been established, but I am not aware of their
quality. Its rate of growth in London appears to be nearly

^^-

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2J.0YVI.

i

Aiii^B 3Tenziesii .

lEiN/jKs's sr-Jtoc'T- nn

in

about that o* fiic ( o!;-mon Luroj^rui Sf-njce. A {)la«»! r
Dropiufuo in lu,;;;...;. •: u^ vours kid iiUaiiio<l VJ i-n.
and i)ore su-v- r : . , '•.

Tin-

Vancouvi'!, wi

was [Hii'li-iH-u '^
name oi /'?>;,.<•. .

4 l> Mr, Xi-n/i '-

'* ■>.,. ' • * '!>r.'i'!i

ulon^ U<. i, >'-Mi-\ve.-it <f»ti^i» {Vcjit (we lu'itudc o!' 43 fo 52\
au'.\ r:j).-.«.»:iTf>j; lij,; pimcijMil pur? uj h;1 ilio jj;Iooiuy l^jrc^-rs
<)l tlu? i'.-4H*ii, p'T. KiMitr into tiic vaiieva ot the Rnrkv
Moiinfain.s, eusivvar?] (o the u\^[)<,t vviitcrs of ti)i:- i'laur. twr
iilnc iMouuiainsorOrogon, and v.e Uuri'l i< ;'( ''"'•ji-ui-i-^'^
iu^h !'!pine raviiin. ai.d oii tiichjtiv l,i!i«- ol !i»'iw ''^ ■
Tiiiipanago^., rodncd i,. an t JeMMur i^prvsydu!;;? ir >.
50 ject cicvaiio'i.

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MENZIES'S SPRUCE FIR.

131

about that of the Common European Spruce. A plant at
Dropmore in England, in 10 years had attained 19 feet,
and bore several cones.

This species was originally discovered by Mr. Menzics
at Nootka Sound, in 1797, during the voyage of Captain
Vancouver, and from a specimen without cones or flowers
was published a description by Mr. Lambert, under the
name of Pinus taxifolia, which forms, however, a distinct
variety by the greater length of its leaves. It continues
along the north-west coast from the latitude of 43° to 52°,
and constitutes the principal part of all the gloomy forests
nf this region, extending into the valleys of the Rocky
Mountains, eastward to the upper waters of the Platte, the
Blue Mountainsof Oregon, and we found it in Thornberg's
high alpine ravine, and on the lofty hills of Bear River, of
Timpanagos, reduced to an elegant spreading tree of 40 or
50 feet elevation.

Plate CXV.
A branch of the natural size with the cone.

.1)

MENZIES'S SPRUCE I'IK.

I,:

'i(!!i

ABIES MENziECiii, ramis verrucosis, foUls j^^^mis (uiutls hrevilms itn-
(Hqne versis suhtiis argcntcis, strohllis cyUnrlraccis, squamis scarlosis
cimcato-ovalibus parvulis margine laccris, bractcolis brcvihus intcgris
(KiwihuUis.

PiNis Menzicsli. Lambert, Pines, vol. 3, tab. 89. Loudon, Arbor. 4,
p. 2321, t. 2232.

'■ Ift!

132

MENZIES'S SPRUCE FIR.

This beautiful and very distinct species of Fir was dis-
covered by Mr. Douglas on the northern limits of Cali-
Ibrnia, and wc found it to constitute the principal part of
the lofty and dark forest which caps the summit of Capo
Disappointment at the entrance of the Columbia or Oregon.

The branches have an unusual degree of rigidity, and
are quite remarkable, when divested of their foliage, (which
is exceedingly deciduous,) for the elevated bases of the
leaves with which they are so singularly clad and muri-
catcd. The leaves arc unusually short, curved, and almost
equally spread all round the branch, they have also an
abrupt point, and arc truncated and articulated to the
tubercles of the branch. The cones arc very elegant, with
loose, leaf-like, persistent, thin scales, irregularly torn on
the edges, the bracteoles arc not externally visible, small,
and acuminated. The seeds are also small.

