^, ^%^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^ ilii 122 £f Ufi 12.0 u IL25 HI 1.4 ■ 1.6 /; 7 Photographic ScMices Corporalion ;\ ^ V v\ 13 WIST MAM »TIHT WIMTM.N.Y. MSM (71*)t73-4S03 '^ 4r CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical IMicroraproduction* / Institut Canadian da microraproductiont hiatoriquas Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas taelinlquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may Im bibllographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa In tha raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chaclcad balow. n n D 0 D Colourad covara/ Couvartura da couiaur I I Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagia Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raataurte at/ou paliiculAa I I Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua Colourad mapa/ Cartak giographiquaa an couiaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da couiaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/ Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa an couiaur Bound with othar matarial/ RaliA avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion along Intarior margin/ La r9 iiura aarrte paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatortion la long da la marga IntAriaura Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibia, thaaa hava baan omittad from filming/ II aa paut qua eartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauratlon apparaiaaant dana la taxta, mala, loraqua cala Atait poaalbia, oaa pagaa n'ont paa «t4 filmAaa. L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maiilaur axampiaira qu'il lui a 4tA poaaibia da aa procurar. Laa dAtaila da oat axampiaira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa riu point da vua bibllographlqua, qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mAthoda normala da fllmaga aont indiquAa cl-daaaoua. D D D E D 0 D D D D Colourad pagaa/ Pagaa da couiaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagAaa Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagaa raataurAaa at/ou paliiculAaa Pagaa diacolourad, atainad or foxad/ Pagaa dicoioriaa, taehatiaa ou piquAaa Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa ditachiaa Showthrough/ Tranaparanoa Quality of print variaa/ QualitA InAgala da I'impraaalon Includaa aupplamantary matarial/ Comprand du material auppMmantaira Only aditlon availabia/ Saula MItion diaponibia Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by arrata alipa, tiaauaa, ate, hava baan rafilmad to anaura tha baat poaaibia imaga/ Laa pagaa totalamant ou partlallamant obaourolaa par un faulllat d'arrata. una palura, ate. ont M fllmAaa A nouvaau da fapon i obtanir la maillaura Imaga poaaibia. ThJ to Th po of fill Or ba th< sio oti fin •io or Th •hi Til wf Ml dif ant bai rigl ra • mmit YBAftf • * INTlRIO^ PAEM •--.,#'' tOft MOI^tltAir '■*-,j!^' ^ FlVr TftOtJSAPJD #iiLES, t^KIS, IStUDSr ANPJ^I VERS/ CATER ACTS, lipl/NT^IMS. MINERALS. !»OiU A.NU VkOKFABCi ' c: oioHsorTiiATfi^Kr coiitimi|^ or THE BIRDS. BEAitS, KEfrapES. INSECTS, . ^ AHD vimis f torUAm to t«| ce^riiTikr. '•; .' :' , '■ . ' '^ ^MtUf-ft WITH h eONCNt *^US?^^'***^^^W^^MRS AND CUS. rOMt Qr TAB imUlfai|#AAlTI«« THB LAMBI THAT Lit ABf Aji it.jmntm -1^ f/ m AZmUSS "TO THE HJBLIC. v.- ' ^HE isiYorable reetfpti^m tliit worli W iiietwitb» mm.:' h^ei^6iS^i^h9L^h[^m^iM^^'m a Amr liioiths, ^ M^§m$m»^W he iiil msUiiited; si ii»w im- pmmiijm^tofi^m^gt^* Onito loee^on «» he to doaofid Ji£i ^msm ita ^ f con- Ti^^io^ll^jpiibSie fti^ tcnaii liBid^tuite to ^iiam6igi0iionsorw A»ii&£e^t«rt«{iti «r^i)^ hijrdei and iSmi ttinllik* id tiyttbif iteiln. la «l^1itw^iti^: c«i«|jii||}|6ii t|^ «Ptl%p&luif« oaifoldftb^ |til^ttolia»ft^tt^ di^hniaiireM^lna^oatlie fi^^^^ l>j^ i}ii^^|i^tl^j^»i^^ 1^1 to t^:i^We#i'te luku r^bi^i|;;^fl: ai It^hi^pt>«»e4. BifeigaaiKyebwitndi to the ^hok tran&aHin (tfiid,iie W^'i Umnii»M^ dtiiie,{rtefir6iii«verT trace of lb«». ^atr^fli^cy or ^iffittOafti^ eradidt^; he wM eonft. qtmitiy^ aile to ac^tHBt ev^ <^lrealilflbiee niti|iitely and imfaniftllf . T&Sfc hehiu done ; hot widi^t tn- detnmrine io account for the metna ij which it was ac- coppliflied. Whether the predldion ifaiihe refult of prior obfervations* fronv which certain confeqn«nces were expededto follow b/ the %act0tt.s prteH, and the -> • ^ ;..V "~r ' ( ^y ^^i ^Si **■ ..^.. .>:,'. ^ |,--.i.'aAfa,n.,in,ii,yjgt.aiMaaiai,iAftriiitfi^ . I' h. \ '^^ -'y •"*. AififM at .tkit low^ ^ chr^^jIfiiiiieBago^ft 82 sfet^tinfnt% J 35- B«icnpti0n.o^lliftOiitic>nirml^^ ^O^ ;|;fOweit.iowa of tbe Otugawn^i, oi^ I>i Phiiriei< ' >^ft'«^i%Toiiiirficliim.|^OBd4rertt ,42.' BdcfiMioA<,«6||«Bi j^il^pi i^€m th» iiMMirof the- Oiii&onfiii^lalabiBlfilb 4S' ^^ l«ltt Fiphw ' ' ' • . ^ "• 1^' ? * The ^^^KtBtodt ottlMi Hoiiaoweflle Indiaiii^: 46 DMinmoobdlUviow oltlit f^rtnoe of Uw.WiiiiirU- istltlitfiiUofSt' Aiitlioiirr. ^ ^ ' 59 ri|Kiidiiof fbtj^tti^ . ' 51 |t«ktof t^ AnALOr*! l^ftii^cUi 53 ^ K^lv^ei^ of with w1k«i tHft; f ,^ % I Mi .r^'^ via. OOHTSNTS. St. Author wintered ia tiie year 1766, ^ mm unAot nmm •» tfc« ■»«* or the iUeoiimofli^A* ^eiibmidebtdiiii^QrlBsciMilKa^ ^ ^%adoiveffii7«tdie|;r^t^» , . p^, £ %8ptUmirfl|^d?^irr^l^ j^iBtref « • 4iccooiit dfthe Wf5|rM§#2 «^, ff ^5^ 60 ukti^mi^ ^^^^dim« of a natUmof tttl^m (3 ««ili trflmtufy to i^J|l^|b$l -dittoes mmeoy, ;r ^ 1.7. "-■» vSJflJ^r'vt^K '• L'"^'*::^J*:-*'*'^'J*"- ■' of the two CMpiirays gtferipHJi^llie JTailf ofjIC fiT^i^i ^-^hx^nfl'-nv^^ Oi# j^e^piioii oT Wee fi|C^| tat Aitiek «^ fort Pett^ llf t^tlsiMi, «4|ke river and Cfaalftofi^ UWillM rllffiViiY' - '■' •'-■■ " ■ ' --'■■^'r Maiii V ,^- ^ i»GQifM.iiidC»diii4ftJolmMaibn, 104 p/te C^' ^^^i|. :....■... ^... uriAJ^oifit 4 t f ■"'!■-,■«■ ■ '■-3.. i' »■ •>',-i^ iiti-»4}|«aiitfiorcil Cittolioratioii "^y;. 1» Hi lit i. ; ■ '.+: ' ■ m' ■,-■• -:,*, fM^*' ^dm^Ui^ el> ^--'i 9i0 .y'/ ?•<>-.' ^ Ha: '^^irniMea. .jl5.,j ,. •.!. ,^ -.^ •{!«'»■•,■. .•".."},.. :,*/.;■■' ; ;■ .;■ -■ lie 1^ JL I ■!y',f ''-■' #1 Iff til'fliinMi^.. pipt^fiiliiiiMt imm^ « imj^iiiiiilit mAtMak' falw'tt ' •niti^ift* cHAFrBit. mu '«'. IflO lit '4*v ,» • < . ■», • ^I^P ^' ■■AaMMallilirfMlllta «Pi!a?ra>^ '■^^■.■y IT IX. -'■^v"- 1^ IK m Its 19$ ^", t ji «., 1 ■; J. _, itcNfthilr 5': '.»*' ,'■: M & X __ Urn oST^^fiffi^^ "■..',*.'■■ '■^ .1. • -•-IT '8! il. it k OMITHIgt »'■* '>»*l' CHAHJElt, •I-- iri» irailMr in ^likk tfaey tftat tlieir ^id» ^9 W-yt^ttj. 'jMj, SSi CaiofifaeinoiiiitaiiL snftlb. Mr, 2^2 ThelSilE. Mpofe, . - 299 t^^^ftaboB* CarMJctt. Stol. Pompilw^ SI* awoodc> ocL RafidNk Hartitti Mvfqaalh. 8qiiiitaa> .The BniTtr, The Otter. hUt^ 2S7 299 The wij^poeriHIl FiftHaiA.

•.'. TheSturj TlK^Cat ilSHElsi; C«ff. Clmli, SER^HTS^ .^s0^ 24^ 399 tile IU«A^ Snakes ■ ' llie Loi% JUackSMke. Stri(«ed jorGirftrSivike. % Wftttr Sotke. lilpDg Ss^f;. Oteen Snake, M> Ttie tborft utt mdn^ $pei^ ^Mmg Baiklf^^ Tmohmdi^ t$i MZARDS. f INSECta tlif saH^ona* ToUccoWorm. Bee. X<^^ ^^ -' * CHAFTBR X13L Oft^Treft,Sii&feil,Roet%Iierbf»lloveii»i^^ UB TU£8. tIeOik, t I irniT-Mriai.i CONT^TS^ 256 The Pine Tree, Maple Afhi, 'f%e Hemlock Tree. Baf$ or White Wood Wfck. , pi^,orSuck«rcek BajtoiSf Wffloi, - 2«V NUr TREES The Butter, or Oil Not. Beech Kat. Peeaa Nuti 9SS FRUIT TflEEi, ^^■^■.■. The Vine, :. * ^ > j«S The MiilbQi^ Tree Ctmb Apple Tree. Kita . ■ '-Tree, :;.:■:?-■:■:.: /:v'<,^ • ^-r-'^jn.v,-:./- -x,.::--. ■ ;S59 TheChenylVwi. $«febG»m ri«ri 1^^ ■ ^ ■ ». (>'., -Cfi.lUii'BS.' TheWillom I^JflWiod. Si^f^», ' «61 1%9 FfieiElr AOi. Moofe Weoii H%doQ> Wiio4 i TheShmhOalc, 4v 86^ 1 he Wludi Hwle. . Myitle Wju^t^ie. Wilier «Gieen. Fever Bofii. ^* '^- ; f69 0»ftberrf Bafli^ Chaak Berrrr ill* '• ■ " -' '''*• 'r - r, ROOTS AND ^ AN fS. . .. • , ..- - Sfikenird. ; ^i SarTiparillt. Ginfang. G4>m thtetd. fi65 £olomoa'i $e«l. PevU't Bit.- BUhhI Root, '' ^6 HERiSi Itattlt ^«kt Pl«QK«it* l^ct^ lU^in't Plantain. # ^- If 1^ nottHda. K'^kUmfP^ P4^» ^ fL^iriRs. ^ >•-■;, IN^,^ Indian Coni. «7a f '" ' - 'iiiii tmmimmmtMttliim "•►•wft; Sflfcr*^ •«*s* '• "■^iSr^i .•#^- ■ -twmmvip isa 9imimiA c^ .«« finite 1 , ■ GdirtMd. iil«i'.lii ,' ^*lj£& ^^S ■■ «9lteM fim^i '■-*'^-''w' '''■■'*',' 4-I " ■ ■ rev • %.- #li^i ••i* T ' rP--,.^--.,''illil|«|5 ii»t«tlitnw WMb«r thttettti^on ^tfiiit I^& In ^wiMpM^ horn wM^kMf^^h md§A m mMfiti. . ^$mmoi ^191 «e jKf^Ol hid bM miify diwlttj t^m0^O^m^hk lf«$i ht hid iMMteiecr 5J«t»'^t#|e «^^ r hoc no ibmi wii k tilcin* Nil6 ^ im ediif kM ii»t1t had acqiMrtd tft r««■■■■■'. - ■ ■ ^ecuritfjr^om filfervpona/glna ot^tby its poiftffTofti and fltt^t^ £ayc htih^ ^jktyeftA denpni with a few four Ipoitiitftra. )^tfi# {ti ^atiOB^ wliidi watreprefented to he fo ver^ a fehetm^^ to de^tre f iea«U>g n^ traces hf which any lilnowled|^> might o^enr. to tMrc^nqnerors I lor iitj^longh^ey were well a^qiiainfied with all thf Lakdit psirti^kirly.with LahtSupeHor^fi^toqtet*. ly a teCel of coidMen^ hlir4enihere<^« yet their plans of ^lem nit v)^ ia«brfe4l . { >dk(<:iQ>fefed mf^y trxort in '"the^demt^tioitspyea therein of its Ifia^d* and bays, duribg a prQ;(|iff» of eleyen hundred mUies thafc I eoiiAeC it in canoes.. !^^y liheit}j^«^#n gi^g op the po(ieffii|n: of ttfem» toohcanc^io If^ve the jmcs wj hadpeenpiedf in th0 M» uncuttiiFatcd fUte v^ hid found Uiejnpi » at the f^nie tflne :defte^in^ att thrir aa%al, forciik 1 obier* . ii«d xafUtjfwt^ ^ hjiik^ a !rosy large leii^l, burnt to the waterV«^>}i;^ at liM^^ptiiiag trom ^ $tra||«^ of Bt Marie into the liS^* l*hele dlfficttlttes*. however w«fe notltiftdent to deter me from the andertaklngrand I ntade prepnmticMiS < fettif^ out WVti i^blRy hsdilii viewti awtr i^ah^ aknOwlidg0;CN|^» J|^^ cq^mmi hii^piges^ i &ndiK^nraI rt«Nla#i(^s i^di^ f^iopeiit aia^ltl i#^^^^^^^ h^^':iheJ)»bk.of;thift' iPlfif^v^v^ v^^a^smmm^ breadith of that fl^ft cfuMiUfMt^ whi^ extiid* mii a« Atla«^ fb iStm tactile Oci« a* In its bfoaiM fai| he^ twecnJS(and40^ 4c0mnor^i9f«^^lati|Ri^a. ^^tad J bim able 10 a^onplUh 3»ib> lintciid^ to hite firf^^id (» :go?ernmefttlo eftabUAi a ^ inlb»e>^iiio6 IM> # tmemmttm a(lil-t%:rv>. X^TJtOmjGTlC^!!. i« .?«• covered by ^iirftft^HPtii^ioC ^eottiitf lieloog to ||^ 4lirirftfcofer]^io£,«>loithw«4 ]^'t<£tg6^^^ qommpiucai^ tt(» Jbfftin»edr H«d(«ii*^ l^'BiKclfic <)eeim. ■, ^^ fetd«i«ieiic on thstHWtiiemity of Aira^ ^h>U ^trn^ iiOMpiem 0f it iidi^ oecftil^t for it>^id not' onl|r liU'Mf.llow fi;mf€e|t>f tr«^» 1^ j|s||iy iiA^tti ftble4EOiictt|nfen#:of fat«^ But chat ilio oom»i ^yiiim0i^0»m^» i4l«ve tl^^c^or of ^ft^pnniiiff msyMri^a^iilK^ -^^ that «t pt^m^tm^ htitmmk&mmirBi^m tmAi^^metm* it will |Mri»bii% femp feiri befoit the atljii9if>ic i« ref^Mj^ I «(t|^ln^ «i|i9fM the exeeiitioii o|S carne^ eaifi^ jpHpop-i^tyr^^^ Co fortt^ii^^ At to %^ ' ll^t^liill^ tfifi^ findloi^ ' expf|utlof»* A«dyrl|i^th^j|>hr^ai#el^^ I dati^Mift niMl 1^N$og» on: the .|«rroii #^0 i|riS poHijted ^mt t&ievt^. . 'ih«fe« ihou^ ^t nlOiadtfWf reeom* »r til aif tmK I %ail rea^ft wUh pliafiire; ifweir or aathoritr i^>f «ew imNl4 iviftW ift alter it ^ mnlim |r0a^v ;p9^^ ) tiiiiJE« abot ebn dtfimf. Btirsi fhei^ m ti|||9 MB»tteill0|«il)Hb^4^ riovKudi ^ wefty tljHire isiio do^tbt but that im^M)>i>^ (1^ «Ei|N» Ti^>|i3^^;> nl 1 ■'.#"■ i:J. .,' * ii " imiiMft^^ or ^^^v^^«^ ^^^ thit j&iltlii^to#^(Mni». i^ibiil ^Mtai^nuwkiiiaiirthcrewoieft B^i^' f^, ^enGovimoi^ (Plit. ^ hxnm nit Wf& a.i>i|)iK» IPBHrt- dio tittekl im^fidii to {M^ Br^^ ^^ owy ^IhI^ : |»ttt|^ii^edtofii]^iiiewith|0elia«tSB Memn* when J^««*id Oi^ Fa»i of SifliiJ Andw. M^ W«rdskfUiii4thfit^€(«^^tnior folffiiillit f^^^m er^ftiintftll»M)^tobed4|Mr«ii tooit). tiMi«ft to wki^^j£intrt^e^tlleitf» ii^dtfj^ t^Mnteto^ Mf or4 eiitttdtaftiK Int a»v(Hntoito^ HHf V . luriii^i^cTioK. $t m. the fl^iningpf tfaeycur 176fr, and fining my ps^greft to^f^eweftwatdtliias recar^ie^t 1 4fftteiinioMi i» ditm n|7 ^u«^ ii0rt|i««rd. I took tliU 1% i|!i(h. a view (tf $4^» ing « jlgJC^niH^^ tiif{M»ll of liie Mifltfippi M0,iai» S^^parioTr in or4^jo jpipMit the gfto^Por* flIMriNi llii Moftk welt fide of tlMpRke, tbe tradeini ^t 0£^e| iiigiRii^to 1^^ ^pj^i^imdlliai^ pi]^ l||i #]^ |i»ptu^ jf imi chat quatteKb^i ^»J w j^ ts^s dafttti^lDrtihelsySiKl Oiimpi^li to ^lieads ^ »t iil^^lllie weJ$« «liieb»^iit 1 Iia^ i«d1»cfoie. Mi iaio die%int«of Aimua» uur lerammoBof n^ Int^aded. QUI- ^sffiief- ..» defigii» Mid lU^isciSf Ihe I , lottttd nii^o -••■pp* ■PMiM»*w*'^. ^i^»» ^ 1HVIA *"i!l!''?*'|P-. ■ 'Jw*-^-*e, i to ferangl *6 4»e Mwi^ ,.. ^^ - -^^^,- .^Mfirbadriitifeinv ' ■ ^' ?^^c^.. lAit^siEliii^ b#^|MSted thail jftiMi^ ky Jp^^ tlie f^itiuiwi^to-f «?er9e oiie wIh> lit»'lu^ ^ifmmMoM with Aittiri^,liiieiio|teB im|>t^ed«»l^^^ aot* ME ilUi#Of MMKifed* ' [ Wt^wtMfhkeiuii^ of MlMi ji|i^hniit.-iB('lp^4oidi;' -^MBwIgliatfK of imdo- \kmm^^ Imtili&eim^^^U^ of fanmeh ^ «OfliMt0^lMliSiiy^tt ltle|^ jwdteed me to appear M|fCliiil»0iM^ ^I^MiiiMl^ge I obeyed* aad liadeiw R ;l, i Kv,n ■ '^ i #. ts mTROEiicmoN. ^ioii of cfi^ ^d pffient When it waf ficufhfid, t i^6Qc;lid(|i!ati(m the firft l6rd re plie^ that I mig^t pub - m'tiieMi%heiievt^ I pteafi^d. In C!(mfe4|Qeiice i)f t^h l^ili!^&^ I dHpofi^ of the^to a bubleimr t bm tKrhen ilty v^tSMailr re^^ the |)rei^ia oNlet ^ai^if> ftildMti tf^ bn^ Wr^^ req^riiif im to dj^lWer, iihoi^ dfilay, ihtb dii jjlatilatidiv 6^ ill mf, Ckutt kiiH I hid lildft. t iiik oiti^ i^ ohur ^1 i^niafi^ I Iras olhHg^d to fijMrt^al^iJimn ^frf |^'^y^4^ ahd^^eSW^ lliit ^^ ctii^ bilirieioent I endea^oi^id to giet annex^ to thieiceboM X%ul illiidf iciil^ ii ite d)#tia^llwM denied ^iidl!»lt|i#^iiM;^l h4t isnty a valt Mitttt of il^^iii^iilitry ii^noatoirM^^ aniMiv ^nd llf aasttfiHgieiit^ and i^ta^ Ihair idoft ^^lMig|ldsu aibiii. i Ao# 1 fbmt iexi^ iS^ hk ai nurop { Mf feeehvd ^ tha piib^c,4iatddb%^oiii ^oC JIhwds, 1 ^irliicfa aioid no other eninlainiil^tiiiii^^^^^^ iroab littiriioviet^l aaitf diftov«ili^ilittf ii^ ^(MMMMMMWil *.v INTRODfUCTlON. 89 ife imjfew advantajf^s to this country, tiiough acquir- cd at an immeiila expence. To make the followiofl; i»ork as compreheafibe and caifrtaintng as poffible, I ihall firft gire my readers ah |«iC(d|;|int of the route I pnrfoed over this inunenfe con- d|HM^ and aa 1 pafs oOi difcrtbe* the number of inhab* mtttSi tbli (ituajtion of the rnrerv and lakesi and the pro- dodions of thecodntry. Hairing done this I (hall treaty |b diftinft chapters, of the inanners« cuftoms and Ian* g««ie9 of die Indians. imhere it is n^ceflsurjr to befpeak the candor of the tearM part of my readers in the pemfal of it,^ it is jW^|todiiAion of a peifon nnn^d^ from oppofite avoca- llantt to ii<(^rary jpnriuits. Hetherpfor^bA^sther would im ffsamine itwith too critical an etejeipiciauy when ^|i i^ris tbim that his uttitiitton has b^n more em. ' >i^ on giving a jufl description of a coontry ' that 11^, in ^mefutilre periods "to be an inexhauftibli I fet ooi ^k Bofton. ihd jpsocee^ie^ ^7 way of Albany and Niagara, to MiqhiHimackihaei i ibrt (itttated between the lakes Huron and Michigan^ anddiftant from Bbftion ISeO aniles. This beine xht tdttennoft of oUr faAories towardi tbe north wel^» 1 arts of North America, that from lying adjacent to the back fettlements, htiii been fre(|uently defcribedi I (hall confine nyfelf |o a defcription bf the more int^tibr parts of it, which, hai^ ing Wen hut feldcin Tifitedi are cbnfequently ^ut little knowto. In doing this, I Diall in no inftant e exceed the bennds of truth, or have rccourfe to thbfe iifeltrfs and xtrat agant exagcrations too often made ufc of by tray Uers, to excite thecutifffity of the public, Or to increaA k qwn importance. Nor (hall I infert any obfer» itiojust but fnch as 1 hare made tnjMft Or mm tkl! € m 26 CARVER'STRAVELS. i credibility of thofe by whom they were related, am em* a^led to vouch for dicir authenticity. . Michillimackinac, from whence I began mv traYels, is a fort compofed ofa ftrong ftockade. and is ufually defended by a garrifon of one hundred men. It con« tains about thirty houfes, one of whtcL belongs to the fovemor, and another to the ^mniiiTary, Sei^eral tra- ers alfo dwell within its fortifications, who find it a convenient fituation to traffic with the neighboring na» tions. Michillimackinac'in the languaee of the Chip* eway Indian, fignifies a torjtoife ; and the place is fup- pofed to receive its ujime ftd^ aii Ifland, lying about fix or feven miles to the north eaft, within flight of the fort« which has the appearance of that animal. During the Indian war that followed foon after the conqued of Canada in the year 1763^ and which was carried on by an army of confederate nations, compof- ed of the Hurons, Miamies, Chi pe ways, Ottowaws, Pontowattimies; Miffiifauges, and fome other tribes, linder the direction of Pontiac, a celebrated Indian warrior, who had always been in the French intereft, it was taken by furprize^ in ihe following mann^ i the Indians haVing fettled thieir plati, tlrew hear th^ fbh, and began a game at mil, a paflthnt rhuch ufed among them, and ndt unhke temfis. tnthe-hdght of their game, at which fome of thd £ngliih ofHeets, ndk M- pecting any deceit, ftood looking on, they ftrttck ihe ball, as if bv accident, oV^r the ftockaide { this they n^- peated two or three timek, to make the dteeption more complete ; till at length, having by this means lulled every furpicion of the fentry at the fomh gate, a par* ty ruflied by him ; and the reft foop followirt^, they took pofleffioft of thie fort, without meeting With any oppoOtion. Having acccetroit the year following. CARVER'S TItAVi;LS. ^ Having here inade 4li(e neceifary dirpcfitiofls fojr pur- r^ingnij traych, 4nd obtained a credit from Mr./Reg- er4, (^governor, on foine Engtlil) and Canadian trad- er$» who were going to trade on the MiflSfippi, and re- ceived alio from hlni a promife of a fre(b fupplv of goods when I reached the falls of St. Antfcony. I left t))e fort on the 3d of September, in company with th£[fe traders. It was agreed that Uiey (hould farhiih'. rpe wHh fuch goods as I might want,, for ipref^ts to ihe Xn^uhchif^fs, during my continuance with them, a^rec- a^Ie to the gov^nor's order, fiut when I arrived at ^e intent oftheir route, I was to *^d^ other guides; and to ^epe^d^ on the goods the governor had promifcd to fiipply m^ witB. ' We accordinrbr, f^t out tojrnher, and on the 1 8th arnveflfttort La Bay* This fort is fituated on the fouthem ~ext;reroit]r of a bay in the lake'Michigan, term- ea by tl.e Prencli, the bay of I*Uknts j but v^ich fmce the Englim l^ave gained poflefliohof all the fettlemerits on this part of the continent, is called by them, the Green Bay. The reafon of its being thus denominat- ed, is from its appearance ; for on leaving Michillimack* Inac in Uie fpring feafont though the trees there have not even put form their buds, yet you find the country around La Bay, notwithftanding the paiTage has net exceeded fourteen days, covered with the fineft verdure, and vegetation as forward as it ^ould be were it^ fum- mer. This fort is alfo only furrounded by a ftoclcade, and being much decayed, is fcarcely defenfihle againil fmall arms. It was built by the French for the protection of their trade, fometime before rhey were forced to relin- iqui(h it ; and when Canada and its dependencies were furrindered to the Englilh, it was immediately gafrri- foned with an oMcer and thirty men. Thefe were made prifoners by the Menomonies foon after the fur- prife of Michillimackinac, and the fort has neither been garrifoned or kept in repair fince. The bay is about ninety miles long, but differs mnch in Its breadth ; being in fome places only fifteen miles, Ui others from twenty to thirty. J t Ues nearly from $i CARVER'S TRAVELS ■>*!'fHY'/V !♦?.(" north eaft to foutb weft. At tli^ enuinct of it froin the lake are a ftring of Iftands, extending front i^f^ to fouth, called the Grand traverfe. Thefe alh: a^&t thiitf mites m length, and ferve |o facilitate the plf. fage of canoet» ak they (helter them from the winds, which fometimes come with riolence acro£& the lalee. On the fide that lies to the fouth eaift is the neared and beft nayigation. The l£mds of the Grand Trarerie are moltly ditiall and rockf . Manr of the rocks are of an amazii^g ^|te, and apMr as if th^ had been fafiuc/ned br the hi^s of artifts. Oji the largell and bed of thefe liandt l|a^ds a town of the Ottowawi , at ti^ich I Ibimd One of ^ moft confiderable chiefs of that nation» wlitt rcctt^d ne with every htior lie coiild fofSbif ,flip w ,tb. f\ ftran- ger. . Bm what appeiired extremely fingtitaf ' to itie at the time* aqd maft.|{<> ^^ ^^ every perCbn unacqnainted with the cuftoms of the Indians, was ^i^ reception I met widi on landing. As our canf>ef apfiroacoed the Ihore, and had readhed within about ihrtfe fco»e rodf of | it, the Indians began a fue-de^joy ; in which- they iTred their pieces loaded >»ith balk; but at the fame time I they took care to difcharge them in fuch a manner as | to fly a few yards above our heads : during this they ran from one tree or ftump to anotheri (heuting and be- having as if they were in Uie heat of battle A t firft I w«s greatly furprifed, and was on the point of ordering mj attendants to return their fire, concluding that their I intentions were hoftile ; but being undeceived by feme of the traders, who informed me that t^is was their uA ual method of receiving tlie chiefs of dthcr nations, I confidered it in its true light, and was pleafed with the | refpect thus paid me. \ I remained here one night. Among the prefents I made the chieft, were fome fptrituous liquors ; with which they made themfelves merry, and all joined in a dance, that lafted the greateft part of the night. In the morning when 1 departed, the^hief attended me to the ihore, and, as foon as I had embarked, offered up, in ao audible voice, and with great folemnity, a fervent praj- er in my behalf. He prayed , in their prefence w i chout being underftood by them. For it was remark- ed by the perfons who firft traded among them, that whtn they were fpeaking to each other about them, and mentioned their proper names they indantly grew fufpicious, and concluded that their vifitors were either fpeaking ill of them, or pkitting their deftruction. To remedy this ihey gave them lome other name. The only bad confequences ariiing from the practice then in< troduced is, that Englilh and French geographers, in tileir plans of the interior parts of America, give differ- ent names to the fame people, and thereby perplex thofe ^ho have occafion to refer to them. Lake Michigan, of which the Green Bay r fi pftrt, is divided on this north-eaft from Lake Hurur. by the Siraits of Mlcbillimackinac ; and is fituated between forty two and forty fix degrees of latitude, and between eighty four and elj^hty fevea degrees of weftlon^tude. Its gxeateil lensth is two hundred and eighty miles, its breadth about fortXt and its circumference nearly fix CARVER'S TRAVELS. 31 ofe pla- i the in- 1 by the )ut why )ttaking give for ers, bat rfe with jrefence remark- m, that It them, grew re either To The then in- lerSf in e differ- ez thofe a pkrt> by the between between gitude. niles, iti arly fix hundred. There is a remarkable (Iring of fmall Id. ands beginning over againd Afkin's farm, and running about thirty miles foutn.well into the lake. Thele are called the Beayer Iflunds. Al heir fituation is very pleafant, butthefoil is bare. However they aiford a beautiful profpe^l. On the north weft parts of this lake (he waters branch out into two bays. That which lies towards the north is the Bay of Noquets, and the other the Green Bay juft defcribed. iht waters of this as well as the other great lakes are clear and wholefome, and of fu&cient depth for the navigation of large ihips. Half the fpace of the oouniry that lies to the eafib, and extends to Lake Hu- ron, belongs to the Ottawaw Indians. The line that divides their territories from the Chippeways, runs nearly north and fouth, and reaches almoft from the fouthern extremity of this lake, acrt>fs, the high lands* to MichiUimackinac, through the center of which it paiTes. 80 that when thefe two tribes happen to meet at the factory, they each encamp on their own domin- ions, at a tew yards diftance from the ftockade. The country adjacent either to tl)e eaft or weft fide of the lake, is compofed but of an indifferent foil, ex- cept where fmall brooks or rivers empty themfelves into it ; on the banks of thefe it is extremely fertile. Near the borders of the lake grow a great number of fand cherries, which arc not lefs remarkable for their manner of growth, jhan for their r^xquifite flavor. I I'hey grow upon a fmall (hrub, not more than four feet high, the boughs of which arefo loaded that they lie in ciufters on the fand. As they grow only on the jfand the warmth of which probably contributes to bring them' to fuch perfe^ion ; they aie called by the iFrenchi cherries de fable, or fand cherries. The fize lof them does not exceed that of a fmall mufket ball, |lmt fiity are reckoned fuperior to any other fort for the jurpofe of fteeping in fpirits. There alfo grow around [the lakei goofeberrtes, black currents* and an abun- dance of juBiperi bearing great quantities of berries Df the fiaelt liirt. te CARVER'S TRAVELS. Snmack likewiie grows here in great plenty ; the leaf of which, gathered at Michaelmas, when it turns red is much eHeemed by the natives. They mix about an equal quantity of it with their tobacco, which caufes it to Imoke pleafantly. Near this lake, and in- deed about all the great lakes, is found a kind of wil« low, termed by the French bois rouge, in Englifli, red wood. Its bark when only of one year's growth, is of a fine fcarlet color, and appears very beautiful ; but as it grows older, it changes into a mixture of grey and red. The Aalks of this ibrab srow many of them together! and rife to the height of ux or eight feet, the laigeft not exceeding an inch diameter. The bark being fcraped from the fticks, and dried and powder- ed, is alfo mixed by the Indians with their tobacco, and is held by them in the higheft eftimation, for their win- ter fmoaking. A weed that grows near the great lakes, in rocky places, they nfe in the fummer feason. It is called by the Indians Sn;ockimac, and creeps like a vine on the ground, fometimes extending to eight or ten feet, and bearing a leaf about the fixe of a filver penny, nearly round ; it is of the fubftance and color of the laurel, andl is, like :he tree it refembles, an evergrieen. Thefe leaves, dried and powdered, they likewife mix with their tobacco i and as faid before, fmoke it only during the fummci* By thefe three Aiccedaneums, the pipes of the Indians are well fup- plied through every feafon of the year ; and as they are great fmokers, they are very tareful in properly gathering and preparing them. On the ttOth of September, I lelt the Green Bay, and proceeded up Fox river ( ftill in company with the traders and fome Indians. On the 25th I arrived at the great town of the Winnebagoes, fituated un a fmall iiland, juft as you enter the eaft end of the lake Win* nebago. Here the queen who prefided over this tribe inftead of a Sachem, received me with great civility/ and eittertained me in a very diftinguiflied manner, during the four days I continued jvith ner. The day after my arrival I heldn Council with the chieff, of whom I aiked permiffioD tQ pais thAugK fl^tj #;bii dirvStv arenit^i hoippei] then i't man, if] herdre] Iihb«re Itrlywi qtiirehf meavc i&iles (] ttoh I pi Thfe I Vfft obi le^ing t isin, la thefe eni Winnel ees beh from th« or by tl refuge i] ago. Myrt from th^ fie Indii cor du^ Jiiefent tant froi Seconl tther Inf ^ciouthl Wiilattel UMisia eARVEIt'S THAl^JEa.^. §$ mtrf on my tnj to more remote nations 6h ^fi^ of tninortsuice. This was readily granted me ^e r)%3eft bdng efteemed by them as a great compli- meot paid to tlieir tribe. Tbe queen fat in the coun- 4^^ but only adeed a few queftions or gave fome trifling diredibni in matters relative to the ftatc ; for woioen ale n#ver allowed to fit in their councils* except they Imppen t<»be invefted with thefupreme authority, and dxenitis not cuftomary for them to make any formal ^eechesas the chiefs do. She m^s a very ancient we..^ man»fmainik ftatare, and not mu diftinguifhed by hisrdrelsftdmieveral yotMg women that ^tttended hei^. tl^e her ittenda^u ^nied gte^tly (leafed whenever I (howed any tokens of refped to their queen, panictf- htrly when I^ttCed her, which 1 frequently did to ac- ^i^n her fai^or. On theie occsfiont the good old lady l^eaTOred to afliime a juvenile gaiety, and by her iioiles (hoWed (he wai equally pleafed with the atten< ttdh t>i!d her. The time I utried berr^ 1 employed in makfng the beft obfertatioris poflSble on the country aind in cot' leAtng the moft certain intelligence I could, of the or- iffin, language and cuftoms of this people. From thefe enquiries I have reafon to conclude* that tfai} Winnebagoes originHlly refided>in ibme of the provin« ees belonging to New Mexico ; and being drivi^ from their native country, either by mteftine divitions, or by the extenfrons of the Spsnifli conquers, they took refuge in thefe more northern parts about a century ago. My reafons for adopting this fnppofition, are, firili from their unalienable attachment to the Naudowef- lie Indians (<«ho, they fay, gave them the earlieft fuc- cor during their emigration) notwithftanding their piefent refidence is more than fix hundred miles dif* tant froih that people. Secondly that their dialed totally differs from every ither Indi.in nation yet dtfcovered ; it being a very 4itide>uth, guteral jargon, which none of their neighbors Will attempt to learn They converfe with other na* ilMis in the Chippcway tongue, which is the prevailing $i CAI^VER'S TRAVELS. Iang«(»ge (brQUghaiit all the tnfa|jes» fro|n the Mpl^a^^s Hi Canada, to mofe who ihhahi^ the ^4^pi ^f the Mtiin4>pi/;iiid from the Hjarpni and >l]^iaoiir>t6 ittch AH dwell near Hudfpns ®ay. Thirdly'* from iheit^ inyeterMe ha|rc»4 tM> die Span- iards. Some of them informed mir ihi»t thef h^d mi^fiy excurfion^ to the Couth weft, which took up feveral moons. An elder chief mor$ particul^ly acquainted mei that aboutibrty*iix wiutei^s agQ, he marched at the head i of fifty waniors, towards ^the fouth. we^, for ihree id^ns. ^'hat during ihisr ^xpecfition) ]»r}fHft tl^y ¥^eW crciiHng a jpJiMn, ihey 4if took eighty hcrfes loaded with what they termed white ftone. luis 1 fuppdfe to have beeti filveri as he told me the horfes vwere (hod .with it, and that their bridles were ornamented with the fame. When they had fatiated their reveiigei they carried off their fpoil, and being got fo far as to be out of the reach of the Spaniards that had efcaped their fury» tRey left the ufeleff and ponderous burthen, and with which the horfes were loaded, in the woods, iCad mounting themfeltes, in this manner returned to their friends. The party they had thus defeated, I coodude to be the caravan tKSt annually conveys to Mexico, the (ilver which the Spaniards find in great quantities on the mountains lying near the heads of the Coleredo River : and the plains where the attack was made, probably fome they were obliged to pafs over in their way to the heads of the river St. Feei, or Rio del Nord, which falls into the Gulf ^of ^e^i<^ to the weft of the Miffifippi. ., ft The Wianebagoes can raife about twa'haii4red CARIVBR^'a TRAVELS*/ ^UttttHi Tlidr town cQiptains about fifty libufesi^T which are ftrongly built with pallifad^Syand the ifland on ^ihk i< 'Atuated, nearly fifty aeries. It lies thiitf ^6 liiiles^ '/eckooitig according to the couHe q£ thftfiv4if»ftory that prevails among the Indians, of their hai^tig defiroytd in^ fome part of it, an anilnal, whicli from their defcription muft be a crocodile or an alliga* I tor.'" * Iceland adjacent to the Lake it very finrtile, a* [bounding whh graphs, pluhis, and other fruits, which UrOW > fpontanJeoufiy. The Winnebagoes raife on it a gi[eat quantity of Indian corn, beans, pumpkini^^ fqumheis and watermelons, with fome tobacco. Thjt Lfiteitfelf abounds with fiib, and in the fall of ths yeafi with geefe^ ducks and teal. The latter, which refdri to it in great number s* are remarkably good and extremely fat, and are much better flavored than Ithbfethatare iBund near ^he feat as they acquire their lezeefiiveifatnefs by feeding on the wild rice which grows |fo|lemififc!Uy irithefe parts. mti^ made fome acceptable prefents to the good |old:q!ie^n,«nd received her blefiing, 1 left the town of tb^ Winnebagoes on the 29th of Septemlier, and about RM/li^^ miles froiU it, arrived at the place where tk9 |F9f> Rivet: enters the Lake, on the north fide of it. t'liM^ceeded up this river^and on the 7th of O^uber ■ \i l!S it! Jsi" '\ ! [i',\ :m l\ ^ CARVER'S TRAVELS. reached the] sreat Carrjinf Place, which dWides it from the Oaifcoiilm. The Fox RiTer, from the Green Baj to the carrf * ing place* it about one hnndred and eighty milet. From the Winnebago Lake to the Carrying Place the c«rrent it gentle, and the depth confiderable ; notwith* Aaoding which, it it in fbme ^cet with difficiilty that canoct can psift thromgh the obftradiont- they meet with from the rice ftalkt, which are very large and thick, and grow here in great abundance. The coun- try around it it very fertile, and proper in the higheft degree for cultiyationi excepting in fome placet near ' the river, where it it rather too low. It it in no part very woody, andyetcan fupply fufficient to anfwer the demandt of any number of inhabitantt* Thit river It thegreateftrefort for wild fowl of every kind; that I met with in the whole courie of my travdt i frequent* ly the fun would be obfcured by them for fome Qiin* utet together. About forty milet up thit river, from the great town of the Winnebagoet, ftandt a fmaller town bo* loneing to that uatton. Deer and Beart are very numerout in thefe partt, and a great many beavert and other fmt are taken oil the ftreamt that empty tbemfelvet into thit river. The river I am treating of, it remarkable for hav^ ing been, about eighty yeart ago» the refidence of the united bandt of the Ottigaumiet and the Saukiet, whom the French had nicknamed, according to their wonted cuftom", Det Sackt and Det Reynardt, the Sackt and the Fozet, of whom the following anecdote wat related to me by an Indian. About fizty yeart ago, the French Miflionariet and tradert havmg received many iofttltt from thit people, a party of the French and Indiknt, under the com- mand of Capt Morand marched to revengo their wrongt. The Captain fet oi^t from the Green Bay in the winter, when they were unfufpiciout of a vifit of* thit kind, and purfuing hit route over the foow to their villaget, which lay about fifty milet up the Fox Riveri came upon them by furprife* Unprepared at thtf CARVER'S TgAir^LE itertfht found them an eafy ; conqueft, and con/Vrifonert ibe gieaf eA : part oi* ^em- On the return oif the French ur the preen Bey.e&e of t^Tlndtaa Chicks in j||Ance wi^ them* who had a cenfidorahle ^nd of m^mionen under, his care, ftoppf d' to dfinlc at a bioek $ in the Rin^n. tiine i^s ecmM^iflons iranc^^^^^^^^^^ io^ed to chrlnki by:|peKi|fii(!tri]r iu^ceptiUepart^ and?l(f{d him M till Jlieapivad on the ipot. At ^ Chief fr^m^ e)(trtmeii»ttiiTe he Aii&ied,: waa U9ahlelocaUobt«tohisfnfads»<»r lO; gt?ci any aiarmfv tb^ tilled m ^lth0ut kripwing i«Wr>|iad happen* tii and thewomfUi baYing cut the^ jbandf ^of tho^ of her fellow ffrironera vtSo were , in the r^r «i# thenrH»aie' her efi^pe. This benoine vat ever aftf^ tic^tld >bf her nation m their deliver^ and made ^ ^iefcsi in her o«n right, with liberty to entait the fail^ l^nor 5n h^ deilH^daHtsi^^antinttsaal diftinaiOn* aodipermitted^only on^wraordinary o^caiion* /%.;;% About twdive miles before I reaehjrd the Carf^tn|; Hafef I obsetted i^ep ad fmatt mo^tainf whi^ exteii>' ded quittto it* IJ^ indeed wou^ only be c^^Sfi^^r asiadt^llsi when compared with thoie oYi the back «f the^Ql<^s» bsif antbljy were the firft L had seen fii>ce roy'^ving Ntagaia^ a track of near%leven hupi^ed^ mites, leoiddnQ't leave them iinnn^ced. . The FoiiUfer,l»h#e it enters the Winnebagn^^l^^ is aboue fifty ^ardsixride^'but it; gradually decream f(P die C^i!i7if^ Phce, whei«^^tsno mote thiin five y^^ oyer, except in a few placet where it widens into fmalt lakes, f hotigh §ill ti a conttderable depth. I cannot recdlk^ any thing elfe that is remarkable in this rtyer, except d)at it is fo ierpentiAe lc»> 6ve miles, as enly to gain in that phtee oneqeliiler of amile. The Carry ing Place l^tween the Fox ar^d ihc Ouili cottfin Rivers is in breadth not more iKan a rnile and ditte qt^arter s, 4liongh in foir.e map& it is fo ddmca^ci^ as Kiapp^ to-be ten miks^ Af^d h«3« l C»piai^l|i i^li^MM«3«t tkM^#^i^map$ of thcfe patts» I h»vf ev«lr |';>! T 1 '■%-^-' S3 CARVER'S TRAVELS. - feen, are very erroneous. The rivers in general are e back, which was to he in the month of May following. As th*s was but in OAober Monfieur told the Indian, \vhofe fimplicity aftuniihed him, that he fancied he might v.ait long enough when May tirrtvcd for the at- rival of his great father, 'ilie Indian was fo confident of hii creature's obeoicnce, that ho oiFered to lay the Frenchman a wnger Of two gallons of rum, that at the time appointed he would come and crawl into the box. 'Cliis \v.i> aj*ret'd on, and the fecond week in May fol* lou inp, ftxt d lor the c'etei miratirn of the wager, y^i that pvriod they both mttr there again { ^hevs the In^ W>;>r. ittdcwn htsbox; trd (ailed £r>r his great fatj^. v OARVER'vS TJIAVELS. m The fnake heard him not ; and the time being now expired, he acknowledged that he had loih However, withoat feemiitg to be dtfconraged, he offered to double the bet» if his great father came not wjtbin tw^ dHyr more. 'VhH was further agreed on ; when be- hold on the second day about one o'clock, the fn^rke an rived* and of hts own accord crawled into the boy, which was placed ready for htm. The French Gentle- man vouched f^r the ttuth of this ftory, and from the aceoanttl have often received of the docility of those creatures, 1 fee no reafon to doubt his veracity. I obferved that tte main body of the Fox river cane iirbm the foath wuf^ that sf the Ouifconfm from the north ead ; and alfo that Tome of the fmall branches of theie two rivers, in defcending into them, doubled ^'jHu Iq a few feet of «ach oth«r, a little to the fouth of the Carryinff Place. That two fuch rivers fliould take their riwfo near each other, and after running fuch dif* frreOt courfcs. empty tbcj^felves into the fe.% at a dis* tance fo amazing (for the former having patTed through ieveml great lakei, and run upwards of two thoufand miles, falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the oth- er, after joinine the Mifliiippi, and having run an equal number of miws, difcmbogues itfelf into the Gulf of Mesieo) is an inftance fcarcely to be met in the exten* five continent of North America. I had nn opportu* nity the year following, of making the fame obferva- tionsonthe afhnity of feverat head branches of th« wat^s of the St Lawrence and tlie Mifliiippi to each ether ; and now bring them as a proof, that the opin- km of thofe geographers, who aflert, that riVers t.iking their rife fo near each other, mu(l fpring from the iame fource, is erroneous. For ( preceiveJ a vidbly diftind feparation in all of them» notvrithftvindtng, in feme places, thty approached fo near, tliat I could have Aepped from one td the other. On the 8th of Odober we got our canoes ioto the OuifconiUi River, which at this place is more than a hundred yaids wide ; and the next day arrived at t-ia great town of tlie Saukies. This is the Urged and heft baik Indian town I ever faw. It contains about ninety / • «d aiRVEIVS TKATELa^ hbufes Mch large enoygyi for feveral famiUei. Thefe nt^ built of hewn plank, neatly jointeti an^ covered with bark fo' compiiaiy at to keep out the iioft pene. trating laias. Before the doors ^ire placed comfortable near the town in Tery good. In theiir pUnutidns* whtch Ht adjacent to thehr hoiiies, and whith are ne«% laid ont, they raife grtat qiiantitiet'of Indian com, beans, ^dbtb, 9it^ k tkiit this place is eaeemed the Ull ihar* ketfbrtraderfctofiirntihiheml^ives with prOvrnvu:, of iny Ai^tthin eight himdred mil^t of it. ' The Saukies can rail^ about thierlmndred warriors, ^oare generally employed every faikinier in making f^curflons into the t^ritoriet pf the llUnoti niid^ ^^- nee natioiti« from whence i^ey return, with a |;itat Huinber of flav^i. But thole peoj^e frequently retai. M^t andrin their turn, deftroy many of the Satil^i^s, jrhich t judge to be the rcaf<^n that Uiey inire:^ no iaftcr. ' ^ Whilft I ftaid here I took a view offdme mounutns that \k about fifteen miles to the fouthward, and abound in lead ore. 1 afcended on one of jhe highetl of theii?, and hkd an eitenftve view of the country. For many ftiilea nothini^ was to be feen but llifer mountains, which ap|ieared at a diA^nce like haycocks, they being free from tJtes. OnUa few groves of hickory, and Hunted oaki, covered feme of the ▼allies. So plenti- itiUi lead hete, that 1 faw large quantities ot it, lying about the flreets in the town belonging to the Saukiei, and it ieemed to be ai |{ood as the prpdwce of other cOttotries* ^ ^ . (i; On the 10th pf OSobe^ we proceeded dbwitll» riv- er, and the neat day reached the firft town of the Otti. nun^ies. This Wnn contiined about fifty houfr^ but we fottiMi knoft of thim deferted on account of an epi- d^4d ilHWrdler thiit hfid lately rtg^ aiViOjig them, mi emMoff mtn thin one bftSf of die ttihabiiaiitb CARVER'S TRAVELS. 41 The greater part of thoTe who iarviTedt 4ia^ retired mto tie woods to avoid the contagion. On the 15th we entered thateztenfiTe river the Mti^ fifippi. The Ouifconfint from the Carrying Place to the part where it fUIs hito the Miflifipit flows wttk a fmootliy but Arong current ; the water of it k exceed- ingly clear, and through it jou may percHeve a, fine and iandj bottom tolerably fiee from rocks. In it are a few iiands, the foil of which appeared to be good* thongh jCbmewhat woody. The land near thJr river alfo feem.* •d to be, in generate excellent i but that at a difUnce is very full of monntatns, where it irfaid there are many lead mines. About five mites, from th^ jundion of the rivers, I ob|*- ftrved the ruins of a larM town, in a very pleaflog (itu- ati«n. Onencpiiring of the neighboring Indians. wh.]r it Wm thT^s deierted, I was informed, tl^at about thirty yeare agp, the Qrestt Spirit had appeared on the top o€ m pftamidof rocks, which lay at a little diftaace from it, toward* the wefl, and w&rned them to qaiift thair habtta* tioiU ; for the land on which they were built beloogei^~ to bim»and be had accafion for it As a proof thatAe, who gave them thefeordcn, waA really t^^c iSreat Spir* it, be further told them, that the grafs (hould immedi- ately iping up on thoie very rocks from whence he now addreifed them, which tlicj knew to \fe bare and barreiw The Indians obeyed andioon alUr difsovered that this airaculoot alteration had taW pla^. 1 hey fliewed . me the fpot, but the growth of the grafs appeared nf>- ways fiipematiiral. I apprehend (hit to have been a ft r; t. Mem of the French or Spaniards^t* anfwer fome felfiflv tiiw I but in what maaner they dM»d their purpoles^ I know not*. Thispcoplcr ibon af^er their wmovil, butlt t tow» 4 on tht bank of the MtifiUppi, near the ntwath of" the Ou*- iikoiift%ata plicecallfd br tba f rtacht La Prairiet let Qucm, wMi figoiiH the Dog PliiM I it is a laifi towa aad contalni about thtte hundrad faoiQiee 1 the houiet art wtU bttttt albr th* Indian nuuuit% ai^ i^ttlandy Iteuatad on a vtij ridi fbU, from whicli thiy rM eve- *y ntciikgy 9imh gift abondamai IQmhmtu^ *>» ii \~ d/llVlft'S TiAVELS; ay tmtki 0f ft good fize and (hape. l%is town is the great man where all ilie adjacent tribesi and even thofe who ii^4bited the noft remote branches of the Miffifip- pi, afmnalif aflemble abont the latter end of May, brings ing with ihemtheirCort to dtTpofe of to the traders. But it IS not always that thcjr cohclode the falehere ; this is determined bjr a reneraltjounctl i?|the chieft,who conl^t whether it wonld be more condocive to their intereft,t6 leH thehneoods at this place or carjy them on to Looiriana« or Michiiimackinae. According to the dtdfion of th^ council, they either proceed further, or return to^eir different hoities. The Mi^ifippi, at the entrance of the Ouifconfin, near which (lands a mounuin of confideraWe height, is a- bout half a mile over j but eppof^tc to the kfV^eatioii- ed town, it appears to be more than a mHe wide, and fiiH of IfFands, the foil of which is extraotdinary rich, a&4 >biit thinly wopdttii ' Alittlefurtheif to the wtft.on thecontiary fidei afVnalt rivdr fails into the MtjSrifipi, which the French caH Le JaQiilltyiere,or the Y«Ubw Rrrer. here the tradert who haio other westponS) Apd fa^kndiihhki^ Iny hanger, aiked them with a:ftern voice, what .ihef want^ ed ^^ey were daggered; a^.tditt,.. and percetving the||. were like to meet wish a #sirai receptioo, turned abouir and ptedpitatelf teireateflb We parfiied them to a» adjacent wood, wbiich ihey eirfter^, ancl we iaw no moiir. I «f them:.* Howev^t' for fear c^ theii^ retiltn* we watch> ed aliernatelf dnt^og the reminder of tfae^ght: The next diif ittf* fervknti.weri^. under Igieat' epprehenfioiis»' and eftmeiUf enteeatcd' ineto letnre to the traderi we' ha^ lately! Ifeftv But I toM diem, that if they would soft beefteemed old 1rbiiim(^termof tbegreatell lepc^idi Jamoog the Indiani) they le^ifeUow ale rforl pinde-- termined fie purfsemymtendedrbnlcuit m BngltilhteaMi^) |whenoiiee engaged iamn adeeetnre tever retreated; Oa 'lis they got into the eaMM^# and L tiialkediaa the ihore |to gpard thei»4r<^ any &rtfaer attaclu Thephrty of Indians whoi had ^s intended to |]ilttDder roe, I afteiu rardi found to he fome of thoi£ ftregglt^i^ hands, that ivitig: beai.'*dri!#en c tvom among the^tfieteut .tribei im- rhteh tht^ heieogedy for Various crimett now aflbciated ifelvei'tbgetlyeMndi Hvio^ by pfalfdei' proee very lOtttMttue to^trif elters viho {aA this way -t nor iu%e¥i IndiiiMef^eveirytx^fpatedhytheiii. The tt aiiei¥ ^«d.hef«ra€atilbnediiiejt(ibettpoe;iii$i goenl a^fmiMl bent; Mi f weald rcfait-thej &iM eaiitieiE toiboSm, rhofe buAntls Aight call them roto theie pent, Oir^ lit ef n^WiMher f^mrrifed ai ^Mee BMii "fihiin#v«B(iztthiiNfc iatt ef tbeJIiifetrMUillfpv ►fh^iWiiUlrtni dies jliMirtinifeH,>hortitirttlMinit> wmtAmihiOmoahB^ Th*lfi«li|ipiiiriQ#r t'ili - I ■If m .i.,i 44 OARVER'S TRAVELS this lake* flows with a gentle current, but the breadth of it is ve^ uoeertain. in fome places it being upwanls of a mile» in others not more than a quarter. This river haf a range of monntains on^ea«^h fide thro0ghoat the whole of the way ; which in particular parts approach near to it, in odiers lie at a ereater diftance. The land betwitt the monntatnst and on their fides, is generally covered with grafit, with a few groves of trees interfperf* ed* neat which large droves of deer and elk are freqUenU )yi^ feeding. In many places pyramids of rocks^ppearedy lefemb'' ling old ruitioos towers ; at others amaaing precipices ; and iphat is very remarkable, whilft this fcene prefented itfelf on one fide, theoppofite fide of the fame monnrain ^as covered with the fineft herbage, which gradually afotndedto its fummit From thence the mofi beauti- ful and extenfive profped that imagination can form, opens to your view. Verdant plaiui* fruitful meadows, ¥ j^uunerous jflands, and mil dicfe abounding with a varie- ty of trees'tbat yield amaaing quantities of fruit without care or cultivation t iUch as the nut tree, Ae maple which prodncef fugar, vines loadld with rich grapes^ and plumb tsees bending under their Uoomiug burdens, but above all, the fine.nver ilowing gently beneath, and | raiching as f^ at die eye can catmd,^ by turns attraA your admiration and excite your wonderv T he lake is about twenty, adlei^long, and fwar fix in j breadth; in fome places it it very deep, and abounds with various kinds of fiflL Great liumbers of fowl fre- quent alfo this lake and the rivers adjacent |; fuch as « ftorks,:fwani, gcef^, brants and ducks t and in the groves are iovad great pteintyol turkeys and partridges. On I the plaint are the lar^ft bufiiloct o£any in America. Heit I obferved the rums of & Fsendi factory, where it I iiiaid capt St Pierre refided^ and carritd on^ |i very] glint trade- trith the N«udoweffiet>.befQit the rtdudioB.| Sir Canada BtAbonrfixty adlet bebw thitkke b a mAuataiii re* . ViarlolUf fitoated i for it Aandt by itielf txj^ly In tl» adddbof tiw t«ver» and k>9ki at if it had fflBdenfroaj tkt tdJMtut flme into ihtftmiltt. It caanoi W * CARVER'S TRAVEJLS. ^ ccl An iftAmi, as it rifes immediatelf from the brink of the water' tQ a confiderable height. Both the Indiatis and the- French ^all it the Mpantain in the RiTi^r* One diyhxf'mg landed on the Ihore of the MUlldppi. fome miles below Lake Pepin, whi^ my attendant^ were preparing my dinnerv I walked oat jto take a view of the adjacent country. I had not proceeded fat be- fore I came to. a fine, level, openplain, on which I per- ceived at a little diftance a piurtiaf elevation that Md^H^ appearance of an intrenchminit. Ona nearer infpelkidn I had greater reafon to fflpps^ th^t it hadre«a% beeii intended for thiit many ceintuf ki ?g«< j^p^Hlmdiiii^ it wasinOnrrcoYcred with gralib I coa^ pl^4]^ aifq^ that it iiaddflCftboen a bnaii wopj^qf ao»al|ui*r fsc^^ja- height, extending the beft ^mi of^ i9ile,^i|4,^aiftit. ly dipsUibus to cover Bfe lhoSifand'tn*«: iH %>» y?l» fomewhait circtdar, ahii its flunks rea<|hed tb dl|fe,4irai|. Though vkvxk defaced by time, ev^y* angk wasdim^r gmifiu&le, and^app^ared asregiilar, an^ fafiuoned i^i^ as mncferailiurf ikIlU as if pjT^aned hf VattbahhimfetfT Thedit»hwas n^ vifiblft, bat I tl|0jaghi on exaiaiiHiig more carioiifly, tha|r Ivtoaldrp^reeiwe; there fertaiiilfhiid been One. From its frtuation alfa# | aoi convinced thft It muft have bfeeir defigped for thisipnrpofe^ It ftonted the country, and the rear; Was cohered by, the river j.lwr was there any rifing ground fwr a confiderable way, th^ commanded it; a few Ars^gling oaks were alone tabe lieen near it. In many {Places fmall trads were worn a- crofs it by the .cet of the elks' and deer, and from the depth of tlie bed of earth hy which it wis covered, I wt« able t** draw certain conclnfions of its great anti- ^it> . I examined all the angles, and every part with great attention, and have often blamed myfelf fince, for not encamping on the fpot, and drawing an exM plan of k. Tft fliew that this defcription is not the otfbpring of a heated imagination, or the chinoerical taU of a mij« taken tfavellervi find oiv enquiry fince my return, th^t Mons. St. Pierre^ and fiSveral traders, have, at different tii^ xahen noiiict of fimilarappearanieH on which ^^ have fomtd the (ame conjeduras, but without eiam- ji^y them fo mnuiiif ai 1 did. How « work like this K^ 46 CARVER'S TRAVELS. .»?