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Original copiaa in printad iMpar covara ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad impraa- alon, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar originai copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha firat paga with a printad or llluatratad Impraa- aion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad impraaaion. I.aa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprim^a aont filmia an commanpant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant aoit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraaaion ou d'illuatration, aoit par la sacond plat, aalon la caa. To'ia laa autraa axamplairaa originaux aont fiimAk an commanpant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraaaion ou d'illuatration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla ampralnta. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha ahall contain tha aymboi — ^> (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha aymboi V (moaning "END"), whichavar appllaa. Mapa, plataa, charta, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratloa. Thoaa too larga to ba antlraly includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, a« many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama illuatrata tha mathod: Un daa aymbolaa auivanta apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, aalon la caa: la aymbola — »> aignifia "A SUIVRE ", la aymbola ▼ aignifia "FIN". Laa cartaa, planchaa, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmte A daa taux da rMuctlon diff Aranta. Loraqua la documant aat trop grand pour Atra raproduit 9n un aaul ciichA, 11 aat film* A partir da I'angia aupAriaur gaucha, da gaucha i droita, at da twut an baa, an pranant la nombra d'imagaa n^caaaaira. Laa diagrammaa auivanta illuatrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE NATURAL HISTORY O F BIRDS FROM THE FRENCH OF THE COUNT DE BUFFON. ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS; A N D A PREFACE, NOTES, and ADDITIONS, BY THE TRANSLATOR, IN NINE VOLUMES. VOL. IX. LONDON: PRINTED rOR A. STRAHAN, AND T.CADELL IN THE STRANOj AND J. MURRAY, N" 32, FLEET-STREET. MDCCXCIH. I- CO N T E N T S OF TH I JJINTH VOLUME. Pag« ^HE Swan — r— — I -r 25 2. The Magellanic Goofe — — 57 3. The Goofe of the Malouine, or Falkland Iflands ; 5« 4. The Guinea Goofe — • ^^ 6c 5. The Armed Goofe — . .» 64 6. The Black.backed Goofe -• «« 66 7. The Egyptian Goofe — — i 67 8. The Efquimaux Goofe •— — i 69 9. The Laughing Goofe — -~ 70 10. The Cravat Goofe — r — 71 ^he Brent — — MM 76 ^e Barnacle — r — M« 81 ^e Eider — — — 9Q the Duck — 1 r- — — 100 ^be Mujk Buck — -- r« 138 ^he Wigeon — — — 143 ^be Crefted Wbiftler — — — 153 ne Wbiftler witb Red Bill and Yellow Noflrik «54 ne Black-hilled Whijller f-. — • 156 r.t fe CONTENTS. I'be Gadivali — .« ^be Shoveler — ^bcPmtail — . - ^be Ltmg-taikd Duck from Newfoundland ^be Sbeldrake — ^be Pochard -— .^ y^tf" Millattinan — . 5l&tf Golden Eye — .i. 5^< Morilkff " -^ — 1 ^i^ ZiV//^ Morillon — ^beDoul/ieScolei' — ..i* The Bread- billed Scoter -^ y^^^ Beautiful Crejled Duck — T2»^ Z,iV^/(? Thick-headed Duck — yij^ Collared Duck of Newfoundland Tb^ Brown Duck — — f/'i>f Gray-headed Duck -^ The IFbite-faced Duck — J'i&if Marec and Mareca^ Brazilian Ducks. The Sarcelles — — I. The Common Sarcclle — • The Littl'j Sarcellc — ITie SunuTier Sarcelle ■— The Egyptian Sarcelle — The Madag^fcar Sarcelle — The Coromandcl Sarcelle — « The Java Sarcelle — 8, The Chinere Sarcelle — 9. The Feroe Sarcelle — 10. The Soucrourou Sarcelle — J I. The Soucrourette Sarcelle — > 12. The Spinous-tailcd Sarcelle — 13. The Long-tuikd Rufaus Sarcellc 14. The White and Black Sarcelle j or the 2. 3- 5- 6. 7« Nua 35. Page 160 166 169 >7i i$i 185 186 191 194 196 204 ao^ 206 209 210 212 213 214 215 217 218 222 225 229 230 2H 232 ns 236 237 2-^8 24Q Ttic CONTENTS. 15. The Mexican Sarcelle — lb. The Carolina Sarcelle — 17. The Brown and White Sarcelle — i Page — 241 Species which are related to the Ducks and Sar- celles •-• — — 244 7'he Petrels — — — 252 1. The Cinereous Petrel — — , — . 256 2. The White and Black Petrel ; or the Checker 258 3. The Antarftic Petrel ; or Brown Checker 264 4. The White Petrel, or Snowy Petrel — 266 5. The Blue Petrel — — -. 268 6. The Greateft Petrel j Quebrantahueflbs of the Spaniards — — — 271 7. The Puffin-Petrel — — 273 8. The Fulmar ; or White-gray Puffin-Petrel of the.Ifland of St. Kilda — -.277 9. The Brown Puffin-Petrel — — 27S 10. The Stormy Petrel — — 279 7'he Wandering Albatrojs. — — 289 'J!he Guillemot — — — 298 ^he Little Guillemot t improperly called the Greenland Dove — — — 301 ^he Puffin — . -^ — 304 ^he Puffin of Kamtfchatka — - — 312 ^he Penguins and the Manchots; or tlj Birds with- out Wings — — — 314 1. The Penguin — «- — ^30 2. The Great Penguin — — • 333 The Uttle Penguin ; or the Sea-Diver of Belon 1. The Great Manchot — — 2. The Middle Manchot — — 3. The Hopping Manchot — — 4. The Manchot with a truncated Bill "-^ 335 338 - 346 349 Notes t h' tp 1 '. ! + *-\ 1": 1 V ••i CONTENTS. Page KoTKs 4»i Hints of certain Species of Birds that are uncertain or unknoiun — — • 354 ■■( APPENDIX, hy the Translator — 375 I. Of Syfiems in Ornithology — — 377 II. Birds omitted hy the Comte de Buffon, orfmce difcovered . — . — — 424. ADDENDA — — *— 50J xk T H ^ k that Pag* 354 ".f - 375 377 Jince - 424 — 50J rr H ^ 'p^ 4! I i i jr232 THElkiUTE SVfXbf. ! f, ! If. 1 THE NATURAL HISTORY J... O F B R D S. The S W A N. L E C Y G N E *. Buff\ X, Anas-Ohr, Gmel. * . Anai-Cygnus manfuetus. Liiln. • . Cygnus. Gelner, Johnft. Chart. &c. Anfer Cygnus, Klein. \ *^ * Cygnus Manfuetus. Will. Ray, Sibb. &c. • , ^he Tame Swan. Edw. Penii. &c. The Mute Swan. Lath, i,\ Anas-Cygnus. Gmel. u Anas-Cygnus ferus. Linn. . Cygnus Ferus. BriflT. Ray, Will. Klein, ScC. The If^iU Snjuan, Elk, or Hooper. Will. Alb. Edw. and Penn. The Whiftling Swan. Lath. IN every fociety, whether of men or of the lower animals, violence formed tyrants, mild authority conftitutes kings. The lion and the tiger on the earth, the eagle and vulture in the air, • In Greek Kyx»o? : in Lailn 0/or : in Arabic Bajkak. Its name in Hebrew is uncertain. In Italian it is called Cino or Cyno ; and at Venice Ce/ano j at Ferrara Cifauo : in Spanidi Ci/he; and in VOL. IX. ^ Catalonia f % fe i I Is >' I i I i i u ^} fl 2 SWA N. air, reign amidft the horrors of war, extencE their domination by cruelty and the abufe of force. While the Swan upholds his ftately empire on the water in gentlenefs and peace. Endowed with ftrength and vigour, and courage, but reftrained by a fenfe of moderation and juftice,. he knows ta fight and conquer, yet never urges an attack. Pacific king of the water-biids, he braves the tyrants of the air r he expedts the eagle, without provoking and without fearing the rencounter. He repels his aflaults, oppofes to his talons the refiftance of his feathers and the rapid flrokes of a vigorous wdng„ which ferves. him as an agis * ; and ofterk does vi£Vory crowa his exertians -f*. This is his only formidable enemy;, all the other rave- nous birds refpedl him ; and he is at peace with- all nature J. He lives rather the friend thaa the monarch amidft the numerous tribes of aquatic birds, which all fubmit to his law. He is only the chief, the principal inhabitant of a peaceful republic § y nor have its citizens aught- Catalonia Sig^e : In German Sc/j-tvav : in Saxony, and in Swit- 7.cilzn6,Oell>, Ell>fch,EIbij7j,\\\\\c\\ Frifch derives from Albus (white) :. in S\vcdi(h S--wan : in Jllyrian Lahut: in Polifli I.aheci. in the Piii- lippines, and particularly in the ifle of Lujpn, 7"irfar. • Schwenckfeld and Aldrovandus. •j Ariftotle, Hifi. An'maU lib. ix. * and 16. X lllic innocui late pnfcuntur olores. Ovid. Amor. 2. Eleg, 6i § The ancients believed that the Swans fpared not only the birds but even the fiflies ; which Hefiod indicates in his Shield of Hercules, by reprcfcniing fifties fwimming at eafc befide the Swan. to* SWAN. 3 to fear from a mafter who exadts no more than he grants, and whofe fole wi(h is to enjoy tran- quillity and freedom* ^ • The graces of figure, the beauty of (hape, correfpond in the Swan to the mildnefs of his difpofition : he pleafes every eye j he decorates, embellifhes every place that he frequents; he is beloved, extolled, admired * 5 and no fpecies more deferves our applaufe. On none has na- ture ever difFufed fa much of thofe noble and gentle graces, which recal the image of her moft charming productions : elegant fafhion of body; roundnefs of form ; foftnefs of outline -f* ; whiter- nefs refplendent and pure ij: ; motions full of • " Intereft," fays M. Baillon» " which has difpofed man to *' fubdue the quadrupeds and tarae the birds, has had no part in the ** domeftication of the Swan. Its beauty, and the elegance of its '' form, have engaged him to bring it to his habitation, merely to *' decorate it. It has always had more attention paid it than its *• fellow fubjefts ; it has never been kept captive ; it has been def- «* tined to adorn the pieces of water in his gardens, and there per- " mittedto enjoy all thefweets of liberty. . . , The abundance and *' the choice of food have augmented the bulk of the tame fwan; •* but its form has loft none of its elegance ; it has preferved the " fame graces and the fame freedom in all its motions ; its majeftic '• port is ever admired ; I doubt even whether all thefe qualities "are found to equal extent in the wild bird." Note communicated by M. Bat Hon t kin^''s councellor and bailiff' of JVaben, at Montrtuil-fur' mer. f Mollior y cygni plumis Galatea. Ovid. Metam. 13. X White as a Swan, This proverb has obtained in all nadons ; nvKta froAiwIagof was the exprefTion of the Greeks, according to Sui- das.— G all de- clare it, paint it, the bird of love*; all juf- tify the ingenious and fprightly mythology, that this delightful bird was the father of the moft beautiful of women -f-* The noble eafe and freedom of its motions on the water befpeak it not only the firfl: of the winged failors, but the fineft model prefented by nature for the art of navigation J. Its raifed neck, and its round fwelling breafl exhibit the prow of a Ihip cleaving the waves ; its broad llomach represents the keel; its body, prefled down before, rifes behind into the ilern ; the tail is a genuine rudder ; its feet are broad oars ; and its wings, half opened to the wind, and * Horace yokes the Swans to the car of Venus : — — — guip Gn!dc?t Fulgentefque tenet CjctadaSt iJ Paphoti, . Jundis 'vifit oloribus. Carm. lib. iii. f Helen, born of Leda and the Swan, whofe form Jupiter is faid by the ancients to have afTumed : Euripides, to paint tiie beauty of Helen, and to allude, at the fame time, to her birth, ftile* her (Oreft, aft. v.) by the epithet o/*f*« jtyxwwlifov, 'U'/V/& ajpe^ lovely as the njjings of the Sivan, \ No figure was more frequent on the (hips of the ancients thar> that of the Swan ; it appeared on the prow, and the mariners ef- tcemed it of good omen. gently SWAN. 5 ^ntly inflated, are the fails which impel the ani- .lated machine *. . ', . - Proud of his fuperiority, and emulous of dif- tincStion, the Swan feems forward to unveil his beauties 5 feeks to charm the fpe(Stators, and to command their applaufe. And the light indeed captivates the eye, whether we behold the wing- ed fleet at a diftance gliding through the water, or view one, invited by fignals -f-, approach the £hore, and difplay his elegance and grace by a thoufand foft, fweet, undulating motions J. To the endowments beftowed by nature, the Swan joins the poflTeflion of liberty. He is none of thofe flaves which we can confl:rain or imprifon §. Even on our artificial lakes, he retains fo much of the fpirit of independence as to exclude every idea of fervitude and capti- * Finely defcribed by our fublime poet, Milton : i " The fwan with arched neck *• Between her white wings mantling proudly, rows " Ker ftate with oary feet." Paradije 'Loft, Book vii. f The Swan fwims with much grace and rapidity when he choofes ; he comes to thofe who call him. Salerne. The fame au- thor lays, that this cull is tlie vionX godani. According to Frifch, he anfwers to the name Fr««/J, , „ X Aldrovandus. § A Swan confined in the court-yard is always melancholy; the gravel hurts his feet; ne makes every effort to cfcape, which he would certainly effect, were not his wings dipt at eacli moult. "I ** have feen one," lays M. Balllon, " which lived in this condition « three years; it was reftlcfs and dejcdied, always kan and filent, *« infomuch that its voice was never heard ; it was plentifully fed «« however with bread, bran, oats, crabs, and filh ; it flew away *f when its wings were negleftcd to be dipt." B 3 vity. iMM * ;■ iiii 6 SWAN. vity*. He roves at will on the water, lands on the fhore, wanders to a diftance, or (helters himfelf under the brink ; lurks among the ruHies, or retires to the remotefl inlets : then, leaving fo- litude, he returns to fociety and to the enjoy- ment which he receives by approaching man j provided we are hofpitable and friendly, not harfh and tyrannical. Among our anceflors, too fimple or too wife to fill their gardens with the frigid beauties of art, inftead of the lively beauties of nature, the Swans formed the ornament of every piece of water -f*. They cheared the gloomy ditches round caftles J, they decorated moft of the ri-. vers §, and even that of the capital || : and one of our moft feeling and amiable princes ^ took pleafure in ftocking the bafins ^f his royal manfions with thefe beautiful birds. We may at prefent enjoy the fame fpedacle on the fine waters of Chantilly, where the Swans are the chief ornament of that truly delicious place, of which every thing befpeaks the noble tafte pf its owner. ^ Tlie tame Swan likes freedom, and will not be confined, SeJernt, f This tafte was not unknown to the ancients; the tyrant Gelo conilrufted at Agrigentum a pool for feeding Swans. vfA/rao wife aties of re, the iece of ditches the ri-« nd one f took royal e may le fine are the ace, of :afte pf confined* \c tyrant s. AlJroj bur thpvi- The ^] \„-'' The Swan fwims fo faft, that a man, walking with hafly ftrider along the banks, can hardly keep pace with it. What Albin fays of this bird " that it fwims well, walk^ ill, and flies in- " differently," is true only of the flight of the Swan degraded by domeftication -, for when free, and efpecially when wild, it flies very loftily and vigoroufly. Hefiod gives it the epithet of ui^TiTroji}; * : Homer claflfes it with the great migratory birds, the cranes and the geefe -f* ; and Plutarch attributes to two Swans what Pindar fung -of two eagles, that Jupiter difpatched them from the opposite extremities of the world, to difcover the middle by their meet- jng. The S\yan, fuperior in every refpecS: to the goofe, which livcb only on herbs and grain, pro- cures itfelt a rarer and more delicate food J. It continually pradtifes wiles to enfnare and catch fiih: it alfumes a thoufand difl^rent attitudes, and draws every poflible advantage from its dexterity iind ftrength. It evades or even reflfts its enemies : an old Swan fears not in the water the flrongeft dog : a flroke of its wing could break a man's leg, fo violent it is, and fo fuddcn. Nor does the Swan dread any ambu'fli or any * /. f. that flies to the clouds. •j- Iliad ii. X The Swan lives on grain and fiib, particularly eels ; it fwal- lows alfo frogs, leeches, and water flugs j it digefts as quickly as the dnck, and eats largely. M. BiiiUon. B 4 foe^ -f SWAN. foe; for its courage equals its addrefs and its force *. The wild Swans fly in great flocks, and the tame Swans likewife walk and fwim in com- pany -f*. Every thing marks their focial in- ilind: ; and that indindt, the fweeteil in nature, befpeaks innocent manners, peaceful habits, and that delicate and fenfible difpofltion which feems to beftow on the adions that flow from it, the merit of moral qualities J. And the Swan pro- longs its placid, joyous txiftence to extreme age §. All obfervers afcribe to it pi^odigious longevity : fome repr(.'fent it as even pafling the term of three centuries; which -muft cer- tainly be an exaggeration. But Willughby faw a goofe, which was proved to have lived an hundred years; and he concludes from analogy that the period of the Swan muft extend farther; both becaufe it is larger, and becaufe its eggs require longer time to hatch : for incubation in • The Swan, fays the fama obferver, is perpetually contriving to enfnare fifh, whith are its favourite food. ... It can avoid th« '^lows which its enemies aim at it. If a ravenous bird threatens the young, the parents will defend them intrepidly ; they range round them, and the plunderer dares not to approach : if dogs aflail them, they go before and make an attack. The Swan dives and efcapes if the force of its enemy prove fuperior to the refiftance which it can make. The Swans are feldom ever furprized by foxes and wolves, but in the darknefs of night and during fleep, t Ariftotle, lil>. viii. 12. I iElian Ariftotle.— Bartholinf • , , -. ' § Ariftotle.— A14fOva8dus, ,. birds 5 ■■w SWAN. 9 birds correfponds to geftation In quadrupeds, and bears fome relation, perhaps, to the body's growth, which is proportional to the duration, of life. The Swan requires two years to attain its full fize, which is a very confiderable time ; fince, in birds, the developement is much quicker than in quadrupeds. The female Swan fits fix weeks at leaft * j (he begins to lay in the month of February ; and, as with the goofe, there is a day's interval be- tween the dropping of each egg. She has from five to eight, and commonly fix; or feven -f* ; they are white and oblong, covered with a thick ihell, and are of a very confiderable lize. The nefl is placed fometimes on a bed of dry herbs on the bank J; fometimes on a heap of broken reeds, heaped and even floating on the water ||. Ihe amorous pair lavilh the fweeteft carefTes, and feem in their pleafures to feek all the gradations of voluptuoufnefs. They begin by entwining their necks; thus they breathe the intoxication of a long embrace § ; they communicate the lire * Willughby. , f Five or fix. tVillughhy. — Seven at moft. Sciivenci/e/d.-^Tw or three ; fometimes fix. Salcrm, , ',j X Schwenckfeld. ■• x ^ . ,>.«•• • II Frifch. " N § Tempore libidhiis blandientes inter fe mas \3 faemitia, ahtrnatim fum/uis collis injledunty'velut amplexandi gratia i nee mora, ubi coierintf mas confcius la/am a fe fceminam fugtt ; ilia impatiens fugientem infe- quitur. Nee diutina nuxa quin recoHcilientur ; famina tandem maris perfecutione reliiidypojl coitum frequenii cauda motu i^ rojfrif aquisft piirgens, pttrificat. Johjifton, which :tO SWAN. which kindles in their veins ; and after the male has fully Indulged his appetite, the female ftiU burns ; (he purfues, excites him anew, and then leaves him, with regret, to wafli in the water, and quench her remaining ardor *. The fruits of thefe rapturous loves are ten- ^lerly cheriflied and foflered. The mother ga- thers, night and day, the young under her wings, and the father is ready to defend them with in- trepidity againft every aflailant -f-. But his cou- rage, on fiTch occafions, bears no comparifon to the fury with which he attacks a rival that in- trudes on the J' )fre{rion of his beloved objed: J. He then forgets his mildnefs, becomes ferocious. V H "I liS • Hence the opinion of its pretended modefty, which, according to Albci-tus, is fuch, that it will not eat after the moments of frui- tion till it has wa(hcd itfelf. Dr. Bartholin, improving on this iden, all'erts, that, to cool its ardour, it eats nettles ;— a receipt which would fcem as proper for a dodor as for a Swan. •j- Morin's DiJ/ertation on the fing of the iJwflw— and Albcrtus. \ The Charcnte has its fource in two fprings, the one called Cha' rannat, and the other, the wonderful abyfs. Louvre ; which, joining their ftrc:'.ms, give cxiilencc and nnmc to the Charentc : thcfe afford a retreat to an innumerable miiltiuule of Swans, the moft amiable, the mod beautiful, the moft fimiliar of all the river birds : it is true, they are choleric and defperate when provoked, which has been wit- ncflld in a houfe adjoining to the faid JiOuvre. Two Swans having attacked each other fo furioufly as almoft to kill eacli other, four others of their companions hallened to the fpot, and, as if they had been liuman beings, endeavoured to feparate them, and to confciliate them into concord and mutual frierdJhip; indeed, this deferved more the name of prodigy than any other appellation. But if one treat them with genplenefs, and coax and praife them a little, they will fliew themfclves mild and peaceful, and take pleafure in feeing the face of man. Cofmogra^hie duLc-v ant, far Andre Thevct't Lyons,i^^/^, j^p. 189 and 19c. ' and « I i '. ■ I SWAN. IX and fights with obftinate rancour $ and a whole day is often infufficient to terminate the quarrel. They begin with ftriking violently their wings, then join clofe, and perfift till commonly one of them is killed j for they ftrive to flifle each other by locking the neck, and forcibly holding the head under water *. It was probably thefe com- bats that made the ancients imagine that the Swans devoured one another \, Nothing is wider of the truth ; only in this, as in other cafes, fu- rious paflions originate from a paflion the moft: delicious; and it is love that begets war J. At every other time, their habits are peaceful, and all their fentiments are didated by love. As attentive to ncatnefs as they are addidled to plea- fure, they are aiTiduous each day in the care of their perfon : they arrange their plumage, they clean and fmooth it ; they take water in theif bill, and fprinkle it on their back and wings with an attention that implies the defire of oleafing. and • We certify all thefe fafts as eye-witnefles. M. Mcn'n. f Ariftotle, /ii. ix. i.— i^lian was ftillworfe informed, when he faid the Swan fometimes kills its young. Tliefe fcilie ideas relleJ Jefs perhaps on fafts ip natural hiftory, than on mythological tradi- tions. Indeed, all the Cycnufet in fable were exceeding wicked perfonages :-^Cycnus, the fon of Mars, was killed by Hercules, bc- caufe he was a robber : Cycnus, the fon of Neptune, having ftabbed Philonome his mother, was killed by Achilles ; and laftly, the beau- tiful Cycnus, friend of Phaeton and fon of Apollo, was, like him, cruel and inhuman. X Frifch aflerts that the older Swans are the moft vicious, and harrafs the younger ; and that, to fecure tranquillity in the hatches, the number of thefe old males ihould be diminiihed. and 12 SWAN. t: i > ■ m and which can only be repaid by the confciouf- ncfs of being loved. The only time when the female neglcds her attire, is that of incubation : her maternal folicitude then entirely occupies her thoughts, and hardly does flie fpare a few moments for the relief and fupport of na- ture, r'' // , i, • ... •' .,v.',-- ..^r The cygnets are hatched very ugly, and co- vered only with a gray or yellowifli down, like goflings. Their feathers do not fprout till a few weeks after, and are ftill of the fame colour. This unfightly plumage changes after the firft moult, in the month of September : then they afllime many white feathers, and others rather flaxen than gray, efpecially on the breaft and the back. This laced plumage drops at the fecond moult, and it is not till eighteen months, or even two years, that thefe birds are inverted with their robe of pure and fpotlefs white ; nor before that age can they have young. The cygnets follow their mother the firft fummer, but they are compelled to leave her in the month of November, being chafed away by the adult males, who wifh to enjoy entirely the company of the females. Thefe young birds, exiled from their family, unite in one body, and never feparate till they pair. As the Swan often eats marfh-plants, and particularly the a/g^, it prefers rivers of a fmooth and winding courfe, whofe banks are well clothed with herbage. The ancients have citt 1 SWAN. »3 cited the Meander"^ ^ the Mincio^c, the Stry- monX* the C^Jiy?^r||, as dreams covered with Swans §. Paphos, the loved ifle of Venus, was filled with them^. Strabo**fpcaks of the Swans of Spain j and according to ^Tilian -f -f they were feen, at times, on the fea of Africa. From this and other accounts JJ, we may conclude, that the fpecies penetrates into the regions of the fouth : yet the north feems the true country of the Swan, where it breeds and multiplies. In the provinces of France, wild Swans are fcarce k^n but in the hardeft winters ||||. Gefner fays, , 4; .' tliat • Thepcrlt. Idyl. 19. • f Et quahm infelix am'tjit Mantua campumt ' : * Pa/centem ttiveet herhofo Jlumine cycnos. ' Virg. Gfor^. ii. 198, Mincius higenti tycnot hahet undti nat antes, , Bap. Mantuan. X Belon remarks, that even at this day great numbers of S\van| are feen on the Strymon. II Homer, Iliad ii.-— Propertius, Eleg. 9.-^0vid. Melam, 25. § We muft add the Po : . . . pifcofove amne Paduf^e Daat fonitum ratici per Jiagna loquacia cycni. Virg. JEn. xi. 457, . . . Eridqni ripas diffugiem nudavit olor. Sil. Ital. lib. xiv. ^ Schol. in Lycophr. •* Geogr. lib. iii. f f Hid. Animal, lib. x. 36. XX According to Camel, the Swan occurs at Lu9on, where it is called tagac (Philof. Tranf. N" 285) ; but this author does not tell us whether it is the tame breed tranfported, or the natural wild kind, that pccurs in this capital of the Philippines. nil Obfervations of Meflrs. Lottinger, de Querhoent, and do Piolenc— ** In hard winters, they come upon the Loiret." Sa* Urjie.'^'^ln 1709, the Swans, driven from the north by the extreme « cold. . I H SWAN. that in Switzerland, a Idng and Tevere winter is expcdcd, when many Swans arrive on the lakes. In the lame cold feafon, they appear on the coafls of France and of England, and on the Thames *. Many of our tame Swans would then join the wild ones, did we not clip the great feathers of their wings. Yet fome Swans nellle and pafs the fummer in the northern parts of Germany, in Pruffia -f and Poland ;|: ; and on nearly the fame parallel of latitude, they are found on the mighty rivers about Azof and Aftracan {| ; in Siberia, among the Jakutes § ; in Seleginfkoi, and as far as Kamtfchatka f . During the breeding feafon, they are alfo found in immenfe numbers on the dreams and lakes of Lapland : there they feed on the /arvce of the gnat**, which cover the furfece of the water. The Laplanders fee them arrive l! I'l ** cold, appeared numerous on the coafts of Brittany and Kor- «« mandy." Frifch,-^** The intenfe cold, and the florms of this " winter, have brought on the coaft many fea birdf, and, among ** others, many Swans. **^If// jxiftor at Pitha in Lapland, as cited by Klein. •f* Fauna Suicica, X He adds, that " during moult the S.vans advance into the land, ** and feck in flocks the waters on the mountains ; it is at this " time that the inhabitants purfue them, and catch them, or kill •< them eafily, becaufe they cannot fly. Their flefti is good, efpe- •* cially the breaft of young ones, which makes a delicate di(h ; ,•* their feathftts, and chiefly their down, form an important article ** of trade." 11 Hill. Gen. des Voy. torn. xiv. 670. § The Swans, and other great river b'rds, fwarm every where, except near dwellings, which they nevsv approacl). Chnrlcvaix. — , /Imong i6 S W A K. .'i ■. h: •11 u '£ ) 5 migrate for winter quarters, into Virginia * and Louiliana -f*. And thefe arc found, on compa- rifon, to differ in no refped: from our wild Swans. With refpedt to the black- headed Swans of the Falkland Iflands, and of fome of the coafts of the South Sea, mentioned by tra- vellers J, the fpecies is fo ill defcribed, that we cannot decide whether it belongs to our Swan. The differences which fubfifl between the wild and the tame Swan, have led to the opi- nion that they form two diflin<5t and feparate . .■ ■ ■ ■> ' - \ - •■'■'* :i .. ' •■ ^ <-'..• --■>,.:- 4 • * 'A - .' -• .- Among the Illinois there r.re plenty of Swans. Lettres Edifantes.'-^ Swans, which are called horheyy are feen principally neai: tlie Epi- cinys. Theodat. * The Swans are numerous in Virginia during winter. D0 LaJit, f The Swans of Louifiana are fuch as thofe in France, with this difference, that they are larger; however, notwithftanding their bulk and their weight, they rife fo high in the air, that often they cannot be diftinguilhed but by th;iir (hrill cry : their fleih is very good to cat, and their fat is a fpecific for cold humours. The natives fet great value on the feathers of Sv ins ; they form them into dia- dems for their chiefs, and into caps, and twift the little feathers, as the wig-makers do hair, into cloaks for their women of rank. The young perfons of both fexes make themfelves tippets with fkin co- vered with its down. Dupratz. X Among the birds with palmated feet, the Swan holds the firft rank ; it differs not from thofe of Europe, except by its neck,which is of a velvet black, and makes an admirable contrail with the white- nefs of the reft of its body ; its legs are flefh-coloured. This fpe- cies of Swan, which we faw in the Malouine iflands, occurs alfo oil the river de la Plata, and at the Straits of Magellan, where 1 killed one in the bottom of Port Galant. Bougainville, — On the fliore of the South Sea, we faw fome Swans; they are not fo large as ours ; are white, except the head^ half the neck, and the legs, which are black. Cortcd, • ' ipecies. SWAN. 17 fpecies *. The wild Swan is fmaller 5 its plu- mage is more inclined to gray than white -f* 1 it has no caruncle aunder the bill, which always is black at the point, and not yellow, except near the head. But the intenfity of colour, and even the caruncle or wattle on the front, are to be re- garded as lefs the characters of nature, than the tokens and impreflions of domeftication. The Swans are fubjedt to variations in the colours of their plumage and of their bill, as well as other tame birds; and Dr. Plott J mentions a tame Swan, whofe bill was red. Befides, the differ- ence in the colour of the plumage is not fo great as would at firft appear; we have feen tame Swans hatched gray, and continue long of that caft. This colour fubfifts ftill longer in the wild ones, and yet they grow white through age : for Edwards obferved, that, in the hard winter of 1740, many wild Swans were feen in the neigh- • Willughby and Ray. f A^. B. The Swan figured In the Planches Enluminees is the tame Swan ; a wild one, preferved in the king's cabinet, is entirely of a white gray, only deeper and almoit brown on the back and the crown of the head. X Britifli Zoology.— iV. B, Wc may alfo mention the Swan which Redi faw in the parks of the Grand Duke, which had the feathers of the head and neck tipt with a yellow or orange tinge ; a peculiarity which may explain the epithet /«;/«m, applied by Ho- race to the Swans. (The expreflion is « purpureis ales oloribus.** Carm. lib. iv. Od. i. But it is to be obferved, that wof^fgto?, among the Greeks, smd purpureas among the Latins, fignified originally any pure virgin colour, and was afterwards appropriated to purple. Thus Virgil has ** purpureo narciflb, purpureo capillo, purpureum " ver, purpureum lumen, purpureum mare."— Tl) VOL. IX. Q bourhood ft SWAN, bourhood of London, entirely white. The tame Swan muft therefore be regarded as a breed de* rived anciently and originally from the wild fpe-. cies. Klein, Frifch, and Linnaus have formed the fame opinion ; though Willughby and Ray pretend the contrary. ... > . ,. , : Belon reckons the Swan to be the largeft of the aquatic birds; which is true, excepting, however, that the pelican has a much greater alar extent, that the albatrofs is as bulky, and that the flamingo is taller on its legs. The tame Swans are invariably fomewhat thicker and larger than the wild fort : fome of them weigh twenty-five pounds, and meafure, from the bill to the tail, four feet and a half; the breadth of the wings eight feet. The female is, in every dimenfion, rather fmaller than the male. . The bill ufually exceeds two inches in length, and, in the tame kind, has above its bafe a flefhy tubercle, inflated and prominent, which gives a fort of exprefTion : this tubercle is covered with a black flcin ; and the fides of the face, under the eyes, are covered with a fkin of the fame colour. In cygnets of the domefl:ic breed, the bill is of a leaden cafl, and afterwards becomes yellow or white, with the point black. In the wild kind, the bill is entirely black, with a yellow mem- brane on the front : its form feems to be copied in the two moft numerous families of the pal- mipede birds, the gQe{c and ducks. In all of thefe the bill is flat, thick, indented at the edges, 3 - rounded I SWAN. 19 rhe tame breed de* wild fpe-. iQ formed and Ray largeft of xcepting, h greater lulky, and rhe tame cker and ;m weigh 1 the bill )readth of , in every •if t in length, e a flefhy h gives a ered with under the le colour, bill is of yellow or vild kind, 3w mem- be copied the pal- In all of he edges, rounded rounded into a blupt tip *, and terminated on the upper mandible by a nail of horny fubftance. In all the fpecies of this numerous tribe, there is, under the outer feathers, a thick down, which prevents the water from penetrating to the body. In the Swan this down is exceedingly fine and foft, and perfectly white: it is worked into muffs and furs, that are equally delicate and warm. The flefh of the Swan is black and hard ; and the magnificence, rather than the excellence of the difh, might recommend it in the Roman entertainments-!-. Our anceftors afFed:ed the fame oftentation f . Some perfons have affurcd me that the cygnets are as good as ^cq^q of the fame age. Though the Swan is a filent bird, its vocal organs have the fame ft rupture as in the moft loquacious of the water fowl. The trachea ar* teria defcends into \h& fternum^ makes abcnd||, rifes, refts on the clavicles, and thence, by a fc- * Tenet osjine atumine roftrum, Ovid. f See Athenaeus.— The Romans fattened it as they did the goofe, having put out its eyes, or fhut it up in a dark prifon. See Flu« tarch, De e/u cam. X Belon.— The grandees among the Mufcovites ferve up Swans in their entertainments to ftrangers. AUrovandus. II According to Willughby> this conformation is peculiar to th« wild Swan, and is not the fame in the tame Swan; wiiich feems to give occafion to the difference which we Ihall remark between their cries. Yet this is infufficient to conflitute two dillind fpecies ; for the variation exceeds not the fum of the impreilions, both internal and exterij^U wliich th« domelUc habits may in time produce. « c 2 cond ¥ 20 SWAN. U- ■!■ cond inflexion, it reaches the lungs. At the en- trance and above the bifurcation, is placed a true larynx furnifhed with its os hyoides, open in its membrane like the lip of a flute : below this larynx, the canal divides into two branches, which, after each forms an inflation, adhere to the lungs *. This flrutSture, at leaft what re- girds the pofition of the larynx, is common to m.\ny aquatic birds; and even fomeof the waders have the fame folds and inflexions of the trachea arteria, as we have remarked in the crane: and, in all probability, it gives the voice that fonorous and raucous intonation, thofe trumpet and clari- onet founds which echo from the air and in the water. - '^ Yet the ordinary voice of the tame Swan is rather low than canorous ; it is a fort of creaking, exadlly like v/hat is vulgarly called the fwearing of a cat, and which the ancients denoted by the imitative word drenfare-f. It would feem to be an accent of menace or anger, nor does love appear to have a fofter J. 1 A > 4 * Bartholin. Cygni anatome eju/que cautiis. Hafniae, i68o.— AI- drovandus. •^ Grus gruit, inqiie glomis cygni prope Jlumina drenfant. Ovid. \ Obfervations made at Chantilly, according to the dircdlions of the Marquis Amezaga, and which M. GrouvcUe, military fecretary to his ferene highnefs the prince of Conde, lias been fo obliging as to draw up.—" Their voice in the feafon of love, and the accents «« which they breathe in the fofteft moments, refemble more a mur- " mur than any fort of fong." See ajfo, in the Memoires de fAca- dtmie det Infer iptions, a differtation of M. Morin, entitled, Whj S^varts, vjhuhfmgfQ 'well formerly, Jing/o illntw. »,• Swans, vm SWAN. ?.! Swans, almoft mute, like ours in the domeftic ftate, could not be thofe melodious birds which they have celebrated and extolled. But the wild Swan appears to have better preferved its prero- gatives; and with the fentiment of entire liberty, it has alfo the tones. The burfls of its voice form a fort of modulated fong * ; yet the flirill .,,:>•' -. -; '^-t ■ • and enace or * The Abbe Arnaud, whofe genius is formed to revive the pre- cious remains of elegant and learned antiquity, has obligingly con- curred with us in verifying and appreciating what the ancients have faid on the fong of the Swan. Two wild Swans which have fettled, on the magnificent pools of Chantilly, feem to have ofFeieJ them- felves for this intercfting obfervation. The Abbe Arnaud has gone fo far as to mark their fong, or rather their harmonious cries ; and he writes us in the following terms : " One can hardly fay that the «* Swans of Chantilly fing, they cry; but their cries are truly andcon- «* flantly modulated ; their voice is not fweet ; on the contrary, it is " (hrill, piercing, and rather difagreeable ; I could compare it to no- ** thing better than the found of a clarionet, winded by a perfon un- " acquainted with the inftrument. Almoft all the mcloJious birds «• anfwer to the fong of man, and efpecially to the found of inftru- « ments : I played long on the violin befide our Swans, on all the *' tones and chords ; I even ftruck unifon to their own accents, " without their feeming to pay the fmalleft attention : but if a goofe «< be thrown into the bafon where they fwim with their young, the *' male, after emitting fome hollow founds, rufties impetuoufiy upon " the goofe, and, feizing it by the neck, he plunges the head repeat- " edly under water, ftriking it at the fame time with his wings; «< it would be all over with the goofe, if it were not refcued : «' the Swan, with his wings expanded, his neck ftretched, and his « head ereft, comes to place himfelf oppofjte to his female, and ut- ** ters a cry, to winch the female replies by another, which is lower " by half a tone. The voice of the male pafles from A ('/a J to B «' flat C/ hemol) ; that of the female, from G (harp (Jhl diefej to A. «' The iirft note is fliort and tranfient, and has the eifecl of that which «' our muficians czWfsnftble; 16 that it is not detached from the fecond, « but fcems lojli^ into it. Obferve that, fortunately for the ear, c 3 *• t^«y 2a SWAN. and fcarce diverfified notes of its loud, clarion founds, differ widely from the tender melody, the fweet and brilliant variety of our chanting birds. But it was not enough that the Swan fung admirably; the ancients afcribed to it a prophetic fpirit. It alone, of animated beings, which all fhudder at" the profped: of deftrudtion, chanted in the moment of its agony, and, with harmoni- ous founds, prepared to breathe the laft figh. When about to expire, they faid, and to bid a fad and tender adieu to life, the Swan poured forth thofe accents fo fweet, fo afFeding, and which, like a gentle and doleful murmur, with 'I i f they do not both Ang at once; in h&, if while the male Toanded •* B flat, the female firuck A, or if the male uttered A, while the fe- ** male gave G fharp, there would refult the harlheft and moft in-; ** fupportable of difcofds.. We may add^ that this dialogue is fub< ** jefted to a cpnftsnt and regular rhythm, with the meafure of two ** times. The infpedtor aiTured mc that> during their amours, thefe ** birds have a cry ftill (harper, but much more agreeable."— We fhall add an- interelling obfervation which was communicated to us after the firft pages of this artich were printed. ** There is a fea- *< fon when the Swans aflemble together, and form a fort of common- ** wealth; it is during fevere colds. When the frofl threatens to «* ufurp their domain, they congregate and dafh the water with all ** the extent of their wings, making a noife which is heard very far, •* and which, whether in the day or the night, is louder in propor- ** tion as it freezes more intenfely. Their efforts are fo effeftual, «• that there are few inftances of a flock of Swans having quitted the «* water in the longeft frofts, though a fingle Swan, which has ftrayed ** from the general body, has fometimes bet- ^ arretted by the ice in *' the middle of the canals." ExtraSi of a note dranun up hy M. Growvelle, military /ecrefary fo his ferene highnefs the frince of Condt* "'■':' a VOlCfB SWAN* as t clarion ody, the :hanting ran fung rophctic hich all chanted larmoni- aft figh. to bid a I poured :ing, and lur, with I ale foanded vhile the fe- md moil: in- ogue is fub- afure of two inourSt thefe ible."--We icatcd to us ere is a iea- of common- threatens to Iter with all lid very far, : in propor- fo efie£luaU I quitted the 1 has ilrayed )y the ice in aivn up fy fbe prince of a voic^ a voice low *, plaintive, and melancholy -f-, formed its funereal fong J. This tearful mufic was heard at the dawn of day, when the winds and the waves were ftill || : and they have been feen expiring with the notes of their dying hymn§. No ficflion of natural hiflory, no fable of antiquity, was ever more celebrated, of- tener repeated, or better received. It occu- pied the foft and lively imagination of the Greeks : poets ^, orators •*-, even philofo- phers f- -f-, adopted it, as a truth too pleafing to be doubted. And well may we excufe fuch fables; they were amiable and affeifling; they were worth many dull, infipid truths; they were fweet emblems to feeling minds. The Swan, doubtlefs, chants not its ap]">roaching end ; but, in fpeaking of the lafl flight, the expiring effort of a fine genius, we fliall ever, with tender me- lancholy, recal the claflical and pathetic cxpref- fion. It is the Jong of the Swa/i ! * Parvus cycni canor. Lucret. lib. iv. \ Oloruin morte namtnr jiebilis cantus. PHn, X According to P;. uiagorap, it was the fong of exultation Upon the immsdiate profpeft of paffing into a happier flatc. II Aldrovandus. § Ariftotle, lib. ix. 1 2. f Callimachus, iEfchylus, Theocritus, Lucretius, Ovid, Proper- tius, fpeak of the fong of the Swan, and draw comparifons from it. * * Cicero, Paufanias, and others. f f Socrates in Plato, and Arilbtle himfclf, bat from vulgar opi- nion and foreign report. c 4 [A] Specific .'^'.'W-!-iei..w^i:i*Wf'.!'(l";4*^^,-< j-..'**'^>.ii' , ... A^,,.,,>,«>^jto,^i -.yt^.t^ „ iif^--\-_^ ^.*b-*iiaifcU:jJ'4Nfe2^>^ ■ a4 SWAN. [A] Specific charaAer of the Wild Swan, Ahm Cygnus: f Iti «* bill is femicylindrical and deep black, its cere bright yellow, its « body white."— Specific charaAer of the Tame or Mute Swan, jtnas Olor : " Its bill is femicylindrical and deep black ; its cere *' black, its body white." Cygnets are even at prefent fattened at Norwich about Chriftmas, and fold for a guinea a-piece. In Ed- ward the Fourth's time none was permitted to keep Swans, who poiTefled not a freehold of at lead five marks yearly value, except the king's fon : and by an adl of Henry the Seventh, perfons convi^ed of taking their eggs, were liable to a year's imprifonment and a fine: .at the. will of the fovercign. Wt ■m \m .. Y ., ^ s *' ^Jf-"- -'^- "^ygnus: f Iti ht yellovtr, its Mute Swan, ick ; its cere n fattened at :cc. In Ed- Swans, who le, except the ns conyidled :nt and a fine • . tt %\ ;r J ■>*»'„.» -■ J? 233 I .. ► ; THE OOOSFi . C 25 ] The GOOSE*, L*OiE. Buff. \ ' « . ' . . . ' |. Jnas /infer, ferus, Linn, and Gmel. Jn/er Syhejlris. Briff. and Frifch. Jr/fer Ferus. Gcfner, Aldrov. Johnft. Will. Sibb. &C. TJ!,e Wild Goo/e. Albin and Will. : , . The Gray-lag Goe/t. Penn. and Lath. ^, Anas Anfert domefticos. Linn, and Gmel. AnferDomefticut, Gefn. Aldrov. Johnft. Sibb. &c 'J'he famt Goo/t. Penn. ^nd Lath. ' ' Tn every genus, the primary fpecics have borne off all the eulogies, and have left to the fub- ordinate ipecies only the fcorn ariiing from the comparifon. The Goofe is in thp fame predi- cament with regard to the fwan, as the afs when viewed heiide the horfe j neither of them is efti- ^ In Greek %r,t'. in modern Greek Xivac in Latin An/er: in Arabic Uze, Avaz, Kaki : in Italian Oca, Papara ; the wild goofe Oca ^ahatica, the tame one OcaDomeJiica : in Spaniih Gan/OfPatoi the gander Anfar, An/area or Btvar ; the gofling Pattco, or Hijo Jp Pato; the wild goofe An/ar Bravo : in Catalonlan Hoca : in Ger- man Ganz, Ganfer, Ganferich ; the goAing Ganfelin ; the wild goofe has the epithets Wildey Gr'aue (gray), and Schn^e (fnpw). In Flan- ders the gander is called Gans, and the Goofe Goes: in Switzerland Gan/s : in Swedifh Goas, and the wild kind IVille Goas : in Danifh Gaas : in Polilh Ges, Gajior, and the wild one Ger Dzika ; which by the Greenlanders is named Nerlech-fhy the Hurons Ahonquei by the Mexicans Tlalacatl. The negroes on the gold coaft call the tame fort Apatta, mated m m I : " <'! 5 1 il 16 GOOSE. mated at its true value. The firA flep of infe- riority, appearing a real degradation, and re- calling, at the fame time, the idea of a more perfeA model, exhibits, inflcad of the abfolute qualities of the fecondary fpecies, only an unfa- vourable contraft with the primary. Laying aiide, then, for a moment, the too noble image of the fwan, we fliall find, that, among the in- habitants of our court-yards, the Goofe holds a diftinguiflied rank. Its corpulence, its erecil car- riage, its grave demeanour, its ckan glofly plu- mage, and its fecial difpolition, which renders it fufceptible of a ftrong attachment and a durable gratitude ; finally, its vigilance, celebrated in high antiquity: all concur to recommend the Goofe as one of the moil engaging, and even of the moft ufefal, of our domcltic birds. For, befides the excellence of its flefh and of its fat, with which no bird is more abundantly provided, the Goofe furnishes the delicate down for the beds of the luxurious, and the quill, the inftru- ment of our thoughts, which now writes its eulogy. The Goofe may be maintained at no great cxpence, and reared with moderate attention *, It is reconciled to the ordinary life of poultry, and fufFers itfelf to be inclofed with them in the fame court -f* ; though that mode of exiftence. m * Schwenckfem. I Belon. and O O O S E. •y and erpecially that conflraint, is little Tinted to its nature : for to raife numerous flocks of large Geefc, it is requifite that they be kept near pools or ftreams, furroundcd \/ith f|Xicious margins, with gralTy patches or wafle grounds, where they may feed and fport at liberty *. They are not permitted to enter meadows, becaufc their dung burns up the good herbage, and becaufe they dig into the foil with their bill. For the fauae rea- fon, they are carefully removed from green corn, and are not permitted to range th^ Helds till after harveft. Though the Geefe can feed on grafs and mod Jierbs, they prefer trefoil, fenugreek, vetches, . fuccory, and efpeciolly lettuce, which is the greatefl regale of the little goflings -f. We fhould carefully extirpate from their walk, hen- bane, hemlock, and nettles J,, whofe flings are very pernicious to the young birds. Pliny af- ferts, perhaps on flight foundation, that the Geefe eat. iron- wort for a purge. The domefl:ication of the Hoofe is neither fo ancient nor fo complete as that of the hen. The latter lays at all fealbns, more in fuimner, lefs in winter ; but the former are unproductive in the winter, and feldom haye eggs before the month * Anfer nee fint hsrha, nee fine aqua factk fuji'metur. Pallad. •\ Lailuca mollijjimum olus libentJJJime ah illis appetitur i^ puHis uti- lijfima efca, Ceterum •vicia, trifolimnffcienum grtecum, tSf agrejiis in" liba illis conferatur. Columella. \ Aldrovandifs. of 28 GOOSE. of March. Yet fuch as are well fed begin to lay in February, and thofc which are more fpar- ingly kept, often defer till April. The white, the gray, the yellow, and the black forts, follow that rule ; only the white ones feein to be more delicate, and are really more difficult to rear. None of them ever makes its neft in our court- yards * 5 they lay only every two days, but al- ways in the fame place. If their eggs be re- moved, they make a fecond and a third depofit, and even a fourth in warm countries "f-. It is, no doubt, by rcafon of thefe fucceffive layings, that Salerne fays they continue till June. But if the eggs be conftantly withdrawn, the Goofe will ftill perfift to lay, till at laft (he waftes away and dies. For the eggs, particularly thofe of the firft laying, amount to a large number; at leaft feven, and commonly ten, twelve, or fif- teen, and even fixteen, according to Pliny J. Such niay be the cafe in Italy ; but in the inte- • They fink into ftraw, there to lay, and the better to conceal the eggs i they have preferved this habit of the wild Geefe, which pro- bably penetrate into the thickell rufiies and mardi-plants, to hatch ; and in places where the tame ones enjoy almofl: entire freedom, they gather fome materials on which they depofit their eggs. " In *' the ifland of St. Domingo,'* f^ys M. BailIon,j " where many of ** the inhabitants have tame Geefe like ours, they lay in the favan- ** nas, near the brooks and trenches ; they form the bed with fome ** dry herbs, the (talks of maize or of millet : the females are tefs *< prolific there than in France, their greateft laying not exceeding «< feven or eight eggs." f Aldrovandus. » J Lib. V. 55. rior GOOSE. 29 rior provinces of France, as in Burgundy and Champagne, the greateft nefts contain but twelve eggs. Ariflotle obferves *, that often young Geefe, like pullets, lay addle eggs before having intercourfe with the male. This fa.^.r; ■ ■\ l-J{s mm spat I '1 ,1"' *r'.'7" ■! [-,1 m <\ '■ ':--!•<■]■ ','1 .i■^^^^^ ',''1 iii' m m 'It;,'" I, i'W!' I !|f f'l )i !'iff I 'll: .fii <■■,'* i'»''tlit ji'IH 30 GOOSE. That a flock of tame Geefe profpcr and in- creafe by a quick multiplication, it is requifite, fays Columella *, that the number of the fe- males be triple that of the males. Aldrovandus allows fix geefe to one gander j and it is ufual in our provinces to admit twelve, and even twenty. Thefe birds prepare for the congrefs of love by firft fporting in the water. They come out to copulate, and continue longer united and in clofer enihrace than moft others ; for the a(ft is not a fimple comprelTion, but a real intromiilion, the male being provided with the proper organ -j- ; and hence the ancients con- fecrated the Goofe to Priapus. The male (hares with the female only the pleafures of love j he devolves on her the whole care of incubation J. She covers conftantly and afiiduoLiilv, and would even negledl to eat and drink, were not food placed near the neft §. Economics advife, however, to entruft the in- cubation and rearing of the goflings to a hen ; fo that the Goofe may have a fecond and even a third hatch. The lafl: one is left to the proper mother j and (he can hatch ten or twelve eggs, whereas a hen cannot fucceed with more than five. It would be curious to know whether, as • DeReRu/i. lib. viii. 13. f Ariftotle, Hiji. Animal, lib. iii. X Ulbid. § Aldrovandus, Columella GOOSE. SI Columella averts, the Goofe, wifer than the hen, will cover no eggs but her own. Thirty days are required for incubation, as in nioft of the large birds * ; unlefs, as Pliny re- marks, the weather be very hot, and then it fucceeds in twenty-jfive days -f*. During the fitting, a veffel filled with grain, and another with water, are placed at fome diftance from the eggs, which the Goofe never quits but to take a little food. It has been remarked, that (he feldom ever lays on two confecutive days, and that there is always an interval of at leaft twenty- four hours, and fometimes of two or three days, between the exclufion of each egg. The callow goilings are fed firft with the re- fufe of the mill, or with rich bran kneaded with hafhed fuccory or lettuce. This is the receipt of Columella, who recommends befides to fill the young ones bellies before they are fufFered to follow their mother to the pafture-ground jj for otherwife, if they are tormented with hun- ger, they will fet obftinately on the flalks of herbs and little roots, and in ftraining to tear them up, will diflocate or break their neck J, Our common practice in Burgundy is to feed the newly hatched goflings with hafhed chervil ; * Ariftotle, if iji. Animal. lih.\\,6, f lib. X. 59. J Saturetur pulhis afttequam ducatur in pa/cuum ; Ji tnim famt premitur, cum peti/enerit in pafaaim, fi'itticibui aut folidioribui hcrbii fhiuiiatur ita pertitiaciur, ut cdlum abrufnpnt. Columella, eight I: '■' |v-a>« mm 3» GOOSE. '■, .« yi • Galen. t Salcrne and Schwcnckfeld. fecond m the an- ;ijl ^fmetic. S rn wo- S ^ferving S >p.red at 1 cs, was m gives a M fpccific 1 llughby i certain 1 itfblf IS 1 icult to 1 difh at B •ill after j LHierica, | in our by the M re than S igs are S ; quills 1 which A :>r two iB » under H fl fea. a F May, ■ weeks ■ :re is a S- G O O S fi. 35 fecond fecond plucking ; and again a third in the be- ginning of September. During all that time, they are lean, their nouriftiment being diverted to the growth of the new feathers. But if they be left to recover their plumage early in autumn, or even at the clofe of fummer, they will foon gain flefli, and afterwards grow fat, and againfl the middle of winter they will be very good for eating. The breeders are not plucked till a month or five weeks after incubation ; but the ganders and geeih which do not hatch may be ftript twice or thrice annually. In cold countries, the down is richer and finer. The eftimation in which the P^omans held that brought from Germany, was more than once the caufe of the foldiers negleding their pofts in that country ; for whole cohorts difperfed in purfuit of Gceft *. It has been obferved, that of tame Gec{e the great quills of the wings drop almofc in a ckifter in one night. They feem then ba(hful and timorous : they fly from a pcrfon's approach. Forty days are required for the protrufion of the new feathers ; and at this time they continually elTay their vigour and flap their wings. Though the ftep of the Goofe is flow, ob- lique, and heavy, flocks may be led to a vaft • Plumat e Cermania iaudatij/imtv , . . pretium plurhte in lihrai Jenarii quint . . . W inde crimina plerutnque auxiliorum prafcStisy a Mtgibfiatimt adhac aucupia dimijjis cohoviibus tot is. Plin. lib, x. 22. D 2 diflance. I li 1 1 m W Pit ml ?>-;'*£ 's m . ;\ , 1 ;fi! ;„;i" W 36 GOOSE, diftance, by lliort journies *. Pliny fays, that, in his time, they were condu(fled from the heart of Gaul to Rome, and that in thefe long marches^ thofe moft fatigued took the front ranks, that they might be fupported and pufhed fonvard by the body of the troop -f. When they arc col- lected clofer together to pafs the night, the llightefl noife wakes them,, and they all fcream at once. They alfo make a loud clamour when food is given them ; whereas the dog is mute, if oiFered this boon J. Hence Columella is led to fay, that Geefe are the furefl: guar- dians on a farm § j and Vegetius does not he- litate to aiTert, that they are the mod vigilant fentinels that can be planted in a befiegedcity |j. Every body knows, that, on the Capitol, they difcovered to the Romans the aflault attempted by the Gauls, and thus faved Rome. In me- mory of that important and falutary fervice, the cenlor allowed each year a fum of money for maintaining Geefe ; while, on the fame day, dogs were whipt in public, as a punifliment * Salerne. f Mi rum a Mcrinis ufque Rom am pedibus 'venire : fejji proferun*uy md primos, ita ceteri ftipatione naturali propellunt eos, Plin. lib, x. 59. \ iElian, lib, xii. 33. ^ Anfer rujlicis gralus, quod folertiortm curam prajlat quam lanis^ nam clangors pmdit infidiantem, De Re Ruftica. — Ovid, defcribing the hut of Philemon and Baucis, fays, Uiticus an/er erat minmfe cujlodia 'villa. U De Re Milit, lib. iv. 26. for GOOSE. 37 's, that, he heart larcheSy ks, that cvard by ire col- ;ht, the fcream clamour e dog is jlumella ft guar- not he- vigilant idcity 11. :ol, they tempted In me- /ice, the ley for ne day, Ihment proferun'ur lib. X. 59. tjiat quam .— Ovid, / anjir erat for their criminal filence in fo critical a mo- ment *. The n?tural cry of the Goofe is very noify, like the danr of a trumpet or clarion ; it is very frequent, and may be heard at a great dif- tance. But the bird has alfo other fhort notes, which it often repeats. If it is aflailed or fright- ed, it ftretches out its neck and gabbles with open mouth, and hifles like an adder. The Romans have cxprefled that odd fort of noife by the imitative woxAs Jirepit^ gratitatyjiridet -f-. Whether from fear or vigilance, the Goofe repeats every minute it« loud calls J : often the whole flock anfwer by a general acclamation ; and of all the inhabitants of the court-yard, none is fo vociferous or bluftering. This great loquacity induced the ancients to give the name of Goofe to indifcreet prattlers, bad writers, and low informers ; as its awkward pace and its uncouth geftures make us apply the fame ap- pellation to filly and fimple perfons. But be- fides the marks of fentiment and of underftand- • EJl et anferi vigil cura, Capilolie tefiaia defenfo, per id tempus tanumjilentio proditis rebus, S>ttamobrem cibaria anferum cenfores im- primis locant. Eddem de cau^a fupplicia Mnnua canes pendunt inter adem jwventutis ^ fummani, vi'vi in fambucd arbwe fixi. Lib. x. 22. ^ ■ argutos inter Jirepere an/ere olores. Virg. Ec. ix. 36. Cacabat bine petdix ; hinc gratitat unprobus anfer. Aut. Philomel. \ Ariftotle, Hijl, AnimaU lib, i. i. for ^ 3 mg i I i m I I ■ mm ml !' 'V, ' !'.| .■' [■■ h ''>'m 38 GOOSE. ing which wc difcover in it *, the courage with which it proteds its young, and defends itfelf againfl: the ravenous birds -f-, and certain very fingular inftances of attachment and even grati- tude, which the ancients have collected J, de- monftrate that this contempt is ill-founded ; and we can add an example of the firmefl affec- tion §. The fa(^ was communicated to me by a man I ., ;!'i i n • The fcnfe which the Goofe pofiefles in the higheft perfedlion fcems to be hearing; Lucretius ihinks that it is finell: Humanuiff longe prafentlt odoretn Romulidartim arcis fer-vator cmtlidus anfer. Nat. Rer. lib. iv. •}• Aldrovandus. X Pliny, lib. x. 22. § We give this note in the artlefs and animated ftyle of the keeper of Ri'^ an eftate belonging to M. Aniflbn Dupeion,and the fcene of this faithful and unfliaken friendlhip. " Emmanuel was «* afked how the white gander called Jacquot was tamed with him. *» It is proper to obferve that there were two ganders, a gray and «• a white, with three females : thefe two males were perpetually <* contending for the company of thefe three dames ; when one or « the other prevailed, he aflumed the direJlion of thern, and hindered «« the other from approaching. He who was maO.ev during the ** night,. would not yield in the morning; and the two gallants *' fought fo furioufly, that it was necelTary to run nnd part them. " It happened one day, that, being drawn tothe bottom of the gar- «* den by their cries,! found them with their necks entwined, ftrik- ** ing their wings with rapidity and aftonilhing force ; the three fe- « males turned round, as wilhing to feparate them^ but without " effeft ; at laft the white gander was worlled, overthrown, and-mal- « treated by the other : I parted them, happily for the white one, *« which would have loft his life. Then the gray gander fet a « fcreaming and gabbling and clapping his wings, and ran to join " his miftreffes, giving each a noify falute, to which the three dames replied, ranging themfelves at the fame time round him. Mean- \< \yhile poor JaaiHot was in a pitiable cafe, and retiring, fadly he " vented << l'(;il:ll!;i' GOOSE. 39 ige with ids itfelf lin very ;n grati- 1 1, de. funded : ;ft afFec- ) me by a man I perfeftion R.er. lii. iv. ftyle of the ion, and the manuel was d with him. a gray and perpetually I'hcri one or nd hindered during the ivo gallants part them, of tlie gar- /ined, ftrik- he three fe- 3Ut without m, and mal- ; white one, ander fet a ran to join three dames im. Mean- g, fadly he " vented I a man of veracity and information, to whom I am partly indebted for the care and attention which «« vented at a diftanc^ his doleful cries : it was fcveral days before •' he recovered from his dejcdion, during which time I had occa- «• fion to pafs through the court where he Hayed; I faw him always «' thruft out from iociety, and each time 1 pafled he came gabbling *' to me, no doubt to chaulc me for the fuccour which 1 had given *' him on his defeat. One day he approached fo near me, fhowing " fo much friendlliip, that I could not help carefling him by ftrok- " ing with my hand his back and neck, to which he feemed fo fen- «* fible as to follow me into the entrance of the court. Next day ** as I again paiTed, he ran to me, and I gave him the fame carefles, ** with which he could not be furfcited ; but he feemed by his gef- •' tures todefire tliat I ihould lead him to his dear mates ; I accord- « ingly did lead him to their quarter, and upon his arrival he be- *• gan his vociferations, and diredlly addreilcd the three dames, " who failed not to arifwcr him. Immediately the gray vidlor ** fprung upon Jacquot : I left them for a moment ; he was always " the ftronger ; 1 took part with my Jacquot, who was under ; I fet ** him over his rival, he was thrown under ; .1 fet him' up again : in «' this way they fought eleven minutes, and hy the aCiftance which «« I gave, he obtained the advantage over tiic gray gander, and got «* pofleffion of the three dames. When my friend Jacquot faw him- " felf muiter, he would not venture :o leave his females, an J ihere- « fore no longer came to me when f palfed; he only gave me at *' a diftance many tokens of friendihip, ihouting an 1 clapping his ** wings, but would not quit his prey, for fear ttiat ?.nother fhould ** take poffeflion. Things went on in this way "ill the breeding *• feafon, and he never gabbled to me but at a diilance : when his ** females however began to fit, he left them and redoubled his *' friendlhip to me. One day having followed me as far as the ice- " houfe at the top of the park, the place wliere I murt neceliarily *' part with him in purfuing my way to the Wood of Orangis, at « half & league's diftance, 1 (hut him in the park : he no fooncr faw «♦ himfelf feparated from me than he vented ftrange cries. How- *' ever I went on my road, and I was about a third advanced, « when the noife of a heavy flight made me turn round my head ; ** I faw my Jacquot four paces from me : he followed me all the road, D 4 " pa"iy lit 'A & ■I JHrS GOOSE. ?>ti ^^11; >vhlch I have experienced at the royal prefs in printing my works. We have alio received from St. Domingo an account pretty fimilar, and which fliovvs that, in certain circumftances, the Goole appears capable of a very lively and flrong perfonal attachment, and even of a fort of paf- iionate friendfhip, which waftes and dellroys it, when removed from the objedt of its affedtion. As early as the time of Columella, the do- rr.eftic GeeCc were diftinguiflied into two kinds i that with the white, and that with the varic- «( <( <( «( «c nths after :s between lone writ- lliip, aged gated 1 G O O S F. 41 rated plumage, the former more anciently do- mcfticatcd than the latter. The freckled Geefe, according to Varro, were not fo prolific as the white ones *, which the farmer was advifed by them to keep, as being alfo the largeft -f. Belon agrees entirely with the ancient writers on rural ceconomy: but Gefner, who was almofl: his contemporary, aflerts, that in Germany the gray fort are, for good reafons, preferred, being bar- , dier and not lefs prolific ; and Aldrovandus con- firms the remark for Italy. It would feem as if the moft ancient breed were emafculated by long domeftication j and indeed the gray or variegated Geefe are now inferior neither in fize, nor in fecundity, to the white ones. Ariftotle, fpeaking of two breeds or fpecies of Geek, a greater and a lefler, which are grega- rious, feems by the latter to mean the wild Goofe J. And Pliny treats particularly of this under its name y4n/er J'crus, In faft, the Geefe form two great tribes j of which the one, long fmce domefticated, is attached to our dwellings, and multiplies and varies in our hands; the other, much more numerous, has efcaped from us, and remains wild and favage : for the whole difference refults from the flavery of man on the one hand, and from the liberty of nature on the • De ReRuftica, li&. viii. 13. f Aldrovandus. X Lib, viii. 15. Other. 11.1 I' vi (:. t' ■I fVli. s m ■ mi m m 11 4t GOOSE. It I \U L •m.- tJit 111 Other *. The wild Goofe is lean, and flenderer than the tame one : and the fame may be ob- ferved of feveral breeds, according as they ap- proach the primitive ftem, as between the com- mon and the flock pigeons. The wild Goofe has alfo its back browni/h-gray, its belly whit- ifh, and all its body clouded with rufty-white, and the tip of each feather fringed with the fame. In the domeflic Goofe, this rufly colour has varied, has afTumed fhades of brown or of white, has even difappeared entirely in the white fort-^-. Some have a tuft on the head. But thefe changes are inconiiderable, if compared with thofe which the hen, the pigeon, and many other fpecies, have undergone in the do- meftic ftate. The Goofe and the other water fowls which we have tamed, are much lefs re- moved from the wild flate, and much lefs fub- dued or enllaved, than the gallinaceous, which feem to be the native citizens of our court-yard. In countries where multitudes of Geefe are raifed, the whole attention needed, during the fummer months, confifts in calling them and conducftiug them to the farm, where they have convenient and undiilurbed retreats for neftling and educat- ing their young ; and thefe advantages, together with the afylum and food afforded them in winter, attach them to the abode, and reftrain them from deferting. The reft of their time is ft t€ it « €t 4€ <( tt €€ tt « ♦• fd * Eclon. t Ray. fpent GOOSE. 43 fpent belide the brooks and pools, where they play and reft on the banks. In a mode of life fo nearly approaching to the liberty of nature, they refume almoft all its advantages, ftrength of conftitution, thicknefs and elegance of plu- mage, vigour and extent of flight *. In fome regions even, where man, lefs civilized, that is lefs tyrannical, allov^^s the animals flill to enjoy freedom, there are Geefe really wild the whole fummer, which become domeftic in the winter. We have learnt this fad: from Dr. Sanchez, and we fliall here give the in- terefting account which he communicated. ** I fet out from Azof," fays that learned phyfician, " in autumn 1736. Being fick, and " afraid of falling into the hands of the Cu- ** ban Tartars, I refolved to walk, following ** the courfe of the Don, and to fleep every ** night in the villages of the Coffacs, who " are fubjedl to the Ruffian dominion. In ** the firft evenings of my journey, I remarked ** a great number of Geefe in the air, which ** alighted and difperfed through the hamlets. " The third day efpecially, I faw fuch a mulr- " titude at fun -fet, that I enquired of the " Coffacs, among whom 1 lodged that night, ** whether they were tame Geefe j and if they ** came from a diftance, as their lofty flight ♦• feemed to indicate. Surprized at my igno- f Scallgcr. ** ranee. A 1.^ ^^K,^ Si •'■'Si -tip *' t: L^rt ,1' >1, m /-■ 'J. : 1 , *!• ■ I'i. (".4' 7 ['■;-!<' '• J- u K 'rl. ^m fi 44 «< GOOSE. fW'i *t « (( « « ranee, they replied that thefe birds came ** from the remote northern lakes; and that every year, on the breaking up of the ice, in the months of March and April, fix or feven pairs of Geefe leave each hut of the village, which all take flight in a body, and return not till the beginning of winter, as it ** is reckoned in Ruflia, that is, at the firft ** fnow ', that thefe flocks arrive then, increafed fometimes an hundred -fold, and dividing * themfelves, each little party feeks, with its new progeny, the houfes where they lived the preceding winter. I had confl:antly that fpedlacle every evening, for three weeks : " the air was filled with infinite multitudes •* of GecCe, which difperfed in bands : the girls ** and women, at the doors of their huts, look- ing at the flight, were calling out, * There go my Gecfe,* * There go the Geefe of fuch a one :* and each of the bands alighted in the court where they had fpent the preceding ** winter*. I continued to fee thefe birds ** till I reached Nova - Paulufka, where the ** winter was already intenfe." It is probably from fome fuch relations that the wild Geefe which vifit us in winter are «( t* « « tc (( , #; '■i' m^'^ ■4 * «'■ t 3.-f'»'. •si i '■kf ■•-Mi I.; . t '.V-.i.il.ii t. '1',*,* « -S ^'i I !'i ■ier^.. VH 46 GOOSE. The flight of the wild Gcefc is always very elevated*; their motion is fmooth, accompanied with no noife or ruflling, and the play of the •wings, in ftriking the air, feems never to exceed one or two inches. The regularity and condudt with which they are marfhalled, implies a fort of intelligence fuperior to that of other birds, which rtiigrate in confufed and diforderly flocks. The arrangement obferved by the Geeih feems dicflated by a geometrical inftin^t: it is at once calculated to preferve the ranks free and entire, this year, that the grafs has fhot up in the paftiire- grounds ; indepen- dently of this abundance of t')od, the proprietor of this flock gives them grain every evening liin. fealbn, left he fliould lofe a few of them Laft year one ftr^iyed away, and was more than two months after found at three leagues diftancc. After the end of Oftober, or the firft days of November, thefe Geefe rcfumc tlieir tranquillity. —I conclude from this obf<'rvation, that the moft ancient domefti- cation (fiiice that of the Geefe in this country, where there are no wild ones, muft have taken place in remotell antiquity) never en- tirely effaces this charafter imprinted by nature, this innate defire to migrate. The tame Goofe, degraded and incumbered, attempts a paflage, exercifes itfelf every day ; and, though abundantly pro- vided and wanting for nothing, I could warrant, that if wild onet palTed at this feafon, they would always lead oiF feme, and that no- thing but example and a little courage are needed to make them defert : I doubt not, that if the fame obfervations were made in the provinces where many Geefe are fed, we fhould find that fome are loft every year, and this in the month of Odtober. I know not, however, if all the Geefe reared in court-yards flaew thefe marks of inquietude ; but it muft be con(idered hat thefe are almoft con- fined within walls, and never pafture or enjoy the view of the hori- zon ; they are fiaves which have loft every idea of their ancient liberty. Ob/ervation communicated by M. Hebert, • ** It is only in foggy weather that the wild Geefe fly fo near •* the ground that they can be fliot." Idtm, to ici'i «■ near to GOOSE. 4r to break the refiftance of the air, and to lefTen the exertion and fatigue of the fquadron. They form two oblique lines, like the letter V j or, if their number be fmaJl, they form only one line : generally they amount to forty or fifty, and each keeps its rank with admirable exadtnefs. The chief, who occupies the point of the angle, and fird cleaves the air, retires, when he is fatigued, to the rear ; and the reft, by turns, alTume the ftation of the van. Pliny defcribes the wonder- ful order and harmony that prevail in thefe flights*; and remarks that, unlike the cranes and the ftorks, which journey in the obfcurity of the night, the Gee^Q are feen purfuing their route in broad day. Several ftations have been noticed where the larger flocks divide,anddifperfeintodiiFerentcoun- tries. The ancients mentioned Mount Taurus as the rendezvous of fuch as fpread through Alia Minor -f; and alfo Mount Stella, now called Cof- fonofli (in Turkifh Fields ofGee/e), whither pro- digious flocks of thefe birds repair in the fall, and thence fcatter through the whole of Eu- • Lihurnicarum mnre rojirato impcttc feyuntur, fadlius ha fndentes turoy quamji re^la impellennt, a tergo fmjim dilatantefe cunco, porrtgi- tur agmen largeque impeUcitti pr^betur aura. Colla imponunt prace* d»ntibus\ fejfos duces ad tcrga redpiunt. Lib. x. 23. f Oppian fays, that in paffing Mount Taurus, the Geefe take the precaution to ftop their mouth with a pebble, that their natural dif- pofition to gabble may not betray them to the eagles ; and the good Plutarch repeats the talc. 6 rope. pi: ff- ;i'; ;■<:: .1 *■•' 'S lliMtl 'W lilt; *;}iMf,ia V ' ".1 . 'X' Mi I. s I'M; KM u: 1 if'- ^1 '*i:;|l' •I. Ui ■|: i; LIT" m . ! }'5 ■. :';,;■■ 'ijlif ii'ifi I!,!:. 48 G O 0 S E. rope*. Several of thefe fmall bodies, or fecori-* dary flocks, unite again, and form larger fqua- drons, amounting to four or five hundreds which we fometimes fee alight in our fields, where they are very deflruftive -f, pafluring on the green corn, which they fcrape from undef the fnow. Fortunately, the GeeCe are very un- fleady and roving, remain a fhort while in one place, and feldom return to the fame diftridt. They ipend the whole day on the ground, among the cultivated fields or meadows; but retire every evening to the rivers or large pools. There they pafs the whole night, but arrive not till fun-fet, and fome after twilight : each party is received by loud acclamations, to which it replies; fo that, at eight or nine o'clock, and the darkeft nights, they make fuch noify and multiplied clamours, that we fhould fuppofe them to be af- fembled by thoufands. The wild Gecfe might, at this feafon, be faid to be birds of the plain rather than birds of the water; fince they never refort to the ftreams and pools but at night. Their habits are the reverfe of thofe of the ducks, which leave the water at that time, and difperfe to feed in the meadows, and do not return before the Geefe repair to their diurnal haunts. On their arrival • Rzaczynfki. f Aldrovandus mentions Holland in particular as fufFering by the vifits of wild Geefe. m .