Douglas describes the wood of this species as being of
an excellent quality. Plants were raised in the vicinity of
London, at the Horticultural Society's Garden in the year
1832. In 1838, a plant in that Garden was nearly 3 feet
high, and it is propagated by cuttings.

Plate CXVI.
A branch of tlic natural size with the cone. a. The scale, h. The seed.

133

§ II. PiCEA. Scales of tJtc cone prrs'stent, excavated at thr base ; testa of
tlie seed uoodij. Aidliers opening longituclinaHij.

HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIR.

Abies canadensis. To the localities of this common spe-
cies we may also add the north-west coast of America,
where it was collected by Dr. Scoulcr^ and has been
observed by Dr. Tolmic as far north along that coast as
Milbank Sound and Stikinc. It is a tree of com.non
occurrence in the pine forests around Vancouver and along
the high banks of the Wahlamct and the Oregon.

The Hemlock Spruce makes very good boards, shingles,
and scantling when seasoned ; it is very proper for floors,
as it lasts long and never shrinks. Used as weather-boards
for houses ; after 30 years exposure, I have observed it to
be still comparatively sound. According to Marshall, the
aborigines made use of the bark to dye their splints for
bas''ets of a red colour.

• ffiiii

S. W. Roberts, Esq., Civil Engineer, writes to mo, "some
years ago I was the Resident Engineer of the Portage Rail
Road over the Alleghany Mountain. When it was com-
menced in 1831, we cut a road, 120 feet wide, through
the forest for about thirty miles. The most numerous trees
were Hemlock Spruce, and the toil of making the prelimi-
nary surveys was much increased by the necessity of con-
stantly climbing over, or creeping under, the immense
trunks of fallen trees of this sort, which were lying about
in every direction in that primeval forest. Old Hemlocks
rot rapidly, and these were in all stages of decay. Hem-

VoL. III. — 18

■I'l!

' ■ V

134

THE CHEAT SILVER FIR.

lock timber was rejected in the construction of the railroad,
and to jrct rid of the trees they were consumed in immense
fires. "White pine, white oak, and locust were used in the
timber structures of the railway. Locust, from its hard-
ness and great dnrubilify, was preferred for the cross-sills
of the track, hut the sti(ks were too small for most other
uses. White oak came next in order, and then white pine;
good yellow-pine we could not get; and rock oak is classed
with white oak for railroad sills, and is probably somewhat
more durable.

"Since leaving the mountain I have laid down railroad
mud-sills of Hemlock, being sound sticks of small size, and
they will last as long as white pine."

THE GREAT SILVER FHl.

i!;

ABIES ORANDis, foliis peclinatis plants ohtvsis subtus argenteis, strobilis
erectis cylindraceis clongatis, sqnamis compactis latissimis, bracteolis
ovatis acuminatis erosis squama multo hrevioribus,

Abies grandis. Lindley, in Penny Cycl. No. 3.

PiNus grandis. Douglas, MSS. Lamb. Pin. vol. 3, tab. 94.

PicEA grandis. Loudon, 4, p. 2341, fig. 2245 and 2246.

A TALL stately tree, akin to .4. balsamea, and attaining
a height of 170 to 200 feet. According to Douglas, a
native of Northern California, in low moist valleys, but we
found it abundant, and constituting considerable tracts,
betwixt Fort Vancouver and the neighbouring saw-mill, 6
or 7 miles above the fort, where many logs had been cut
down and sawn into planks, which were taken for sale to

THE GREAT SILVEIl Fill.