■ h ' kind ccmldexift in acenntry that bat hithtrto (accordin|^ to the general rec^ivedl (p^inion) Wen the (eat of War to ontutpred lindians alone, whofe whole ftocli: of miliury knowledge has only, till within two jpentnries> ainount* tjil to driiwing thet>d^i amd whdfeonly breaftwork, even at pr^t, it the thicket I know not I hate given as ezaA ^n account at jpoffible, of tht» fingnlar appearance, and leave to foture explorers of thefe diftant regions, to dii<:over whether it is a produ^ion of nature or art Perhaps the hints I ha^e hbre gtten, might lead to a %npij^ lll^ear inveftigaticn of it, and give us very diflEer- •Q^ ims pi the ai;icienf ftite of reafam 'th»t we at pref» ^b^ievji lohayie been frmii the earlieft period only thi^habitalioni of lavages. ' The Miffinpm, as lar as the entrance of the River St. Ci«»i«» thirty miles above Lakelfepin, is very ftiQ of ifl- mii$ ; ' Ibme of whtdi aire of a confideraUe length. On iii#fi!l ali^^'gfow great nambffrs of the ipaple or iVgar tiee, ai^d aronnfl tBem tines loaded with grapes creep, tng ll^eir tqry tops. From die Lake ^pwatds, few mpiints^ ane to fie {e^n, and thofe bntfiiSidl Near the Riter St Crbix, rtfide three batdt of thi Nandowef- ie Indians, caUed tbP Rtter Bands. This natifm {% cotnpolbd, at prefent of cleten bands. Tbey were origin^tt twelte ; but the ^ffinipoils fome years agoi letoiting, and i^parating themfthes fitnn.tbeoUiers, there remain onVy at this time eleten. Thofe t met here jare termed the Riter Batids ; becaufc tbey chiefly dwell near the ba»ks of this riter : the oth- er (^ht are generati^f diftingoiibed by the title, Naudo- weflSes of the Platnt, and inhabit a country that lies mort to the wdft ward. The names of tifie former are the Ne* bogauwonahsfthe Mawtawbauntowahs, and the Shalif. weesRiwahs; and cohfift of about four hundred warriors. A Kttle before I met with thefe three bands, I fell in wttb a pairty of the Maw uwbanntowahs amounting to fbrty warriors, and thefr famtiif s. W itb thefe | reQded iimr Wtwp^ during which time five or fix of their ^io^mir who had been ontonanezcmfion, rctumed ia p^ &a^ and a<;quaintad their companions that a uirgt party of ChipfMSway wanriori» ** caoo|h/' «| tbef ^ •ARYEIL^S TRAVELS. ' ''^'f- e 4P^r^0ed themfelvesy « to {wallow them all Uf*' wtr* doTe at their heels, aild on the point of at tacking their li^ camp. The chiefs applied to m^e and defired I nottld^put myielf dt their h^idi and* zd them out ta eppofe their enemies. As t was a itianger, and unwil- ling to excite the anger of either nation, I knew not how-to a^ ; and never found mjielf in a greater dilem- ifia. Had I refofed to a0i(l the Naudoweffies I fliould have drawomn m^yfeK their difplieafiire, or had 1 met the Chipewsiys widi hoftile intentions, t ftiould have made dtat people my foes, and had I been fortunate enough to have efcawd their arrows at this timft, on foment* [tore occafion mould probably 1|^ve experienced the'fe> verity of their revenge. In this extremity I chofe the [middle courfe, and defired that the Naudoweflies would fnffer me to meet them, that I might endeavor to avei^ diiir ibry. To this they retu^antly aiTented, being per- linded, from the inveteracy which had long prevailed Iklween them, that my remonftrances. would be in vain* Tiding ray Frenehman vith me, who could fpeak Itheir language, I hs^ened towards the place where t^e Chipeways werp AippoTed to be* The Naudoweflies« {.dttring this, kept at a dtftance behind. As I approach^ them ^ith the pipe of peaces a imall party of Uieir Lchi^ confiding of about eight or i^ came In s» friend- [If msnner towards me ; with whom, by the means of my liBterpreter, I held a long convcrfation i the refult of Men was, that t^eir rancor being by my perftiafioos la poaie 'meaiure molltfied. they agr^d to turn back, with* loot ac^ompliihihg their favage purpofes. During iMir Idiicourfe t could perceive, as^ they lay fcattered aboi|t# Itbitt thp^party was very immeroms, and many of tbea larmed with muikets. : , ,■ Having hapily fucceeded in my undertaking,! return* led; ^N^^ut delay to tht Kaudow^flies, and defired they l^ld in(bntly remove tl^ir camp to foroe otter part of Itht e»umty«le|^their/eneaailesfiiouldrepentof the promtfii mty had given, and nut their Sntsniions into esecutifn« |?hey accordingly fdllewed my adtice, and ifl^iMdiatf • 'pte|iar€d to Artke their tents. V/hi!ft they weie d^hiipJ?at icdrdia4Uy,4iidtl^^ di^ipart of thfem ^lyini^ ' me >^ *^e ■ D^ifchief I lifld |)^eTefit«d^^^lliibflii^^ war toween theiriiatbiiBiitttlie piii^ii>^ dm hli^f)in#tlon foptt they iipt long wiii^ «i pat an «fid toic, hat tim wat geaer- ^vfi^a^dnot fflMelihei^ a»lo^ diay; iMt "^rhinrli^ diff^ Botdd befftappy>iCni^ he hco«^ iihcmt at^lHch i^ar^bfl tl»Hlef# ida^ aii^^ J J?ft Xaiej ]Mlir4a^f^aiiEahlk^v^<^ The lndMri«iwiii^^(M|«Belie»4^is^^d^ mUki ^ah^ght^il 6«e £^* "l^l^iai^liri^ ^amii^ lii|^aiii^iM>t tl^ oliii^aili of fint ^ittr Ami JMio&t?ia^f^ lee* -from the entrance hej^ins a laht, th» w%ri<#^y8(^ ti I thgtitearebfi amd cii9n4i^«i all nnlean^hl^ 4^^ * /or-j£«'d:£^nef8-of thi»€aivftinp«i^»aH>ia# «giB«a« l^iiledge of It;: %l|ijar m''feigmnfwi|^ i^^^liMar paris of Itii^W^ jn|riiiW«ii)f a^all fiae, it cavM a^ i^Mfhii^ .^nd |{hkiiiifi!|fhaticmhei«ted^if«^ smgm. l^fiMinJ ill ^ «aM Ib^^Ib^ k i«-' CAEVER^S TRAVELS. I# j|jfbict» wb^h afimtpecl veiy Micieiitv for tim« liad ■nearly coTered tfaem with mofs, fo that it vna with ciif* .ficolty Icould trace thein> They were cut in a nsdt mannerViipoii the infide of che waUs, which wetecom- pofedof a ftonefo eztreiodx ibft that it mtgki; ealily be gtn^tiatfd with a knife; a ftone ererj where to be Qfid near the Miffifippi^ The cave is onlj acceffible I by afcending a narrow, fteep^siTage, that Ket near the i^rink of the river. At a little diftaoce from thU dreary cavern* is the ba# Irying-^aceof fetreralbancUof UieNaudoweflie Indians s though ^eie people have: no fixd^refidence, Uvi«^g in I teats and abiding but a low months on one fpot, yet li&Y always br^ the bones of theirdead to this place ; #hi£h ^ey tfakethe^opportanity of dcung when the chiefs iB$et to hold their' ^ eonncilst and to iettle all public af- £^ fi>r the entiling fammer. Ten miles below the Falls of St. Anthony* the TiTfr ^tiBSerre/cafied by the natives ^e Waddapawoien. [efotor, falls into the MiQiiippi from the Weft. It is not men^'on^d by iidier H«nnipeni although, a largie f;^r riveii this oauffion I conclude* muft have proceeded i#em a ^aUifland that is fituated exadly »t its entrance, by which the fight €^ it is intercepted, lihculd not jhivediiRrOveref. this river myfelf. had- 1 not taken a \wm* when I was 4earchtng for it, from ^he ^gh ;|ancls Oppofite, which riie to a^reat height. - - f tieariy over agatnA this river, I was'0^iged toiieaye my dimoe, on account of the ice and travel by land to the^allf of St An^ny, where I arrived on the l7th dT November. The Miififippi ^om tlie St. Pierre to ;thUf]ace, is rather more rappid than I had hifhert* <%|iitit, and without tlands of any ^tonfideration. V'Beffre 1 left my canoe 1 overtook a young prince of thftjjmBebago Indians, who ^^as going on an embao H^H^e of thebands'of the Naudowefiles Finding fpHintended to take a view of the Falls* he agreed Waceeffipany me, his cufioiity having bef ridiculing the ceremonies attending it, as f ' ierVcd ri> fervant tacitly did, I looked on th^l^flf ^ith a greater degreifc of refpeit for thefe ilncerr|||0ol he gave of his piety ; aad 1 doubt not but that nS oSA ferings Rud prayers were as acceptable to the untverfal Parent x^inankmd as if they had been made wit* greater p0iT)p, or in a confecratcd place. Indeed^ the whole cnnduA of this young prince OAitVElf S TRAVEM. ^1 }tm amazed and charmed me. ~ Dur*mg the few dats ^e were together, his attention feeined totally to be em- )ioyed in yielding me every alliltance in his power { and (ven in fo ihorc a time, he gave me imiumerable proofs }f the moft generous and d^ifmterelled friendlhip ; fo th at )n DDF return I parted from him with great reluftanct. \Vhilft I beneld the artlefs, yet engagmg roannej s of khis unpoUfted ravage, I couH not help drawing a com* ^rriron between him and fome of the more refined in- ubitants of civilized counuies, not much, I own, in (-m^.. ?or of the latter. The Falls of St. Anthony received tiielr hamc frofl|^ father Louis Hennipen» a French miflioni^ry, who irav** bUed.into thefe parts about the year 1^90, and was the irft European ever feen by th« natives . This amazing body ot waters, which are above 250 yards over, form I moft jpleafing cattaraft; they fall perpendicul«rly a- )Out thirty feet, and the rapids below, in the fpace of SOO'yards moire>render the defcent coniiderably greater j fo that when viewed sit a di^ance, they appear to be mch higher than they really are. i he above mentioned raveller has laid them down at above fuiy feet ; but he las laoadf a greater error in calculaUsg the height of the falls of Kiagara ; which he alTerts to be 600 -feet ; rhereas £i^oia l^ter obfer vations accurately made,it is well poiown that it does not exceed 140 feet. But the good l&ther 1 fear'too often bad no other foondation for> his lApcounts* than report," or, at beft,*a ilight infpeilion. ,. '-■■, ! In the middle of the Falls ftaads a fm^ll ifland, aboW forty feet broad and fomewhat longer, on which grow I few cragged hemlock and fpruce trees ; 4nd about 1^ way between this ifland aud the e^iftcrii fhore is a' rock, lytnj at the very edge 6f the Fall, in %n oblique ifitton, that appeared to be about five or fix feet broad, d thirty or forty long. Thefe Falls vary much from th^ |idiers I have fiSn, a» you may approach dofe to I y^eni without an) intervening hill or precipice^ The country around thesr is extremely beautiful. It t not s|n nninterrupted plain,where the eye B^dsno relief, ||»nt compbied of many . gentle afcents» whic^ in th^ «9 covered with the fineft verdurei ahi iat«ii^ :W .;: it Bt eARVEIt»S TItAVXM. Iperfed »rth IjttljS groret, that pw a pTeadhf; Tilnety to the pfofp^; On the whole, when the Falls are iri* eluded, which may be feen at tfie diftrince of four iiitlel,i more ^leafine and pi^urefqiie tiew cannot4"bellef%,be ibund thrOtt]^ the QntverCe,- I could have' wiflied that I had happened to enjoy this gloricu' C\g}xt at a niore feafpnable time of the year, v?hU(t the trees and hiUocki were clad in nature's gjyeft lirery^ as this mud haye greatly added to the pleafure 1 received ; however evea then it exceeded my warmed expe^ations. I hav^ en- deavoied to give the reader as juft an idea of this en* chanting fpott as pcffible ; but all defcrpition» whether of the pencil, or pen, muft fall infinitely mqi't of the ori* ginal At a little diftance below the Falls ftandt a imall ifl. and, of about an acre and an half, on which grow a l^eat 5fumber cf oak trees, every branch of whicn able to fbpport the weight,was full of eagle's nedt. The rea- 1 foa that thiB kind of hi^ds refort in^ fiich' numbers to j this fpot- is» that thev are here fecute from the attacks cither of man or bead, their retreat being guarded by | the rapids, which the Indiana never attempt to paf$,| Another rcafon is, that they find a condant fupply of food for tbemtelves and thehr young, from the aniniah and B(k which are daflied to pieces by the Falls and | driven on the adjacent fliore. Having fatistfied my. curiofity, as far as the eye of| man can be fatisfied, I proceeded on, dill accompanied by my young friend, till I had reached the river St. Francis, nc^ dxty miles above the falls. To this river father Hennipen gave the name of St* Francis, and this was the#frof lakes near the (kining mountains ^ and it is from fome of thcfe. alfo, that a capital branch of the lltver Bourbon, which runs iatO'Hudfoo's Bay, has iif iburccs. From the intelligence I gained fiom the Naudowef- flc (nJians, amons whom 1 arrived on the 7th of De- von) ber, ayd who£ language I perfedly acquired dur- « iiin; a refidence of five months } and aUt from the ac- . counts I afterwards obtained from the Ai&nipotYs» who Ipeak the fame tongue; being a rtTolied bm of tilt eARYEll*S TR^Eti Hftddoweflies ; and from the Killiftinoes, oeighbors of thei Atidnipoils, who fpeak the Chipeway language, and inhabit the heads of t!ie river Bourbon ; I fay from thefi^ nations, together witli my own obfervations, I Iiav<^ learned that the four moA capital rivers on thf continent of North America, viz, the St. Lawrence, ihn M^^fippi, the rivtfr Bourbon, and die Oregon or tlie river of the Wed (as I hinted in my Introdudlion) have their fources in t^c fame neighborhood. The waters of the three former are within thirty miles of each others the latter, however is rather farther wefl. , This , (hews that thefe parts are the higheft lands ia North America ; andjt is an inftance not to be parallel* led on the ocher three quarters of the globe, that four riveri 9f fttch msignitude ihonld taice tkeir rife together^ and each, after running fepaiate cottrfes,difcharge their waters into different oceans at the diftanee of two thoafanJ *. :'lei from tl^eir Icmrces. For iu their paflaee frtm thiv ^ 1 the Bay of St. Lawrence, eaft ( to tht Bay of M- ^ buth ; to Hudfons Bay, north ; and to the Bay at tn^ Straits of Annian we(l, each of thefe trii> vf rfe upwards of two thoufand miles. I (hall liert give ray readers fuch reflexions at occur- red to me, when I receifed this intcrefling information^ and had my numbcrlefs enquiries, afcertamed the'trutil of it { that is, as far r.s it was poifible to arrive at a cer* tainty without a perfonal invedigation. It 11 well known that the colonies, narticularly thuft- if New England and Canada, are greatly aflPeded, about the time their winter fets in, by a north weft wind, which, continues for feveral months, and renders the cold much more intenfe there than it is in thi interior pirts of A- mtrica. This I can, from niy own knowledge,a/fert,M I ^und the wintmr, that I paffed to the weftward of th« MiAfippi, far from fevere ; and the north weft wind Vlowii^ oa thofe countries confiderable more temper* itf than 1 have often experidiced it to be atarer the coaft. And that this did not arife from an nnceruinty of tht feaibns, but was annually the cafe, I conclude, botb hpm the faall quantity of fnow that fell, and a total ARlleoffbaw flioM bjr thtfe lodiansi wiJioatwhi^ S'i*!; ii H X^Ml^S Tigvt^l^ npne ofthe m»re eatlern natio|[i& can^fidbly tfa?el diir^ iiig U»e winter. As naturalids ebferve, that air refembles water in ma- ny refpei^bst particularly by often flowing m,a compaft body ; and that this is generally remarked to be widi the current of large ^reams, and feldom atprofs them, may not the winds that fet violently into the Bar qi Mexico about the latter end of the yea^, take; meir courfe oyer the continent in the fame diredWn a^ the Millillppi does ; till meeting with the north winds ' (diat from a fimilar catife blow up the Bourbon from Hudfoa's Bay) they are forced acrofsthc great lakes, down the current ofthe waters oT the St. Lawrence, and united, commit thofe ravages and occafipn thofe fevere wintefl, experi- enced in the before mentioned countries I Durfng their progrefs over the lakes they become expanded, and con- fequently affefl a gieater traift bf ladd than they other- >Rpi{is would do. According to ;liy feanty knowledge of natural phiU* fophy, this aoes not appear improbable. "Whether it is agreeable to the laws enabliOied by natur^lifts to account for the operations of that element, I knq# npt. How- ever, the defcription here giVep 6f the fitnation of thefe vaft bodiet of water, and their n^ar approach to each other, with my own undigeft^diuppdfitions •( their ef. fe^ on the winds, may prove pei-hips. in abler hands, the means of leading to many ufefnl ciifcoveries. On the 7th of December, I arrived (as Ifaid before) at the utmoft extent of my travels tow^ards th^ weft } where ( met with a large patty of the Naudoweflie In- dian!, among whom I refided (even months. Thefe cohftitttted a part of the eight bands 6f the Naudowef- fies of the Plains ; and are termed the WawpeentO'V« atii, thel'intons, the Afrahcootans, the Mawhawi, and the Schians. The other tliree bands, whofe names are, the Scbiaaefe, the Chongoufceton, and the Waddapaw. jeftiq, dwell higher up, to the well of the rivdr St. Pi- erre^ on plains tliat, according to their account, are un- bovndea: and probably terminate on the coaft of the F^ific ocean. I'he N;|ttdoweflie nation, when united, cpftCU of more than two tboufaad wiuttor*. The M' eARVF4^S TRAVELS. S7 fiB!|X>|ls,wbo rtTolted ft6m them, aiiK>unt to aboat iktm haodred ; and league with the KUHftinoesk who live in a cotttiQual ftate of enmity with the other eleteii bands. At I proceeded op the river St. Pierre, and had near* If reached the place where thefe people were encampec^ lobfcrved two orthree canoes coming down the dream; bat no fooner|had the Indians that vfw on board them,* difeo?er«d us, than they rowed toward tiie land, and leaping afhdre with precipitation, -left their canoes to float a$ th^e current dreve^ them la a few minutes 1, perceived fome others i who, as foon at the j came Ji>^ fight, followed with eqi^l fpeed, the example of the^ eountrymen* I how thought, it neceiTikTyto proceed with: cautton f and therefore kept on the fide of the river oppofitr to that on which the Indians had landed. However, I ftin continued my courfe, futisfied that the pipeof peace* wbieh was fixed at the h«ad of my canoe, and the En* gU(h colors thai wer^t flying at the fteriu would prov» ihy fecurity. After rowing about half a mile furtherfr ia turning a point, I dtfcovered a great number of tenti« and more than a thoufaiid Indians, at a liriW diftancc from the (bore. Seine now nearly oppofite to themr I ordered my men to poU diredlly over, as 1 was wUlii^^ to convince the Indians by fach a ftep) that I plaM foine confidence in them » As foon as 1 had reached the land, two of the chiefs prefented their hands to me, and led me, amidft the tS» tohiflied multitude, who had mod of them never feen a whiti* man before, to a tent* Int.o this we entered, and according to the ciiftom that nniverfilly prevails amon^^ every Indian nation, began to fmoke the pif^e of peace. We had not fat long before the crowd became fo great, both around, and upon thC'tent, that we were in danger of be|n|^ cro(hed by its fall. On this we returned to the plain, where, having gratified the curiofity of the common people, their wonder abated, and ever after they treated me with great rcfped Ftom the chiefs I met with the mod friendly and bofpitable reception ; which induced me, as the fei(bn fo far advanced, to take ap my reftdence tmoag \ i-M $9r CAKVER'S tJlAVELl them daring the wiiiter. To render 8iy ftajr at ^dnu fortsible as poflibl^ I firft endeafored to learn their Ian- ^uase. This I foon did To as to make iay^,lf perfedlr inteSigtble, having before acquired ibme flight knowi. edge of the lai\g)tage of t^fe Indians that live on th» back of the fettlem^nts $ and in^con|e%uence nuet with everf acconmiodation their manner (^ living would af« ford. Nor did I . urantibr fach amoiiMDents m tended to make fo long a period pa& cheerlolly away. I fre- quently jiuntea with theim {and at other times beheld with pieafiire the!*' recreations and paftimes,. which I ihall deCcribe hereafter* .^^. .^ -^ ^^ ? i ;; : ^metimes I fat with the chiefs* and whilft We fmok- ed^ friendly pipe, entertained them, in returner tib* accounts they gave me of their wars aa4 excurdons^ with anarattve o( my own adventores, and a defeription of all the batdes fought between the Englifh and French in Americut in many of which I had a peifonal fliara^ They always paid great attention to my details, >nd •aiked many pertinent queftions relative tqi tlie £uropetii methods of making war. I held thcife converiatioos with them in a great mea£> nre to procure fWkm them fome infirination relative to the chidf point 1 had conftantly in view, that of gaining a knowledge of tlie fituation and produce, both of their own country, and thofe that lay to the weft ward of thea. Nor was I difappointed in my defigns i for i procured from theu much ufefal intelligence* They likewifb drew for me plans of all the countries with which ihey were acquainted ; but as I enteruined no great opinion of their geographical knowledge, I placed not much dependence on themi and therefore Uiink it unneceilary to give diem to the public. They draw v/ith a piece of burnt coal, twken from the hearth, upon the infide bark of the bitch tree ; which is fmooth as paper, and an- fwers the fame purpofes,notwithftanding it is of axellow caft. Their (ketches are inade in a rude manner, but. they (eem to give us as juft an idea of a couat«'y,altkpugh thf plan is not fo ezad, as more experienced draftlme;^ «ould dvo. 1 Ifft Uie habitation of thcTe hofpiuble lAdiaoi tbt €ARVEll»S TRAVELS. 99 litter end of Apni 1767; butdidtiot partftomtlieiii for ##^1 days, as I was accompanied on my journef l^nfif iliree hundred of them, am^ng whom werema-^ itf tKiMsy to the mouth of St. Pierre. At this feafon, mefir' l»tnds annually go to the Great Cave, befort ilkiniiOBed, to hold a grand council with alt the other bands ; wherein they fettle their- operations for the en- fttiiig year. At die fame time they carry with them lleir dead» for interment^ bound up :n buffaloes' %ins. Befides thofe that atc^ ^r ^d me» others we^*^ «">c;« before, and the reft Wv. . to t >w. Never did I travel with fo cheerful and happy a com* pany. But their mirth met with a fudden and tempo- rary alloy firom a violent ftorm th^ overtook us one day ^ our pafTage. We had juft landed , and were prep^r« ing to let up our tents for the night, when a heavy cleud overfpiead the heavens, and the moft dreadful thundert Jigbtning, and ram iffued from it, that ever I beheld. The Indians were greatly terrified, and ran to fuch fiieh^r as they could find ; for only a few tents were as ydtereQed. Apprehenfive of the danger that might enfue fi'om ftanding near any thing which could ferve Sat a cbn^udor, as the cloud appeared to contain (Ucfa an uncommon quantity of electrical fluid, I took mj ftahd as far as poiBble from any covering ; chufing rath- ''er to be expoied to the pehings of the ftortii, than to re» citve a fatal ftroke. At^his the Indians were greatly fur* pr'ifedtand drew conclufionsfrbm it notunfavorabletothe opinion'they already entertained of my refolution. Yer I acknowledge that I was never more affedled in my Iife{ for nothing Icarcely could exceed Uie terrific fcene. The peals of thunder were fo loud that they (hook theeard!; and the lightning flaflied along the ground in ftreamsof fajphnr; fo that the Indian chiefs Uiemfelves, althouffh their courage in war is ufually invincible, could not hd|l trembling at the horrid combuftion. As foon as mt ftorm was ov^r, they flocked around me, and informed me^ that it was a proof of the anger of the evil fpirits,, whom they were apprehenfive that they had highly o^ fended. When we Arrived at the Great Cavci^d tbt Indi^ m' %■ N CAHV^a'S TR4ViX$. ..iff' had dcpoiited tlie i^msuns of their dsceafed Irieiids la the1>urial pljico that ftanrds adjacent to U* they held their gi^at counciljnto whtch^i Was adiDitted>aad at the fame time had the honor to be inftalled or i|dopted, a^l^i^ of their bandi On this occafion I made the foUoi^iiig iTpeech, whieh I infertt to give my readers a fpeomen of the langaage and maoner ia which it ir nece^ry t»ad^ ^refs the Indians, fo as to engage their atteD,tion» and to reefer the fpeaker's expreflion coofooant to thek ideas. It was deh'v^vd on the ftrft day of May 1767* ** My brothers, chiefs of the numerous and powerful Kaudoweffies I I rejoice that through my long abode with you, I can now fpeak to you (though after an im* perfe^ manner) in vour own tongue, liie one of your own children. 1 tejSx alfoithat lliaTe had an opportu- nity fp frequently to inform you «f the glory and fuowcr of the Great King that teigns over the Englifli and oth* .er nations ; 'who is defcended from a Tcty ancient ract of fo^Fereigns, old as the ea^rth and waterf ; whofe feet fta^d on two great rflands, larger than any of you have jCver ieen, amidft thegreateft waters in the world; whefehead teaches to thie fun» and whdTe arms encircle the whole earth : the number of whofe warriors are#- qual to the tiees in the vallies, the ftalks of xice in yon- lier marflies, or the blades of grafs on your great] .|>lains : who has hundreds of canoes of hib own, of fuch amazing bignefs, thai all the waters^ in your couiftry would not iuffice for one of them to fwim in $ each of I which have gtms, not fmall like mine, which you fee e« lore you, but of fuch magnitude, thata hunJ:ed.of your I ftouteft young men ^ould with di^culty be able^o car* ry one.^ And thefe are equally furprifing In their 0{^e* | ration againft the great king's enemies when esga* ged in battle; the terror they carry with them, yeur language wants words to exprefs. You may remember the other day when we were eneamptng a£ Wadawpaw> menefotor, the black clouds, the wind, the fire, the ftu* pendous noife> the horrible cracks, and the trembling of | the earth, which then alarmed you. and gave you reafon to think your gods were aagry with you^ not ualikt CAItVtR^5TRAVEl;S. 6t miCs ^t? die warlike jmplehients oiTrhe EDgliflj, Whed " rthcy ?w:e Mjting^theJ>iittles of their gr^at kmg, ':;. ** Sey^ai of tb^ chiefs of yoar bands have often told me, in tifl^es^paft* F^f li I di^eU "with you in your tents* that th^y miich wi%d to^he counted among the chili dfen find allies of theigreat king my mafter. yoo haay remenilkr how often youliave clefired me, when I returrt lagain Co my own country, to acquaint the great king of your good diipofitib?* towards him and. his fuhjetJls, and I that you wiflied for traifeirs fiom ths Englilh to come a. Imoneyou, I « Being now about to take my leave of you, and to Iretorn to my country, a lorg way towards the rifirg fun, II again jiik ypu to tell me whether you ccnjinue of; the Ifanje mi^d as wh^n X fpoke to you in coupcil laft-wia- Iterj^astfi^re^renow/everalbf y«ur chiefs here,, jwho^came from th0 great pkinst the felting of pbe fuo, whom I^ayeneTeripoke with in council before, H aik^wi to let me kiiow if you are wilhng to acki-owir ledge yottrfelves the children of my great mafter the king F ^ ?ng»fl» and other nations, as 1 (hall take the firS ^pporjijoiiy to acquaint him of your defires and eood Bntentipt|S.: ; ^ v L "^ %g« y9« nw to glvehecd to ^diecorts i {^ Ihere.ai* wicked. birds flying about among die ne'sh- fcoripg nations, who may whifper evil things in your to agamft the Englilh, tontrary to what 1 have told ^ you s you muft not believe them, for I have told you ilie iiucn* „ " t„ " % ^^ l^% ^ »bat »re abokt to go to Mich- pimackiiiac, I tbUl take care to make for them and their IJite. a flrait toad, fmopth wareis. and a clear iky ; that K^ «**3[ fiP ibere^ and fn^ke the pipe of peace, and relt lecure on a beaver blanket under the ibade d the ■jreat tr,ee of peace^ FareweP !'* .T6 this focMh. I r^cived the ftllowirg anfwer. frcni be mouth of the principal chief. bWK ;k y^*"^} } ?"* now abcut to fp- ^ to yorf ll«i ^HT^'^' ""^^h^^ ^y ^'^^^«''^» chiefs of the eight ftnds of the powerful naticn of the Naudoweffies. We eheve and are well fatisficd in the ttuih^f every thirg r w ; $2 €ARV]^R'S TRAVELS. you bava tol4,us about your great nation, and th$ great king our grcateft father ; for whom w^ fpread this bca. ver blanket, thattiis fatherlyproteftion may eter reft ea-j (j and fate amongft ns his children : your colors and| your arms agree with the accounts you ha^e given us a. bout your great nttf ion. We defire that when you re- 1 turn, you wijH acquaint ths great king hoijr much the Naudoweffies wiQi to be counted among his good chil dren. - . ** You may believe us when we tell you that we willl not open our ears to any who may dare to f peak evil of I our great father the king of the Engliih and other naJ tions. •* We thank yeu for what you have done for us in] tnaking peace between the NaudoweiOes and the Chip! I cways, and hope when you return to lUs again,^hat Jroaj will complete vhis good work i and quite difpelling thu clouds that intervene, open the blue iky of peace, andl caufe the bloody hatchet to be de6p buried under th«| roots of the great tree of pegcb. "We wifli you toi'emcmber to reprefent to pur great! father how much we deliie that tiaders may be fent to| abide among us with fuch things as wie need, that the hearts of ou« young men, our wives and children may] be made glad. And may peace fubiift betwf^n iis, fol loBg as the fun, the moon, the earthi and the waterj fliallendare. Farewell !»* i^] I thought it necefTary to caution the Indfaas! againUl giving heed to any bad report that may reach thenl trom the neighboring natioRS,to the difadvantage of the] Engliih) as 1 had heard, at different pllces throughl which 1 pafled, that emilTaries were iftUl employed by thel French to detach thofe who w held, wherein the Indians werel told that the Englifli, who were but a petty people, hadj llQlen that country from their great father the kmg cf[ France, whiift he was aileep ; but that he would ioon awake, ac^ take them again under his proteAtoii,' The'' CARVER'S TR A. VELS. 6S I foun4 were lent from Canada, h^ perfons who app2ar- I ed to, bs well aflfeded td^cards the government under Uvhich they hyed. * i ' Wh'ilft I tarried at the moutfi otlie river §t. Pierre, I with thefe frlenidly ludianis, I endeaA^olred to gaig intellt* gehce whether any goods had been fent towards the falls of St, Anthony for my ufe, agreeable, to the prcmife I I had receiveld from the governor, when I left Michilli. mackinac. But finding from fome Indians, who pafled by in their returt) from thofe parts, that this agreement Jiad not been f^ifilleiJ. I was obUged to give up all thou^jhts ofproceeding farther to thendrth weft by this route, ajccbrdtng to my oiiginal plan I therefore re- turned" to Li frairie le. Chien, where X procured as ma- ny goods from the traders I left there the precceding 'year, as they could fpaxe* As tfrefe, hov/ever, were not fail; Jerit to enable mc to renew my Hr ft dcfign, 1 determined te endeavar to jtaake my way acrofs the country of the Chi pe ways lo Lake Superior ; in hope* of meeting at the Giand Por- tage on the north fule of it, the traders that annually go from MichiUimackinac to tlie north weft j of whom ,t doubted not but that! (hbuld, be able to procure good* Icnoiigh to jmfvyer my purpole, and alio to penetrate through thofe more northern parts to the Straits of lAnniah. And I th^ more readily returned to La Prairie le Chi. [en, a»I could by that means the better fulftl the engage. Iment I had^njade t6 the Naudowefllies mentioned at the ~ |eonclafton of my Ipeech. ^ ■ ^ * Biiring my abode with this people, wiffiing to fecui;« I thfepi entirely in the intereft of the Englifh, 1 had advif- ed foroe of the chiefs to go to MichiUimackinac, where they would have an opportunity of trading, and of hear- ing the Wouuts that I had entertained them with of irty countrymen, confirmed- At the fame time i had furnifhed them with a recommendation to the govern- |or and given them eVery djreftion neceflary for their voyage. In confequence of this, one of the principal chiefs, and twenty five of an iiifcjcipr rank» agreed to go to the en- G^ CARVER'S TRAVELS. Ik Aiing Aimmprr This they toolc an opportunity of do. ing) Tvhca they ct^me with the reft of their bund to attend the grand council ^t the mouth of ilie river St. Pierre. Being obliged, on aceoaivt of the dirappbmtment I ^had juft been trferxned of, to return fo far down the Miifi« iipp7, C could from thence the more eaftiy let tKem oq their journey. As the intermediate parts of thi^ ri^cr are much fre< queoted by the Chipeways, with whom the Naudow, eilie^ are continually at jt'or, they tbcocht it more pru. dent,"being but a fjiiaU party, to taVv|iii«U 4ea«^^ UiAi jre{ore met with.l knewl not what courfe to purfae My attendants purfuaded [ me to endeavor to pafs by: them on the oppofite fide of the river : but SIS' I had hiUicrto ioundthat the bell w;,J ^(0 enfure a frienJjy r reception from the Indi^^ Js to meet tlwra boldty and witliout *howing a^y tolcens of fear,! woulcfr by no means confent to their propofal. Inftcad of this I crofted direS TRAVELS. U nee more in which lie was painted and tatowed, I difcovered Urat he was of high rank. However, t approached him ilka coarteous manner, and ex pefled to have met with the fame reception i had done from tie oth* trs {, but to my great furprife, be v^'ithheld his hand) and looking iBercely At me^ faidi in the Chipeway tengue, ** Cawin nilhifbin fagaAolhi" that is, " The Englifh are no good.'' As he had his toinahawk in his hand^ I expeAed thavthis laconic fentence would have been followed by a blow ; to prevent which, I drew a pittolfrom my belt,and, holding it in a carelefs pofition^ pafled defe by himr to let him fee 1 was not afraid of him. j I learned foon after from- the othet* Indiaps, -.liat this was a chief, called by the French the gtand Sauter,. or the great Chipeway Chief, for they denominate the Chipeways, Sauters. They likewife told, me that tie had always been a (leady friend to that people, and when they; delivered up Michil^imackiiiaq to the Engliili on their evacuation of Canada, the grand Sauter had fwotn that he would ever re:7)aitt the avowed enertiy of its new poffefTors, as the territories 6a which the fort is buil^ belonged to him> Finding him thus difpofed, I took care to be con- ftantly on mjr guardwhiiil 1 AsSd f but thiit he might not ftippofe L was driven i^ way by his frowns^ T tpok wsp my abode there for the night. 4 pitched my tent at fome dtl^ance from the Indians, and had no fooaer laid royfelf down to reft, than I was awaked by my French. feryaat. Havhig been alarmed by the found of In- dian nnuAc, he had run to »he outfide of the teiii i/here hebieheld a party of young favages dancing tcv\.. ids us in an extraordinary manner,- each carrying in his hand a torch fixed on the top of a lopg pole. Bin I fliali defer any further accouiit of this uncommon enter tainmeat» which at once furpiire(i and alarmed ok, till I treat of the Indian dances. The next morning I tootinued my voyage, and be- fore night reached La Prairie le Chien j at which place the jiarty of Naudoweffies foon overtook me. No£ long aftefi the Crrand iyautor alfonrrived, and befor^t € 2 C*i^ltVJB!t*S TllAVELS. the Naudoweffies left that pkce to continue their jour- ney to Michillimackinac, he found means, in conjunc* tion with fome French traders from Louidana, to draw from n-.^ about ten of the NaudoweiHe chiefs, whom he prevailed npoQ jito go toward thofe parts. The remainder proceeded, according to m^ direc- tions, to the Englifti fort } from whence I afterwards heard that ihey returned to their own country without any unfortunate accident befalling them, and greatly pleifed wiih the reception they had met with. Whilft not more than half of thofa who went to the fouth. r'ard,nhrongh the difference of that fouthern climate from their own, lived to reach their abode. And fince I came to EngUnd I have been informed.that the grand Suutor hjiving rendeied himfelf more and more dif- guftful to the Englifli, by his inveterate enmity towards iliem, was at length *ftabbed in his tent, as he encamped near Michillimackinac, by a trader, to whom 1 had re- lated tht foregoing ftorv. I Ihould have remarkeU, that whatever Indians hap* pen ^to meet at La Prairie le Chien,'lhe great mart to which all who inhabit tlie adjacent countries refort, though the nations to which they belong arc 9t war W!th each each other, yet they are cl^Hred to reftrain their enmity, and to forbear all hcftile a&s during their flay there, This regulation has been long eftablifhed a- mopg them for th^r mutual convenience, as without it no trade could be cairicd on. 'i h^ fame rule is obferved alfo at the Red Mpuntaln (afterwards difcribed) from whence they get the ftone of which ihey, make their pipes ; thefe being indifpenfable to the accommodation cf every neighboring tribe, a Gmilar reIlri6ion becomes needful, and is of ^public utility. The river i>t. Fieri e, xrhlch runs through the territo- lies of the Naudowc0iek,flovvii through a mod dcliKhtful tountry, abounding with :ill the ntcefTarics of life, tJ).tt grow fponta«i;ouflyr ; and with a little cultiviition it n/ight he made to pioduce even the luxuries of life. Wild rLe grows Iiertvia sreat abundance; and every p.ut i*. tilled ^Aith trees bending under their loads of iruils, fuch as" plums, grapes^ and applas g the mead* CARVtil'S TRAVELS. 9«rs are covered wiih hops, and many forts of vegita- bles ; whild the ground is ftored with tHeftil roots; with angelica, fpikenard, and ground nuts as large as hen's eggs. At a little diftance fronj the fides or the river are eminences, frpm which you have views that cannot be exceeded, even by the moft beautiful of thofe I have already defcribed ; amidft thefe are delightful gioves, and fuch amaziag quantities of maples, that they would produce fUgar fufficient for any number of in- habitants. A little way from the mouth of the river, on the north (ide of it, ftands a hilJ, one part of which, that towards the Miffifippi, is compofed entirely of white (lone, of the fanie foft nature as that I have before def- cribed ; for fuch, indeed is all the ftone ia this country. But what appears remarkable, is, that the color of it is as white as the driven fnow. The outwaf d part of it was crumbled by the wind and weather into heaps of fand, of which a beautiful com^ofition might be made ; or, I am of opinion that when properly treated, the ftone itfelf would grow harder by tinacj and h*ve a very noble efifeifl in architeilure. *' Near that branch which is termed the Marble River, is a monntain, from whence the Indjaas get a Ibrt of ftone, out «f which they hew the bowls ot their pipes. In fome of thefe parts is'found a black, hard clay, or rather done,' out of which the Naudoweffies make thn» fimily utenfils. This country likewife abounds with a I milk white clay, of which china ware might ke made I equal in j3;ood«efs to the Afiatic ; and alu) with a blue clay that ferves the Indians for paint, with this lull they contrive, by mixing it wi«h red ilone powdered,to paint Ithemfelves of different colors Thole that can get the {blue clay here mentioned, piint themfelvps very much widi it ; particularly when UK»y are about to begin their rparts and partimes. It is alfo elleemed hf them .i mark of peace, as it has a refembla.jce of a blue (ky, which wlch them is a fymborof it, and rn ide nfe of ia their fpeeches as a figurative exprelHon to denote peace. VVhenlh'ty wi(h to (how that their inclinations are pa« pi t ■§ ::/:rHi'1 M ! 1- i 68 CARVER'S TRAVELS, cifiic towards other iribesi they greatly ornament both tketnielvts and ihcir b^lts with it. Having conch) dcd ray bufmefs at La Prairie le Chein, I proceeded once more up the Miflifippi, as far as the place where the Chi pe way River enters it, a little be. low Luke Pepin. Here, having engaged an Indian pi' lot, 1 dire^cd him to fteer towards the Ottowaw Lakes, vhich lie near the head of this river. This he did, and 1 arrived at them the beginning of 7u« The Chipeway River,at its junAion v^ith the Miflirip. pi, ii about eighty yards wide, but is much wider as you advance into it< Near thirty miles up, it feparates into two branches, and 1 took my courfe through that which Ii6s to the eaftward. The CO untijr adjoining to the river, for about fizty miles is very level, and ou its banks lie fine meadows, where larger droves of buffaloes and elks were feeding, than I obierved in any other part of my travels. 1'he track between the two branches of this river is termed, the road of war between the Chipeway and Naudowef* fie Indians. The country to the Falls it almoft without any tim* bfr, and above that very uneven and ruggad, and clofely wooded wiih pines, beach, maple, and birch Here a rooft rtmarkable and aftonilhing fight prefented ftfelf to my viffw. In a wood on theead of the river, which was about three quarters of a mile in length, and in depth further than my eve could reach, I obferved that every tree, many of which were more than fix feet | in circumi'erence, was lying flat on the ground, torn up by the roots. This appeared to h;»ve been done by feme extraordin.w y hurricane, thjt came from the we(l fonie years ago ; but how many I could not learn, as I found no inhabitants near it* of whom 1 could gain informa* tioQ. The country on the weft fide of the river fron^ ,bein^ lef^ woody, had efcaped in a grext neatuj^e this havoc as only a few trees were blown! 'Nii'ar the heads o( this li^cr, is a town of the Ch\[i' ways from whence it ttkci its name. It ii fituated cbI CARVf.R;'S TRAVELS. ^ each fide of the river (which at this place i* of no con* fiderable breadth) aod' lies adjacent to die banks of -a fnuaUlake, This town contains about foity houfes, and can fend o^t upward^ of. one; hundred wirriors, mat njr of whoni were fine, ftout you^g men- The hcufei 0^ it are built after the Indian manner, and .have neatf plantations behiud them ; but the inhabitants, in general feenied to be thenaftieft people 1 had ever been among. I otferved that the women and cliiUren indulged theini feives in a cuftom, which though, com ipon, in forae de* gree, throughput every Indian nation, appears to be, ac- cording to our ideasr of the molt naufeous and indeli- cate nature ; that of fearching each other's head*' an4 eating the prey caught therein, 'ri. V :>im'u-':^>> In July 1 leftthU town, and having croflTeda number of fmall lakes and carrying places that intervened^ camt to a head branch of the river St. Croix. This branch I defcended to a fork, and then afeended another f it» fource. On both thefe rivers I difcovered feveral mines of virgin <;opper, which was as pure as that fottji4 ift- any Qther cpufttr J, . * ^liere 1 r^-;^ to i fmall bioolc, which my guid* ^"'^ught might be joined at forae diftance by Hreams that 1^'ould at length render ;t navigable The water at firft was fo fcanty* that my canoe would by no means fwim init ; but hiving (lopped up feycral old beaver dimsi \fhich had been broken da\Cn by the hunters, I was en- abled to proceed feme miles, liil by the conjunftlon of a few brooks, thele aids became no longer neceflary. In a fiiort time the water increafed to a moft rapid rivert which we defcended till it entered into Lnjce Superior. This river I named after a gentleman that defired to accompany me from the town of the Ottagaumies to the carry i.ig place on Luke Superior, Goddard's River. 'i'o the V eft of this is j.nother fmall river, which alfo empties into the lake. Hits I termed Strawberry River, from the great number of ftrawberries of a good fiz« and flavor that grevvo.i its hunk* Tlie country from the Otiowaw Lakes to Lake Su- perior, is in general very uneven and thickly covered with woods . The soil in foroe places is tolerably good, ii •H (I \i p*;: CA^RVERfS TRAVELS. u^ othears batuidifferent. In the beads of the St Croix ind t]»i^.CHii{Kivay ltt»^ Are ei^ceeding fine ftorgcbn. I^il tfaii»jiriidevneikbetweenitlK6 MiiTtftppra^^ Ls^ke Su- perior is Icalled bf the IndJJhiiithe Mi^cheil^ cba^t/fi maiidi lithoil^ht it mo^. joftljr ndited'i fdfilt befFng then thc(ir feoftMit l/nevet £u!» or fyirfo ttiAnjr of tho{ein(e<^;> tamy lifei' ■ ■.i*l^:--- ^'< '^ ■ ' ; • ■ • ^' Thelaf-erend of July I arrived, after having coafled throogh y/ed Bayi at the Grand Portage^ \thich;lies oa the north weft bordejps of Lake Superior. Her^ diofe who go on- the Rorth weft tfade, to tlie LaV*BS~De Hi^ye* Dabois^itc carry oyer their canoes and baggage abiout nine ipiies, till th«y eome to a number, efunaU lakes, the waters of fome ofw^iichdefceodinto Lake Stiperipr, and others.- into the river Bourbon. Lake Superior frbm W^ Bay to this place is bounded by rocks, except to* W«i:ds the ibutli weft part of the Bay where I fi^ft eiiter* •d it, tktxe it ivas tolerably level. At me Qrand Poru^e is a roisdl bay, before the en- trader of which liesiia ifland tliat intercepts the dreary ««4 ««Ll '■**""'^'*'' ^***«' ov**" the lake, which otkerwi^ ana a!i*iReitup«te«* .~. would kave preiented it(elf, and makes the bay ferene fthdplea^nt. ' {^eretmetalargeparty of the Ki^ifti* ne« and Affinipoil Indialis. with their refpeftive kings arid atteh families. They were come t» this pUce in order to meet the traders from IlichillimAckhiaCr who make this their road to the noftfi ivreit From them I feceive^ the folbwiognccotmt of the Lakes that lie to the tiordi weil of Lake ^Vj;ierior« Lixkfi Bourbon, the mcift northern of thofe yet diTcoT- eired, receiTcdits name from fome French traders «rho accompanied a party of Indians to Kttdfon*s Bay fomt years ago ; and was thtit denominated by them !n honor oi the royal family of France. It is compoled of the waters of the Bourbon Rliver, which ais I; have before obferyed, rifes a great wajr to the Ibothwatd, not far from the nprthem headtof the MiififlppU This lake is about eighty miles In length, north and fomh, and ii nearW circular. It nais no very large ill- ands on it. The land on the eaftera fide ii very ^ood j and to |he foiitb weft therf are Tone moastaias i m »•• CAUSER'S tKAVtLii ^ fjpjQt^er farts the^e, are barren f\a:\tiit bdgsj anfd mdK* t^*.--' Ms latitude is betvetn fifty tv^o arid fiifly f6\if degrees north» a6d it lies nearly fouth weft frtati Hud^ ^'i^Bay. As through Us norther A fituation the weath- er thtnr is extremely told, only a few anilnals are to bfe if^nd iti the country that border* «3n it.; 'They gkve i^ebttt an iridifferent a<^c:onRt either of thdb^fls/birds» or^fties. There are indeed, fome buffaloes of 3 ftnaH fizr,>hich aiefatuid^ood about the Utter endbf {idm- iber, with a few mooie and carribeo deer : how«¥ef) tlhls de^cijency is made up by the fiirs of every fert that ire; to bt »et with in gieat plenty round th^ lake. I'he timber growing hete is chiefly fir, cedar, fprft&e, and fome maple. >:Lake Wwneptek, ot zs ihi French writ^it, Li$ ^tunipique» which lies neareft to the foregoing,' is com^ pbTtfd of the fame waters. ~ It is in leogtii about two hundred miles ttorth and foutli ; its breadth hai n^er* been properly afceitaiBed* but ii is fuppofed to be about Sie hundred ttiiles in its* wideft part. This lakels verf n of iflands s rhefe are* however of no great magni* tttde. Many coofiderable riverf empty thtmfeli^s into i^wkich, af yeti aft not^diAinguitked by ^nf •o^tnes* Irhe waters are flored with fifh, fuch iis trout and ftiir. gaon* And ftUb with othen of a imallet kind peculiar to iiif&lakes. ^ 'i llie land on the fouth weft part of it fl jetj good, e^ciaJIy,^about the entrance of a larg4 branch of the Kiver Bourbon, which flows from the fouth weft. On this river ^ere tsa faftory that was built by the Ffench, called Fort la fUine, to which the traders from Michil^ ^ackiaac refort to trnde with the Aftinipoils and' Kil- tt^noes.. To this place the Mahahs, who inhabit a cOQiitry two huodred and fifty miles fouth weft, come aUbto trade with tbem; and bring great (JMnruiticd of Indian com» to.exchai^e for knives, t( fnUlawkS, imd Odter articles. The(e people are Aippoied to dwell oa' feme of the brauches of the River of the Weft. Lake Wisnepeek has or the nokth eaft fome mouu^ I9uvk ai>d'on the Milt iBfunf barren plains. The maple lack cattle, of the northern parts of 0reftt Britain diiffier irom EBgli&oien#>iivH:f';\*-,-: ■ ■■■••'■ 0^ tb^ waters that fall into this lakei dre toCif hhoririg i^afions take great numbers rf excellent furs. 6ome of] thefe they carry to the ia^cries and fettlements belong* ing to the Hudfonrs Bay Company, lltiiatedabote tW entrance ■, -^^^ ^..^ .,■ \-^^ ./.», .:;u;i. ..;..■■ .^\ AllpP^nftbat their jkc(^ntiWfr»*tr^ fibil!#not hefojotning in their o^n ion. But this diffatis^afon In^ghtpr^bably proceedt in agreat meafure, ft-om the m- triguesof the Canadian traders I for whilft the J^encH we; e in po0eiSon of Michittimackiaat, having anyv 4nd to erjgageth*'- g^ed opinion tn behalf of their new employers, was 'uy depreciating on all occaHons th)& Company's good?, and n^agnifyipg the advantages that would arife to theni from traftcking eotirefy with the Canadian traders. In this they tcHMxrett iiKceeded^and from this, cfoottlefsi did U^e difladsfaaion ifca^ffinipwls^nd KiUfttJijoes ex. ^fledtome, partly piM||d« Bm an^titiinM a^g- CARVER'S tRAVELSv n ^nteci it ; ^nd thisVas^e lengtKof iheir jourrey to le infudfcn's Bay fadories, which, they infurmctt mci took them upthive momhS|duiin$ the fuinmer heats to ga and return, and from the fmallnefs of their ca* loes they could npt carry more than a third of the iver& they killed. So that it is not to be vfondercdati Ithatdieie Indians (hould wilh to have traders eome tQ [refide asiong them. It is true that the parts they in* labit are within the limits ef the Hodfon's Bay terri- Itoriet^ but thtt, Company muft be nnd^ the necedit^ of wmkins at an encroackiu^ot of this kind, as the In* diaos wdttid withisot dbobt prOteS the traders ^htn a- mong them. Befides* the paffports granted to the tra* dersthatgo from MichilliaAackinac git^} tbcm liberty {to trade tP the north weft about Lake Superior ; by vhich is meant Fort La Reine, Lake Winnepeek, or a* by other parts o^ the Waters of the Bourbon Riter, ^here the Couriers de Bbis, ot Tradersi may make it Inqft convenient to reiid^. * , Lac du Bois, as tomiboiily terined by the French iii ^eirinapi, or in th^ Bnffliih the Lake of the Wood, is {JTo called from the multiplicity Of wood growing on its ban%:s i ibch ai oakes, pines» firsi fpruce. Ice. This takt lies ftill higher ttpon a branch of thi River Bour- bou« and naarly taft from the ibuth end of Lake Win* neptek. It is of grtot depth in foioe places. Its length from eaft to weft abotit feventy miles, and iu greateii breadth about forty miles., It has but few iflaods, and thefe of no great magnitude. The fi^s,, fowls, and q^uac^ nipeds that are found near it, vary but little from thofo of the other t^b Ukes. A few of the Killiftinoe In^ diaos fome tune encamp on the borders of it to fiih and hunt This Lake Uel in the conftmnication between Lake Superior, aiid ih« Lakes Winnepeek and Bourbon. It^ waters are not efteemed qoito fo pure as thofe of the other lakes, it having, in many places, a muddy bot- tom. . Lac La Plu^e, foealled by the Frenchjn Englifli th^ H^T Lake, it rupi|Ofed to have acquired this name firote tiM firft tr*vtuers, that p4ffrd over it, meecing with 0 :ii; t 74 CARVER'S TRAVELS. pxi oncotnmon deal of raia $^^ or, as (bme have afiirii^edJ irom a mift like rain« occafioned 4)y a perpendicular' iMTAter-fall that empiies itfelf into a river iprhici^ lies to the jIbutH weft;' ■ t,'i? {><;u. ,^ c . This Liske ^pp«ar$ to be divide by ail iftmoft, near the inidd)e» into- t^cr parts : the weft, part is called the I iG^reat Rainy Lake» th^ eaft, the Little Rainy Lake, as | Jbeinc; the Icaft diVifion. It lies a few miles further to the «aft ward} on the fiinnie branch 'of the BoorboojJ'than tfi^M mentioned Lak4:' i€ it ini^net-al v^ry^: ^iev In iti depth. 'Hie ibr6adeft-^part of it U not;v^^re ihan twenty miles ; its lein^th^ lincltidiii^^ hbth»' tsLheat three hundred mtlei. In fh^#eft part,t|ie w.Uer 'w^iiyMtzr and gopd>;*knd fon^eircd^nr filh-^re takea in^ it.^ A treat tt^ai^/foVkTefort here in tiiie fatt of the year. Moofe dee^ are to bi6 f•'■ '; - -' , " ■ -.^ :- -^ b-^M ' £a&ward from this Lake lies feveiral finall onesyXtThicIi extend in aftrtng tc^ the great cany iiig place* and^ftont) thence Into Lake Supeiior. ;Bii^ween thEe& litde Ixkei ^refeveral carrying places^ w^^ch -refidsr Uie trade to the fiortk*#eft ' 4tfiicuk t« aecompUlh^i and ckceedtng tedioi:^ir at it'tak^ two ytfitrs to make « voya^^e' ^ from l^ie'bilKiDacktiiac'Wto iefe parts- y''« 5,. ,*.:^ u r : u u ^H Lake is a temparitive^ fmalirlake» at tbeihdadj cf a branch of the Bourbon River, which is.caUcJ b]p|bme Red River'. Its form itmn'swf fouadi and about .&u^ miles in circumference. On. one fide of it is a tolerable Jargtf i^nndi ctofe by whica^« fiiia]lii»]ii^r,« enters. It bears almt^Kft fouth .ea(^ both/irotail Xt4lcfe.' WJnnepfvk and from Lakef.du E^is. 1{(^ cpartSiil^jacent arenoery little knows or ficqiltotfditvtf eii bj^;the. favagfi«. tbtm- feUes, Not far fromtthifit Luke, 4.1i»l« to tht |lb0Ui .1kfa»l is ancther, called White Ueaf li^t 1 v^htcn il neajrit ?bout Uie fi^te of the Uft m^tiMicdd T|l«rVVit9ri^.(bait^,ooi»> GARVjRR'f; TJI \ir8Lf ti p<»^ t^l Ifa^erare t]|e mpft tiothem o£ aiiy that fupptj the !^i|l^ippiii aa4 jnay b^ called ivith prppriciy iti molt remote wv^rce. It is (pd by two oi: threfc fenail i ivers, or rather ikrge brtipks. A few miles from it, to the fbuth eafl;, are a great- numbiff olf i^aaU Jakes, pori^e of whicb are more than ten mUeQ in circuinTferenceithat jire called the Thouland ia fpeetcf of Root tifemi)lfiig hdman be. tngbof both fexes, and that thefc are fnot^ perftSi ihiMi fuch as are dUcovered about the KHe Hi Nether- Ethiopia. A little to the north weft of the heads of the Miflburi and St. Pierre, the Indians further told me, that there was a nation rather fmaller and whiter than the neighboring tiibes, who cultiirate tbetr greand, and (as ^r as I eonid gather from their expreffiohs) -n fome meafure the arts. To this account they added that fome of the nations v.hn inhabit thofe parts that He to the weft of^the Shin, ing Mountains^ hare gold fo plenty among dierti that they mUke their moft common utenfils of it; Thefe moantatos (which. I (hall defcribe more particularly hereafter) diride die waters that fall into the South^Sea from thofe that run into the Atlantic. The people dwelling aear them are fvppofed to be fome of the different tribea that irere tribatarj^ to the Mexican kings, and who fled from their lUtiTe country, to feek an aflylum in thefe parts, about the time of the *;€pnqueil of Mexico by the Spaniards, more Utan two centuries ago. Af fome con Srisiation of this fuppo Ation, it is rcniark- ed, Uiat they have cHofen the moft; interior paits for their, retreat being (lill preptsiffefled with the notion that the fea coaftt have been infefted ever (ince with mon* fters vomiting fire, and hurling abOttt thunder and light- ning ; from whofe bowets IfTued men, who with unleen inflrumentSj or by the power of magib, kiKed the harm- lefs Indians at an aftonifiiing diftance. From ftich as thefe, their forefathers (according* to a tradition ameng them ihatftili remains unimpaired), fled to the retired abodes they now inhabit. For ai they found that the floating»monfters, which had thus .terrtned (hem could not approach the land, and that thofe w1k> had defcend- ed from their (ides did not care to make exCurfio&s to any confiderable diftance from them, they formed a res- olution tq betake thettfelTes to fomec9untry, that lay from the fea coafts, where only ^ey could be fecure from fuch diabolical enemies. They accinrdiiigly fet 0A&VER!3 TRAVELS. !t1 Mt with their fiimiliesy and afcer a long peregrination* fettled themfeUes near the(e moantains, where they con«t eluded thejr had found a place of perfe^ fecaritf. The Winnebagoesy, dwelHog on theFux RiTer(whom thave already treated of) are likewife fuppofed to be fome ftroUing band from the Mexican countries. But they are able to give only an imperfed account of their original, r...tdeoc^. 