■? ■~'i t< €t €€ ft €€ €t il GOOSE* 49 in the fpring, the wild Geefe fcarce flop with us, and very few are then {een in the air: it is pro- bable that they depart and return by different routes. As the wild Geefe fo frequently fhift their place, and as they have an acute ear, and are miflruflful and circumfpedt, they are difficult to catch *, and elrde moft kinds of fnares^ That which A^ :c dus defcribes, ': 'icrhaps the fureft and the uefl contrived. " When the •* fields," fays he, " are kept dry by the li ofl, a proper place is chofen for fpreading a long net, faflened and flretched with cords, fo ** fo that it may quickly drop: it is nearly like " a lark's net, but extends over a longer fpace, " which mufl be covered with dufl. A few tame Geefe are fet befide it, to ferve as calls* It is requifite that all thefe preparations be made in the evening, and that the net be not afterwards touched -, for if in the morning the * " It is almoft impoffible," fays M. Hebert, « to fhoot them " on their arrival, bccaufe they fly too high, and begin not to de- " Icend till they are over water. I have tried," he adds, with " little Aiccefs, to furpiize ihem at day -break; I pafled the " night in the fields ; the boat was got ready in the evening, we " Hepped into it long before day, and we advanced, concealed by " the duflc, a great way upon the water, and as far as the laft of " the reeds ; however, we were too far from the flock to fire upon ** them; and thefe fliy birds rofe all of them, and to fuch a height, " that in pafling over our heads they were beyond the reach of our •* (hot. All thefe Geefe thus aflfembled had fct off together,, and " were waiting full day, had they not been diiturbed ; then they " feparated anddifperfed in divifions, and perhaps in the fanie or- •« der in which they had coUefted in the preceding evening." VOL, IX. £ ** Gceik u €( «t tt it « mB^ iit V t> ^ f \ . '>:■'■■'.■■.:.%■ i, « ■ . ■ ■ lii 1.' ,li r'^'i' r\f ; V ,il m, 1;* '■( Mi. i'lW 5^ GOOSE. .:m"1, 1f:fi|{j J^ mi:^ I ii'ir U ]| „i M ■ ji ; ;i s« GOOSE. dung * prove refourccs to the miferable Inhabitants of thcfe frozen countries. There are alfo innu- merable flocks on the Jakes and rivers of Lap- land -f*, as well as on the plains of Mangafea, along the Jenifea J ; and in many other parts of Siberia, as far as Kaintfchatka,whither they arrive in the month of May, and whence they depart in November, after having hatched. Stellcr faw them pafs Bering's Ifland, flying in autumn to- wards the eaft, and in fpring towards the weft ; and he thence infers that they come from Ame- rica to Kamtfchatka. Certain it is, the greateft part of thefe Geek, on the north-eaft of Afia, pu(h fouth wards to Perfia ||, India §, and Japan, where their migrations are remarked as in Eu- rope : we are aflured even that in Japan they enjoy fo much fecurity, as to have forgotten their natural ihynefs ^. A fad Ion's Bay. Hijf Ge». des ^cy.— On Nelfon River there are many Geefe, ducks, and fwans. £////.— There are alfo numbers of Geefe on Rupert River. Lade. * The northern people feafon their meat with Goofe-fat inftead of butter. Olaus M(jf/:aj.-— Dried Goofe-dung ferves the Efqui- maux as a wick for their lamps inftead of cotton ; it is a poor Ihift, but much better than none at all. Ellis, ■f Rcgnard. \ Gmelin. II In Perfia there are Gcefc,ducks, plovers, cranes, herons, divers, and woodcocks, every where ; but moft plentiful in the northern provinces. Chardin. § There are Geefe, dutks, teals, herons, &c. in the kingdom of Guzaratte, in the Eaft Indies. Mandejlo, — They are found alfo in Tonquin. Dumpier. f In Japan there are two forts of Geefe, which never intermix; the one white as fnow, with the tips of the wings very black ; the other >■.*■ . GOOSE. 53 mix; ; the )ther A fadt which feems to corroborate the opit. nion that the Geefe pals from America into Afia, is, that the faine fpccies which is Iccn in Europe and in Alia, occurs likewile in Louili- ana*, in Canada 't^, in New Spain J, and on the weft coaft of North America. We know not whether the fame fpecies be found equally in the whole extent of South America. We learn, however, that the tame Goofe, introduced from Europe into Brazil, is reckoned to have improved the delicacy and flavour of its flefh || : on the contrary, it has degenerated in St. Domingo, where the Chevalier Lefebvre Defliayes has made feveral obfervations on the difpofitions of thefe birds in the domeftic ftate; and particularly on the tokens of joy which the ganders fhew at the other afh-gray; they are all fo common and (o familiar, as eafily to permit a perfon to approach them. Though they are very perni- cious in the fields, it is prohibited to kit) them, under pain of death, in order to fecure the privilege to thofc who purchafe the right. The peafants are obliged to furrcand their fields with nets, to detend them from the ravages. Kampfer. * Dupratz. f The Geefe, and all the large river birds, are every where abun- dant in Canada, except near habitations, which they are never fcen to approach. Uift, Gen. ^es Foy. torn. xv. /. 227. — Among the Hu- rons there are wild Geefe, which they call ahonque. Theodat, X Tlacalcatl is a mountain Goofe, like the tame, and either the fame with our wild Goofe, or akin to it. Fernandez. II It is faid to be remarked that the ducks and Geefe carried from Europe to Brazil, have there acquired a finer tafle ; on the contrary, the hens, which have there grown larger and flouter, have loft a part of their flavour. Hift. Ge/i. dts Voy, torn, xiv. /. 305. E 3 birth .i "I '.« j!"->'^■^. ■ 1, < 54 G O O S K. it m^j' ^' '4 % i ';■•'■ '. birth of the young *. lie informs us alfo, that at St. Domingo is feen a migratory (Joofe, which, as in Europe, is fomething fmaller than the tame kind. And hence it would appear, that thefe birds of paflage advance far into the fouthcrn regions of the new world, as in thofe of the old Continent, where they have penetrated under the torrid zone -f, and feem even to have traverfed its whole extent ; for they are found in Senegal J, in Congo ||, in the vicinity of the Cape of Good • Though the Goofe bears here to be robbed thrice a year of its down, the fpecies is however lefs valuable in a climate, where health forbids, in fpite of effeminacy, to rcpofe on the down, and where frefh ftraw is the only bed on which deep can alight : nor is the fle(h of the Goofe fo good at St. Domingo as in France ; it is never plump, it is ftringy, and that of tl\e Indian Goofe is in every relpeft prefer- able. Oh/er'vatii.n cot;:municated by the Chevalier Lefeb'vrt Dejhnyeu Naturalilh have not mentioned, I think, the finguhir cxpref- /ions of joy which the gandec gives his young the full times he fees them eat. This animal Hiews its fatisfailiion by raifnig his head with a dignified air, and damping witli his feet, fo that one fliould imagine that he dances. Thcfe figns of contentment are not equi- vocal, fmce they have place only in this circumllance, and arc re- peated almoft each time that the goflings are fed in their tender age. The father ncgledlo his own fubfiftejice, to give vent to the joy of his heart : this dance is fometimes of long duration, and if any in- cident occafions an interruption, as when he chafes the poultry to a diftance from his young, he rcfumes it with new ardour. Idem. t All climates, M. Baillon writes me, fuit the Goofe and the duck, alike migratory and pafling from the coldeft countries into thole fituated between the tropics. I have feen many arrive in the ifland of St. Domingo on the approach of the rainy feafon, and they feem to fuffer no fenfible alteration in climates fo oppofiie. X On the coaft of Senegal, the Geefe and teals are well-fla- voured. Le Maire. • {| Mandeflo. Hope, GOOSE. 55 Hope *, and perhaps in the lands of the fouthcrn continent. In fa SPECIES. jinas MagelUmicet. Gmd, ^ ^T^ HIS large and beautiful Goofe, which feems •^ peculiar to the country contiguous to the Straits of Magellan, has the lower half of its neck, its breaft, and the top of its back, richly enamelled with black feftoons on a rufous ground: the plumage of the belly is worked with the fame feftoons on a whitifh ground : the head and the top of the neck are of a purple red. There is a large white fpot on the wing : and the blackiQi colour of the mantle is foftened by a purple glofs. It would feem that thefe beautiful Geefe arc what Commodore Byron ftiles i\iz painted Geefe ^^^ which are found at Sandy Point, in the Straits of Magellan. Perhaps this fpecies is tUe fame with that which Ca^ptain Cook calls a new Jpecies of Goofy and which he met with on the eaftern coafts of the Straits of Magellan, and of Ticrra del Fuego, which are furrounded ]>y immenfe floating beds of famphire. • Anas Pifta, Gmsl, W mm l:'f '"i. lit' ',r' , : ■tell I pi m 1 .».T;V'.J Mil t 58 ] iti :*■'.. Jill';, ill ^: Y.i:^- ItJ .:.'*:• The GOOSE of the Malouine, or Falkland Islands. third species, Anas Leucopicra, Gmel. The White-nuinged Antardic Goofe, Brown. The Sea Goofe. - The Bujlard G safe. Lath. %( F leveral fpecies of Gttk,** fays M. de Bougainville, " on which we partly fub- " fifted in the Malouine iilands, the fiifl only ** grazes. It is improperly called the buf- ** tard. Its tall legs are requilite for wading *' through the large herbs, and its long neck is ** ufeful for defcrying danger. Its pace is nim- ** ble, as is its flight ; and it has not the difa- ** greeable cackle of its family. The plumage ** of the male is white, with a mixture of cine- '* reous on the back and the winp-s : the female ** is fulvous, and her wings decorated with " changing colours ; {ha iifually lays fix eggs. " Their liclh, which is falubrious, nutritive, and ** well tafled, became our principal food, and ** was feldom out cf our reach. Belidcs thofe ** bred on the ifland, the winds in autumn bring flocks, no doubt from fome defert ** country, '* lar^e (t tt <( MALOUINE GOOSE. 59 *« country, for fportfmen eafily diftinguifli thefe ** new-comers by their indifference at the fight " of men. Two or three other kinds of Geefe, •* which we found in thefe fame iflands, were ** not fo much fought after, becaufe they con- <* tra(fl an oily tafle by feeding on fifli *." We term this fpecies the Goofe of the Mahuine iflands, becaufe in thefe iflands it was firft found by our French navigators j for the fame GttiJs. feem to be met with in Chriftmas Sound, upon Tierra del Fuego, in Shag Ifland, and on other iflands near Staten Land: at leafl: Captain Cook feems, on this head, to refer to Bou- gainville's defcription, when he fays, ** The " Geefe f^em to be very well defcribed un- ** der the name of biijlards. They are much ^* fmaller than our Englifh tame gt^iity but eat '* as well as any I ever tafl:ed. They have lliort ** black bills, and yellow legs. The gander is ** all white ; the female is fpotted black and ** white, or gray, with a large white fpot on " each wing." And a few pages before he gives a fuller defcription, in the following terms : '* Thefe birds appeared remarkable for the dif- ** ference of colour between the male and the * " The form of the latter," adds M. c!.' Bougainville, " is lefs <« elegant tlian tliat of the firil fpecies ; there is one which riies " with difficulty above the water ; this is ncify : the colours of " their plumage are feldotn other than white, black, fulvous, and " cinereous. All thefe fpecies, as well as the fwans, have under »' their fe.ithers a very thick white or gray down." " female. ^i i:; '■ ■■'.■' 1 .' flilll i •'! 1 • .j;!' '-J MM? *n I'll'".?.':' ■ ' ra^/' : '^ If ,t" I- if. J,TH'l"|.'=l'| WW €o MALOUINE GOOSE. ■*'",:;" ^' ** female. The male was fomething lefs than •* an ordinary tame goofe, and perfe(ftly white : ** the female, on the contrary, was black, with ** white bars acrofs, the head gray; fome feathers " green, and others white. This difference feems ** to be fortunate ; for the female being obliged ** to lead her young, the d^rk colour of her ** plumage conceals her better from the falcons ^* and other birds of prey." Thefe three de- fcriptions feem to belong to the fame fpecies, and differ not effentially from each other. Thefe Geefe afibrded Captain Cook*s crew as accept- able repafts as thofe at the Falkland illands did the French *, i i;,i] yU i :■» ^ C( (( «< u u t* u ♦ ** As foon as we got under the ifland, we found plenty of Ihags in the cliffs ; but without ftaying to fpcnd our time and fha^ upon thefe, we proceeded on, and prefently found fport enough ; for, on the fouth fide of the illand, were abundance of geefe. It happened to be the moulting fea(bn; and mod of them were on fhorc for that purpofe, and could not fly. There being a great furf, we found great difficulty in landing, and very bad climbing over the rocks when we were landed; fo tliat hundreds of the Geefe efcaped us, fome into the fea,and others up into the iflapd. We, however, by one means or other, got fixty-two, with which we returned on board, all heartily tired ; but the acquifition we had made overbalanced every other confideration, and we fat down with a good appetite to fupper on part of what the preceding dav had produced." Cook's fecond Vojagc, vol. ii. p. 182. ' t Vti' n:23^ TJfE CHINESE GOOSE t 6i ] The G U I N E A GOOSE, FOURTH SPECIES, Anas CygnoUes. Linn, and Gmel. AnferGuinecnJis. Briff. Anfer Hi/panicus, Jvve Cygnoides. Marfigl. Danab. The Spanijb Goo/e. Albin. The Savan Goo/e. R:iy and Will, The Chinefe Goo/e. Penn. and Latli. 'T^ H E appellation of Swan-Goo/e, given by '*' WilliighbA^ to this large and beautiful bird, is very apt ; bi the Canada Goofe, which is at leaft as beauti il, has an equal right to the name j and beiides, all compounded epithets ought to be banifhed from natural hiftory. The Guinea Goofe exceeds all other gecCc in ftature ; its plumage is a brown gray on the back, and light gray on the fore fide of the body, the whole equally clouded with rufty gray, and with a brown caft on the head and above the neck : it refembles therefore the wild goofe in its co- lours ; but its magnitude, and the prominent tu- bercle at the root of its bill, mark a fmall affinity to the fwan ; yet it differs from both by its in- flated throat, which hangs down like a pouch or little dewlap : a very evident charader, which has procured to thefe birds the denomination Jiwo- tieres. M4 -1 . w ■ \}\ -i\ m-^.\ 1/i mi ■ ■t'.-iM 62 G U I N E A GOGS E. S ik'n's *. Africa, and perhaps the otlicr ibuthcrn countries of the old continent, Teem to he their native abodes ; and though Linmnis has termed them SibtTuin Gecfe, they arc not indigenous in Siberia, but have been carried thither and mul- tiplied in a Hate of domeftication, as in Sweden and Germany. Frifch relates that, having re- peatedly Hiown to Ruffians Geefe of this kind, wliich were reared in his court-yard, they all, without hefitation, called them Guinea Geefe, and not Riiffiati or Siberian Geefe. Yet has the inaccurate denomination of Linnaeus mifled BrilTon, who defcrlbes this Goofe under its true name of Guinea Goofe, and again, a fecond time, under that of Mufcovy Goofe, without perceiving that his two defcriptions refer prccifely to the fame bird •f'. ■ ' Not only does this Goofe, though a native of the hot countries, multiply when domefticated C( r> r '':>' m -^' * From Jalof, the craw. •|* Juas Cygiioides, variety. Linn, and Gmcl. Jn/er Mu/co--jiticus. BriiT. jinfer Ru£kus. Klein. ^he Crop Goofe. Kolben. The Mu/co-jy Gander. Albin. and Lath. «* It is fomewhat larger," fays Briflbn, " than the tame Goofe : "... the head and the top of the neck are brown, deeper on the *' upper fide than on the under ; ... on the origin of the bill there " rifes a round and flefliy tubercle;. . . under the throat alfo there hangs « a fort of flefhy membrane." Add, that Klein regards this Goofe of Mufcovy or Ruffia as a variety of the Siberian, which, we have feen, is the fame with the Guinea Goofe : ** 1 faw," fays he," a va- " ricty of the Siberian Goofe, its throat larger, its bill and legs « black, with a black deprclfed tubercle." in GUINEA GOOSE. 63 in the coldefl: climates j it alfo contrads an afli- iiity with the common Ipecies, and the hyhrids which arc thus bred take the red bill and legs of our Goofe, but retain of their foreign parent the head, the neck, and the flrong, hollow, and yet loud voice. The clangor of thefe large GceCe is ftill more noify than that of the ordi- .nary kind, and they have many chara<5ters in com- mon : the fame vigilance feems natural to them. " Nothing," fays Frifch, " can flir in the houfe *' during the night, but the Guinea Gecfc will " found an alarm : and in the day-time they " give the fame fcreams if any perfon or animal ** enter the court j and often will purfue, peck- " ing the legs." The bill, according to the remark of this naturalift, is armed at the edges with fmall indentings, and the tongue is befet with fharp papillce ; the bill is black, and the tubercle which rifes upon it is vermillion. This bird carries its head high as it walks j and its fine carriage and its great bulk give it a noble air *. According to Frifch, the flvin of the little dewlap or pouch under the throat is neither foft nor flexible, but firm and hard. This account, however, fcarcc agrees with the ufe which, Kol- ben tells us, the failors and foldiers at the Cape make of ity. I received a head and neck of • Ray. f The wild geefe at the Cape have been called crop geefe (ciet jabotieres.) Tlic foldiers, and the common people of the colonie,-, ufe thefe crops for tobacco-pouches; they will hold about two pounds. Koll/cn. one • *•'■ *•» ; 1 WW -1 •s'** i ill Ikfi 'fl' I. r, ■■•iV -U «^l!f U- rli1i::;,[.^l|^l';l mm mm , 1' '•! • ::f!r til' . i- •^v I L,, ;iii''» :^K ',•/ ■1 ' ,.' ,1 'Ml* 'I I: '^.1 vi'i;:'. f4 ARMED GOOS^i one of thefe Geefe, and, at the root of the lower mandible, this pouch or dewlap was vifible : but as thefc parts were half burnt, we cannot de- fcribe them exadly. I learn however from this packet, which was fent from Dijon, that the Guinea Geefe occur in France, as well as in Germany, Sweden, and Siberia. [A] Specific charafler of (lie Guinea Goofe, J»as CygnoiJcs : ** Its bill is femi-cylindrical ; its cere banched ; its eje-lid^ « fweUed." The ARMED GOOSE. FIFTH SPECIES, Anas Gamhenjis, Linn, and GmeU Anfer Gamhenjis, Brifl*. Will, and Ray. AnferCkihnfis. Klein. The S^ur-iwinged Goofe, Lath. 'T^ H I s fpecies is the only one, not only of the -*• Geefe, but of all the palmiped birds, which has fpurs on the wings, like the kamichi, the jacanas, and fome of the plovers and lapwings : a fmgular chara(fler, which nature has feldom repeated. With refpedt to fize, this Goofe may be compared to the Mufcovy duck ; its legs are tall and red ; its bill is of the fame colour, and has, on the front, a little caruncle ; the tail and the _-4^'" ARMED GOOSE. 65 the great quills of the wing are black; their great coverts are green, the fmalkr white, and croHed by a narrow black ribband : the man- tle is rufous, with refledions of dull purple j the fpace round the eyes is of the fame colour, which tinges alfo, though faintly, the head and the neck ; the fore fide of the body is finely fringed with fmall gray zig-zags, on a yellowifh white ground. This Goofe is ftiled the Egyptian in our Pl.E?2L BriiTon has denominated it the Gam- bian Goofe, It is indeed a native of Africa, and is found particularly about Senegal *. • The wild geefc are at Senegal of a colour very different from that of ihofe in Europe; their wings are armed with a hard, ipiny, and pointed fubll.incc, two inches and a half in length. HtjL Geti, des f'oy. ton,, viii. p. 305.— A"". B. This length fecnvs to he evn^ge- rated. — Another mentions that this Gooi'e is called hiit at !se- ncgal. [A] Specific charadler of the Anas Qu. .i.enfi : " Its bill is fe^ ♦* mi cylindrical ; its cere bunchy j its (houldtrs fpurrcd.'* VOL. IX. P ■^1 W mm u: r. E I '••'' <•'.! 'h m 1 C 66 3 The BLACK-BACKED GOOSE. L'OiE Bronze'e. Buff, SIXTH SPECIES, Anftr Milanotoi. Gmel. r \i H :|;i.;, Nv : 'Tpiiis alfo is a large and beautiful fpecies, "which is remarkable by a great flefhy ex- crefcence of a comb-fhape above the bill, and by the reflections of gold and bronze, gliftening like burnifhed fleel, with which its mantle fhines on a black ground: the head, and th« upper half of the neck, are fpeckled with black amidfl the white, by means of little reflected feathers, that feem buckled on the back of the neck : all the fore fide of the body is white, tinged with gray on the flanks. This Goofe appears to have a thinner body and a flenderer neck than the common wild goofe, though it is at leaft as large. It was fent to us from the coaft of Co- romandcl : and perhaps the crefted goofe <£ Madagafcar, mentioned by the navigators Renne- fort and Flaccourt, under the name of raffangue, is only the fame bird j which we recognize alfo with all its characters in the ipecati-apoa of the Brazilians^ as 'o- of le- [ifo Ithe ins. ■li < v^ *!« !\ >i I •( ;s % if't ;i. '* .(h( fj'. 1^ '■liS f'i ■ii''« :h?t' I'if I^23S 1. ' ^'-. .•(It. ' THE KGYrTIA?;. f>;i'''' ■/■■ I M !i A im :1 III? Hi :ti ':N.tei •i' If* Wmm M i; "'h * -iXi I' h 68 EGYPTIAN GOOSE. white; the reft of the neck, and the fpace round the eyes, are fine rufous or bay colour, which alfo tinges the quills of the wing next the body; the other quills are black ; tne great coverts arc covered with a refled:ion of bronze-green on a black ground, and the fmaller and middle ones are white ; a little black ribband intercepts, the extremity of the latter. This Egyptian Goofe journies or ftrays in its excurlions, fometimes to a vaft diftance from its n.^iive country: that reprefented in our Planches Enhwnnces was killed on a pool near Senlis j and from the appellation given by Ray to this Goofe, it muft allb be fometimes found in Spain *". * j^nfer llifpanicus parvus. [A] Specific charafter of the jlnas JEgyptiaca: *' Its bill is " fomewhat cylindrical ; its boJy waved; its top white; a bright «' white fpangle, with a black bar. on its wing." ir'-'i; <:\m\ L 69 ] The ESQUIMAUX GOOSE. EIGHTH SPECIES. ^nas Cofrukfcens. Linn, and Gmel. Jnfer Sylvejiris Freti Hiuifoms, BrilT. The Blue-yoinged Goofe. Edw. Penn. and Lath. T>E SIDES the fpecies of wild geele which migrate in fuch numbers during the fum-- mer to the north of our continent, it appears that there are alfo fome kinds pecuUar to the northern parts of the new world. The prefent frequents Hudfon's Bay and the country of the Efquimaux : it is fomevvhat fmaller than the common wild goofe ^ its bill and legs are red ; the rump, and the upper fide of the wings, are pale blue; the tail is of the fame colour, but duller; the belly is white, clouded -uth brown j the great quills of the wing, and thofc next the back, are blackifli ; the upper fide of the back is brown, and alfo the lower part of the neck, of which the under fide is fpcckled with brown on a white ground ; the top of the head is of a burnt rufous. [A] Specific chara(5lcr of thr /Inas CfcrnUjcens : " It is brown, f below white; tiie coverts of its wings, and the hind part of its ^ back, arc white." '.}■ :';..lv 111 . \'- :'< .L ■!, Ij r(„i. ■ ,t I- !Vi<'i V t C 70 j m The LAUGHING GOOSE. NINTH S P E C I £ S„ Anas AlhifroHs. Gmel. , An/er Septentrionalis Sylvejtris, Briff. Anas Erythrepus. Muller, Kramer, and Browfke. The White-fronted Goe/e, Penn. and Lath. Tj* D w A R D s gives the name of Laughing ^^ Goofe to this fpccies, which, like the pre- ceding, occurs in the north of America. It is as large as our wild goofe ; its bill and legs arc red ; its front is white 5 all the plumage above, the body is brown, more or lefs intenfe^ and below white fprinkled w*.th a few black^fli Ipots. The one dtfcribed by Edwards was fent to him from Hudfon's Bay; but he fays, that he has feen fuch birds in London during hard winters. Linnasus defcribes a goofe found in Hclfingia, which feems to be the fame : whence it follows, that if this fpccies be not entirely common to both continents, it pafles, at leaft in certain circumflances, from the one to the other. [A] Specific charaifler of the Anas Alhifrcns: ** It is brown; ** below white fpotted with black j its front and rump white j its * bill and legs flam§-colourcd.'* [71 ] The CRAVAT GOOSE. TENTH SPECIES. Anas Canadenjts. Linn, and Gmel. Anfir Canadtnfit Sylveftris. BrjiT. and Will, The Canada Goofe, Cateft)y, Edw* Penn. and Lath. A WHITE cravat, wrapped about its black •^^ neck, diftinguifhes fufficiently this Goofe, which is alfo one of thofe peculiar to the north- ern parts of the new world, where at leaft it derives its origin. It is fomething larger than our domedic Goofe, and has its neck and its body rather longer and more flender ; its head and neck are black or blackiih, which dark co- lour fets off the white cra/at that, covers the throat. The prevailing caft of its plumage is dull brown, and fome times gray. This Goofe is known in France by the name of the Canada Goofe : it has even multiplied under domeftica- tion, and occurs in feveral of our provinces. Wilhin thefe few years, many hundreds inha- bited the great canal at Verfailles, where they lived familiarly with the fwans ; they were oftener on the gralTy margins than in the water. There is at prefent a great number of them on the magnificent pools that decorate the charm- F4 ing 4'' i, tl- ■■'4'' •■; If 3 :4mm ^- 3 1*'' -fmrn ' >.''{'■ '■■ I ■■'I '■hi- >'■■ p 11* ::ijt:;^'**fr 11 a. ■i' »■ i; ;• M I'll '"!•■ '1^;' }-t^ ' ■■■l!::.5s H .1 i If^it" -f ti nm ■i: t 76 1 The BRENT. Le Cravant. Buffi Anat- Bernkla. Linn, and Gmel. Brenta. BrifT. and Klein. Auas Tor qu at a. Aldrov. Johnft. and Will. • pi m 'T^ H E name Cravant is, according to Gefner, no other than Grau-ent, which, in Ger- tnan, fignifies gray-duck. In fad:, the colour of this bird is brown-gray or blackifh, and pretty- uniform over its whole plumage ; but its port and iigure approach nearer to the goofe than to the duck. It has the high head and all the other proportions of the goofe, on a fmaller model, and with a thinner body. Its bill is rather narrow, and pretty fliort ; its head is fmall, and its neck long and llender : thefe two parts, and alfo the top of the breafb, are of a blackifli brown, except a very narrow white band, which forms a half-collar under the throat ; a charac- ter which leadp Belon to find a namo relating to this bird in Ariftophanes. All the quills of the wings and of the tail, and alfo the upper coverts of the latter, are likewife of a blatfkifh * In Italian Ce/on. brown % '■ m BRENT. 77 brown; but the lateral feathers, and all thofc of the upper furface of the tail, are white. The plumage of the body is cinereous gray on the back, on the flanks, and above the wings ; but it is dapple gray under the belly, where moft of the feathers are edged with whitifli ; the iris of the eye is browniQi yellow; the legs and the membranes which c( led: the toes, are blackifl), and alio the bill, in v, hich large nof- trils are perforated and expof The Brent has long leea confounded with the bernacle. Willughby owns, that he once fuppofed they were only the male and female *, but afterwards perceived diftindlly, from many characters, that thefe birds really formed two different fpecics. Belon ftiles the Brent (or Cravant) the collared fea duck ; and, in another place, he calls the bernacle, the cravant \ \ and the people on the French coafts make the fame miftake J. The great refemblance in the plu- • Frifch r^ys, that the Brent is called hanmyans, or tree-goofe, becaufe it builds its nell in trees, which is altogether improbable: it is more likely that this name was borrowed from the bernacle, which was fabled to owe its birth to rotten wood. f Aldrovandus is much more millaken when he takes the bird del'cribed by Gefner, under the name oi pica marina, for the Brent or collared goofc : this fca-pie of Gefner is the guillemot ; and this miltake of lb learned a nataralift as Aldrovandus, (hows that de- fcriptions in natural hiftory, if ever fo little faulty or confufed, are of fmall fervice in giving a clear idea of the objeft meant to be re- prefentcd. X '* The Brent or nun-goofe is very common on this coaft (of ^ Croific) where great flocks are feen ; the people call it bentacU, *' and I believed it to be the fame till I faw one," Note commwii' cattd by M. tie ^erhoi'nt, mage .) } ri: r '/{< '}•■■ > i m. IIP r II!-:'* '.■ Vim ,%, ^, sir ^It IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // •jf %^ "% 4^ 1.0 1.1 11.25 ISO i 125 ■ 40 ■ 2.2 u lU US u III 1.4 ill.6 PholDgraiiiic Sdfflices Corporation 4iS 4S'* .sj <^ 4^ 4^ \ \ 23 VMIT MAIN STIHT WnSTM,N.Y. 145M (71*)S73-4S03 '^ 'Vi ^^ I« B k E N T. image and (hape of the body, which obtains iii thefe two birds, has given occafipn to the con- fuiion : yet the bernacle is jet black, while the .Brent is only dark brown; ai>d beiides, the latter frequents the coalls of temperate coun- tries only, while the bernacle appears only in the mod northera countries. And that circum- fiance alone convinces us that they are really two djAindt and feparate fpecies. The cry of the Brent is a dull, hollow found, which we have often heard, and which we may denote by QuaUt ouari; it is a fort of hoarfe bark, which the bird frequently utters*. It has alfo, when purfued or even approached, a hifs like that of the goofe. The Brent can live in the domeflic ftate •f'. We have kept one feveral months. Its food was grain, bran, or foaked bread. It conftantly (howed a timid, {by difpofition, and avoided all familiarity; and though ihut up in ^ garden with Sheldrakes, it always lived apart from them : it was even fo cowardly, that a garganey, which had before lodged with it, made it run. It was obferved to eat as much, perhaps even more, in the night than in the day. It ^vas fond of bathing, and it (hook its wings * Note eommunieated hy M, de ^erhotnt, f <* A gentleman of this neighbourhood (at Croific) has pre- •* ferved one in his court-yard two years : the firft fpring it was «* very fick at the time of laying ; it died the fecond, leaving one *cgg." litm. ... ^ - Upon » r-y- ■ :'//■'; ^^i/Ui. .■r; .: *J Pi ■::^U\L^ J^23S m f i I''; THE BELKNACLE GOOSE. I'll!! t «« ] The BARNACLE. La Bernachb, Buff^ AtiMt Sryth^oput. Linn, and Gmel. Bernicla. Briff. Will. Ray, Sibb. &«. jln/er Brent a. Klein. In Scotlandt Clakit, * jpVF the marvellous ptoduAiohs which igno* ^^ ranee* ever credulous, has io long fubfti- tuted for the fimple and truely wonderful opera* tions of nature, the moH: abfurd perhapi^, and yet the moft celebrated^ is the growth of Barna« cles and fcoters in certain Shells called the concha andtifera -f*, or on certain trees on the coafts of Scotland and the Orknies^ or even on the rotten timbers of old ihips. Some authors have written that fruits, whofe ftrudture already exhibited the lineaments of a fowl, being dropt into the fea, turned into birds. Munfter J, Saxo Grammaticus and Scaliger aflert • It is fometimes ftiled the Bcauh Goofe; in the Orknies it u tvMtARod-Gans: in Holland i2o/-G««/ : in Germany 5fl««-G'■ i,i' '( .' II Mm .^ ' If ■ ■]■ ■; lit •■■ (■t;!) ! If • .^^ t: I i,*- liB'-' S'ifK r t Ic;|i', ^.?, «l-1 !h!K :► ?N!.;' c i1 99 BARNACLE. this * ; Fiilgofus -j- even affirms, that the trees which bear thefe fruits rcfcinble willows, and produce at the end of their branches fmall fwclled balls containing the embryo of a duck, which hangs by the bill, and when ripe and formed, falls into the fea, and takes to its wings. Vincent of Beauvais chufes rather to attach it to the trunk and bark, whofe fap it fucks, till, grown and completely feathered, it burfts from its imprifonment. Bilhop Leflie J, Majolus §, Odericus ||, Tor- quemada ^, Chavafleur **, the bifliop Olaus Magnus -f-f, and a learned cardinal f J, all at- teft this ftrange generatiop. Hence, the bird has been called tree-goofe §§ ; and one of the Orknies, the fcene of the prodigy, has received the appellation of Pomona. This ridiculous notion was judged not fuf- ficiently marvellous by Camden ||||, Hedtor • In his Commentary on the firft Book of Ariftotle, de Plant is» f Lib* i. 6. X Chron. Scot. '' ,■}: -A^.^'r : § Dier. canicular, tra^, ' / ,.;.-" ; ]| In his voyage to Tartary. ' ...... % Hexameron. •= ." '- - -V.' i- <''*''' ■ •** De Gloria Mudi, '' -H ff Rer. Sept, lib, xix. 6 ani 7. _ . , '?' d feems to credit. Laftly, according to Cardan "f-f, Gyraldusjf, and Maier, who has written a treatife exprefsly on this birdj without father or mother §§, it originates neither from fruits nor worms, but from fhells : and what Is ilill more wonderful than the prodigy itfelf, Maier opened an hun* dred of thefe gooje-bearing /hells, and found in all of them the rudiments of the bird completely • Hift. ^cotu. '..:*■. / " + In Gefner. X A grave doAot» in Alc^rovanJus, avers with an oath, thit h6 had feen and kept the little Barnacles ftill ihapelefs and as thejr dropt froth the rotten timber. § Defcription of Europe> article treland. ; Jl Apud Alex, ab Alex. Genial dier, ^ Citing the Epitome of the Sctttijb chrotticUs* *• In Ym Hiftcry of England. ff De variet. Rer. lib. vii. 3* , , . . XX See IraitS de I'Origine des Macreu/h. §§ Traiiatus de 'volucri arbored, ab/que patre l^ matre, in in/ulii Otcadum, forma anferculorum proveniente. Aut. Mich. Maierot^ iArchiatrOf Gomite Imperiali, &c. Francfurti, 1629, in i2moi «it.\ ■■■. \ ■■ .M -I: ' 'n.il iU .1 ,i f G 2 formed. h iAftUAttt. formed *. — Such wild whimfies and chitneraf have been retailed concerning the origin of tb(^ Barnacles "f : but as thefe fables once enjoyed great celebrity, and were admitted by many authors J, we have thought proper to relate them, in order to fliow how contagious are the errors of fcience, and how prone are men to the fafcinations of the marvellous ||. But * Count Maier has ftufTed his trcatife with Co matiy sbfardl^ ties and puerilities, that they are alone Aiflicient to dellroy his evi- den<:e. He proves the poflibility of the miraculous generation of* the Bamaebis by the exiftencc of hobgoblins, and that of forcererss he derives it from the immediate influence of the ftars ; andi if hit fimplicity were not exceflive, we might accufe him of irreverence in the chapter which Ke entitles, ^oi/ finis proprius hujut volucrtt gtntrationis fit, ut rtferat dupliei fitd Haturti, in /mail duodecimo. '-^Deufingii fdfdculus dlfert, feUattrufn, inter quas una de anjirlbui Stoticlt', Gro»lng/e, 1664, irt 1 2mo.>-^Eju/dem dljfert, de Mandragora pomls, ubl, pag. 3 8 ; 4^ anfiri- ius Scoticis ; Groulnga-, 1659, in ^ zmo.— -Jfl. Ernrfihus Herlng dljfert. de ortu avis Brltaunlca\ Wittembergte» i66|. In 4:0.— Tancred Ro- Knfon's Obfervations on the Macreufe^ and the Scotch Bernacle, fhilof. Tranf. vol.xv. N* i/z.-^-Relation concerning Bernacles, by Sir Robert Moray, Phil. Tranf. N» 137, &c. II I fliall tranfcribe, for the entertainment of vn.y reader, an ac- count of this wonderful transformation, from our old botanift Cerard : " But what oar eyes have feene, and hands have touched, we fliall " declare. There is a fmall ifland in Lancafhire called the Pilt9f * FoHldm, whereia are found broken pieces of oU and bruifed •• ih»p»» B A R' N A C L E. $$ Bttt even of our ancient naturalifls many re- jedVed thefe fables ; Belon, always fober and ju- iiiciousj laughs at them ; nor have Clu(ius, Deu- iingius, Albertus Magnus believed report. Bar- tholin difcovered that thefe goofe-bearing conchs contained only a (hell-fifh of a particular kind : and from the defcriptions given of them by ** Hiips, fome wliereof have been caft thither by (hlpwracke, and *' alfo the trunks and bodies with the branches of old and rotten " trees, call up there likewife ; whereon is found a certain fpume ** or froth that in time brcedcth unto certain (hcls, in Ihape like *' thofe of the Mufkle, but (harper pointed, and of a whitiih colour, *' wherein is contained a thing in form like a lace of iilke inely ** woven as it were together, of a whicilh colour) one end whereof *' Is fattened unto the iniidc of thp Oiell, even as the ii(h of Oifters *< and Mufkles are ; the other end is made fail unto the belly of a " rude maiTe or lumpe, which in time commeth to tJ)e fliape and " form of a bird: when it is perfedly formed, the fliell gapeth open^ ** and the firft thing that appeareth is the forefaid lace or ftring ; ** pext come the legs of the bird hanging out, and as it groweth *< greater it openeth the fliell by degrees, till at length it has all •* come forth, and hangeth pnly by the bill : in Ihort fpace aft€r it •« comcth to full maturities and falleth into the fca, where it gather- •' eth feathers, and groweth to a fowle bigger than a Mallard and " leiTer thai) aGoofe, having black legs, and billor beake, and fea> n thers black and white, fpotted in fuch manner as our Mag-Pie, *' called in fome places Pie-Jnnet, which the people of Lancafliire ** call by no otbcr name than tree-goofe ; whkh place aforefaid, «• and all thofe places adjoynlng, do fo much abound therewith, that « one of ^ bdft is fcougiit for three-pence. For the truth hereof; « if any doubt, jnay it pleafe them to repaire to me, and I Ihall far ** tisfy them by the teftimonie of good witneffee." few nwracld arc related more circumftanti^ily, or reft on better evidence. So natural to man is credulity ! which paffes aH bounds, when the prodigy of an event takes firm hold of the imaginationf and lays the wnderftanding afleep.— 7", i'l t m te '11. \ ^*%f^l. 86 BARNACLE. Wormius *, Lobel -f , and others, as well aa from the figures publifhed by Aldrovandus and Gefner, it is eafy to perceive that they are the foujje-pieds '\. of the coafts of Brittany, which are affixed to a common pedicle, and fend off ^ bundle of feathery Hlaments, that to a prejudiced imagination might appear the cluilered linea- pients of birds hanging from the branches. We need not remark the abfurdity of fuch a notion : iEneas Sylvius relates, that chancing to be in Scotland, he inquired particularly for the place of the wonderful metamorphofis of the Barnacle, but was referred to the remote He- brides and Orknies j; and he adds pleafantly, that^ as he fought to advance, the miracle retired fron^ him, * The gooie-bearing fliell Is trii^ngolar, fmall, externally white- blue, gliftening, light, comprefled, an inch in length and in breadth ; when ripe, it conftfts of four valves, fometimes more, of which the two anterior are thrice as large as the two poilerior, which adiiere to them as appendices, very thin round a thicker part, by whidv they cling concealed to the fea-weed; when opened, they ihow rudiments of a little bird, and the feathers pretty dilUn£t. Wor- mi us in Alu/ao, Hh. iii. 7. f We had (hells with a rough thickifh pedicle broken off from the bottom of an pld (hip ; they are froall, whiti(h without, gliden- ing, light, have the thinnefs of egg-(hells, fragile, and bivalve. They arc of the fize of a compreifed walnut, hang like fungous ex- crefcences from the bottoms of (hips, where they feem to extradl life for a young bird, whofe rudiment is feei\ from the extreme part of the opened (hell. Lobel. X So called on account of the fibres which branch from it. It is the fame with the Barnacle (the name alfo of the bird) a fpecies «f multiyalvc, the Lepas Anatifera of Linnapus. — 7*. As BARNACLE. »7 As the Barnacles breed in the diflant parts of the north, no perfon for a long time had ob- fervcd their birth, or even feen their nefts ; and the Dutch, in a voyage which extended to the eightieth degree of latitude, were the firft who dilcovered thefe *, Yet the Barnacles muil neftle in Norway, if it be true, as Pontoppidan relates, that they are feen the whole fuinmer -f. They appear in autumn and winter on the coafts of Yorkfliire J and Lancafliire in England ||, where they are ealily caught with nets, and ihew none of the fliynefs and cunning natural to birds of their kind §. They occur alfo in • ** On the weft fide of Greenland, was a great winding and a '* flat Ihorc refcmbling an idand j we there found many eggs of ** BaraicUs (which the Dutch call rotganfenj ; we found alfo fomc ** of them hatching, which, on being driven away, cried re/, ro/, «* rott (hence their name) ; one we killed with a llohe, we cooked ** it, and ate it with fixty eggs which we had carried to the fliip. " Thefe geefe or Barnicles were real geefe, called rotgaiifiHt ** which come every year in great numbers about Wierengen in «* Holland, and it was hitherto unknown wlierc they laid their eggs *' and reared their young ; and hence it has happened that no au^ " thors have fcrupled to write that they are bred on the trees in ** Scotland . , . Nor need we wonder that hitherto the retreats where «' thefe birds hatch, were unknown, fince no perfon has ever reached ** the eightieth degree of latitude, much lefs feen the birds fitting ** on their eggs." T'rois navigaticnsfaites par la HolUindois au Sc^' tentrion, par Gerard de Vara ; Paris, 1 599, //. 1 1 Z and 113. f Journal Etrangere, /"^-i/nVr, 1777. ^ t Lifter's I^etter to Ray, Philof. Tranf. N« 175. ; _^^ llWillughby. '! % Johnfon. He fays this of the little Barnacle, which we fhall find to be only a variety. ' ► .! .^f^uJi . BARNACtE, S9 parnacje *, which they reprefent as exactly likq the other, only fomewhat fmaller. But this dif- ference of fi^e is too inconfiderable to conftitute two fpecies j and we are of the fame opinion with Klein qxi this fubjedt, who, after a compa- rifon of thefe two Bvnacles, concluded ^hat tfiey were only varieties, • Jaas Erythropus, var, Linn, and Qmel. Bernkla Minor. Brifl*. Brenthus. Gefner, Johnft. and Will, ^nfer Brenta. Klein. The Rat, or Road Goefe, Will. Thas defcribed by BrifTon : <* Above \t is dali cinereous, tKe <* margins of its feathers whitiih ; belowr white ; its top, and the f ' upper part of its neck, blackifli ; the fore part of its head an^ ** its throat fulvous ; the lower part of its neck and its breaft « brown ; its rump bright white j its middle tail c^uills black ; the <« Qutermoft white on both f^deV [A] Specific oh«rafter of the Barnacle, Jnas Erythtopus: ** It ** is cinereous, its front white.** Its length twenty- five inches, in alar extent fifty-three, and its weight five pounds. It is freqi;^en^ i^ew^f^p pn the 9oails oC|iudron'i 9a/« i^ %m-yr '\ \\k s "^ ■ > i« ■t.. \'U .?fS t. 'i cov the the wir ?re a b Ibrej fern plui blac bro^ fcall whi bill, 1 ever very ligh pref will ing 1 fdw neft t)eii( t it for « the f*fo EIDER. %l difterent from the ufual difpofition, the former covers the back, and the latter the belly -, and the fame obfcure black appears on the top of the head, and on the^juills of the tail and of the wings, except the feathers next the body, which ^re white. Below the nape of the neck there is a broad greeniih plate; and the white of the Ibreaft is wafhed with a brick or wine tint. The female is not fo large as the male, and all its plumage is uniformly tinged with rufty and blackifti, in tranfveric and waving lines, on 9, brown gray ground. In both fexes, we perceive fcaliops traced by little clofe feathers like velvet, which extend from the front on both fide.s of the bill, and almoft under the noftrils. The Eider down is highly efteemed; and even on the fpot, in Norway and Iceland, it fells very dear *. This fubftance is fo elaftic and fo light, that two or three pounds of it, though prefTed into a ball that may be held in the hand, will fo fwell as to fill and diftend the foot-cover- ing of a large bed. The beft down, which is called /he doron f duvet vif) is what the Eider pulls to line her neft, and which is gathered in the neft itfelf : for, Jjeiides the reluctance to kill fo ufeful a bird \^ • Pontoppldan, ^ ^ ^ j.-'''^^^ " f Pontoppidan fays even, that in Norway it is prohibited to kill it for the down : '♦ With the more reafon," he adds, " fince the fea- ** thers of the dead bird are fat, fubjeft to rot, and far from being f fo light as what the female plucks, to form a bed for its young/' . \ \ the .^ i.'.'i-i, \\% WT &;-;. % 9» EIDER. P r * '■ m\: w I the down taken from the dead hody is inferior j cither becaufe the down is in full perfection at the breeding feafon, or becaufe the bird plucks only the fineft s^nd mofl delicate, that which covers the ftoniach and belly, Care muft be taken not to feek and gather the down in the nefts, till after fome days of dry weather; nor mull the birds be driven haftily from their nefts, for in the fright they drop their excrements, with which the down Js often fouled *. To clear it of the dung, the feathers are fpread upon a fieve of ftretched cords, which are beat with a ftickj fo that the heavy clots fall through, and the light down jumps off. The eggs are five or fix in number -f*, of ^ deep green, and very good to eat J, If they be ftolen, the female ftrips her plumage again to make a fecpnd hatch, which is fmaller than the firft, If the neft he again plundered, as the female <;an furnilh no more down, the male lends his aid, and plucks the feathers from his • Natural Hiftory of the Eider, by TJartin Thrane Brunnicha art. 4.1. f *' It is not uncommon," fays \a.n Trpll^ " to find more, ev?n •* ten and upwards, in the fame npft occupied by two females, whicjv «< live together in perfedl concord." le/terj •» Jcelm^' I Anderfon pretends, that to have 9 number of th«fe, ^ ftick <>f a foot in height is planted in the neA, and that the bird continues to lay till the h^p of eggs rifes to the point of this llick, in order that file may fit tp cover them. But were it as true as it is impro- bable, that the Icelanders employed this barbarous artifice, they would ill underftand their true intereftj) to deftroy a bird fo pre-* cious to them, fmce, worn out with ex^eflive laying, it generally expires. bread j EIDER. 9S brcaft ; which is the reafon that the lining of the third neft is whiter than that of the firft. But before we feize the fpoils, we muft now wait till the mother has hatched her eggs, which at moil are only two or three, perhaps but one : for if her hopes of progeny are daihed a third time, flie will for ever abandon the place ; but if flie be permitted to rear her family, (he will re* turn the following year, and bring with her the young EiderSi In Norway and Iceland, the diftrids to which the Eiders habitually refort to build their neft, are a fpecies of property which is carefully pre- ferved, and tranfmitted by inheritance. There are fpots that contain many hundred of thefc nefts; and we may judge, from the high price of down, what profit the proprietor muft draw *. The Icelanders are at the utmoft pains to invite the Eiders, each into his own eftate ; and when they perceive that thefe birds begin to haunt fome of the iflets which maintain herds, they foon remove the cattle and dogs to the main land, and procure the Eiders an undif- Curbed retreat-}-. Thefe people have eveo formed, by art and perfevering labour, many fmall iflands by disjoining from the continent "feveral promontories that ftretch into the fe^. It is in thefe retreats of folitude and tranquillity • To take an £ider*« neH on another's Iands« Is reputed theft in Iceland. Van Tr^iL f Brunnich^ % 48. tjiai; H ]:v!r-l ,1k M .. -Am « tt 94 £ t D £ R* that the Eiders love to fettle f though they 2Lt& not averfe to neftle near habirations, if no- thing molcft them, and it* the dogs and cattle bd removed. ** A pcribn," fays Horrebow, " ad I myfelf have witnelled, may v^alk among thefe birds while they are fitting, and not ** fcare them ; he may even take eggs, and yet " they will renew their laying as often as three ** times." Ail the down that can be collected is fold annually to Danifh or Dutch merchants *, who come to buy it at Drontheim, and other parts of Norway and Iceland. Little or none of it is left in the country -f. In that rough climate, the robuft hunter, covered with bear's Ikin, en- joys, in his folitary hut, a peaceful, perhaps a profound fleep ; while, in polifhed nations, the man of ambition, ftretched on a bed of Eider down, and under a gilded roof, idly feeks to pro* cure the fweets of repofe. We (liall here add fome fads relating to the Eider, extradted from a fmall work of M. Brun- nich, written in Danifh, and tranllated into Ger- man, from which we direded a French verfion to be made. m * *' A female in her neft gives commonly half a pound of down# which is reduced to one half in cleaning . . . The cleaned downt is valued by the Icelanders at fony-dvejijh (of which fbrty-cighH make a rix-dollar) the pound ; the raw down at (ixteen fifh . . • The Icelandic company fold, in 1750, down amounting in valutf to 3757 rix-dollars (about 85ol.fterling),befides what was fenf direfily to Gluckftad." Fan Trail, f Hill, dcs Voy, torn* xviii. /. 21 • ^ In EIDER. 9i ' Tni the breeding feafon, fomc male Eiders are feen flying (ingle: The Norwegians call them gield'fugh gield^aee * j they are fuch as have not obtained mates, and have been worfted in the ftruggles for the pofTeffion of the females, which are fewer in this fpecies than the males. Yet they fooner arrive at maturity, fo that the old males and the young females pair together, and hence their firft hatch is fmaller than the fubfe- quent. ^ , At the time of pairing, the male continually fcreams ha^ ho, with a raucous and moaning voice ; that of the female refemblcs the cry of a common duck. The firft objeift of thefe birds is to place their neft under flielter of fome ftones or bufhes, and particularly of junipers. Both male and female labour in concert; and the latter pulls the down from her bread, and heaps it, fo as to form quite round the neft a thick puffed roll, which (he prefTcs on the eggs, when fhe goes in queft of food : for the male aflifts not in covering, but keeps watch in the vicinity, and gives notice if an enemy appears; the female then conceals her head, and if the danger is ur- gent, ftie flies to her mate, who treats her harflily, it is faid, if any accident happen to the brood. The ravens fuck the eggs, and kill the young; the mother therefore haftens to remove them from the neft, and a few hours after they are hatched^ • i. e, Frti bird j fret Eidir.'^T. flic I (<• hi' ,lii r ]>T 'J' '■\\-^; ■*■■■ '^ u ' ■' if '»»*f ^ 0 li I D E K. 1*1 fhe take^ thtm on her back, and, with an ca/y flight, tranfports them to the Tea. The male • now leaves her, and neither of them returns more to land. Several hatches unite at fea, and form flocks of twenty or thirty with their mothers, which lead them, and conti- nually dafh the water, to bring up, with the mud and fediment, infedts and fmall ihell-fifh for fuch of the young as are too weak to dive themfelves^ This happens from the month of July, or even June; and the Greenknders reckon the time of fummer by the age of the young Eiders. It is not until the third year that the male ac-* quires regular and diflindt colours : thofe of the female are much foonef unfolded ; an4 in every refpedt the growth of the male is more rapid than that of the female. Both of them are at firfl co- vered or clothed with a blackifh down. The Eider dives very deep after fAh, and feeds alfo on mufcles and other Ihell-fifh, and feema very keen upon the garbage which the fiihermen throw out of their barks. Thefe birds remain on the fea the whole winter, even near Green- land, feeking the parts of the coaft moft clear of ice, and returning to land only in the evening, or previous to a ilorm, which their flight to the coaft during the day, it is faid, infallibly fore- bodes. Though the Eiders journey, and not only ihift from one place to another, but venture fci f^r on fea, that they have been fuppofed to pafs . . from «ggs. o Our fai thread e bergei not at hardly the fou Rtcueil , VO B*> ' EIDER. 97 from Greenland to America * ; yet they cannot properly be faid to be birds of paflage, fince they never leave the frozen climates, which their clofe down fo well fits them to bear. They can procure fubfiftence wherever the fea is open : they advance from the coaft of Greenland to the ifland of Difco, but ho farther ; becaufe, beyond it, the fea is covered with ice-f*; it appears even that they refort thither lefs than formerly J. Yet they are found at Spitzbergen; for the Eider is the fame with the mountain duck of Martens, though he himfelf miflook it ||. From * firunnidi. f Anderfon. J The Greenlanders (ajr, that formerly they filled in a very lit- tle time a boat with Eider's eggs, in the iflands round Ball River, and that they coUld not walk without treading on the eggs; but this plenty begins to diminifh, though dill aftonifhing. Jdim. II The mountain duck is a kind of a wild duck, or rather of a wild goofe, as large as a middling goofe ; its plumage is mottled with different colours, and very beautiful; that of the male is marked with black and white, and the female has its feathers of the fame colour with that of a partridge . . . They make their nefts in low places with their own feathers, which they pluck from under thefc- bclly, and which they mix with mofs; but thefe are not the fane with what is called i\ic Eider dvwn (in this Martens is niiftaken,iince every circumllance of his defcription chara£lerizes the Eider.) Wc found in their nefts fometimes two, fometimes three, and even four eggs, of a pale green, and fomewhat larger than thofe of our ducks. Our failors, boring both ends, took out the white and yolk, and threaded them. The vefFels which had arrived before us at Spitz- bergei>> had taken numbers of thefe birds. The firft days they were not at all Ihy, but in time they grew fo cautious, that one could hardly approach fo near them as to take a proper aim. It was in the fouth haven, and on the i8th of June, that wc firll killed one. Rtcutil des Foyages du Nordf torn. ii. p. ^^, VOL. IX. H the -.4 ■ s-i^b p. ,y.tM-5'»^" ■f-i 1* rVf ,U^ m •"■'■' S-'i-C :. ■■ •■ ■ *• ;. I r If! I'M^i ^' ■":■ \' :\ /■■■ i'l ■:.'■!' 98 EIDER. t i r the note of Steller, cited below, we may alfo ga- ther that the Eider frequents Bering's liland, and the point of the Ku riles*. In our feas, the moO: fouthern parts which thefe birds vifit, are the idands Kerago and Kona, near the coads of Scotland ; Bornholm, Chriftianfoc, and the pro- vince of Gothland in Sweden -f*. * Steller faw, in the month of July, In Bering's IHand, an eighth fpecies of goofe, about the fize of the white fpotted one : the wings were black ; the ears of a greeniHi white ; ey«s black, edged with yellow ; the bill red, with a black ray quite round it, an excref- cence as in the Mufcovy or the Chinefe goofc ; this excrcfcence is bare and yellowifli, except that it is ftriped from one end to the other with fmall feathers of a bluifli black. The natives of the country report, that this goofe is found in the firfl iH***''^ IlurilOci, but is ne- vir feen on the continent. Krajlheniniceff'. f Bruni.Ich. [A] Specific charafter of the Eider, jittas MolU/Jima: *' Its bill •• is cylindrical J its cere cleft behind, and wrinkled." The male is twice as large as a common tame duck ; the female weighs three pounds and an half. The Eiders occur in the northern parts of both continents : in Greenland they build their neAs among the grafs, and in Sweden among the juniper buflics. They dive to great depths for their food, which confifts of various forts of Ihell-fifli: the Greenlanders purfue them, and dart them as they rife fatigued* Their flefli is good, and their ikin is cfleemed an excellent inner gar- ment, "l^he moft fouthern retreats of thefe birds are the weftern ifles lof Scotland, Inch-colm in the Firth of Forth, and the Farn iQes on the Northumbrian coafts. On the latter Mr. Pennant landed, 1 5tU ]vCy 1769 ; and we fliall borrow the following extrafl from his nar- rative.-—" We found the female Eider ducks at that time fitting : ** the lower part of their nells was made of fea plants ; the upper «• part was formed of the down which they pull off their own breads, «* in which the eggs were furrounded, and warmly bedded : in fome *• were three, in others five eggs, of a large fize, and pale olive co- •* lour, as fmooth and glofly as if varnifhed over. The nells were ** built on the beach, among the loofe pebbles not far from the wa- " tor. The ducks fit very clofe, nor will they rife till you almoft « tread m EIDER. 99 «' tread on them. The drakes rcpar.ite thcmfelves during rtic brced- " ing feafon. We robbed a few of their nefts of the down, and fter «« carefully feparating it from the tang, found that the down weigh- *' ed only three quarters of an ounce, but was fo cl tUlc as to fill the ** crown of the largeft hat. The people of this country 11 thcfe St, '' Cuthbert's ducks, from the laint of the iflandi." A Tour in Scotland, 8vo. pp. 35 and 36. It appears from this extraA, that the quantity of down which lines the Eider's nefts, is much fmatler on the Farn ides than in Iceland ; a proof that thefe birds accommodate themfelvcs according to iica- :aition and climates I- • I.. ♦1 M H 2 T '\ Mr '- '^lilll J 1'; ■^ t' \ f-. •uRf>. Il- , C 100 ] The DUCK ^' w '». I Le Canard. Bujf', \. Jnas Bofchas. Linn, and Gmel, Jnas Fcra. Aldrov. Charleton, and Brifl*. Julias Syl'veflris. Klein. Bofchas Major, Will. Jolinft. and Sibb. ThcCcv'.mon WildVuck and MallarJ. Will. Ray, Ptnr.. Md Lath. 2. yliias Domefiica. Linn. Gmel. Aldrov. Joianft. BrilT. &c. Jnas Cicur. Gefner. T^e Common Tame Duck. Will. Ray, Penn. Lath. &c. \y-: !:i.' ;-,■ : II mm- T%/r A N made a double conqueft when he fub- dued inhabitants at once of the air and of the water. Free in both thefe vaft elements, equally fitted to roam in the regions of the at- * The Greek name of the Duck, Nyjcro-a, is derived from teu, to fwim ; and the Latin J/ias has the fame origin. In Italian it is called jinitra, AnatrCt Anadra ; the wild kind Anitra Salvatica, Ce/one : in Spanilh Jnande : in Portuguefe Aden : in Catalonian Anech : in Ge- noefe Ania : in Parmefe Saffa : in German Ente, formerly Ante ; the male Racha, Rackt/cha, words imitative of his hoarfe voice, and cor- rupted into Entrach or Entrich ; the wild fort Wtlde Ente, Mertz. Ente, Gros Ente, Hag Ente : in Silefian Hatfche, and the wild Raet/ch Endtc: in Flemifli Aente or Aende: inDutch theDrake is called Woordt or Waerdt, and the Duck Eendt: in Swcdilh the wild Duck is named Graes End, or Blaonacke; the tume Ancka: in Ruffian O/z/Z'^.* in Greenlandic /r•• ''V ' " ,.;■ ht'., > i^'i^ii^iiy' ',; i i 1 1 ' ' n mm M . ; n-!!l THEOKAKK. \w I >*l '/^'f' Hv*\ ^m^ J7JJ H^s^'i^fi^. '•vt, : J7JSP TIIK PF.\1ALK DTK K: :^ki ■•' "I, ti. ill i ■f |>W (J ' ' ■■.■ !f;,i < fii nioip undei by na ety, a Th depol: ourlel whicF have < and b_ attach water, produ( birds, patieni after t domef cially tradta bred that, fome cies ^\ ipite o unites fweete of free rogati\ their icene. DUCK. lOI niofphere, to glide through the ocean or plunge under its billows, the aquatic birds feemeddeftined by nature to live for ever remote from our foci- ety, and from the limits of our dominion. Their only tie to the land is the necefiity of depofiting the fruit of their loves. By availing ourfelves of that neceflity, and of the feeling which fo powerfully animates all creatures, we have enilaved them without impoling conftraint ; and by their fondnefs to their offspring we have attached them to our abodes. Eggs, taken from the reeds and ruflies amidft water, and fet under an adopted mother, firft produced, in our farm»-yards, wild, ihy, fugitive birds, perpetually roving and unfettled, and im- patient to regain the abodes of liberty. But after they had tailed the pleafures of love in the domeftic afylum, the fame fowls, and more efpe- cially their defcendants, grew gentler and more tradable, and, under our care and protedtion, bred the tame forts : for it is a general remark, that, till animals propagate in the domeftic ftate, fome individuals may be enflaved, but the fpe- cies will preferve their independence. If, in fpite of their irkfome bondage, the paffion, which unites the fexes, kindles and dilates, it will fweeten their condition, and impart all the charms of freedom : they forget, they relinquifli the pre- rogatives of the favage ftate : and the fcene of their firft pleafures, of their early loves, that icene, fo dear to every feeling creature, becomes H 3 their ■ " ■' ' 111 A' ■ i9p^ IJ^h;. ■■■,'; f.,^J;;f-. •>, \ ' k !'■ I"" . '-a.' '"■,!' ''■' K'' li,- !•'■ J' If "^; fy Mi'- ■ '•mm ' m^-. ■ ,<,iwr. ■■ • yi ■ I ■ I *r- I'l- m ■Mm ■*■'' ' • !■ <: / ! 'i I '■ i .!.fl^. ■1 '^•■.,:.*?'L'^f' 'i^ t t02 DUCK. m: their favourite abode. The education of the fa- mily farther augments this attachment, and, at the fame time, communicates it to the young, which, being citizens by birth of the relidence adopted by their parents, never feek to change it. They know not other fituations, and they contradl a warm prediledion for the place of their nativity; a pallion felt even by flaves. Yet have we fubjugated only a fmall portion of the whole fpecies, particularly in thofe birds which nature, beftowing a double privilege, has deftined to rove in the air and on the fea. Some, indeed, have become our captives, but the bulk of them have eluded our attempts, and will for ever preferve their independence. The fpecies of the Duck and that of the goofe, are thus divided into two great tribes; of which the one, long lince tamed, propagates in our court-yards, forming one of the moil ufeful and mofl numerous families of our poul- try ; and the other, no doubt flill more exten- five, conftantly avoids us, and lives on the water, only viliting us in winter, and retiring in the fpring, to breed in the diftant; fequeflered re- gions of the north. It is about the 15th of Odober that the Ducks begin to appear in France *. At firft, their flocks are fmall and unfrequent ; but thefe it. • At leaft in our northern provinces ; their appearance is later in the fouthern countries : at Malta, for example, as we are afiured by the Commander Delhiazy, they are not fccn till November. arc DUCK. "3 are. fucceeded in November by more numerous bodies. Thefe birds are diftinguiflied by the oblique lines and regular trianglw^ which they form in the air. After they have all arrived from the northern countries, they are feen continually flying from one pool or river to another. Now is the time when the fowlers make great cap- tures, by watching in the day, by lying in am- bufh at night, or by employing different fnares or large nets. But all thefe methods of furpriz- ing or decoying, »iiufl be dextroufly managed, fmce Ducks are exceedingly millruftful. They jiever alight till after making feveral wheels round the fpot ; as if their intention were to fur- vey it, and difcover whether an enemy lurked in it. And when they fettle, they take every pre- caution : they bend their flight, and dart ob- liquely on the furface of the water, which they raze and fkim ; then they fwim at large, keeping always at a diftance from the banks. At the fame time, fome of them watch for the public fafety, and give alarm when they apprehend danger; infomuch that the fportfman is often deceived, and fees them rife before he can fire. Yet if he judges himfclf fufficiently near, he need not be precipitate ; for as the wild Duck fprings vertically *, it does not get fo foon out of reach as a bird that fhoots dire<5tly onwards. • Belon. H 4 and ^vi .; |JW .pjr :::tf|f,"i f::; 1 -.": mm hT' 'h »;:;„. ''■■J ■i I • '<.A ^H i\ ■■^'■i :.i > 1'*' 'if i ■'il MM fr I .*ti^ ■f ^'4.h I '«.i wu 104 D U C K. and it allows as much time for taking aim when fluflied at the diftance of fixty paces, as a par- tridge at that of thirty. It is in the evening, a6ouf night -fall, by the edge of water into which female domeftic Ducks are turned to attra(a them *, that the fowler lies in his hut, or covered and concealed any other way -f-, and fires on them with advan- tage. He knows the arrival of thefe birds by the ruftling of their wings J, and he makes * This manner of decoying the birds is ancient, fince Alciatus cites the experiment in one of his epigrams : Mtilis alleviator anas ... Coiigeneres cernens 'volUare per aera turmat. Gar r it, in illarum fe recipiti^ue gregem, Incatttas donee fratenfa in reiia ducat. f In time of fnow I went a-ducking entirely covered with a, large white fheet, having a white paper maflc on my face, and a white ribband lapped about the barrel of my gun : they fuffered me to approach without fufpicirn, and the white ribband enabled me to fee half an hour longer ; 1 "hot even by the glimmering of the moon, and loft very few birds on the fnow. Note communicated hy M. Hehert, X I Ihall here defcribe a method of fowling, of which I was both a fpe£lator and an adlor : it was in a plain between Laon and Rheims that a man, and we may eafily judge that he was not the richeft in the country, had taken his ftation in the middle of a meadow ; there, wrapped in an old mantle, with no other ihelter than a hur- dle of hazel branches, which fcrecned him from the wind, he wait- ed patiently till fome flock of wild Ducks fliould pafs within his reach; he was fitting on a cage of ozier, divided into three com- partments, and filled with tame drakes ; his port was in the neigh- bourhood of a river, which winded in this meadow, and at a place where its banks rofe feven or eight feet ; to one of the banks of this river he had built a hut of reeds, like a fentry-box, perforated with . loop-holes, which he could open or fliut at plcafure, to fpy his prey and BUCK. 105 makes hafte to kill the firfl: coiners ; for in this late feafon the night creeps fafl on, and as the Ducks alight only in the duflc, the time is pre- cious. But a greater capture may be made by fpreading a net over the furface of the water, and leading the drag into the hut 5 in this way the whole flock of wild ducks decoyed by the domeftic calls will be taken. This fport re- quires a ftock of patience; and the fowler, mo- tionlefs and half-frozen, is more likely to catch cold than game. But the plcafure ufually pre- dominates, hope urges him to renew his appli- cation ;— *and the fame night, that blowing his fingers, he fwears never to return to his frozen and take his aim ; if he faw a flock of wild Ducks in the air (and they often pafled, becaufe at this feafon of fport they were fired at on all fides in the marlhesj he let loofe two or three of his tame drakes, which took flight and aliglitcd within thirty paces of tlic fentry-box, where he had fcattered fome grains of oats, which thefe drakes gathered greedily, for they were kept hungry ; there were alfo fome female Durks faitened to fome poles fluck into the banks, and hid clofe on the furface of the water, fo that thefe Ducks could not come to the brink, but were obliged to call upon the tame drakes. The wild ones, after feveral turns in the air, ftooped down- wards and followed the tame drakes, or, if they lingered too long, the perfon difpatched a fecond flight of drakes, and even a third, and then ran from his obfervatory to his hut without being perceiv- ed ; all the banks were ftrewed with branches of trees and witli reeds ; he opened that loop-holc which anfwered beft, obferved the favourable moment when he could fire without killing his calls, and as he pointed on the furface of the water, almoll horizontally, and faw the Ducks heads, he killed fometiines five or fix at a ihot. lixtrail of a Memoir of M. Hekrt. pod, m : '. '■ f ,. * ' I ■ i. ('*. :. " ■ • r 'If , f\\ f:-^^ ■\ \ i ■ '^' . ^■- ' ' ^\i f'i t '■•/■■i >ir!d!ti.K'K»^ ic6 DUCK. pod, he lays projects for the luccccding evei^- ing *. In * \^'e ov;e to M. E;aIIon tlir idea and the detail of thh fart of (port; for which we ihank hira, and whi;h vvl- Ihall give in hi* ©wn words : " A confiderabb nutnbcr of wild Ducks is taJ:cn every winter *• in our m.a, flics near the f.'a; the contriv.mcL* employed to decoy •* them into the nets is very ingenious; it manifcilly pvovesthe dil- ** pofition of thefs birds to rocit-ty. It is this :— " They chooli; in tl\c marihcs a flat covered with ahoot two <* feet of water, vvliich they confine with a flight bank; the larg- *' eft and remotcft hedges and trees are the bert : on the edge they «' form an earthen hut well lined with clay at the bottom, and co- ** vered w ith fo.di laid on plaihed blanches ; there tJ^e fowler fits, •* and his head overtops the hut. " They llretch in the water, nets like thofe for larks, furniflied ^ witli two flrong iron bars, \vhich hold them down on the mud ; «' the extending cords are iixcd in the hut. " The fowler fallens fe\'eral Ducks before the nets ; and thofe " of the wild breed, and procured from eggs gathered in the fpring, " are the bell : the drakes, with wiiich they are paired ii> Oflobefj^ « are fliut up in a corner of the lodge. " The attentive fowler furveys the horizon on all fides, efpecially *' towards the north ; as foon as he perceives a flock of-wild Ducks, " he takes one of the drakes, and tJirows it into the air : this bird " flies inftantly to the refl and joins them; the females, over which " it pafTes, fcream and call ; if it delays too long to return, a fecond " is difpatched, and often a third ; the redoubled cries of the fe- '* males bring them back, the wild ones follow, and alight with " them ; the form of the hut fomctimes difcjuiets them, but they in- " ftantly gain confidence when they fee their betrayers fwim fe- " curdy to thj females, which are between the hut and the nets; " they contiiiue to advance, and the fowler attends the favourable '•* inftnnt, and fometimes takes a do7,en or more at a fingle draw. " f have always remarked, that the Ducks trained to this fport -;' feldom came within the inclofure of the net, but flew over it, and '« knew the fpot, though nothing appeared out of the water. « All tlie mvA'lh birds, fuch as the whiflleis, the iTiovelers, the " tealij " is of " with I " walkl " to ha[ ** weatl '* e.xcul " the ** caugl *' my chiigirii DUCK. 107 In Lorraine, on the pools which border on the Sarre, Ducks arc caught with a net flretch- ed vertically, and like the draw-net ufed for woodcocks *. In many other places, the iowLr fitting in .1 boat, covered with boughs and reeds, approaches flowly tiic Ducks that are difp?rfed on the water, which he colle^lts together by *' teals, the fijclnrils, &c. come to ihp call of the Ducks, or follow *' the betraytis. '• This fport is pratHifotl only in moon-light ; the mo!l nvour- ** able time is the rifing of that luminary, und an hour hclbrc day-* «• i^reuk. It is unprofitable, ex^ept in north'.'rly or ncr:h-?ait.-^:Iy '^ -.vinils, becaufe the Duclcs then journey, or arc in mouon to con- ** gregate. i have feen to the amount of an hundred taken by the «' f.imc nets in one pight. A man of weak conftitution, or feniib'c "' to cold, could not fitpport the hardihips infcpar-ibl j from tiiis ** fort of fowling: he mull remiln motionlcls, and of:en drcnchci *• the whole night in the middle of the marfhes. " I have often feen thj u'ild Ducks djfccnd to the call of the fc- '« males of their own kind, how elevated foever th^-y m'riln be in ■" the air; the betraj'ers ilcw fometiines with them more than a. ** quarter of an hour ; each of the fowlers over whom the Hock " palfes, dilpatches others to them ; they dliperle, and each band of" " traitors leads off a detachment; that of the fowlers v/hich have «* wild females is condantly the largeil:. '• In general ducking is a feducing but laborious fi^ort: a per- •* fon niull brave the rigour of the wcath;r, which, at that feafon, " is often fcvere, his feet foakcd in the water, and his to.-s chilkd " with the frod: : he muft patiently wait at night in the hut, OT *' walk out before ilay on the brooks and the rivulet.'-. I remember «* to have gone a-ducking every day for a month together, when tliC ** weather was exceflivcly cold, yet reiolving with myfelf that each '* cxcurfion fliould be my laft ; and to crown my hardlliips, I had' « the mortification to fee my excellent dog drowned, which was " caught among the ice. 1 fpeak as an old fportfman, recounting ** my feats." Extro.^ from the excellent Memoir iv/mco M. Hebert has fibiigingly 'u.ritteu for us on Ducks, * M. Lottingcr. fetting ^ T";: 1 ■■■' ■■■l, > ;!