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6

THE

0rtj| l^mcrkan ^3) Ik;

on, A DESCRIPTION OF THE

FOREST TREES

UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND NOVA SCOTIA,

NOT nESCniTlED IN THE WORK OF

F. ANDREW MICHAUX,

AND eONTAINIXO AIL TM

FOREST TREES DIPCOVEHED IX THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, THE TERRITORY OP

ORKUON, DOWN TO THE SHORES OF THE PACIFIC, AND INTO THE

CONFINES OF CALIFORNIA, AS WELL AS IN VARIOUS

PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

IIiLUSTBATED BY 121 COLOKED PLATES.

THOMAS NUTTALL, F.L.S.

MIHBHl or TUB AMEHILA.N PliaOSOPIIIcAI. sn, IKTV. AND OF THE AlAUtMV OF NATl'BAt 8CIENCI8
OF rUlLAUUI-UIA, £TC. ITC. ITC.

THREE VOLUMES IN TWO.
VOL. I.

BEING THE FOURTH VOLUME OF MiniAUX AND NUTTALL'S
NOIITH AMERICAN SYLVA.

I'll 1 LA I) K LP II 1 A:

W\l. HUTTEK & CO.,

BEVENTII & CIIEUHY STUEKT8.

Entered according to Act of Oongren, Id the year 1806, hy

RICE, RUTTKR ft CO.,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Cnurt of thn United States for the Eastern District of

Peiiiisylvaniii.

stkrkotvi'Kh bv ?.. Johnson and co.

nill.AllKt.l'lIM.

TsTwy

f AX TON IM118B () If

B UK II MAN ,v (1)., r II I I. A hi; I. !• 11 I A.

t6 the late
WILLIAM MACLURE, ESQ.

rsEsiDEMT OF im: academv op natdral sciences is piiiladelhiia, etc. etc

AS A MEMENTO OF HIS ATTACHMENT TO, AND LIBEIIAL ENCOURAGEMENT OF, NATURAI.
SCIENCES IN NOKTII AMERICA ;

ALSO, TO ,

F. ANDREW MICHAUX,

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PIIILOSOPIIICAI, SOCIETV, CORntSPONDENT OK THE INSTITUTE
OP FUANCK, ETC. ETC.,

WHOSE NAME IS IDENTIFIED WITH THE IIISTOIIY AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PRODUCTIONS
OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FOREST,

aijis gJlorli

IB MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY

THE AUTHOR OF THIS SUPPLEMENT.

1

I

PREFACE.

The Forest Trkes of Ameuioa being a subject of such great
extent and importance, I felt, consequently, very dilHdent of under-
taking their study, after what lias been already done so well by my
predecessor, AT. ^ricii.u.x. Yet, in oU'eriiig a new edition of the
AsiKRit'AN Sylva in English, it a[)iieared requisite, in keeping pace
with the progress of discovery, that all the forest trees of the ex-
tended dominion of the United States should, in some way or
other, be included in the present publication; and, I confess, the
magnitude of the task appeared, at first, sufficiently appalling,
when we reflect on the vast territory now claimed by the United
States. Beginning with the arctic limits of all arborescent vege-
tation, in the wilds of Camida, which we cannot with propriety
exclude, forming as it does the boreal boundary of the North Ame-
rican forest, we then follow the extended shores of the Atlantic,
until, toward the extremity of East Florida, and its keys or
islands, we have attained the very con lines of the tropical circle,
and make a near approach to the island of Cuba and the Uaha-
mas. Turning westward, we pass over the wide forests of the
Mississippi, pursue the Wt'stern streams, through vast woodless
plains, until wc attain the long ci-ests of the liocky Mountains
or Northern Andes. Here, in these alpine regions, we meet with
a total change in the features of the ibrest: resiuiferous evergreens,
of the family of the Tines, now predominate, and attain the most
gigantic dimensions. All the species (and they are numerous) have
peculiar traits, and form so many curious and distinct species, of
which little is yet known more tlian their botanical designation.
Other remarkable forest trees, also imiierfectly known, inlial)it this
great range of mountains, which continues uninterruptedly into tho
interior of Mexico in its southern course; while on tho north, follow-
ing the sources of the Missouri and the Oregon, and after thus dividing
the waters which tlow info tlie Atlantic and I'acitic, it is iit length

(>

r II E F A C E.

merged in tlio "Shining Mountains," which send off their distant
trihntiii'ic's to tho Arittic Ocean.

The jilains of the Upper LMatte, those of the Oregon and of North-
ern Cuiirornia, a region hcrcft of suininer rains, forming extensive
barren HU'inu-.-i, like those of Siberia, present no forests, scarcely
an alhivial belt along llie larger streams of sufficient magnitude to
afford even fuel for tiio eamp-iire of the wandering hunter or the
erratic savage. Tho scanty (b'iftwood borne down from the moun-
tains, the low bitter bushes of the arid plain, even the dry ordure
of the bison, is colle(;ted for fuel, and barely suffices to prepare a
hasty meal for the passing traveller, who, urged by hunger and
thirst, hurries over the desert, a region doomed to desolation, and,
amid privations the most ••piialling, lives in the hope of again see-
ing forests and green fields in lieu of arid plains and bitter weeds,
which tantalized our famished aninuils with the fallacious appear-
ance of i'ood, like the cast-away mariner raging with thirst, though
surrounded with water as fatal to the longing appetite as poison.

Toward the shores of tlio I'acitic, and on the banks of the Oregon,
we aijrain meet with tho uirrecablc features of the forest : —

■■S

I

:t

I

i

" MiijcHtio wooiIh, of every vigorous green,
Stngo nbovo stngc, high waving o'er tho hills,
Or to tiio far horizon wide dilTuscd,
A bouudleas, deci) inimcusity of slwdc."

Transported in idea to the border of the Hudson or the Dela-
ware, we recline beneath the shade of venerable Oaks and spreading
Maples ; wo see, as it were, fringing the streams, the familiar Cotton-
wood and spreading Willows. On the higher plains, and ascending
the lulls and mountains to their summits, we see a dark forest of
lofty Pines ; we hear tho light breeze sigh and murmur through
their l)ranehes as it did to the poets of old. But the botanist, in
all this array, fails to recjognise one solitary acquaintance of hia
former scenes: he is emphatically in a strange land; a new crea-
tion, even of forest trees, is spread around him, and the tall Andes
and with- deserts rise as a barrier l)ctwixt him and his distant home.

My indulgent reader will then excuse me, if I, on this occasion,
appear before him only as a botanist; culling tliose objects which
have given him so much deliglit, lie wislies to present tliem to the

I

St

P R E F A C E.

J,

n
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■I

curious public, iilivc to tlii' beauties and symmetry of nature's Morks.
Whatever is yet known of their uses and history is also given; and,
that the task niiglit l)e more eoniplete, we have rambled a little be-
yond, rather than tallen short of, the exact limits of the Kepul)Iic.
"VVe have thus added, as our friends Torrev and Orav have done, in
their general Flora, a collection of the trees of Upper California,
extending our ramble as far as the vicinity of Santa Barl)ara,
in about the 34th degree of north latitude. "We here met with
several Oaks, Pines, a Plane Tree, a Horse-chestnut, and a Box Elder,
which have not yet been found within the limits of the Teiritory oi
Oregon.

AVhile the work was in progress, Professor Torrey informed me
of the arrival of a largo collection of dried plants from Key West, in
East Florida, made by Doctor Blodgett, of the United States army.
All the trees in this herbarium — at least forty species — were in the
most generous manner given up to me for publication by the pro-
fessor. Most of them form distinguishing features in the tropical
landscape of the West India Islands. Among them wore the ]^Ia-
hogany, Simaruba, the Guaiacum or Lignum-Vitce, the poisonous
Manchineel, several trees of the family of the Myrtles, {Eugmla,)
three or four species of Fig Trees, the Calabash, and Papaw or Me-
lon Tree, the Mangrove, two species of Cordia, the West India Birch,
{Burscra gimmifcra,) and many other arborescent plants which are
now for the first time added to the Flora of the United States, and
thus in a measure resolving the problem of the geographical limits
of the Caribbean Flora. The island of Key West lies about eighty-
five miles from East Florida, and is the same distance from Cuba.
It is about nine miles long and three broad, containing a popula-
tion of about four hundred people, chiefly engaged as wreckers.

Besides the trees we have noticed, I have been recently informed
of the existence of thickets of Cactuses on the island, one of which,
with an erect, cylindric, and divided stem, attains the height of thirty
or more feet.

In the islands of the Everglades, considerably inland in East Flo-
rida, we have been info-med that a Palm about ninety feet high,
forming a magnificent tree, has been seen ; but of this plant we have
been unable to obtain, as yet, any farther account.

The haste with which I have been obliged to proceed with the

8

r 11 E V A C E.

puMication has prevented me from receiving much advantage from
correspondents. Sucli as have honored mo witli their remarks are
mentioned under the appropi'iate articles as they occur in the work ;
and I take this opportunity of tendering them my sincere thanks
tor all such assistance.

As fast as new materials may he discovered, we intend to give
them to the world in tlie form of a supplement ; and wc shall then
also have an additional opportunity for correcting any errors which
may have occurred either in regard to information or in the pro-
gress of printing, as well as of making such additions as a more
thorough examination of the snhject may suggest, particularly the
characters of the different kinds of wood indigenous to the most
extended limits of the Repuhlic.

I' i

Thirty-four years ago, I left England to explore the natural his-
to?'y of the United States. In the ship Halcyon I arrived at the
shores of the l^cw World ; and, after a hoisterous and dangerous
passage, our dismasted vessel entered the Capes of the Delaware in
the month of April. The beautiful rohing of forest scenery, now
bursting into vernal life, was exchanged for the monotony of the
dreary ocean, and the sad sickness of the sea. As we sailed up the
Delaware, my eyes wei'e riveted on the landscape with intense ad-
nnration. All was new; and life, like that season, was then full
of hope and enthusiasm. The forests, apparently unbroken in
their primeval solitude and repose, spread themselves on either
hand as we passed placidly along. The extending vista of dai'k
Pines gave an air of deep sadness to the wilderness . —

"Tliesc lonely regions, where, retired
From little scenes of nrt, great Nature dwells
In awful solitude, and naught is seen
But the wild herds that own no master's stall."

The deer brought to bay, or plunging into the flood from the pur-
suit of the Indian armed with bow and arrow, alone seemed want-
ing to realize the savage landscape as it appeared to the first settlers
of the country.

Scenes like t\w>e have little attraction for ordinary life. But to

P 11 E F A C E.

9

But to

the naturalist it is far otherwise; privations to liiiu are olieaply pur-
cliased if he may but ro m i over the wild domain of primeval na-
ture, and hehold

" Aiiiitlier Flora tlioro, of boUk'r Iiucm
And riclier swt'ots, bcyniul our giinU'ii's pride."

How often have I realized the poet's huoyaiit hopes amid these
solitary rambles through interminable forests! For thousands of
miles my chief converse has been in the wihlerness with the spon-
taneous productions of nature ; and the study of these objects and
their contemplation has been to me a source of eonst;int deliyht.

This fervid curiosity led me to the banks of the Ohio, through
the dark forests and brakes of tlie Mississippi, to the distant lakes
of the northern frontier; through the wilds of Florida; far np the
Red River and the Missouri, and through the territory of Arkansas ;
at last over the

"Vnst saviinniip, wliove the Wiiiidoring eye,
Uiitix'd, is in a verdiint oeeitu lust;"

And now across the arid plains of the Far West, beyond the steppes
of the Rocky Mountains, down the Oregon to the extended shores
of the PaciHc, across the distant ocean to that famous group, the
Sandwich Islands, where Cook at lengtli fell a sacrifiixi to his teme-
rity. And here for the first time I beheld the beauties of a tro-
pical vegetation ; a season that knows no change, but that of a per-
petual spring and summer; an elysiau land, whore nature ofters
spontaneous food to num. The region of the Bread-fruit ; the Tai--
row, [Cohcasia cseulmta,) which feeds the indigent mass of the popu-
lation; the Broussonetia, a kind of ^Mulberry Tree, whose inner rind,
called tapa, affords a universal clothing. The low groves produce
the Banana, the Ginger, the Turmeric, the inebriating Kava, [Pipi')'
melhi/sticum,) a kind of Arrowroot, resembling the potato, {Tarra,)
and the Saccharine Tee root, (Dracfvna (crminalis,) at the same time
the best of portable fodder. The common timber for constructing
houses, boats, various implements, and the best of fuel, is here the
produce of a Mimosa, (Ai'acia hdcrophylla.) For liglits and oil, the
too iooe kernels {Alexrilcs triloba) produce an excellent and inexhaust-
ible supply; the cocoanut and the fragrant Pamkniis afford deli-

IV.— 1*

^1 ' I

10

PREFACE.

cious food, cordage, and mats; and tlio very reods, reduced in size,
which hordcr tlio rivulets, arc no ollur tlian the precious sugar-
cane of comniorco.

Leaving this favored region of perpetual mildness, I now arrived
on the shores of California, at Monterey. The early spring (March)
liad ali'cady spread out its varied carpet of flowers; all of them had
to me the charm of novelty, and many were adorned with the most
hrilliam; and varied lines. The forest trees were new to my view.
A magpie, almost like that of Europe, (hut with a yellow hill,)
chattered from the hranches of an Oak with leaves like those of
the II0II3', [QiiircKs ar/rij'<ilii(.) A thorny Qoosehcrry, forming a snudl
tree, appearc<l clal witli pendulous flowers as hrilliant as those of a
Fuchsia. A new Plane Tree sjircad its wide arms over the dried
rivulets. A Ceanothus. attaining the magnitude of a small tree,
loaded with sky-hhie withered flowers, lay on the rude wood-pile,
consigned to the menial ottice of affording fuel. Already the cheer-
ful mocking-hird sent forth his varied melody, with rapture imi-
tating the novel notes of his iieighhoring songsters. The scenery
was mountainous and varied, one vast wilderness, neglected and
uncultivated ; the very cattle appeared as wild as the hison of the
ju'airies, and the prowling wolves, ((^'"//"/cx,) well fed, were as tamo
as dogs, and every night yelled familiarly through tlie village. In
this region the Olive and the Viuv tlirove with luxuriance and
teemed with fruit; the Prickly Pears {Cactus} became small trees,
and the rare blooming Aloe {Afjurc AiDd-lcnnn) a[)peared consigned
without care to the hedgerow of the garden.

After a perilous passage around Cajic Horn, the dreary- extremity
of South America, amid mountains of ice Avhich opposed our pro-
gress in unusual array, we arrived again at the shores of the At-
lantic. Once more I hailed those delightful scenes of miture with
which I had been so long associatoil. I rambled again through the
shade of the Atlantic forests, or culled some rare productions of Flora
in their native wilds. Hut the "oft-lold tale" approaches to its close,
and I must now bid a long ad'eu to the "New World," its sylvan
scenes, its mountains, wilds, and plains; and lu'iicelbrth, in tho
livening of my career, I return, almost an exile, to the land of my
•lativity.

.1

CONTENTS OF VOLUME FIRST.

'■$

PAOI

Wksteun Oak Qaercus Gcnri/ana 14

Ilolly-Loaved Oak Qucrcus agrifoUa 1<5

Rocky Mountain Oak Qucrcns undalata 10

Douglas Oak Qucrcus DoUfjlam 20

Densc-Fknvercd Oak Qucrcus dowjiora 21

Lea's Oak , Qucrcus Lcana 25

Dwarf Chestnut Castanea ainifolia 3(3

Western Birch Bdula OcridoitaUs 40

Oval-Lcavcil Birch Bdula rhombifoUa 41

Oregon Alder Ahius Orcgcna 44

Thin-Leaved Alder Alnuft tcnuifoUa 48

Sea-Side Alder Alnus marilima 50

Opariuc-Lcavcd Elm Ulmus opaca 51

Thomas's Elm Ulmus raccmosa 53

Small-Fruited Hickory Cur>/a mkrocarpa 55

Inodorous Candle Tree Mi/rica inodora 59

California Buttonwood Platanus raccmosa 63

Narrow-Leaved Balsam Poplar Populus onf)usl>fi)li'i 68

Long-Leaved Willow Salix spcciom 74

Long-Leaved Bay Willow S<dlx pcntandrK 77

Western Yellow Willow Sulh: lutca 78

Silver-Leaved Willow Snlix arrpphj/lla 87

Dusky Willow Satlx nutaitopsig 93

California Bay T-,,,o Drhimpht/lliini paucijiorum 102

Large-Leaved Linden 'J'ilia hckroplij/lhi 107

American Mangle Jilihophora A )iicricana 112

Florida Guavu Psidium hurifollum 115

11

12

CONTENTS.

PAOB

Forked Calyptranthcs Cahjptranthcs (hi/traciiUa 117

Small-Leaved Eugenia ..Eugenia dlchotoma 120

Tall Eugenia Eugenia procera 122

Box-Leaved Eugenia Eugenia buxifoUa 123

Indian Almond Terminalia catappa 125

Button Tree Conocarpus crccta 128

White Mangi-ove Lngxnruhiria raccmosa 132

Rabbit Berry Shcplicrdia argcntcn 134

Mountain Plum Ximenia Americana 138

Osage Orange 3larh(ra auraniiaca 140

Small-Leaved Nettle Tree Cdlis reticulata 147

Long-Leaved Nettle Tree Cdtis hngifoUa 148

Cherry Fig Tree Ficus pcdunculata 151

Short-Leaved Fig Tree Ficus brcrifolia 153

Small-Fruited Fig Tree Ficus aurea 154

Red Thorn Crata;gus sanguinca 157

Lance-Leaved nawthorn Cratccgus arborcsccns IGO

Soft-Leaved Cherry Ccrasus 7noUis 164

IIolly-Leaved Cherry Ccrasus ilicifolia 165

"Wild Plum Prunus Americana 169

River Crab Apple Pgrus rivularis 172

American Mountain Ash Pgrus Americana 175

Feather Bush Ccrcocarpus Icdifolius 178

Jamaica Dogwood Piscidia crgthrina 180

Broad-Podded Acacia Acacia latisiUqua 183

Blunt-Leaved Inga Inga vngut6-cati 180

Guadaloupc Inga Inga Guadidupcnis 188

Jamaica Box wood Schaffcra burlfolia 190

Tree Coanothus Ccanothus thgrsijlorus 193

Snake-Wood Colubrina A mcricana 195

Carolina Buckthorn lihamnus Carolinianus 198

Maiichincel Ilippomane mancinclla 202

THE

NORTH AMERICAN
SYLVA.

OAKS.

Natural Onlcr, Cui'ULll'KH/K. Lhiiicraa Classification, MoNffiCiA,

P()I,YAx\DUIA.

(iUKliCUS. (ToniNEroRT.)

Moxau'ious. jMai-k (Iowith in Ioohc catkiiiH or nit'cmes. Cdjix inoiio-
pliyllouH, more or kms doc'iily r)-cleft. SUimcns, live to ton witli
sliort liliiniciitrt, the anthcru oval and 2-ocllcd.

Fkmai-k flower Holitary, with a ciip-shapcd, undivided, heniiHidierical
iiivolucrum lornicd ol' aj;u;lutinat('d ind)rioate scales, Honietirncs
free at the suintnit. J'criaiith minute, superior. Ocari/ terminated
by two to three Hti;,'mas, U-eelled, with two ovules. Aid ov (/hind
ovate-rylindric, eoriaeeous, and smooth, 1-celled; alljumeu none,
gorm ereet, with thiek and lleshy cotyledons.

Trees or shrubs, principally of tomperato rcgiojis. Leaves alter-
nate, sti[iulate, simple. Flowers <,'rcen and iueonsjiieuous, aiipcariiig
before the complete expansion of the loaves. Nearly allieil to the
Chestnuts, ((h.^lmiKi.)

13

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1

M

I'

'\'i

\ i

WESTERN OAK.

QuERCUS Gaeuyana, (Dougl, Ms8.) Foliis pdiolatis, obovatis, utrinque
obtusis sinualis subtits pubcsccntibus, aduJtis siihglabris, lobis obtusis sub-
cequaltbiis supnioribus subbilobis, frucUbus scssilibns, mpula subhemi-
sphocrica dense squamosa, squamis acnmiimtis puhesccntibus, glande ovata.

Qdercus Garri/aiKi, IIookkr, Flor. Bor. Anier., vol. ii. p. 159.

In our western tour across the continent, no feature of the
landscape appeared more remarkable, after passing the Mis-
sissippi to the wide alluvial borders of the Platte, than the
almost total absence of our most characteristic foi-est trees, the
Oaks. When at length we approached the Rocky Mountains,
or Northern Andes, we looked in vain for any species of this
important genus; and, as far as the eye could trace, we com-
monly saw nothing but a dark, unbroken mass of gigantic Firs
and Pines. It was not till we had neai'ly reached the shores
of the Pacific, that we again beheld any of the familiar features
of the Atlantic forest. At the confluence of the Columbia and
the Wahlamet we pitched our tents and moored our vessel,
which had passed Cape Horn, beneath the spreading shade of
majestic Oaks. With the first appearance of extended alluvial
plains, immediately below the singular falls of the Oi'egon,
called the Dalles, or Dykes, we observed, for the first time, this
Western Oak loaded with its fruit.

The strong resemblance oi the leaf of this species to that
of the Post Oak {Qiwrcun utellaia) is almost a libel upon our
gigantic plant, which may well rank among the largest of its
species. It attains the height of nir.nty or one hundred feet,
if not more, with a diameter of from three to six feet; indeed,
amidst a forest the most remarkable in the world for its ex-
treme elevation, our Oak still Ixire a strict comparison with the
14

itr

inque

sis sub-
'ibhemi-
? ovata.

3f the
Mis-
1 the
s, the
tains,
r this
corn-
Firs
bores
tures
i and
?ssel,
leof
ivial
gon,
this

that
our
^its
roet,
eed,
ex-
the

'^■V

I I

N

1

I'l I

t

(MiciMiis ri.ii'pyiiii;i

I

I II '•

1

WES T E U N 0 A K.

15

rest. Its character, in nearly all respects, equals the famous
Oak of Northern Europe, {Q. f)((h(iici(l(i(a;) its lofty summit
and enormous branches s[)read out far and wide, affording the
most perfect shade ; and, as a picturesque tree, it is much the
most striking in the Western landscape. As an object of
economy, we found it of tiie last inqwrtance, useful timber
trees being scarce along the Oregon; indeed, no other Oak
exists along the coast of the Pacific but the present, till we
arrive at the absolute boundary of California. How lar it
extends to the north I am unable to sny, but ])robably as
far as Nootka Sound. In U[)i)er California it is scarcely found
beyond Monterey ; its limit is probably somewhere between the
38th and 50th degree.

The wood is remarkably white for an Oak, hard and fine-
grained, and well suited for almost every kind of construction
for which the White Oak or English Oak is employed. It was
used by our trading party as barrel-staves, and was found no-
Avay inferior to White Oak. Logs of it brought a good price
at the Sandwich Islands ; and, in short, thei'o is scarcely any
thing in which strength or durability are re([uisite, for which
this timber is not suited. The acorns, being sweet and agree-
able, form an excellent mast for hogs; and even the aborigines
of this region, who never cidtivate the soil, employed them for
food, first prepariiig them by stoving and afterward laying them
Jiway under ground for future use.

The acorns are much larger than those of the Post Oak, as
well as rounder. The leaf beat's a considerable resemblance to
that species, but is snuiUcr, and, in fact, intermediate in form
between it and the Euroi)ean species, [Q. 'pednnculaki.) It
differs from both in the whiteness of its wood. The bark is
whitish and scaly, almost similar to that of the White Oak.
The leaves from the first are not pubescent above, or only
slightly so along the midrib ; the hairs, more numerous beneath,
are, as in many other species, (loUected into sti'llated clusters;

16

HOLLY-LEAVED OAK.

the young li'av(!H of the Post Oiik, previous to expansion, appear
browni.sli-yellow urul like a mass of velvet, with the copious
pubescence by which they are chid; in ours this appearance
never occurs, and the old leaves become nearly smooth; the
lobes have narrow, sinuous openings, wiiicli scarcely pass half-
way down through the leaf; the lobes ax^e usually four on a
side, and possess no great inequality with each other; the
upper pair mostly present a notch or small division on the
lower side, but nothing analogous to the singular obtuse dilata-
tion which that part of the leaf exhibits in the Post Oak.
The acorns, Ix'sides l)eing larger, are not striated, and the scales
of the cup are acuminate, and the upper ones free.

! I

PLATE I.

A younrj Imiiich, vilJi the Irttrcs vol fulli/ expanded, ivith barren aments.

u

IIOLLY-LEAYED OAK.

!> '

QUEHCUS AouiFOLiA. Fiilils hito-uvalis sidx'ordatis dentato-spbwsis glabris,
frncliliKs axilla rlhii.'< ,'-r.'<sillhiis. — Ni;k, in Aiuial. Seieiic. Nat., vol. iii.
p. 271. AunulH of Botany, No. 4, p. lOG.

QuEUOUS AoiiiKOLtA. Foliis percmiantihus subrofundo-ovatis sid)cordatis
utrinquc. </lalirls rciiioic spinosn-dcnfads, cupula hemisphcerica ; squcunis
adprcsm oblHsinscnlis, <jlaiidr orala acula. — PuRSii, Flor. Bor. Am.,
ii. p. GaT. WiLM). Si)., pi. 4, p. 4.3L

A71 Ilex folio <i</rij'<ilii A mrrieana, forte agria, vel aquifolia glandifera ? —
Plukenet, till). 1!»0, lig. 3.

This species, almost the only one which attains the magni-
tude of a tree in Upper California, is abundantly dispersed over
the plain on which Santa Barbara is situated; and, being ever-
green, forms a consj)icuous and predominant feature in the vege-

'4

1^

!!

!!

u

1

( In lie II I'riiillfniii- Uiiii.i-

11

HOLLY-LEAVED OAK.

17

%

I

f

3

tation of this remote and singular part of tlie Western world.
It a[i[)ears nitjre sjjaringly around Monterey, and seaniely ex-
tends on the north as lar as the line of the Oreiion Territory.
It attains the heiglit of about forty or fifty feet, with a diameter
rarely exeeeding eighteen inches. The bark is nearly as rough
as in the Red Oak ; the wood, hard, brittle, and reddish, is used
only lor the purposes of fuel or the coarse construction of a log
cal)in.

As an ornamental tree, for the South of Europe or the
warmer States of the Union, we may reconnnend this species.
It forms a roundish summit, tiud s[)reuds l)ut little till it attains
a considerable age; as a hedge, it would form a very close
shelter, and tlie leaves, evergreen and nearly as i)rickly as a
holly, would render it almost impervious to most animals.

The leaves vary fiom roundish ovate to elliptic, and are of a
thick, rigid consistence, the serratures (piite shiirp; the young
shoots are covered more or less with stellate hairs, and, for
some time, tufts of tins kind of down remain on the under side
of the midril) of the leaves, which arc, however, at length per-
fectly smooth and of a dark green above, often tinged with
Ijrownish-yellow beneath. The stnminiferous llowers iire very
abundant and rather conspicuous, the riicemes the length of
three or four indu's. the llowers with a conspicuous calyx and
eight to ten slumens. The female or fruit-bearing llowers are
usmdly in pairs in the axils, or juncture of the leaf with the;
stem, iind si'ssile, or without stalks, 'i'lu' cuit of the acoi'ii is
hcnns[)heric!d, and furnished with loose, brownish scales: the
acorn, much longer tlian tlu- cup. is ovate and pointed.

We do not recollect to have seen ibis tree pro})erly associated
witli any other, except, occasionally, the f'/((/iiiiii.s run iikisiik ;
tlieir shade is also hostile to almost every kind of undergrowtli.

Wy IVrsoon. this s|)ecies is said lo have been found on the
eastern coast of Nortii America, whili' INirsh attributes it lo
the northwest coast, about Nootka Sound, it does not. how*

Vol,, IV.-2

18

SMALL-LEAVED OAK.

ever, extend even to the territory of Oregon, as far as my ob-
servations go. Nee sa}s, " I have only seen branches collected
at Monterey and Nootka." The leaves of the young plants (if
I am not mistaken) are perfectly smooth when first developed,
of a thin consistence, ^vith numerous slender, shai'p dentures;
beneath tliey are of a brownish-yellow color, and appear
smooth and shining.

PLATE II.

A yotinr/ liranch icilh harrcn nrnnUs, a, A liranrh with acorns.

SMALL-LEAYED OAK.