'll^ey fay they formerly came a great way from the weft waird, and were driven by wars totalm fefage among the Nando weflae? ; but as thc^ are entirely ignorant St the arts, or ofih^ value of gold» it is rather to be fnppofed> that they were driven ii am their ainoient fettleniients by the above mentlotied emi- grants, as they paiTed on towards their prefent habita* tion. 11ie(e fuppofitions^ however, may want conftrmation; for the fmaller tribes of Indians are fubje^ to fuch va- k^ious alterations in their places of abode, frt'tn the wars they are continually enraged in. that it is almoil impof- fible t^ afcertaini after haUf a century, the original fitu* ation of any of tfaem« That range of mountains, of which the Shining Moun- tains are a j^art, begins at Mexico, and continuing north- ward, on the back or to the caft of California, feparate the waters ot thofe uumercus rivers that fall either into the Gulf of Mexico, or the Gulf of California. From thence continuing theirceurfe ftill northward, between the (btircesef the Midllippl and the rivera that run int$ the South Sea, they appear to end in about fort} fevm or forty eight degrees of north latirade ; where a num- ber of rivers 2trife, and empty themfelves either into the South Sea, into Hudfon's Bay, or into the waters that «ommttmcate between thefe two feas Among thefe mountains, thofe that lie to the wed of the Hi^er St. Pierre, are called the Shining MountainH firom an infinite number of chryftal ftones, ot an ama<* iog (ize, with which they are covered, and which, whea the fuB (hines full upon them,fparkle fo as tc be f«en at H very great diftanee. This extraordinary range of moumatns it calculated It be aore Uian three thoufaad nUei io lengthi witl^c of I'i'i 1$ caWkr's i-Ka-Vei:^; ftny * vftf confierable intcrVa^, nvhfch^ I bfeliev. any thing of th^ kiddie the 'other qifarter* of t Pioliably iri futisre jigCs thejr maf be foiittd te cohtain ibore ridies in their bbWek, than thdfb <:»£ Ittrdofta^ and Malabar, 6t that ar6prodcrce(f on i!he>* golden cddft ojf Guinea j nor will I except eve^ tlie Perumn nlitiesi To the '^eft of thefei)aonntain8,wbcin explored by fu. tare CoIuhiibuiVs or Raleighs, ihaj be fouiraothet^ lakes, yivers; and eountries, full: i^aught Di^ith klfthb nf^cefTanes •r luxilriei,of life ; and where ftf^tiire feehetatibns'fnay find , ant atr^fluni, Whtther^dnTeti ffd#th«ir tbMnti^ by the ravate of lawWfs t^^rantii Or b^ ' rel}glbus;'pei»fecu. tioni. Of Tel»ftirntly Saving it toreirtfedytite ititfojiveiileni c'es' afiiing from a raperabutidant mtreiifi^ bfinhabttants; whether, I lay, impelled by thele, or allured bj hopes of tcmmerciaradVancages, theie is little' -dbiibt but their exp^(*tations ilc'tll'b^ tally graiMed in thefe rich aftd un« exhauQed cliihe8._ \ '.' ;-■■,-"■•'■■■ ^'-•:: :?^:->j'^*I:*.,,v^:" Bat to return to the /.(Bhipoilt and Killiftiiiocsi whoxi i1el"t at the Gran J Portagci aitd from whozti I receiTe4 the foregoing account of tne lakes that lie to' the north %^ eft of this place; ' -< '^•' The ti'aders we eXpe^ed being late? thi& feifon than uiual, and pur nuinbers very confiderable, for there were more than three hunfired of us, th^ ttoick^ of pj-o- virionsw^hAd brought with lis WaJi nearly exhanfted, iiiM we waited with inrtputtence for their artiral. One cfajT, whiH ^i( Were all expreffin^ our wiOtei for tl;eririibU6veht,'Hnd looking from aii em^t^nc^ in liiapeiof feeing thena coiti^ ^rter the Ikke, the chief pi ieft belonging io tne bAttd of Kriliffinoes, tol^ tis, thit h« ^ould end^avbr to bbtam a confcrieflifee with the Grejsit Spirit, and know from him whien the trader* woiild ari^ive. ""i paid little attention to thisdeclaration, ftigpofnig that it woujd be prod active of foniejjt§gling tlltki juii fiiffic?etttiy covered to dec^iye the ignorant iiicJiHns. But the kUij|^(MF that u\^ tetttrig mp'tfiat this was chiefly tihdenakcnT)y th^prielt^ to alleviate my ^nx- i«;cy,^d at the fame time to convince me how niiich' in- •rep^'he had v{itli fee Great spirit, 1 thought it Btc.eJt ly to VcRrain iny'att«h*dV^ljom Ofi h cutviHR's tkArx LS. n ThefoUo^ring evening Wa»; fixed upon for this fpiriN ttad conference. When tvcry thing had been pro}je,rly prepared, the fciii^ came to^neatid led me to a capacious tent, the covering of w^iich was dniwa lip, To as to ren- der what was tranfa kind of eheft' or cpmn/kirge enough to contain the body of^ madi 'Thtfb were of a middle fize, and placed atiuch: a diftaaic^e froni each oibari that vrhatev^erlajr^ within t^til was readily difcerned. The tent was perfed. -Tliis was Wo fooner done, than i'm^iahb youftg men who ftoo^i by,^ookJ- aboui forty yards of ftrdpg corii^^ made alfo of m'> «lk^s hide, aod rolled it tight round his body^ fo that he wals completd* ly fwathed wiibln rhe ikift Being thu* bound up like an^ Egyptian Mammy, 6ne toe k >rm by the heels, and die otber by villts hricfl and Hfted him over the pales into tlie*nclofiirei I eotiltl al*f'f now disceni kitti as plain as I had hitherto doueisti^d I toolc Care not to turn my eye» iittioaseiit frdni' the obji^^ft before me, that I luight'ihe Hbre readily d^tedl the ^uidce; for foch I doabted noc blitthat it WdttldttU^ out tootle. 1^6 pHoft'had'nOc lahi intiiis fituatibti more than «> fewfecT&rt^, W»iyrt^lie>be^an'»tnittten This he don* th(m6d4d»1£^ for htdt •tioitti >aiiid di^' by d^gv^w gteir i 1 1 ii'w i f mm fi i''r)il7Slil m I'inlii Ri 1 %6 t.\KVM*^ TRAVELS. louder and louder, till at length he fpoke irtieiilately \ however, what he uttered was in fuch a mixed jargon of the Chipewi^y, Ottowaw, and Rtiliftinoe languages^ that I could underftand but vety little of it. Having continued in this tone for a confiderable while, he at lalt exerted his voice to its u rnoft pitch, (omettaics raving, and fometimes praying, till he had worked himfeU into iuch an agitation, that he foamed at bis mouth*. After having remained neat- three ^Barters of an hour in the place, and continued his vociferation with unaba> ted vigor, he feemed to be quite ethaufted» and remain* ed fpeechlefs. Bat in an inftant he fprung upon his feet, Aotwi^hiianding at the time he was put in^ tt appeared im> poffible for him to moveeither hit legs or arms, and iW king ofiThis covering, as quick as if the bands with which it had been bound were burned afunder, he began to ad* idrefs thofe who ftood around, in aBrm and audible voices ** My brothers," faiJ he, ** the Great Spirit has deigned to hold a talk with his ferrant, at my earneft requeft. He has not, indeed, told me when the perfohs we erped^ will be here ; but to morrow, foon after the fun hai reached his higheft point in the heavens, a cano^ will ar* rive, and the people in that will inform ui when the tra> tders will come." ^ Having {aid this he ftepped otit of the CBcIofure, and after he had put on his robes, difmilFed the aifembly. 1 own I was greatly aftoniiied tt what I had ften i but as I obferved that every eye in the company was fixed on me with a vitT to difcover my fentimeatS) I carefuU ly concealed every emotion. The next day the f«n (hone bright, tod long before tK>on all the InJiani were gathered together on the em* inence that overlooked tlie lake. The old king came to me and afked me, whether 1 had fo much confidence in what the prieft had ioreCbld, at to join his people on the hilly and wait for the completion of it t I told him 1 was at a lof* what opinion to form of the pTedi^ion» but that I would readily attesdliiffl. On tliis we walk* wd together to the place where the others were aflbm* bled. Every eve was again fixed by turns on me and fm the hike j w&eo juft at the Ion bad reached hit i«* CARVER'S TRAVELS. St lith, agreda^ to whit the prieft had £9retold, a cande came aroand a point of iartd about a leage did mt- i lit Jndians no fooner beheld it than they fet up an univerfal (hottt, and hy their look5 Teemed to triumph in the intereft tfieir prieft thus evidently had with the Greae [Spirit u In lefs than ah hour the canoe reached the fliore, when 1 1 attended the king and chiefs to receive thbfe. who were on board. As Toon as tVte men were landed, we walk- ed all together to the Vatience to know the ti« din^ thefbrougl*!, without alking an/ queAions ; for the Indians are the moll deliberate people in the world. However, after fome trivial conYeiiationt the king len* quired of them, whether they had feen any thing of the traders ? The men replied, that they had parted from them a few days before, and that they propofed being Ihere the fb:ond day frem the prefent. <■ They aocording* m arrived at that time greatly to ont fatisfa^ion, but Imore particularly fo to that of the todiant, who found [by this event the importance both of their jprieft and lof their nation, greatly augmented in th^ ught of a |(lr now the neighbors and allies of thi Airinipovls) for they alfo dwell near the fame lake, and on the waters of the River Uourbon, appear to have been offlfiiually a tribe of tha Chip?ways, as they fpealc tlieir Upi||uage, though in adifForentdialetfl. Their na- tion conhfts of about three or four hundred warriors, and tliey fiJem to be a hardy^ brave people I hav» al. ready giyfed an account of their country when I treated of Laie Winnef^ek. A« they refide within the lim. its of I^udAn'a Bay* they generally trade at the fafto- »ie« whitih belong to that company, but for the reafpni ipciJlJbnei betwre, they fteiqueatly come to the place whe#e I happened tojoiitthemi in order to m?^ the traders from Michillioiackinac. The anxiety I haJ felt on account of thfttr^id^rs' de« lay, was wot much alleviuted by their arrival. I again foitnd my etp«ay taken, it would exceed (ixttiea.bua- |Jce is variowflr '^^J iht*n ; bui rosi ihe mod em£^ ob&rv4UQnsi X c,Quic k'^ke, it iiee ■A'J^:' w H CAJftVER'3 TRAVELS. between foirtX'iix and fifty degrees of nortb lattitiid^j and betvieen eighty fbor and ninety three degrees of w^i) longituder front' the meridtan of London. There are many iflands in this lake, two of which ar()| rery large ; and if the land of them is proper for cuUi* ▼ation, mer'2 appears to be fofficient to form on each i I eonfiderable province ; efpecially on Ifle Reyal» which cannot be lefs than an hundred miles lengt and in many places forty broad. But theie is noway at prefent m nfcer^ning the ezaA length or 'breadth of either. Even! the lflKh» who always kept a fmall fchooner on thiil ryuninj ikke, whilft they were in poiurffion of Canada^ by which tbeytcould have made this difcoter> , have only acquired I a flight knowledge of the external parts of the^e iflands )[ at icaft they have never publiflied any accou^^t •f xhA internal parts of heiii» that I could get any totelli:[ igence of. Nor was 1 able to -dtftciV^ firom any of the converfail tions which I Md whh the neighboring Indians, tkatl they had ever made aoy f«ttltments on them* or eriiil landed there in their hmiting eseurfions. From what if could gather by thehr difooorfe, they fuppofe them tol liave been* from the firft Tonnationi the rendence of tlie| Great Spirit i aitd relate tntny ridieukms ftories of en> chantment andmaeical tricks that had been ezperiencedl hj fuch as were obhgcd ifat oagh ftrefs of weather to tab| writer on them. One of the Ckipeway chiefs idd in^, that fome their people being once driven An an ifland of Maurd^j pas, which lies towards the north eaft part of the lake tound on k large <)na&tities of a heavy, fliinitig, yeUovj fand, tba^ from their dtfcription muft have Men gold dnil. Being flruck with the beautifbl appearance of it,| to the mornrngt whira they reentered their canoe, chey mttempted tm bring (boe away ; but a ipirit of an amaz«| icig fixe, according to llieir account, fixty feet in height,| ftrode in the water after then, and comir-T^ded t ht m id ddiver ba' s^ OARVER'S TRAVELS. Not far from the Nipegon is a fmall riTcr, that juft before it enters the lake^ nasa p«-pendiciilar fatl from the top of a mountain, of more than iix hundred feet. Being Tery narrow, it appears at a diilance irke a white! garter fufpendcd in the air. A lew Indians inhabit round the eaftem borders of I •this lake, fuppofed to be the remains of the AlgonkiosJ who formerly pofleffed this country, but who have been nearly extirpated by the Iroquois of Canada. L&ke Su' I petio]rhas near forty rivers that fall into it, fome of I whid le of confiderable fize. On the fouth fide of it I is a re.^arkable point or cape, of about fi&ty miles in| length, called Point Chegoroegan. It might as prop, erly be termed a peninfuU, as it is nearly fepara'ted froni the continent, on the eaft fide, by a narrow bay that ex. tends from eaH: to weft. Canoes have but a ^ort por. tage acrofs the iflhmus, whereas if ihey coaft it round,] the voyage is more than an hundred miles. About that difUnce to the weft of the cape juft d^| fcribed, a confiderable river falls into thrlake, the head of which is compofed of a^great aireroblage of fmall ftreams. Ihis river is^emarkable for the abundAnnl of virgin copper that is'ound on and near its banks. aI metal which is met with alfo in feveral other places onl this ccaft. I obferved that many of the fmall iflandt,! particularly thofe on the eaftern (hores, were coveredl with copper ore. 'i hey appeared like beds of copperai,| of which many tons lay in a fmall fpace. A company of adventuierb from England began, foonl after the conqueft of Canada, toeing away fome ofl this metal, but the diftra^ed fituation of affairs in Amer'l ica has obliged them to rtflin^uifh their fcheme It mightl in future time ^ be'r r\de a very advantageous thide, ail the n^ctnl, whi h colts nothinjp^ on the fpot, and requiieil but little expe» u to get it on ooard, could be conveyed inl boats or canoes diiough the falls of St. Marie, to the lild of St. Jofeph/which lies at the bottom of the Straittl near the entrance into Lake Huron ; from thence itl might he put on board larger veflels, and in them tranf«| portuJ acrofs that ?ake to the falls ef Niagara i therel bein^ carried by land acrofs the portage, it might bf I CARVER'S TRAVELS. 87 conveyed without mucli more obdrut^lon to Quebec. The cheapnefs and eaie with which any quantity of it may be procuied» wiil make up foi'the length of way that is neceiTary to tianfport it before it reaches the Tea coaft« and enable the proprietors to fend it to foreign larkcts on as good terms as it can be exported from other countries. Lake Superior abounds with a yariety cf fiflx, the principal and bed are the trout and tlurgeon, which may be caught at almoft any feafon in thegreated abund- ance. The trottts in general w^igh about twclv^jflunds, but fome are caught that exceed fifty. BefiaHr thcfe, afpecies of white fifli is taken in great quantities here, that refemble ^ (had in their Oiape, but they are rather thicker, and lefs bony ; they weigh about four pounds each, and are of a delicious tade. The bed way of catching thefe fifli is with a net ; but the trout might be taken at all times with the . hook. There are ,Mke- wife many forts of fmaller fifh in great plentyliere, and which may be taken with eafe ; among thefe is a fort refembling a herring* that are generally m:ide ufe of ac a bait for the troiit Very fmali craburnot larger tlua half a crown piece, are founJ^boih in this and Like Michigan.^ l^s Lak3>i"> as much afFcclsd by ftorms as the At- lantic Ocean ; the w.ives run as hi(f»1i, and are cqliaily as ditngerous to fliips It difcharges its waters fio:x\ the fnuth eaft corner, through the Straits cf St. Mailc At the upper end of iliefe biralts ft.irds a.fort that le- ceives ?ts name from them, cornnianc^ed by Mons, Ca* dot, a French Canvidian, who beine: n>-<)pricloi of the foil, is flill permitted to l-eep poflfeffion of It. Ne:ir this fort is a very llroug rapid, a.£»aii)ll which though it is impofftble for Vtinoes to afcenJ, yet when conduced by careful pilots, ihey might pafs down without danger™ Though Lake Superior, as I liave before obferved, is fupplicd by near forty rivers, many of wliich arc confid- erable ones ; yet it does not appear that one tenth part of the waters which are conveyed into it by thefe rivers, are carried ofFat thi > evacuatit n How fuch a fupera- bundance of waters can be difpofed of, as it mufi ccr. 'i K' iri / ■4 n CARVER'S TRAVEI^. ealnly be by Come means cr other, without which the citcumference of the lake would be continually enlarg. ing, I know not : t)iat it does not ennpty itfeif^ as the Mediterranean fea is fuppofed to do> by ab under cur- rent, which perpetually counteradls that near the furface, is certain ; for the llream which falls over the rock is not mare than five or fix feet in depth, and the whoit of it p'dffes on through the Straits into the adjacent lake; nor is it probable that fu great a quantity can beabforb* ed by inhalations ; confeqaently they tnuii find a paf> ^^S^ %$0ugh feme fubterranean cavities, deep, untatt* omable, and never to be explored. The falls of St Marie, do nut defcend perpendicukr* ly as ihofe of Niagara or St. Anthony do, but confift of a rapid which continues near three quarters of a mile> over which canoes well piloted might pafs. At the bottom of thefe fallsj nature has formed a moft •omniodicus ftation for catching the fifli which are to he found there in immenfe quantities. Perfons (land. ing on the rocks that lie adjacent to ii, may take with dipping nets, about the months of September arid 0(5lo. her, the white filh before, mentioned j at that feafon, to. gcnher wiih fevcral other fpecics, they crowd up to thii ipot in fuch amaziiig fli:>als, that enough may be taken to fupplf, when properly cured, thoufands of inhabit* anis iliroughout the year * i he Straits of St. Marie are about forty miles long, bearing fouth eaft, bul varying much in their breadth. The current betweon the falls and Lake Huron is not l'o| rapid as might be expelled, nor do they prevent the nav. igation of ffiips of burden as far up as the Ifland of St. Jofeph. It has been obferved by travellers that the entrance into Lake Superior, fron^ thefe ftraits, affords one of tlie moft pleafing profpefts in the world. The p!aca in whicn this might be viewed to the greaeft advantage, is iuft at the opening of the lake, from whence may be feeii on the left, many beauiifuMittle ifl^nds that exjend a confiderablc way before 70U ; apd on the right, an a. greeable fucceffioii of fmall points of land, that pTJeft a little way into the water, and contribute, with the ill- OARVER'S TRAVELS. 8§ ands, . to render this delightful bafon (as it might be termed) calm and fecure from the ravages of thofe tern- pelluous i^inds by which the adjoining lake is frequentl/ troubled. Lake Huron, into which yoti now enter from the (traits of St. Marie, i$ the next in magnitude to lake Su- perior. It lies between forty two and forty fix degrees, of north latittide, and feventy nine and eighty fiVe de- grees of weft longitude. Its (hape is nearly triiangular, aod its circumference about one thonfand miles. Oa the north fide of it lies au ifland that is reinarka* ble for being near an hundred miles in length, and no I more than eight miles broad. This ifland is known by^ the name uf Manataulin, which fignifies a place of fpir- its,and is ccniidered by the Indians asfacred as thofe al- ready mentioned in Lake Superior. About the middle of the fouth weft fideoF^ this lake, [is Sagan^aum bay. Ihe capes that feparate this bay I from the lake, are eighteen miles dtftant from €ach oth« I er ; near the middle of the intermediate fpag? ftand two jiflands, which greatly terd to facilitate the paflage of ca- noes and fmali vefleU, by affording them (belter, as without this fecurity it would not be prudent to venture acrofs fo wide a fea; and the coalllng round the bay would make the voyage long and tedious, i his bay is about eighty miles in length, and in general about I eighteen or twenty miles broad. * Nearly half way between Saganaum B.iy and the I north weft corner of the Lake, lies another, which is Itemed 1 Bunder Bay. I'he Indiani, who have fte- quented thefe parts from time immemorial, and every I European traveller that has pailed through it,have unan- imoufly agreed to call it by this name, on,account of the continual thunder they have always obferved here. The bay is about nine miles broad, arid the fame in length, and whilft I was pafSog over it, whidi took me up near twenty four hours, it thundered and lightened during the greateft paitof the time to an exceffive degree. 1 here appeared to be no vtfible realbc for this, that I could difcover, nor is the country in general fubjedl: {to thu&der |» tlie hills tl:at ftood atound were not of a h2 >S'r, i'fii 90 CARVER'S tItAVELS. ■m . temaikabld height, neither did the external parts of them feem to be^ofered with any fulphur^oas fubftance. But as ^his phenoihejion muft origtaate>froni fome naN ur.il caufe, I conjedilre that the (hores of the bay, or the adjacent mountains, are either impregnated with an uncommon quantity of f\ilphurioils matter, or contain {oms metal or mineral apt to attrid in a great degree, the eleflricril particles that are hourly borne over them by the palTant clouds. But the folution of this, and tliofe other philofophicul remarks which cafually occur t:;roughout thefe pages, Meave to the difcuffion of abler Leads. ^ , ^ • The Hfh in Lake Huron are mucli the fame as th^fe in Lake Superior. Some of the land on its banks is very fertile, and proper for cultivation, but in other parts it is fandy and barren, 'i'he promontory that feparaces this lake from Lake Michigan, is compofed of ^A Tad plain^upwards of a hundred miles k>ng,but vary* ing in its breadth, being from ten to fifteen miles broad. This tra<5l,^3 t have before obferved, is divided into al. mod an equal portion between the Ottowaw and Chip- evvay Indians. At the north eaft corner, this lake has a comr\iu<;»tcation with Laker Michigan,by the ^traits of Michiiiimjickinac, already defciibed. ^ i had like to have omitted a very extraordinary cir* cu.iiilancV.', relaiive to.thefe ftraits. /iccording to rb- fjrvation, triade by the French, whilft they were in pof- feflion of the fort, although there was no diurnal fiood or ebb to be perceived in thefe waters, yet, from an ex- afl attention to Uieir fl;ate,a periodic^al alteration in them has been difcovered. It was obferved that they axofe by gradual, b^t almoft imperceptibfe degrees till they had reached the heigiit of about three feet. This was accompliH^ed in ieven years and a half; and in the fame fpace they gently decreafed, till they had reached their former fituatlon ; fo that in fifteen years they had completed th.'s inexplicable revolution. At the time I #as there, the truth of thefe obferva- tioni could not be confirmed by the Engli(h,as they had been only a few* ye.irs in pofleffion of the fort i ^nt they all agreed that fome jiUcration ia the Uoiits of the ftraitf CARVER'S TRAVELS, ii Wa9 appareht. All thefe lakes are fo affected by winds, ai fometimeB to have the appearance o^ ^ tide, accor* ding as they^ happen to blow ; but this [$ only tempo- rary and partial. A greae;hamber of the Ghipeway [ndIaiisliTe/c«ttered around this lake« particularly near Sagan^iim Bay. On its banks are found an amazing qaamity of (and cher* ties, and in the adjacent t!ountry nearly the fauie frait as thofe that grow about the other lakes. ' From the falls of St. Marie i leafurly proceeded back to Midhillimackinac, nnd arrived there the beginning of NoTember 1767,havln^1>een fourteen month? . this extenftve-tour,travclled near four thoafand mi '*" nd vif* ited twelvenations of Indians lying tothe %veft orth of this places 1'he winter fetting in fqon aftt ir« rivaU I ^as ol^liged to tarry there till June fouowing, the navigation over Lake Huron for large veflels not be- ing open, on account of the ice, till that time. Meeting here with fociable company, 1 paHed thefe months very agreeably, and without finding the hours te- dious. One of my chief ^mufements was that of fiHting for trout's. Though the Straits weie covered with ice, we found means to make holes through it,and letting down ftrong lines of fifteen yards in lengthi to which were fix- ed three or foi^r hooks baited with the fmall fi(h before defcribed, we freequently caught two at a time of forty pounds weight each ; but the common fiye is from ten to twenty pounds. Thefe are moft delicious food. The method of preferving them during the three months the winter generally lafts, is by^hanging them up in the air and ill one night they will be frozen fo hard that they will keep aS well as if they were cured with fait. , I have only pointed ou; h\ the plan of my travels the circuit I made from ledving Michillrmackinae till I ari rived again at the fort. Thofe countries that lie nearer the colonies have been fo often andfo minutely defcrib* ed, that any further accouat of them would be ufelefs. I (hall therefore only give my headers in the remainder of my journal, as I at tirft proprfed, a defcription of the other great lakes of Canada, many of which I have U:i. !' ' I. ^. iH^ ^4.^2^ ^V"^a5^ IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 ^ .^^^. 1.0 I.I L25 1^ Uii 12.2 Sua R- Pliotograiiiic Sciences Cbrporation ^v 33 WHT MAIN STRUT WIMTIR.N.Y. MSM (71«)I71-4S03 A. # 9» «:.RVE!t*S TRAVELS* navigated oyer, «3id relate at the fame time af^iv partic» , uiar incidents that I trait will not be found ioap^cable or upintercfting. In June 1768 I left Midunin)ackinac,.and;.rQ|arned in the Gladvryii Sohooner, a yei&l of about verninem» af* ter the conqdeft of thefe parts by Genet al Amher/4» are more attentive to ihtf IndUn trade than to farnilngt it is bftdiy cultivated^ the town of Detroit contains upwards of one hun- dred how fes. The ftreets are fomewhat regul ir, and have a range of very convenient and hanufome barracki with a fpacious parade at the fouth end. On the weft fide lies the king's gardent belonging tu die goverrior« which is very weil laid out, and kept in good order* llie fortiBcatfons of the town confift of a (Irong ftock* ade, made of t ound piles, Bxed firmly in tfie gtound> and line4 with palifades. Thefe are defended by fome^ fmall ballions, on which are mounted i few indifferent cannon of an inconfidcrable fi«e, jud fuffident for it» defence againft the Indians, or an enemy not provided^ with artillery * . ' 'I'he gairlibn in time of peace, eonfifts of two hun* drcd men, commanded by a tidd officer, who adls a» chief magiftrate under the governor of Canada. Mr. Turnbutl, captain of the 6th regiment, or Royal Amer- inns, wa^ commandant when 1 happened to be there; This rentlcman was defervedly efteemed and refpectedi both by the inhabif^nts and traders, for the propriety of his coridu<5t ; and I am happy to have an opportunity of thofi publicly making my acknowleiJgements to bint for the civilities I received from him during my ftay* Tn the year 176'2, in the month of July, it rained on * rh*i icwn ai^dthe parts adjacent, a fulphureous water oJr ihe color and confii^ence of ink i fome of ^Avhicli beings c>?llefted into boctleS) and wrote with, appeared perfed- ly intelligible on ihe paper and anfwc j eJ every purpoie of t!i:u ufeful liquid .Soon after, tha Inrliaii wart- already fpoken of, broke out in thei'e parrs- I mean not to iay that this incident was omi.ioiu of them« not* withtlan^mg it is well known that innumerable well at* tefied inQances of extraordinary pheiumei>a happcnina* belurc extriiordinary events, have been recorded in ai- mofl: every age by hillorun* of veracity ; I only relate the circuradaace m a fa<^) of which !■ was informed hf 1w t •t* CARVER'S TRAVELS. «■ xitjuiy perfons of undoubted probity, %nd leaTC my read* ers, as Ihave hitherto done, to draw their own condu* Ci^ns. from it. ; ' ' # Pontiac, under whom the party that fnrprtfed Fort MichilHmackinac> as relateci in the former part of this iiK>rki a^ed, was an enterprifing chief or head- warrior of the Miamies. During the late war between the £ng* l}(kaQd the French,, he had been a fteady friend to the lattejr* and continued his inveteracy to the former, even after peace had been concluded between thefe two nations. Unwilling ta put an end to the depredations he had been io long tngaged tn« he colleded an army of confederate Indians, confiding of the nations before enameratedywith an intention to renew the war How- ever»in(lead of openly attacking the £ngli(h fettlemcnts, he laid a fchemefor taking by furprife uiofe forts on'tlie extremities which they had lately gained pofleflion of How well the paity he detached to take Fort Michil- limackinac fucceeded, the reader already knows. To get into his halnds Detroit, a place of. greater confe- q,uence,and much better guarded, required greater sefo* Itttion^ and more confumate art. He of courfe took the management of tliis expedition on himfelf, and drew near it with the principal body of his troops. He was howexi^'i prevented from carrying his defign into exec a- lion, by an apparently trivjal and unforefeen circum- dance. On fuch does the fate of mighty Empires fre- quently depend ! c The Xfy»-n of Detroit, when Pontiac formed his plan, wa9(;.ir;i;oaed by about three hundred men* command- ed b/ Major Gladwy gallant o0icer. As at that time every appearance ' nr was at an end, and the In- dians ieemed to be on friendly footintv.Pomiac approach- ed the Fort, without exciring any fu^picions in the brea(^ of the ffovernor or the inhabitants. He encamped at a littledi(tancefromit,and fent to let thecommandant know that he was come to trade ; and being de(ir6us of brightning the chain of peace between the~ Engliih and his nation, deftred that he and his diiefs might be ad- mitted to hold a Council with him. The governor (\\\i lofofpicioufi, tnd aot in the leaft doubting th« finceritf l1- CAHVER'S TRAVELa. ^ if the Indians, granted their gensi'ars requeft, and fixed on the next morninjf for their reception Xhff evening of thacd:4y, an Indian woman who had )>een employed by major Glad wyn, to make him a pait of Indian Ihoes. out of curious elk (kin, brought them home. The major was fo pleased with them, that inten* ding thefe as a prefent for a frtend> he ordered her to take the remainder back, and make it into others for himfelf. He then direded his fervant to pay her for thofefhe had done, and, difmifTed her. The' woman went to the door that led to th^ ftreet but no further ; flie there loitered about as if ibehad not finifhed the bufi- Hefs on which Ihe came. A fervant at length obferved her, and aikedher why (he ftaid there ; {he gave himt however, no anfwer- Some fliott time after, the governor himfelf faw her \ and enqtiired of his fervant what Oiccafioned her ftay. Not'being able to get a fatiffaAory anfwer, he ordered the woman to be called in. When (he came into hii prefenee'he defired to know what was the reafon of her loitering about* and not haftning home before the gates irere (hat, that ^(he might complete in due time thewoik he had given her to dr . She told hini after much hefi- Ution. £at 8(8. he bad always behaved with great good* nefs towards her, (he was unwilling to take away the /remamder of the (kin, becanfe he put fo great a value Son it ; and yet had not beeti ahle to prevail upon her* _ f to te)l him fo. He then a(ked her, why ihe wasmort reluftant to do fo now,than (he had been when ^(he made the former pair. With increafed relndance (be aniwer* td, thJit ihe never (hould be able to bring them back. Hts curiotUy being now excited* he infixed on her difelofuig to him the (ecrec thai feemed to be ftrugling ioherbofom for utterance. At la(l on rreeiviig a Sromiiethai the intelligence (he was about to givehini lotttd not turn to her prejudice, and that if it appeared to be beneficial, (he (hould be rewarded tor it, the in* formed him, that at the council to be held with the III* dians the following day,Pbntf«c and his chiefs intended to murder him ( and^rfter having maflacied the«arri(bfi Mdioimbitanui, to plundtr tli» town. That for thta \~ '? • ^^^^^HH^Hii K B^H^^^^^^^h' t, H^^H^H' P ' l^l^^^^^^^l' 1 eS^^^^^B;! fl^^^^^K fi '^IHw^fll^F ' 1 m CARVER'S TRAVELS. iM^ ' .iwrpofe all the chiefs who were to ht admitted into thi coiincii>fooin>1^d cut their i^uos (hort,(b tnat thcj could conceal them u^derllieir blankets; with 'which at a l^gnal given by their general, on delivering the belt, thqr .urereaU to rile up, andinUantly to fire on him and hii attendahtji. JHaving effe^ed this, they were iminedi* .ately torofh into the town, where they would find them* ielves ftipported by a greai number of their warriors, -that were to cumeimo it during the fitting cf the coun« ^il. under pretence of irading, but pri-vately armed Jn theiame manner. Having gained nom the woman ev.j .cry neceCary particular relative to the plot and alCo of the means by which (he acquired a knowledge of them, he diiViTlflctJ her with iiijunim»^1d Uvclbeir aims ready, and tfpel every ailfpipt >oC Uuit About xmi6*ie\»dki Pmiffiiicaitd liit ihieff aftivtd-|r| Ivnd vfm ^f^diiiftii 16 tib council •^ambflfr'"krhii« iSm ravenwir JUd the pritieSfnil «i(fii»l't,> tach' with fit* UkiSSt^lmiky^fii^eihliPAtiiM* At Hie liidififfi lied «tt, tiittj^ ttfiu^«^ np on ihe |^ ' ror tmurehit^ a'ocHit. fio fooher were ihey eAWrtdf fifiilid>^MPw{|]M-<]|^i|»^ than Poitti^e i^ikiff^Msv^fm «tiat'^cafionhif yoang^Mi,ineaii* tbe#fdiie^i«0|riil)«b d^ioik op^and ittiriidiligtnihi 'l|Bt¥ tlHr tli^NMn^ihitf-'wdci^ began -di(]fWiJtht rhich contained th«(li«MgM ^pMiceotsi ^f frS^mdfll^ M 1^ >d^ %i^m IDiMdfi^^etfiligHfh |' »iHl m^n li^: tkto§ ^^^^ym^ui^m^ ut m faineimisinsiittttlt pnrHbfely left opeii Pontiae, Uiotigh nMtp.^ Uii E«l#iHJiM^ ihHtlllidtaliily IVfhM!^^ t ii^^'W4^i§m)tttg'cdf the'^«tflnil^ ^wy;r'ni«''^IMi h«^iih|»i«Maf ^%kpta«€ M^i^iiii looftM«r f IHhi^. ^Mr r M) iiri^ JM^Wf(l)Wt% Ic'^itiit^itedi ^lA kit i»<^ fi^%VlRbiiMl^^^.d rh tdf Mi ;l ■)■ ri ^* m mxLnmms ms^msis^ He then cOiHinvilM 10 tell them, that at he had gii Fl^word atitHf t(iiN;i)»073a«ti!«cit«e»tfhat the a4vi(fdtl^emiKp izfabeith».l?^l>jOl/^^ l0rt»4c^a hii yo^% iiltcik <^>beki ft V ; ; SomHKK9iideafbttrcilftQ«€^iiffiAi* -^m W«l«h*Pg Sji«* WJti^iiprft yi%«««??*%iW«w^ drtv^ bgck. £et»g now fieai|> turrouodtdi be ai k^f iiiiiiimiiWIWfWiiiii^HlMifij cj*i[a(;tewaxjovvBL«» ^'' i^jiM^iiitiiiki 4fMtifmang|p^ibt« joen ft^lt wiU^tluinU I: y$h«% JBUcet and , . J|^tiifilcd^««ii^ WoclMKie it^. : id ■■ ■ .• i •■ >S'. i-i o , • - . |^kf^il«iceri&»rn was loft wUb aU h^f !6<«»w» on Lakt |£iit:tbM ttnie. n^i- the tov/n, with » reinforce- lentv lind fiece(ru7 i'uppUes. 3ut before the veiTel lid reach^ the place o\ itt deftinAtion, it !i^4S raoft yig^ ittily atticked by a detachment from Pon:i:ic*& army. iThelndiansvfurrounded it in their canoei/ and xaqdf sat havoc among tlie crew. Ac'iength the ca(^tain of the fchooner, with a cotkfid<» ^ie number of his, men being killed, and the iavagei egimung to.climb up the (Ides from every qaarteri te Iteutcnant (Mr. Jacobs, who afterwards command' 1» and was loit in it) being determined that the ^r^i^^l fould not fall into the enemy's hands, and Teing no otb^ f alternative, ordered the ffunner to set fire to the pow- er reoini;,iand blow tliefliip up. This Older was on ^e point of being, executed, when a chief of the Hu- ms^ who underftood the £ngli(b language, gave out ^ hit friends the intention of the commander. On rp» living this intelligence, the Indians hurried down die ides of the (hip with the greateft precipiution, and got afar irOro it as poilible \ whiift the comniander imme* iiately took the advantage of their donftctiuitioni ifid arrived without any further ubftru^ion at db* tb:t feifonablefupp^y gave ifae ^urrifoa frefefgirii m ehmz9r& -mfs^vm^ greed t&^peace. The lodunt foon aixvsk^^MmiAni' thought |itf^^M«iV4(KfttisbQ«t>i«sft in aaf graatt 4eg;t^ \ Jfomiai^lieiteibrviaittf' fevmcd to h^ve luiilt ^Jlkk \\ tnimoiity hehi^d huhcitofbotneto^atdh thtfj^ogiiilil and ijij^are^ilJMibfcaintfAthi^ir Miiloiu 'I0 le. 4rftrd wreaths of wa- ter ihakes, baiking in the fuo, which amounted to I / The moft, remarkable of the different fpecies thjt ih- feft this lake is the hiffing fnake, which is of |he fmall fpeckled kind and is about eighe inches long^ When any thing approaches, it flattens itfellf in a moment, ani its fpots^ which are of various dyes, become vifibly brigliter through rage ; at the fame time it blows from its month, with great force, a fubcile wind^ that is report* fd to be of a naufeous fmeU ; and if drawn in with the breach of the unwary traveller, will in£illibly bring ^n a decline, that in a few months mVft prote mortal, there behoig no remedy yet difcovg^ which can counterad its bahefiil influence. The ftones ai^ pebbles on the (hores of this lake are moft of them tinged, in a greater on lefs degree, with fppts that relemble brafs in their color, but which are (iti more fulphureoUs nature. Small faeces, about tibe- (xeof hazleituts, of the fame kinds of ore, are found on the lands that lie on its banks, and wider the water. The navigatioa of this lake is eileeaied more danger* ftus than anyoftho others, on ac;count of many high ftfils^at lie on the borders of it and projeA into the fiateir,lna perpendicular dirediqn fox many miles to- gedier ; fa that whenever fudden florms arife, canoes jRudboatsarefrequeutlylofttM there it no place for Ihcm to find a ihelter* ' This lake disdiarges its wafers at the north eaft end* mto tlye river Niagat^ which runs north and fouth, and Jiabout thirty fix miles in kng^ f from whence it fallt ifttojUake Ontario. /Vt the entrance of this river, on Its ed^ern fliore, Ues fort Niagara ) and about eighteen miles furUier up, thofe remarkable faHs which are ^- II^IM^ oaeoflhemoft extraor mulations, at lengUi roih down a ftopemluoas precipio of one hundred and fort^ feet perpendicular ; and in a UtOTagtipidf that extenis to the^ di ftance of eight or nint "^ miles below, fait iHNirly as much more : this river fooa ^ter empties: itfelf intoXake Ontario. Thenoife of thefe falls nay be heard.an anazing way. I could plainly diftingut(h thero in a calm morn, fng more than twenty miles. -Others have faid th^t at partietilar times, and when the wind fits fair* thA found €>f them reacites fifteen leagues. The land about tiie fails is exceedingly hitly and un. even, but the greatefi pHt of that on &e Niagara river is very good, efpecially for gtafs and paftorage. Fort Niagara fiaiids neatly at the entrance of the weft end^f lake Ontario^ and on^ the eaO part of the firait» >ii.'. ■■ ■ ' ' >v ■.....,'.■■,.- -•■- ■ '' ' .;' ^ >" liake Ontario is the next and leaft cf the five great lakes of t^ana^a.. It* fttuation is betweeif forty three and ^bm five dcgrees^of lautude, and between feventy fkxand ftventy^ninc jd^rees of we0: longitude^ The ^orra ofil isnearly otral^^its greateft length being from nprUi eaft to fout^ weft, , and in ciicwimeraocer about i|x hundred miles. Near^e fonth eaft pan it tecietvei Uic^ waters of ^Ofweco River, and cm the north eaft . ari of tbrgarrifoQ w&tch CARVER'S TRAVELS. lOd «»fiilecl of the late Shirley's and PepperePs regiments, were maiTacreed ill cold blood by the lavages. In lalce Ontario Art taken many forts of tifh. among which is the Of^vego bafs, of an excellent fl anj^, weighing about three or four pounds. There is alfo a fbrt calkd the cat head or pout> which are in general very larger fome of them vrergbing eight or ten pounds ; and tbty are efteemed a rare diih whenproperly dreifed. On ihe-DOith weft part of this lalce, and to the fourK eaft of lake Huron, is a tribe of Indians called MiCuaa* gesjwhofe town is denominated Toronto, from th>f lake on which it lies \ but they are aot very numerous. The country about lakS Ontario, efpecially the more north and eaftern parts is compojfed df^ood land, and in tiane ^l.'iy make very fiourilhin^ fettlehients i'be Oneida lake fnuated near the head of the river Ofvvegb, rc^ceives the waters 6f Wood creek, which takes its rife not far from the Mohawk's river. Thefe two lie fo adjacetiC to each other^ that a junction is effedked by iluices at fun 8tahwix, about twelve milea firom thir mottth.of the former, rbis lake is about thi^y mi!e» long from eaft to ^^eft| and near tifteen broad, The country around it bjclongsto the Oneida Iadians« Like Cham plain, the next in (ize to lake Ontario, and which Ii«s nearly e^ from it. is ahout eighty miles i a' lengthy north and footh, atidin its broadeft part four- teea^ U i« w^U ftOred with i«Ai, and the lands that'lit on all the borders of it, and about tts.ri v th? fouth weU of the lall men- tinned kke, and is about thirty €ve miles long frAoa nortl^ eaft to fouth weA, bat of no great breadth Tht cfMmtry sn-outid It t» tery mountainou»f but ia the vkl« l«6s the land is tolerably good > ' Whea thefe tyro lal^es were 6rft difcovered, they wer» koowa by no other inme than that of the Iroquote lakes % and I believe la the 6rft plans taken of thofe parts, were fo d^ncminated^ The indtahs atfo that were eaUed the Iroquois, liire lince known by the nam« of the five Mohawk nations, and the Mohatvks of Cati-^ Idiii I lathe lace vary the fotmcfi which confi^ of ihr , I 1 to forfeiture, a fine only could be ezaded. , On account of the continual wars to which thefe parti have been fubjeA, from their fituktion between the fet* tlements of the Englifli, the French, and the Indians, this grant has been fufFered to lie dormant by the real proprietors. Notwithftandingwhich»fevend towns have been fettled fince the late war, on the borders of lake Champlain, and grants made to differuit people by the governor of New York, of part of thefe territoriei»which •re now become anneied to that province. There are a great number of lakes on the north of Canada!, between I^iador, lake Supperior, and Hud* fon's Bay, but thefe are comparatively fmall. As they lie out of the track that I purfued» 1 (hall only give a fiiamary accoimt of themt The aaoA wellcrlj m theii m mLMtJ^^TT.Mmw ^ at the heici^of thtt? Ff cmcib' ^i?^ H^^rmiS) jjg^ol^ki^ B«Min)4 the oth«r (Ml fihtf Qct^^iiw riy^i W^i^ !f^^- lies itielf imo tlubCa(tar}lq»H^^^lQlUm4l k )^^ ijleeiichi about one hudiiir^di i^Uef in ^if^?N^9C«i > /, ^j 1 hf next is^ lake^MiAaiiiEiib 0{n (be. )ieji4iatf . |CjD|pftrA'# rtVer, that falls into iita^* fi^f*. , ,'i;hi*/lailp3 t%ib irr»£* tkr frcmi thee Urge poinp of lam|)>y a^liiph^it' i*-ip|er« isMl.on^veri: rUfr»:chat it is diffiault either tp.defcril^ it^ ifl^apcv 'or IQ afcertain its fia^, U howei^er apfiearf 00 rthk ^jhofe to: ibe more t^an itwro liuiyartfa m\m vi,m^. ciimference. _,....,", j '-->,:. v-i, :-,vv} Ifake M John, which i» abpuc et^f fn|;|e» rQand» ind of a circular fornif lies en the i>a^uenay riTeri di« te&iy north of Qut>bec, and falls into the S| J^awrencea fomewhat f^ortb eaft of that citf. .Lalte ManiJfAUagQf^ lie> near the head of the BUciirriyei^ v^hj^h empties it* felfinto Che St Lawrence to the eaiiward pf ihe Uft loestioned river, near the coa(l pf X^abr^dor and is a* Bout futy miles in circumference. Lake Pertifai* lat^ WiQckt4gan» lake Etchelaugnn, and lakePapefjouagane^ With a number of other fnwll laketi lie near the heade of tht? Eutiard river to the north of the St. Ldiwrencef Many others which it is unnecefTarjr to partictUariz* here, aie alfo found betweea the lakes Huron and Oo* tario. 'i he whole of thofe I have enumerated, amounting to upw;%rds of twenty, are within tiie limits of Canada i. and from t!vs account tt might be deduced, that the n vU;v'rn parts of North fVmcrica, through thefe numer« euli inland fe.is, contain a greater quantity of water than' any other quarter < f the glebe. . , In ()«lSlnber i'S^i ( arrive J at Bodon, having been ahfent two year%and Bve months, and during that itm#' trivcUed ne;ir feven thoufaud miles. From thencea ae foon as I had properly digelle«i my journal and charts* 2 fet out for England, to communicate the dilcoveries I had made, and to render ihem beneficial to the king- dom. Bat the profecution of my pLins for reaping thefe adeantages ))aie hitherto been ohAruAed by the unhap- py diviuoQi that have beea feaeoted between Greai y.wwSi;:^--!'^***!^ I > ■ • tui cyi««tA^Tit)irejfc«3 t:!u ct]i^Titt9(i||ia<^ d)0!f<$yib«cl' Mlfprovevkitnozal abundaiit W«fi»?9tl^% U^ttlecHem^ } : ^iid^i < Oiall luit ool^ prrdot H|gfiy*t'^it |(> 'Valuable W«ic^iit«oiti' r >'! 'liM^l^ . ' : •^vttmA^ e^rf«»de thd accJoiinr 4>( iny ixttnfiv^ trav. #y;^^jth6tft expjCeilln^ my grafkuiieto' tbaf i)tnefiMiitl #bic^ tflibr«>ida!>(f Htie»id fo k)n|« a toor jaalong fierce Mid untutored ravages. dj p'.! . <»^ AC die ilklhi tiiQ* tet rtie notbc accufed of vanity or I»reraiRj|»iI ihe introduAion of more poIiHied manners, and motii humane ientiments, to gain a knowledge of their language, cuftoms, and principles. 1 confefs that the little benefit too many of the In* dian nations have hitherto received from their inter* courif with thofe who denominate themfelves |!!hri{liati5, di|i not tend to encourage my charitable purpofes ; yet ai*f»any, though not the generaliry, might receive fonie benefit from the introduAion among tRem of the polity and religion of the Europeans, without retaining only the errors or vices that from the depravity and perver* fion of their prtvfeiTors are unhappily attendant on thcfe, ' I determined to perfevere. . • Nor could 1 flatter myfelf that I ihould be able to accompli(h alone this great defigo ; however, 1 was wil* ling to cotitribute as much as lay in my.power towards CARVER'S TRAVELS. m it In all public ' 'lertakiogs would every one do thif» and furnifti wttlx crity his particular (bare towards it# vhatftupenduoui vrorks might not be coni|pleted. k is true that the Indians are not without fome ftrnfe of religiont and fuch as proves that they worihip the great creator with a degree of purity unknown to na* tioBs who have greater opportunities of ii|)proveinent ( bat tlieir religious principles are far from beine fo fault- leis as dcfcribed by a learned writer* or unmixed widi opinions and ceremonies that greatly leilen their excel* lency in this point. So that could the dodltines of gen- nine and vital chriftianity be introduced among them» pure and untainted, as it flowed from the lips of its di* vine inftru^OTt it would certainly tend to clear away that fuperftitioos or idolatrous drofs by which tlie ra- tionality of their religious tenets are obfcured. Its mild and beneficent precept would iikewife conduce to foften their implacablt difpofittons, and to refine their favage Banners ; an event moft defirable ; and happy (hall £ ffl^m myfelf, if this publication (hall prove the means pf pointing out the path by which fahitary inftrudions may be conveyed to them, and the converfion, ^though bat of a few, be the confequence. e^HCLVirOH Of THf JOUKMALi i^f. *^- Vi ^j: nil -. ii -)G^ m «if" ■Jtifi-i ff: 'l vV J : ':^*/f /iC? :fiji»07 ^sili- 1*:'^^ ij ■V^-'tf .■ -■, > .ml^ t-:n: '^"^^^mi'iHsim-xJih V-7.li V ^l 4'li fj'ifw4"^i ;•/ iy,i.;-.-:Taw ivj- <,Jti --« ■■-. .. T ■ d\ i;-'*''i^' 3^f^ ilfj^'t^^pj; -fciliii^^. '^^:!^?&<|r^l'i>^;§ inuu. »■ rj',' ,ir»;i! i^^i^.v^fi^t* .oiihii j>.,i.;.?- ih, X-J»: tu 'in:i ■ it- 'U ■ ^^r>laJ^-i0»|l!>i5i;Glf;iJl>*^^'v^;3^ r||,;. i^u-#f :■; ij'.V t-' ?fojiifj^.ti?ail- .|1(li|i^.';^|gi|:||i-i;J|i,| r:vX4r'ti;:iti/ioiiil ■V\;Vr-';;irt-|-W:VS[g;?,Sr5.- i »* >'. * r f f.v i*n.^ tmi^m'v':.ib Htan ■«vi{fj i-J*0'?^^J!K(i ■i>/i*> K i' ^i|k^;-^i t^i ::rir ;i|vt i^. Via- VU^ V--J •? , .-.^^i «)■,- 0 vn M':^>Vf.' .vf^ >i£ f; '»r 4.5' I;-.*. .«■ ■■f^mij nd yt. ,in4t,%-mA;>»«< :Mt*i'p ^lif^ii n^in tri , ?. .*, ■X> .j5;i 4^:;ii„-«*'u.<>^ if t*l*mi. t«(>i$ »■.«>* ^D' ■X. ,r"» t .V;:' , ^ ^ f^f}-'^,.' ^i THl ■"#4 f^-^' >'*, ^R1CHN^ MAJmERS> Cl^TaMSi RELIGION AND LANOUAOE^ ^*t- or THI iN-nrAws: l'« .,-.-•. \'1 . <• ■■■I'-- -Via 1 Me M^ar^ t)t ^;^hfcf» Am4^^ recdvtr4 i:« fiift in-. lhal>it^.ni.%*-ha?e fiiice iHe_ time of its diicdvery by the U;urope';mi I ^eai the fabje^ rf rairt berJefs difquifrtions. War i to endeavdr to xdHt^fe lie different opitivonsand reafonmgr:'of't1)e vari'cus'>^trterR ttiat have lakerf np tlie pen ?h defence of tfieir cdrjc^urt^?, fihe einimeratiotk; wculd much exceed th# houndA JbavepiefcnbedtamjK-' \it% and dMige'ipe to ht \t(^ explicit on points of grext* |tr 8;>cmTcrt. ■ -'^ • ' *''^ " "" /'' '"'-^ ^ *'" ' ' ■ '■ '. Frofji the vciy nation cf I'hvdifins Qn ih»s txtciiive ccnfitient, atid the uncetlaintf Ar^ ihif ^ippT^hciifion %:\)\ J tctivc* additional forcit; '^'hlli iftf5 tonftderrd that Hjc ditctfity cf liingtsa^r, K ' 110 CARYEk'S TKAyftlM wkich U apparently dlftind between moft of the Indlansi tend9 to aTeertain that this population was not effected fVom one particular countrf* but from feveral neigh* boring ones* and completed at different periods. Moft oif dbie hHlorians, or traYellets that have treated on the American Aborigines, difa^ree in their fenti* tnents relative t^i^dbim^ Many of- me ancienu are fup* pofed tohave known that this quartenof the globe not only extfted, but alfo that irwks inhabited, ^atoinhts Tio)«us has alTerted, that beyond the ifland which he calls Atalantis, and which* according to. his defcription, was fituated in the wettein qcean, there were a great nuihber of other iilaiSds, ahd behind thofti^ a vaft conti* nent. Oviedo, a celebrated Spaniih author of a nittch later date, has made nofcruple to aStm that the Antilles are the famous ilefpertdes (0 often mcntioni^ by the po. ett ; which are at length teftored to the kings of Spain, the defcendants of ki|ig Hefperut, who lived upwards of three theufand years agO) and from whom thefe Iflandi reqsived their name. Twoether Spaniards, the one, father Gregorio Cfar> ciat a Dominican, the other father Jofeph De Acofta, a Jefiiit, have written on the origin olsthe Americans. llie former, who l^ad b^en employed in the miffioni of Mexico and Peru, endeavored to prove from the tiau ditions of the Mexicans, Peruvians* and others which he received on the fpot, and firon the variety of charac* ters» cuftomii languages, and religion obfervable in the different. countries of the new worldt that difoent na- tions had contribv ted to the peopling of it. The latter, father De Acofta, in his «f amioation of the means by which the tirft Indians of America might have found a paffa^e in that conttnent, difcredits the conclufionsof thde who have fuppofed'it to be by fea, becaufe no ancient author hai^ made mcntio^ of the compafs t and concludes, ^at it mnfl bteithtt ,,by the tiortn of Afia and Europe, which adjoin to e8% other, or b^ thofe rcgioris that liie to the fbutbwanl of Uie i>traits of Magellan. He alfo rejeds th6 aflertions of f^ch as have advimc^d thai it was peopled by the He* CARVER'S TRa^iliSw til John di^ XA9t( a FJenilih writer, has controverted the opOHO&s of thefe SlSaaifli £[itliers» and of tnany otheri #oJiave writt^ on the fameifabjeA. The hypotheut he endeaTQra to eftabtifii, is, thstt lAtneHca was cettainly peqpled bfthe Scythians or Taftn-ss and rhiit the •teMfm^nitfOiti dftittfe people Jiafkpenad foon aftdr ih6 di^fion of Noah's grandfoiii. ^eaiidef Calces to (how ihftt ,the moft ntiithern A-tn^-iAMi have a greater re- ^hhiacg^t nor oidy inthe feainres of their/icoiintenances, batairp In .their complexion and ttianfier c^ lirinie, to ilHt Sc|rthiiMi9, TMlom, god SaraoideSf th^ that of an|r >Qiiiei;natiam. ; ^unTwref to ^rottusi mho had iiilerted that fome of the Iforw^gianspa^dintb America by ^i^ay of Greoi- lond, and over a vaft continent, he faytt that it is wt4l 4(00 wn that Greenls^od wits not/difcosrered tiU the year fl^ I' and iioth Gj^HferaiHid Kerrera infof m us clibt thd 0iic^intq[ttes;wer^*fiKtledon the Xi%ke of Mexico 73i. ^jtiM^ Uiat the£» £i^^a|j(es accor^ih^^ t^^ uniforitt Iradtofl ot^^ flleal^ns who iify^M^^ thein» camo 4poto^eottotryftn€ft:ca^d New lif etico» aiMt Jl«m flip llyghhorhoi^iJaf California t confequentty Horlh jMp9iicaiBii(lthavr.b«en iiihAMt«Hi 9^ «ges before it CQitl^ lectiiftAAf ilbabitanu i'rom Korwiyi hjw^ of Gtienland. .-,■ i- ■.-•■ ,^ , ..,;,■.•, ;ir.,v ."/.