■ It ,, i 'If" ^' s -I io8 DUCK. icttiiig a little do^; after them : the fear of an enemy prompts them to ailemhle, ami they gra- dually join. They may he fired at, one by one, as they come near ; and to prevent noife, a Ibrt of trunk-guns are ufed, or a difcharge may be made on the whole fioek with a large bhin- derbufs, whieli fcattcrs the Ihot, and which will kill or wound a good number ; but no more than one hre cm\ he given, for thofe which efcape know ever after the boat, and carefully avoid it *. This very auiufing fport is called the frolic (badinage). The wild Ducks are alfo caught with hooks baited with cahcs lights y and fliftened to floating hoops. Indeed the fowling for Ducks is every where '|- one of the chief fports of autumn % and the beginning of winter. Of • Ducks have a fort of memory, wluci: rccognizts the fnare that they have o ice efcaped. hx. N.intua, on the eige of a lake, a hut was conluuded wuh branches of fir and with i'now; and to make the Ditcks to approach it, tncy aro purfued at a uiilance by two boats; this plan l'uc:c::dcd eight or ten day 3, after which it waa impofllble to make them return. M, Hcbcri. f Navarette makes the Chinefe praftife the fame f^ratagem for catching Ducks, that Peter Martyr defcribcs as an in%'?ntion of the Indians at Cuba, who A^imniing on their Likes, he fays, with their head only cut of the v/atcr, and covered by a calibalh, catch the gcefe by the feet. X The metliod of ducking ufed by tiie Kamtfehndales is thus de- fcribed i"Autumn is the feafon of the great ducking at iLamtfchatka; *• they go to the places covered with Ui.i it- ' m\-\ ' mi i'l ■ • . ;* i I' ■-■P.. -< -'A A 1 u .; B ..: \^fmf\ r ■ " ■ ''A 114 DUCK. to be impaired by the diminution of their num- bers ; and they no longer keep company with each other. They pafs difperfed, fly in the night-time, lurk among the ruflies during the day. They halt no longer in a place than a contrary wind conftrains them. They feem al- ready to join in pairs, and they haften to the northern countries, where they breed and fpend tlie fummer. In that feafon, they may be fiiid to cover all the lakes and all the rivers of Siberia * and «( W ** of the wild Ducks with that of the rooks, the crows, &c. Of «' thefe one would be tempted to think that more retire than arrive, •* and that, becaufe they retire in flocks. They are never killed, ** they have very few enemies, and they take the fureft precautions- «* for their fafety. The rigours of our winters cannot afFedt their *' temperament, wJHch is adapted to cold ; in the end, the earth «* mull be covered with them. Yet their multitude, though it ** might feem to be innumerable, is fixed ; which proves, I think, " that they are not, as ufually believed, favoured with a longer life *' than other birds, and if they make only one annual hatch, as I «• am well affured, their population cannot be immenfe. " I fuppofe that the wild Duck lays fifteen or fxxteen eggs, and ^' hatches them : allowing one half for accidents, addle eggs, &c. I ** would reckon the multiplication at eight young to each pair. *♦ Suppofing the deftru(flion during winter to reduce this again to " an half, the fpecies might IHII, we fee, maintain its numbers. *' More than the half are killed in Picardy, but very few in Brio •* and in BrefTe, where there are many pools. When I limit each *' hatcli to eight young, I make but a moderate allowance ; the " m.irfh buzzard deftroys many, as I am certain; and the fox, it is " faid, concerts his nieafures fo well as always to catch a few." M. Htbert. * In the plain of Mangafea, on the Jenifca, there are innumer- able flocks of geefc and Ducks of different kinds. Gmeltn. — The Barabin Tartars live on milk, filh, . . . game, and efpecially the Ducks imd the divers, which abound in this dillrift. J :■ <.t< k «« in greateft numbers were Ducks and divers, and we admired tha « dexterity of our Laplanders in killing them : tiiey followed thctn « with their flicks, without feeming to notice them ; they approached « gradually, and when, being fufficiently^ near, they faw them fwim- ** ming in the communication between two pools, tliey threw a (lick " at them, which crufhed their head againlt tlie bottom or the floncs, *' with a promptnefs that our fight could fcarce follow : if the «* Ducks took flight before they were approaclied, they brought *• down feveral by the flroke of a whip." Rcgnard. f At Louifiana the wild Ducks are larger, more delicate, and better tailed, than thofc of France, but in other refpefts entirely 11- milar ; they are fo numerous, that we may reckon a thoufand for one of ours. Dupratz,-^l received this year from Louifrana many I 4 bu-48 *i »'. ' 1 ' (» . ' ' t Afh\ 1 1 » ( * . i '4« ^ I lit'*' Pj i ,1 f .» U Si < > 1 1 «|i ■if' t fVI ' i Lfi "I I'. m ■i : 12a DUCK. gratlons, and their autumnal and vernal pafTages feem to obferve the fame order, and to be per- formed in the fame time * : nor need we wonder that birds which prefer the ardtic tradts, and which pollefs vigour of wing, fhould tranfport themfelves from the boreal parts of the one con- tinent into the other. But we fufped: that the Ducks (cQn by navigators, and found in many of the iflands in the South Sea 'f-, are not of the birds fimilar to fpecies of the fame genus, which occur in France and in the various parts of Europe, and particularly a Duck exaflly like our wild Duck ; it had no difference in the plumage, and onlv fecmed to be rather larger. The inhabitants have themfelves per- ceived fuch a rcfemblance between tliis Duck and that of Europe, as to have named it the French Duck. Dr. Mauduit.-^Metza' nauhtli, or Moon Duck, is a fort of Duck like the domeftic ore, and variegated witH the fame colours j it lives on the Mexican lake, Fernandez.'^T\vc Canadian Ducks are like thofe which we have in France. Lederc, • About the end of April, the Ducks arrive in abundance at Hudfon's Bay. Hift. Gen. des Voy. torn. xiv. /. 657.— In the very Ihort and piercing days of December, at Hudfon's Bay, one kills as many partridges as one choofes : towards the end of April, geefe, bullards. Ducks, and many other birds, arrive, and Aay about tWQ months. Lade. f Ducks on the coaft of Diemen's land, in the 43d degree of latitude. Cook. — Wild Ducks at Cape Forward, in Magellan's Strait. Wallii. — In the bay of Cape Holland, in the fame Strait. Idem. — In great plenty at Port Egmont. Byron — At Tanna, a pool contained multitudes of rails and wild Ducks. Coo/f.— In croffing a rivulet on pur way (at Oiaheite), we faw fome Ducks; as fooa as they got to the other fide, Mr. Banks fired upon them, and killed three at one fhot : this incident fpread terror aniong the Indians, Idem. — We killed (at Famine Bay, in Magellan's Strait) ^ great number of birds of different kinds, and particularly geefe. Ducks, teals, &c. ^/rt///j.— Two great frelh- water lakes (at Tiqian) pre- fented a multitude of Ducks and teals, and niany whiftlers. Jn/on's ycya^e, f:pminpp DUCK. 121 common kind; and we apprehend that they belong rather to fome of the Tpecies hereafter to be defcribed, and which are indeed peculiar to tliofe climates : at Icaft-, we fliould prefume that fuch is the cafe, till we know more particularly the fpccies of thefe Ducks which occur in the fouthern Archipelago. We are certain that thofe which,, at St. Domingo, have the name of wild Ducks, are JliFerent from ours * ; and from fome hints, with regard to the birds of the tor- rid zone -f*, we are perfuaded that the fpecies of our wild Duck has not penetrated -there, unlcfs the tame fort has been introduced J. But what- • What are called iviU Ducks in St. Domingo differ widely from the true wild Duck of Europe in bulk in plumage, and in talle; nor is the teal the fame with that of Europe. Chevalier DeJhayes.i^Thc wildDucks of Cayenne are the fh.ne with thofe known in Europe by the name of Barbary Ducks or Mufcovy Ducks. M. Bajou. f " There are in this country (on the coaft of Guinea) two fort* " of wild Ducks; during the time that I was there I faw only two •* of the , « if rf? :: \[ ■ ■ 1 '• ■ " , ■ 1:1'. ■ , ' •' :■■' ' .; , 1 ■■■Hf 1 ' Vi : ,, . :': '■ iM 122 DUCK. Ui •1 ever be the fpccics which inhabit thcfe fouthcrn regions, they feem not fubje(ft to thofe migra- tions, which, in our climates, refult from the viciflitudc of the feafons *. In all countries, men have been folicitous to domefticate, to appropriate a fpecies fo ufeful as that of our Duck -f* ; and not only has it become common, but foreign kinds, originally equally wild, have been multiplied, and have produced new tame breeds. For example, that of the Mufcovy Duck, from the double profit of its plumage and its flefli, and from the facilky of railing it, has grown one of the moft ufeful fowls, and one the mofl didufed in the new world. To rear Ducks with profit, and form nume- rous and profperous flocks, they require, like the gcefc, a place near water, and where fpacious open banks and turfy ftrands afford them room to feed, reft, and play. Not but Ducks arc often feen confined and kept dry within the inclofure of a court-yard ; but this mode of life is not congenial to their nature ; they gene- rally pine and degenerate in that ftate of capti- ilf. • At Tonquin, fmall houfes are built for the Ducks, where they lay their eggs ; they are ihut up every evening, and let out every mornins . . . The nnmber of wild Ducks, of water hens, and of teals, is imjftenfe : thefe birds come to feek their food here in the months of May, of June, and of July, and then they fly only in pairs; but from Odober to Ma; ch you will fee great flocks together that cover Ihe country, whica is low and marfiiy. Dampier* j- BeloQ. vity i : Wi I II '-;^J DUCK. iaj vity ; their feathers rumple and rot ; their feet are hurt on the gravel j their bill fliivers with frequent ruhbing, all is fpoiled and injured, be- caufe all is conllrained ; and Ducks thus raifed can neither yield fo good a down, nor propagate fo flrong a race as thofe which enjoy a part of their native liberty, and live in their proper ele- ment. If the place does not naturally aft'ord any current or (heet of water, a pond ought to be dug, in which the ducks may dabble, fwim, wafli, and dive, exercifes abfolutely ncceflary to their vigour, and even their health. The an- cients, who bellowed more attention than we on the interefting objefts of rural ccconomy, and of a country life, thofe Romans, who with the fame hands held the plough * and bore the laurels of vidory, have on this head, as on many others, left us ufeful inflrudions. Columella -jc and Varro dwell with compla- cency on the fubjedl, and defcribe at full length the difpofuion of a yard proper for Ducks. It contains a pond with a fmall ifland j the water branches in rills over the turf; bufhes intermix their fhade : and the whole is laid out in fo art- ful and pidturcfque a manner, that it might form an ornament to the linefl: country-houfe J. The '\r 'IP' I. : 1 I.., •,« \'> I ! : , lU' •4 %: ■;! 1: III mm • Caudebat terra vomere laureate ^ triumphali Aratore, Plin. f Rci RuiUc. lib. viii. 15. \ " In the middle a pool b dug . . . whofe brink flopes gently *' into the water ... in the c<.ntre rifcs an illct planted with *f various aquatic fluubbery, which may afford fliady retreats for « thf 324 DUCK. The water mud not be infefled with leeches, for thefe would fix on the feet of the ducklings, and occafion their death. To rid the pool of fuch pernicious inhabitants, tench or other &{h are thrown in to feed on them *. In all fitua-* tions, whether on the banks of a ftream or on the margin of ilagnant water, bafkets muft be placed at intervals with covered tops, and con- taining a commodious apartment that may invite thefe birds to neftle^ The female lays every twa days, and has ten, twelve, or fifteen eggsj flie will even produce thirty or forty, if fhe be abundantly fed, and the eggs repeatedly removed. She is of an ardent nature, and the male is jealous. He ufually appropriates two or three females, which lie leads, proteituates duck:. 229 In fa ' ■■■ It «., ' r.i If;'-- i'H' '11 1«, * If. ':n l:V Mi k^ »34 DUCK. has been remarked, that the female does not fcrape the ground like the hen, yet fcrapes in (hallow water to lay bare the roots, or difentangle infe(5ts or (hell-fifh. Both fcxes have two long caeca. The m^ or- gan ofgcncration is twilled into a fpiral form*. The bill of the Duck, like that of the fvvan, and of the feveral kinds of geefe, is bio^d, thick, indented at the edges, clothed within with a fort of fleHiy palate, filled with a thick tongue, and terminated at its point by a horny nail, of a harder fubflance than the reft of the bill. The, tail in all thefe birds is very ihort, the legs placed much back, and almoft concealed in the abdo- men. From this pofition of the legs, proceeds the difficulty of walking and of keeping their equilibrium on land, which occafioiis aukward motions, a tottering flep, a heavy air which pafTes for ftupidity, whereas the facility of their evolutions in the water evinces the force, the delicacy, and even the fubtlety of their in- ftindl f . The * In certain moments it is pretty long and pendulous, which has led country people to think that the bird, having fwallowcd an addjr, this hangs out at the anus. — See Frijlh. f " We had a very tame ferret, which, for its gentlcnc fs, was *' care/Ted by all our ladies ; it was mod of its time on their knees. *' One day when we were in the faloon, a fervant entered, holding *' in his hand a tame Duck, which he let loofe on the floor ; the •• ferret immediately darted after the Duck, which no fooner pcr- " ceivcd DUCK. 13: The flefli of the Duck is faid to be heating and of difficult digeftion * ; yet it is much ufed, and the liefli of the wild Duck is finer and bet- ter tarted than th it of the tame. The ancients knew this as well as we do, for Api ius ^iVwS no lefb ihan four tiif'fcrcnt wAys of fcafoi.i -g it. Our modern Apiciufes huVj not dt:L;cneni:e ), and a pie of Amiens Dncks is a diih faaaiiar to all the gluttons of the kingdom. The fat of the Duck is uf:din topical reme- dies j and its blood is faid to counteract poi- ♦' ceived it, than he fquatted his v»lio!e length ; the ferret fell upon •* him, and fought to bite his neck and head ; in an inllant the «• Duck ftretched out his body, and feigned death; the ferret then ** fmelled the bird from the head to the feet, and perceiving no figns ** of life, it left the body, and returned to us : the Duck now fee- «• ing his enemy retire, rofe gently on his toes, fceking to get upon ** his feet; but tlie ferret, furprizcd at this rcfurredion, ran and " threw him down, and did the fame a third time. Several days in « fucceflion we amufed ourfelves by repeating this little fpedlacle; ** I cannot fufficiently expreA the fort of intelligence perceived in «.* the conduiJl of die liuck ; Icarcely had he extended his head and * his neck on the floor, and had got rid of the ferret, than he began «' to trail his head in fuch manner as to be able to examine the pro« *' ceedings of his enemy; then he raifed liis head gently and repeat- «' edly, took to his feet and fled fwiftly ; the ferret returned to the ** charge, and the Duck played again the fame trick." Extras of a letter ^xjritten from Coulomiers, bj M. Huwer to M. Hfbert. * Cvmedi de ijfd ^ calefecit me : dedi calefaiio, Iff incaluit am- flius i y rurfus rtjrigerato, ^ calefecit denuo. Scrapio, apud Aldrow ~^Caro multi aliment i ; augct Jperma isf lilidinem cxcitat, Wil- lughby.— Salerne, after faying " its flelh is little efteemed at our « tables," fays, two lines after," its flelh is accounted better than «• that of the goofe.'* K 4 fon. 1 '►. 1 II i ,. h V • i( 1 ' WW ;f! rr«' *' -"i t' * r iM If 136 DUCK. fon, even that of the viper *: this blood was the bads of the famous antidote of Mithridates -f . It was indeed believed that the Ducks in Pon- tus feeding on all the poifonous plants which that country produces, their blood muft have the virtue of countervailing the diftnal effcdts of venom. We fhall obfervc by the way, that the denomination Anas Ponticus of the ancients refers to no particular fpecies, as fome natura- lifts have fuppofed, but the common fpecies of wild Duck which frequented the borders of the Pontus Euxinus, as well as other (hores. Naturalifts have endeavoured to introduce or- der, and eftablifh fome general and particular di- vifions in the great family of Ducks. Wil- lughby diftributes their numerous fpecies into the marina^ or thofe which inhabit the fea, and the Jiuviatiks J, or thofe which frequent the ri- vers and frefh waters. But as moft of thefe fpecies live by turns both on fait and frefli wa- ter, and pafs indifferently from the one to the other, the divifion of this author is inexa(5t, and becomes defe(5tive in the application 5 nor are • Galen. f Belon. J " Ducks are either marine or Jluviat He . . . the marine have ** their bills broader, efpecially the upper mandible, and more •« turned up ; the tail fomewhat long, not Iharp, the hind-toe broad, ** or enlarged witli a membrane : in the JlwviatiU, the bill is " (hirper and narrower; the tail Iharp; the hind-toe fmall.'* irillughhy. the DUCK. »37 the char;i<^cr<; which Lc gives fufHcIcntly con- ftant. We Hiall ihcrcforc arrange th.m ac- corJiing to the order of their bulk, dividi.ig them firft into the Ducks and T'cals ; the fonniT coit.prehending all the fpecies of Ducks which equal or furpais the common fort, the latkr in- cluding; all the fmiill fpecies, whofe bulk ex- ceeds not that of the ordinary teal, [A] Srccllic charafter of the Mallard or Wild Dnok, Ji:ns Bo/chas : " It i? cincrecus; the middle feathers of iht- tail (in the *• male) curled back; its bill ftralght ; its collar vhitc." Sni-cific charadcr of the Tame Duck, /^ms Domrftica : *' It i-; viricgated; *• the middle feathers of the tail (in the mak) curled back; its «' billllraight."— The quantities of Ducks of variou.-^ kinJh that are caught in. the fens of Lincolnlhire are prodigious: above thi ty thoufand have been caught in one fiaion in only ten decoys. The time for taking them is reftri^led by ail of parliament to the fpacc bctwpei) the end of 0*itob«r and the be^inni.ig of Ic- J>^ruary. > .». •Vt'^P t ■• I 1 K..I* "[t '-tl !fi'ii'hi| ■ ■ -J t > :> •' I' ' ,' I j ' I .t -*■■■ W'. mm ;i ■ If 'I';?:' >■& m '1. m I 13S 1 The MUSK DUCK. Le Canard Musque'. Bi^. Anas McfJ:ata. Linn. Gmel. Ray, Brifl*. &x, CroJJe Cane de Guinea. Belon . . Anas Indica. Gefner and Ai>.irovandus. Anas Lybica. Johnft. Ciiarl. Will. &c. Anas Cairina. Aldrov. Johnfl. Charl. Anas MuJcoy ' ■\' ' '■' t ■ ' -. . ■-( 'n'.iij; ...i i Irft' • .\.^ li! ^iL'ify Kf f:kS i I." THt:\ivsvo\'\ DurK:. lit. ' ViV'f if sj- Jn H 1^ wild good, whtT mMtilj MUSK DUCK. 159 the fore fide of the neck is mixjd wiih iorne white feathers, Williighby fays, that he law one entirely white ; yet as Bcion has remarked, the fad it, that fomefimes the male, as well as the female, is entirely white, or more or lefs variegated with white : and this change of the colours into white is pretty frequent in the do- meflicated breeds, llie cliaracfler, however, that diftinguiilies the Mufk Duck is a broad piece of naked fkin, red, and fprinkled with fapillce, which covers tlie cheeks, extends be- hind the eyes, and fwells on the root of the bill into a red caruncle, which Belon compares to a cherry. On the back of the head of the male hangs a bunch of feathers fhaped like a crell ; this is wanting in the female *, which is alfo rather fmaller, and has not the tubercle on the bill. Both have Ihort thighs and thick legs, the nails large, and that of the inner toe hooked ; the upper mandible is marked on the edges with a deep indenting, and terminates in a fliarp curved nail. This large Duck has a hollow voice, fo low thg*: it can fcarce be heard, except when angry. Scaliger was miftaken in aflcrting that it is mute. It walks llowly and heavily; yet in the wild ftate it perches on trees -f*. Its flefh is good, and even much efteemed in America, where great numbers arc raifed ; which has Tm ■;■■ ;.l.'_ % !'i!r.i i|«i i;-.-;a, • t > . ?'U ■'■ 'A ;;: * Akirovandus. f Marcgravc. given t k\ \ n 140 MUSK DUCK. :w5 d • given occafion to its appellation in France, the Indian Duck, Yet we are uncertain from what country this bird was introduced among us, lince it is not a native of the north *, and the name of Mufcovy Duck is erroneous. We know only that they firft appeared in France in the time of Bslon, who termed them Guinea Ducks ; and at that period, Aldrovandus fays, they were brought from Cairo into Europe : and we may learn from Marcgrave, that the fpecies occurs in its wild ftate in Brazil ; for this large Duck is evidently the fame with his wild Duck of the bulk of a goofe -f-, and alfo the fame with the ypeca-guacu of Pifo. With refpedl to the ipecati-apoa of thefe two authors, we cannot doubt, from the bare infped:ion of the figures, that it is a different fpecies, which BrifTon ought not to have confounded with this. According to Pi.o, this large Duck fattens equally well, whether confined to our farm-yards, or permitted to enjoy freedom on the rivers. It is alfo recommended by its great fertility; the female lays many eggs, and can hatch at almofl every time of the year J; the male is very ardent * LinnxDS. f «« It is entirely black, except the beginning' of the wings, •« which is white ; the black has however a green call; on the head <' is a creft con filling of black feathers, and above the origin of the <' upper mandible is a wrinkled flefh bump. There is a red fkiq^ " alfo round the eyes." Marcgravi, X Belon. r-. I MUSK DUCK. J4« in his amours, and fiirpafTes the reft of his kind by the fize of his genital organ *. Ail females fuit his appetite, nor does he dufpife thofe of inferior fpecies. He pairs with the common D-jck, and the progeny of this union are faid to be unpro- liific, perhaps from prejudice -f*. We have alfo been told of the copulation of the Mufk Drake with the goofe :j: : but that intercourfe is pro - bably very rare, while the former is common in the French colonies of Cayenne and St. Do- mingo § ; where thefe large Ducks live and pro- pagate like the others in the ftate of domeftica- tion. Their eggs are quite round ; thofe of the young females are greenilh, but in the fucceed- ing hatches they aflume a paler colour ||. The odour of mufk which thefe birds difFufe pro- • Belon. f Idem. \ ** M. de Tilly, an inhabitant of the diftrift of NIppes, a very *• good obferver, and of unimpeached credit, alTures me, tliat he faw " at M. Girault's, who lives at Jcul-des-favanes, birds which pro- " cerded from this copulation, and whicli partook of both fpecies ; *• but he could not tell me whet'icr tiieie hybrids propagated upoa «' one another, or upon the geefe or duck>." Note jent from S(, Domingo, by M. Lejebvre Dejhayes. § " At St. Domingo, there are Ducks whofe plumige is en- *• tirely white, except the head, which is of a very fiiT* red. The *' Spaniads have carried thither Mufk Ducks, which is the only ** kind they rear, both on ace unt of their -buk, and of ilie beauty " of their plumage: they have f^vcral Iayin;^s in tiie year; and it " is remarked, that the ducklings hrr^A between them and tlie fc- ** male Ducks of tlie ifland never piOpagatc." Qviedo and Chark- *Uoix. II Willughby. ceeds. «■■■ '■■, ■' - •'•! ..XV . I ■*i'; k^-^m '\ ii 'Vi^- MlJ U2 MUSK DUCK. I ceeds, according to Barrere, from a yellowlfh liquor fecreted by the glands of the rump. In the wild ftate, as they are found in the overflowed favanna.s of Guiana, they neRle on the trunks of rotten trees ; and after the young are hatched, the mother takes them one after another by the bill, and throws them into the water *. It appears that the alligators deftroy many of them; for feldom do the families of ducklings contain five or fix, though the eggs are much more numerous. They feed in the favannas upon the feeds of a fort of grafs called wild rice -, they fly in the morning to thefe im- menfe overflowed meadows, and return in the evening to the fea. They pafs the hottefi: hours of the day perched on branching trees. They are fhy and mifirufiful ; can fcarcely be ap- proached, and are as difficult to fhoot as moft of the other water-fowl -f*. f' • This faft has been confirmed to me by the favages, who have it in their power to verify fuch obfervations. M. de la Borde. f Extradt from the journal of an expedition performed by M* de la Borde, into the interior parts of Guiana. Journal de Phy- Jiq'Hy du mots de Juin 1 7 73. [A] Specific charader of the MuCc Duck, Anai Mofchafa: " Its *< face is naked and pimpled." [ 143 ] The W I G E O N, Lfe Canard Siffleur, et Le Ving-eon, 0« GlNGEON. BuJ/',* jlncs Penelope. Linn. Gmel. QeA. and Aldror. Anai Fijiu'laris. Gelh. Aldrov, Johnft.. Klein, and Brifll Anai Clar.gofa. Barief?. ^be Wigco)!, IVUucer, or Whim, Will Alb. Pcnn. and Latk. A CLEAR, whiftliiig voice, which may be compared to the (hrill notes of a fife, diftinguifhes this duck from al the reft, whofe voice is hoarfe and ahiioll crc king -f*. As it whiftks on wing, and very frequently, it is often heard and difccvcrcd at a great diftance. It flies ufually in the evening, or even the night. It has a fprightlier air than the other ducks ; it is very nimble, and perpetually in motion. It is fmaller thin the common duck, and nearly equal to thj fliovdler. The bill is very fliort, not larger than that of the g >Ider;-eye; it is blue, and its tip is black : the plumage on the top of ^ i. e. The ivhlftUvg Duch, Vingeon and Gir.gton (both corrupted from the Engliih -J'tgcon). InGcrnian f/:iJ'-E>:te, or Fiang-Duck. •—ThcPenclcps of tl:e Greeks it\.m;: to have bf; n a kind otDuck ; but we cannot decide whether it v.;\s •. v\'i:r on or a pochard. f Sulcrne and Dampier miilook; uis voice for the ruftiing of theii wings. the • I;.: iMf- 1 / ii e. ...,'. m: ■fr'^ii m mr ;;i*t""i '■iff- X44 W I G E O N. the head and neck is of a fine rufous j the crown of the head is whitifli } the back is fringed and wreathed deHcatcly with Httle blackifli lines in zig-zags on a white ground) the firfl coverts form on the wing a large white fpot, and the following a little fpangle of bronze-green ; the under furface of the body is white, but both fides of the bread and the ihoulders are of a fine purple rufous : according to M. Baillon, the females are fomewhat frnaller than the males, and continue always gray *, and do not, like the females of the fhovelers, afTume, as they grow old, the colours of the males. This ob- ferver, equally accurate and attentive, and at the fame time very judicious, has communicated to us more fadts relating to the water-fowls than are to be found in all the profeffed naturalifts : he has difcovered, from a feries of obfervations, that the Wigeon, the pintail, the gad wall, and the fhoveler, are hatched gray, and retain that colour till the month of February; fo that, at firfl, the males cannot be diftinguiflied from the females, but in the beginning of March their feathers colour, and nature beflovvs on them the powers and ornaments fuited to the feafon of love ; fhe afterwards difrobes them of their ap- parel about the end of July : the males retain little or nothing of their handfome colours j ♦ " The female is clooded with cinereous, except the bread ** and the belly, which are white } it his no fpot on the wings,'* Fauna Suscica, gray 2C241 THE COMMON ^VIGE*?'*ir .•F- .! '1 ? ' IN Hi awa half infei It men tant pafTa thee pint: that abou Mar( and I The, mard fcrve T Ever our ] thef< • s t C «' Brie, «• feen « at Pa *• tance *' doubt VO W I O E O K '45 ^t%y anrt dark feathers fucceed to thofe with v/iiich they were decorated j their voice dies away and is loft hke that of the females, and half the year all feem condemned to fibnce and infenfibility. It is in this difmal ftate that thefe birds com- mence, in the month of November, their dif- tant voyage, and many are caught in this firft pafTage. It is then fcarce poiTible to diftinguifh the old from the young, efpccially thofe of the pintails ; the gray garb being more complete in that fpecies than in others. . When all thefe birds return into the north, about the end of February or the beginning of March, they are decorated with their fineft colours, and are incefTantly heard to whiftle or fcream^ The adults now pair, and none remain in our marfhes but a few fhovelers, which can be ob- ferved to lay and hatch. The Wigeons fly and fwim always in bodies *. Every winter a few companies pafs in moft of our provinces, even thofe the moft diftant from the fea, fuch as Lorraine -)' and Brie X ; but they * Schwenckfeld aild Itleln. f Obfervations of M. Lottingef. ' ^ } ** Though I never killed, nor even knew this fort of duck in t' Brie, I am aflured that it appears there at two paHagcs: havivg- '* feen it very near on the pool in the orangery of the Palais-Ruyal ** at Paris, I recollected to have feen on our lakes, though at a dif* *' tance, ducks with red heads and white faces, «4iich were un<> *< dottbtedly the fame." Oi^nfatien tf M, HtharL VOL, IX, pafs ■n ■A \ it- :.!•■ 4 ■ ■;: ti ' i iu'- \ m ■m II 146 W I G E O N. pafs in much greater numbers on our coafls, particularly thofe of Picardy. ** The north and north-eaft winds," fays M. Baillon, " bring to us Wigeons in great flocks, " They fpread on our marfhes, where one part ** of them fpend the winter, another advances " farther fouth. ** Thefe birds fly very well during the night, " unlefs it is quite dark. They feek the fame ^* pafl:ure as the wild ducks, and like thefe feed '* on the feeds of ruflies and other herbs, infedls, ** fnails, frogs, and worms. The more violent ** the wind, the greater the number of thefe •* ducks that are feen roving. They keep at a ** good diflance from the fea and the mouths of " rivers, notvvithnanding the rigour of the wea- ** ther, and they are very patient of cold. " They retire regularly about the end of ** March with the fouth winds : none remain " here : I think 'they advance to the north, hav- ** ing never feen their eggs or nefl:s. I may " obferve, however, that thefe birds are hatched gray, and that prior to the moulting there is no difl:erence, with refped: to plumage, between *' the males and the females : for often on their " firfl arrival I found young ones alinoft gray, " and only half covered v/ith the feathers cha- ** rad:eriilic of their fex. ;* The Wigeon," adds M. Baillon, « is eafily " reconciled to domellication -, ■ it eats readily ** bread, and barley, and fattens" when fo fed; « <( it It ■>™«»»s.' .^i^' W I G E O N* H7 <( it requires much water, in which it inccflantly ** frolics by night as by day. I have had them " feveral times in my yard, and was always de- ** lighted with their fprightlinefs.'* The fpecies of the Wigeon or whiftling duck occurs in America as well as in Europe. We have received feveral fpecimens from Louiliana under the name of jenfen duck and gray duck *. They feem to be the fame with the vmgeons or gingeons in the French fettlements at St. Domingo and Cayenne. They are found in all the intermediate latit'ides "f* : and they have the fame natural ha- bits J, unlefs in fo far as they are afFedcd by • I have received from Louiliana a duck whieh the French fet- tled in that country call the gray duck ; it correfponds to the Euro- pean duck which M. Brifibn denominates the 'wbiftler duck. Be- tween the gray duck of Louifiana and the whiftler duck of Europe, there are fome flight differences ; yet not fufficient to difcriminate their fpecies: the gray duck is rather larger ; it has along the neck on each fide a greeniftx ftripe wanting in the whiftling duck of Eu* rope : the plumage is tlie fame in both, except a few ftrokes cr fhades which may vary in different individuals : but the form of the bill, its colour, the colour of the legs, the fliape of the tail, which is pointed, the whole habit of body, and much the greateft part of the plamage^e fimilar in the gray duck of Louifiana, and in the whiltling duck of Europe. I believe, therefore, that 1 may very fafely refer them to the fame fpecies. Extraii of the notes communi- (ated by Dr. Mauduit. f The whiftler ducks are not quite fo large as our common ducks ; but they differ not from thefe in tlieir colour or their figure : when they fly they make a fort of whiftling with their wings, which is tolerably pleafant ; they perch on trees. Dampier. X We muft except that which Father Dutertre afcribes to the Wigeon of the Antilles, viz. that they leave the rivers and pools at mght* and come to dig up the yam^ in the gardens. L 2 climate i 'U 1 ■■' •. 1% I4S W I G E O N. climate* yet we dare not pronounce whether the whiftling duck and the vingeon be the fame fpecies. Our doubts with refpedt to this and other fubjedts would have been cleared up, had not the war, among other lofTes which it ha» occafioned to natural hiftory, deprived us of a feries of coloured drawings of St. Domingo birds, made on that ifland with the utmoft care by the Chevalier Defhayes, correfpondent of the king's cabinet. Fortunately a duplicate of the papers of that obferve-, as ingenious as he is laborious, have come into my hands : and we cannot do better than give an extrad, but with- t)ut venturing to decide whether this bird is precifely the whiftling duck. " The gingcon, which at Martinico is termed the 'vingeon,'^ fays the Chevalier Defhayes, ** is a particular kind of duck, which is not dif- ** pofed to make diftant voyages like the wild " duck, but ufually limits its excurfions to the ** palling from one pool or marfh to another, or " to make depredations of fome field of rice ** near their haunts. It fometirnes perches on ** trees j but, as far as I could obferve, this hap- ** peiied only in the rainy feafon, when its ordi- ** nary retreat during the day was fo deluged, ** that no aquatic plant appeared to conceal or •* flielter it, or when the extreme heat obliged •* it to feek the cool (hade amiJft the thick fo- ^* iiage. « ft *< One it W I G E O N. 149 «< i< vvhich in. *' the mean time efcaped and concealed themfelves as much as was ** poinble." Sequel of the Memoir cf the Chevalier Dejhayes. L 4 •* imitated « t( €t t becaule they perch on branches of « trees ; their plumage is varii:gatcd with much biilliancy." Hiji. Cett. /iW y^y. iont' xv. /. 227. •* grain (( c< *i «i (« CRESTED WHISTLER. u «( s< «< « 153 grain which is thrown to them, or the pool in which they dabble. It mufl be owned, that the difpofition of the gingeon is mifchievous and quarrelfome j but as its force equals not its ftrength, we cannot but wifh, though it fhould difturb the peace of the court-yard, to propagate in the domeftic ftate this fpecies of duck, fo fuperior in quality to all the reft," {A] Specific charafter of the Wigeon, ^nas Ptnehpe : " Its tail ^' is fomewhat fliarp; its vent black; its head brown; its front whit«| f* ils b^ck waved with cinereous.'* 1 ■■(, hilll^ The CRESTED WHISTLER. ^/tas Rufiaa. Gmel. Anas Fiji ularis Criftata. BrifT. Anas Capite Rufo Major. Ray, Anas Crijiata Flavejcens. Marfigli and Klein, Anas Erythrocephalos. Rzacynfki. The Great Red- headed Duck, Will. Th£ R^d Crepd DucL Lath. • 'Tp H I s whiftling duck has a creft, and is as large as the wild duck; all its head is clothed with fine rufous feathers, delicate and filky, raifed on the front and the crown of the head in a hairy tuft, refembling the » Jn Italian Capo RrJJo Maggiore, or. Greater rufous -headed : in (J'-Tuut: \randt-ende (Jire duckj» Rott-hpf (red-bead), Rott-hals (icd-tluou,). frizzled ;l 1: - .-r; m\\ 'It flH': ft v.), 491 |7 ■■ j';l m' 154 CRESTED WHISTLER. frizzled tete lately worn by our ladies: the' cheeics, the throat, and the compafs of the neck, are rufous like the head ; the reft of the neck, the breaft, and the under fide ci the body, are black or blacki(h, which on the belly is Jightly waved or clouded with gray; fci^iC white ;-" • pears on the flanks and the (houlders, ..nd the buck is brown gray ; the bill and the iris are of u ^'crmilion coloi^.r. This fpecies, though lefs common than the preceding, has been feen in our climates by fe- veral obfervers. [A] Specific charailcr of the -■/a'aj i?///;;^ : "It is black; its " head, and tiic upper part of its n';ck',hnck-coloured ; it;; top rufty *' and crcllcd (in the male) j its wings white below, and at the mar- ** gin ; its tail duflcy." The WHISTLER with RED BILL AND YELLOW NOSTRILS. jf/tas Avttdnnalis. Linn, and Gmel. Jinas Fijlitlari- Americana, Krifl'. Akcs Fera vicnto cinnnharlno. Marfigli and Klein, rh,. Red-bilUd ^VhrlUng Duck. Edw. and Lath. T T I:- probable that this fpecies, as well as the preceding ones, has received the name of JVb:jil:-r from the whirling of its voice or of its 8 wings. RED-BILLED WHISTLER. 155 wings. To the appellation given by Edwards of red-billed, we add the circumftancc that it has yellow nojlrilsy to diftinguifli it from the forego- ing: fpecies, whofe bill is alfo red. This Whiftlcr is tall, but not larger than a coot. Though it has not vivid or brilliant colours, it is a very beautiful bird of its kind: a chefnut brown fpread on the back i? clouded with flame- colour or deep orange ; the lower part of the neck has the fame tint, which melts into gray on the breafl ; the coverts of the wings are waflied with rufly on the fhoulders, next aflume an afh hue, then a pure white j its quills are blackifh brovvU, and the primaries are marked on the middle of their outer furface with white ; the belly and tail are black ; the head is covered with a rufly cap, which flretches with a long blackilh track to the top of the neck -, all the circumferenc( of the face and neck is clothed with gray feathe s. This fpecies is found in North America, ac- cording to Briflbn ; yet we received it from « Cayenne. [A] Specific charafter of the Anas Autumnalis : " It is gray ; its f wing-quills, its tail, and its belly, are black ; there is a fulvous and f* white fpangle on the wings." ■4 m^^: 1 1 1 1 1 'mm ^ • i j. ! 1 ' i 1 ■ \ '1 ; ft ■ ( ■ J '■! '4"* -fa *■ ; I '56 3 H A> r.. i^':[ i. The BLACK-BILLED WHISTLER. jfnas Arborea. Linn, and Gmel. jinas Fijlularis Jamaicenfis. BrilT. '' Anas Fijiuiaris Arbor ibus infidtnt, Slotne. 'IX/'E adopt the name given by Edwards, as " more precife than any indication drawn frOiift-elmiate. The legs and neck appear pro- portionally longer than in the other ducks : its bill is black or blackifh ; its plumage is brown, clouded with rufty waves ; its neck is fpeckled with little white ftreaks ; the front, and the fides of the head behind the eyes, arc tinged with ru- fous ; and the black feathers on the top of the bead recline like a creR. ' According to 3ir Hans Sloane, this duck, which is {tQxi frequently in Jamaica, perches and •riakes a fort of whiftling. Barrere fays, that it , 1 bird of paflage in Guiana ^ that it feeds in ^,ie favannas, and is excellent meat. [B] Specific charafter of the A'/7/ i^r^firttf ; " It is brown; its *• hea^ fomcwhat creftedj its belly I'poited with wlute and black.'* ^ Igwf: '■:fj frft "j:-'i rj'f " ! ■! .' '■'If . .,''1 ' ^■i . ' 1 1 b i| : i: ' t .». !!*■< :t ■^?* ^f^.% <».^. 4^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I £ 1^ |2.0 IL25 i 1.4 in 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN ITRHT WnSTIR.N.Y. 14SM (71*)t7a-4S03 <' '^^ ^.^ ^ ^ «*-^" W.fj43 THE GAD-\NJALLDFCK,THErF4MALE i if-. [ «S7 ) The G A D W A L L. Le Chipeau, ou Le Ridenne. Buff. Jinoi Streptra. Linn. Gmd. Gefn. and Klein. jinas Platyrinebos rojiro nigra Cjf piano. Aldror. Johnll. and Ray. The Gadwall, or Gray, Will. Penn. and Lath. • ., ;.„:',,:... J, -,.•,.:. v./- . :„.,,,... 'TpHis is not fo large as the wild duck; its head is finely fpeckled or dotted with dark brown and white, and the blackifh tint predo- minates on the top of the head and the upper fide of the neck ; the breaft is richly feftooned or fcaled» and the back aiid the flanks are all vermiculated with thefe two colours; on the wing there are three fpots or bars, .the one white, the other black, and the third of a fine reddifh chefnut. M. Baillon has obferved, that of all the ducks, the Gadwall preferves the longeft the fine colours of its plumage, but at lajfl, like the others, it aflfumes a gray garb after iht love feafon. The cry of this duck refembles much that of the wild duck ; nor is it more raucous or louder, though Gefner feems to have meant to chara > « « (f( tt « « !fMl .: i; l«* ISP k .1 Li n ;?^' tc ■•UK" K i t i6o 1 The S H O V E L E R. Le Souchet* ou Le Rouge. Btiffl Anas Clypeata. Linn. Gmel- and BriiT. Anas Latiroftra Major. Gefner and Aldrov. Anaf Latiroftra. Schwenckf. and Klein. Anai Platyrynchos Alttra (male). Ray and Will. Anat Platyrynchos (female) . Ray and WilL Anas Virefcens. Marflg. ' Pbafianus Marinus. Charleton. ^t Blue-tuittgtd Sboveltr (fern.) Catefby. T HIS duck' is remarkable for its fhort bill *, round and fpread at the end, like a fpoon ; whence are derived its various names. It is rather fmaller than the wild duck ^ its plumage is rich in colours, and feems to merit the epi- thet very beautiful, which Ray beftows on it. The head and the upper half of the neck are of a fine green ; the coverts of the wing, near the fhoulder, are of a pale blue, the following are white, and the laft form on the wing a bronze green fpangle : the fame colours mark, though more faintly, the wing of the female, which has beiide$ only the dull colours of a • In German Breit-fihnahel (hroad-billj, Schall-tndtk (JhtiU duck): in Dani(h Krop-and: in Norwegian Stock-and: inGieen^ jbmd it is aSHsiKtrtlutQcki wiuch %ni&es brtad-hU, white SHOVELER* i6i white gray, and rufty, mailed and feftooned with blackiih ; the breafl and the under fide of the neck of the male are white* and all the under fur- face of the body is of a 6ne rufous ; yet fometimes the belly is white. M. Baillon aflures us, that the old Shovelers retaia fometimes their beautiful co- lours, and that tinged feathers grow at the fame time with the gray, which cover them every year after the love feafon : and he obferves juflly, that this Angularity of the Shovelers and gadwalh may midead nomenclators with refpedt to the number of the fpecies of thefe birds. He iays alfo, that aged females, which he faw, had, like the males, colours on their wings, but that, during their firft year, they were entirely gray* Their head retains always its colour. We fhall here alfo give the excellent remarks whick he has obligingly communicated on the Shoveler in particular. ** The form of the bill of this beautiful bird," fays M. Baillon, " denotes its manner of living ; its two broad mandibles have edges fur- nifhed with a fort of indenting or fringe, that allows only the dirt to efcape, but holds the worms, the (lender infe(fts, apd the cruda- ceous animals, which it fearches among the ** mud by the margin of water : it has no other « food ^. I have feveral times opened them at \ * We muft add flies, which it caUhes alertly as it flutters on ^ Water; whence the name Anas Mu/cai^ia, which Gefner has givea to it. VOL. jx« M ** the « (( C( «( « " ''■■■ J V K, '■■■ '-■if': ill ■■ i. -I t . ^>ul V, JS \ I r» .ia\ ti «'l 'iL ;iv, r l62 S H O V E L E R. « « tt « (( (( « « « (( (( « »( C( «< «{ <( C< « <( «( «< (( «( the end of winter and during froft j I found no herbage in their ftomaoh, though the want of infeds muft have obliged them to recur to that fpecies of food. They are found then- near fprings only : they grow very lean : they recruit again in the fpring, by eating frogs. " The Shoveler dabbles inceflantly, chiefly in the morning and evening, and even very late at night: I think that it fees in the du(k. It is favage and gloomy : it can fcarce be reconciled to domeftication : jt conftantly rejeds bread and grain, I had a great num- ber, which died after having been long fed by cramming into the bill, without ever learning to eat by themfelves. I "have at prefent two in my garden, which I have fed in that way more than a fortnight. They are now living on bread and fhrimps : they lleep almoft the whole day, and lie fquat by the box-borders : in the evening, they run about a great deal, and they bathe repeatedly in the night. It is a pity that fo beautiful a bird has not the cheer- fulnefs of the garganey or flieldrake, and cannot become an inhabitant of our court- yards. ** The Shovelers arrive in our diftrids about the month of February. They difperfe in the marlhes, and a part of them hatch there every year. I prefume that the reft advance towards the fouth, becaufe thefe birds become rare here " after SHoVELER. 163 CI it it €t tt tt tt tt tt it tt tt tt it tt tt it tt tt it it it tt tt tt it tt dft^r the firft northerly winds that bloW in March. Thofe which are bred in the coun-^ try, depart about the month of September : it is very uncommon that any are feen in the winter, and I thence conje<5turc that they avoid the approach of cold *. " They ncftle here in the fame places with the fummer teals ; they choofe, like thefe, large tufts of ruihes in fpots almofl i ^accefil- ble, and they arrange their nef^ after the fame fa{hion. The female lays ten or twelve eggs, of a fomewhat pale rufous : (he covers them twenty-eight or thirty days, as fportfmen have told me ; but I am myfelf inclined to think, that the incubation lafts only twenty- four or twenty-five days, fince thefe birds hold a middle rank between the ducks and the garganeys, with refpedt to lize. ** The young arc hatched with a gray fpotted down, like the ducklings, and are extremely ugly. Their bill is then almofl: as broad as their body, whofe weight feems to opf ^ofs them: they almoft conftantly reft on their breaft. They run and fwim as foon as they burft from the fhell. Their parents lead them> and appear attached to them ; they inceflantly guard againft the ravenous birds : on the Icaft apprehenfion of danger, the family fquat among the grafs, and the parents throw them- • However* they are feen in Scania and Gothland, according to Linnaeus. Mi " felves ■■■i .11^ M^^} , :*;■' -.."I. I ' > • , r," v.m: '■'»'. m i'K n\ I . i'L.\ I Ti. 164 S H O V E L E R. «( *t «( *♦ felvcs into the water, and plunge over head. ** The young Shovelers become firft gray like- the females: the iirft moulting gives them their fine feathers, but they turn bright not until the jfecond." , , With refped: to the colour of the bill, obfcr- vers are not agreed. Ray fays, that it is quite black ; Gefner, as cited by Aldrovandus, aflerts, that the upper mandible is yellow ; Aldrovandus makes it to be brown : all that we can infer is^ that the colour of the bill varies froaa age or other circurnftances. . Schwenckfeld compares the clapping of the Shoveler's wings to the clattering of caftanets ; and M. Hebert told us, that he could not better compare its cry, than to the creaking of a hand- rattle, turned round with little Ihakes. It is likely that Schwenckfeld miftook its voice for the noife of its flight. The Shoveler is the heft and moft delicate of the ducks ; it grows very fat in winter; its fleih is tender and juicy; this is faid to be always red, though well dreffed, and that the bird has hence received the name of rouge, particularly in Picardy, where many are killed in the long chain of marfhes that extend from the vicinity of Soillons to the fea, Briflbn, following the other ornithologifts, gives a variety of the Shoveler ; but the only difference is, that its belly, iiifleadof being chell- i;ut rufous, is white. The S H O V E L E R. 165 The yacapatlahoac * of Fernandez, a duck which that naturalift charadterifes by its remark- able broad bill, and by the three contraH-vd co- lours of its \viii;Ts, appears to be a Shovelcr : and We Hi. ill clafs with it the tcrnpatlahoac o^ t\\^ fame autbo!-, which BrifTon makes his Mexican wild duck -)- ; for Nierembcrg terms it avis lati^ rojiray or broad-bill', and Fernandez takes care to remark, that many perfons call the yacapatlahoac by the fame name, tempatlaboac. Our opinion is corroborated by the obfervations of Dr. Mau- duit, which leave no doubt that the Shoveler is found in America. " The individuals of this ** fpecies," fiys he, ** are liable in Europe to ** variations of plumage, and fome have a mix- ** ture of gray feathers, which occur not in the ** others. I remarked, in feven or eight Sho- ** velers lent from Louifiana, the fame diverfity •* that might be found in an equal number of '* birds killed at random in Europe; which , , • Jnas Mexii-;' -.1 ■t..'P: :V.!:i '■': h- ,i' I i6S PINTAIL. diflinguifli it from all the other ducks. The two filaments which proje<5^ from the tail, have given occafion to the German name, pheafant^ ducky and the "En^iQci, fea-pheafant, which are very improperly applied. The appellation of winter-duck, which it receives in the north, feems to prove that it bears the moil intenfe cold ; anci, in fa«5t, Linnaeus affures us that it is feen in Sweden in the depth of winter*. The fpecies feems to be common to both continents i for it is evidently the Mexican tzitziboa of Fer- nandez j and Dr. Mauduit received one from Louiiiana, under the name <^i pint ailed duck (ca^ nard pailk-en^qucuej. Thus, though a native of the north* it advances into the hot climates. • Ftfuna Suecica, f'A] Specific charafler of the Pintail, Jnas Acuta: « Its tail is ^* ftiarpened and elongated, black below ; tliere is a white line oi\ ** either file behind the head; its back is cinereous and waved." Great flocks of thefe ducks vifit the Oi'knies in wiiucr; alfo the weft of Ireland in the month of February, and ai e thcrtj leckoued dcU^ catc food. , • '!', ■■■ ,\Ki..: I J69 3 . > i .' .-t r The LONG-TAILED DUCK from Newfoundland. ■ ■ ji»as CJacialh. Linn, and Gmel. ' ^nas Longicautia ex in/ula N. Terra, BiiJH Th Sivailfiiu-tailed $hfldrake. Ray and Will. , , 'T^Hjs Duck is very different from the pre- •^ ceding in its plumage, and has no refem- blance to it, except in the long ihafts that pro- ject from its tail. The coloured figure of Edwards reprelents thofe parts brown, which in the duck called Miclon are black in our Planches Rnlumineesi yet W2 may perceive that both thefe birds are the fame, by the two long fliafts which projedt from the tail, and by the fine difpofition of the colours : white covers the head and the neck as far as the top of the breaft and back j there is only a band of orange fulvous, which defcends from the eyes on both lides of the neck ; the belly, and aifo two bunches of long, narrow fea- thers, lying between the back and the wing, are cf the fame white with the head and the neck ; the reft of the plumage is black as well as the liill ; the legs are of a blackifh red, and a fmaU edging of membrane may be obferved running along r. li 1> i ■'■ i v; Li lit '■ i dfl^ :' mm ''.'» ■''I ■^ I'- . I '» 1 . ■ll »-■ • ... ■: f :! + . :'i i I 170 LONG-TAILED DUCK. along the margin of the inner toe, and below the little hind- toe : the length of the two (hafts of the tail increafes the total bulk of this duck j yet it is fcarce equal to a common duck. Mr. Edwards fufpedls, with every probability, that his long-tailed duck from Hudjons Bay is the female of this. The fize, the figure, and even the plumage, are nearly the fame; only the back of the latter is lefs variegated with white and black, and the plumage is on the whole browner. This fubjcdt, which appears to be a female, was caught at Hudfon's Bay, and the other was killed in Newfoundland ; and as the fame fpe- cies is recognized in the havelda of the Iceland^ ers and of Wormius, we may conclude that, like many others of the genus, it is an inhabi- tant of the remotcil countries of the north. It occurs alfo in the north-eaft of Afia ; for it is the fawki of the Kamtfchadalcs, which they alfo name kiangitch or aangitchy^zt is, deacon *, bccauie they find that this duck lings like a Ruffian deacon. — So it feems that a Ruffian dea- con fings like a duck ! u: * Hi^' Gen. des Voy. fm. xix. //. 273 & 355. ■y.\ \k ] SpeciHc cliarafter of the Long- tailed D uck. Anas Glacialis : f Its tail is (harpcned and elongated; its body black, and below *• white." It breeds in the remoteil parts of the north, and vifiu our ftiorcs only in ihe fevereft winters; ■\-v 3r..;;air 0.) ^^f? V ,.i.i(j-nvni .■' '»'■•;:, v.^ il w ■ M ii,j »' «i !« ^ilM{ ?? M ^\ tKi n\ t. •, i,\ *«. str M245 THE SHELDRAKE [ I/I 1 The SHELDRAKE. Le Tadorne. Buff. ^nas I'oflorna, Linn, and Gmel. Vulpanfer. Gefiier, Aldrov. and Klein. Anas Maritima. Gefner, and Aldrov. ... Tadorna. Johnft. Sibbald, Ray, and Bri/T. fbe Skldrake, or Burrough-duck. WUl. Alb. &c. • \lsj E ^rc convinced that the fox-goofe of the ancients (^^jvaXwr^jJ, or vulpanfcrj is the fame with the Sheldrake. Belon has helitated and even varied about the application of thefe names: in his obferiiationsy he refers them to the goofander, and in his book of the nature of blrdsy he appropriates them to the barnacle. But we may eaiily afcertain, from one of thofe natural properties which are more decifive than all the conjc(5tures of erudition, that thefe names ^pply folely to the Sheldrake ; for it is the only bird which refembles the fox in a fingular cir- cumftance, that of lodging in a hole : it ufually invades and poffefles itfelf of the rabbits' bur- rows, and there it lays and breeds. * In Greek X»na^w7r»)f, from x%vt agoofc, and ct^uwr,^, a fox : in Latin Fulpaujer, which is only a tranflation of the preceding ; and alfo Anas Strepera: in German Berg-cntoi ( mountain-duck )t fu^hs-gans (fox-gor/ej : in Swedifti yu-jj^oau iElian ''1 • ■' Ml 'f '(' I i m 17* SHELDRAKE. ^lian afcribes alfo to the vulpanfer the in- Aindt of prefenting itfelf, like the partridge, be- fore the feet of the fportfman, to avert the dan- ger from its young. This was the general opinion of the ancients j llnce the Egyptians, who ranked this bird among the facred animals, figured it, in their hieroglyphics, as the emblem of the generous tendernefs of a mother *. In izjdi, it will be feen from our obfervations, that the Sheldrake exhibits precifely the fame marks of maternal afFeiflion. The appellations beftowed on this bird in the north, that oi fox -goof e, or X2i^tx fox-diick in Germany, that of motintain-duck in Saxony, and that of ^«rro'Z£;-^«r/& in England, mark, equally with the ancient names, -its iingular habit of living in burrows the whole time of its incuba- tion. Thefe appellations are even more accu- rate 5 fince the Sheldrake belongs to the genus of ducks, not to that of geefc. It is rather larger than the common duck, and its legs are ibmewhat taller; but in other refpeits, in its figure, its port, and its ftrudture, it preferves the refemblance. It differs from the duck, only becaufe its bill is more raifed, and the colours of its plumage more vivid and beautiful, and appear more brilliant at a diflance. Its fine plumage is broken into large fpaces of three colours, white, black, and cinnamon-yellow ; t'id, Pierij in Orum., iia. xx. the SHELDRAKE. «73 the i;v::d, and as far as the middle of the neck, are black, gloffed with green ; tlie lower part of the neck is encircled by a white collar, and be- low is a broad zone of cinnamon-yellow, which covers the bread, and forms a little band on the back ; this fame colour tinges the lower belly ; below the wing, on each fide of the back, a black bar extends on a white ground -, the great and middle quills of the wing are black, the fmall ones have the fame ground colour, but are gloffed with fhining green ; the three quills nexl the body have their outer edge of cinna- mon-yellov/, and their inner of white ; the great coverts are black, and the fmall ones white. The female is fenfibly fmaller than the male, which it refembles even in the colours ; only the greenifli refledions of the head and wings are lefs apparent than in the male. The down of thefe birds is very fine and foft * : the feet and their membranes are flefii- coloured ; the bill is red, but its tip, and the nofirils, are black ; the upper mandible is much arched near the head, depreffed into a concavity on the noftrils, and ralfed horizontally at the end into a round fpoon, edged with a pretty deep and femi-circular groove. The tracuea has a double fwelling at its partition -f*. ■ ,i.i tl II.;'' ■ '"r nm 't!\ • ** The feathers are very foft, as in the cider," Linmeifs, t Willughby. Pliny ..'■(. ft? r/J A ''L>t' m SHELDRAKE. Pliny commends the fle(h of the Sheldrake^ and fays, that the ancient Britons knew no bet-' ter game*. Athenseus ranks its eggs next to thofe of the peacock, as being the fecond in point of goodnefs. It is highly probable that the Greeks raifed Sheldrakes, for Aridotle re- marks that fome of their eggs are addle -f-. We had never an opportunity of tafting either their Hiefh or their eggs. It appears that the Sheldrakes inhabit the cold as well as the temperate climates, and that they have penetrated into the regions of the Pacific Ocean J : yet the fpecies is not equally difperfed through all the coafts of our northern coun- tries §. Though the Sheldrakes have been called fea ducks II , and in fadl do prefer the fea ihores, fome are found on the rivers ^ or lakes confi- derably inland; but the bulk of the fpecies never leaves our coafts **. Every fpring, fome flocks arrive on thofe of Picardy, where one of « « «( it • Suavi'ores ejtuiaft oli/n, 'vntpanfcre non nwtrat Britannia. Plin, lib. X. 2 2. f Lib. ill. I. X On the coaft of Van Diemen's land, in the forty-third degree of latitude, I reckoned among the fea-fowl, ducks, teals, and Shel- drakes. Cook. § Tliey are found only in Gothland. Faufta Suecica, (I ^tias Maritima. Gefner. ^ Schwenckfeld. •• Salerne fpeaks of a couple of Sh«ldrakes that were i«ett oil the pool of Sologne, «c " a (C (C pur SHELDRAKE. 175 « « €i tt €( €€ our beft correfpondents, M. Baillon, has ftadied the natural habits of thefe birds, and made the following obfervations ; which we arc happy to publifh. " The fpring," fays M. Baillon, " brings to us the Sheldrakes, but always in fmall num- ber. As foon as they arrive, they fpread among the fand plains near the fea : each pair wanders among the warrens, which are there interfperfed, and feck a burrow among thoi'e of the rabbits. They fecm very nice in " chooiing this fort of lodgement, for they enter " an hundred before they find one to fuit them. " It is remarked, that they never fix on a biir- ** row but fuch as finks more than a fathom and a lialf deep, and runs with an afcent into ridges or hillocks, its mouth opening to the " fouth, and vifible from the top of fome dif- ** tant fand-bank. " The rabbits give place to thefe new guefts, " and enter no more. ^ ** The Sheldrakes make no neft in thefe holes. The female lays her firft eggs on the naked fand, and after (he has extruded her comple- ment, which is ten or twelve for young birds, " and twelve or fourteen for old ones, fhe wraps " them in a very thin down, which file plucks " from Jier own body. ** During the whole time of incubation, ** which is thirty days, the male remains con- ** ftantly on the fand-bank, and only leaves it •* twice /-oi.in- headed duck): in Silefia Braun-gnte : in Denmark Brun Nakke (broivn-vcck) : in Norway Rod Nakki ircd-ne(k). .... N 3 the ii l!^■■•»f J./ ■• 1!::,:"^ ■ If, ill ■ ." ■■'■ >• itin mm '%-Mf ^ mm ■' WM '**« i%l POCHARD. the back: the wing is gray, tinged with blackiih, and without any fpangle ; but the back and the fidet are prettily worked with a very fine fringe, which runs tranfverfely in little black zigzags on a ground of pearl -gray. According to Schwenckfeld, the head of the female is not ru- fous like that rf the male, and has only fomo rully fpots. The Pochard is as large as the fheldrake,but is more unwieldy; its round fliape gives it a heavy air; it walks with difficulty and ungracefully, and is obliged from time to time to flap its wings, in Order to preferve its equilibrium on land. Its cry refembles more the hollow hifs of a large ferpent than the voice of a bird. Its bill, broad and fcooped, is very proper for dabbling in the mud, like the fhovelers and the morillons, to fearch for worms, fmall fiih, and cruftaceous ani- mals. Two male Pochards, which M. Baillon kept a winter in his court-yard, remained almofl conftantly in the water ; they were very ilrong and courageous on that element, and would fuf- fer none of the other ducks to approach them, but drove them away with their bill. Thefe, however, in their turn, beat them when they came on land, and the Pochards could then make no defence, but efcaped to the vvater. Though they were tame, and even grown familiar, they could not be long preferved, becaufe they could not walk without hurting their feet; the gravel of the garden-walks were as periycious as the pave- ment POCHARD. 183 CO ment of the court ; and, notwithftanding the care which M. Baillon took of thefe two Pochards, they lived not more than fix weeks in their captivity, ** I believe,*' fays this good obferver, " that *' thefe birds belong to the north. Mine conti- •* nwed in the water during the night, even ** when the froft was intenfe -, they alfo agitated ** it, to prevent its freezing round them." The Pochards, he adds, as well as the fhovelers and the golden-eyes, eat much, and digeft as quickly as the duck. They lived at firft only on foaked bread, afterwards they ate dry, but fwallowed it in that ftate with difficulty. I could never habituate them to grain. The fhovelers alone feem fond of the feeds of the bulrufh. M. Hebert, who, as an attentive and even ingenious fportfman, has found other pleafures in fowling than that of killing, has made on thefe birds, as on many others, interefting obfer- vations. " It is the fpecies of the Pochard," fays he, ** which, next to that of the wild duck, appears to me the mod numerous in the coun- tries where I have gone a-fowling. They ar- " rive with us in Brie about th^ end of Octo- ber, in flocks from twenty to forty. Their flight is more rapid than that of the duck, *' and the noife made by their wings is quite ** diflferent. The troop forms a clofe body in « the air, but not difpofed like the wild ducks f* in triangles. On their arrival, they are reft- N 4 ** lefs; <( €f it tt 0-H iS4 POCHARD* U. ** lefs ; they alight on the large pools, and, the inftant atter, they rife, make feveral wheels in the air ; a fecond time they alight, but their flay is equally ihort ; they difappear, and rcr turn in an hour, and yet do not fettle. When I killed one, it w^s always by chance, and with very coarfe fliot, and when they whirled " in the air. They were all remarkable for a large rufous head, whence they are called rougeot in Burgundy. " It is not eafy to get near them on the large pools J they alight not on the brooks in frofty weather, nor on the little pools in autumn; and many of them cannot be killed, except on the duckeries of Picardy. However, they are pretty common in Burgundy, and at Dijon fhey are feen in the cooks fhops almoft the whole year. I killed one in Brie in the month of July, when the weather was exr tremely hot : it fluihed at the fide of a pool, in the middle of a wood, and in a very foli- tary fpot : it was attended by another, which made me think that they were paired, and that fon.e coupks of this fpecies breed in France on the large marfhes." We iliall add, that this fpecies has penetrated into dlftii'.t countries, for we received from I,oni^n»^q ?. i'ochard exactly like what is found in tnince; and b^fides the fame bird m^y br re- cognizfd in tiae quap^cheanauhtli of Fernandez, which Briflbn has, for that reafon, called the \ Mexican €€ « it it tt tt <( tt i( ti iC <•< « it tt it *t tt *c tt tt tt MILLOUINAN. 185 Mexican Pochard*, With regard to the va- riety of the. French Pochard defcribed by that lornithologift, we mufl: content ourfelves with what he has faid : for we are unacquainted with jdiis variety. , h . , * Jnas Ful ^ T: e GOLDEN EYE, Le Garrot. Buff, Anas Clangula. Linn, and Gmel. Clartgula. Gefner, Johnft. and Klein. Anas Platyrincbos. Aldrov.* np H E Golden Eye is a little duck whofe plu- mage is black and white, and its head re- markable for two white fpots placed at the cor- ners • In Lorraine it is called the Hungarian Duck : in Alface the j!fIagpuDuck: in ItsXy^ifittr* Oahi: in Germany Koigi-inie,&traus' ente. G O L D £ K E Y E. aSy pers of the bill, which at a diftance appear like two eyes, (ituated near the other two, in the black hood gloifed with green, which covers the head and the top of the neck. Hence the Ita« Jian name ^attr*Occhi, or four eyes. The En- glifh have termed it Golden Eye^ becaufe its iris is of a golden-yellow. Its tail and back are |>lack, as well as the great quills of the wing, of which moft: of the coverts are white : the lower part of the neck, with all the fore fide of the body, is of a fine white : the legs are very ihort, and the membranes which conned: the toes extend to the tips of the nails, and are there faftened. The female is rather fmaller than the male, and differs entirely in its colours, which, as ge- nerally obferved in all the ducks, are duller and paler in the females ; thofe of the female Golden Eye are gray or brownifli, which in the male are black ; and thofe white gray, which in the other are of a fine white : nor has flie the green ;efle6lion on the head, or the white fpot at the corner of the bill *. The flight of the Golden Eye, though pretty low, is very ftiif, and makes the air to whiftle -f-. I »' %1^ %m^ ente, ^aker-ente, Ei/s-ente; and in the neighbourhood of Strafliurg Weijer-dritt-vogel: in Sweden Knippa\ and in the province of Sko- «en Dopping: in Norway Ring-oye, Hviin'^anc/i Lund-and, • Aldrovandu?t It M '}< 'i i If mi :)!' ^Jlt i88 GOLDEN EYE. r,4 Pi m It does not fcream in taking wing, and Teems not fo ihy as the other ducks. Small flocks of Golden Eyes are feen on our pools during the whole winter j but they difappear in the fpring, and no doubt go to neftle in the north ; at lead, Linnaeus fays, in the Fauna Suecica, that this duck is feen in fummer in Sweden, and in that feafon, which is alfo that of breeding, it lives in the hollows of trees. ... M. Baillon, who tried to keep fome Golden Eyes in the domeftic ftate, has juft communi- cated the following obfervations. * *' Thefe birds,'* fays he, « loft much fledi in " a fhort time, and hurt themfelves under th«; ** feet when I allowed them to walk at liberty. They lay for the moft part on their belly; but if other birds attacked them, they made a ftout ** defence : I can even fay, that I have feen few ** birds fo rancorous. Two males which I had ** laft winter, tore my hand with their bill, as <* often as I laid hold of them. I kept them in ** a large ozier cage, that they might be habitu- ated to captivity, and might fee the other fowls rambling about the court. But they " betrayed in their prifon only the marks of •* impatience and rage, and darted againft the ** bars at the other birds which approached. I " fucceeded, with much difficulty, in teaching ** them to eat bread, but they conftantly refufe4 *< every fort of grain. ' "The «< « 4t i( m i'»» i' rli it tt <( «« GOLDENEYE. H^ «* The Golden Eye," adds this attentive ob- ferver, " hke the pochard and the morillon, *' walks under conftraint and difficuhy, with " effort, and fceming pain. Yet thefe birds come V from time to time on fliore, but only to remain " there in tranquillity and repofe, (landing or '* lying on the llrand, and to enjoy a pleafurc " which is peculiar to thcmlelves. Land-birds feel the neceflity of bathing at inrervals, whe- ther to clean their plumage of the dud which " infmuates into it, or to give dilatation to their " body, which facilitates their motions j and they announce, by their chearfulnefs on quitting the water, the agreeable fenfation which they feel. ** In the aquatic birds, on the contrary, in thofc " which remain long in the water, their feathers ** become through time penetrated and moif- ** tened, and permit the humidity to ileal infenfi- bly to the Ikin : then they have occafion for an air bath to dry and contradl their relaxed limbs ; ** they come, for this purpofe, on Ihore, and the ** fprightlinefsof theireyes,and the flow balancing " of their head, exprefs their agreeable fenfation. But the Golden Eyes, and likewife the pochards and the morillons,are fatisfied with that gratifi- " cation ; they never willingly come to land, and " efpecially avoid walking on it, which feems to caufe extreme fatigue : in fadl, accuflomed as they are to move in the water by fhort darts, produced by the brifl^ and fudden motion of <* thsir (C i€ tt tt tt trt 4t At i m ^- r^:^ ■ 11 I I 190 GOLDEN EVE. «< «« «« «c ■■' f »• r ., ■■! . *1 ' lit It ■•' 1 •! ' ■ £ '.*« ,l,''"-. f. ! ;' • t . . .. J I' 1 ' ,!■.■' ! JS j i'ih m ll^^j ■if i,Sj 1 vSis' THE 1s/10:RTLIaON: t *9» i The M O R I L L 0 N. Jttoj Glaucion, Linn, and Gmel. * 'TpHE Morillon is a handfome little duck, •*' which, when feen at reft, exhibits thefc colours J a broad blue bill, a large black domino^ a mantle of the fame, and white on the ftomach, the belly, and the top of the fhoulders: this white is free and unadulterated, and all the black is ftiining, and heightened with fine purple and greenifh-red refle<5lions j the feathers on the back of the head rife into a bunch : often the lower part of the black domino on the breaft is waved with white : and, in this fpecies, as in others of the genus of ducks, the colours are liable ta certain variations, but which are only indivi~ dual-f*. When the Morillon flies, its wing appears flriped with white : this cfFedt is produced by feven feathers, which are partly of that colour J. The infide of the legs and thighs are reddifli, and the outfide black ; the tongue is^ iieftiy, and fwelled at the root, which feems parted in two : * In Brie it is called the Jacohine: in Germany Schttl-tatt (/qnint' ing-duck), ■Sti>ih-i€nte (JhitU-duckJ, Ltpil-ganx, 1 Ray- ; fieloa. there M I. I ':ill tf\ t>':i-}#i n m^ ' ;>! I Mi ,, '■ lit : i'i- ] m > it. !■ ,,i; ■ i'i I ■!;>■ 192 M O R I L L O 1^. :'tr* 4 there is no gall-bladder. Belon regards the Mo* rillon as the glaucium of the Greeks, not having found, he fays, a bird with eyes of fuch a glau-^ €0us colour. Indeed, the glaucium of Athenaeus was fo called becaufe its eyes were fea-*green. The Morillon frequents the pools and rivers *, and yet occurs alfo on the fea "f* ; it dives pretty deep {, and feeds on little filh, cruftaceous ani- mals, and (hell-fifh, or on the feeds of aquatic plants II , efpecially thofe of the common ru(h. It is lefs fliy, and not fo apt to flufh, as the wild duck : it may be approached within gun-fhot on pools, or, flill better, on rivers, when the froft prevails. When it rifes, it does not fly to great diftances §. M. Baillon has communicated his obfervations on this fpecies in the ftate of domeflication. The colour of the Morillon," he fays, *• its manner of balancing its head as it walks, and of holding its head almoft eredt, give it an air the more fingular, as the beautiful light-blue of its bill, applied always on its brcaft, and its large brilliant eyes, are ftrongly contrafted with the black of its plumage. ** It is pretty chearful, and dabbles like the ** duck whole hours, I eafily tamed fevcral in « « « <« . 'Il*l t 196 3 The SCOTER. La Macreuse. Buff. Anai Nigra. Linn. Gmel. Will, and Brifl*. The Whilk. Philof. Tranfaa. ^e Black Divert or Zcoter. Will, T T has been pretended that the Scoters are en- gendered, like the barnacles, in fhells or in rotten wood *. We have fufficiently refuted thefe fables, with which natural hiftory is here, as in other parts, too much tindured. The Scoters lay, neftle, and hatch, like other birds* They prefer for their habitation the mofl north- ern countries, whence they defcend in great numbers along the coafts of Scotland and Eng- land, and arrive on the coafts of France in win- ter, to afford a very indifferent fort of game, but which is eagerly expedled by our monks and nuns, who, being entirely denied the ufe of flefh, and reftri(5led to fifh, are indulged with thefe birds, from a notion that their blood is as cold as that of fifh: but in fadl their blood is juft as warm as that of other aquatic birds ; though • Hence the name Scoter ; Scotland being the principal fcene of tliis fabulous tranfmutation of the barnacles.—?^. indeed J^2^7 »■• fJli '^iv H li' •;'■ THE SCOTKK DITCK 1] n f] t] b g t[ t\ ai ar n< cc fe or fo «< « 4€ €t €€ €4 *€ €i €S SCOTER. »9r indeed the black, dry, and hard flefli of the Scoter may be deemed a diet of mortification. The plumage of the Scoter is black: it is tiearly as large as the con^ .*on duck, but it is fhorter and more compad:. Ray obferves, that the tip of the upper mandible is not terminated by a horny nail, as in all the other fpecies of this genus : in the male, the bafe of that part, near the head, is confiderably fwelled, and exhibits two tubercles of a yellow colour; the eye-lids are of the fame colour ; the toes are very long, and the tongue is very large ; the trachea has no labyrinth, and the cceca are very fhort ii> comparifon of thofe of the other ducks. M. Baillon, that intelligent and laborious ob- ferver, whom I have fo often had occalion to cite on the fubjed of water-fowl, has fent me the following obfervations : " The north and north-weft winds bring •* along our coafts of Picardy, from the month of November to that of March, prodigious flocks of Scoters : the fea, fo to fpeak, is co- ** vered with them. They are feen flying in- cefl!antly from place to place, and by thou* fands : they appear and difappear on the wa- ** ter every minute : as foon as a Scoter dives, ** the whole troop imitates it, and emerges again ** a few moments after. When the fouth and " fouth-eaft winds blow, about the month of *' March, they are driven froni our coafts, and *^ entirely difappear. 03 ♦'The? <( €t t€ €t ! ■ ■\:k V t ■7C mil 198 SCOTER. m 4'Hfl ■ vlH * ' Im Bb^^^^R''I IHlj <( €1 <( « <( "( % .. 'k aoo SCOTER. 1 m « <( " cies of ducks has the thighs placed in this *' manner. Laftly, the taftc of Lheir flefli is the *' fame. " I opened three of thefe grifettes in winter, ** and they were found to be females. ^* On the other hand, the number of gray Sco- " ters is much hiferior to that of the black ; " often not ten occur among an hundred of the *' others, caught in the fame net. Kow could ^* the females be fo few in this fpecies ? ** I freely own that I have not fought fuffi- " ciently to diftinguifh the males from the fe- males. I fluffed a great number ; I chofe the blackeft and the largeft, and they were all " found tp be males, except the grifettes, I be- '^ lieve, however, that the fepiales are fomewhat " fmaller, and not fo black, or at leafl they have " not that velvet furface which makes the black ** of the male plumage fo deep." It appears to us from this detail, that as the female Scoters are not quite fo black as the males, and more inclined to gray, the grifettes, or the Scoters which verge on gray, are too few to re- prefent all the females of the fpecies, and are in fadl the younger females, which require time to afliime all the black of their plumage. After this firfl anfwer, M. Baillon fent us alfo the following notes, which are all interefling. " I have had," fays he, ** this year, 1781, for Y feveral months in my court, a black Scoter. " I fed w SCOTER. 