QniRt'US i)i"MOPA. lianiis (f)'(ii-il(lti(s fiihrsiuntihtis ; fullls rotmidiitu-uvdli-
ba.-^ .vilis( ssililuis sjiiiiosd-dciit'ttis (/fafiri'i-^i'i'lis, suhliis n'lfnsis cunrdhirHiits,

I OBSKKVKD this species to form entangled tiiickets over the
base of the hills which iiiink the village of Santa Rarbani, in
Upper California. Tt attains the height of four to six feet, is
of a very unsiiihtlv appearance, fonuinii' what we should cidl
.Scrub Oak thickets, of considerable extent, o\er a biirreii and
rocky soil, which denies sustenance to almost every thing else:
the branches dividi' int(» ninny irreg(dar, straggling, iuid almost
naki'd, slender twigs, clothed with m whitish, smooth bark.
The leaves ari' evergreen, suudl. iind wholly resend)le thos(> of
the (^)iit reus cncfl/fni. but iire somewhat jtubescent al)ove iind
softly so beni'iitli; tiie young twigs are also baii'v. with ii per-
sisting jadH'scence. Heing unable to discover upon it at the
season 1 visited thiit countiy (in liie month of April) either
llowers or I'niit. I urn not ;il)le to gixc u figiin- ol' it llint would
^Hi at all iuterestnii:'.

' as my ob-
es collected
? l^lants (if
tleveloped,
• dentures ;
ud appear

ucorns.

(ii<liilii-(ir(il!.
■oncii/nfilius,

f* over the
liirbiirn, in
:i.\ feet, is
lionld call
iiri\Mi and
liinji' else :
nd almost
utli biii'k.
' tliosc of
ilH)ve iind
itli !i jicr-
il at tlic
■il) eillicr
lal would

9

I'MII.

/ I'

li! ■

'I

(!;■ I

I 11

i ','

l|:'

I hiciciis I iiiliil<il<'i

/.'• i/, 1 Miiiniliiiii I'lil,

I'liiiii olliliili

( iinilnli

! i

V

is'?*

ROCKY MOUNTAIN OAK.

QuERCUS UNDULATA. Fnilicosa ramosissbna ; fdliis 'pcrcnnantibas brevl-
2W.tiolatis oblu»(jis acutis slnuato-dcntatis dcntibii.-< amJls, f/'i.sl cuncatis,
subtus jndvcnihnto-towcntosis, supra nitidis; frudihus sidisolitariis scs-
sililtns, cKpida hcmisphmrica sqnamis apprcssis, f/lKiidc oixttd acuta. —
ToiuiEY, in the Annals of the Lyceum of Xew York, voL ii.
p. 248.

This dwarf Oak, considerably allied to our small-leaved
preceding species, was discovered by Dr. James, in Long's Ex-
pedition, toward the soux'ces of the Canadian, a branch of the
Arkansas, and likewise in the Kocky Mountains. It is said
to be a small, straggling shrub, with the under surface of the
leaves clothed with a close, whitisli tomentum or down, more
or less spread, though more thinly, also, on the upper surface,
with the hairs stellated. The leaves are snuvll, and somewhat
resemble those of the Holly, al)out an inch and a half or two
inches long, rather narrowed at the base, of a thick and rigid
consistence, as in all the semperviivnt Oaks, reticulately veined
beneath, with the margin siuuately toothed, but not, that I can
porceive, waved, as the specific name implies; the teeth sharp
and acute at the points; above somewhat shining and minutely
pubescent. The acorns are large, and strongly resemble those
of the Live Oak ; they are, however, without stalks, and grow
alone or in pairs ; the cup is deep and hemispherical, with the
scales pointed.

It is so nearly allied to the Holly Oak of the South of
Europe {Quifcii,s Ihx) that it is necessary to distinguish them.
In our phmt tlic ]»!is(> of the leaf is wedge-formed; in the Ilex-
it is usually rounded, tlu' border h'ss deeply toothed, and not in

10

DOUGLAS OAK.

the least sinuated. The cup and acorn are wholly similar, but
in our plant a little larger and loss poin^^ed.

PLATE III.

A branch of the natural size, uith the acorn.

DOUGLAS OAK.

QuKRCUS DouflLASii. Fulits mniibratiaccis ohlongo-oralihus hasi acutis
iwikilalis .vmidto-imnatifiJls siecltate hand ni(jrcscnil'd)Uf, supra <jlabr!n,
subias pxhendis, lohis brecibiis acutiu.scnUs, jniluUs ramidis>/nc jurdordius
dense falvo-jxibcscadlbus; fructdnis S'^ssdibus soldurus biinsce, cupula
hcmbphccrica dense squamosa squanns oratis cvurcxis in appcndkcm
submembranaccam falcam appressam Uncarem oblusam productis pubes-
cent ibus ; ylande ovata cupulam triplo superarde obtusa cum umbone
conko. — Hook. loon. iued. Hook, and Auxot, Bot. Beecliy, p. 391.

Tins curious species, of which we have seen only a dried
specimen, was collected in Upper California, and bears some
affinity to the Q. Garri/aua. Accordinjj; to Hooker and Arnot,
the leaves and whole appearance of the plant closely resemble
Q. fics-sijlj/ora, but with different scales to the cup of the acorn.
The leaves appear to be snndler, narrower, and less deeply
divided than in Q. Garri/ana. The young; leaves are covered
with down on both sides, and the lol)es tipped with short, soft,
acute points.

To us, the branch which we have seen bears some resem-
blance, though vague, to the Post Oak, [Q. st<Tlat((.) The cup
and acorn is also somewhat similar, but Inrger, while the leaf is
smaller and scarcelv dilated aljove. The under surface is

s fjome resem-
(f<(.) The cup
liilo the leaf is
ider surface is

/ similar, but

1

I

lbi(s basi aciUis
s, supra f/labris,
li.s'/uc jimioribus
! binkvc, cupula
3 in appcndkcm
j)rodactis pubes-
isa cum umbone
Beecliy, p. 391.

only a diied
id bears some
^er and Aniot,
osely resemble
p of the acorn,
id less deeply
es are covered
^ith sliort, soft,

•-m

f !

Ill

i

(I H

t

()in'iM'us Moudliisii.

Ihiiijliiss I 'til,

I'/l, III- lit Iti'lli/lllS

(^uci'cii.s I)«'i«sin<>rji

ltitl.\i' /Jim'rriil (fill,: t'li-'hlr I'l th'lir.vilfll.W.\:

^•^"'.ttG

- ^, V rf?- Jf^il''^^l^fr**?'^l*^«y«»w»t^

rrv.

/Ji'iir.v'/'/ivv

irr'

-'"m

'^

i I

DENSE-FLOWERED OAK.

21

covered with the same stellated pubescence. Tlie stigmas of
the fertile llowers are from three to five in number.

PLATE IV.

A branch of the natural size, 2cilh acorns, a. The male catkin and ijounj
leaf. h. The slamiiiiferoas flower magnified.

Ca.stanoppi?. Araents elongated and persistent, perianth lanuginous,
divided to tiie l)ase; sealos of the spreading cup loose and squar-
rose; stamens exsertcd; nut somewhat angular and downy; stig-
mas several, flliforni, and deciduous.

Trees of Oregon, California, and tlie Tlimalaya Mountains in Indin,
with the aspect of tlie Cliestnut. Leaves entire, itennately nerved,
sempervirent. Anicnts elongated, erect, the ilowers conglomerated.
Fertile llowers ....'( To this section, or rather genus, belong
also, as far as the male specimens are (iouccrned, the Qucrcns f/lonierala
and Qiirrois sjiici/n of Dr Wallich.

DENSE-FLOWERED OAK

Qui'.urrs m;NsiiT,oi!,\. FutHs jwrouiaiitiluis coriaciis prtiolatis ohli,ii<iii
laiiciiilalis liasi aliliisls hrcrilcr aciiiiilini/i.-: piirallele mrrasis iiite</irrliiii.i
vumjiih rernhi/is jiihldrilnis fiilni-farfiinico-lmitcntosis siililti<i palllillDri-
bus deinuin (jlabris, ainentis niKscalls duia/alis folia siiperantibas daisi-
jloris ralde loiiini/o.-<is nunc ad basin jlnres pmicus finineos t/erentibas,
frifcfibas sessilibas, cnjiala bnri heinispkvrica dense sqaaniusa, xijiitnni-

bus ibuiijato-linearibus laxis sericeii*, plandc orato-r/bibosa srrieea. llooK.

Icon. I'l. ined. IIouk. and Aumit, Uot. Hcechy, p. oHl.

Tims ivmarkalile tree, scarcely n iruv Oak, but congeneric with
species in (bo Himalaya Mountains, in India, is u nativo of

^■r-

u

22

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

Upper Calilbrniii. It has so much the appoarance of a Chest-
nut, that the cup of tlie fruit al(me attests what it really is.
The leaves are evergreen, and of the same lanceolate outline
■with the Common Chestnut, having similar pennate nerves, hut
entire, or nearly !?o, on the margin; at first they are softly
clothed beneath with dense, stellate, brownish hairs, but at
length become .smooth: they are about four indues long and one
to one and a quarter wide. The catkins are erect, about four
inches long, presenting the ai)[)earance of cyllndric, Avoolly
spikes, beset with numerous exscrted stiunens with long, slender
fdaments, as in the Chestnut. The cup is shallow and patulous,
within and without softly sericeous, the scales numerous aud
acuminate, very loose, somewhiit s^jreading, and two and a half
to three lines long. The acorn is large, evidently angular, aud
more convex on one side, covered with whitish down, and
terminated with several fdiform, lamiginous, and deciduous
stiguuis.

The Casf(im'<i (•Jir//-ioj)Jit/f/(i of Douglas, if not the same plant,
appears to be another species of this section or genua.

PLATE V.

A hnniili of till', viitiiral ■•<i:i\ a. The i(rorn.

OBSKUVATIOXS OX THE OAKS.

QuERCUS .>fAKlTlM.V, [ihv Morlfliii' Otil'.) The fruit of this
Hpecies, and soujetimes the leaves, apjjroach to the Willow
Oak; but this is a low, shrul)by phi.il of the Southern .States,
with sempervireut Ii'aves, which are very ofteu (It'ej)ly aud
distiuctly siuuatcd. rigid, with the lobes nl'tcu nhtusc aud
unicronate.

}!l

"^'"'.'Jiin.t.,

AKS.

mce of a Cliest-
Imt it really is.
icoolate outline
late nerves, but
tliey are softly
1 hairs, but at
(is long and one
rect, about four
/lindrie, -woolly
itli long, slender
vv and patulous,
numerous and
two and a half
tly angular, and
tisli down, and
and deciduous

the same plant,
en us.

OnSKllVATlONS ON THE OAKS.

2-]

QuEiurs MVifTii'f)i,iA, {Mni-nc-leaved Ooh.) Of this elegant
and curious spceics, we hav(> yet wo materials deserving of a
figure.

Qri:nci;s stki.lata. Q. oinirsiLoiiA, Minr. {B>d Onl:) Tlic
variety which 1 menlioucd in the Cenera of North American
plants, vol. ii. p. 'Ji-'i, under llie name of /:?. (hprrssa, rarely
exceeds three feet in height, and bears acorns at the height of
twelve to eighteen inches from the ground. 1 first ol)served it
on the hills of the Missomi, up to its eonlluence with the river
Platte, and it is also idniust tiie last si)ecies which we find to
the westward. 1 liave since met with apparently the same low
variety on the gravelly poor hills of the island of Martha's
Vineyard, near Massachusetts IJay : it is this scrublty growth of
Oalv which still all()rds shelter to the grouse on that island. In
some |)ai'ts of Massachusetts, (according to Emerson.) the usual
large growth of this tree is occasionally met with. The species
of (^lerciis which I call fj. Mi<liiiii.rii is, I now believe, nothing
more than a nu-re vai'iety of ^/ primis.

n>.

Kks.

fruit i>f this

to the Willow

ljuthern States,

u deej)ly and

u obtuse and

SwAMl' Wmiti; Oak, {(Jm n^ns liiralor.) Oi this speci(>s 1 (irst
observed a <'Ui'ioiis variety, which I called /:/. iiiiiUls or SnJ'l-
hnriil Sinaiip ()iih\ in the swampy elevate(l forests of the
Hudson, near New York; it occurs likewise near Philadelithia
and Uoston. The leaves, 1 liiid. are of the same lorin as ii ,>.
/)lr,,/i,r, but the under side is not white. Itiit partly ferruginous (»r
green, and softly pubescent. The quantity of this clothing, how-
ever, varies, and in large leaves it becomes very thin. It Ibi'iiis
a somewhat-pyramidal tree, si.Nty or seventy feet high, branched
n<'arly iVom the base, the branches deih'cted and intricately
ramilied. The leaves are narrowed at the base, and abruptly
dilated toward the siimiiiit; the dentures are few and sonu'tiines
almost wanting; the breadth is about two-thirds of the length;
the fniit-sialk or peduncle fil'form, two or three inches long.

r^'

•24

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

bciiring about one to tliroo acovns on each. It may perhaps bo
QacivuK Jilifonnls of Muhlenberg's Catalogue, page 87.

Mossy-Clp Oak, {QxeyKf^ oJiccrformis.) This rare Oak,
(which Michaux found only above Albany and in Genesee,) or
at least a variety of it with less attenuated cups, is met with in
Orange county, New York, where it was observed by Dr.
irort(m; and it also grows near A^ernon, in Sussex county, New
Jersey. It has nnudi the aspect of the Water White Oak, [Q.
Olstvhr,) but the leaves are sinuated.

White Oak, (Qiirrriifi aJIxi.) According to Emerson, the
nxjts of the White Oak make very beautiful furniture. In
Kngland, five pounds sterling have l)een given for the roots of a
White Oak. The pieces have been taken out. and, when sawed
and planed, |)resent a wood of extraordinary beauty. A cabinet
and table made from the forked branches of this Oak, now in
the possession of Mr. C. J. Wister, in Germautown, Pa., may
well vie witli the finest woods known: it is of a clear, pale
yellow, inclining to olive, and feathered in the most beautiful
numner; the polish is also equal to Ihat of the finest mahogany.

IJahtham's Oak. {Qiicrrns liti< ,,,i<lnilla, Mien. vol. i. \)\. IG.)
Tbis curious tree, which, in IS.'IT. had attained the height of
fifty I'eet and a circumference of three feit nine inches, was
inadvert"nlly cut down, and with it the species, if sui-h it was,
appeared to bi' annihilated; but Thomas ({. Lea, Escp, of (.'in-
cinnati, informs me "that several years ago he discoveied an
Oak between two and three miles north of that city, the leaves
and fruit of which accord with Michaux's figure. The leaves
ari' sonu'limes larger than those representi'd, but with the same
outline, irregularly and coarsely toothed, or suI)-lobed. and on
}ongish petioles: the nuvrgin is very rarely entinv The tree is
about twenty-five feet high, and in a vig(n-ous state of growth.

0 A K S.

It may perhaps be
page 87.

This rare Oak,
ad in Gonosco,) or
ips, is mot Avith in
observed by Dr.
issex county, New
.T White Oak, {Q.

to Emerson, the
ul fiirnitm-e. In

for tlie roots of a
. and, when sawed
eauty. A cabinet

this Oak, now in
mtown, Pa., may
s of a dear, pale
he most beautiful
• finest mahogany.

II. vol. i. pi. IG.)

i

led the height of

- ■i.\

nine inches, AViis

:4

t's, if such it was,

Lea, Es(|., of Cin-

he discoveied an

it city, the leaves

lu-e. The leaves

tut with the same

Hub-lobed. iuid on

ii'(>. The; tree is

,r*

state of growth.

r

" i J

<,)m'iTiis I ■faim
l.iii.i Oak (hi' 114 ill I. Ill

i.v.a,

m

i J

I ;

«

cnri

i|;

! I

L E A' H 0 A K.

25

Some scattoi'ing Oaks of otluT spccioH arc in its iniinodiato
iK'igliborliood. I tliink it is not a variety of (,K iiiihrlraria,
many trees of wliich I have examined, Ijnt ne\( v found tliem
with leaves the h-ast indented. The (J. /V/'7/'a, " to whieh it
might be allied, "does not grow in the vicinity of Cincinnati,
nor, that I know of, in any i)art of Ohio: this tix'e, therefore,
cannot be a varii'ty of tiiat six'cies." Its nearest aOinity
appears to me to be to thi; Qiitrcnti (iiiihi(jiin of Miehaux, Jr.,
from which It is principally dislinguished by the luirrower and
more simple divisions of its leaves.

m

LEA'S OAK.

QlIERCUS LeANA. Fiililn Vlilll/irdll'tci'is, IdliijissiiDC jxlioluU'.s', ohlolKJO-

oralibiis, basi rotnndntin, sn/irordn/is, shufii/ii-jilinKi/i/li/is, <h iinim. ()l(ilirh,
hbis lads intcgris setacco-ni'iiniJiialis ; J'nn-/:hi/s brcri-pnllnlhiUs ; s-ol/'furlis
b(iim-fi, cupula hcnmplatrlra, si/uuuu.s urall.s (ibhtsis, ijhindc ,'<ub(j(,,f)usa
vittata subscmi-immcnftu, rinn uuiboiic brci:i cimtco.

Of this remarkahlj-andjiguons Oak I have already spoken, in
a note on Q. hdcrophilht, Iniving at that time, in concert with
Mr. Thomas G. Lea, its discoverer, considered it as a variet\- of
that rare species, or some analogous hybrid. Other specimens,
accompanied Avith the ripe glands, have now convinced me that
it is either a distinct species or another strange hyljrid; but, as I
am by no moans satisfied of tlie existence of such spontaneous
mixed races among our Oaks, I have taken the liberty of giving
it as a species, and dedicating it to its discoverer, an ardent and
successful botanist. 1 shall also take the liberty of adding a
quotation from Mr. Lea's notes, mado on this plant and senUo
me with the specimens.

IV.— ;i^

26

L E A' S OAK.

I

"TIk! fruit roHoniblos Micliaux's figure of Q. hterophijlla, Imt
(lifTcrs in lu'ing more depressed and obtuse at tlie sunniiit. The
<'ui)s, I think, are alike. The leaves arc on longer petioles, but
accord in being inclined to ])e cordate at base. If it is a liylmd,
it may ha\'e come from the Q. imhricaria, or Q. thictorla, or Q.
vocc'niid. The I'ruit is too widely different from Q. rnhra. The
jyj/intchs are al)out the same length as in my specimens of Q.
imhrirariti ; in ^Micliau.x's figure of that species, the fruit is
represented as sessile, which I think is wrong. The petioles are
much longer than in Q. imhricaria, the leaves larger and more
obtuse at base. These modifications (if it is a hybrid) ma}- be
derived I'rom tiie long petioles and larger leaves of the Bkulc
and iS'earht Oaks. I think it does not partake of Quereiis
phellos, (Willow Oak,) ii species that does not grow, to my
knowledge, within several hundred miles of this place, (Cin-
cinnati.)

"1 saw two individuals of Q. phcJhs in the Bartram garden,
which (Jolonel Carr assured me were propagated from the seed
of the original Bartrain Oak. Certainly our plant is very like
Michau.\'s figure; but, as that appears to be a hybrid of Q.
^tlielloK, I think they must be considered distinct. If ours be a
hybrid, it most likely comes from Q. imhricaria and Q. iinctoria,
or (y)ci:im!a.

"I have found but a single stock of this, (about five years
ago.) It grows three miles north of Cincinnati."

I (ionfess I see too little resemblance in our i)lant ^vith Q
imhricaria to agree with my friend, Mr. T. G. Lea, as to any hy-
brid connection with that remotely-allied species. Betwixt the
Ciray Oak {Q. amhiipia, Mich.) and Q. tinvtoria I perceive a
nearer resemblance. The fruit appears to be wholly that of
the Gray Oak. The gland in both is striated, and with a small
ecmic projection. In our plant, however, the base of the gland
and that of the cup are yellow, indicating its alliance to Q.
iinctoria. The leaf differs wholly lioin both in its simple uii-

L E A' S 0 A K.

27

deroplttjlla, but
summit. Tlio
or petioles, but
■ it i.s a liy1)ricl,
tinctoiia, ov Q.
Q. rtihra. The
;pecimens of Q.
s, the fruit is
rhe petioles are
vrger and more
lybrid) m.ay be
s of the Black
ike of Qm'renii
i grow, to my
[lis phvce, (Cin-

$artram garden,
1 from tlie seed
int is very like
a hybrid of Q.
If ours be a
md Q. tiiictona,

bout five years

divided lobes, though the long petiole and rounded base is that
of tlndoria. Scarce as this species yet appears to be, under the
present circumstances, I am inclined to believe it of a distinct
race, Avith features as distinct as any species in the genus; for
the Gray Oak, being, I believe, unknown in Ohio, is again out
of the question. I suspect it is in all physical respects allied to
tindoria, and would equally aflbrd a yellow dj'eing-material.

The full-grown leaves are from five to five and a half inches
long by three to throe and a half wide, smooth and shining
above, with a small quantity of deciduous stellate pubescence
beneath. The lobes are about a single pair on a side: the
central lobe only sometimes again subdivided into three lesser
lobes, all of them ending in bristles. The base is rounded, and
often hollowed out, or somwhat sinuated. The buds are small
and browai. The fertile flower often by threes, on a short,
thick, common pedicle, the middle flower abortive. Male
flowers .... not seen. Cups rather deep, as in Q. tindoria,
with the scales ovate, obtu.vo, and closely imbricated. The
acorn roundish, somewhat ovate, broadl}' striate, with a short
roundish conic point or umbo about half-way, or nearly so,
innnersed in the cup.

PLATE V. {bis.)
A branch of the natural size with fruit, a. The cup. b. The yland.

plant with Q
II, as to any hy-
Betwixt the
ia I perceive a
wholly that of
nd with a small
so of the gland
i alliance to Q.
1 its simple un-

The Willow Oak appears to be very nearly allied to the
Cluster-leaved Oak of New Spain, ( Quercm con ferti flora,) figured
and described by Humboldt and Bonpland ; but in that, though
otherwise so very similar, the leaves are hairy beneath, while
ours are perfectly smooth.

The Willow Oak is found as far west ;is the banks of the
Arkansas and several of its branches.

28

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

I I

LiVK Oak, [Qvercus virens.) Trees neai' Miignolia, in West
Florida, occur of eight to nine feet dianieter: it consequently
affords hu'gc timber. Great quantities of this wood are now
brought from the coast of West Florida. According to Win.
JJartrani, the Live Oaks on the St. John's in East Florida are
from twelve to eighteen feet in circumference; the trunk there
rises only from twelve to twenty feet, when it throws out three
to five large limbs, which continue to grow in nearly a horizontal
direction, each limb forming a gentle curve from its base to its
extremity, {Rirtrams lh(vcJs, p. So;) and he adds, "I have
stepped above fifty paces on a line from the trunk of one of
these trees to the extremity of the jjranches." The w^ood is
almost incorruptible, even in the open air. The acorn is small,
agreeable to the taste when roasted, and in this state they are
eaten by the aborigines as we do chestnuts.

Stately avenues are formed of the Live Oak in South Carolina
and Georgia, which, robed in Long Moss, put on an air of
sombre arandeur and wildness.

Li addition to the geographical limits of the Oaks, I may add
that, according to the observations of Emerson, the Bock Chefif-
nid 0(ik [Qxcrcns monUtna, AYilld.) occurs in many parts of
Massachusetts; he has also found the Yelloio Oak {Q. castaneo,
WiLLD.) about Agamenticus Mountain in York, Maine. ''It is
also found at Saco, in Maine, twenty-live miles farther north."
The Bkicl: Oak [Q. tlnctorlo) "is found in York county, Maine.
Q. ixihf-sfris (Pin Oak) is veri/ rare in Massachusetts." Mr.
Emerson also con-oborates my own obser\'ations concerning the
prevalen(!e of the Ponf Oah on the island of Martha's Vineyard,
and adds that '-it hardly exceeds twenty inches in diameter
and thirty feet in height," which is a circumstance I had over-
looked, its prevailing character there being that of a shrub.

The Oaks, though a very extensive genus, are confined to the
Northern hemisphere. Besides the numerous species which

"■'^^

AKS.

iiioliii, in West
t coiisequeiilly
wood arc now
>rtling to Win.
ist Florida arc
ho trunk tliero
irows out tlireo
rly a liori/ontal
1 its base to its
adds, "I have
runk of one of
The wood is
acorn is small,
i state they are

South Carolina
t on an air of

Daks, I may add
the Rock CJie-sf-
many parts of
'«/.; {Q. casfaiiea,
, Maine. ''It is
» farther north."
: county, Maine,
chusetts." Mr.
s concerning the
Lrtha's Vineyard,
lies in diameter
ancc I had over-
; of a shrub.

e confined to the
IS species which

OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.

29

pervade the United States, sixteen were discovered l^y Nee in
Mexico and New Spain, one of which, the Q. ayri/oUa, is found
in Upper California; twenty-one species were added to the
Flora of North America l)y Humboldt and Bonpland, found
also in New Spain ; ibur species wore discovered in Japan by
Thunberg; two in China by Bunge; on(? in Cochin China, and
one in the island of Formosa; two very remarkable species,
with lanceolate entire leaves and very long spikes of ik)wers,
like those of a Chestnut, were met with in Nepaul by Wallich ;
six other species likewise exist in that portion of India; Europe,
chiefly the southern part. Northern Africa, and Armenia, aflijrd
about twenty-eight species and several varieties ; Java, Sumatra,
and the Molucca Tsland.s, also produce nineteen species. Thus
it appears, of the whole number, according to the enumeration
of Willdenow and more recent discoveries, the Old World
contains sixty-three species, and North America, including New
Spain, about seventy-four. Of these the United States possess
about thirty-seven, and New Spain the same numljer. To these
I may also add an additional species from the island of Cuba,
nearly allied to our Southern Gray Oak, {Q. cincrca:) this I pro-
pose to call, after its discoverer, M. La Sagra,

QuERCUS Sagk.EAXA. Fulils peremiantibus ohlon<jo-cirq>tms
oljovatixque Inteyris s. suhhhail^ hrevl 2>(^fioIa(i,s ohtmis nUklis
maryine rcvoJutlH suhtas tomentosis nervosis snhalhldis, frndi/ms
hum pallcdlis iiicrassatis, ciijmla hemlsphwrica, aquamis appresnis,
■mice orata.

This species apparently forms a tree. The leaves are broader
than those of the Gray Oak, of a thick and rigid texture, and
are strongly veined both above and beneath ; they are about
two and one-third inches long and about one inch wide.

Additional Ohftermiions. In density and hardness the Live
Oak nnich exceeds every other species of the genus hitherto
examined. At first glance, and aided by its great weight, it

80

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

a2)poars almost liko Lignuin-Vitio. The sap-wood is of a pale
brownish-} t'llow, the p jrlect wood of a pale chostiiut-brown, and
the extremely fine sawdust almost as bright a brown as that
from mahogany. Crowing in a climate sulyect to small changes
of temperature, and being evergreen, the woody circles of iinnual
iucrei"(>nt are very faint and obscurely marked, which adds to
the connnon density of the fibres. These rings, on joung trees,
vary from one to two lines in width, but in the older wood they
are much narrower. One of the most striking features of this
wood, however, is the distinctness of the medullary rays, which
traverse in strong and pale lines the faint waves of the animal
increments. For the first forty or fifty years, the Live Oiik
appears to increase in the bulk of its trunk as fast as our White
Oak ; but after that period the growth is much more slow ; still,
the density of its wood is so great, that, through a strong mag-
nifier, the pores and vessels are barely visible. In the United
States Navy Yard, in this place, I have measured a squared log
of Live Oak, thirty-two feet long, which probaljly Ibrmed the
trunk of a tree not less than fifty to sixty feet in height. The
present value of inoulded Live Oak varies from $1.'J0 to $1.30
and 8L-1-J per cubic foot. Promiscuous unpre[)ared logs sell
from ^\.20 to OS cents and $1 the ctibic foot. Some very choice
timber sells as high as $1.6-). Tiiis valualjh^ timber has been
employeel in the United States navy between fifty and sixty
years.

Little is yet known respecting the southern limits of this
species of Oak, though there ciiu be little doubt that it con-
tinues along the borders of the Mi-xican CJulf to Yucatan. Dr.
Burroughs informs me that it is said to be found growing on
the banks of the Alvarado IJiver, about seventy-five miles south
of Vera Cruz. I am also informed of the existence of the Live
Oak near Matagorda in Texas.

It is stat(Ml ill a late Texian pnper that an English company
have recently landed on the Ihazos. in the neiuhborhood of

1(1 is of ii paUi
lut-bi'own, iuid
brown as that
small changes
I'ck's of annual
which adds to
in yovnig trees,
[der wood they
eatures of this
xy rays, which
1 of the annual
the Live Oak
t as our White
ore slow; still,
1 a strong mag-
In the United
d a squared log
)ly formed the
1 height. The
8L'2() to $1.30
)ared logs sell
me very choice
mlier has lieen
ifty and sixty

limits of this

)t that it con-

Y\icatan. Ur.

ind growing on

ive miles south

lice of liie Live

iglish company
'iuhhorhood of

ADDITIONAL 0 B S E R V A 1M 0 X 8.

ni

Brazoria, for the purjioso of getting out Live Oak. They are
said to have contracted with the English Government to deliver
two millions of cubic feet. The country about lira/.tiria is
loaded with encn-mons trees, some of them casting a shade of
one hundred and fifty feet in diameter. The Live Oak extends
into Texas at least one hundred and fifty miles, according to the
observations of Dr. Casper Wister, Jr., of (lermanrown. Pa.

John Lenthall, l''sq.. United States Naval* Constructor, has
favored me with the following remarks concerning the timber
used in the United States navy.