-,_, : J^%i|o lel^ceiiuinihf ott^rv^^ iheiteal Mexicans iMdM their empire iaSO^i* after hi^ng fabdued the ')Chi«hi«iquei,the OtomiaMud other barbarous nations* irho had taken polTeiliqii of the cQtfptry round the Lakp •of , Mexico* anJeach of-whom fpoke a language j^n* liar 10 themfelves. The real Mucicani^i like wife ftip- pofitdto comefrom fom^ of the countiiei thatiie near California, 4ad that they jielfovmed their journey for the moft piirtby land i of courft ihty coold not come from Ncfrway. *^ D» Laet farther addi, thatj|k6agh fome of ^e Ui« ha^ijiliKs jOf North Ameri«t%&f ^ave^ter^ijt it from thonenh wtft, yet, as it:ijin£ted 4>.y Pliny, and fome other wrttoii that oq miAf of the ifl.inds 4)ear the woftencoailof AfHet*: fArttcwlarly on the Canaries, lomMcifiBi«di$Qet noro fotn, it ii highfy probable ^M f w CAM^m^$ TlAyJEU. Jtcm itreir Mog a^w deferted that %he jtili^bttsmts may i^»*'« paiTecl over to America | ihe JalFage being neither Jo^jfi, tioff ;di%cult. rhis migrailon«^ according^ to the ^alcttlatiowiof ihofeimthorsr^ mii^ h«ve h^ptfi|ed more A^han two thou&nd fears ago, at'a time'yrhen ike'Span. larcU were muehtti^utUed% the Carthag^ai^^^ from whom bWjriiig obcaiacd a inowiedge of ha:v%a!;i(Mr, and ihecpn^foaioo^^o^niips^ thef lafght baTe retired lo the ji&ntiles, by the'^way of the weftefxi iflet} which wei;.•..• ::'^lh He thmks that Gime;Britaint>|re!aidr imd:' t|ie Or. .cades vvere extr^melf proj^^ to admit of a^rtoibt coq. Jeaare. As a prbctf,^ heiitlertr the ibiliifiikip pa^Tage from the hiftory cf Wales^WfUeft by Dr^ Bairid^f owelJ ;in-the;yeatJ-^nOif;v''- •-■ r-:f..-. :',. ■ ' ■ Thit htft^an fays* that Mfado«, dw ol" thf foQs o£ ' ^imOmU QwfmMii Mmg di%iifted at'^ civil %rar« 'Whirh 4rol^ out betw^i|il^fr^ro^r«i:«l^ thej ' 4x9^ of theiir father, fitted otit IbfM'fci&lstaiii^^vbg |M|M theoiii^ii i>«iiy m6gm^B^^9.l&iifg^6j^ nimmtmM^^pfmyf ltiiidt^:thft weftwari^ Ire. < i^iiOlMtl^re m MkotmHli tiir liitife cdtttttril^: but] pl^ he^i|R^0to Btt^dm-wh^%f«llcan'n^'o#h* and thi»iSasu»¥dei|i^a are iettitedacdotdtngit^the Htt^n aceGant^cm ^e^great liiver Obj:i 1. And it k m^ nftfi«kiri^ contnuiei &t to fir{^e t£»t^wl0 df lhtil!itaitioii»^ to CAHVEH'S tRAV£L». US Ameriezby eruffin^ th^leyfe>a on their (ledges, than for^he Norwegians to trsivel all the way GrotiathjB . maf ked out for thcmy , .'' r -' . ' : Thiv lirrit«r makes manf other remarks that are e« qaallf fenfible, and which appear to be juft ; but he In- termixei with thefe fome that |lre not k> well founded. Emanuel -de Moraez, a Poi-ttigueie* in hfs hi (lory of Bra«i»,aii«Fts thab« America has bei^ wholly peopled by the Carthagenians and Ifraelites. He brings as a proof) of this aflertlon the difcoveties the former arc known' to have m&de ata great dii^ncebeyo<«d the coaft of Africa. The progrefs of which being put a (Vbp t* by thre fenate of Cartna|!7*^ thofc who hapehed to be thei| in the newly dtfcorered countriesr being cut off from all eommuniC'ttion with thcrr countrymen » and deftitute iof many necefiUries of life, felt into a date of barbarifm. As CO th^ Ifraelites, this «mhor thinks that nothing but cireomcifion is wanted in order tv<:onfl it utek peife^ iffiSfifblance between them and the Bruxilians. George De Homn, a learned Dutchman, haf like* wife written on this fubje^ He fets out with' i^^^lar- ingf that he does n6t beliete it pofitble America could liaveibeen peopled before the jlood.conftdering the (hort fpace of time which elapfed between ilie creation o^th© world arid that tfiemor able event. In the re );t place tie'lay* it dow» as a principle, that after the delngei nien and other t^rtefirial animals penetrated into that coun- try both by fea and by land ; Tome through accident^ imd fome from a formed d^fign. i hat birds got thith« trby flfght ; which they were enabled tb do by reftittg on the rocks and iflands diat are fcattcred about the ocean. iHefurther obferves, that wild beafts^n-ay have fouitd i free pafiUge by land \ and that if wc do not meet «>i^ korfes or cattle (to iptrhicb he might have added ele^ ph^inu* camels* rhinoceroj^ and beaftii of many other kindi|<^ IS beeaufe ihofe nations tliat pafled thtther» were ikiier. not acquainted jrith their uf»| or had jia comr^nieiice to itrpport theiit. Having totally excluded many nattons that c^^eri bn ftdmitt^ u the probable firft (kttkrs of Ametica^ ■1 in ■11 81 „ "t' , \ TltAVEt^. for \thieh he I^HesrfublURtmlvrea^mSr he fappofes that »lt began t]p be j^o^leU by< the ii(»-th ; and maintains the primi^tive colonies fpread themfelves by the means of . the ifthihus of Panama through the whole eaetent of the . continent.- ■■.'■•'■■-• ^ " ■; ■ •"' • -^' ^ - ' Hf beUeres that the firft founders of the Indiao col- onies^ were Scythians. 'Itliat the Pbcenrciani and Car. .ifaagentans afterwards got footing inAmerica acrofs r the Atla»tic Ocean, and ^eClitnefe by way of; the P4. \\ €ific Aiid that other nations might from timeto time .have Uftded there by ©neor other cfthefe Ways, or might |)O0ibiy have been thrown on the coatl by tettipefts : hhce^ trough the -^hoh extent of that conttneittr both m its northern alid:fouthern parts*^ we meet with un- dotibted marks i|f a mixtnre of Ahe northern nations -with &0ife who have jcOnce from other places* And • iaillyf that fome Jews jmd chtitiiaiit e:ught have been tarried there by fueh like events, but that tlna mufT have happened at a time when ihe whole of the' new ¥(>tU Was alfeady |)eopI^d» ■ * ^ ^^Ibet* all, he ackao3w:edgcs that great difficulties at* texid llvedeteiminaii©ij( of the qtieflksii- /l*befe,ihefayi, ate occaftoned in the firft pk ce by. the tmperlea know!, ijcfge we have of tjie extreftiitiei of the giobe^ towards ^ north and fouth pole ; and in the next plate to the hi¥oe which the ^panjardi, the firft difcoverers of the new #0rld» made among its moft ancient moniiimentsi as witBirf*$ the great double road betwixt Quito and Cu£co, /an undertaking To ftnpenduotfs, that even the moft magnificeiit of thofe executed by the Romans can* notheeprnpaiedtoil. * ' He ftippofes alfo another migration of the PhoBQi* : *ians, thati thofe already mentioned* to have taken plac^i 'and this was during a tjiree y^rs voyage made by the ; ?r J rian fkei m the lerviqe of king Solomon; He afferts on the authority of Jofephus, that tlie port at which -^^this embarkation was made, jay In the M»^f|fanean. The fleet he siddsi went in qaeft of elepha^*#ii|diand |>ea€0ck6 to ^the weftern coail of Afrrea^ #iii$h is i'ar. fiftl I tb^n to Pphjr for gold, which is Hatte, or the ill «itd^ Hifpaniolft ; in the latter opioioniie is fuppon* ■f e4 bf CiUumbus, whot'Whtn be difcovered that i< ibmight be could trace die furnaces invwblch «was: Cjeiioed. ^ To fchete rolgrations whicli preceded/ the chttflijui era,. he adds many (ythec&of a later date i from di^gi^t nations, but tbefe 1 ha«e not time to enumerate. 'Ifor the £une reafon I ana obliged to pafs over pumb^rleft writers on this fubjaA $ and Ihall content myfelf with fiily giving the feotiittents of | wet or three more. The .firft of thefe is Pierre I>e Charlcroiz, a Freneli. mani mho, in his journal of a voyage to North^ Ainetfi- ea^'iiAade fo lately at the >«ar 172Q^ ha& recapttnlated the opinions of a variety of authors on ihis head, lo tirhieh he [us 'fubjoined his own coiije«SUire8' But |^e latter cannot widioiut fbme difficulty be extraded, as ,tbiy, are fo int^nroi^ea with the palTa^es he hiis i|ttnt-ed> that ItTcquires muchattentioa to difcrtininate them. ^ He feems to allow that America imight have ^ceitr* ed Its firft inhabitants, from Tartary and Hyrcania. Tht» he confirms, by obTerving that the lions ftnd tieera whidi are found in the former, muft have cpms^om thofe countries, and whofe paflage ferves for a ^roof li^ the cwa hemitpbcr^s jciin to tbeuocthward of Afia. I^^litti dx^wa a corrobqratton of this argument, from /a ilory l»>fays he has often heard related by ^tber .Gc^>on^ a French Jefttit, at an undoubted matter of , This iather, af^cr having labored .fome time in^ the mifilgns of New France, paffed over to thofe of China. Quedaf as he wai travelling in Taytary, he met a Hu« Fon woman whoitf^e had formerly known hi Canada. Mt «iked hfr hy yhat adventure (he had been carried into a country To diftant from her own. She made an- fw<^i th^t having bejpntalcrn in war* (he ha -Mioiuttir Charlevnix fays turther, . that he had h^n affull^ppother Jefuit, palfing through Nantz, in his j'^. eurn4r0ii^Cbiiia, had related Jnuch fuch an other affair of aSpaniih wofOan from. Florida. She al^o had been vtfk«[^j^y certain indi^nsi and giv^n to.thoi^ of a more ■-■ *(l M '•4t i-.t ■i ( -* U6 CVUVKrS TRAYBLa^ .:£ di^iit conntry f and by^thtfe again m anpthdr national tilV ^^ i^g ^^s been fucc«fiiir«ly palTed > from countryl to country, and travelled through regions extrenclyl jcoldt ihe had at Uft foand herfiuf in Vartary. Heiel (h<;v had. married a Tartar, who had attended the cob*| , qiierors. in China, wber^ (he was then fettled* < ; ,; Ife acknowIedg!^s^ as an allay to the probability ot jdjafti^JXaruih that thofe who had failed fartheft to thel e'ddyfrndoi e^&aif by pdrfnine t^e «oaft of Jeflb, orl Ka;is(cbatkat iuve pi:etebded u^at they had percei ved| . the extremity Off this cc«itinent ; and from thence havt . conclu^fid that there ccwid' not poHibly be any ccHnnmul nidation by land.- .But he adds that Francis Guelh,[ i|}^paniar(l» is faidtp hav^ aCerted, that this (isparaticil yis norirnorf than^ii :ftr«ut, about one hundred mUes over,! , anditbatfomelateyoy^ages of ihe Japanefegiye grounds! to tiunk t^titbts ftra^ isonly a b^y> above which there ^A pai^ge^oier Jsuid%^^^^ ' .., He goeiL ron Jt<> obferve* that thougli there arefewl wild b«?afts to b« met \7i(b in Nordi America« exceptf ,i9ilil|||| of tigers: wl^ut fpott, which are found in the cojiniry of the Ir©<|UGis, yet towards the tropics there »tf lic^ns and rf al tigersi .wh|ch». niDtii/ithiUndingt mightl r|i«iye come f|-om.Ilyrcania and/l'ariary ; for a$. by adJ ▼lanci^' graj;)uaUy fouthward. thef me^ wt^ cltmatefl mote agr^&able to their nattuesy they ha)ve in time a{ baiidoned-the northern countries* ; Hi? jc^oteslboth Soliims and Pliny to prove that the . ScythiahoAnShropophagt once depopnVated a gr«at ei<| t(?nt of country, as far a% the promontpry Tay 0 f and ttfp at> author (rf later dale, MarkJ^Uva Veneilan, whoJ he (ays^^Us usr that Jo t}«i|ordi eall ei* China andl Tartarylpnre.are vaife nnmhabited covmtries* >whicli| might beftii£cjent to ccln6rm^f'w the new world might have been ^peopled i and i!ec6hdly,.b7<.whom» aad by what meant (itha8^be«n:peopl^d. ' .. • f<, ■^^-t. ^sn-t •' . Kothing he aifeitSr may be more eafil'y ^hAmered than [tbe firft. Ameriep niight: havie been peopled as the ^re^other parts of the world have been- - Many dlffi- Ittet hate bmir formed on tins fnb]ed« whi^h. have deemed infbly^^ble^ but which ace ^rih>m being . 1 he inhabiCantsof both hemispheres are certainly - descendants iolJthi fame father s the common parent ^Qiandehid received an ezprefs^coinii|!Uid fr^m heaven pebpletbe w^oieworklf and aecozdio^tir khiitM^ jli9d^^-^n'-i(%. ■\-i^;li}r.:: . . .': f<::h,\iu r-j; ■..:■• ' To brirtg this ftbom it wayneee^ary to^ovircome att^ Ities^hftt lay hi the way, and they have been got risr* Were the& diffiei^des greater with refpeA to- ffig the ex^etiiities oif A(ia, Africa» and 'Biirope* thy£ tranfporting ai^ mto the iflMinds which lie at m s0iierabte 'diftaQce from tho^continen^« than to pafs per into Americarr certainty ndi _ >:^ - . ^iii^gatton, whi^ has atrrred at fo* great perfeAioji "^Sln &ft(three ci^ifof^^eemuriesi might: poffibly havt- i^ote perfed in tbefeeariy pjges than mf^Mi Jay. Phep eatt' heKf ve that >iiah iand^ his imaiiiiiate de« ita knew l^s of ^is «iFt than We do^ That the and pilot 1^ tire largell (hip that eyetiwas, a (hip tt%f^j|irroed to traverse An unhoa^ided^ocean, and ihball and qvticklandstOi guard :agatfij(lf ^ Jrittil of, or ^«)l|ild Buot hive eommunicato Jiiltiidc:^faadanu^who^^i:;vi'«<^ h»ni/ and i^iiieaiis he wasito execute the or^ of the- tCmtttr*! I ^Imv^o - can btliete hie fllottld hot ^ i«f 1 .' 1 I ' He ' ' I CARVER'S TRAVEM. bavje communicated to them the art of fatltng upon an ocean, which waf< not only more calm and pacific, but at the fame time confined within its ancient limits ? Admitting thify bow eafy it is to pafsv exclufive of the paflfagc already deibribed, by Lind from the coaft of Ai. rica to BrazHf from the Canaries to the weftern IHands, and froowhem to the Aiuiles ? from the Britiih Ifles, or the coaA of France, to Newfoundland, the " paiTage ii neither long nor difilcult ; I miglit fay as much of that from China to Japan, or the Phtllppines, to the Iflet of Mariannes ; and from thence to Mexico. There are iflands at a confiderable ^ways from the , xontinent of Afia, where we have not been furprifed to| iind inhabitants, why then (hould we wonder to meet with people in America ! nor can it b& imaginedi that I thegvand fonsof Noah, when they were obliged tp fep. arate,and fpreadthemfelves in conformity to the defigns •f God» over the whole earth, CKouid find it abfolutelyj tapofible to people afanoft one half of it. I have been ti0(re copious in my extrads from thUj ^author than I intended, as his reafons appeals to be foI« id, and many of his obfervations juft. From this enco*| mium, however, I muft exclude the ftories he has intro* duced of the Huron and Floridan women, which I thiiik| I' might venture to pronounqe fabulous. I mall o:}ly>add, to give my readers a more compi«<| henfHo view of Monfienr Charlevoix's differtation, thel method be propofes to come at the truth of what we| are in fearch of. " y> . i^» The oidy means by which this, can be done, he fay;,! is by comparing the language of the Americans withl the diflferem nations, from whence we might fuppofej they have peregi inated. Ifx we compare the formeri with thoie words that are confidered as pHmitives, id might poflibly fet us upon fome happy difcovery. And this way of amending to the original of nattous, whicli is by far the lead equivocal, is not fo difficult as mighd be imagined. We have fasid, and ftill have, traveller and miffionaries whohave attained the languages thai are fpoken in all the provinces of the new world/ it would only be nectifary.to make a coUedtoo of tbeii CARVER'S TRa^VELf. MUttiners and vocabularies, xnd to cdllale them with die dead and living languages of the old world, that ptfs for originals, and Uie iiniilttarity might eafil^r be traced. Even tl'e different dialers, in (^ite of the al* Urations they have undergone, ftill retain enough of tht I mother tongue to furnifb confiderable lights. Any enquiry into the manners, cuftoms, religion, or Itnditions of the Americans, in order to difcover by that Beans their origin, hf thinks would prove fallacious. Adifquiiition of thatkind^ he obferves, is only capable | be. fbre 1 give my own fentiments on the fubjefl, and that .18 of James Adair, efq. who refidld forty years among the Indians, atid publiftied the hiflory of them in the yearl77iJ. In his learned and fyftematical hiAory of I thofe nations, inhabiting the weftern parts of the moft fouthern of the .American colonies ; this gentleman { without hefjtation piononnces that the American abo- # rigincs are defended from the Ifraelites, either whilftl • ihcy were a maritime power, of fcon after their genera! | captivity. This defcent he endeavors to prove from their rellg. icus> jjics, their civil and martial cufiomsi their roariagi cs, tljeir furieral ceremonies, their manners, language,! traditions, and from a variety of other particulars. Ar.d| fo complfnie is his ccnvidlion on this head, that he fan- c'ch he finds a pcrfeft and indifputnble fjfriilitude ini each. '1 brongh all thefe 1 have not lirz'C to follow iiini, and fhall therefore only rive a few cTiUafts to fuow onj what foundation he Guile's his tonjcdturch and Nvbaide-] gree of credit ho is entiilecfi 'hA)i n y* ar in failing for ''' i (cur aiMi'' « crtR rcl h<;:>y tucii'c^i iljnt iIm'-, '. ^..ut r. high r OL';\cln Uti»u»'e;Vtfir^s lie lirr, ar.<* (len b;.i c again gn.illy to \hv ncili^a!*) r.i it, ar.d rotdirc. y nthv.tit ilii i^uif'c tcccr. iot t^llly cne hundred «pci o levcn dtgrees) ft li« m tJci.ce (o KtMnpc, it is very vf' likely ihey flr»'M ; sefore they made their pref- it northern fettlemenis ; which connected with the forr Iroer arguments, he concludes will fufiiciently explode Itbatwcak opinion of the American Aborigmes being llineaily defcended from the i'artais or ancient Scy- lihians. Mr. Adair's reafons for fuppofing that the Ameri- leans derive their oiigin from the Jews are, Mrft, becaufe they are divided into tribes, and have [chiefs over them' as the ifraelite:, had. Secondly, becaufe, as by a (Irifl permanent divine [precept, the Hebrew nation were ordered to worfhip,at Jerufklem. Jehovah the true and livir.g Cod, fo do the jlndians, ftiling him Y' hcwah> '1 he arcient Heathens, adds« it is well knoM'n worfliiped a plurality ^£od»r 11^ % 1#« CARVER'S TRAVEL*. but the Indian^ pay their religious jdevoirs to the Great beneficent luprem^ holy Spirit of Fite, who refides as they think above the clouds, and on earth alio with un. polluted people Ttjcy pay no adoration to images, or to dead perfons, neicher to the celeRial luminaries, to evil fpirits, nor to any cieaiedbe.'xjgs wiiatever» Thirdly, becauie, agreeable tt< the theocracy or divine government of Ifrael, the Jndinns think the deity to be the immediate head of iheir fta^e. Fourthly, becaufe, as the Jews believe io the tniiiis- iration of angels, the Indians alfo believe that the high- er regions are inhabited by good ipirits. Fifthly, becaufe the Indian language and dialers ap. pear to hate the very idiom and genius of the Hebrew. Their words and fcntences being exprtffive, ccncife, em* phatical, foi\orous, and bold j and often, both in letters, and fignification, are fynonyipoui with the Hebrew Ian* guage. • , , . Sixthly, bccaufc.tliey count their time after the man- ner of the Hebrews. SeveLthly,becaufe in conformity to, or after the man* nerbf the Jcwsi, they have their prophett, high priefts, and ofher leliiifious orders. Eightlily, bfjcatife their feftlvals. fafls, and religious rites have a §reat refemblance to thoie of the He brews. • Ninthly, becaufe the Indians, before rtiey p o to war, have many preparatorf ce.^cnioiiles of purification and falling, like whwt is recorded of the Ihaditcs. ' Tenthly, becaufe the fame tafite for ornaments, and the fame ki«d are made ufv' of by the Indiana, as by the Hebrews. ' Thefc and many other aic^'dmenfof a f^mllar nature Mr. Adair bjingbir f.ipportcl hi^ favorite fyttem ; but 1 (h(^uld imagine, that if the Indlini. axe really derived from the HcbTtws, amonj their religious ceremonies, «n which he rblcHy fcems to build his hypothelis, the prin- cipal ih Jtof circumcifion, wo«l3 never have been laid iiiide, and itA very K'membrance chlilerated. ' Thuy numerous and diverfe arc the opinions of thofe who },;tft ]•!■ i^crto written en this fubjcd ! 1 Uiail not f^ CARVER'S TRAVELS. 12S kawever either endeavor to reconcile them > or to pdint oat the errors of each, bat proceed to give my own fentiraents on the origin of the Americans ; which are founded on conclufions dral^n from themoft rational ar- guments of the writer^i I have mentioned* and from my own obfervations ; the coniidency of thefe I (hall leave to the judgment of my readers. The better to introduce my conje £rom hhy degrees nort^ M ■ r, i I 124 CARVER'S TRAVELS. there appearing to beaclufter of ifl.inds that reach a* iAT as Siberia, it is probable from their proximity to America, that it received its firCl inhabitants from them, . This conclufion is the mod rational t am ableto draur» fuppofing that fince the Aborigines got footing on this continent, no ejctraorc^inary or fadden change in the po. fition or rurf4cc of it ha:! taicen place, from inundations^ earthquakes, orsny revolutions of the earth that.wear« at prefent unacquainted with. 'i'o me it appears highly improbable that it (hould have been peopled from diiFerent quarters, acrofs the Ocean, as others have afferted From the fize of the Ibips made ufe of in thofe early ages, and the want of the compafs, it cannot be fuppoled that any m?ritinie nation would by choice venture over the unfa:homabIe ocean, in fearch of dlftarit continents. Had this howev. erbeen attempled, orhad America been firft accidental. iy peopled from lh«ps freighted with paflengers of both fexes, which were driven by ftrong eafterly winds acrofs the Atlantic, thefe iettters muft have retained fome traces of theUnguageofrhe country from whence they migrated ; and this fmcethc difcovery of it by the Europeans muft have been made oat% It alfo appears extraordinary that feveral of thefe accidental migrations, as allowed by fome, and thefe from different part?^ Ihould have taken place. Upon the whole, after the moft critical enquiries, and the ma(ure(Vcleliberation, I am of opinion, that Amer> iea received its firft inhabitants frori the north eaft, by way of the great Archipelagojuft mentioned, and from thefe alone, But this might have been affefled at differ. ent times and from various parts : from Tartary, Chi* na, Japan, or Ksmfchatka, the inhabitants of thefe pla- ces refembling each other in colour, features»and ihape, and who, before foms of them acquired a knowledge of the arts and fciencei, might have likev.'ie refembled each other in tlieir manners, cuftoms, religion, and language 1l*he only difference between the Chinefe nation and the i artars Uei 'm the cultivated (late of the one, and CARVJEIfS TRAVELS., la? tlie ctnipali^ei fituation of others TJhe former have become a commercial people, ani dwell in houfes form- ed into regular towns and cities ; the latter live chiefl^r in tents, and rove about in different Kordes without any fixed abode, hior can the long and bloody wars thefe two nations have been engaged m, exterminate their hereditary (imilitude- The prefent family of Chi- nefe Emperors is of Tartarian extradkion ; and if they were not fenfible of fame claim betide that of conqaeft» fo numlerous a people would icarcely fit c^utet under the dominion of (trangcrs. It is very evident that fome of the manners and cuf- toms of the American Indians reiemble tliofe of the Tartars ^ and I make no doubt hut that in some future era, and this not a very far di(lantone, it will be reduc- ed to a certainty, that during fome of the wars between the Tartars and t)ie Chinefe, a part of the inhabitants' of the northera provinces were driven fiom tlieir native country,and took refuge in fome of the tflei before men- tioned and from thence found their pr^y into America. At different periods each nation might prove vtdoriout, tind the conquered by turns fly before their conquerors f and from hence migljit arile the fimiUtude of the Indians to all thefe people, and that animolity which exids be* I tween fo naany of their tribes. It appears plainly lo wie that a great finilT.ii Ity be- tween the Indians and Chinefe is confpicuv'.us if) thac par- ticular cuftnm of (having or plucking off the hair, and lejiving only a fmall tutt on the crown of the head. This mode is faid to have been enjoined by the Tarta- rian Emperors on their accefiion to the tlirone of China, and confequentlf i& a farther proof that this cuilom was in uTe among tne Tartars ; to whom as weU as tlie Chi- nefe, the Americans might be indebted for it. Many words alfb are nfed both by the Chincle and In- jdians, which have a refemblance t« each other*. not^ on- ly in their found, but their iigni&cation. '1 he Chinefe call a Have, Ihungoi and the Naudoweflfiie Indians, whofe language from their little intereourfe with the- Curopeans, is the leall corrupted, tei^m a dog, (hunguflu flhe former denoi^iinate one fpecies of their tea, ihoi;^ I. a ^ffiii*; '■■ H- If' 126 CAHVER'S •f kAVELd. fong ; the latter call their tobacco. (hbufaiTau* Many other words ufed by the Indians contain the fyllables che, chaw.and chew,after the dialed of the Chinefe. There probably might be found a fimtlar connexion between the language of the Tartars and the American Aborigines, were we as well acquainted with^ it as we are» from our copimercial intercourfe, with that of the Chinefe. I am confirmed in thefe cunjeftures, by the accounts of Kamfchatka, publiflied a few years aj§ro by order of the Emprefs of Ruflia. The author of which fa^s, that the iea which divides that peninfula from America is full of iflands ; and that the diftance between Tfchulcotiki. Nofs a promontory which ffes at the eaftern extremity of that country, and 'the tives of Europe, he fays, amount to little lefs than a demonftration that America was'peopled from this part of Afia. The litnits of my prefent undertaking vrill not permit me r.6 dwell any longer on this fubjed, or to en^m^rate I any other proof? in favor of my hypothefis. I am,how- 1 ever, fo tnoroughly coiivinced of the certainty of it, and fo deflronshave 1 been to obtain every teflimonjr which can be procured in its fupportthat I once made in offer to a private fociety of gentlemeni who were cu* #• CARVER'S TRAVELS. 127 Hotts in fuch refearckes, and to whom I had communis cated my fentimentt on this point, tliat 1 would under- take a journey , on receiving fuch fupplies as were need- fill, through the north eall parts of Europe and Afla to the interior parts of America, and from thence to England ; making as I proceeded, fuch obfervations Jyothon the languages and manners of the people with whom T fliould be converfant, as might tend to illuflrate thedo^ine I have here laid down, and to fatisfy the currbfity of the learned and inqutfittve * but as this pro- poilil' was -judged rather to require^ a national than a private fuppori, it was not carried into execution^ I Atn happy tafind fihce I formed the foregoing con- clufions, that they correfponci with the fentiment^t of that learned hiftorian, DodorRobertfon i and tho* with hhn, I acknowledge that the tnveiligation, from its nature, rs fo obfcure and intricate, that the conjectures I bate made can only be confidered as conjectures, and not Jndifputable conclufions, yet they carry with them a greater degree of probability than the fuppofi* tionsof tbofe who affsrt this continent was peopled from another quarter. One of the Doctor's quotations from the journals of Behring and Tfchirikow, who failed from Kamfchz^tkay about the year 1T41, in quell of the New World, ap- pears to carry great weight with it, and to afford our conclufions Brm fupport : ** Ihefe commanders having (haped their courfe towards the caft, difcovered land, which to them appeared to be part of the Ameri- can continent ; and according to their obfervations, it feems to be (ituated within ;i few degrees of the north weft coaft of California They had there fome intercourfe with the inhabitants, who teemed to them to referable the North Americans ; as they prefented to the Ruffians the Calumet or Pipe of Peace, which is a fymbol of friend- ihip univerfal among the people of North America, and tn \ifage of arbitrary inliituiron pecuhar to them." One of this incomparable writer's own arguments in fupport of his hypothecs is alfo urged with great judgment, and appears to be nearly conclufive. He &ys, ** we may lay it down as a certain principle in this m m ' 1 M n H S'li vm vKf, 1 i '|lj|.i', i^-'hS ili^ <* 128 ^: CARVER'S TRAVEL& enquiry 1 that America was not peopled by any nation of ibe anpient continent* which had made coitfiderable prpgrefs in civiliratioiv. The inha^tants of the New World were in a lUte of Tociety fo extremely rude, as to be unacquainted withihoie ar^ which are. the firft edf^ys of bujuan ingepiui^y ia its s^dvancie towards im- provements Ev^n lie, moft cultivated natipns pf A- merica wt^rc jiranger* toni^ny pf djofe fimple invcn. tions, which were almoii coevfil. with fcwiety in otiier ^ parts of tiie world, and wqiiq .known in the earlieft peri> ods'ef civil UCe* From thi$^it is manife^ that the tribes which ortginaily migrated to America, came off from nations, which muil h^ive, b^en no Jelfs b^^arous than their ppfterity rat the time vifhen^hey werie fcyft difcor. ered by dhe EaroposMis, if ever the ufe of iron had been^^ktipwa to the £a^ages of Amerij^a* or to their pro. genitors, if ever they: fiaden^plpyed a plough, a loom, oi a forge, the titility of thefeiuve»tion|, would have pre- ierved them, and it is impoffible that they (huuld have keen abandoned or forgotten.'". M • ;; - CEAPTi:^ it CP THEia PSRSOH^» SRE»S, C5^ff; P ROM the firft iettlement of the French in Cana Jav lo the conqitel^ of it by the Englilh in 1760, feveral of that nation, who had travelled into^ the interior part» af North America, either to trade with the Indians, or to endeavor to malte converts of them, have publiOied accounts of their cudofhsy manners, &e. rhe principal of thefe are father Louis Hennipen, Monf. Charlevoix, and the Karen Le Hontan. ihe firft, many years ago, pnbliihed fome very judicious re- marks, which he was the better enabled to do by the af- fiftance he received j^om the maps and diaries of the vnfoctuaate Nt I^e. la Salle, wha wits a^iiUn^ted whilft CARVER'S TRAVELS. 1Q» lie was on his travels, by fome of his own party. That gentleman's journals falling into father Henni^ien's hand, he wa^ enabled hy them to pubUftmiany inieres- ling partici».iars relative to the Indians. Rut in fome refpeAshefellvery ih9i:t 6i that knowledge \thich it was in his potter to have attained from his long refi Jence among tliem.^l>Ior was he always (as has been already^ Qbferved)exa^in bis ealculations) or juftin the' intelli* gence he has given us. ^ The ac0untsf>i^blinied by the other two, particularly tliof^^of Charlevo}z>are very erroneous in the geograph- icU parts, and many of the ftories told by the Baron ar^; mere delufions. K Sorpe of the Jefults, who heretofore tratelled into. thefe parts, have alfo written on thfs fubje^ ; but as- few^, if any, of their works have been tranflatedinto the- Engliih language, the generality of readers ate not ben* cHtted by them j and* indeed: had this been done they~ would have reaped but few advantages from them, as. they have chieffy confined. their obfervations to the relii gious prif iciples of the favages, and the fteps taken fee iheir converfion Since the conquefl of Canada^ fome of our own coun- trymen who have lived among the Indians, and learned their language j have publifhed their obfervations ; how* ever a; ilieir travels have not extended to any ot the tn- Iterior pnrts I treat of, but have only been m^de among til? nations tliat border on our fettlements, a knowledge iof the genuine and uncontaminated cuftoms and man* Iners of the Indians could not have been acquired by ihemw ' The fouthcrn tribes^ and ihoie that have held a con-' ftant intercourfe with the French or EngliHi, cannot have preferved their manners or their tu4toms in their original purity. They could not avoid acquiring the vices with the language of thofe they converfed with ; 2nd the frequent intoxications they experienced through the bafleful juices, introduced among them by the Eu»« ropeanSf have completed a total alteration in their chk^r- aSers. in (udi^u thefe, si confuXedly medley of princlpleii y<<. m ■\) r V a, 150 CARVER'S TRAVELS. b I ». \^ or ufages are only to be obferved j their real and unpo. Iute4 ciillorn, couid be feeti among tbofe nations alone] that have held but' Httte communication wltH the prov» I'hefe 1 found in the uorthweft parts^and tbere.] inces. fore flatter myfelf that I am able to gitc af more juftj account of the cudoms and manners ^f tile Iktdians, in then* ancient purity, than any that has-been hitherto | publifhed. I have made obfert&rvnt oil mtrtysiitittons, and though moll of thefehave differed in their langua*| geS) there has appeared a great fimilaiftty in their manJ ners, and from theie 1 have endeavored to extraik tlie] following remarks. . As 1 do not propofe to give a regulaJ: and conneftedl fyilem of Indian cdncerns, but only to relate fuch parol ticolarsoftheirinahners, cuftoms, Ice* as I thought rooll| worthy ^of notice, and which mterfcrfc ^s little as poffi. ble with the accounts given by other writers« I rouft beg| ifiy readers to eic'dfe their not being arranged fyftemat* ically. Or tr«ited of in a more copious manner. The Indian nations do not appear to me to differ fol widely in their make, color, or eonftitution from each! other, as reprefented by fome writers. They are inl generjd flight made, rather tall and ftraight, and yoal wldom lee any imong them defornied, their fkin is of al reddifh^or copper color ; their eyes are large and black, [ and thistr h-Jir of the fame hue, but very rarely is it curl* ed s the^- have good teeth, and their breath is as fweetl as tlie air they draw in ; the*r cheek bones rather raifedJ but more fo in the women than the men ; and the for*! mer are not quite fo tall as the Europiean women, how.| ever you frequently meet with' good faces and agreea«| ble perfotis«|^mong them, although they are xDore m cUned to be fat than the other fex. j ^ I fhall not enter into a particular enquiry whetheij the Indians are indebted to nature, art or the tempera* ture of the climate for the color of their fkin, nor Ihallj I quote any of the contradictory accounts I |iav^ readl da this fubje^ : I fliall only fay, that it appears to icel i'hat time ihe £u« san whitenefs, the jetty hue of the .itrican, or the Bpper caft of the American were given them; which the original color of the tii ft inhabiCHnt^ of the enrth, which might be efleemed the moll perfc*^!:. 1 will not |t^d to deter mine. pMany writers have aflerted, that t|ie Indians, even at M^ureA ^period of their exlft^pce, are only furnifti* with hair on their heads ; an;l tiiat xiovwUhfliindirtg . profufion with which tiiat part is coverej, thofe iF^ which among the inhabitanis of other climates t« afuiSLlly the fe>4t of this excrelcence, remain entirely |ree from it. Even Dr, Robertfon, through their mif* refentations, has contributed to propagate the error; ^dfuppoUng the remark juitly founded, has drawn iivecal conclufions from it relative to the habit and tem- rature of their bodies, which are confequently inva» But fr om minute enquiries, and a curious inipec* [ion, I am able to declare (however refpedtable 1 may old the auchoritj of thefe hi ftorians, in. other points) bat their a/Tertions are erroneous, and proceeding from b wmt of a thorough kaowledgs of the.cqfto'ins of the Indians. After the age of puberty, their bodies, in their nat- |iwl liate, iire covered in the fanje maj'.ncr as mofe oCf he Europe«',p.3 The men, indeed, e(leem a beard very |inbecoming, and rake great pains to, get rii ot it. nor there ever aiiy.to be perceived on their laces, <'xcept. (hen they grow old and heconje inuttentive totiiea-ap. bearance- iivery cj inou t iHorefcence on the oiher p-trts p ihe body is held unibf.'-Tily by ihem, and both fexes ppl6y raiicli finu' in tbeii cxurpatton, 'I'he NauJov.'cine.s, and the rciijcte ro '■'-' T:lack; Ihem out witij h-rd pieces of li^rd wood, f '.tuis-d into a md of nippers t" wh'iJi tljole who haVe communication Vfith Europeans p'-s.rcii'rv f/ om then? wire, which thev [wift irito a icr^w or wnrra ; applying this to the part, my preis the rings coj^^ether, ?nd veith a fudden twitch [raw 0 Jt s'U the hairs Uvjl are incioied between them. • The'men of evciy natioi. ditfer in their drefs I'ery lit- Be hom QjLzh oSer, cxcctpv tiioie v.Lo trade wiih tbtf 152 CARVER'S TRAVELS* i Europeans; tbefe exchange their furs for blankets, fliiits, •and other apparel, whicli they wear as much for orna. meat as neceiSty, The latter faftfen by a girdk around their waiJls about half a .yard of broadcloth, which covers the middle p^rts of their bodies. 1 hofe who ^v<^|■ ihirts never make them fad either at the wrid or <:dliar; this would be a mod infufferable confinement to them They throw their blanket loofe upon their Ihouideri, and holding tlie upper fide of it by the two corners, with a knife m one hatid, and a tobacco pouch, pipe &c, in the* other; thus accoutred they walk a. bout in their villages or camps : but in their dances they ieldom wear this covering. Thofe among tiit men who wifli to appear gayw than the reft, pluck iirom their heads all the hair, except from afpot^n the top of it. about the fize of^a crowo |>iece, where it is permitted to grow to a confiderable length : on this are faRened plumes of feathers of vari. ous colors, with filVcr or irory quills* The manner of tu-tirij; and ornamenting this part of the head diftin« .guiihei different nations from each other. They paint their faces red and black, which they ef. tern as greatly ornamental. ' They alfo paint theia. Ives when they go to war ; but the method they make iiHe of on this occafion differs from that wherein thej nSt it merely as decoration. The young Indians, who are defirous of eicelling their companions in finery, flit the outward rim of both their ears ; at the fame time they trte care not to fepa< rate them entirely, but leave the flefli thus cut, ftill un< touched at both the extremities, around this fpongy fub< ftance, from the upper to the lower part, they twift brafs ware, till the weight draws the amputated rim in a bov t>f fire or fix inches diameter, and dragi it almoft down to the (houlder. This decoration is eUeibed tc* be L::cif< fively gay and becoming. it is alfo a common cuAom among |them to bore their nofes, and wear in them pendants of different forts. 1 obfcrved that fea fiiells were much worn by thofe Cff the interior parts, an*! reckoned very ornamen' tal } but how they procure them I eft' Id not kaini •f^ CARVER'S TRAVELS. 133 M^bably by their traffic with other nations nearer the They go without any covering for the thigh, except [Jiat before fpoken of, round the citdQle >vh:ch reachei ipim kilf ^ay the tlilghsi ', hut they ihake for their legi [ifort of ftodcing, either of ikins or cloth ; thefh ar^ [ftw^d as near to the lliape •i the leg as poffible, (p ii 10 adtnit of being drawn on and off I'he edgeis^ ot pe lluff of which they ate compofed are Icftannexed totlie learn » jin^ hang loofe for about the bteaddi of ;i J haed ; and this part which is placed on the outftde of [&e le^,is generally ciraamented by thofe who have any ptftfhaniciitimi with Europeans* if bf cloth witl» rib* hiaaJs ir lace, if of leather, with embroidery and pbicUn i^iae quills curioufly colored. Strangers who hu^ip^ ItDong; the Indians, in the ^rts where there is ^5gtiat Hu\ of fnow/find thejfe (lockings Riuch more coififenierft I tban any others/ • ' ' ilteir (hofes are rtade ef the Ikin ol^ the deer, m\\^ I or buifabe t thefe, after being foW^etimes drilled accoff ding to the European manner, at others with the. haif |remaniing'ontheni, are cui into (hoes, and fafltiorted io i as to be eafy to the feet, and convenient for. walking. The edges round the ancte are decorated with piec df brafi or (tii fixed aroand l«^iher Hringfc about Idch long, whicn bemg plared tery thick, make % cl full tinkling noife, either when tliey walk cr dance. The womeu'Wtir A covering of (bitie kind or tiWii from the neck to the knees, fhcfc who trade with [the Europeans wear a linen gnrm^nt, the faliie Ws that i^fed by th^e meti, ^e flap» of which littng over th^ pet* i ticoat. Such as dress aftlir thdii ancient manner* make llkihd bffhift with lea ther»JWhich covers' the b(^dy but not the arm:$. 1 heir pettitdats are triade either c^ leath* |er or cloth* and reach frohi the waill t6 the knee. On their legf they wear Hockinls and nkoes,made and orna* It^ented a& thc^W the m<$u. r hey differ from c;ich othe^ in the mod^ of dreflrng* liheir head St each' pilowing the'cnilbm' df the nation r •• Wnd ti) which Uie^ belong, and, adK^f in^ to rKe fbrai ■ . ■ M . ■iM f^ CAitVElt'S TRAVELS. luade ofe of br their anctdors from tiime fmrnemok tial. I remailced that moft of the females, who dwell oi^ the catt fide of the Miflirippi, decorate their heads b)f endoting. their h4ir in ribbands, or in platCi of iilTer). the latteir is only made uie of by the higher ranks^as it it t coftly ornanAent. The (ilver thcf ufe oh |his occafiooi IS fornted into thin plates of about fbinr inches broad. \% ^veral of which they confine their hair. That plats which is nearell ^e head ih of a confiderable width i the next narrower and made fo as topafs a little waf under the other, atid gradually tapering, ddcefid< to the waift The hair of the Lidian women being ia general very long, this proves an expenfive roethodi But the women that live to the vre(k of the MiflSfipi ri, via. the Naadoweflles,the riflinipoils,5ec. divide their air in the middle of the head* and form it into two toll^, one againft each far. Thefe roils are about three inches long, and as large as their wrifts. The^ hang in a perpendictilar attitude at the front of eaco ear, and defcend as far as the lower part of it. 'tlie women of every nation generally place a fpot of lint about the fixe of m crown |Hfoe, againft eacli ir ; fome of them put paint on their hair, and stimcs a fmall fpot m the middle of the foie* id. The Indians, in general, pay a greater attention to taktr drefs, and to me ornaments with which they deco< irate their perfons, than to the accommodation of theif huts or tents, rhey conftruA the latter in the follow* ing fsmple and expeditious manner. Being provided Vith poles of a proper length, they faften two of them acrofs, sear the ends, wim bandi made of bark. * Having done this, they raife them up, and extend the bottom of tach as wide as they propf^ ii) make the area of tlie tent t they then ereA otlwrs oif )in equal height, and fix them fo as (U fuppori the twd tsrincipal ones. On the whole they 1';^} the fltins of (^le elk* or drcr* fewcd together, in quantity fufficien^ |o cover the poles, and by lapping over to form tho 4 ntenef. Tbtfbaualfoi whiehthofe whp ttf$r not tents, ere^ they trcrel, Ibr y^ry fevr tribei'bafe fited abo«ieS| or rsgnhtr toiMhtfOr villages, are equally (Itnpte, andaU •9(1 a$ foon eonftraftcd They fit fm^ pUable poles in thsgroiiM, mail beT«f. t&g them till they meet at the top anolbrar A fin^i-eircle, dien iafh them together. There th^y cover unth matt iMde of ralhtt platted* or with birch bari^, which Aer carry with djem in iheir caaoes for diis pur* pdw* Thelb cabins have neither chirar^les nor windows) iliereisonly aAnall aperture left in the middle of th? raoft through which th« fmoice is difcharged« but as this'n obli^ to be ftopped when it rains or fnows rideotly, the fmoke then proves eacedingly trooble* ibroe. They lie on (kins, generally thofe of the bear, whicl| tre pUced in rows on the grount^ ; and if the fi^>oi1s not Urge enough to contain beds fufiicient for the ||p* commMatiun of the whole family, a frame is ereAeda* bout four or five feet from the ground In which the jfounger part Vif it fleep^ Ai the habit4tions of the Indians are thus rude, thei^ doo^ftic utenAls are fbw in number, and plain in their formation. The tools wherewith they fafhlon them are fe awkward and defeaive, that It is not only inaipofllblli to form them with any degree of neatnefsor et^ance^ but the time required in the execu^on is fi> confiderable> ts to deter them from engaging in the manu£i5lart •f fttch as are not abfolntely necraary. The Naudoweflies make the pots in whkh they boih their viAuaU of the Mack clay or ftone mentloiied in ny iournal i whidi refiftt the tfk&% of fire, nearly aa wtttas iroa. Whenthfj rotft> if it Mahi^ johil> iif ,! I m 6ARVER»S TRAVELS. a whole aniinal»^uch as a bpaver, they fii it at the F.ww ropeans do» on a fpit made of wood* and placing the ends on two forked props now and then 4Urn ii. If] thp pieceJs finaller , they .fpit it as before, and fixing the fpit in an exeApofittdn, with the meat inclining towards the fire, frequently change the iides till every part is, ^ificiently roafted. ,/l hey rnike their diQies in which they ferve up their, | Ineat. ane tLeir bowls and pans, out of the knotty ex^ crefence&of the maple tree or any (^her wood. They fafhipQ their ^oonji with a tolerable degiee of neatnefi (s^i» thefe require much lefs trouble th^n large uterrfils) from a wood that is termed .in America, Spoon Wood. and which greatly refembles box wood. • Every tribe ar^ how poileiTed of knives, and AeeU to. { firike fire with- Thele being fo eiremially needful for the commoj:i nfes of life, tbofe who have not an im* mediate communication -with ihe £u$ppean traders,pur4 vcha& them of fuch of th^ir neighbors as are' fjtuated nearer the fettlementi, apd give in exc)iange for theift .,4^ CHAPTER III. •t THBlt MANNlat^ QVALIFlCATtOKS, 6f(P. W HEN the Indian ^umen fit down, they ^ac» , themfelian in a decent attitude, with their knees clofe together ; but from beio^ accoftumed ta this poUure, they walk badly« and appear to be :ame. 1'hey have no midwives among th^m, their climate, or fome pecitUar happineft in their conilitution^y render. ing any 4fli)iance at that time unnecedary. . On.thofe Qccafioni they are cdnfined but a few hours Ifrom their ttfiul fmplo>.menttt which arc; commonly very laboii- ODs, ai the men, who are remarkably indolent, leave to diem cveiy kind of drudgery ; eren in their hunting CARVfik'S TRAVfiLS. 1« \pn\t* the former will not deign to briryg home the [game, but feod their wives for itttboligh it lies at a very |coafidec;ible diftance. The women place their childiJ^n foon after they arc [bom on boards iiaffed with loft mofs ibch as is foiind lO moraflet or meadows* The child is laid on tti back in one of this kind d^ cradles, and being wrapped ififkint or cloth to keep it wamti is fecUredinit by Iftnall bent pieces of timber. To thefe machines they fafteii ftrirtgiSt by Which tliey iJiTAg them to theM)raucbes of trees ; or if they find not trees at h4nd, faden them to a (lump or ^one, whilft tbey traiifa«^ any needfiti bufinefs. In this pofitinn arti die children kept for ibme months* when they are u- kfiii out, |he boys are^fulfered to go naked a^d the girls are covered from ihe neck to the Knees with a (hitt and [a Qiort peticoat. The Indian womeo are remarliably de^ient during itbeir menftrual illnefs. 'l*h&^e nations that are mott re>> note from the Euiopean fettlemenis^ as the Naudowef*' fies,&c. are mure partivtilarly attentive to this point { tho' I tbey all without feiception adhere in fome degree to th<; faa»e cuftom. In fevery camp or towft^tbcie is itn :ipartment ap- |]>ropriatei for &etr retirement at this time, to mhich both ftugle and married retreat, and feelude themfelvet^ with the Utmoil firttflneifi during this period from j01 fu- eiety. Afterward* they purify tlitoifi^l^es In run- ning Artamsj as4 return ta their different employ- Imems. The men on theie occiflons ittofl c^tefuUy avoid Iholding any communication with them ) and the Nan • doweffics arte PeI rigid in thif^obfervance^that they will not naffer itny belonging to them to fetch fuch things as .are oicefftry, even farc|firom thelie female lunar retreats,tho* the want of them is attended with the utmoft inconven' ience. They are nUbib fuf^ditious as to think, if a pipeftevi cracki, which among them is made of wood« Ithat the poi&iTor has either lighted it at ont of thef« po- llottd Bxit or held liomo coovcK* with a womatv duriiij/ ISS CAfeVER'S TlfcAVEtS. ^^r retirement,whicli iiefteemed by them xnoA difgrace* | fuVaad wicked. , The Indians are extremely circiiinrpefl and deliber. ate hi every wprd and action ; there is nothing that hur* fies them into aAy inteniperate warinth»but that inveter* acy to ilicir enemies* whiclr i« rooted m every Indian ^eart, and never can be eradicated. In. all other inftan* ces they are cc^ol, and remarkably cantidus, taking care not to betray oil an; account wh^t^Ter their ethotions. If an liidtan b'as dtfcovered that a friead is in danger of being ^^ercepted and cut off by one to whom he bas rend)?red hinifett obnoxious ; he does not inform him in plain and explicit tetms of the danger he runs by pur< lutng the track near which his enemy lies in wait for him, but he firll coolly afks him which way he is going that day ; and having received his anfwer, with the fame in. difference tells him that he has been inforrfied thsit a dog Jres near the fpbt, which might probably do him a mif. chief. This hint proves fufficient ; and his friend avoids the danger with »s much caution as If every (Jefign and motion of his enemy had been pointed put t&l jiim. ' » /I his ap;gLthy ufren ihews itfelf on occa'Aoiis that would | eau) fdrth aU the fervor of a fufceptible heart. If an I'ndiitn has been abfent f roxtf his family and friends many a^onths, either on a war or hunting party, wHen his I wife and children meet him' at fome dm^nce from his habitntion, tuftead of the afiedionat^ fenfatrons that I would naturally arife in the breaft of more refined be* tngs. and be produ^ive of mutual coQgratulations» he eontIn4ies his courib without ipaying the leafl stttentioA to thofe who furrbund hiin, till heai'rives at his home. He thete fits down slnd with the ^me vncoiicert} as if he had not been abl^nt a day, fmoires liis pioe $ thcfc o( his acqvuintante who followed hh^) do the fame ; and perhaps it is feveral hours before^he relates to them the incidents which have befallen him during hii abfence, though perhaps he has left a father, brother, or fon on the fkld, whofe hk he ought to h^V^ lamented, or hai b^n unfuccefsful Id the undertaking that catted him from hts honie. ' v_ CARVER'S rRAVELS; 1^ id deliber- ^ that hur* lat inveter* fry Indian ;her inftan* ;aking care ' exhotions. in danger iGva he bas orm him in Rs by pUT- lit for him, ;oing that le (kme in* thsit a dog him a miS end avoids srydefign d put to that vfould rt. if an mds many wHen his from hIV troQs that eiined be- ktions, h? attention his home, loticen^aff pe ; thofc ht {arne ; to them f abfence, fen on idi or hai ifod him Has an radian beei^ engaged for ifeWral daytiii fh^ •hafe, or any other labork)us expedition, and bf acctdent- eoQtiuuedl^tts long without food« when he arrives at the hut or tentpiTafriend where he knows his wants may bv immediately foppliHd, he ukes care not to fhow the leaft fy«iptom»of impatm^ee^ or to betray the extreme hun« gerby which he istorttired $ but on being inyited in» fit* contentedly d6wn,and fmokes his pipe with as much cdm-' poAire as if every api^tite was allayed* and he waf perfe&ly at eafe ; he does the fame if amopg ftrangf^. This caftom isftHftiy adhered tb by every tribe, as they eltec^ it a pijoof of fortitude* and think the reverb* would erititle them to the .appelation of old wo*^^ men. If you tell an Indian that kis children hare greatly^, fignalized themfelvts againft an. enemy, haire taken ma*' 1^ fcalps» and brought home many prifoners^ he doe*' not appeal to feel any extraordinary pleafure on tht* o lar pmba in k family^ he mentions to whom kis ifiCit it* intended, and the reft of thefamily immediately retirtitg^^ to the otherend of th6 but or teat, are cartful not Ki come n*ar enough to interrupt them during the whole of the^onverfiition. TliK fiime method is porfued if a 9M goes to pay hit refpe^ls to ona of ibe oihcr Ufii 1 m CAIlVEt*8 tRAVEtJJ; limt thtfi li^ R))^^ k^ caMnl not to let li^e brtiic(Ubj«d ^ whether thf vtefttHer be fair or cloody, With e^nal acmeneft will thrjr point to that part of th(»he;^eeiisthe fun ie in* thongh it be intercepted by €imtk or fogs'. Befidee thiK tney are able to purlue ifidi in^redibM? ffKilfty; the t»acf s of in#n or Ife^iki either Q9«4<^e9 or grnfii l aadr on- this accfiint U i% with^ great djj0>f ttlty aflf ing enea^y id^fl^ diftioeery. They nreindroted forthii^ talents not only to nature^ faH*^ to an extraordinary commimd of the intelleAual liicnlties, iKhich. ean ecdy h» aa|(Hied by nn luiremitttd i|iiintin»»aMl bf loiwesp^^neo. They are ingencrsu fery happy tni» (tteoflie mem* ttyt i|m7 f a» reef n< AithiBf WIN ftldom meet with any exttsprdioa^ ry mientionilvom the fpmR indinns, orobehli they re- cfive it withioajhr A halt a^t i bntilffy will tremble helof^a gnittdfather» 9»A liihmit. to his. inji^aion wifhthe utmoA akKri^^, I'he wor4ft of th^ nnc'titt pm nf theif commnnitfi ar»f(Uf md hy^ ithe yoiiiig, as or* mim. If they faihe d»ims 1^^ Hontine ppflm any. pimt thnt is rtetointd by them dflicioiittlt i» imm^M* •tfly preftatfd to die ddeft of their ft utioii*^ «ARVR«'S TRAVEL*; HI They fttrerfupfer tbiemfefirei to bfe otei^btirdened tiihdare, btjitliVe itiia'^ftate of jperfed tratiq,uility and cohtentment. B«ihji^ ' h^^turaUr ' nd near at band, tfaey will not go fsir^ or take^any eitni(h'din ma ^^ man with folly that is diftniiUiil oj [hit Wifef. Amon^ fome bands the vwy idea i* nor IhiewA i'astche fiioa aban4oned of their young ineh. verf ln^ly-)|tteJBipt the virtue of married wo0)^; "P^ «[ JHiifc ofteti piit themfeWer.tt th*- Way of folicitatioiir IfkCSe Imiiii wiDitien; ih^eneriil are of »d armctoui |ieh)petlvti&f^, and before they are married arr not llift i'ifbnMdfc^lltt^ infd^jreact of their pafllii^ liiir, i ■... » I i: m QMUm^^ Tf AVit% iJPi dpiv^lfm pi^fr^rt^f^ 4U^f:^^ ©f do. HU^ip n|Se, whvptx ^Vjerjr ;pi9f» cpnpdm jM hif oiktu, and fiNral to ^|r j^sr^aw^i*^!