301 i . ■> «« I fed it with foaked bread and (hell-fifti. It ** was become very familiar. ** I believed till then that the Scoters could ** not walk, and that their conformation deprived ** them of that power. I was the more per- " fuaded, as I had feveral times, in ftorms, ga- *' thercd, on the fea-diore. Scoters, penguins, '* and puffins alive, which could drag them felves ** along only by help of their wings. But thefe •* birds had, no doubt, been much beaten by fhe ** waves J and that circumfl:ance> which I huJ " overlooked, confirmed me in my error. I '* was furprized to remark, that the Scoter ** walks well, and fafter even than the pochard ; " it balances itfelf in the fame manner at each *' ftep, holding its body almoft ere(5t, and flrik- " ing the ground with each foot alternately and " with force j its pace is flow ; if prefled, it '* tumbles, becaufe the efforts which it makes " deflroys its equilibrium : it is indefatigable in ** the water ; it runs on the waves like a petrel, and as nimbly -, but, on land, the celerity of its motions arc of no avail; mine feemed quite out of its natural element. '* Indeed, it had a very aukward air; each movement gave its body fatiguing jogs ; it walked only from neceiHty : it ufually lay ** down or flood ftraight like a flake, its bill ** leaning on its flomach : it always feemed to *' be melancholy : I never once faw it bathe f* joy-^us, like the other water-fowls, with which ** my « it tt ft tt ' t ■f"4 u •V^' SI ■I. I. ■■ !l fe 202 SCOTER. « <( «( « « « «* my court is filled -, it never entered the flial- *' low trough which is placed level with the •* furface of the ground, but to eat the bread ** which I threw to it : when it had eaten and ** drank it remained motionleis ; fometimes it ** dived to the bottom, to gather the crumbs which fell down; if any bird came into the wa^ ter and approached it, the Scoter endeavoured to drive away the intruder ; if this made any oppofition or refiftance, it dived, and after " making two or three turns at the bottom of the trough, it flew out of the water, making a fort of whiftling, very foft and clear, like the ** firft tone of a German flute : this is the only " cry I ever knew it make, which it repeated as ** often as a perfon approached it. ' '* Being defirous to know if the bird could ** continue long under water, I held it down by •* force ; it made confiderable efforts after two " or three minutes, and feemed to fufFer much ; it bounded up as quick as a cork. I believe it could remain longer, becaufe it defcends " often to the depth of thirty feet in the fea to " gather the oblong bivalves on which it feeds, " Thefe fhell-fifli are whitifh, four or five ** lines broad, and near an inch long. It does " not amufe itfelf like the fea-pie in opening " them, the ihape of its bill not being, as in that ** bird, adapted for the purpofe : it fwallows " them whole, and digefts them in a few hours. ** I gave fometimes more than twenty to a finglc " Scoter; « « SCOTER. 203 « *(^ t( ** Scoter ; and it received them till its cefophagus " was filled up to the bill : then its excrements ** were white. They alTumed a green tinge v/hen the bird was fed with bread, but were alv/ays liquid. I never faw it eat herbs or the feeds of plants, like the wild ducks, the teals, ** the wigeons, and others of this genus : the fea ** is its only element. It flies as ill as it walks : ** I have often amufed myfelf in viewing thro* " a fpy-glafs the numerous flocks on the fea; I ** never faw them rife and fly to any difl:ance ; " they fluttered incelfantly above the furface of ** the water. " The feathers of this bird are fo fmooth and " clofe, that the bird, on coming out of the wa- " ter, can fhake itfelf dry. ** The fame caufe which proved fatal to fo " many other birds in my court, occafioned alfo ** the death of my Scoter. The foft and tender flcin of its feet were perpetually bruifed by the gravel; a callus formed on each joint of the <' toes ; in time they were worn to fuch a de- " grce, that the nerves were difclofed ; it durft " no longer walk, or go to the water, each ftep ** increaflng its wounds : I put it in my garden " on the grafs under a cage, but it would not *' eat ; and it died in my court a few days ''after." « « I'vl' . ■ i,' it '? .;,, |, sr [A] Specific charader of the Scoter or Black Diver, Amom Iti/'ra : *' Its body is entirely black." It is frequent in the lakes and rivers of Siberia : it has a fifliy tafte. m 5', I I ao4 ] The DOUBLE SCOTER. La Double Macreuse. BuJ\ ^nas Fufca, Linn, and Gmel. Anas Nigra Major, Brifl*. Anas Nigra, Aldrov. Gefn. Klein» &c. The Great Black Duck. Will. The Velvet Duck. Penn. and Lath» m P't. i AMONG the great number of Scoters which come in winter on the coafts of Picardy, fbme are remarked much larger than the reft, and therefore called the Double Svoters, Befides this difference of fize, they have a white fpot on the fide of the eye, and a white bar on the wingj while the plumage of the others is entirely black. Thefe characters are fufficient to conftitute a iecond fpecies, which appears to be much left numerous than the firft, but refembles it in ftruc-* ture and habits. Ray obferved in the ftomach and the inteftines of thefe large Scoters, frag- ments of (hells ; the fame probably that, Baillon fays, is the principal food of the Scoter. [A] Specific charaftcr of the Velvet Duck, Anas Fufca: « It " is blackifh ; its lower eye-lid, and the fpangle on its wings, are «' white." It is frequent in Siberia, and tv$n in Kamtfchatka : ir lays eight or ten eggs t 20S J The BROAD-BILLED SCOTER. La Macreuse ^a large Bec. Buff, Anas PerfpiciUata, Linn, and Gmel. Anas Nigra Major Freti Hud/onis. BriiH ^he Great Black Duck from Hudfon^s Bay, Edw, The Black Duck, Penn. and Lath. 'TpHis is undoubtedly a Scoter, and perhaps • belongs to the fame fpecies with the pre- cec''ng. It is well charaderized by the breadth of • flat, fliort bill, edged with an orange ftre^L, which incircling the eye, feems to deli- neate fpectacles *. This large Scoter vifits England in the winter ; it alights in the mea- dows, where it feeds on grafs. Edwards thinks that he can difcover it in one of the figures of a fmall coUedion publifhed at Amfterdam in 1679, by Nicolas Vifcher, in which it is denominated turma anfer ( troop^goofe ) -, a term which proba- bly alludes to its bulk, which exceeds that of the common duck, and indicates at the fame time that thefe birds are feen in ^ocks : and as they occur in Hudfon's Bay, the Dutch might have • Hence the Linnaan epithet for the (pccies, Per/pidllata, fro« Ptr/picUlumt a pair of ipe^acles.— 7*. pbferved '!!!.' ' ; '4'^i '' [■'■^ '■''■ 1 \ ' V -i ir'i''* ii; i(,r t': , 1" i'tt^iyi. . eft r IVr^'-- H ' '}> 206 CRESTED DUCK. obferved them in Davis's Straits/ where they carry on the whale-fifhery. [A] Specific charafter of the Black Duck, Ana$ Perfpicillata s ** It is black ; its top and nape white ; a black fpot on the bill be-> ** hind the noftrils." It breeds in July along the fhores of Hud- fon's Bay : it builds its neft with grafs, and lines it with feathers : it lays from four to fix eggs, which are white, it paftures on grafs. The BEAUTIFUL CRESTED DUCK. Jtnas Spon/a. Linn, and Gmel. Jnas ^j^ftiva. BrifT. YJiaSxonyayauh^ui, Fernandez. The American Wood Duck. Brown. The Summer Duck. Catef. Penn. and Lath. 'T^HE rich plumage of this beautiful Duck feems to be a ftudied attire, a gala fuit, to which its elegant head-drefs adds grace and luftre * : a piece of beautiful rufous, fpeckled with little white dafhes, covers the back of the ueck and the breaft, and is neatly interfeded on tthe fhoulders by a ftreak of white, accompanied by a flreak of black ; the wing is covered with feathers of a brown that melts into black with rich refle * ; This Duck appears in Carolina only in winter.? but that is no reafon why Briifon fhould give it the appellation of winter Duck ; for it muft live elfewhere in the fummer, and in fuch countries it might with equal propriety be named ih^/wn-^ ?ner Ditckk - . > .. ^ . [A] Specific charaftcr of the Anas Buccphala: " It is whitiili j « its back and wing-qnills black j above and below its head there " is a fwelling of a filky glofs,'* VOL. IX. 1» i Pv4. * !' V! ^■l ;tfi li w- ■'U- C «• } The COLLARED DUCK of NEWFOUNDLAND. ■,r in jftias Hijirionica. Linn, and Gmel* Anas Torquata ex in/ttla Nova -Terra, BrilT. ^nas Brimond. OlafF. Stone Duck. Hift. Kamtfchatka. The Dujky and Spotted Duck. Edw. The Harlequin Duck, Penn. and Lath* 'Tp HIS Duck, though fmall, fliort, and round, '*' and of a dulky plumage, is yet one of the handibmcft birds of the genus : befides the white ilreaks which intcrfedl the brown of its garb, the face looks like a mafk, with a long black noie and white cheeks > and this black of the nofe ex- tends as far as the top of the. head, and there joins to two large rufous eye-lids of a very bright bay-colour. The black dominoy which covers the neck, is edged and interfedted below by a little white ribband, which probably induced thefifliers at Hudfon'sBay to flyle it lord*. Two other little white bands, fringed with black, are placed on each fide of the breaft, which is iron gray j the belly is dun-gray ; the Hanks are bright rufous, and the wing exhibits a fpangle of purple- blue or burniQied fleel : there is alfo a white fpeckle behind the ear, and a little white Terpentine lino on the fide of the neck. Edwardt, The COLLARED DUCK. ail The female has none of thefe decorations j her garb is a blackifh brbwn-gray on the head and the mantle; a white gray on the fore fide of the neck and of the breaft j and a pure white on the ftomach and the belly. The bulk is nearly that bf the morilloni and the bill is very (hort and fmalUn proportion. This fpecies is the {inie with S teller's anas .pidfa capite pulchre fafctato *, or the mountain Duck of Kamtfchatka, and the anas htjlrionica of LinnasuSj which appears in Iceland, according to Brunnichi and occurs not only in the north-eaft of Afiaj but even on lake Baikalj according to Georgi's account, though KrachenninikofF iconfiders thid fpecies as peculiar to Kamt<^ fchatka-fi • i. e. The painted Duck with a beautifully ftriped head; f He fays, that in autumn the females are found on the rivers, but not the males. He adds, that thefe birds are very ftiipid, and are tafily caUght in clear water; for when they fee a man, they dive, and may be killed at the bottom ^rith ftrokes of i. pole. Hijiory of Kamtfchatka* [A] Specific chifrafter of the Harlequin Duck, Ana$ Htjlrionica : ** It is brown, variegated with white and blue ; its tars, a double " line on its temples, its collar, and a bar on its breaft, are white." It breeds on the banks of fwift ilreams among the low fhrubs : and In winter it repairs to the open fea. It is clamorous, and its flight Is lofty and rapid. ■■?:f P 2 'K I [ l'» ] The BROWN DUCK. jinas Mimta. Gmel. ^ P. I. WSLwKS^i' ■ WH^USmt wKBmi '^Mrafl^^Hi^ 1 llpl^Bi^ll ■KP ^R |lH« wm '■•V »■ ■ '1X7' E R E it not for the too great difference in bulk, the refemblance, ahnoll complete, of the plumage would have induced us to refer this fpecies to the little hroiDii and white Duck from Hudforis Bay of Edwards. But this is only as large as iht Jar celle, and the Brown Duck is intermediate between the wild Duck and the golden-eye. It is probable that the individual delitieated is only ihe female of this fpecies ; for it wears the dulky livery appropriated to all the female Ducks. A blackiih brown ground on the back, and rurty-brown, clouded with white gray, on the neck and the breaft; the belly white, with a white fpot on the wing, and a broad fpot of the fame colour between the eye and the bill, are all the dalhes in its plumage. It is probably the fame with what Rzaczynflci mentions in thefe words, Lithuania PoJj/ia alit innumeras anates, inter qiias funt ?ngricantes*. He adds, that thefe blackifh Ducks are known to the Ruffians by the name of uhL\ * i. e. Potifh Lithuania b/eeds inr.omeraUe Ducks, among which is a blackifh ibrt. [A] Specific charafter of the Anat M'muta: « It h brown; itj ** ears white j its primary wing-qul:li bhckiHi." [ »'3 ] The GRAY-HEADED DUCK. Jitas Sj>eSfal>if/f. Linn, and Gmelt Jfuu Frtti Huiijonis. BrilT. The King Duck. Penn. and Lath. "Y 17 E prefer the appellation of Gray-headed Duck, given by Edwards, to that of Hud- Jori's Bay Duck, employed by BrilTon : in the firfl place, becaufe there arc many other Ducks in iludfon's Bay ; and in the fecond place, becaufe an epithet founded on a fpecific character is al- ways preferable to one drawn from ihe country. This gray -headed Duck is hooded remarkably with a blueifh cijiereous cowl, falling i a fquarc piece on the top of the neck, and paru 'ly a double line of black points, like inverted v 'n- mas, and by two plates of pale green which cov r the cheeks : the whole is interfered by fi\'e black muftachoes, three of which projecft to a point on the top of the bill, and two ethers ex- tend behind under the corners : the throat, the breaft, and the neck, are white -, the back is blackifh brown, with a purple refletftion; the great quills of the wing are brown ; the coverts are purple or deep violet, fhining, and each fea- ther terminated by a white point, of which the feries forms a tranfverfe line : there is aUb a P 3 - large 'if;.' '« ■ 1 M fi ii 214 WHITE. FACED DUCK. large white fpot on the fmall coverts of the wing, and another of a round form on each fide of the tail ; the helly is black ; the b\\\ is red, and its upper mandible is parted into two brims, which fwell, and, to ufe the words of Edwards, nearly refemble beai>s. It is the moft fingular parr, he adds, of the conformation of this bird, whicl^ exceeds the fize of a donjeftic duck. Yet we muft obferve, that the female collared duck from Neiiffoundland oiowv Planches EnlumJnJes is much analogous to the gray-headed Duck of Edwards ; the chief difference confifts in this, that the tints of the back are blacker in the plate of that naturalifl, and that the cheek is painted greenifti. [A] ^peqfic charaAer of the King D,uck, Anps Sptaabilis : ** Its bill is comprefl'ed at the b^^fe ; a black feathery keel ; its head «♦ fomewhat hoary." This bird is very common in GreenlancL 9nd aiFords (he natives much down. The WHITE-FACED DUCK. 'T^HE iirft peculiarity that ftrikes us in thi^ •^ bird is, that its face is entirely whi^e, con- traded by a black veil that covers the head, and. Including the fore iide and the top of the neck, falls behind : the wing and tail are blackifh ; the BRAZILIAN DUCK. 215 the reft of the plumage is finely interwoven with waves and feftoons of blackifh, rudy and rufous, of which the tint, deeper on the back, runs into a brick red colour on the bread and the lower part of the neck. This Duck, which is found at Maragnon, is larger and more cor- pulent than our wild duck. The MAREC and MARECA, Brazilian DUCKS. 1 1 R* I. Anas Bahamtnjit. Linn. Cmel. BrlfTand Klein. Tht llathtra Duck. Catefl>y, Penn. and Lath. %. Anas Braftlicnfts, Gmel. Ray, WilL and BrifT. Tht Mareca Duck, Lath. JlfARECA is, according to Pifo, the ge- neric name of the Ducks in Brazil; and Marcgrave applies it to two fpecies, which feem not far removed from each other j and for this reafon we place them together, diftinguiftiing them however by the names of M ir,c and Ma^ reca. The firft, fays this naturalift, is a duck of fmall fize, with a brown bill, and a red or orange fpot on each corner ; the throat and the cheeks are white, the tail gray, the wing deco- rated with a green fpangle and a black border. Cateiby, who has defcribed the fame bird at p 4 Bahama, W' si6 BRAZILIAN DUCK. Bahama, fays, that this fpangle on the wing is; edged >^'ith yellow i but the name of Bahama (lucky ij^ by BrifTon, is the lefs founded, as Catefby exprefsly remarks., that it appears there very fddom, having never feen i^ny except the fubje(ft which he defciibes. The Mareca, Marpgrave's fecond fpecies, is of the fame fize with the other, and its bill and tail are black ; a fpangle ihines witl^ green and blue on the wing, on a brown ground ; a fpot of yellowifli white is placed, as in the other, between the corner of the bill and, the eye ; the legs are vermilion, which, even after cooking, tinges with a fine red. The flefh of this laft is, he adds, fomewhat bitter j that of the former is. excellent, yet the favages feldoni eat it, fearing, they fay, that feeding on an animal that appear}^ unwieldy, they fliould become themfelves lefs fit for running *, m Ii'Ii * Cpreal, Voyage uux Ind^s Orieniflhf, Paris, ijzt,, [A] Specific charafter of the Mareca Duck, Anas Brajilien^s .\ f« It is brown, tjelow gloffy cinereous; an ochry-white fpot betweeo •' the bill and the eyes j its chin white ; its tail wedge-fhaped and «' black." — Specific charafter of the Ilathera Duck, Anas Baha- mcnjjs : «' It is gray ; its bill lead-colourej ; a fulvous fpot on its V f:de, a green and yellow fpot on its wings." It perches on trqes, and does not mieralc into the north. 1 - I y - , >'a r "* ■ ' ' m "/i"' '■■(i i,;J ■' ii ,'W"'-. ' I aJ7 ] !".' ::0 ■:■..:-:. .. The S A R C E L L E S, ,i ■■ fT^ H E form which nature has the moft fliaded, "^ varied, and multiplied in the water-fowls, |s that of the duck. After the great number of fpecies in that genus which we have enumerat- ed, comes a fubordinate genus, almoft as exten- five ^s the primary one, and which feems to prefent the fame fubjedts on a fmallcr fcale., This fecondary kind is that of the Sarce//es, which we cannot better paint in general terms than by faying, that they are ducks much fmaller than the others, But the analogy obtains not pnly in their natural habits, their ftrudlure, and the proportions of their form* ; but alfo in the difpoiition of their plumage, and even in the great difference of colour that takes place be- tween th? males aqd the females. The Sarcelles were often ferved up at the Roman tables -f* : they were fo much efteemed, that pains was taken to .rear them, like ducks, in the dpmeflic flate :|:. We fhould^ no dpubt, • Belon, .-.r..' ' ..-• ; ,. - -;. , .;- :; r/. , . c- , "f Idem, • ' ,. X Nam clatifie pa/cuntur, Anates, ^erquedulte. Bo/chides^ Pbala- rides, ftmilefqut 'volucrts qua fiagna 13 faluda rimantur. Columella, deReRufiica, a' ...m,:; r- ^ .... facceed ...I Vi>i v\ ■1 , ■-M' m I ^i8 COMMON SARCELLE; fucceed alfo; but the ancients apparently cm- ployed more care on their poultry-yards, and in general beftowed much greater attention than we to rural (Economy and agriculture. We proceed to defcribe the different ipecies of Sarcelles, fome of which, like certain ducks, have Spread to the extremities of both conti* Iient3 *• The COMMON SARCELLE, if ^tnas^turqnedula, Lini). and Gtnel. ^rquedula. Gefner, Klein. Bri/T, Bofcas. Gefner. ^bt Qargatuy, Will. Fena. and Lath, f T T fi figure is that of a little duck> its iize thai of a partridge 5 the plumage of the male, though inferior in the brilliancy of its colours to * In the plains of Chili, according to Frezier.-«»On the coa(t of 3)iemen's land. Cooi.-^In the bay of Cape Holland, at Magellan's Straits. Wallis.—'in great plenty at Port Egmont. Byron, f In Greek Beirxaio which Charleton derives from Boc-xv, /« fafturt\ M. de BufFon objefls, that this appellation is not cha- raAeriitic, for all ducks may be faid to pafture. The modern Greeks S4>ply the name fafpi to all the different fpecies of ducks. In Italian this bird is called SarttUa» Circtdala, CerervoJo, Garga' mlh: inSpanilhC^rr^/a; in Germui Mureatleiit (mum^UrJtMittU' tntk JV:24S r'L I: 'm 'IS ■ M ¥i il'.j 1 v.; hi; H}l:i I'i p'^-i III I If... . i,ri THKiVrAJ.E OARGA^EY. :44 ^. hRBwH r ■ ; t r 1 1 J,. Jlj:rp^K-...^^¥ t ■.'it THfiFEtMAIiE GARGANEl". _ri- .V. ■i4. A\ 11 1 ■'^:-U :B' m If '■•- a^ '*• COMMON SARCELLE. ti9 to that of the drake, is no lefs rich in agreeable fcfledtions, which it would be impoflible to de- fcribe. The fore fide of the body prefents a beautiful breaft-plate woven with black or gray» and, as it were, mailed with little truncated fquares, incloied in larger, &nd all difpofed with fo much neatnefs and elegance, that the mofl pharming effe^ is produced, The licjes of the neck and the ch^ks, as far as under the eyes, are worked with fmall ftreaks of white, vermiculat- ed on a rufous ground : the upper fide of the head is black, an4 alfo the throat ; but a long white ftreak, es^tending from oyer the eye, falls |^elo^y the nape : long feathers, drawn to a point, cover the fhoulders, and recline on the wing in white and blacl flripes ^ the coverts which reft pn the wings ai f decorated with a little green fpangle : the flanics and the ^ump exhibit hatches of blacki(h-gray on white-gray, and are fpeckled as agrc-eably as the reft of the body, The attire of the female is much fimpler : clothed entirely with gray and dun -gray, it {lardly ftiows fome traces of waves or feftoons •f I- , t ■■'■I 4 m . w fntU (middle duekjt Scheckicht-endtlin (thtevijh-duck) : in Low Dutch Crai-ka/ona ; and in fome parts, as in the neighbourhood of Stralburg, Kernelh according to Gefner : in Norwegian Krak-and: in Ruffian Tchirka. At Mad^gafcar* it is called Sirire. In fome province; of France Garfotte, according to Belon ; in others Hal* }>ran; in the Orlcanois* Champagne, and Lorraine, Arcaattte} in the Milanefe^ and in Picardy, Gar^aney, on 220 COMMON SARCELLE. on its garb. It has no black on the throat ^, like the male ; and in general there is fo much difference between the fexes in the Sarcelles, as; in the ducks, that inexperienced fportfmen mif- take them, and apply the improper names tiers, racmnettest mercannetes. In fliort, naturalifts ought on this, as on other occaiions, to beware of falfe appellations, and not to multiply fpecies from the mere difference of the colours which are found in thefe birds ; it would even be very ufeful, to prevent error, that both the male and female be figured in their true colours. In the pairing feafon, the male utters a cry like that of the rail ; yet the female feldom makes her neft in our provinces -f, and almoft all thefe birds leave us before th^ 15th or 20th of April f. They fly in bands in the time of their migra- tions, without preferving, like the ducks, any regular order : they take their flight ffom above the water, and proceed with great rapidity, • Fauna Suecica.^m** There is as much difFerence between the <* male and the female of the Sarcelle as between the ducks and the *• drakes. . . . Generally the females are gray round the neck, and *' yellowiih below the belly ; brown on the back, the wings, and «' the rump." Belon. f Salerne fays, that he never faw its neil in that part of the Orleanois where he obferved. X As the Sarcelle feldom appears but in winter, Sqhwcnckfeld thence derives it$ name ; !^r^uedula, quoniam qufrquire, id eji fi-'t- ^ido y hyemali tempore, maxime apparet. [Varro fays, tliat it is a ibrt of diminutive from the Greek K:gxi(, which iigmfies aiueaver^s guttle ; on account either of its rapid flight or its whilUing voice. They COMMON SARCELLE. 121 it it They do riot often bathe, but find their propet' food on the furface of the lakes, or near the margin : flies, and the feeds of aquatic plants, are what they prefer. <> • ' Gefner found in their ilomach little flones mixed with thefe aliments ; and Frifch, who kept two months a couple of thefe birds taken young, has given us the following detail of their mode of living in this fort of incipient domefti- cation : " I prefented firft to thefe Sarcelles," he fays, ** different feeds, and they would touch none ; but fcarce had I fet befide their water- trough a bafon, filled with millet, than they ** both ran to it. At every bill-full which they " took, each went to the water; and they car- " ried ;is much of it in a fliort time as com- " pletely to foak the millet. Yet the grain was not moiftened fufficiently to their mind, and I faw my Sarcelles bufy themfelv^s in carry- ing millet and water to the ground of their " pen, which was of clay, and when the bottom was foftened and tempered enough, they began to dabble;, and made a pretty deep cavity, in which they ate their millet mixed with earth. " I put them in a room, and they carried, in the " fame way, though to little purpofe, the millet *• and water to the deal-floor. I led them on the ** grafs, and they feemed to do nothing but dig ** for feeds, without eating the blades, or *' even earth-worms. They purfued flies and ♦* fnapped them like ducks. When I delayed « <( <( « ({ « "1 . A-.T ■'I ,1 '■' ' ' €< to .1 i:! 722 Little sarcelle; ** to give them their accuflomed food, they ** called for it with a feeble hoarfe cry, guoaJ^^ ** repeated every minute; In the everting they ** lay in the corners^ and even during the day^ " when a perfon went near them^ they hid them- *' fclves in the narrowed holes. They lived thus ** till the approach of winter ; but when the fe- " vere cold fet in, they died fuddcnly." [A] Specific charaAer off the Garganey, J»m ^erqutJula: <« It has a green fpot On the wings, and a white line abcyve the ** eyes. ,-..'■' . • * the LITTLE SARGELLE. SECOND S P £ C / £ S: Anas Crtcea. Linn, and Gmel. Pha/eas, Oefner. ^erquedula. Id. , ^trquubtla Major, johnft. i^rqueJula Minor, BriiT. Pepatzcai Fernandez. Tbt Common Teal, Ray; Pcnn. and Lath. ♦ 'T^His Sarcelle is fmaLltet than the firft, and ^ differs belides by the colours of its head^ which is rufous, and ftriped with a broad ilreak * in German Trofel, kriech-enten ( cravjl-duck ) Kruk-entk (trutcb^duck) Grnnjo-entlin (gray-duck) ; and the female Brunn- kapfichtrtntUn ( bromm-beaded duck) : in Swifs Mour-entlcy Sor-cnfUi Soke : in Polifti Cjranka : in Swedilh Jrta, Kracka : n\ Danifli' Krik-ard: in Norwegian Hejlelort-and : in Dutch TUlin^ : in Mexican Pepatzca, of in ber LITTLE sarCeLl*:* l2J of green edged with white, that extends from, the eyes to the occiput : the reft of the plumago is pretty much like that of the common farcelle or garganey, except that its breaft is not richly mailed* but only fpeckled. . This little Sarcelle breeds on our poolsi and continues in the country the whole year. It conceals its neft among the large bulruihes, and builds it with their ftalks, their pith, and with a heap of feathers : this neft, conftroded with much care, is pretty wide, and refts on the fur- face of the water, fo as ta rife and fall wifth it< The eggs amount to ten or twelve, and are about the ft-re of a pigeon's ; they are dirty white, with hazel-fpots. The females take the whole ma- nagement of the incubation ; the males feem to leave them and aftbciate together during that time, but ii.> autumn they return to their fami- lies. The teals are feen on the pools in clufters of ten or twelve j and in winter they refort to the rivers and unfrozen fprings ; there they live on creftes and wild chervil. On. pools, they eat the rulh-feeds, and catch fmall fifti. They fly very fwiftly j their cry is a fort of whiftle, vout're, vouire, which is heard on the pools as early as the month of March. Hebert aflures us, that this little Sarcelle is as common in Brie as the other is rare, and that great num- bers are killed in that province. According to Rzaczynfki, they are caught in Poland by means of \''¥'^ i 'W !(!■ li' -, •ji »J4 liVtle sarcelle. of nets ftretched from one tree to another ; (f*'- Teals throw themfelvcs into thefe nets ad t*ic' rife from the pools about the duik of the even- ihg. Ray, from the name, thi: Common Teal, which he beftows on our little Sarcelle, fecms not toi have known the common Sarcelle : Belon, ori the contrary, was acquainted with no other; and though he applies to' it indifcriminately the two Greek names bofcas arid phajcas, the latter febms to have referred peculiarly to the little Sarcelle ; for Athenaeus fays, that the phajcas is larger than the \\\.\\t colymbis, which is the little grebe. This fpecies has obtained a communication with the new world by way of the north j fince it is evi- dently the\^^/»^/2;ff^ of Fernande7.i and feveral that we have received from Louifiana differ not from thofe of Europe* )n •. It 1 11 1 1\ • ' [A] Specific charafter of the Comirtdn Teal, AnasCriccA: ^ It ** has a green Tpangle on the wings, and a white line above andf ** below the eyes." It is found as far north as Greenland, where it lays from thirteen to nineteen eggs. The teals of America ari not fo prolific* a The SUMMER SARCELLE. t "5 ] THIRD SPECIES, jf/ias Cireia. Linn, and Gmel. ^ertjuedula JEftiva. Brifl*. The Summer Teal. Will. Alb. and Lath. • ' 1 "XI/e fhould have clafled this fpecies with the preceding, if Ray, who appears to have examined both, had not feparated them ; and we can only copy his account of the bird. " It ** is," fays he, " fomcvvhat fmaller than the com- ** mon teal, and is, without exception, the leaft ** of the whole genus ; its bill is black j all its " mantle brown cinereous, with the tips of the •* feathers white on the back ; on the wing is " a bar about the breadth of a finger, black, " with reflexions of emerald-green, and edged " with white ; all the fore fide of the body is " white waflied with yellowifli, fpotted with " black on the breall and the lower belly -, the ** tail is pointed ; the legs are blueifli, and their " webs black." M. Baillon has fent me fuiue notes on a Summer Sarcelle, by which he means the little ' " ' •In German Birckilgen, VOL. IX. , 11'; \ U ti 'Tp HIS Sarcelle is nearly as large as the gar- ganey ; but its bill is rather larger and broader : its head, neck, and breaft, are of a rufous brown, glowing and intenfe ; all its man- tle is black ; there is a ftreak of white on the wing ; the ftomach is white, and the belly is of the fame rufous brown with the bread. The female in this fpecies has nearly the fame colours as the male, only they are not *o deep, or fo finely contrafted j the white of the ftomach is interfperfed with brown waves, and the colours of the head and breaft are rather brown than rufous. We have been aflurcd tha,t this 3arr celle was found in Egypt. ilK: !^&|# |l I .J m QwS *30 J The MADAGASCAR SARCELLE, FIFTH SPECIES. Anas Madagafcar'ienjis. Gmel. The. Madagajcar Teal. Lath. 'T^ HIS Sarcelle is nearly the fize of the com- mon teal; but its head .and bill are fmaller. The chara|:: i!' 1. m2. 1 '1 1 4 < i 4^: i .'i-^ Ml. •' lit* ,:t|.l' . 1- n I THE CHINESE. GAKGANEar '■yt ?*^ [ ^33 ] The CHINESE SARCELLE. EIGHTH SPECIES, Jinai Galericulaia, Linn, and Gmcl. ^erqutdula Sinenjis. BrifT. ^erquedula Indica. Aldrov. Anas Sinenjis. Klein. The Chineji Teal. Lath. 'T^ HIS beautiful Teal is veiy remarkable for the richnefs and the fingularity of its plu- mage : it is painted with the moft vivid colours, and adorned on the head with a magnificent green and purple bunch, which extends beyond the nape ; the neck and the fides of the face are enriched with narrow and p >inted feathers of an orange red; the throat is \/hite, and alfo the part above the eyes ; the bread is of a purple or wine rufous -, the flanks are pleafantly worked with little black fringes, and the quills of the wings are elegantly bordered with white ftrcaks: to thefe beauties, add a remarkable fingularity, that two feathers, one on each fide, between thofe of the wing next the body, have on the outfide of their fhaft webs of an uncommon length, of a beautiful orange rufous, fringed with white and black on the edge, which form, as it were. mm .• m V i I |4 If W. ' '^'' ft' ., I! V-. «34 CHINESE SARCELLE. were, two fans or two broad papilionaceous wings raifcd on the back : thefe two fingular feathers diftinguifh fufficiently this Sarcelle from all the others, befides the beautiful crcfl which ufually floats on its head, but which it can eredt. The beautiful colours of this bird have ftruck the eyes of the Chinefe : they have painted it on their porcelain and their finefl paper. The fe- male, which they have alfo delineated, appears uniformly in a brown fuit ; and this is indeed its colour, with fome mixture of white. In both fcxt's, ihe bill and the legs are red. This beautiful Sarcelle is found in Japan as well as in China ; for we may perceive it to be the kim7iodfui'^, of whofe beauty Kaimpfef fpeaks with admiration : and Aldrovandus rektes, that the embafTadors, who came in his time from Japan to PwOme, brought, among other rarities of their corntry, figures of that bird. • ** There is (in Japan) a fort of duck which I cannot help •* Ipeaking of, becaufe of the remarkable beauty of the male, called «* kimnodfui ; it is fo exquifite, that when its piflure was ihown to *< me, I could not believe it to be a faithful likencfs, till I faw the «« bird itfelf, which is pretty common. Its feathers form a fhade of *' the mod beautiful colours imaginable ; but red predominates ♦« about the neck and the throat ; its head is croWiled with a lAag- *' niiicenr tuft ; its tail, which rifes obliquely, and its wings, whkh '< are pkced on the back in a fingular fafhion, exhibit to the eye an •' objeft as fingular as it is extraordinary," Natur/d Hiflory tf Japan, I m ] The FEROE SARCELLE*. NINTH SPECIES. ^erquedula Ferroeajis, BriiT. 'npHis Sarcelle, which is fornevhat fmaller than the garganey, has ail '^^ plumage of an uniform white gray on the .-ic fide of the body, of the neck and of the head j only it » flightly fpotted with blackifh behind the eyes, and alfo on the throat and the fides of the bread : all the mantle, with the upper furface of the head and of the neck, is of a dull blackiih» without any reflexions. f All the preceding fpecies of Sarcelles are in- habitants of the ancient continent j thofe which we are now to defcribe belong to the new : and though the fame fpecies of water- fowl are often common to both worlds, yet each of the fpecies of Sarcelles fecms to be appropriated to the one or other continent, except the garganey and th« teal, which are found in both. ♦ Called Oedel in the ifland of Feroe, according to Bri/Ton. ' mm itl m ^^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^J^ s 1.0 I.I Ul 115 1^ \il 12.0 I F 1" tiL ^ 6" — » ■r HmtDgraphic Sciences Corporation 4^ ^iS""^ h n VMST IMAM STRHT «tfllSni,N.V. 14SM (71*) •73*4903 4^ ;\ in L\ t »36 ] The SOUCROUROU SARCELLE. V- ..,f. -y TENTH SPECIES. AnasDifcors. Linn, and Gmel. ^erquedula Americana* BriiT. -' ' ^trquedula Minor Varia. Barrere. Anas ^erquedula Americana Variegata, The White-faced Teal. Catelby. The White-faced Duck. Penn. and Lath. Klein. ■.:r 'T^His rpecies is common in Cayenne, where it is called Soucrourou. It is nearly the fize of the garganey: the male is richly fef- tooned and waved on the back ; the neck, the- bread, and all the fore fide of the body, are ifpot- ted with blackifh on a rufty brown ground ; on the top of the wing is a beautiful plate of light blue, below which is a white ftreak, and then a green fpangle j there is alfo a broad ftreak of white on the cheeks -, the upper fide of the head is blackifli, with greeh and purple refle(fiions : the female is quite brown. '^ '^' " Thefe birds are found in Carolina, and proba* bly in many other parts of America. Their flefh is, according to Barrere, delicate and well tafted. [A] Specific chamber of the Anas Difcors ,* « The coverts of. " its wings are blue ; its fecondary wing-quills are green on the " outfide; there is a while bar on the front,** [ 237 ] U 'k: The SOUCROURETTE SARCELLE. E L E r E NT M SPECIES. jiuas Di/cors, var. Gmel. ^erquedula Virgimana (foemina). Brifl'. Jnas ^lacula. Klein. The Blue-'wingtd Teal. Cateiby aiid Lath. 'T^HOUGH the Cayenne Sarcelle rcprefented in our Planches Enluminees is fmaller-fized than Catefby's B/ue- winged Tea/, the great re- femblance in their colours induces, us to regard them as the fame fpecies ; and we are much in- clined to clafs both with the preceding, and have therefore adopted a fimilar name. The Soucrourette has on the fhoulder a blue plate with a white zone below, and then a green fpangle, exactly as in th^ foucrourou : the reft of the body, and the head, arc covered with fpots of brown- gray, waved with white -gray. Cateiby *s figure does not Ihow this mixture, but prefents a brown colour, fpread too uniformly, that would fuit the female, which, according tohim,is entirely brown. He adds, that thefe birds come in great numbers to Carolina in the month of Auguft, and remain there till the middle of October, at which time they gather rice in the fields, being very fond of that grain. In Virginia, he fays, where there is no rice, they eat a fort of wild oats that grow in .-,.•••• ••:: : • the ''.; Mi '' ' b m I ii; I* ]i, ■■"^U ^m.. I: IIP 238 SPINOUS-TAILED SARCELLE. the fwamps. When fed in either of thefe ways, they become extremely fat, and their fleih ac- quires an exquifite relifli *. ■ The SPINOUS -TAILED SARCELLE. TfTELFTH SPECIES, r uinas Spino/a. Gmel. . * . . The Spinous-ttuled Teal. Lath. 'T^ HIS fpeeies of Sarcelle, which is a native ^ of Guiana, is diftinguifhed from all the others by the tail-feathers, which are longer, and terminated by a little ftiiF filament like a fpine^ formed . by the point of the fhaft, produced a line or two beyond the webs of thefe feathers, which are blackilh brcfVvji. The plumage of the body is unvaried, conlifting of waves^ or blackifh fpots, deeper on the upper furface, lighter on the under, and feftooned with v/hite-gray in a rufty or yellowifli ground : the top of the head is blackifli, and two ftreaks of t fame colour, parted by two white ftreaks, pd.d, the one asi high as the eye, the other lower on the cheek ; the quills of the wing are alfo blackiQi. This, Sarcelle is fcarcely eleven or twelve inches long* * Mr. Latham, after Briffon, reckons this to be the female of the preceding.— y. C a39 ] The LONG-TAILED RU- FOUS SARCELLE. THIRTEENril SPECIES. ^»as Dominica. Gmel. i^erquedula Dominicenfis, BriiT. Chilcanauhtli. Fernandez. " . ColcanauhtU (feni). Id. The St. Domingo Teal. Lath. 'Tp H I s is fomewhat larger than the preceding, •** and differs much in its colours : it has how- ever the character of the long tail, with tb^ quills terminating in a point, though the un« webbed fhaft is not fo nicely defined. We w^l not" venture to clafs thefe two fpecies together, but we conceive them to be related. The upper iide of the head, the face, and the tail, are black- ifh J the wing is of the fame colour, with fome blue and green refledions, and has a white fpot j the neck is of a fine chefnut-rufous j the flanks arc of the fame colour j and tlie upper furface of the body is waved with it on blackifli. This Sarcelle was fent to us from Guadaloupe. BrifTon received one from St. Domingo, and re- fers it, with the utmoft probability, to the chil- canauMi of NtwSpzin, defcribed by Fernandez, who feems to denominate the female of the fame fpecies colcanaubtlu Hi S' ! C 240 3 The WHITE and BLACK SARCELLE; e?r, the NUN. FOVRTEENTH SPECIES. Anas Albeola. Linn, and Gmel. ^erquedttla Ludeviciana. Brifl*. ' The Little Black and White Duck. Edw. 'I'he Spirit Duck, Penn, A WHITE robe, a white band with a black cap and mantle, have procured this Loui- liane Sarcelle the name of Nun (ReligieufeJ, It is nearly as large as the garganey. The black of its head is decorated with green and purple luftre, and the white hand encircles it behind from the eyes. " The Newfoundland fifhers," fays Edwards, ** call this bird Spirity I know not " for what reafon, unlefs becaufc it is a very nimble diver : the inftant after it has plunged, it appears again at a very great diftance 3 a power which might recall to the imagination of the vulgar the fantaflic ideas of apparitions.'* ' «f «( €( €t [A] Specific character of the Spirit, Jnas Albeola : " It is white; ** its back and wing- quills are black ; its head bluei(h,and the back of ** the head white." It extends over the whole of North America. It neftles in trees, near freih wjiter. f Ht ] The MEXICAN SARCELLE. FIFTEENTH SPECIES, Anat Nova Hi/fanite. Gmel. ^erquidula Mexicana, Brifl*. Toltecolo£lli,/tu Mttzcaaaubtli, Fernandez. TAe Mexican Duck, Lath. TJ^ERNANDEZ gives thls Sarcelle the Mexican name Metzcanahachili, or Metzcanauhtlu which iignifies, he fays, moon-bird i becaufe it is hunted by moon-light. He adds, that it is one of the mofl beautiful fpecies of the genus : almofl its whole plumage is white, dotted with blacky efpecially on the breaft; the wings exhibit a mixture of blue, of greeh, of fulvous, of black and white ; the head is blackifh brown, with va-> rying colours ; the tail is blue below, blackifh above, and terminated with white: there is a black fpot between the eyes and the bill, which is black below and blue above. The female, as in all the fpecies of this genus^ differs from the male by its colours, which are not fo diftin j- ? » , :. ■ .. / - • ■■ . . f~ .-> . «^ . ' I ' . , ' O / C 243 J The BROWN and WHITE SARCELLE, »■■ SEFENTEENTH SPECIES. Anas Minuta. Linn. ^uerqutdula Freti. Hud/mis, Brifl*. The Little BrowH and White Duck, Edw. 'TpHis bird, though called a duck by Ed- wards, ought to be ranged among the Sar- celles, lince it has nearly the lize and figure o£ the firft fpecies, the garganey : but the colour of its plumage is different 5 it is entirely of dark brown on the head, the neck, and the quills of the wing. The deep brown dilutes into whitifh on the fore part of the body, which is befides flriped acrofs with brown lines : there is a white fpot on the fides of the head, and a fimilar one on the corner of the bill. This Sarcelle dieads not the moil intenfe cold, fince it is one of thofe which inhabit the bottom of Hudfon*s Bay *. * Teals are reckoned among the number of birds that are feea to pafs in the fpring at Hudfon's Bay, on dieir way to breed in the north. Hiji. Gttt, dtt Voj, tom> xv. /. 267. K 4 f 144 ] SPECIES WHICH ARE RELATED TO THE DUCKS AND SARCELLES. After the defcription and hiflory of the *^ fpecies well known and difcriminated, it remains to indicate thofe to which the following accounts feem to refer ; in order that obfervers and travellers may difcover to what preceding fpecies each belongs; or, if different^ to delineate the new fpecies. . ; I. We mull mention the ducks commonly called y2?«r wings, of which the Colledion of the Academy fpeaks in thefe terms. " About 1680, " appeared in the Boulonois a kind of ducks, *' which had their wings turned differently from others, the great feathers parting from the body and projecting out : which has occafioned " the people to fay, and believe, that they have <* four wings." fCollcdi, Acad, Part, Etr, torn. i. ^. 304). We conceive that this charadler might be accidental, from the bare comparifon of thq preceding palTage with the following. <* M. " TAbbe Nollet faw in Italy a flock of geefe, " among which were many that feemed to have " four wings : but this appearance, which took ** place only when the bird flew, was caufed by ** the inverfion of the Jafl: portion of the wing, " which kept the great feathers elevated inftead »»< of lying flat along the body. Thefe ducks " cam* « nefts after a fingular flifhion, with kneaded mudi and plaftered with the utmoft neatnefs ; if this account be true, which from feveral cir- cumflances feems fufpicious, and little to be de- pended on. XI. I'he painted duck of New Zealand, fo named in Captain Cook's Second Voyage, and thus defcribed : " The largeft is as big as a Mufcovy duck, with a very beautiful varie- gated plumage, on which account we called it the painted duck ; both male and female have a large white fpot on each wing ; the head and " neck of the latter is white, but all the other ** feathers, as well as thofe on the head and neck ** of the drake, are of a dark variegated colour." Vol. i. pp, 96 & 97. XII. The foft 'billed whijiling ducky otherwife called the blue-gray duck of New Zealand 5 re- markable for this property, that its bill is foft and almoft cartilaginous, infomuch that it can- not fubfift but by gathering, or, fo to fpeak, by fucking the worms which the tide leaves on the beach. XIII. The red-combed duck, alfo of New Zealand, which was found only on the river at the bottom of Dufky Bay : this duck, which is only a little larger than the farcelle, is of a very glofly dark gray on the upper fide of the back, and of a deep gray foot- colour on the belly ; the bill il';i'' aso SPECIES RELATED TO bill and the legs are lead-coloured; it has a golden iris, and a red creft on its head. XIV. Laftly, Fernandez gives ten fpecies as belonging to the genus of ducks. We (hall throw into notes the Mexican names *, and the defcriptions. • ** Xalcuanit or fand-fwallowcr. — It is a kind of wild duck* *< fomewhat fmallcr than the tame ; its bill moderately broad ; the <' feathers on the under fide of the body white, and thofe on the breaft *' and on the upper fide fulvous, but others bright white run acrofs ; ** the wings and the tail are greenilh, variegated above with bright *' white, with black, and with brown, and below with w&ite and ci- *' nereous ; a green band runs from the back of the head to the eyes ; ** the reft of the head is white, inclining to cinereous, and mixed ** with rulTet and blackiih ; the legs are longer in proportion than ** the reft of the body, of a ruftet-colour : This bird viiits the lake«" Cap. 121. p, 39. «• TacatexotliyOr blue-billed bird.— It is almoft as big as the tame *< duck ;4ts bill is fky-blue above, and reddifti white below ; the up- ** per fide of the body is fulvous, and the under fide filvery black; ** the upper part of the wing black." Cap. 70./. 29. ** Tzta£lxenyayauhqui (different from that of p. 28.)— It is a kind ** of fmall wild duck ; its bill is blue, and marked near the tip widi " a white fpot ; the legs incline alfo to blue ; and the reft of the body ** is variegated with white and fulvous." ' Cap. 156. p. 45. « Colcanauhtliciouht. — It is a wild duck; the greater part of its " upper fide brown, and a fmall part whitilh ; its under fide is wliite *♦ and partly brown, except the wings, which below are entirely of " a bright white. The head is black and cinereous at its upper part, « but inclining to a deep black, and below to cinereous." Cap. 64. p. 2^. ** AtapalcatU or water-pot.— It would be exaftly like the teal, if « it had not its bill twice as broad; its colour whitifh and fulvous; ^* it bites the hand angrily, but without hurting it. " Tzonyayauhqui, or variegated-head (male).'^ll is a wild duck ** that lives about the lake, and is almoft as large as a tame duck: " its bill is broad, above fky-blue, only marked widi two fpots, and «* having ■ WfV^ THE DUCKS AND SARCELLES. 251 defcriptions, which are for the moft part incom- plete; waiting tif ew obfervations, or the in- fpedlion of the fubje^Sts themfelves, enable us to complete and arrange them. <*< having a fmall flender proje£lIon with which it bites ; the under *' partblackifli blue ; the legs fliort and blue, fometimes mixed how- f ever with a pale colour; its head and neck thick, and of a peacock- *« colour at the fides, the top fometimes blacker, however ; the breaA <* is black : the fides of the belly and of the body are whitifli, al«* " though black lines, running tranfverfely, decorate the tail ; a black '* tawny bar, three inches broad, and extending to the end of the ** tail, marks the back ; finally, the wings are tinged promifcuoufly " with black, fulvous, bright white, and cinereous." Cap. jo8. /. 36. . " Nepapantototl—lX. is a wild duck, frequent in the Mexican lake, « its bill ending fomewhat fquare j in other refpedls fimilar, except <* that there is no fort of colour which ufually decorates the wild ** ducks, but falls to the fhare of this, and bellows on it ornament ** and beauty, whence is derived its name." Cap. 127. /. 40. *' Opipixcan.'—lx. is a wild duck with a reddifh bill; its thighs and ** its legs variegated with rufous and whitiih ; the reft of its body ^ cinereous an^^^ black. Cap. i\T. p. 44. ** PerutototL~—A Peruvian duck; which being already known in «* our world, I fhall not take the trouble to defcribe." Cap. 16. **p. 47. ** Co»ca»aubtI$,'—A kind of large duck, like our lavaticos, and f* which, for that reafon, we have deemed it unneceflary to deli> f neate." !! • i M'V. I m m\ r 252 ] The PETRELS. Procellarite of Linnaeus. r\ T all the marine birds, thofe which the moft ^^ conftantly live on the great feas, are the Petrels -, the moft ftrangers to the land, the moft adventurous in roving on the vaft ocean : they Commit themfelves w^ith equal confidence and audacity to the rolling billows, the impetuous winds, and feem to brave the fury of the tem- pefts. In the remoteft portions of the globe, in every zone which navigators have vifited, thefe birds feemed to expe(ft their arrival, and even to have ftretched beyond them into more diftant and more ftormy latitudes. Every where they have been {ecn to fport with fecurity, and even gaiety, on that clement, fo terrible in its fury, which unnerves the moft intrepid man : as if nature meant to demon ftratc, that the inftinfts and faculties which {he has allotted to the inferior creatures, excel the combined powers of our rea- fon and our art. * Furniihed with long wings, accommodated with palmated feet, the Petrels add to the eafe and nimblenefs of flying, and to the facility of fwimming. PETRELS. 253 fwimming, the fingular power of running and walking on the water, razing the waves in a ra- pid paflage, their body being fupported norizon- tally, and balanced by the wings, and their feet ftriking alternately and precipitately on the fur- face. Hence is derived the Englilh name PetreU or Peterel, which alludes to St. Peter's walking on the fea. The fpecies of the Petrels are numerous : they have all large and ftrong wings; yet they rife not to a great height, and commonly they raze the water in their flight. They have three toes con- nected by a membrane; their two lateral toes have a ledge on their outer part; their fourth toe is only a little fpur thatrifes immediately from the heel, without joint or phalanx *. The bill, lik^ that of the albatrofs, is articu- lated, and feems compofed of four pieces, two of which, as if they were added portions, form the extremities of the mandibles. There are alfo, along the upper mandible, near the head, two little tubes or flat rolls, in which the noftrils are perforated. From its general conformation, the bill would feem to be that of a ravenous bird, for it is thick, (harp, and hooked at its extremity : but this figure of the bill is not ex- actly the fame in all the Petrels, and the differ- ence is even fuch as to afford a charadler for the . fubdivifion of the genus. In fad, the point of the • Willughby calls this fpur, a little hin4-toe, not imagining that it proceeds immediatdx from the heel. Upper A I i i''i aS4 PETRELS. tipper mandible alone is in many fpecies bent into a hook -, the point of the lower, on the con- trary, is channelled and truncated like a fpoon.-— Thefe fpecies are the iimple Petrels. In others* the points of both mandibles are (harp, refledted, and form together the hook. This difference of character has been remarked by BrifTon ; and we think that it ought not to be omitted or rejedled, as done by Forfter. — We Ihall denominate thefe fpecies puffin-petrels. All thefe birds, the puffins as well as the Pe- trels, feem to have the fame inftinft and common habits in hatching. They inhabit the land only during that time, which is pretty fhort ; and, as if they were fenfible of the incongruity of that relidence, they hide or rather bury themfelves in holes under the rocks by the fea-fliore. From the bottom of thefe holes is heard their difagree- able voice, which would generally be taken for the croaking of a reptile *. They lay few eggs : they feed and fatten their young by difgorging into- their bill the half-digefted, oily fubftance of fifli, which are their chief and almoft only fupport. But they have a fingular property, of which perfons who feek their nefts ought to be • The Petrels bury themfelves by thoufands in holes under ground ; there they rear their young«and lodge every night. Forfter* s Oi/ervatiotts,^-The woods (at New Zealand) refonnd with the noife of the Petrels, concealed in holes under ground, which croak like frogs, or cluck like hens. It would feem that all the Petrels make their nefls ufually in fubterraneous cavities; for we faw the blue kin^in fuch lodgments at Dufky Bay. /sVasr, well PETRELS. *SS well aware : when attacked, they, whether from fear, or the hope of defending themfelves, dif- charge the oil with which their flomach is filled i they fpout it in the face of the fowler ; and as their nefVs are ufually lodged on rocky fliores, in the clifts of lofty precipices, igno- rance of this fadt has cod fome obfervers their lives*. Forfler remarks, that Linnaeus knew little of the Petrels, fince he reckons only ^x Jpedes 5 whereas Forfter difcovered himfelf twelve new fpecies in the South Sea. It is to be wiihed, that this learned voyager would defcribe all thefe fpe*- cies : meanwhile, we can only give thofe which we know from other fources. (•hill «i;:'l" * In the Geiierkl Adverttfer, for June 17611 is the following re- markable account from the Ifle of Mull : ** A gentleman of the nam^ ** of Campbell, being fowling among the rocks, and having mounted «( a ladder to take fome birds out of their holes, was fo furprized, by ** one of this fpecies fparting a quantity of oil in his face, that be " quitted his hold, fell down, and periihed."— Smith, in his Hiftory af Kerry> mentions the lame property of the ftormy petrel. . > ..■ . / ii C 256 ] J^!!25 The CINEREOUS PETREL. FIRST SPECIES.. Procellaria Glacialis. Linn, and Gmel. Procellaria Cinerea. BrifT. ' ' ' The Wagel of the Cornijb, Ray. , ' : ' L ;*'• The Fulmar Petrel, Penn. and Lath. : . . ' ^T^ H I s Petrel inhabits the northern feas. Clu- "^ fius compares its fize to that of a middling iien: Rolandfon Martin, a Swedifh obierver, fays ihat it is equal in bulk to a crow. The firft of thefe authors finds a refemblance in its port and figure to a falcon : indeed its bill, ftrongly jointed and much hocked, is formed for rapine; the hook of the upper mandible, and the truncated channel which terminates the under, are of a yellowifli colour ^ arid the reft of the bill, with the two tubulated noftrils, are blackifli in the dead fubjedt which we defcribe ; but we are afTured that the bill is entirely red as well as the legs in the living bird : the plumage of the body is a cinereous white ; the mantle is blue cine- reous, and the quills of the wing are of a deeper blue, and almoft black : the feathers are very clofe and full, clothed below with a thick and fine down, with which the fkin of the body is completely invefted, Obfervers J\f!!23i THE CINEREOT/S rETREt. . 1 . 'I I' ; i: < 1 k it"' to nii; N ^s! s ■ c Obi " cauf «« like " whi " of t] how a horfe': caufe fame ; low tl in ex out. dead the i down reft c plies we h agul T] fecor Thei they fhelt a fig [A "is w ifland during middi very 1 c< « CINEREOUS PETREL. 257 ObfervcTs agree to give this Petrel the name of hajf-heri or hnv-hcjtt that is, fea-horfe j " be- caufc," fays Pontoppidan, " it utters a found like the neii^hing of a horfe, and the noife ** which it makes in fwimming is Hke the trot ** of that animal." But it is difficult to conceive how a bird fwimming can occaiion a noife like a horfc's trot. Was not the name impofed be- caufe of the Petrel's running on the water ? The fame author adds, that thefe birds invariably fol- ^low the boats employed in fifliing for fea-dogs, in expe(Sation of the entrails that are thrown out. He fays, that they fallen fo keenly on the dead whales, or fuch as are wounded and rifen to the furface, that the filhermen knock them down with flicks, and yet cannot difperfe the reft of the flock. Hence Rolandfon Martin ap- plies to them the name mallemucke i which, as we have formerly remarked, belongs properly to a gull. Thefe cinereous petrels are found from the lixty- fecond degree of north latitude to the eightieth. They fly among the ice of thofe regions, and when they are feen on the main, making towards land for fhelter, it is, as in the tempeji-bird or little petrel^ a fign to navigators of an approaching ftorrn. [A] Specific charafterof the Fulmar, Procellaria Glactalis: "It * "is whitiih, and its back fomewhat hoary." This bird inhabits the ifland of St. Kilda, on the weft of Scotland, the whole year, except during the months of September and October. It breeds about the middle of June, laying but a fingle egg, which is large, white, and \aY brittle. The iflanders feed on its fleih, ftuiF their beds with VOL. IX. 8 \ «5 itii* Ik si tail m III! i I is i tsS WHITE AND BLACK PETREL. its down, and chear thei; tedious winter- nights wiih lamps fupplicd with its oil. The dead fubjcdl dcfcrib:d in the text, v/as perhaps a variety of the niear\vatcr, as Gmeliii and Latham ilate ; but the hiHorical part of the arcicL* belongs undoubtedly to the Fulmar. See alio Sptcitt th( Eighth. The WHITE and BLACK PETREL^ or the CHECKER,* SECOND SPECIES, Procillaria Capenjis. Linn, and Gmel. Prectllaria Necvia, BrilT. Paruela, Ulloa. 1'he White and Black /potted Peteril Edw. ^he Pintado Petrtl. Lath. 'T^HE plumage of this Petrel, marked with •^ white and black, regularly interfedted and checkered, has procured it the name dam'ier (chefs -board) from our navigators. For the fame reafon the Spanifh have termed it pardelas, and the Portuguefe pintado , which the Englifh have adopted. It is nearly the fize of a com- mon pigeon, and, as it has in its flight the air and port of that bird, the {hort neck, the round head, its length fourteen or fifteen inches, and * Damler, /. e. Chefs-board : 1 have adopted the word checker, for the fake of fliortnefs.— TV jt.r^^2 iSFi^.. THE riNTAl>0. l./'i ;i'ii >,i.' {;.: u: f - ■tr li k . ■ V XVHiTE AND BLACK PETREL. 25^ its alar extent thirty-two or thirty-three, navi- gators have often ftiled it th^fea pigeon. The Checker has its bill and legs black j the outer toe is compofed of four joints, the middle one of thr>^e, and the inner of two only; inftead of a little toe 'x lias a Doiiited fnnr, hare}, a line and a half long, vind the point turned oatwirds ; the bill has over it the tVv^o little tubes or rolls in which the noftrils aic perforated; the point of the upper mandible is curved, that of the lower is channeled, and, as it v/cre, trunc ued : this charadler places the Checker among the fa- mily of Petrels, and excludes it from that of the puffins. The upper fide of its head is black, the great quills of its wings are of the fame co- lour, with white fpots -, the tail is fringed with white and black, and when fpread it refemhleSf fays Frezier, a mourning fcarf -, its belly is white, and its mantle is regularly interfperfed with black and white fpots. This defcription corre* fponds perfectly with what Dampier has given of the pintado *. The male and female fcarce • The pintadoei are admirably fpeckled with white and black j their head is almoft black, as well as the end of the wings and the tail: but in this black of the wings there appear white fpots about the fize of half-a-crown when it flies, an^l the fpots are then bell feen. The wings arc alfo bordered entirely round with a flender black edging, which gradually becomes more dilute, and approaches to a dull gray on the back of the bird : tiie inner edgei of the wings, and the back itfelf, from the head to the end of the tail, arc enamelled with an infinite number of handfome round fpots, white and black, of the fize of a half-penny ; the belly, the thighs^ the flanks, and the under furface of the wings, are light gray. % 2 differ ^7^ ill '*' '• i |!i' i ' |! ' !!■< ' 1 ^'1 h t'l 1 '^. li'; 1 1 i iliii "if ■ ( .| Ml Jl ; I 1 I'M ^j; ; 1 it'll H ' ' 1 •it,| ' H ,'■'■'. '-'i fi \K\ ''\ «' •1; <' ' ffi 1 1' i 1"' ■ M n ' nil! I ' 1 !'''i I'i i!l 1 if ' li 'liu' H'lfl , ffl 1 11 ';:ii.; B"' 1 [ 1 ii".,i |t'| j 1 !'•;■ L ' 1 1 1, 1 ' i.;ilit 1 * '1 ^ ! 1 ',/" 'Ml (■I'll i 9 ! II' ■' '^'' jn 1 *,• M '■iiili ;!i ' u 1 *''"ll i . 1 m n jl.!i!i 1 :'-' 11 1 ,,.' 1 fl I i 1 ; iiif'ii 1 1 11 li i I'l!,' m ■ III ■■(•'„ l;!!!'' i ' m |i : M 4\ i i ll i^^iiii ^ ' 91 'W; HI ^ Mb ,('■ ' Sr 91 '?• V ' slff ■.' a 91 III M 1 '■; yl'l wM , 1 'i T m % m i iiil-i ^ '' w?^ liill! 1' Ij nfil !«!' li. ^K| ' .ii'' U Wm l.J^l ''■' wal HA; fi Wi ' '1 ,.' 1.1 ^ 11'!;; ''. It" i 'WK ija S^ • ;l i 9 1 V wSi 1 0 i: mm N' wH !!,! ' n ..^ a6o WHITE AND BLACK PETREL. differ fenfibly from each other in bulk or in plu- mage. The Checker, as well as many other Petrels, receives birth on the antar6lic feas^ and if Dampier confidcred them as belonging to the fouthern temperate zor.e *, it was bccaufe that voyager did not rullicienily penetrate into that col(J, gloomy ocean : for Captain Cook alTures us, " that thefe Petrels, and alfo the blue Petrels, ** frequent every portion of the South Sea' in the ** highell: latitudes." The befl obiervers agree likewife, that they are very rarely met with be- fore paffing the tropic -f- ; and it appears from many relations f, that the firft latitudes where thefe y * We faw plntadoes when about two hundred leagiies from the coaft of Bra7,il, and thence till we approached nearly the fame dif- tance from New Holland. Ths pintado ii a native of the fouthern hemifphere, and of the temperate part of it ; at leall I hardly ever faw any to the north of the thirty-firll degree of fouth latitude. Dmiipier. f The Checker is an inhabitant of the temperate and frigid zones of the fouthern hemifphere; and if a few pairs of thefe birds follow veflelti beyond the tropic, they halt but a Ihort time: and hence the Checker and the tropic-bird are feldom fcen at once. Ohferi'ations communicated by the Vifcount de ^ierhoe/it.--On the 4th of Oflobcr, in 23° 29' fouth latitude, a great number nf fniall com-r, mon Petrels, of a footy-brown with a white rump (procellaria pe- lagica) flew about us ; the air was cold and piercing : next d;iy tli« albatroffes and the pintadoes (procellaria capcnf.s) appeared for the firft time. Cook. t The following days we faw the fam« birds in greater numbers-^ nor did they leave us till we were very far beyond the Cape: fome were black on the back and svhite under the belly, having t!ie upper fide of the v/ings variegated with thefe two colours^ nearly like a chefs-board : they ?,re fomcwhat larger than a pigvon. There are others Hill bigger than the forii^er, blackiiii above and entirely 'h WHITE AND BLACK PETREL. 261 thefe birds begin to be found in numbers, are in the feas near the Cape of Good Hopej they occur alfo on the fame parallel about the coafts of America *. Admiral Anion fought for them unfuccefsfully at the ifland of Juan Fernandez ; yet he perceived many of their holes, and he concluded that the wild dogs which were fpread through this ifland had chafed them away or deftroyed them. But in another feafon he might have there found thefe birds, fuppofing that the time he before made the fearch was not that of their hatching -, for, as we have already faid, they never relide on land, except when detained by incubation, but fpend their days in open fea, refting on the water in calm, and even dwelling on it when it rolls in commotion ; they feat themfelves in the hollow between two waves. l!l^ "■'; iiiii. ,;'ilii ■ilO.' I entirely white below, except the extremity of their wings, which .appears of a velvet black, and which the Portuguefe call mangas de 'velado, Tachard, — Dampier was, according to his reckoning, I, zoo leagues caft of the Cape. Nothing occurred remarkable on hen's in the month of December, which correfponds to June in our hemifphere. It is faid to chatter like a parrot, if taken and con^ i^ned. The ANTARCTIC PETREL; or BROWN CHECKER. , THIRD SPECIES, « Procellaria AntarSiica. Gmel. 'T^ HIS Petrel refembles the Checker, except , , the colour of its plumage, of which the Ipots, inftead of black, are brown on a white ground. The denomination of Antard:ic Petrel, given to it by Captain Cook, feems to fuit it perfedly, fince it occurs only in the higheft fouihern latitudes * ; while many fpecies of Pe- trels, common in the lower latitudes, particularly that of the black checker, appear not in thofe difmal regions. In the fecond voyage of that great navigator, he gives the following account of this new fpe- * III 62'-' 10' fouth latitude, and 172® longitude, we faw the firll ifland of ice, and at the fame time we perceived an Antardic Pe- trel, ferae gray albatroffes, pintadoes, and blue petrels. Cook,— In latitude 66°, Captain Cook faw feme Antardic Petrels in the air. — In 6-j'> 8', he was vifited by a fmall number of Antarftic Pe- trels. " ' < cies" «( .'^H ' ANTARCTIC PETREL. 265 «( *t tc 4( «( « ti t€ (* *i €< (U cics of Petrels. " In 6j'' 1 5' fouth latitude, we ** faw numbers of whales playing about the iflands " of ice. Two days after, we remarked many flocks oi pintados, brown and white, which I called AntarSiic Petrels, becaufe they feemed peculiar to thofe regions. They are in every refpeick, "fliort, and a little curved ; its head large, its bill broad, and not long ; its tail fmall, its back raifed, its wings fpacious, its thighs fmall : fome have the plumage whitilh, in others it is fpotted with dull brown ; in others the whole craw, the inner par* of the wings, the lower part of the neck, and the whole of the head, are perfedly white ; but the back, and the upper part of the wings and of the neck, are brown verging on black ; hence they are called lomos-prittos (blackifli-backs) : they are reckoned the furefl forerunners of fo^l weatlier. Hiji. Gen. des Voy, torn. xiii. [A] Specific cKarafter of the Giant VetrelfFrocelluria Gigantea: *' It is browniih fpotted with white ; below white ; its Ihouldcrs, •* its wings, and its tail, are brown ; its bill and legs yellow." It is forty inches long. It is nimble, and lives on fiili and the car > cafes of feals. Its flelh is palatable food. t 273 3 The PUFFIN-PETREL. SEVENTH SPECIES. firocellaria Puffims. Linn, and Gmel. Pujffinus. Briir. Piiffinus Anglorum. Will. Ray, and Sibb. Avis Diotnedca. Gefn. Aldrov. Johnft. and Charlt. Larus Piger Cuhicularis, Klein. Sterna Medica. Browft. The Manks ' Puffin, or Puffin of the JJle of Man. Johnft. Will, and Edw. ^he Shear-nuater Petrel. Will. Penn* and Lath; * nptt E character of the branch of Puffins in the genus of Petrels conlifts, as we have faid^ iil both mandibles being hooked and bent down- wards j a ftru<5ture undoubtedly of very little ad- Vantage to the bird, and which, in the ufe of its bill and in the a6t of feizing, allows the upper mandible to exert fmall force on the refleded part of the lower. The noftrils are of a tubu- lated form, as in all the Petrels ; the ftrudure of its feet with the fpur at the heel> as well as the general fhape of its body, are the fame. It is fifteen inches long j its breaft and belly are white i a gray tint is fpread over the whole ; ' 11 i,;;i * In Norway it is called Skraap : in the I'eroe iflands Skrah; and the young Litre* , VOL. IX* Upper 174 PUFFIN-PETREL. upper fide of the body, pretty clear on the head, and which becomes deeper and blueifli on the wings and the tail, in fuch manner however that each feather appears fringed or feilooned with a lighter tint. Thefe birds rcfide in our fcas, and feem to have their rendezvous in the Scilly iflands, but more efpecially on the Calf of Man : they re- port there in multitudes during the fprlng, and begin by making war on the rabbits, the only inhabitants of that rock ; they drive thefe from their br.rrows, of which they take polfeflion. They lay two eggs, one of which, it is faid, ufually never hatches : but Willughby pofi- tively aflerts, that they have only a fingle egg. As foon as the chick is hatched, the mother leaves it early in the morning, and returns not till evening. During the night ihe feeds it^ difgorging at intervals the fubftance of the fifli which (he caught in the courfe of the day at fea. The aliment, half digefted in her ftomach, turns into a fort of oil, which ihe gives to her young one. This nourifhment makes it ex- tremely fat ; and, at this time, fome fowlers land on the rocky illet, where they lodge in huts, and catch multitudes of the young birds in their burrows. But to render this game pa- latable, it mufl be cured with fait, in order tp temper in part the ranknefs of its exceilive fat. Willughby, from whom we borrow thefe fa(fls, adds, that as the fowlers have a cuHom of cut- ' X ... ting t> U F F I N - P E t R E Li 275 (iiig away a foot from each of thefe birds, for the fake of reckoning the number caught, the people entertain a notion that they are hatched with a fmgle foot. Klein pretends, that the name Fuffin or Fupin is formed from the cry of the bird. He re- marksi that this fpecies has its times of appear- ance and difappearance 5 which muft indeed be the cafe with birds that never come on land but to neflle, and that dwell on the fea fometimes in one latitude, fometimes in another, always at- tending the fhoals of little migratory fifli, or their ccUedtions of fpawn, on both which they feed* Though the obfefvatiohs above related Were all made in the northern fea, it appears that this fpecies is not exclufively attached to that part of our globe. It is common on all feas, for it is the fame with the Jajjiaicajhear-water of Brown, and the artenna of Aldrovandus. In fhort, it feems to frequent equally the different portions of the ocean, and even to advance into the Me- diterranean, as far as the Gulf of Venice and the fremiti illes, anciently called the ijles of Diomede. All that Aldrovandus fays, whether of the figure or of the natural habits of his ar* ^^«»tf, correfponds withthofe of the fhear- water. He affures us, that the cry of thefe birds refem- bles exadly the wailing of a new-born infant. Finally, he is difpofed to believe that they are T 2 the I ) 476 PUFFIK-PfiTREL. the birds of Diomede*, famous in antiquity from an afFedting fable. It was of thofe Greeks, who, with their valiant leader, purfued by the wrath of the gods, were found in thofe iflands meta- morphofed into birds, which flill retaining fome- thing human, and a tender remembrance of their ancient country, flocked to the fhore when the Greeks diiembarked, and feemed, by their ten- der accents, to exprefs their melancholy regret. But this interefting mythology, whofe fictions, too much cenfured by perfons of cold temper, difFufed to the apprehenfion of fenlible minds fo much grace, life, and charms in nature, appears really to allude, in this infVance, to a point in natural hifliory, and to have been imagined from the moaning voice of thefe birds. • Ovid, fpeaking of thefe birds of Dionrtede, fays ; Si volucrum qua Jit duhiarum forma requiris, Ut not! cygnorunty Jic cdbli proxima cygnisk This does not come very near to the Petrel ; but poetry and rtiythology are here (b blended, that we cannot expeft to find exaft traces of nature. Linmcus was not very happy in applying his erudition, when he gave the name of DiotneJca to the albatrofs ; fince this large bird occurs only in the Teas of tlie call and fouth, and was therefore unknown to the Greeks. [A] Specific chara£ler of the Shear-water, Procellaria Puffinus: ** Its body is black above, and while below ; its legs are rufous.'* .f '' m 1 THE FUL<:MAl<.,i'KO>I THE ISLAND OF S! lULTDA. . I 277 1 The F U L M A R; fir, WHITE-GRAY PUFFIN-PETREL OF THE ISLAND OF ST. KILDA. EIGHTH S P £ C 1 E S, "P u L M A R is the name which this bird has at the iiland of St. Kilda. It feems to us a fpecies clofely related to the preceding; the only difference being this, that the plumage of the under fide of the body js white-gray in the Ful- mar, and blueifli-gray in the lliear-w^ater. ** The Fuhnar," fays Dr. Martin *, " feeds '* on the back of living whales ; its fpur ferves ** to hold it firm on their flippery fkin, without " which precaution they would be blown off by the wind, always violent in thofe flormy feas. ... If one attempts to feize or even touch the ** young Fulmar in its neft, it fpurts from its bill " a quantity of the oil in the perfon's fi\cc." This eighth fpecies is the fame with the firft, which was not fo diftindly defcribed as ufual. t( t< v'l ;j l^i ♦ Voyage to St. Kilda, Lon4on> 1698, /. 