135

Oahu, one of tl>e Sandwich islands. It also grew in the
pine woods of Wappatoo island, in both which places it
was frequently about 240 feet in hei<,'ht. The wood was
found to be soft, white, and coarse-grained, yet very well
suited for flooring and other purposes when better timber
could not be had. This tree mostly presents a tall naked
shaft of a 100 or more feet in height, when it commences
to branch with a high spreading pyramidal summit; the
bark is smooth and brownish, the leaves pectinate and
spreading, in about 2 rows, linear, roundish at the point,
and often notched, green above and silvery ber h, some-
what dilated towards the apex, and about a. iich long.
The cones lateral, single, cylindrical and obtuse, something
like those of A. ccdrus (the Cedar of Lebanon,) about 3.^
inches long and 2 inches broad, of a brown colour; the
scales transverse, very broad, deciduous, and quite entire.
Bracteoles ovate-acuminate, irregularly notched along the
margin, and much shorter than the scales.

The Pinus amabilis of Douglas, is probably a mere
variety of the present. Loudon gives two figures from
Douglas's specimens in the Herbarium of the London Hor-
ticultural Society, (2247 and 2248.) The cone is, how-
ever, said to be twice as large as that of specimens of A.
grandis sent home by Douglas, namely, 6 inches long and
2i broad, the leaves are likewise entire, instead of being
notched. In other respects no difference is visible.
Young plants are growing in the Society's garden at Chis-
w'ick.

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DECORATED SILVER FIR.

ABIES N0BILI8, fdiis falcatis hrevihus acutis subtus argenteis, strdbUis
erectis, ovatO'Cylindraccis elongatis, squamis latissiniis, bracteolis dila-
tato-spathuUUis dcjlcxis squamas tegentibus, erosis medio subulato-acu-
minatis.

PiNus nobilis. Douglas, MSS. Lamb. Pin. vol. 2, last figure. Hooker,
Flor. Bor. Amer. 2, p. 162.

PicEA nobilis. Loudon, Arborct. 4, p. 2343, figs. 2249 and 2250.

According to Douglas, this singular species is a majestic
tree, forming vast forests on the mountains of northern
California, and produces timber of an excellent quality.
" I spent 3 weeks in a forest composed of this tree," he
says, "and day by day could not cease to admire it."
According to Dr. Gairdner, specimens were brought to
Fort Vancouver by the Indians, from the Great Falls of
the Columbia. (It is known to them by the name of Tuck-
tuck.)

The cone, 6 to 7 inches long and 8 to 9 in circum-
ference, is quite peculiar, having its scales entirely con-
cealed by the large reflected and even imbricated brac-
teoles (or inner scales), torn on the margin and terminated
in the centre by stiff projecting awl-shaped points. The
true scales are broadly lamellar, stalked beneath, copiously
covered with minute down, incurved and quite entire on
the margin. The leaves are crowded in 2 rows, linear,
somewhat falcate, usually acute, compressed, trigonal, flat
above, and marked with a depressed line, silvery or paler
beneath, and scarcely one inch long.

To me this species appears very evidently allied to A.

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'Vccr.roiii'j to ^r. i«;i!!M:irr, spt'cuiv-'n^i ^v<■rJ !)rouL:iit in
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tiie Cvv-U'iibi!!. n? J;- knowh ij t*^* m )iy Ui*; nan':; ot" 'I'ucL-
tack.)

Th'^ cone, '5 to 7 inch'^^ Ioimt nntl 8 to *> in cirrum-

ccaled by th'.' unyt .fill, ^-f^'l .<'nl ■ ■ .n uu'.>riC(i(t.'.i brac-
tf'ol'^s 'or inner ^cai^-•'., < < ' ., ti,- ; ..>'-'.na ami trrraMi'itijii
if! th"^ Miiif" hy ^^off jiT'.' i ts: :: ■. ■ i-v--';-.'*! j)<anf'«. The
tr'ie :-c;.ti'^^ ore hroadi* \.'. -■ ;! :, * .-i'le*- U:neatii, co|tlou^ly
v.o'\\;nd '-vitii tiinr»'0 <.!.;-v.'-, iKriirtrd nnii «|iutr ciuirr (M1
ihe ninr:;in. 'i'lir. lo.iv<?v ur, ■■•u^s^u.i! m *2 »h \'.^, liu nr,
sauie^vtKii lulrai'-, n:^;i:iiiv n(:i!if\ '•uuiyir-'^^iod. lru('>nsii; Slat
ri!>ove, nri<! liiaikoil w^h ,. ^^'prc^;-'"!} line* Hilvry or nul<:i
(^•*;ri('ijfh. and scmh eiy one ' ifti \^}i\