The frames and principal pieces are all of Live Oak; and the
frames of s(;veral of our ships that were cut from tlie islands of
Georgia and on the coast, thirty years since, are still in an
excellent condition, though in some ships, in which the timln'r
was cnt inland, the result is not so favorable. The weight of a
enbic foot varies from seventy-three to .seventy-eight i)ounds.
This timber is peculiarly adajited to ship-building, and is
scarcely fit for any thing else, being slnu't and crooked, so that
the tindu'rs are rarely grain-cut.

The White Oak, used almost exclusively for plank, is cut from
the seal)oard of the Middle States, and is ecpial to the best
English or foreign timber. The lietl Oak is never used. The
Oak from Canada is that which has gi'iierally been introduced
into England, and from it a very erroneous (qiinion has Ix'en
f;>riiK'd with regard to the Oak tindier of the United States, for
tbe Northern timber is much inferior to that from the Southern
States, and is never used. A cubic foot of unseasoiud White
Oak weighs from fifty-eight to sixty pounds, am^ when si-asoned,
forty-seven to Ibrty-nine [loirnds. White Oak timber is often
brought from the Lakes and used for keels ami bottom-planks;
bnt for up|)er works that from the Dcliiware and Chesapeake
Hay is preferred, lu'ing much stronger and more durable. This
Tiake tind)er is principally to be found at New York.

From the Delawiin' liiver and t'lh apenke Hay large (juan-

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

titios of White Oak are likewise shipped for the Eastern States,
of which the better class of ships are built. A great deal of
Pine timber is also shipped from thence for the same purpose.

The Quercitron is the bark of the Qncrcm tinctoria, freed from
the epidermis. Besides tannin, it contains a yellow coloring-
matter, which may be extracted by water, and which, on evapo-
ration, yields a peculiar extract to the amount of eight per cent,
of the bark employed. The tannin ])elongs to that variety
which precipitates ii'on of a green color. This tannin is very
injurious to the color, because it is precipitated by the same
reagents with the color, and iniparts to it a brownish tint. To
obtain the coloring-matter free from it, a bladder softened in
water, and cut into small piece.-^, freed from all the parts which
are soluble in water, is applied to the infusion of the Quercitron
bark, which takes up the tannin; or it may be precipitated by a
solution of isinglass.

According to Chevreul, the coloring-matter which he calls
(juercitrin, although not a simple substance, is obtained by cau-
tiously concentrating an infusion of Quercitron. A crystalline
substance then precipitates, which, while yet in suspension in
the lifpiid, imparts to it a pearly appearance. It exhibits a
slight acid reaction by curcuma-pnper. It is slightly solu])le in
ether, but more completely so in alcohol. Water dissolves it;
a)ul the solution becomes orange-yellow by the addition of alkali.
The acetate of lead and of c()p|)er, as well as the protochloridc
of tin. precipitate it in yellow llaki's. Sulphate of the peroxide
of iron colors it at fii'st olive-green, and then causes a precipitate.
Sulphuric acid dissolves (piercitrin, and the greenish-orange
colored solution becomes cloudy by the addition of water. I5y
dry distillation it yields, among other products, a li(piid whicii
soon (My-tallizes, the crystals possessing all the proi)erties of
(juercitrin.

In the dyeing-establishments the clear yellow color is obtained

ONS.

i Eastern States,
A great deal of
same purpose.

doria, freed from
yellow coloring-
whicli, on evapo-
of ciglit per cent.
, to that variety
is tannin is very
ted by the same
•ownish tint. To
idder softened in
11 the parts which
of the Quercitron
precipitated by a

r which he calls

ubtainod by can-
)n. A crystalline

in suspension in
e. It exhibits a
slightly s()lul)le in
Vater dissolves it;

addition of alkali.
I the protochloride
ite of the peroxide
auses aprecii)itate.
le greenish-orange
Ion of water. By
•ts, a licpud wiiich

the properties of

)\v color is obtained

ADDITIONAL O B S E R ^' A T I 0 X S.

83

by precipitating tlie tannin by means of a solution of glue or
buttermilk; the coloring-mutter then remaining in the solution
is mixed with the solution of alum and carbonate of potash, by
which it is pr('ci|)itMted of a yellow color in combination with
the aluniina. Protochloride of tin also produces with it a strong
yellow preci[)ilate.

QuKKCus UUHH.V? The liirgcst Red Oak in North America,
says a corres[)on(l('nt of the Natchitoches Herald, can be seen
on the plantation of W. Smith, Esq., eighteen miles from Natchi-
toches, on the road leading to Opelousas. This majestic Oak
stands in the midst of a rich and heavy bottom, on the IJayoii
St. IJarb. Two feet from the ground it measures foi'ly-foiir
feet in (iircumfcrence, and at six feet, tluHij-two feet. The trunk
apiH'ars sound ami healthy, and its height, fo iJtc hmnches, is
from fifty to si.xty leet.

From Dr. (i. Kngelmn ■'■' St. Louis, I learn that the White
Oak {Q.alhti) and the W. .. nestnut Oak {Q. moiifdiia, Wiu.n.)
grow in that vicinity, where there are two vaviotios of eacli with
sessile and witii lu-duneuinted fruit, in this respect agreeing witii
the fin, varieties of the English Oak, {Q. rohnr,) which have
been eonsideivd as two speeies. Hi' also informs me that the
Chinquepin Oak {Q. /,nii>,iJt,s. Wiu.i).; Q. pr'nnin f/iiii><i.j,!i,,
Mien. Sylva, t. 11) grows eommouly in Southwestern iMissouri.
lie also adds, that the Spanish Oak {Q.ftihuUi) he has only
seen in the southern extremity of Missouri; and that the Water
Oak ((J. a>,H,i/!>v) grows no nearer to him than the banks of
the Arkansas.

The Sweet (luui Tree {fjli/nhhimlMir fif//r((c(/Ina) he saw on
the borders of the Wabash ; it grows also in Southern Missoin-i,
and all through Arkansas to the jn-ovince of Texa.'^; but lie has
not seen it through the greater part of Missouri and Illinois.

The IJlack Cum Tree, {y,/ss,i miil/ijfom, Walt. \.. Si/lm/ln,,

Vol,. IV. -ij

■■■■^

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

Mich. Sylva, t. 110,) according to Dr. Engelmann, is common
in the soutliern parts of Missoun.

The Wahoo Ehn {Uhmia alata) Dr. Engelmann finds as far
nortli in Missouri as the vicinitj' of Hercuhmeum.

Around Cape Girardeau, one hundred and fifty miles south of
St. Louis, he also observes the Tulip Tree, (Linodendron.)

Beech Tnvs, the doctor infox-ms mc, he has not seen west of
the Wabo;5h, exc('pt near (kpe Girardeau : the}' grow associated
with Pines in Western Louisiana, and I have seen them in the
torepts which border the Arkansas.

)NS.

mn, IS common

mn finds as far
m.

y^ miles south of
jdendron.)
lot seen west of
grow associated
seen them in the

CHESTNUT.

Natural Order, Amentace^, (Jiiss.) Limioian Classification,

MON(ECIA, POLYANDRIA.

CASTANEA.* (Tournefort.)

PoLYaAMis. The male anient elongated, composed of numerous
interrupted clusters of flowers, with a five or six-parted perianth.
Stamens ten to twenty. Female flowers about three in an ovoid
muricate valvular involucrum. Perianth urccolate, 5 or 6-cloft,
having rudiments of abortive stamens. The ovary incorporated
with the periantli, the stigma pencillate, exserted, its divisions
rigid and pungent. Nuts one to three, included in the enlarging
echinate, 4-cleft involucrum.

These are trees or shrubs of temperate Europe and North Ame-
rica, with alternate, stipulate, mucronately-serrated leaves, and very
long, axillary aments. Nuts farinaceous, edible.

* So named from Castanra, a town of Thessaly, near the river Peneus, where
large Chestnut Trees are still found.

85

r^'^

'TT'

I

I ' I

\l \ I

DWARF CHESTNUT.

Castanea alnifolia. Dcprrssa, fullis ohova/ls siihaodis, iiiurmiuifo-
scrmlis subciliads jumoribas sublus jHibrsccnliltus, <( mail is fdifurniibas
solitarits iomcniosls.

/9 PUBESCENS. FoV'iS b)Xvioribus, adul/is tinhhia piihc.srcns.

Caslanca abnfolia, Nl'TT., Gon, vViii., vol. ii. p. 217.

Castanea nana, Elliott, Sk., vol. ii. p. Olo, (lujt of Muhl.)

Fagas paniila, mw, prxcox, "Walter, Caroliii., p. "I'-Vo.

A SPECIES remarkable for its dwarf ji,i'()wtli, and inserted only
to complete the history of the genus. It rarely exceeds a foot
in height, growing in small patches, with creeping roots. I
first met with the variety [i in the vicinity of (Charleston, South
Carolina; afterward the smoother kind, much more a))un(lant,
and in flower in the month of March, round Tallahassee, in
West Florida.

The Floridian plant is scarcely a foot in height, with smooth,
purplish-gray branchlets; the leaves ohovate, on very short
petioles, deeply serrate, obtuse or acute, elli[)tic-ol)ovate; when
young, whitish pubescent; the adidt almost pi'rfectly smooth
on both surfaces; about three inches long by one inch or more
wide. Stipules subulate, rather persistent. Male anieiits soli-
tary, long, and fdiform, tomentosc. The fruit 1 ha,ve not seen.

The Charleston plant grows in sandy pine-barrens, and the
nut, which is solitary, is said by Kiliott to be nuich larger, but
less abundant, than in the oth.'r native species. This plant
rarely exceeds two feet in height. Its leaves are glossy above,
pubescent, but not tomentose, beneath. Fi-rtile flowers one to
three in an involucrum, only one? perfected.

The wood of the Chinquepin, [(]. /iiimi/n.) wlienever it ciiii

lie obtained large enough i'or [)osts. is much vahied, as it is sup-
80

hao.idh, vnirronalo-
(tinrulis fiUformlbus

ens.

Mulil.)

iiud insortod only
ily uxcoods a loot
rci'piiig roots. I
Jli!irlc!«ton, Soutli
I more iibuudiint,
1 TiiUiihiisHco, in

gilt, willi smooth,
', on voiy short
ic-ohoviitc; when

pcrli'ctly smooth
one inch or more
Male anieiits soli-

1 hiive not seen,
j-barrens, and the

much larger, but
icies. This plant

are glossy above,
ilc llowors one to

) whenever it ciui
allied, as it is sup-

rpj-pp

I ,:,

11

I )

■'li
;i 'i j

'I

I

i 5 11

I

riiHtimc:i iihiiloliii.

r^r»t^T~

fW

1 11

f ':

I il I

II

G 0 L D E N-L E A V E D C II E S T N U T.

37

[)o.s(.'d to be more diuable when exposed to the weather than
any otlier timber except the Red Cedar. — Elliott.

PLATE VI.

A branfh of (lie ualiiml size.

1 GOLDEN-LEAVED CHESTNUT.

Castanea CHiiYSOPHYLLA, (Dougl. Mss.) FolUs sempervireiiUbus lata-
lanceol'iiis actinruxids eoriaeeis uifcgerrvnis fjlabris subius aureo-farinosis.
'^ lIoiiK., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 159.

-J AccoKDiXG to Douglas, this is a splendid evergreen tree,
varying in height from twenty to seventy feet, with leaves
four to five inches long, deep green above, and below of a rich
golden }ellow. These leaves are, also, (very different from all
tlie rest of the genus) quite entire. The spikes or catkins of
the llowers scarcely exceed an inch in length, including the
peduncle, and the}' are solitai-y in the axils of the upper leaves.
Sometimes all the llowers on a catkin are male ; sometimes the
two or three lower ilowers are female. The fruits are two or
three, crowded or densely covered with acicular prickles. Said
to be common at the Grand Rapids of the Columbia, Cape
Orford, and near Mount Hood; constantly affecting the hills.
This species rests wholly on the authority of Douglas. I did
not meet with it, nor does it appear that any specimens were
sent to England. It will probably prove to be some very dif-
fei'ent genus to that of the present.

AihJifiomd Ohservafioiifi. In regard to the Western range of
our forest trees, Dr. Eiigelmaini inibrms me, by lettei-, that,

r^

} I

i

! ii

nr

I: I

I

H : I

88

ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.

though the Chestnut [Castanea Americana) does not grow in
the immediate valley of the Mississippi, it still reappears again
in Southwestern Missouri and the northwestern portion of Ar-
kansas, where is also found the Locust Tree, {Rohinia pseud-
acacia.)

Chestnut Tree, [Castanea Americana.) The wood of this
tree is capable of receiving a fine polish, and Avell-selected
pieces present waves and feathered figures of considerable
beauty ;.nd variety, the more striking as they are seen with
great distinctness through a pale and light ground. Furniture
of this kind may be seen at Mr. Crout's cabinet^warehouse in
Philadelphia.

)NS.

es not grow in

'eappears again

portion of Ar-

[Robinia pseud-

2 wood of this
d well-selected
of considerable
' are seen with
md. Furnitnre
3t-warehouse in

BIRCH.

Natural Order, Betulineje, (Richard.) Linncean Classification^

MoNffiCIA, POLTANDRIA.

BETULA.* (Linn.)

Male flowers in long, cylindric aracnts. Scales in a double series,
the inner by threes, 1-flowered ; stamens six to twelve. Female
flowers with ovoid or oval aments; the scales trifid, 1 to 3-
flowered. Styles two. Nats minute, compressed, l-seeded, edged
with an alated, thin margin.

Trees or shrubs of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere
on both continents, with the bark often exfoliating in thin, circular
plates. Leaves alternate, ovate, or deltoid, serrated ; producing sti-
pules ; aments axillary.

* Supposed to be derived from Betu, the Celtic name for the Birch.

89

rV»<^"

wn

i!

AYE STERN BIRCH.

Rkti'LA oociDKXTALT.'i. Jimnix ri'siiios(i-r( rriii'dsis, fuliis htio r/mnihio-

(irnfis sidiliiliiilis iiicisii-si I'l'dfis Idrsiitillis, sil/i/iis vilJIiilHtrili'ls jiilncl'lli^',
liCVI'ls riiiKllis, fuiniilis fi'iidini^ li(lij-cillinili'<(<'i'(S sqiKlnlis lnhi.i (uliTilli-
bus ora/i-i uiifrnii'dio l<iii<ji<n'(\
Betui-a orridciilalLi. lIuoK., FloT, IJoi'. Am., Vol. ii. p. 155.

Tins low sjk'c'r's of Biivli, only six to ten (W't liigli, was first
observed wostwiird iicjir the sourci's oC tlio Sweet Water, a
northern braneh of the Platte, and where it [lenetnites into the
lirst ranye of tlie Kocky Mountains. On the borders of this
clear stream, diminished to a small, purling Ijrook, iind aeeom-
l)anied by cUnn[)s of willows, we lirst saw it growinij,'. Accord-
ing to Drnnunond, it occurs on the east side of the Rocky
Mountains down to Kdnionton Jlouse. Douglas found it near
springs on the west side of the Ivoi'ky Mountiiiiis; and Dr.
ScuuU'r met with it in Oregon, near to the Straits of .luan de
Fuca ; it also grows ni'ar Walla- Walla, and continues up tlu-
Oregon to the country of the Flatheads.

The principal branches are erect and somewhat virgate.

clothed with a bright brown bark, copiously spi'iid<led witli

snudl resinous warts, so as to render the l)ranches rough to tin'

touch. The lea\es are somewhat deltoid, or rhomboidly-ovate.

on shortish petioles, in my specimens acute, but not at inninate.

siuu'ply and somewhat une(pially serrated, and vvvy slightly

lobe!; above, soiuewhat glutinous, with very li-w pinnated

nerves; below, jtah'r; the nndriii and nerves sprinkled with

a it'w long hirsute hairs, which are also seen above, on. ami

near the petiole. The leaves, in llowering s|>ecinu'ns, are only

about one and a half inches long by an inch wide (The adidt

leaves described by Hooker are much larger, two to two and a
40

I.

', fo/iis hill) rlmnihiii-

ptlKldiiifi/iils j II III r I' if is,

f^'qidiiiiis [iibis laki'iili-

. ii. p. 155.

foot high, was first
10 Sweet Water, a
penetrates into the
Jio borders of tills
hrook, Mud aceoiu-
growing. Accord-
side of the Ivockv
ighis found it iieur
ountiiins; and Dr.
Straits of .luau de
I continues uj) tlie

somewhat virgate.
isly sprinkled with
inches rough to the
I' rlioiuhoidly-ovate.
Iiut not acundniilc>.

iind vei'v slightly
^cry few pinniited
ves sprinkled with
I'CU iilinve. on, iiml
><peciiiiens. Mre only
1 widf. (The ndidt
I', two lo two iuid :i

VI

w "nr"'

fl

I'l Vll

l('r«lfl-li /liiifl

IW'lulii urciitciitoliH

Itoufvau lUYiifi'ntti/

n

l\

I ihl
I '1 i

I?

;i (

li

M

h '

l'l.\Tll.

Itfhilit I'llunilMroli.-i

'"*«8S*,

'**^

'^m

iM.vni.

rniUr* iii-ulut

OVAL-LEAVED B I R C IL

41

.1 \ ny

'■7^-

half inches long.) The aments are cjlindric, in the stami-
niferous jilant, composed of a double sex'ies of scales. Female
aments pedunculated, cylindric, at length drooping, often ac-
companied by a very small leaf at the base; the scales trifid
and dilat< =1, strongly ciliated, the lateral lobes ovate; the
central nni nearly linear and longer; three germs beneath
each ^calc Nuts broadly winged. Styles two, very long and
subulate; sinnmit of the germ pubescent.

The trunk of this species is only a few inches in diameter, so
that it scare ly ranks with proper trees. The leaves are bitter
to tiie tuste.

PLATE VII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The seed-vessel.

OVAL-LEAVED BIRCH.

Bktula rhommfolia. Bamis resowsis (iraciUlms, folUs subrhomboide.n.
ornlihus, vie acutis, (/ro.sse serrafl.% sHbtiis paUkliortbus epioictatis ; venis
pilumiscnlis ameiilis fcmineis ci/lindracels, aqaanus triparlUls (jlabrias-
cidis lobii vcalis, hitcndilius brecdjiis.

Tins is a still more humble shrub than the preceding, which
it somewhat roseml)les. It grows in the central Rocky Moun-
tain range, and continues more or less to the banks of the
Oregon. It is spreading and somewhat decundx'ut, with slender
brown twigs, which, when young, are more or less covered with
resinous atoms. The leaves, with their petioles, which are two
or three lines, are not more than an inch long by half an inch
wide, oval, and somewhat rhom))ic;, deeply, sharply, and almost
e(inaUy serrate, rounded, but still generally acute, smooth

42

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRCH.

W

I

!■ ■

', ill

above, paler beneath, with a very few distant nerves, somewhat
hairy along their margins beneath. External scales of the
male aments ovate and ciliate. Stamens about six. Female
aments with nearly smooth, deeply 3-parted scales, of which
the central division is the longest. I have not seen the ripe
fruit.

PLATE VIII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The seed-vessel.

Ohservatlons. On the summit of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire grows the Betula nana of Europe, found there
by Mr. Oakes as well as myself.

Dr. Charles Pickering also collected a specimen on those
mountains, which appears to be the Betula frutlvosa of Pallas,
first found in Siberia.

In the Kocky Mountains, besides the two species now de-
scribed, we met with the litida i/la/uhdosa, which is also found
on the high mountains of the United States.

Canoe Birch, or Paper Birch, {Betula papijracea.) This
very useful speeiet^ of Birch to the aljorigines of the North is
found, according to the observations of Dr. Richardson, as far as
the 65th degree of latituue.

White Birch, [Betula 2>ojnil!/olia.) Hooker very justly re-
marks the near affinity which this species bears to the common
European Birch, [B. alha.) The general aspect is the same.
In our plant, howijver, the leaves have longer acuminated points
and smaller fertile catkins. The scale of the sn ne catkin in
ours is also comparatively smaller and shorter-clawed, with the
middle lobe acute and much smaller than the lateral lobes;
whereas, in the European Birch, +he lobes ai'e nearly all equal
and obtuse.

SJesji:*

1 11 C II.

erves, somewhat
il scales of the
ut six. Female
scales, of which
ot seen the ripe

ALDERS.

l-vcssel.

te Mountains of
rope, found there

iccimen on those
ruticosa of Pallas,

) species now de-
hich is also found

nipyracea.) This
}s of the North is
chardson, as far as

:er very justly ro-
ars to the common
spect is the same.

acuminated points
he Sii ne catkin in
cr-clawed, with the

the lateral lohes;
ire nearly all e(|iial

Natural Order, AiiKNTACiCyE, (Juss.) Linmmn Clamjication,

MoNdiciA, Tktkandkia.

Genus ALNUS. (Touunefout, Dkcandolle.)

Character. The flowers arc monnccmis, (or of two difterent kinds
on the same plant,) disposed in catkins, (or cyHndric spikes of
short duration;) those prochicing tlie stunions are long and cylin-
dric; those of the fruit or seed are ovoid or globuhar, produced
upon branching peduncles. The scales of the male flower are pedi-
cellatcd, and in the form of an inverted heart, bearing beneath
each three lesser scales; the pr()[ter flowers are situated at the base
of each of these, and arc coniixjscd of a cup with four lobes and
four s' aniens. The scales of the fruiting catkins are wedge-shaped,
hard, and persistent. Tlie ovary is eoniprcssed, and bears two
long stigmas. The envelop of the seed is hard, with a border
whieh is either thiek or meml)ranacoous, und presents two cells
with two seeds: the ovules in the gi'rni are about four, or two in a
cell, three of them usually abortive.

The plants of this small genus, conflned to the temperate or colder
parts of Europe and North America, are either shrubs or trees, with
deciduous leaves, generally growing by streams, or in cool and humid
plaees. As trees, they seldom attain a greater elevation than thirty
to forty feet; the wood is hard and yellowish, becoming of a brown-
ish red, nearly like nndiogaiiy, when exposed to the air, and capable
of acquiring a line polish. When stained hlaek, it resembles ebony;
and it is capable of enduring moisture for a great length of time.

43

OREGON ALDER.

Tlio AldiTrt may be divided into the two following sections: in
l)0tli tlie peduncles arc subdivided.

§ I. The, sccd-ccssel furnished lo'dh a incmbrannccoas xcliKjcd marfjin, and
Willi the sccdcij of thefiiilc amcnt vetusc or obscurely lobed.

The White Alder, {Almis incana.)
The Oregon Alder, {Ahius Ch-iyona.)
The Ileart-lcaved Alder, {Almis cordata.)
Mountain Alder, {Alnuii clridis.)

§ U. The maryin of the seed-vessel thick and opaque, and with the scales of
the fruitiny anient distinctly lubcd.

Common Alder, {Alnus ylutinosa.)
Fine-toothed Alder, {Alnas serruUita.)
Sea-side Alder, {Alnus maritima.)
Oblong-leaved Alder, i^Alnus oblonyatn.)
iShort-lcaved Alder, {Ab us brcrifolia.)
Rhombic-leaved Alder, {Alnus rhornbifolia.)

§ I. Ffuit ahited.

OREGON ALDER.

Alnus Oukgona. Foliis lato-ocalis ulrluque acutis, .hqMcato-scrratis juni-
or ibns ylulinasis, vcnis subtus pnbcsccntibus i>allidis; stipulis obUDiqli
deciduis ylutlnusis, raniulis ylobris.

Alnus yln/inosa. Pursii, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 623, (in part.)

Tins tree, like the Common Alder of Europe, attains the
height of thirty or forty feet, with an erect, .smooth trunk of
small diameter, the wood of which is very similar to that of the
European species, and might, no doubt, be employed for the same
()i.tposes: it is, however, lighter in color, but of a close grain.

viiig sections: in

oUvjcd marfjln, and
•Urdu hied.

(a.)

nd iclth the scales of

n.)

ifolia.)

luplicato-serratis jnn i-
idis; slqndls oblongi^

p. 623, (in part.)

iluropo, attains tlie
t, smooth trunk of
milar to that of the
ployed for the same
at of a dose grain.

AImiik OiTt;i)ii;i

(h-ct/on .(lilir

. Iinit </<' / (h'tyoii

OREGON ALDER.

45

As an ornamental tree, it is well worth attention, produeinj''
an elegant erect top, and affording considerable shade by tlie
largeness of its leaves, which are about three inches long by
two and a half wide. We found it, as usual with the plants of
this genus, growing along the borders of small, clear brooks,
near the ct)niluence of the Wahlamet, but seldom, if ever, on
the banks of the larger streams wliieh are subject to inundation.
In our progress to the West, we fust observed this tree on the
borders of the rivers Boisee and Brulee, which pass into the
Shoshonee not far from Walla-Walla, and at intervals it con-
tinues more or less common to Point Chinhook, near the shores
of the Pacific.

The twigs ai'e .smooth and of a brown color, and the young
buds of every kind resinous, as well as the up[)er surface of the
younger leaves; beneath, the leaves are more or less pulx'scent,
particularly along the veins, and paler and often .somewhat
ferruginous. The veins are very strongly marked and i)ro-
miuent ])eueath, the teetli large, but the denticulatious juinute
and glandular at the points. Sometimes the leaves ai'e elli[>ti('-
ov;de, the stalks about the third of an inch long. The stipules
are resinous, and disappear with. the evolution of the bud. The
I'ruitiug ament is roundish-ovoid, and very similar to that of
the Counuon Alder.

Tiiis .spocies is nearly allied to the W!)ite Alder {A/iniN in-
cfUKi.) but (lillers sulliciently in its buds, brauchlets, stipules, and
leaves; in both the fruit is provided, as in the Hireh. with u
translucent, membranous wing, it ajjpears. likewise, to hiive a
considerable allinity to .1. tuiini'uKiln of Humboldt and J5oi\j)lan(l,
a tree of Peru, discovered by Dondu'V. but in that species the
leaves iire more lanceolate Ihiui ovi;te and acuminate.

Besides th(> other economical uses for which the wood of llu;
Alder is employed, the knots furnish a beiiutifully-veined wood
tor ealiiuets; hiuidsoiue eliaii's have b"eii made of jt. wliich
atipiire the color of uialioj:iiny. In JMauee ii is u>ed in making

WHITE ALDER.

sabots, or wooden shoci^, and in the North of Enirlnnd it is
employed for the thick soles of a kind of shoes called clogs, and
is preferred for these uses, in consideration of its durability and
lightness. The chips, boiled with copperas, give a black dye to
wool, and the leaves have been used in tanning; sheep will
browse on them and on the smaller branches.

PLATE IX.

A lirtiHi'li iif the ii'idirid size. a. The seed-vessel.

WHITE ALDER.

Ai.XTS ixc.wA. F"fi'is i,h/iii)i/!s (h'Hiis siihtus pubesceifdhHS, axUUs vena-
ram nuiVs, s/ijiiilis hinceoldtis. WiM.l). Sp. ])].

Ahiiis }ni(hihit,i, \Vii,T,i>., Sji. pi., vol. iv. p. :{:')(!.
Bl;i-'U AldiT. (Ahnis i/Iiiiied.) Minr., Svlvii. vnl. i. p. .'578,
Jie/iihi Aim's, fvis/Ki, Micif.. Kill!'. Bill'. Am., vol, ii. p. 181.
liil ilii crispn, AiTox, Kow.. vtii. iii. ji. '-V-'tSi.

Jiihild iihiils, I'i. LlNX., ^]). pi

Tins species forms n much smidler tree than the CoimiKni
Aldt'i'. being only Iwehc to eigiileen feet liigb. and sometimes
indeed a mere shrub, iis in the Alleghiiny .Mountains in Peiiii-
sylvaniu. In .Mjissaehnsi'tts and Maiiu' it attains its greatest
size. Its b;irk is gray or cinereons: tlie leaves are sometimes
villous beneath, and the stii)nles persistent al"lei- the ilevel(i|i-
ment of tlie leaves, which are nowiiy glutinous; those of the
young plants are smooth and glaucous beneath. It is coniinnn
to the mountainous parts ol" Knrope not less tlian to the nortli-
ein purls of the United States. It occurs likewise in tliis
vicinity.

Eiijiliind it is

alloc! clogs, and

durability and

a black dye to

ng; sheep will

'\r

:esseL

Dtlhus, axilUs irim-

:178.

181.

iin the Coinnion
1. and sonu'tiiiH's
uitiiiiis in IVnn-
iiins its fivcatest
>s lire sctiiU'tinu'S
■{rv tlic <lt'Vclol»-
,,is; those of tin'
1. It is conini'iu
lan to the norlli-
likewise in thi)*

MOUNT ATX ALDER.

Ai.NMS viurt>7«, (Dix'ANiMiM.i;.) Folils n>liiii<latu.i,Viais Iririjutfiriffr (in/n'i'
sin;ii:s<il,tl,rlitsritlifi, stliniljs unUis tncmbramtma ihcidals ; fnirllhii.s laic

llltllls.