^^^^ thfi? Iheir liandt wbo (land id iMcd (^ it, #ithow^j|ii^ ^jspec. IWpUljciJnd^^^ DO. triple fpirit, uiat tends tQ chi genffnl ^004 # '^^^^^M JU 4^]r of their ilisigSiMw* tm k^mWiA Ijr #ath, cy ;ij^ ge«i|t^ x^#N>r .c|#iv4|t, foiii^ ^ d«£c^nci j «^ tl^«ii»j^|E to iBel W^^^mP^lfOi^. iil|» Is^^j^^ i^a of li^y^He^ okNiilf (^1^ oaifi4pt Umtm tbepf ai^ #|a4f ac^naiiiticlitiili^ nfei to \^4(p)i it it^ipBlted b; l|.;|ify ^^tfUMPAt ajll^^fiu^^ ^m prevalent a^ tlMBiif jEoc^^ifa^f, fiio^ M^eajclN^y, ^fi/^f^ti^, devafil tipn|ft.|«!|4p||]l4ef.^ Th^ eftcem it irrational that one ttl«t iionl4 be pqf*^ ^|l^ tpif j^^^ tbao aa^eir, i^d arf ainax- ^ ^1 ^7 honor 4oald he annexed to m poirffliQA ^flt; I^M that the want of thifa(Vlef«9et«ifliA^^^ t|ie cafMe or^leprifi^ferfont of th^i Ifhet^t pd tha|| ^^ accoHfit ff thi« tmvfi diftrihotion of iii^rlt num Iprs fhoniM l)f iimioied within dbe ^m^^ m^ of 1 frifoQ, 4n of Mn t));it lliciety pf wHic^>||i|^>^ ^nfti^l tote a jfsm, ei^^eedtHiMr heli^ Nor <^ tl|^ j^, on hiring iia«tji«t ^^tmfHigi0^fkm ^mm0^^ tA1^Yif» , ^y^ kte'rti firpniV^ ; th^y litten wStti ^ruitium^ , n tothepleafinv tate> ^tid b^bW^ht|^«ft eUtti^ d«tiH»tts b^ ih^^ro of ft. 'V} * I'm "^ IS. Uli M ■t\ THeift M.RTfioi> Of atcKoyiiio riut,tjf(i. ^OMSIDERING their ignorance ^ ms r W» they ezpreft themfelvett by fnowt. Seme natitmi» ^Aio^^ th«tti reclton th^h^ itiah^ by Mnt, and fhatte tfieni eohfift of t^cHe fjpnodldd 6i Ut months^ obdfrf ing» wheli thirty monnt hateWail^ to add i hp^viimrAitf one; whidi th^y terin thi^ mogn \ stnd then begin to connt^at before. Thef - agreaKt rtgard td th^litft appearante of every mpon« on the occxAon' iilwayr repeat fome joyful fountN, ^^tching the fatee tinre thetf handt toward jt ;t. 'W»f momhlf^ with them flpnatme ctpreffivo^ Ktf M )44 CAHVER'S .J|-fyjEL|. feafon ; for inftance, thc^ call th^ BoqtqtJ? ^f March (k i^hidi their year generaily begins at pie firft 'Ne\* Moon after the vernal Equinox) the Woim Month of ^oon i becgule at this Mmsi the wprms quit their vetreats in tb# bark of the trees, wiaofi, Jcc^ where they hafe iheltered themfelves during the winter. , The inonth of d^rii u termed by them "the month d i Plants. Vay, he moiith. of Flowers Jane the hot ^oon- July the Bucit Mqo|i. l^etr reaio|i8,i<)r iHii denomjnatiijvg thele 15^ ,obvio«i»^ ^ ^ ' frV^ .■ AiigUil* the Sttirgeoi; Moon ; Vecatif^ in this morth wyutch great nuttibertp^^^^ iiepterobjfr, the CbVu Moon ; becaufe in that month they gatlier in their Indiaii corn. V October, th^ rrayielling MoOn j as tTiey leave at this time their villages, and trs»vel towards the (>lac,e where tt^ey intend to huiyt dvrmg the winter I Noveintrer, th« tevei Mopn ; Vor in this itionth th«j Jbeavcrsi begta to takeiheiier in their houles, having I^Jd lip a fuffictent ftore of provifmns for the winter ieaiou. December^ th» Hnnting ^Mpon ; becaufe they era. |>loy dii& monih in purfuit of their game January* the Cold Mooii> a^ it geuerally freezes harS| ^it, and the cold is more intenfc in this than in an|f Ktther monthv' .^, . -,- ';, , -,, ./•" . ^ ' February, diey call liie * Snow Moon, bec'atife mor^ fnow cominonly falls during this month, :han any oth^ %r in the winter* / ; ; When t^ie moon dbes not feme Afy fay the moon is i^ead ; sinici ibme call the thi-eelaft days of it il:e naked dfifs« The moon's firft appearance tl^ey ttrdiits cumj log t& life aga1n> ! | - 'i'hey make no diVi&bn bf weeks ;i>^t daysi they count fey flfepst half days by poimtmg to, t)je fun at noon j mnd quarters by the, rifing and the fettTng of the fun : JDpk exprefs which in their traditions t|iey'n^a|e ule of ve. J^fignififfnt hieroglyphics. _ j , V ., r r/rjie Indians are totally urAjlS^iti gcc^raphy ai well asall the;6thtr fcience^i and vyet, as 1 have before hinted, they but by a daysjourneyi which, according to the Heft calculations I could make, appears to be about iwpnty Engiifti miles, ihefethey alfo divide into ji;jves and quarters, and will demonftrate them, in their maps with great exa^Stnefs, by the the hierogiyph- jcsjuft mentioned, when they regulate in council their war parties, or their rood diftant hunting excur lions. They have no idea of arlthm6tic ; ^u\d though they ire able to count to any iiUmb?r» figures as well as let- ters appear myfterous to them» and at>oVe th^ir com- frehenlion- ; ' , * During my al^'ole with the Kaud6w^fl)es,fome of the diiefs obferving one day a draft of an edipfe of the g^ooa^n.a bookof aftronomy which I held in my hancf/ l|fiy dejired 1 would permit them to look at it. Hap- aeiiing to give them the book ihut, they began to count luie leaves till they came to; tbc^ place wheie the plat« 1^. After they ba4 ^i^v^d it; and afked many que^,^ [tbiis rcrladve to it,l tbU't^^m n)ey^ need not to have ta^ inib ilauch pains to iSnjf the feif pn which it w«as wn|frr I could not oiAf teilm an inftant the place, tithbut coixnting thi^ leaves, bdtaUb how many pre^^ edi^it. T%y feeihed greatly aiffaz^i^ at m^ aflertion, and ;g^ Uiat I yrduid demotiftrate to them th^ po^bitity do^n^ it. To this putpdfe 1 defired the chief thai [d t^ bqok, \o open it at any particcilar placed [sodjuft fliewinglrliethepagiecati^^ to cbjfiiceai thi^ '4ges of th^ leuiVes, fo that 1 i*jight not be able to cbur^ This he did with thegteateft caution ; notwithfland- n^ which,by looking at the folio, I told him, to his great Irprifer ^he iiimiber of leaves. iH courtted them rtfg* My over, and difcovered that l was exaft. And iStni. after repeated trialsi the ItlUiaAs found I could \ ':M X fi M sfii un CAkVER*^ THAVtXS. ^o it with great readinefs, and without ever erring {| piy calcuUtioDt they aUleemed as much aftoniihed at if I had I aifed the dead. The only way they could ac* count for my knowledge, was by concluding that the book was a fpirit, stid Whifpered me anfwers to what. I ever I demanded of it. I I'his circumftance» trifling as it might appear t6 thofe who are lefs illiterate, contriiiuted to increafe mj \ confequence, and to augment the favorable opinion the/ alreaftiy entertained ot me. CHAPTER V- •ff rHEia «OViailMftNT, tft. E »V£RV fepar^te body of Indians is divided intil ^ands or tribes ; which band or tribe forms a little com*] munity with the nation to which it belongs. As the na> tion has fome particular fymbol by which it is di(iin*j guiihedfrom others, fo each tribe has a badge from which it is denominated , I as that of the eagle, the paa*! fhcr,the tiger, Ac &c. One band of the Nalidoweflies ii| reprefcnted by a snake,another a tortoife.a third a fqair| jpofition^V^'"^^^ ^^ almoin induced to conclude froi this Jillini^iun of tribes, and the particular attachmentj ct the Indians to them> that tliey derive their origin, lone have ^ileried, from the Ifraelites. l^Hldcs this, every nation diftinguifli themfelves by tl inanrci of confl ruling their tents or huts. And fo| vtl; vctfcdHre all the Indians in this diftinAion, tha ^*t )>^h \liiii a appeal s to be no diference on the niccft ol CARVER'S TRAVELS. 149 ||rf9ti9n mack b>/ an European, yet theyy will immedt- Utely difcoYert from the poHtionof a pole left in the jiroufid^ what nation bAsenc imped oaOie ipot xnati/ M^oiidis before. Every band hai a' chief who ri^tetmdd the great diief or chief yrarrtor ; and who is chofen in confidera* i^n<^']|lis expedience in war, and of his approved vaU I or, to <(ftre^ vtheir military operations, and to regulate ]4tconcernt belonging to that department. But this, ctiief is not confidered as the head of the (late ; bilides the great warrior who {seeded for his warlike qualtBcu- Uons, there is another who enjoys a pre-eminence as his liereilitarv right, arid has the moie immediate manage^ neiitdf their ciTil aifairs. 'V hrs chief might with greatci- M;6priety|i>edenominate4 the Sachem ; whoieafT^tis i^eff^]^ in all conveyances anc^ treaties, to which hfr hp'jiesihe iparic of the tribe or nation. '/Though thefe two are confidered as the heads of the' ||and, and - the latter is ufually denominated their Icings Im the I ttdians are ienlible of neither civil or military Ifiiiordination*, As every one of them entertains a high lofiinton of his confequence, and extremel)r tenacious of lbs liberty, aVl injiiriiflions that carry with- them the ap^ mearan^e <^ a palitive com.7iartd are indantly rejeatcd ; anj no enter prife of the leaft moment undertakep, unleis f there meets with the general ^pprbbatioi^ of the cklefr They commonly aifcmblc in a hut or t^fit4pDiropnat to ihif purpofe, and being (eated in a iw^ 6n * 6Ap^zm f RAVELl m \ffQjm4f^ thti e)d^ft chief rifes aad ||||kes a f pe^ | wheh'he has concluded^ another geu up ; and thus th^f jail rpeak. if necetftff, by turns. On this occafiott their language is n^vous, and their [(panner of expreffion empbattcaL Tiieir ftile U adorn* eiwith images^ comparifoiis, and ftrong metaphors^ lad is equal in allegories to that of any of the eaft^^it JBations* in all their fet fpeechet they es^prefs (hem^ [iilves with mueh vehemeiice, but In common difcpiir^ [tccording toour ufualiQethod of fpefich. The young men are. fuffered to be prefent at thtf fcoanciisi cliough ihey are not allowed to make a fpeech llilhhey are regularly admitted ; they however liften with great attention, and to Ihow that they both undies* [lland* and approve of the refc^utions taken by the; ai^ fembled chiefs,chey frequently exclaim, ** That is righ(.K [•« That is good." / , The c«. lornary modeampng all the ranks of exprel^: [fmg thw' 'It, and which they repeal at the end of alrooftei <; ■/eriodi.is b/ uctpringa kind of forcible a(V piration, which founds like an unioq of the lettett OAH. . ., CHAFTEH Vt i\ at TRfelR 91AtTI% [IVxANV of the Indiaiv nattoifi neither make ufe of tadi faltt or fpices ; and fomc of them have nevet 9n or tailed of eicher. The NaiidoweflTies, in panic- ir, have no bread, nor any fublliiute for it. They the wild rici which grows in great quantities in dif« |f^nt parti of their territories t but they boil it and it alone. They alfo eat the fleih of the beafts they kiU^^ithout having rffcourfe to any fariaactous firh« Unqf to abforb the ffroifer particles of it. And even rkco th^f flOBfimo tbe fogar which they baT« titraA^d II S ■•■~^<*1»»?!'«« i&& %Amf:sn tr Avixl ^6it|^e t^^ ttib it not to rwider fomi 0lbcr food^pialitlfa^^ liat genera^^ eat it br itfelf. BiiAt^t h«v# they anf tdea <>f. the nfe of milk. al. Jkiugkl^C3tfti!^tc<4l#aEgreat quant'tties from the bofFalo fl^k^thOf'onlf eonfider it as ptopperfor the nutriment •f the young of th^fe beafts ditring their tendei; ft ate. I cpuM not perceive that any inconireniency attended Jlietatal'dii'aflbj^ artMiSf ^eem^dfo neeefiary and nu. Irtt^>u8 hy the6t}i$r naeions, on th<( contrary^ they are in general healthy and vigormis - , \>vt; - 9^* ^* however, J w^ieh anfwers neatly the feme ^p«rpQfea« bread, i«in iifeaihdng the QttAgaumies, the! batiliieii, and the .moreeaftern nations where Indian corn j^ws, whikh is not only much eflet^tned by ihett, but Ifteckonerf eitremely p^alable by a)l theEuropeans who enter their dofDimofis This is f ulnpofed of tHeir un. tlpe con> as be^re defertbed, and bean^ in rile fame Aate. boiled together with bead's fle(h, the fat of which MOiftensthe pa)ie^ana: renders it beyond eompariron ddicious. 1 hey call this food ^uccatolb. * ^ The IndiABs are £ir from being Cannibals, «l!thef arc faid to be/ All their viaoids are either roafted or boiled I and this in the eitreme. Their drink is gener- ally the broth in which it bas been bloiled. Their foodconfiftsof die Arlhof the bear, the buffa. Ioi the eUu the deer, Omt beslvcr» and^^e racoon r which { they prepare in thenuiflAerjnft mentiQiied. I'hey uAi. ally eat the fie(h of the deer which is naturally dry, with that of the bear which is frt anHjoicy t and though J the latter is extremely rich and kfcieiu,it is never known? j •to cloy. In thefprmg of the year the Naodoweffiei eat the inAdfr iark of a (hrub, that they gadier infome part of their ' eomfyi hot I could neither leara the n^Mie of it, or dilco#er from whence they got it. It was of a biittle natvre aadeafily mafticatcd. Tht^tafteo^ It was a* Meeabkr and they did it was eitreairiy nooriihing. In Aivor It was not tudihe the turnip, and when received into the mavthfdcnbled that root both i» its palpoiiS'| padiifi^giblemttpie. \ ::^^', >j^^^^,.i ' TlMlow«rnid»^(|^dMl»dimM«M^ •■■ :'A "\ / dARVER»S THAV^rS. ^H ndef* lunn itfelf. r milk, al* thebofFiilol nutriment I kU«i; (late. attended ! rf and na« > they are the iame nmtes; the Ddian corn thein, but ^peans i^ho I f their un. the fame | I of which lom^rifoQ j I, ili'thef roafted or I c is gener* the buffii' >n; which I 'I'hey ufu- irally dry, sd though ver known I dreffing ttieir Yiduitli, but Cotntxif-^ tflAch ate rety lat and cleanly in their at>p4rel, tdtatt; and food. [%^rbcf commonly eat in large pirttes, r«>' that their U may properly be termed feaftr ; and tins they do [jiithout being reftri^edta any fixed or regular houri, jlnt juft as their appetites require^ and conTenienee \l»if/ ' ' ' ■ ■■>./- ' ■ -^ > They ufually dance, either before or after every meal^ Ltad by thif^cheerfulnefs probably render the Gticiat Spir- lit, to whom they cahfider themfelves m indebted for [ivery good» a more accepuble ^icrifice than a formal jiod im»m mated dianksgiving. The men and Womeii [inft apart : and each iez invite by turns thehr company [iimsi to partake with them of the food they happen tor |l»ve t but in their domeftic way of living the men and >nien eat together, ^^ >Ho people are more horpltable,kindvand- free than tI|V |fadiai». They will readily (hare with any of their own- inibethe lall part of their provifions, and even with fdkofry always conclude with a feaiV» at which their fieftivhf- Iky and elwerfttlnefs knowa no limits. CHAPTER Vir. •t Tietia DANCBt. t^inAdfrl of their of it, or a biitdrl it was a« hiiig. In IJL/ANCING it • fimrorite exerci(iF among tht Indkni f received mief never meet on any public occafion,but d^is makes wt I polpottf* |fan of the entertainment. And when the y are not en* t«ged in war or hnntingitht youth of both ftxtt «inaAr igly M(lf Imbftlvff IB ihU OMuies ttcry mitifiy. •■'. isi CARITErS TRAVELS. ^'Ik'liejr alwayt; dafocti at I have ohdeTYtdf at thdf ieifks' Afk tkieie as Wl as all other dances, every man fifes in his u^ii«r jmd; [tiH>v^s about with great freedom «n4 b0idiisi>rvnng«ig at lie doeifo» the exploits of his AAceftori^v Duriiig this thevcompaoy vtho surrieated on ihe ground in a circle, around the dancer, jom with him in XRaking thecadeneevby an odd tone* wnich they ut* thrall ttygether* and whteh foundtt f^ Heh, heht heh.'^ t{^fe not^s, if tiMfy might be fo termed, aie articulated with-nner I they i^fde with great agility to.a certain difUin^ and then retuiti I ahdlet chofe who join in the dance be ev* ^r fo numerous, they keep time fo exaf^ly with«ach oth* eiv that' no interruption enfues^ . During thif» at ftated I peciiMb,itfaey mingle thesr 'ihritl volees^ with ibe hoarier { ones of the men, uho>iit around (for. it it to be obferv- cd that the fexes neverintermix in the ra8ne.dance)'wfcich, I with the mu(ic of the drtims and chiciiicoesi make an| agreeable harmony. The Indians have feveral kind of dances, which they nfe on different occalions as the Pipe or Calumet Dance, the War Dance, the Marriage Dance, and the Dance of the Sacrifice. The? movements in every one of thefe are diHimilar ; but it is almoft impoffible to convey any idea of the points in which they are nnlike. :.. I^UEiirdnt nations . Ukewife v aryt in theif msinner of I daneinji^ The Chipeway throw themselves into a great* er variety of altitudes than any ^har people (lomer timet they hold their heads ere^^ at others ^^ey bend I ihem alflAoft t^ fkm groiiiid ^ then recHnt o» tof fide, j ^ieW£|^ TkAVfcLS. t^ |||^fiHlfe^me%r^*i^^ ^ the bxher. The NaudoWemei [#f)r themrelves more upright, ftep' firnitr; and mo^e |bF#grac^H^. 'Mc tl!iby aH actoiiipafirytliieit daticer l^tBff ^l^grtl*atf>lft ttdift? jtift lifetitj0r«Bd. i'^ ^' - V r • |>^ hf Fi^ Al>iittc*^ti^ th« jpiifineip^f iind thfc filidft J>1ea^ Pf it wmi^im ' «f' «iy bf ty nli/ fe^Hg ^i tftift fraa- ps/ iilf^ en»'m^vieitltnt'i^ fi ifc^but on paf- li^l^ ^afioiW t^ttc h tifisdi 4i «^eni littibd((^dors pterin ^i%!^arH^^ ^'f ' ^^tej-df ;^«lt- ; ,. ■''-%^. l*PSi Ww 0iii(», 4»^hfch«%K<^-tife'bodj'befor« tliet i pe ?on i^€\t trsif |)»iit?tii, s^iwid'^tth ^heif «ietiirii fyoto ' 'Vt^iies Vistrbf tilil!d«^i#l»)^|#^v^^I is peiforraed, «i ^; amfdft^^ gWet « ittolent blow with hift^^ M^I&Mii^ii^^jbli thMft^ B«BTHfc|iMt beibriie^ trAiy ahrnlitigf^ to a^ llfengei-ithairh^tteAsf td (f^ aiiioni!^ t1?eih, as thfey throw I AWfthrfer^ u....K w..* w,vr « — tleeir'lha^jl „^...— ......... . , im*\vlifc1i;'^3^Ae^ #K»rf abdui^rthfey ar^'cV^^ toometit c^ahgei^ otiutKttg eacE ith^Ffc thirotts ; 'krid did thief " IHbTi r^ ?Hreatt^fed mirdiiif With inconceivable dex- «Kty^jtcciV<>rttttbft'aVolied.'^^B^l^^^ Iteftd to#^eftni the nianner^ri Which they kill, Tcaip; |bd taice theif prifOnersV ^I'o hefphtert the fcene,theyfet Ip th^ fi?n4e hideous rells,cries»and war whoops they u(e % ^me Of adioA^ lb that it is impoffible to confidcr Jsheift ia anyQther lifi;bt than as an ailembly of demons. ^ ■fliiryelfrlBqiieritiyfdiiied in this dante wkh them, but '|f(^ m the TUdenoe of ;^fhr frftcifct »u( ^"ve priced m^^h ■'■'.;.%. ^.ti <•:'.. .•■"--''.i • 4^ ^.i4>oii«l;tM«^ luiisoAs to iM iirt^warJ «f J^ Mit fipptr ftod oiAil^OiWderi o^ bkk« §||p((irMur» Aill ^onti^l Hctd ifMilii ^die p^^ f «ffwik«^i>»^lll^ Papice. i'i ht| of t di>d not ac^ ^aef that ^uM |>iil]rr.^irga% 9IMI 0^ tb^i|f)^iii«^<» ?ilf i 'iiadiPittei into a;#cieti whkh^Nf d«lKniiiiia%d^alK>A i^it^ tbtj Fnf ndly^Bocietj ol^i^f^ipt,- 'jy%^Sl«^y |w«wi citofipeifonfofili»H^i^Kimt0^ c^ inte. ii^ #» ai:# bCiinesc«0ti^!^ c^iii^i^ aMilvho 94mt$*mim>istii4^ i>^n0t\m^,mhich l| 4i»pr nodifng that .^ould^^ rg^^ to the reports 1 hs ' caficloded^^i^^a'^grand'^je^^^^ . ,■ ' ^^; . * ,_ ,'-_ i^W tnitiatioa hmiff^Jl^ts^e^^^^^ lirith r^me^f tri 1ngf .amazing«dex4 teiittf , i ih^t ^i«e t^! p'4ii\^uj».t ..s^coj^l.ptf^the jMrhole procedure. Jt;.wa^^%||iB^a^.tl]^^ ti-fjff-JBf.'tl^ .ne^^^ moon^in H |>tac*,api»0pnitt9d^to^d^ pQiPwipi, near thftj centre of thejr camp« that Would ^or«tauLao^iit tipo l)un«j idvcd peofH^r ^u<&fi9fr'a ftrangcr,,,and ■ oi^'jdl occaiionil itreated by Jth#m with great civiljitf, l was mirjlte«i to ietl thie c^mony, and , placed clofetpi tMraUicyir the en4 #ied the wives 6f f^ch as had already been admitt- ;!iiitk hbld'pf his arms, ahd cutifed him'to kneel^ ahothw placed hiitdelf behind him, ifo ^$ to receive him wlien* (%{\k and the lad of the four retired to the diftancc of Jilt tweWe fiet from him ej£a»£tly in front. re the kneeling candidate, began to fpeak to him {than audible voice. He told him that he himfeif It jio^ agitated by the fame fpirit which he (houjd in ph^ moments communicate to him \ that it wojald rike him dead, but that he would inftan.ly be reftoiiMl lin CO nfe : to th is lie* added, rhat \ he comnranicatto^' n^ver terrifying, was a tieceiTary'intrbduflioril t» thfe (laikaees; enjoyed by the cb'mmunity into which he' l^son thevpoint of being admitted. Ai he fpokc this, ho^appes^red to begreat\ Agitated i 11 at fad Mi emotioiis Became fo viplenr, that his counr ?e was diftofted.an^. his whole frftme convulfed;^ Lc 4hii jundure he thiW ^mcthhig that appe<<^d both Y^^^ and^^blbrliife 3i ftwiHbew'at thfey^iingmtiH ■li! i ill m «^«rvi5iwa tit Ay«j,^ ) -which feemed. to enter his niQtith, and, ^JaiUmdy fell as fnociQnleis as if he had heeti IhnQL The chi^ that was placed behind him received him in hlis ai|ix8»^n4 hf the aififtanee 'cf the other twO|; laid him on the ground to all appearance bereft nfl'^ei Having done this, they, imivied^^tely. hegim to rub liis limbs, and to (irike hii|n on t$e V^ck* Jlfing him fttch tflows: as feemed mote calculated to jliffthi^ quick, { than to raife the dead. During thefe extraordinary ap« plications, the fpeaker ^bntinued^his hai angue, defiring the fpeAators not to be furprired, or, to defpaur of the young man's recovery, as his prefent ily^^^clat(^ iituaK I lion proceeded only from the foicible opperaitldn of the fpirit. on faculties that had hithierrto been^^unulqd to ii>| Tpiratious of this kind.. The candidate Jay feversd TnMates wi^out fenfe or motion ; batatlength>after receiving nst^y violent blow% ] hesbegan.todifcoyerjbmefymptpns of retarning life- Thefer hoWever» were attended With ftrtmg^cQ^vplIicn^, I ^nd an apparent obftrtt^ivin m his throat. But tlie^ were foon at ^n end } for hiivin|; drCbhatged jj^ljnr^is ^n^h the bean, or whatever Jt was thatuie chiif^had thrown at hhUi but which on the clofeft infpedion 1 had ^t p^ceived to enter it« he ibon after appeared to bej tolerably recovered. ,4/ This part of the cerempiiy beins happily effeifted, thi{ officiating chiefs difrobed him of uie clothes he had ufu* fldly worn, asd put on him a Ikt of apparel entirely, new. iVhen he was dre^cd» the fpeaker oneifc more took him I by the hand and preCented hina to the'fociety ^^h a reg> td^r and thoroughly ii^itiated member>c)chqrtiinff themJ Wiihe fame time, to give him fuch heceifdirv aUiftance, •M, biting, a, ^youog nierabier, he n;iight (^and in nee^ of. I lie thep.^jdfoch^ed ^e newly Seded brother to re*] tifive with humility, aiid to fpUow with. pun4it)ality the advice of his elder brethren* AH thpfe who had been ad^iitf d wlth^^ t^ railsj t^ow forined a, circle fround ta<^ir, new brother, ifmd^ muiic ftriking up, tlie great chl^ ijc^g a fong» cel^iBbra- ting at lUiijd th^tlliarUalft^y^^ . The ob1| B|ttCi«.thf; ladw. wfe U it a drttptt whtch ii| ^ARVEA'S tRAVELS. W lj^mp(ibd of a piece of a hollow tree cyrioufly wroiight, llid over one end of which is drained a (kint this thef eat with a Tingle (lick, and it gives a found diat is far [|k>in harmonious but it juft ferves to beat time with. [To this they fometimes: add the cbieh{cv>e, and in their [ttf dances they like wile ufe a kind of fife* formed \^ a reedi which makes a ihx ill harfh noife. ~ '' I'be whole afrembljr were by this time united acd th? l^iQcehegan ; feveral lingers aflSiled the mullc with |))ietr votces/^n4 the women joining in the chorus at f^aro intervals they produced together a not unpleafing but favage harmony. This was on« of the moft agree* [tble entertainments I faw whilft I was among them« I could nbt help laughing at a lingular and childifh Icoftom lobferved tliey introduced into this dance, and |"whi aindtfae fotkrld emitted, the petfon teceivtng it in* ftautly fell down to appearance dead. Sometimes 4wo or three, both mien and women, were oti the ground to- gether ;> hut immediately recovering, they rofeup and I joined again in the'danee. 1 his feemed to afford even I the chiefs themfelVes, infinite diverficn. 1 afterwards learned that thei^ were their Dii Penates or Houfehdld After feme hotOri fi>eht in this manner tire fe'aft began i I the diihes being brought near ine. 1 petceived that ihey tonfifted of dog*s flelh ; ai^ 1 Wfts inforined that aU I their public grand fealfs^ey i^evcr made ufe of any other kind 6f ifbod. For this purpofe, at the feaft { him now fpeaking of, the new candidate provides fat jdogjvif thejr-can be procured at any price. In ihijsctiftom of eating dog's flelh on particutar dc- [eafK^ns, they rirfeinble the iTihabitante Indians being entered,they continued their danc alternately, fmging at the fame time of ^hdr heroic ex* ploits, ani4 the fuperiority of dieirrace over every oth*| ft people. To enforce theiir language, though it wa uncommonly nervous and expreffive,and fuch as would] -of itftli have cariied ten or im» th« finneft heait, CARVER'S TRAVELS. 159 rn^sad. of every period they flruck their \yar clubs a« ^tiift the poWs of my ic{\t, wltli fuch ■ violence, lisit I expe^eil every mom.'nt it would have tumbled la us* A& each of theibi in dancing round pafled Siifi by mef ^hey placed iheir rij^ht h^inds over thefr efestand coming clofe to inejlooked me (leadily in tKa acCt which Icoutd not condrue into a tojcen of fricad- Ep, My men gfve themfelves up /or loft.and I acknowl- jp for . my own p.ar|» that 1 never found my a ppre- Mldot^i more .tumultuous on any occ^fion. W^e|it^ey had nearly ended their d^nc as my laft refource> thought 1 would try what |p»fent9. would do ; Cccordingl/ I took from my cheft koine ribands and trinkets, which 1 laid before them. Il'hefe feemsd to A agger their refolutions, and to a* [yertinfom? degree thilir anger ; for -after holding a 3n(ultation together^ they fat down on the ground, Iwhioh I confidered as a favorable omen. Thu% it proved, as in a (hori time tliey , received tht IpipeiH' peace, and lighting it, fitft prefented it iq me* land then fmoked wiJti it themfelVes. Soon after thev jtook l^p the prefents. which had hitherto lain neglet^ed^ \4appeai?ing tcf be greatly pJeaied with them,depatteid ii wiendly manrier. And never did I receive greater pleafi^rfe, than at! getting rid of fuch foirmidabk* gueds. tifwarnevier i+imy power to gain a thi»rough know?^ dge hi 'the deftgns of my vifttors. I had f^fficient eifon to conclude that they were hodtle, and that their ilifit, at folate ayi hour, was njadethirough • ; ' rnftigii- |it6n of the gtand Sautpt ; but I wim afterwardi in- lormedjtbat it might he intended as a compliment which pey usually pay to the chiefs of every oti^er nation wha Mppen to fkll in wi^li th.-m, and th it the eircumilat>ces their conduAj which had appeared fo fufpicious to ii were merely theeffe^s of their vanity, and defign- jto imprefs on the minds of thole whom they thus vis. IrM iiR elevated opinion of their valor aihd' prowefs. In tlie moinin^ before I continued my rouie, feveral of Wir wives brought me a prcjfent of fom« fugar, jfo? irhipin I found ifeiw more Tibajidl^ . ^ \m ;Jr: 160 CARVER'S TRAVELS, The danc« of ^e facrl^PC'ts not fo. denominated from their offering up at the fame time a facrifice to aJ ny good or evU fpirit, but is a dance to wh*ch the NauJ do\\effies give that title from bein^ ufed \then any pub. lie fortunate circumftance befals theoi. Whtlll 1 refiJ ded among them a fine large deer accideutaliy Ara}ed into the middle of their encampment* which they foon deftroyed. As this happened juft at the new moon^they efteemed it a lucky omen ; and having roafted it whole every one in the camp partook of it. After their feaOJ they all joined in a dancei Mvhich they termedt from iul being fomewhac of a relij^ious jnaturci a dance of thJ facrifice. ^ CHAPTER VIIL OP THEIt HUNTIMQ. H .UNTlNG is the principal occupation of the In- dians t they ate tiained to it from their earlicft youthi and it is an excercife which is efieemed no lefs honoraJ ble than neceflary towards their fubfiftence A de:iteri ous hunter is held nearly in as great eftimation by tliei as a diftinguilhed warrior. Scarcely any device whicli the ingenuity of man iias difcovcred for eofnaring oi d^ftroying thofe animals that fupply them with foo<^J or whofe (kmi are valuable to Europeans, is unknown to them. Whilft they are engaged in this ezercife, they fliakd off the indolence peculiar to their nature, and bcconj adlive perfevering. and indefatigable. 1 hey are equil ly fagacious in finding their prey, and in the meant thejl ufetodeftroy it> 'Ihey difcera the footftrps of thj beaUs they are in purfuit of, although they are imperj c«ptibl« to every other eye, and can follow them wi ' jcettainty through the pathlefs fore A. The beafti that the Indians hunt,both for their flcOi < Carve R»3 travels. 161 which they fubfid^and for their ikins^of which they make their apparel, or J>aher with the Europeans for necedfa^ ties, arc, the buffalo, the elk, the deer, the moofe, carri^ boo, the bear, the beaver, the martin, &c. I defer gtv- ing a defcriptioh of theie creatures here, and fhall [,onljr at prefent treat of thsir manner of hunting them. iheroute they ihall take for thirpurpofe, and parties that Ihall go on the different expeditions arc fixed in the general councils, which are heldfometiroein the fummer, when all tlie operations for the enAiing winter are con- cluded on. The chief warrior, whofe province it is to regulate their proceedings on this occafion, with great foicmnity iitaes out nii invitation to thofe who chnofe to attend him ; for the Indians, as before cbferved, ac- kno'^ledge no fuperiovity, nor have they any idea of compulfion; and everyone that accepts it, prepares himfelf by filling feveral days. l*he Indians do not fad as fome other nations do, on tfaie riohes and mod luxurous food, but they totally abftalh from every kind citiiCr of visuals or drink ; and Jo^U their patience and refolutiont tliat the moft ex- treeme thirft could not ubligie them to tafte a drop of water ; yet amld(^ this fev^re abdinence they appeir checrYut and happy. The reaCons they give for thus f*liO ate to form ified fferent parties ^ of which none of them dare to pai^take till they have hath- ed thcmfelves, ' A^ this feall, nbtwithda^iding they have Ulmd Co long, they tit >nrith. gre.it moderation t and the chTel'that prefi'Jes emf^lo^s himfelf ;n reheattfing the feats of thofe who liaVebeen mod succefiful in the bufinefs tht'j arc »)>oat to enUr upott. They loon after l^fbuK I,: »'.! ''ill ili- p^m ie« CARVER'S tHAVEL^. on the inarch towards the place appointed, piiinted (ri rather bedawbed with black, amidn the acclamations cf | all the people. , , - • It is iihpoiCble tc dercrJbe iheir aguity or perfeverancp, j whilft they are in purfuit of their prey (neither thickets, ditches, torrents, pooh) 6t rivers ftop thentj ; they al- Witys go Hrait forward in the ntoft dircA line they pofli- bly can, and thete are few of the.favage inhabitants of the woodu that they cannot overtake. When they hunt for bears, they endeavor to find cm their retreats ; for, during the Winter,^ thefe animals conceal thenifelVes in hollow trees, or make themfelves holes in tlie'ground, inhere they continue without food.| whilft the fevere weather lafts. When the Indians thirik they have arrived at a placet MFhete thefe creatures ufually hiunt, they form thent-l felves into a circle according to their nuniber.and mov. tng onward, endeavcr as they advance towards the cch' tre.to dilcover the retreats of their prey, fiy this meansj if any lif in the internnedtate fpacc, they are fure rf roufmg them, and bringing them down either with thdrj bows or gu^s. 1 he bears will take to flight at light a man or a dog, and will only make lefillarce vhcn they are extremely hungry, or ' after they are wounc ed. The Indianincthod of hunting the buffalo is by foirnj tng acixle or a fcjuare, nearly in the fame manner when they fearchfor the bear, llavinr taken their difJ ferent Nations, they fet the grafs, which at this tin>e ij ra nk and dry, on fire, and thefe animals, who are exl tremely fearful of that element, flying witb precipital lion before it, great numbers are hemmed in a imi' couipafs, and Karcely a fingle one efcapes. '1 hey have different ways of hunting the elk, thj deer, and tlie carriboo. Sometimes t^.ey fVek them oul in the woods, to which they letire during the fevctitf of the cold, where they are eafily (hot frrm behnid 'In trees. In the more northern elirnates they take tie Ai vai^tage of the weather tc deftroy the elk ;' whin il inn has jud (Irengili enough (o. rnelt the fnow; and tiij iroii in the night fcrms a kind of crett 6u the luTfaci CA'RVUR'S -TR AVEfcS. urs this creftCure b««g h«avy.breAks it w t!i hh fcrktd hooft, and with difikiittjr' extricites li:ml«If from it : at this time th»efo»e he is llton ovei^tak^a and de»» Some nations have a iiiethod of htfmitig thefe ani' mih #htch is more eallKy exeisiited. Htvti free from dan- ger. The hunting party dtirid* ibt-mfelves into two bands 9nd chofing a ipot neai* the borders of fome river^ dne party embarks on board their canoes, wh'ilft the otherfoiming themfclves inie a femi circle on thelandr the flanks of wiiich reach the fliore, let k>ol*s their dogsr and by this nieans ronfeallthe game that lies within thefe bounds f they then drive them towards the riveri into which they no fooner enter, than the greateft part of thtfm are immediatety d if (hatched ^bythofe who re« main in their canOesi Both thedk artd the boflTiiilo are v*ry furious when^ they are wounded, and will rettl'rii fierciely on ihelr pur- ftters and ti'amplc tneiA under their feet, if the hunter fiUds no means to compete their lieAruiftion.or does not feek ^or fectri-ity in flight to (ome adjacent tree ; by this method they are frequently avoided, and To tired with the purfuit, tliat they Tokmtarily give it o« Ter. But the hunting in which the Indians, particularl/ ihofe %vho inhabit the rrorthern parts, chiefly emplby thetnfelves, and from uhich they reap the greated ad- vantage, is the beaver hunting. The feafon for this it throughout the whole winter, from Novemhei to April ; during ^hich time the fiir of thele creatures is in the grpateft perfi'dkion A dcfeription of this extf agina- ry aniitial,Oieconftruftion of their huts, and vK»Veg-r Illations of their almoit rational community, I fliall gIve'in'Uftother place 'I he hunters make ufe of fcveral methods to deftrof llitfm. Thbfe generally praftifed, are either rhat of ta- king them in fnares, cutting through the ict.or opening their caufeways. As 't'hA cqnOderable motion in the] water, the hunter has fulfficient notice of their approacbJ apd methods are iatCxly taken for knocking them on the| head the morpent they appear above the furface. , When the houfesof the beavers happen to be nearal fivulet, they are more eafily deftroyed t the Imnier/ then cut the ice, i^nd fpread a net under it, break downl the cabins ,of the beavers, w;ho never fail to make ton w;ai^the deeped part, where they are entangled an^ tain^.^ But they mufl: not be.fu^ered to remain there long, a^ they would foori extricate theinfelveh with tiieiij teeth, which are well knovrn to be exceflively (h^rp and ftrong. - 7 he Indians take gr^t care to hinder ,th;rir dogs fron touching the borps of^thV beavets I he realbna they gir^ for thefe precautiotis, are, fird, that the bones, aie foei ceflTivi^y hard* thatthfy fpoil the^tfetlTpf the 4ogs t and iecondly, that they art apprthcnfHre.they (ball fo ex« ' r A ■ sl>t|Mj^' eARVER^Sl^kAVEU. Hi '"j^? ptr^ltc the fpirits of the beavers by this perm^ifion, as to render the next hunt ng feafon uafuocefsfuL The flcins of thefe animals, the hunters exchange witl\^ the Europeans for nece^^iriet, and as they are more val- Bed by the latter than any other kindoffurs» they pay the greateil attention to this fpecies of hunting. When the Indians deftroy biiffalos, elks« deer, &c^ they generally^ divide the Beih of foch as they have ta,' ken among the tribe to which they bel6ng. But in hunt* ing the> beaver a few families ufaaUy unite and divide the fpoil between them. Indeed, in the firft inftanc^ they generaUy pay Coma attention in the dtvifioi^ to ilieir own families ; but no jealoufies or mur- murings are ever know* to arife on account of any ap^ parent partiality. AiQong the Nau:dowc0iesi if a. perfoii (hoots a deer, bufFalo,dtc. and it runs (o a confiderable diftance before it drops, where a psrfon r belonging to another tribe». being nearcr,firft fticks a knifietntait. the game is con^ fidered as the property of the kitter, notwitnftanding it had been mortally wounded by. the former. Though this cuftom ippears to be arbitrary ana unjuft, yet that people cheerfully fubmil to it. This deciiion is, how., ever, very different from that pradtifed by the Indians, on the back of the colonies, where the fir ft perfon that hits, is entitled to th« beft (hare^| CHAPTER IX* or THglE MAKMBR OF MAKIKO WAR, ttu T: _ HE Indians beri^ to bear arms at the age of Ef- Iteen, and lay them aude when they arrive at the age of ifixty. Some nations to the fouthward, 1 have been in- Iformedt do not continue their military exercifcs after [they are fifty. In evify band or nation there It a feleA number ^ho ■♦: , ^' H i 11 it •' !'i im GARVEH^ TRAVELS. are (liljtd the warriors* and who are always ready to ad either offeorively or iiefenilv^iyy as occafion requires, Thefe are j^eM armed, bearing the weapons coaimonly ill ufe among th^in » which vary according to the (itua> tion ok their countries Such as have an inter courfe with the Europeans make ufe of tomahav«ksi knives, and fire ar^ms 4 butt dic^wliole dwellings are iituated to the we(^ward of'the Miiliiippii and who have not an opportunity of puneUafing thefe kind of weapons, ul'e bowsaad at{!aws> aad alfo the CaCe Tetei or War The Indians that inhabit flill further to tbe weftward, a iCQ^rtry which extends tOi the foutli Sea,uiie in fight a warlike inftrumeut that is v^ry undQmnBQn.^ Having great plenty of horfes, they always attack thjeir enemies PD hprfehack, a|Ki . encuflttber themfejves with no other weapon .than, a ftonc of a middling fize, curioufly v>i;0fight» wlkich they failen by a: ftring, about a yard and ^Ihaill' long, to their rjght arms, a little abpve the elbow. The&fton^s they conveniently carry V in their hands, till thev reachiheir enemies, and then fwingiog "them with great dexterity, as they ride full fpeed, never I fail of doing execution. The country which thefe tribes peiT^rfSi abounding with large exienfive plains^ thofe who atiack them &ldom return ; is th^ fwiftnef^ of theii | horfes, on which theyjire mounted, enables them to o« vertake even the flee mi of their invaders. The Naudoweifies, who had been at war vrith this! people informed me, that unlejGi they found moraifes grl thicww'ts to which riiey cpuld retire, they were fure of! bting cut off: to prevent this they always ^ook care I whenever they made an onfet, to do it near fuch retreats! as were isnpaiTable for caFalry,they then having a great] advantage over their enemie&twhoie weapons would cot there reach them : Some patlOni make ufe of a javelin, pointed with bonel work"5d into, different forms j but their Indian wesiponi^ in general are bows and arrows, and the Ihort club atj ready memioned. The latter is made of a very har(f woodl and the head of it faHiioned round like a ball» H J||PUl|bc«6k^ti iind ah*lf4uMi?eter> i|> tbif roUnd CAltVEK^S TkAV^S 1«7 jjtot IS 'fixed an frdg** tefem^ng' that of a tohiahawlc', f^r of fteel t)i^ iJinti whichfcj/evef they cart procure, •I'he^ dajjjger is pteculiar tb the Naiidbv^eSie natioir, and of ancient confti uilion, but they caii give uh «c* iijiidnt how long it has befen in ufe Among them. It was originally Aiade of 'flint or bone» but iince they have liad communicritioh with the European trsiders* they hirve formed it of fteel. The length of it is about tfrn iad; ^ Its edge* «te keehyand it gradually tap- er^ towairds a point. They wear it in v fheath made <^ deer's leather, tieatly ©rnsWiientcd with pordipine s ; and it is uf^ally bung' by a Itring, decorated in ^6 fame manner, which reaches ^ as loVir only as the breaft. The'^Urit/BS weapon is worn by a feW of the incipkt clfiefs alone, and confider^d both as an ufeful ftrument, ftnd slu ornkMental badge of fuperiority. I obferved among the NaUdoWeffies ia few targets or Ids' m;ide of raw -buffalo hides, and in the form of Ct ufed' b^ ! the anc iehts. But ^s the nuniber of thefe s Dnall, and I could gain no intelligence of thte Kre. liilk'hich they fiift were introduced kmong them, I fup- itijfe thofe I faw had defcended from father to fon, for any generations. The reafoiis *:he Tndianv give of making waV agafnil ne ahother, are much the fame a^hbfe urged by more ivilized nations foi diflurbing therranquility of their ighbors. 'I'be pleas of the former are however iagen- al more rational and juft,than fuch as are brought by ere fure ofKurdpeans in vindication of their proceedings, took carel Thfe extendon of empire is teldom a motive with ch retreatibefe people to invade« and to commit deptredations on ing'^ greatwterritoiies of thofe who hapfien to d'vcil nc^iir them, would cotlto feciire the rights of hunting within particular lim- , to maintain the liberty of pading through their ac* _ with boneBiftornei tracks, and to guard thofe lands which they Ian weapoQiloniider from a long tenure at their own, againft any Tt club awfringement, are the general caulcs of thofe difTentions very harAat fo often break out between tht Indran nati(>iispand ^ a Uall» afcich afe carried on with fo much animofity tbU ToUndl Thbu^h llranger^ to the id«ii of feporate prop^tfi ly to ad requires* anmonly he (itua* lercourfe . knives, t Htuated v« notan ponS) uie , or Was ^•eftwardt in fight a . Having Ir eAemiei h no other curioufly It a yard '. above the 7 Jn their 1 fwinging ,eed, never hefe tribet lins, thofe jeftoftheii tl^em to 0' vrith this oralFes gr if'i. m CARVE Jl»S TRAVELS. yet the mod uneulttTsited among them are well a6 quainted widt tho right of their eommumtf to the do« mains they poiQGifsy and oppofe with vigor any encroach^ inent on them. Notwithftandiag It is generally fuppofed that frotn their territories being /o extenlive«. the boundaries of| them cannot l>e afcertained* yet I am well afTured that the Ifmits of each nation in the interior parts are laid down in their rude plaits with great preci'fion. B) theirs, j US I have beforiQ rbfervedf Wft» I enabled to regulate my own ; and attef the moft exa£t obierVations and en* { iquiriesi fot|nd very few in(tances ii^ which they erred. 6ut intered is not either the mod frequejnt or moft] powerful incentive to their making war on each othen 'I'hepajllibn of revenge, which is the diftinguiihifig chari ajElerift^ pf th^fe people} is the moft' general motive.! tnjuiies are felt by them with jexquifite fenfibility, and] Ve^geancf^ purfued witlr unremitted ardor 'lo this may be, added, that natural etcitation which every ln*| dian becomes feiirible of, as foou as< he approaches th^| age of manhood, to gire. proof of his valor s^nd prowefsi As they are early ^ poiieired with a notibn that watj JQUght to^ the chief bufmefs .of their lives, that therej Is nothing more deiiroUB than the reputation of being gieat warrior^ and that tlve fcalps of their enemies, oij a number of prifone^ are alone to be efteemed valuaj ble, it is not to bew^dered at that^he younff Indiani are continually reftlefs and uneify if their ardor is reJ i;|i;efl!ed, and they are kept in a ilate of inactivity, la ther of thefe propenfitives, the deftre of revenge •r tbd gratifieations of an impulfe, that by degrees becon^ej habitual to them, is fcflictcnt« frequently, to induce tliiin to commit hoililities on fome oi the neighboring naj t'ions. f%Whein the chiefs find any occafion for making 'Vrarj tney endeavor to aroufe tiiefe habittides, and by tha toeans foon extite their warriors to take arms, lo tliil burpofe they make ute of their martial eloquence, neaij ly in the following words, which never fails of provinj feffe^ual ; ** the bones of our deceafed countrymen lij lineoveredi they call otit to us to revenge their wrtii;i 'i^. CARVER'S TJlAVrLS. 169 [ind ?f^ nuft faCisfy their requeft. Their fpirits cry out iioftot* They mufl be appeafed. Th^ genii; who Ire the guardians of duf h(Ator,f ofplre us with>a refoln* 311 i^o Mek tlie enemies of our mundered brothei^. [Let us go and devour tbbfe by ^honi they were ilalm Hit therefore no longer ina^iye, givewiy to theim^iilfe ydur natural vi&ri anoint youv hair j paint yciurfaV It ^iyour quitets, caufe the fot^ft to refound with }ar Ibnesj confole the fpirits of the dead and teU them^ sylhaU bereyeiiged.** • ' AiiH:^ Animated by thdie exhortations UtA warriors ifutm $ir arms in a tranfport of fury, fmg thefong of #ar» |id bmn with impatience to imbrue their hands in the lood of their enemies. Somti^times private chiefs a(!emble ted to carr^ into execution the intentions which I am about to difj dofe to you. The blood 9f our deceafed brothers not yet wiped away ; tjieir bodies are not yet covere and I am going to perform this duty to them.*" Having made known to them all the motives that is duce him to take up ai:ms againft the nation with whoii they are to engage, he thus proceeds : ** I have ther fok-e refolved to march through tJi^war path to furprifi theit). , We, will eat their flefliand drink their blood we v^tU take fcaips and make prifoners ; and ihoolj we perifli in this glorious enterprife, we (hall not be fo ever hid in the duft, for this belt ihall be a recompei to him who .buries the dead.'' Having {aid this^he la; the belt on tl^e ground and he who takes it up declare himfelf his lieutenant, and is confidered as the fecieond^ij command ; this, however, is only done by ^nuf diAir guiHied warrior wlio has a right by the number of italps to the pofl;. 'I'hoOg'h the Indians thus afTert that they will eattl ileAi and drink the blood of their enemies, the threat! only to be confidered as a figurative exprefiion. No| withlUnding they fometimes devour the hearts of tho they (lay, anci drink their blood by way. of bravado, < A&gijatify^ ia a jnorie complete manikr their revenj CARVER'S* Travels. 171 Ijtt they are not naturally anthropophagi, nor ever feed 1^ the flefh of men l^e chief is now waQied from his fable covering, an- [oioted with bears far, and painted with their red i^aint, linfuch figures as will make him appear mod terrible 1 1 Ijpseneniies. * He then Tmgs the war fong« and enume^ ^tes his warlike anions. Having done this he fixes his eyes if^oti the fun, and pays his adorations to the Great [Spir'Ui in which he is accompanied by all the war- ' rs. ■ ■ ■ , This ceremony is followed with dances, "ucjb as I ive before defcribed ; and the whole concludt^i with a hiSi which ufually confills of dog's fiefh I This feaft is^ held in the hut or tent of the chief war- l^idr, to which all thofe who intend to accon;pany aim in expedition fend their diOies to be filled ; and 'during lie feaft, liotwith (landing he has fafled fo long, he fits sm^ofe^y with his pipe i»his mouih> and recounUi be valorous de^ds^ of his fawiily. * As the hopes of having thoir wounds, (hould they re« [ceive any, properly treated,and expedftioufly cured,muft fome additional inducement to the warriors to expofe Jinfelves mote freely to danseri the prielis," who are Jfo their doiSkors, prepare fuch riiedicines as will prove leficaciofis With great ceremony they carry various )ts and plants, aud pretend that they impart to them power of healing. ' Kotwith (landing this fuperditious method of procee- ding, it is Very certain that they have acquired a knowl* )ge of many plants and herbs that are of^a mediciu- quality, ^nd wliich they know ho^^to ufe with great till; From the time the refolulion of engaging in a war is ta- bn to the departure of the warriors the nights are fpent in eftivity and theclaysin making the needtul prepaiations* If it is thought neceflary by the nation going to war, Solicit die alliance of any neighboring cribe, ^ey fix tpon one of their chiefs who ijpeaks the f^rpe language [i that people well, and who is a good orator^i and id to them by him a belt of wampum, on which is sciQ^d the purport of the emha^f in ^fx^r^ th^t cy- W'i ■ill ■ ^ m ■ ,: ; I' lit e A RVE1l»S TRAVELS ■ crjr nation IS acquainted with. At the i'.ii.* ihn^he carries ^ith him a hatchet painted red* ris foon as he reaches the camp or village to which ]ie is del^ined, he acquaints the chief of the trthe wit^ the general tennor of his commiflion, wlib immediately aflembles a couacil, to which the ^mhaiTador is invited. There having laid the hatchet on the gr(>und he holdiii the belt in his hand ai i^Tary concludes that the people whufe afliftance he foli. cits have already entered into an alliance with the foes! of hi? nation, ind returns wit)^ fpeed to: infprm his cp.uiv. trymeh of hfs ill fuceefs. 'I'he maniier in which the Indians declare War againftJ each otner, IS by fending a ilave with a hatchet, the handle cf which is painted red» to the nation which | they intend to break with ; and the mcifenger, notwith* (landing the danger to which he is expofe^ (torn thel fuddeo fuij of thofe whom he thu^ £;ts at defiance, ezi] ecutes his comn)iinon w ith great fidelity^ Sometimes this token of defiance has futhaici inftan*] -Caneous effed on thcfe to whom His prefcnted,; that m the firft tranfpoiisof tlieir fury a frnall party will iflfuej forth, without waiting fot th? pern^iffion of the tided chiefs/ and flaying the firft of the pfendtog nation they I meet cut open the body and Click a hatchet of the famel kind as that they have just received, into Jthe heart c^i ihttrfiaughteted foe. Among ^Jie mOre remote tribcsl this is done with an wow or fpear, the.end of wliicl»>iif paintedi red. And tliimore to exafperate, they difmenii ber the body, to^^Ihow they efteem^em pot ?s meni but] as old -women.--.' ^ #^i*''^-''-x:-''.,^ , -. The Indiant feldomtake t$e fi^ld in laige bodies, fttch numbers would require a greater degree of indufJ CArRVl;R'S travels; 17a ^'^dVidkf ^r their fabfillencei during their tedious rdJib^ through the dreary forefts* or long yoyrfges ov- j^4^^t?s arid tiftTh than they jrduld tare to beftow, ' T^^ir s|Vmte$ art never encdinhered with baggage or jjilitary Itbreiv' Each'Wiatrio^^^ his weapons, . ^Tti^ ^\ihMai*iMiSLrci!Sit, and whUft at a diftance 6ni'ih!<^TroRt{ei^of'hib^aeniy iup ports hiinfelf with AegA'm^'he'kilk'cr the filh he catches. ■ VViieh iil^ {^Ms ihl- foundeft fleep. ^.l^hfoughout the whoWp^ U>€;|>Keceding, tiighttii#y w^iU Se ftat op thehr faces* w«hoat(|l^rring j! and make their, apprQ9(||^s in the iaaa^ pofture, creep* ing upon thftir hands aji4 ^t.ttU^thef.^are^j^pr within bowlhot of tFoftjthey hayi^^jftin^^tp dejl^aion. Oai a fignal given hy the chief w^r;^i^,,|0i5\fhiody makes anfwer by the mpft 4?jaepu$, ij^^; {thfif all fiart up,and difcharging their anowsi^ j^pi famt infant vitlwut giving th«r adverfaries |ime7f^ twQverfrom the confufion into which thisy att€(.t^OWii» poiir in upon th^OTi with their war chibs or toj&ah^^'kil The Indians think 'here is little glory to be acquired fVom attaclcihg iheijr eoef^tes opeioly in the fieW;. their greateft pride is to furprif? ^nd deft roy. TjieiJ feldom engage without a maniteil appearance of Advantage. If they find the enemy on their guard, too^ftrongly eii. trdnched. orfuperior in numbers, they tetirj9^|,|ii;ovided they have an opportunity of doing (b» And, they es. t<6em it the the greateft qualification of a, cbie|"wa|nQr, to be able to manage an attajCkt^fp M dff^rpy as, many of the enemy at poflibler ?|t t^^^t^fe of a few men. ,i ._,.•■■-.■ ■^,. ■ . Sometimes they, fecure UiefpafeWes bebiAd ;trRras intercepted by a party of French and confederate Indians in their, intereft, who by this infiduous method of engaging found means to defeat his army, which con. fitted of about tTjfo , thoufand brave well difciplined troops So fecurely were the Indians poftedt that the Engllih fcarcely knew from whence or by whom they were annoyed During the whole of the engagement the latter had fcart ely a fight of an enemy j and were obliged to relreat without the fatisfadion of being able to take the leaft degree of revenge for the havoc made among them. The GenCiai paid for his temerity- witti hit ]i&, and was accompanied in hitfmll by ^ great nunn* ,./■■ C A|y^l^J3 TRAVIS. 175 hp of toye f(|^llo)W5 ; y^hH ejierjiies had ^pjaljrljtwpqr^ three of their numljer wounded. L Vii/T&ien the lndjjwi« f«ccped in^ their fileivt approacbea. |iind are s^hle tQ rorce the tfamp which they attack, n ]fcpaej«t^oiTor that exceeds defcViption, enfues. J'lie fi^age fMerceneTp of th^e i^anqueforK, aD(J the defperation the conqiiece^» wBV well know i^hat thv'y haye to ex- Vpe& Aonlcftliey' fall aliVe into the hands of their a iTail- [i^^ 0^cii|(m th^^ f»|tiaQrdmai^,y exertions on ,both [fiifes; l^ei&gy^lcei^f.the^Pn^'^^^ ^^^^ yack an4 red paiiiLaud covered with the bl9od of the i^inV their. hon(dyel\^i$^pd,^U fvLTYt are not to ,!;>£ coi|cf|ived by thofe who have never crofied the j ;J hayeifrequ^ntly be^n a fpe^lator of them, and once ijwea part,ip,.a^^^ B)it what added to the Ibor^br, ofj^it W^Ap^^tha^ had i;ipjt the confolation of be*, hngabie tp o|)j!