'I... nil- t'p' • ^;MHM^■^■-; r j.-pciir'^ \ • rv <'vidfn*'\ isin.Ml i<> /(.

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PI cj>C fV.C

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OKSCOVcrOiJ li l> , .

tains of •!,!' <»i\ ...;
was (!o.SCfiii(:(. in « ■■ '
sea-Side iuoniM .r '-.i
lovvor ciovvii 'haii '' ■
cordit'i. *o uu'- ^fi'iiH. .
■rho.^ \-\ tlip hn •!;• r,t' f
nf')t, excccdiriti ' iect
(iiL. free, i:- ciolhc'l v.!i?
'.jf an clouijfi'rd jut,*'
ami tlic i(.i\s(.r ojic- ,!■ ■
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jfA. iymh'l

LRAFY-CONED SILVER FIR.

137

Douglasti, particularly in tliat stage of its growth wliero
the bracteoles are reflected.

Plants of this species are also living in the vicinity of
London.

Plate CXVII.
A branch with fruit, a. The leaf. b. The bracto.

Iti

LEAFY-CONED SILVER FIR.

ABIES BBACTEATA, folUs Ufariam patcntibus mucronatis plants subtus
argenteis, strobilis ovatis erectis squamis rcniformibus, bracteolis tri-
lobis, lacinia intermedia longissima foliacca recurvata.

PiNus bradcata. D. Don, in Lin. Transact, vol. 17, p. 443. Lambert's
Pines, vol. 3, tab. 91. Loudon, Arborct. 4, p. 2348, fig. 2256.

PiNus venusta. Douglas, in Compan. to Botan. Magaz. 2, p. 152.

This curious and interesting species of Fir, was it seems,
discovered by Douglas, in March 1S32, on the high moun-
tains of the Oregon. Dr. Coulter, from whose specimens it
was described by D. Don, found it in latitude 36° on the
sea-side mountain range of Santa Lucia, about 1000 feet
lower down than the situation of the Pinus coulteri. Ac-
cording to this gentleman, the nearly naked, slender trunk,
rises to the height of 120 feet, as straight as an arrow, and
not exceeding 2 feet in circumference. The upper third of
the tree is clothed with branches, giving it the appearance
of an elongated pyramid. The branches are spreading,
and the lower ones decumbent. The bractes are long and
recurved, and but little changed from the character of ordi-
nary leaves which gives the cones a very peculiar and sin-

138

nOWNV-CONED SILVER FIR.

gular appearance. It ia only the middle brandies tliat
produce cones when on tlie tree, being in great clusters,
and seen at a great elevation, the cones strikingly resemble
the Banksia^s in their inflorescence.

The leaves are crowded, but in 2 rows, linear mucronato,
flat and rigid, 2 to 3 inches long, one line broad, light-
green and shining above, silvery beneath. Cones on adult
branches only, single, lateral, almost sessile, erect, ovate,
and turgid, 4 inches long and 2 inches in diameter, scaly
at the base. Scales of the cone kidney-shaped, roundish,
concave, stalked, thick and indurated, pale-brown, incurved
on the margin, crenulate and externally glaucous. The
bracteoles wedge-shape, coriaceous and rigid, of the same
colour as the scales but shorter, 3-lobed at the summit, the
lateral lobes short, roundish and irregularly dentate, the
middle segment recurved, an inch and a half long, and
resembling a true leaf in every respect, but only half their
breadth.

This singular tree is not yet introduced into Europe.