Aliiiis rh-!!!''", DiK'Wiiiii.i.K, Flon; I''raiu;iii<(', vol, iii. p. .■504.

Jhi>ilii rlr:<h'<, A'li,i,Aiis, Danpliiii, vo!. iv. ji. T^'J.

]l,fiil<i nrnlii, SriiKANK, Salisl... ]>. 2.".

Jir/iil'( liK'iiii'i. [i. IjAMAUck. Diet., vol. i. p. 455.

Alii"'^ Alliiiiii mliii'i; Wwnw'a I'iiiav, p. 4JS.

Lai!I!AIm)1!, the elevated siunniits of the White Mountains of
New llanipshire.'" and t!ie tops of the high momitains of North
Carolina,! are the only localities on this continent where the
Mountain Alder lias yet been found. It occurs likewise in the
Ali)s of Switzerland, at an elevation of between four and five
thousand feet al)o\c the level of the sea. whei'e it fre(iuently
fonn.s ii snndl tree about si\ feet in height. In the White
Moinitains its stature is luiieli niori' depressed, and it is of ran;
occurrence, it grows liUewisi^ in the barri'ii and c(dd cliuuile
of Kanit.s;hatkii.

The wood is white, and the branches are covered with .i
chiereoiis smooth hark. The leaf is near two inches long and
one and a half wide, nearly smooth on both sides, but geiu'rally
Boniewhat hairy along the vi'ins beneath, rather acute, wit'i
numerous sharp, snnill. and irj'egnlar Pcrratures, but not doidily
serrate. 'I'he nude ciitkins are long, und grow, two or three

* A Hiirciiiicii ill I'll' 111 rlpiiiiiiiii dl' llu' .\('iiilfiiiv lit' Niitiinil i^rii'iici'H in I'hiiii-
dciiiliiii wiiK tlii-cdvci'i'il (111 till' Wliili' >Iiiuiitaiii^< liy my IViciid, l>r. ('iiinlos Piokcr-

iii}?, nt an t'lDViilimi of I'mir lliuii-iiiiil iiil iilmvc the levul ul' tliu sun,
t Uec'Oiitly (liHL'oviTcii Ky l>r tJiiiy iiinl Mr Curtis.

i! 'I'l

47

liljj:

i'
I

Til IN-LEAVED ALDER.

tofrether, at the extremities of the twigs; each scale contain.'
three tetrandrous flowers, as usual in the genus. The fertile
auients are roundish and elliptic, about three together, and ter-
minal; the scales are truncated and obscurely lobed at tlio
extremities; tlie fruit, like that of the Birch, is furnished witli
a broad, thin, conspicuous winged nuirgin.

§ II. Fruit not alafed; the margin opaqiie.

THIN-LEAVED ALDER.

AL\t:s TKXUlFoi.iA. FoUis Into-ovalis siibdi-atis dHpUcdto-crenatis f/la/im
b((si riiliDtditlis liiiu/e ^v/('«^;^/.<, .^I'ipiiUs dceklKl.'}, prdiwcidis faiuiu'i.<
di(/)licalo-ra)nuf>i.s.

This very distinct species of Alder, which arranges with (niv
common species, (A. sirnihitn.) w:is met with on the borders uf
small stieams within the range of the Kocky Mountains, and
afterward in the valleys of the Blue Mountains of Oregon. :i
chain which may be called, as it were, in comiiarison of tluii
elevation, the Alleghanies of the West.

This sp(!cies falls short of the r-haracter of a tree; but yet it
is scarcely inferior in si/e with om* connuon si)ecies, growing (•>
about the height of a gnaii, with unnierous short brain'lics
covered with, a smooth gray bark. The leaves are al»out two
inches lovig by one and a half wide, with slender [)e(ioles, lidiii
a half to three-(piarters of an inch in length; they are of a tliiii
cousistence. and usually smooth, with obtuse denticulatioii-
The IVuiting-branches are often subdivided, each branch beiu'injr
I'mni thrre t(» five small, roundish, ovate aments, of whicii th'

I.

ch scale contain^
nus. The fertile

together, and ter-
•elv lohed at the

is furnished with

)ER.

iplirato-creiiatis (jlohrh
s, pcduncuUs fciiuiuis

I arranges with (hiv
h on the l)ordi'Vs of
?ky Mountains, iiml
utains of Oregon, :i
coui[)arison of their

)f a tree ; but yet it
1 species, growing to
I'ous short l)rinn'lu's
caves are ahout two
4ender petioles, I'min
li; they are of m thin
htuse (lenticulatinii>
ciU'h branch bearing
mients, of whicii tli>

w

S' (

;:< ;

AIkUS tl'Mlllt'oll!!

I I'll I /It

\

yy^lf.

-if*

RHOMBIC-LEAVED ALDER.

49

scales are very distinctly lobed. The fruit is unusually small
and elliptic, terminated by the two remaining styles, and having
a thin, opaque margin.

PLATE X.

1 A branch uf (he natural aizc, a. The fruit.

RIIOMBIC-LEAYED ALDER.

Alnus rhombifolia. FoUi's snhrhomboidi'o-ovads ohtas'msculis f/lidinosif
bast act'lis, sithfliipllcato-scrrulafis acrraluris crchri.s acuti.s, stibtas pube-
ruUs axillis ccnanim nudls, .slij>tilis oblonijis 7iiniii)ranaccis tieciduis.

I OBSEUVEi) this species, a large? shrulj, in the vicinity of Mon-
terey, in Upper California. Its nearest relation a})pears to be to
the European Alder, {A. ijialuioHa,) from which, however, it is
abundantly distinct. The fruit I have not seen.

The leaves are about two inches long and one and a half
vride, glutinous, beneath nearly the same color j's above, and
pubescent along the veins; the petioles are not more than about
two lines long. The twigs are smooth and brownish. It
appears to be allied to the oljlong-leaved Alder {A.olJongala) of
the South of Europe.

Vol. IV.— 4

ii

If. 'I I

I !

SEA-SIDE ALDER.

Ai.NUK MAKiTTMA. Foliis ovalibus f/kiliris sermtls ohiusis vcl acuminatif,
bdsi (icutifi, snbtus fcrrurjhicis ; amends feminds maximis, sqtuuali
(III plica (o-lohat is.

Alnus mauitima. Foliis oralis scrratis, Insi aeutis. — Muiil., Mss.
Obscrviitioiios Botanicoc de Plaiitis Am. Septont., p. 193, (in tho
Library of tlio Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad.) and Ilorbarium.

A si'ECiMEX of this very distinct species of Aklor was collected
on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, hy my fi-iend, Charles Picker-
ing. It has the appearance of being a low shrnlj, with slender,
smooth branches. The leaves arc two and a half to three
inches long by one and a half or nioi'e wide, of an elegant, well-
defined, oval outline, and supported upon longish petioles; the
young buds and leaves, after the manner of the genus, are
slightly glutinous; thenorvings very slender, serratures shallow,
and in ■'■v larger leaves r-ather remote; the ui)permost leaves on
the inlirtile shoots iive jicurainated, and, at first glance, look
almost lilce tlie leaves of a Camellia. The male catkins are
unknown, as are the stipules, which are probably small. Tlie
fertile ament, in size and general appearance, might be taken for
ihc strobile or cone of a Spi'ucc ; it is about the size of a Tlop-
cluster, nearly black, with the scales very thick and deeply aiul
obviously lobed. The carpel is small in proportion, and with «
thick, opacjue, and obscure margin, a.'^ in A. serrulata.

PLATE X.

A. branch of the natural size. a. The seed-vessel.

50

pisis vel acuminads,
maximis, squaml^

l(/is. — MuiiL., M^s.
Int., p, 193, (ill tlio
barium.

1

kloi' was colloctod
itl, Charles Pickor-
rul), with slondor,
:i half to throe;
>f an elegant, woll-
igish petioles; the
of the genus, are
scrratures shallow,
pperniost leaves on
; first glance, look
: male catkins are
ibably small. The
might be taken for
the size of a Hop-
ick and deeply uinl
portion, and with a
errulata.

ed-vessel.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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E L M S,

Natural Order, Ulmace/E, (Mirbel.) Linncean Classification,
Pentandria, Digynia.

ULMUS. (Linn.)

I OPAQUE-LEAVED ELM.

Ulmus opaca. Foliis parvis obhmgo-ovatis ohtusis scnbris, suhduplicato
dentmdaiis, hasi ciineaiis ohUquis subtus jmbescentibus, fioribus fascicu-
lads, frudlbus hirsutis.

In the summer of 1818, on my journey into the interior of
the territory of Arkansas and on the plains of Red River, near
its confluence with the Kiamesha, 1100 miles up the former
stream, I had the satisfaction of discovering this curious Elm,
which, like our other species, forms a majestic and spreading
forest tree of the dimensions of an ordinary Oak. In those
dry and open .savannas, the shade of this densely-verdant tree
proved more than usually acceptable. It is remarkable for the
smallness and thickness of its oblique and usually blunt leaves,
which, with their short stalks, are only about an inch in length
by half that dimension in breadth ; they are also very nume-
rous, close together, scabrous, with minute *papilloo, of a deep
green above, and somewhat shining, oblong-ovate, mostly ob-
tuse, the margin with shallow, double denticulations ; beneath,
the leaf is paler, a little brownish, with strong p»Minute, simple,

61

i' i I

llli^

■

I

li^

I nil

fid I' ■

11 ^«

:i

iii

1 '

,i(P

52

OPAQUE-LEAVED ELM.

or forked nerves ; the base of the leaf is oblique, as well as the
whole outline, and one half of the leaf is much narrower than
the other ; the nerves are pubescent. The young bnanches are
smooth and brownish. The leaves, before complete develop-
ment, ai'e canescently tomentose and attended by large, oblong
membranous, broAvn stipules. The taste of the plant is astrin-
gent, but noway mucilaginous.

This remarkable species appears to be nearly allied to Uhnri.9
chinensis, judging from the short description in Persoon and
Duharnel. The flowers are fasciculated in small numbers and
on short peduncles. The samara is elliptic, rather deeply bilid
at the summit, covered with a dense and somewhat ferruginous
pubescence even when ripe.

Of the uses and quality of the timber of this species I am
unable to speak from experience, as it grew remote from th*^
settlements at that time established in the te .'ritory. The den-
sity of shade produced b}' it, so crowded with rigid leaves, and
the peculiarity of its appearance, entitle it to a place in the
nurseries of the cui'ious, and it is probably quite hardy enough
for all temperate climates. To this species Virgil's epithet —

" Foecunda) frondibus ulmi" —
might more justly be applied than to any other.

PLATE XI.

A branch of the natural size.

ue, as well as the
ch narrower tliiiii
lUng bmnches are
lomplete develop-
by large, oblong,
lie plant is astrin-

y allied to Uhnm
X in Persoon and
mall numbers and
catlicr deeply biiid
lewhat ferruginous

this species I am
V remote from th<^
: .-ritory. The dcn-
h rigid leaves, and

to a place in the
:iuite hardy enongh
iTirgil's einthet. —

her.

rimuH I'urenutHa.

M

"''^S*'9»«B«»*'.

I'l XII.

(I I

<i^i/i-(iftpe^

I I 1

1.

! «

I

f Mi i!

'f!

li;

'^^

THOMAS'S ELM.

Ulmus racemosa, (Thomas.) Foliis ovatis ncuminalis dnplkafo-sermtis
(jlabris suhtiis imhcscentihus ; flmhm raccmo.w fasciciiMis.

TJi-MUS RACEMOSA, flowci's 111 racomcs ; pedicles in distinct fascicles,
iiiiitod at tlicir bases; leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly Bcrrute,
glabrous above, [minutely] pubescent bcncatli ; stigmas recurved.
Eaton's North Am. Bot., (ed. 8.,) p, 464. Thomas, in Sillimau's
Jdurn. Soi., vol. xix. p. 170, with a Plate.

This species, confounded with our other Elms, is, according
to Professor Torrey, an abundant species in the western part
of the State of New York, and, probably, of the Western
States generally. Mr. Thomas, its discoverer, found it in Ca-
yuga county, in the State of New York, and in the adjacent
country. According to Emerson, he believes Mr. Oakes has
obtained specimens from Vennont, collected by Dr. Eobbins, so
that it is probably a Northern and Western species.

The lower, stout branches, according to Mr. Thomas, produce
corky excrescences like the Wahoo Elm. Leaves broad-ovate,
Wuminate, obliquely auriculated on one side, doubly serrate,
smooth, and somewhat shining above, with the under surface
and ribs minutely pubescent. The flowers, unlike any other
Elm, are disposed in racemes, composed of several clusters of
two to four together, and extending to the length of one to two
and a half inches, often furnished with one or two small but
perfect leaves before the terminal buds are open; the flowers
distinctly pedicellate. Calyx 7 to 8-cleft. Stamens seven to
ten. Stigmas two, recurved. Samara elliptic, large, and very
pubescent, with the margin thickly fringed, and the membrane
more extended on one side as indicative of a second but abor-
tive cell.

PLATE XII.

A branch of the natural size. a. Tkejioiver. b. A branch with (he corky bark.

53

i- i

HICKORY.

I

I'TII

Nalaml Onhr, JuglandEtR, (Decand.) Lhmcvaii Chissijicafloii,

MoNffiCIA, POLYANDRIA.

CARYA.* (XuTT., Gen. Am.)

Sianmntc flowers in very Ions; and loose, ternato aments, scales im-
bricated, 3-parted. Stamens three to six, with pilose anthers.
Fvvt'dc flower with a siii_<i;le 4-clet't superior, herbaceous jieriaiitli.
yt^Ie none; sti_s;nui partly discoid, 2-lobcd, the segniejits biiiil.
Pericarp woody, 4-valved. Nut mostly somewhat quadranguliir,
with an even surface.

r 1 1

\\§

Large trees of Xorth America, confined to the eastern side of tlio
Rocky >rountains, and e :tcnding from Upper Canada to Florida.
Leaves alternate, unccpially pinnate, without stipules. Flowers poly-
gamous, in compound, pendulous, pedunculated aments appeariii,!.'
with the leaves; female flowers termiiuil ; the pericarp opening In'
four valves. Nuts edible or bitter, usmilly more or less quadran-
gular; in the Pahin, even. Pubescence tufted or stellate. Persoon.
as far back iis 1H07, divided the genus Juglans into the two natural
Bcctions which it presented : his second division included the Hicko-
ries only. '' * * A}iientis inascuUs co^npus'Uis, kirandris."

* Fnini xii/iuu, till' iiiu'iciit (ircok iiaiiio of tlio Walnut. Ifickon/ is an Iiidiiiii
name for anmr of the dpccios of this goniis ; one of tlioni was known to tlic
Indians by tli(> name of I'cion or J'li/.-nii. llalincscnie aj ,)licd the barbaruu<
name y//V7,vy//(» to tliis ^cnus, witliout do.^cribini; or limiting it; in so doiii!: Iii'
Ills uo higher elaims for tliu ado[itiuu of the naiuo thaa uur woodsmen and the
ubori)j,iiu's.
54

^"rf^'

. ,v:*r;'

cean Classification,

)

) aments, scales ini-
:ith pilose antliois.
crbiiceous perinutli.
the segments biliil.
iwliat quadrauguliir,

3 eastern s'ule of tlio
Canada to Floridii.
ulos. Flowers jKily-
d aments appoarin.;:
pericarp opening by
are or less quadraii-
)r stellate, rersoon.
into the two natural
included the Ilicko-
indrls."

:. lli'ckon/ is nil Indiiiii
lu'in was known to tlio
0 uj,)lii'd tlio barbaruuj
liting it ; in so dolnji lio
u uur woodsmen aud the

imw

u

1 1'

'I

I 3

"M

' !

!• i.'

: I :■:

il

i iiii

Il I

I I

(*Hiya MiiTui-arpa

• 'I'r/utl/ I'niitfi/ llu^ion

,\'i>\ir II i>i til thill

pi.xm

~\

,\W<r,il>'""''"''

!i ,

I '

III!

'f

§ I. Nuts more or less quadranfjular. Hickory, properly so called.

SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY.

(-ARYA MicnccAPPA. FuUuUs qiriiits ad scpknis, ohlongo-lmccolatis serratip.

promisse aeuminails rjlahris suit as (jlamhdosis ; amends glabris, mice.

subghthosa subquadranguUda, testa tenai.

: C'lrga mkrocarpa. — Xutt., Gen, Am., vol. ii. p. 221. Darlixgton,

; Flora Cestrica. [Ed. alt.] p. 545.

Jtighns conipressa. a. mkrocarpa. — MuiiL., Catal., p. 88. Bart., Flor.

I'liilad., vol. ii. p. 170.
Juglaiis alia odurata. Balsam Hickory. — Marshall, p. 68.

Tins species, allietl to C tomentosa, or the Common Hickory,
becomes a fine, lofty, spreading tree sixty to eighty feet high,
having a diameter of eighteen inches to two feet or more, with
an even bark. I first observed it on the banks of the Schnyl-
kill, in the vicinity of Philadelphia; and my friend Dr. Dar-
lington remai'ks that it is frequent in moist woodlands in the
vicinity of West Chester. The nut is of the same form nearly
AS that of G. tomentosa, of a pleasant taste, with a thin shell,
but usually snuxll, not much exceeding the size of a nutmeg. It
jrows, I believe, also in Massachusetts, where I have seen these
peculiar nuts. The wood is white and tough, and possessed of
ipost of the good qualities which reconnnend the ordinary
jjickory. This species is remarkable for the smoothness of its
leaUets, which, in that respect, approach G. (jiuhra ov the Pig
Nut, but ihey are everyway larger and less deeply serrate;
two or three pairs with a terminal odd one, four to eight or nine
inches long and two to three and a half inches wide, oblong-
lanceolate, with shallow serrulations, smooth on both sides when
Iblly expanded, except a slight tuft in the axils of the nerves
Beneath; the under surface sprinkled with minute resinous par-
ticles; the lateral leaflets wubsessile and rather obtuse nt base,

fir)

Ji *(i

I !

5(

: 1

1^

56

COMMON HICKORY.

the terminal one with a short petiole and attenuated below.
Amcnts three together, upon a common peduncle, slender, nearlv
quite smooth, scales trifid, the lateral segments ovate, the middle
one long and linear; anthers hairy, mostly fou''^ sometimes three
or five. Female flowers two or three together, sessile, on a
common peduncle; segments of the perianth very long and
somewhat foliaceous. Stigma discoid, four-lobed; fruit globoa*-
ovoid, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter; the pericarp
thin, with the sutures rather prominent. Nut somewhat quad-
rangular, with the shell thin.

By the leaves it .appears to be allied to C. glabra; but the nut,
on a small scale, is that of G. tomerdosa, or the Common Hickory.

PLATE XIII.

A small branch, reduced about one-third, a. Tlie nut.

Common Hickory, {Carya tomentosa, ji. maxima.) This is a
remarkable variety for the great size of its fruit, which arc as
large as a moderate apple. It grows a few miles from Phila-
delphia. Mr. Elliott also observed it on the sea-islands of South
Carolina.

Carya glahra, {Juglans glabra, J)u Roi, Harbk., vol. i. p. 33j.
J. porcina, Micii., North. Am. Sylva. vol. i. pi. 38.) Of this tliore
are two varieties, one with globose a) id the other with turbinate
fruit : intermediate forms are also met with, proving them to be
no more than varieties.

II. Nats even, without prominent angles. Leaflets often nmw-

rous, — Pecans.

Carya angnstlJhUa. Juglans angmtifolla, Ait. Kew., vol. iii
p. 3G1. /. Pecan, MuiiL. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berolin,,
vol. iii. p. 392. J. oUoa'/ormis, Willd., Sp. PI. 4, p. 457. A fnie.

BLACK WALNUT.

67

attenuated below,
cle, slender, nearly
1 ovate, the niiddk'
i'-^ sometimes three
ther, sessile, on a
th very long mul
bed; fruit gloljosf-
leter; the pericarp
ut somewhat quad-

lahra; but the nut,
1 Common Hickory,

a. The nut.

axlma.) This is a

fruit, which are iis

V miles from Pliila-

sea-islands of South

:arbk., vol. i. p. 3oj,
1.38.) Of this there
other with turbinate
, proving them to be

Leaflets often num(-

Btatcly tree, formerly cut down for the sake of obtaining a single
crop of nuts; remarkable for its numerous leaflets and their
almost falcate form. In Massachusetts, where it has been sub-
mitted to cultivation, it never grows beyond the size of a shrub,
being every year more or less cut down by the effects of the
severe frosts.

Carya Pecan. Juglans Pecan, Walter. J. myristlcccformis?
Micii., Sylva, vol. i. pi. 39. This obscure plant of Walter may,
perhaps, be nothing more than C. glabra. Michaux's plant was
unknown to Elliott.

Carya amara. Juglans amara, Mich., Sylva, vol. i. pi. 33.

Observations. According to an experiment published in the
" Massachusetts Agricultural Journal," the sap of the Butternut
Tree [Jnglans clnerea) is capable of producing as much sugar as
that of the Maple. Four of the trees yielded in one day nine
quarts of sap, which produced one and a quarter pounds of
sugar.

The Black Walnut {Juylans niyra) is met with as far north
as Massachusetts, particularly in the w^estern part of the State,
M around Northampton. Mr. Emerson says, "JuyhuLs niyra I
have found repeatedly as far north as Boston. It is in Middle-
sex, Worcester, and Norfolk counties, Massachusetts."

On the banks of the Scioto, in Ohio, I have seen a tree of six
feet in diameter.

IV. -4*

la, Ait. Kew., vol. iii
, Nat. Scrut. Berolin..
PI. 4, p. 457. A line

CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE.

Nahiral Order, Myrice/E, (Richard.) Linncm Classification,

DlCECIA, TeTRANDRIA to OCTANDRIA

MYRICA. LiNX,, (in part.)

Klowers unisexual ; those of the two sexes upon the same or mmv
commonly upon diftcrent plants. Male flowers in cylindrical scs<ik'
catkins; each flower with four to eight stamens, with the filanieiit.-i
elongated and more or less united at the hase • the stamens exsorted
heyond the horders of the dilated short scale, many stamens in
branching clusters nearly without scales at the summit of the catkin :
hracteoles 7io}ie in either sex. Female flowers in loose, somctiiiK'>
filiform catkins, with many of the lower scales abortive; scak-
1-flowered, the germ naked. Styles two, very long, linear, ami
acuminate; ovary villous. Drupe 1-seeded, spherical, coated witli
a grumose waxy pulp. Nut very hard; seed erect; embryo witli-
out albumen, the radicle superior. Cotyledons thick and oily.

A genus wholly distinct from Mjirka Gale, which is common to
Northern Europe and North America. The character of lunate siali -
given to Myrica by Linnajus applies only to the. Gale, which tin ro-
fore constitutes a genus bj' that name. The rest of our spoiio-
belong to Myrica. In the Gale, the fruit is a small, ovate, dry nut.
with an indurated bracte on either side of it, giving it the appearaiuv
of being 3-lobcd.

The species of this genus are few, natives of the warmer ami
colder zones of both hemispheres, growing generally near the sea-
coast, and are chiefly shrubs, with alternate, persistent, or annual

simple leaves, usually more or less serrated or pinnatitid, and In'
58

II'

RTLE.

m- Classification,

the same or moiv
n cylindi'U'al si's^ilc
, with the iiUinieiits
lie stamens exscrtcil
I, many stamens in
mmit of the catkin ;
in loose, sometiiiies
es abortive ; scak's
•y long, linear, ami
herical, coated with
srect; embryo witli-

thick and oily.

hich is common to
iicter of lunate sijulos
Gale, which there-
rest of our specie?
mall, ovate, dry nut.
iig it the appearaiuv

of the warmer ami
erally near the sea-
ersistent, or annual
• pinnatitid, and be-

1

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i-i $

I

iil ■

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r'i

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Ml!

r] !

I.I

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>lvri«"a inodora

fiiffiiiri'ii.f I'/iinUe irre

I'lritf iH4nft)rt

V\ YIV

"':i

V\ \'IV

•/• nu'tttir*

■ .•f*i*j'»Vfc^at;s45i8^i^**^-'

1 I

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Mr

INODOROUS CANDLE TRER.

69

Bpriiikled with aromatic resinous scales, as arc also the scales of the
buds. Catkins axil y, expanding early in the year. There are
ecveral species in Nepaul in India, and at the Cape of Oood Hope.
Tlio 31. Fai/a, with a 4-celled drupe, and about ten stamens in loose
catkins, will, no doubt, constitute a diftercut genus, uliich I propuso
to call Faya Azorica.

INODOROUS CANDLE TREE.

Myrica inodora. Arborea, foliis hnceolato-dUpiicis integris nhtusis mar-
gine rcxolulis hosi cuneaiis siibiiis vix sqmmosis pkrisque nudis, baccis
majiisculis aib>ais.

Myrica inodora, Bartram's Travels in Florida, &c., p. 405^

Myrica obovata, Chapman, MSS.

IS In the month of March, 1830, on the borders of the Escambia,
in West Florida, I had the fortune to rediscover this fine
species of Myrica, so long since described by the amiable and
excellent Wm. Bartram, near Taensa Bluff, on the Mobile River,
where he remarks, August 5, 1776, "In my excursions about
^is place, I observed many curious vegetable productions,
j^articularly a species of Myrica, {Mi/rlca inodora.) This very
beautiful evergreen shrub, which the French inhabitants call
the Wax Tree, grows in wet, sandy ground, about the edges of
flwamps; it rises erect nine or ten feet, dividing itself into a
multitude of nearly erect branches, which are garnished with
many shining deep-green entire leaves of a lanceolate figure.
The branches produce abundance of large round berrits, which
are covered with a scale or coat of white wax : no part of this
plant possesses any degree of fragrance. It is in high estima-
tion with the inhabitants for the production of wax for candles.
|br which purpose it answers equally well with beeswax, or

I
ill I

'li

il J

t

N

/ I

H

iM^i

IH

1

j
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i i

1. 1 1

1 1

I

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11!

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60

INODOROUS CANDLE TREE.

preforjiblc, as it is harder and more lasting in burning." — Bar-
tram's Tninh, p. 405-40G.

AVc found it exactly in similar situations as those described
by Bartrani ; and it has also been found in Alabama by Dr. Juet,
from whom I have been favored with specimens. It may with
propriety be called a tree, though never so large a one as the
Myiica Fajja, or Fayal Myrtle. The ^^sm sometimes attains
the thickness of a man's arm, and, like the rest of the genus, it
is grejiarious and forms stout thickets on the margins of small
streams and swamps. The berries are twice as large as those
of the common Wax Myrtle. Though the leaves have no per-
ceptible scent, they are not .alwaj's entirely without the usual
scaly resinous glands; they h.ive no serrsitures, and arc a])out
thiTe to three and a half inches long by one to one and a liiilf
wide. The bark is of a gray color, inclining to brown. The
male catkins are unusually large, as well as the berries, and tlic
leaves, when old, are as stiff as in the laurel. The stamens
beneath each scale of the ament are eight, with distinct
filaments and monadelphous at base; the summit o< the catkin
is neai'ly without scales, and terminates in monadelphous
branchlets of stamens, each bearing three or four anthers. Tlio
female catkin is loose, and the lower scales empty; the germ is
pilose. The wood appears compact, fine-grained, and nenri}
white. The candles formed of the myrtle wax burn long, }i(iil
a grateful smell, and are destitute of the disagreeal)le scent pm-
du(!ed on extinguishing tallow candles. In Carolina, a kind ol'
sealing wax has been made of it, and the root has Ihtii
accounted a specific in toothache. In Prussia it has been culti-
vated for the wax.

The Fayal Myrtle {M. Fiv/n) is in Fayal the principal
article of fuel; it there ;>ttains the ordinary height of a peach-
tree, with a more erect stem: it produces a cousidernblc

REE.

1 burning." — Bar-

as those described
ibania by Dr. Jui't,
ens. It may with
lai'ge a one as tlie
sometimes attains
est of the genus, it
e margins of smuU
e as large as those
eaves have no per-
without the usual
ires, and are al)out
I to one and a half
g to brown. The
the berries, and the
u-el. The stamens
ight, with distinct
immit oC the catkin
in monadelphons
four anthers. The
empty; the germ is
grained, and nearly
vax burn long, yifhl
^agreeable scent pro-
Carolina, a kind of
the root has been
sia it has been culti-

INODOROUS CANDLE TREE.

61

quantity of compact, reddish wood. It is also cultivated in rows
between and around the orange trees for the purpose of shelter
from the cutting sea-breezes, which would otherwise abridge
their height and retard their growth. All the gardens of tlio
island require the same shelter for which the evergreen Faya is
BO well calculated, being perfectly hardy and indigenous to the
Azores.

PLATE XIV.

A branch of (he natural size, a. The berry.

Fayal the principiil
y height of a peiuli-
uces a consideraljle

■sit

■ 1 I

! , I

I'M I

lU

l-i I

PLANE TREE.

Natural Order, Platane^e. Liiuxvan Glasdjicatwn, Moncecia,

POLYANDKIA.

PLATANUS.* (TouiiNEFORT.)