>ojr«5^thi5ir iayage. awiacj^a. Every circiinj. |Qiuice,>ofi theJa^^ienture liill dwells on my remembrance, laAd e|:||2|^l|f^i^]|^ t9 d(c^c^ the [brutal nercencC^ oif uie Xii^diails when they have furprif- Iftd or oijcrpciwer^d aa ^i^efiiy^ ^ , . j [As, a detaft ,o{\^e maJTacre a^ torf yVijliani Henry, I in the year ItSY, the fcene to which I Vefer^ cannot ap* [pear foreign to the defign of thU publtcation, bat will prve to give my readers a Juft idea of the ferocity of itfifis people, I fliall take the liberty to infcrc it, apolo- jizine at the fam^ time for tlie leneth uf the digrefllion, lind thofe egptijms which the relation tenders una void* Itble. * ~ / General Vfebh, who commanded the Englifli army |iB.Nor|(> Amc^rica; which was Uien encamped at fort Xdward* leaving uiteUi||«nce that the French troops uri< m Monf. Mbntcilm were making fome .movements Mrards fort Wt^i|uv»4^enr,y « oe detached a corps of a- >at fifteen hundred men, contilUng of EngliOi and 'rovinciah, to ftrengthen the garrifon. In thir party went as k volunteer among the latter. The. apprehen&ons of the EngliOi General were not rithout frundatioh ; for the di»y after our arrival we tw lake Geofge ,(&rfBerly lake ^acr^mcnt) to which y rtK^scomf^liMs; covered ^^^w twia^ts V Jinii in a few hotirs we fo^uftd odi" lioes attiicied bf rhe French j»,e^ei^r, who had jtiit hnd*d wi en thoufahd llegiilars ajid Cahadiahs, iiiid tWo thou- fand Indian*. ColoneV Moiwo, a'; bfA-^e dfficecj com- taandt^d fh tha fort, ahd ha4 no mote tb'an ^tvvb \iteii* fanithrtc hundred totfo tvitfe hini, pttf''dlefe»thitteqt in. diided/ ' ' ■■^■•-''^**^''- ■•'■'^i""^'^'' •'■■•• ''^f-^ --'•'"'^ •^: J With tl>.efe hetDAiie^itgslilWt iJ^f^nce, i!|iij llfbbabljr ^6\i\ «ind reluilautly tattred into ^ negociation. CAftVtR*? TkAVEijS. In 'p5hri(^eration of the gallant defence the garrifon told m^de, diey wert permitted to march oat With all (fee honors of war, to be allowed ^overed waggons [» tninfpoit their baggage loi fore Edward", and a guatd to protifft thetn frbrn the fury of the fivages. . 1 he morning after th«f ijipitiiiati'nn wa<» Hgried, at diy broke, the whole garriioa, now (Jbrifilting of about kifo ihoufaad men, befides wbtnen ^nd childi:en, were [drawn up within the line^, and on the point 6f march- ling off, when gr^a^t nunsibers of the Indians gather6 a^were^fD clofe tj)g9ther, that they could not ftrlke a^ lii^ without endar^^ing each ochei . Notwithftand- mg, i^hi^b one of the^n JTouad nieanito make a thruft at Hii? with a fpear, which grazed my fide, and Trom another I received a wound, with the fame kind of wea. pQn>^^inm^ ankle At length I gained the fpot where ^ countrymen ftood, and forced rnyfelf into the midll of them. But before I got thus far out ot the hands of fhe Indians, the collar and wriflbinds of my fhiit were alj that remained of it, and my fle(H was fcratch* edtand tbrtiin many places by their favage gripes. By this time the war whoop w^s given, and the In- dians beg^n to murder ihofe that were neared to them without dillindion. It is not in the powei of words to give any tolerable idea of the horrid fcene that now en- fued ; men» women* and children were difpatched in the moil wanton and cruel manner, and immediately fcalped. Many of tliefe ravages drank the blood of their viflims, as it flowed warm from the fatal wound. W|» now perceived* though too late to avail us, that we were to expect no relief from the French ; aacl that contrary to ilie agreement they had fo lately figned to allow us a fufficient force to prote^ us l^om thefe in* fults, they tacitly permitted them } for I could plainly perceive the French officers walking abottt at fome dif- tance, difcourfiog together with apparent unconcern. For the boflor ofhttman niiture I would L«>pethat this flagrant breach of every facred Iav, proceeded ravher | from the favage difpofittbii of th^ H n$, which I nc* knowledge it is fomettme^ almofl- impoilible to controal, and which might now unexpedtedly hav^ arrived to a I pitch not eafily to be reftiained, than to any premedita* Ud defigo in the French commander. An unprejudic- CARtER*S; tR:A*felSi. iSf-. '• obfervcr would, hdweve'rb^apt^o cdfl^^^^ a body of ten thoiiraiid |chMian troops. th(^- b^^^ ^ops, liad it in tbelr power to preVeot the n^ifacre ^om becomil^ £q gen^riaK But whatever Was the cattie from which it iiTpfe, the coniieqUences of it were . dreadful, and not to be paralleled in inqdern hiftdrj. As the circle in Wl^'ich I ftood enclofed by this timift was much thinned, ahd death' feehred to be approach- la^ with hafty ftridesy it was prppofed by "Tdme of th^ ihoff refolttte to make one vigorous effort, and ende^v- <(Hr to force our way through the favae^s, the only prob- tbie method of preferving our 4ives that now rsihained. This, however defperate, Was refolved on, and about twenty of ttsfprung at once into the midft of them. *^; In |L moment we were 'all fu parated, and what was thefat^ of my cdmpahionf t coul^jiot leain tiU fonii| nonths after, when I found tl^at ^nly fix or feVfen df ^em effeded their defign, rntent only on my own haz. ^ ardous (icuatronrl endeavored to make my way through fDy favage enemies in the bell mrnner poffible. Arid I have often been aftonifhed (ince, wh^i^i I haVe recol- lected with what compbfure I took, as 1 did, every nee* •sCay (lep for my prefervation Some I overturned, being at that tiipe youi^g; and athletic, and others Ip^f- $i by, dextroufly avoiding their weapons" } till s^%}^i two very (lout chiefs of the moft favage irtWtit as I 6ould ditMngui0i by their drefs»^whofe ftrength I could BOf reCiAt I^id hold of me by each arm, and began tQ force me through the crowd. -! * 1 now refigned myfclf to my fnte, not doubting but that theiy intended to di^atch me, and then to fatiale tneir fengeance with my bfeod, as I found they were hurry- ing me towards a retired f\^amp that lay at fome dtf- tince. But before we had got many yards, an Englifh ientleman of fome diftinAion, as I could diCcover by his breeches, the only covering he had on, which were et fine fcarlet velvet, rufted doi^ by in. One of rhe Indians inilantly relinqaiihed his la! i, And fpring- bgon this new nbjetft, endeavored to ieize him as his |Mrey ; but the gentleman being Urong, ihrtJf him on the ground, and would probably have got away, bad '41 W ! !i!,-I nil .1^1 .'i'ifl li M IIP cmym^ T^^vELs. , K- l£ notJj^ \yhp hjld my 9^iNC| arm, quitted me to ?iffift his bi^t^^ ^'1 ^ticd the Opp^^ity^ away 0- k?|n jl^no that were yet ^nbi-Qi^nv liod 1^0^ at iome diftance. But lieifore I liad takc^n many fleps, 1 hastily caft lay! eye towards^ the genttema% and faw the Il^^a^^s toiiaaI^4k jga^ into his back and heard him iilier% lajl Miao^i Mi ^dded Pih to my (peed and ^gfrati9i|. I^ad ten thii lhRilh4irj?jj>«r.4jar€ tny iof foQn recovered its wonted ft rength, and my mjDdi fir as t(i* r£66)leAi(^ii^ of ili^ Iftie «pel?Ma'c;holi H? yehts Jt w^rcempmed ihat>ftfteeiii' hwdf^d pcr^ocf ^^e led prmiac^ prifonecs by ihefe lavages during ^ tJvis itai dijv^ Man y'ofthe latter w^rei carried off by t^em njairen retoideid A few, thra«ig)i favorab^ acfgi- lontSyloiMid their :way back to their ndttve county, a^ hairing exp^rittictd ar Jo»|^ and fevere captivity* .> 1 he brave colonel Mujm> ^^ad h ^ftcii jd asvny /oon af- r th^corfuiion began, tatlite French cajh^ ioeadcav feikt a -partyof troops to demaiid and ddluiin tolc to fort Edward. iJut thefe unhappy nciirrenoe«i which would probably lia/e biren prevent^ had he. l^een' left to purfue his Own ^^^lans, togethtr itk^erlo& of fo many bra^ felloi^s, inurdered in cokl lood, to whofe v«ilor he had btet fo. lately ^ witn^ff, 4de;>)F*j¥ ail impreffion on bi« iktiiuJ) that he dfdncs ^me. He died in about threenionths of ii broil* I Reavt>rand with truth might it be faid, di^t he mm honor to ht3 (Country. I m^an not to point cut the following /ctrctimftance the tmmtdiate judgmer^t of heaven, and intended a^ atonenienr for mis flaaghter ', but t cannot omit that ry few of thofe different tribM of Indians that firared it ever livedto *«im-n homt, -The fm.ill poi, by Q . ■•'! .!> lis eAt V£llt*$ T R A vsu. 0ieaii« 6f Ui^r c^iQll'tMicMioii #ith Um; faro i^liJilCf i»7 a.m6ng clittittfAnd mademi eqaal ha to vlit dicy tli^lillfdiitiliad ctoM.i Tht methods »iiff«ed on.thtt lilftjIUack of that naligiiam ijifor^ ^odircd^kfiital Whtllt' th«fr blood was ma fta^ £^ii^ntitioB« and tfature wat Mving to throw out i iMecatit iWltlcn dM^^l««kedher opperatioot by plui; inr&iio^^ watei^l the c/^feqoence was that they i j^hfi^vtndTtds^ The'ftfw that iiiTvWed ^icre trj ^«ted% it into liidebusi objeAs, and bore with the '4b we grave deep in#nted marls ^tfalt mtith drc iCd'dt&afe. -. ■: '\<4--> ^v^^^V '•■:.'>'/■'' .. R^ofieur li|<^tcalm fcji.foov after on the pliuns ;QuebeCk ■' ", c-i V > 1 hat the «i«)^itoyoked crueltf of this commander ^ -jiot approved «f by ^hegeneraltty of hts cdns^tryi I have fince been eOnviiMed of by many proofs.. oiUy however, wbtich 1 received from ^ perfon who ^ -Witneik to it (hatl I jit prefent give^ 4 Canadian vat t<«hanCt of foflie«onfideration» having heard of the fo ^vender <>f (he B^igliih foxt, celebrated the fortaoate vent with great fejoktags and lM)rpiulity».aceoFdfng the ieciAom of ^t«ai^country ;«bttt n(^ fooner did the nti cf the maflacre which enmed resich h|t ears, . than «yt an imttiediate (lop to his leftivitr» and cadaii m the ievereft terms againlk the inlMiman peiJnifilon j declaring at the fame time that thofe who had cont ((•d at it, had thereby dravA dowii) 0|i that part of tl hinges domkiionf the vengi^ance of Heaven. To tli'' ^ addedi that he much feared the total lofs of the erould de^rvedl^ be the confequence. How trtily xl 'pfedlftion has been verified we weU know. . Bat to retncn-*-»thoagh the Indians are negligent ij guarding agamil furpriRSi they are ali^t and dextroti tnfurpTifing their enemies, lio their caution and p«i Severance in tealing on the party .they def^n toattact they add that admirable talent* or rather inftin^Slifi qUaliticHtion I have already deicribed, of tracing oh thofe tlii'y are in pnrfuit of. On the fmoothf A gra^ ou the !i;irde(l earth, and even on the very Aone^, wij Ib^y dii cover the traces of an eeemyi and by the ihi CAItVER^S TRAVELS. laisf^ fJ^tilcpS) and the did^M^ between the priiits, dif^,. ^11% i!iot cmly whether itU a,^an or womaa whQ^,r 'f^iki {hat way, but eye ti the natipiisi' to which thef , iog' iHo^ef^ in^iiedihl? jtu« may appear* yet from tiiuifiy proohl recerved whilft ?>iiong them d their laslligj&ga^ty on thu point, I Cte no reafoa to dif^^; l^tevef^theie extraordinary exertions oi it ^ j> Whisn they^have overcome an enemy, and ttdory !• '|[>nger'douf>ifai* tbecenq43ieror« firl^ diipati^K all fuchf idwy think thof (|uil\ npi^ be ^l^^ *» Wy off^ without ? ^ It trouble* and tKen endeavor to take as n)any pri^ i-s; fi)i. no$b)e; after this they return to fcalp thofe ^'afe either deadly of too much wpunded to bet^kei^ liththjrm*. ' ■ ^ ^^ . . At t^ii* bufinefs they are exceedingly expert. Thejp^ , Hirthe hea4 of -the cfif4b^e4 9t 4eiii fnemy, and plae« ,* ^onf of thctK'feet on tke;nf;e|c« twtft their left lian4 j. the hair ; by tjlits ;!heans, having extended the ikifi« r u covers the top of the headi they draw^ out their lp\a^ knives;^ whtcih'aie alwaft kept ill good order ; dus cruel purp^ife; aivd wi^h: ajew dextrous .ftrokei^ ikeoff the part that i^\ termed; the fcalp: They are p>\ Expeditions in doing thift» tfaatitiie whole time' required Cjirc/eiy exceeds a minute.' Thi^e they preferye. as mon* i lent! of their, prbwel^ and at tlie. fam< tiipp j^s^ '^ of the vengeance thty hHyeinfii^ed on their efikf^' if^twa Indians fe|7e in ^e fam» inlhint a prifbner^ ' feem to have an equal claim, die conteA between »m- is ipon dccidtd; for to put a fpeedf eisd to any Sfpnte that might arife, the perfon t{iat is 'ippreheniive be (h^U lofe his expected reward, inimediately has re- )arfe to his toniahauk oi war club, and knocics on tlie id the unhappy caufe of their contention. , Haying completed their purpofes, and made as mu^h ivoG as poflible) they immediately retire tu wards their »wn country^, with the fpoil they have acquired, for fear [0I being purfued. " Shoiild tiiis be the ca^, tliey make ufeof many (^rat- igemt, to elnde the ieaiches o( their, porfuerfi 1 hey 'imeiipMi i«sitter ieavesy faady or dtt4 over the ^rinig ■ ; i: mil] rel li^ dUM^STKAfEht^ •dWit feet; w3» ^a^ endeavor* toregaiuhisni^fecottrttry by a cttflfe Ihig tirevep^^ ajl further jiarftrit f fef theii- j>mftiers novr defpairrn^i^ithei' of gratifying theit re v^ji^ or of re. leafing thole of iheh-frj*i*d% wfcb W«re thadtJ eaptiV^^^ rctiim; hdmef.. ^■••■^■^^«J ^iif;^ ■ :i[/%j, , .; .i.c:v■^•'J'^<»■i:^ ;:•• ^f tlie if ucb^fiful>af tf 4i fy'Wcf as W^itke gootf^ iUtt tinit^t xmiMmeiiiih^ huti^nm^ tile gfeaiel "'^rieiif Httei*^^fe milfe ill i'ru^manncr €^ tHe bran- ^ cR^; C:^^ t^e:^' Thsh^ fledges coiflfift of two ^iroaFl] tlffp bosirdi^^ ilrbit a fo«>t Wide i^eft^ joihcd, aad. ftear ' fif fe'ct1f^#;-< 1 he Wrej^rt i% llittfetl tepi^nd thefidey a»% tiDiiJ^^' **i»i*iiiMaif ban^s. llie -Indiarts tf54i» cariiage* wiUsgr^ ever fo inuch , loltfded-, by im!«^^©f;4i%nng which paflfei rotind the 1 htmit This coHarJs ciHed% Mettt«i^i^n5 is in ufe I throughout Anieripa, berth in the fettlements and the in* ternal payti. TO^e'ttfed ih^tWktter arfetnade dfteath- ci^.aiidVery-teioilfly ^r»aghtr:'l-'": '•^: '^-'-^:yj^ ^r. ' 7 he ^rifonendtilitvg^eh^ march are»*^i»ftii;d with iWgtHMcivt. l5iiring iheday, if the jbtWrf^y % o- \et;fe4, they utenlwayi held i>f fome erf the vjaori. 0U5 partjr ; if bjr watery iheyaVe ^afteneJ to the canoe. In the nfgh|: titfap they are ftretchfed along the g^cfund qfilt« ttaked, i^!th thlir fegS,' anais, .and nedt fattfrilfed t.j ^ hdol^i 6 jced iii the gr found means to elude the tigilance of a party [of warriors, and not only to make her efcape from them, [tat to revenge the caufe of her coantrymen Some years -ago, a (mall band of Canadian Indianiy [eonfiiiing of ten warriors attended by two of their wivest made an irruption into the back fettlements of New England. They lurked for fome time in the vicinity of cne of the moft exterior townS} and at length, after haV« Uog killed and fcalped feveral people, found means to take a woman, who had with her a fon of about; twelve years of age. Being fatlsfied with rbe execution they I bad done, they retreated towards their na e country, vhich lay at three hundred miles dillar and carried cff with them their two captives. The fecond night of their retreat, the n, whofe I name, if I miftake not, was Howe, formeu a refolution worthy of the ipoft intrepid hero. She tnought (he iliould be able to get fiom her hands the manacles by [which they were confined, and (letermined if (he did fo to make a defpsrate effort for the recovery of her free- dom. To this purpofe, when (he concluded that her coqquerors were in their (bundeft (leep, (he (Irove ta flip the cords ftom her hands. In this flie fucceeded ; and cautioned her fon, whom they had fufered to go un- bouad, in a wh;fper, agaiaft being furprifed at u''htt (he was about to do» (he removed at a diftance wii'-. great waiinefs the defbn(rve v/eapons of the Indians, whicU lay by *heir ftdes. Having done this, (he put one of the tomahtwks in,- (0 the hands of the boy, bidding hin». to follow her ex- ample ; ajid taking another herfelf, felt upon the (leep* ing Indians, feveral of whom (he inllantly dtfpatch^d. Bather attempt was nearly fruftrated by the imbecility of her fon> who iKunted both ftrength and refolution, made a feeble ftroke at one of theni^ wliich only ferved to awaken him ; (he however fprung at the riling war- rior, and before necotld recover his arms, made htm fiak tinder the weight of her tomahawk ; and this (he alternately did to all the reft,except one woman, who a- woke in time, and made her efcape. The kcroine then took off the fcalps of her Tanqu'ib^ ».< I r ^^^■-'■•' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 •^ Uii 12.2 I!f 144 ■" IM 1^ m -> '^I^; ^j" ■> Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 Wni MAIN STMIT WIUTn,N.Y. MSM (71*) •71-4S03 > M N> r 1 «AtV£t*« -il^f tLS. , V *^ ed eneftiies, and fetzing alfa thofe they were carrying a. ^way with ihem a$ j^roofs- of their fuccefs, fte returned in triumph to the town from whence ihe had fo lately been^ragged, ^ the aftonilhflfient of all her nejighbors, who coiiWtcarcelf credit their fea&s, or^ftimonies ihe bore of her ama^ontaii tutre^dity. ^ During their itiarch tliiey oUige their piifoners to fing theh- dearh-fong, which gefierally coinifts 6f thefe or fimifar fentences : *' I aof a going to die, I am a* boiit to f^ffer ; bolt I will bear' the fevereft tortures my enemies can tnflt^y with becbiatng fsrticade. I will die like a brave roan, and £ JhaH go t&jota the chiefs that ha^e differed oii ihe fame account" Thefe fongs are continued with the necefTary intervals, until they reach tfif6 village or camp to which they are going. "When the warriors ate arrived wUbtn hiring, they Ut up different cries»whidi communicates to their Iriends a genewlhllVory of the expedition. The number rf dl'ath cries they give, declare how matiy of their own party are loft ; the riumber of war>whAops, the num- hfr of prifonen thwy have taktfn. It Is difficult to defcribe these cries, but the heft idea t can convey of them is, that the former conAfts of the found whoo»WhoQ» Whoop, whi<;h is continued' in a long ihrill tone, nearly till the Weath if ejthauil^d, and then );fc^e t^hat frone ,iof tbe> bloWs tbey^ [give prove mortal, as they^wifb- to jeCVrvc tl*e mifera. tbl« fwerers for more feKei»e iniidions. i ;^.' ; After having undergone this intPOduAory whiliil the «hief»' hold H [eouncil in which their fare is cktermined» -^-^-p^^^ Thofe who Are decreed to be put to death by the ufu« |altor>mef{tts, ^redelivered to the chief of the warriort | [iach 1^ are to be %ared( are given into die hands of dw [cbief of the nation t f > that in a ihort time all the pri^ ooerS may be affarcd of their fate, as the fentcnte tiow brmoufieed is irrecoverable, iheibrmer the> term be* ing con&gmd to the hoofe of death, the latter to tht Ikoufe of grac«< S«ch captives as are pretty far advanced in life, and. jhaveacqutred great honor by -their warliilie dlicds, il* ways at^ne ibr (he blood they have ipflt^ by the tori [tures tf firf. Their fttccefs in war is readily knowg, by the blue marks upon their brealts -^.M arms|. wluch are as legible to the Itidiaiis as letters ar^ t«( [Europenns,; '"■''--■■» .-'■- ■' . The maiiti^t^in which theft hieroglyphics are madr» lis by breaking the ikin with the «e«,th of il(h, or (harpeiMd Hints, dipped in a kiad of ink made of the foot of pitch pine. l4ilK thofe of the anclcFtt ptAs of Brlt^ diefe ate ttfteemed^ornanMntal « and at thciteie time ih^ ferve as regifters of the hemic anions of* the wairrtOTt who dios bears about him indeliable marks of his v^lor* ' ' The prifoners deftlned to death aie foon led to th« kaceor exectttion* which is generally in the centre, of the caiMp or village} Vthtin^ being ftript, and evciiy pan of cNrr bodies btaAleenedt the £in of a erow orm^ veo is 6itd on ihehr lMii4s. Thoy Are then bound to 4 — tir - ill! i ! '^^*a* m CARYEIt'S TRATELfi ftake, with faggots heaped around them, and obliged, for the Ua tifiie» to fuig their death fong. ^ The warriors,for fuch it is onl? who comroonljr {vlSqx this puriifhmenti baw perform in a more prolix manner this fad folemnity. They recount with an audible voice all the brave anions they have perforiiiedt and pride themfelves in the number of enemies they have killed. In this lehearial they fpare n«t even their tormentorsr but ft rive by every provoking tale they can invent, to ir- ritate and infuk them. Sometimes this has the defired e^e^ and the fuflPerers are difpatched fooper than they otherwife would have been. There are many other methodf. which the Indian* aaake ufe of to put tlieir prifoners (o deaths but theft are only occafional^ that uf burning is mcfil generally «|ed. i^-v'f;: Whilft I was at the chief lowo of the OtUgaumies^l an Illinois Indiau ^as brought in* who had been madej piifoner by one of their war*parties. I hod an oppor- tunity of feeing the cuftomary cruelties tnftdled onl their captives, wrough the minweft of their procefi. After the previous fteps neceflary to this condemnttioiN he was carried, early in the morning, to a little dif* { taace from the townt where he was bound to a tree. 'fhis being done, all the beys who amounted to great number, as the place was populous, were permit- 1 led to amufe themfelves with ihootmg their arrows at the unhappy viAim. A« they were none of ^icm mere| thtn twelve years old^ and were placed at a confidera* ble diftance, they had not ftrength to penetrate to thel >tital parts, £) that the poor wretch Hood pierced witbl arrows, and fuffiering tip confequcnt ag >, for motel than twd days* During thU time ht fung of hi^ war like explciti.l He recapitulated every ftratagem he had* made ufe of tol furprife nit enemies ; he boafted of the. 4nainties of fcalpil be poiteiled and enumerated the priibncis he had taken.! He then defcribed the different barbarouf methods byl which he had put the iatter to deatht and fcemed evei| tyhea to receive ineoncei«abl« pleafure from the rf ctta •f the horrid talew ^ ^ CAlirtit5e/imA5f«Lii »./ 1^1 [niijfois^ a^lwd iidUcft Intrt |ji%i)^[^s,^} j^ajd^^pirjflg^^^^^ rtiiresi ililiiJll i9%lift |(^ii|i)^iO; ^ ,|jf^^ejP..p3fopl*^ -td{%7tbt ihdiaA]^ fts pmdtt^ive^ c^ n^Qr^ ^^n i^e<^u0oce; fit r^l'tgtfi^^i) % £^^^ /^l Ha^f been ififor|ned,«tbAt an ItMjiat^vwfiq w^^tinder^ ■ lt«uisr of bis tonntfitemy . h,ai^dAoky to tf^i r; in* thaft tW/ were IgiiPlniitt (My^m^t 9044^ nop § ^ Ji(T«:hdiw tft ^ufe. brave; prisoners tp^ dejaibj.,^ lie acr 4 loainted them that lie bad. hertl^fpre t^lm^i fpnji p6I , W«f; *^*T"t6ri>,:and niiifti&ad P^ the trtviai puiii(bn(ient» ' )i iiifiifled'cm hiii^lhi^'haddeviM-fop t^ rncimting itot^meiAsrt ribtitt has^g ^u4 them to » ;1 lafcet he.badiiftaicfetiMir bc}4t«i AlH oOlt^i^p rplipters o€ f |«ip»»tNtie;A»ood) io inrfaioh he.^i^i'^r^^^* a^4. f|a{u;tn|^ i^Hh (bravado, which carried Wirh it tdij^tee pf m(ii)t»< n bat even the accuftanied -earof an ln«is»|i^Go^ld apt pfleR>to^nncfved» threw bis torment prs off rh?if gjuaird. d iiiorieiiedttlHP dunicionof hi»;jlon»<)r{^}:ifqr <9tnQi)^ f«h4eft' tad lo himiiattd r}pj>higt)Ut »Jvi» hfim^ ih^pp^dt > ^language. v . jTf;.j jm^ ^.„> j, ., ,, ^, , jr, l^auftieviubW are the fteriet^tbairtmaf lip. told ot the* •rage and refoJwtiontjf th* ImU4if»» w$)Q.hap^a>ta madJe^fdRcrs bf ihc'ir ad? ca^Ciries, M$K^ , that.. I r TiliMrd gie |9 «ftpatiBmg»:fthat tb^|r ibe lAiP «xf€«d ..IiPid; 1 I ^■■, GAItinfcR'S TRAtllLS;^ gtwof'of'ibitftdate^liUi^l^ii^^^^ of the andieHi'lienN^s «tdKi<^^Oi«e6e^«p;oC Atat^ v tiit«^^ t^> 1i4fidi^ ^^^ tif dMnnhsTe Wen noiatlced-^' tlDfii^ ^ttiod^rsuitMf ^te? #ch f«siii^e friron* ei% li44Mi^^^^l;#t)le^'Bll^^ lm^ie^ppen< ^'td^betalieA^f tlic^nii ^Witmeh of great boaiifcy kaVe vMHiit^NHhi^ a^i^wkhmidm iniles» th|iou^^ their Tetitedfof«ft» InlW>ki«f bf theirftde^ wUhoiic 4«ceiving: wty^lliriilt* 'ai}d diiir cbatUt^' baa 'r«nnain«d irivtolate. Inflkhttdft lia¥e lip^tlid • wheiie fiwiak eaf»tiYt^ who 'K«vi^.b«en jH-eg^ant at tlie^iine of* thdr betiig^keii) have had the pangs ^fdkftd birth come upoa them in th« midft df lbt|tsSt^i»«^ii stad fa Vmge^ their oiily com. IttAfdRi I y«| f^oBtt thtfilr» favaget as they were, have ih^teceiveddrerf aflfftaiite tb^^ iitttation weold ad- mit of; and been t]«ated with a degree of delicacj and- Iniffnanitf 'they little exikiaed. This f«rbearaf^, tcmu^ bo aeknowledged* dotis not pfbceed ahogfethffi'lVom thehr difpbfition, bnt U only in- herent in tliofe'^ho bji^«^fi»si«^<>aN'rontcation with tht French' niiflioAttfi^.' Withointn^ their nat- Oftt^itiiteiHies, the E^gllA, 'tbotild enp^the benefit of tb«iriitb6M; ^e^fil^lehttVetahta great paint to incaU Mteon'the Ritiidi of the Inditns the general principiei 6£ hdnaaiiity; 4^Sth has diffttfed ttfelf through their -snannehi, and has proved of pnblie utility. Thdft firlfoners that are cohftgned tov the^houfe of grace, ind^heft^e commonly the young noift,' women, ifid chiUren, await the ^fpofal of the ■> ctiktU «^o» af> ter the c^i^Mida qf fn^ ai arc condeMmect tOi di^i hold « Coulcjl for this pilrp<.ft. A H«r;ild is UnvwiAid the village nr catop^ to give notice th)tc fnch as have loft any relacions in tlie late ei* pcdition, aredefired to attend *be diftriDUtioD %hich ii ^hoiit to ttl^e plaoe* ^'holt irotoca «ho hil«« or who choofe to ; '&ip diviitofi' being 4ii9de, whrcb is done, at in otbpt f|f<^^itliQut the ietft difpttjee, thofewhphavexeceived :^tn|l (kme> ^^4 them;to their tenU cr huts ; and having vilfih^^nd titein* V»ih i^d dteis their wounds if thej ^ppe«^ to l^iii^f .received . s^^y i. they then clothe theni, and give them the nnioli ebisfortable and rt^ireft- ^^'tl?^^ ^*?*' ^^ I^Hl Mf'M *ir r^w doi^efttcii arcie^ing, they endeav* :^t to ^fninifter cotiibl:|tipn to then) ; they lell theia [^iiatjis thff ,^jf redeeitoed^^f^ death, they muft nofr ^ cheer&l ^nd ; h4^f f iipd it ; they ferve them »eV^ fMlh9i|tiB,9iQ»u?iug or tepining« nothing (bali be want* [^ to mak^ ,them iuch atoneroetu for the loTs of th^ ^iMltr^y 4(^d fneuds/as circuoiAances wiU allow ot ,, ,, if ^,ny,n^9n arefpfiied, they an;. commonly given to tewiflow^tli^^av^loli their hu(bands>7 the bandit e enemy, (hould there be a«y Inch, to whom, if ,thef liappen to pfc^fe agreeable, they are foon married But fbould il^; dame b< otherwiie engageo, the life of him who iaUs to her lot is ia great danger ; efpecially if (he ^Bcies that her late huib^nd wants a^flave in the coua^ . [ * Ibeh' Views hidfeed We laudable, as theyWa;^a«l| that by this methQct they (hinsdci Hot ipif prcveiiit mvim JhMwtfxnd blpddihed. biit and thW^e^^rtiiiitties of 'Q>re^adMg thdir -f eligfOii' aitibng them enc r^ed. Toi ^mn^fhtp6{^W^ eiiieouraged the irad^ to piirehafej ^cb ftav^s as they met with. '. '..-. r '• ' I '■^ l^Iifegdbd effeils ofthts mode of prOeWiftg were nSt llbw«Wr^al^tl«'the exp^diiticHts 6i khefe' pToos fathJ ■t0: Iniiead of b«fing the means of preventing crliehyj *lh^ blocdOiedrlt only c^ufed dtir^tioii# JMiweeti th«| lAdiao n^oilt to be «»rri««l «i viKh a f ^i»#^«gri «♦ tARVfiR'S TRAtrLS. m bn ct ft^ fla¥ei I li^f^^m. by l^'-as ooe tjibikfli Which ^a^ no dif.f fl(l%4iroW4 6l(^% thence klBtt, ll% aref l^ii parents I ? dilifii J who! I to the £uro.| • riip«riiitend» kaVe bi^n tn*| iroi#6narie!i[ }^ unhappyl % lb doipgl bey ih-jk^^iiiftll 3reveii(tii)tfdi| (yortoiitties ofj s to {ttirehad jj«oof« - fath.] itiiig crllehyj ilif tiolence, iind with unremitted ardor* The prize they jbilght for ^inr no longer revenge or fame, but the icj^uirement offpiritucus liquors^ for which tbetr ciip* ^ ^'yes were td be'exchaoged»and of which silmoft eyery lotion is immoderately Fond* they fought for their en« tmies with unwonted alacrityr and were coofiantly on the Watch' to furprife and carry them off. tt might' ft ill be- (aid that fewer of the captives saH tormented and put to deaths fince thefe expe^ations of receiving fo Valuable a eonfideration for them have ken excited than there ufually had been ; but it does sot appear that their accuftpnied cruelty to the war- riors they take, is in the leaft.^ abated ; their hatuial idefire of yeng^nce miifVbe gratjified ; they now only Ulcbnie more afltdnous in fecuring a greater number of young prlfoners, whtlft tho/e who axe made captive ill their defence, are lohnented and put to death ak ttrfbre. ' The miffionaries finding^^ that contrary to their wini* hi their zeial had only fer% ed to>ncreafe the fale. of the noxious jufces^pplied to the governor of Canada, in the year I69S,fQr a prohibition of this baneful tryde^ An •rder was imied accordingly, biit it could npt pu£ a total ftop to it ; the French Couiier de Bois were hardly enough to; carry it on clandeftinely, notwith* (landing the pcnalcy annexed to a breach of the profaU bition wai a conriderable fine and imprifoi^ent* Sonde who were dete^ed- in the proiTecution oif rt« Withdrew, into the Indian countries, where they interv in^rried with the nlitives, and underwent a Voltm* tary ^nifhment. Thefe however, beipg an abandon- efi and debauclied fet« tlteir condudl contributed ver prevent a difcovery of their numbirr, they marched I is a fihgle file, treading in each other's footfteps. Bbilr Cbtpeway Indians^ pafltng that way, obferved dlis army,«if!dVeadily guedbd ^atn the diredion of their march, and the precautions they took, bothrthe cou&try to which they were haftening, and their defigias.> Notwitftandtng the nation to^ which they belonged was at war with the Ottagaumies, and in alliancif with thtir invaders, yet firom a principle which'cannot be apr < counted for, thi&y took an inftant refolution to apprile- tile former of their danger*. To thU purpofe tliey haf. tifiied away with their u(halc«lerity, and uking a cir- ctiit to avoid difcovery, arrived at the hitntfog grounds efthe Ottagautnies ,.bdfore fb large a body, moving in fo cautious a manner, could do. There they fidund ar party of about four huadred warriors, fame of which were* Saidtic^ whom they informed of the approach of llieir enemies. ^ The chiefs immediately coUeded their whole force, and' held a council on the fteps that were to be taken for their defence; As they were encumbered with thrir CiiililieS|.it wu impolCble that they could retreat ia ■■' >.1,o ■*■ % w CAItVIll'i tKAtttl titfle } they therefore determined te choefi^ the ttidft ad j Tanugeoon fpot» and t« gi^e Uie IrO^oti the beft le. cemton iti^etF power, " ^ Not far frofli the pUce where thef then happened to. be» (lood two jhMiV&Wes* hetveen which ran a narrow neck of land id>oiit a iQile in length, and. only from, twemjr to forty yards tii'hreadtb. Concluding that the IroqttcMs tnteode^ to pafs |hroa||^?tiiit defile, the unit- ed bands divided tlieir liitle parly intd two bodies o£ two hondi'ed each. , One of thefe took poft at the ez- tr^ity of the paf* diat lay neare^ to their hnnting gtbiunds, which they inimeoiiiteiy fortii^d with a breaS w0rk formed of paltlfu£es s whim the .ot^ier body took a compafs jround one of the lakes, with ad^figpn to hem^ tl^r enemies in when ihcy liad entered the de61e. I^heir ftrat^eni fu^ceeded ; for no fooner, had the ,_^ whole of the Iroquei& \ided with w<»d fo| the IMirpofe^ they formed a iimtlai>'| br^|£ work on the <>thifer exaemity, and thus enclci^ tiMiii'enjniuei' - :. ■ ' . J^ l^e Irpgnois Ibbn pereenred t^^^ fituation, and ih>« nei^Utery^ey acoDncil on the naeafures that were ne- ce^iry to be pnrfttied to,^xtriciite thi^mfelves* Un!uck-''| llyyorthemathawhad which, had fa far di^dlyed t^ ice as td reorder it impai^le, and yet therjp (10 reiniained fuflScient to prdvclhtthem^om either . paffiiii^ over ihe lake on rafts* or from f^i%mtng acrofs. In this dil^maJt was agreed that they fhonld eadeav« or to force one of the breaft works ; but they foonfpnnd> them too well defended to effei^ tfaeh* parpofe. . ; Notwithftanding .^is dtfappoihtflaent, with the nfual. cotnpofnre and ' ynapprehenfiveneft of Indians, they amared^then^elvjes three or four d|y« in fiihin|^ By this time the ice being quite dtfloi?ea, they made ihem- felves rafts, wh&h they w^re enabled to do by fbme trees that fortufiftfely grew on (he fpot and attempted u crofs one of the lakes. They accordingly fet otf bobre day b*>eai: ; hAt the 0|tagauinies* wlto had been watchful >f ih^ motions, perceiving their defign, detached oiM^ ktiiidred sMid fifty men from each of their parties, to oppofe their tending. CAItTOI(?ttKAVEI.S: 19t efe three hundred inarched fo eipeditioufly to tkr prade of the lake* that they reached it before their jonenu had gaiiaed the Ihore, the? beihg retarded kf ^r polte ftickiiig in the mod. ^ , Af ftk)n at the confederates arrTred. they pdored m libeaVy Hrt, both from their hows and mufquetry, on l&troqooii, «^icH gTWrtly dtfconcerted ihem « tiU the litter SmBng th^r (itoatioi* deijpirate, leaped »otcr Ae Ifftter. and mght their way through ib« enemiej. Thls^ l^wet^, they coold^Hlc)! do wt^out loilng more than* lidf their oiea.^ , . • .- Ait^ the Iro^ots had laiided* they made good thetr' ..^eil, but wUre •bilged to l^veiheir^nemiei maftert [of the field, and in po&flfiott of all thef fun they hid ti- tten during theit winuSr*« hun^. Thw dearly dl^they my for an unprcJvdked excurfiou to fticb * «Nftance Ifrom the route they ou^t to have ptirft«ed,«udto'w^icIi li|ey were only int|ielled by a fadd*a dtefiie of f^tttijjg i^We of tfiiraMetttepwmi«^ '; ; I Diit had they ko6#n &or arentflh, they might haire l&ftroyed every man of Ae party ttiat oppofetf diew > Uhich even at the firftonfet was only inconfiderable, and then di»ii^%Jsthfe Irtdiaitsin^g^ UiStealed by meitwiary moUves, for a coilfideraMe timii [refi? m 6\knfi*& tRAVELs; And I believe that all the YA the banks of the Mifl^ippi north of the OaifcoBfint and the fettle. ments bmiglog tothe HudfonS Bay Coinpany, are at preftnc in a ftate of profound peace. Whentheitj reftiefs difpofitioDs will not fuilfer them to remain inae- tirt, thefe northern liwHans feldom coninit hoftilities on each other, but make excurfiont to the fouthward, againft the Cherokees, ChoAaht, Cl^ckafkws or Illinois. Scmetimet the Indians grow tired of a war which- the^r have carried on againft fome neighboring nation^ for inary years without much'f uccefv, and in this cafe they feek for mediators to begin w. negOciatioa^ Thefe beifigobtahiedt the treatyjf thus conduced : ^ A number of their oWn chiefs, joined by thofe viho have accepted^ the friendly ofBci. fet out together fot^ th^ country of their enemies r futb ai ai'e chofen for this purpofe, sire chiefs of the moft ^tienlive abilities, and cf the grcateft integrity lliey bear before them the pipe of peace, which I need nbt inform my readers is of the fame nature as a flag of truce among the Eq. tODeans, and i» treated with tbegreateft refpeA and ven* eratmj even by the mo A barbarous nations- I never. ^ heard of^ln^ ipftancQ wherein the bearers of this faored badge of fr?«rulibip were ever treated difrefpedfuUy, or hi rights violated* Ihe Indians believe that the Great Spirit never Aiffers an infradion of this kind to. go unpunished. The pipe of peace, which is termed by the French the calumet, for what reafoot could never learn, is a- bout foui* feet long. The bowl of it is made of red marble, and the (tern of it of a light wood* curioufly painted with hieroglyphicki in various cok>rs> and a* ^omed with feathers, of the moft beantirul birds 4 but lie Is not in mv power to convcv an idea of the various tints and pleating ornamenu of this miich efteemed In* dian imimmept. £very natiqp has a diiRrrent method of decorating t'heie pipet, and they can teH at Irft fight to what band ft belongs. It is «(ed ti an IntroduAion to all treaties, tad great ctremooy ttteodi di^vft of it on thefe occa* ion«. .■^■■i*- CAltVEtt'tTR^^LS: H9 Vbt afliftant) or aiddecamp of the iJTcat warrior,/ luliet) thd chiefs are aflembled and felted, fills it wiUr ftobateo mixed \^ftfa th^ herbs befbrt mentioned^ taking jcareat tberametink that no part- of it tjc^ches the ground. When it is filled, he takes a ccal that is thor- [ottghly kindled, from a fire that: is genially kept buri^^- iog iiijhe nlidft of the aifemblf, and i^ac^s it ob the tp« [bacco. ;•'■ * At fpoi) as (c Is fuAtiently lighted, he throws off the He then turns the ftem pf^lt towards the h^T— Imh after this towards the earth, aiid now holding it horiaontallyi i»otes himfelf rouftd t'tll he has completed * MLcircle ; by the firft a£lion he is fuppofed to prefent it:: to th« G^eat Spitit, wbofe aid is thereby fupplieated i by,thefecQnd« torFVertany malicious interpofition of the evti fgifiu t aad by the third to gain the protedioitf of the fpitits itihabiMng the air, the earth# and the wa» Iters. Havlttg thtis (ecured the fator of thofe invifiblr^ agents, in wHofe powi^ they fuppoTe it is dther.to for« [ward or obftniA the iflue of their prHeni deliberatronii . I he prefents jt to the hereditary chief, who having taken. \ two or three whiffs, blowf the finoke from his m outfa,(. fik-ft;towaidsheaveQ»a»d then atound him upon the ground It ia afterwards put in the fame manner into the-'' mouths of the aioAbaffadors or Grangers, who obfenrt the fame ceremony, then to the chief of the warriors* and to atl the othe^ chiefs tn turn, according to theh^ gradation. During this time the perfon who ezecncet &is honorabk office holds the pipe (lightly in his hand, as if he feared to pttti the facred inltrument { nor does . any one prefume to touch it but with his Kps. When the chiefs who are inflruAed witli tn^ commif* Son for making peace^ app.. oach the town or camp to •> ^ich they are going, they begin to fing and dance the fongs and dances appropriated to this occafion. Bv this time the adverfe party, are appriied of their arrivair and, avthe fight of th* pipe of peace divetting them- felres of^thctf wonted «mmity, invite them to the habit* ation of the great chiif. and futnifli tkem twtrj content iMicy daring the ncgocuitioA/ h M '•'Ji !' I If I i\ 'J "^ A council is then held ; and wlien die Q>eechef and' debates areended^ if no obftradiotks arife to piit a ftop totW trea^ the ps^ini^ b|itcliet^it baried in tlw grouad, as a mei^plat that aU aninioruies between the contend- ing nattotii have cei&dt' and a |»eace taken place. A- liiong the ruder bands, (ach asltaire^no comoiunication with the JSor<>peans, a waf clnb* painted red is buried, i^fteadof tlic[h.itched. • , j^ hclt. of wampum* is alfo gi|?n on this occafion, which (erves as^a raVificatio»*oftnev|M|ace, and records to tbe late^ po^hj, by thie hierpelyphics into which tjie beads ax^foxm^* ^^ Aipiulated art|^ in the treaty. -•■.;.•." \'' .,. ''^^- ^.■■-■ llUle lielu are made •MheUi^vnd cm tht crafts of New England and Virginia, which are Hiwed ont into beads of an obloae fbrm» about a (|aarter of an inch long, and i««ind likf other beadhi. Being Airuhg on l«ft£ar Uring^^ and iever4 (tf iHem ff wed neatly togeth- er wiUi ^oe fmewf threads, they tlben comppfe what is termiMl a belt of wan^Koni' ^ . . l*hc ifaells are generally of two^cokiirf, fhme white and others violet ;l>iic the latter are more highly efteem^ ed.^aa the letfmtr Ibe]^ are held in 9s much eftima- tion by ^e Indians, as gold; filver^ or precioiis ftones^. ^are by ^e Europf ans : "^ 'tie belu are, compoied of tf n: tiiretVe, or a greater number of Arjngs, aecording to the iinporuncc of the affair in agitation, or the dignity of the n?rfon to whom it is preifented. On more trifling occauuns, firings of thefe beads are prefented by the chtVs to each other, and freqi;iently worn by^'thtm mbottt their ne tits, as ^oablt ornament 1' »>, ^'-m' ^ » ' -"'''.yj^' ^""''' ':!!^lr;pl^^Y'^>''^'.*,rr'^^^'i^:^^ thtiVm*^ TILAVEI.S.: im '^.. i> 'ill % ,S I hiifiiliftfQre obferi^ed, die itiiik^ii fti-e gt^^f' [tddiaifd to »m!ng. ind will even ^k^, aild 1<^ wttll ipordre,aTl t^e valuables they are poflbfled of. Tbey^ iafe tlieiiiielm at ftvttiA forts of games, but the prtn* Iclpjil and moll efteeraedattidnj^thdnhthatofthe ball* Ivhich is not UaVikc the European gSLVOe of teAnit. I The baits they u(«rifeie ratlierlar|^ than tHofe nHtd^ \ifk of at teniiis, sind aneibrtned of a pjece <^ deer ikin | rhich beiojff'^Oifteoed to reader itfupple, i» ftnflbd ktd with u6 haii^ of the fsioie creature, and i^wed:^ rith its fme^s. The ball ftick«» are abocit thrtefe^ |l(»ig» at the end of which there is fiked a kind ot^ racket* rembltng the palm of the ba|!id, aiul fafliioned of' Vngs cut f^om a d«er ikiii. In theft they catch^ f ball, and thtd«^ it to a. max di%noe, if th'Sf are- lot prevented by fbme oCthe oppoiice party, #ho fif intercept it. This game is generally played by largi^ cofflpanfefr^ bat fometimes cOnitft ol more than three hundred $ an^ is not Unc4»miti0a fdr dlffsreiit bands to pky again^ other. They begin^y fixing tt^ poles in the ground at «• out (ix hundred yardk apart« and onfr of thefe goalf> elong lo "»». .^■ ''. ■ -V'' They are fo etceeJt% dexteroas ttt ihts man1)r extf«v ffe, thait the ball is uiU4)iy kept fifing in different dU lions by the force of the rackets, without touching ground during the whole contention ; for they are ii. allowed to c uch it in their handii They run with laiing velocity in patfuit o£ each other, «pd whcA. ■^■.A mmM0mT^A:vBijs^ I ■#• %•' •ne ii from whcnoe they ^ Imo^^wlor platter placed ttndemeath> •nd made to J)nn rowMl Ae^pidii^jifjheier^ft pre^t iKe wfake or blaclf:| fi^'upwardt^they reclcon the game i be tl^t hapjpeni to have the grea&dl:tii|i)fa«r' turn up of a fimilar colori counnf fiye |K)in^ { Wd foit^ thvgamk ^ 1 he winning party keejpt hb plfcCTr and ' thle loilfr I yielda^hit to another who if appointed by one of the um. pifct.i for a wHoler >iUagf u femeciinef concerned inj the party» andat timee one hand-pjiiyf againft an*] 'Other. ■ .paring tht» play the Indians appear to b» |reattf ngitaKed}. at every decifive throw they ^ up^ n jndeoui | mjrat • They make a thouAnd eontortipns^ addreffingj themielres at the fame tiaw to |he bones*, and loadingj with imprecationsi the'evil fpirits ]that aflU their fuccefi* f<|l anU^oni^lv « At this game fome will lofe their apparrel, all the] moveables of thetr .cabhis» and fbmetimes even their lib>| erty. I, notwithttanding. there are no people in the; noi.^ verie more j^iUotti of the Utter than thelndiar act. :^ 4^m^zm i*ftAvix& ,;.-■«' *r ■ , ••1 . ^^HAH^EIL Xrt. inr TitfimilAltRtAtf^ CfKBliONIf 9| &t* IJ% 5ii.5 rery raiak iiidiM^^t%»fi^hf^ in t^^^ pom 'l%t faiiefs in paitf^WJir We a fenjgli5D> vhfch confifts of at! "temafin ntuntier.nfntUy ff 001 fix ta twelve or fourteen, be lower raaiEji slrep^ittitted to take as many as diert a i»obalnUty of tteir bifing able, with the trUildren "ey mky bear td ma|iutn. tfc U liot- tmcomiaon fik- iXn«ii*n to marry two flfttrs ; ibm«tt«fte» il'tee haj- en to be rtore the i^ole number ; ttrd not ^ithttasd- ^is (ag It app^rs to civittted nltion«} uimjilarii w* they all iive in the j^reateft harmony. 'Ilie yoongef wives are fdbmrave to the elder 1 and loft who have n0 ciiil<^« db ftich inenfal tofficei fbfe. kiif^who are feitiiei «« eanfes their fituation to diflb* Ht Itttle from^ a ftate of ferTitude. However «|hey »form every-iniiinAidn with the greateft cheerfulnefs^ ifapjifti of gainrtiir thereby the affeftion of their huT- Ms, thatttey 0 iheir ttrrns w«5^ have the happi^eff rib^iomteg mothers; and be entitled to the refpea iC^ ndamonthiitAateK ^ ^ H is not ttncommoo for «n Indian, ahholigh he takM • l^tnrdf fo niany tirives, to litre in a dat^ ot continent rih many^i them for fet^niil years. 8nch as are not ' ^foltunate as to gain ^ fairor bf their hufband, bt '-fi^ ftlbniiffive and prudent behavibK, ard by tbnl "H^ (hare In Wteiilblle la foliie poin^ U> thofei the Europeans, b) the intercoiirfe Uiey tibld with thei TbelndiiOi nations differ bat little from each othc ^ In l^ftrmafTiiage ceremonies, and lefs.in the manner ol . Ihifcir 4iyor«et. The tribes that ii^)>i| the b(»rders oi iCMda, mtyce ufeof i^ fdlowiiik emffifu when a yomiglmiiianbas fixedhis inclinations on on .pC ilie other iex, be endeavors to gain her tonfent, anil .ii* he fncceeidsr it is never known tfiSLt her parents eve .if^raft their iinioik When eve^ preliminary is a greei f^il^nd the day a^pomted. die friends and acc|[uaintance] jpf both ^uties anembWat the houfe or tent o| the old ill n^^flion oCthe brid«^ro«Pi ^h<^re a feaft is prepar;] ^ on the bc«afioa. ^IVeompany mhomeettbaflsft at the ieft|val ar J9ni«|i^ very hlilmereiis : they dance,, they fiug, and ^is^fMO eveiy other diveriion ikinaUy made ufe of Ml^fmOi their public rejoicing^* \. ' When theife are finiflied, all thofe who attended ip^rely out ^f ceremony depart, and , the bridegroci ud brid# are left alone with thieeor four of the neaN id imd oldKk jelttions oiF either fide ; thofe of the tn'idegroom being men, ftnd thofe of t|ie bride, womco , Pldently thto bride attended by thefe few friends ii^iftj{[ witbdiiiwaherliiif for tht porpofei appcnis ai ^iie ot the doors of the hobioom> ihey lay hold of the extremities of a wand, abov four feet Umg, by which they continue Separated, whilf p^ old' men pronounce ibme (hort; hatrangQes fuitabli Id thciocca^a. Tie n^arried couple afier tMs make a publie declaj IfdoQ of the love and regard they entertain for eadi #ther, and All! holding the tod between them^ dam and fing. When they have finUhed this part of tl mtelBdn^i they brenk the rod inta ie miiny pieces ■■te.'*ii»iV>,i > ~i'' *AaVER*3 TRAVELS. kt fie^es as ther« anj witncffes prefent, whQ ealf i^aa#|ii^fvtifwliKi5reat v ^ TlWbn^e is thiC «e^imatidt^?*|iamt»don^ ' v W^lrbmH^ dMlke^%ftWHln takes* [llac^ Sey iice ieldcwj kh^^n to quatrel ihi^jr gencrsiUy giv^ tir fr)4nds a few dayi notice at their intetitions, Md ^^iTiKcs offer Wafc*!* to jaftiff their conduit, Yhe ^Itfjeffes who w^fe pr^ifent at the tnarri^ge, jmeet on 1^ 4ay wq^efted, at th^/houfe of ihe coipiiple th^it are a* iiit t^ fef&at?t?ces of <)di?hich Tirey ^dlMitfed aVth^ir i)tijpd«MhrO«?^iem ftto the 6ti» lA tlii^c^i^*^^ ThU 4 ^he whole of ife <*ei^einofi jr required, an^^ epdtati&iii^cirried4n WithOlit a^jr murinurings Or HI ipjll between tlie cotiple ot U^ein i^eiatio^s ; and after a ew mpnth^ they are at liberty W marry again. : • When aybarriage is thus diSoived, the jshildreiii^hich Itve been ftiodubedtVom' it/ '^re' et(uillf dt^i]E^ fcde^das eiihpr a Yi#J«^ ^^il^*'r^J^^«\!5 ^^^^J #: r Ahhougb 1 have faid that the Indiah^j^atroni iifi^ Ittj Ilftiritom ^ach^Othcrfniht^tr marriage cejceroo- JieiVth^r^ are foire cxceptichs::. Ihe.NandowcflHM tve a tinfinlar method of cele^rajihg^ tMr marnagcj* Rich iceros Id bear, 1.0 reTehitjtafSce to thofe mtfde oTt -f- •^1* r^7?|i!))i5fe!r'^i':>»i^»|<(# V-' >■-■ W I' ' r ^ l^it y^g^ng men has^ 1^ pn iyoi^i^g wotftan he i fr^^l^^ his ]^6M tp % p#rtts, wj AiffiM^ ^ coipe and lrr« viw thcni| J^B^ t« ielmriiiit ^ a> Vhoie year^t^ffi tSill^ard^ ;^a,meQUi^^E% P^ t^0 h^httbts, 9 brings all tiie gai^e be i^lls ta. t|j^ hfldegrooifti. arid as many o|^ the hride>i.4ccom( lj||lheyQUOg cmpleSTota i%inir4tpeik\v^ iitU, to <^^ l»ft in the ce^lre of the cam^ ^e chiefs and warriors, being here ffl^mhled to < ;cnve;.themf:4 party of Uie letter lare drawn up in tt wmofci <^ eath ftde of the hin^e and hrfdegroom imir „ diately on, thieir arriyal. Their principal chi^f f then i i||tt$ints the whde a^^ wiui Uue defign of tl .. fneetlng* aqd te}is them that th^ couple beli^re the jQSlitiflnipg at^hefametiii^ey their names, are come ji^ow p^^cly their intent icias of living tbgether as ; 0ad^ vfife^ 1^e ^tn aiks the two yeting pf;Qp)e alt palely* iirhethir they defire that the union might ta ^f^^e, 0ann|i[ declar^ with aiiaudh>k ypiee mat t| do %.the frarriprs, fijT their arrows, and dilfeharge thsji [^j^fixfi^ ^dids of thi^ mairr^d |>ait t ^i^ the chif "^IfNTO^ilif^ thiera.jnan aud W/»y: ' \ ' ' ■^.'"!f ' ' ^ Jli4 l^rJdi^lH^^ then tnnproiindrjand beiidipg he^l* takes his ^ife on his hackirln whlJch manner ^arrtes hf^ ^mid^ the acclatnations of the fpe^ators ( his tfiu i he cerefhotiy it fucceeded hy the mpft pld jBlulftjaft the neV i«atr^#mancaiiiiffoird< and foi" t>ii,iy^Silik>i ■~ ■^■'. CAEVER'I 1 kAVt$4 sor tBCfSfjKcor^t&S to ^e ufual cullom> conclndtr Mpri?;$i hsiipgcn fo fetdom among the Nka4ofreffi2f« ani)ad flat an oppohunity of learmng hW tJiey atr ^i&ed Wiiih the gtieateft i^l^^^^^ Hl^hnftandinthefe: J»|^^ off th^ WoiiEiati 't note; 9ndiifi^ati(^ ^Afanftr Infiies. I iji# an ty(a[hcewher»IM» triodt of p lent v«^ inffwjifcd, wbM 1 iemaJned airiiong tkfi^u ^ fchildreh, irhcti tils happens, are dtftribuied accow^^ [tb tbc ti^nli ciiiftoiM dbftfve' pteaftlW, , ^twhayuiliJHM^ the'ac^^ p^etihf "Sbmw «togU writers ^th0 rolgiditir of anJhdian €0fi^{tatl6fi|i^ ^me th^ zeal^sVotari^ of Verijii. -The y«il%ir|^, i»i (bat are thus dii^f^l. l^dom want oppoiPti|tii^p ^^atilyh^ th«ir piffion J and#^th* liMid# t^Plf^ btloWed da tb«;irurfoesth^ I|j|^be«i alre^y difitrr;^, %tirt:^t^ "1|dfte hbfttj^ricftpity,; itor haW^y*k%' Weiis of' lihation, erte|it m thejietefiart ^^ttWw^ _ Or hunting par^jss ; th^y confeqaifntly live neaily" ta^iit^of equ^ity, parAiliRt tothe Bfft. pf2hei|»kfS r huts unfaltened during the litghiti 'ki, w^ as in^ ' r, Two or three hours afeier fin fct, the flUves ^pcopte^ter ilie jlfei ^ is gtpwfifally humlng ..f.'. '^f'^yhiiwt^M 30$ CAfeVEleS TR.W^ELS. in t^e 4td# of fhdr iipiltBiciilrwhli^^^^^^ft^ and', rettft.{ • to tfaeif lepol^. - -Ur ■ ^^-z -]^.\ . 1 c:-; :, , ,„v>v ;\i y ' -. • of thefe font ol pleaiure» wra^|>e(| op doielir lii hB blao- ket, to prevsoafhis tttbg b)Oi^»^^^ ihe^a^«ui^nae&l^hi» intended iniiU^ii^- ; lija^if fir(l wfakh sfifffers ,^e j^ui^^ of « ai^cbtli^sfV^ farthertonfirimttt^ii^^ H>» cosl^i^ if nor ^»greea- iuw4#f^ift#%ilM?Hc^^ and, roe^^|l%[ri}a4^ifi»:i^j^itell ^|am> ,9yiv«»^tt«lciu9,;^ he j^i^lt y^U^iat df t^iH|. It i»^id^a^^>o^% nvoinrn wBosdiiiit their loms take gi«4t ji»ure»f ^ m }miif^9^$!tim$0^iai$m^<^hi^ to prev^ thes^li^s ol M y^#l lljaori^iiro^lilis^ ed'tHF'fih^ ttiaii;^t)flihe,ii^|hi^ ^'^4^ If •'« %«ro|ll;*|pbar, thait^«i#pf ^«f^g »f^^^ ibiij^i^ iii1^0b«r^iFl^ niother^ for tb^ir ^orpprenl and apparefit part* it i{itfnori|^^f^^ al ttiat tbiy Ihould be dtftingui^d by the nanie df'tht latter, from whon^ tliey iodtitnt&bly derive, their |Mi|ng» thaiiJI^f that of ithe faUi^r, to which a^ojjbt; Q|i|;h|jppe*. titt^$0i(k whether thcfar^juLJ^Ixentitled*. , X 'l'h#e arc fomsr oerenopniei ni^de uCe 9f by the.^ dians.at the impQ&uoa o^ihe na49e>^si^it tsoond^' by them as a matter of giteat imi^rtamce $ but'^IHilit thefe are I could a^ver leara^ through the fecreff «V ■' ^ 6AKHts; tiCh^tf- red oa the occafion. I onlf , know ihat it is urualiy / ^ren^whiBn the chilijitii Jiavt aiUKl ^e age of io- Nothing c?n exded the teodern^rs ihown by theni to lit offspring f and a perfon cafin(>il recommend him- Ttoth^tr favor bj^alijr method mprecertainy than b;;. j^ing^me attention to the yoHhger hranche* Qf 4heir amil^/ i caa impafe; tt^ foine tteaCm[*>^ th^ pref* t made to th^ children of the chiefs of the Kattdo« ^ iesy the ho^able reception I met Mrh when among^^ Thiti^ is fomed^libtftf 4tte6d« an explanltioAof t|i|;; iner in which the Indians diftingutfh themiftWes^r each odier; Befides the name <» the animal b^' every nation and tribi! is denomtnajfed* thev^ attt^ »rs that are p^tfonal* aikd which the children(receff6' their motlieri; -J; ■';■••,■';,. Th^ ekidBtaire atfo dtftingniOied by a name that hs^r ;fom# ref(erenee to their abilities, or to the hiero* < fl^c of tfaek> familial and ther^ are acquired lifter' ^rrire at the age of manhood. i>iich-Sbi l|a^%^ jcd themfii^lves either inr^their war or huntii^ |^- f oplMcc poife^ ^SAmtf enyneht qmalifi^itioil, tc^ a MnBf diAtlb^ to perpetuate thr^ime oTtfaeie^ 1% or to inaken^i^f abilities confpj^^i^ Thiis the great i^arviorbff he Naiid«»pre0ies w i< nam^t ' C^htbogiipililiacaWlhat is the jCrregt E«t titer of iafc^i r ottw lieiQi^ m iEogli& iaiOieri xons!^mgr9^ iil ■ '•-.■;■>*.- ,y ,_, ' ' ' r ' !T ^ fet^ diflleiiWtasfitain a perf^a lesowledf^ of the f^iotii'pniielplfcs of tha Iitdtiids. ^ Their ceremoiii«s| ahcl doA^hes hftve « 1>«enu fo ^ften ndicokd by the! Hiit^tf ntj that dief «iuieavpr xo, coAccail them } anc if after the greateft intisiac^ yott defire aay of thet to e(a|»1airtto yott their fyftem of reUg^oni to prevent yt>Or;V!cnctilej ih«y mtenntr iRf ith If many of f he tenets they have tec^lv^ of the l^reindt i^ilibntriest fa that it jSi' at )aft tendered an unii^teHIgibli jajrgoii and not to i di'^ded tipon Such its 1 coald difcQver among the ^^ooowefliea I ^ IfMiy alib Vere very yeferved in i^s polt^t) I (hall give tifiy readers^ iirithout pacing any jitt«mt<>n to th« '"'■MzQ^Mj^ of o|her«* At liie rdig^ofi of Uial' people froi§llii»ir fttnitioit appieiirs to be totj^tif^nkeratec tvPkIt the Alp^aitton^ ^iaiiifr6ai their retrgtouicttftofnt a more perj fe^^idila of t!i6tts<' '^ '-^^I'-h- o li^ certain tbff icknairlet^3w^^l things. TH d^}|iewayft call thb belo^ lifim^a, or liitcbi Manitoo ^4f Naodovireffiesi Wakon or'iSsnga Waionirthat isl the (Slrc^Sf if^^ and the^Mkii^<^ l^iif^«^ fourc/ tKf ^iiii^Mtl aliil ^ii^# itr k %ad^tii 0^ #h»dinMriMy 4ilblii»» |;reat pov er, and (tippofe tliat though hit ^i»e«m m the evi« which befall mankind are infliaed. Td him iherefoH d6 they phiy ii^ their di^reiiei; begging that he would either avert their tronbleis» or moderate than when thej k^e no ibnger avoidable/ - "■-' ' ' - 1 lliey fay Chat the Oreat Spfrit, who is infidittfly good! neither wiihet or is able to do any inifchief to mankindj bttt on the leontraryi Ui^ic lie (howera doiira tm them o^M^f^&xmmi^» fikh tl|« t>kffingi th^ d^ferve ;.,\vhereas th9,cvil fpirit is ccb« tlm^^^mp'^oy&iijmconmvlj^^ pualQj the. h0toan>ra/Q^ \ aiid tp||p wMch be i^ ^oc.opl/ ^pffeff^id oL Tliey bold a]^^9t there lire goQU^Q;ii-!ts qf a leffer^ d|g^» wliohsure t%ir>f ar%^Ur wk'ieh . ifw,.^,ilW»|^^^4^ of i^ipmop pgtiitttde J . lid ItlEevi^lKf i;h^Jte^vl»?rds.$Je^^ mSiqpf^ llil^l^eed tl^ irert ofe. th^ljr fre^a* w Tmbc or , rin^ai4ri;y. To all of there thejr. j^r fow^^ liuad of a0. orJ#M|f, jT)»ws Tjrti^ail^^ar^ ^i^a^ibo^jf; of wate^. ibejr pjc^nt^to, t& Spjrivw^^ Hd^lb^teiome tw4.;jP^ ofefiiig, a^« the^^rin^e ^thc; l^iai^gpesd^^w K^tt^hjU me to the fi^itf of.; t^tjk^thf fillip .time .1 ianc3r tbJit tl^ idea§ they riik. oei^lO jy|ie^,si^oiiclI|^ dififereiu, Iroin |^ jcon^ ceplj^^ii iniK^eeaUg|^t|iie app«4^tq[ l^a W cb^d||y^^nt«;i(^^ of tpeir go4t| afti M'^-^ them^(oi>eof a huoiiin Fora^iv te»f ^ of «|Hitji|ff,mo|» !