55* I n8 ] The BROWN PUFFIN-PETREL. NINTH SPECIES, Precellaria ^quinoSlialis, Linn, and Gmel. Pufinus Capitis Bona Spei. Brifl*. Plautus Albatrcfs Spurius Major. Klein. uivis Diomedea, Redi DifTert, The Great Black Petrel. £dw. and Lath. E (-, 'n':i>^l^i D w A R D s, though he gives this bird unde^- the name of the great black Peteril, remarks, that the uniform colour of its plumage is rather blackifh brov/n than jet black, He compares its fize to that of a raven, and defcribes very well the conformation of its bill, which chara<5ter places it among the Puffins. " The noftrils/^ fays he, ** feem to have been two tubes joined together, which riling from the fore part of the head, advance about a third of the length of the bill, of which both paints bent down- ♦^ wards into a hook, look like- two pieces added /' and foldered." Edwards reckons this fpecies a native of the feas adjacent to the Cape of Gopd Hope ; but this is merely conjedlure. [A] Specific charaAer of the ProctllariaJEquiiioSiialis : ** It j^ " brown and fpotlefs; its bill bright yellow ; its legs brown." it €( *€ THE S T OK.MV PETKEIi . [• 279 J M, The STORMY PETREL. L'OisEAU DE Tempete. Buff. TENTH SPECIES, Procellaria Pelagica. Linn, and Gmel. Prciidlaria. Brifl*. Plautus Minimust Procellarius. Klein. The Storm-finch. Will, and Penn. The Small Petrel. Edw. and Borlafe. The Gourder. Smith's Hift. Kerry. The Ajfilag, Martin's St. KiUa, and Sibbald's Hift. Fife *. ^T^ H o < ' G H the epithet Jiormy is applicable more or lefs to all the Petrels, yet navi- gators have agreed to appropriate it to this fpe- -cies. The Storm) Petrel is the laft in the order of fize, not exceeding that of a finch; whence it .has fometimes received its name. It is the fmallefl of all the palmipede birds; and one might be furprifed that fo little a bird fliould expofe itfelf on the ocean at an immenfe diftance from land. But amidfl its audacity, it ftill feems confcious of its weaknefs, and it is the iirfl that feeks flielter from the impending ftorm, * In Stvediih Stormnuaders VugeU in Norwegian St. Peder^s Fugl, $oren Peder, Vefieit Vinds ^/v, Sonden Finds Fugl\ and in the Fevoa JAands, it is called Strunk Fit. T 4 , By H aSo STORMY PETREL. By force of inftindl:, it perceives thofe indications which efcape our fenfes ; and its motions and its approach warn the failor§ to be prepared for the tempeft *, When, in cahn weather, thefe little Petrels are feen to flock behind a veflel, flying on the wake, and fheltering themfelves under the ftern, the mariners haften to furl the fails, and prepare for the ilorm, which infallibly comes on a few hours after "f*. Thus, the appearance of thefe birds at fea is at once difmal and falutary ; and nature would feem to have difperfed them over the wide ocean to convey the friendly intelli- gence. The fpecies of the Stormy Petrel is uni- verfilly difilifed : " It is found," fiys Forftcr, ** equally in the northern and the fouthern feas, ** and almoft ii> all latitudes." Many failors have • Clufius. f More than fix hours before the ftorm, it fbrefees its ap- proach, and hafteris to Ihelter itfelf befide the vcflels whicli it dcf. cries at fea. Linnfeus, in the Stockholm Memoirs. -^On the 14th of May, between the; ifland of Corfica and that of Monte Chrilto,*vve faw behind the veflel a flock of Petrels, known by tli'' name of Storm-birtis, When thefe birds anivcd, it was three o'clock in the afternoon ; the weather was fine, the wind fouth-eaft, and almoft calm : but at feven o'clock the wind turned into the fouth-weft with much violence, the fky thickened and grew llormy, the night was very dark, and repeated dailies of lightning augmented the horror, the fea fwelled prodigiouily, and we were obliged to pafs the whole night under a reefed main-fail. Extract from the Journal of a Navioator.—li would feem that many navigators apply the name of alcyon to the Stormy Petrol, or fome other fpecies, which follows their veflcis, but is very different from the kingfiflier, or ^he alcyon of the ancients. , » averreus STORMY PETREL 28 X jiverrcd, that they met with thcfc birds in every track of their voyages ^*, But they have not on thnt account been the ealier to cutch ; they have long even eicaped the Iciirch of obl'ervcrs, becaufe, when (hot, they were alnioH: always loft in the tddy of the (hip's wake, which fwallQvved up their little body •+•. The Stormy Petrel flies with amazing fwift- * nefs by means of its long wing^, which are pretty much like thofe of the fwallow J. It can reft amidft the tumblinf' biilowsi it n)ehers it- felf in the hollow between two hi^h waves, where it remains a few leconds, though the fwell rolls on with extreme rapidity. In thcfc watery undulating furrows it runs, like the lark in the furrows of ploughed land, it fuppoitfe and moves itfelf not by flying but by running, in which, balanced on its wings, it with aftonifli- ing fwiftnefs razes and ftrikes the furface of the water with its feet §. The ■ K "Hi • Thefe birds fly on all the confts of the Atlantic Ocean, and arc feen on the fliores of Ainciica, as well as thofc of jMiiopc, fcvcral liunclrej leagues fiom land ; fci-faring people genc.-ally reckon their appearance as the pro^nolHc of a iloiin. C'fl/t/'^.— 1 have feeti jnany of thefe birds together in the broadell and moll northern parts of the German Ocean, when they ni'-ill have been upwards of a thoufand Enpliili miles from land. £(iW»-..'/. •j- " One of thefe birds," fays Linnai-us, " was fired at on wing, *' but niifled ; yet it was not intimidated by the report ; and perceiv- *' ing the wad, it alighted, millaking it for food, and was caught by " the hand." I Saie.ae. § " Vou would fay it was Pegafus, if you faw it running like light- f* ning on the water," C//^«j.«— Though their feet are formed for fwipiming. %S2 STORMY PETREL. The colour of the plumage of this bird is a blackifh brown or a fmoky black, with purple reflexions on the fore fide of the neck, and on the coverts of the wings, and other blueifh re- ^e(Sions on their great quills : the rump is white j the point of its folced and crofTed wings pro- ieds beyond the tail } its legs are pretty tall, and, like the other Petrels, it has a fpur inilead of a hind toe; and as the two mandibles are bent downwards, it belongs to the family of Fiiffins. It appears that there is a variety in this fpe- cies: the little Petrel of Kamtfchatka has the tips of its wings white*; that of the Italian feas, v/hich Salerne defcribes minutely, and at the fame time difcriminates from the ftormy Petrel -f-, is, according to that ornithologift, fwimming, they ar« alfo calculated for running ; indeed they mof^ commonly ufe them in the latter, for they are feen very often run- ning fwiftly on the furface of tlie waves, when thrown into the greats eft commotion. Catejhy. * The procel/ariep, or the birds that foretell ftorms, are about the bulk of a fwallow ; they are entirely black, except the wings, whof^ tips are white. Hijlcry of Katnt/fhatka. f « It is not," fays he, *♦ larger than Xht/ca-fnchi its head is al-. ** moft wholly blue, as well as its craw and its fides, with refleftions ** of violet and of black ; the upper fide of its neck is green and *♦ purple, changing like that of the pigeon ; the top of its wings and •* its rump are fpeckled with white j all the reft is black : it has 4 *' very quick, confident look. This bird feems to be a ftranger to *' land, at leaft no perfon can fay that he ever faw it on the coaft : it$ «« prefence is a fure fign of an approaching ftorm, though the iky, «« the air, and the fca, betray nq indication of it, but are calqn and ** ferene : at this time they do not fly one by one, but they all direft " their flight to fome vefl'el which they deicry from a diilancc^ and i' at whicl^they meet," Saferne^ ringed STORMY PETREL. 183 'tinged with blue, violet, and purple. But we think that thefe colours are nothing elfe than the refleiiions with which the dull ground of its plumage is glofTed. And with refpedt to the white or whitifli feathers on the coverts of the wing, which Linnaeus mentions in his defcription of the little Swedifh Petrel,, which is the fame with ours, the difference arifes undoubtedly from the 3ge. [A] it torn. ii. * In Queen Charlotte's Sound (at New Zealand), we faw great flocks of little diving Petrels ( procellaria tridadyla) flying or fit- ting on the furface of the fea, or fwimming under water to a confi- derable diflance with aftoniflnng agility. They appeared to be ex- actly the fame with thofe which we had met with in our fearch for Kerguelin's land, in the 48th degree of latitude. Cook.^-ln lati- tude 56*46', longitude I39''45'» the weather became fair, and the wind veered" to the S. W. About this time we faw a few fmall divers (as we called tliem) of the Pcterd tribe, which we judged to l?e fuch as are ufuall/ feca near land, efpecially in th* PETRELS. 1^5 Finally, we {hall refer, not Indeed to the Stormy Petrel, but to the tribe of Petrels in ge- neral, the fpecles hinted at in the following no- tices. I. The Petrel, which Captain Carteret's failors called Mother Cany's Cbkken, " which ap- ** peared," he fiiys, " to walk on the water, and ** of which we faw many from the time we " cleared the Straits of Magellan, along the coafts " of Chili*.*' ThisPetrelis probably one of theie which we have defcribed; perhaps the quebrantd^ buejfosy called Mother Carey by Cook's people -f-. — -A, word on the fize of this bird would have dt \ the que (lion. the bays and on tlic coaft of New Zealand. I cannot tell \';'hat to think of thefe birds. Had there been none pf them, I Ihould have been ready enowi;h to believe that we were, at this time, not very fer from land j as I never faw one fo far from land before. Pro- bably thefe few had been drawn thus far by fome (lioal of fi!h; for fuch were certainly about us, by the vsiZ number of blue Petercls, albatrofles, and fuch other birds as are ufually feen in the great ocean ; all, or moft of them, left us before right. Cook's Second Voyage^ 'vol. i. //. 260 £5' 261, [The bird mentioned in thefe extradls is the diving Petrel of La- tham, and the Procellaria Urwatrix of Gmelln, which is thus cha- rafterized : " It is brown and deep black; its under fide white; its " bill and chin black ; its feet blue green, and having three toes," It is eight inches and a half long. — 7".] * It is alfo the fame probably which Wafer mentions in tlie fol^ lowing terms. " The gray birds (of theiiland of Juan Fernandez) " are nearly of the bulk of a fmall pullet, and make holes in the " ground like rabbits ; in thefe they lodge night and day ; they g;o « a-fi(hing." t Our author's conjefture is right} it is the giant Petrel. — T. II. ThQ 1)3 Hi&S PET RtL Si « €C IL The devil birds of Father Labat, of wliicJi ive can hardly determine the fpecies, notwith- /landing all that this prolix author fpeaks of it^ We ihall give his account, much abridged* ** The devils, or diablotins, begin,'* fays he, "to ** appear at Guadaloupe and St. Domingo about " the end of the month of September. They •* are then found tw^o and two in each hole* They difappear in November, and appear again in March ; at which time the mother is •* found in her hole with two young ones, which " are covered with a thick and yellow down, and are lumps of fat : they are now called cottons* They are able ^' fly, and they depart about the end of May. During this month many are caught, and the negroes live on nothing elfe* . . . The great fulphur mountain (foufriere) in Guadaloupe is all bored, like a warren, with ** the holes which thefe devils excavate : but as they feledl the fteepeft parts, it is very dan- gerous to catch them . . . All the night we fpent on that mountain, we heard the great noife made by them going out and in, and call- ing; and anfwering each other . . . By our mutual •* afn (lance, dragging each other with cords, we " reached places flocked with thefe birds. In ** three hours our four negroes took thirty-eight ** devils out of their burrows, and I feventeen . . . A young devil newly roafled is a delicious food . . . The old devil is nearly of the iize of a pullet ready to lay-j its plumage is black; •* of the fize of a goofe, but its hooked bill ena- •* bles it to catch fiih j its head is round, its eye " brilliant J its neck bends gracefully like that of ** the fwan ; the feathers on the fore fide of the " neck are yellowifh; the refl of the plumage is ** of a blackifh brown. This bird fwims and " dives fwiftly, and eafily eludes ambuflies : it ** is fcen on the fea near the mouths of rivers,'* This laft circumftance, were it conftant, would incline us to doubt whether this bird belonged to the Petrels, which all affedt to live remote from the fhores. iaur a.Ko, but at a lefs diAance on fea, another bird, which tho Spaniards call Jima de Macftro, black and white ; it has a long tail, and is not fo common as the ^ardelas ; it feldom appears but in rough weather, and hence its name. Run of the Frigates le Veles l^ la Ro/a/rom Callao to Juan Fernandez ; Hifl. Gen, des Voy. torn* xiii. >^-497- .. ,^, . ^ The Precellaria JBra/liana of LinaxviS, I |i ' I : i i i i 1 f '..-•^.Wu?^.. ^ ^ii*r-yi. '•r>. /„.*' -aj;'- m I J\:'2S5 I k I i Jl ' { r I I THE WiVNT)E:RIN"G ALBATROSS. 'I r 28^ ] The WANDERING ALBATROSS. L'Albatros. Buff, Diomtdea Exulans, Linn, and Gmelt Albatrus. Briff. Plautus Albatrus, Klein. Tchaiki. Pallas, and Hift. Kamtfch. The Man-of-War Bird, Alb. and Grew. 'T^ H I s IS the largeft of the water- fowl, riot excepting even the fwan j and though infe- rior in bulk to the pelican or flamingo, its body is much thicker, its neck and legs fhorter and better proportioned. Befldes its lofty ftature, the Albatrofs is remarkable for many other attri- butes, that diftinguifh it from all the other fpe- cies of birds. It inhabits only the South Sea^ and is found in the whole extent, from the pro- montory of Africa to thofe of America and New Holland. It never has been feen in the feas of the northern hemifphere, no more than the manchots, and fome others which feem to be attached to that portion of our globe, where theV can fcarce be difturbed by man, and where they have long remained unknown ^ It is fouthwards^ beyond the Cape of Good Hope, that the lirfl VOL. IX. V Albatroffes > A 190 WANDERING ALBATROSS. Albatroffes were feen i nor before our own times were they examined with attention fufficicnt to difcriminate the varieties, which, in this large fpecies, feem to be more numerous than in other large fpecies of birds or quadrupeds. - - The very great corpulence of the Alhatrofs has procured it the appellation of Cdpj Sheep *. The ground of its plumage 13 a dun white on the mantle, with little black hatches on the back and on the wings, where thefe hatches multiply and thicken into fpecklcs : a part of the great quills of the wing, and the extremity of the tail, are black : the head is thick, and of a round form: the bill is of a ilruCture fimilar to that of the bill of the frigat, the booby, and the cormorant ; it is compofed in the fame manner of feveral pieces that feem articulated and joined by futures, with a hook fuperadded, and the end of the lower part hollowed with a channel, and, as it were, trun- cated ; this very large and ftrong b')l refembles that of the petrels, in the remarkable property that its noftrils are open in fhape of little rolls or fheaths, laid near the root of the bill in a groove which, on each fide, runs the whole length; it is yellowifh white, at leaft in the dead bird : the legs, which are thick and flout, have only three toes conne<3:ed by a broad membrane, that edges alfo the outfide of each exterior toe : the length of the body is near three feet ; the alar extent at • Moutott du Ccp, lead WANDERING ALBATROSS. 291 leaft ten * ; and, according to Edwards, the firft bone of the wing is as long as the whole body. With this force of body, and thcfc arms, the Albatrofs might fcem to be a warrior bird. Yet we are not told that it afliiils the other fowl, which alfo crofs thofe vaft feas : it feems even to aCt on the defenfive against the gulls, which, ever quarrelfome and voracious, harrafs and an- noy it "f*. It attacks not even the great fifh ; and, according to Forfler, it fubfifts almoft wholly on little marine animals and mucilaginous zoophytes, which float in abundance on the South Sea J. It feeds alfo on the fpawn and fry of fi(h, which the currents bear along, and which fometimes cover a great extent. The Vifcount de Querhoent, an accurate and judicious obferver, aflures us that he invariably found their ftomachs to contain Only a thick mucilage, and no velligcs of fifh. mi * Our latitude was 60'' 10' fouth. our longitude 64" 30' . . , As the weather was very calm, Mr. Banks went into a fmall boat to ilhoot birds, and he brought fome Albatrofies : we remarked, that thefe were larger than fuch as we had taken on the north of the Strait Lemaire ; one of them, which we meafured, was ten feet two inches in alar extent. Cooi. — The Albatrofies, the frioats, the flying filh, ihe dolphins, and the (harks, played about the Ihip : our gentlemea had killed Albatrofies that were ten feet acrofs the wings. li/em. f Several large gray gulls, that were purfuing a white Albatrofs* afforded us a diverting fpsdacle ; they overtook it, notwithftanding the length of its wings, and they tried to attack it under the bellvj that part being probably defencelefs ; the Albatrofs had now no ineans of efcaping, but by dipping its body into Uie v«^ater; its for- midable bill feemed then to repel them. CwA. t Idem, ¥ 2 Captain J 292 WANDERING ALBATROSS. Captain Cook's people caught the Albatroflcs, which often appeared about the (hip, with hook and hne *. The capture was the more agree- able -f* to thefe navigators, as they were in the midft of the ocean, far from any land J j for thefe large birds were met with on the whole ex- tent of the South Sea, at Icail in the high lati- tudes §. They frequent alfo the illands fcattered in !• • " We were in latitude 35* 25' fouth, and 29' weft of the Cape, " and had abundance of AlbatrofTes about us, feveral of which " we caught with hook and line ; and were very well reliflied by ^many of the people, notwithftanding they were at this time ferved •• with frefli mutton." Cooi, vol. i. /. 20. — [I have here corredled an error in our author's text, occafioncd by a very extraordinary inaccuracy in a French tranflation of Cook's Voyage, to which he jefers ; where it is faid, that they caught the Albatrojfes ivith a lint and hook baited nvith a hit of Jheep'' s-Jkin,-^^T.'\ f " V/e ikinned the AlbatrofTes, and after foaking them till next ** morning in fait water, we boiled them, and feafoned them with a •• rich fauce ; every body found it thus drefled to be very palatable, •» and we ate it when there was frelh pork on the table." Cock'sFirft Foyage.-"" In 40* 40' fouth latitude, and 23* 47' eaft longitude . . . <' we killed Albatroffes and petrels, which we were then glad to ••eat." Idem. t *• We had another opportunity of examining two different kinds •' of Albatroffes . . . We had now been nine weeks without feeing any «• land." Cook's Second Voyage. — «* On the 8th, being in the latitude •' of 41** 30' S. longitude 26° 5 1' E . . . We daily favv Albatroffes, " peterels, and other oceanic birds, but no fign of land." Idem, vol. ii. /. 245. ^ " We were now in the latitude of 32* 30', longitude 133* 40' ** wcfl . . . This day was remarkable, by our not feeing a fingle bird. •* Not one had paffed fmce wc left the land, without feeing fome •• of the following birds, viz. Albatrofles, (heerwaters, pintadoes, ♦' blue peterels, and Port Egmont hens. But thefe fiequent every *• part to WANDERING ALBATROSS. 293 in the antarctic ocean *, as well as the extre- mity of America -f- and that of Africa J. ** Thefc birds, like moft of thofc of the South ** Sea," fays the Vifcount dc Qncrhocnt, " glance ** on the furface, and never mount higher, except " in rough weather, when they are borne up by " the wind." Since they arc found at fuch dif- tances from land^ they mufl refl: on the wa- ter § : in fa«5l, AlbatrofTes even fleep on the furface j and Le Maire and Schooten are the only II voyagers who affert their having feen them alight on their {hips ^. " part of the Southern Ocean in the higher latitudes." Cook, viK i.. /•/. 135 y 136.—" In latitude 42* 32' Ibuth, longitude i6j® wflt, " we often faw AlbatrofTes and petrels." L/em.'-—" In 4, ' 1/ fouth ** latitude, and 134° weft longitude, we faw AlbatrofTes.' iJern.—' «• On the loth of January, obfcrved at noon, in latitude 54° 35' S. «* longitude 47° 56' weft, a great many Albatroflbs and blue peterels •* about the fhip." Fol. ii. /. 209.— On the nth of July, in 34** 56' fouth latitude, and 4° 41' longitude, M. de Querhoe-^t faw fome (roifeun and an Albatrofs. • In general, no part of New Zealand contains fo many birds asDuflcyBay; we have found there AlbatrofTes, penguins, &c, Forjler. — There were likcwife Albatrofles in New Georgia. Cock. f From our clearing the Strait of Magellan, and during our rua along the coaft of Chili, we faw a great /uiji.ber of fea-birds, and particularly Albatrofles. Carteret. X Mr. Edwards had not feen the narratives of the illullrious na- vigators juft cited, when he faid, " Thefe birds arc brought from ** the Cppe of Good Hope, where rh( y arc numerous. I hav&j^ever " heard that they were frequent in any other part of the world." 4 Foyage d'un Ojfficier du Roi aux IJles-de-Franct l3 de B§urlon, page 68. II See the quotation from Forfter, in the Difcourfe on the Wata* Fowl. ^ We hw jeans-de-genten of an extraordinary bulk ; thefe are fea- gulls with a body as large as that of a fwan, and each wing extcnd- U 3 ins 294 WANDERING ALBATROSS. ii The celebrated Cook met with AlbatrolTes differing (o much from each other *, that he re- garded them as diftindl fpecies. But from the defcriptions which he gives we are difpofed to reckon them only mere varieties. He diilin- guiflies three ; t^e gray Albatrofs -[-, which ap- pears to be the great fpecies we have juft de- lineated \ the dark brown ^ or chocolate Albatrofs%i and ing not lefs than a fathom. They alighted on the fhip, and fufFered the failors to catch them (in the Strait of Lemaire). Relation de he Maire ^ Schooten. — The following extraft alfo refers to an AIt batrofs. At fome diftance from the Cape of Good Hope, as it was a perfeft calm, we faw fomething floating on the water ; we let down the yawl into the water, and found this to be two large gulls, which could not rife by reafon of their unwieldinefs and the want of the affiftance of the wind ; fo they were taken. They were as white as fnow ; but their wings were gray, and longer than the whole extent of a man's arms ; their bill was hooked, and a quarter of a Dutch ell in length (this appears to be exaggerated) ; they bit fiercely with it. Their feet were like thofe of the fwan, and were a fpan in breadth. They tailed tolerably ; we faw alfo two great whales. Voyage dellagenar aux hides Orientates, dans leRecueil des Voyages qui out fer'vi a I'EtabliJment de la Compagnie ; Amjierdam, 1 702, iotn. y- page 161. * I" 53* 35' 'outh latitude, there was a great number of Alba- trofles of different kinds about the Ihip. Cook. f " In latitude 67* 5' fouth, the fog being fomewhat difllpated, «* we refumed our courfe. The ice iflands we met with in the morn- «• ing were very high and rugged, forming at their tops many peaks ; *' whereas moft of thofe we had feen before were flat at top, and not " fo high ; though many of them were between two and three •« hundred feet in height, and between two and three miles in cir- «' cuit, with perpendicular cliffs ' • fides, aftonifning to behold. Moft «« of our winged companions had now left us ; the gray Albatroffes " only remained ; and, inftead of the other birds, we were vifited by «» a few antardic pcterels." Cook,, and on the Llandiduo in Caer- rarvonlhire. ... . ■) ■ ^' ;f i i !■ i 1 j « 1 ' 1 1 ! 1 1 ■ ' ■ ll ( 1 1; 1' ii, 1 1 ; '■ 1 1 ' '. : 1 , 1 ■■ 1 1 ' 1 i ■ 1 ■ 1 I > 1 1 i J, t 11. 1 ; i 1 ' 1 1 i ,,, 1 , :;! 1 ' if 1 1' ' .ii ! ji.tinv in V ' i i i i ■M t\ rl • C 304 1 The P U F F I 1 Le Macareux. Buf, JlJea JrSHca. Linn, and Gmel. Frattrcula, BrilF. Anas Ardica. Sibb. Will, and Ray. Platitui Ariticus. Klein. Lunda. Clur«u», NiTcm. and Johnft. Puphinut Anglicus. Gefner and Aldrovandus. The Eawger. Mai .in's St. Kilda. In North fFales, Puffin ; in South fTales, Golden-head, BottIe-nofe« and Helcgug : in Torkjhin, near Scarborough, Mullet : im- Durham, at the mouth 0/ the 7i?^y, Coulterneb •. 'T^ H E bill is the principal organ of birds, the inflrument by which their powers and fa- culties are exercifed; it ferves as a mouth, as a hand, as an arm. It is that part of their body whofe flrudlure the moft determines their in- flinds, and diredls their habits of life : and if the winged tribes difperfe through the air, on the fea, and on the land, if they engage in an endlefs variety of purfuits, it is becaufe nature has beftowed on their bill an infinite diverfity of form. A (harp, lacerating hook arms the head of the fierce birds of prey ; their appetite for flefh and their third for blood, joined to the • Anderfon calls the Puffin the Greenland parrot ; and in coUeftions of voyages it is often named the druer parrot, the ducker parrot, and the thick-billtdfea-magpie. In the Kamtfchadale language it is term* ed Tpatka : in the Norwegian and in the Feroe iilands Lunde, Soe- Papegay ; the chicken Lund-to'slkr : in Greenland Kiilengak. means % m ile-nofe« Uet: if is, the md fa- ith, as r body eir in- and if lir, on in an nature •fity of e head ite for to the oUeftions arrot, and t is term'- unde, Soi'- ak. means THE PUFFIN. \\\ ■♦JKf T r"^ ■■',' i ■ u if: !! lii' ill 1*' 'it If: «) 14 1i J 'I ? I* M Hi, .■.,:H- PUFFIN. 305 means of fatisfying tnefe, precipitate them from their towering heights upon all other birds, and even upon all the weak and timorous animals^ which are equally their viftims. A bill fhaped like a broad and flat fpoon, induces another genus of birds to gather their fubfiftence at the bot- tom of the water : while a conical bill, fhort and truncated, enables the gallinaceous kind to pick up the feeds on the ground, difpofes them to aflemble round us, and feems to invite them to receive their food from our hands. A bill, fa- fliioned like a flender pliant probe, which length- ens out the face of the curlews, of the wood-» cock, of the fnipe, and of moft other wadefs^ conftrains them to inhabit marfhy grounds, there to dig in the foft mud and the wet flime* The iliarp taper form of the woodpecker's bill con-* demns it to bore the bark of trees. And finally, the little awl-fhaped bill of moft of the field-birds permits them only to catch gnats and other mi- nute infedts, and forbids every other fort of food. Thus the different form of the bill mo- difies the inftindts, and gives rife to moft of the habits of birds * ; and this ftrud:ure varies infi* ii i • It is proper to put the reader on his guard againft this (p^- cious fort of declamation, in which the materialifta have fo much indulged. If an animal were direfted by its organisation to fol- low its particular mode of life, it muft be fuppofed to make trial of* every poffible fituation, and to adopt that whichj, on due expe« riencci is found to be the beft fuited to its nature. But this hypo" thefts is completely abfurd. Prior to all reflefiion, inftind leads irreflftibly to a certain courfe of adioii, to which the coi)>oreai ftrufture is in general admirably adaptci.—* 7** • VOL. IX. X nitely. I 306 PUFFIN. . Si (., 1 1)1- ! . ■ I h '\ ! It 1 I ' nitely, not only by fhades> as in all Nature's produdions, but even by fleps, and fudden leaps. The enormous fize of the bill of the toucan, the monftrous fwelling of that of the calao, the de- formity of that of the flamingo, the ftrange fliapc of the bill of the fpoonbill, the reverfed arch of that of the avofet, &c. demonftrate fufficiently that all the poiKible figures have been traced, and every form moulded. That for completing this ferir ; nothing may be imagined vi^anting, the extreme of all the falnions is exhibited in the vertical blade of the Puflln's bill. It exadly refembles two very fliort blades of a knife ap- plied one againft the other by the edge : the tip is red, and channelled tranfverfely v^'ith three or four xittle furrows, while the fpace near the head is fmooth and tinged with blue. The two man- dibles being joined, are almoft as high as they are long, and form a triangle very nearly ifoceles : the circuit of the upper mandible is edged near the head, and as it were hemmed with a ledjre of a membranous or callous fubilance, inter- fperfed with little holes, and whofe expaofion forms a rofe on each corner of the bill *. This :!i I I • M. Geoffroy de Valogri*s, who appears to me to be a good obferver, has been fo obliging as to lend me the following note on the fubjeft of the Puffin : ■ *' I received," fays he, " a Puffin that had been taken the be- *< ginninj; of this month (of May) in its paflUge on our coafts; thia *♦ bird was viewed with allonifliment, even by perfons who ofteneft " frequent the fea-lhore ; which makes me think that it is a ftranger " to this country. " The PUFFIN^ 307 tures leaps, n, the le de- fliapc rch of :iently :raced, )leting ig, the in the ;xad:ly fe ap- the tip iree or le head ) man- is they bceles: ;d near a ledge inter- :)anrion This 36 a good g note on en the be- oafts; this io often eft a Ilranger « The This imperf'^d: analogy to the bill of the par- rot, which is alfo edged with a membrane at its bafe, and the no lefs diftant analogy to the fhort neck and the round fliape, have procured the " The pofition of the legs of the Puffin near the anus leadj me ** to prefume that it walks with difficulty, and that it is more form- ** ed for fwimming on the water : cinereous, black, and white, are " fenfibly contrafted on its plumage ; the firft of thefe colours marks " the cheeks, the fides of the head, the under part of the throat, ** where it takes a deeper fliade ; the fecond prevails on the head, ** the neck, the back, the wings, the tail, and extends to the throat* " where it forms a broad collar, that divides at this place the gray *' from the pure white, which alone appears on the under fide of " the body, where the feathers conceal from view a thick gray " down which clotlies the belly : the black on the upper fide of the " head grows a little dilute near the origin of the neck, on the " quills of the wings, and at the termination of tlie feathers which " cover the back ; on the tip of the wings there is a white border* •• which is not very apparent unlcfs they are fpread. " Tlie bill is longer than it is broad, if we meafurc from its •* origin ; its form is almoll triangular, the two mandibles are move- " able ; the iron-gray, which partly paints it, is feparated as it " were by a white femi-circle from a briglit red that covers the " point, and completes the decoration : the '.ipp^r mandible pre- *• fents four breaks, the lower three, whicii co/re'.pond to the three " Lift of the upper; all thefe ftreaks form a fort of ff;mi-circlcs : the " upper mandible has at its bafe a little roll, on which there are " fmall holes difpofed regularly ; from, ^nme of thefe iiolcs very *' fmall feathers grow; the noftrih are placed on the edges of the " upper mandible, and extend three lines in the length of the bill: •' I perceived on the palate of the bird feveral rows of flelhy points •* direfled towards the opening of the thioat, of which the tranlpa- " rent and glolfy extremity feemcd to be fomewhat harder than the " relt; the eyes, edged with vermillion, have this peculiarity, that " they occupy the centre of a gray triangular excrefcencc : the legs " are (hort, and of a bright orange like the feet ; the nails arc black *• and (hining, that of the hind toe is the longell and broadell." Ex- tradi of a letter from M. Geoffrey, toM. le Cointe de Bujfon, dated from yalogiKS, the 9tb of May, 1782. X 2 Puffin '•:V.;, n •it M f^^ iiililiMiiTi ' ■i.i^iiimwmn \> i ■ p 1 i! 1 i ' t II I: 308 PUFFIN. Puffin the name ofjea parrot j a denomination as improper as that of fea dove for the little guillemot. The Puffin has not more of wings than this guillemot, and in its fhort, fkimmin^ flutters, it affifts itfelf by the rapid motion of its feet, with which it only razes the furface * : and hence to fupport itfelf it has been faid to ftrike the water continually with its wings -f. The quills are very Ihort, as well as thofe of the tail { ; and the plumage of the whole body is rather dov/n than real feathers. With refped: to its colours, *• imagine,*' fays Gefner, " a bird clothed in a ** white robe, with a black frock or mantle, and *' a cowl of the fame, and you will have a picture ** of the Puffin, which, for that reafon, I call *' the little vtionkyf rater cula*' This little monk lives on prawns, (hrimps, flar-fifh, and fea-fpiders, and feveral other forts of fifh, which it catches by diving in the water, beneath which it willingly retires § and fhel- ters itfelf from danger. It is faid even to drag its enemy, the raven, under the flood || : fuch exertions of force or dexterity feem to exceed • Gefner. f Willughby. X Twelve are reckoned to be the number, though Edwards counted fixteen in a fubjeft of this fpecies, ^ Recueil des Voyages du Nord^ torn, iii. p. 102. II The bill of the fea parrot is an inch broad, and fo fharp, that it is able to mafter its enemy, the raven, and to drag it under wa- ter. Hijl, Gtn, dtt Foj. torn* xix. /. 46. the 3 PUFFIN. 30^ nation little in this ers, it :, with hence ke the : quills t^and - dov/rt olours, ;d in a tie, and pidlure , I call irimps, er forts water, d fhel- to drag I : fuch exceed h Edwards iharp, that under wa- thc the ftrcngth of its body, which is not larger than that of a pigeon * ; they mull therefore be afcribed to the power of its weapons, and the bill is indeed formidable by its (harp blades and its terminating hook. The noftrils are pretty near the edge of the bill, and appear like two oblong flits : the eye- lids are red; on the upper one is a little excref- cence of a triangular (hape, and on the lower is a limilar excrefcence, but of an oblong form : the feet are orange, furnifhed with a membrane between the toes -, the Puffin, like the guillemot, wants the hind toe ; the nails are very ftrong and hooked ; as its thighs are fliort, and concealed under the abdomen, it is obliged to keep quite eredt, and feems to totter and rock in its walk -f-. It is accordingly never found on land, except retired in caverns or in holes excavated under the (hores J, and always in fuch lituations, that it can throw itfelf into the water, as foon as the calm invites its return : for it has been remark- ed., that thefe birds cannot remain on the fea, or fifh, except when it is fmooth ; and that if they be overtaken by a florm, either on their depar- ture in autumn or on their return in fpring, numbers perifh. The winds caft thefe dead *» A foot from the point of the bill to the end of the tail ; thir- teen inches from the bill to the nails. t ** It walks turning every moment from fide to fide." f^oyage duNord. \ Cefner. X % Puffinf r ! ;' 310 PUFFIN. Puffins aflioie *, fometimes even on our coafts-f*, where thefe birds are feldom feen. They conflantly inhabit the moll northern iflands J and promontories of Europe and Aiia, and probably alfo thofe of America, fmce they are found in Greenland as well as in Kamtfchat- ka §. They leave the Orknies and other iflands near Scotland regularly in the month of Augufl; and it is faid, that in the iirfl days of April q. few come to reponnoitre the places, and in two or three days after retire to inform the main body, which they lead back in the beginning of Mayll. " '. . ;... ; ,;. ,,;^... * Willughby. • . • f " The north wind has fent us this winter thoufands of dead f« and drowned Puffins. Thcle every year take a fea voyage, about «* the end of February or the beginning of March ; when it is « ftonny, many are drowned, and at all times the ravenous birds f* devour great numbers of them. Probably this paflage is labo- ** ripus, for all the bodies of thcfe drowned bii-ds are conftantly ♦* very lean. Thefe birds are found on the coafts of Picardy alfo " in the month of Auguft, but are then few in number. The male *• differs not from the female, except that his colours are deeper : *' the old ones have their bill broader." letter of M. Baillon, datti Montreuil-/ur-me.r, \Qth of ApriU 1781. — ♦? The Puffin is known oa « thii coaft (of Croific) under the name o^ gode, and occurs at all f* feafons ; it feldom comes to land, and then only on the near- f eft fhore : it neftk" in th'; holes of craggy rocks, efpecially near '5 Belle-ifle, at the \.j~z& caiied the Old Ca/iU-j it there lays on the *' bare ground thrf pggs. It is four'' in the whole of the gulf of *' Gafcogny." Lei nr from the Vifcount de ^erho'ent,.igth ofjuntt 1781. \ In the iflands Anglefey, Bardfey, Caldey, Prieftbolm, Farn, Godreve, the Scillys, and others. Willughby. § The Kamtfchadales call the fea-diver^a/^f^i ; it occurs on all the coalls of that peninCula. Uif, Qen, des Foj, torn, xyiii. /. 270, II WUlugbby. " '• Thefe ■■..J PUFFIN. 3n Thefe birds build no neftj the female lays on the naked ground and in holes, which they ex- cavate and enlarge : they have only one egg, it is faid, v^rhich is very large, much pointed at the end, and of a gray or grayifh colour *. The young that are unable to follow the troop in their autumnal retreat are abandoned -j-, and per- haps perilh. On their return in fpiiag, thefe birds do not all occupy the molt northern fpots; fmall flocks halt on different iflets along the Engliili coails, and they are found with the guil- lemots and the penguins on the Needles, which lie on the weft fide of the Illc of Wight. Ed- wards palTed feveral days among thefe rocks to obferve and defcribe the birds;}.. * Willughby. >■ 'I Idem. J He reprefents It as one of the moft aftoniflung works of na» ture. *• I have fometimes admired," fays he, " the palaces of kings ; «' the antique majefty of our old cathedrals have often infpired me " with religious fear: but when from the ocean I faw difplayed *' this vaft, ftupendous work of nature, how little and diminutive " appeared all the monuments of human power ! Imagine a mafs *• of rocks fix hundred feet in height, and ftretching about four miles " in lengthj flanked with obeliflcs and fhapelefs columns, which " feemed to rife out ofthefea, and which were indented by the dark ** mouths of caverns formed by the billows : if from this gloomy " depth the affrighted eye meafures the broken perpendicular fides *• of thefe rocks, whofe projefting cliil's feem to threaten every md- « ment to plunge the fpeftator into the abyfs : if retiring a quarter " of a mile to enjoy a full view of this immenfe rock, we fire a can- *• non, the air will be darkened with a black cloud formed by the « rifing of thoufands of birds from all the crags and ledges, and f* which, with foine fheep, are the only inhabitants of this rock." X 4 [A] Specie* •■a*-,* iil u H!i yt PUFFIN OF KAMTSCHATKA. [A] Specific charaAer of the Puffin, JIca Ar£lica: ** Its bill ii ** comprefled, channelled on each fide with four furrows ; its or- ** bits and its temples white ; its upper eye-lid pointed." Its length is twelve inches, its alar extent twenty -tme inches, its weight twelve ounces. They arri\'e on feveral of the coafls of Great Britain and Ireland in April, and take poiTeflion of the rabbit-bur- rows, where they lay a Tingle iegg, vihite, and as large as a hen's. They bite very hard when difturbed ; their voice is difagreeable, lind f(eins as if it coA them %n effort* THey retire in Aug^ift The PUFFIN of KAMTSCHATKA. JJem Cirrbata. Gmelin and Pallas, Igilma. Hift. Kamtfch. ^ke Tufitd4uk. Penn. and I^ath, #< ^-ps H E Kamtfchadale women,** fays Steller, "*' ** make themfclves a head-drcfs of a ** glutton's ikin, fafliioned like a crefcent, with ** two white ears or beards, and fay, that in this •* ornament they refemble the mitchagatchi^^ ** which is a bird quite black, and hooded with ** two pendulous crefts or tufts of white fila- ** ments, which look like treflcs on the ndes of " the neck." It is eafy to perceive, that the bird alluded to is the Kamtfchadale Puffin 5 and the kallin^ak of the Gxeenknders appears to be • Or Monichagatka, for fo it is written in page 270 of the nine- teentii vol. of the Hiji. Gen, da Vty^ while in |>age 253 cf the fame volume it is written Mitcba^atcku tbc 'M tsblllii ; its or- I." Its ches, its of Great ibit-bur- a hen's, rreeable. CKA. PUFFIN OP KAMTSCHATKA. 313 the fame *. Like this it has the two white trefles and cheeks, and the reft of the plumage black or blackifh, with a deep blue tint on the back, and dull brown on the belly : its bill is furrowed on the upper blade, and the noftrils are fituated near the edge : laftly, it has little rofes on the corners of the bill, as in the common puffin ; only the fize of the kallingak or Green- land Puifin is fomewhat fmaller than that of the Kamtfchadale Puffin. • The Greenlanders know a fea-parro^ which they caH kallin- gak» and which is entirely black, and as large as a pigeon. Idem^ p.\6. (! Steller, of a t, with in tliis :d with te fila- ides of bat the n^ and :s to be [A] specific charafter of the Alca Cirrhata: '* It is entirely " black, has four furrows in its bill ; the fides of its head, the fpace " about its eyes, and the corner of its throat, are white; a yellow- ** i(h longitudinal tuft from the eye-hrows to the nape." Its flelh is hard and iniipid, but the Kamtfchs lales ufe its eggs. The bills« nixed with thofe of the common pu. m and the hairs of the feal* were formerly re^rded by thefe rude people as a powerful anuilet. 'the nine- f the fame the w I [ 3'4 ] i. ' V The PE N G U I N S and the MAN- CHOTS; Cf , The BIRDS without wings. Tt is difficult to feparate in imagination the "^ idea of bird from that of wings : yet is the faculty of flying not ellential to the feathered race. Some quadrupeds arc provided with wings, and fome birds are deflitute of them. A wing- lefs bird would fcem a moiifter produced by the' neglcd: or overiight of nature ; but what is ap- parently ii denmgement, an interruption of her plan, docs really fill up the order of fucceflion, and connedls the chain of exiftence. As fhe has deprived the quadruped of feet, fhe has alfo de- prived the bird of wings ; and it is remarkable that the fame defe<5t begins with the land birds, and ends in the water fowl. The oflrich may be laid to have no wings, the cafTowary is abfo- lutely deflitute of them ; it is covered with hair inflead of feathers. Thcfc two greal birds feem in many refpeds to approach the land animals ; while the Penguins and Manchots appear to form the lliade between birds and fifh. Inflead of wings they have little pinions, which might t)e faid to be covered v/ith fcales rather than fea- thers, PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. 315 thers, and which ferve as fins -'•'■ ; their body is large, coinpatt, and cylindrical, behind v/hich are attached tv.o hroiid oars, rather than two legs : the impofllbiUty (;f advancing far into the Jand, the fatigue even of remrining there, other- wife than by lying; the neceflity, the liabit of being almofl always at fca, their whole ceco- liomy of life, mark the an jgy between the aquatic aninnals and thefe 'a pel Is birds, ftran- gers to the regions of air, : I alniofi; equally exiled from thofe of the 1 na. Thus between each of the great families, be- tween the quadrupeds, the birds, and the fiflies, nature has placed conneding links that bind together the whole : fhe has fent forth the bat to flutter among the birds, while fhe has impri- foned the armadillo in a cruftaceous fhell. She has moulded the whale-kind after the quadru- ped, whofe form (he has pnly truncated in the walrus : the feal, from the land, the place of his birth, plunges into the flood, and joins the ceta- ceous herd, to demonfl:rate the univerfal confan- guinity of all the generations that fpring from ^he bofom of the common mother ; finally, (he • They feem to form a middle fpecles between the birds aad the fiflies ; for the feathers, efpcctally thofe of their wings, differ little from fcales, and thefe wings, or rather pinions, mull be re* garded as fins. Cw/{.— The wings of thefe animals are without fea- thers, and ferve only as fins ; they live moft of their time in the >yater. De G^^w^j.— Thefe flumps ferve as fins when they arc in the fvater, paml>ier. has IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h .^ Mi 4rA 1.0 1.1 i^yj8 125 ■50 "^^ lU 2.0 am I^tQgraphic Sciences Corporalion <^ 33 WMT MAM STRHT WnSTIR,N.Y. 14SM ( 71* ) •71-4503 \ t* k V !|i!! I' ■ r I - 1 111 316 PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. has produced birds partaking of the inftind«^ and (Economy of filhes. Such are the two fa- milies of Penguins and Manchots, which ought however to be diftinguifhed, as they are adually in nature, not only by conformation, but by dif- ference of climates. The name of Penguin has been given indif- criminately to all the fpecies of thefe two bul- lies, which has introduced confufion. We may fee in Ray's Synopfis what difficulties ornitho- logifts have met with to accommodate the cha- radlers afcribed by Cluiius to his Magellanic Penguins, with the characters obferved in the arftic Penguins. Edwards is the firft who re- conciled thefe contradiiftions : he juftly remarks, that far from t!iinking, with Willughl^, that the northern Penguin was the fame fpecies as the ibuthern, one fhould rather be difpofed to range them in two different clafTes ; the latter having four toes, and the former having the traces only of the hind toe, and having its wings cohered htfith nothing that can be called feathers i whereas the northern Penguin has very fmall wings, covered with real feathers. s!; vrf, :< i 5 To thefe differences we fhall add another, flill more elTential, that, in the fpecies of the north, the bill is furrowed with channels on the (ides, and raifed with a vertical blade ; while, in thofe of the fouth, it is cylindrical and pointed. Thus all the Penguins of the fouthero voyages arc it PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. ^if are Manchots*, which are diftinguifhed from the real ardlic Pengums, by eifential differences in the (Impure, as well as by the diilance of the climates. We proceed to prove this pofition by a com- parison of the relations of voyagers, and by an examination of the pafTages in which our Man- fchots are mentioned under the name of Penguins, All the navigators of the South Sea, from Nar- borough to Admiral Anfon, Commodore Byron, M. de Bougainville, Meflieurs Cook and Forfter, agree in afcribing to thefe Manchots the fame charaders, and all di^erent from thofe of the ardtic Penguins "f, " The genus of the Penguins (Manchots)" fays Forfter, " have been improperly confounded with that of the diomedea (albatrofs) and that of the pbaetm (tropic bird). Though the cc « ^ ManeJl/et, in French, fignlHes maimed. I have, for the faks of perfpicuity, adopted the term.— 7*. f The moft Angular birds that are ieen on the coad of Patago- nia have, inftead of wings, two ftumps, which can be of no fervice but in fwlmming ; their bil! is Jiraigbt like that of an albatroft (which points out the elongated cylindrical form).. Anfon The Penguin, inflead of wings, has two flat flumps, like the fins of iifh ; and its plumage is only a kind of fliort down ... its neck is thick, its head and bill like that of a crow, except that the point turns a little downward^. Narberougb.^-ln this country (Lobos -del-mar, in the Pacific Ocean) there are many birds, fuch as boobies, but efpecially Penguins, of which I have feen prodigious numbers in all the South Seas, on the coafl of the country lately difcovered, and at the Cape of Good Hope. The Penguin is a fea-bird, about as large as a duck, having its feet (haped the fame, but its bill point- Mdi they do i'Ot fly, having ttumps rather than wings. Dampier. " thick nsfs th' f \M\'. €( €€ <( « «< « « C( « 318 PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. " thicknefs of the bill varies, it has the fame character in all (cylindrical and pointed) ; ex- cept that in feme fpecies the end of the lower mandible is truncated: their noftrils are always ** linear flits, which again proves them to be ** diftinguilhed from the albatrojj'es : they all *' have exactly the fame form of feet (three toes before, without any trace of a hind toe) : the flumps of the wings are fpread into fins by a membrane, and covered with plumules laid fo ** near each other as to refemble fcales ; this charader, as well as the fhape of their bill and feet, difcriminates them from the alcce (the auks or true penguins) which are unable to fly, not ** becaufe their wings abfolutely want feathers, " but becaufe thefe feathers are too fhort." It is the Manchot, therefore, that we may par- ticularly flile the winglefs bird-, and at firfl fight we might alfo call it th^ featherlefs bird. In fadl, not only the hanging pinions feem covered with fcales, but all the body is invefled with a comprefTed down, exhibiting all the appearance of a thick, fliaved beard, fprouting in fhort pen- cils of '"de gloffy tubes, and which form a coat of mai ipenetrable by water. Yet, on a clofe infpe' t. 1 1 i ' ■!■' '1 i !i« M - I ; ^! li ('■1 '2U PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. " eggs, fome of which were kept on board near " four months without fpoiling." " On the 15th of January," fays the com- piler o^~ the Voyages to the South Sea, " the ** velTel bore towards the great i/le of Penguins, ** for the purpofe of catching thefe birds. In " fadl, wc found there fuch prodigious numbers, " that they might have fupplied ^vc-and-twenty ** fhiys, and we look nine hundred in two «* hours." No navigator negleds an opportunity of pro- viding himfelf with th^'fe eggs, which are faid to be very good*, and with the flefh even of thefe birds -f-, which cannot indeed be excellent, but • Their flefli is but Indifferent food, but their eggs are excel- lent. Dampier. f On the i8th, we caft anchor in the fecond bay of Magellan*« Straits, oppofite to the iJJe of Pevguinst where the boats were foon loaded with thefe birds, which are larger than ducks. Adams.-^^t returned about the middle of September to Port Defire, to procure new (lore of feals, of Penguins, and of the eggs of thefe birds. Nar- borough. — A little ifland in the entrance of the Bay of Saldana is^ (locked fo plentifully with feals and Penguins, as to aiford refrefli- ment to the moll numerous fleet. Hijf. Gen. des Foy. torn. i. /. 384. —The Penguin is better than the diver of the Scilly ifland^s ; it has a fifliy tafte. To render it palatable, it is fklnned, becaufe of its excefTive fat ; upon the whole it is tolerable food, when roafted* boiled, or bakedj efpecially roafted. We falted twelve or fixteen barrels of them, to ferve us inftead of cured beef. The taking of them afforded much diveriion ; indeed nothing could be more amufing, whether purfuing them, intercepting them as they want to gain their burrows, when they often tumble into the holes, or furrounding them and knocking them on the head with flicks, for blows on the refl of the body will not kill them, and befides will blemiih the flelh, which is to be preferved falted. . . . Thefe mifer- ablc . t PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. 325 but ferves as a rcfource on coafts deftitute of every other refrcQiment *. The meat is faid ijot to tafte of fifn, though in all probability the Pengbins fublifl on fiih -f* : and if they are fecn to frequent the tufts of coarfe grafs, the lad vcf- tiges of vegetation that remain in thole frozen lands, they are induced lefs, it is fuppofed, for the fake of food J than for that of fhelter. Forftcr has defcnbed their fettlement in this fort of afylum, which they (hare with the feals. ** To neftle §," fays he, " they form holes or " burrows, able Penguins, hunted on all fides, threw themfclves one upon an- other, and were eafily (hot by thoufands ; the reft fell from the top of the rocks to the ground, and inftantly expired ... the more for- tunate reached the fea, where they were fafe. H:^. des Navig. au^ Terres Aujlrales, torn. i. p. 240. • There are prodigious quantifies of tlicfe amphibious birds (on fome iilets near Staten-land, fo that we felled as many as we pleafed with a ftick; I cannot 'fay that they are good eating ; but i*i want of frelh provifions, we often found them excelloit. They do not lay here, or it was not tlie fcafon (in January) for we faw neither eggs nor young. Cooi.— Spilberg and Wood found the fiefh of the Penguins to be very good ; but this depends much upon the hunger of the failors, and their want of better food. ■:• } f Cluiius. X The Penguin iflands (in Magellan's Strait) are three in num- ber .. . they yield only a little grafs, which maintains the Pen- guins. Spilherg. ^ On New Year's ifland, near Statenland, and at New Georgia, a grafs of the fpecies called DaSlylis Glotnerata takes a remarkable growth : it is perennial, and endures the coldeft winters j it (hoots always in tufts at fome diftance from one another ; every year the buds rife to a new head, and enlarge the tuft, till it is four or five feet high, and twice or thrice broader at the bottom than at the top ; the leaves and ftalks of this grafs are ftrong, and often three or four feet long. The feals and the Penguins ihelter themfelves under V ^ thefc i. j i If "j J 19! I-I i m i 1: iff ' i i 1 ■' 1 , ■ :1 1 -. ! ! M ! ■ li 326 PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS, ** burrows, and choofc, for this purpoTe, a down " or fandy plain. The ground is every where '* fo much bored, that in walking a pcrfon often ** finks up to the knees, and if the Penguin " chance to be in her hole, fhe revenges herfelf ** on the palTcnger, by failening on his legs, ** Vvhich flie bites very clofc*." The Manchots occur not only in all the fouth- crn tra«5t of the great Pacific Ocean, and on all the iflands fcattered in it "j*, but alfo in thofe of the thefc tufts, and as they come out of the fea quite drenched, the paths between thefc plants are rendered fo dirty and flimy, that a pcrfon cannot walk without fvepping from one tuft to another. Earjier. — The mod advanced and the largcil of thefe iflands (on the nortli-eall of Spiring bay,, in fight of Fort Dcfire, in Magel- lan's Strait) is that named the ijland of Penguins, about three quarters of a mi'e in length. This ifland conlills only of craggy rocks, except near the middle, where it is gravelly, and bears a little green herbage : it is the retreat of a prodigious number of Penguins and feals. Narhoroiigh. * Voyage of five vcflels to the Straits of Magellan.— They make holes in the ground, like our rabbits, and there lay eggs ; but they live on fiih, and cannot fly, having no feathers on their wings, which hang at their fides like bits of leather. Noorf.-^AW the Ihore, near the fea, is ftrcwcd with burrows, where thefe birds hatch their eggs : the ifland of Detroit is full of thefe holes, except a beautiful vale clothed with fine green herbage, which we imagine thefe birds had referved for their pailurage. Hi/}, des Navig. torn. i. f. 240. — In a bay on the coaft of Brazil is an immenfe number of the birds which the Englifli call Penguins; thefe birds have no wings, are larger than geefe, and make holes or burrows in the ground, into which they creep ; which has made the French call them toads. Drake. f In general, no part of New Zealand contains fo many birds as Duflty Bay ; befides thofe juft mentioned, there are alfo cormorants, albatrcfles, gulls, and Penguins (Manchots). FerJltr,'^We cannot. reckoM , a down ■y where Con often Penguin ■' :s herfclf V his IcgvS, 1 ic fouth- • id on all thofe of *i the ■enched, the limy, that a to another. u ■ iflands (on • , in Magcl- about three »■ y of craggy md bears a • number of Ian.— They e lay eggs ; :rs on their JVoor/.— All thefe birds oles, except we imagine : u'vig. torn. i. : number of ds have no •ows in the -'i.'^ French call , iny birds as, f. cormorants. 1 We cannot ." ^ PKNGUINS AND MANCHOTS. 3?7 the Atlantic, and, it would appear, at lower lati- tudes. There are vaft flocks of them near the Cape of Good Hope, and even farther north *, We ;irc of opinion, that the Jivers, which the ihips Eag/e and Mary met with in lat. 48° 50' '\' fouth, among the iirfl floating ice, were Man- chols. They mull have advanced even into the Indian feas, if Pyrard is exadt in placing them in the Atollons of the Maldives :f , and if Sonnerat really found them in New Guinea §. But thefe places reckon parrots and Penguins among the domcflic animals ; for though the nativt-s of ihc Fiicndly and Socitiy Ifiands tajcc a few individuals, thefe have never bred. Draki, • Twenty leagues north from the Cape of Good Hope, there is a multitude of birds, and, among others, a prodigious number called Penguins ; fo that we could fcarce turn ourfelvcs among them : they are not accudomed to fee men, as feldom any vcfTcl. touches at this iiland, unlefs it meets with fomc accident at fea, as was our cafe. Spilberg, f In the feventh degree of longitude. J Many little iflands, the Atollons of the Maldives, have no ver- dure, and are mere drifted fand, of which a part is overflowed at ftream-tides : they contain, at all times, plenty of fca-crabs, and fuch a prodigious number of Penguins, that one cannot ftir a foot without crufhing their eggs or their young. Pyrard. § This voyager fpeaks of them as an enlightened naturalifl :— > *' All the fpecies of Manchots," fays he, "arc deprived of the power " of flying ; they walk with difficulty, and can y their body ereft and « perpendicular, their legs are entirely beliind, and fo fhort that the •* bird can only take very fmall fteps; the wings are only appendices *' in the place where the true wings (hould be attached, and their only •• ufe is to balance the bird in iti tottering pace. They come on Ihore " topafs the night and to breed ; the impofiibility of their flying, and *' the difficulty of their running, expofe them to the mercy of thofe f* who chance to land on their retreats, and they are run down ; th« V 4 « defect rrr: ■• I M r. '''iiS' 328 PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. places excepted,' we may fay with Forfler, that in general the tropic is the limit which the Man- chots have leldom pafled, and that the bulk of them afFed the high and cold latitudes of the. South Sea. The true Penguins alfo, thofe of the north, fcem to prefer the icy fea, though they fometimes defcend as far as the Ifle of Wight to breed ; however, the Feroe Iflands and the coafts of Nor- way, feem to be their native territory in the an- cient continent ; and Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland, that in the new. Like the Man- chots, they are entirely deftitute of the power of flying, having only fmall ends of wings, covered indeed with feathers, but thefe fo (hort as to be fit only for fluttering. The Penguins, like the Manchots, remain almoft conftantly on fea, and feldom come to land but to neflle or reft ; they lie fcuat, it being equally painful for them to walk or to ftand erc(ft, though their legs are rather taller, and placed not quite fo much behind the body as in the Man- chots. In fine, the analogy in their inftin(5t, their mode of life, and their mutilated truncated fhape. " defeft of their ftrufture, which incapacitates them from avoiding " their enemies, has made rhem be regarded as ftupid creatures, in- " attentive even to felf-prefervation : they are never found in places ♦* inhabited, and they never can ; for, being incapable of refiftance ** or efcape, they muft quickly difappear, wherever deftrudive man «• fhall i\x his abode, who permits nothing to fubfill that he can ex- " tirpate." ir, that Man- )ulk of of the ; north, netimes breed: bf Nor- the an- lor, and le Man- power of covered irt as to , remain come to t, it being and ercd:, placed not the Man- PENGUINS AND MANCHOTS. 329 is fuch between thefe two families, notwithftand- ing the chara .na, their ited fhape. from avoiding i creatures, in- found in places )le of refillance Jeftrudlive man that he can ex- ;ii 'I' f ' i It J }i i\ h -i! f ' iii 'm iH Ht'l [ 330 3 The PENGUIN. FIRST SPECIES. Ale a Tarda, Linn, and Gmel. Jlca. Briff. Plautus Ton/or. Klein. Jlka. Cluiius, Nieremb. and Johnll. AlkaHoieri. Sibb. Will, and Ray. The Falk. Martin's Voy. St. Kilda. The Marrot. Sibb. Hift. Fife. The Auk. Penn. and Lath. • ^Tp HOUGH this firfl Penguin is furnifhed with wings of Ibme length, and with feveral little feathers, we are aflured that it cannot fly, nor even rife from the water "f-. The head, the neck, and the whole of the upper fide of the body, are black ; but the under fide, which is immerfed in the water v/hen it fwims, is entirely white. A little ftreak of white runs from the bill to the eye, and a fimilar ilreak croiTes the wing ob- liquely. We have faid that the feet of the Penguin has pnly three toes, and that this conformation, as * In the north of England the Aiik : in the weft of England the Razorbill: m Cornwall the Murre: in Scotland !he Sccut : in Norway, and in the Feroe iOandsj fhe Aike, Klub Kljmprt : in Gothland Tordt and in Angerniania TordmuU : in Iceland Aulka, Klumbtt Klumbtr- revia: in Greenland Aivarfak, ■\ Edwards, • well J^'.25B ed with al little fly, nor e neck, )dy, are ^rfed in te. A to the ng ob- uin has tion> as ngland the n Norway, land Tordi , Khmbtr' THE ilAZ 0« aiiL . well I'v'i im It f I t > 1 ml: ! I 2\I?.2^Sf THERAZOK-BLLL TUEFCMAtE. M : i ' M* I if li t I ! t ' / -#.. •ye PENGUIN. 33» well as that of the bill, diftinguiflies it very ma- nifeftly from the Manchot. The bill of this firft Penguin is black, fharp at the edges, very flat on the fides, which are channelled with three furrows, of which the middle one is white : juil at its aperture, and under the down that covers the bafe of the bill, the noflrils appear in long flits. The female wants the little white ftreak between (he bill and the eye, but its throat is white. " This Penguin,'' fays Edwards, ** occurs ** equally in the northern parts of America and of Europe. It comes to breed on the Feroe Iflands *, along the v/efl: of England -f*, and on ♦* the Ifle of Wight J, where it augments the •* multitude of fea-fowl that inhabit the great ** rocks, called the Needles ^ We are afliired, that it lays only one egg {|, which is very large in proportion to the fize of the bird §. It is fl:ill uncertain in what afylum the Pen- guins, efpecially the prefent, pafs the winter ^. As they cannot hold out on the fea in the depth of that feafon, and never appear then on fliore, nor retire to fouthern climates, Edwards fuppofes that they pafs the w^inter in the caverns of rocks, which open under water, but rife internally as much above the level of the flood as to admit a recefs, where the Penguins remain torpid, and live upon their abundant fat. (( « * Hoierus. II liinnscus. + Ray. § Ray. X Edwards, f Idem- We i i K'i. J 1 i i • li i'|i| 1 ' I \\V 33» PENGUIN. We (hould add, from Pontoppidan, fome par- ticulars concerning this fpecies ; that it is a great catcher of herrings, that it bites hooks baited with thefe fifli, 6?c. if the account given by that writer did not betray the fame inconfiflencies that appear in his other narrations ; for inftance, he lays, ** that when thefe birds iflue from the <« caverns where they ihelter themfelves and " neftle, they darken the fun by their number, " and make with their wings a noife like that of " a tempeft." This affertion applies not to the Penguins, which at moil can only flutter. We recognize the Penguin in the efarokitfok, or little wing of the Greenlanders \ " a kind of ** diver," fays the narrator, " which has wings at moft only half a foot long, and fo fcantily feathered that it cannot fly; its legs too are " placed fo far back, that one cannot conceive ** how it is able to 'ftand ere(5t and walk." In fadt, the eredt attitude is painful to the Penguin ; , its pace is heavy and fluggifli, and its ordinary pofture is that of fwimming or floating on the water, or lying ftretched on the rocks or on the « « ice. [A] Specific charafter- of the Auk, Jlca Tarda: " Its bill 19 ** marked with four furrows, a white line on either fide between th« " bill and the eyes." The length is eighteen inches ; the alar ex» tent twenty-feven ; the weight twenty-three ounces. The Auk lays her egg on the naked rock, to which it is fattened by the concretion of vifcous moifture that bedews the furface upon its exclufion : if this cement chance to be broken* it rolls down the precipice. par- jreat aited that ncies ance, 1 the and nber, lat of :o thd kitfok, nd of wings antily 30 are nceive " In iguin ; dinary 3n the on the ts bill 19 ween the ; alar ex« Auk lays Dncretion ufion : if ce. 1 1 ; '^'jj f I I , ' 1 it ;h ; ' f'M 1 ( ( t 1 1 \f ■■ -r ■1 i 1 4 \ ■ ■ ■mI 1 1: I I i ! ( 1 THE GREAT AUK . [ 333 ] The GREAT PENGUIN. SECOND SPECIES. jilca Impcnnis. Linn, and Gmel. Alca Major. Brifl*. Mergui Americanus. Clufius. Coirfugel. Nieremb, Johnft. and Clunus, The Penguin. Wormius, Will, Ray, Martin, &c. 7he Northern Penguin. Edw. The'Gare, Sibb. I'rodrom. Scotia?. The Great Auk. Henn. and Lath. * *lX7'iLLU6HBY fays, that the fize of this Penguin approaches that of the goofe. He muft mean the height of its head, and not the bulk of its body, which is much more flcnder than in the goole. The head, the neck, and the whole mantle, are of a fine black, with little fliort feathers, foft and glofly like fattin : a great oval white fpot appears between the bill and the eye, and the margin of this fpot rifes like a rim on each fide of the top of the head, which is very flat: the bill, which, according to Edwards* comparifon, refembles the end of a broad cutlafs, has its fides flat and hollowed with notches : the greateft feathers of the wings exceed nut three inches in length. We may eafily judge, that * In Iceland it is called Goirfugl : in Norway Fih°"°j;.;'f i .. flat, and covered with down S ^^^^^^^ X LITTLE P E N G U I K. 337 it I , ryui,..iiimi»i.iimu 1.111, ■J.53BS8SBBB8 *| ' H r tf-i -Ml ij.'jj I 33« ] <( «< The GREAT MANCHOT. FIRST SPECIES, JptenodyUs Patachonica. Gmel. Jnfer Magellan tea. Clufius. Plautus Pinguis. Klein. 16e Paiagonian Pinguin. Penn. and Lath. f^ L u s I u s feems to attribute the difcovery of ^^ the Manchots to the Dutch, who performed in 1598 a voyage to the South Sea. " Thefc ** navigators," fays he, " having touched at cer- •' tain iflands near Port Defire, found them full of a kind of unknown birds, which had come there to neflle : they called thefe birds pin-^ ** guins, on account of their fsitnefs fpinguedo J J^, * This derivation is adopted by Dr. Grew ; and Meffrs. Pennant and Latham have gone (o far, to favour that conjefture, as to alter the ufual fpelling into pinguin. But is it in thefmalleft degree pro- bable, that illiterate failors would think of bellowing a Latin name on a new objeft ? And even admitting this, they would have called the bird pingued, not pinguin, furely, far lefs penguin, which is how- ever the original orthography. A word of a limilar found Signifies •white bead'xw Welch ; and fome authors have alledged this acciden- tal coincidence as a further proof that a colony was carried from Wales to America. To this opinion Butler alludes in his Hudibras : " Britilh Indians named from penguins." *— But it appears that, in the northern languages, the great auk has the name of penguin, which the Dutch muft have learnt in their frequent voyages to the Whale-filhery ; when they met with a fimi- lar bird, therefore, on the coaft of Patagonia, they would naturally bellow upon it the fame appellation. — T, c ".and I J i.X ■^ 'li »f W ery of irmed rhefc It cer- n full i come Is />/«- \edo)*t J. Pennant as to alter egree pro- »atin name lave called [ch is how- nd fignifies is acciden- irried from i Httdibras : ■eat auk has irnt in their with a fimi- ild naturally /': K THE PATA&ONIA3Vi'£]NrGI7LN. %\i '>. f'^ '1 I'V'WiP^ .■*£ rtt'. (: >i;t! . '(•J-- ■■ ■ ■ :.*■■;■<'■ 1- .t ;d^.: 'i':'.:ll'- ^fy ■ft 1 .' ■.■ftr*j :]', s^.i.Ti • ■ .vrf ?V .'♦!. ' ■i'^;/r •'■■ ■■•«■ ;'.(i-« ■iiti: li k I f ' '*. >;■ % i I i t \^ w< ,| ' '['• 1^1 It;; m ■;»i i 'i 1 1 ' U i I u I • >.. . ''''1 ■J I ! i ! ■.■-•iji' '» I -.11 m I GREAT MANCHOT. 339 * •■». *• and named thefe iflands the ijlands qf pin- tt « « <( « « « gums, " Thefe fingular birds," adds Clufius, " have no wings, but in their ftead two membranes that hang on each fide like little arms ; their ** neck is thick and fhoA ; their fkin is hard and thick like hog's leather. They were found ** three or four in a hole : the young ones weighed ten or twelve pounds, but the adults reached to fixteen pounds, and, in general, they were of the bulk of the goofe.'* From thefe proportions, it is eafy to recognize the Manchot reprefented in the Blanches Enlu^ minies under the name o^the Manchot of the Ma- louine ijlands^ and which occurs not only in the whole of the Straits of Magellan and the adja- cent iflands, but alfo at New Holland, from whence it has ftretched to New Guinea *. It is indeed the largeft of the Manchots ; and the individual which we diredled to be engraved, was twenty-three inches high : they attain to a much greater fize ; for Forfter found feveral that mea- fured thirty-nine inches, and weighed thirty pounds -f*. ** Divers flocks of thefe penguins, the largeft " I ever faw, wandered on the coaft (of New ** Georgia) : their belly was of an enormous bulk, ** and covered with a large quantity of fat ; they ** have on each fide of the head a fpot of bright yellow or orange-colour, edged with black 3 nil • Sonne ratt f Forller. Z 2 the iC I i • ./If.;' 11; si. ■■\Ml ■ . ^r-f-K. ■.'■J ■•ft'; '■u'ifi , ■ :l .liti' ■ , i"." '4. ■ ' ' I .:• I'.-.f i ■'t- m fl I ■■ ! I i I i '-I J^' ipii'" «( <« 340 GREAT MANCHOT. the back is of a blackifli gray -, the belly, the under lide of the pinions, and the fore part of " the body, are white. They were fo ftupid " that they made no effort to efcape, and we " knocked them down with flicks . '. . Thefe are, " I think, what the Englifh have termed at " the Falkland THands, ye/Iow penguins or king "penguins,'* This defcription of Forfler agrees exactly with our Great Manchot, obferving only, that a bluifh tint is fpread on its cinereous mr -Me, and that the yellow of its throat is rather lemon or flraw-colour than orange. The French, indeed, found it in the Falkland or Malouine Iflands; and Bougainville fpeaks of it in the following terms. ** It loves folitude and fequeflered re- " treats : its bill is longer and more (lender " than in the other kinds of Manchots, and its back is of a lighter blue ; its belly is of a dazzling whitenefs ; a jonquil tippet, which rifing from the head interfedts thefe white and blue (gray-blue) fpaces, and terminates on the ** flomach, gives it a great air of magnificence : " when it fcreams it ftretches out its neck . . . <* We hoped to be able to carry it to Europe : ** at firft it grew fo tame as to diflinguifh and ** follow the perfon who had the charge of ♦* feeding it ; and it ate indifferently bread, flefh^ ** or iifh. But this aiet was not fufficient; it <* abforbed its fat, became exceflively emaciated, ** and died," [A] Specific « C( « « II MIDDLE MANCHOT. 341 ' XA] Specific chara£ler of the Patagonian Penguin, Aptinodytu Patachonica : *' U» bill and legs are black ; a gold fpot on the ears." This is rather a fcarce fpecies. They lay in the end of September or the beginning of 0£lober. They are very full of blopd* fo that in killing them their head mufl be fevered* to allow it to flow. .11 "-iVM o Specific The MIDDLE MANCHOT. SECOND SPECIES. jiptenodyUs Demer/a, Gmel. Diomedea Demer/a, Linn. Spheni/cuu I B^.^^ Sphenijcus Nanttus. J The Black-footed Pinguin. Edw. The Leffer Penguin, Philof. Tranf, and Sparr, The Cape Penguin. Lath. F all the charaders which might be em- ployed to denominate this fecond fpecies of Manchot, we have pitched on the fize as the mod conftant and difcriminating. It is what Edwards calls the black-footed penguin -, but the feet of the great Manchot are black like wife. It appears in the Planches Enluminks under the name of the Manchot of the Cape of Good Hope, or of the Hottentots, But the fpecies occurs in other places befide the Cape, and is met with alfo on the South Seas. We had thought of calling it the collared Manchot i and in fad the black mantle of the back encircles the fore part 1 % of ■■■'•./a. , M *M ii I?* i » h'l I ! 342 MIDDLE MANCHOT. of the neck by a collar, and fends off upon the fides two long bands after the manner of a fca- pulary : but this livery appears not to be con-? ftant except in the male, and the female has fcarce fome obfcure trace of a collar. In both, the bill is coloured near the tip by a little yellow band, which perhaps depends on the age. So that we can denominate it only from its fize, which is about the average in this genus, feldom ever exceeding a foot and an half. All the upper furface of the body is flaty, that is of a blackifli afli-colour j and the fore part, with the fides of the body, are of a fine white, except the collar and the fcapulary } the end of the lower mandible feems a little truncated, and the fourth toe, though free and not attached to the membrane, is turned more before than be- hind; the pinion is all flat, and looks as if co- vered with a fhagreen, the pencils of feathers which clothe it are fo little, fliff, and prefTed, the largeft of thefe plumules is not half ^.n inch long, and according to Edwards* remark, above an hundred may be counted in the firfl row of the wing. Thefe Manchots are very numerous at the Cape of Good Hope *, and in the adjacent la- titudes. !'!( • There were at the Cape of Good Hope birds called penguins in great numbers, which are as large as a pretty fmall gco/e ; tiieir body is covered with fmall feathers ; their wings are like thofe of a duck after the feathers are plucked ; they cannot fty, but they fwim very r i- MIDDLE MANCHOT. 