Flowers of one sex, those of the two kinds situated upon the sani.'
phiiit, and each of them disposed in spherical aments on penduloib
stalks, produeing from two to live upon each. Male flowois
formed of minute thickish brnctcs; the lilaments very short, situ-
ated between the liractos. Anthers 2-celled, attached to a coinioc-
tivum broader than the tilament, with a peltate summit. I'emai.i;.
Pistils, numerous, in pairs. Ocarij uf 1-eell, including one to two
pendulous ovules. t'Sliyinas 2, long and liliform. Fruit, a cMriicl
seated in a tuft of articulated hairs, including one pcnduluib
oblong seed, destitute of albumen.

Lofty, dociduouH-loaved trecH, with widoly-.s[)reading branchos
and a dense, broad roliage having a pi'ntangular outliiu'.
Natives of Euro^R', Asia, Northern Africa, and the tcnipcratt
parts of North America. The spi'cies about three. Leaves
alternate, palnuite; the bud concealed beneath a conical envcl(i[i
and innnersed in tlie base of the petiole. The young shodts
and leaves covered with a deciduous (h)wn. The old bark at
length sciding ofl' in extensive patches, leaving the triuik
smooth.

* The Uiimi! \» from the Orcck word plnti/t, brond, in (illusion to iu widp-Rprcul
leave:" iiiid lirniichcs
«i2

; I

E.

atim, MoNCECiA,

1(1 upon the. sunu'
cuts on pcnilulou.-
I. Male flowois
ts very short, situ-
icliod to a coiiiioe-
nimniit. Fkmai.I::.
hiding one to t\To
I. Fruit, a oui'in'l
ig one pciK-hilou^

(reading branolioi'
aiigiihir outliiK'.
id the tenipt'nitc
t throe. Loaves
a conical envi'lop
.'he young shoots
The old bark at
aving the trunk

a

ision to its widc-pproad

'fH'iiiiiiipi

: I'l.xv

I ij

i !

I!'

Hi

I'llllidlllM I'lit'tMriow'.l

(■r/t/iifri'ii /UiltiiHutioi/

I'/lifllllf il (>l/lfiTHI)'

?<^»gBagjWM»|M«lp.i»J»>:

CALIFORNIA BUTTONWOOD,or PLANE.

Plataxus racemosus. Foliis qainqudoho-palmatis hasi tmncatis submiu-
alls sulitu.s liutwi'mosU imlUdls, lanclms lanccohttis acuminatis wicf/ris,
stipulis (unjulalis fnidilma racaaosis.—SimiKL\., Mss. in Audubon's
Birds of America, tab. 362.

Tins rcmarkiil)ly distinct species of Platanus is a native of
Upper California, in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, where it
puts on very nuich the appearance of our common Buttonwood,
(P/akouifi OcciiJcnfaJis.) As for as I yet know, it is the only
species on the western coast of America. It grows probably
farther north, l)ut I did not meet with it in the territory of
Orejion. It does not appear in this unfriendly climate to arrive
at the gigantic magnitude of its Eastern prototype, though it
equally affects rich bottom-lands and the borders of streams;
but the scarcity of rain, in this climate, which h.ad not for three
years been sufficient to encourage the raising of crops, and the
consequent disappearance of water in most of the brooks,
prevented, no doubt, this subaquatic tree from assuming its
proper character in a more favorable fsoil. At first view it
would be taken for the ordinary species, spreading out the
same serpentine picturesque limbs, occasionally denuded of
their old coat of bark, and producing the same wide and gigan-
tic trunk ; but a glance at the leaves, no less than the fruit, would
remind the Eastern traveller that he sojourned in a new region
of vegetation, and objects apparently the most familiar he met
around him, associate them as he would, were still wholly
strangers.

T!ie leaves not fully expanded were about four inches wide
and the same in length, divided more than half-way dcjwn into
five sharp-pointed, lanceolate portions, of which the two lower
are the smallest: all the divisions are quite entire; two of them

m

4

64

ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.

'li '

:

;. i

:n

in small Iccavos are suppressed, thus producing a leaf oi onlv
three parts. Above, as usual, the surface is at first clad with a
yellowish copious down forraea of ramified hairs, which quicklv
falls off and spreads itself in the atmosphere. The under sin-
face of the leaves are, however, always copiously clad with a
coat of whitish wool, which remains. The young leaves, chid
in their brown pilose clothing, have a very uncommon appear-
ance, and feel exactly like a piece of stout, thick woollen cloth,
The branchlets, petioles, and peduncles are equally villous. The
male catkins are small, less in size than peas, full of long-luiiied
scales, and with unusually small anthers. The female catkins
are in racemes of three to five in number, with remarkably loni;
styles, being between two and three-tenths of an inch in length,
and persistent on the ripe balls. The raceme with the full-
grown balls measures nine inches. The tree has, therefore, a
very unusual appearance, filled with these very long pendulous
racemes, each bearing from three to four or even five balls, at
tl>e distance of about an inch from each other. The stigmas
are at first of a deep and bright brown.

The wood of this species, as far as I could learn from the
American residents at Santa Barbara, is far preferable to that
of the common Button wood, being much harder, more durabk'.
less liable to warp, and capable of receiving a good polish : li \'
of a pale yellowish color, like the young wood of the Oriental
Plane, and bears some resemblance to beech wood in its texture.
In the radiation of its medullary vessels, it resembles the woixl
of the common species.

PLATE XV.

A branch of the natural size. a. The carpel.

The Oriental Plane {Platanus Orientalis) deserves to bo
planted in the United States as an ornamental tree. It grow>

EE.

iig a leaf of only
t first clad with a
irs, which quickly
. The under sur-
ously clad with n
^^oung leaves, clad
mcommon appear-
lick woollen clotli,
lally villous. The
full of long-haired
^he female catkins
;h remarkably long
an inch in length.
erne with the full-
ee has, therefore, a
ery long pendulous
even five balls, at
ther.

ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.

65

The stigmas

aid learn from the
• preferable to that
xder, more durahk'.
a good polish : ii ;■
ood of the Oriental
wood in its texture,
resembles the wooil

he carpel.

ills) deserves to be
ntal tree. It grows

to the height of from seventy to ninety feet, with widely-.spread-
. ing branches and a massive trunk, forming altogether a mil-
jestic object. The leaves are more deeply divided and indented
than in our common species. A native of the East, where
shady trees are not so abunda'it as in North America, it was
celebrated in the earliest records of Grecian history. Xerxes,
it seeins, (according to Herod )tus,) was so fascinated with a
beautiful Plane Tree which he found growing in Lycia, that
he encircled it with a ring of gold, and confided the charge of
it to one of the Ten Thousand. He passed an entire day
under its shade, encamping with his whole army in its vicinity ;
and the delay so occasioned was believed to be one of the causes
of his defeat. Pausanius (a.d. 170) mentions a Plane Tree of
extraordinaiy size and beauty in Arcadia, which was said to
have boon planted by Menelaus, the husband of Helen, and to
have been, at the time he saw it, loOO years old.

Plane Trees were planted near all the public schools in
Athens. The groves of Epicurus, in which Aristotle taught
his peripatetic disciples, the shady walks planted near the
Gymnasia and other public buildings of Athens, and the
groves of Academus, in which Plato delivered his celebrated
discourses, were -dl formed of this tree.

The remarkable Plane Tree at Buyukdere, or the Great
Valley, mentioned by Olivier, the naturalist, and after him by
Pouc(pieville, Hobliouse, and -.arious other writer.s, has a trunk
that presents the appearance of seven or eight trees having a
common origin, which Olivier sujjposes to be the stool of a
decayed tree, and which were all connected at their liase. Dr.
Walsh, who measured the tree iu 18.31, found the trunk one
hundred and forty-one feet in ci- umference at the base, and
itB branches covered a space of one hundred and thirty feet in
diameter. The trunk divides into fourteen branches, some of
which issue from below the pres.Mit surface of tlie soil, and
Bomedo not divide till they ris(> .s.-ven or eight feet above it-

Vol,. IV.

I;!'

m

II n

1 1'

i '■'

ill! :

G6

ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.

one of the largest is hollowed out by fire, and affords a cabin
to shelter a husljandman. The ti'ce, if it can be considered a
single plant, is certainly the largest in the world. But wlmt
renders it an object of more than usual interest is, that M. Dc-
candolle conjectures it must be more than 2000 years old.

The wood of the Oriental Plane, in the Levant and in Asia.
is used in cai'pentx'y, joinoxy, and cabinet-making. It is said
to make beautiful furniture, on account of the smoothness of
its grain and its susceptibility of receiving a high polish.

Concerning our common Plane Tree or Button wood, (Plata-
nns OccldentaUs,) Dr. Darlington remarks, in his " Flora Cos-
trica," page 542, " It makes a noble shade in front of hoiisfs
where it has room to develop itself:"' and he further reuiiuks,
that " the wood is not much esteemed, but is occasiouiilly
sawed into joists and other lumber." It is beginning to be con-
siderably planted as a shade-tree on the side-walks of the streets
in several of the Large towns of the United States, and, being
seldom attacked by insects, and rarely elevating the paveinent?,
it is exceedingly well calculated for this useful purpose in a
climate subject to such ardent summer heats ; but, if the Orien-
tal Plane would answer the same purpose, and it is easily piu-
pagated, we should not only possess an ornamental but also a
useful tree, as it regards the wood. The finest specimens u!
trees of this species, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, are those
rouiid the Pennsylvania Hospital, which were planted about
the year 1760,

IE.

1 affords a cabin
I be considerod u
'orld. But wli:it
;st is, that M. De-
3 years old.
vant and in Asin.
iking. It is siiiil
he smoothness ut'
igh polish.

attonwood, [Plain-
1 his " Flora Cos-
in front of houses
i further reniurks
lUt is occasion iilly
cginning to bu con-
A^alks of the stroi't^
States, and, hmv:
ing the pavement?,
seful purpose in a
; but, if the Orieu-
and it is easily pio-
amental but alsoii
inest specimens of
adelphia, are tlu«
vere planted about

POPLARS.

Naiund Order, Amentace^, (Juss.) Suhwder, Salicine^.
Linncean Class and Order, DiffiCiA, Octandria.

} roruLUS.* (Linn.)

Difficious. Aments cylindric, witli the scales deeply cleft. Perianth
Clip-shaped, oblique, and entire. Stamens about eight, (or from
tliirtv to one hundred or more,) inserted on the scale or perianth.
Fkutile florets with the scales and perianth as in the male.
Sli</mas three or four. Capsule 1-celled, 2 to 4-valved. Seedi

■ numerous, comose, with long, soft hairs like wool.

Trees of the temperate and colder parts of Europe and Forth
America, with one species in Asia. The leaves are alternate, round-
ish, or deltoidly cordate, the petiole, for the most part, vertically
comjiroGsed toward the summit, and often glandular at the base ; the
flowers (as in the Willows, to which they are intimately allied) ap-
pearing before the leaves.

The Poplars are divisible into two sections or subgenera.

§ 1. Those properly so called, with about eight stamens, and,
UBually, iiliform stigmas.

§ 2. Those with from thirty to one hundred or more stamens, and
with broad, dilated, reniform stigmas. Potameria. These are mostly
large trees, which affect the baidcs of rivers, and includes Pnpulus
IcBvi'/'ita, (P. Canadensis, ^licii. fil.,) P. anpulata, P. monilifcra, P. hete-
ropli//lla, (P. argentca, Micii. til.,) and prol)ably P. candicans, P. bal-
aa)i)ifera, and our P. an<justifolia.

* An old Latia name of uncertain derivation.

67

IV,

i ''i

■ ::i'

11 ii

!;!

;

■;

ill' -,

ill

NARROW-LEAVED BALSAM POPLAR.

PoPl'M'S AXGUSTIl'Ol.IA. Fo'iis 'jrdlc-h'i'iccitlnti.'i Jinx'ciif'i/lsrr ai'iiti.-:. ,./;.

fcriu: altriiiKitis pcimmcvriis conrolorihin^ (/f(ihri<' (ii/pir.'<so-scrriifi:

rnmiilis Uirlilnifi r/lahris, f/rnvni.'^ ?v',s'/>ry,«/.s'.
/■•. mu/Kstifo/in, ToisuEV, Lvcoum Xat. ]Iist. N. York, vol. ii. p. 24'.t.
Narruw-leavcd Coilonicood, of Lewis and Clahke,

As wo a«(X'nde(l the banks of the rivor Platte, in our cx-
tonded jounioy to the West, rtl)out Laramie's Fork, a nortlicni
branch of that extensive stream, -we observed scarcely uiiv
other tree along the alluvial plains but the present and tlu'
Cottonwood ; and those were chiellj' confined to the islands. ,i
circumstance accounted for by the annual burning of the ])riii-
ries, which wholly strips the streams of their nnirgin of foivst.
so that we behold, I'ar and wide, nothing but a vast plain, a sea
of grass undulating before the breeze; and the illusion ap[)t'iu's
more sensible by the fact that the only variation to the sceiiu
is produced by the scattered islands of the lofty Poplar, whicli
gives life and variety to the wild and boundless landscape.

The height of this species, which so nearly resembles tliu
Balsam Poplar, may be about sixty to one hundred feet, haviiii;
a trunk f)f proportionate diameter, clad, like the Cottonwood.

with a rough, grayi.sh bark. Although a brittle and poor w 1

for almost every purpose, it will, like the Cottonwood of tlic
Mississippi, [Popidiis an(/nlaf.a,) become, of necessity', imi)ortant
for fence and fuel, whenever this country shall become settKd.
as scarcely any other timber exists in sufficient quantity ii>r
economical purposes. When dry, it burns well, but is quickly
reduced to ashes.

Whatever may be the immediate uses of the Narrow-leaved
Poplar, we must say that, in a country so exposed and arid as

the Rocky Mountain region, we fill jiiid'Cul for (he shade aiul

(is

"''"^^

POPLAR.

•':Jt

•inldlisrc ai'llfis. M/.

( (i(/pirsso-ficrnili.';
V, vol. ii. p. iVX

latte, in our ex-
Fork, 11 nortlicni
x'd scarcely uiiv

present and tlu'

to the islands, n
•ning of the i)nii-

margin of forest.
I vast plain, a sea
e illusion appears
ition to the seeiu'
»fty Pojdar, whieli
ss hmdscape.
rly resembles tlie
idred feet, haviii':
■ the Cotton \v()( 1(1.
tie and poor woml
Cottonwood of tlic
'cessity, important
,11 become settled.
oient quantity tin'
ell, but is quickly

n

the Navrow-leaveil

posed and arid :i>

lur the shade ami

^-.toi:

I !

:. |:

r, 'I

ifli n

^^v?^^!^^

II

ili!

I, .1

I ti

n XVI

rupuluN AhdUNlit'oliii

ftUfilin-hitiiniifrii fr4ti^U* rtittit*g X.irivi, /nnfit /lit/'-nm. /!</.</

rfTT

'!

P!

■'■< H''!

'J : ':!

r:

II

k

; I v!

X ARROW-LEAVED BALSAM Pi TLA R.

69

shelter it so often exclusively afforded us, with the exception of
a few insignificant Willows, that frequently associate with it.
In short, we rarely lost sight of this tree, which accompanied us
to the northern sources of the Platte, presented itself, as usual,
on the alluvial banks of the Colorado of the West, along Lewis
Ri\er, of the Shoshonee, the banks of the Oregon from the
Walla- Walla to its estuary, attaining along the banks of this
noble stream, and its southern tributary the Wahhimet, an
augniention so great as to vie in magnitude with the tall Cotton-
wood of the Mississippi, and to pass amidst the mighty forests
of the West as one of the largest deciduous-leaved trees of the
country. We find this species of Poplar also on the banks of
the Missouri, on the upper part of the river, from whence it
continues uninterrui)todly to the valleys of the Rocky Moun
tains. In the severity of winter, the boughs are collected by
the alxnigines to support their horses; the beaver likewise feeds
upon them by choice.

Early in the spring the balsamic odor of its resinous buds
may be perceived far and wide, and the shade of its tall, round,
and si)reading siunmit invited hosts of birds to its branches,
particularly the large and fine Band-tailed Pigeon, which feeds
with avidity on its seed-buds in the spring, aflbrding them an
abundant article of food.

The lessor brandies are rather tough than brittle, covered
with a smooth, yellowish bark. The leaves vary on the s-mmio
braiu'h, in this ivs[)ect, that the earliest brought out are the
videst; these are generally ovate and acute, (not acuminated as
in the Balsam Poplar,) rounded below; afterward come out a
Bet of lauceolatc leaves, nnudi longer than the others, often
three inrhes by only one inch wide: these are acute at both
ends: and would pass very well for those of a Willow; they are
all miirgiued with fine, bluntish, appressed serratures, and
beneath they are nearly the snme color as sibovt". The foot-
f»talks of the leaves or petioles are about fhree-cpiarters to lUl

m

70

COTTON W 0 0 D— A M E R I C A N A S T E N.

■ ; M

M '

inch in length. Tiio nerves tire all I'tiint beneath and peuiiiiti.',
with no appearance of being 3-nerved at the ba.se; the niiiulxi
of these nerves or lateral vessels are twelve to fifteen on a sido,
at least double the number they are in the Balsam Poplar.
The rachis of the female nment i.s smooth, the germs much cor-
rugated in drying, and the scidy cup of the germ very sliallow.
not more than half the size of that of the species to which it is
so closely allied. Upon the whole comparison, we are satislieil
that this is as distinct a species as any in the genus. In the
Flora Kossica, vol. i. p. 67, t. 41. II., a leaf is given as a viuioty
of the Balsam Poplar from Altai, very similar to our present
species.

PLATE XVI.

A h''i))('h iif the natiirnl size, a. The capmle.

! • !'

; \

Cottonwood, Populus l.kvigata, WdJd. {P. Canmhnsis, Micii,,
Sylva, vol. ii. pi. 05.)

This species, more hardy than the Mississippi Cottonwood, is
found on the banks of most of the Western rivers for a considii-
able distance toward the Rocky Mountains. It is al)undiuit mi
the borders of the Arkansas, but is nowhere met with in Oregon
Territory.

I ■;

'■

Balsam Poim.ah, {Bi/mhifi hdlmnu'/cni.) In Flora iPow/Vn,
vol. i. pp. 07 and 41, is given a figure of a Poplar from Diiouri:!.
called the Balsam Poi)lar, whitdi does not appear to be our
])lant. The leaves are wider, with sborter petioles. This spi-
cies stretches into Eastern Siberia, along the river-banks, to the
peninsula of Kamtschatka.

Amkhican Asi'kn, {Bti>iihin frrmuhinhN, MiciL, FI. Bor. Am.
vol. ii.ji. 24.'). I*, (rc/ilifd. Willi). ) This elegant species, of wliicli

IMi

. S P E N.

WHITE roPLAR.

71

th and poiinati',
Lso; tlio UUUllxT
fii'teeii on a hfidc,

Bal!>am Poplar.
^erms nnicli eor-

ni very sliallow.
OS to which it is

we are satisliuil

genns. In the

iven as a variety

ir to our prL'.soni

ipsule.

^anaJensis, Micii.,

ipi Cottonwood, is
ers for a considor-
It is abuii(hiiit on
let with in ()n';:im

the leaves, like tho European Aspen, tremble and vibrate in the
faintest breeze, is met with west of the Mississippi, in scatter-
ing groups, chiefly in the ravines of the mountains, where
springs issue out, and in narrow valleys, where considerable
gr*)ui)s of this tree may be seen, into the centre of the Rocky
Mountain chain; but they here attain a very inconsiderable
magnitude, being seldom thicker than a man's arm.

WuiTE Poi'LAH, {P. alia,) now commonly cultivated with us
for ornament, soon attains the magnitude of an Oak. This
wood, remarkable for its whiteness, is generally used in the
South of Fi-iiiice for wainscoting and flooring houses, and in
Engl.ind it is oniplo^^ed by turners for a host of small articles
and utensils of housekeeping.

The wood of various species of Poplar has been employed for
dyeing: that of the Lombardy or Italian Poplar boiled in water
with wool communicates a very permanent golden-yellow color;
other species, as the Black, Virginia Poplar, and Cottonwood,
give, according to the length of time employed and tlie quantity
of the wood boiled, various shades of color, as that of nankeen,
muse, the color of the Vicunga, with other shades, and answer
coi'veniently for the ground of other colors.

In Flora Bussirn.
plar from Daonriii.
appear to be our
letioles. This s|ii-
river-banks, to tlu'

icii., Fl. Ror. Am.
it species, of whidi

"wmm

WILLOWS.

I |''i

1 !;

Natural Order, Amextaceje, (Jussieu.) SuJiorder, Salicinei,
Limiceau Clas^ijicatlov, DuKCiA, Diandkia, &c.

SALIX.* (TOUUXKFOIIT, LiXN.)

The flowers are DUT.ciouBf or very rarely Jtox(KCious, tlisposed in ovdid
or eyliiidrie catkins, eoiiiposcd of niulivlded scales, which arc ini-
bricated over each otaer, and each witli the pistils or stamens f'onii
a flower; at the Itase of these scales exists a small glandnlar IkkIv,
which is cither simple or hifid, and snrronnds the interior orffnn;
of reprodncti'-ii. In the wale flowers there exist from four to iivo.
or even seven to nine stamens; (ordinarily there are only two.) In
the ft male flowers the ovary is single, terminated by a l)iiid stylo.
havinff usually four stigmas. The capsule or follicle consists ot'diie
cell with two valves. The seeds are very numerous and niimiU'.
each terminated by a long tuft of hairs or pappus; the radicle; i<
inferior, or in an inverse position to that of the Poplars, to which
they are so intimately allied.

I : :''

! '

The Willows, numerous in species, are all (with two excep-
tions in the Straits of Magellan and Peru) natives of the north-
ern hemisphere, and all of them shrubs or trees, some not nioiv
than an inch in height above the ground, confined to the higli-
est sununits of lofty mountains, others attaining an elevation ul

* SuiJ to bo derivi'd from the rcitic sal, near, and Us, water.

•|- A term used by liiniui'us to de.xij;nato a elas.s of plants wiiieli have flmveri'ijl
different se.xes on two different individuals, monniin, with two sort.s of flowers vii
diil rent parts of tlie same p'ant.

mler, Salk'INK.k,

)KIA, &C.

?, disposed in ovoiil
ulo?, wiru-li aiv iiii-
tilri or stamens Ibnu
lall c;landnlar Ii'hIv.

tlie interior ortran-
st from f<inr to iivo.
■e are only two.") In
ted by a bitid stvl.',
lUiole eonsists ofmie

lorous and niiunt''.
ppns; tbe radiulo i'^
lie Toplars, to wliidi

I (with two oxcoiv
ivtivos of the iioitli-
COS, some not nioii'
)utincd to the liigl'-
ling an elevation oi

wiitor.
nts wliifU have fl.i\vov> ol
ith two sorts of flowers uu

WILLOW S.

73

fifty or sixty feet. The wood is usually light and close-grained :
the twigs of several species, used by basket-makers, are remark-
able for their plial)ility. The bark of most of the species con-
tains a peculiar vegetable principle, cal ed salicine, which, for
intenaittent fevers, is nearly as serviceajle as Peruvian bark;
and the down of the seeds has been manulactured into a coarse
paper. Most of the species aftect wet or humid situations,
being comnKjn on the immediate Ijorders of brooks and rivers,
•which they fringe with a luxuriant and agreealde vegetation.
The llowcrs generally precede the appearance of the leaves, and,
though not beautiful, they are seen with delight, as the earliest
harbingers of our northern spring. The species, more than
two hundred in number, present nearly the same general form
of loliage, with the margin entire or serrated; the catkins are
lateral or terni'ial, and the stamens are too variable in number
to admit of a classification by them; there are some with only
one, a good many with two, others with three, four, five, or even
nine or ten. The capsules, though small, ail'ord the best traits
of specific distinction. The leaves put on various appearances,
and even outlines, in the progress of their growth, and tho
Willows justly rank among botanists as the most pnjtean and
4iflicult family of plants to discriminate in the northern hemi-
(5)here. In our tour across the continent we have met witii
ionie remarkable species, four or fi\'e of which become trees :
We shall ofler descriptions of the whole, but only give figures
of those which rank among arbovescent species.

IV.-5*

I I

! !'l

I :i!i

LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.

: i I

! i .:i

li

ilii;

Ml;

i?i,i

Salix speciosa. Fvltis loiujigsim!.^ hincmhtHs serndatls j)romisse anini:
natis glahrls subtns fjUvL'i.'^ juniurihas i)ilo.s(s; ainenlis scrutinis ij-'.^-in-
this, f/criiiinHiKS pcdiccUaUs lanccolatis acuminalis glahris, squnmU hi„.
ceokdo-ohlonfjis .ytv/cc/.*, sVajDiatis lobis hijidls.

Salix lucida, Hook, (as it regards the Oregon plant.) — Flor. Bor.
Am., vol. ii. p. 148.

No Willow on the American continent presents so remarkablu
and splendid an appearance as the present; the effect of whicli
is produced no less by its magnitude than the size and Ix'iiuty
of its foliage. Its aspect is that of a large Peach Tree, witli
the leaves and tlieir stalks from five to eight inches long by mi
inch to an inch and a half wide ; beneath, when adult, they iiit
glaucous, like those of the Eiver Maple. The summit is tiiftoJ
smd spreading, and the tree attains the elevation of about twenty
to thirty feet, with a trunk of twelve to eighteen iufjlu's in
diameter. When in full bloom, which is with the firj^t ex-
pansion of the loaves, in May, the numerous and large bridit-
yellow catkins, loading the branches, emulate the finest Acaiia
of New Holland; they are also agreeably fragrant, and attnun
swarms of wild bees and other insects, in continual niotiuii
among their waving branches. We have seen this noble i^iie-
cles nowhere in such perfection as along the banks of the deep
Wahlamet and the wide Oregon, whose numerous islands aiv
almost exclusively decked with this imposing Willow, whicli
continues to the JJluo Mountains, and along the neighboiin.
streams as far east as the river Boisee. As we sailed along tin
smooth bosom of these extensive streams, for many miles we nevt!
lost sight of the Long-leaved Willow, which seemed to dispute tliv
domain of the sweeping flood, fringing the banks of the strcaiu-

and concealing the nuirshes entirely from view; at every instant.
74

%

,ow.

atls in'onmse ocuw''-
ntis serodnis G-H-'/i.-
'/labrts, squamU lai"

plant.)— F lor. Bov.

ints so rcmarkabk'

he effect of wliicli

le size and beauty

Peach Tree, with

, inches long by an

len adult, they are

le summit is tufted

ion of about twi'un

eighteen inclK's in

with the fii>t ox-

s and large bright-

te the finest Acacia

ragrant, anil iittnu'.

1 continual niotimi

^een this noble i'l'v-

I banks of the deuji

Lmerous islands aiv

■iing "Willow, wliioii

ng the neighboriii.

we sailed along tin

many miles we nevti

eemed to dispute tlu

)anks of the stream-

!W ; at every instant.

i

its-.

mm

\''

■I

II :

i^i'i

\}i

Pl.W'll.

Sillix S|M'cinKM

J.oiitf /t;ir,',f (f,//,.H Xtute y/v//v/y/^-

J

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k

i Mi's

I I

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I mil

IMIl

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LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.

75

when touoliod by the broeze, displaying the contrasted surface
of their leaves, above of a deep and lucid green, beneath the
bluish-white of silver: the whole scene, reflected by the water
and in constant motion, presented a silent picture of exquisite
bcjvuty. lunnediately behind this foreground of spreading Wil-
lows arose, in the first rank of the legitimate forest, the lofty
Poplars we have already desci'ibed, succeeded by the majestic
Oaks and Maples, while the distant hills to their summits were
impenetrably hid In' the vast towering Pines and Firs, which,
mingling as it were with the clouds, close in the rest of the
landscape with funereal grandeur.

This species is related to the Lucid and Bay Willows, and
the buds have something of the same aromatic exudation ; the
oerrulations and the base of the leaf are also equally glandular.
The bark of the trunk is rough and divided, the twigs smooth
and shining, of a yellowish brown. The leaves, at first green
on both surfaces, are, before expansion, clothed with long,
brown, loose, parallel hairs, which disappear with the progress
of their growth; at length they become silvery and glaucous
beneath : they are finely serrulated, acute at both extremities,
with the points very much atteiuiated. The stipules are semi-
circular and ])road, serrulated on the margin. The flowers
com(,' out with the expanding leaves from lateral buds, con-
taining, in the male, also two or three leaves, so that the cat-
kin appears as a pedunculated spike. The stamens are very
long, from five to nine in a scale, with filaments which are
hairy toward the base, and, as well as the hairy, broad, cuneate,
serrated scales, arc of a bright, golden yellow.

The female plant, at the time of flowering, appears to have
smaller leaves than the male, and those on the branches which
bear the catkin are green on both surfiices for a considerable
time; they are also but little acuminated; five or six leaves,
witli their appropriate stipules, grow out on thv same ])ranch,
which terminates iu a female spike. The scales of the catkin'

"TWIfl

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76

LONG-LEAVED ^YILLOW.

or spike arc oblong or lance-oblong, and less hairy than in the
staminiforons catkin. The germ is lanceolate, pedicellate, and
smooth, acuminated, and terminated by a short, bifid style, witli
two pubescent, bifid stigmas. The capside is likewise smooth.
and contains seeds with a very long pappus, as abundant almost
as on a seed of cotton.