Plate CXVIII.
A twig with the cone reduced, a. The leaf, b. The bracte.

DOWNY-CONED SILVER FIR.

ABIES LAsiocABPA, foliis ohtusu prcelongis concohribus, strobUis?
squamis latis subrotumlcUis ext'is dense fusco-pubescentibus, bracteolis
late obovatis vix dentunilatis sqiiama subduplo-brevicnibus apice mucro-
nato-acuminatis.

PiNus (abies) lasiocarpa. Hooker, Flor. Bor. Amer. 2, p. 163.

I '■

\

Pi OZIX

ZIX

6.

Th

Ihi<' Mi-. j)f)!Ki;'
k'KMvn ul v. :xi liy.'
the Solikun -fi' ' 'i.
of til''- (NiHf ii!':' r' ■;

' Ct''!;'V;irl / in the
■ ■ - • :\ ■•:'Mij,rit.vij:vr

FUASER-^ JtALSar . ii<

i 1 1 i

by Fra;- ■:•, :ii,<\ ■>[; u..- Ur.,;.,! V
bj Air, Pur^h, >vjtio ;it'! .,.
ii.ari .'^. haliam'^ii. t.r rnih'..< ,
ing 10 loet in h<itTlu, liu; l«; ■'

Hnd the CC>^T;^ al.>0!li, O^JO-li;;' n i-

into England i)v Vlr, Fivi^v* ■

in the linnunvr-in-jtU '\im > i"^..'

and had (or ii oi 'A }< ai> ?. - , .; •

kiii:=i.

It i^ omitted bv 'Krlu t. *i:>,i l^f. ;;

■s -•«■ ■':.:.

»su :fj^ s ■.;

.7 >y-^M

.d:4 *.

>-• c2.\.>:

••>■ .

l^h

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..r';%

'.'*'

4-

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r '0^^^i'.>'^'^"

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. if-* * I,

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r

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f

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i

Abie;.; Pr.j .'•"•

/}-A}/.-.'^-/ .• ■:-. ;>,'

. K. . //f .1 ' 1 .'■

FRASER'S BALSAM FIR.

139

This remarkable species, as it regards the character of
the scales of the cone, was, it appears, discovered on the
north-west coast, (probably in Upper California,) by the
late Mr. Douglas in his last eventful journey. Little is
known of it, as there are no entire cones accompanying
the solitary specimen of this interesting plant. The scales
of the cone are clothed with a dense and almost ferruginous
down. The leaves are longer than in any other American
species.

iiu;

FRASER'S BALSAM FIR.

ABIES Fkaseri, foliis emarginatis subtus argenteis, strobilis oblongO'
ovatis, bracteolis obcordatis mucronatis exsertis reflezis.

PiNUs Fraseri. Pursh, Flor. Bor. Amer. 2, p. 639. Lamb. Pin. (ed.
2d,) vol. 1, tab. 42.

PicEA Fraseri. Loudon, Arboretum, 4, p. 2340, figs. 2243 and 2244.

This species, so nearly allied to the Balsam Fir, (A, hal-
samea)^ was discovered on the high mountains of Carolina,
by Fraser, and on the Broad Mountains in Pennsylvania,
by Mr. Pursh, who first described it. It is a smaller tree
than A. balsamea, or rather compact bush seldom exceed-
ing 10 feet in height, the leaves are shorter and more erect,
and the cones about one-half the size. It was introduced
into England by Mr. Fraser in 1811, and the original tree
in the Hammersmith Nursery in 1837, was 15 feet high,
and had for 2 or 3 years produced cones, but no male cat-
kins.

It is omitted by Michaux, who probably considered it,

140

FRASER'S BALSAM FIR.

as I did, a mere variety of A. balsamea. It is, however, a
perfectly distinct species.