343 titudes. The Vifcount de Querhocnt obfervcd them off the Cape, and communicated to me the very well, and dive ftill better; they are frightened at the fight of men, and endeavour to efcape, but they may be eafdy caught by running : each female lays two eggs as large as thofe of a goofe ; they make their neft among the brambles, fcraping in the fand and forming a hole, in which they lurk fo clofe, that, in paffing along, one can hardly perceive them ; they bite very ftrong when they are near a perfon who is off his guard ;— they are fpotted with black and white. Recueil des Voyages qui ont/ervi a V etablljfement de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, torn. iii. /•581 ; Amjterdam, 1702. — The birds which are the moft frequent in this bay (of Saldana) are the penguins ; they do not fly, and their wings aflift them only in fwimming ; they iWim as fall in the fea as other birds fly in the air, Flaccmrt. — We called a little ifland, which is four leagues beyond the Cape of Good Hope, the ijland of birds, on account of the great number and different fpecies that were on it ; there are penguins differing onlj' from thofe which occur in the Straits of Magellan, in that their bill is flraight like that of a berottt and not bent bac{t as in the others ; they ai^lr ^about the fize of a goofe, weighing fix- teen pounds ; their back is covered with black feathers; their belly with white ; their neck is fhort and thick, with a white collar ; their (kin is very thick, and they have fmall pinions like leather, which hang as fmall arms covered with fmall ftiff feathers, white, and in- termixed with black, which ferve them to fwim and not to fly j they feldom come on fhore, unlefs it be to lay their eggs and hatch; their tail is fhort, their feet black and flat ; they conceal themfelves in holes which they make on the brink of the fea, never more than two at once ; they lay on the ground, and hatch only two eggs, which are about the bulk of thofe of turkies. Cauche. — At Aguada de San Bras, twenty-five leagues from the Cape, is a fmall ifland or a great rock, where is a multitude of birds called penguins, about the fize of a gofling; they have no wings, or atdeaft thefe are fo^ fmall and fo fliort, as to refemble more the fhaggy fkin of a beall than wings ; but inftead of wings, they have a feathered fin with which they fwim ; they fuffer themfelves to be taken without mak- ing an effort to efcape, a proof that they fee few men or none at all ; when one is killed, the fkin is found to be fo hard that a fabre can fcarce cut any part but the head. There were alfo on thi<: 2 4 rock '1 I, i- ''Ma .•-'".■:>■■■ \ f'fc '•''Vi''5'"''| 344 MIDDLE MAhTSHOT; ii i !1 the following note : " The penguins (Manchots) " of the Cape are black and white, and of the " bulk of a duck ; their eggs are white, two at " each hatch, and they defend their brood cou- " rageoufly : they neftle on the iflets along the ** coaft ', and an obferver of credit affured me, " that in one of thefe was a raifed knoll, which thefe birds preferred, though more than half a league from the fea. As they walk flov/ly, " he thinks it impoflible that they fliould every ** day refort to the fea for food. He took forne ** therefore to try how Icng they could live without fuftenance j he k'jpt them a fortnight without any thing to eat or drink, and at the ** end of that time they were dill alive, and fo " flout, that they bit keenly." M. de Pages, in the mast&fcript relation of his voyage towar«is the South Pole, agrees with refpedt to thefe fadts. ** The fize of the Cape ** Manchots," fays he, " is equal to that of our " largeft ducks : they have two oblong cravats ** of a black colour, the one on the ftomach, *' the other on the neck. We found commonly •* in the neft two eggs or two young ones, laid " head to tail, the one always a fourth at leaft " higger than the other. The adults were as " eafy to take as the young: they could walk tt ti tt ti rock many fea-dogs, vvhich made refiftance to the Tailors: we kill- ed fome of them, but neither the dogs nor the birds were good to eat. Recueil des f^ojages qui ont /ervi a Vttablijfement de la Com- fagnitt torn, I. pp. 213 ^ 214. " only MIDDLE M . N C H ) T. 345 ** only flowly, and fought to lie amo* fhc "rocks." This voyager adds a curious faft, il - t-hc Manchots ufe their pinions from time to time as fore-feet, and then they go fader, walking as it were on four. But in all probability this is a fort of tumbling, and not a real walk. This middle fpecies feems to be the fecond of thofe defcribed by Bougainville at the Ma- louine iflands 5 for he fay 'TpHis Manchot is fcarcely a foot and half high from the bill to the feet, and nearly as much when, its head and body extended, it fits on HOPPING MANCHOT. 347 on Its rump» which is necelTarily its pofture on land : its bill is red, and fo is its iris, over the eye there pafTes a white line tinged with yellow, which dilates and expands behind into two little tufts of bridled filaments, that rife from both fides of the top of the head ; this part is black, or of a very deep blackifh afh-colour, as well as the throat, the face, the upper fide of the neck, of the back, and of the pinions ; all the fore fide of the body is of a fnowy white. In the Planches Enlumin^es this bird is indi- cated under the name of Siberian Manchot : v»t no longer retain that denomination, flnce nature feems to have marked the great divifion of the northern penguins and the fouthern Manchots ; and as M. Bougainville has difcovered it on the Terra Magel/anica, we fufpccl that it is not found in Siberia, but only in the iflands of the South Sea, where the fame navigator has de- fcribedthem under the name of hopping penguin, " The third fpecies of thefe half birds," fays he, " lives in families like the fecond, on the high " rocks where they lay. The charaders which " diftinguifli thefe from the two others are their " fmallnefs, their fulvous colour, a tuft of gold- " coloured feathers (horter than thofe of the " egrets, and which they eredl when angry ; and ** laflly, other little feathers of the fame colour, " which ferve as eye-brows. They are called hopping penguins : in fad:, they mc ve by leaps ** and €t I t ,.>'r :r^.> '■ *■; -s^ i , 'v.i^i;;': HOPPING MANCHOT. and fprings. This ipecies has more livelinefs " in its mien than the two others." It is, in all probability, the fame crefted and red-billed Hopping Manchot that Captain Cook alludes to in the following paflage : ** Hi- therto (in lat. 53* tj' fouth) we had continu- ally round the fhip a great number of. penguins y *' which feemed to be different from thofe we •* faw near the ice ; they were fmaller, with ** reddifh bills and brown heads. The meeting ** with fuch a multitude of thefe birds gave me fome hope of finding land.** And in another place ..." On the 2d of December, lat. 48' 23' fouth, long. 179* 16', we obferved feveral red- billed penguins which continued with us next "day." ■"'■-■ ■ T<'i-: ■■ [A] Specific charadler of the Crefted Penguin, Aptenodytei Ch*yfocome : « Its bill is rufous-brown ; its legs yellow i(h ; the crefl «* on its front deep black and ereft, a defle^ed tuft from the ear of - a fulphur-colour.'* Its length is twenty-three inches. It is not ^te io unwieldy as the other penguins. s ••H . «■ 1 I I \ I ■it- •&^l nefs and :ook Hi- tinu- mnsy e we with :eting ^e me lother .8« 23' il red- s next ptenodyies the cieft he ear of It is not J\ff!2^2 THE rENG^JlN.^VITHAMUTILATEI) Bllil.. '•iliSii '.;.:r'fe !:'i;M1'>'^' !(• :■ 1- , . : ' ''',7. A '^^^ ;;■'"l>^ ' i;^i^K ■ •.,''!: h, f •-"'.:■. .1 ■ ■ •' Pi' .1' ' •■.■'^,v, '1.. *•!;■ "■ iti! M M-- I ,:i«lS 11 ( i St ) * f'^i J \k M ^■-M ,> ». !i!' C 349 ] .i (w •I The M A N C H O T WITH A TRUNCATED BILL. . FOURTH SPECIES, u Jptenoifytes CatarraHes. Gmel. Phaeton Demer/us. Linn. Catarraaes. BriiT. ' yi*/ Rid-^ooted Penguin. Edw. and Lath. j 'Tp H E bill of the Manchots ufually terminates •^ in a point. In this fpecies the extremity of the lower mandible is truncated. This cha-. radler feemed fufficient to BrifTon for conftitut-^ ing a diflinft genus under the denomination of gorfou, of which he was completely mafter acr. cording to the hypothetical and fyflematical or- der of his divifions : but it was not a matter equally arbitrary to apply to the fame Manchot the name of CatarraSles or CatarraSta, by which Ariftotle denoted an aquatic bird of prey*, which was certainly not a Manchot, with which Arifr totle muft have been totally unacquainted. However, Edwards, to whom we owe our knowledge of this fpecies, applies to it this paf- iagc of Sir Thomas Roe, in his voyage to In- dia : ** On the ifle of Penguins (at the Cape of i ii ■■'.mm * HiJi.Jnm. lib. ix. 12. f* Good il M A N C H O T, &c. Good Hope) is a fort of fowl of that name ** that goes upright ; his wings without feathers, hanging down like fleeves faced with white ; they do not fly, but walk in companies, keep- ing regularly their own quarters *." Yet Edwards does not inform us if this Man- chot be an inhabitant of the Cape, rather than of the Straits of Magellan. It was, he fays, as large as a goofe 5 its bill was open as far as the eyes, and red, as well as the feet ; the face was of a dull brown ; all the fore fide of the body was white ; the hind part of the head, the top of the neck, and the back, were of a dull purple, and covered with very little feathers ftifF and clofe : •* Thefe feathers," adds Edwards, " refemble ** more the fcales of a ferpent than feathers ; the •* wings,'* he continues, " are fmall and flat like brown plates, and covered with feathers fo lit- tle and fo ftifl!; that at fome diftance they *' might be taken for fliagreen : there is no ap- ** pearance of tail, but fome ihort and black *' briftles at the rump." • Charchill's Coll. of Voyages, W. i. /. 767. ' [A] Specific charafter of the Red-footed Penguin, Apttnodytes Catarraiies : « Its bill and legs are red; its head brown."— Our reader will find a full and diftinA defcription of the penguins, with •a excellent figure, by Mr. Pennant, in the Philofophical Tranf- aftionsibr 1768. Such amc lers, lite ; eep- /[an- than ys, as s the vas of ^ was of the ie, and clofe : femblc rs 5 the kt like fo lit- te they no ap- i black Jptenodym •wn."— Our nguins, with Kical Tranf- MANCHOTS. 35« * «( it Such are the four fpecies of Manchots which v/e could exhibit as known and well defcribed. If this genus is more numerous , as Forfter feems to infinuate, each new fpecies will naturally af- fume its place. Meanwhile we (hall remark fome that are mentioned, though imperfedly and confufedly, in the following notes : I. " Of the Maldive ides," fays one of our old voyagers, ** a prodigious number are uninha- bited . . . and others covered with large crabs, and a croud of birds called pingui, which lay " and breed in thefe retreats. Their multitude ** is fo aftoniftiing, that one cannot any where fet a foot without trampling on their eggs and young> or the birds themfelves. The iflanders will not eat them, though they are ** very palatable, and are of the Jize of pigeons^ ** widi a white and black plumage *." We are unacquainted with this fpecies of Manchot as fmall as r. pigeon, and yet a fimilar fmall fpecies of winglefs bird, under the i.ame o£ cakamar, occurs on the coaft of Brazil. ** The " calcamar is of the bulk of a pigeon ; its wings ** are of no affiftance to it in flying, but it fwims very nimbly: it never leaves the water; the • Voyage dc Frangots Pyrard de Laval; Paris, i6i9> torn. i. ' 8 ** Brazilians «t *( u «c ':m mm M A N C H O T S. ** Brazilians afTert even that it there depofits its eggs, but do not explain how it could hatch ** them on the water *." II. The aponars or aponats of TheVet -f", which," fays he, ** have little wings, by which ** reafon they cannot fly ; their belly is white, ** their back black, their bill fimilar to that of a ** cormorant or a raven, and when they cry, it is like the gruniing of hogs.** Thefe are in all probability Manchots. Thevet found them on the ifland of Afceniion : but under the name of aponar, he makes the fame confufion with what has happened under that of penguin ; for he fpeaks of aponars which JlAps meet with in failing from France to Canada, Thefe laft arc penguins. III. The bird of the South Seas, which Cap- tain Wallis's people, and afterwards Captain Cook's, called the race-horfey becaufe it ran on the water very fwiftly, ftriking the furfacc with its feet and wings, which are too fmall for its flying. This bird feems from thefe charac- ters to be a Manchot ; yet Forfter denominates it the logger 'head duck in the Philofophical Tranfadions, Vol. Ixvi. Part i. He thus fpeaks; " It refembled a duck, except in the extreme ihortnefs of its wings, and in its bulk, which * Hift. Gen. des Voy. torn, xiv. /. 303. f Singularites 4& la France Antardit^uc^ par Andre Thevet ; Parih I5$B, /. 40. u IS Itch ;tt, hich hite, of a 7» it ire in them name with i; for itb in ift arc 1 Cap- :aptaiii it ran furfacc nail for charac- minates fophical jfpeaks; extreme i, which M A N C H O T S. 353 << « ** is that of a goofe ; its plumage was gray, with " a few white feathers; its bill and legs yellow, " and two large fcaly bumps of the fame colour at the joint of each wing. Our failors called it race-horfe, on account of its fwiftnefs; but ** in the Falkland Illands the Englifli have ** given it the name of logger -bead ducky IV. Laftly, according to other voyagers * there is found on the illands of the Chilian coaft, beyond Chiloe, and towards the Straits of Ma- gellan, a " fpecies of goofe which does not fly, " but runs on the water as nimbly as others fly. " This bird has a very fine down, which the American women fpin, and make it into co- verlets, which they fell to the Spaniards." If thefe particulars are to be depended on, they in- dicate a fpecies between the large feathered birds and the Manchots with fcaly feathers, which bear little refemblance to down, and feem not capable of being fpun. • Anfon and Wager. « «( "■ .'■■•;■ ... ■'% <^4m\ ■ %m ■M ■■#1 -..Mm ■'is M - C'iiaflu • mm ■lyMm IreThevct; « is YOL. IX. ^ A f " [ 354 ] I i i » M^ •'iSi NOTES AND HI N TS Of certain species of birds that are uncertain or unknown. "^foTwiTH STANDING the pains that we have •*" taken, through the whole of this Work, to difcufs, elucidate, and refer to their true objeds the imperfevfl or obfcure indications of voyagers or naturalifts, on different fpecies, real or nomi- nal, of birds ; notwithftanding the extent and even the fuccefs of our refearches, we muft con- fefs, that there ftill remains a certain number of fpecies which we cannot recognize with cer- tainty, becaufe they are mentioned under un- known names, or exhibited with obfcure or vague features, which quadrate not exactly with any real objedt. Thefe names and thefe features, however confufed, we here colle(5t, not only to omit nothing material, but to prevent thefe du- bious hints from being admitted as certain ; and, above all, to fet obfervers in the way of verify- ing or elucidating them. In this fummary furvey we fliall follow the order of the work, beginning with the Land Birds, pafTing to the Waders, and concluding with the Water Fowl. I. The great bird at Port Defire, on Magel- lan's Land, which is undoubtedly a bird of prey, and I ! I^J '\ AT have k,to .jea» agers lomi- and ; con- ber of . cer- r un- ure or y with matures, only to efe du- in ; and, ■ verify- ilow the nd Birds, with the I Magel- d of prey, and and it feems to be a-kin to the fnow bunting. V. The little yel/ow-bird, Co called at the Cape of Good Hope, and which Captain Cook found in New Georgia. It is perhaps known to or- nithologifts, but not under that name. With refpedt to the littk birds with handjome plumage,. which this fame navigator found at Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, we readily agree with him in opinion, that in land fo remote and uncon.- nedled they are abfolutely new fpecies. VI. The bird which the naturalifts that ac- companied Captain Cook in his firfl: voyage denominated motacilla velijicans^ who faw it alight on the fliip's rigging at fea, ten leagues § from OF UNKNOWN SPECIES. "3^ 357 from Cape Finiflerre. We fliould certainly have found it to be a fliepherdefs, had not Lin- naeus, whofe nomenclature they follow, applied the term motacilla, as generic, to all birds that wag their tail. VII. The occolin of Fernandez, which fliouId have ranged among the woodpeckers ; for he cxprefsly fays, that // is a woodpecker of thejize of a jiare, its plumage' agreeably variegated with Slack and yellow, Fernandez, HijL Avi* Nov, Hifp. ccii. 54. VIII. The birds feen by Dampier at Ceram, and which, from the form and bulk of their bill, feem to be calaos. He defcribes them as follows : ** Their body was black, and their tail white ; ** they were as large as a crow ; their neck was pretty long, and fafFron-coloured 3 their bill was like a ram's horn j their legs were fliort " and ftrong ; their feet refembled thofe of a ** pigeon, and their wings were of an ordinary fize, though they made great noife in flying : they feed on wild berries, and perch upon the largeft trees. Dampier found their ^i^{h (o good, that he feemed to regret his not having ** feen thqfe birds except at Cer^m and New ** Guinea." HijL Gen. dcs Voy, torn, ii, p. 244. IX. T'z&f hoitzitzillifi of Te.piffculliila of Fer- nandez, and the nexhoitzillin of the fame au- thor, v\?l?ifih piuft he colibrisj living, he fays, 2 A 3 on « ;y in general. XIII. The chochopltll of Fernandez, a bird, fiiys this natundift, of the kind of what the Spa- niards call cborlito (which is the curlew). It feems to be the white and brown great curlew of Cayenne. This bird, Fernandez adds, is migra- tory on the lake of Mexico^ and its flcfli has a difagreeable fiHiy tafte. XIV. The ayaca, which, both from the fimi- larity of its name to ayaia, applied to the fpoon- bill in Brazil, and from the refemblance of its characters, except the alterations which objedts always undergo in pafTing through the hands of the compilers of voyages, appears to be a Ipoon- bill. " This Brazilian bird (ayaca) is remark- " ably diligent in catching little fifh j it never " darts without effed: upon the water : it is of ** the bulk of a magpie ; its plumage is white " marked with red Ipots, and the biil is fliaped " Uke a fpoon." /i>/?. Gen. des Voyages, torn. iv. p. 303. The aboukerdan of Montconys (I. partie, page 93.) is our fpoonbill. XV. The acacahoaBlitOX the bird of the Mexican lake, with a raucous voice, mentioned by Fernandez ; which, he fays, is a kind of alcyon or kingfifher. 3A 4 _ But, 1: m. ''^: . •I't-'i!')' : .(M '■. » fi f .'./•;'>■'' ■ ■^. ii'iv.-', •••• 'fil^*| ■.-'#.!, I ■up' '■'.1 .:i.»L„ ., NOTES AND HINTS But, according to the remark of Adanfon, it Is ra- ther a fpecies of heron or of bittern ; fince // has a very long neck, which it often folds, bringing it between its fhoulders. It is fomewhat fmaller than the wild duck ; its bill is three inches long, pointed, and fharp ; the ground of its plumage is white fpotted with brown, browner above, and whiter below the body -, the wings are of a bright and reddifh fulvous, with the point black. According to Fernandez, we may tame this bird, feeding it with fifh, and even flefh ; and, what is not very confident with its raucous voice, itsfong, he fays, is not difagreeable, (Fer- nandez, vol, ii. p. 16.) It is the fame with the avis aqiiatica raucum . fonans of Nierembcrg, lib. X. 236. XVI. The atototl, a little bird, likewife of the Mexican lake, of the form and fize of a fparrow, with the plumage white on the under fide of the body, varied above with white, ful- vous, and black j which neftles in the ruflies, and which from morning to evening emits a feeble cry, like the fhrill fqueak of a rat : its flefh Is eaten. Fernandez, cap. vili. p. 1 5. It is hard to fay whether this atototl is really a fhore-bird, or only an Inhabitant of marflies, like the reed thrufli or the fedge warbler. At any rate, it is very different from another ato- totl, given by Faber, at the end of Hernandez^ work, {p. 672.) and which is the alcatraz, or J^e^ican pelican, -^ XVII, of OF UNKNOV/N SPECIES. 361 *< « t( XVIL XVII. The menta'uaza of Madagafcar, " a ** bird with a hooked bill, as large as a par- ** tridge, which haunts the fea-fhore.'' The voyager Flaccourt fays nothing more of it. Voy, a Madagafcar t Paris, i66i,/>. 165. XVIII. The chungar of the Turks, and the kratzhot of the Ruiiians, of which we can only tranfcribe the relation given by the hiftorian of the voyages, v/ithout adopting his conjectures. ** The plains of Tartary," fays he, " produce numerous birds of rare beauty: that defcribed in Abulghazi-Khan, is feemingly a fpecies of * heron, which frequents the part of the Mo- ** gul's dominions which borders on China ; it is ** entirely v/hite, except the bill, the wings, and **• the tail, which are of a beautiful red; its flelh ** is delicate, and tafles like thiit of the hazel ** grous." But as the author fays that it is very rare, we may fuppofe it to be the bittern, which is in fa(St very rare in Ruffia, Siberia, and Great Tartary, but v/hich occurs fome- times in the territories of the Mogul, ne^r China, and which is almcft always white. Abulghazi-Khan fays, that its eyes, its legs, and its bill, are red ; and he adds, that the head is of the fame colour. He tells us, that this bird is named chungar in the Turkifli language, and kratzhot in the Ruffian ; which has led the Eng- Jifh tranflator to conjedure that it is the fame with that denominated cbon-kui, in the hiftory of T«pwr-Bek,and wliich was prefented to Gengis- Khan h'4 \m ■''■ -'■ ^■!■iyH^ (ill "'jl i'i;,- ■ill fk^^--'! Mh <^\S': ? ill ^1 •••.fit .ir^l Jin M '■"if, W;' '■ -}4m '/'W : '.*f.'.: t ■ ',' r J.- I ■'■■ Am\ Ti ( ■ ! i;-J!l 362 NOTES AND HINTS U ' n % : -,'.!. ;;;■ « t€ ft Khan by the ambalTador of Kadjak *. jF/Vf. Ge/z, des Voy. torn, vi. p, 604.. XIX. The chckfok, or, th^JJoort -tongue, which is faid " to be a fea-fowl of Greenland, which ** having fcarce any tongue, preferves an eternal " filence, but in compenfation, it has a long '* bill and leg, fo that it might be called the " fea ftork. This glattonous bird devours an incredible number of fifli, which it brings up * from the depth of twenty or thirty fathoms, * and which it fwallows whole, though they be very large. It can be killed only when en- gaged fifhing, for it has large eyes, protu- ** berant, and veiy vivid, crowned with a yei' »w ** and red circle/* Hijl, Gen, des Voy, torn. . .: p, 45. XX. The tornoviarfiik of the fame frozen feas of Greenland, which is a maritime bird of the fize of a pigeon, and approaching the genus of the duck. It is difficult to determine the family of this bird, of which Egede fays nothing more. Di5i, Groenl, Hafnice^ ^75^* XXI. Befides the birds of Poland known to naturalifts,and enumerated by Rzaczynfki, there are fome " which he knows only by the vulgar • Petit de la Croix remarks in the fame place, that the chon-kui is a bird of prey, which is prefented to the Icing of the country, decked with many precious ftones, as a mark of homage ; and that the Ruffians, as well as the Tartars of the Crimea, are bound by their treaties with the Ottomans to fend one every year to the Porte, decorated with a certain number of diamonds. ^* name. ^ It «( (( OT UNKNOWN SPECIES. 363 ** name, and which he refers tc no fpecies/* Three of thefe particularly feem, from their natural habits, to belong to the tribe of cloven^ footed water fowl. The derkacz " fo called from its cry, der, der, frequently repeated. It inhabits the low and wet meadows ; it approaches the fize of the partridge ; its legs are tall, and its bill long.*** .(This may be a rail). The hayjlra, which is pretty large, of a dark brown colour, with a thick and long bill : it filhes in rivers, like the heron, and nellies oa trees. The third is the krzyczka, which lays fpotted ,cggs in the rulhes amQng bogs. XXII, The arau or kara of the northern feas; ** it is a bird larger than a duck ; its eggs are #« very good to eat, and its fkin ferves for furs ; ** its head, neck, and back, are black ; its belly :'* blue ; its bill \ong, Jiraightt black, OiTiA pointed," Hijl, Gej2. des Voy. torn. xix. p. 270. From thcfe character? the arau or kara mufl be a fpecies of diver. XXIII. The Jobn-van-Gbent or 'John-de- Gand, of the Dutch navigators at Spitzbergea {Recueil des Voyages du Nordy torn. ii. p. iio). which, they fay, is at leafl as large as a ftork, ;and has the fame figure ; its feathers are white and black ; it cuts the air without almofl flir- jring it$ wings ; and as foon as it approaches the ice. ::;; U'fi •'.«! li' W^' .m ,v,-; (M 3^4 NOTES AND HINTS i; ! » cots, which , per- 1. We tes on e con- ear the 1 accu- rays he, itap- anuary, e gulfs, a league :his fi{h, ;s on the entlemen, lead and U {horterr k, and of It white ; enifti and ♦« black i ** black i its neck and breaft are white." HiJ}, Nat. de Norwege, par Po?itoppidan ', "journal Etranger, Fevrier, 1757* XXV. The pipelines y of which I find the name in Frezier, and which bear a refemblance, he fays, to the fea- bird mauve : The mauve is the fame with the mew or maw; but what he adds, that they are njery well tajied, agrees not with mews, which are very bad meat. XXVI. The margaux, of which the name ufed among failbrs feems to denote a booby or cormorant, or perhaps both the one and the other. " The wind not being fair for coming *' out of Saldana Bay," fays Flaccourt, we fent twice to the iflet of Margaux, and each trip the boat was filled with thefe birds ** and their eggs. Thefe birds, which are as large as a goofe, are there fo numerous, that, walking on Ihore, one cannot avoid trampling on them. When they ilruggle to take wing, " they entangle one another. They are knocked *' down with a flick as they rife in the air." Voy, a Madagafcar, par Flaccourt ', Paris, 1661, p, 250. ** There were at the fame tjlmd" (that of birds, near the Cape of Good Hope) fays Francis Cauche, " margots, bigger than a gofling, with " gray feathers, the bill hooked at the point *• like a hawk's ; the foot fmall and flat, with ** a pellicle between the toes. They refl on the ** fea I tt « «( «( i( .j';■ ■■ ' -•'>:■• ■ ■•- ^1^-, ' :;«-%^: .■.•..!.n«iv .1; «waaaaRr' M >i-i w y^6 NOTES AND HINTS ** fea; they have broad wings; they make thefr *' nefls in the middle of the illand, among herbs, ** and never lay more than tw^o eggs." P^o)>, a MadagaJ'car -, Paris, i^S^> P- ^^5' *• In a diflridt of the r/k" {of birds y on the tracS: to Canada), fays Sagar Theodat, " w^ere birds ** living feparate from one another, and very ** difficult to catch, for they bit like dogs ; they ** are called margaux." Voy. au Pays des Hurons ; Pan's, 1622, p. 27' From thefe circumftances wq are difpofed to take the inargati for the fhag or little cormorant, which we have defcribed. XXVIL Thefe fame fliags appear to us to have been mentioned by feveral voyagers, under the name of alcatraz *, very different from the true and great alcatraz of Mexico, which is the pelican. (See the article of the pelican), XXVIII. The fauchets, which we fhall refer to the family of fea-fwallows. ** The commo- ** tion of the elements (in a great florm)," fays Forfler, " never drove thefe birds from us; at ** times, a hhckfauchet fluttered on the agitated • Hiftoire des Incas; Paris, 1744. torn. ii. /. 277.— Voyage de Coreat; ParJs, 1722, torn. i. p. 345. — Hift. Gen. dss Voy. torn. i. /. 448, y torn. iv. /. 533. In the latter place it is faid, that during the night the alcatraz fly as high as poflible, and then, putting their head under the one wing, they fupport themfelves feme time with the other, till their body approacliing the water, they refume their flight to the heavens ; thus repeating frequently the fame aftion, they jnay be faid to flecp flying. It is fcarce necen*ary to add, that the whole of this relation is a fable. " furfacc heir ;rbs, 1 a tra(ft birds very they rons ; fed to oraiit, us to under m the is the refer bmmo- " fays us; at igitated Voyage de oy. torn, i. ;hat during Litting their ; time with efume their aftion, they id, that the OF UNKNOWN SPECIES. 367 •* furface of the fea, and broke the force of the " waves, by expofing itfelf to their adtion. The ** afped was then threatening and terrible." (Cook's Second Voyage.) — " We perceived the ''high grounds (or the weft entrance to the " Straits of Magellan) drifted and covered with ** fnow almoft to the v/ater's edge; but great '* flocks oi fauchets made us hope to find re- frefhments, if ^ « could meet with a haven." Idem. — Fauchets, in 27° 4 lat. fouth, and 103* 56' long, weft, about t.. iirft of March. Idem *. XXIX. The backer or fecker, of the inha- bitants of Oeland and Gothland, which we re- cognize more certainly to be a fca-fwallow, from the particulars we learn of its inftindt. <* If " any perfon goes to the place where thefe " birds neftle, they fly round his head, and Teem " difpofed to peck or bite him ; at the fame ** time they emit a cry, //Vr, tirVy repeated in- " ceflantly. The backer comes every year to " Oeland, there pafles the fummer, and leaves " that country in autumn : its neft cofts it lefs ** trouble than that of the ordinary fwallows ; ^* it lays two eggs, and drops them on the flat ground in the firft place it meets ; yet it never depofits them among tall herbs; if it lays on a fandy plain, it only excavates a little ftiallow (( « (( * The bird here alluded to is the (hearwater or puffin, Procellaria Puff.ms, defcribed in the body of the work. Tht French tranfla- tor vtnA^rs JIjeariAiater by the word /aucht. T. « hole ; % 4y »' ^■■■ '1 1 .1'! *('u: 368 NOTES AND HINTS ,1 I i " hole j its eggs are of the fize of pigeons*, gray- •• ifh, and fpotted with black : this bird fits •* four weeks -, if little hens' eggs be placed un- " der her, fhe will hatch them in three weeks ; " and t/je chickens thus hatched are very mif- " chievous, efpec'mlly the males. In the ftrongeft ** wind, it can hold itfelf niotionlefs in the air; " and when it marks its prey, it defcends fwifter ** tlian an arrow, and accelerates or retards its ** force, according to the depth it fees the fifh " to be at in the water ; fome times it only dips its bill, and fometimes it plunges till the points of its wings only, and a part of its tail, appear above the furface : its plumage is gray ; all the upper half of its head is pitch-black ; its bill and legs are fire-coloured ; its tail is like that of the fwallow. When plucked it is hardly fo large as a thrufti.'* Dcfcription of a water-fowl of the ijle of 0 eland -, fotii-nalEtr anger y Fevrier, 1758. XXX. The vouroufambe of Madagafcar, oxgrU fet, of the voyager Flaccourt (p, 165), is proba- bly alfo a fea-fwallow. XXXI. The ferret of the iflands Rodrlgue and Maurice, which Leguat mentions in two places of his voyages. " Thefe birds,** fays he, are of the bulk and nearly of the figure of a pigeon : their general refort in the evening, ** was to a fmall iflet entirely naked. We found ** their eggs lying on the fand, and quite hear " each « u « « «( « <( it u «< « « « OF UNKNOWN SPECIES. 369 " each other -, yet they have only a fingle egg at ** each hatch . . . We carried off three or four " dozens of young* and as they were very fat> •* we had them roafted : we found they had nearly the tafte of the fnipe, but we were hurt by them, and never afterwards were tempted to tafte !iem . . . Having returned feme days after to the ifland, we found that ** the ferrets had forfaken their eggs and their " young in the whole of the diftridt which we ** had vifited . . . The goodnefs of the eggs made ** amends for the bad quality of the flefh of the ** young. During our flay we ate many thou- ** fands of thefe eggs : they are fpotted like ** thofe of a pigeon.'* Voyage de Francois he* guati Amjlerdamy 1708, torn. i. ^.104, and torn, ii. pp. 43 a? 44. Thefe ferrets appear to be fea-fwallows ; and it would be doubly interefting to know the fpe- cies, on account of the goodnefs of their eggs^ and of the bad quality of their flefh. XXXII. The col/ier (charbonnierj, {p called by Bougainville, and \yhich, from the firft cha- radters, we might take for a fea-fwallow, but in the laft ones, if they be exadl, it feems to differ* ** The collier t" fays BougainvillCj ** is of the ** lize of a pigeon ; its plumage is of a deep gray, " and the upper fide of the head white encircled ** with a gray cord> more inclined to black than the reft of the body i the bill is flender, two inches long, and a little curved at the endj the eyes are bright, the toes yellow, refem- voL. IX. 2 B ** bling cc «( it 370 HINTS AND NOTES •■fi" ii4: f! « Uing thofc of ducks; the tail is a!>unda)U\y •* fumKhed with ^^^.^liers, rout ded at the end ; *' the vMRgs arc mach cat out; aita each of about *• ti^t or nine iiiciita extent. The foUowing ■* days we law raauy iA thefe birds (it w.is in •* the month of January^ and bc^e his arrival •* at the river de Ia PJata)." fifj/agg cuicur du, M'mJey tsm, i. />/. zz & 23. XXXiif^ The vfhvt ^fffves^ mofigat tk vc-- ladii, of the Porttigcezey which, acosrding to the dunen(tORS 2xvii the chara€faers that fi^mc give, focm to be pelicins, anJ, according to other noticeSy piclent more analogy to the cormorant. It is in the creek: at th.c Cape of Good Hope* that thefe btrds are found. They owe their name to tlie re&mblince of their plumage to velvet (Wjl. Gen. da Voy. tle (MiTotia^ in the Htft. Gen. des Voyages, torn. w.p. 534^) 5 accordiiig to otliers, tbty arc black jdi above and white below, (^dcbard,) iVL ^ Qttcrhoent fays, that they fiy heavily, and i£2ivcc\y ever leave the deep water ; he be- Ikves them to be oi the lame genus with the margaux ^Ouejan. (Remarks made m board ids Majefifsjhip ViBory^ by the ViJcQunt de ^er- ■ ' 9 ^ b'iifritj i iit\y ibout wring ,'is in rrival ur dit ing to fomc lotlber lonini- HopCt 5 their tagc to jS), or appear except they ore ,as the Voyages, tbty are bard') heavily, . he be- Yith the ^ ■ , i -.'■■■ ^.{\ 37i HINTS AND NOTES cover with earthy bccaufc this bird lays a great number of eggs, and dcpofits them in the fand, with which it covers them. Its defcription and hiflory, of which GemeUi Carreri was the firft author (Voyage aiitour dii Monde -, Paris ^ 17 19* torn* V. p. 286) are filled with fo many incon- gruities, that we cannot admit it into the text, but throw it into a note *. XXXVI. The parginiiiy a name which the Portugueze, according to Koempfer, give to a kind of bird which the Japanefe call kanjemon : it is found in an ifland on the track from Siam to Manilla. The eggs of thefe birds are almoll • Of many firgnlar birds on thefe iflands, the mod wonderful hy Its properties is the tavcn. It is a fea-fowl, black, and fmallcr than a hen, but its legs and n;ck pretty long; it lays its eggs on fandy ground, nnd thefe are nearly as large as thofj of a goofe : what is moil fuiprizing, after the young are hatched, the yolk is IHU found without any of the white ... the young are roafted before they arc covered with feathers, and they are as good as the bell pigeons. The Spaniards! often eat, from the fame diOi, the young and tiie yolk of the egg ; but what follows merits much more admiration : the female gathers i.er eggs, to the number of forty or fifty, into a fmall ditch, \',hich Ihe covers with fand, and of which the heat of the fun makes a fort of furnace : at length, when the brood have (Ircngth to fhake off the fliell, and open the fand to come out, ftie perches on the ncighbcuriiig trees; fhe makes feveral circuits round the neil, fcrcaniing with all her might, and the young, ronzedby this found, make fuch motions and efforts, as to burft through every obilacle, and find their way to her. The tavons make their nefts in the months of March, April and May, the time when, the fea being more placid, the waves do not rife (0 high as to hurt them: the failors feek eagerly for thefe nefts along the beach ; when they find the fand thrown up, they open the fpot with a ftick, and take out the eggs and the young, which are equally prized, Hifi. Gen, des Foy, torn. x.f. ^11, as OF UNKNOWN SPECIES. 373 as large as hens' eggs. They arc found the whole year in that iiland, and they proved a great refource for the fubliftence of the crew h\ this traveller's fliip. Krmpjl'r, HijL Nat, du yapofjy t9m. i. pp. 9 Ci? 10. It is obvious that this curfory mention will not afcertain the par^ gim'a of the Portugueze. XXXVII. The mifago or hifago, which the fiime Kcempfer compares to a hawk (torn, i, p. 113). It is fcarce more recognizable than the preceding J however, ve think that it fliould be ranged among the aquitic birds, fince it feeds on fidi. " The hiifago,* fays • e, *' lives prin- " cipally upon fidii it mak^^. a hole in fome ** rock on the coafts, a^d there layp its prey or its provifions, which it is remarked, prel'erve as well as the pickled fifli, ahiar ; and for this reafon it is called bifagojiohuji, or altiar of Bifago: it taftes extremely fait, and fells ** very dear. Thofe who difcover this kind of ** larder, may draw great profit from its ftore, " provided they do not rob it completely at a €t tt ft it once. XXXVI li. Finally, the azorcs, of which we have only this notice. ** The name Azores was " given to the iflands, on account of the great ** number of birds of this kind that were feen *' or difcovered on them." H:JL Gcu» des Voy, torn, i. p, 12. 2 B 3 Thefe ' ' . '■■\r\ . 'It ,'• ' : fH''t I ■Hi ' ■ ■*) ^V. 374 HINTS AND NOTES, &c. Thefe Azore birds certainly are not an un- known fpecies ; but it is impoflible to recognize it under this name, which we can meet with no-where elfe *. • The Portuguezedifcovered thefe iflands, and in their language fifor fignifiei a falcon.— 7*. APPENDIX, m' APPENDIX, (V'V 'M.( '^■^ '1& ■)n ■\.M\ m Y.v^ M^ ii ■«11 1 ^: BY THE TRANSI.ATOII. 'r^'; ill <.m ■mi ■•ii^ilV H; -•» L'!.'. ■fri\ n^m 2 B 4 m i •'^'iii 'M •■ill p ■'^i »'"' li ^■i''tl H 'i-fi M ■'"*''/ii ff% « i» ' l." HI y t ■il|i .' 1 H • ; 1 » ^ i IS' '( APPENDIX, I, OF SYSTEMS IN ORNITHOLOGY, TH E moft valuable work tranfmitted from the ancients on the fubjed: of Ornitho- logy, is contained in Ariftotle's Hiftory of Ani- mals. That great and univerfal genius, affifted by the liberality of his pupil Alexander the Great, conducted the vaft undertaking with ad- mirable fuccefs. He poflefTed the rare faculty of acute perception; and the happy flexibility of the Greek language enabled him to mark with precifion the diftinguifliing features of animals. Yet that philofopher- affedts a dry and concife ftile, that frequently borders 'on ob- fcurity ; nor is he always at fufficient pains to difcufs and rejedt popular notions. The natural Hiilory of Pliny is a compilation which oftener difplays the tafte and elegance of its author than his critical difcernment. Hefiod, JElhn, Co- lumella, Aulus Gellius, and other writers, have left us fome hints refpeding the oeconomy of animals. The Chriftian fathers indulged much ;n turgid figurative language, and occafionalljr drew • , • ■ '•■■Si ■ ■ ' » if' ii' 'i ' .■:'»•'•■¥<,/■■■ ; ■ ti' ■ i'},tiTi ''"•■;>■';■ 37» APPENDIX, I. II M ' ^'M. tr,:t" ' f • r .»; ■■■' -^ m drew their compaiifons from the carrent ofM^ nious in natiira} hiftoiy. But the fan of ici- cnce was now iet, asid that diimal night fuc- ceeded, which overfprcad the nations of Eu- rope. After the kp& of twelve centuries, a ray of light burft in upon the Chriftian world ; and men of the greatefl abilities laboured with enthuiiaim to re{l:ore the noble remains of anti- quity. The commentators on the treatifes of natural hiftory were not in general io well ^uali£k;d for acquitting themfelves with credit : yet in that line of criticilm. Turner, and the ce- lebrated Jofeph Scaliger,. defcrvc applaufe. At this period, America had been difcovered and explored, fett^ements formed along the coaft of Africa, and an extenlive intercourfe eftabliihed with India. From thefc countries were im- ported birds of fingular forms and wonderful l»e2iity, which, while they increafed the fubjefts ©f Ornithology, incited powerfully to the ftudy of it. Prompted by a love of fcience, the learn- ed and fegacious Belon travelled into Greece, and Egypt, and Aiia Minor. Upon his return to France, he publifhed his obfervations ; but his Hiftory of Birds was not given to the world till the year after his death, in 1555. Gefner com- pofed, in I t^^'^i a Treatife on the Birds found in Switzerland. Various other productions ap- peared ; and from all thefe fources, Aldrovandus, with induftry and erudition, but with little tafte or judgment, compiled his voluminous Hiftory of I m SYSTEMS IN ORNITHOLOGY. 379 of Birds, in 1599. Marcgrave's account of the birds difcovered in Brazil, was publilhed 1648. Mr. Ray, with the afTiibnce of his friend, Francis Willughby, Eiq,uire, wrote a Syftem of Ornithology in 1667, though it was not printed till 1678 ; a work of confiderable merit. Bar- rere publiilied his Syftem in 1745; Klein, in 1750 3 Moehring, in 1753; and Briffon, in 1760. Linnaeus attempted a claflification of birds in his Fauna Snecica, in J746, which he improved in his S)'/iema Naturce^ in 1758; but it has been greatly altered and enlarged in the fubfequent editions. One of the neateft fyftems of Ornithology was conipofed in our own lan- guage, by the ingenious Thomas Pennant, Ef- quire, in 1772, and publilhed in 178 1. He contents himfelf, however, with the outlines. We proceed to give an abftrauck, the Pinguin, the Pelican, the Tropic, and the Darter. In this diflribution, Mr. Pennant attends fometimes to the Ornithology of Briflbn i but in general he adheres to that of Linnaeus. Of this wprk we ihall now give a full view, with occafional m M f ,■1 •mm »«ii fji'-' .■■■ . '■' ■'. • ' !■.'■ '''■.i'i''i^;v' ; ,-."(1.; »v 3^ APPENDIX,!. I occafional hints refpeding the oeconomy and habits that obtain in certain genera. Linnseus divides the birds into fix orders, vrhich he thus defines : ■\ ' I- T. The ACCIPITRES. B1LL9 fomewhat curved; upper mandible di- lated on both lides behind the tip, and armed with a half - tooth : noJiriU wide. Feet, clofe-feated, fhort, robufl: toes, warty under the joints, with nails bent, and very fharp. Body, with mufcular head and neck j Jkin ad- hefive. Impure. Food, the rapine and carnage of carcafes. Nest, placed in lofty fituations ; eggs about four : Jhnaie the larger. — Monoga- mous. I >: I I I {l^^l^f II. The PIC^. Bill, knife-fliaped, with a convex back. • Feet, furniflied with three toes before and one behind, fliort and flout. Body, flringy and impure. Food, gathered from dirt and rubbifh. Nest, built on trees j the male feeding thef female during incubation. — Monoga- mous. III. The SYSTEMS !N ORNITHOLOGy. ^^ liL The ANSERES- 6f LL, ihioorh, covered with aa epidctuus;, cit*- hrged a! the tip. F^ET, adapted 6>i Avirnming, the toes pakssjted by a unanhr^nc. kgs (hort ajid com- preJTed. Body, pi amp; ll^m ^dhefive, plumage rzlux- ble, Rankilfh. Food, procured in the watier from plants Neist, lifually on iand. The saatiser &Lkaa niir^ her youag. For the mod part polygamous. IV. The GRALLj^. Bill, iacltiarii to cylmdrical. Fe£T« adapted for T^valkjng, with iSai^a& hsS^- naked. Booy, comprefied wiih a very thin £kin : £mi ihort. Sapid. Food, gathered m marfiies fram infcd:Si Nest, uiiiaily on land: nuptials various. V. The GALLING. Bill, convex : upptr jmsjidihk arched above the lower : nojirik arched with a cartifagi- notas mectibrane. , / Feet, adapted fc r uniiing : the ioesxm.'^ be- neath. ' ^of^'s^ fat, tnuicidar. Pare, , Foou, ■m , 'l ■'Wh 1 i' ll w ^ '1 m ■m m 1 V W •'■' 1 '^1 Wkk,4i, ' 1 ' '-^^H Hir w 1 ijH |P.rf'- 'H jp ,f J : 384 APPENDIX, I. ; i 0 .1 il ; ll^l ll 1 * ill 1 i ! 1 FooDy colledted on land from feeds, and mace«> rated in a c/aw. Pulverent. Nest> on the ground, inartificial : eggs nume- rous. Food pointed out to the young. Polygamous. VI. The PASSERFS. -Bill, Sharpened conically. Feet, adapted for hopping, tender, cleft. Body, flender. Pure in the granhorotts kinds : impure in the carnivorous. Nest, artificial. Food crammed into ih^ young. Monogamous. Song. The Firil Order, that of the ACCIPITRES, comprehends four Genera. Thefe are ;— - I VULTUR. CbaraSlers, Bill flraight, blunt at the tip. Head featherlefs, covered behind with naked fkin. Tongue bifid. Neck retradile. ■ This genus contains thirteen fpecies, befJdes varieties. Their natural habits are thefe :— They are very voracious 3 prefer dead car- cafes, even though putrid, and will not attack living animals, unlefs urged by famine ^ fly flowly. acc- me- mng. :inds : young* ACCIPITRES. 3^5 ilowly, except when rifen to a certain height, and in flocks ; are endowed with a moft acute Ihicll. 1 - r>. : • ' . ' II. FALCO. CharaSlen, Bill hookcJ, furniflied at its bafc with a cere. Head clofely befet with feathers. - ■•■ •'^•' Tongue bifid. • ' : ' This is a very extenfive genus, containing one hundred and twenty fpecies, exclufive of a mul- titude of varieties. It admits of four fub-divi- fions, and includes feveral of the vultures, the eagles, the kites, the hobbies, the flilcons, and the hawks. ' ■ ir 'I Hi .•'■■^• M if'... ,■ '.. ,^'r fRES, . ', • III. STRIX. » -; -. CharafltTs. Bill hoolced, and without a cere. ; , Nostrils oblongjconccalcd by reclining briftly , , feathers. Hi AD large, with great ears and eyes. Tongue bifid. nth naked ;, befldes This genus contains the owls, which form forty-three fpecies, befides many varieties, and ranged in two fub-divilions : t/jc eared and the earlefs, Thefe birds are nocSturnal, and prey on fmall birds, mice and bats ; moft of them have woolly feet ; their outer toe can be turned back ', their ears are broad -, their eyes large and glaring. VOL. IX. 2 c IV. LA. '.■:i . 1i c ■ '■ 4 >j 3M APPENDIX, I. IV. LANIUS. Charafitrs. BiLi. pretty ftraight, with a tooth on each fide near the tip, and naked at the bafe. Tongue jagged. This genus contains the butcher-birds or /hrikes, forming fifty-three fpecies, befides a few varieties. Their middle toe is conneiSlcd to the iirft joint. 1 1' " '^m.' )<■ M "wsir't The Second Order, that of the FICJE, com- prehends twenty-three Genera: — Of thefe ele- ven have ambulatory feet ; that is, have three diftindl toes before and one behind; eight have fcanfory feet, that is, have two toes before and two behind ; and four have grejj'ory feet, that is, have two fore toes conneded, but with- out a membrane. I. PSITTACUS. CharaiJers, Bill hooked, the upper mandible moveable, arid furnifhed in many with a cere. Nostrils at the bafe of the bill, and round. Tongue flcfhy, obtufe, entire. F££T fcanfory. This genus contains the parrots, parrakeets, macaos, and lories, amounting to one hundred and forty-one fpecies, befides numerous varieties. § Thefe p I iE. 387 Thefc birds arc fub-dividcd into thofc with P^ort and thofe with long tails. Their head is large, the fuinmit flat, their tcct fhort : they arc garrulous, docile, long-lived : fublift chicliy 011 nuts, acoirns, the feeds of poinpions, See. : they climb by means of the bill, and when angry they ered thcii feathers : they are not found in high latitudes j they occur however in the thirty- fourth degree, but are mod frequent in the zone extending twenty -five degrees on each fide of the equator. In their natal regions they arc often eaten. i . • /■ I' 'f.i' I ,t ■•' .,.''4 m ■t\ J', "■ v", >' ••..HI, II. RAMPHASTOS. CharaSliVi, Bill exceeding large, hollow, convex, ferratcd outv.'ards } both mandibles curved at the tip. Nostrils behind the bafe of the bill, long and narrow. Tongue feathery. Feet in moft of the fpecies fcanfory. This fingular genus contains the toucans and motmots, diftributed into fixteen fpecies. Thefe birds occur in South America between the tro- pics : they cannot bear cold ; live chiefly on dates, and are eafily tamed ; in their native cli- mate they fly in little companies of eight or ten; neftle 'v:\ holes made in tree§ by the wood- peckers, and lay two eggs j the individuals ar^ numerous. 2 c 2 III. BU- \*,i I-'' 'a , ' . ■ ■■,.'«'■'' ■ ■'i(,l|'l(..': ' -■\.l^> \.:i ■:1. :-1 : ::^;^:: i^: VI. GLAUCOPIS. • i: Charaiiers. BilL curved, vaulted j the under mandible Ihorter, and carunculated at the bafe. Nostrils flat, half covered with a femi-cartl- laginous membrane. . '. Tongue fub-cartilaginous, notched and cill- . '■' ,. '' ■ . atej at the tip. This genus contains only a linglc fpccies, the cinereous wattle-bird, a native of New Zea- land. It walks on the ground, and feldom perches on trees. It has a piping or murmuring voice. Its flefh is well tafted. Length fifteen inches. . , ' ^ . . VII. CORVUS. ... GharaSlers. Bill convex, knife-fhaped. Nostrils hid beneath reclining brillly feathers. Tongue cartilaginous ^nd bifid. Feet ambulatory. This genus contains the ravens, the crows, the rooks, and the jays: the number of fpecies is forty-fix, and there are feveral varieties. Mofl: of thefe birds occur in every climate -, arc ex- ceedingly noify ; neftle upon trees, and lay fix eggs j and take both animal and vegetable food. ' VIII. CORACIAS, - CharaSfen, Bill knife-fhaped, curved at the tip, bare of feathers at the bafe. Tongue cartilaginous and bifid. Feet ambulatory. 2C 3 This ■ 'iff H 'if Kt, % ;■"■''■ ■^'i-'K;, ■ ,',1';). ■■■■ 'V ' :'■ ..^:1';': '■ ■•.»•■■• ' I ''V. 1 mi- i Ml >: .'5 ilHH i^j.;. •^H| Plf'^ ' 'Bmw »'{'>' ^^f^ i:'. 394 APPENDIX, I. ' ,: XVIIL TODUS. ^ • CharaSfers, Bill awl-fhaped, fiattiOi, obtufe, Arait, with broad briflles at the bafe. Feet greflbry. This genus contains the todies, of which there are fixteen fpecics : they inhabit the warmer parts of America ; arc much analogous to the fly-catchers, only in the latter the mid fore-toe is detached from its origin. XIX. ALCEDO. Cbara£lers. Bill three-fided, thick, ftrait, long, pointed. Tongue flefhy, very fhort, flat, and fharp. Feet for the moft part greflbry. This genus contains the kingfifhers, which, .icxclufive of varieties, amount to forty fpecies. They are difperfed over the whole globe ; inha- bit chiefly the water, and live upon fi(h, which tney catch with furprizing alertnefs, fwallowing them entire, and afterwards rejecting the undi- gefted parts : though their wings are fliort, they fly fwiftly : their prevailing colour is Iky-blue ; their noftrils are fmall, and generally covered. XX. MEROPS. CharaSfr '. Bill curved, four-flded, Hattened, keei-fhaped, fharp. Nostrils fmall, fituated at the bafeof the bill. Tongue flender, for the noft part fringed at the t'P* Feit greflbry, Thi« p I JE. 395 This genus contains the bee-eaters, which jiiake twenty-one fpecies, befides feveral varie^ ties. Thefe birds inhabit America, and are un-» frequent ; they live upon infeds, efpecially bees and wafps ; innitate the kingfifhers in the con- ftrudioa of their nefts : moft of theni have a harfh voicp. XXL UPUPA. Phara^ers, Bill arched, long, flender, convex, fomcwhat comprcfTed, and rather blunt. Nostrils minute, fituated at the bafe of the bill. Tongue obtufe,very entire, triangular, and vcr/ Ihort. Feet ambulatory. This genus contains the hoopoes and the pro- imeropfes, r;ing^d in eight fpecies. XXII. CERTHIA. Chara^grs, Bill arched, thin, fomewhat triangular, (harp. Tongue iharp. Feet ambulatory. This genus contains the creepers, which amount to fifty-four fpecies. They are fpread over the whole globe ; live chiefly on ijifedls ; have minute noflrils, and are confpicuous by their twelve tail- quills, their tall legs, their large hind-toe, and their long hooked nails : in many j^pecies the tongue is fharp, in others it is flat at the tip, in others ciliated, and in a few tubu- JCXIII. TRQ- fi: :^ ■K'ilJ'.i. •i ■ '•.■•|f>:i' ''■ 'w'* 39^ APPENDIX, I. XXIII. TROCHILUS. - . A I. Chara^ers, Bill awl-fhapecf, thread-like, the tip tubulated, - '. ' !• ' J longer than the head: the upper •• ,, " mandible {heaths the under. , Tongue thread-like, tuhnlated with two coa- lefcihg threads. i-Ji'i Feet ambulatory. • ' This exquifite miniature genus contains the various humming-birds, which form no lefs than fixty-five fpecies. They admit of a fub-divifion into thofe with curi^ed bills and thole with JlraU bills. They inhabi: the new world, and, ex- cept two fpecies that migrate to the north, they are all confined to South America. Their bill and feet are feeble, their noftrils minute -, their tongue darts out : they have ten tail-feathers, which are befpangled with the moft glowing colours : they are forward and quarrelfome ; fly very fwift ; feed hovering upon their wings, and fuck the nedar from the flowers. The whirring of their wings is louder than the nates of their voice : they are gregarious ; build an elegant hemifpherical neft of the woolly fub-. fVance of plants, and lay two white eggs, about the fize of peas, upon which the male and fe- male fit by turns : the young ones are attacked by fpiders. Th5 hm ■:.t A N S E R E S. 397 The Third Order, that of the AN SERES, comprehends thirteen Genera : — : Of thefe four have the bill furniihcd with a tooth ; in the other nine it is plain. , .^ . .. . , • -, 1 << I. ANAS. ,•!,.' , CharaSlers, Bill lamellar and toothed, convex, obtufe. Tongue ciliated, obtufe. This very extenfive genus includes the fwans, the %^^i^i the ducks, the fheidrakes, the fhovcr lers, the gadwalls, the wigeons, the garganeys, and the tf*als, forming in all one hundred and twenty-four fpccics. ^^, , i J Ij U t . II. ME ROUS. ^ Characters, Bill denticulated, of a cylindrical awl-fhape, . ' hooked at the tip. This gt uis contains the merganlers, the dun- divers, ana the fmews, which amount to feven fpecies, with feveral varieties. 1 », > t ' III. ALCA. CharaSltrs, Bill plain, (hort, comprefled, convex, often furrowed tranfverfely ; the lower mandible fwelled before the bafe. ' Nostrils behind the bill. 'i Feet, in moft of the fpecies, three-toed. \^ This genus contains the auks, which are ranged in twelve fpecies. They inhabit the , northern feas 3 they are filly birds j remain con- cealed I' I \ ■.:■>'• pi). M I,' 4 .' (■ 1 v.* ;^ r. ( I \: ]::i W 'T, i, ' "i* ■I iMSl'"'.-'' ' 1 If HHT t < ' ' V* J! I''; i 59S APPENDIX, ^ cealcd during the night j neftle in burrows, or in the holes and clefts of rocks, and lay only a iingle egg, which is very large in proportion to their (ize : they arc pretty uniform in their co- lours, black above and white below ; they are fhaped like a goofe, their feet being placed be- hind the point of equilibrium ; the bill is large and conical, ftretching, in curved lines and fur- faces, to a (harp tip. IV. APTENODYTES. Omra^trs, Bill ilrait, fmooth, flattifh,and fomewhat knife- fhaped ; the upper mandible marked , longitudinally with oblique furrows, the lower truncated at the tip. Feet fettered and palmated. Wings confift of pinions, without (hafts. This genus contains the penguins, of which there are eleven fpecies. They are analogous to the alca or auks in their colour, their food, their habits, their ftupidity, the nefls and eggs, and the remote pofition of their feet : but they are found only in the South Seas ; they arc ut- terly incapable of flying, the feathers of their wings refembling fcales ; their feet confift of four toes j their plumage is fofter, of a different texture, and refifts the water better : their fat- ncfs enables them to fupport cold : they fwim very faft and alertly; fometimes they are dif- cerned walking in companies on land : they hatch ftanding; make a clangorous noife like gQcfe, but hoarfer : their noftrils are flits con- cealed ii.i U' A N S E R E S. 59f cealcd in the furrow of the bill -, the palate and bill are planted with feveral rows of refle(fled briftles ; their body is flefhy j the wings are co- vered with a dilated flrong membrane ; the tail is wedge- ftiaped and fhort, its feathers very ftiff.— The name of this genus is formed from «, privat, and rnlrifn, to fly. y. PROCELLARIA. CharaSitrs, Bili pkin, fiattifli : the mandibles equ r; thtr upper with a hooked tip, the lower with a flat channelleu tip. Nostrils in a' truncated cylinder, leaning J above the bafe of the bill. Feet palmated ; the hind-nail clofc fet, and without any toe. This genus contains the petrels, which a- mount to twenty-three fpecies. Thefe birds keep on the fea in the mofl tempefluous wea- ther, and feldom repair to the fliores : their legs are naked a little above the knees. — The name of the genus formed from Procella, a ftorm. VI. DIOMEDEA. Charailers, Bill ftraitj the upper mandible hooked at the tip, the under truncated. Nostrils oval, broad, prominent, and lateral. Tongue extremely fmall. Feet furni(hed with threc^toes. This genus contains the albatrolTes, of which t'here are only four fpecies. VU. PE- 4 Ifcr J ■ ..<■■ ;'';'i?!H ^■' "'■"".''Jip.-: ''''j!'J'.*.'"^'- w m ■>% ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 1.0 1.1 11.25 ui Bii ill 2.0 m m U il.6 — 6" Photographic Sdraices Corporation 23 WIST MAM STRHT wnSTM.N.Y. MSM ; 71* ) •73-4503 4^ .^^ .% .^' :r\i 4oa APPENDIX, I. httr^^vm^^ (JIM Ih fl . ^.-ut" ^1 ^1*»' VIL PELECANUS. ; . ' CharaSfers, Bjll ftrait j the tip confifting of a hooked naif. .-. . Nostrils obfcure chinks. *> Face fomewhat naked. Feet balanced'} all the four toes palmated. '''"^ ' This genus contains the pelicans, the man-' of- war birds, the cormorants, the fliags, the' boobies, and the gannets, amounting to thirty- two fpecies, which are fub-dividea into thofe with plain bills and thofe with ferrated bills. Thefe birds are fo dextrous at fifliing, that they have foraetimes been trained for that purpofe. Moil of them inhabit the feas, though fome occur on land; they have a long bill, in the la- teral furrow of which the noftrils are feated : they are gregarious and very voracious : the hail of dieir mid-toe is generally ferrated. '''-^' "'^'- VIII. PLOT U'S. . ; .P- "-Wi Charaii^ers, Bill ftraight, fharpened, toothed. ri*i gUiJ a^sl 4, Face and chin naked. r\'.,%, ' Feet (hort, palmated, all the toes connefled. ^h:^-* V This genus contains the darters, which form three fpecies, and as many varieties. Their head is fmall, tfieir.neck flendcr, and extremely long; and they are eafily diAinguiflied by their noftrils, which are placed like long chinks at the bafc of the bill : they occur in the warm countries of the fouth ; and live upon fidi alone, which tiiey catch by wreathing their neck like a Terpen t, and then darting their bill. ^ .ai .u.' - . . IX. PHAE* A N S £ R i: s. y/rA." J.; »'■*.-•'.' if,' r,i>, 46k •ii» IX. PHAETON. H a, b^ Chara£fers, Bill knife-fliapecl, ftraight, fliarpenftd, with chaps gaping behind the bill. it;'! Nostrils oblong* '; i '#'^^ HiND-TO£ turned forwards. ^ This genus contains the tropic-birds, which form three fpecies. They are diftinguiihed by their flat bill, bent a little downwards, by the lower mandible being angled, by their tour- toed and palmated feet, by their wedge-fhaped tail, by the two middle quills of the tail being ex- ceeding long, :'y''n indS:'>;M_ ^b - \ fi* •. ■■ •i. .; Chara^ers, Bill plain, awl4haped, ilraight, (harpened Chaps toothed.. Nostrils flits at the baie of the bill, / Feet fettered. ^-^ ^,.- . i. This genus confifts of twenty-eight fpecieSi which are fubdivided into thofe with three toesi correfponding to the guillemots ; thofe withy^ar toes and palmated, correfponding to the divers ; thofe with four toes and lobedt correfponding to the grebes. The birds of this genus cannot walk* but they run very fwiftly on the water, and fwini and dive with the utmoft agility : their fkin i^ adhefive, and their tail fliort. The guillemots live gene^Uy at fea ; have a flender tongue, of the fize of their bill, which is flat, and covered at its bafe with fhort feathers j their upper man- Toi.. IX* a 9 dibb m f' i ' 1^' i m m 402 APPENDIX, I. M Ri- dible fomewhat bent at the tip: their fle{h is commonly ftringy, and their eggs naufeating; they keep together in flocks, and lay on the bare rocks. The Jivers in the northern climates in- habit alfo the lakes : their bill is flrong, not fo fharp, cylindrical ; the margin of the mandibles bent inwards, the upper mandible exceeding the under ; the noftrils parted by little membranes j the tongue long, fliarp, fcrrated on both fides at the root j the legs finall and flattened y they have black firipes on their thighs, and twenty tail- quills. They are monogamous; lay their eggs on the turf J fly difiicultly, and pafs the time of incubation in frefli water. The grebes have no tail ', their bill is ftrong y their flraps bald ; their tongue (lightly cleft at the tip y their body fquat, and thickly clothed with foft Hiining feathers : their wings are fhort, their legs comprefl'ed. They inhabit chiefly the lakes of the fouth of Europe, and are fubjed to much variety of colour. XI. LARUS. Chara£lers* Bill plain, ftraight, knife-fliaped, and fomewhat hooked at *^p. dp \ the under mandible : fwelled be the tip. .. .^ , NosTitiLs flits, brouder before, and fcated in ^ the middle of the bill. ' This genUs contains the mews and gulls, which amount to twenty fpecies, befides fome varieties. They are natives of the northern cli- mate^ their body, light, their. wings long, their A N S E R E S. 4oi ting ; ; bare es in- lot fo dibles igthe ranes ; ides at y have y tail- ir eggs time of xave no ; their \f fquat^ lathers : iptefled. buth of riety of fomewhat mandible i fcated ift gulls, les fomc hern cli- mg, their tpnguc tongue fomewhat cleft, their bill ftrong, their legs ihort, and naked above the knees : they live chiefly on fifh, even on fuch as are dead, and re- ject the undigefted portions; they are reftlefs and unquiet ; their eggs may be eaten, but their flefli is loathfome. The young continue forne- times fpotted till the third year, which occafions a confufion in the claflification. XII. STERNA. CharaSiers. Bill plain, awl-fliaped, fomewhat fti'aightj (harp, flatti(h. Nostrils flits placed at the bafe of the bill. This genus contains the terns and' noddies, ranged in twenty-fix fpecies. They live for the mod part on the fea, fubfifting chiefly on fifh j are not fliy ; their tail is forked, their wings very long, their hind- toe fmall, their tongue llendei' and (harp : the young are fpotted. XIII. RYNCMOPS. CharaSiers, Bill ftraight : upper mandible much th6 fhorter ; the lower truncated at the tip. This genus contains only a fingle fpecies, to- gether with a variety y both natives of North America. In their habits and figure they refem- ble much the gulls: their legs are weak^ and their noflrils pervious. MMlriM 2 D 2 ?1>1- The ! I I Ifl ii 1^ 404 APPENDIX, r. The Fourth Order, that of the GRALLJE, comprehends twenty Genera : Two of thefe have three toes on each foot, and the reft four toes. ■ ' ■" ■■ •' '■ .•^'^' ' ■' I. PHCENICOPTERUS. Charaiiers. Bill bare, with abroken curvature, and toothed. Nostrils flits. Feet palmated, three-toed. This genus contains the flamingos, of which there are only two fpecies : they rarely occur in the warmer parts of Europe, but are found chiefly in Africa and in South America. They fcem to occupy the gradation between the order of Anseres and that of Grall^e : their bill is large and thick j the upper mandible keel- fliaped, toothed at the margin -, the under man- dible compreflfed, furrowed tranfverfely ; their noftrils covered with a thin membrane, and per- vious ', their hind toe very fmall, the membrane conneding the fore toes being extended to the nails. •--...^:^^.1" .^r;.f---^ - •■-■■-.' :■' II. PLATALEA. ChamSien. Bill flattifli, long, thin ; the tip dilated, orbicu- lated, and plain. . .: . : { Nostrils minute, placed at the bafe of the bill. ivs,; .iw .; Tongue fmall, fharpened. Feet four-toed, femi-palmated. This genus contains the fpoonbills, which form only three ipecies* : * : 7 ^ a . HI. PA- '*> G R A L L ^. 405 III. PALAMEDEA. CbaraSIers, Bill conical ; the upper mandible hooked. Nostrils ovale Feft four-toed, cleft, only a very (hort mem- brane conneding the toes at their origin. This genus contains the fcreamers, which are only two in number, and found in South Ame- rica. IV. MYCTERIA. CharaSlers, Bill fomewhat rifing, fharp : upper mandible three-fided, and very ftraight ; the under , : trianguiar, iharpened, riftng. Front baK^. Nostrils flits. Tongue wanting. • ' Feet three-toed. I '^ ; < Of this genus a iingle fpecies only has been difcovered ; the jabiru, a native of South Ame- rica. V. CANCROMA. Chara£iers, Bill fwelled ; upper mandijble (haped like an inverted boat. Nostrils minute, placed in the furrow of the bill. ToNGUF fmall. Feet c1< u. This genus contains the boatbills, which form only two fpecies, both natives of America. VI. SCOPUS. CharaSierf* Bill thick, comprefled, long, ftraight Nostrils linear, oblique. Feet three-toed, cleft. 2 D 3 This M M ml 'lip'?-: V v. ..■('•.■•'e.v-. ■ I f 1 ' 4o6 APPENDIX, I. This genus contains only a fingle fpecies, the utr.bre, a native of Africa, and of the lize of ^ rook. c?:*^;---: • " ;' • • '; '-^ ' i ' VIT. ARDEA. ' QjaraSieru Bilj. llraight, fharp, long, flattiOi, with a fur- row extending from the noftrils to the tip. • '. -, r -:|^'^ "('i> .r'- . ■ «• i*- ■ .-'iHH ■'■' fl^' ■■■■ •'I,'" 'I i;i )i 'i ■ ' il*- m 111 . .* if' If.}.*."!; Tat! ■■ *' '' " ■ »* ,: him 410 APPENDIX, I. Only one fpccies has hitherto been dircovered, the iheathbill, a native of New Zealand. — The name derived from vagina, a (heath. ' XVIII. PARR A. Charailers, Bill fomewhat taper, fdtnewhat obtufe. Nostrils oval, placed in the middle of the bill. FrwNT caruriculated ; the caruncles parted into lobes. Bastard Wings fpinous. .,' This genus contains the jacanas, and feveral of the fandpipersi the number of fpecies is fifteen. ■■ •; -'^;:' '::'.':' .- ■ XIX. RALLUS. Ghara£i«rs» Bill thicker at the bafe, comprefTed, attenuated on the back nesur the tip, equal and (harp. Nostrils oval. Fbet four-toed, cloven. • - Body comprefTed. ...i, ; ' This genus contains the rails, which are com- prized in thirty-one fpecies. They are remark- able for the (light infledion of their bill, their fmall noftrils, their rough tongue, and their very fhort tail. XX. PSOPHIA. Charaiftrs* Bill ofa form between the cone and cylinder, convex, fomewhat acute j the upper mandible the longer. Nostrils oval and broad. Tongue cartilaginous, flattened, fringed at the tip. Feet four-toed and cloven. Thw GALLING 4«i This genus contains only two fpecies, the agamis or trumpeters; the one a native of South America and the WeA Indies, the other a native of Africa. The Third Order, that of the GALLIN^E, comprehends ten Genera : 1 hey are— » I. OTIS. CharaSfers, Bill fomewhat convex. Nostrils oval, pervious. Tongue bifid, fharp. Feet curfory, thnee-toed, legs taH, naked above the thighs. This genus contains the buftards ; of wliich there are nine fpecies. II. STRUTHIO. Qjara^crs. Bill fomewhat conical. Nostrils oval. Wings ufelefs for flying. * Feet curfory. This genus contains only three fpecies, viz. the oflrich, the cafTov^rary, and the nandaguaca. ' III. DID US. Chara5iers. Bill ftraitened in the middle by two tranfverfc wrinkles } the tip of each mandible in« fleaed. Nostrils oblique, near the margin of the mid- dle of the bill. Face naked beyond the eyes. Feet fhort, thick, cloven. Wings ufelefs for flying. Tail wanting. This genus contains the dodos, which form three ibecies, f IV. PAVO. '1 ' ■' . m ■ m ' (1 .i> ' ^A,-' '""■""■'!.vj|. '1 m. •*. I. m ^ii'W ■ '.<>i ■i:j i '■*.<■" "^#^1;?; e. It* ' '. I:.::: m^-: 4ia APPENDIX, I. IV. PAVO. CharaSlers* Head crefted. Bill convex, ftrong: Nostrils broad. • . • Quills of the rump elongated, broad, expanft- ble, fpangled with eyes. This genus contains the peacocks, which form four fpecies. V. MELEAGRIS. Chara^ers, Bill fhort and ftrong. Head covered with fpongy caruncles. .^■. Throat, at its upper part, furni(hed with a longitudinal membranaceous caruncle. Tail broad and expanfible. This genus contains the turkey, of which only one fpecies has yet been diicovercd. VI. PENELOPE. C/jara^ers. Bill naked at the bafe. Head covered with feathers. Throat naked at its upper part. Tail confifting of twelve quills. This genus contains fix fpecies of curaffos. VII. C R A X. Characters, Bill ftrong and thick, covered at the bafe with a cere in each mandible, or fwelled. Nostrils fmall, placed in the cere. Feathers that cover the head. ' Tail large and ftraight. This genus contains five other fpecies of curaffos. VIII. PHA. W m G A L L I N .«. 413 VIII. PHASIANUS. Chara£iers, Bill ftiort and ftrong. Cheeks fmoothed, with naked (kin. Feet, for the moft part, fpurred. This genus contains not only the pheafants, which form nine fpecies and five varieties, but alfo the cock, which includes fourteen va- neties. IX. NUMIDA. Chara6icn, Bill ftrong and fhort, furniflied at the bafe with a carimculated cere receiving the noftrils. Head horned, the neck comprefled and coloured. Tail (hort, bending down. Body fpeckled. This genus contains the Guinea-hens, or pintadoes, of which there are three fpecies. 1? 'fig SI Hs''-*. •i*r X. TETRAO. CharaSiers. Spot near the eyes naked, or papillous, or fome- times covered with feathers. This genus includes three fubdivifions : thofe. with a naked fpot above the eyes, and their feet fliaggy; comprehending the grous and ptar- migans : thofe with a papillous fkin about the eyes, and with naked feet ; comprehending the partridges and quails : and thofe with the fpace about the eyes covered thinly with feathers, and their feet imperfedt; comprehending the tina- mou5. There are fixty-fijc fpecies in all. In this genus, the young, for the moft part, follow their mother the inftant after they are hatched : ill the HP. i ■i-ij --•. n^ '*»■■ m •I .■ PN-'^ S>J:f*1» 'Ui*" 414 APPENDIX, I. the flefli, and even the eggs, are well-tafted* The grous and ptarmigans, the partridges, and the quails, have a convex bill ; the two firft arc deftined to inhabit the coldeft countries, their noftrils are fmall and concealed among feathers ; their tongue is (harp at the tip ; their legs are ftrong, and their tail is long : the partridges and quails are fitted for mild ^or w^arm climates ; they are fmaller-fizedj their tail is fhorter, and their noftrils are covered with an excrefcence : the quails have a longer bill than the par- tridges. The tinamous are peculiar to Guiana, and refemble the pheafant in their habits ; their bill is long, and blunt at the tip ; their noftrils are placed in the middle with a very wide gap ; their throat is fprinkled with feathers ; their tail is very fhort ; their hind-toe curtailed, and ufelefs for running. The Sixth Order, that of the PAS SERES, comprehend^ the feventeen remaining Ge- nera. Thefe are ranged in four nearly equal divifions : the thick-bills^ the curved-billsy the mtched'hillSy and xh^Jimple-bills. I. COLUMBA. Qharqpirim Bill ftraight, finking at the tip. Nostrils oblong, half-covered with a foft fweliing; membrane. Tongue entire. This led* and arc their lers ; 5 arc 5 and ates J ', and ;nce : par- aiana> their loftrils ' gap > eir tail ufelefs RES, ; Ge- equal illSy the PASSERES. 41S This extenf've genus includes the turtles and pigeons, whi amount to feventy-one fpecies, befides numerous varieties. Thefe birds are remarkable for their delicate bill, and fliort legs ; their toes are generally red, and divided to the origin. They inhabit only the temperate and hot regions ; they are monogamous, and difplay tendernefs and fenfibility in their courtfhips, and - in the education of their young. II. ALAUDA. GiaraHers. Bill, cylindrical - awl - ftiaped, ftraight, and ftretching right forwards : the mandi- bles equal, and parted afunder at the bafe. Tongue bifid. Hind nail rather ftraight, longer than the toe. This genus includes the larks, of which there are thirty-three fpecies* HI. S T U R N U S. Charaiiers, Bill awl-fhaped, dcprefled at the comers, fomewhat blunt : upper mand'ble very entire, the margins rather open. Nostrils marginated above. Tongue notched^ fharp. This genus contains the flares, which form •feventeen fpecies. IV. TURDUS. CharaSltn, BiiL flender, knife .fliaped : upper mandible dc- fleded atthe tip, and notched. Nostrils m MM 'ilK. Ml 'W :(1.il '■•rh; •A •.■«',.■■ .IV ► '' . ■■■\ 't'^^.- >' ''^ -V'i '■'•"•I '■;<". ' M'y ;.4t If./ nk^' l-tl. ' nM 'ir fv- U '.■■4 " ■■< i^i: Otri' ^ 1 A; ■%■! \ 416 APPENDIX, I. Nostrils naked, hal covered above with a little membrane. Chaps ciliated. , • ToxGUE jagged and notched. This genus includes the thruflies and black- birds, which amount to one hundred and twenty- fix fpecies. V. AMPELIS. Chara£fers» Bill ftraight, convex : upper mandible longer, fomewhat bent inwards,and notch- ed on both fides. Nostrils befet with bridles. Tongue iharp, cartilaginous, bilid. This genus includes the chatterers, of which one fpecies inhabits Europe, and the remaining ten, the hotter parts of America. VI. COLIUS. CharaSltrs, Bill (hort, thick, convex above, plane below : upper mandible curved apart. Nostrils fmall, generally covered with feathers at the bafe of the bill. Tongue fringed at the tip. Tail wedge-fliaped, and long. j This genus includes the colies, ranged in five , fpecies, all natives of Africa. \\\ mm WW VII. LOXIA. Charafiirs. Bill conically-bunched, at the bafe of the front rounded towards the head : un- der mandible infletSlcd at its lateral ' ' ■ margin, t Nostrils placed in the bafe of the bill,minutp, ' , * , ' and rounded. Tongue entire. ' ' • This P A S S E R E g. 417 This genus includes the grofbeaks, the crofs- bills, the wax-bills, and the buil-finches, in all ninety-two fpecies. VIII. EMBERIZA. CharaSiers. Bill conical. Mandibles parting afunder at the bafe : the under hemmed by the infledcd fides J the upper narrower. This genus includes the buntings, v hicli iamount to feventy-five fpecies. IX. TANAGRA. Chara^JerSk Bill, conical, fliarpened, notched, fomewhat triangular at the bafe, the tip flop- ing down* This genus contains the tanagres, of which there are forty-fix fpecies, almofl all of them natives of America* X. FRINGILLA. Charailers, Bill conical, ftraight, ftiarpened. This extenfive and multifarious genus includes the finches, the canaries, the filkins, the linnets, and the fparrows, which amount in all to one hundred and eight fpecies, excluiive of many varieties. XI. PHYTOTOMA. Chara^ers, Bil^ conical, ftraight, ferrated. Nostrils oval. Tongue (hort, blunt. VOL. IX. 2 £ Only iw ■ I' ,'■■ i. •■ ;y«: !^i! •I • -.';•'> ■ • tJ"! •.■lii.:h';i/ '■ II I'. '11. 