The wood is whitish and close-grained, and might proljublv
be employed for the same purposes as that of the White Pophir.
but the nearly uninhal)ited state of the country in ()ivi;(m
prevents the possibility of making any useful experiments. As
an ornamental and hardy tree, however, it stands pre-emiiiout
among all its fraternity, and well des u'ves to be introduced into
pleasure-grounds, Avhere it would be perfectly hardy as far
north as New York, or in any part of Great Britain.

PLATE XVII.

A fin'i/ (Old leaf of the natural size. a. The female cat/an. h. The imk
catkin, c. The male flower and scale of the catkin, d. The open m-
side.

airy than in tlio
pedicellato. and
bifid stylo, witli

likewise smooth.

abundant almost

might pr()bal)lv
be White Poplar.
untry in Oivudii
ixporinients. As
ands pre-emiiRMit
)e introduced into
tly hardy as liir
Iritain.

catJdn. h. The mak
I. d. The open eaf-

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LONG-LEAYED BAY WILLOW.

m

Sai.ix pextandra. FoUis clVpticis acuminatis semitts gkthri.'^, jKtioUs
siipcmc qhrndidosis, amevtis ficrotmis pcntaiidris, f/rnniniljiis lanvcolatis
lllahrt^.—WihhD., fi[). pi. 1. c, Vaiil., in Flora Danica, tab. 943.
Host., Sal. An^tr. 1, t. 1, f. 2. Eng. Bot., t. 180.3.

SAi.rx PKNTAXDRA. FoUis scmitis ijlahvis, Jiorihus 2}n}t((mfm. — Lixx.,
llort. Cliliort., p. 4;J4, ct Sp. jA., p. 144. Flora Lapponica, p. 370,
t. H, tig. 3. Gmelix, Flora Sibirioa, vol. i., p. 1.53, t. -34, fig. 1.

IStdtx foUis (jhhris, omto-hivccohttis ; pctioUs rjlmulnlosis ; flord»is hcrastc-
7iui)db>i!>. — IIalleii, Flora Helvetica, Xo. 1G39.

\S(dl.r monlona major: foliis Laurinis. — Toirxei'ort, Institutes llei.
Ilerb., p. oOl.

\SaU.i\ful''i8 Imirco sice lata glabra odornto. — Rail, Hist., p. 1420.

Salix i'extaxdra, i3 caudata. Foliis lo'igissinic acutninads nttennatis;
rumulis junioribus hirsutis; capsidis rugulosis opad

We mot with this specios, hitherto wholly European, in the
very centre of the North American Continent, by streams in
tlie valleys of the Rocky Mountains, toward their western
slo[)e, in Oregon, and also the Blue Mountains of the same
territory. It is true, the present variety is a remarkable one.
The uppermost leaves on the adult branches are about five or
six inches long, one-half of which distance, or about two and a
hair to three niches, may be considered as tiie slope of the
summit and the point of the leaf; the buds and last-developed
branches are also hirsute. This variety, like its prototype,
becomes a tree lifteen to twenty feet high, of a bright, but
not deep, and rich green. The flowers are fragrsmt, produced
after the appearance of the leaves, and the capsules in our
jilant are slightly corrugated, even when ripe and o{)en, and
do not shine as in the co.iinum Day Willow. The leaves have
the same odorous glands, and the l)ark of the branches is

smooth, shining, nnd of a brownish-yellow color. This tree is

77

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78

WESTERN YELLOW WILLOW.

met with in mountainous situations by streams, in all the
northei'u parts of Europe, — in Britain, Franco, Switzerland,
Sweden, Lapland, and throughout Siberia and Russia. Its
branches are too fragile to be employed for any economicul
purpose, and the wood decrepitates in the fire. The leaves.
which ai'e fragrant from the resinous glands of their margin,
however, furnish a yellow dye, and the abundant down of its
seeds, in some of the northern countries, is used with sucot's.s
as a substitute for cotton, mixed with a third part of the true
material.

Accoi'ding to Loudon, it is one of the most desirable species
of the genus for planting in pleasure-grounds, on account of
the fine display made by the blossoms, their abundant fragrance,
the shining, rich, deep green of the leaves, and the compara-
tively slow growth and compact habit of the tree. It is also
one of the latest flowering Willows, the blossoms seldom ex-
panding till the beginning of June.

PLATE XVIII.

A branch nf the natural size. a. The capsule.

WESTERN YELLOW WILLOW.

Salix Lt'TKA. Fiillis ovato-lanccok'/h acut'ia Icritcr .icrrutatis r/lalirif,
stipnli.'^ Imial!.-:. (imcntis jmvcocibHS brcribns ci/Undraccis, qcrminllm
pedicellate (jlabrls, ramis lutcL.

This is a smallish arborescent species of Willow, which in-
habits tlie Rocky iNFountain region, and proceeds Avestward to
the banks of the Oregon, but is nfiwhero common. It attains
to the magnitude of a suiall tree, and at first glance appeal's

w.

s, ill all the

Switzerliuul,

Russia. Its

ly cconomiciil

The loiivos,

their margin,

t down of its

I with success

irt of the true

sirable species
on account of
hint fragrance,
the compiu'ii-
ee. It is also
ms seldom ex-

i

lie.

LOW.

urns, qermmhm

How, which in-
lis westward to
Hon. It attains
lance appears

:l

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III! li

V '

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hi

4

Salixliilca .

fl'ivtfili iW/on- H'fl/i)it: .Saitlr jminr

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I :■

WESTERN YELLOW WILLOW.

79

nearly allied to the coiinnon yellow-twigged Willow [fS. vltel-
Jhid.) but it never grows so largo, and is, after the very first
evolution of tlie Icaf-ljuds, perfectly smooth, with none of those
tufts of hairs which in that species appear at the interior base
of the bud; it likewise possesses stipules, and bears short, close
catkins, with smooth capsules, and the serrulations of the leaves
are not glandular, indeed scai'cely visible, the leaf appearing to
have a thin and often almost entire diaphanous mai'gin.

It is at the same time a very elegant and distinct species,
remarkable for its smooth bright-yellow bi'anches, and jjale
green, rather small, lucid leaves. It is well deserving of culti-
vation for the sake of variety, and is undoubtedly hardy from
the climate it inhabits. The leaves are rather narrow, more
lanceolate than ovate, acute, or somewh.at acuminate, about an
inch and a quarter long, and less than half an inch wide. The
minute serratui'os or serrulations are rather crowded, but very
minute and shallow, and not in the least cartilaginous. The
young leaves before evolution are silky and white beneath, but
the pubescence wholly disappears with their expansion.

Hi

PLATE XIX.

A branch of the natural size with fertile catkins, a. The capsule.

tiliifM; >1

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HOOKER'S WILLOW.

Salix IIooKKitiANA, (Biivriitt, Mss.) Rdinis valdc rohislls imhcscentibus,
JHiiii>ril»i!i ihiisr tii)in')iliis(i-l(ii)(itis, folii.i late obovaiis fere subrotumhitis
rigidtasenVis >< rrali.i VKirf/iiie plani.^i ,*///*;•« (KfluUis) nudiusculis suhtus
iomeutiiso-ldiKili's, sf/'jxdis [_,^(iiilcord(ilis,'] arneidis eyUndraccis cmssh,
Sfj(«(i)ii.s hiuje dt nsis.sitiie Itiiiah's, ovariis UiiKje flipitads haiceolalis (jlabo'-
rlmis, ali/bt bri riusculo, slhjrnalii lobis iideyris. — lIuoK,, Flor. Bor. Am.,
vol. ii. p. 145, t. 180.

Tins small tree, noarly allied to S. v'nicrea, we found of com-
mon occurrence in the lower part of the territory of Oivjzuu
toward the sea, particularly frequent on the margins of ponds
and in wet places near the outlet of the Wahlamet, where it
attained the height of eight or ten feet. It was also found in
the territory of Hudson's Bay, near the Grand liapids of the
Saskatchewan, by Douglas. The leaves are remarkably i)r()teari
in their form, sometimes wholly soft and villous on both sides,
more connnonly so beneath, the initure of the pubescence also
varying till it at times resembles in appearance and to the touch
the most brilliant velvet; the old leaves are generally obovate,
smooth and shining above, often nearly so beneath, and then of
a bluish-green or glaucous hue; they are, moreover, both acute
and obtuse, sometimes even rounded at the extremity, and are
generally among the largest, or at least widest, of Willow leaves.
The stipules on scmie branches are veiy conspicuous, circular,
and serrated. The nnile aments are extremely pilose in an
early stage, as in our ^S*. coiil/cra, to which this species makes
some approach; the stamens are two to each scale. The cap-
sule is ovate-lanceolate and very smooth, the style elongated,
and the stigmas two and undivided.

The twigs of this species are flexible, but the wood is too
80

BLUNT-LEAVED W I L L U W.

81

small for almost siny econoinical omi)loymc'nt. The old wood of
ih'j trunk of A', cajirca or tlio Sallow, so much like the present
species, is much estcemetl by Avood-turners.

sccntihus,
rotuncldis
Us subtus
s cmssis,
its (jluht r-
>or. Am.,

. of cotn-

C)regon
of ponds
where it
found in
s of the
■ protean
»th sides,
'nee also
he touch

obovate.
1 then of
)th acute
, and are
w leaves.

circular,
se in an
es nudves

The cap-
'longated,

BLUNT-LEAYED WILLOW.

Salix fl.vvescens. Fol'iis ohoni/ls fiiliJiinc(<>hi(l<i jhircftcciifc. tdiiifuiosis
inkgris donnm f/lahris, stipulis purni/i.i sii(j.^c)iiii'i'r(/(ilis ilcnliruhtif^,
amends prwcocihus, ca2)sul.is koiccolutis scrlcm-jniljcsrciiliius, stiymalibus
x'dlosis.

We met with this shrubby species in the range of the Rocky
Mountains, and Ave are doubtful if it is not also an inhabitant
of Europe. It agrees very nearly with the Obtuse-leaved
Willow of Willdenow, {S. oLfu-sl/o/ia,) of which we ha\e seen
no specimens, and which is ap[)arently a very obscure sjjecies,
said to be a native of the Lapland Alps. Ours is a large shrub,
with much of the aspect and general character of the Gray
Willow, which is indeed the type of a group of kindred
Willows. For a good while the leaves still remain downy, par-
ticularly on the under surface, which is tinged also with pale
yellow. The loaves, when old, are about one and a half inches
long, three-quarters of an inch wide or more, wedge-sha})ed at
the base, obovate or oblanceolate, quite smooth, entire ap-
parently, yet the stipules are denticulate. The branches are
brown or dark ])urple. The catkins are short and cylindi'ic,
the scales blackish, hairy, and obtuse, the capsules white and
silky; the style is distinct, and the four stigmas 1. ng and
puliescent.

od is too

Vol. IV.— 0

III

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POND WILLOW.

Salix stacnalip. Foliis obhmf/o-lanccolalls oblusis mtcf/crrmis ban
ciotcalis siditiis ])iilicsecntiht(s, silpulis jnillis, amcnl'ts coatands, capsidis
lanccolatis acinnitiatis scriccis, Sfjiiaiiiis sublanceolalis.

This is another species indigenous to the banks of the Oregon,
related to the same section with the hist. The twigs are dark
brown and slender, and the leaves sciittered beneath with a
minute brown pul)eseence, which connnunicates a somewhat
rusty appearance to tlie leaves; they are about one and a half
inches long and one-half to three-quarters of an inch wide; in
the bud they are covered with long silky liairs. The capsules
are remarkable for tiieir great attenuation and length; the scales
of the anient are o])loiig-lanceolate and hairy. We have not
seen the male plant, and our account is therefore imperfect.

YELA^ET WILLOW.

SaMX ctJXEATA. J^i/AVx hiix'inltifi's obhiixjistr (ipit'c siihsemilofis a(Vif!.%
hasi runciitl.^ r/hbrls sublux lioldscn'cii.t, stlpiiUs i»i>u(ti,s phvhqur 7>>ifHs.
amrnfis cnaloiuis! tlonf/u/is, cdpsiills oniti.'^ "cnWi.'i, f>ti(/))i(if!bits brcriiiii"
ffUtbris.

•

Tins beautiful Willow wo found growing in clumps near the
rocky margin of the Oregon at its conllucncc w'tli the Wahla-
met, attaining the height of six or eight feet. The branches
are slender, and. according lo (iieir age. \aiy much in appear-
ance, at first villous and downy, but at ii later period brown,
and sometimes (piit*- bhie. with a ghiucoiis bloom. 'I"he h avis.

c

h
to

\\\

WESTERN rOND WILLOW.

88

with their short petioles, tneasiu'C about two inches, niid are
ahout half an inch wide, pubescent above?, at k'ujitli nearly
smooth, and deep green, but always clad beneath with a whitish
close tomentum, producing all the brilliant dis[)lay ol" the iinest
velvet. The male flowers we have not seen. Tlie female eat^
kins are rather long, loose, and subcylindrie, often iicconipiinieil
at the base by two or three leaves, and come out when tin;
Inives are considerably grown. The capsules are silky, short,
ovate, and acute; the style i/uort, and the stigmas four and
smooth. The scales of the catkin are brown and oval, somi'-
what hairy, and much shorter than the ca[)sules. In the
narrow-leaved varieties, the leaves appear almost wholly entire.
The broader-leav<'d plants bear some resemljlance to the (iray
Willow, but the serrulations are minute and the stipules very
hiuall, or wholly wanting.

ni !'

I i

■!t

WESTERN POND WILLOW.

Salix MACliiK'AUPA. t\ilil,s lifihyodit/s diii/n.^liilis sitliiiili iji I'rinils titriiK/iu
acidi^i sillMi'diniliKlis (hunini (]labris suhiiis i/lmifis, .■-■lliiiills dIishIiUs,
(iiiK litis coccki>u\'i (//((iKlri.^i, cdp.stilis rcnlrifosls c(ii«lalis ijluhrinsruUs
jKdifcUatis, iili<j»i(i(H)iis SKbai'iiisiaijUfi iiin'iJnjidis.

This species, like our Pond Willow (*S'. (ji'isiti,) to which it i«
closely related, is found forming clumps in wet places where
the water is stagnant, — situations which it always seems to
l)relcr to the banks of running streams. It attains the height
of three or four feet. The l)ranches are smooth and biownish
black, sometimes glaucous or whitish. Tlii' leaves (iihout two
tit three inches long nnd hull' \\\\ inch wi<l(') ar>' at first covt-rcd
with a brownish silky down which disti|>p('iirs with age, when

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84

SOFT-LEAVED WILLOW.

they become dark green and bluish white, or ghiucous bo-
neath ; they are usually very acute, and mostly entire. The
catkins are small and oblong, with two or three leaves at the
base of the pedicel ; the scales of the stamens are small and
blackish, oval and obtuse, somewhat hairy. The fetnale aments
have very short [)edicels, and produce at the base about two
leaves; the scales ai'c narrow and li)iear; the capsules pedicel-
lated, somewhat villous, but at length nearly smooth, ventricose-
lanceohite, with long points, and nearly sessile stigmas.

SOFT-LEAVED WILLOW.

SaI.IX SKSSII.IFOLIA. Faliis hlin'i nlxfis si'ssllihils tlfi'lissiim's (ipiir .stihsrr-
rululis villofii.'i mullihiK, .'<fiiii/li.i nullis^ (luniilis .vc/'i/Z/z^/.v diinalris ddn-
(jatis Icviiiui.til (litis ; (/< runnihiis htnulis^ cnjisnli.s lannnhitis dcmnin fnh-
(/I'lhr!'', sli/lii ^triifinidc filjuiiiil'i sliiinKiUhiis bilhlls.

Tins beautiful and very distinct specie.s of Willow formed
dense tufts on the rocky borders ot the Oregon, at the con-
lluence of the Wahlamet, attaining to the height of about six
to eight feet, and when in llower appeared as showy as a .1//-
mumi. It is rennirkaldy Ujaly, and the leaves are hoary, with ;i
rather long ami somewhat copious pubescence, which connnii-
nicatcs a softness to the touch ecpial to that of velvet ; whetlicr
the leaves afterward become more smooth or not I cannot say.
but thiidv it i)robal)le. Didt'ivnt from almost every other Wil-
low I have seen, the catkins each terminate so many sniiill.
iealy brnnches about two inches long, exclusive of the catkin
or spike, which is itself about one and a, half incht's. in both
sexes attenuated nt tlio biisc ; IIh'so braiu-hlels, as well as tln'
leaves, an- wbitisli. willi soft hair,'«. |pmi liculinly the former, bill

PROSTRATE WILLOW.

85

^till the green color of the leaf predominates; the points of the
leaves are somewhat rigid, sharply acute, and, unlike most
other species, they are destitute of petioles or footstalks ; the
scales of the anient are oval and unusually conspicuous, more
hairy in the staminiferous llower. The stamens are two to
a scale. The capsule is pul)escent and lanceolate, at length
nearly smooth ; the stigmas four, and rather long. No ves-
tiges of stipules appear in any of our numerous specimens; the
olik-r branches are dark brown.

It is difhcult to decide on the affinities of this very distinct
species, which at a little distance resembles a Protcu or L< irn-
(hnidron, the leaves being ecpially gray and silvery, with soft
hairs, which are so ecpially distributed on either surface as to
obliterate the presence of the veins and render both surfaces
almost similar. It appears, in some respects, to resemble
S. anniariii, the Sand Willow, but the late appearance of the
aments and their remarkable dispronortion are almost without
a parallel.

\' \

A\

PROSTRATE WILLOW.

!ii;

SaLIX I!l!.\*MIVrAUl'.\. Fiifiis oriilit hiitriitliilisrc iii'ii/is f.iih.'^rsslliliiifi! iiitc-
flprrimis rlnrrco-piilx'si'riililiii.^ siihhis iih<inii)ri//iisis, stiprfls )iuWs, amen-
lis ('iiirt'iiiiis hnrllins i/lniiirr'itis, fiipsulis otitis tthhrt ri'ilis (miK i(t(i'^i!>,
Sti'lni'.diliifs siihsi Msililiiis,

i ; il

This singidar prostrate and dwarf Willow wi' met witli in
die Kocky Mountain range, on the borders of IJear River, a
I'lear. ra|)id brook cutting its way through basaltic dikes to the
I'urious lake of Timpanogos. in Xi'W .Mexico. This locality is
likewise fnmdiis for the niniieri)us sell/.er springs, so ^ti'ongly
impregnated with earbniiie .itid as In .-puiklc ,nid ejl'erveseu

,

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in I iii.)l

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86

TROSTRATE WILLOW.

like cluunpagnc. Our huntci'.s culled them the '' Beer Springs,"
and, for a day and a half that we spent at this meuioraljli'
place, the waters aftbrded u.s a most delicious treat during the
warm weather, in those arid plains. In an open, marshy situa-
tion, on the margin of the river-forest, grew a", abundance of
this curious, depressed, and hoary shrub, which has somewhat
the aspect of the European Sand ^\iaow, (*S'. arcnaria;) but it
is much more dwarf, Avith the leave, s u.Uer and always lioary
with pubescence. The stem branci 's Irom the base, only rising
four or five inches iib<jve the surface of the earth, but 'vith
many difl'use, tough, woody branches, which i^pread out into a
circle of a foot or more. The root-stock is woody and thick ;
the branches full of cicatrices, pubescent, but brown beneath,
thickly covered Avith small leaves, which in some plants are
elliptic-ovate, in others oblong-lanceolate, all verj' entire, nearly
sessile, and acute, from half an inch to an inch long, about
three lines wide; above always gray with pubescence, but
beneath rather whikly villous; some of the lowest small
leaves are smooth on the u[t})er surface. There are no stipules
in any of my specimens. The male flowers I have not seen.
The fertile catkins are short and somewhat clustered, not
cylindric, few-flowered, the capsules oblong-lanceolate, and
short, villous, with apprcpsed hairs, not densely lanugluous,
as in iS. atrniu-'ui, terni'nated by a short, slender style and four
fhort stigmas.

norable

ing the

y situa-

anco of

newliat

but it

s lioavy

y risinii'

lit '.vitli

t into a

I thick;

)eiioath,

lilts are

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ice, but

t small

stipules

lot seen.

red, n<<t

,te, and

lUglllOUS,

iind four

Hii

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Sulix Mi«*«iplivllii

.SV/c//- fr<n'i'<i tft/A'ii'

Sinil,' ,1 /iin/lif iiri/fiii'if.t

(ifi/rtitre.*

• ■UA

! :

i!

SILYER-LEAVED WILLOW.

Satjx argopiiylla. Foliis Uncari-suhlanccolails acuiis sesstlibHS integer
riiiiis vtrinquc argentco-sericeis, stipHUs obsolctis, tancniis scrolinis dian-
dris, capsulis villosis lunceolatis.

In our devious progress to the West, we at length apjiroached
one of the branches of the Oregon, the river Boisee, toAvard
its junction with the Shoshonee; its banks wei'e not fringed
with a belt of forest, but so stripped of every character of an
alluvial nature, that when we suddenly approached it there
appeared no break in the plain, and the clear and rapid Hood
shot through a deep, perpendicular chasm of columnar basaltic
rocks. We descended toward its brink and pursued our path
along its obstructed banks, climbing over fearful rocks and
along the margins of imponding precii)ices : night approached
without any cessation of our incessant toil. At length we
hailed with satisfaction a small portion of the river-bottom,
almost covered jjy tall bushes of a remarkable, silvery appeai'-
iuioe, which proved to be the subject of our present examina-
tion a very curious species of Willow^, which, with a kind of
jNlock Orange, [Pluhtdi-lphu/^.) composed nearly all the con-
spicuous vegetation of this sterile chasm. At length our new
Alnus, (^4. Oregn)i((,) the Narrow-leaved Balsam Poplar, and
the Long-leaved tree Willow, gave evidence of an ample, allu-
vial plain and the proximity of the Great Shoshonee.

This species becomes a small ti'ee from twelve to fifteen feet

in height, as silvery and white as the Leiicodcndron anjeniciun ;

the branches are brown, but the twigs are hoary with villous

hairs. The leaves are very much crowded, soft, with whitish,

shining, silky down, so abundant on either side as wholly to

hide the veins and nearly the midrib; they are also nearly

without footstalks, entire on the margin, of a narrow, linear

87

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88

L ON U-S PIKED WILLOW.

outline and sharply acute, with a distinct, bri><tly point, one
and a half to two inches long, and only about three lines wide.
Stipules small and linear, seldom seen. The aments come out
late with the leaves, and the llower-branches produce from four
to seven leaves. The male anient is small and narrow, with
the scales lanceolate and villous ; the female aments are oblon-^,
the capsules lanceolate and villous.

The wood of this species, though small, is very white, smooth,
and close-grained : the species must also be hardy, well worth
cultivating, and would then probably grow to a considerable
size. We perceive no affinity that this species bears, cxcci)t
perhaps to the S. a.n(ji(st!/oUii of the borders of the Caspian,
<i'om which at the same time it is probably very distinct.

PLATE XX.

A branch of (he natural size, a. The male catkin, b. The capsule.

LONG-SPIKED WILLOW.

Salix macrostachya. Folds lincari-subltmccokitk' dom/atis remote scrrii-
latis acntis ntrinrpic arffcnto-scricn.<^, slipulis scmioratis ffccidnis, anioili.^
lonr/issimis pra'cdilliKs, cajisuUs lanccolatls dcnium (i'ahriascuUs.

We met v»'ith tliis species sparingly on the banks of tlie
Oregon. It bears a strong resemblance to the last, without,
however, being any way intimately allied to it. It forms a
slender bush, i-emarkable for its white and silvery pubescence,
which appears as soft and glossy as velvet: the twigs are also
pubescent. The leaves are two to three inches long, two or
three lines wide, distinctly serrulat(!d, and nearly sessile, with

RIVER WILLOW,

89

the veins conspicuous through the pubescence. The female
catkins, Avitli their pofluncles, are three or four inches in length ;
the capsules are nearly sessile, and at length 1)ut slightly pubes-
cent. In this species there are distinct stipules on the young
branches.

RIYER WILLOW.

Salix fluviatilis, Fota's liiicaribus idrliique acunmalis, suhknccolatis
spimdoso-smatis dcnium (/labris coiicolorihus, stipulis nullls, amcntis
scroHnis pcduncidads rUlosis diandn's, squoniis oblongis, fnictibus lanceo'
latls fjlabris iKdicdlutis, slujmatibus sessUibits.

Tins species lines the immediate border of the Oregon, a little
below its confluence with the Wahlamet, attaining the height
of about six feet or more. We believe this is also the same
Willow that we mistook for the Long-leaved species of Pursh
and Muhlenberg, (Solix hiKji folia,) which so commonly lines the
bunks of the Missouri and Mississippi, and which often forms
the exclusive growth of the small islands and sandbars, prepar-
ing these waters, recovered from the flood, for a superior growth
of trees; and they are also accompanied and succeeded commonly
by the Cottonwood {Popnhis Ca)i<idais!s.) We met with this
species likcAvise on the banks of Lewis River of the Shoshonee,
accompanying our Long-leaved Willow, both of which continue
almost uninterruptedly to occupy the banks and bars of all the
Western streams to the Oregon, and proceed along that river to
the borders of the Pacific.

In this remarkably fluviatile species, the leaves of the very
young plants are somewhat pinnatifid, and at all times the
serratures, rather distant, are sinuated and very sharp or spinu-
losely acute. The branches are brownish and very full of leaves.
The leaves, two to three inches long, are seldom more than two

mmf

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90

SLENDER WILLOW.

|. 1|:

>|:ii

lines wide, except in the young shoots, when they .are twice
th.at breadth. The branches producing the male flowers are as
short as usual, bearing only three or four small leaves; the cut-
kins are narrow, solitary, and rather short, and come out with
the opening oi'the leaves. In the female plant the inlloresceneo
is similar with that of the male; but there is also produced a
later growth of catkins, which terminate proper divided brancli-
lets. The scales of the female catkin are oblong and densely
bearded below ; the germ is smooth, with four sessile stigmas a.s
in S. Jon(/lfoJia. The young leaves are at first somewhat hoary
and pubescent, with minute hairs; the young plants have also
often pubescent foliage.

We have met with the Salix lonr/i/ulia on the banks of the
Arkansas, and it greatly resembles the present species, but differs
in producing distinct sti[)ules, in the minute serratures, and
above all in the pubescent capsule and elongation of the catkin.
The leaves are also generally broader, and it is said to grow only
about two feet high.

'ir^'^h

! I' I

i:i

SLENDER WILLOW.

Salix exigua. Foliis Imearibns utrinque acutis suhintegerrimis scricch,
stipulis 7iullis, amentis seroiinis donrjaiis, capsulis lanccolalis sessilibii,'-;
denmm nudiusculis.

Tins species is also a native of the Territory of Oregon, and
grew with the preceding, which it strongly resembles: it is,
however, a smaller species; with still narrower leaves, at all
times more or less gray and silky; the serrulations are mostly
wanting, though very minute ones are sometimes seen : the
capsules are smaller, and not pedicellated. The male plant I
have not seen. The branches are reddish brown and smooth.

i I

I I

ROUND-LEAYED WILLOW.

S^aix ROTUXDIFOMA. FiJi'ts suhrotuvtils ornfisvc minutissime scrrnlntts
i:d 'niUgriusculis utrimjid (/((ibrls coitculvribiis, pclivlls ramulls(iac p'du.'iin,
stipiilh iiKi.rinii.-i dilatalo-rordatis mcnihranacels iiliuKluloso-wrvat'ni, aiiunlis
cnaianeis diantlris lamifjinosis, capsnlis (/lahn.'< Ijiin'co/ntis, .sfijti.s cloncjalis.

ji OVATA. Fuliis orati.s aculii (Iciisc furridads.

This dwarf and roiiiarkable species of Willow, attaining aljoiit
two feet in height, was obtained in the gorge of a loftv al[)ine
ravine, through which we fruitlessly endeavored to pass. It was
ill the month of July, and the perpetual snows whicli still covered
tlie mountains mingled their outline with the skies. On the skirt
of this gelid region grew our pi'esent subject. We named this
scene of toil and disappointment Thornburgh's Pass, (or rather
ravine, as no passage was pi'acticable,) from the man who under-
took to be our guide. It was in the central chain of the Rocky
Mountains, and near to the pass of the Shoshonees, which the
following day we attained.

We know of no species with which we can compare this
Willow. The older branches are brown, smooth, and full of
cicatrices left by leaves that have grown near together, giving
the plant a stunted appearance; the petioles are about half an
iucli long, with the younger branches hairy; the younger leaves
are also somewhat so on the midrib. The leaves are nearly
round, from one and a half to three inches wide, and about the
same in length, though some of the later-produced leaves are
ovate and sometimes even acute; both sides are e(]^ually green,
the margin in the ovate leaves elegantly and very closely
serrulated, but in the I'ound leaves the serrulations are often
nearly obliterated. The stipules are very large, wide, and heart-
shaped, finely serrated with glandular points; at length they
become membranaceous and deciduous. The male aments are

oblong, large, and sessile, the scales blackish and ovate, produo-

91

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92

MINUTE WILLOW.

ing copious wliite hairs longer than their whole length ; the fila-
ments are very long. The female aments grow on thick stalks,
and have the scales also very woolly; the capsules are smootli
and ovate-acuminate; the style is long, terminated by four
stigmas. The vcafc-kxivcd variety was collected by the late Dr.
Gairdner, on the hills of the Wahlamet.