Leaves short, secund and crowded round the branch,
linear, subfalcate, flat, emarginate, rarely entire, the margin
and rib prominent and obtuse, beneath silvery and some-
times bisulcate, about half an inch long. Masculine aments
terminal, crowded, oblong, subtended at base by numerous
obovate fimbriate membranaceous caducous scales. An-
thers 2-celled, opening longitudinally, with a small subreni-
form, entire, callous crest. Cones aggregated by 2 or 3
together, sessile, oblong, obtuse, cinereous, puberulous,
about 2 inches long ; the scales cuneate-rounded, below
subcordate, and unguiculate, the margin entire and inflected.
The dorsal appendage or bracte, oblong-obcordate, carti-
laginous, subfoliaceous, with a thin erose margin, twice the
length of the scales, reflected, with an abrupt subulate
short point. Seed black, shining, with an oblong striated
wing, with an interior straight margin.

Plate CXIX.

A branch of the natural size with cones, a. The leaf,
c. The scale and bracte.

b. The scale.

It is remarkable to find that the Pines, by mountain
elevations, extend their geographic range even to the
tropics, and we have thus, in the Piniis occidentalism a pine
indigenous to the island of St. Domingo; it, however,
inhabits a range of mountains on which snow occasionally
falls, notwithstanding the warm latitude in which it is
found.

In the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, we have a specimen with staminiferous
flowers, also from the island of Cuba, collected by M. La
Sagra, which appears to be a variety of Pinus Montczu.nm

SINCLAIR'S PINE.

141

of Lambert, discovered by Humboldt and Bonpland, on
Orizaba and other mountains of Mexico. As this variety
appears distinct I propose to distinguish it as

PiNus MONTEZUMA, ^. CuBENsis, folus temis pmhngis acuminatis
stnatis, margine scahris intus carinatis concohribus, amentis mas.
cuhs fuscatis elongatis, ant/ierarum crista rotundeUaconveza iiiUgrius.
cula maxima.

Leaves always in 3's, 7 to 8 inches long, rigid and serru-
lated, with a longish rigid acuminate point, the keel shallow
and also rough ; sheath persistent, rather short, the outer
stipular scales torn on the margins. Male amcnts about
two niches long! the scalc-like brown summits of the con-
nectivum of the anthers imbricated almost like the scales
of a fertile cone; two-thirds of a line wide, rounded, almost
reniform, the border equal somewhat paler and membrana-
ceous, slightly eroded, (as seen through a glass). Anthers
2-cclled.

SINCLAIR'S PINE.

PINUS SmcT,AiRir, foUis ternis Mncularibus elongatis gracilibus supra
canaliculatis dorso convexis margine asperis, strobilis basi obliquis
pedalibus oblongis, sqmmis cuneatis elongatis, apicibus crassis elevato.
tetragonis centra tuberculo spinuloso uncinato instructis. Hook, and
Arnott, Bot. Beech, p. 392, t. 93.

ii -)

This species, according to Dr. Sinclair, covers tiie hills
from Monterey to Carmel, and Point Pinos. It is the
Vol. III. — 19

1-i

142

SINCLAIR'S PINE.

supposed p. rigida brought from California by Menzies,
and forms a stately tree 70 or 80 feet high. The leaves
are ternate or occasionally binate, 3 to 4 inches long, rigid,
sharp but slender. The cone is about a foot long. The
scales 2 to 3 inches long, three-quarters of an inch broad,
cuneate, thickened, and quadrangular at the apex, with a
short reflected, sharp, rigid mucro. It appears to be allied
to P. MontezumcB,

n.czr

Xarix occidentalts .

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f

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113

LARCH.

(Le Melgze. Fr.)
Natural Order, Conifers. Linnaan Classification,

MONOECIA MONANDRIA.

LARIX.* (TOURNEFORT.)

The plants of this genus differ from tho Pines and Firs in having dccidiioiiH
clustered loaves. Anthers opening longitudinally. Bractes coloured
and persistent. Tho cones arc erect, with the scales excavated at the
oasc and persistent.