1 i. 4 ' 'ct 418 APPENDIX, I. i.t. Only one fpecies, the rara, is known. It inhabits Chili, and is nearly of the fize of a quail. It fcreams with a raucous interrupted voice, crops and tears up the tender plants, and makes delhudive vilits in gardens. It neftles in fliady places on leafy trees, and lays white eggs, fpot- ted with black. — The name formed from (pulov,, a plant, and rcpw, to cut. m: vm: XII. MUSCICAPA. Chara^crs^ Bill fomewHat triangular, notched on both fides, curved inwards at the tip ; whijkers expanding towards the chaps. Nostrils roundifli. This genus includes the fly-catchers, which amount to ninety- two fpecies, and are generally natives of the hot climates. ^■n .. I*' ■ ill M, '.St . XIII. MOTACILLA. Chura^crs. Bill awl-fliaped, ftraightj the mandibles fome- what equal. Nostrils ovalifli. Tongue jagged and notched. This genus includes a prodigious variety of birds; the warblers, the petty -chaps, the night- ingale, the wag- tails, the white-ears, the whin- ciiats, the flone-chats, the black-cap, the red- llart, the gray-flart, the red-breaft, the wrens 3 tlic number of fpecies being no lels than one hundred and feventy-four. 4. XIV. PI- P A S S E R E S. 419 XIV. PIPRA. CharaSien, Bill Ihorter than the head, ftout, hard, fome- what triangular at the bafc, very entire, curved inwards at the tip. Nostrils, in moft of the fpecies, bare. Feet greflbry. Tail ftiort. This genus includes the manakins, of which there are twenty-fix fpecies, all natives of the hotter parts of America. . . ■•...■•*♦ •I l-'-J ■ ^'{ ■ )> s; I ' u ,'■ .■"■ W XV. PARUS: Chara£Iers, Bill very entire, narrow, fomewhat compreff- ed, ftout, hard, (harpened, befet at the bafe with briftles. Tongue truncated, terminated with briftles. ToEs disjoined to their origin, the hind one large and ftroilg. This genus includes the titmice, which form thirty-two fpecies. Thefe birds are remarkably prolific, laying eighteen or twenty dggs at each hatch. They feed on feeds, fruits, infedts, and even fle{h, particularly the brains of other birds : they are petulant, refilefs, quarrelfome, and their voice is generally difagreeable; XVI. HIRUNDO. Chara£iers, Bill very fmall, curved inwards, awl-fhapedj depreft*ed at the bafc, broad. Gape wider than the head. Tongue (hort, broad, cleft. ';;«!t,^ Wings long. Tail, in moft of the fpecies, forked, a B 2 This < •V •^';^;i;-l '■■•*i ','1', '■■:■■ -;'%''■■ 420 APPENDIX, I. This genus contains the fwallows and martins, ranged in thirty-feven fpecies. XVII. CAPRIMULGUS. Charaiiers* Bill moderately curved inwards, very fmall, awl-fhaped, deprefled at the bafc. Whiskers, in a row at the mouth* Gape very wide. Ears very wide. Tongue (harp, very entire. Tail not forked ; its quills ten in number. Feet fhort j the margin of the mid-toe broad and ferrated. This genus includes the goatfuckers, forming fifteen fpecies, all of them, except one, natives of America. Thefe birds appear only in the dufk, and make a loud dull noife. They drop two eggs on the naked ground. W'ti' In his late work, the Index OrnithologkuSi Mr. Latham has, upon the whole, clofely fol- lowed Linnasus and Gmelin : I fliall only mark the inftances where he has ventured to differ from them. In the land-birds he has added two new Or- ders, the Columba, and the Struthiones \ in the water-fowl, he has rejected the Order of the Anferes, and revived the old divifion into the Pinnatipedes and the Palmipedes, So that he follows Mr. Pennant in admitting nine Orders : He thus delineates thefe :— COLUMBiE. LATHAM'S INDEX ORKITHOLOGICUS. 421 COLUMBi^. Bill fomewhat ftraight, fwelling at the bafe. Feet ambulatory, (hort, the nails fimple. Food from grain, feeds, and fruits, by fvvallowing. Nest artlefs, in trees and holes ; two eggs ; the young feed from the mother's craw. Monogamous. STRUTHIONES. Body vail, ponderous, hardly eatable. Wings fmall, ufelefs for flying, or wanting. Feet curfory, ftrong, with various toes. Food grain and vegetables. Nest on the ground. Monogamous. The Order of the Columbce contains only the pigeons : that of the Struthiones comprehends the oftrich, the cafTowary, the dodo, and the touyou. PINNATIPEDES. Bill, Body, and Food, as in the GRALLiE of Lin- nxus. Feet wading, thighs half naked, toes cleft, pinnated their whole length. Nest large, formed of leaves and grafs, in marfhes. Mo- nogamous. This Order contains the phalaropes, the coots, and the grebes. PALMIPEDES, admit of a fub-divifion : I. Thofe with long feet. Body fomewhat deprefTed, conical, the flefli of the young birds well-tafted. I m ■ ' , i !N-,(. V.ff-'V ■Si^ ■ \ If 2E 3 Feet ' ■■•■■■ r*'" ■ :-!;-••* ■ ■ ■i:'^-<«. .;i 422 APPENDIX, I. r M" Jill, '^^'i 'Sir, L'-«t l^^i;*^: ;.;"!■ •M. ■fur. Feet very long, wading, greatcft part of the thighs naked, toes femi'palmated by a membrane. Food in the water, from fmall fifli and various infciSls. Nest on land. Monogamous. 2. Thofe with fliort feet. Bill fmooth, covered with an epidermis, enlarged at the tip. Feet fitted for fwimmjng, the toes palmatcd with a mem- brane, the legs comprcfl'ed and (hort. Body fat ; the flcin adhcflve, the feathers valuable : rankifh. Nest ofteneft ori land. The mother fcldom feeds the young. Generally polygamous. The firfl fub-divifion includes the avofets, the courier, and the flamingos. The fecond fub- divifion comprehends the albatrofles, the auks, the guillemots, the divers, the fkimmer, the terns, the gulls, the petrels, the merganfer, the fwans and geefe, ducks and teals, &c. the pen- guins, the pelicans, including the cormorant, the fliags, the boobies, and the gannets, the tropic-birds, and the darter. Mr. Latham has alfo made feveral alterations in tlie Genera. lie has removed the genus Lariius from the order of the Accipitres to that of the Pic/e : and in this order he has alfo eret^ted the motmpt^^ Galhula, into a genus under the name Momoius, and the jacamar under that; and he has added the Scythraps, a bird lately brought from Botany Bay ; it is thus charac- terized : Bill large, convex, knifc-fliaped, hooked LATHAM'S INDEX ORNITHOLOGICUS. 423 at the tip I nojlrils rounded, naked, placed at the bafe of the bill ; tongue cartilaginous, bifid at the tip 5 feet fcanfory. It is about the fi^e of a raven, being twenty-fevcn inches long. — lis has changed the name Glaucopis of a new genus into Callaas, In the order of the Passe res, he has fplit the numerous genus Motacilla into two, the Mo- ticilla and the Sylvia j the former containing only the wagtails, and the latter comprehending the nightingale, the warblers, the chats, and the wrens. The genus Syhia is thus characterized : Bill awl-fhaped, ftraight, flender, the mandibles fomcwhat equal ; nojlrils ovalifti, rather deprcfT- ed; outer toe connected to the mid- one at the bafe j tail middling-fized. i:. I '"i ';'.*.. At :^ '.*;N.: 2^4 APPEN *■■'■»' :r' \.M-;, ■>..;■ '..'■„ ' ■ i.^'^^'H C 4?4 ] APPENDIX, II, BY THE TRANSLATOR. V I' BIRDS omitted by the Cumte de guFFON, or lince dircovercd. h MMi 't •:■ it I m iM'f Il-N* *■■■ : ;■ ' 14* ♦ ''i. III I": ^TpH E late voyages round the world, the expcr "*' ditions to New South Wales, and the jour- nies performed by Gnelin, Pallas, and Jacquin, have introduced feveral new fpecies of birds, which require to be particularly noticed. Ca- binets of Natural Hillory furniih fmgle fpeci- mcns of many others, which, though reckoned diflind: fpecies by fyflematic wrurrs, are proba- bly varieties only. The bare rn'-;iition of thefe will fufhce ; or at moft, fome general hint of their peculiarities. — In forming this catalogue, I have followed the arrangement of Mr. Latham. In the Genus VULTUR. . 1 . The Bearded Vulture, ViilturBarbatus-, from Barbary. 2. The Arabian Vulture, Vultur Monachus, 3. The Black Vulture, Vultur Niger. It is frequent BIRDS OMITTED. 425 frequent in Egvpt : its quills are brown, and its tect fcatiicred. 4. The Pondichcrry Vulture, Vultur Pontics- r'lanus. It is black, its head and neck ra- ther naked and carnation, a red flefliy caruncle on the Tides of the neck. It is of the (ize of a goofe. 5. The Angola Vulture, Vultur Angoknjh. It is white, and of the fame ^\zi with the preceding. . 6. The Inuian Vulture, Vultur Indicus, It is hrown, its upper fide marked with pale llripes ; its head and neck naked and ru- fous; its q'lills black. It inhabits the coafts of India, and is exceedingly vora- cious. 7. The Gingi Vulture, Vultur Gingianus, It is white, its wing-quills black, its legs and bill gray. It is known in India by the name of wild turkey. 8. The Tawny Vulture, Vultur Ambuftus -, from the Falkland Iflands. 9. The Plaintive Vulture, Vultur Plancus-, from Tierra del Fuego. JO. The Cheri way Vulture, Vultur Cheriway ; . from the iQand Aruba. In the Genus FALCO. j. The Oronooko Eagle, Falco Harpyia, Its head is crefted by the produd:ion of the feathers 5 the body variegated, and white f- ' I \ below. 1 ;*.».•■ >r.l' r :.i ' ■•'"I; ^' fV: ;l'; I I H 'J mi St. 1:- ft !#•' 1 j 41" SHf. 5^^ , :3':..'- 426 APPENDIX, II. below. It is faid to be as large as a ram, and to cleave a man's ikull at one ftroke. It inhabits the hotter parts of America. 2. The White- bellied Eagle, Faico Leucogajier^ 3. The Japonefe Hawk, Falco Japonicus* 4. The Fierce Eagle, Falco Ferox-, from Af- tracan. 5. The Black-cheeked Eagle, Fa/co Ameri^ carms 'y from North America. It is of the bulk of the R.ing-t-ail Eagle. 6. The Cheela Falcon, Falco, Cbeela y from India. 7. The Afiatic Falcon, Falco A/iaticus -, from China. 8. The Spotted Eagle, Falco Maculatiis -, a native of Europe. 9. The Statenland Eagle, Falco Aujlralis, 10. The Chilian Falcon, Falco ^rharus. Its . cere ^nd legs are yellow, its body blackifli white, its top crefted. It breeds on lofty trees, laying five eggs. 1 1 . The Black-backed Eagle, Falco Melanonotus, 12. The White-crowned Eagle, Falco Leucory^ ■pbos. 13. The Ruffian Eagle, Falco Mogilnik; from the deferts on the Tanais. 1 4. The Caracca Falcon, Falco Crijiatus, 15. The Leverian Falcon, Falco hcveriamts, 16. The Rough. Iegge4 Falcon, F alco hagopus % from the Nprth of Europe and of Ame- rica, 17. The BIRDS OMITTED. ft; 427 17. The Booted Falcon, Faico Pennatus, 18. The Javan Falcon, Falco Maritimus. 19. The Arabian Kite, Falco Forjkalii, Inha- bits Egypt in winter. 20. The Auftrian Kite, Falco Aiijiriacus, 2 1 . The Equlnodtial Eagle, Falco JEquinodlialts -, from Cayenne. 22. The Oriental Hawk, F^/(;(? Or lent alls -, from Japan. 23. The Speckled Buzzard, Falco Far iegatus -, from North America. 24. The Sclavonian Falcon, Falco Margmatiis. 25. The Barred-breafted Buzzard, Falco Linea^ tus J from North America. 26. The Collared Falcon, Falco Rufticulus; from Sweden and Siberia. 27. The Long- tailed Falcon, Falco Macrourus -, from Ruffia, 28. The Northern Falcon, F<7/(:(? ^^w^/£f; froni New York. 29. The Rhomboidal Falcon, Falco Rhombeiis-, from the Ganges. 30. The Black- necked Falcon, Falco Nigrkollis; from Cayenne. 31. The White-necked Falcon, Falco AlbkolHs -, from Cayenne. 32. The Rufous-headed Falcon, Falco Mcridio- nalisi from Cayenne. 33. The Black and White Falcon, Falco Mela^ ncleiicos. Its legs are yellow, its body white ; its head, neck, back, axillT, and '^ wing- ''■MS :!i:u''. •\■^' ■■hr. -"- '■ ..■;.'''l) • 42^ APPENDIX, II. ii ii m . * ■ ■'■ ;ji '*■ wing-quills black. It inhabits Ceylon, and is called Ka/oe Koeroelgoya, Its length is ilxteen inches, its weight ten ounces. 34. The Surinam Falcon, Falco Sufflator, ^y Tlie Laughing Falcon, Falco Cachinnans ; from South America. 36. The Streaked Falcon, Falco Melanops-, from Cayenne. 37. The Notched Falcon, Falco Bidentatus ^ from Cayenne. 38. The Marfli Hawk, Falco Ultginofiis y from America. 39. The Behree Falcon , Falco Calidus ; from India. 40. The Plumbeous Falcon, Falco Plumbeus j from Cayenne. 41. The Bohemian Falcon, Falco Bohemicus. 42. The Brown Hawk, Falco Badhis -, from Ceylon. 43. The Dulky Falcon, Falco Obfctirus -, from North America. 44. The Guiana Falcon, Falco Super cUioftcs, 45. The Ingrian Falcon, Falco Vejpertinus . Its cere, its legs, and its eye-lids, are yellow ; its vent and its thighs ferruginous. It flies in the dufk of the evening, and preys chiefly on quails. It neftles on the fum- mits. of trees. It is found throughout Ruflia and Siberia. 46. The Criard Falcon, Falco Voclferus ', from India. 47. The Siberian Falcon, Falco Regulus, In BIRDS OMITTED. 429 In the Genus of the STRIX. 1 . The Virginian Eared Owl, Strix Virgtmanus. 2. The Ceylonefe Eared Owl, Strix CeylaJienJis» 3. The Chinefe Eared Owl, Strix Sinenfis, 4. The Coromandel Eared Owl, Strix Coro- manda, 5. The Scandinavian Eared Owl, Strix Scdn- diaca. It lives in the mountains of Lap- land, and is as large as a peacock. 6. The Mottled Owl, Strix Ncevia; from New York. 7. The Indian Eared Owl, Strix Bakkamuna ; from Ceylon. 8. The Siberian Eared Owl, Strix Pidchella, 9. The Wapachtu Owl, Strix JVapachtw, from Hudfon's Bay. 10. The Cinereous Owl, Strix Cinerca-j froni Hudfon's Bay. It flies in pairs, rr. The Swedilh Owl, Strix "Tengmalmi^ 12. The Acadian Owl, Strix Acadica \ from North America. 13. The New Zealand Owl, Strix Vulva, In the Genus LANIUS. 1. The Chefnut-backed Shrike, Lanius Cajla- neus. 2. The Rufous-tailed Shrike, Lanius Fhceni^ curus. 3. The Surinam Shrike, Lanius Atricapillus. 4. The 1 ■'ii ■ <' ;,,Al>.. ' vU "I ;■■•.,, [mK ',5; «;-fi" ;if •I'l'*;.; ..vm:"" ,*1 'tit 1 V, / , 'r 1!, - ift; -i'.i- '?3 ^'■^' I'l. !■ .!i#i* cei> ■m :t lit^:r «:'?*■' i!«'■■»' ■" jfykd 434 APPENDIX, II. \,,H ■» 37. The Eaftern Parrot, Pfittacus Orientalise from India. 38. The Blue-cheeked Parrot, Pfittacus Adfcitus. 39. The Amber Parrot, Pfittacus Batavenfis -, from Batavia. 40. The Crimfon - winged Parrot, Pjittacus Erythropterus ; from New South Wales. 41. The Purple- tailed Parrakeet, Pfittacus Pur- puratus ', from Cayenne. , .' ' In the Genus BUCEROS. 1 . The White Hornbill, Buceros Albus, Caught near the ifland of Tinian. 2. The New Holland Hornbill, Buceros Ori-^ entalis. 3. The Gray Hornbill, Buceros Grifeusi from Ne\y Holland. In the Genus CORVUS. J. 1 .;e South Sea Raven, Corvus Aujlralis. 2. The New Caledonian Crow, Corvus Cak- donicus. • 3. The Pacific Crow, Corvus Pacificus\ from the iflands in the Pacific Ocean. 4. The Tropic Raven, Corvus Tropicus; from^ the iOand Owhyhee. 5. Steller's Crow, Corvus Stelleri-, from Nootka Sound. It bears a fort of creft. 6. The White -eared Jay, Corvus Aurituss from China. 7. The ■ Hi B I k D 5 O IVI I T T E D. 435 7. The Purple -headed Jay, Corvus Purpura/" cem ; from China. 8. The Macao Crow, Corvus Sinenfis» 9. The Rufous Crow, Corvus Rufus i from . . . China.. ■ i . ■ i m •"■" . 10. The African Crow, Corvus AjVkamis, It is brown and fomewhat crefted. •J In the Genus CORACIAS. 1. The Indian Roller, Coracias Indica -, from Ceylon. 2. The Cape Roller, Cor acta Cqffra, 3. The Ultramarine Roller, Coracias Cyanea. 4. The Fairy Roller, Coracias Puella-, from India. ■ ■■■■':' ■ ■ ' ■-^ 5. The Blue-ftriped Roller, Coracias Striata ^ from New Caledonia . 6. The Gray- tailed Roller, Coracias Vaga^ biinda ; from India. 7. The Docile Roller, Coraaias Docilis -, from. the South of Afia. 8. The Black Roller, Coracias Nigra. 9. The African Roller, Coracias Afra, 10. The Black-headed Roller, Coracias MeIa7io- cephala ; from China. 11. The Obflreperous Roller, Coracias Strepera. It is black; the fpot on its wings, its vent, and the bafe and tip of its tail, white. It is very numerous in Norfolk ifland : is a fiily bird, noify and reliefs during the night. 2F 2 In 'm ■iS, m-r ' : '■■•II 'M'^ I ;f . ■ ■' C' '/■■' n':!.':, :♦■' 'Us ■t.s . v .=-:i'n •m! 436 APPENDIX, II. '".f I I ,1 ' 'i i i I* M' ■:,' ir- ■> Hi"- ■ • '' I' ml •f . r^ Si^'i '1, ;;i;« !,' 1 fcr" ^ '''fit' T» \>.ii-i It- i ,■■ In the Genus ORIOLUS. 1. The Rice Oriole, Oriolus On'zyvorus. It is black ; its head, neck, and breaft, of a glolTy purple. It inhabits Cayenne. 2. The Rufty Oriole, Oriolus Ferrugineus; from New York. 3. The Red Oriole, Oriolus Ruber-, from the ifland Panay. 4. The Antiguan Yellow Oriole, Oriolus Fla^ vus; from Panay and South America. 5. The Oonalafkan Oriole, Oriolus Aocna- lafchkenjis, 6. The Sharp- tailed Oriole, Oriolus Caudacu- tus', from North America. In the Genus GRACULA. 1. The Fetid Grakle, Gracula l\etida. It is black; the outfide of its wing-quills blueifh ; a naked bar on its neck : from North America. f . The Boat-tailed Grakle, Gracula Bant a. It is grayifh; its fhoulders blue; tho outfide of its wing-quills green. It in- habits the warmer parts of America and the Weft Indies. 3. The Egyptian Grakle, Gracula Atthis, It is blue-green j its belly ferruginous ; its legs blood-coloured. It is of the lize of a lark \ it feeds on infeds, 4. The '"'1 BIRDS OMITTED. 4|f ■•'»f-,.'!V 4. The Long-billed Grakle, Gracula Longu rojira-, from Surinam. 5. The Daurian Grakle, Gracula Siurmna, 6. The Yellow- faced Grakle, Oriolus Werops i from New Holland. In the Genus PARADISEA. 1. The Gorget Bird of faradife, ParaJifea Gularis, Its length twenty-eight inches. 2. The White- winged Paradife Bird, Paradifea Leucoptera. Length twenty^five inches. 3. The White Paradife Bird, Paradifea Alba-, from the Papuan iflands. In the Genus TROGON. 1. The Fafciated Curucui, Trogon Fafciatus', from Ceylon. 2. The Spotted Curucui, T^rogon Maculatus ', from Ceylon. 3. The Blue-cheeked Curucui, I'rogon AJiati' CU5\ from India. 4. The Blackifh-footted Curucui, Urogon IndU ens 'y from India. In the Genus BUCCO. 1. The Buff-faced Barbet, Bucco Lathami. 2. The Red-crowned Barbet, Bucco Rubrica^ pillus ; from Ceylon. The Yellow-cheeked Barbet, Bucco Zeylo^ nicus. It is green; its head and neck pale brown; the coverts of its wings 2 F 3 fpotted -j:!i' mr •'j-KiT-in. ^ 4,V'\ ■ ' i. ';, ■ m >«' i "I "»1 11:' . (;. 43t APPENDIX, II. f!" 1^1 '91 in ' ' '"^ li.rU'-i J#'-:' ,;^? m,s;'-J if "iH * ,:i li.-i !'-■' i ft'-.« H-iH. "/■■| ^ifll -M§i '"' -^- 'M i^^B JfW,4 'i ■''.'■''■'% IH Itt' -' ' ''V' ^ \M ||';vi ^^r;"' |#;^:!t'J' 4fW '^Ir'C ■,;| -1 fpottcd with white. It inhabits Cey- lon: it fits on trees murmuring like the turtle ; and is thence named by th« natives Kottorea, 4. rhe White -breafted Barbet, Bucca Fufcus \ from Cayenne : fize of a lark. 5. The Blue Barbet, Bucco Gerini-, from India, In the Genus CUCULUS. 1 . The Panayan Spotted Cuckoo, Cuculus Panayus, 2. The Eaftern Black Cuckoo, Cuculus Indi- cus. Its tail is rounded -, its body black ; its wings and its tail-quills marked at the tip with three black crofs lines. It inhabits India, and goes in flocks : it is faid to fing delightfully : its flefh is deli- cate. Held in great veneration by the Mahometans. Its length fixteen inches. 3. The Creflcd Black Cuckoo, Cuculus Serra^ tus ; from the Cape of Good Hope. 4. The Shining Cuckoo, Cuculus Lua'dus; from New Zealand. 5. The Punctated Cuckoo, Cuculus Fun6iu» latus ; from Cayenne. 6. The Red-headed Cuckoo, Cuculus Pyrrho^ cephalus. It inhabits the woods of Cey- lon, and lives on fruits. The natives call it Malkoha. It is fixtcen inches long, and weighs four ounces. Its body is black. ^ In BIRDS OMITTED, 43S In the Genus PICUS. 1. The Buff-creftcd Woodpecker, Picus Me- lanoleucos j from Surinam. 2. The Rcd-breafted Woodpecker, Pkus Ru^ bcr; from Surinam. 3. The White-rumped Woodpecker, Ficus Olfcurus i from North America. 4. The Striped-bellied Woodpecker, Pkus Fiifciatus ; from Otaheite. 5. The Red- winged Woodpecker, Picus MI- nmtus\ from India. 6. The Malacca Woodpecker, Pkus Malac* cenjis. Its tuft and fhoulders are fcarlet ; its throat rcddifh-yellov/ ; its tail black. 7. The Gold-winged "Woodpecker, Pkus Ca- fer-y from the Cape of Good Hope. S. The Crimfon- breafled Woodpecker, Pkus Olivaceus'y from the Cape of Good Hope. 9. The Chilian Woodpecker, Pkus Pjtius, It is brown, with drops of white ; its tail Ihort. It has the appearance of a pi- geon. It is faid not to neftle in hollow trees, but on the banks of rivers and the fides of hills, and to lay four eggs. Its flefli is eftcenicd by the natives. In the Genus GALBULA. The White-billed Jacamar, Galbula Albt^ rojiru -, from South America, 2 F 4 In VP f f ^•f! Jl- \'J '■i< i.M," •' ■,i 'I >'/'!■ ;."■• I., 440 APPENDIX, II. t 't h H 1 I ! K&'' '' flH' Bwi' 1 i: : 9; Bj'Ei, i ''1 p. T - , 1 i- .' *■■ l': 'In 1,.; ■ ^ 4 In the Genus ALCEDO. 1. The Egyptian Kingfiflier, ^ke^lo Mgypria. It is long-tailed and brown, with fer- ruginous fpotSj its throat lighter ferru- ginous; its belly and thighs whitifli, with alh-fpotsi its tail afliy. It is of the fize of a crow. 2. The New Guinea Kingfifher, Alcedo Nova Guinea, It is black, fpotted with white. 3. The Yellowifh Kingfiflier, Alcedo Flavi- cans, 4. The Sacred Kingfiflier, Alcedo Sacra. It is blue green ; below white -, its eye-brows and a fl:reak below its eyes ferruginous; its wing-quills and its tail blackifli. It inhabits the Society Iflands. 5. The Venerated Kingfiflier, Alcedo Venerata. It is brown variegated with green, be- low pale; a ftripe above the eyes whitiflj green. It inhabits the Friendly Iflands. 6. The Refpedted Kingfilher, Alcedo Tuta. It is long- tailed, green- olive, below white ; a green-black collar; the eye-brows white. Found in Otaheite. 7. The Violet Kingfiflier, Alcedo Coromanda ; from Coromandel. 8. The Spotted Kingfiflier, Alcedo Inda-^ from Guiana. 9. The Surinam Kingfiflier, Alcedo Surinamen- fis. It is fliort- tailed and blue, and be- low rufous-white, 10, The BIRDS OMITTED. 441 10. The Three-toed Kingfifher, Alcedo Tri- da^lyia. It is (hort - tailed and fmall. Found in India. In the Genus SITTA. 1. The Surinam Nuthatch, Sitta Surinamenfis, It is chcfnut-rufous, below rufty white ; its wings black ; its coverts fpotted with white; its tail black tipt with white. It is the fmalleft in the genus, being only three inches and a half long. 2. The Cape Nuthatch, Sitta Caffra. Above varied with yellow and black; below bright yellow ; its legs black. It is eight inches and a half long. 3. The Long-billed Nuthatch, Sitta Longi- rojiris. It is blueifh, below^ pale rufty; its primary wing-quills brown at the tip ; its ftraps black. From Bo tavia. Length eight inches. 4. The Green Nuthatch, Sitta Chloris. Its body is green above, bright white be- low; tail black, the extreme tip yellowifh. It inhabits the country about the Cape of Good Hope, and is there called Akter Brunties, Its length hardly exceeds three inches and a half. Wl ■K>f mi •I fci ;ii^ i !ir In the Genus TODUS. I. The Short- tailed Tody, T^odiis Brachyurus ; from North America. It is black above, ^nd white below, 2. The ■If :,, ;,■ -,'•. -'"■■, I-,' ••' 44^ APPENDIX, H. il ''•'-' ^■< : : "1 - 2. The Plumbeous Tody, I'odus Plumb ms ; from Surinam. 3. The Dulky Tody, Todus Obfcurus. It is olive-brown, below light yellowifh; its throat pale. It inhabits dead trees in the forefts of North America, and lings pleafantly. 4. The Ferruginous-bellied Tody, Hodus Fcr^ rugineus ; from North An^'^rica. 5. The Broad- billed Tody, Todus Rojiratus. 6. The Yellow-bellied Tody, Todus Flavi- gajier ', from New Holland. In the Genus MEROPS. 1. The Coromandel Bee-eater, Merops Coro- mandus. 2. The Surinam Bee-eater, Merops ^urinamenjis, 3. The Poe Bee-eater, Merops Cincinnatus. It is of a dark gloffy green ; a tuft on either fide of the throat, and a ftripe on the wings, white. It inhabits New Zea- land, where it is held in veneration by the natives. It has an agreeable fong, and its flelh is well tafted. 4. The Yellow-tufted Bee-eater, Merops Fafci- culatus. The people of the Sandwich Iflands, where it is found, weave its yellow feathers into various forts of drefles. 5. The New Holland Bee-eater, Merops Ca^ runculatus* It has flefhy wattles. . 3 6. ThQ »--^>^' I BIRDS OMITTED. 443 6. The Horned Bee-eater, Merops Cornicula- tiis ; from New Holland. In the Genus UPUPA. 1. The Red-billed Promerops, Upupa ErytJoro^ rynchosi 2. The Blue Promerops, Upupa Indica j from India. In the Genus CERTHIA. 1. The Green Creeper, Certhia Firidis i from Carniola. 2. The Great Hook-billed Creeper, or Hoo- hoo, Certhia Pacifica-, from the Sand- wich Iflands. 3. The Hook-billed Green Creeper, Certhia Objcura. It is very fiequent in the Sandwich Iflands. 4. The Hook-billed Red Creeper, Certhia Fef- tiaria. Common in the Sandwich Iflands : its red feathers, with the olive ones of the preceding fpecies, are preferred by the natives for making their robes of ceremony. 5. The Sickle-billed Creeper, Certhia Falcata, 6. The Fulvous Creeper, Certhia Fulva-, from South America. 7. The Cinereous Creeper, Certhia Cinerea-, from the Cape of Good Hope. 8. The Crimfon Creeper, Certhia Sanguinea-,^ from the Sandwich Iflands. 9. The ■ r ■ 'W^ ■ •■ i- ; . , #■■■ "V ■ i*t ' i:' ' .... .„ Sir III 0P S - i'i ■ ■ I* '■ »! I. .'■ 'i.'.tV: |M. i i '1 El 4 !1 it' Si K. _;' ■ ..^il^',;*- ^ ' ^ ''^ fl5.-*t:-"'i( ->-r 444 APPENDIX, II. 9. The Brown Creeper, Certhia Fufca-, from the Southern Archipelago. 10, The Waved Creeper, Certhia Undulata. 1 1 . The Wattled Creeper, Certhia Caruncuiata ; from the ifland Tongataboo. It lings fweetly. J 2. The Yellow- cheeked Creeper, Certhia Ocrochlora-, from Surinam. 13. The Blue-throated Creeper, Certhia Cyano* gajira; from Cayenne. 14. The Orange-breafted Creeper, Certhia An- rantiai from Africa. 15. Mocking Creeper, Certhia Sannio -, from New Zealand. It feeds on the honey of flowers. 1 6. The New Holland Creeper, Certhia Novce Hollandice, It is black, and flriped be- low with white. 17. The Brownifh Creeper, Certhia Incana-, from New Caledonia. 1 8. The Olive Creeper, Certhia Peregrina, 19. The Bracelet Creeper, Certhia Armillata -, from Surinam. 20. The Cinnamon Creeper, Certhia Cinnamo* mea. 21. The Afli-bellied Creeper, Certhia Vertica^ lis 'y from Africa. 22. The Indigo Creeper, Certhia Parietum', from India, ^ 23. The Yellow-bellied Creeper, Certhia Le- fida-, from India. 24. Thoj ■I' BIRDS OMITTED. from r. ulata ', fings lerthia ia Au' ; from honey ped bc- Incana j na. 44$ 24. The Orange-backed Creeper, Certhia Can^ tillans 5 from China. Only three inches long. Its fong agreeable. 45. The Tufted Creeper, Certhia Erythroryn^ chos', from India. 26. The Yellow- winged Creeper, Certhia Chry^ foptera ; from Bengal. 27. The Long-billed Creeper, Certhia Longi- rojlra ; from Bengal. 28. The Barred- tail Creeper, Certhia Grifca; from China. In the Genus TROCHILUS. 1. The Afh-bellied Colibri, TrotrMwJr Cinereus, -Length fix inches. 2. The Harlequin Colibri, Trochilus Multicolor, Length four inches and a half. 3. The Yellow-frontt^d Colibri, Trochilus Fla- njifrons, 4. The Purple-crowned Colibri, Trochilm Torqimtus, 5. The Orange-headed Colibri, Trochilus Au- r ant ins. 6. The Little Colibri, 'Trochilus Exilis. Length an inch and a half: weight fcarce fifty grains. 7. The Dufky-crowned Fly- bird, Trochihis Ohfcurus, Length four inches and a half. 8. The Black and Blue Fly-bird, Urochilus Bancrofti. Length four inches. From the Weft Indies. .9' The ■Ifei m- f;r. :ili It'tyi m '^ life-:'' ] it,,}:: '*' ''('JiV.-*.! '■■■ 1: J w 1146 APPENDIX, II. 9. The RufF-neckcd Fly-bird, TrocMus Col- laris. Length three inches and three quarters. From Nootka Sound. 10. The Blue-headed Fly-bird, I'rochilm Cyano- cephalus. Size of a walnut. From Chili. ii. The Patch-necked Fly- bird, Trochilus Ma^ culatus. In the Genus STURNUS. 1 . The Wattled Stare, Siurnus Carunculatus ; from New Zealand. Length ten inches. Has a weak piping voice. 2. The Cock's-comb Stare, &turnus Gallina- ceus ; from the Cspe of Good Hope. Length fix inches. 3. The Silk Stare, Sturnus Sen'ceus ; from China. Length eight inches. 4. The Green Stare, Sturnus Firidis -, from China. 5. The Brown Stare, Sturnus Olivaceus -, from China. 6. The Alpine Stare, Sturnus Moritanicus i from Periia. It is cinereous and fpot- ted. It breeds in the holes of rocks. 7. The Chilian Stare, Sturnus Loyca, It is fpotted with brown and white ; its breaft fcarlet. It makes its neft carelefsly in holes in the ground ; is eafily tamed, and is venerated by the natives. 8. The Daurian Stare, Sturnus Daun'cus, In BIRDS OMITTED. ♦47 ^ll^i^ Col- three :hiU. s Ma^ uhtus ; inches. Hope. r; from r; from .f ', from itankus ; id fpot- 3cks. It is its breaft slefsly in med, and cus. In the Genus TURDUS. 1. The Jamaica Thrufh, Turdus Jamaiccnfis, It is afh-brown, and white below. 2. The Oonalafchka Thrufh, I'urdus Aoo7ia^ lajhkce. . ^ ; . ,. 3. The Ruby- throat, I'urdus Calliope. It is brown ferruginous, below yellowifh- white ; its throat cinnabar, edged with black and white; its ftraps black; its eye-brows white. Inhabits the wilds of Siberia, and pours its fwect note from the higheft fprays. 4. The Tawny ThruQi, Turdus Mujlelinusi from North America. • 5. The Yellow-backed Thruili, Turdus Stri- atus I from Surinam. 6. The Variegated Thrufli, Turdus Variegatus ; from Surinam. 7. The Pagoda Thrufli, Turdus Pagodarum-, from India. It is crefted and gray. 8. The Rufous-tailed Thrufh, Turdus Rufi- caudiis 'y from the Cape of Good Hope. 9. The Dark Thrufh, 'Turdus Obfciirus, It inhabits the forefls in the fouthern parts of Siberia, and has a ringing voice. 10, The Red-necked Thrulh, Turdus Rufaollls. Inhabits the fummits of Dauria. 11. The White-browed Thrufh, turdus Sibiri- cus'j from the north t)f RufTia and Si- beria, 12. The "ii*-- i::' ^. •i-r." >.»t. i'U';':V'-' H-ii. '••■■'' ■•Silt',: >i:,' . m ..;i- \ 1 t ij .-41 i 't 'l '■^'■W 1 ■t 1 li i ii ^ -^ ,■ '\m M^ '.J I • . i^ •'li ill- ^^ 448 APPENDIX, II. 12. The Pale Thrufli, Turcfus Pallidusi from Siberia. 13. The Thick-billed Thrufh, I'urdus Craffi- . rojiris ; from New Zealand. 14. The Bay Thmfli, Turdus Ulietenfisi from the ifland of Ulietea. 15. The Crefcent Thrufli, Turdus Arcuatus^ from China. 16. The New Holland Thrufli, Turdus Nova Hollandia, ij. The Black-faced Thrufli, Turdus Shanhu, It inhabits the woods of China. 18. The Surat Thrufli, Turdus Suratenfis. 19. The Pacific Thrufli, Turdus Pacificus. 20. The Sandwich Thrufli, Turdtis Sandwich- enjis. 21. The Yellow-bellied Thrufli, T^tirdus Bra- Jilienfis iixQvtiBrTizW, 22. The White-chinned Thrufli, Turdus Ante- ricanus j from America. 2 ?. The Chilian Thrufli, Turdus Curaus, It is gloflTy black ; its bill fomewhat ilreaked ; its tail wedge-fliaped. It is of the fize of the blackbird; commonly breeds in holes : it is noify and imitative, and has a fine fong. 24. The Labrador Thrufli, Turdus Labradorus, ZS' The Perfian Thrufli, Turdus Perficus, 26. The White-tailed Thrufli, Tardus LeucU" rus. Inhabits the fouth of Europe. ' . 27- The from from uatus ; Nova 'hanhu. IS, IS IS Bra- Ame- It is reaked ; the fize reeds in and has \radorus, us. s LeucU" ope. 27. The BIRDS OMITTED. 449 27. The Violet Thrufli, Turdus Violaceus-, from China. 28. The White-headed Thrufli, Turdus Leuco- cephalus', from ^..lua. 29. The Songfter Thrufli, I'urdus Cantor-, from the Philippine Iflands. 30. The Black-necked Thrufli, 'Turdus Nigri^ collisi from China. 3 1 . The Yellow-fronted Thrufli, Turdus Ma^ labaricus 5 from Malabarc 32. The Chanting Thrufli, Turdus BoitbiL It is brown, with a black ftripe behind the ears. Inhabits China. 33. The Yellow Thrufli, Turdus Flavus ; from China. 34. The Orange-headed Thrufli, Turdus d'trU nus I from India. 35. The Green Thrulh, Turdus Virefcens; from China. 36. The Gray Thrufli, Turdus Grifeus -, from Coromandel. 37. The White-fronted Thrufli, Turdus AIM- frons; from New Zealand. 38. The Long-tailed Thrufli, Turdus Macrou- rus 5 from Malabar. 39. The Ydlow - crowned Thrufli, Turdus Ochrocephalus ; from Ceylon and Java. 40. The Margined Thrufli, Turdus Africanus ; from Africa. 41. The Hudfonian Thrufli, Turdus Hud^ Jontcus^ TOL. IX* 2 G 42. 'Kie ,-. '••,iv. "ll*-- I';.. «■ ft,.-..; m m m' ;■'■ % '■-ti]":-;'- 'i ■ >i"i.T' ... ■■";, fl -' , • . •' 71' .', ■ I i i 11 1:1 '4 [•&■■■ C -; I l" , ' ' ■ 1 < 450 APPENDIX, 11. ' 42. The New York Thrufli, Turdus Novebora^ cenfis, 43. The Gingi Thru/li, Turdus Gingianus -, from India. 44. The Dauma Thrufli, Hurdus Dauma -, from India. 45. The Black and Scarlet Thrufh, Turdus Spe-- ciojus ', from India. * In the Genus AMPELIS. 1 . The Coppery Chatterer, Ampdis Cuprea } from Surinam. 2. The Red- winged Chatterer, Ampelis Pbn- nicea ; from Africa. 3. The Crefted Chatterer, Ampelis Crifiata-y from America. i 1 |>?'':H' '■■ 1 u ■> % •: In the Genus COLIUS. 1. The White-backed Coly, Coitus Leuconotus-, from the Cape of Good Hope. 2. The Green Coly, Coitus Viridis ; from New Holland. 3. The Indian Coly, Colius Lidicus. It is ci- nereous ', below rufous. 1 !♦ h-' - Sii.' >'! B'fi t.' ... i| ^' ■ ^ In ^ r-f^u |5 In the Genus LOXIA. 1. The White-winged Crofs-bill, Loxia Fal- cirq/ira-, from North America. 2. The Parrot-billed Grolbeak, Loxia FJit* tacea j from the Sandwich iflands. 3. The 1 '»■>*■ ■ 1 bora" anusi from rtflata ; conotus; imNew t is ci- Is. 3. The BIRDS OMITTED. 451 3. The Caucafian Grofbeak, Loxia Rubicilla, It is fcarlet fpotted with white. 4. The Siberian Grofbeak, Loxia Siberica, It is fcarlet fpotted with brown -, below pale fcarlet j the wings flriped with black and white. It frequents orchards near water. It is of the fize of a linnet. Its voice is hoarfe and grating. It is perpetually fluttering. 5. The Crefled Grofbeak, Loxia Crijlata; from ^Ethiopia. It is very large. 6. The Spotted Grofbeak, Loxia Maculata i from North America. 7. The Dufky Grofbeak, Loxia Obfcura', from New York. 8. The Hudfonian Grofbeak, Loxia Hudfonica, It is brown -, its belly white. Called by the natives Atick-oom-aJJoi^fJo* 9. The Social Grofbeak. Loxia Socia* It is rufous browr , below yellowifh, its bridle black, its tail fhort. Its length five inches and a half. Inhabits the country back from the Cape of Good Hope. It breeds on the large boughs of the Mimofa ; and fometimes a flock of eight hundred or a thoufand fit together in the fame neft, which they occafionally weave to a great extent. 10. The Yellow Grofbeak, Lo:>iia Fiavicans} from Afia. Size of a canary. ^. 11. The Yellow - rumped Grofbeak, Loxia 2 G 2 Hor" '(*-• .1*. IS: . ^1 «' I ■ if*:- m '■»» ■ . f I- J 'is. Hi. Pi-' ,-4 k k ■ ^ 452 A P P E N D I X, II. Hordeacea \ from India. Size of a wag- tail. 12. The Eaftern Grofbcak, Loxia Vndulata. It is duiky red, and waved below with brown. 13. The Northern Gro(bcak, Loxia Septentrio" nalis. It is deep black, with a white fpot on the wings. Found in the North of Europe. 14. The Brown-headed Grofbeak, Loxia Fer- ruginea, 15. The Gray- necked Grofbejlk^ Loxia Mefa- nura; from China. 16. The Brown Grofbeak, Loxia Fufca-, from Alia. ij. The Thick-billed Grofbeak, Loxia CraJJi- rojiris. 18. The Black-breafled Grofbeak, Loxia PeBo- ralis, 19. The Black-headed Grofbeak, Loxia Ery^ thromelas', from Cayenne. 2Q. The Blue-fhouldered Grofbeak, Loxia Vi^ rens; from Surinam. 2 1 . The White- tailed Grofbeak, Loxia Leucura > from Brazil. Length three inches. 22. The Totty Grofbeak, Loxia Totta. Of a brick brown, below whitifh. Found among the Hottentots. 23. The Afh-headed Grofbeak, Loxia Indica; from India. Very fmall. 24.* The Malabar Grofbeak, Loxia Maiabarica. It BIRDS OMITTED. 453 It is cinereous -, its quills black; its throat and vent white. 25. The Black- bellied Grofbeak, Loxia ylfra-, from Africa. 26. The Afiatic Grofbeak, Lo;c/tf y^<7//Vtf ; from China. It is cinercous-reddifh j below cinereous 5 the belly pale red. 27. The Brown-checked Grolbeak, Loxia Ca- nora ; from Mexico. 28. The Radiated Grofbcak, Loxia Lincata, 29. The Fafciatcd Grolbeak, Loxia Fajciata j from Africa. 30. The Warbling Grofbeak, Loxia Cantans ; from Africa, It is marked with crofs Jines of brown and blackifh; below white i the tail wedge-fliaped. 31. The Javan Grofbeak, Loxia Frajina, It is olive, the rump red, the legs yellow. 32. The Dwarf Grofbeak, Loxia Minima', froni India and China. It is brown % below brick-coloured. % X* . • . ' / v:. "^ .If 'XM ■M ^, ■t In the Genus EMBERIZA. 1. The Chinefe Bunting, Emberiza Sinenfis, It is reddifh; below yellow j its quills brown, 2. The Yellow - winged Bunting, Emberiza Chryfoptera ; from the Falkland Iflands. 3. The Pafferine Bunting, Emberiza Pajferina-^ from Ruflia. 203 4. The M'^ Mr. ill i t ?^ is «T, ^54 APPENDIX, II. 4. The Angola Bunting, Emberiza AngoUnJjs* It is black ; its breuft fire-coloured. 5. The Barred-tajl Bunting, Emberiza Fufca; from China. 6. The Weaver Bunting, Emberiza Textrix, 7. The Scarlet Bunting, Emberiza Coccinea, Found in the forefts of Germany. S. The Flame - coloured Bunting, Emberiza Rtiti/a i from Siberia. 9. The Rufty Bunting, Emberiza Ferruginea ; from North America, JO. The Black - throated Bunting, Emberiza Americana -, from Hudfon's Bay, II, The Military Bunting, Emberiza Militarise found near Malta, It is yellowifh brown i below white. J 2. The Blackrheaded Bunting, Emberiza Me-^ lanocephala. 13. The Brumal Bunting, Emberiza Brumalis y from Tyrol, It is yellow-brown -, the under lide of its body yellow -, its wing- quills brown, 14. The White -crowned Bunting, Emberiza Leucopbrys. Found in Canada, where it is migratory. Its fong pleafant. 15. The Pine Bunting, Emberiza Pitbyornus ^ from Siberia. It is rufous ; its belly hoary -, with a white fpot on its cheeks, its temples, and its breaft. l6e The Daurian Bunting, Emberiza Rujiica* Its head is black, with three longitudinal white !!■ Ul BIRDS OMITTED. 455 white bars. Appears fo early as the month of March. 17. The Wreathed Bunting, Emberka LuC" tuofa, .18. The Yellow- breafted Bunting, Emberiza Aureola, Frequent in all the pine and poplar forefts of Siberia. 19. The Dwarf Bunting, Emberiza Pufilla, Haunts the rills on the Daurian Alps. 20. The Sandwich Bunting, Emberiza Arnica. 21. The Black - crowned Bunting, Emberiza Atricapilla 5 from the Sandwich Iflands. 22. The Surinam Bunting, Emberiza Surinam^ tnjis. Above cloudy brown 5 below yellowifli; breafl: fpotted with black. 23. The Gaur Bunting, Emberiza AJiatica-, from India. It is cinereous ', its wings and tail brown, 24. The Stained Btinting, Emberiza Fucata. Frequent in the humid parts of Siberia. 25. The Afh-headed Bunting, Emberiza Spodo- cephala. Found in the fpring near brooks on the Daurian Alps. zd. The Gold- browed Bunting, Emberiza Chry- fophrys. Inhabits the fame trads with the preceding. '''^:r I. 2. hi the Genus TANAGRA, The Variable Tanagrc, Tanagra Variabilis, The Black Tanagrc, Taitagra Atrafa-, from India. 204 3. The ■■ - f ■;! ■",.'"■ ■»} ■ ■mi W .;.■■;• '^Ji-, mi ''■'■/, I. -.H ■IK-. .•:*!• til-' ,ts. •• u f i 456 APPENDIX, 11. 3. The Capital Tanagre, Tanagra Capitalis, Above green ; below yellow j the head, and under part of the neck, black. ' In the Genus FRINGILLA. 1 . The Scarlet Finch, Fringilla Coccinea ; from, the Sandwich Iflands, 2. The Red- breaded Finch, Fringilla Punicea% from North America. 3. The Ferruginous Finch, Fringilla Ferrugi^ nea ; from Penfylvania. 4. The White-throated Finch, Fringilla Pen- Jyhamca, 5. The Fafciated Finch, Fringilla Fafciata\ from New York. 6. The Grafs Finch, Fringilla Graminea; from New York. 7. The Norton Finch, Fringilla Nortonienjis, It is black ; below white j its throat fpotted with ferruginous. 8. The Striped-headed Finch, Fringilla Stri- ata J from New York. 9. The Surinam Finch, Fringilla Surinama, It is gray j its wing-quills white on both fides. 10. The Black-headed Finch, Fringilla Melano- cephala 5 from China. 11. The Brown Finch, Fringilla Fufcai from China. • . • • I a. The Red-faced Finch, Fringilla Afra; from Angola. 13. The m italis. head. from. miceai ?rrugi^ b Pen- afciata j '^j from tonienjisn s throat lla Stri" ur'tnama, ; on both BIRDS OMITTED, 457 13. The Parrot Finch, Fringilla FJittacea^ from New Caledonia, 14, The Red-headed Finch, Fringilla Erythro» cephala ; from the ifle of France. 15. The Saffron-fronted Finch, Fringilla Fla* veola, 1 6, The Autumnal Finch, Fringilla Autumnalis\ from Surinam. It is greenifh, with a rufty cap ; its vent brick-coloured. J 7, The Lepid Finch, Fringilla Lepida. It is dun-green j the ftripe above and below the eyes, and its throat, fulvous ; its bread black. It inhabits the woods of Ha- vannah, and fings perpetually with an exceedingly flender voice. It is eafily tamed. J 8. "-.lie Bearded Finch, Fringilla Barbata. It inhabits the mountains of Chili near the ocean. 10, The Chilian Finch, Fringilla Diuca, It is blue; its throat white. It haunts the neighbourhood of dwellings, and fings delightfully to the rifing fun. 20, The Sharp-tailed Finch, Fringilla CauJacu- ta. Found in the back parts of Georgia. % I • The Long- tailed Finch, Fringilla Macroura ; from Cayenne. Z2» The White-eared Finch, Fringilla Leitcotis-, from China. 23, The Ceylon Finch, Fringilla Zeylonica, It is yellow; its back greenifh; its head black. 24. The " K'.'. f- I* i, 40: ''mi-: 4«:i- !'.{■:■ fr;: ■ • 1! , ,,' >\H liP^ 4S« A J? P E N D I X, ir. ' 24. The Brown-throated Finch, Fringilla Fuf- cicolits ', from China. 25. The Blue-faced Finch, Fringilla Tricolor ^ from Surinam. - 26. The Fire Finch, Fringilla Ignita -, from Africa. 27. The Lunar Finch, Fringilla Torquata; from India. It is reddifh ; its rump blue, with a black crefcent on its throat. 28. The Green -rumped Finch, Fringilla Multi-- color I from Ceylon. 29. The Yellow-throated Finch, Fringilla Fla-^ vicollis i from North America. 30. The Carthagena Finch, Fringilla Cartha^ ginienjis. It is entirely cinereous, fpotted with brown and yellow. 3 1 . The Ochre Finch, Fringilla Ocbracea; found in Auflria. 32. The Teftaceous Finch, Fringilla Tejlacea, 33. The Imperial Finch, Fringilla Imperialis \ from China. It is rofe - coloured 3 its top and under fide bright yellow. 34. The Rufty-collared Finch, Fringilla AuJ^ trails 5 from Tierra del Fuego. In the Genus MUSCICAPA. 1. The White -fronted Flycatcher, Mufcicapa Albifrons', from the Cape of Good Hope. 2. The Black and White Flycatcher, Mufci- capa Melanoletica, Found in the plains of Georgia, in the Ruffian dominions. ,3- The : Auf^ BIRDS OMITTED. 459 < 3. The Leacomele Flycatcher, Mufckapa Leu^ comela. Found near the Volga. Neftles in crags. Has a motion with its tail. 4. The Black-fronted Flycatcher, Mufckapa Nigrijrons. 5. The White -tailed Flycatcher, Mufckapa Leucura ', from the Cape of Good Hope. 6. The Spotted Yellow Flycatcher, Mufckapa Afra ', from the Cape of Good Hope. 7. The Flammeous Flycatcher, Mufckapa Flammea -, from India. 8. The Society Flycatcher, Mufckapa Nigra; from Otaheite. It is deep black. 9. The Tufted Flycatcher, Mufckapa Comata i from Ceylon, jo^ The jRed- vented Flycatcher, Mufckapa Hce^ morrhoufa-y from Ceylon. J r , The Yellow- breafted Flycatcher, Mufckapa Mdanktera\ from Ceylon. 1 2, The Green Flycatcher, Mufckapa Nkens-, from India. J 3, The Gray- necked Flycatcher, Mufckapa Grifa ; from China. 14. The Yellow-necked Flycatcher, Mufckapa FlavkolHs I from China. 15. The Orange-vented Flycatcher, Motacilla Fufcefcens ', from China. 16. The Blue-headed Flycatcher, Mufckapa Cy-- anocephala j from Manilla. 17. The Yellow- throated Flycatcher, Mufckapa Manilknfs. 18. The ■iff tJii^'"* 111: ■ .1 '\.-i 'M':' ■'..■.'Jl'- ■>; it ;ii;.:'r 'k ■ •. >1s:l fl;'■ My- ■Tl HI. '• ■m^i ■ ui' Ik, '..■^■. I' I ii }' if l ■tl ^ ■*'■ • r ■■M ;■ 46a APPENDIX, It ^>: i, •.'.v*vS, 46. The Javan Flycatcher, Mufcicapa Ja'oa-* nica. Its tail is very long and round. < ■ ' • In the Genus ALAUDA. 1. The Malabar Lark, Alauda Malabarka, It is brown; its feathers edged with rufous, and fpotted with white at the tip. A beautiful fpecies. 2. The Gingi Lark, Alauda Gingica ; from Co- romandel. Its head is cinereous ; its under fide black. 3. The Black Lark, Alauda Tartarica, Found in Tartary. 4. The Yelton Lark, Alauda Teltonienfis, It is black, variegated with rufous and white. Found at the lake Yelton, be- yond the Volga. Is gregarious \ and in the month of Augufl is fat and deli- cious. 5. The New Zealand Lark, Alauda Nova Zealandia. It is dun> its feathers edged with afhy ; its belly white j its eye-brows white ; a black bar on its eye. 6. The Teftaceous Lark, Alauda Tejiacea-, fron^ Gibraltar. 7. The Portugal Lark, Alauda Lujitana ; from Portugal. In the Genus MOTACILLA. I, The Hudfonian Wagtail, Motacilla Hudfo^ nica^ It is rufty brown i belovi^ whitifli 5 dufky R^.f n^%-n BIRDS OMITTED. 463 iva^ f. It fous, . A iCo- ; its x. It s and n, be- and in deli- Nova edged -brows '.', from J from Hudfo- ^hitiflij dufky dufky flreaks on the neck and the under fide. 2. The Indian Wagtail, Motacilla Indka, It is greenifli gray, below yellowilh ; two black crefcents on the bread. 3. The Yellow-headed Wagtail, Motacilla Ci* treola ; found in Siberia. 4. 'The Tfchutki Wagtail, Motacilla Tfchut^, fchenjis. It is olive-brown, below white. 5. The Green Wagtail, Motacilla Viridis -, from Ceylon. In the Genus SYLVIA. 1. The Sardinian ' Warbler, Sylvia Mofchita. It is lead-coloured, with a tawny cap. 2. The Aquatic Warbler, Sylvia Aquaticai found in Italy, where it is migratory. It is rufty, fpotted with brown, and a white bar on the wings. 3. The Chefnut-bellied Warbler, Sylvia Ery- throgajlra. Haunts the gullies in the Caucalian mountains. 4. The Guiana Red-tail, Sylvia Guianenjis, 5. The Black Red-tail, Sylvia Atrata. 6. The LefTer White-throat, Sylvia Sylviella, It is afh-brown, below dirty white \ the two middle tail-quills fliorter and awl- fhaped. This fpecies is pretty frequent in England among the hedges, though ~ feldom obferved, being exceedingly final!. It neflles in orchards near the ground. 7- 'I'^^s ■'->■ ;' 111, •■■ "I :>. .i^l ■M i 1 N li 4 fi^-j' ti.' 464 A P P E N D I X, n. 7. The Patagonian Warbler, /Sy/y/la Patagonica, It is cinereous, fpotted below with white. 8. The White-breafted Warbler, Syhia Du- metorum. Inhabits the buihes in Ger- many and Ruflia. 9. The Black-jawed Warbler, Syhia Nigri- rojiris. 10. The Rufty-headed Warbler, Syhia Borealts i from Kamtfchatka. 1 1 . The BufF- faced Warbler, Syhia Lutefcens, 12. The Siberian Warbler, Syhia Montanella, It is brick-coloured, fpotted with brown, below yellowifh. 13* The Moor Warbler, Syhia Maura-, from Rufiia. It is black, edged with gray, below white. 14. The Yellow-browed Warbler, Syhia Super- ciliofa \ from Ruffia. 15. The Gilt-throat Warbler, Syhia Ferru- ginea. Found about the river Tungufka. 16. The Blue-tailed Warbler, Syhia Cyanura, ' Inhabits the fhady humid places near the river Jenefei. 17. The Daurian Warbler, Syhia Aurorea, It is black; its top gray- white. 1 8. The Black-poll Warbler, Syhia Striata-^ from New York. 19. The Gray-poll Warbler, Syhia Incana^ from New York. 20. The Yellow-fronted Warbler, Syhia Fla* 'uifrons ; from Penfylvania. 21. The BIRDS OMITTED. 4^5 2 1. The BLickbiirnian Warbler, Syhia Black - Itirnice', from New York. Jt has a black cap, with a black bar acrofs the eyes. 22. The Murine Warbler, Syhia Miirina, 2 J. The Thorn- tailed Warbler, Syhia SpinU caiida ; from Tierra del Fuego. 24. The Citrine Warbler, Syhia Citrina-, from New Zealand. 25. The Long-legged Warbler, Syhia Lon-- gipes ; from New Zealand. 26. The Black-hooded White-ear, Syhia Pi^ kata. Found at the Cape of Good Hope, and in China. 27. The White-crowned Warbler, Syhia Albi- capilla ', from China. 28. The Pink Warbler, Syhia Caryophyllacea*, from Ceylon. 29. The Cingalefe Warbler, Syhia Ciiigalenfis ; from Ceylon. It is variegated greenj below bright yellow. ';o. The China Warbler, Syhia SincnJJs. It is green ; a pale fpot behind the eyes. 31. The Tailor Warbler, Syhh Siitcria. Its colour is light yellow j its Icnq-tli three inches; its weight ninety grains. Ic fews with delicate fibres a dead leaf to the fide of a living: one, and lines the cavity with feathers, gollair;er, and dov/n. Its eggs are v/hite, and not larger than thofe of ants. It is found in Inflia. VOL. ix:. 2 H ip.. TJi3 't ■ , \-\,. ii; 1 I' %^: : if,;'; . • 466 APPENDIX, ir. 32. The Black-throated Vsf^xh\cv,SyhiaCulatisi from South America. 33. The Long-billed Warbler, Sylvia Kamt- fchatkenjis. 34* The Ochry- tailed Warbler, Sylvia Ochrtira ; from Perfia. 2$* The Awatcha Warbler, Sylvia Awatcha, It is brown, below white j its brcaft fpotted with black. 36. Van Diemen's Warbler, Sylvia Canefcens. It is hoary, below white; head black; front ftreaked with white. 57. The Black-necked Warbler, Sylvia Nigri- collis; from India. 38. The Plumbeous Warbler, Sylvia Plumbea, Very fmall. In the Genus PIPRA. 1. The Superb Manakin, P//>r^ /S«/>^r^,M ,- f ^' ■■' . '^m U If: „ 0! ■■ («■■'■ . • m II t. 1 4-68 APPENDIX, IL rump ferruginous ; its outermoft tail- quill very long, and marked on the inlide with a while fpot. It inhabits the lofty rocks and the mountain-caves of Siberia. Its ntft is large and hemi- fpherical, conltr acted elegantly with pel- lets of pure mud, and having an entrance of fome inches length. 3. The Red-headed Swallow, Hirundo Ery^ throccpbala ; from India. A fmall fpecies, 4. The Oonalafchkan Swallow, Hinindo Aoo- nalafchkcnjis. It is blackifli, below afhy; its rump whiti(h. 5. The Chinefe Swift, Hirundo Smenjis, It is brown, below tawny-gray j its cap ru- fous 5 its throat and orbits white. Length eleven inches and a half. In the Genus CAPRIMULGUS. I . The Bombay Goatfuckcr, Caprmulgus Afia- tkus. It is afliv, clouded with black and ferruginous ; cinereous bars on the breafh ?.. The Crefted Goatfucker, Cc.pr'hunJgus Novce HoliJindhc 'y from ?^[cvv Holland. Rather fmaller than the European. * In the Genus COLUMHA. I. The White-c.rwned Pigeon, Columba Leu-- coccphala -, found in North America and in Jamaica. 2. The BIRDS OMITTED. 469 2. The White-winged Pigeon, Cohimha Lett- copter a', from India. 3. The LefTer Crowned Pigeon, Coliimba Crrf- tata-y from India. It neflles anions: Cfiafs and reeds. • 4. The Gray-headed Pigeon, Columlm Albica- pillai from the ifland Panay. 5. The Purple-fliouldered Pigeon, CoJumha Phcenicoptcra-, from India. 6. The Garnet-winged Pigeon, Cohimha Ery- throptcra ; from the ifland Eimeo. 7. The Green-winged Pigeon, Cohunba IndicWy from Amboyna. 8. The Jamboo Pigeon, Cohimha ^famhoo ; from Sumatra and Java. It is green 3 its front red ; its brcafb white. 9. The Purple Pigeon, Cohimha Purpurea j from Java. 10. The Purple-breafted Pigeon, Cohimha FA- menjis ; from the ifland Eimeo. 1 1 . The Hook-billed Pigeon, Columha Ctirvi-^ rojlni ; from the ifland of Tanna. 12. The Ferrugincous-vented Pigeon, Cohimha Specijica ; from the Friendly Iflands. 13. The White Nutmeg Pigeon, Cohimba Alha -y from New Guinea. J 4. The New Zealand Pigeon, Cohimha Zea- hindica. It is red ; its belly white ; its rump blue.; its tail black. J 5. The Brown Pigeon, Cohimha Brmmea', from New Zealand. 2 II 3 16. The ^'V^ '^■M km ,' ''j (■t-;i^i,, (."Rth; ■ fi'.''.';l r- "'if. .'i. 4^:\y I. : ,;r/ii nm 470 APPENDIX, II. It 1 6. The Bronze-winged Pigeon, Columha Cbal^ coptera ; from Norfolk Ifland. 17, The Hackled Pigeon, Columba Francicey from the Ille of France. J 8, The Spotted Green Pigeon, Columba MacU" lata, 19. The Gray Pigeon, Columba Corenjis ; from Coro, in South America. 20. The Egyptian Turtle, Columba Mgyptiaca, It is reddifh; its throat fpotted with black feathers. 21. The Surinam Turtle, Columba Surinamenjis, It is cinereous, below white j its bill blue. 22. The Surat Turtle, Columba Suratenfa, It is gray; the upper fide of its neck black; its nape white, 23. The Blue-crowned Turtle, Columba Cyano^ cephala -, from India and China. 24. The Red-breafted Turtle, Columba Cru» enta -, from Manilla. 25. The Sanguine Turtle, Columba Sanguineai from Manilla. 26. The Malacca Pigeon, Columba Malaccenfis, The fides of its neck are white. It is pf the fize of a fparrow, and very bcau- tifbl. '' 27. The Melancholy Turtle, Columba Banta- menfisy from Java. Its tail is wedge- ihaped 5 its orbits naked and flefhy. 28. The Black-winged Turtle, Columba Mela- mptera\ from Chili. In Mela- In BIRDS OMITTED. 471 In the Genus PENELOPE. The Piping Curaffow, Penelope Pipile; from BraziL Has a blue caruncle on its throat ', its belly white ; its back brown, ipotted with deep black- In the Genus NUMIDA. 1. The Mitred Pintado, Numida Mitrata; from Madagafcar and Guinea. 2. The Crelled Pintado, Numida Crijlata -, from Africa. « In the Genus CRAX. I. The Globofe Curaflbw, Crax Globicerai from Guiana^ £• The Galeated Curaflbw, Cr^x Galeata-, from Cura9oa. In the Genus PHASIANUS. 1. The Superb Pheafant, Fhajianus Super bus. i from China. 2, The African Pheafant, Phajianus Africanus, It is afh-blue, below white; its head crefted. 3, The Impeyan Pheafant, Phafianus Impey^- anus ; from India. It is crefted, and pur- ple with gloiTy green ; below black. 4. The Coloured Pheafant, Phajianus Leuco^ melanos', from India. It is crefted and black ; the feathers on the body edged with white. 2H 4 In ' ifV.-l . * -. ■ iiii WU ■•ai' ■ -f;.1, >! ' ■ '■■,■.■■■■'» f (i .; •: 1 '' ' ■ 472 APPENDIX, II. In the Genus TETRAO. 1 . The Rock Gious, Tetrao Riifejlris j froin Hudfon's Bay. It is orange, variegate^ with black ftripcs and white blotches ; its toes feathered ; its tail-quills black tipt with white 5 its ftraps black. It is much fmaller than the white grous. It frequents not the woods, but fitting on the rocks . with its neck extended, it utters a noife like a perfon fneezing. 2. The Rehulak Grous, Tctrao Lappojiicus. Its back is black variegated with ferru- ginous 5 its neck ferruginous fpotted with bliick j its breaft and vent white. Size of a hen. Found in the Lapland Alps. long, and cxceiTively voracious. Found in Afia and Africa, and particularly near the mouths of rivers in the province of Bengal. ?. The Dufky Crane, y^r^ea Obfcura, Size of a bittern. Found in Sclavonia. 3. The Dwarf Heron, Ardca Piimila. Found in the Cafpian Sea. It is chefnut ; the middle-quills of its wrings are variegated with white and yellow. It is nineteen inches long. 4. The Minute Bittern, Ardca Exilis. Its- neck rufous 5 a crefcent on its breaft, and its quills black. Found in Jamaica and in North America. Hardly larger than a thrufli. 5. The Ferruginous Heron, Ardca Fcrruginca, Frequent on the Tanais ; neftles on trees. Length twenty-one inches, 6. The Red-headed Heron, Ardca Erytbrocc- pbala. Found in Chili. Its crefl reaches to its back. •J, The Blue-headed Heron, Ardca Cyanocc- pbala. Found in Chili. Its wings are black, cdj.^ed with white. 8. The Striated Heron, Ardca Striata -, from Guiana. 9. The Wattled Heron, Ardca Cariinculatn ; from the Cape of Good Hope. Length five tcct and a half. 10. Th< '^ BIRDS OMITTED. 477 bund near ,ce of Slzs ^ound ; ; the sgated aeteen s neck and its and in than a ^ugtnca. Ics on s. throce- ireaches io;s are ; from IC nhta ; Length ). Thti 10. The Rufous Heron, ArdcaRiifa. Found fometimes near the pools in Auftria. 1 1 . The Rufty-crowned Heron, Anka Rtibigl- nofa 'y from North America. Size of «i bittern. 12. The Alh- coloured Heron, Ardea Cana-, from North America. 13. The Streaked Heron, Ardea Firgata-, from North America. 14. The Snow Heron, Ardea Nivea. Length two feet. Found in moft parts of the world. Neftles on lofty trees. 15. The Galeated Heron, Ardea Galeata, Its body milky ; its bill yellow -, its legs fcarlet. Found in Chili. 16. The Sacred Heron, Ardea Sacra. It is white ; its head fmooth, the feathers on its back jagged and white. Found at Otaheite, where it is held facred. 17. Tlie Chinefe Heron, .Ardea Sinenjis, It is brown with paler ftreaks; its quills black. Small fpccies. 18. The Johanna Heron, Ardea Jobamjce, A black creft ; the body gray above and white below ; the wings black. 19. The Lohaujung Heron, Ardea hidka. It is brown variegated with green -, its tail black. 20. The Yellow -necked Heron, Ardea Flavin collis', from India. Length two feet. 21. The f ■•■, ■ ii'- . I. ;'!»■; '■mi •m\ ■\^ ,*. M:- r. !.::'i^-4J ■ • m 4^8 * APPENDIX, ir. 21. The White -fronted Heron, jdrtiea Nova Hollaiiilia, Length twenty-eight inches. In the Genus TANTALUS, 1. The Black-faced Ibis, Tantfihis Mclanopis, Found in New Year's Ifland, where it breeds on the rocks. Length twenty- eight inches. 2. The White-headed Ibis, Tantalus Leitcoce- phalus \ from Ceylon. A broad band of black erodes the breai): ; the wings are black j the coverts of the tail long, and of a fine pink. Its rofy feathers lofe their colour during the rainy feafon. It makes a fnapping noife with its bill. A very large fpecies. 3. The Ethiopian Ibis, Tantalus TEthlopicusi the Abou Hannes of Mr. Bruce. It is white ; the head and upper fide of the neck brown -, the hind part of its back and its wing-quills black. 4. The Green Ibis, Tantalus Viridis, Found in RufTia y flies in flocks, and nellies in trees. 5. The GlofTy Ibis, Tantalus Igneus. Refetn- bles the preceding, and found likewife in Ruflia. One was killed in Cornwall. 6. The LefTer Ibis, Tantalus Minutus. Its face, bill, and legs greenifli ; its body ferrugi- nous, and white below. Found in Su- rinam. 7. The Nova ches. anopjSi lere it venty- eiicoce- )and of ngs are ig, and ;rs lofe on. It .ill. A hiopicuSf It is of the ts back Found .eftles in Refem- lewife in iwall. Its face, ferrugi- b in Su- 7. The BIRDS OMITTED. ^ro 7. The Black- headed This, ^.mUlus MdamcC" phalus ; from India. Length twenty- one inches. 8. The Pillan Ibis, I'antaius Ibis. Its hice, bill, and legs, are brown ; its body wnit jj its quills black. Inhabits the lakes and rivers of Chili, and frequently fits upoa the trees. Size of a goofe. 9. The Hagedafli Ibis, I'antalus Hci'^cdafi. It is cinereous ; its back variegated with green and yellow j its wings blue-black; its lefTer coverts violet. Found at the Cape of Good Hope. Feeds on roots ; pa lies the night on trees. Larger than a hen. I In the Genus NUMENIUS. 1 . The Ot.iheitan Curlew, Numefiius Tahitenfis, It is tawny- white; its neck ftreaked with black; its back and the coverts of its wings waved with blackifh and whitifh. Length twenty inches. 2. The Efkimaux Curlew, Numenius Borealis. Its bill and legs black ; its body brown fpotted with gray. Inhabits the wet meadows in the country of Hudf:>n'» Bay. 3. The Cape Curlew, Numenius Africanus, It is cinereous ; its neck; its belly, and its rump, white. 4. The ■ I"- :",;>■ /■••' ^';\,'' h ,i»r .»•■ .1.11 4So APPENDIX, If. : ^ II , *>: 4. The Pygmy Curlew, Numenius Pighi^us, Size of a lark. Inhabits Euro^u*, ai:^ occurs fometinies in England. In the Genus SCOLOPAX. 1. The Little Woodcock, Scohpax Minor-, from North America. Length eleven inches and a half. 2. The Great Snipe, Scohpax Major, Its back and coverts are brick-coloured fpotted with black, and edged with white -, its neck and bread yellowifh white, with crefcents of black j its fides waved with black. Inhabits Siberia, and found like- wife in England and Germany. Length lixteen inches : weight eight ounces; 3. The Cayenne Snipe, Scohpax Cayaimcnfis: It is cinereous brown, variegated with brick-colour i the under fide of its body and its rump white. Length thirteen inches. ^ 4. The Straight-billed Snipe, Scohpax Belgica, Found in the Netherlands. The Marbled Goodwit, Scohpax Marmor aid-, from Pludfon's Bay. Size of the Ame- rican goodwit* 6. The Semipalmated Snipe, Scohpax Semi- palmata \ from North America. Length fourteen inches.. 7. The Stone Snipe, Scohpax Mclanokiica. Its tail and rump ilripcd with black and white i . 5- ,1 '-.rr-^ BIRDS OMITTED. 4S1 white; its legs yellow. Found in North America. Twice as large as the com- mon fnipe. 8. The Yellow-fhank Snipe, Scolopax Plavipes. It is whiti(h, fpotted with black ; its wings brown 5 its belly, and the coverts of its tail, white. Appears in autumn in the ftate of New York. Length eleven inches. 9. The Nodding Snipe, Scolopax Nutans* It is cinereous, variegated with ferruginous ; its belly, its rump, and its tail, white. Found on the fhores of Labrador. 10. The Black Snipe, Scolopax Nigra -, from the Northern Archipelago. 1 1 . The Red-breafted Snipe, Scolopax Novebo^ racenjis. Inhabits the coafls of New York. 1 2. The Brown Snipe, Scolopax Grifea, Found on the coafts of New York. Length eleven inches. 13. The Afh-coloured Snipe, Scolopax Incana ; from the Eimeo and Palmerflon Iflands. Length eleven inches. 1 4. The Terek Snipe, Scolopax Terek, It is ci- nereous, fpotted with brown, and white below. Found near the Cafpian Sea : flies in flocks. Length nine inches. ,11 , . f* mm, Its and liitc I VOL. IX. 2 I In "►^'i ,»>i- 482 APPENDIX, IL >A} In the Genus TRINGA, I. The Red-legged Sandpiper, Tringa Erythro- \- fus. Larger than the rufF. ; ^. The W^od Sandpiper, Tringa GJareola. Its b^jl is fmooth ; its legs grecniih ; its ,,' , ; body brpwn dotted with white; its breaft ,,...;•. ^hitiiji. pound in the fwamps of Swe- den. Size of a flare. |r TTfee White-winged Sandpiper, Tringa Leu- coptera. Found in the iflands of the South Sea, 4. The Selninger Sandpiper, Trmga Maritima, \t is variegated with gray and blacky below white ; its throat and tail dufkifh. Inhabits ^he ibores g^ Norway and Ice- land. 5. The Waved Sandpiper, Tringa XJndata^ Found in Denmark and Norway. i). The Uniform Sandpiper, Tringa Vniformis ; from Iceland, 7. 1'he Brown Sandpiper, Tringa Fiifca^ Found in England. Size of a jack fnipe. 8. The Black Sandpiper, Tringa Lincolnienjis *, from Lincoln (liire. 9. The New York Sandpiper, Tringa Novebo- racenjis. It is blackiHi ; its feathers edged with whitifli ; below white ; its tail ci- nereous. It). The Streaked Sandpiper, Tringa Virgaia-, frcm Sandwich Bay. * - II. The '■H-tf u BIRDS OMITTED. 4^j ili The Boreal Sandpiper, Tringa Borealis, It is cinereous; its neck, its fides, and its bread, waved with a paler huci Found in King George's Sound. 1 2. The Newfoundland Sandpiper, Tringa Nova Terra, It is blackifh, marginated with brown ; below cinereous white. 13. The Variegated Sandpiper, Tringa Varie-^ gata ; from Nootka Sound. 14. The Little Sandpiper, l^rmga Fujilla^ Found in the northern, parts of Europe. Size of a fparrow* 1-5. The Red Sandpiper, Tringa IJlandica, Size of a turtle. Its bill and legs brown. Found in the northern parts of Europe, Afia, and America, and fometimes in 'Great Britain* 16. The Southern Sandpiper, I'ringa Auftralis^ Its bill and legs black; its belly and rump whitilh. Found at Cayenne* Length eleven inches* 17. The Banded Sandpiper, Tringa Fafciatai from Aftracan. t8. The Black-topped Sandpiper, 7r/«^^ i^f^- titfcha* Inhabits the pools of Siberia. f y ,i ■- ■^iii.^, w: In the 6enus GHARADRIUS. t. The Ruddy Plover, Charadrius RubiJusi from Hudfon'fi Bav. a. The Black - crowned Plover, Charadrius 2 12 ^tricapillus ; 4«4 APPENDIX, II. t* Atricaptllus % from New York. Length ten inches. 3. The New Zealand Plover, Charadrius Nova; Zealandia. It is afh-green ; its face and collar black. Larger than the ringed plover, being eight inches long. 4. The Gregarious Plover, Charadrius Grega- rius. It is cinereous -, below white 5 the quills of its tail white, with a black bar. Abounds on the meadows near the Volga and the Jaik. 5. The Aliatic Plover, Charadrius AJiaticus, It is gray- brown i its front, its eye- brows, its throat, and its belly, are white. Found fometimes in the fait marches in South Tartary. Larger than the ringed plover. 6. The Rufty - crowned Plover, Charadrius Falklandicus ', from the Falkland Iflands. Length feven inches and a half. 7. The Duiky Plover, Charadrius Ohfcurus. Its legs blueifh. Found in New Zea- land. .V 8. The Fulvous Plover, Charadrius Fulvus, Found in the marfhes of Otaheite. Length twelve inches. 9. The White - bellied Plover. Charadrim Leucogajier, Length fix inches. 10. The Red-necked Plover, Charadrius Rubric coilis ; from Van Diemen's Land. , s . , .'. . * II. The BIRDS OMITTED. ii^ 1 1 . The Indian Plover, Charadrius Indicus. It is brown; below white; two brown ftripes on the brcaft. Size of a lark. In the Genus RALLUS. 1 . The Clapper Rail, Rallus Crepitans ; from North America. It is olive-brown ; its throat white. Length fourteen or iixteen inches. 2. The Troglodyte Rail, liallus Aujlralis \ from New Zealand. Its wings and tail deep brown j its feathers ftriped with black. Length fifteen or feventeen inches. 3. The Cape Rail, Rallus Capenfis. It is fer- ruginous ; below ftriped with black and white. Size of the land rail. 4. The Blue-necked Rail, Rallus Ccerukfcens ; from the Cape of Good Hope. Length icwQXi inches. 5. The Ceylon Rail, Rallus Zeylanicus, Its head is blackifli ; its bill ^XiA legs red. Larger than the water rail. 6. The Pacific Rail, Rallus Pacificus, It is black, dotted with white; its wings ftriped; its breaft blueifli-afli. Found in Otaheite. 7. The Tabuan Rail, Rallus Tabuenfis, En- tirely black, red about the eyes, the tail extremely fhort. Found in the Society Iflands. ■ - 213 8. The 1 ! \ A,, 1 .*' I f r. ' oil ' 4S6 APPENDIX, IL .-1 HmVK N EiUMWvli! ( SJWJI US^yK'^JiE ^^wii ijKflH H BBtt^li i^l^^l H^i' |K; If^D Kpl Hplt 2^#v. j^^'i^' II P^^v' i^El ^^^ [i^l I^M.:.: m i.wpmi m^Wf'' MBlfll 1^4^ ''iH ^^^' f'lB^^H ReR^,''/ 1 .'a^^HI ^P^ {^^mB Wm'^* riflSR ffi^H '"I8h im^' i^ml ijl^rw'j) ::;n »P'^>f 8. The Otaheite Rail, Ra//us Taitienfis. It is cinereous ; its tail black ; its throat white. Length lix inches. 9. The Dwarf Rail, Ralius Pujillus, In fize, colour, and form, it refembles a lark. Frequents the fait marflies of Dauria. In the Genus PARRA. I, The Luzonian Jacana, Parra Luzonien/is^ It is brown. Smaller than the lap- wing. Z. The Chinefe Jacana, Parra Sinenjis. It isi wine-chefnut. Size of the painted phea- fant. 3. The African Jacana, Parra Africana. It is cinnamon -coloured ; its neck v^hite be- low. Length nine inches and a half. 4, The Faithful Jacana, Parra Chavaria. Its creft hangs from the back of its head j; its body is brown above. Found near Carthagena. Feeds on herbs, and is, eafily tamed, j^. The Indian Jacana. Parra Indica, It Is blackifti-bluej its back and wings brown. Builds a floating neft with herbs near the brinks of pools. 6. The Chilian Jacana, Parra Chiknfis, Its legs brown 5 its head fomewhat crefled behind. Feeds on infcd;s and worms : is vociferous : builds its neft among the grafs. ,. 'V. BIRDS OMITTED. 487 grafs, and lays four fulvous eggs, dotted with black. In the Genus GALLl^ULA. 1. The Carthagena Gallinule, Gallinula Car^ thagend. Its front blue; its body ru* fous. 2. The Black-bellied Gallinule, Gallinula Ru* Jicollis, Its body is black below; its back dufky - green ; its bread rufous* Length feventeeh inches. 3- The White Gallinule, Gallinula Alba, Its front, bill, and legs, red. Found in Nor- folk Ifland. Length two feet. 4« The Yellow- breafted Gallinule, Gallinula Noveboracenjis ; from New York. Smaller than a quail. 5. The Crefted Gallinule, Gallinula Crijiata. Found in China and India. Length eighteen inches. Jn the Genus PHALAROPUS. i^ Ihe Plain Phalarope, Phalaropus Glacialis, Inhabits the Icy Sea. 2. The Brown Phalarope, Phalaropus Fujcus\ from North America. 3. The Barred Phalarope, Phalaropus Cancella- tus ', from Chriftmas Sound. Length feven inches and a half. 2 I 4 In M,V I :>^ i m ■ m i '"1 ■', ' ■lu! I' 14, iff 1 . - • i^ ■ ■ wry}?' ■;. mi -■A w ■:ft:.. '1 '■ i AM 11 488 APPENDIX, n. In the Genus FULICA, The Cinereous Coot, Fu/tca Americana i froni Nprth America. In the Genus PHCENICOPTERUS. The White-winged Red Flamingo, Phce^ nicopterus Chilenfis, Frequents the lakes in CJiiliy In the Genus DIOMEDEA, 1 . The Chocolate Albatrofs, Diomedca Spa3icea | from the South Sea, Its bill is whitifh j its body deep chefnut - brown 5 its belly pale ', its face and upper fide of its wir>gs white. 2. The Yellow- nofed Albctrofs, Diomedea Chlo^ rorhynchos. Its bill is black above, and yellow at its bafe ; its body above dark blue ', its under fide and the rump white. Found in the South Sea and at the Cape of Good Hope. Size of a goofe. 3. The Sooty A'batrof^ Diomedea Fuliginofa. A white crefcent behind the eyes, Found within the Antarctic Circle, Nearly three feci. long, In the Genus ALCA, I . The Labrador Auk, A/ca Labradora, Size pf the Puffin, Jts bill kecl-(haped \ its lowe;^ r, BIRDS OMITTED. 489 lower mandible fwelling ; a black fpot at the tip ; its orbits and temples whitifh; its belly white. 2. The Crefted Auk, Alca Cri/latella, Size of the redwing. Its bill is comprefled, and fomewhat furrowed 5 its body black- ifh ; , ferruginous fpots on its back -, a creft on its front leaning backwards. Found in the iilands near Japan. 3. The Ancient Auk, Alca Antiqua, Its bill is black, whitifh at the bafe ; its body blacki(h, its belly white. Found near Kamtfchatka and the Kurile Iilands. 4. The Flat-.billed Auk, Alca Pygmea. Its body is deep black, below cinereous. Found in the Ifle of Avesy between Afia and America. Is gregarious. Length feven inches. -: In the Genus URIA. If The White Guillemot, Uria LaSleola. Size of the black guillemot. Found on the weft coaft of Holland. Z, The Marble Guillemot, Uria Marmorata\ from Kamtfchatka, Length ten inches. In the Genus COLYMBUS. X , The Striped Diver, Colymbus Striatus, Found in the lakes of North America. Weighs between two and three pounds, 2. The I \ih' ;iiM. '1 ;;"■•■ ■ Iff '4 M '^, i 450 • APPENDIX, n. 2. Irhe Chinefe Diver, Coiymbiis Shienjis, It is grcenifli-brown With darker fpots j its breaft and belly rufous white, with ru- * ^ • fous fpots. " • ' In the Genus STERNA. 1. The Surinam Tern, Sterna Surinamenfis, It is cinereous -, below white, its legs red. 2. The African Tern, Sterna Africana, It is white J its body blueifh above ; its top black ; its wings fpotted with brown. * 3. The Philippine Tern, Sterna PhUippina. It is wine -gray, a white cap j the hllet acrofe the eyes, the wing -quills, the ' tail, and the bill, black. Twice as large as the greater tern, 4. The Simple Tern, Sterna Simplex, It is inclined to lead-colour, white below, its top whitifh. Found in Cayenne. Size ' of the noddy. * 5. The Egyptian Tern, Sterna Nilotica. It is ^ cinereous, below white ; its orbits black, fpotted with white. Size of a pigeon. 6. The Striated Tern, Sterna Striata-, from New Zealand. 7» The Wreathed Tern, Stcrtia Vittata -, from Chriilmas Sound. Length fifteen inches. 8. The Brown Tern, Sterna Spadicea % from Cayenne. Its vent white. Length fif<^ teen inches, . Q, The BIRDS OMITTED. W . 9, The White Tern, Sterna Alba. Its bill and legs are black. Found in the Eaft Indies, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the South Sea, lo. The Chinefe Tern, Sterna Stncnjis, It is white, its back cinereous j a' black bar on its top. Length eight inches. ;i. The Southern Tern, ^S/^r/?^ ^»/?r^/?> ; from Chriftmas Sound. It is cinereous, be- low gray; its wing- quills white. Length feven inches and a half or nine inches. J 2. The Hooded Tern, Sterna Metopoleucos^ Found in Ruflia and the South of Siberia, Goes in pairs. Length eight inches and a half. In the Genus LARUS. J. The Great Gull, Larus Mhyattis. Its head and the top of its neck I lack ; its back and wings grayiih; its e)e-lids and tail white. Size of the barnacle. In flying, utters a deep croak. Found on the Caf- pian Sea. gs. The Little Gull, Larus Minutus. It is fnowy; its head black; its wings dirty white ; its legs fcarlet. Size of the mif- fel. Frequents the large rivers in Si- beria. 3. The Efquimaux Keeafk, Larus Keeajk* It is brown ; the coverts of its wings va- riegated In"':.. 1 ;ii.- % 'i ^f I"; . £i;' 492 A P P E N D I X, II. negated with white ; its tail black, fpot- tcd and tipt with white. It arrives in Hudfon's Bay in April : makes its neft with grafs, and lays two palc-rufty eggs with black fpots. Length twent}-two inches. Li^ V.-' x'. In the Genus PROCELLARIA. 1. The Dark -gray Petrel, Procellaria Grifea, The inferior coverts of its wings white j its bill brown; its legs blueifh before. Length fourteen or fifteen inches. Found in the fouthern hemifphere. 2. The Glacial Petrel, Procellaria Gelida, It is bluei(h-a(h j its back blackifh ; its throat and breaft white ; its bill yellow ; its legs blue. Length nineteen inches. Found on the utmoft verge of the Ant- ardllc Ocean. i, 3 . The White - breafted Petrel, Procellaria I Alba, It is dufky - blackifh ; its belly and vent white. Length lixtcen inches. Found in the iflands of the Pacific Ocean. it 4. The Cinereous Petrel, Procellaria Cinerea. White below ; tail blackifh ; bill yellow; legs afhy. Length twenty inches and a half. Found within the Antar*?.ic Cir- cle. A- 5. The Black-toed Petrel, Procellaria Mela^ nofus. It is dark cinereous ; its briale BIRDS OMITTED. 493 and throat gray, with minute blackifli fpots. Length thirteen inches. From North America. 6. The Brown -banded Petrel, Procellaria De- folata. It is bluei(h-alli ; below white ; the tips of its tail- quills blackilh. Length eleven inches. Found at Defolation Ifland. 7. The Sooty Petrel, Procellaria Fuliginofa, Its tail is notched. Le jth eleven inches. From Otaheite. 8. The Fork-tail Petrel, Procell ' Furcata. It is filver-gray; its thro it pale ; its vent white. Length ten inches. Inhabits the Northern Archipelago. 9. The Diving Petrel, Procellaria Vrinatrix, Length eight inches and a half. Found at New Zealand. 10. The Pacific Petrel, Procellaria Pacifica. Deep black ; below dufky ; legs pale. Length twenty-two inches. Found near the iflands of the Pacific Ocean. 11. The Dufky Petrel, Procellaria Obfcura. Length thirteen inches. From Chriil- mas Sound. * " I I" i It In the Genus MERGUS. I. The Imperial yiQvgzx\(tx,Mergus Imperialis. Size and form of a goofe. Its tongue ciliated. a .2. The : i' I ; w w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 10 "^liS 1^ 1,^/ |50 "^" ii^H ^^^ 1^ i^ 12.2 1.1 l.-^KS 11.25 i^ 1 1.6 PhotogFaphic Sciences Corporalion ^^^ 33 WIST MAM f THIT WltSnR,N.V. USM (7U) 373.4303 '<^ ;V #^ APPENDIX, II. 2. The" Brown Merganfer, Mergus Pufcus i r::' from Hudfon's Bay. Length feventeen inches and a half. 3. The Blue Merganfer, Mergus Carukus^ from Hudfon's Bay. Length fourteen .. ^ inches. ,i. . In the Genus ANAS. 1. The Black-necked Swan, Anas Nigricollts \ from the Falkland Iflands. Size of the common fwan. 2. The Black Swan, Anas Atrata -, from NeW Holland. Larger than the common fwan. 3. The Hybrid Goofe, Afias Hybrida. Its bill femi- cylindrical; its cere red; its tail fomewhat fharp. Size of the common goofe. Appears in pairs in the fea about Chiloe. Lays eight eggs in the fand. 4. The Cofcoroba Goofe, Anas Cofcoroba, Its bill enlarged and rounded at the end ; its body white. Found in Chili. Large, and eafily tarred. 5. The Antarctic Goofe, Anas AntarBica. Length twenty - four or twenty - fix inches. 6. The Variegated Goo{e,Anas Fariegata; from New Zealand. Size of a large duck. 7. The Snow Goofe, Anas Hyperborea, It» body fnowy; its front yellowifh; the ten^ ^:^^ .^ X ' ' r firfV ■"^^ BI^DS OMITTED. 49S .t>t trom 9' 10. fipft quills of its wings black ; its b(il and legs reid. Inhabits the Arctic re- gions. Length thirty-two inches. 