MINUTE WILLOW.

Salix nivalis. Foliis oralihxs ti(tl>sj)athHla(i.<i v>ki/crrhnis r/labris obtiu^i'^,
i<i(l)(us ciiHciiJiiv'ihas rdlcidatis, (uiuidis srrotinis pcdirdhitis jmurijli >)•!.*,
gcr))iii((bus ucatis scriccis sqiiamic (jlabrtjc ntuscc loitfjioribus, t^iiyniatibKS
sitbfics)<i(ibns.

Salix iiiodi.i. — lIooKKR, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii.

This elegant and very diminutive shrub, merely about two
inches high, was o])tained in the same alpine ravine as the
former, but on a plain elevated to the very line of perpetual
>«now, at the height of aljout 10,(100 feet above the ocean-level.
The stems are smootli, brown, and woody, sending out very few
short branches terminated by scanty tufts of smooth coriaceous
leaves, two or three lines wide and aliout four lines long. Tiic
male plant wv' have not seen; the female catkin is produccil
u[)on a pubescent pedicel nearly its length; the llowers are
about six, sessile, and the subtending scales smooth, retiise, ami
nerved. The genu is short-ovate and silky, terminated by a
nessile or almost sessile quadriiid stigma.

This species is allied to the iSa/lx iiiyrtUloiiltn, but at the same
time perfectly distinct.

I'LATK XIX.

Afi.rtik i>Uiiih>j' lltc Huliiral iiKiiiidtHdi. n. A leaf, b. Tlic jiitnxj coiimk

((/*(.' d.i ■•'I'idc.

the filii-

stalks,

smooth

by four

kite Dr.

ris obtiwts,
ti(jinatili(i!i

bout two
le as the

pcM'pc'tual
jcan-level.
t \ory few
coriac'i'ou>«

DMg. Till'

1 proihu't'tl
lowers are
vtusc, and
uited by a

,t the same

mivg capsule

m-

I'l. XXI

i

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irii/ir

li'&l

Til

DUSKY WILLOW.

Salix jiELANOPSis, FvUis Uiieari-lanccolatis scrndatts (jlabris basi attenw
alls rix j>e/w?a/t.^', siijmlis ludli'^, amentis cocctancis diundris, squamis
striatis ohtu^is, capsulis (jlahris laiiccolatk sabscfisdilms.

This species, which I have called Dusky Willow from the
dark appearance it assumes in drying, we met with at our
station called Fort Hall, in the plains of the Rocky Mountains,
on the alluvial lands of Lewis River of the Shoshonee, not
growing in masses, but scattered over the banks of the river in
the more elevated situations, and there attaining the magnitude
of a small tree twelve to fifteen feet high, with a spreading
sunnnit, and when in Hower forming a very elegant object. It
is closely related to the Tiiandroax Willow of Euro})e, {^Sallx
Ifhuidni,) but still sufficiently distinct. It never, like that
species, becomes a considerable tree, but more resendjles in its
magnitude and mode of growth our conunon Black Willow,
[S. virra.) The wood is white and close-grained as in that
species: the young branches apjjcar blacki.^h-brown in a dead
state, and the young leaves appear also very dark; they are
about an inch aud a half long, and about three lines wide,
attenuated at the base, so as to present no distinct i)etiole,
acute above, with minute serratures; there are no hairs at the
base of the bud, as in S. tridiidni. The male flowering branch-
lets are provided witli five or six leaves; the catkins liiwar and
elongated, with dusky pubescent scales, marked each with about
live sti'iatures. The li-male catkins are rather short, and the
fruit smooth, with sessile stigmas, as in other sj/ccies of this
[)articular group.

I'bATE XXI.

A hrarii'li iif Ihi' ihiliDid Aiif. n. Tin .n-d, . h, 'rin.^iinnin). r. 'I'ln i/inn.

urn

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94

BLACK WILLOW.

The Salix triandra so nearly allied to the present species,
becomes a tree thirty feet high, and is frequently planted in
osier grounds for the basket-maker; but the best kind planted
for this purpose io the Os/e;*, properly so called, (S. viminaUs,)
which might be propagated in almost every part of the United
States.

1 .';■!'

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BLACK WILLOW.

SA.i.iN ' IGRA, Mich., Arb., vol. ii. plate 125, fig. 1. A variety
(>'■ Miis ii< 0 occurs in South Carolina and Florida, in which the
K 1 • a .' villous and the scales of the ament densely lanugin-
ou.-. ''•■ the herbarium of Mr. Schweinitz it was marked, on
the i.iiUiorlty of Elliott, as a species S. suhcillom.

This tree, a native of all the States from New England to
Florida, and west nearly to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, is
one of the few native species which Incomes a tree, attaining
the height of fifteen to twenty-five feet, with a diameter of ten
to fifteen inches. It affec^ts the banks of rivers and lakes, and
generally grow.s jii-ar to thi' water, in moist, oecasionall^- ovei-
fioAved. situation;;. In the warmer i)!irtM of the States it puts on
a handsouu' ; i-nn',f, jiarticularly when in flower, but has

the defect of branching aliuost froni the base, and leanitijr in a
posture more wild and pieture-que than beautiful. It iuis a
dark-colored rniniih bark, iind tin' branches are brittle at the
basf, the maic catkins eoininp out with the leaves are very
elegant, and attractive; and ukuiI to Ixvs. In the southern
parts of the Union, aecordin" lo Mr. Elliott. lUe stems when
found suflficiently large are eni[)loyi'tl for the timbciii of bouts,
rmd are found to l)e light and durable.

WHITE WILLOW.

95

The White Willow {SuUx alba, Linn.) appears almost natu-
ralized in many parts of the United States. It is particularly
abundant in the western interior of New Jersey along the
liovders of the Wallkill. It grows rapidly, becoming a stout
tree in a few years, and in Europe it is considered the most
valuable timber tree of the genus; it produces a \vhite, close-
grained wood, capable of receiving a polish; it also affords fence-
wood, fuel, and bark for the tanner nearly as good as that of
the Oak.

The uses of Willows and Willow-wood in Europe are very
numerous. It is generally a close, fine-grained, white wood,
capable of taking a smooth and equal polish, and remarkably
liglit withal. The osiers sire very extensively used for all kinds
of basket-work ; and, as Virgil remarks, the shepherd sits beneath
its shade, while it affoi'ds fence for his field, browsing for his
flock, and honey for the bees ; —

■ij

"Salices, huiiiilcsque gcnistao,
Aut illoc pecori froudcm, aut pastoribus umbraiu
Sufficiuut, sepemque satis et pabula molli."

GEontiicoN, II.

II J

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MAGNOLIA.*

Natural Order, Magnoliace.e, (Jussieu.) Llwuean Classification,

POLYAiVDBIA, POLYGYNIA.

Co.lyx of throe doculuous petaloid sepals. Corolla of from six to
twelve petals. Stamens mimcrous as well as the pisrtils. Carpels
disposed in an imbricated cone, 1 to 2-soedcd, opening by the
dorsal suture. Seeds pulpy, red, suspended, when ripe hanging
out of the carpel by a long umbilical thread composed of spiral
vessels.

Trees and shrubs with large, entire, alternate, deciduous loaves,
and solitary, terminal, large, and usually odoriferous flowers. Chiefly
natives of ^orth America, China, and Japan.

LARGE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA.

Ma(JN0i.ia (iKANDiFLOKA, Linn. (Mic'ii., Sylva, plate 51.)

In the noighborhood of Savanniih, in Gt-urgia, and near New
Orleans, thin splendid tree often presents An almost eijual,
smootli, columnar shaft of sixty t«> eighty fei't elevation, and

"* Nuuiud by Liuiubiui in huuur of Pierru Mnynol, u botuuixt «f M«Mkpetti«f.
96

LARGE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA.

i)7

attains the height of one hundred feet or upward, with a grace-
ful, high, and spreading summit. On the trunk of this species,
near Savannah, I observed large quantities of the parasitic air-
plant, Epidtmh'vm conopscum, and it appeared there to grow on
no other tree. Accoi'ding to Wm. Bartram, who saw the species
so abundant in his tour in Florida, its summit forms a perfect
cone, rising from a straight clear trunk, resembling a beautilul
column; and, from its dark foliage "silvered over with milk-
white flowers," it is seen at a great distance. The succession
(jf {lowers is also long continued; in favorable situations from
May to August. Though confined very nuich to tlie neighbor-
hood of the sea-coast, it extends westward in Georgia as far as
Milledgeville; and I met with it in Alabama, on the banks of
Iltchee Creek, about twelve miles from Columbus in Georgia,
and afterward in other parts of that State down to West
Florida. It is known to the Creeks by the native name of
Twin.

In the new edition of Duhamel, we have the following ac-
count of its introduction into France. There is at Maillardiere,
about five miles from Nantes, a fine Magnolia, Avhich w^as
brought from the banks of the Mississijipi, in 1732, and planted
in a poor soil. It grew there neglected for more than thirty
years, till M. Bonami, a pliysician of Nantes and professor of
botany there, recognised this beautiful tree to be the Ma;/)iol!a
</r(ui(h'j{ura; and at the meeting of the States of Bretagne in
Sept'Muber, 1700, in Nantes, he presented to the Princess of
Kohan-Chabet a fine branch of this Magnolia in flower, which
became a subject of conversation and interest to all assembled.
Louis XV. possessed several small plants of this species in his
garden at the Petit Trianon, but they did not thrive; and,
having heard of a Magnolia tliirty-five to forty feet high,
which every year Avas covered with fine flowers of a delicious
perfume, he sent two of his gardeners to ascertain if it was
possible to transport this tree to Versailles, and. above all,

Vr.l,. IV. ^7

P-

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98

L A 11 G E-F L 0 AV E R E D MAGNOLIA.

.should they do so, if it would be certain to grow. They saw
the tree, and, being of opinion that it would not survive re-
moval, it was suflered to remain in its place. It was at that
time from thirty-five to forty feet high; but, during the troubles
of the civil war of La Vendee, it was mutilated, and lost most
of its branches. Afterward, the burning of the house near
which it was planted having damaged its head, the branches
were cropped down to the trunk, and it again shot out with
vigor, but the young shoots, not having had time to ripen, weii
destroyed by ibe frost; notwithstanding this severe check, it
again recovered, and afterward became a fine tree, between
twenty-five and thirty feet high, with a large, well-proportioned
head, and a trunk of four feet in circumference, the lowei-
branches sweeping the ground, and the whole tree producing
annually from three hundred and fifty to four hundred large,
elegant, and fragrant flowers. The seeds, however, never arrive
at perfect maturity, although the fruit attains its full size and
remains upon the tree till the following spring. This tree still
exists, and is now upward of thirty feet high and more than
one hundred years of ajvc.

At Cu^erta, ;n the nei.;l'borhood of Naples, this tree has
attained the L eight of nearly sixty feet. In this climate they
also ripen •='eeds freely.

LONG-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.

Magnolia aucrophylla. MiciiArx, Flor. 15or. Am., vol. i. p. 327.

Micii., Sylva, pi. 57.

The principal locality of thi.-s fine species has been for many
years confined to the vicinity of Lincolnton, North Carolina, ten
miles southeast of the town, near or on the estate of a man
iKinied Smith. The trees occupy the banks of a small ' in.
and are chiefly dispersed over its acclivities, in a inch h oil.

In Tennessee, near the Cumberland River, I aftemvn •■ • n.
few small trees of this species; but in the winter ol ^-u, m
an extensive tour which I made through the interior of the
Southern States, I met with abundance of the Magnolia macro
pJii/lUi, seventy miles from Tuscaloosa, on the banks of the
Coosa in Bibb county, Alabama, growing often in the same
bottom-lands as the I/lidam Florilanum. To give me some idea
of the magnitude of the Magnolias growing in this vicinity, a
fanner told me some trunks produced sixteen rails to the cut,
and that the trees were two feet in diameter; but as timber it
was little esteemed, not enduring long in the air. To the town
of Cahawba, I still saw the Magnolia; and afterward, in the
immediate vicinity of Tuscaloosa, on the road down the banks
of the Black Warrior, toward Florida, I observed this species in
the greatest abundance, often as much as sixty feet in height;
but, being the depth of winter, I of course could form no ade-
quate conception of the splendor of its appearance when in
vigorous vegetation.

Eaii-Leayed Magnolia, {Matpiolia anricuhita, Lsai. Lomj-
kavcd Cucw/ihrr Tree. Micii., Sylva, pi. 50.) In Bartram's Gar-
den, at Kingst's.-iing. in this vicinity, there is a tree of this

99

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UMBRELLA AND TULIP TREES.

species seventy or more feet high, and with a trunk of the
diameter of two to three leet.

Umbrella Tree, (Magnolia tripetala.) According to Professor
Torrey, no person since Michaiix has found this tree in any
part of the State of Nev/ York.

Tulip Tree, {Liriodcndron tuUpifcra, Linn.) Respecting the
northern limits of this tree, G. B. Emerson, Esq., informs mo,
" I have found a single tree of Liriodendron in Norfolk county,
Massachusetts. It is plentiful on Westfield River."

DRIMOPHYLLUM.

Nalaral Order, LAURiXEiE, (Vuutenat.) Llnnceaii Ckisiilficatioti,

EXXEANDKIA, MOXOGYXIA.

Flowers hermaphuodite. — Peri^oniam G-clcft, subcanipaiiulate, the
segments spatLulute-lineiii', equal, deciduous, the base persistent.
Stamina nine, in three series, all fertile, filaments short, the thi'ee of
the inner series with a pair of roundish, large, sessile glands, near
the base of each. Anthers elliptic-ovate and similar, all opening on
the inner side, 4-celled, the cells equal and parallel, with all the
valves ascending. Ovarium 1-celled, with one ovule. Style short;
sti(jma somewhat depressed, capitate. Berry 1-seedcd.

A sempervireut, small tree of Upper California, with alternate,
lanceolate, minutely reticulated, pungently aromatic, smooth leaves.
Flowers small, yellow, smooth, in small terminal naked clusters.
(Nearly allied to Ocotea of Aublct, but with hermaphrodite flowers,
similar and uniformly introrse anthers, and a deciduous perianth. The
leaves are also naked, without pennate nerves, ana the inflorescence
not in panicles. It is also nearly allied to Aperiphrada of Nees, but
with flowers of a very different habit, and, with those genera, belongs
to the tribe Oreodapiine^.)

* From AptiiUif acrid to the taste, and fukkov, a leaf.

101

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CALIFORNIAN BAY TREE.

DrIMOPIIYLLUM PAUCIFLOIIUM.

OCOTEA SALICIFOLIA? KuXTII, SyNOPS., vol. i. p. 458.

This is a very elegant evergreen tree of Upper California,
growing round Santa Barbara, twenty to twenty-five or thirty feet
high, with erect, terete, and smooth branches. The wood is
white and I'ather soft. The leaves arc alternate, evergreen,
coriaceous, perfectly smooth, tliree to four inches long and
three-quarters to one and a quarter inches wide, lanceolate-
pointed, but obtuse, entire, with very indistinct slender lateral
jjierves, and strongly but minutely reticulated above; the foot-
stalks are about two to three lines long. The odor and taste
of the leaves are very aromatic, the latter so much so as to be
quite pungent, even more so than the leaves of the Bay; and
they are employed as condiments by the inhabitants. The
llowers are in small conti'acted clusters, at first surrounded with
bud .«cales, which are caducous, but not in the form of an nivo-
lucrum. The flowers are aljout four or five together, on pedicels
nearly as long as themselves. The perianth is yellowisli, fun-
nel-formed, and somewhat spreading, deeply 0-cleft, the segments
linear-spathulate and smooth, a little pubescent within toward
the base. Stamens nine, with short and broad filaments, the
anthers oblong, 4-celled, all opening from v" "n, the cells
parallel and nearly all eqeal, with the vaUe^ ending, the
three innermost each furnished toward the base of the filament
with two large reniform, sessile glands. The perianth is deci-
duous, the base alone being persisten*^, iind enlarging with the
1-seeded berry. The perfect fruit I have not seen.

T'LATE XXir.

A branch of the htiUirnl ■■'iir. a. The ffoinr enlarged.
102

Hfornia,
irty foot
wood is
orgrcoii,
nig and
iceolato-
r lateral
the foot-
lid taste
as to be
fay; and
ts. The
ded with
an nivo-
i pedicels
k'ish, fiin-
soginents
1 toward
ents, the
the colls
ding, the
filament
li is deci-
with the

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Driinopliylluin pmifinorum .

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UMBELLULARIA,

(Nees, ab Ertcnb.)

Natural Order, Laurinp^^e. Llnnman Classification, Ennean-

DRIA, MoXOGYXJA.

Flowers hermaphrodite. — The perianth deeply G-parted and shortly
campanulate, the segments eriual and deciduous. Stamina twelve,
the nine exterior fertile, interior sterile, the three fertile innermost
ones each with a pair of large glands covering the back of the
filament. Anthers 4-celled, those of the third series with the two
upper cells introrscly opening, the lower extrorsely and lateral; the
sterile filaments thread-shaped. Slifpiia peltate, subrepand. Bar)/
1-seeded, seated on the cup-shaped base of the perianth.

A tree of Upper California, with alternate pennately-ncrved leaves.
The fl.ower8 aggregated in axillary umbellated clusters, enclosed by
the involucrum; the scales of the involucrum broadish, alternate, and
approximate ; after the opening of the flower, caducous.

103

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CALIFORNIAN UMBELLULARIA.

Umbkllulakia Cai.ifoknica. ILrmuphrodila, fvliis fcnmmnlihus oh-
lu)H/o-l(()i<'cola(i> fix aciilis 2K)nuiicrrii.i rclh-idata-rcnosis glahris, iKilun-
culls axilldribiis t:hiij>li(ihi(s, Jlvribus jilnribas, umbdla siu cojniata, palun-
ciilo folio hrn'ioriliH.'i.

Tktuaxthkha ? Caui'ouxica, IIookku et Akx., iu Bot. Beech. Voy.,
p. 158. IIooKKK, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. loT.

LAURUri uixiiA? Douglas, Joiiriiiil, in Ilook. Comi"»an, Bot. Mag.,
vol. ii.

Tins splondid evergreen tree was discovered, on the northwest
coast, in Upper Caliibrnia, by Mr. Menzies, who first made known
to botanists the vegetable treasures of that interesting and then
unexplored region. Douglas afterward found it in nearly the
same country, south of the Colum]>ia or Oregon, and adds, that
it attains the height of from forty to one hundred and twenty
feet, with a diameter of from two to four feet. It commences
at the southern limit of the prevailing Pine and Fir forests
which line tiie wastes of Oregon. The foliage gives out, when
bruised, a most powerful can)phorated odor, which from its
pungency is capable of exciting sneezing. Flowering specimens
of this interesting tree were in Douglas's collection from Cali-
fornia. It is to be regretted, however, that no detailed descrip-
tion nor figure is given; and I had not the good fortmie to meet
with it myself.

Sassafras, (Lnuruft finsf^nf /•(!.% Lt\x.) The inhabitants of

North and South Carolina distinguish two kinds of Sassafras.

the I»ed and the White. The Ked or true L.Kaxs<ifraH I referred

(in tlie "Genera of North American Plants," vol. i. pp. 2o9, 200.)

to a sub-genus FAiosimtfi, embracing also the following variety.

which I then considered as a species, by th(> name of L. (I-^'os-
in4

]{ E M ARKS ( t N T HE 1. A F R I N iE.

10;

mux) alhitJa. It is distinguishable from the Red by hiiving the
iKids and twigs smooth and glaucous; its leaves are also smooth
and thin, and the veins almost obsolete beneath ; the petiole is
apparently longer. The root is much more strongly camphor-
iitod than that of the Eed sort, and is nearly white. It is better
calculated to answer as a substitute for ochra {Hibiscus CHCulcntus)
than the common kind, as the buds and young branches are
much more mucilaginous. It is abundant in North and South
Carolina, from the Catawba Mountains to the cast bank of the
Santee, growing with the common kinds.

From the present order of plants we derive the Cinnamon,
Cassia, and the Camphor. Several species afford the cinnamon
of commerce, and the Laurus Qnh'os produces that of Peru.
The cinnamon of Santa Fe de Bogota is afibrded by Laurits
cinnamomoidcs. A great deal of the finest camphor of India,
however, is the product of the Drjjohalanops camjiihora. The
volatile oil obtained from some species of Laurus found in the
vast forests between the Orinoco and the Parime is produced
in great abundance by merely making an incision into the bark
with an axe, as deep as the liber or young Avood. It gushes out
in such quantities that several quarts may be obtained by a
single incision. It has the reputation of being a powerful dis-
cutient.

IV.-

itants of ^P

Sassafi'iis. K:

[ referri'd K'-

?59, 200.) B

f variety. Wm

L. (Kilos- ^M

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THE LINDEN, ou LIME TREE.

I 1

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Natural Order, TiliacEjE, (oussieu.) Linncean Classification,

POLYANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.

TILIA.* (Linn.)

Sepals five. Petals five. Stamens numerous, disposed more or less in five
clusters, the central tuft (cliicfiy in the native species) transformed
into a petal. The ovari/ globular, villous, and 5-celled, each of the
cells bearing two ovules. Capsule ligneous, globular, by abortion
only 1-celled, with one or two seeds. Cotyledons sinuate.

Trees of Europe and North America, with alternate dilated or
cordate loaves, oblique at the base, serrated on the margin, and with
a tough and fibrous bark ; stipules caducous. The flowers disposed
in flattish pedunculated clusters, (or cymes,) and with the peduncle
curiously adnate for a great part of its length to a large membra-
naceous, linear bracte. The rest of this family of plants are nearly
all tropical productions.

* An ancient Latin name, probably from the Greek -meXsa, the Elm.

Hi I

106

,EE.

nfication,

ess in five
insformcd
ach of tlio
^ abortion

dilated or
1, and with
'3 disposed
3 peduncle
3 membra-
are nearly

) Elm.

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LARGE-LEAVED ^INDEN, or LIME.

TiLiA HETEROPHYLLA. FolUs ovatis, ttrfjutc scvralis, hasl nunc cordatis,
nunc oblique aut wquaUtcr iruncaiis, subtus tomoiiosis ; mice inslfminL —
Vextexat, Mem. de riustitnt,, torn. 4, p. IG, pi. 5. PuusH, Flor.
Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 303. Nouveau Duuamel, vol. i. p. 229.
Decandolle, Prod., vol. i. p. 513.

Tilia HETEROPHYLLA. T.oavos glabi'ous find deep green above, very
Avliite and velvety-tomentosc beneath, the veins dark-colored and
nearly glabrons, with coarse mucronate serratnres; petals obtnse,
crcnulatc; staminodia (inner petals) spatulate, entire, style hairy
at the base. — Torrey and Gray, Flor. Xortli Amer., vol. i. p. 230.

Tilia alba. — Smit/is Insects of Georgia, vol. i. p. 21, t. 11?

This is one of the rarest and most ornamental trees of the
whole genus; and, as far as my own observations go, it is almost
wholly confined to the shady forests of the Ohio and its tributary
streams, to which Pursh also adds the banks of the Mississippi.
Torrey and Gray received it likewise from the neighborhood of
Macon, in Georgia, where it was collected by our late mutual
friend and excellent observer, Dr. Loomis. In descending the
Ohio, late in autunni, (about the year 181G,) I got out of
the Ijoat in which I was descending, to walk round Lc Tart's
Rapids above Cincinnsiti. Here I observed almost an exclusive
forest of this fine Linden, on a rather-elevated alluvial platform,
in a light, rich, calcareous soil. Most of the trees were tall and
rather slender, sixty to eighty feet in height, and the ground
was thickly strewed with their large and singular leaves, almost
as white as snow ))eneath. According to the herbarium of Mr.
Schweinitz, it exists also in Virginia, pro])ably on the borders of
the streams which ilow into tiie Ohio near Pittsburg; and
according to Dr. Short, of licxington, Kentucky, it forms in
iiis vicinity one of the largest Ibrest ' rees in the rich land,-)

there. Decandollc s[ieaks of haviuu icccivcd ii sptrinn'U of

11.7

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108 LARGE-LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.

some very similar ispecies from Mexico. It does not yet appciU'
to have been introduced into Europe, though it is properly
described in the New Duhamel, probably from Ventenat's essay,
as the leaves are said to be snow-white beneath.

The young branches are purplish and somewhat glaucous.
The largest leaves I have seen ai'c about six or seven inches
long and three to live broad. In the young state, the white
pubescence beneath is most conspicuous when the leaves are
thinly covered; the hairs are stellate, the serratures are strong
and sharp, with acuminated rigid points; the upper surface is
dark green: the base of the leaf varies considerably ; sometimes
it is sinuated, at other times perfectly flat and truncated; the
leaves are always very oblique at the base. The flowers are
somewhat larger than those of T. Americana, and the fruit is
villous, nearly- spherical, and certaiidy always without any ribs.

The TiLiA ALBA, White Lime of Michaux, plate 132, not
being the T. alJia of Kitaibel and Alton, (llort. Kew. 1. c)
which is a native of Hungary, it is necessary to change its
name, and we propose to call it Tima Michauxii, (Michaux's
Lime.) if his plant should indeed prove to be any thing more
than a smoother variety of our T. lictcwphijUa.

PLATE XXIII.

A branch of (he naiaml size. a. The J'niil. b. The flower.

General Ohwrvatmift. The Lime has long been a favorite
tree for avenues and public walks; it is planted in the streets
of some of the principal towns of France, Holland, and Ger-
many, and it is used for forming avenues botii on the continent
of Europe and in Great Britain. It lias (if late years been

LARGE-LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME. 109

imicli jil.inted along the streets in several towns and cities of
the United States, but in Pliiladelplila it is so niueli attacked
])V insects that it probably will not long survive. Tuc species
eiii[)loyed for this purpose appears to be principally the Enro-
])ean, while the native kinds, being more hardy and vigorous,
ought to have the preference, particularly the present species,
[T. lieierophyllo.,) which in a good soil becomes a large tree, and
is at the same time splendidly ornamental. The insect that
devours the leaves of the Linden appears to be a iiioth/^' which
suspends its cocoons at the ends of the twigs of the trees it has
strijjped; these ought carefully to be removed and destroyed,
jjy which means the evil, if not wholly cured, would be de-
cidedly mitigated.

The Dutch plant the Lime in towns, along their widest
streets, and by the sides of their canals ; and the whole
country is thus perfumed by their tlowers diu'iug the months
of July and August : they likewise aftbrd an ample repast for
the bees.

The wood of the European Lime Tree is of a pale yellow or
white, close-grained, soft, light, and smooth, and not liable to
be attacked by insects. It is used by pianolbrte-makers for
sounding-boards, and by cabinet-makers for a variety of [)ur-
poses. It is turned into domestic utensils of various kinds,
carved into toys, &c. The most elegant use to which it has
been applied is for carving, for which it is superior to any other
wood. Many of the fine carvings in ^^ indsor Castle, St. Paul's,
Trinity College Library at Candjridge, and in the Duke of
Devonshire's mansit)n at Chatsworth, from the hand of the
celebrated Gibbons, are of this wood. It makes excellent char-
coal for gunpowder. Baskets and cradles were formerly made
from the twigs. The leaves are also employLd as fodder for
cattle \i\ Europe. It is in Russia and some parts of Sweden

A wpcfii'S ol (Jikitliiin.

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no LARGE-LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.

that the well-known bass mats are formed from the inner bark
of this tree. Tiie bark strijiped from young trees of six inches
to a foot in diameter is selected for this purpose. These strips
are steeped in water till the bark separates freely into layers ;
it is then taken out and separated into strands, which are dried
in the shade, and afterward manufactured into the mats so
much used by gardeners and upholsterers, and for covering
packages. The fishermen of Sweden make fishing-nets of the
fibres of the inner bark, formed into a kind of flax ; and the
shepherds of Carniola even weave a coarse cloth of it, which
serves them for their ordinary clotliing. The whole plant
abounds with mucilage, the sap, like that of the Maple, aflbrds
a considerable quantity of sugar, and the honey produced by
the flowers is considered superior to all other kinds for its deli-
cacy, selling at three or four times the price of common honey;
in Europe, it is used exclusively in medicine, and for making
some particular kinds of Hqneurs, especially rosolio. This Lime
Tree lioney is only to be procured at the little town of Kowno,
on the river Niemen, in Lithuania, which is surrounded by an
extensive forest of Lime Trees. The triturated fruit produces
also a paste very similar to that of cocoa. During the taste
for grotescjue decorations, the Lime, like the Yew, was cut into
various imitative forms, and in some of the public gai'dens of
recreation round I'aris and Amsterdam there are very imposing
colonnades, arcades, walls, pyramids, and other architectural-
looking masses formed of this tree.