Deciduous leaved trees with globular proliferous buds, usually of largo
dimensions, natives of tho mountainous regions of Europe, the west of
Asia and of North America; highly valued for the great durability of their
timber.

WESTERN LARCH TREE.

LARIX occiDENTALis, folUs rigkUs vtrinque bicanaliculatis, strohilis
ovatis majiiscuUs, bracteolis sublanceolatis intcgris hngissime foliacco-
acuminatis squarrosis.

\

* Supposed to be from the Celtic lar, fat, in allusion to the abundance
of resin which it affords.

Ml

WKSTIMIN I.AKCII TREE.

\Vb met witlk tliia, apparently distinct species of Larch,
in the coves of the Rocky Mountains on the western slopo
towards the Oregon. It resembles the I'uropenn Larch,
but the loaves are shorter, thicker, and quite rigid, so as
to be pungent at tlic points, and the leaves having a double
channel above and beneath, are, though tlat, in part tetra-
gonal, the central rib beneath is very wide and obtuse,
they are also shining. The longest leaf is scarcely an inch.
The cone, (not perfect,) in a young state, has no vestige
of pubescence, and the bractes with their leafy points are
half nn inch long, ovate-lanceolate, a little torn on the
upper edges, the centre is carried out into a true rigid
channelled and pungent green leaf. It appears allied to L,
pcndula, but the leaves are twice as thick. The quality of
its wood, or any thing concerning its economy we had no
opportunity to learn; that of the small coned American
Larch (Lari.r mhrocarpa)^ is so ponderous, that it will
scarcely swim in water.

The European Larch (Larix Europ(r.a\ thrives well in
the northern parts of the Union, particularly round Boston,
and is at once extremely usefid and ornamental. In suit-
able situations the timber arrives at perfection in 40 years,
or in about half the time as that of the Scotch Pine, and it
is found to grow best in poor sandy and rocky soils where
scarcely any thing else will survive. When fully grown it
attains the height of from 60 to 130 feet. Its durability,
exposed either to the action of the air or water, is without
any parallel. The wood is also of a beautiful yellowish-
white colour, sometimes inclining to brown, very hard,
capable of receiving a degree of polish equal to any wood
yet known, and much superior in this respect to that of
the finest mahogany. The log cottages constructed of the
squared trunks of larch, in the valleys and other parts of
Switzerland, last for centuries without alteration; it is also
used for shingles to cover the roofs of the houses and for

WR.STERN LARCH TRKR.

Mr»

vine props. For the Inttcr piirposo it is found the most
(iiir(il)lu of all kinds of wood ; the vine props niiide of it are
never taken up, they remain fi.\( d for an ludofinite succes-
sion of years, and f<ec CKip after crop of the vinos sprinjj
up, bear their fruit and perisli at their feet, w itiiout show-
ing any symptoms of decay. In niOKt cases, the proprie-
tors of the vinyards arc perfectly ignorant of the epoch
when these props were first placed there ; they received
them in their present state from their fathers, and in the same
state they will transmit them to their sons. Props made
of the Silver Fir, and used for the same purpose, would
not last more than 10 years. The wood of tlio Larch,
according to Ilartig, weighs C8lb. 13oz. per cubic foot,
when green, and 3()lb. Goz. when dry, and it is said to last
four times longer than tiuit of any other tree of the Abic-
tina;.

Venice Turpentine is one of its products, for which the
trunk is tapped ; and a full grown larch will yield annually
7 or 8 pounds for 40 or 50 years in succession.

The bark is also used for tanning, and considered equal
to that of the birch, which is used for that purpose in Russia
and Sweden.

The fine grain of the larch wood, as well as its durability
and stability have long recommended it to painters for
their palettes, and for painting panels ; and according to
Pliny it was employed for this purpose by the ancients; and
Evelyn remarks, that several of the paintings of Uaphael
are on larch wood.

Plate CXX.