^*celleftithai» mvk^ . , / • Of thitowfr J^ |?^g ^-^ i«r|iy- ;pi^ ckM^jt no^. jiut tbe| .ffia^ ^i^^ m '{njine futvli* fli*i» ^«^«J|,b^w«ve^*^^cy that tM^r.jipc^\6jmf?tkii th%,>i^ jMS.T»^ilar to tfepfftSi^y ^f« enra^j| ln|#re, wilbout tbf tu>or aad 4|£i«^Uie)E aaneie jT to tbeo; . ja. tbUC||cn94>?|.their exilkence. , . :., 'ri*b c^ to be,nan(l^d\^ a^ Iigbt|H^c thief dancr* and; Inif' $' "MPit it liot €vi4«ftt th«t th«f (lay^that plativ- [ce^Kl^wilii^^ t'k^f^ft^m tckrejoice « the ire- ]tM#%kiiiMkiaiy ti»»tm.4^^ che«iful, and;) ^whllflt lii^efs lor« ;^gii( ' ih^m oft thtit way when thej" ' l!kfti^tiiaft»4iii^^^l^ Aikwr l«ftr si0ened thftt Ute Tia. |jtiaiil>il^o^Whditt i« nt^iKki^ i^yg^f^* Mi^tli very Htclc [owir l^tvtildiievtt^dKibbv^r' among tlioCif tribes that (is Uni %^ft#^^^|^|^i^t0«M IM traces (^ l^rJ^Wiflii^rel^8»iice)it it be admtttdtf^thkt one jp^n liic«k^'#(^86^/«l4l\dto ai)^^ tribes, hmfr \M* i^tHtm pmiiMcktit to ^aMTffli this ai&t. :^ 'i^^ti * aii tire* . indedt^t the. Italians had> y0hittt^»s atteiulant OD M. ptitAmVii fnWlteiMc^i ^d ibofe n\ua»|s^]ei]i incon. ▼enkiii^i Irhichimaa m^A JmprQVtd A|»^ ^has £pund meant to retile^ atife rup^<^«d to F««*^ ^^ ^ mterp«>ritlDn xf evit fpirii* f tbe favage ^onft hate not yet been jUumtQated hy that reUgioo, which, only can difperft the cloudt of . f9perftitioo and igno. rancc, and tliey me as free from error at a people eta*. be that hN. not, been/inmeii witliiti Uiftroditi: CHAPTER Xm ■•*.,-■■■ ' ..., ov T.Miia MttAsitB.&e* 1 Hit Indilms in'genewd are healthy» ilmd £iX%]t^ bat to ftw dtfeafet, many of tbofe ibat aflia civilized natinnt, and ate the immediate oimfequencot of IwujT or Ilutbi beSflgnot known among dhem \ nowevor, the hardfhipt and fatigues which (hey endure in hunung or war, the inctemency of the fcafont to which thtj »xt tikll^tlt'S ^TltAS^ELS. m itteodant ^^ the A attacks, g^ (bare: aore atteii^ ^rdltie» in ,be vbo> 100, 1fV»cb. and tg'^o* pevple can Sad iii^}*^ pf ln;iury in hunting klch thfX we ^ite^llftmf ^>P9M^ itttb above ail; t&e extrqn^,«|.luin- fir^%(^^Riail#ybofti^i^ excur^oas cobie. ^ ^jUM^Mft^^^ of impittrtng the tonftitutiba^iiid htmpn^mn diborden, . #k|ns ai«d weakneflla in i^e ftokiiach Suikfi breail artf IflliviimM tb§ rcfolrbf thett^ tonefaftmgvaod •tiitt^iof thif ejQ^fltve faitigtte ai3 violent exer^iies the^ •k|»if«1ihttttfdir«s to firoo) thohr tnf^noj, bejfore/thex^ ^ liaWltifficieAt ft rengtiv to iuppovt tKeoi . ^ut tb^ dif- • )Dr4ifir4b>wbic]b theif srt moft Mjed^is Uiekpifikri^; Ib^ the removal of whicb, feh^jr, apply tbeti^ grmd irfine* ii^ and prefervattjftt iigainft the genscilily^ tbeiis^om* /^tntl , fweating. , Wt : '^hc ODslnhet jn wbich'th^y conftruiS tbeir ftoveji fof itbif pttrpofa i& as follows t Tbey fix ieveral fmall poles i in tl«e ground, the tops of which they twKi tufgeth^ fd ;ii>to forma rotunda ; this frateie tbey cover withiikins 0 4>r blankets $ and tbey lay tbeili onjwitb for miieb nice- tf » that die air is Icept from entoriog uliroilgb aay^Qr^v- »;ibe; a fmall fpace beiug only left, JaA faffictcni^M|:cv^p ^^n'at; which is immediately after clofed* In the mid* die of the cOnBned bailding they place red hot ftones, on which they pour water till a deam arifes tbat ^o» duces a great degree of heat. , ; ' Tbi^ catifb^ ^n inftantaneovts pet Citation which tb^ IncreSii^ as the^rpleafe. Having continued in it £of fome ttme«itbey immediately baften to the ncarcA ftreani abd plufigti into liie water ; and after badiitig thereirt for about half a minute, thjey put on their clotheii fit down and fmoak ' with great compofiire, thorotiffhlf purfuadrd that the remedy will pvo^e eilcacious* ijicy often make ufe of , this fudoriferous method to refrelb them(blves» or to^ prepare their mind^ for tbemanagC'' ment of any buHnefs that re^ui^es «mcommnn (kii6era« tion and fagacily. They lire like wife affllded with the dropfy and para- lytic complaints, whichi bo\v€vcr» are bat veryvieidotn Inown among ihem. * As a remedy for thefo as well af for fevers ibey mali# tile of lotions an J decoAions, compofed of berbs» winch tbe ph) ficiani know perfeAly wtM how to loaipeund S' tl '1\\ ice cmfmg^ p, ^ik40i^]k 0Qtt|eyiiefte!rttrttftt %6 e)[tra# by tbet^, I withotit MlkiBV^litt^ or \ /tof dt|i«r io^t of Ibaitet ^^ ilidlj^^ tfrit t^ri^^ ^ lOt^ttret. t)f th» jiijd theyiiiv eaciretnely ^tcij^f^Ms^ arid . tcpiletft theai in much leif^ time .tkati Miglit be eipe^l. • ' >eii'fif^ 'of |>roc^e ally ^ed» they Will^^tibextrad^ It is amaz- ^ : to iee tbe faddffn efficacy; (dfiftliu application, nctv? ith* 4sinding ihete does not' aj^^ar to ht the leaft tnoiiiur|^4^e|id^^ toiiave ori- .gtraiMfal m JliB;^ric^ i>nt the literary con^ft Aill remains ttfidecided ; tp^ive fli[aQ^!vei&cs,with vhom I refid^d fo lrh|t'aniS wa» al/b Informed tti^i it w^ yet.iin)t»<^fi.moi3g die fnore weft- i^n:i&aiioni«' tt||iii|tJ »af :Y?nrtud to .proi^oiince that 7it Jiad not its origin ii t^otth Amernf«, ' lltefe Datiofis r Ibatj have any €omBiiiQic»tion friifa the Europeans, or tlie fonthern tribes, are greatly affii^ed With it ; but 3!tbc7 haveall of them acc^iiired a kooivlcdgr df fudi ' jdnrlain Mi'J expeditious remedies, that the crmmuoica* • lion ir notattended w tih any dangeroos c^r k quences. Soon after I ih out on ttj trairvlti ohe of the tradieh %horo 1 accompanied , complained of a violent gonorr- hcsa, with all its alarmsng ijf,tApton§ : this tncreafed to fach a degree, that by the time we had^ reached the tewniof £» Winnebagoet, h(^ was nnablc ro travel; Having madchis ccmplaint Ictipwn to one of the chiefs of diat tribe, he told him not to be uneafy, for he vrould engage that by the ibllowin^ hit adviccn he (honld be a* ble in a frw days tO' p^rfue hfi jovrtiey, and in a littlf loDg^miimeiyeeiititfely free froin hii diforder. eARVi;R's T^j^yMS, 'i'ilt^ 217 The chief had no fooner iaid this than he prepared Ifor htm a decodioa of the bark of the roots of the priek- |)y alh, k tree fcarcely, known in England, but which Sows in great plenty throughout North America; bjr e ufe of which, in a few days he was greatly recpTer- led, and having received direflions how to prepare it, in U fortnight after his departure froni this place, perceiv [ed thathe was radically cured. Kfroki eicefljlve exercife, or the extremes of heat or [cold, they are effe^ed^with pains in their limbs or joints, they fcarify the parts affe^ed. Thofe nations wlio haye jno commerce with Europeans do this with a (harp flint; land it is furprifmg to fee, to how fin^ a point they have |th6 dexterity to bring them ; a lancet can fcarc^ly ex* ceed in iharpnefs the inRrumcnts they make of this UQ«t Imklleable fubftance. They never can be convinced a^petfon is ill, whiljl [he has an appetite ; but when he reje^s jM kinds or iD&ttrintmeAt, they conCider the difeafe as dangerous, and bay great attention to it | and during the conticuancr [of the diforder, the phyfician refufes his patient no fort [offood that he is defirpus of. '\ Their dolors are not only fuppofed to be (killed in \ht phyfical treatment of difeafes, but the common peo- ble believe that by the ceremony of the Chichicoue uf* |o4Uy m^de ufe of, as before idefcribed, they are abkMo ^ain intelligence from the fpirits, of the caufe atme Icpinplaints with which they are a(Ei(fted, and aie there* Iby the better enabled to 6nd remedies for them, i'hey Idfcoyer fomething fup);rnatural m all their difcafes, and ' pe phyfic adminiltcred mull invariably be aided byi Wfe fuperftitions Sometimes a Tick perfon fancies that his diforder a* tifesfVom witchcraft ; in this cafe the phyfician orjuj^- {It^r is confuUed, who. after the ufual preparations, givei ills opinion an the ftate^^of the difciife, and frequently Snds foroe means for his cure, Dut notwithftanding |the Indian phyficians always annex thefe fuixsrilitious 7remonies to their prefcriptions, it is very ccrt;roper remetdiei. In Pen«bfcot a fettlement in the province of Maine, in tht northeaft parts of New^ England, the wife cf a foldier was taken in labor, and notwithftanding every necefiary afliftance wa» given her, could not be deliver* cd. la this fituation (he remained for twb or three days, the perfons round her eipe^ing the nest pang would put an end to her exiftence. An Indian woman, who accidentally pafTed by, heard llie groans of the unhappy fuffeier, and enquired from whence they proceeded. Being made acquainted with the defperatecircum A anee attending the cafe, (he told the informant, that if Hie might be permitted to fee the perfon, (he did i^>t doubt but that (he (hould be of great Service to her. I^he furgeon that had attended, and the midwife, wht was^en. prefent, having given up every hope of pre- fervi|p their patient, the Indian won^an was allowed to make tife of any methods (be thought proper She ac«. cordingly took a handkerchief, ^nd bound it tight over the tiofe and mouth of the woman t this immediately j)roi\{;ht en a fuffocation ; and from the^flruggles that iconftquemly eafued, (he was in few feconds delivered. T)ic mcmert. this was atchicved, and time enough to prevent any f and i/fues out orders for the prep;iration of a feaft, which is defigned to r6g doubt not bttt they will like wife have occadon ooth for the necelHiries of life, and thcfe tilings they eUeem as ot^naments, they ufually depolit in their tombs fuch iktns or ilttlFs as they commonly made their garments ofr domeftic utenfils, and paint for ornamenting tlieir per- foiis. - __ I'he near relatiiid ihe behold it» fa.her depart for the fame place, Who not only, loved, the child with the tendered afilec* tion, but was^ good]btinter, «nd would be abl6 to pro* vide plentifully ior its fupport, than fiie ceafed to ;mouin. She added, tliatlhe now faw no reafon to'continoe her tears, a« the child on^whom^e doted, was happy un- der \he care ai^d protection of a foibd father, and (lie had only one viih that remained uiig^tified, which ii^as that of betfig herfelf with diemv - EiprelSons ib ^replete with unai^Sed tendernefs, and fentiments that would have dpne honor to a Roman niatron, made an impretllon on my mind greatly in fa- vor of the people to whom (he belonged, and tended not a little to countera^ the prejudices I had hithtrto entertained, in common with every other traveller, of Indian iorenfihility and want of p^nrental tendernefs. Her fubfequent condu^ confirmed the favorable O' pinion I had jull imbibed; aad convinced me, that, notwithftaoding this apparent fufpfnfion of her grief, fomtr particles of that reludlance, to be p^arated from a beloved relation, which is implanted either by nature or cuftom in every human heart, ftiU lurked in hers. I •bferved that fhe went almoft every eveoing to the foot " "'I' ")■ ■'ali'WBiinjmv'"/'' y^' *"»^"il'||' * CARVER'S TRA^VELS. ^$ of the tree, on a branch "of which the kpdies of her huf- band and child were laid* and after cutting off a lock of her hair, and throwing :t on the »Found, in a plain- tive mournful fong beiTMancd its fate. A. recapitula« tion of the anions he mighc have performed, had his life been fpared, appeared to he her favorite theme ; and whilft (he foretold the fatne that would have attended an imitation of jijs father's virtvieis, her grief feemed to be fufpended :-^ " If thou hadil coptinued with usf my dear fon,** vrouldlhe i(jry, '♦ how vrU would the bow have become thy hand, and: h^w fatal would thy arrows have prov- fd to the^ enemies of opr.Utads Thou wouldft often have dr^nk their blood, and eaten their Hc?(h, and, na. ii(i»jr«a3 (laves would .H^v*; re wardfjd til y; toils. With a- nervo«s arm wouMiVthori h^ve feized the wounded but* falo, or have combated the fury of the enraged bear. Thou wouVd^ have overtaken the'flyin^elk, and nave kept^p»ce on the mountain's brow with the ^eete(i-dee^^ What feats mightd thou aotha^e p^rformed^ haaft thou- ^aid am^hg os till age had given tpee (lrengjth,andthy fittlierhad rnArUifled thee m every Indian accompli ih^* meot I In lerms like thefe did this, tintutorvd favage- ■ bewail the lofs of her fon, and frequently would (he ps^£B- the^greate(l part of the nighf in die affe^ionate employ. The lifidiafi^iA general Are very ftridl in the oWerV- [ance of their laws relative to motirning for their dead. , In fome nations they cut o£F their hait, blacken their |f They would fbmetiipes continue this proof of refpet^ and affetftion [fmfevieral hours i and if it happened that the thought |occurt>d> and the npife wa^ be^un towards the evening, Ithofe of their tribe who were at hand would jpiu wiUi^ Itben. i I ^ CARVER'S TRAVlLflr. CHAPTER XVI, A CONCISB CHA&iCTITR or THl IllDlAirSk 1 HE cHaraflct of the Indfant, like that of other tinclv!lized nations^ is eompofed of a mixture of ferocik ty and gentlenefs^ They are at oi^e gmded hy paffions and appetites, which they hold> in common with The fierce^ foeails that inhabit their wood^» and are {tofleiTed of vittiies whith do honor to human nature. In the foUowihg eftintate I ihall endeavor to forget oh the one hand the prejadice^ of Europeans, who ufu* illy anaex to the word Indian,epithets that ate difgrace- jfol t« hiiihan nature, and whd view iheni in no other light than as favages and' canibals* whiift with equal care I avoid my parti|lity towards them, as fomc muA naturally ariiefrom the favorable reception I met with during my Hay among them. At the fame tinie I ifhall confine my remarku to the nations inhabiting the lil^eftern regions, fnch as the N au< doweffiesi the Ottagauinies, the Chippeways, the Win- nebag^oes/and the Saukies { lor a» tm-bujj^out that di< terfity of ,(;Uniates, the extenfive continent of Amqica is eompofed of, there are people of different difpo(icions| and various ohara'iftets, it would be incompatible withf my prcfent undertaking to treat' of all thefe, and tol give a general view of them is a cpnjunftive body. * ■• '• ■ " .'^■■•'^'i^--""';- That the Indians^are of a cruel, revengefutj inexora* ble dif|^ittien,that they will watch Whole days unmindJ fulbf the calls of riature, and make their way througW pathlefs and almoft unbounded woods, fubfifiing oi)l>j On the fcanty produce of thejTi; to puffueand revengt themfelves of ati enemy } that ihey hear unmoved thd {>ierbing Cries of fdch ks unhapily fall into rheir hands] and receive a diabolical pleafure ff 6m the ".ortures thef infll^ on their prifoncrs, 1 readily giant ; but let us looli on the reverfe of this terrifying pi dure, and we Hiall find them temperate both in iStir diet and {'otations (il CARVER'S TKhVZtS. <^- mttft b9 reoiembered that I fpeak of thofe tribes wlm- barelittJe intercoarfe with the Europeans ) that th^ vithiland, with unexampled patience, the attacks of huQger« or the inc^lemency of the feifons^ and eOeem ik^ gratlBcatton of ^he& appe;ite)» but as a feaondary coa- ^deration. ^ We (hall Irkewife fee them foeial and humane t« thoie I whom they eonfider as their friends» and even to l^eir adopted enemies; and ready to partake with I them of the laft morfeli or to riik their h'ves in th^ir de-- [fence. ' In contradiflion to tha report of many (tther travel* jlers, all of which have been tini^ured with prejudice, I cftn all^rtt that notwithftanding the a|>parettt indifference ki h /Which an Indian meets his wife arid children af* Iter a long abfence, an indifference proceeding rathe; Ifirom cuftom than infenfibility, he is not unmindful of [the claims either of ,GonnubiU or parental tendernefs ;. [the little ftory t have introduced in the precceding chap» iter, of the Naiidoweffie woman lamenting her child, an(t [the immature death of the father, will /elucidate this IJXMOt, and enforce the affertton much better thatk^ mod Aodied arguments 1. can make af^; Accuftomed from their youth to innumerable hand* kips, they foon become fuperior to a^fenfe of danger, ;the dre:^d of death rand their fortitude* implanted bf nature^^od nurtured by example, by precept and ac- cident, never expefienccs,a moment's allay. Though {lothful and inaftive whild tl^ir ftor. tbey light at the fame time boaft of poffeflling q-uaUAcations ' a more animstfed nature, of the fagacity of a hound, '. peaetrattng u^ht of a lynxi the ci^nntng. of the for, 'I I* I itwithftanding each has a peculiar one of their own. It wiU pfobably in time become vniverfal among the Indian nations, as none of them attempt to make icurfions to my great diftance, or are confidercd as lalificd to carry en any nr gociation ^^ ith a didant band, nlefs thev have acquired the Chipeway tongue. At prc!eot| beCdes the Chipc ways, to whom it is tax* ♦2* CARVER'S TRAVELS. i • uiaU the Ottawaws, the Saukies, the Ottagauailes, the Killift^noes, the Nipegons, the bands about L^ke Le Plu) e, and the remains of the Algonkinsi or Gens de Terre, all converfe in it, with fome little variation of a dixleA ; but whether it be natural to thofe nations, or acquired, I wai not able to diicover. I am, howerer, x>f opinion that the barbarous and uncouth dialedt of the Winnebagoes, the Mencroonies, and many other tribes, will become in time totally eitind, and this be adopted in its dead. The Chipeway tongue is not encumbered with any unneceffary tones or accents, neither are there any words in it that aie fupeifluous ; it is alfn jafy to pronounce, and much more copious than any other Indian language. As the Indians are unacquainted with the polite arts, or with the fciences, and as they are ftrargers to cere- mony, or compliment, they neither have nor need an infinity of words wherewith to embellifli their difcourfe. Plain and unpoliihed in their manners, they only make ufe of fuch as fervt to denominate the neceifaries or con. veniences of life, and to eiprefs their wants, which ib a ftate of nature can be but few. As the Indians axe not acquainted with letterr, it is very difficult to convey with precifion the eia6 found «f their words. Altliough the Indians cannot communicate their ideas by writing, yet they form certain hieroglyphics, wlifch, in ibme meafure, ferve to perpetuate any eitraordinarj tranfadlccn, or uncommon event. Thus when they arc on their excurfions, and either intend to proceed, or have been on any rematkable entcrprife, they prel tie bark from the trees which lie jn their m^ay, to^give iuitiiigence to thofe parties that happen to be at a diUauce, ef the path they muft purfue to overtake them. The following inAance will convey a more perfcA idea oi the methods they make ufe of on this occafion, than Rny expreffiuns I can fiame. ^hen I left the Miflifippi and proceeded tip the Chip-| cway Kiver, in my way to lake Superior, as lelated i.. my joumal, my guide, who was a chief of the Chifc ways that dwell on the Ottowaw lake, near Uie heads c Ih th the fya CARVER'S TRAVELS. m aomles, the It Li^ke Le tr Gens de iriation of a nationS) or n, howerer, iiakftufthe other tribes, : be adopted id v^ith any re any v^ords > pronounce) an language. le polite arts, jers to cere, nor need an leir difcourfe. ey only make I (Taries or con* s, which ii a letterc, it is eeraA found! ate ibeir ideas phics, wliich, eiiYaordinary hhtti they arc Dceed, or have peel tl c bark ve iuitUigence iltance, ©f the re perfeA idea 3Ccafion» than d up the Chip-I as lelated i->| of the Chifcj ir Uie head* 4 the river we had Jull entered, fearing that fdme parties of the Naudoweiyes, with whom bis nation are perpet- ually at war, might accidentally fall in with us, and be<^ fore they were apprifed of my being in company, do us feme mifchief, he took the following fteps. He peeled the bark from a tree, near the entiance of a river, and with wood coal,iiiixed with bear's greafe, their ufual fubftitute for ink, madein an uncouth, but expreflive manner, the figure of the town of the Otta* S a amies. He then formed i« the left a man drefTed in Lins, by which he intended to reprefent a Naudoweflle, with a line drawn from his mouth to that of a deer, the fymbol of the Chipeways* After this he depiduied ftill further to the left a canoe as proceeding up the river, in which he placed a man with a hat on ; this Hgure was defigned ro reprefent an £ngli(hman, or myfelf, and xny Frenchman with a handkerchief tied rouad his head and rowing the canoe ; to thefe he added feveral other figniBcant emblems, among which the Pipe of Peace appeared painted on the prow of the canoe. The meaning he intended to convey to the Naudoww eilies, and which I doubt not appeared lo them perf«A« ly intelligible, was that one of the Chipeway chiefs had received a fpeech from fome Naudowedie chiefs, at the town of the Otiagaumies, defirfnji^ him to condu^ tbt Engliihman, who had lately been among them, up tht Chipeway river ; and that they thereby required, that the Chipeway, notwithdanding he wav an avowed ene« Imy, Ihould not be rooleded by them on his paflage, as he Ihad the care of a peifon whom they efteemed as one of their nation. Some authors haVe pretended that the Indians have jarmorial bearings, ;which they blazon with great ex]i«ft- jnefs, and which diikinguith one nation ttom aaother ; but lI never could obfei ve any other arms among them than the fymbols already defcribed. « ^0 CARVER'S TRAVELS. CHAPTER XVIII. •r THB BEASTS, BIRDS, FiSHIS, llEPTIf.bS, ANDtti* SFCTSi WHICH AKB FOUND IN THF INTBRIOR PARTS Of NORTH AMfRlCA* o, F thefe I (hall, ia tlie firft place, give a catalogtij and afterwards a defcrijption of fach only as are eithel peculiar ta this country or which differ in fome materi^ point from thofe that are to be met with in other realmj OF THt BEASTS. The Tiger, the Bear, Wolves, Foxes, Dogs, the Ca of the mountain, the Wild Cat, the Buffalo, the Deei the Elk, the Moofe, the Carrabou, the Carcajou, th| Skunk, the Porcupine, the Hedgho?, the Woodchicli the Racoon, the Martin, the Fifher, the M«fqua(h, Squi rels, Hares, Rabbits, the Mole, the Weezel, the Moufi the Dornioufe, the Beaver, the Otter, the Mink, an| ^Bats. The TIGER of America refembles in (hape thofe Africa and Afia, but is confiderably fmaller. Nor d it appear to be fo Berce and ravenois as they are. T] color of it is a darkifli fallow, and is entirely free froi fpots. I faw one on an iflaid in the Chipeway riTi of which I had a very good view, as it was no treat dii tance from ine It fat up on its hinder parts like a doj and did not feem either to be apprebenfive of our a proach. or to difcover any ravenous inclinations. It however very feldom to be met with in this part of world. The BEAKS are very numerous on this contineni but more particulirly fo in the northern parts of it, an contribute to furnifh both food and beds for almoft evi ry i^idiun nation. 1 hofe of America differ in many n peAs from thofe either of Greenland or Kuflia, they ipg not onI> fomcwhat ffnaller, but timorous and inol I' CARVER'S TRAVELS. 2^1 ifive, unlefs they are pinched by hunger, or fmarting bm a wound. The fisht of a man terrifies them $ and idog will put feveral of them to flight. They are ex* emely fond of grapes, and will climb to the top of the kgheR trees in queft of them. 1'his kind of food ren- ders their He(h excelfiyely rich, and Bnely flavored ; p.nd tis confequently preferred by the Indians and ttaiUrs I that of any other animal. The fat is very white, d befides being fweet and wholefome, is pofTeif of one valuable quality* which is, that it never Hoys The inhabitants of thefe patt», conftantly an« |int themfelves with it, and to its tfficacy they in a great Beafurs owe their agility. ■ The feafon for hunting the ear is during the winter ; when they take up their a* ode in huUow trees, or make themfelves dens in the oois ot thofe that are blown down, the entrance of which hey (lop up with branches of fir that lie fcattercd about. horn thefe retreats it is faid they (lir not whilft the eather continues fevere, and as it is well known that !tey do not provide themfelvM with food, they Att fup^ ifed to be enabled by nature to fubfift for fume montht irithout, and during this time to continue of the fame blk The WOLVES of North America are much Icfs than }fe which are met wiili in other ptrts of the world- ley have, however, in common with the reft of their ecies, a wildnefs in their looks, and a fiercenefs in their fes ; notwithflanding which, they ate fur from being ravenous as the European wolves, nor will they ever ttack a man, except they have accidentally fed on the lefli of thofe flain in battle. When they herd together, u they often do in the winter, they make a hideous and terrible noife. In thefe*part». there are two kinds ; one which IS of a fallow color, the other of a dun, ioclin* Dgto a black. There are two (brts of FOXES in North America, »hich differ only in tlieir color, one being of a redifh krown, the other of a ^re7 ; thofe of the latter kind that ^re found near the river Mt(II(ippi,are extremely beau- jliful, their hair being of a filvef erey. The DOCStoDployed by the Indiatu io hunting appear I 232 CARVER^S TRAVELS* to be all of the fame fpecies ; they carry theiir earsercA, and greatly tefemble a wolf about the head. They are exceedingly ufcful to them in their burning excurAons, and will attack the fierceft of the game they are in pur- fuit of. They are alfo remarkable for their fidelity to their mailers ; but being ill fed by them, are very trou- blefome in their h«ts or tents. 'i he Cat of the Mountain is ia (hape like a cat, only much larger. The hair or fur refembles alfo the ik'n of that domcAic animal ; the color, however, difFers, for the former is tf a reddifb or orange caft, but grows lighter near the belly. Ihe whole (kin is beautified with bhick fpots of diflferent figures, of which thofe on the back arc lorg, and thofe on the lower parts round. On the ears there are black firipes. 1 his creature is nearly as fierce ab a leojiard, but wiil feldoin attack a man. 'ilu BUFFALO, of which there are amazing num. lers in thee pcirts, is larger than an ox, has fhort black horr.Si wjth a larj^e bca*"d under his chin, and his head is fo full of hair, that it falls over his e) es, and gives him a frightiul look, 'i'litre is a bunch on his back which begins at the haunches, and increafing gradually to the Ihoulders, reaches on to the neck. Both ihisexcrefcence and its whole body are covered with Ibng hair, or rath. er wool, of a dun or moufe color, which is exceedingly valuable, efpecially that on the fore part of the body. Its head is larger than a bull's with a very fhort neck ; the breafl is broad, and the body decreafes towards the buttocks ; Thefe creatures will rnn away at the fight of a man, and a whole hero will make off when they per* ceive a fingle dog. '1 he flelh of the buffalo is excellent iood, its hide is extremely ufeful» and the hair very proper for the manufafture of various articles. There is but ore fpecies of DEER in North Amerl. •a, and thefe are higher and of a flhmmer make than thofe in Europe. Their ihape is nearly the fame as ihe European, their color ef a deep fallow, and their horns very large and branching 1 he deer is the fwif'.eU on the American plains, and they herd together as they ito in oiher coiiniriei. aARVi^.ii'S ntAVjfLis. The ELK greatly exceeds the deer m fize, being in balk equal to a horfe. Its body^ is ihap«d like that of a deer, only its tail is remarkably flwrt, being not more than three inches long. The color of its hair, which is grey, and not unlike that of a camel, but of a more red- di(h caft. is nearly three inches in length, and as ccarfe as that of a horfe. The horns of this creature grow to i prodigious fize, extending fo wide that two or three perfoBs might fit between them at the fame time. Tliey are not forked like thofe of a deer, but have all their teeih or branches on the outer edge. Nor does the form of thofe of the elk refemble.a deer's, the former being Hat, and eight or ten inches broad, whereas tlie latter are round and confiderably narrower. They fhed their horns every year in the month of February, and by Aw- guft the new ones are nearly arrived at their full growth. Notwithftanding their fize, and the means of defence nature has furnifhed them with, they are as timoious as • deer. Their flsin is very ufeful and will drefs as well » that of a buck. They feed on grafs in the fummer, on mofs or buds Jn the wintei'. The MOOSE is nearly about the fize df the elfc, and the horns of it are almcft as numerous as that animal's^ the t^em of them, however, is not quite fo wide, and they bra nch on both fides like thofe of a deer, rhis crea^ tare alfo fheds them every year Though its hinder party are very broad, its tail is not above an inch long. It h is feen and legs like a camel ; its head is about two iVvt long, its upper lip much larger than the under, and ihe noflrils of it are fo wide that a man might thtud his hand^ into them a confiderabte way. The hair of the moofe is light grey, mixed with a Dlackifh red. It is very elaftici for though it be beaten ever fo long, it will retain its o- riginal (hiipe. Ihe ile(h is exceeding good food, eafy ol digellion, and very nourifhing. '1 he nofc or upper* Hp, which isMarge and loolefiom the gums, is efteemed a great delicacy, being of a firm confidence, between- marrow and grille, and when properly drefied, a£Fords> a rich and lufcious di(h. Its hide is very proper tor* leather, being thick and Arong* yet foft and pliable.^ The pace of this creature is always a trot, which is fo> V \ r; I }}' l-'tl' I f m4> CARVER'S TRAVELS. \ expeditious, that it i-s exceeded in fwifcn«r$ but by few of its fellow inhabitants of thefe woods- It is general- ly found in the forefts« where it feeds on mofa and buds. '1 hough thit creature is of tlie deer kind, it never herds a^ thofe dov Moft authors confound it with the e}k,deer «r carrabou, but it is a fpecics totally different as might be difcoTered by attending to the defcription I have given of each. The CARRIBOU is not fo tall as the moofe, how- ever* it is fomething like it in fbape, only rather morer heavy, and inclining to the form of an afs. '1 he horns (•f it are not Hat as thofe of the elk are, but round likd thofe of the deer ; they alfo meet neaier together at th» ifxtremiiies, and b»nd more over the face than eitiicr thofe of the elk or moofe. It ptrtakes of the fwiftnsfs ©f the decTt tnd is with diificuky uvertaken by its pur- •I'ueis. i he flclh of it likewife rs equally as good, the tongue particularly is in hij^h efteem. The (kin being; fmooth and free itom veins, is as valuable as ihamoyv The CARCAJOU, which is of the cat kind, is a ter- rible enemy to the preceding four fpeciesof beads. (I« either comes upon tbem from feme concealment unper* ceived, or climbs up into a tree, and takir.g his flaiic^ on fomc of the branches* waits till one of ihem driven by an extreri^e of heat or cold, takes Iheltcr under it ; wheu ht f^iAens upon his neck, and opening thejuguUr vein, foon brings his prey to the ground. 1 his he is en- abled to do by his long tail, yrith which he encircles tke body of his adverfary ; and the only means they have to ihun their fate, ts by flying immediately to the water; by this method, as the carcajou has a great diflike to that elemeMt, he is fometiines got rid of before he can cffcdl his purpofe. ^ The SKUNK is the moll extraordinary animd tha& the American woods produte. It is rather lefii than a fK)1ecat, and of the fame fpecies ; it is therefore often miftaken for that creature, but is Ters, different from it in many points Its hair is long and inining, varic^ted with large black and white fpots, the former molily on the ihotuders and ruitp ; its tail is Yery bufhy, like that ef the fox; part black; ^cd part white like iu body ; its CARVEirS TRAVELS. SSs* lives chiefly in the woods and hedges ; but its extraor- dinary powers are only fhewn when it is piuAied. A» loon as he finds himfelf in danger, heejc«fls« to a great diftance from behind, a imali ftreani of water, of fo Tub- tile a nature^ and at the fame timefo powerfn^ trnftll^ that the air is tainted with it for half a mile in circum* ference ; and his purfuers, whether men or dogs, being almod fufFucated with the (lench, are obliged to giv« over the purfuit. On this account he is called by the French, Enfant dii Diable, the Child of the DeTil ; or Bete Puante, the Stinking Beall It is almoft Impoffible to djfcribe the noifome effects of the liquid with which this creature is fupplied by nature for its defence. If a dr«pL of it falls on your clothes, they are rendered fo difa- greeable that i^t is impoffible ever after to wear them ^ or if any ofjt enters your eyelids, the pain becomes in- toUerable for a long lime, and perhaps at laft you lofe. your fight. The fmell of the (kunk, though thus to be dreaded, is not like that of a putrid carcafe, but a ftrong foetid effluvia of mufk, which difpleales rather from it» penetr«ting power than firom its uaufeovfnefs. U is not* withitanding confidered as conducive to clear the head* and ro raife the fpirits. This water is fuppofed liy nat- uralills to be its urine ; but I have di^edled many of them that I have Qx6t, and have found within their bod- ies, n^ar the urinal velfel, a fmall reeeptacle of water totally diiHndl from the bladder w?iic!i contain- ed the urine, and from which alone I am fatis6ed the hoirid ftench proceeds. After having taken out with great care the bag wherein tliis water is lodged, I have Irequently (ed on them, and have found them very fweet and g*od i but one drop cniitrcd' taints not only the carcafe, but the whole houfc, and readers every kind of provifions, that are in it, unU: for ufe. With great juf- tice therefore do the French give it fuch a diabolical name. i he PORCUPINE of America is iu bulk about the fize of a fmall dog, but is both ihOrter in length, and not fo high from the ground It varies very much from thofe of other countries both in its (hape and the length of itt quills. ^The former is like that of a fox» mi: !)! it" is< ■ill - % ii f I I ' n i' 236 CARVER»3 THAVELl except die the head, which is not (6 fliarp and long, btit refenihles more that of a rabbit. Its body is cover- ed with hair of a dark brown, about four inches long, great- pirt of which are the thfcknfefs of a Rraw, and are termed its qiiills. Thefe are white* with black points, hollow and very ftrong^, efpeclaUy thofe that grow oa the back. The quills ierte tliis creature for defenfive weapons ; and if they pierce the flefii in the lead de^ gree, they will Cmk quite into it, and are not to be ex- traSed without incifion* The Indians ufe them for boring their ears and nofes, to infert their pendants, and alfo by way of ornament in their (lockings, hairj&cbc- fides which, they greatty efteem the fleflii The WOODCHUCK is aground animal of the fur kind, about the fize of a martin, being nearly fifteeit inches long ; its body however is rounder, and its legs Ihorter ; the fore paws of k are broad, and conftrufhed foi the porpofe of digging holes in the ground, where it burows like a rabbit ; its fur is of a grey color, on the rediHi cafl, and its fleOi is tolerable food. The RACOON isfomewhatlefs in fize than a beaver, atid its feet and legs are like thofe of that creature, but fliort in proportion to its body, which' refembles that of a badger. The (hape of its head is much like a fox's, only the ears are (horter, more round and naked ; and its hair is alfo fimilar to that animal's, being thick, loTig^. foft, and black at the ends. Cm its face there is a broad ftripe that runs acrofs it, and includes the eyes, which are large. Its muz^e is blaclt and at the end -Foundilh liketnat of a dog ; the teeth are alfo fimilar */> thofe of a dog in number and (hape ; the tail is long and round,with annular (Iripes on it like thofe of a cat ; the feet have five long (lender toes, armed with iharp tlaws, by which it is enabled to climb up trees like a monkey, and run to the very extremities of thftboughs. It m3kes ufe oj its fore feet, in the manner of hands, and feeds itfelf with them. The (k*(h of this creature is very eood in the months of September and 0(5lober, when fruit and nuts on which it likes to feed, are plenty The MARTIN is rather larger than a fqtfirrel, and Ibmewhat cf the fame make i its legs and claws howev* CARVER'S TRATELi im §r, are conflderrably ftiorter. Its ears are (h«rt, broad, and roupdlfh, and its eyes Oiine in the night like thofo of a" cat The whole body is covered with fui of a l)iownin) fallow color, and fomt in the more north* em parts . are black ; the (kins of the latter are of much greater value than the others. The tail is coh- ered with long hair, which makes it appear thicker than it really i$. Its Hefh is fometimet. earen, but is not i 1 any great edeem. The MUSQUASH, or MUSK-RAT, is fo termed for the exquifite mu(k which it affords It appears to be a diminutive of the beaver, being endowed with all the properties of that fagacioUs animal, and wants noth- ing but fize and ftrength, being not much bigger thaiv a large rat of the Norway breed, to rival the creature it fo much refembles. Was it not for its tail, which h ex« aiece of water. In the fpring they leave their retreats^ and in pairs fubfift on leaves and roots till fummer com»& on when they feed on nrawberries,rafpberries, and fuch odier fruits as they can reach. At the approach of winter ihey feparale, when each takes up its lodging a- part by itfelf in fome hollow of a tree, where they re- main quite unprovided wah food, and theie is the great- eft reafon to b%lieve,fubfift without any till the return of S(^lJiRRELS. There are five forts oi fquirrels in Anierici ; the red, the grey, the bl^ck the ^ ariegated and the flying. The two former are exaftly the fame as thofe of Europe ; the black are fome what larger and differ from them only in color ; the variegated alfo re* femble them in ihape and figure, but_are very beautiful, being finely ftriped with white or grey, and fometimes with red and black The flying fquirrel is much lefs than the European, being about five inches long, and of a ruflet grey or a(h color on the back, and white on the tnder parts, it has black prominent eyes, like ihofe c^ # i V 1 C A R VE R*S T RAVELS. the xnoii{e,with a long,flat,broad tail. By. a membrane on each fide, which reaches from its fore to its hind legS) this creature is enabled t« leap from one tree to an* othe^'* even it they (land a confiderable diflauce apart ; this loofe fkin, which it is enabled to ftretch out like a fail, and by which it is buoyed u being rather weaker and more .disagreeable ; it however thickens as it grows older, and At length becomes about the confiftence of tallow. I'his has alfo its particular ufe in medicine ; but it is not To valuable as the true caftoreun. The ingenuity of thefe creatures in building their cabins, and in providing for their fubfiftence, is truely wondeiful. When -they are about to chufe themfelves a habitation, they aifemble in companies fometimes of :twc or three hundred, and after mature deliberat!un fix on a place where plenty of proTiHons and all neceiTaries are to be found. Their houfes are always fituated in the water, and when they can find neither lake nor pond .adjacent, they endeavor to fupply the defeA by ftopping the current of fome brook or fmall river, by means of A caufeway-or dam For this purpofe they fet about fel- ling of trees, and they take care to choofe ott thofe tliat grow above the place wherf they intend to build, that they may fwim down with the current. Having fixed on thofe that are proper, three or four beavers placing themfelves round a large one, find means with their ilrong teeth to brine it down. They alfo prudently •contrive that it (ban fall towards the water, that they may have the lefs way to carry it. After they have by a continuante of the fame labor and induftry, cut it in- to proper lengths, they roll thefe into the water, and aavigate them towards the place where they are to be I empK)yed. Without eutering more minutely into the meafures they purfue in the conAruCticn of their dams, | I ihall only remark, that having prepared a kind of mor- tar with their feet, and laid it on with their tails, vhichl they had before made ufe of to tranfport it to the place where it isrequifite, they conOruA them with as muchj folidity and regularity as the mcft expeiicrced work* men could do. The formation of their cabins is no Iclsl aroLzing. '1 hefe are cither built on poles in the mid* die of the fmall lakes they hav^ thus foimed, rn thel bank of a river, or at the eitrcmity of feme point of land that advances int* a lake. 1 he figure cf ihim ii \ CAilVER^S TRAVEtS. ^S9 toond ct oval, and they are fafliioned with an ingenui« ty equal to their dams. Two thirds of the edi Bee ft ands libove the water, and this part is fufficieritly capaeioui to contain eight or ten inhabitants. Each beaver has [his plate afiigned hbn, the flodr of which he curioufl/ Nlrews with leaves, or rtnall f>rinches of the pine tree, |{o as to render it clean and comfortable ; and their ca- bin^ are all Uttiated To contigaoiis to each othei*) as to [allow of an eafy commnr/cation- ^ The winter never All priies thefe animals before their bfiifinefs Js completed; for by the latter end of September their houfes are fin- iihed. and their (lock of provifioas is gei^erally laid in. Thefe confifl uf fmail pieces of wood whofe texttirb is foft, fuch as the poplar^ the afpin, or willow, &c. which they lay up in piles, and difpcfe of in fuch manner al to preferve their moifliire. Wii& I to enumerate erery inibtnctf of fagacity that is to oe difcuvered in thefe kn- Imuls, ih«y would fiil » volume, and prove not only eo^ tertaining but inftruAing> ; / The OTTER. This trtftttire alfo is aibpliibfons, ind f^reatly refenmhles a hieaver, but is Very diflFerent from Tt m many refpeple of the colonies founds like the name they give ij^t vhip poor-will \ to an Indian ear muck-«iwifs. The rurds, it is true* are nnt alike, but in this manner they IHice the imagination of each t and the circumilance is I proof that the fame founds, it th^y are not rendered nrtain by being reduced to the rules of orthoffraphy, light convey diffensnt idf as to different ptople As as night comes on u.^fe Ur'^s will place themfclves the fences, flumps, 04 ' tha^^ic near fome boufe, tad repeat ihcir melanc lotes without any varia. fon till midnight. The Indians, and fome cf the in* Wtantsof theback fettlements, think if this bird perch., t upon any houfo, thit it betokens fome roilhap to tlie babiunts of it. '^ % The FISH HAWK greatly. refemWes the latter in H fhape, and receives his name from his food, which generally fUh s it (kirns over the lakes and rivers and |ibmetimes fcems to lie expanded on the water, as he hovers fo clofe to it, and having by fome attraftive pow. drawn the filh within tH reach, darts foddenly upon Ithem The charm it makes ufe of is fuppofed to be an ail contained in a fmall bag in> the body, and which na» |tare has by fome means or otlier* fupplied him with the )wer of ufing for this purpoA) j it is however very tain that any bait touched with a drop of the oil col- led from this bird is an irreiiftible lure for all forts of fiih. and infuto the angler great fuccefs. The OWL. The only fort of owls that is found en banks of the Miffitippt it extremely beantiful in its i)/ ■ . 1! ifi i'' ' n% CARVER'S TRAVELS. pittfnage, being of a fine deep yeltow or gold color, plea fingly {hadffd and fpotted. l*he CRANE .There is a kind of crane in thefe parts, tvhich is cahed by father Henipcn n pelican, that is ab'ont the fize of the European cranes of a greyifh color, and fviih long legs i but this fpecifs dififcrs from all otliers In its bill, v^htch is jabout twelve inches long, and one inch and an half broad,^ of which breadth it continues to the end, where it is blunted, and round like a paddle ; its tongue is of the fame length DUCKS. Among a variety of wild ducks, the dif. ferent fpecies of which amount to upwards of twenty I fhall coniine iny'drfcription to one ibrt, that is, the %vood duck, or. a& the Trench term it, Cairard Branch. us. '1 hiS/f(rwl receives its name from its fVeq^uenting the woods and perch ihg on the branches of trees, wiiich no otherwatcr fowl (a charafleriftic that this Qill prc^ ferves] is jknown to do. It is nearly of a fize with other dvtks; its pIuroageisbeautifuDy variegatecl,and very briU liant. The fie(h of it alfo.as it feeds but little on H(h,i>i finely flavored, and much fupetinr to any other fort. The rEAL. 1 have already remarked in my jour, ffial, tha^tche ttal found on the Fox river and the bead bxanchey of the Mi0inppi, are perhaps not to be equaU ed for the fatnefs apd delicacy of their flefh by any other in the world» In colori fhape, and fi7.e they are very little difierent frooi thofe found in other countries. The LOON 19 a water fowl, fomewhat lefs than a teal* and is a fpecies of the dobchick. Its wings are ihortt and its legs and feet large in proportion to the body ; the color of it it a darkVown, nearly approach- ing to black, ( and as it feeds only on fifh, the flolh of it is very ill flavoied. Thefe birds are exceedingly nimble and expert at diving* fo that it is almoft impofldble for one perfon to (hoot them, as they will dexterouily avoid the (hot by diving before they reach them ; • fo that it requires three perfons to kill one of them, and this ban only be done the moment it raifes its head out of the water as it ^tums to the furface after diving. 'It how. ever only repays the trouble takeo to obtain iti by the e»cellcot fport it affords. CAHVER'S TRAVELS. 34S The PARl'RIDQE. There are three fons of par- trtdges here, the brown* the red, and tlie black, the firft of which is moil elteemed. I'hey are all mlich larger than the European partridges, being nearly the fize of a hen pheafant ; their head and eyes are alfo like that . birJ, and they hare all long tails, which they fpreadlike a fan, but pot ere£l \ but contrary to the cnftom of thofe in other count|F|ps, they wjll perch on tlie branches of th tremities of the wings are blackiih, faintly tinctured with d irk blue on the edges, whiltl the other parts of the winp^ are bared acrofs with black in an elegant man* Her. Upon the whole this bird can fcarcel^ be exceed- ed in beauty by any of the winged inhabitants of this rr other climates, it hts llie fame jetting motfon that jays /generally have, and its cry is far more pleafing. 'Vhc WAICON BIRD,as iris termed by the Indians. apLH^ars to be of the fame fp< cie5 as the birds of para* dile. 1 he name they have given it, U cxpreflivc of its f«i rcrior rxcdknce, and the veneration they have for it $ wJ •:*■ ^^4, CMiVm'd tRAVELS. the tynkon bird beind in tlreir larignag^ ike bird of t>ie Gieat Spl'it It is nearly the fiie of a fv allow, of a brown colori ihaded about the neck witli a btight gfeen ; the tviugs are of a darker broWn than the body ; its tail is compojTed of four or five feather*, which are three times a$ long as iubodvi and whifsh are beautifully {ha> ded with green and purple. -It carries this fine length of pin mage in the fame manner as a peacock does, but it is not known whether it ever r^ifes it in- to the ere€t potition tha&that birds fometimes does. I never faw anyof theft bird^ in the colonies, but the ^laudoweffie Indian* caU^htfeveral of them when I was in their country, ^nd feemed to treat them as if they were ofafuperiorrankto any other elf the feathered race. The BLACK BIRD, rhere are three forts of bitds in North America that bear this name j the fir (I is the common, or' as it is there termed, the crow black bird, which is quite black, and of the fame fize a&d ihape of thofe in Europe, but it has not that mel- ody in its notes which they have In the month of Septemberlhis fort fly in large flights, and do great mifchief to the Indian com, which is at that tinriejuil ripe. The fecondl fort is the red wing, which is ra^chcr fmaller than the firft fpecies, but like that it is black all over its body, except on the lower rim of the win^f» ^ where it is of a fine, brigln^ full fcarlet It builds its neft, and chiefly refoits among the fmall buHies that grow in meaaows and low, fwampy places. It whifl- les a few notes, but is not equal in its fong to the Eu* ropean black bird. 'I he third foft is of the fairre fize as the latter, and is jet black like that but all the up« per part of the wing, juft bdow the black, is of a fine clear white ; as if nature Intended tadiveTl\fy the fpe- cies, and to atpne for the want of a melodious pipe by the beatity of its plumage ; for this alfo is deBcient in its mufical powers. The beaks of every fort are of a full yelbw, and the females of each of a ruQy black like the European. The RED BIRD it about thefizeof afparrow, but with a Jong tail, and is all over of a bright vetmillion coltr. I faw many of th«a abonc the Ouawaw lakes, cm^ti^& T]Oi;VM§. ^^ iiViifcoM nW l^rn that thej fylvvgi h(^() 6bCeTvcd' iri fome oftlier parts a -bird <4tfli\iehyhe^arne*ijake, tii.u was entirely of a fine veWoA^i >*> w«^a j-^l[>ci: il ^^^*; '■. Vhe WHE rs A V^ 'is of. thd cue*%b klivd^ bcirg like ^at, a jolitary bird, and fcarcely ^Vifi-'fe^ti in theiiim. j met tnohthz it fs heard in ihe gtd^ei, lihere^ it flakes a noife lik^ tM6Un»ofarjW,rr(Jtti which if rk The^Kl'fm HjKD'istlheai^^Mnbw,^^^^^^ to h"^ of the lame fpecies^s'thte Black martin ©r fwift* - It [rsVallfed the kirtg bifd betaufe'i't' iVabie to mn^'^r almoft every'bird tha^'tKes. tlidire i^tt^n tea . b. down a> Thfe HUMMIN6«^ mRa3^. ► TWs beautiful bird, t«^h{ch i^ the fnnra;lleft 6f the featHetedinhaijitants of the alr,:it'abotit^the'th*rd'j)iittbfrii6-rilseof a w*en, and is (hii)ed eirtreroelj^'ltlibiti;' "Ie^ legs, 'Which are atout an bchi Idng, app^r^ik^tm) fmall needles, and its bodf ii.proportibniible 10^ theh). But its plumuge exceeds^ deftripillon On its head it has »fmaU tuft of jetty, ^lining black ; thcrbresift of it is red, the belly whke,- the bacl^, v^ings and tailof the finell pale greea ; and ffliall fpecfks of gold are fc^ttfired with inexprefiible grace over tb« whole ; befides^ this, an aimed impre^ ceplffble dbwn foftens the colors, and produces the mod pWatlng Ihades- With its bill, which ;» of the fame di over tlitfd'it hovers like a becj but never lights on them, ' moving at the fame time its wigs vvith fuch velocity that the inoTfionbV theihi» imperceptible ; nbtwithiland- ing which they make a humming ooife, from vvhenceit* r?2eivei5 its nan: e. mC) OF THH Fll^HliS ttTHlCH ARF VOOUD IH THl WATFRS^ OF THB^ MloSISlPPt. %m I have already given a defctiption of thofe that are taken in the great lakes. The Siorfteon, the Pout gf Cat Fi(h, the Pike, ihr C!arp, and the Chub. f im c^kms^ TMmif^' 1 he STUROEOK^ T'he fireOi wJu^w ftiirgcon Is Oiaped i» no o^er r^fpe4l like ^hpfe taken near thefea, escept in the forraatioh of it£ head and t9,il; which are f4Qiio|>ed in the iame manner, bat the bodjr Is notib an* giliate4 nor are^^re iix many horny fcales about it a$ on the latier^ Jts ,ieog|^ ii^ g^^rally ahbut two feet and a hal£pT threeteet long, hut in circdmfer^nce not prop<;^tiOnab^e, 'jeinjg %fl^nii^ fith» ?h€ fl^Hi Is exceed- ingly dejlca^a and finely flawed;; 1 caught forne in the head waicrs ortHe jiiyer ,^t Ctojji tha^t iar exceed- ed trout. The mMOTjer^lakinf tliem i» by watching them a$ they he under ih? bank* in a ctiear (Ire^am, and dartirtgat tkem with g filkjip^arvior they will na a bait. ri»e»e>» alfo ifi the, ^f• i$fipfM^ and there ^^only, anotiier fortthan thts. fpectf* | ji^v^ dercrihed, which is iiaiilar to it inteve^y refpe^l, ex?^|>i that jtjHe upper jaw •steads iipurteen or fift^fu incnef ileyopd the under ; this extcnfive jaw, which « of agriftly fubftance, is three tache^and a half brosid. and coutinues of that breadth, (omewhat in lh«S Cbtape pf an oar, to the end, which is flat. The felii of this filb, however, is not to be compared •with thf other fort* and js hot fo rjauch eftemed even by thc.Indtanii. -^ ...... ■'■.^-..-'ost.^i*.: .":,■.; ^; ■ ■ '\ ' . The CAT FI^SH- This fifli is about eighteen inch. eslong; c^abrownifli color, and without fcales. It has a large round head* from wliehce it recctves Ha name, on difflrent parts of which grows three or four ftrcng, ftarp hor«s about two inch^* ^ng^ 1 1» fins are alfo ve- ry bony and (Irongt and without great care will pierce the hands of ihofe whorttake thc^n. Itweighg commonly ^bout five , or- fix poinds j the flelh of it is excedive^y fat and lufcious^ and [ireatly refembles that of an eel in its flavor. 1 he C A RP and CHUB are much the fame as ihofe la England^ and nearly abou,t thy iaqa« A/?^ OF tt&rBMTt. iQiftv^rt' The Rattle SnaVe, the Long Black $i^kei the Woth towards the head, and the tail. The neck, is proportionably vecy fitiaUi and the head broadband d^'prcirjJd.