8. The Great Goofe, Anas Grandis, Its body blacl^i(h» below white; its bill blacky ; ^ its legs fcarlet. Found in Siberia. Size of the (wan. . i -. \ The Barred-headed Goofe, Anas*Indica, In winter thefe arriy? in India, perhaps from Thibet. The Red-breafted Gpofe, Anas Ruficollis, Frequent in RufTia, and on the northern parts pf Siberia. 1 1 . The Ruddy Goofe, Anas Cafarca, Inhabits . ; ; Aftracan. Goes in pairs, and has a plea- fent cackle. ■ : ., .. , « i^. The Bean Goofe, Anns Segetum. It is cinereous - brown, below whitiih; its wings gray j its greater coverts and its fecondary wing-quills tipt with white. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe $nd of Anierica j found in winter in the fens pf Lincolnfhire. Length thirty or thirty-iix inches. • - 13. Tlie Bering Goofe, Anas Bermgii. Its bill fwelled J its body white j its wings black. ' Size of a common goofe. 14. The Gulaund Duck, Anas Borealii, Its bill narrow ; its head glofly-^green ; its breaft and bell]fr white. Inhabits the marfhes : s»f Iceland. ,<.... ic. The hliv m V'^c. ; -V. V / '^■1 .0 / \'M / I Ml / Mi 496 APPENDIX, II. 15. The White-headed Brent, Anas Horrida. : Size of the tufted duck. 16. The White-fronted Brent, Anas Albifrons, r : Size of a cock. 17. The King Duck, Anas SpeSiabilis. Its bill bunched at the bafe» and compreiTed; its head hoary ; its body black ; its Shoulders whitifh. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe and of America. Length two feet. 18. The Royal Duck, Anas Regia : from Chili. V A comprefled caruncle on its front; its body blue, and below brown ; its collar white. '^ 19. The Georgia Duck, Anas Georgica, It is cloudy-aih j a green fpangle on its wings edged with white ; its quills blacki(h : from the South Sea. Length twenty inches. 20. The Brown Duck, Anas Fufcefcens ; from Newfoundland. Length (ixteen inches. 21. The Spotted-billed Duck, Anas Poecilo- rhyncha. Common in Ceylon. 22. The Curve-billed Duck, Anas Curvirojira, Taken in HolJ?'^d. 23. The Supercilious tck, Anas SupercUiofa, The fpangle on its wings blueifh- green, edged with black. Lengfh twenty-one inches. From New Zealand. 24. The Crimfon-billed Duck, Anas Erythro- rhyncha. It is brown, below white ; its, :.i "tail \ BIRDS OMITTED. 497 tail tail bhck. Length fifteen inches. From the Cape of Good Hope. 25. The Red-breafted Shoveler, Anas Rubens, Its tail is Hiort and white. Sometimes taken in Lincolnfhire. 26. The Jamaica Shoveler, Anas yamaicenfis. Variegated with brown, faffron, and rufty ; the under fide and throat white, with black fpots. Length fixteen inches. 27. The Ural Duck, Anas Leucocephala, It is cloudy-yellowifh, powdered with brown ; its head and neck white. Larger than a teal. Found in Barbary, and alfo ori the Uralian lakes, and on the rivers Irtis and Oby. Cannot walk, but fwims very faft. Builds a floating nefl among the reeds. 28. The Pied Duck, Anas Labrador a\ from Labrador. Length nineteen inches. 29. The Lapmark Duck, Anas Scandiaca, Its body black above; its breafl and belly white. 30. The Cape Wigeon, Atias Capenjis^ It is a/hy; its back reddifli-brown j its fea^ thers edged with yellow, jT. The Bimaculated Duck, Anas Glocitans, Its head green 3 ^ round rufty fpot be- - tween the bill and the eye, and another ' oblong one behind the ears. It has a clucking voice* Length twenty inches. vat, IX. 2 K Found ■ ! -m • I!- -ii^;/.' *'■ i,: ■'•fe:' 498 APPENDIX, II. Found on the Lena and the lake Baikal ; and Ibmetimes in England. ; 32. The Soft-billed Duck, Anas Malacorhyn- chos ; from New Zealand. Has a piping voice. Length eighteen inches. 33. Jacquin's Duck, Anas JacquinL Crimfon -, its back blackifh -, its bill and feet black. Its voice very fliarp. From St. Do- mingo. 34. The Weftern Duck, Anas Difpar, White, below ferruginous ; fpot on the back of the head, and the front, greenilh. Length , feventeen inches. From Sweden and Kamtfchatka. ; 35. The Pink-headed Duck, Anas Caryophyl^ lacea ; from India. It goes in pairs, and is ealily tamed. Length twenty-one inches, 36. The New Zealand Duck, Anas Novee Zea^ landice, Refembles the Tufted Duck, 37. The Crefled Duck, Anas Crijiata-, from Sta- tenland. Length twenty-eight inches. 38. The Iceland Duck, Anas IJlandka, It is black crefled ; its throat, its breuft, and ' ■ ■ ■ • its belly white. ' • 39. The Dulky Duck, Anas Obfcura-, froni New York, Length two feet. 40. The Baikal Teal, Anas Formoja. It is _ ,. brown ; its top black edged with white ; . ;.^, its throat tawnyifli, fpotted with black; l::x;n.. :i a black BIRDS OMITTED. 490 a black fpangle on the wings, edged with brick-colour. Length fifteen inches. 41. The Ilina Teal, Anas Ilina'y from China. It is greenifh about the eyes. 42. The Black Teal, Anas Gmelini, Its bread is crofled with red lines. Found at the Cafpian, and through the whole of th»; fouth of Ruffia. 43. The Alexandrian Teal, Anas Alexandrine, Its bill and vent are black; its bc^.y white; its neck cinereous, with black femicircles. 44. The Sirfa;ir Teal, Anas Sirfceir. Its bill yellow below j the fpangle on its wings divided oblicpely. Found in Arabia. In the Genus APTENODYTES. 1 . The Papian Penguin, Aptenodytes Papua, Its bill and feet reddifli ; a white fpot on the back of the head. Length two feet and a half. 2. The Antart^tic Penguin, Aptenodytes Ant- ar£lica. Its bill deep black; its feet reddifh ; a black line on its throat. 3. The Collared Penguin, Aptenodytes "Toj^qiia- ta. Its bill and feet black; a naked bloody fpace about the eyes. Length eighteen inches. Found in New Guinea, Ker- guelen's Land, and New Georgia. 4. The Little Penguin, Aptenodytes Minor-, from New Zealand. Its bill black; 2 K 2 it« I; > ■■' i'J' 4' |l|l:l-y I. .'"' \^' 1 ■■ ;* ■ if/'. ■ SCO APPENDIX, il. ^ its feet whitiih* Length thirteen or fifteen inches. i v 5. The Woolly-cinereous Penguin, Aptenodytes C/jiloenJis, Common in the Archipelago of Chiloe. Size of a Goofe. 6. The Three-toed Penguin, Aptenodytes Chi-' lenjis. Found in Chili. Size of the preceding, but longer necked. Lays in the fand fix or feven eggs whtie, datted with black. In the Genus PELECANUS. i. The Red-backed Pelican, Pelecanus Ru^ fejcens ; from Africa. Length five feet. 2. The Charleflown Pelican, Pelecanus Caro- linenjis. Above dufky, below white. Length three feet and a half. 3. The Rough-billed Pelican, Pelecanus Ery^ throrhynchos \ from North America* Length four feet and a half. 4. The Saw-billed Pelican, Pelccatius Thagus. Inhabits Chili and Mexico. Size of a turkey. Breeds on cliffs. 5. The Palmerfton Frigate Pelican, Pelecanus PalmcrJionL Its tail is forked ; its body brown, glolfed with green, below white ; its throat variegated with black and white; its belly white; its vent black. Length thirty-eight inches. 4. The Violet Cormorant, Pelecanus Violacms % from Kamtfchatka. X 7. Thf BIRDS OMITTED. $0^ 7. The Red- faced Shag, Pelecanus Uri/e-, from Kamtfchatka. Length thir<"y-one or thirty-four inches. 8. The Spotted Shag, Pelecanus Pun6latiu\ from New Zealand. Breed among the rocks or trees. Length twenty-one or twenty-four inches. ^. The Carunculated Shag, Pelecanus Caruncu^ latus. Numerous in New Zealand and Statenland. Breeds among the tufts of tall grafs. 1 0. The Magellanic Shag, Pelecanus Magellanic cus. A fpot behind its eyes, and its belly white ; its temples and chin red- difh ; its flanks flriped with white. In- habits Terra del Fuego and Statenland. Breeds in holes of the rocks. Length thirty inches. ,11. The Pied Shag, Pelecanus Fan'us; from New Zealand. Breeds on trees. Lengtk thirty inches. 12. The Tufted Shag, Pelecanus Cirrbatus -, from New Zealand. Length i-hirty* four inches. 13. The African Shag, Pelecanus Jlfricanus.. Its throat white; the coverts of its wings blue-gray, and black at the edg« and tip. Length twenty inches. 14. The Dwarf Shag, Pelecanus Pygmaus, Lives among the flocks of Shags on the Cafpian Sea. Hardly fo large as a . teal, fa ii-.-; % ft';- . 11, m ■V ■ ■ ,;•■ ,■;■■(■ i,"ti;i.-' I ;■■.>;' '' ^IP.^ Spt APPENDIX, ir. In the Genus PHAETON. The Black-billed Tropic Bird, PJbaeton Mela- norynchus. It is ftriped with black and white; its under fide and front white; a bar behind its eyes ; its bill and feet is black. Found in Turtle and Palmerfton IHands. Length nineteen inches and a half: . ' ' I ' > . s ,■ ' : i. ••:••'.„ ... , . : ... ■ ADDENDA. £ S53 1 ADDENDA. ■r r^~l H E manners of the Wood Ibis, Tantalus. JL Loculator^ are well defcribed by Mr. Bar- tram:—" This folitary bird does not aflbciatc ** in flocks, but is generally feen alone; com- ** monly near the banks of great rivers, in vaft " marflies or meadows, efpecially fuch as are ** caufed by inundations ; and alfo in the vaft " deferted rice plantations : he ftands alone on " the topmoft limb of tall dead cyprefs trees j " his neck contra^^ted or drawn in upon his " (houlders, and beak refting like a long fcythe *' upon his bread : in this penfive pofture and " folitary fituation, it looks extremely grave, ** forrowful, and melancholy, as if in the deep- " eft thought." Travels in North and South Ca- rolma, Georgia, &c, f. 148, if \ '3 ■;■,!' I.-'. ■ 7 »•'■ ■ The King of the Vultures, Viiltur Papa, is found alfo in the fouthern ftates of America. The Creek Indians, who inhabit the back coun- try adjoining to Georgia and South Carolina, employ •«;,f, !»■■. ■\.i5s 5^4 ADDENDA. employ the tail-feathers for conftrujfting their royal ftaiidard. Thcfe birds feldom appear, ex- cept when the deferts are on fire, in which cafe they gather from all quarters to feaft on the ferpents, frogs, and lizards that are roafted in the hot embers. •( ... ' . (■'' . » tND or THE NINTH VOI.UME. M.::' I N D EX, 0/ the Names of Buffon, LiNM^tus, and Latham's Synopfis. ir ACALOT — \c'ucchlll — Achbobba — Acintii — Acolchi -— Agami — Ahpi ^- •i— Alalli — Alauda Africana Alpeftris Arborea Arvcnfis •Calandre Campeflris Capenfis Cinerea Crillata Flava — Italics — Ludoviciana Magna — Mofellana •* Nemorofa Pratenfu Rubra — Rufa — Seneealenfis Trivialtt Undata — Albatros, Wandering A lea, Ar&ica — Cirrhatt Impennb Pica — Torda — Alcedo Alcyon — Americana Atricapilla Bengatenfis Bicolor BrafiUedls VOL. IX. VIII. IV. I. VTIl. HI. IV. VIJ - V. 43 200 124 193 181 388 203 63 53 7 47 4» fj 65 59 45 34 328 57 72 28 - 55 - 21,61 - 76 36 — 74 - 289 IX. 304 — 31a — 333 — 335 — 330 VII. 205 «. zio - 183 — ^97 — . 209 — eii III. V. 176 178 201 199 19Z J91 — 174 214 158,18s • I8i Alcedo Cairulcnrcphala VII. lyj C ircrojjhaj^a Capcn^n < lyancnfis C'l'.I'.ocephala C'M;^ris • Criilata Dea ^ Eriiltaca Fofca — Galbula irpida — Leucocephata -^ Leucoryncha •— Maculata — • Madagalcarienfis -« Maxima — Paradifea «— Purpurea — Rudis — Senegalenfis Smyrnerfis Supcrciliofa TorqQata TridadyU Amazon, Red-headed, or Tarabe «9? 207 »P4 — • 182 «— 2l6 — 194 — 179 — 188,189 — 175 — 212 — 203 — 198 J^^^^'J VI., 84 White-headed — 185 Yellow — 186 Yellow-headed — 1S2 Ampelis, Camifex «« IV. 361 Carimcalata Cayana Cotinga Garrulus Maynana Pompadora Terft Variegata Anaca »» Anas Acuta aL III. IV. 362 355 353 389 357 35^ 364 VI. 224 IX. 166 Aflas ■"(» * -Til ■'W •''i^-- III lil ■.if INDEX. Anas ^gyptiaca — IX ■ 67 Arias Tadorno — IX. 171 Africana — 229 Angala* Dian — V. 502 Albeola — 240 Angoli — VIIL 195 Albifrons — 70 Anhinga — 406 Anler mm* *l Melanogafter — 410 Arborea •~ 156 Rufous — ib. Bahamenfis — 215 Ani — - VI. 363 Sernicla — . 76 Great - 36S Bofchas .. 100 Lefler — 364 BrafUienHs — 215 Mangrove — 366 Bucephala 209 Savanna — 364- Cajrulefcens — ■ 69 Anter — IV. 370 Canadenfis — . 71 Crefted — 381 Circia *- 225 King of — 374 Clangula — 186 Nightingale — 387 Clypeata — 160 Wnite -eared — 382 Coromandeliana — 231 Aourou-couraou — VI. 187 Crecca 222 Aptenodytes> Patacho- 1 tv --0 Cygnoidcs 61 nica — J i^. J30 Cygnus — I Cbryfocome — 346 Difcors — 236,237 Ara — VI, 156 Dominica 239 Black — »7? Erythropus "' 81 Blue — 168 Falcaria — 232 Green — - 169 Ferina -~ 181 Red 158 Fufca — T 204 Aracaris — VII. 120 Galericulata — 233 Black-billed — 124 Gambenfis — 64 Blue - ib! Glacialis — 169 Arada — IV. 385 Glaucion — 191 Ardea iEquinoftia lis vn. 355,384 Hiftrionica — 210 Agami AT)a — 366 Leucoptcia 58 — 350 Madagafcaiit infis — 230 Americana — 296 Magellanica — 57 Antigone — 295 Melanotos •— 66 Atra — 353 Minuta — 212 .243 Badia — 373 Molliflima — 90 Botaurus — 405 Mofchata — 138 Brafilienfis — 417 Nigra — 196 Caerulea — 381 Novae Hifpaniae — 241 Cajrulefccns - 382 Penelope — H3 Canadeniis — 299 Perfpicillata — 205 Cayanenfis — 422 Querquedula — 218 Ciconia — 243 Rufina — »S3 Cocoi — 364 Ruftica — 242 Comata — 375'376 Spedlabilis -m. 213 Cracra — 386 Spinofa • a* 238 Cyanopus - 385 Sponfa — 206 Danubialis — 407 Strepera ""• Ml Egrctta — 361 Ard«a INDEX. Ardea Erythropus Flava Garden! Garzctte Grus Helias — Herod ias — Koaftli Houhou Iludfonias Leucocephala liCucoijalter Lineata Ludoviciana Ma^uari Major Ma!accenfi3 Marfigli Minuta NovjE Guincaj Nyilicorax Puvonina Philippenfis Pondiceriana Purpurea RuFefcens Scolopacea Senegalenfis . Solouienris Spadicea Squniotta Stella ris Tigrlna Undulata Virefcens Violacea Virgo Ariniaiion - A tea o as — 'White Auk — Black-billed Great Tufted Avofet, Scooping: White — Azuriu III. VIII. VII. VII. 374 412 410 ZS7 ibi i'^7 368 370 355 416 390 265 329 377 406 379 377 419 306 378 392 354 362 425 409 408 3S5 372 414 — 415 — 4^3 388,389,391 — 383 301 VI. 154 II. 22I 230 330 33^ 333 312 422 486 376 — 394= IX. VIII. VII. 371-IV. Baglafecbt III. 426 — VI. 407 I. IIL Baker Balbuzard P dicafe, Phillipine Baltimore — Baftard Bambla w^ Banlahbou — Bannanifie Barbet, Beautiful Black- breafled — Black-tii;oatcd — Cayenne — Ccilared — Doubtful — Great -^ " Green — J-ittle — Spotted-bellied 'i— Yellow- throated B albican — Barge — Barking — Brown —^ Common —^ Rufous — Great -i- of Hudfon's Bay Variegated — White — . IX. VI. Barnacle — Bartavelle -^ Bee-eater — Angola — Azure-tailed Green Blue-headed — Red — Brafilian -i- Cayenne — Chefnut — Chefnut and Blue — Cinereou- — Gray of Ethiopia — Gray-headed Green and Blue Yd- 1 low-thrcati-d i^— \ Green Blue-throated Indian •— Little Green and 7 Blue Taper. tailed j 2 L 2 70 73 203 205 IV. 384 III. 337 , V. 336 Vii. 92 - 98 - 97 90 9» 126 ICO lOI 99 83 95 126 476 480 485 479 482 483 484 481 486 81 369 42 S 429 430 ib. 4C9 433 420 ib. 419 420 419 427 424 424 428 Bee- f'UM n Mi ^W'< W ■ i I N D li X. V. Beefeater, Molucca — VI. 40$ Philippine — 429 Red and Green Senegal 43 1 Green.withRu-^ fous wings and > 433 tail i— J headed — . winded — Yellow .headed Rufous «— Supercilious -« YeUow — and White — Yellow-throated — Beef-eater African VII. Belfrey, Great — IV. Small — Bengal -^ Brown — Pundured •^' Bentaveo or Cuiriri — Bergeronette, Gray Madras of the Ifland of Timor Spring Yellow Bihorrau of Cayenne Bird Saint Martin Bifet — Bittern, BraAlian Brown — Greater — Hudfon's Bay Lineated — > Little ~ Little, of Cayenne Rayed Brown Rufous — Senegal •- Little Spotted •— •Starred >— Swabian «» Tiger dof 1 — VII. . I. II. VII. Yellow of Brafil Zigzag -I Blackbird m^ 433 4-3 » 434 407 422 418 418 427 »S4 376 378 81 84 85 471 267 266 256 259 419 422 164 439 417 411 405 - 414 416 378, 406 4»3 - 407 408 409 lb. 410 411 406 415 - 412 4»3 III* 2512 Blackbird, Amboyna III. 3^4' Black-headed — 3 48 Black and White — 367 of the Ifle of Bourbon 3 5 $ Brown — 33^*344 Brown of Abyflinia Brown J^gnaica — Canada •«- of China — Cinereous — 338; Cravated — • Crefcent — Crefted — Creftedofthe Cape 1 of Good Hope — j Dominican -- Golden — Green of Angola — Greenof the Ifleof I France — j Indian, or TeratBoulan 3^7 Olive — lb. Madagafcar — 345 Mindanao '-» 346 Olive of St. Domingo 364 368 351 34» 326 343 352 328 3*4 353 35^ 359 33«> 347 ofBarbary — Orange Green >— Rock ~ Rufous of Cayenne Rufous-throated Brown Surinam — - White-bellied Violet Black Cap Blongio . .- Blue Throat Boat-bill Bonana, LefTer Booby, Common Great LefTer Little Brown Spotted White Boutfallick *^ Brambling " Brent — Branet Brunette V. VII. V. 365 335 309 363 364 360 362 119 379 195 — VIIL VII. 426 in. 217 VI. IV. IX. in. VII. 333 337 339 lb. ib. 340 336 loS 76 349 472 Bucc* INDEX. Bucco Capenfis — VII. 91 Cayanenfis — 90 Dubius 126 £legan3 — 92 Grandis — 100 Macrorynchos — 93 Niger — 97.98 Parvus — 99 Philippcnfis — 96 Tamatia — 88 Viridis — lOI Buceros Abyffinicus •— 148 Africanus — H7 Biconus — 150 Galeatas — 1S3 Hy drocorax III. 34— VII. 1 40 Malabaricus VII. 142 Manillenfis — 137 Nafutus — " >34 Panayenfis — 138 Rhinoceros •*• »55 Pulfinch — rV \2gS Bunting, Amazon — 291 Bhic — 29s Blue-faced — >S3 Bourbon — 292 Brazilian — 288 €ape — 263 Cinereous •- 294 Cirl — 279 Common — 284 Dominican — U8 foolifli —• 282 (jray — 293 Green •— »55 Hooded -^ 256 ^.elbian — 258 I.ong-tailed — 140 IjOrraine — 259 liouifiana — 272 Louifiane — 261 Mexican — 289 Muftachoe -^ 257 Olive — 290 Orange-fhouldered 141 Painted — 150 Payanan — H3 Plata mm 291 Pfittaceous — »44 Bunting, Red-e>ed •— IV. Reed — Rice — Snow -M Shaft.tailed — Towhe ^ Variegated — Whidah — Yellow — Yellow-bellied Cape Yellow-faced — Buphaga Africana III. Buhard, African — II. Arabian — Great •— Indian — Little — Rhaad ^ Ruffed — Thick-kneed VIII. Butcher Bird _ I. Buzzard — A(h-coloured —- Honey »- Moor •— 297 253 270 264 »37 122 142 '34 274 262 290 »S4 44 42 I 4.7 34 52 50 102 239 »S9 177 161 172 Cacaftol — III. Cacolin — II. Caica — VI. Calandre — V. Calao — VII. Abyflinian — » African, or Brae — Malabar — Manilla .mm, Molucca — > of the Iflandof Panay Philippine — Rhinoceros — Round hclmeted Calybe — III. Caccroma — VII. Canut — VIII. 134 Caprimulgus Acutus VI. 461 171 430 217 47 130 148 147 142 i37 140 138 150 »53 152 426 Americanus Brafilianus Carolincniis Cayanenfis Europe us a L 3 458 455 - 448 455>459 436 Capri* if: ■ r i' 't ■ 1 N D E X. — IV. — VIII. — V. Caprimulgus Grandis Grifeus — Guianenfis — Jamaicenfis — Rufus — Virginianus Caracara — Caraya — Cardinal, C relief -^ Cariama -r-i Carouge — Caffican — Caflique, Yellow — Green —^ Crefted — Caflbivary, Galeated New Holland Catotol Caudec Can rale Ceinture de Pretre Cendrille — r Certhia Afra •— Brafiliana — Chalybea — Cruentata Cyana — Cyanea r— Fainiliaris — Famofa — Flaveola -r- Guituralis — Jugularis Lotenia — iVIexicana Muraria — Olivacea — Omnicolor Philippina — yinus — Pulchella — Purpurea — Pufilla — Senegalenfis Sout-manga Sperata — Spiza -r- Variegata yiolacea — VI. 456 462 463 452 464 — 450 n. 344 IV. 388 MI. 414 VII. 313 III. 2H VII. 128 III. 207 211 212 389 199 473 161 r- I. 59 63 505 530 494 506 527 520 476 512 532 516 501 502 5'4 481 499 504 492 292 5i» 518 490 491 487 489 524 529 509 Certhia Zeylonica — V. 49S Ci^acamel — II. 346 Chaffinch — IV. 96 Charadriiis, Apricarius VIII. 82 Bitobus — Calidris -r- Cayanus — CoronatifS Gallicus Hiaticula — Himantopus Melanocephalus Merinellus OeJicnemus Pileatus — piuvialis -— Spinofus — Vocifetus Charboniere t- Chatterer — Bluc-breafted — Bohemian — Carunculated — Pompadour — Purple-throated Red — Silky -. Variegated — Cheric -r— Chimer — Chinquis — Churge — Ciconia Nigra — Cinde — Cochicat — Cock ~ of the Rock — Peruvian — Cockatoo — Black — Lefler v\''hite Little flcfli-billed Red crelted Gieat White -crefled Yellow-crcfted Cocotzin — Cocquar — Colemoufe — 99 VJI. U08 VIII. 100 98 131 88 r- 109 — 101 - 84 -p 102 97 78 95.96 93 V. 394 III. 389 IV. 356 in. 389 IV. 362 • 358 — 355 361 357 364 V. 271 IV. 383 II. 319 47 VII. 261 524 118 II. 54 IV. 346 349 VI. 80 87 - 83 ib. — 82 - 83 II. 495 306 V. 401 ColenicuU t t • N D E X. 1 1 Colenlculi — II. 43 » Colymbus ThomenHs VIII. 22J ^l '■ CoUbri — VI. 40 TroiJe — IX. 29» > "' Blue — 59 Urinator — VIII. 213 ■ 1 ,1 '■•*■*' Carmine- throated 54 Commander — III. 188 j 296 ii- Dotted or Zitzil ~. 47 Be ijour — IV. ^Q- Green and black i— 50 Condor — I. 139 Green-throated » 53 Coot, Common — VIII. 200 Little — 6i Creiled _ 209 ■1^ ;, Rufty-belUed — ib. Greater . 207 Ir Topaz — 44 Coquillade — V. 74 ■■' Tufted — 5» Coracias, Abyffinica — III. 126 1^: Violet — 55 Cayancnfts — . 118 .V ' il'. Violet-tailed — 52 Garrula — ib. '^ ■ Colin — II. 426 Madagafcarlcnfi i '— i3» 'i 1 ;» Great — 429 Orientaiis — . 130 it' Colius, Payanenfis — IV. 3^6 Sineniis - KM 117 ' 1 Striatus -m. 325 Varia — VIL 128 r ., Collar, Red — VI. 57 Cormorant — VIII. 282 1 &' Colmn -- IV. 380 Corrira, Italica _ 428 ■ t Colnud, Cayenne — III. 72 Corvus Balicaffius - - III. 73 1- . Columba, CanadenHs — - II. 494 Calvus — 69 '^.''- ■ Capenfis — 490 Canadenfis — 103 1 Carolinienfls — - 494 Caribxus _ 88 ■fix : 1 1. Livia — 439 Caryocataftes • — ' 109 ";' • > '■ Macroura — 489 Cayanus .1.- 105 '■', Madagafcarieniis — 477 Corax -. II Margiaata — 488 Comix — ■ 5> '' ' « . Palumbus — - 469 Corona — - 38 !, ' ' ' Pafierina — 495 Crillatus .^ 106 Riforia — 487 Dauricus — 57 ^ 1 Speciof* .-^ 478 Eremlta — - 7 ^ Turtur — 482 Erythorynchos —m lOI Viridis — 491 F lav us — 106 I Coly - IV. 321 Frugilcgus — . 46 1 Colymbus Arfticus - VIIJ. 243 Glandarius 94 Auritus — 220 Graculus — . I 1 -■ Cayenenfis -^ 225 Hottentottus _- 68 f K'- Cornutus — 221 Jamaicenfis *— 58 f ■ 1 Crillatus — 219 Mexican us _ 91 Dominicus — 231 Monedula — . 59 '. ' Glacialis — 241 Novae Guinea: — . 70 ■ ': Grylle ' — IX. 301 Nudus -i > 72 Immer i— • VIII. 234 Papuenfis _ 7« Ludovicianus ^ 224 Peruvian us .... 102 , *j.' Minor — 228 Pica — 75 ' 'J Obfcurus — 218 Pyrrhocorax — 65 i"'-' Podiceps — 230 isibiricus — 105 ! ■ ' Rubricollis — 1 225 Zanahoe —^ 93 i' ii' : Stellatus — 237 Cptinga — IV. 35 i i '., ; ;, zL 4 Coukeels .-:;v INDEX. — VI. Coukeels Coua _— Coulacifli — Conlavan ._ HI. Couricaca — VII. Cou ii:i or Courlan — Coyolcus — IT. Crai-c-.ccher — Vll. Bhck — Blue — Brown-necked Llue - Chnlybeate — Cinereous »— Coro-nandel — Gray — ». Green »— Iron-gray — Little — NJ alien -~m Furple •«. R.-t; -billed White *- Ru/uus — Spotted Green — White and Brown — Cracra — C'raiie -^ Brown — Collared ^ Hooping — ^^amldlan -w^ White — Crax, Aiedor — II. Pauxi -^ Ci'ceper — V. African — All-green — Beautiful — Black and Blue — Blue — Black ind Violet ^-- Yellow — Jir-ck-headed -^ crt^p.-d Blue Ca'/enne Ceylovif Te Collared Coir!non famops 'cadcd 329 3*3 148 230 2G7 4=55 43« • 371 377 3S1 3«« 3^7 3^5 376 39J 3^'8 3^3 378 37<5 3>»5 38+ 390 389 377 386 »77 299 295 296 301 Z96 327 335 473 505 527 5U 520 522 530 532 524 526 527 498 494 476 5>? Creeper, Green-faced V. Crcen-gold «- Lutens -m^ Philippine — Purple — . Red -nt Red-breafted — P.ed-fbotted — Senegal •-> Variegated — Violet _ Violet-he^ed — Wall ^ Creeper bi'led Brown Bird Purple Bird -^ Red Bird — Crefcent — HI. Ci«fierelle — I. Crick ^ VI. BlueandeI, crefted - Eqypdan — Gilded — . 262 34» 360 361 3*^9 337 35* 326 323 345 336 325 334 ib. 327 3H 3?2 Geld, Green, and White ib. Greut fpotted — 308 Great Mad.iq;afcar - 311 Grf erilli of Madagafcar ib. Honey Horned — Indian fpotted — Xiaughing — Little — Lorg-bellicd Rain Long'fljafted — Madagafcar — Mindanao — Panayan — Paradife Piaye — Pifan — Pointer — Rain — Red-cheeked — Rufous fpotted — Rufous white — Sacred — St. Domingo — Society — Spotted — Straight-heeled — Variegated of Mindanao 320 White-rumped 31ack - 361 338 354 3»9 353 328 347 333 3»3 320 326 333 35« 309 338 344 256 323 3*7 321 357 323 355 317 Cuckow, Yellow-bellied Cucuhis^gyptius Afer — Americanus — Auratus — • Brafilienfis •^ C?eruleus — Canorus — i Cayanus -^ Cornutus — Coromandos. — . Criftatus — Dcfninicus — Flavus -* Glandarius — Guira — Honoratus — Indicator — Maculatus — Madagafcarieniis Melanoleucus — Mindaneniis Minor — Na;vius — 'Niger — Orientalis — Paradifeus — Perfa ■— Pifanus — Pluvialis -— Pun£latus Radiatus — > Ridibundus - Scolopaceus Senegalenfts Sineniis •— Tahitius — Tenebrofus Tranquil us — Vetula — Cujelier — Cuil — Curaflbw, Crefted — Crying — Cufliew — Curlew Bald Brown Crefted VI. V. VI. II. — VIII. 328 3«4 34X 345 33* 256 337 262 358 354- 334 3*3 357 328 308 352 32X 338 325 3" 327 320 346 355 330 330 333 257 309 344 323 326 3S3 3»9 3'7 336 323 361 360 347 23 321 327 346 33$ 18 30 28 32 Curlew, '•%■ w ■ . t t'r 'il 'o N D X. Curlew, great,of Cayenne VIII. 46 Grern — Luzonian — • Red — Red-fronted Brown -— White — Wood — Curucui, Red-bellied Violet-headed Violet-hooded Yellow-bellied Carucuckoo — 26 29 33 40 39 41 VI. 246 — 252 ib. -' 250 256 Darter, White-bellied VIII. 406 Daw, Alpine — III. 65 Bald — Muilachio New Guinea Papuan — Demi-fins — Didus, Ineptus —> Nazarenus — Solitarius — Diomedea, Deraerfa - Exulans — Piver, Black-throated VIII. 243 Great — 234 Great Northern — 241 Imber — Little — Little Northern Sea-cat - 69 68 70 71 V. 325 I. 390 400 TV ^^'^ IX. 341 289 Speckled Dodo, Hooded Nazarene Solitary Dotterel ]>ouble Spur Drongo Dronce — Duck — Beautiful, crefted — Black — Brown — BufFel-headed — Collared, of Newfound- land — Common tame — Falcated — 23* — I. VIII. II. IV. I. IX. 234 237 243 238 237 390 400 394 84 388 478 390 100 206 205 212 209 210 100 Duck, Gray -headed - IX. Hurlequin — King — Little Brown — Little Thick-headed - Long-tailed from New- foundland — Mareca — Mexican — Mufcovy — Mufk — Red-billed Whiftling Red Crefted — Summer — Tufted — Velvet -^ White -faced ■— ■ 214, Dunlin — VII. 2»3 210 213 242 20 169 215 241 i;8 »39 »54 »S3 2C6 194 204 236 524 Eagle, Bald Cinereous Golden - Little American Oronoco Pondicherry Ringtail Rough-footed Sea — White-tailed Egret, Demi Great Little Reddim Rufous Eider — Emberiza Amazona Bicolor Borbonica Brafilienfis Btityracea Caerulea Capenfis - Cia -- Cinerea Ciris Cirlus Citrinella Cyanopfis Familiaris — L 65 ^ VII. ib. 46 - 100 97 ib. 54 - 58 76 65 363 361 36? ib. IX. 90 IV. 291 »S7 292 288 - 156 262, 263 282 294 150 279 274 >53 INDEX. Embeiiza Flaveola — IV. 290 Granatina — 1 44 Grifea — 293 Hortulana — 245 Leftia — 258 Lon^icauda -r- 141 Lotharingica — 259 Ludovicia — 261 Mexicans — 289 Miliaria — 284 • Nivalis — 264 Oiivacea — 290 Orizivora — 270, 272 Panaycnfis — 143 Paradifea — 134 Platenfis — 291 Principalis — 142 Provincialis — 257 Pfittacea — 144 Regia — 137 Schjeniclus — 253 Serena — 138 Vidua — 140 Viridis — I55 Erne — I. 65 Falco iEruginol'us — 172 ^falon — 232 Albicaudus — 65,68 Albicilla — ib. Apivorus — l6i Buteo — 159 Candidas — 195 Chryfaetos — 46 Cyaneus — 164 Formofus — 101 Fulvus — 54, 153 JFurcatus — i75 Gallicus — 86 Gyrfalco — 194 ■ Haliactus -^ 7° Laniarius — 196 Leucocephalus — 65, 69 Lithofalco — 231 Naevius •■ — 5^ Nifus — 179 Oflifragus — 7^ Palumbarius — 184 Pifcator — 222 Ponticerianus — 97 Falf.o Pygargua Sacer Serpentarius Siibburco Tinnunculus Falcon, Black Cirratt'd Comn.on Fiftier Jer Red Red-throated Spotted Stone Fauvette Aliine Babbler Black Headed — I. — V. 167 199 VII. 316 I. 223 226 2X6 219 20a 222 192 217 — 100 217 23> no 146 128 119 Blueifh of St. Domingo 156 Cayenne — . 155 Gray or Grifette — 125 Little — 117 Little Rufous — 137 of the Woods, or Ruflet 1 3 1 Reed — 134 Rufous-^niled from Cay- enne — 155 Spotted — 140 Spotted from Louifiana 152 Spotted from the Cape of Good Hope - 151 Small — 152 Winter — 142 Yellow-brcafted Louifi- ana Favourite Fieldfare Canada Cayenne Fig-cater VIIL III. — V. 1 54 197 271 270 140 A(h-throated Cinereous 321 Belted — 300 Black — 313 Black -cheeked — 288 plack-coUared — 294 Blue -^ 27$ Brown — 287 Brown and Yellow — 290 Caerulean — 3^7 Fig- |I?:, "I S: ■'-> t I)*! M ■>;■ m M t N D E X. fi|-eater, Cinereous. 1 y 286 Finch, Purple — IV. 317 Senrgal — 87 Stralburg — 63 Collared Cinereous — 298 Crcfted — 312 Variegated — 127 Graflet — 320 Yellow — 156 Great, of Jamaica — Green and White — 3*2 Fingah — I. 249 384 Fid of Provence — V. 184 Green and Yellow — 370 Flamingo, Red — VIH. 437 ) Golden'Crowned — 310 Flavert — III. 418 Golden-winged — Half-collared — 309 Fly Bird — VI. i 316 Black Long-tailed <— 38 Broad-Shafted — 34 Olive — 3H Olive firown — 3»9 Collared ~~ 33 Orange — 3»i Crefted — 22 .Orange-throated — 285 Eared — 3 1 Pine — 292 Forked- tail Violet — 36 Prothonotary — 3^5 Leaft — 10 Red-breafted ^^ 3b6 Long-tail — 37 Red-headed — aSo Long- tailed Steel- 1 Coloured — J ^^ Rufous — 304 276 Senegal — Purple — 24 Racicet — 23 Spotted — 279 Variegated — 303 Spotted-necked — 30 White-throated — 281 Fly-catcher — IV. 414 Yellow-headed — 29s Aftivc — 439 Yellow-fpotted — 289 Alb-coloured — 476 Yellow-tliroated — 282 Azure — 429 Finch, Amaduvade IV. 85 Black-cap — 437 Black and White — ib. Bahama — ^S7 Black and Yellow — 123 Bourbon — 426 Black-faced — III. 45 « Brown -^ 431 Blue-bellied — IV. 81 Brown-throated Senegal 428 Blue-headed ^ V. 329 Cat — 455 Iponaffa — IV. 120 Cinereous — 438 Brafdian — 144 Collared — 420 Canary — I Collared Black, or J g Lorraine — J ^* Capfa — III. 443 Chinefe — IV. 125 Crelled — 458 Collared — 129 DwarfUh — 447 Cowpen — 120 Fork-tail — 451 Cuba — 92 King of — 446 Duflty — 75 Lemon of Louiiiana 434 Eullachian — ^ 126 Little Black Aurora 441 Frizzled — 128 Martinico — 436 Greenifti — 158 Mexican — • 200 Lapland — 117 Mutable — 459 JLong-billed — 124 Paradife — 45 2 Lutean — 177 Purple-throated — 480 Orange -- 6 IZl Re^ — 418,477 Fly- INDEX. It Fly-catcher, Red-eyed IV. 434 Round-crellcd — 442 Rufous — 433»443 Senegal 424 Spotted — 416 Spotted Yellow V. 289 Streaked — IV. 440 Swallow-tailed — 4S7 Tyrant — 472 Undulated — 423 Whiikered _ — 430 Yellow-bellied — 444 Yellow-crowned — 473 Foudi -w III. 450 Foudi Jala — V. 108 Founineo — II. 477 Francolm — 384 Frigat — ' ^III. 346 Pelican — ib. Fringilla Amandava IV. 8 c Argentoratenfis - - 63 Benghalus — 81 Bicolor — »57 Butyracea — 156 Caelebs - - 96 Canaria • — I Capua — III. 432 Carduelis — IV. 160 Catotol — 199 Crifpa — 128 Criftata — III. 451 Cyanomelas — V. 329 DomelHca — HI. 432 Erythrophthalma IV. 122 Euftachii — 126 Granatina 144 Jamaica — 120 Indica — 129 Lapponica — 117 Linaria •*• 183 LoBgiroftris — 124 Lutenfis — 177 Maia — 92 Melba — 178 Montana — ■ III. 445 Monticula 455 Montifringilla IV. io8 Mohtium -» 6s Nivalis •— 118 Frinpjlla Peccris Peironia — Purpurea — Sen.gala Sinica SpJnus — Triftis — Variegata Zena — FulicH Aterrima — Atra — > Cayanenils Chloropus — CriHata — Filtulans Flavipes — Flaviroftris Fufca — Maderafpatana* Martinica Naivia Porphyrio - Purpurea » Spinofa Viridis Gachet — Gadwall — Gallinule, Brown Cayenne - Common — Crake — Crowing — Favourite - Green Grinetta — Madras — Martinico - Piping — • Purple Spotted — Yellow-legged Ganga — i Qannet — Lefler - Garganey — Garnet — Garret — Garzette, White — Gclinotte — IV. lid III. 453 IV. 3,7 «7 125 18S 179 — 127 1^1 VIII. 207 200 — 173 163 209 — 17Z 171 — 197 168 — 195 — 196 170 186 198 — 185 194 3H IX. iS7 Vlil. 168 163 »37 198 197 194 170 195 196 172 186 »47 — 171 II. 211 vm. 341 336 IX. 218 VI. 46 IX. 186 VIT. 355 II. 204 Giarole I,. '■•. t} iv*n L I N X. Oiarole — VII. 518 Goulin — III, j9o Gingeon — 1 X. «43 Gracula Calva — 380 Gip-gip — VII. 21 1 Criftatella — 324 GiroL' — V. 45 Religiofa — 376 Glareola, N.'Kvia — Vll. 518 Grakle, Bald — 380 Aullriaca — 519 Minor — 376 Glout — VIIT. 172 Haradifc — 383 Goat-fucker, American VI. 458 Gr.iyfincli — IV. 72 Grebe, Black-brealled VIII. 223 Brafilian — 455 Carolina — 448 Cayenne — 225 European — 436 Chefnut — 728 Grand — 456 Circled-bill — 230 Philippine — ib. Gray — 462 Guiena — 463 St. Domingo — 231 lamaica — Rufous of Cayenne 4.S2 Coot — 232 464 Crelted — 219 Sharp-tailed — - 461 Great — ib. Spectacle — 458 Litilc — 220 Variegated of Cayenne 459 Dufky — 218 Virginian — 450 Eared — 220 White-necked 455, •459 Great — 225 Godwit, Red — VII. 483 Horned — 221 Goertan — 23 Litile — 222 Gold Cravat — VI. 25 Littie — 218, 228 Goldfirun — IV. 160 LouifKina — 224 American — 179 Picd-bill — 230 Gr^'cn, or Maracacao 178 Red-necked — 225 Yellow — »79 Tippet — 213 Gold Green — VI. 16 WJiitc-wingcd 231 Golden Eye — iX. 1S6 Grcnadin — IV. 144 Gonoiek — I. 255 Greenfinch — 147 Goofe — IX. 25 Varied — 15S Armed — • 64 Green-lhank — VII. 481 Baftard — 58 Grigri • — 120 Black-backed — 66 Grinetta — VIII. 170 Canada — 71 Grifetta — V. 76 Chi-.iefe — 61 Grivelin — III. 416 Cravat — 7' Cravated — 430 Egyptian — 67 Grofbeak — 401 Esquimaux — P Abyfiinian — 427 G uinea — 6i Bengal — 422 Laughing — 70 Blck — IV. 316 Magel'anic — 57 Black-creiled — 319 of the Malouines -^ 58 Blue — 315 Spur-winged — 64 Brown — 119 Tame — 25 Canada -~ III. 41 8 White-fronted — 70 Cardinal — 414 Gorget, Green — VI. 56 Cinereous — IV. 72 Grolbeak, N X. Orofbeak, Gray Java Lincatcd Mary gold Minute Molucca Nun Orange Philippine Pine Pin-tailed Purple Ked-brcsded Spotted, of the Cape I of Good Hope 3 Three-toed — Waxbiil — IV. White-billed — White-headed — Grous, Black — II. Broad- tailed — with variable Plu- — III. 424 — 420 - IV. 3»2 — 130 — III. 3»4 425 IV. 423 HO III. 421 — 412 — IV. 419 3'8 III. 416 434 429 89 3»» 94 184 199 mage Canada Hazel Hazel Scotch Long-tailed Pin-tailed Red - Wood Guarona Guifctte Black, or Scare-crow Gulgnard — 202 — 245 204 211 — 251 213 221 169 VIII. 42 308 Guiilemot Black Foolifli Little Guinea, Pintado Guira-Bcraba — Guira-Cantara — Guirarou — Guira-Querea — Guitfo Batito — Guit-guit, American Black and Blue Black and Viclet Spotted, Green Variegated — — II 309 84 IX. 29B 301 298 301 144 348 VI. 35 IV. 367 VL 452 III. 429 V. 519 — 520 — 530 — 527 529 Gull, Arftic — Black-manticd Black 'toed Common Glaucous -m VIIL 404 — 365 408 384 366, 376 Gray-niautlcd — 3(56 Cr.iy-mantl'^d Brown 376 and White-mantled 379 Herring — ib. Ivory — 380 Laughmg — 389 Red-legged — 386 Variegated, or Grifard 372 Wage! -- ib. Habelh of Syria — IV. 49 Hxmatopus, Ollralegus VII f. 1 1 3 Hamburgh — IV. 320 Hard-bill — III. Harfang — I. Harle — VIII. Hawk, Gos — I. Little -I Pigeon — Sparrow — Thick-billed Heath Cock, RufFed IL Hedge Sparrow — V. Heron, Agami — VII. Black — Black-capped, White Black.crellcd, White Blue — 381 Brown — . Cayenne Night — Chefnut — 373, Common •— Crefted Purple — Crowned — Dry — , Gardenian — Great . — American -« Great White — Green -^ Hudlbn's Bay — • Little White — Louifiane — Malacca •— 412 3H 24» 184 190 197 179 190 246 142 366 353 365 365 387 365 422 374 329 354 306 367 410 369 ib. 388 370 384 390 377 Hejon, '^i ^■h .>■«■■■« INDEX. H«ron, Mexican — VII. New Guinea — Night — Poudicherry — Philippine — Purple — Red-legged — Red-lhouldered — Rufous — Scolopaoetu — Squacco — Squaiotta — Violet — Yellow- crowned •— Hirundo Acuta — VI. Ambrofiaca — Americana — Apus — Borbonica — Capeniis — Cayanenfis — Chalybea — Cinerea — Dominicenfis — Efculenta — Faiciata — Francica — Leucoptera — » Melba — Montana — Nigra — Panayana — Pelaigia — Peruviana — Purpurea — Riparia — Rufa -» Senegalenfis — Subis — Tapera — Torquata •— Violacea -^ Urbica — Hcamy — III. Hoazia.. — II. Hobby — I. Hocco — II. Hocifana — > III. 385 377 419 392 378 354 374 370 373 425 375 372 355 383 585 510 581 534 506 558 561 560 555 568 509 5 So 567 548 532 554 505 582 557 563 526 505 508 563 564 566 560 512 280 337 223 327 9' VIT. Hofti — Hoopoe — Vf. Black and White of the Cape of G«od Hoj;c Madagaiuir VII. II. VII. VI. Hornb'.lJ, Ahyilinian African »— Black-billed Helmet •> Indian III. 34 Manilla — Panayan - Philippine — Pied — Rhinoceros Horfeman, Common Green — Striped — Variegated White — Hotchicat — Houbara — Houhou — of Egypt — Houtou, or Momot — Hummivig-bird, admirable Al!-gri :^n — Amethyftine — Black-bellied — Black-brearted — Black-capped — Blue-fronted — Blue tailed — Broad-fhafted — CarbuiKle — Cayenne — Crefted Green — Crimfon-hcaded — Fork -tailed -*- Fork -tailed Cayenne Leffcr — Gold-throated — Gray-bellied — Gray-necked — Green and Blue — Green«-throated — Lcaft — Little Brown 367 i79 '1/ lb. 148 H7 »34 »53 VII. 140 <37 138 150 142 »55 - 489 497 492 49* 496 119 50 368 314 372 61 16 15 50 56 38 17 48 34 28 29 22 59 37 35 3^ lb. 59 27 53 10 — . 24 Humming- i N D E X. Humming Bird, Mango VI. Paradife — Racket-tailed — Red-breafted — Red-throated — Ruby-necked — Ruby-throated — Rufous-bellied, — St. Domingo — Sapphire — and Emerald Spotted — Spotted-necked — Supercilious ■— Topaz — Tuf'te:! -necked — Violet — Violet-eared — Violet-tailed — White-hdlicd — White-tailed — 58 51 23 54 12 »9 31 61 60 26 ib. 47 30 46 44 »7 55 31 52 33 57 Ibis, Bald Bay Black Brown Cayenne Crefted Egyptian Manilla Mexican Scarlet White White-necked Wood Jendaya — Imbrim — Italian Courier Juba, Apute — VII. Jabiru American — Jacamar — Green — Long-tailed — Paradife — Jacana, Black — VIII. Brafilian — ■ Chefnut — Green — Peca — Variegated <— }«ckdaw — III. Jacobine, Crefted — VI. Jacobine and Domino - III. 425 Jaguacati — VII. 205 Japacani — III. 183 Jay — — . 94 Blue, of North America 107 Brown Canada — ^ 103 Cayenne -*- 105 Peruvian — 102 Red-billed of China - 101 Siberian — 105 Yellow-bellied of Cay enne 270 ib. 2'3 214 216 ib, 181 183 »77 182 183 185 59 327 VIII. 30 26 17 40 4» 3« 13 43 33 46 267 VI. 225 VIII. 241 428 VI. 231 ^ — 13 King -. VII. Se- Ibijau VOL. IX, *~i ic6 VI. 455 Kamichi — VII. Katraca — II. Keftrel — I. Kildir — VIII. Kingalite - — fifiier Bengal — Black and White Black-capped — Blue and Black of negal -i^ Blue and Rufous — Blue-headed — Bi afilian fpotted — Cape — Cayenne — Cinereous — Collared — Crab — Crab-eating — Crefted — 182, Gray-headed — Great — Great Brown — Gambia — Greateft — Green-headed — Green and Rufous White — Orange — Little Indian — ?M 323 317 226 93 175 158 197 179 183 1S9 175 »93 207 178 20i 203 186 176 ib. 199 190 i8z »74 »75 J74 184 209 210 — 2ia — »97 Kingfifhcr, »^v» INDEX. Kingfiflier, Long- fliafted VII. 192 Lapwing, Armed, of Loui- Pied — 179 fian* — VIIL ^ Purple — 194 Plover — . Red-headed — 191 Swifg — Rufous — 194 Lark, African — V. Senegal — I go Brown-cheked Pennfyl- wich ih-aw-coloured head vanian — and tail — 18s Cape — Ternate ~ 192 Cinereous — Thick-billed — 178 Crcited — Three- toed — 198 Lefler — White-bliled — ^95 Grafhopper — White-headed — 185 Italian — YcUovv-fionted — 191 Large or Calandre — Kink^ — in. 222 Louiuana — Kinki-lVTanouofMa- 1 jy dagafcar — C 476 Marfh — Meadow — Kiolo — VIII. •55 Red — Knot — »34 Rufous — Kite — I. 15 3 Rufous -backed — BIrxck — 156 Seneg:'! — Carolina — ^1% Siberian — , Koiilik — VII. 122 Shore — Labbe, or Dung- bud Vlll. 400 Sky — Long-tailed — 404 Tit — Lagopede — II. 232 (Judated — Lanius, Barbarus — I. 255 Willow — Caerulefcens — 249 Wood — Canadenfis — 256 Larus, Canus — VIIL Cayanus — 252 Catarrhaftes — 368, CoUurio ^ — 246 Cinerarius — Curviroftris — 253 Crcpidatus — Emeria — 250 Eburncus — Excubitof — 239 Fufcus — Forficatus — IV. 478 Glaucus — 366, Leucoccphalus — I. 25+ Hybernu* — Leucorynchos — 251 Marin us —- Madagafcarenfxs — 256 Parafiticus — Nengeta — IV. 367 Ridibundus — Piiangua — 47 « Riga — Rufus — L 254 Linnet — IV. Rutilus — 244 Mountain — Sulphuratus — 253 Yellow-headed — Tyrannus — iV. 464 Baftard or Bimbelc V. Viridis — L 251 Little Simon — JLanner — 196 Locuilclle — Lapwing — VIII. 47 Lo];ong — . IT. Armed, of Senegal — 60 Long Shank — VHL Cayenne — 65 Loiiot — III. Indies ^-^ 62 Ciuncie «-< 63 67 58 63 55 w 65 72 36 45 47 34 57 41 55 61 21 76 59 53 I 28 74 40 23 3*4 372 386 400 380 379 376 394 365 404 389 381 5> 65 73 ^33 273 40 42 109 223 231 Loriot> |;^:\ftff 55 II 65 72 36 45 47 34 57 4i 55 6i 21 76 59 53 I 23 74 40 23 [I. 384 68, 372 386 400 380 379 66, 376 394 365 404 389 381 [V. 51 65 - 73 V. 133 273 40 42 109 223 231 Loriot, Indian Lory, Collared — YI. 114 Crimfon — 116 Fh:L Black-capped 115 Grand — 119 Great — ib. Gu;by — 118 Indian — J21 Long-tailed Scarlet 120 Molucca — 117 Paraguan ^- 213 Parakeet — 1 20 Red — ib. and Violet — 121 Tricolor — 122 Purple-capped — 114 Red — 117 and Violet — 118 Tricolor — 115 Loxla, Abyffinia — III. 427 Aftrild — IV. 89 Aurantia — 310 Bengalenfis — III. 422 Bonarienfis — IV. 130 Brafiliana — III. 416 C:crulea — IV Cana — Canadenfis — Capenfis — Cardinalis — Chloris — Cocothrauftcs — Collaria — Coronata — Curviroilra — Enucleator — Flabellifcra Fufca — INDEX. ^- III. 232 Loxia, Tridaftyla — Violacea L'jan Lulu Lumme III. IV. 315 72 418 324 III. 414 IV. 147 III. 401 423 IV. 319 III. 405 412 419 IV. 119 } — V. — VIII. Maccaw, Black — VI. Blue and Yellow — Brafilian Green — Red and Yellow, from Jamaica Magpie — lit Jamaica — . of the Antilles — Senegal — Magnari — Maia — Maian -~ Maipouri — Mainate — • Manacus, Serena — Manakin — Black and Yellovv — Black-capped — Black-crowned — - B'uc-backed — Gold-headed Great or Tighe — Orange — Papuan — Purple-brcafled — Red and Black — Rcd-lieaded — Rock — Va; legated — III. 42^ IV. 318 II- 3H VII. IV. VL in. IV. IV. 73 243 175 168 169 153 75 85 88 85 265 92 94 21^ 376 337 327 334 331 344 330 335 333- 334 344 353 332 335 34^^ 337 White -frtCed IV. 343— V. 339 Grifea 111. 424. — IV. 73 Lincola — 312 Ludoviciana — III. 416 Maia — IV. 94 Malacca — III. 425 Minuta — IV. 314 Nigra — 316 Oryzivcra — III. 420 Philippira ■— 421, 426 Pyrrhula — Torrida <— 311 fronted hcaJcd throated Manchot, Great Hopping Middle with a Mansfeni Maniicode Black IV. 337 335 — IX. truncated Bill — I. — Ill Ma rail — II. IV. 298 j^arouettc — Vlil 2M 2 337 33^ 346 34« 349 102 144 149 342 Martin i.'i II N D X. Martin — VI. 512 Middle-Bill Black and 1 „ .._ Sand — 526 Blue _ t V.329 Mafcarine — VI. 105 Black an! Rufous — 3^1 Matukut VII. 207. — VIII. 45 witii a White ""''} m Maubeclie, Common VII. 505 and Throat Gray — 507 Millouinan ^^ — IX. 185 Spotted — ib. Mini Her — IV. 76 Meleagris, Gallopavo II. 115 r.Iitick — VIII. 174 Merganfer — VIII. 248 Mocking Bird — III. 288 Crcftcd , — I s 2 Moloxita — ri66 Little -. 254 Montvoyau of China VI. 463 Crowned — 258 Morillon — IX. 191 Hooded — ib. Little - 194 Mantled — 255 Motacilla, Acredula V. 290 Red-breafted — 252 i£quino£lialis — 3H Stellated — 256 Afra «- 265 Mergus, Albellus 351 Africana — 151 CucuUatus — 258 Alba ^ 242 Merganfer — 248 Albicollis — 281 Minutus >- 256 Atricapilla — 119 Serrator — 252, 2*55 Aurantia — 239 Merlin — I. 232 AuricoUis — 285 Merops, Angolenfis VI. 428 Boarula — 259 Apiafter — . 411 Bonarienfis — 331 fiadius — 420 Csrulea — . 307 firafilienfis — 409 Caerulefcens - 156 Cafer — 420 Calendula —• 374 Cayanenfis — 433 Calidris — 322 Chryfocephalus — 427 Campeftris — 341 Cinereus «— 419 Cana — 321 Congener — 434 Canadenfis — 300, 301 Erythrocephalus — 432 Capenfis — 264 Erythropterus — 43 1 Caprata — 217 Flavicans — 418 Cayana — 345 Fufca — 402 Chloroleuca — 284 Malaccenfis — 408 Chryfocephala — 3'i Nubicus ' — 430 Cliryfoptera — 309 Philippinus — 429 Cincrea — 252 Red and ]]lue — 409 Criftata — 312 Rufus — 407 Curriica — 128 SupercilioAis •— 422 Cyanocephala — 343 Viridis — 424 Dominica — • 2f7 Mew, Great Cinere- 1^.,. „ ous,orBlue-footed|^^^^-3H Erithacus Fcrvida — 171 — 216 Laughing — 389 Ficedula — ^7? Spotted — 381 Flava — z^6, 266 White — 380 Flavcfcens — 277 Winter •- 394 Fulicata — . 218 Mifteri8,Americana VII.270, 275 Fulva 318 Middy Pill ^ V. 325 Fufca • — 3»9 » MotaulU INDEX. Motacilla Fufcata — V. 277 Fufcenfis — 287 Fufcicollis — »S5 Guianenfis — 176 Guira — 348 Hippolais — no Hottentotta ~- 238 Iderocephala — 295 Leucorhoa — 240 Lineata — 347 Ludoviciana — •Ml* 282 Lufcinia — 78 Maculofa — 286 Madagafcarienfis 1081 . 271 Maderafpatenfis — 267 Magna — 222 Mauritania — 275 Modularis — 142 Multicolor — 313 Najvia — 140 Noveboracenfis — . 152 Oenanthe — 228 Palmarum — 333 Paflerina — 117 125 Pennfylvanica — 306 Pcnfilis — 158 Perfpicilla — 225 Petechia — 2S0 - Philippenfis — 219 PJisenicurus — 163 Pinguis — 320 Protonotarius — 315 Provincialis — 149 Regulus ~ 366 Rubecula — • 18s Rubetra — 212 Rubicola — 203 Rufa ^ — 137 Ruficapilla — 304 ■ Ruficauda — 15s Salicaria — »34 Schxnobpenus — »3» Semitorquata •— 316 Sialis — 200 Stapazlna -r- 236 Subflava — 277 Suecica — J95 ISybilla — 220 Tigiina ■-- 289 Tiphia — 270 — 3H> VI. V. IV. Motacilla Trochilus V. Troglodytes — Varia — Velia^ — Vermivora Vircns Umbria — Undata — Motmot, Brafilian m^ Motteux — Moucherolle, •— Brown of Martinico Crefted — Forked- tail of Mexico of the Philippines — Virginian — » Green-crcfted Mufcicapa^ Agilis — Audax — Barbata — Bicolor — Borbonica .— Cxrulea — Cana -» Carolinenfis — Cayenenfis — Coronata — Crinita -«• Ferox — P'orficata — Fuliginofa — Fufca — Grifola — Ludoviciana — Martinica — 436, Mplanoptera — Mutata -— Olivacea — Paradiii — Philippenfis — RubricoUis — Rufefcens — Ruticilla — Senegalenfis — Tyrannus — Variegata — • Virens — !!• Undulata — 350 357 303 346 327 294 276 37» 228 450 456 453 459 456 ^5 1 458 439 473 43a 437 426 429 476 455 444 442 458 472 457 431 437 416 475 456 42S 45f 434 45* 458 48P 433 441 424 451 440 438 423 13 zM J Naodapoa M u '■m 4 I'M INDEX. Nandaprt - VI. 275 Napaul 11315 Nigiitingale — V. 78 GiCat — 105 Noddy — Vni.418 Noira Lori — VI. 1 1 1 Nuniida, Mcleagris — II. 144 Nutcracker — III. log Nutha-rch — V. 458 Great — 471 Gicat hook-biilcd ib. Spotted — 47 a Ccocolin — Old Man, or Rain Bird Onore — Rayed — of the Woods Open Eill — Orchef — Orfraie — Organifte — Oriole, Black — Leflcr — Crowned — Black and Yeiiow Creftcd — Gulden — Idleric — Rink — Mexican — New Spain — Olive — 198; Red-winged Ring-tailed Striped-headed Weaver Whidler White-headed Yellow-headed Oriolu^. Annulatus Bakiincrc Bonana Capenfis Chinenlls Cinereus CortototI Criftztus Gavoula — Zlli 11. 433 vr. 344 VII. 415 416 - +17 ^ 392 III. 422 I. 76 = 35 III. 193 194 195 ioj 212 223 178 222 181 185 220 188 182 233 J 99 202 213 219 iSz 203 214 220 230 187 185 212 223 Oriolus Japacani ^ Iftericus — Iciercc( pluilus LiidoviciauKs Mtkf'Cvrpli.'.liu Mi*iarcl"K Mcus Mexita..U4 ~ Minor — . Nirrer — Kuwj Hifpanix Oi v.ceus Perfi:us — Phii3nicJU3 — Raciafus — SInenfis — Spurius — Textor — Viridis — Xar.tbornus Ortolan, Bunting — Pivote — Ofprey — Carolina — Ollrich — American — Otis, Afra Arabs Benttalenfis L'oubara Rhaad Tarda Tetrax Ouzel, Blue — Ring Rofe-coloured Solitary Water — Owl, Aluco — Brafilian Eared Brown <• Canada Cayenne Grtat-ear d Little — Long-eared Saint Domingo Sc^ps-eared Snowy lawny • III. 18} 17^ — 219 231, Z^,2 — ujS 19s J 94 i93 — lol 207, 209 la'ii 233 222 205 199 2C2 ZI7 2+5 184 70 IV. V. I. — II. lOI 323 366 4+ 42 47 50 I 34 IIL 312 299 — 306 315 vm. 126 1. 291 — 310 302 317 316 — 270 306 — 279 — 28S 314 294 Ow), — 313 •fl INDEX. Owl, White Ox-pecker Oyfter-catcher I. 297 HI. 154 Vlll. 113 Padda, or Rice Bird III. 420 Palamedea, Cornuta Vli. 323 Criilata — 313 Palikour, or Anter — IV. 379 Palmifte — III. 361 Paradifea, Apoda A urea — Magnifica — Regia — Superba — Viridis — Paradife Bird, Blue Green Gold-breafttd — Greater — King — ' Magnificent — Superb — Paragua — Paroare — Parra, Brafilienfis Cayanenlis — Goenfis «— Jacana — Ludoviciana — Nigra — Sencgalla — Variabilis — Viridis — Parraka — IT. Parakeet, Alexandrine VI. Angola, Yellow — Azure-he.ided — BlaLk-banded, Great Black- winged 151, Bloflbm-iicaded — Blue-faced — Blue-headed — 129, B!uc-winged — Collared — Crefted — Double-collared — Double-ringed — Gray-breaited — - Gray- headed — Great-collared — 135 150 146 144 149 152 ib. - 150 »35 144 146 149 VI.213 ni.4<:5 VIII. iiJ3 6s 6» 177 - 63 181 60 - 185 182 347 »23 128 129 •39 «53 126 »3» H3 152 ib. 141 125 ib. 129 J50 123 Parakeet, Gold ?n- winged VI. 149 Lacc-v/ingc i ^ — Little — Long-fhaftcd Great Lory — Luzonian — Malacca — Mo 'lie — Mulhidio — Otaheitan Blue — Philippine — Red — Red and Green — Reddifii-winged Great Rfd-headed Guinea Red-throated — Red-wiuFcd Little — Rofc-ringed — RoCe-lieaded Ring — Sapphire-crowned Short-tailed — Variegated-winged Yellow — Parroquet, Ara — Brown-throated — Cayenne — Chefnut-crowned — Emerald — Gold- head — Golden-crowned — Green — Leall Blue and Green Long-tailed Green Pavouanne f— Red-fronted — Red and Blu^eaded Variegated Throat Wings — Yellow Guarouba — Brafilian headed throated winged Parrot — Agile — Amboyna — Red 2 M 4 »3« «35 136 127 »S3 136 129 »30 »54 148 141 140 120, 145 — ib. 138 138 »34 »35 Hi 142 128 237 221 240 224 226 343 232 241 242 228 219 230 ib. 222 223 233 — ib. — 225> 235 — 239 — 223 63 196 — • 108 —- 122 Parrot, •i ! ii-' ip-. ■ u 1 .(? '1 4 'I '.ii- M INDEX. Fafrot, Angola Yellow VI. 128 Afh-coloured — 88 Aurora Black or Vaza — of Madagafcar Bloody-billed ■— Blue- faced — Blue-fronted — Blup-hcaded 126, 208 Brafilian Yellow — 233 Carolina — Cinereous or Jaco — Common Amazon's Duflcy — Emerald — Fcftive — Gingi — Gray-headed — Great-bellied — Great Blue-headedGreen 108 Green — 102 Green and Red, Chlnefe ib. — 186 104 ib. 107 198 19s 235 88 187 2]! 225 205 »37 108 107 Hawk-headed Hooded — Illinois — Little Dufky — Maccaw — - Mealy Green -^ Noble — Orange-headed — Paradife — Pavoui, e — Red and Blue — Red and White — Red-banded — Red- breafted — Red-headed Amazon Red-throated — Ruff-necked — Senegal — Variegated — White-brcafted — White-fronted — Yellow Amboyna - Yellow- headed — Yellow-winged — Partridge — African, Red — Barbary, Red — 103 217 231 209 237 »93 182 212 203 219 194 ■ 85 207 131 184 210 200 108 103 215 185 - 128 225 190 n. 349 389 Partridge, Bare-necked Damafcus — European, Red - Gray — Gray-white — Greek — Guernfey — • Guiana — Mountain — - New England Pearled, Chinefe Red — Rock or Ganibra Senegal — Parus, Amatorius — Americanus — Ater — Atricapillus — Biarmicua — Bicolor — C.-erulcus — Capenfis — Caudatus — Ceta r— Crillatus -r- Cyanus — Major — Narbonenfis — Paluftris — Pendulinus — Sibericus — Virginianus — Paflerinette — Pavo, Bicalcaratus — Ciiftatus — Muticus — Tibetanus - Pauxi, or Stone - Peacock — Japah — Thibet Pearl Green -— Pelecanus, Aquilus Baflanus — Carbo — Fiber *— Fufcus — Graculus - Maculatus II. 389 366 - 378 352 364 369 378 IV. 412 II. 368 - 394- -^ 393 369 - 392 388 V. 454 298 401 407 416 447 4i2 439 432 456 443 452 394 429 404 420 441 450 "7 II. 323 253 320 319 335 253 320 319 VI. 60 VIII. 346 337' 341 282 339 278 - 290 340 Pelecanus, r:; INDEX. Pelccanus.Onocrotalus VIII. 259 Phafianus, NyAhcmerus II. 311 Pifcator Sula — Thagus Pelican, Brown Indented-billed Saw-billed White 336 333 281 278 281 ib. 259 Penelope, Criftata ■*- II. 340 Marail — 3+2 Satyra — 3>S Penguin •— IX. 330 Cape — 341 Crefted — 346 Great -1- 333 Little ^ — . 335 Patagonian - 338 Red-footed — 349 petrel, Antarftic 264 Blue — 26g Blue-billed ib. Brown Puffin — 278 Cinereous - 256 Fulmar -- 256 Gi-int — 271 Great Black - 278 Greatell — 271 Pintado — 258 Puffin — 273 Shear- water ib. Stormy — 279 "White and Black — 258 White or Snowy -- 266 Phcenicopterus Ruber VIII. 431 Pettychaps — V. no Phaeton, ^thereus VIII. 32 1, 322 Demerfus — JX. 349 Phosnicurus — VJII. 323 Phalarope, Cinereous or Brown — VIII. 210 Gray — 212 Red — 211 with indented Fefloons 2 1 2 Phafianus, Argus — - II. 3 M- Colchicus — 286 Hybridus — 306 Criftatus — 337 Gallus - 54 Motmot ' — 317 Parraqua Piilus — Pheafant, Argus — Bailard — Black and White China Common — Courier — Crefted Horned Iris Motnvot Piauhau Picus, Aurantius Auratus r- Bengalenfis Bicolor — Canadenfls Cardinalis Carolinus — CayanenHs Cinnamomeus Chlorocephalus Erythrocephalus Exalbidus Flavipes — Goenfis Goertan Lineatus Mj^jor — Manillenfis Martius Melanochloros Minor Moluccenfis Multicolor Nubicus Paflerinus Philipparum Pileatus Principalis Pubefcens Rubricollis Rufus Senegalenfis Striatus Tricolor Tridaftylus Varius -^ VII 347 308 y ' 3^ 3»i 286 347 337 315 323 3»7 IV. 480 25 39 2X 72 67 69,71 30 34 . ■ 37 - 55 32 54 20 23 51 57 19 4» 61 35 64 28 iS 48 46 73 53 36 24 26 68 75 Picus, 1,: % if! ;i- % I il ' I ■t I ^ 1 1.' ■ I /^ INDEX. I»icu3, VilloAis — YIL 72 Popinjay, Prown — VI. 211 Viridis — 6 Mailed — 204 Pigeon — H- 43S Paradilc — 203 Great Crowned — ^Ho Purple-bellied — 207 Ring — 4.t^ Red-banJed — ib. Scoliop-necked — 478 Violet — 1(1)9 Wild — 4^9 with a Blue Head and Pimatol — III. 172 Throat — 208 Pintail — JX. 106 Porzana — VITI. 169 Pipra — IV. 327 Pratincole", A'.i.1rian - Vil. 517 Albifrons IV. 343 — V. 339 Seuo^'.il — 518 Atricapilla — IV. 341 Spotted — ib. Aureola — J32j354 Proc'.Iiana,^qo'nc?a.:lis IX. 278 Erythrocephala — 335 Antan'Mta — 264 Gutturalis — 337 Cxiulea — 268 IVIanacus — 331 Cap'jnfis — 2 38 Papuenfis — 344 Gigantca — - 271 ParcoU — 330 Glacialis — 256 Ruhetra — 339 Nivcp. — 266 Rupicola — 346 Pclagica — 279 Pitpit, Blue — V. 344 Puftinus — 273 Blue-capped — 347 Vittata — 268 Green — 343 Promerops, Blue-winged VI. 400 Variegated — 346 Brown, with jotted Phrtron, Black — VI. 59 Belly — 401 White — 58 Cape -— ib. Platelca Leucorodia VII. 43 1 Crsfted — 399 PJotus, Aiihinga - VIII. 406 Grand — 403 Plover — 71 Great — ib. Alwargrim — 84 Mexican — 401 Armed of Cayenne - lOo New Guinea, Brown - 402 Black-hcadcd — 101 Orange — 405 Cieam-coloured — 121 Striped-bellied Brown 402 Creikd — 95 Promcrupc — 399 Crowned — 98 Pfutacus Accipitrinus - 103 Golden — 78 iEruginolus — 221 Great — loz uEiHvus — 187 Hooded — 97 Agilis — 196 Lon^^- legged — 109 Alexandri 123,125,129,134 Noiiy — 93 Amboinenfis — 122 Ring — 88 Ana — 224 Spur- winged — g6 Aracanga — 158 Wattled — 99 Ararauna — 168 Wreathed — 98 Ater — 175 Plume, Wiiite — IV. 343 Atcrrimus — 87 Pluvian — VIII. loi Atricapillus — 139 Pochard — IX. 181 Aureus — 232 Polochian — VI. 408 Aurora — 1 86 Popinjay, Aurora-hcadcd 21 2 Autumnalis — 198 Pfittacus N E T. Pfittacus Borneus — VI. 120 Cx-ruleoccphalus — 194 Canus — 150 Cajjcnfis — 152 Cr\niiciilari8 — 230 Carolincnfis — ^■35 Chryfbpcc.us — 149 Colin li us — 210 Criftatus — 82 Cyn ('ccphalus — 126 DornicoPa — 114 Dorrinicenfis — 207 Erithacus — 88 Erythrocephalus < ''35 136 Eupatria — »37 Fellivus — 205 Galgu^us — 143 ,148 Gairijlus — 111 Graniineus — 108 Grandis — 119 Guarouba — 233 Guebienfis — 1(8 Guianenfis — 219 Haimatodus — »3» Havanenfis — »95 Jandaya — 225 Javanicus — 141 Incarnatus — 138 Indicus — 121 Leucocephalus - 185 ,207 Lory — i»5 Ludovicianus — 212 Macao — 158 Macrorliyncos — 107 Makawuanna — 237 Malcarinus — 105 Mflanoc'jphalus — 215 Mclaropterus — I5> Menftruus — 208 Minor — »53 Murinus — 129 Niger — 104 Nobilis — 182 Ochraptcrus — 190 Olivaccus — 132 Ornatus — 127 Paradifi •— 203 Pfittacus Paraguanus - VI '5 Paflerinus — 24» Pcrtinax — 231 Pileatus — 217 Pulhtrius — HS Pulverulcntus — 1 -^ »93 Pondiccrianus — 130 Punic*, us — 116 Purpui'cus — . 209 Ruber — 117 Runroftris — 228 Senegalus — 108 Sevcrus — 169 Sinenfis — 102 Smaragdinus — 226 Solilitialis — > 128 Sordidus — 211 So'ove — 240 Siilpiiureus — «3 Taitianus — >54 Taraba — 184 Tirica — 241 Torquatus - J^/j* 152 118 Tovi — VI. 239 Tui -. 243 Violaceus — 1 *^ 200 Virercens — 223 Viiidis — 250 Pfophia, Crepitans — IV. 390 Ptarmigan — . 11. 232 Hudfon's Bay — 242 PuiTm — JX. 304 of Kamtfcnatka — •^ 1 312 Purre, or Stint — Vil. 521 P/gargue — 1. 65 Quadricolor — III. 424 Quail II. 396 Cliinefe — 422 Great, Polilh — 419 Madagafcar — 423 Malouinf — 421 Noiiy — 423 White — 420 Quapaftol, or the Laugher VI. 353 ■I ui Rail, t N D F X. Rail, Banded — VIII. Barbary — Brown — Cayenne — Little — Spotted — Jnmtiica — Land — Little — Long -billed — Virginian — Watt-r — Rallus, Aquaticus — Bengalenfis — VII. Carolinu3 — • VIII. Cayanenfis — Crex — fufcus — Jamaiccnfis — Longirollris ^ Minutus — Philippenfis — Porzana — Striatus — Torquatus — Variegatus — Ramphaftos, Aricari — VII, C.eruleus — Dicolorus — Luteus — Momota — VI. Pavoninus — VII. Picatus — Piperivorus — Pifcivoius — Toco — Tucanus — Viridis — Raven — III. Indian, of Bontius — Recurviroflra, Alba VII. Avofetta — VIII. Red Black — III. Red-breaft — V. Blue, of North Ame- rica — Redpoll, Lcfll-r — IV. Red-fliank, or Pool Snipe Vil. 53 76 5' 5S' 59 56 58 37 59 S^ S7 44 44 497 57 55 37 51 58 54 59 50 47 52 53 S^ 20 24 13 24 72 19 16 22 15 12 »3 20 II 34 486 422 417 185 200 183 490 Red-fhank, White — RcJftait — Red Tail — Guiana Red-wing — Rhaad — Rtiynchops, Nigra - Riband, Blue -— Ringtail — Rocliicr — Roller ^ — Abyflinian Angola Cayenne Chincfe — Garrulous M.-idni'afcar Me T lean Paradife of the Indies Oriental Pied — Rook — i Rofe-throat - Royal Bird — Ruif and Reeve Runner — Sacre — !• '99 Sanderling, or Curwillet VII. 508 Sandpiper, Cayenne VI II. 65 MI. 496 V. «f>3 171 — 176 III. 273 11. 52 Vlll. 412 IV. 353 I. 167 231 III. US m 126 m 127 - 118 117 — 118 — 131 — •32 ■• »33 — ip - lb. vn. 128 III. 46 416 vn. 306 -^ 498 VI (L 42» Common Diiflcy Freckled Goa Gray Green GriHcd Louifiane Senegal Shore Spotted Striated Svvifs San-hia VII. 5>4 505 507 62 67 509 507 — 60 — VII. 494 — Via. — VIL vin. VI. — VIII. — VII. — VIII. 132 492 58 336 Sarcelle, Brown and White IX. 243 Carolina «»- 242 Chinefe — 233 3arcelle« INDEX. Sarcelle, Common — Coromaiidcl Egypuan — Fcroe — Java — Little — Lone-tailtd Rufous — Mwhigafcar — Mexican — Soucrourctte — Soucrourou — Spinous-tailcd — Summer — White and Ulack — SaAwbe — VI. Savacoa — VII. Savana — IV. Schet of Madagafcar ~- Schet-be — I. Schomburger — III. ^ Scopus Umbwtta — VII. 423 Scoter — IX, 196 Broad-billed — Double — Screamer, Crclled — VII. Horned — Scolopax, iEgocephala — IX. 2 1 8 Sea Tartridge, Collared VII. 5 19 / 1 . .. 218 231 229 235 232 222 230 2+1 237 236 238 225 240 210 426 45 » 459 254 196 Gray Sea Swallow — VIII. Great — Great Alar Extent - Great of Cayenne Lcller — of the Philippines Secretary — VII. Vulture — Senegal — IV. Radiated — Sere van — Alba Arquata Calidris Candida Capenfis - Fedoa Fufca — Gallinago Gallinula Glottis Guarauna Lapponica Limofa Luzonienfis Faludofa Phoeopus Ruilicola Totanus Scops Sea Lark — VIII. 205 204 3«3 323 483 39 — 18 — VII. 490 — 496 472, 474, 475 - 484 C VII. 485 iVIIL 40 — VII. 463 — 470 481 42 482 479 29 Shaft, Blue White Sh.ig Shear-bill Sheldrake Short Tail Shovelcr — Shrike Baibary Bengal Braiilian Cayenne C relied Gray Fork-tailed — VI. — VIII. — IX. — III. — IX. — X. IV. I. IV. I. IV. - I. 5'7 297 30J 3>3 3»5 307 3ia 316 ib. 87 89 91 48 46 290 412 171 373 160 237 2)5 250 47' 252 256 367 249 478 239 253 256 246 254 464 2H 253 — VIII. — VII. — VIII. — VIII. — VII. - ^ I. VII. *ea Partridge, Brown — f VII. 460 24 442 480 288 521 Great Cinereous Hook- billed — Madagafcar — Red-backed -* Rufous — Tyrant ^ IV. White-headed — 1. Yellow-bellied — Sifilet — III. Sincialo — VI. Silkin — IV, Black Mexican •«« Mexican — SItta, Europaca - V, 458,468 Jamaicenfis -1- 466, 468 Major •— 471 Najvia — 472 Sitelle — 458 Sirli -.^ 63 . * Skimmer, 150 228 188 199 2QO •:1 :.' n !.,' » I'-, r i- U INDEX Sktmmer, Black — • VIII. 412 Stare, Magellanic - III. 17 i Smew — 254 Mexican — 171 Smiring — 171 Sterna, Cayanenfis VIII. 315 Snipe — VII. 463 Filfipes — 309 Cape — 473 Fuliginofa — 313 China — 475 Hirundo — 302 Dul:/ — 485 Minuta — 307 Jack — 470 Na:via — 308 Jadrek* — 479 Nigra — 311 Madagafcar — 474 Panayenfis — 312 Madras — 475 St(;lida — 418 Spotted — 48 1 Stone Chat — V. 203 Snow Finch — IV. 118 Great — 222 Soco — Vli. 364 Luzonian ~ 217 Sofove — VI. 240 Madagafcar, or Fitert 220 Soui Manga — V. 487 of the Cape of Good Boaibon — 507 Hope — 223 Collared — 494 of the Pjiilippines - 218 Iris — 504 Great — ?i<) Long-tailed — 508 Senegal — 216 Violet-hooded - 509 Stork — VIL 243 GlolTy Gold Green 5 1 1 American — 265 Great Green - 512 Black — 261 Purple — 493 White — 243 Purple-brcalled Olive 498 Stiirnus, Capenfis — in. 167 Red-brealled Green - 505 Cinclus - vni. 126 Red-breafted Purple- Ludovicianus — III. 168 chefuut — 489 Mexicanus — 171 Violet — 492 Milibaris — 173 Sparrow, Beautiful maiked Vulgaris — »55 III. 452 Strix, Aluco — 1. 291 Black — 441 Bubo — 270 Blue — . 450 Flammea — 297 Crefted Tree — 45 1 Funcrea — 3»3'3»7 Date — 443 Otus — 279 Green — 449 Paflerina — 306 Houfe — • 432 Scops — 288 Little Senegal — IV. 92 Strldula — 294 Ring — in. 453 Ulula — 302 Little — 455 Struthio Camelus — 323 ^ Tree — 445 CallUarius — 37<5 Spicifere — II. 320 Cuculatus — 390 Spipolette — V. 40 Rhea - ,r 366 Spoonbill, White — VIL 431 Sugar Bird - y. 532 Stare, brown-headed - III. 170 Sultana Hen, or Porphyrion Cape, or Pied — 167 Vni. 186 Common — 155 Bro\n — 195 Louifiana •- . 109 GiCCd — 194 Sultana N X. VIII. IX. VI. Sultana Hen, Little Swan — Swallow — Ambergris — Afli-b<;llied — Black — Blue of Louiiiana — Braliiian — Brcv/n-collareJ — Chimney, oi DomeUic Crag — Efculent — Gray-rumped — Great Ruf'r.io-bellied of Peruviari ^ RufouS"n:rij.ed •— St. Domii jO — Seiifgal — Shaip-ta-jCi] hluck cf rviartr.iko — Brown of Louifiana — 582 Wheat — 5; 8 White bellied Cayenne cinctured winged jiwift — White-bellied collared Swift Runner — 196 I 466 560 55+ 560 564 566 493 532 568 360 5S8 557 555 508 585 — 509 - 567 — 5*^9 - 567 534 - 548,555 - 558 VIII. 121 Tanagra, Grifea — Guineiifis — Gularis — Gyrola — Jacapa ~ Jacarina — M;5^na — Moxicana — Tacco — Tait-fou — Tamatia ■— Beautiful — Black and White Collared with the Head Throat Red Tanagra, Atra — Atricapilla Bonaricnfis Brafilienfis Cay an a — Criftata - Cyanea Dominica Epifcopus IV. 12% 224 220 235 203 23a Mii.ii;ippenns — 210 VI. 347 337 VII. 88 92 — 93 'a ^' and — 90 . IV. 211 — 212 — 204 — 214 225, 240 203 - 76 — 218 — 219 Pileata Rubra — Tar.no —. 7>ico]or — Viol.n.c'x — . Viien; — T«inagre, Billiop — x'Asck and Blue — Black 3; d Rufous — faced — i headed — throated — . Blue — Canada — C relied — Furrow -clawed — . Golden — Grand — G ray — Gray-headed Green — Green-headed — Hooded — Jacarini — Miffiifippi — Ne^-ro — Olive — Puiadlfe — Red — Red-breafted — Red-headed — Rutous-hcaded Saint Domingo Scarlet ' — Small >— Sy'':u — Turquoife Violet — 232 205, 209 21$ 228 227 zzt 225 21* 212 — 231 230 209 205 — 213 238 205 2Z3 - 224 221 — 227 232 237 aio 240 22Z 223 209 —• 215 220, 233 — • 225 — 218 205 23 + - ti4 20X Tanombe INDEX. Tanombe — Tantalus, Albicollis Calvus — Cayanenfis Criftatus — Falcinellus Grifeus - Ibis — Loculator — Manillenfis — Mexicanus Niger — Ruber - Taparara — Tarier — Tavoua — Tcha-chert.be — Teal, African — SI ae -winged Chinefe - Common — Coromandel Madagafcar St. Domingo Spinous tailed Summer Tern, Black — Cayenne Common Kamtfchatkan Lefler — Panayan Sooty — Tetema — Tetrao Albus Alchata Bicalcaratus Bonafia Canadenfis Chinenfis Chrokiel Cinereus — Coturnix — Coyolcos Crillatus Damafcenus Falklandicus Francolinus Guianenfis — . III. 345 VIII. 46 - 30 — 4» - 32 — 26 - 45 »3 VII. 267 VIII. 28 — 43 - »7 - 33 VII. 201 V. 21Z VI. 205 I. 254 IX. 229 — . 237 — 233 - 222 — 231 — 230 — 239 — 238 — • 225 VIII. 309 — 315 — 302 ii... 30S 307 — 3'2 - 313 IV. 380 — II. 242 -.- 213 — 388 — 204 — 245 — 422 — 419 - IV . 408 - 11 • 396 — 430 — 428 — 366 — 421 — «4 . IV . 412 Tetrao Lagopus 11. 22l,23« Major — IV. 406 Marilandus — II. 394 Mexicanus — 43 1 Montanus — • 368 Novas Hifpaniae 429 NudicoUis — 389 Perdix — 352 Perlatus — 393 Pctrofus — 392 Phafxanellus — 25 1 Rufus — 369 Soui — IV. 410 Striatus — II. 423 Sufcitator — ib. Tetrix — 184 Togatus — 246 A'^ari^atus — IV. 408 Urogallus — II. 169 Throttle — III. 246 Thruih — 234 Abyffinian — 368 African — 323 Alarum — IV. 376 Amboina — III. 354 Ant — IV. 379 Afh-coloured III. 343 Afh-rumped — 357 Barbary — 277 Barred-tail — IV. 388 Black-breafted III. 352 Black-cheeked — 359 Black-chinned — 370 Black-creHed IV. 381 Black-headed — 388 Blue-tailed — 376 Black -throated III. 341 Black-winged IV. 384 Blue — III. 312 Bourbon — 355 Brunet — > 349 Cape — 353 Cayenne — 270 Ceylon — 332 Chiming — IV. 383 Chinefe — III. 280 Crefted, of China — 3-4 Crying — 337 Dominican — 35^ Thruili I N D Thpufti Ethiopian Ferruginous Gilded Glofly Guiana Hifpaniola Indian King — III. — IV. 3(^7 286 331 327 254 364 343 374 Little — III. 255,281 Madagalcar Mauritius Mimic — Mindanao Mifll-l — Mufician — Nun — , Olive Orange-bellied Palm — Philippine F'jgeon — Reed — Red-breafted Red-legged Rufous -m Rufous-naped Rufous-winged Senegal Small Solitary Speckled — Speftacle ~ Surinam Water — Whidah — White-chinned White -eared White-rumpcd Ycllow-breafted ;riklin Brown ^- Collared Striped — Tinamous, Cinereous Groat Little — Variegated Tinea — VOL. IX. IV. III. — VIII. 345 347 288 346 260 38s 366 340 33S 361 280 339 25.7 271 278 363 380 325 344 280 315 378 326 360 132 362 351 382 336 3^ 150 151 15? IV. 408 406 410 408 VL 241 IV. IIL IV. III. VIIL III. IV. III. Titiri,orPipiri — IV. •Titmice — V. Titmoufe Amorous Bearded — i Black — Blue — Cape — Collared — Crefted — of Carolina — Great — Great Blue — Languedoc — Long-tailed — Penduline — Siberian — Toupet — Yellow Rump — Throated Gray — VII. IIL IV. VII. } Tock Toco - Tocolin — Tocro — Tod us Csruleus Cinereus — Varius — Tody, Blue — ' Cinereus — Green — North American Orange-bellied Blue South American, or Tic-tic — Variegated — Tolcana — IIL Toucan *- Vll. Aracari — Black-billed — Blue — Collared — Green — Pavouine — Piperine — Preacher — Red-bellied — Yellow-throated — Toucnam Courvi — III. Toui, Yellow-throated VI. 2 N 464 379 454 416 456 41* 439 449 443 447 39+ 452 429 432 420 441 447 450 451 »34 112 187 412 222 221 223 222 221 219 ib. 222 221 223 170 120 124 ib. 118 120 ri9 122 116 ib. 113 421 239 4 V ' 1"! .r ■ 1:' Touruco N D E X. Touraco — VI. 257 Trocliilus Macrourus VI. 35 'J'ourocco — 11. 48^ Maculatus — 53 Tcurte — 494 Margaritaccus — 59 Touyoa — I. 366 Mellifugus — 29 Tracjuet — V. 203 MfcUivoius — • 33 Tringa Alpina vn. 472 >?24 Minimus » 10 Calidris 5 ^"^5 Mofchitus — '9 , Cantitus — VIII. 134 Miingo — ~ 58 Cincius — VII. 521 OuriiTui — 27 Equeltris — 489 Paradifeus — 51 Fulicaria VTTI. 21 1 Pegafus ■— 25 Fufca — yu. 518 Pel la — 44 Grjfea — 5°7 Polytmus — 38 Helvetica VIII. 58 Pundulatus .^ 47 ilypcrbo! ca .1.. 210 Ruber — - 24 Hypotcucos \^II. SH Rubineus .^ 3* Interp.::s — VIIL ^23 Sapphirinus »— 26 LoLv.ui ~. 212 Superciliofus _. 46 Maculuta — 132 Thaumantius M 61 Najvia - VII. 507 Violaceus — ■ 55 Ochrcpus — 494, 509 Viridiflimus -~ 16 Pugnax 498 Troglodyte - V. 357 Squatarola — - viir. 67 Trogon Curucui — VI. 246 Striata — Vil. 492 Violac us — 252 Yanellus — VIII. 47 Tropic Bird — - VIII. 316 Tiodiilus Albus — VI. 52 Great ^ 321 Amethyltinus ^— 15 Little m^ 322 Auratus — 17 , 46 Red-fliafted — 323 /luritus 3^ Troupial? — IIL '75 Eicolor — 26 Black — ^93 Campylopterus — ?4 -cnpped — 195 Carbunculus — 28 Little — ■ 194 Colubiis >— 12 Olive 1.— 198 Criftatus — , 2 2 Spotted - — 196 Cyaneas — 5 '5 Whi'>Icr .— . 202 Cyanurus Dominicus- — " 48 60 Trumpeter Gold- bfcailcd — pv. 390 Elatus _- 28 Tufved-nccic — VI. '7 Firnbriatus — 30 Turuus AbyiTinicus III. 568 For/icatus — 37 ^news — 327 Furcatas — 36 ^tliioplcus — 367 Gramineus — . 56 Alapi - - IV. 388 Hirmtus — 61 Amboinenfis — III. 354 lloloi'eiiceus — ^0 Ater — 341 Glaucopus — J7 Arundinaccus b_ 257 Ju^yuL'.ris — 54 Aurantius — 35* Lcuccp.adcr — 25 1 Auritus — IV. :s82 Lcucurus ■^ 57 Bambla — 3«4 Longicaudus — 23 Tuidus N D E X. Turdus Barbaric us Bicolor — Borbonica — Cafer — Canorus — Cantans — Capenfis — Cayanenfis Chryfogalter Cinereus — Cinnamomeus Cirrhatus — Cochinchinenfis Colma — Columbinus ■— Coraya — Cyanurus — Cyanus — Domlnicanus Eremita — Erythropterus Formicivorus Guianenfis — Hifpaniolenfis Indicus — Iliacus — Leucogafter Lineatus — Madagafcarienfis Manillenfis - Mauritianus Merula — Migratorlus Mindanenfis Minor — Monacha Morio — Muficus — JSigeniinus Olivaceus Orientalis Orpheus — Palmarum — Peftoralis Ferfpicillatus Philippenfis Pilaris — Plumbeui III. 277 336 355 ?53 337 IV. 385 III. 349 270 335 343 - 352 IV. 381 III. 370 IV. 380 III- 339 IV. 338 37<5 III. 312 - 356 321 - 325 IV. 379 III. 254 - 364 343 273 - 362 IV. 378 III. 345 320 347 292 271 346 255 366 3-3 246 - 359 - 340 - 357 291 361 - 364 - '^26 - 2S0 265 - 278 Turdus Polyglottus Rex --. Roreiis — Rufus — Rufifrons ~ r>ax'aiilis - S.^negalenfis Siienfis — Solitarius Surinamus Tinniens — Tintinnabulatus Torquatus — Trichas — Vifcivorus — Urovang Zeylonus Turkey — Turnix — • Turn-Stone — . Turtle, Collared - Common Turtlette — Turvert — Twite — Tyrant — of Carolina Cayenne Louifiaiia Til. 288 IV. 37+ III. 306 286 363 309 344 280 315 360 376 383 299 288 260 338 332 423 123 487 482 490 491 65 463 469 472 475 IV. III. V. III. II. VIII. . II. IV. Va.iwa — Vardide — Variole — Vengolinc — Vcrdin of Cochin C Vintfi — Ultra-marine — Umbre, Tufted - Vouroudriou — Upupa Aurantia Capenlls Hpops Magna Mexicana Paradil'ea Promerops Vultur, Cinereous Criftatus 2 N 2 I. 253 III. 92 V, 6 1 IV. 70 hina liJ. 3-0 VII. 109 IV. is' - Vn. 423 VI. 341 — 405 — 397 379 - 403 — 400 - 399 — 401 -- I. 116 — H7 \ ultur 4 i > INDEX. Vuhur Fulvus — I. no Gryphus — »39 Leucocephalus — 122 Papa — . 126 Percnopterus — 108 Vulture — 104 Alpine — Am- coloured ^ 108 122 Carrion — 130 Cinereous — 116 Fulvous ' — HO Hare — 117 King of — . 126 Wagtail, African — V. 265 Cape — 264 Cinereous — 252 Gray — 259 Pied — 267 Timor — 266 White — 242 Yellovv — 256 Warbler, ^quinoftial — 3'i African — »5i Babbling — 128 Banana — 336 Belted — 300 Black-throated — 301 Bloody, fide — 304 Blue -^ 200 Blue-gray — 156 Blue- headed — 343 Blue-flriped — 347 Blue-throated — iQj Bourbon — 273 Cxralean — 307 Cayenne — 34+ Citj on-bellied — 277 Creftcd — 3^2, Dark — 222 Dartford — 149 Dufky — 277 Epicurean — i77 Flaxen — 277 Gold-winged — 309 Gray-throated — 32« ;■ ' Grafll't — 320 Green «— 294 Green Indian -* 270 V. 117^ Warbler, Green and White — fUira — Half, collared Hang-nelt — Jamaica Louifiane — Luzonian Madaeafcar Maunce — New York Olive Brown Orange- bellied Orange-headed Orange-throated Palm — PalTerine — Philippine Pine — Prothonotary — Quebec — Red-bellied — Red -headed — Red-throated — Reed — Rufous — Rufous and Black — Rufous-tailed — Saint Domingo — Sedge — Simple *- Sooty — Spectacle — Sultry — Sybil — Undated •— White-chinned — White-eyed — White-poll — Yellow-bellied — Yellow-breafted — Yellow-rumped — ■ Water Hen — VlII. Great — Great of Cayenne — Little — Wheat Ear — V. Greeniih Brown 2S4 348 316 32J 297 282 217 108 275 152 319 318 311 285 333 125 219 292 3'5 295 34^ 280 306 »3i 337 313 281 »34 341 218 225 216 220 276 33» 271 303 »55 288 286 163 169 »73 168 288 — 239 Wheat I N D Wheat Ear, Great or Cape V. 238 239 240 24 42 212 450 156 »S3 V. VI. IX. Orange-breallcd — Senegal or Rufous -r- Whimbrel — VIII. Brafilian — Wlun Chat — Whip poor Will — WhilUcr, Black-billed C relied — with red Bill and yellow Nollrils White John Wigeon — Widow — Dominican — Extindl — Fire-coloured — Gold-collared — Gieat — Orange-lhouldered — Shaft-tailed — Speckled — Wood-chat — I. VII. } I. IX. IV. Woodcock Savanna — Woodpecker — Bengal — Black -* Black-breaftcd — Brown — Cardinal ~ Carolina — Cayenne — Crimfon-rumped — Ferruginous -— Goa — Gold-backed — Gold-crcfted — Gold-winged — Gray-headed of the , Cape of Good [■ Hope — J Great of the Philippines Great Striped Cayenne Great Variegated Greater Spotted Green 154 86 H3 132 138 144 H3 >34 140 H« »37 142 244 442 460 I 21 4» 35 66 65 69 30 23 34 20 24 29 39 of i 25 18 29 65 'I E X. Woodpecker, Green 7 of Senegal — J Hairy — Larger Red-crefted Leaft of Cayenne - Leffer Black — Lcfler Spotted — Lineated — Little — Little Brown Spotted Little Olive of St. Do mingo Little Striped of Cay enne ■ — Little Striped of Se negal — • Little Variegated of Virginia — Little Yellow-throated Manilla — 1 Minute — . Nubian — • Orange — Pafferine — Pileated — • Rayed — Red-headed — Red-necked — . Rufous •— Southern Three toed Spotted Indian — Spotted of Canada — - Spotted of the Philip- pines — Striped of Louifiana — Striped of St. Domingo Varied — Variegated Jamaica Variegated of Carolina Variegated of Encenada Variegated Undated White-billed — Yellow of Cayenne Yellow-bellied — Woodpecker Creeper Worabce — Worm Eater — Wren, Common vir. 23 72 48 38 54 61 51 73 66 — 28 30 21 73 37 »9 64 zs 28 48 26 5> 53 3^ 75 21 67 tg 71 16 68 69 74 72 75 46 3* - 74 — 77 IV. 46 V. 327 357 If if 1 . Wren, INDEX, Wren, Gold-crefted — V. 366 Yacou — Scotch — 290 Yellow Neck — Titmoufc — 377 Yunx Minutiflimus — Yellow — 350 Torquilla Great — 356 Wryneck -• VII. 79 Zanoe '— Zilatat — Xochitoi »• III. 185 ZonecoUn - II. V. VII. 340 158 38 79 III. VII. II. 93 390 428 y I N 1 S. DIRECTIONS to the Binder. Plate I • 2 3 4 I 7 8 9 lO II iz 14 :i 18 »9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 4f 45 Vol. I. II. Page 46 70 76 86 104 126 »5» »59 167 172 179 184 19Z 199 202 205 223 226 232 239 246 270 279 288 294 297 302 306 323 1 5+ >i5 144 169 184 204 213 232 253 286 306 327 33 » 378 396 Plate Vol. Page Plate Vol. Page 46 11. 444 91 IV. 96 47 ( 445 92 — 137 48 — 450 93 — 140 49 — 452 94 — 144 SO — 467 95 — H7 5« — 451 96 — 150 52 — 453 97 — 160 S3 — 469 98 — 203 54 / — 482 99 — 219 55 — 487 100 Should be }23o S6 — 487 Blue Ta- 57 ill. < nagje 58 — . II 101 Should be }hs 59 — . 38 Onolan 6a — 5» 102 — 274 61 -^ 59 103 — 284 62 — ■ 65 104 — 298 ^J — 75 105 — 321 64 — 94 ic6 — 327 65 — 109 107 — 346 66 "~~ ( 118 108 — 353 ^2 — J31 1 09 — 376 68 — >35 no — 390 69 — M4 III — 406 70 •— »54 1 12 — 416 71 — »55 »i3 — 45" 72 — 178 114 — 464 73 — 223 115 V. I 74 — 257 116 — 23 75 — 260 117 — 28 76 — 292 ii3 — 36 77 — 299 119 — 65 78 — 306 120 — 7« 79 — 3^9 121 — no 80 — 312 122 — 119 81 — 376 123 — 142 82 ■ — 3^19 124 — 1 46 83 — 4CI 125 — 185 84 — • 414 126 — ■ 195 85 — 432 127 — 203 86 — 453 ii8 — 242 87 -• 45 5 129 — 769 88 IV. 51 130 — . .37 89 — ^S 131 - — 4^1 90 — 92 532 ■— 416 (I ¥•■ Plate Vol. Page Plate Vol. Page Plate Vol. Page 133 V. 432 »74 VII. 270 219 VIII. 302 "34 — 458 ns — 277 220 — 3'6 '35 Fig. 1. . 1 .76 — 301 221 — 333 (hould be / 177 — 306 222 -^ 346 Small USo 178 — 316 223 — 365 Creeper ( 179 — 3^3 224 — 366 of France . 3 180 — 329 2a; — 37« 136 — 481 iSl — 357 226 — 400 137 Vf. I 182 — 394 227 — 406 13« — 40 183 — 419 228 — 4i« 139 — 82 184 — 426 2:'9 — 418 140 — 104 185 — 43 « 230 — 422 H« ^ J05 186 — 442 *3« — 431 J 42 — 117 187 — 463 232 IX. I H3 — 145 188 ' — 479 23? — 2S 144 — 160 189 — 490 234 — 61 145 — 185 190 — 493 «35 — 67 146 — 186 191 — 502 236 — 81 J 47 — 202 192 — SH 2)7 — 90 148 — 204 »93 vin. i3 238 — 100 149 — «3« 194 — " 18 239 "^ 100 »SP — 245 »95 — 24 240 — 138 »5« — 25- 196 — 47 241 — 144 J52 — 3 '3 197 — 78 242 — Hi "S3 ^ 3'7 :98 — 88 243 ^ 'il >?+ — 33f •99 — 102 244 — 166 i;? — 366 200 — 109 245 >"" 171 156 — 37* 201 — "3 246 '"— 191 ■ 57 — 379 202 — »23 247 — 196 158 -~ 402 203 •^- 126 248 •"— 2l3 >59 -~ 411 204 — •37 249 -»- 218 160 ~. 436 205 ^- 144 250 — 233 161 -~ 504 206 — ^ 161 251 — 256 162 VII. 6 207 — ' 163 252 — 258 163 ~~ 41 208 — '11 253 — 2/7 164 — 79 209 — 186 254 — 279 165 _ 88 210 — 200 255 — 289 if6 m^ 96 211 — 219 256 — 298 167 _ i'3 212 — 228 '57 — 304 ]68 .— 128 2'3 — 234 258 — 330 169 — »43 214 — 241 259 — 33Q 170 — 158 "1 — 248 260 — 333 171 i— 214 216 — 254 z6i — 33^ 172 __ 219 217 t = 259 z6i — 349 J73 243 nS 2bi2 V .