Branch of the natural size with tlic cone. a. The leaf. h. The bractc

of the cone.

146

p I s 0 N I x:

(PisoNE. Fr.)

Natural Order, XvcTAGiNEiE. (Juss.) Linncean Classification,

POLYGAMIA DiOECIA.

Polygamous dioecious. — Cal//z campanulatc, with the deciduous border
plaited and 5-cleft. No corolla. Capsule of one cell, containing one
seed, without valves, clothed by the pentangular, dry, or succulent base
of the calyx. Stamais 6 to 8, cxserted. Style simple, the stigma
bifid.

Small trees, chiefly of the tropical parts of America and India. The
leaves alternate or nearly opposite, entire ; the flowers small and herba-
ceous in axillary or terminal racemes or cymes.

PRICKLY PISONIA or FINGRIGO.

(PisoNK Epineuse. Fr.)

PISONIA AcuLEATA, sphiis axillarihus, patent issimis ; foliis ovatis,

utrinqne acutis, subacuminatis, glabriusculis ; calycibus dcmum acu-

Icatis glutinosis.
PisoNiA aculeaia. Linn. Sp. pi. Jacq. Amer. p. 274. Gartner, do

Fruct. cent. 5, t. 76, f. 4. Lam. lllust. t. 861. Plumier, Gen. p. 7,

t. ll,etIcon. 227, fig. 1.
PisoNiA assurgens, sarmento valido ; foliis ovatis, ntrinqiic prodvctis ;

spinis validis, recurvis ; raccmis lalcralibus. Brown, Jam. p. 258.

* Named by Plumier in honour of Piso, wlio wrote on the Natural His-
tory of Brazil.

. -' /.

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n, ft Iv.. ^'-i.^iii;. I.

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I'i.c//::

PRICKLY PISONIA.

147

RiiAMNUs seti lycwm, fingrigo jamaicensihus dictum. Pluk. Almag. p.

318, t. 108, f. 2.
Paliuro ajjinis ; arbor sphiosa, fore hcrhacco, pcntapetnloule ; fritctu

sirxo, nado, cnnalicidato, lappncco. Sloane, Jam. p. 137. Hist. vol.

2. p. 25, t. 1G7. Rai, Dcnd. p, 95.

This inelegant, but curious trailing branched tree is in-
digenous to Jamaica, Cuba, and other of the West India
islands and Brazil, where it attains the height of 12 to 20
feet, with a diameter of 8 to 10 inches. It has also been
observed at Key West by Dr. Blodgett. The spiny
branches droop and trail diffusely, so as to form thickets
which are very troublesome to traverse ; the spines short and
crooked seize on the clothing of the traveller and the gluti-
nous capsules adhere to every thing they happen to touch.
The wings of some of the birds, particularly the Ground
Doves, are sometimes so loaded with the burry capsules as
to render them incapable of flying. With its uses and
other properties we are unacquainted. Other species,
allied to the present, also inhabit the West Indies, of which
the wood is said to be of inferior value.

The bark of the trunk of this tree is even and of a dark,
brown. The branches are almost opposite. The leaves
simple, petiolated, oval, somewhat rigid, often shortly acu-
minated and acute at the base, nearly opposite, 1^ inches
long, and sometimes nearly as wide ; the midrib beneath is
often covered partly with short, close hairs. The spines
are short, stout, and recurved. The campanulate flowers
appear with the expansion of the leaves towards the ex-
tremities of the branches, in rounded downy corymbs, they
are small yellowish-green, furnished at the base with 2 or
3 small scale-like bractes, and have somewhat the scent of
Elder flowers; the border is 5-cleft, the segments very
spreading, short, oval, and acute. The stamens about 6.

148

PRICKLY PISONIA.

The fruiting corymb becomes widely divaricate and
dichotomous. The fruit is dry, club-shaped, pedunculated,
having its 5 angles beset with rows of very glutinous
asperities. The seeds are even, oval and oblong.

THE END.