> ihefe are of.alij;ht brown color.v the iris, of the eye red, and.all the upper part of the body brown, mixed with a raddy yellow^ , and checi'ierecl with inany regular linifs o£a deep black, . gra4ualty Ihadiog (owaiHis a: gold colior. Infhortthe> whole, of this >da«g*rOi|is I'eptiTe. »% very beaatiful, and. cpjiild k be vie«red with lefs tenoi^ fuch a variegal^d ; aifai^gement of colors would he- extremely pleafing. SQt thel'e are Qnly to be feen in their higheA perfedion at the time thi^ creature i^>nimated by re^ntment ; thenu every tintrunies front itStAi^^^n^oiisrecefs, and give* ., the i'ui^Cftof th^ ikin a deeper fts^iir.;^ ihe Wily i4 of a paliih blue, which grou^ fuller as it\ approaches the.- fideSft and is at lengul^ interniixed with> the color of the uj^r pirt« The rattle at its tailyTfom which itcfeei:eives itsnanic, -s compofed ot a fit m»*ry, callous, «| horny fi^WUncc »f a light brown^ ^nd confifts oi a nmber of cells which ai^iculat^ one wtthii) anptber, like joioxs ; . and which: itigreafe eyer y year, and make known the age ; of the cjreature Thefe articulations being very loofe^ the: included pQints fltrike againft the inner furface of the> concaTe parts or rings into which they are admitted^., and as Ihe fnake Vtb^res, or (hakes its tail iVKdces a rat- tKng noire. This alarm is aWays given when it is ap-^ prehen^^ e oi danger { and in an inUant afper ^rms it- felf'intQ:a.fpiralwreathi in the centre of which appear tljui^ head ered» and breathing for;.h vengeance again (li either, niAii nr beafttlmt (hall dare to conae near it. In this attitiideh9 awAiUthesipproach of hh enemies,. »i I. }i , f 'I 'I -248 CARVER'S TRAVEtS. ratuifyg his t^U is he mH' c^wms them coiMhff on By this ttmeijr intimatk>n« which heaten feemito have pr*). vided its a means to counteraA the mirehtef' this veno- mous re|[»tile Vo!|M otherwife be the perpetrator of, ihe unwar ]r travellet is a|^rifed of his danger, ^nd has an op. portanity of a^oldihg' it It ii however to be obferved, that it never ads oI!etifive(y j it neither purfiies rtor flies froari any ihin^ thit xpptbtches lt» iMit Kes in the pofi- tiori^efcHbed^ tattlfng his tail as if relnaant to hurt. 'J'he »<'eth with whichUhis ferpent eflfeifts his poifonous purpoles are not tho^ehe tnakei ufe of on ordinary cc- cations, they are only tw(» hi number, very fmaH and (harp painted* anii fixt4 i^ a (luewy fabftance that lies near the ettremity of the upper jiw.refemblfng the cla^s«f a erodiic«l on eVety part of the ficitt dte vMegatk^ htie of tlie fttake. The bitf ofthrsrept^ii iaQire'j|#l^^ according to the leal^bf the^e9f^#hith it is given,- In the dog days,it|ie^ pi^es IfMantly criortal, and efpeeially if the ttibtji d is M^t iiiiofl|^'eliy of dhe is 9; li|Kt redV the' other a jraintbJi:(e j; al! tht uppei* fwrts 6f ttieii^HbdJesftre black fiiid'fcsiljr. Th^t are ih^Aeral frotti Hx tO eighft feet ^«i |bn||^h« and tarry their' hekdiy as tjiey '^am along, about a ..^otaniJ a half from the ground. - Theyeiiiiy dimb the hi^^ tretsiii jmriuit of birds ^dfi^uirrels whkli are their chief food '$ and thefe, it is £i|^,' they «harm b)f tli^t' feolts, and rert<;fer1Hcaf>iiWe of^^fcaping %>ntt1S£Nn: * 1^§%pp|arkh^ carries terrbr-whk it to thd^ltoi ire unalfived ** .^ the pOwer of avoiding it. Tfie^rHOJlK tAl£;iSKAKE; tm repiJe ' t)f-th IS e\itvM*s TitA\^i Li m thefe were e retire to ity, on my Jixh chalk) i America, reof Gaf* r for com- [tfoakealfo iitive than fumptions* ar^ aUo o£ tit^iapeand i&^^bther a !* are black elglit feet a%r along, They ealiiy Ddrc[ttirrels ; fold, they of^efcapmg r -With it to ity iotet, ■ven- :;i8 exaaiy ites. rajtlrfilalce h the fame stticbUrly [f Uke E- Win half fbs,^ that It id J hapily* it would do [fs ilxrotigh [re<%^ived JctiAnd I'iVRiany: p^rts of America, but is Tory feldoi* to bi9.feeii, It i& of » middle^zet and r«ceiire6 its name from a thorn- tike dart in its uil, with which tt i« Cmd ,tQ itifii^anls^rtal wounds ' ^he 3P£CKLiU> SNAKE is an aqueous reptile a- bp»ttw0feetrand an half in lengths but wiihaut venom. .Ill ^^11 which is btowaand white, with {bme (pots of i i^j^i^W in it, is ufed by the Americans as a toTer for (^ handles ot whips,. Mid it Moders them pleafing to |l»e fight. The RING SNAKE is about ;t.welTe inches long; |h0:4Qdy of it u entirely folackr tetcept a . yellow rk)g #lltch ft haft about its necki and wbith appeals like a narrow piece of riband lied round it. .This odd reptile Htirequ^ndj found la ihe barlL of irets mid ajnonj^ old SrbeT^WO HEADED SNAKE, ^he only A>ake df.this kind that was ever fe^ in Anierica, was foiiind ibduttbd year 176S» near lake Champlain, by Mt^ Park, a|;entleiiian of New England, and made a prefent to jofd Anherd. It was«tbonta foot loDg, and in (hAp» liletlie^ common fnake, but it was fuimUted, with .tw^ ^eads eiaiiiy fil^lar, which united at the neck. Wheth- tr. this was a diftinft fpecies of fnakes, and was able to pr^a^te^ti l^enefs, or whether it ivais an accidental fojimation, I know iH)!t. , • I he TOIfct'OlSE 6r LANB TURTJLE. The As^pe of thii>creatuffs,^.*. oogh there are numerous kinds of this dafs of tW X. 11 ' ii pi iu 1 .1 I m ! ;l i ilf^ 'ttffl CARVER'S TRAVELS. jinimal creation, in the country I treat of, I ihall only take notice ofvtwoof them ; which are tejn:edthe Svrift J Und Slow Lizard : >^ The SWIFT LIZARD is about fia inches lonj, and has four legran4 a tail. Its body, which is blue^ is prettily Jtriped with darjc lines (haded with yellow ; but the end of the uil is toully blue. It is fo reinark. ably agile, that in an inftant it is out of fight, n^ can its niovement be perceived by the quickel^ eye ; |i^ that it nv|;ht more jvUty be fich ini|ht be heard to a great didance They infeft the woods in fuch numbers, tnat their refiKinfive notes at thefe times make the air refour^d. It is vnly a fommer animal, and ney fr to Ic found during tl)e winter. i iKSlCTI. , 'I he interior parts of North -America abound wit BC4B peculiar to this country; the Silk Worm, the 'Icbacco- iih ye41ow ;■ Worm, the Uee, the i^ightning Bug, the Water Bug, i fo retaark.|jmj the Hoinpd Bug. ht, nof can! the SIL,^ WORM i« nearly the fam- as thofo of ye } ib thatBKrance and Italy, but will not produce the fame quanti- oruntway.|iyoffjik. * ' ey bit*, but! The TOBACCO WQRMisacatterpiUar ofthe fize- fons that ap- 1 21),) ggure of a filk worm^ it is a fine fea green color, on its rUmp it has a fting or horn near a quarter of atv loch long. The pF.ExSr in America principally lodge their hort* ey in the earth to fecure it from the ravages of the bears,- who ar9 remarkable fond of it. The LIOH rWlNG hlSG or .FIRE FLY is about the tize of a bee, but it is ofthe |>eede kind, having like diat infect twp jpair of wings, tlie trpper of whicii are of a firiD texture, to defend it from danger. When it Hies, and the wings are eipanded, there is under thefea kind* oJFcoat, confiruAed alfo like wings, which is luminous ^ and a* the infeA pafles Ofi,.caufes all' the hinder part of its body to appear like a bright fiery coal. Having plac« eJ one pf them on your hand, the under part only iliines« ind throws the light on the ipace beneath ; but as foou u It fpreads Ui upper wings to fly away, the whole body which lies behind them appears illuminated ail a- round. The light it gives is not conftantly of the fame magnitude, even when it flies { but feems to depend on the eipan^oo or contraAioii cf the luminous coat or wings, and is very di£ferent from that emitted in a dark night by dry wood or fome kinds of fifh, it having much more the appearance of real fire. 1 hey feem to befen- fible of the power they are pofftired of, and to know the modfuitable time for exerting it, as in a very d;trk night they are much more numerous than at any other time. They are only feen during the Aimmer months of June, July, and Augutl, and then at no other time but in the •111 enly out of | hape as the • of »,tk oppo. in its mov^ ^Icthat thefe ; off near ths here is a fpe< lD, which ii 't, btttfmall' Lind on trees, evices of it ;{ 'tlie tree tol liftinguifiied 1 during the ft before and oakingnoife cK fi>i|nt be roods m fuch e times make aal, and uty abound wii he fam^ r^4aight. Whether from their color, which ii of a d«(ky V » p; i 111 I ;»i;l m CARVER'S TRAVElJl: browm tiiey are not then d'rcerimbls^ or ^'nx their re* tiring to holU and ttrr'tt^, I iciUDW not, but they are never to he di&ovtted in the day. Ihef thwSiy are feen HloYf (vt^mpf Unit ftnd appear like :iamiitierable ttnnfcic^nt g{«am« of ligtit. In dark nights' whtti there is nyuch lightning without min^thef reem otf if the/ wifhed ctiher to imitate or uflitt the Dafheif for duriitg the intet val«t they are uncommoniy agil^, aod^ddavor to throw out e vei-y ray they caiv eolleA Not v HERBS, FLOMTil^S, t^Ct Jt SHALL here obferve the fame methoci that 1 have purfued ii> the preceeding chapter, and and having giv- en a lift of the trees, ^c. which are natives Oi the inte- rior parti of North America, particularize fuch only as differ from the preduce of other countries, or, being lit* tie kaowQ, hav« not been defcribed. '■mi •F TRIES. ' The Oak. the Pine Tree, the Maple, the A(h, ihft Hemlock, the Bafs or White Wood, the Cedar, the £ln, the Birch, the Fir, the Locuft i'ree. the PopUr, th« Wickopic, the Spruce, the Hornbeami and the Button Wood rrec. . - , 'there are feveral forts of oaks in thefe parts ; the black, the white, the r«d,the >eIli>w,Lhe grey, tlie fwamp and tiie chefiiut oak : the tive former vary but little in their extctnal appearance, the (Iiape of the leaves, and the color of the bark being io much alijie, that they are icaicely diltinguilhable; but the body of tlie tree when fawed difcovcr^i the variation, which Chiefly cotfiAs in the color of the wood> they being all \ery harv!, and proper fox building. The fwamp oak differs materially from the others both in the iltape of .the leaf, which is fmaller,and in the bark, which is fmoother; and like- wife as it grows only in a moiii, gravelly foil. It is ef- teemed the tougheft of all woods, being to (Irons yet pliable, that it is often made ufe of inftead of whalebone* and is equally ferviceable The chefnut oak alfo is greatly different from the others, particularly in th« (hapc of the leaf, which much refembles that of the ehef- nut tree, and for this reafon is fo jLenominatcd. It it neither Co Arong as the former fpecies, nor fo tough al lh« ktteri but is of a nature proper to be fplit into rail* h»» ' fl m CiUtVfeRM THAVIfLSi h I lore conflderablti for fences, in which (Uiti; it y(rill enc tiine. The PINE TREE That fpecies of the pine ifee peculiar to this part of the contitfent* ts the whit^i the quality of which I nefd not deferibe, as the timber of it is fo wfll knofn under the name of deah „ It grows h^re in |rreat plenty, to an amazing height aAd fize, and yields an excellent turpentine, though not In ibch quan* lilies as thdfe in the northern parts of Europe. The M A fl ;E. Of this tree there art two forts, the iTtird andthe foft, both of which yteld g hifdous juice, from which the Indians^ by boiling, nofake very good fugar. 'i*he fap of the former is much richer and fweet- «r than the latter, but the foft produces a greater quan- tity. ITie wood of the Ikard maple is very beautifully ^ veined and curled, and when wrought into cabinets, ta> bles, gunllocki, Ac is great! y'v^tltfed- That of the foft fort differs in its texture, wanting tlie f atttrgated grain «f the hard t it alfo grows moreSraight attu free from branches, and is more eafily fplit. It likewifrmay be diftinguifhcd from the )iard» as this grows in meadows And low land, that on tlie hiUs and optaads. the leaves Are fhaped aUke, but thofe of th^ ibit ratf^Ie are »ttch tlie iargeft. and of a deeper-green. ^ ' 1 he ASH. There are feverat forts of; thh tree in fhefe pTarts, but that to whitk 1 (hall confine my defcrip. tion, is t^e ydfow afli, which is only found near the head branches of the Midtfippi. This tree grows to an amazing height, and the body of it Is fo firm and found, that the French traders who go Into that country from Louifiana, to purchafe furs, make oi them peringuafs ) ii\h they do by excavating them by^ fire, and when they •re completed, convey in them the ^oduce of their tra(de to New Orleans, where they find a good market both for their veilels and cargoes. The wood of this tree greatlf refembles that of the common afli { but'lt aiight be cNftlnguiflied from any other tree by its bark ; the rofs or out Sde bark being near eight inches thick, and indented with fbrrows more than fix Inches deep, >»hich make thofe that are arrived to a great bulk af^^tear TiAcOiiUBODly rough { and b^ this pectiltArity they mtq CAitVEE'S TfilAVEiS, W: H#ireaii£^)kn6wlk tW mdox i^iliilp? Ibark U of Ui s to wear it off. Many ufeful qualities belong to this tree, '^ doubt not will be idiCeaTdired in itiAc,^ beudes. its proving a v^l< ttaUeaequifiition to thedyer The afikLOCIC IHEEgrowi in every part of Ainevioai in ft greater or le^s degree. It is an evergreen of a very large growth, and hat leaves fomewhat like that uF tUe yew; it is however ({uite uledefit, and ORly jur< fncumbrance to the ground, the wood beii^ ^f a very^coarie gr^ii>, an<| full of ^ indl ikakei pr cracks. The BASS xir WHITE WOOP is a tree of a mid. dling fise, "and the whiteA acd foCtet\ wpod that grows t when q«ike 'dry it fwims on tiie.w^ter like a cork t in tli^ ftftttements the turners make of k bowlst trenchers and diihes, which w«ar fmooth, auii wiiy4(l a long time ) but when applied to any.otherpurpoff it i&fitf frcm|fif table. The WICKOPIC or SUCKWie appears to be a fpecies of the white wood, and is diftinguilhed from it bv a peculiar quality in tlie bark, which when popnded^ and motftened wiih a little watter, in^Hantly becomes ft matter of the c<^nfiileiice and nature of fiae. With this the Indians pay tlieir canoes, and it greatly exceedf pitch, or aisy oiher material afunlly appropriated to that purpofe t for beftdes its adhefive quality, it is of fo oily a nature, that the water cannot penetrate throtigh it, an4 its tepelling power abates not for a confideraUc time. The BU r lON WOOD is a tree of the lar^eQ fizs, and might be diftinguillieJ by its bark) which is quite Anooth and prettily motikd i'ht wood is very prop* per ibr the ufe of cabinet makers. It is covered with IflMllhard biiri which i^irg from its branches, that ap- H ih i ; 1 ' I' i n$ CARVIER^S TU.WELl i^ear not urtlikft buttms, and fio.nthe^ 'it>rPMnrci til ftanue. ' v ■ ■ .■ ^: HUT TRktS. m 'The Butter or Oil Nut. the Walnttt, the Haael Nut, \he Beech Nut) the Pecaa Nat, the Chefnut, theHrck* The BUfTER or OIL NOT. As no mention has been made by any author of this 4iut. I fliall be the mo.' e particular in my account of it. I'he tree ijrows in meadows where the foil is rich and ^ warm. The body of it Teldom exceeds % yard in rircumterence, is full of branches, the twigs of whi(ih are (hort and blunt, ^nd its leaves refemble tnofe of a Walnut. The nmt has a (hell more like that fruity which when ripe is more furrow, ed and more eafily cracked ; it is alfo much longer and larger than a walnut, and contains a greater quantity of kernel, which is very oily, and of a rich agreeable flavor. I am perfuaded that a much purer oil than that of. olives might be ex trailed from this nut. The Infide bark of thuttree dies a good pui-ple; and it is faid, varies is its made according to the month in which it is gathered. The BEECH NU T. Though this tree grotvs exafl. lylikethat of thefamenamein Europe, yet it produces nuts equally as good as chefnuts ; on which bears,mar- tins, fquirrels, pitridger, tutktes, and many other birds atid beads feed rhe nut it contained, whilfl growing, in an oUtAde cafe, like that of a chefnut, but not fo prtckly ; and the co'<>t of the infide fliell is alfo fngooih like that; only its form is nedtrly triangular. Vaft Quantities cf them lie fcatteted about in the woods, and fupply with food great numbers cf the creatures Jud mentioned. The leaves, which are white, continue on the trees the whole winter. A decofli*n made of them is a certain and (Expeditious cure for wounds which nrife from bcrning or fcalding, as well as a reftorative forthofe members that at^ nipped by thefroft. The PECAN NUT is fcrniewhak of the walnut kipdi CxVaVER'S TRAVBtS. 25$e b^t rather': ff^lbr thm tH« wsloutt hi^iip^. ajbout tie' fi^fr - of _a mi idle acorn, tnd cf an ovji) fortn i the ibeU it. Qafil; cracked) and tlie kftfr't^l i);iap^d like tt:^ of « waK n|il. Thi*^ tree grow* chi< fl / i^ear tkef^i^ir^ois River. Tfce HICKORY is .a^iiOQf the waUiw kind. ?in^ beaarsra frillt nearly like that Lree>. There ar^ icyer^l lo|t9 of: thenif which Tarfonl/ iu, the colpr of the wood. B4ng9frA *ftry tough ni*tar«, the wpod.is generally ufe4 far the hartdle^ of aie^ ^n?. Uh atfp very gpp^ hXP.i. wood, sin4 Mj . it huf fi9i aA leJ^ltant Xugur diimi. .,.■•.. ,j»*itt>r T*Mi[, •, j^l n^jQd iiQttQ cMiftMe that th«re«arf 41 t)it fpQjUgnt- oUi prodonftioiu pi nature#,wj^ich h«|;e nayorjefr^ifp^^ the adirantggM of ingrafting, tx^nfpliJilingjiri; nwciMT- irig..'.' .; .: ■ • w%;#~>. Chti Vine, the Mitlbfrry Tr««, the Crab Apple Trcn thii.FJj|mJb Tree, th© fecoiid Q&ucb reiembles iho Butgundif. grape, and; if -ex- poled to the-fuh a good wine might be made of dliiemv. J he third reftmbles Zani currants, which are fo fre»; cptihllyil&d^irilcakeBf 5tc, in K|)g]w>dt and if proper c»re?fliv)i^: taken of i^em, wjould be equAl ilm>t fupem ori!to tkdfi>i«if that iCfllUntry. pr.heJWULBERRV tREB.i«of ivrokind** red#nd vmtQjauidWarly of the farrit ftze of Haofk &( Kr«^ne^ anditaily, and grow iufuch plenty ^af to ieedaoy qUii|\* ttty o; iilk wojrms s ;; Ihe eK.At& APFLETaEE be«ri a fruit ihat.w much hirgfir; and bcStttv flavored than thole of Eu? rope-. ■• 1 "■'.... ■ rhe PLUM TREE. There are two forts of pltira* ill this country, one large fort of a purple cad on one fide, and red on the reverfe, the (econd touHy green* and much fmaller. Both thefe are of a good flavor. f n.r & II III '1 1 I (! it I 1 960 caRver*s travels. m L> 9.M irb greatly efte&ined by the Indiant . whofe tafte Ir not refined, but w^io are fatisfied i^ith the produdient of nature, in their ttjniroproved ftate The CHERR¥ TREE. There are tJiree forti.of cherries in this couhtr;|r ; the blickt the red and the fand cherry ; the two- htter may witk more propriety be ranked among the (hrubs, as the bufh that bears the fand cherries alnnoft creeps along the gronnd« and the other rtfes, not above eight or ten* £?et in heigkt ; how- e?er,l ihiiil give an aecoant of them in this place. The black cherries are about the fize of a curVent, and haagi in cluflers,4ike«grapes • the trees which bear them, be* ing very fruitful» they are generally loaded, but the fruit is not good to eat^ however, they give an aereea* ble. Hjvor to brandy, and turn it to the color of clarret. The red cherries grow in the greateil profufion, and hang in bunchet)^ hke the black fort juil defcribed ; fo that the bufhcs whi^h bear them appear at a dift^nce like folid bodies of red matter. Some people admire this fruit, but thejr^ partake of the nature and tafte of alum, leaving a diiagveeable rou^iiefs in the throat, and being very aftringent. As I have already defcrib* ed the fand cherries, which gr«atlf* exceed the two other forts both in flavor and fize,! ihall give bo farthec defcriptiott o£ them. . 1 he wood of the black cher- ry tree i« very ufeful^ and worJcs well into^ cabinet ware * ^ live SWEET GUM TREE or LIQUID AM* BEK (Copalm) knot only extremeljr cbmmon, but it affords a balm the virtues, of which are infinite* Its bark is black and har d^ and its weod lb tendier^ and fup- pie, that when the tree is ielled, you may dtawfrom the middle of it rods of five or fix feet in length. It can^ not be employed in building or furniture, as it warps €OHtinuaUy. Its leaf is indented witli five' points like a- flar. This balm is reckoned byi the Indians to be an ttceUent febrifuge, ^nd it cures in two or three days* Ml the or roo ^r its to be 1 The frows CARVER'S TRAVELS. £11 m SHtftl. ., tlhtWitiow* Sh'm Wood. Sumac, Saflkfras, the Priclc- It Aih, Moofe Wood, Spoon Wood, Large Elder, Pwarf Elder» Foifonou* EWer^ Junipei:, Shrujj Oak, Aiiireet F^ra, the LnutieU ;thff W|ich Hazle, the Mirtle Wax rite. Winter Green, the Ferer Ba(i, ih? Gran- liferry BuOi. tl|e Gobfeberry buOi, the Current bufli, the Whirtle Berry, the Ra{berj-y» the Black Btfrrj^, and the Choak Berry. ' "The WILLOW. There «fe feveral fpecfes oF the %ilIow, the molt renaarkable of which is a fnialifort that l^roirs OR the lianks of the Miflitippi, and fome dther Peaces adjacent. The bark of tivis (hrub fupplies the ^Deajr«r with. its. winter food $ and where the water h^s wadied the foil from its roots, they appear to coo fi ik of j|6res interwoven together like thread, the color of iwJiieh is of an Ihexpreffihiy fine fca'rlet ; with this the Indians tinge many of the ornamental parts Of their drefs. sHIN WOOD. ThisextraOrdirtaryihiiub grows in the forefts, 3«d rifing like a Vine, runs near the ground .for fix 6r eight f^t, and then takes root again ; in the .&me riia^iser taking^roQt, aiidfpringingup(bcce(n«^e]y, one ftalk'coTcrs Akrge (pace; this proves very trotib- Jefom^ to the hady .traTeller, by Hri king again ft his jihins, and entangling his legs ; from which it^has ac- quired its name The SASSAFRAS is a >pod well kn«wn for its diedictnal qualities. It might Mtth equal propriety be termbd a tree as a (hrub, as it ibmetimes grows thirty fisftt high ; but in general it dees no: reach higher than • ihofe of the (hi ub kind The leares, ^hich yield an a. gr^able A jgrance, s|re large, and nearly feparated into tlifee divifioni- It bears a reddifli brown b<}rr^% c\ the Ii2e «nd ihstjic of Pimento, and which is rcradiitrves uied IP the colonies as a fubftitute fbr that iulco. . i he bark^ or roots of ihis tree, is Infinitely fuperior to the wood ior Its ttfe in medicine, unu F am furprifed it is {o feldoth to be met with, as its efficacy is fe much greater The PRICKLY AS Li is a (hrub/that fon^etimet irows to the height of ten or fifteen feet, and has a leaf *• i 'I '^ I •f \l Ml^ CA^YER'S TR^VKia # exadlf refembling that of aa sdh, but it receives the ep* tthet to its name from th^abundaiicjB of fli^rt thorns ^Hth: which every hianch is <&i^dy an^wi^ii^h. lenders |t very trottUefQnie to tllioie who pafs throiigbf^e fpot where they grow thicJer It alfo bears a (carlet berry, Vfl^kh v^hen ri|}e, ha« k fiiery tafte, likie nepp(^> 'ihe b^rk of this tree, particularly the bark of the roots, is highly efteemed by the'tiat^vet for its' mttdidnal quah'- ties. I, have already men^bned otie iinfts|n<;e of its effi- cacy, and there is no doubt bat that the decoAion of it will expedttiouflf and r^iealt^rf mm all impintties of The^MdOSE WOOD grows about four ftet high, aipd U yeiry full of branches ^r but what renders It worth notice, is its bark, which is of ib ftrong and pliable a texture,, that beiog peeled off at anv teaiooi and'tw^d, , Ulakes equiaBy as good cordagelil jiemp. 1:iie BPOON \i^QOl) i^ afpeeitfs of the iajwel, and the wc^ when fawed refc^ble^s box wood, tv • , The ELBE R, eommonly termed the poilbncras el- Jer^ flifarlyreleni^s the' other fort in its leaves and bra^e^esi but it groWs much' ftreigbter, and is only foniid in iWamps and : moiH foils, 'IJiisr^rub is en* i^wed w4th » very extraotdpna^vqifiiHty, tlu^t,veiiders ltvpoi0)uot«i to ^|nii coi|^it|Kiions» mKtch it effeds if the perfon only a^roaci};^ witl^ ^» yatds of it, Whiift others may even chtw thie leayeaor the rind with- out receiving the l^aft detriment firom them : the poifon ^bw^vefvts ndtmortaivthouglK it oppeirates very vio- laatly OU' the mfeAed perfon, whofe body aod head fwell Id gn amazing fize« and ^e covered^ with eruptions, jiiat at their iMngbt reiemble tlie eonfluent fmall pox. As it gtowf allb in many of the prbvtnci^ the inhabit- ants cure its venom by drinking Caffi'On tea^ and annoint- ing the external parts with a: Jbhture cGinpol'ed of 4}ream and marih malk^s. y The SH RUB OAK is exaaiy teilar;to the oak tree, both in wood and leaves, aod like that it beats an acorn, but it never rifes from the gsound abo^e four or five leer* growing crooked and knotty. It is fctlndi chiefly >n a dry gravelly foil .^AI^*>S TkAVEU 1(%c lyiTCH HAZLE growi very budky, about ^Ub Icet kigb^.and is cpveted^rW in May with nuine* '}w% white lloiToiDs. MhnQ tbis urab if in bloom, Ui4» liKdiaos cftccin it%fiirUier indicat^qa ti^ the froft i^ 'iDtircly gone, and that tkey might fow their corn. It Ins bccKf^id, that it is foflciicf of the^Ver of attraft* ^I'^old or iUf nr, and that tvigsiirit arc taade ufe of .to difcoterwhlBre iie Veins of thefe Petals lie hid; but I am lipiirehenUW this, Is only a felacions flory, and^ ;tot toj^d'iind b^coniesakind of greetiwal; ^is is mote va|aa»> l^^iTn ^eUs wax, beii)^ of aincrc bntt!lenato|ie, b'ttt mixed with it'make&.agiDKKl candle, which as it burns, lends forth an agreeable i^enl . WINTER GREEN, ife is an ever greifn, of ihe fpectes of the myrtle^ aifd is fiuunjl on dry heat);s ; the fiowers of it are white, ard in the form cf a r«fe> bitt^not larger than a fiW0^ pcntiy ', jn the wfctfr it t* f^^f fed berries, about tiie fiae of a fire, which arte an^io^^^ >,Mif^/aie ptefervtd during^ tKe ie- We^feafon by tLetn'ow, at-d are at this t/ine in ws ^i|^heft perfeiEtion 'flie Indians eat^icic berries, 'd[^ teeming them v^)r balfaQiic, and tov^lorliting t0 the Aom aoi. Tne geopte inhabiting the interior colonies' '^p both iKe (jptigs and berries in Wet, nnJ ufe itas ar i^ drink for^leanf^ng ^e olo'cd from fcorb^tic difbr* Ihe FEVEll BlJSH grows about fiVjt or fix feet hifih ; its leaf is like that pt a UlMch, ard it bears K;rfd'« . difh berry of a fpicy flavor. 'J U fi?ilks cf it are excdf- %vely fcrittte. A dtccdlicn of i>)'e buds W wlbod 19 ak ■ . Y 111' I! i;l r| ill. . m 1 1 il m* c^twrfelt*d tit Tieceite^ itsnattie. 1% is ah «acitat IxiAttai-nrnt^ for ill inflaiiifflBtory cbnipliintst mq^ ItkeiMfe thadi ^ec^m. «d oti' the fame a«ootti|t,1>jr ^'iMKabitadtlDf the iikte* rior parti of Qie ebliohies. The CRAHtoilRY BUSH. TKdogh theftiait'of tbiilmfli greiHy tefenoibtes inlizeahd appearahce that of the e6nlttk6ft{6ti ^"ch pp. tr ntitrture, -prove ckiuallrat good, if hot bitter. ' ^ the CHOAK BERRY. The ftirab^u« ^^tihed by the natives growii about five or fit feet hfg(h» and bears a berry about the fize of a fibe, of a jet biaek,'i«>hieh eon- tains feveral fmallft^dk within 1he dulp. thci juice of this fruit, though not of a' difaJ^reeabM flavor, b eitrene- ly tart, and leaves a ronghntfis hi the tti6uth and ;^rbat ^heh eaten, that hasgained it the nitnie of «hoiiki>errf . filecsMi^pine, SpHumard, Ahgelidii SaHap^ilhii 0ih* tahg, Ground^ Nut^; Wild Potatoes, I.iqttoffe^/ Shake RootV GMd^Thrriid, S6lo»iDh»i5 Seal. De¥ii»» Btt,lMood libot, OhiorSiCatlick, VT'ild P^rfhips, M«ndraic^^ inhere White^ftadci ^rKERAllD, vulgarly called ih^t^^^ 'Worfel, ^rhis ptaht ieippears to be exai^ly theftajeas the ARatic'l|>ikehard,fomhth Va?hedby the ahcK^. ft grows near the fides '6f brdoKs ih todcy ph^ifti its llcna whijchis abouLthenzeofagoofe^liiM, tpi^i ^^up like thtt t)f ing^lica, reaching about. a foot hhli an half from the ground. , It bears bandies b^Mlties hi all teipeas hkefthoie of the elder, only radlerlaiget. !%«& ^^w* of itfch a balftmic naihre,;»hat i^heh ihfu&dlii ^r* CiliiVER'S TRAVELS, t*; \hpj make a mo^oaUuble and re^tvkig cordial. 8AS3aPARH,L Af. Thf root of ihif plan^/w^ch >s i^moft e|tip,a^l9f|P>^ •C l(» liajboat tKe fize oiju gO(»^ qaill, and ruai la dijS^nt di^eQions, twio«d ani crooked to a great length in the grouadU p9^ tlie piiiieipat item of it fpringi nuaiijr tmitlei? fi* iH^rSr aU of which are tov^h an^ fleiuble. From the root iminediatelir CKoou a italic about a fool and ahalf lonj^t which at the top branches intothre^ ftfros i each of theCe has three, leaves^ mufh of, the AtapOfand fize of a waUmt teai; ; and from.the fork of each of the thrfQ Aems grows a.b|nci|,af I^I^ifli; white flowtcsi refembtittf; thofe of the .fpikefia^do ll^.bark oC t|>e,ro<>ts» whicn alone'ihouldbe ufed mnoNs^ of a bitteriihBavor but arpmaftc ]^ is deferved^ es- te^ed for lis medicina* vir^oes» being a giG9it|e (udor- ific, and very powerful in attehuAittng: tt|^ hioodit^hen tOnpedtd by grofs humors : GJNSANuiva root diat was OBce fupppfed to.grow 9jOly i^Kprea* ^om wh^ce it was ufuaH|^^ ezpoi^d to i|lippa(]^ao4>by thatmoiuis found iu w^y intQ £urpp^ ; bill i|ha& b0ei;i,Ute)y difcoyered to he a oaUye of; ^(prlh Amertcai ytherf if grows to.as|;reat per^s^ip^, ^ipd equally Taluabli^ Its root is hke a imaU carrptt but not fo taper at the end ; it is fbmetiroes divided into feve- ral branches^ 4n all other refpcAs itrefembles fafaparilla in its growth. The tafte of the root iftbitterifli. In tht eaftern parts of Afia it b^s a great jprice,, being there cp]Bf$deie4 ai 9;pjki^c7 the Indiiiins M^mr » <^ ills exquifitely mn* %.^^ h I il 1 I SI66 CARVER'S TRAVELS, SOLOMON'S SEAL ti si plant that m»wft.on the fidet of t Wen, and ip rich awadow UukL It ri^ iii ihei whble to abiiat tfa^ feet bi|^, the (Ulht MMf twafN4ich agpean at iTit, WMM made hy a feaii, andftom thdEeit reoeivcif its name*. It II ffreattf i^altted oa ac^loimt of tu bebg a.fine pari.. fierc7theUood. DEVIL'S BIT it anodier wild plant whi«h*|prows in the fields, aiiidreeeiTes its name from a^ print that fi^ms to be made by teeth in the roots. The (ndians fyy that this was OBCitf i nniverfiil rem< dy for every diibrder that hnmao nature is incident to ; but fome of the eril fpirits envying toankind the poiTeflion oi (b eificatious a floedt* cintt gave the root a oiter which deprived it of a Mat pan of its virtue. Ua^OOO root, a fort of plantain that fpring^ out of the KToond in fii or ibvcn lonj^ roneh leates, the veins of wnich are red; theroototitjs like a finall car- rot, both, in color and appearanoe I when brohentihe infide^oTitis of a deeper color than the out fide, and dil^ tils feveral dr6ps of juice» that look like blood. This is a ftrong emetic, bma very dangerous one. maat. Balm, Nettles, CSn^oe Foili Eyebright, Sanicle, Plan* tain,R&;r> Sioil^' PlM[tain,Poor Robin s Plantahi, inmd Plantain, Maiden Hair, Wild Dock, Rock Liverwort, Noble Liverwort, Bloodwon, Wild Beans, Gromid fvy. Water CreHes, Yarrow, May Weed, Oargit, Skunk Cabbage or Poke, Wake Robin, Betony,)kablmu, llnl^ len, Wild Feafe, Moufii Ear, Wild Ind^o^ Tobacco and Cat Mint. SANICLE has a toot which is thick towards te^p* per part, and full of fmall fibres bilow i the leavts of it are broad, ronndiih, hard, fmo^th, and of & uoe ftiniag gietn } a fltalk rifet from theft to tha height of afaof^ •»«*wfiiapw|s»j«jN^.v ,.*»«^^ --f^rrTfiliiitntijfiiiiii^, <•«''- • • SI" I ' d/titVfiR*a TRAVELS. ' aev which 18 quite (iiibodi and freisfroM knots^ ancfon ihet tog of it are feferd fm^lt iiowers of a redifh white, ftta- ped like a wildix^e. A tea made of tlie root it vulner- ary and balfa^inic^ RATtLE" SNAKfi PLANfrAlN. This ufefol herb isbf th^'ptahtainlthid, and its leaves, which fpread tbemfelv^'Oikthje ground, are about one' inch and an half widi^; tfHd five inches long ; from the centre of theie arifes a ibiril ftalk, nearly fix inches long, which bears a littld white flower i the root is about the Cite of a^goofe qutll; and miich bent, and divided into feveral branchsit. Thi'leaves of this herb are more efficaddus than i| internal weakne(t' es. TOAD PLANTAIN)«remble4the comtiidn plan- tainv only it growl much rankef, and is thus denomina* ted, becaufe toad^ love to harbor under it. ' ROCK LIVERW^ORT is a foit of Liverwort that grows on rocks, and is of the nature of kelp or mo(s. It tsefteemed an excellent remWy again ft declines. GARGlTor SKOKE is a large kind of Weed, the leaves of which are about fix inches long, and two inches, and an half broad t they refpmbte thofe c£ fpinage in their color and texture, but not in (hape. The root is very large^ firom which fpring diifereut ftalki that run f « i I III i.:i * ' 1 ■'V «#^ ■ ;:■ rf^' \^^- , ■. ■'•-ti'.w.v.VJ-' J^ww*^- 968 CARVER'S TRAVEI4- eight o«- tea (ieet high* and are fall of red berries : Theie hSng ii^etufters in the month of Septeniher> aftd are gen* eratty called pigeon berriesi as thme birds then feed on then* When the leaves firftfprin^ from the grouad, after being boiled, thef afea nutntiotts and wholefome vegetable, but when the^ are grown nearly to their fuU fiae, they acqilire a poilonons -^quality. I'he roots ap* plied to the hands or ^et of a perfon affiled with a fe- ver, prove a very powerful ahforbent. SKUNK CA^AGE or POKE it au herb that grows in moift uid Iwampy places. The leaves of it are about a foot long, and fix inches bioady nearly oval, but lather pointed. The roots are compofed of ftreat num.- bers of fibres, a lotion of which is made uw of by the people in the colonies for the core of the itch. There }0bes a Ibong muiky (mell from this herb, fomething like the animal of the fame name before deCbrihed, and on that account it is To termed. ^ WAKE ROniNisanherbthat grows in fwampy lands ; its root refembles a fniall turnip, and if tafted will |;reatly in&ime the tongue, aisd immediately con* vert It from its natural (hape iatoa round hard fabftance; in which ftate it will continoe for (one time, and during this no other part of the mouth will be affeded. But when dfied, it lofes itf aftringent quality, and becomes beneficial to iimnkind,for if grated into cold water, and ^dcen intemalfy, it is very good for all.complaints of the ^%owels. WILD IliPIGOisan herb of tha* (ame fpeciesas: Uidirtwim whfnce indigo is made in. die ibutherm colo- niet. It grpws in ooelaUt to the height of five or fix kicbes fromihe grou^idi when it divides hito manv bran- ches; from which ifli!kif a gnat number of fmall hard blewiihWaves tbatibfiead to a great breadtht and among ibefe it bears a yellAv flower | the juice of it has a very dUagreeable Icimt. CAT MINT has a woody root, divided into leveral branches, and it finds forth a ftalk about three feet U0i I the leaves are like thofe of the nettle or betony. and they ha^e a ftropg (inell of mint^ with a biting ac- -■irit.***.^-^ . .^^fi'^ : ■m- CARVE«*S TRAVrisS. 909 t\d ufte } thefiowcrs ftrQw oo iht tOfNi of the branches, andare of a hunt pnr^or whitifli coloc It is -c^lltd eat mint, becaofeit is ifaicUcau Lstc an antipathy to it, and will not let it groyn- It has neatli; the virtue of com^ monmint* VL0W1R»/ • * .. Heart's Eafe, Lillies ted aad yeUow^ Pond Lilliesr Cowfltps, May. Flowers, JeflUmiosiiioneyfuckles, Rock Honeyfuckles, Rofes red and> white, WUd HoUybockt Wild Pinks, andGolden .Rod. I (hall not enter iatoa minute defcriptionof4hefl6w-> ers above recited, bat only> juft obienre,'thaC they much seiembte thofe of the fiune name which grow in Europet and are as beautiful in col7or# and as ])^%Ain odor, as they can be fiippofed to he. in theic: wild, uncultiv.ated« ^te. 1^ f'» ^"\ raaiNACtoos ahs LtcvittNovs aoorsf &c. Matseor Indian Com^ Wild <»Rice, Beans, the Squaih, ftc. MA1Z£ orIN01AN^CORN grows from firto trn ftethigh, on a^k full of joints, which is ftiff«nd folid,. and when green, abounding with a iWect juice^ Ibe leaves aire like thof^oUhe reed, about two feet in length, and three or four inches broad. The flowers which are.^ firoduced at fome diftance from the ^roit on.thefatnr plant, grow liicethe ears of oats, and. are. fometimes white, ydlo w, or a purple color. The feeds are as large as peafe, and\like them quite naked and imooth, but of aroundith furface, rather comprefled. One fnike geoer ally con(i|lls of about fit hundered grains, which are pla* ced doftly together in rows, to the nuoBbcr of eight or ten, and fometimes twelve* This corn is very whole.- »• * For an account of Tobacco, fee t trcatife I have pub* U(tktd on the culture of that pjant. 1: *t^'J*^Ml|p||ll!«"!lfei«^ ^.^swHWIBfc-" ■■ 'V,> «70 CARVEJl»S THAVELS. ^r I fomei ^7 of di^ftioiii iind yi^ds as^good noutifhment ai any other fort> /Vlter the tndiahi hive redilxced it ^to meaibf poanding it, ther make cakes oftt, and bake diettt before the fire. I hafe already mentioaed that fome nations eat it ia cakes before it is ripe, in which ftate it is very ajgreeable to the palate, and extremely nu« tritive. a>, j ^ WILD RICE. His grain, which grows in the greateft plenty dirpaghout the interior parts of North America, (s the nioft valuable of all tne fpontaneous prodttftions of that country. . Exclufive of its utility as a lupply of food for thoTe of the human fpecies, who in- habit this part of the continent, and obtained without any other trouble than that of gathering it in, the fweet- nefs and nutritious quality of it'^attracks an infinite num* ber of wild fowls of every kind, Which flbclcfrom diilant climes, to enjoy this rare repaft ; ahd by it become inex- preflibly fat and delicious. In future periods it will be of great fervice to the infant coloqies, as it will afford them a prefent fupport, until in the courfe of cultivation, other (Upplies may be produced ; whereas in thofe realms which are not furniihed with this bounteous gift of nature, even if the climate is temperate and the foil Soo J, ^hf firft fettlers are often expofed to great hard- lips from the want of an immediate refbutcefor necef- fary food. This ufeful grain grows in the water where it is about two feet d^p* and wherrit finds a rich, mvd- d/ foil. The ftalks of it, and the branches or ears that bf arthe feed, refemlite oats both in their appearance and manner of grawing. The ftalk« are full oftoints, and rife more than eight feet above the water. The natives gatbet the grain in the following manner : nearly about She time that tt begins to turn from its milky ftate and to ripen, thef run ttieir canoes Into the mdd of it, and tying bunches of it together^ jud below the ears, with bark* leav^ it In this fituation three or /our weeks Iop' er,^ciH it is peffedlly ripe. About the latter end of Sep^ tember they return to the river, when each £tmily hav- ing its feparate alotment, and being able to drftinguifb ihiir own property by the manner of faftening the C ARtER'^ TRAVEL1B. fru fiieav«s> gacber ia the portion thiitibelongt tO'them.. This they do by, pkcto^ their canoes clofe to-thii bunoh* «of rice, in fiicb poiuioii ai t^ receive the graiii wheir if falls, and then bea^t it attt» with |iH!tes of wood fortti- •d for that purpofdV ^ Having: dene this, thej dry it withfmoke. an«^ afterwards tread or mb off tfaie outfide huXk^ whita tt it-fit for ufie they pat it into the ikins of fiiwns, or young :buffii1ost taken off isearly whole for Ais pntpoie, and fewed into a fort of fack, wherein they/ prefervtt it till > the return of their harveft; It has been . the fubjfft iof I much fpeculation, why, thii fpontaneout :■ fptiUm is' not found in any other rczions of America,: or* in thoie countries fituated in the Mint parallels of lati* tade, where the waters are. as apparantly' adapted forits.^> growth as in the climate I treat of. As for inftanc^ none of the countries that lie to the fouth and eaft of the .■ great lakes, even from the provinces north of the Caroli- < IMS, to tne extremities of Labrador, produce any of this : grain. It is true I found great quantities of it in the . watered lands near ; Detroit, between lake Huronand'^ lake Erie, but on enquiry I learned that it never arriv- •d nearer to maturity than jn^ to bloflbm ; after which . it appeared bKghted^ and died away* This convinces me fl^ the norrn wefl wind, as I have before hinted, is . mneh more powerful in theie than in the interior parts ; . and that it is more inimical tothefiuUs oftheeaith* af- ter It has pafTed over the lakes, and become united with dM wiiid ;which joins it from the frozen regions oi the north, than it is farther to the weftward, BEANS. Thefe are nearly of the fame fhape as the. Buropean beans, but are not jktoch larger than the fmall- ~ •ft fixe of them. They are boiled 4>y the Indians, and t eaten chiefty with bear's fleCh. The SQUASH; Thej have alfo feveral fpecies of . tbt.Melon or Bumpkin, which by feme aiy* crlled fquafli^ es, and. which ferve many nations pjutljas a fub&itttte forhiKid: Of thefe there is the round, the crane neck^ the fmall fl«t, and the large cblon^ fqualh . The fmall* cxibfts bchi^boiledi are eaten dunng^fummer a^eg^ . f i ■ ii ii 1 i %i ata €^^^^i^s q^4y£LS« eubliei»|^d^ed||c|£«fle«^l|ft.6arof. Tfa0 crane neck^ whleh.|il»«%e&eli ait thk otheiri, are ufually huf^g up ^Mwmif^iMmf and Ja^i iniUii!i 1 f. 'Xf ■■'.■ -t \ :/l-k'»f« "^ ^6n4a, although li\ th(i» lliid|(t: of 4 liirge cdiii^^ 4|f i^«a^dtftaiie^ft'j6u the^^ fittisited. thatil oomiiiinidition bi^twedn thenr afld bther realaii iptgHt -eotiVeatiratly be d^ieited ; by which* means thdiff^e'iipirei jCidohtes that may hereaneri>e foiMded ttf'phihted ^h, will be t^ndei^d coAimer^Kil ones, fhe gteat It Miffifippi, which rtins through the whole of themt iMabletheir inhabitants to «C^H!f(h«n intercourib #ttli forc%n ditties; equally as well Mi ' the Euph^aies^ l^e Nile, the Danube, or the W^l|ra do thbfe peb|>li ip^ich dwell on their banks; and who have tip other con« fciiience lor exporting the produce of their own cchin- irjt or for impOMin^ thofe of others, thi*:n boiits and yje^dels of lig^ btndea ; n!OtWithftanding which, the^f tt|ye become (towierful lafnd opulent 'ftktes. ™The Miflifippt, as 1 hiii»f before obferr^, runs frbrti north to fouth, and pafTes through thi moft fertile and lintiperate part of North America/eit^fA^irig Only the f itremities of it. which "verge both oh the tdrrid land fri^ tid zones, fhus favorsllNy fituated, when once its antes arc covered with ijihabiiants, they need not Ibni^ be at 9. lofs for means to ellablifh an extenflve and prof- itable com nierce- Thev will find the country towards the ibuth Hlmoft fpontineOiifly producing ftlk, cotton, ijndigo, and tobacco ; :.nd the more north ; a parts, win*^ oil, beef tallow, fktns, buffalo wool, an^ riih ; with h 4dJ copper, Iron, coals, lumber, corh',V/ce,andrrU!r,Sj befickiS earth and bai ks for dyin^. Thefe articles, with which it abounds even to profit, fion. may be traitfported to the ocean through th rstiveY without g! eater difficulty than that which attends the conveyance of merchandife down fom'J ^f thofe 1 have }{ii\ mentioned. It ir true fii^t the MiiTtfippi being tht Ml I j'l '•• V : If •■ -t i m Wt^EHNS. boundary betwc^ the Ena^idi and Spaniili fcttlcm^nt^, «nd the Spuiardtio jdiS^oii of the immth df it« the^ jpiaj okftrua thre ptifiije of It ^4umI gteatljr di0ieai|teA ^oTe who make the firft attempts | flBt when the advan^ taget that will certainlj arHe io fettlers, are knowut ttnl* titodet of adventorcrty allured hj theprofpeftoffuch a!^dai|t richcf) wUl|k>!c]c to iiyaadeftahtlfli themfehci, , i|9Bgli at {^ iKipenee^ ^^^ . Ip flMmld dbe iiaiioii mt Jhappent to be ih poflTeflSoh •f 9|br <)r]ean» pfoYe iinfrieiidly to^te ihtdroal r#ttlerfi Iheyiinay JBttd a ^zj into t^ gvldi of Bletico, W the riWlbttviUc^ wiiidi epptiei itiE^iro^ the MUttfippti after jpttttmg tnn»iigh lake Maiu'^pAs, tnto lake Pdnchar- tniin* ^Iwch |as a ^oomiiinicatiirtA widi Uie fca, withiil the hoid)istp^9i0Moniz, ^e river IterViUe branch- es fijtfirom thellikirippiaboat eighty miles abote Kew Orlea]|Sy,and tfaoligh it is at jpriefent oko^ked vn^in ifome par^,, it migtvt at an iotconfid^ble ^zpendTteLinade aairiffablei fo as to anfwer all the piirpdes prbpo&d. Aulioiigh the Engliin haVe acquired iince the laft l^etfbe a more extenfive knowled^ of the interior partu than were ever obtained bd^Dre, even by the Frenph, yet many of tiieir produlboas ftill remain nAknown. And thoagh 1 wfi nbt deficianlieither in aflfidoity or attef£> tion diiriiig the ibort time t remained in mem» yet I muft i|cknow|edge that tfieinteUigence 1 gained was not ibperftdaf I coold wi of the intermediate paru of the Miffiftppi, between kte Illinois rivet and the fea, pfhicb the Ohio, Cherokee, and Ouabache rivers, ta^ ken on the fpot by f very ingenioas gendeatian,* is now • thomas'HtitchinKs, efq captain ia his m^'cfty's Wtft? 6t reyal Ameficka refiuieat of feoc, n APMNbiX. m X x> ptiblifhfdT r flatter myfelf that the obfervatipns there- in contiai^ed* which have been hiade. by one whofe knowlec^ of ^he parts therein deicribed !Bra$ j^cquired by a perioiiial ihveftt^iition, aided hf a fbjid judgmentt ^ will cbrinriii ihie remarks 1 have made* and promote the jptan 1 am here r^t'ohnni^ndftig. , I (b^lalfo her|6 i^iVd a/cbneil^ delfeription of each» begitihiiig, according to the rule of geographer j». with that which lies iboft to tlte north. It is he vevei ntfceiTary to obferv^i t^at before t^efe fett}eiiients can be eftibHnied,^rant& ihtift be prpcuired in the mai^qer cuftomary on fbch occafionSi and thi^ lands ^e^urchafed of ihofe who have aci||iired i^ right to theiiri by a long poiTeffion ; but no greater di^cuUy win attend the conipletion of diis poin't« than the original foundefs o^eveiy polony on the ttsntioent Met with to obllrodM^eir intentions; and thi^ number of Indians whd inhabit thefe trails being greatly inadequate to their extent, it is hot to be doubted, but they will readily giv^ , tip for a reafpnable confiderationt territories that are of little life to them ; or remove for die accotnmodattoh of their new- neighbors, to lands at a greater diftanc^ from th& Miifllippi, t^^ navigation of which is noteffen^ ttaf to the welfare of their com^iinities. , v^ -t* No^ i . The cotintry within thefe lines, froto Its fitu^ . ation, is colder than sin y of the others v yet jlai^ coa? Vipced that the ^ir is mach mdre temperate than in thbie provioccs t^^^t lie ni !^e fi&ie degree of latitude te the eaft of it. Ifie foil is ekctUent* and there is a ^re,^t; dl!^! <'^ land that is free from woods in the parts,, adjoiiiing to the MiGlfippi ; whillK or- tlie contrary the north eaftern borders of it are well wooded- Tc>' ward> the bead of the river St. C-roixi hce grew* ia great plen(j(, and there is abiindahce of copper. Though the falls of iit Anthony irfe fitiiatesd at thrf fouth eaft coVnet- of this diviilan, yet that impediment will not ':otalty obftru<5t th** navigation, as the river St. Croix, whicli runs through a great part of the fouthern ftde of it, enters the V.jQifippi j»;i below the falls, and Z 'ii i •i'f II ■# «7tf APPENDIX. a M floirj witH fo gentle a current* that it affords a conVea* ient navigation for boats This traft is; about one han* dred miles fro:n nonh weil to fouth eaft, and j^ne hua* dred andtwentf miles from north eaft to foatli #bft. No. Ill This traft, as l hare alretdhr iftefcrtibed ft in mf Jouihal, eiceeJ*. the highed encomiums 1 can give \U notwithftandlag which it ts Entirely uninhabited, and the pirofuAoh ot blcfltngs that ikature has (faavrered on thifheavenlf fpot, return unenjoyed to the iap from whence they fprang. Lake Pepin, as I have termed :it afitoi^ the French, lies within thefe bounds ; but the lalU to which that name prop^ly belongs is a little a,b6sfe therivei St Croix; however, as all the traders ^^ItljiiB lower lake by that name;! have fo denominated it»cd^^. trary to the information I received from the lAdUhsJ This colony lying in unequal Angles^ the dimeh£i(^ arts moilttuittOiiSf and in t!';e other eohiifts iif fertile mead* o#s and fine pafturagf^ It is furnlOi^ Mi iriiii a gi^eaC ! deal cf good timber, and, as Is genersdlif! the cale" oh tht; banks. (^ the Miffifippi i'.nd its branthiei^ lias mudti fine,;: open, clear land, proper for cullhratlon. to ^i^iieikpr^ added an inexhao(tibIe fund of ricfae^. In a fi^inb^ x}U^i^§^ mines whieh lies at a httle dillanccfrom she Du^rc nomittattons, fome of wlflcb are very good, and othett verjr bad. The beft is fituated on the borders of thf APPENDIX. 87r oiie' haiw ^ne haa* ibed; it in inj|tvelt» bited, and wered ott 4apfrofii termed it It the Iailj» ttte a,bd^« B:tiidUi^^: 6 be ojA ifi fuff |rt>ati A" hei the cafr ^me |>ar^ rtUe nieid*, tthagifeat: talSTotithe- lo thelfi^ijro, bpiy full anks. The land which lies hear it appears to be '"**-> fertile, and pron^fes to produce a fufGcient fupply o. the neceffarids of life for any number of inhabitants. communication might be opened by thoTe who fhaU let* tie liere, either through the Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontarion with Can* ada, or by way of the Guirconfm into the Mi(fi5ppi> This divilton is about one hundred and fixty miles long iromtiorth to fouth, and one hundred and forty broad. No. V. This is an excellent tra^ of land, and, confid- ering its Interior (ituation, has greater advantages tham ^ottld be expe^ed ; for having the MiffiHppi on its weft- em borders, and» the lUlnots on its fouth^eaft, it has as free a navigation as moft of the others. The northern parts of it ;ire fomewhat mountainous, but it contains a great deal of clear land, the foil of which is e^Lcellent, with many fineiertile meadows^and not a few rich mines. It is upwards of two hundied miles from north (o fouth, and one hundred and fifty from eaft to weft. ^ * No. VL This colony being fituafed upon the heads df the Rivers Illinois atid Ouabache, theformer of which empties itfelf immediately into the Miflifippt. and the latter into the fatiie river b; means of the Ohio, will readily find a cominunication with thefea tliroughtheie. Having alfo the Kiver Miamis paffing through it which runs into Lake Erie, an intereourfe might be edabliflied wtdi datiada alfo by way of the lakes, as before pointed out jt com:. ins a great deal of rich fertile land, and though more inland than any of the others, will be as valuable an acquifttion as the beft of them .prom north a 9 I ! F 1 t; 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 itt flii 122 I.I lit lU 140 ■ 2.0 IliSi 111^ IJ4 ^ 6" » Photographic Sdmces CorpoFEition M WnT MAM ITMIT WIMTM.N.V. I4SM (7U)I73-4S03 .<^. .from «aft to well one hundred and ^f^hty. ^ 1^0 VII. This divifion is aotinferioPto any o( the Mregoifig. Its northern borders Ifinz adjacenl ^ the UKnois riv6r, and its wedern to the MifllSjppi^ the fitua. tioli of it for eftftbUfhing a colamf licial in|<^|cOurnf with lbrei|^,natipns is very commbi^iouft. It abiiiindi with aUili#iiece#aries of life, and is abdut one Jbundred and ttt^ liiilesiroin north to j^u^, and fixty milefttroia caft to weft { but ^e confines of it beii^ more irreguuir th^t the oUiers, l tkmot exa^Iy aj^erfain the dimenfions of it Ko. VUI. This colony hiving the River Oaa^chcr running through tlie c«»|re of it,^aiid the Ohio 6r its fouthern boundary, Wj^I 9nioy the advanrages of a free navig4tion. It e||tnd< about one hundrod arid fprty mUesfrbnx north #t>;£>Uth. and one hundred an4 thirty irom eaft to wffti No. IX JC* «md Xt. b^tng fitnilar in fituation, and fiiriuHhe^ liitk nearly the fame conveniences as all the tJthert, ^^tl only give their dimenfions. No. IX. is ^uut ei|f6ty miles each way» but do| eia^ly .fquare. No.lC is nearlytheTdmeform, and about the famees- teatl No Xt is much larger, being at Ifaft onehundied and^tty lAiles from north toiouth, and 6ne hundred aud forty fro^ eaft' to weft, as.ut^rly as fr6m its IrregiiUiitf it is powble to calculate. After the defcription of this delightful couotry I havti «lready»given, I need not repeat that all the fpots I ha^j; thus pointed out ij^ proper for colonization, abound not , only with the necefliiriet of life^ being well ftortd with rice, deer, bu^alocsi bears, &c. bat produce ine<^^t a- 4)undance fuch as may be termed luxuries, or at leuft thofe articles of commerce: before reeited ^hjch the in* iiabitanttofit wtllhavean opportunity of cx<;hsiiigii^ for the needful produAlons of other countries. Thedifcoveiy of a noith-weft paflUge toIndUhas be^ ♦hefuUjea uf innumerable ^ifquilitions. Many fti^X •It 'V "• ... »«»• ^"^"iff^ ' *L.-' dUb»ib<<^ lagi^j^at wotiM^r^iiitl^^^ ttift aittc^^jpyflied for — 'It'aiitity t»e|a^ a(lreAl|r too well Jkaowa to the .^ , I woHd to u^ anj dilci^atioQ ; I fliaU oi^ llj^f to the merhods that appear mod probabM iii|«fit att«mp|<| that harfliith^rto h^li maderfpf ; '^ l^lifiiofhi hAt w^i^jih fll bjittn rendeirtd abortiver r^ baf# tttrite^the fyv(i% ^tmaking ufefal re(eard^f i6ther cliaiiae)« tod ^i nipA mcereftiag one fiiti ^ hM gi|rta ap ai iii|jp^9dicabi^ hiit<. ia mjoflui^ Itrtaiuire raiher pniteeds firom their i>e»Qgf^ffitti iaipiroi^ placop thaa from tbi*tr impraftic^hUttf. Aafigatort i|l#^ ,M^c hitherto gone la ^rch of IfatfaJie, kvft pft e^red HudCpn's Bar ; the con-* ^ ofithieh hiat M^9. that harttf ti of tk F.« fure of a fafe retteati through an open fea, to warmer re^ '-fptis, ever afctrr repeti(«d diiUppoiiitments. And tliis 'Atidence will enabk* thj^ni to proceed with greatei nK» li p-l* m ^mwm oiiiiioii,juia. '1^ m !^m: # in< 6%- c.i| •«r.' a^ 1^, >*i ' Hi if%^ Wbik^ :^^^ r»r4rte.ii0rth fftft* lit would Itw iif^^^iad t#WeUNnottt#i^|&fj Mi %i^<^ ttetlSi^loAtiNi ocoii^Qii, iU)t4 ^< %ti ^iiiir^ri^ att. ii^MtNn fl^ otnitt^in^W ^;|^ceiVsa>k iiba^taM to tl^ l^iiiDi 4|il»l c Uhl ■ 'f ' .■■■ >^v) "f