The Pjuropcan Linden attains a height of upward of one
hundred fi'et, and grows with vigor for several centuries. In
Switzerland there are some very large and ancient Lime Trees :
one, mentioned by Decandolle the younger, near Morges, has a
trunk of twenty-four feet four inches in circumference ; another,
near the great cliurch at Rerne, which was planted before the
year 1410, is thirty-six feet in girth.

MANGLE.

Natural Order, RiiizopiiOREiE, (R. Brown.) Lmncean Classifica-
tion, DODECAXDRIA, MOXOGY.

RIIIZOPHORA.* (Linn.)

Tube of the eahjx obovatc, coherent with the ovar^', the border
divided into four oblong, persistent segments. Petals four, ob-
long, emarginate, coriaceous, conduplicate, before expansion em-
bracing the alternate stamens, the margins each with a double
row of long, woolly hairs. Stamens twice as many as the petals ;
anthers nearly sessile, large, linear-oblong. Ocaru 2-celled, with
two ovules in each coll. Sl>/le conical, short, 2-furrowed ; stif/nia
2-toothcd or bifid. Fruit ovate or oblong, crowned near the base
with the persistent segments of the calyx, longer than the tube,
at length perforated at the apex by the radicle of the germinating
embryo.

Maritime trees of the tropics, with entire opposite leaves and
axillary flowers.

* The name, from pt!^a, a root, <fepw, to bear, in allusion to the seed ger-
minating before it falls from the branches.

Ill

AMERICAN MANGLE, or MANGROVE.

y\il

i! ;il.

i'l' i

Khizopiioua Amioricana. JPoliii ohocato-oblongh ohUms ; jWiliiiiculiA
(richoloinis pctlulo Iviigioribus, stjUa sahidatis bifidis, fructibus suhnhit'j-
clavads obtusis.

Khizopiioua maiujlc. — Jacqcin, Amer., p. 141, t, 89. Buown, Jam.,
p. 211. Decand., Prod., vol. iii. p. 532. Kutt., Florid., pi. Sill, "i,
p. 295. Tor. and Gray, vol. i. p. 481, (not of Lixn.)

Candda Amerkwia folds laurinis. — Catksry's Ca" 1., vol, ii. p. tj3,
t. G3.

MaiKjle aqaati.a, foliis subroluitdis el j^iOK-iatis. — Plumier, Gen., p. 13.
Sloaxe, Jam., p. 155, Ilist., vol. ii. p. 63.

Marym Guapariia. — Pisu'rf Brazil, 1. 4, o. 87, R.

Tuis tree is found in the maritime swamps of Louisiana and
East Florida, and along the coast of Texas is not unconnnon.
The Mangrove, like the famous Banyan Fig, sends out innu-
merable roots into the surrounding marshes from the I'usi-
foi'm fruits which terminate its branches, so that after a while
a single tree becomes, as it were, the parent of a whole forest
of several miles in extent; and, growing well even into the
salt water, it is not unfrequent to see their branches loaded
with oysters (the Ontrca folinm) of an exquisite flavor. Those
thickets likewise afford a resort for various kinds of sea-fowl,
and, fringing the margin of the ocean and the salt-pools with
their spreading summits, they give a peculiar feature to the
tropical landscape, but at the same time afford shelter to clouds
of mosquitos. The bark and fruit are useful for tanning : the
ilower, according to Loureiro, dyes a very durable black, and,
according to Sloano, affords a material for ink.

The Mangrove of the West Indies and Tropical America

becomes a tree about forty to fifty feet high and two to three

feet in diameter, with a ferrugi)ious bark and white wood of no

great value except for ftu;! , yet, according to Sloane, the wood
1TJ

lOVE.

Kibliini'ii^
subalah-

'N, Jinn.,
)1. Sill. \

ii. p. i;8,

en., p. 13,

iaiia and
icomnion.
out innu-

tlie I'u.si-
r a while
lole forest

into the
les loaded
ir. Those
f sea-fowl,
lools with
ire to the
r to clouds
ining: the
•lack, and,

1 America
o to three
vood of no
', tlic wood

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AMERICAN MANGLE.

113

is good for building and for shingles. TIi<> wood of that of India,
as described by Roxburgh in his " Flora Indica," is of a dark-
reddish color, hard, and durable.

The Mangrove is not very tall, but veiy branching; the
branches, almost always opposite, ( longated and pendant.
When touching the soil, they strike root and become new
trees, which remultiply themselves in the same manner, thus
forming an almost impenetrable barrier on the borders of the
sea.

The leaves are opposite, entire, coriaceous, at first folded in-
ward, with caducous stipules between the petioles. The flowers
are pale yellow, the segments of the calyx lanceolate. The
anthers are subulate; the margin of the petals pilose; the
style bifid, with the divisions rather long and subulate. The
verdure* of the Mangrove is dark and gloomy, and the whole
tree, inhabiting a region of desolation, presents an aspect of
sadness.

The most extraordinary plant of this, or rather a nearly-allied
genus, is the Rhizophora (jymnorhiza of Linna>us, (now Bnnjiera.)
This tree grows commonly in the maritime marshes of India;
and the branches of its numerous roots, ascending into the air,
produce the appearance of a large umbrageous tree, as it were,
on stilts, or, as Roxburgh says, supported in the air on a circle
of converging hop-poles. The fruit, the leaves, and the bark ol
this species are also said to aftbrd food to the native inhabitants.
A figure of it is given by Rumphius, vol. iii. t. 68, and by Rheede,
in the "Flora Malabarica," vol. vi. tab. 31, 32.

PLATE XXIV.

A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit.

Vol. IV.— 8

G U A V A.

Natural Onler, MYiiTACEii^. Linna'an Clomfuation, Icosandria,

MONOGYNIA.

rSIDlUM.* (Linn.)

fMyx-in\)G (or external germ) ellipHoid or obovnte, often contracted
at the summit; the border at first undivided and ovate while in
flower, afterward 1 to 5-eleft. Pelah, live. Slainnhs ver}' minierous,
distinct, ^///'i; filiform ; sh'ijnia capitate. The or/in/ with from five
to twenty cells, Konie of them abortive, each cell subdivided by the
inter}iositi(in of a placenta resembling a dissepinient. Onilcs nume-
rous, horizontal. Fruit a many-seeded ben-y, coated witli tlie
adhering tube of the calyx and crowned by its persisting lobes.
The seeds scattered through the pulp in the I'ipe berry, having a
bony or hard shell. The emhri/o curved in a half-circle round tlie
protruded base of the testa. Coli/kdons nunntc, the radicle rather
long.

Trees or shrubs chiefly indigenous to the intertropical regions of
America, with opposite, entire, impunctate, feather-ncrvc(l leaves,
iVduncles axillary, 1 to 8-flowered, each flower with a pair of bractes.
The flowers white.

* One of the (Jreek nnnics for tli»! I'oiiiegraiiuto, Uuava IB a oorruption of
tho American aborif^^inul name of Gmiynha.

114

COSANDRIA,

contracted
ite wliile in
' luiiiierous,

li I'roni livi^
itk'd by tlio
h'uh:.s iniiiit'-
(1 uith tlio
sting Io!)c's.
ry, liiivinii; a
0 round tin!
idiclo nitlicr

il regions of
•vc'd Ii'iivci^.
r of iiraetcs.

corruption nf

i'ijil

'■•^'\l

i"i '1

1

,; m

it

.3

u

'i n n

:i'i:i ;i

]

'n J .■ji;)' '

:i

Ir

ill ' ii '' ' . '

1 ■

■1 ■ .

1
i

1

PISXN'.

i'lHldiinii iMixiroliiiiM

^'/I'rii/ii O'l/init liiiyiififf lie III l''li>fi</r

P1XXN-.

/•'/iiri</f

I,

r ' n\

IHiiU:

■)i3

! M

! '1 1

FLORIDA GUAYA.

r.siDiUM BuxiFOLiu.M. Glahrum, ramnlis (crclibtis, fol'ds pnrrnfis corifioeis
mnmto-ohovaiis obtusis suhscsaiUhiis inargim recolalis, pcdaiwidts solitariis
brcvissimis unijiorls, fructu pyriformi.

Fur a kiiowledgo of this interesting tree or «liriib we are
indebted to the Lite indefatigable Dr. Baldwin, who met with it
in some part of East Florida near the river St. Johns. To
show how very uidike this species is to all the others known, it
wiis hastily nuirked by Mr. Schweinitz, in his herbarium, (of
wiiich the specimen forms a part,) '•Qim-vus rircns" and at the
first hasty glance some resemblance may be traced with the
Live Oak in the leaf and twig; but, of course, the presence of
the fruit at once dispels the illusion.

I have seen but the single specimen now figured, and would

recommend its exiimination to some future traveller. The twig

is round, covered with a gray bark, and at near distances nuirked

with the cicatrices of opposite fallen leaves. The leaves on the

up|)or branchlets are crowded together in opposite pairs, of a

very thick, opaque, rigid consistence, and api)ear to be semper-

virent; they are perfectly smooth on both sides, paler beneatii,

dark-green above, cuneate-obovate, obtuse, sometimes with an

attemi)t at a very short and l)huit acumination, with the margui

ri'llected, and beneath marked with numerous a[)[)roximating

leathered nerves; they are from one inch to one and a half

inches long by oiu'-half to tiiree-tpiarters of an inch wide. The

peduncU's are axillary and solitary, very thick in the fruit-stalk,

and scarcely two lines long. The tlowers I have not seen. The

berry is l)hu'kish-pin'[)le. peai"-sha[)ed. al)out the si/o of a cherry,

and appears to have been succulent, as usual; internally it is

filled with horizontal rows of llat. siil)rciiilni'ni. [talt'-hrow iiisli,

liony seeds, with a nannw i'ttilii\o tiirstd into the form nl' a

11.")

11

;'l^

1

;

1 !

J

i 1 '1

r

r 1

Il

i,'

! .f

■1; >!>

116

FLORIDA G U A V A.

horseshoe. The cotyledons are very small, and in the seed are oi'
a bright waxy yellow. This species is vci-y nearly allied to the
Purple-fruited Guava, [P. Catllelaimm,) scarcely difl'ering in aiij
thing but the sniallness of the leaves and the pyriforni fruit,
tliough the leaves of the Purple Guava, besides being much
larger, are also pubescent when young. Most of the species ol'
this genus are cultivated in the tropics for their fruit. The /■*.
pyrifvnim, or Common Guav.i, bears a fruit about the size of
a hen's egg, yellowish, with a peculiar odor; the pulp is rather
firm, flesh-colored, sweet, agreeable, and aromatic. In the West
Indies it is highly esteemed by all classes, being eaten raw, as a
dessert, or formed into an excellent sweetmeat and jelly.

Of the fruit of the Purple Guava, to which ours is so closely
related, Lindley remarks, "The excellent flavor of its fruit,
which is very like that of strawberries and cream, is far supe-
rior to either P. pyrifenim, pomiferam, or pulycarponr Mr.
Sabine remarks of the fruit of this species, "that it is juicy, of
a consistence nmch like that of a strawberry, to which it bears
some resemblance in flavor."

What the present species may become, when cultivated, re-
mains to be proved; but in a genus so generally interesting for
their fruit, the experiment is worth making when an oppor-
tunity may ofler. Probably Dr. Baldwin found it growing near
or above New Smyrna, as he did not go much farther inic the
interior of East Florida.

PLATE XXV.

A branch of the natural size in fruit.

n

3\vnig near

^ 1 :

1

•I

. i':!;

1

I -! il

mu

;i ■;

M ■■■!!

fi

r;ilv|ilrii rain's vliyli'ju'ulta

1'1.\\'V|

r/ivli'iKii^K

w

I I

11 ■ ■ \l

illl'i

Ml i

ii'li

ill: i

1 ■'■

!i 'J

': I W

CALYPTRANTIIES.

(SWARTZ.)

Natural Order, MYRTACEyE. Lbnavan Cla-ftsificotion, Icosandria,

MOXOGYNIA.

Tube of the calyx obovate, with the border entire; when flowering,
bursting circularly in the form of a lateral, ami at length deci-
duous, lid. Petals none, or two or three and minute. Stamens many.
Sl>/k one; stigma simple. Ovary 2 or 3-celled, the cells 2-8eeded.
The berry by abortion 1-celled, 1 to 4-soeded.

Small trees of the West India Islands and of Brazil, the leaves
with pinnated veins. Flowers small and numerous, usually in axillary
or terminal panicles.

FORKED CALYPTRANTHES.

Calyptrantiies ciiytraculia. Arborea, folits ocatis apice attcnuatis
rigidiuscuUs dcmum glabris, peduncuUs ax'dlari-tcrminalibus trichotomis
panmdatis floribusquc rufo-velutinis. — Decand., Prod., vol. iii. p. 257.

C. ciiytraculia. Arborea, pcdimndis terminaUbiis trichotomis tomcntos'is,
foliis ovatis apice attcnuatis. — Swautz, Prod., p. 79; Flor. Ind. Occid.,
vol. ii. p. 921.

* The naino from xakunrpa, a veil, and avOu^, a jhnrer, in allusion to the oper-

culid form of the calyx.

117

; I ■

^j ^i

m

'I'll I

m

i'lii

118

FORKED CALYTTRANT^TES.

AfYKTiis oilYTRACrrjA. PcdiwruUs dirjwiowis pmiienhifis hwoilofiis,
fiilUs f/nvhii.'! SKbnrotl.f fcvnihifdthii.v. — Ltnx., AmcRii. Aradom., vol. v.
p. 308. SwAiiTZ, Obscrv., p. 202.

ChytramVa arbnrca, foUis orofh f/Iahm npposHis, raccmis krminaUhus.
— BiiowN, Jiimaic, j.. 2B0, t. 37, fiff. 2.

EUOKNIA PALLKNS? PoiRKT, Suppl., vol. iii. p. 122.

This plant forms an elegant and curious small tree, with hard
Avood, and in Jamaica is accounted an excellent timber; but the
tnuiks seldom exceed fourteen or fifteen inches in diameter.
In Jamaica it is found in the dry mountain-lands; it is also
indigenous to the islands of St. Thomas and Guadaloupe, and it
has now also been found on Key West by Dr. Blodgett.

The branches appear to be covered with a gray and smooth
bark. The leaves, when in bud, as well as the young branches,
flower-stalks, and calyx, are clad with a short, soft, ferruginous
down, Avhich wholly disappears fnmi the leaves as they advance
in their development; they are of a hmceolate-ovate form,
narrowed into a short petiole below; above, acuminate but
obtuse ; beneath they are distinctly pennate-nerved, and too
opaque to admit the light through the resinous glands with
which they are nevertheless jjrovided : they are about two
inches long by an inch in width. The flowering panicles are
trichotomous, usually terminal, and considerably ramified. The
flowers arc small and whitish, from the color of the stamens.
The calyx is ferruginous and tomentose, formed of a small
obovate even cup; the whole border, separating in a circular
manner, flies over to one side, in the form of a rounded petal,
from whence issue the rnnnerous filifoi'm stamens with small
whitish anthers. The germinal fruit appears small, dry, and
tomentose ; but I ain unacqua inted with it in a ripe state.

PLATE XXVI.

A branch of the natural size. u. A Jiuicir mogtiifieil, showing the lateral
adhevi'ine of flit' lit/ of Ihe inlij.r.

E U (> E N I A.*

(Micinai, Linn.)

Natural Order, Myrtace.e. Llmioiau Classljication, Icosandria,

MONOGYNIA.

The tube of the caljix ronndisli, with the border deeply 4-partcd.
Pelah four. Slanims many, free. Ooiri/ 2 to 3-celled, the cells
containing several ovules. Bern/ sub-globose, crowned with the
persisting calyx ; when mature, 1 or rarely 2-celled. Seeds one or
two, roundish and large. The cmhrjjo pseudo-monocotyledonous,
the cofyledons very thick and wholly blended together, the radicle
more or less distinct and vM-y short.

These are trees or shrubs mostly indigenous to the Caribbean Is-
lands, or the warmor parts of America. The leaves and inflores-
cence are very similar to those of the Myrtles.

* So named in honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who was a protecter and
encourager of botany, and possessed a botanic garden.

^ij^iiiijiiii

■1

li'h r

I

.1*:

119

111' I

Il ' I

i i

.J 'I

.i!f

i» i

m '4

■•■ I

I .'i
iii

SMALL-LEAYEI) EUGENIA.

Eugenia diciiotoma. Ptdiinridis axiUaribas opposUls d sublcniiiiKililni.^
folio loi)(jiur(ljii,s hifulis aid his hijidis, Jloribiifi in dichnloniiis ,vc.v.v///V/'/,v
ccekris iKdicdldlis, foliis dliidiro-binaulatis ba.si attcniudis pdlucida-
jxuivtatis, udidtis tjl'(hris, junioribiis ulriiiqiu: ramulis cali/cibu.sqac pnhts.
centibus. — BiiCAND., Prod., vol. iii, p. 278.

Myrtus dirliotoma. — Vulil ! MSS., I'oiukt, Supplcni., vol. iv. p. .'>'■)':

[i FUACiUANS, folds onUis i/lubris. Kl'dKMA KKAQUANri. AVlLM)., Sp.

PI., vol. ii. p. !J(i4. liot, Miigaz., t. 1212. ii'. tnontana, Aubl.,
Giiiaii., vol. i. [». 41);'), t. I'JoV
EiKiENiA dino'icidd, liAM., Kiicyc, p. 202.

This elegant and fragrant s[)ec;ie.s of Eugenia, resembling a
Myrtle, becomeH, at Key West, according to Dr. Blodgett. u
tree. It is also indigenous to the islands of St. Domingo iind
(Juba, where specimens have been collected by Poileau and La
tSagra. The variety fniiji'aiiH (for such 1 must (consider it) is a
native of the high mountains in the southern part of Jamaica
and Martini({ue, and, if the same with Aublet's E. monfaiid,
is also a native of (luiaua. Tiic K Jhit/rdnfi has many yeiirs
since been collected by Dr. Baldwin, in the vicinity of New
Smyrna, in East Florida.

The wood of J'J. t/inirl(of<i, according to Lamarck, is hard,
close-grained, and reddish, and is much esteemed for articles of
furniture. The wood of the Klori(hi Trc!(^ is exactly similiir;
while that of I'J. iiioiikma, aci'ording to Aublet, is hard, com-
pact, and white.

The l)rnnches of the plant now figured are covered with a
smooth, light-gray or silvery bark, and at the summits iirc
crowded with small, shining, almost o|)a(pie, leaves, but yet
interspersed with the usuid reHinr)us vesicles of the genus; tlu'y
are from ri' inch to an inch and a half in length, and about
three-quarters of an inch in breadth, mostly elli|)tic or elliptic-

I'JU

bfrnniiKililiii.^

IIS SCSSlllllil.-:

i.s fcKuciilii-

IIS<ltlC piibis-

IV. p. •)'■>''.
WlLhl)., Sp.

tana, Auui,.,

oseinl)lin^ a
IJl()dj>vtt. a,
()inin;z<> and
toaii and La
sider it) is a
b of Jamaica
E. moiifaii((,
many years
lity oi' New

rck, is hard,
)!' articli's of
rtly Hiniilar;
A hard, coni-

/croJ with a
siiimnits an-
,voH. but yet
{.a'lins; they
h, and nhoul
ic or <'lli|>lii'-

^il

li

ii 1 '■' ■ '.' i

: 'I'M i ■ I'] Ii

I'l Wvii

^'^ -!■ 'mI 'i

' '' !

is ' 1

'^'a

^

jit

k

^k

r ^^^F^\ /fl

>

^

^

^^

1 i ;N

^ . i

tiSk'

^

1 ';ra : 11 Siihi^/ Uii4<</ h'H^inta

I'liiiniia liivliuioiiiM .

til Ml'

/ ihvhi'U'ini

M ■ ' i 1 ^'^ ''

ri WMi

|l: !

, ;|i

'h'irii

\A

i,li

l<

i) t

II

. . 1

''I

1
■ t

t

i

t

1

i

1

ii '
1

1

I ,*

p. M

I!

SMALL-LEAVED EUGENIA.

121

oblong, and always narrowed below ; sometimes they are nearly
lanceolate and obtuse at the point ; scarcely any veins are visi-
ble on either side, but the midrib is prominent lieneath. Tho
voinig leaves, buds, peduncles, and calyx are clothed with a
close, short, hoary pubescence, which in the variety fraijraii'^
is much less distinct or almost wanting. The peduncles are
axillary, coming out toward the summits of the branches, and
are of various lengths, sometimes only a little longer than the
leaves, at other times crowded into trichotomous branchlets
two or three times longer than the leaves ; in their most simple
form, except by the abortion of the lateral buds, they terminate
in three flowers, the central one sessile in the fork, and the
lateral ones on longish, diverging pedicels ; at other times the
peduncles are twice trifid, or even more ramified, and lengthened
out vei'y much in the progressive ripening of the fruit. The
segments of the calyx are always four, broad and rounded,
covered with resinous cists or vesicles, and pubescent or ciliate
on the margins. The petals are likewise rounded or concave,
whitish, with a tinge of red. The stamens are numerous.
Style simple and sul)ulate. The beiT}' at length only 1-seeded.
There are a pair of minute, subulate bractes under the base of
each flowei*-bud, but so deciduous that they are seldom to be
seen.

One of the specimens of the variety fraymns, from New
Smyrna, has very slender twigs ; and on the same specimen
there ar(> obtuse and very Kharply-avute leaves. In this also
the peduncles are chiefly axillary. This plant is nearly as
fragrant as the common Myrtle.

PLATE XXVn.

A branch of the natural size. a. Tlnji^m'ir a littlf cn(<tr(/i(L (>. The berry,

of the natural she.

IV.— 8*

i

\\\\

m

! II :

■m

m

1
1 t

1 l^f'

1 ;,

, :i , : ■

1 1

1 i!

1 t

1 lil

ilH

TALL EUGENIA.

Mi ' ; 'i

I •

Eugenia procera. Pnlicdlls nnijioris axlllarihus 2—i-confcr(is folio
hrtfiiiriliiis suh fore, hihractrolalls, foliis ovatis obtuse acioiiinads rn-
misque (jlahrls. — Poiuet, Siippl. Eiicyc, vol. ii. p. 129. Dkca.vh.,
Prod., vol. iii. p. 2(18.

Myrti's pkooera. Pcdtini'iilis covfcriis axillaribus taiijforis, foUis ovalis
acuininalis j)l(()ik f/lahris, ramis vircjatis, caule arhorco. — Swartz, Prod.,
p. 77. Flor. Ind. Occideut, vol. ii. p. 887. Willd., Sp. pi.,
vol. iv. p. 908.

This is another plant with the aspect of a Myrtle, wliich
becomes a tree and attains an elevation of twenty to thirty
feet. It was discovered by Swartz in the forests of the interior
of Hispaniola. It is likewise indigenous to the islands of Mar-
tinique and Santa Cruz, and has now been found common on
Key West by the same gentleman who met with the pre-
ceding species.

The wood appears to be white and close-grained. Tlie twigs
are clothed with a light gray, almost white and silvery, bark,
and are spreading and sometimes zigzag. The leaves are on
short petioles one and a half to two and a half inches long by
an inch to an inch and a half wide, ovate-acuminate, and ob-
tuse, rather oparpie, nearly scentless, though provided with the
usual resinous vesicles, and from the bud they are perfectly
smooth. The (lowers are said to be fragrant, and come out ou
separate axillary peduncles, from two to four together ; the
peduncles at first are not more than three or four lines long,
but grow out at length to the extent of half an inch. Tiie seg-
ments of the calyx are four, rounded and broad, rough, with
aromatic vesicles, but smooth. The petals, four, are rounded
and concave, slightly ciliated, and appear to have been reddish
Avhite. Stamens numerous, the anthers whitish. The berry
ppherical, brownish yellow, about the size of a grain of black

'^rrlis foJii)
iiiiiKlis rn-
Uia'AM).,

fuUis or/it !.■<

KTZ, Trod.,

, Sp. pi.,

tie, which
to thirty
lie interior
lis of Mar-
omiuon on
1 tlic pre-

The twigs
very, bark,
A'es are on
les long l)y
to, and ob-
'd with the
e perfectly
ome out ou
;ether ; the

linos long,
. The seg-
rough, with
ire rounded
cen reddish

The berry
lin of Itlack

i;i:!

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: I

, ii;

:i>

i

;, ■ 'I ^

!'!!

■■hi

v

JII

I"l NXVIll,

rjrrrrjr

III/ I. mil' II I II

Kmit'lll;! |M(Mrrit

/<! /ii/i,i.iii r f/rti'

mm \k

:! i9

1

illllll!

1 f

1 !,.;

m

i'iHl

i

1 1 If

i :i If

I 1 1

;i:i

i,l

f ■ 'J

I

\:l

^jr'

;l f

If'

■I !

f^4

■ I;. -'Ill

M'i I

(5

li!

: I, i^

)

! I

■Iffl ! !

!•:

iip'niiii luixiloliii

ri.xxix

//(»i" Iriiyrit Hiii/iiiiii .

hilliliDSi'vr II li'iiilliwililiiiix.

I'l.XXIX

►

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ill

I 'I

!ll 1 J

( Jl

H

J

i' tir liiii.v

. li

i' i

I

BUX-LEAVED EUGENIA.

123

popper, .studded over with numerous glands or aromatic cists,
and crowned with the broad, persisting border of the calyx; at
iirst 2-celled, with several ovules ; at length the berry is only
1-seeded ; the seed large, with no distinct cotyledons. It
llowers in April. The size of the leaves appears to vary, so
that in some specimens they are uniformly only about half the
dimensions we have given.

PLATE XXVIII.

A branch of the natural size and of the large-leaved kind. a. A cluster of

the berries.

BOX-LEAYED EUGENIA.

EuoKNlA BUXIFOIJA. Pcdunculis o.rilhmbijs rnmn.'ii.-i mnllljbms brcrls^inii.o,

prdli'iilis sub Jlore bibractcolatis, foUis obonito-oblmitp's nbtusis Imsi olk-

iiiKilis opacis sublus pKnctufis 7ii"rr/ine sidirirohifis. — DEr.AXi)., I'rod.,

vol. ill. p. 27r). VViiJ.D., Sp. pi., vitl. ii. p. WO.
MvuTUS BUXiKoLiA. Jtdcmiulis i;rr/.v.v///(/.s cnnfr/is arllliirlbii.^, fnliis

cunraiis oblunffis oblusis com'cxiuscHlis. — Swautz, Prod., p. 7S. Flor.

TihI. Occid., vol ii. p. 890. 71/. niontirn/n .' ^w .\nr/., Flor. Iiid. Oucid.,

vol. ii. p. 8!>8.
Myutis axillaris. PiiTRKT, Diet., vol. iv. p. 412, (iioii Swartz.) 31.

I'o'nrH. Sprfrng. Syst., vol. ii. p. 48:?.

This plant, also a native of Cuba, St. Domingo, and Jamaica,
lias been observed at Key West by Dr. lilodgi'tt, when; it is very
nnnuKm in sterile places, allecting the vicinity of the sea, and
l)('coining a tree of about twenty feet in height, with a hard,
wliite. close-grained wood. Thr bark is wliitisji-giay and even;
ill!' twigs are slender, an»l chit'llv clotlictl with leaves toward

m\\

h'i'i

'\\

ill I

I;;

iiili

! :1

HI

t

\ I

124

BOX-LEAVED EUGENIA.

their summits ; they are wedge-oblong, sometimes almost lanceo-
late, obtuse, and always narrowed below into a minute petiole,
so that they appear to be nearly sessile, above of a darki;-!|i
green and somewhat shining, beneath dull and paler, slenderly
nerved beneath, somewhat opaque, punctate, and slightly revo-
lute on the margin ; they are about one and a half inches long by
one-half to three-quarters of an inch wide. The flowers are vciy
small, in axillary branching clusters of three to seven together
on the minute and verj' short bracteate raceme ; there are two
minute bracteoles under each flower; the calyx as well as the
petals are studded with resinous glands, and the latter are more
than twice the length of the calyx. The calyx, racemes, and
minute branchlets are covered with a close brownish pubescence.
The flowers are polygamous, on nmny specimens sterile, though
furnished with the pistillum ; and many of the flowering clusters
are produced on the naked branches where they have been pre-
ceded by the former leaves. The berry is dark brown, covered
with resinous glands or . '^cs, about the size of a grain of blade
pepper, and when mature contains one or moi'e (rarely two)
large seeds in one or two cells, with blended, inseparable coty-
ledons.

PLATE XXIX.

A branch of the natural size. a. A Jtmar enlarged, h. The herry. c. A

berry with tvio cells.

)st lancco-

te petiole,

a darkish

slenderly

;litly revo-

es long by

:s arc very

n together

re are two

yell as the

»r are more

cemes, and

3ubescence.

.'ile, though

ing clusters

,'e been pre-

wn, covered

xin of black

rarely two)

larable coty-

Hl!

11!

c berry, c A

;i! : . l!

II ' . ■!

\. \\.

i

i

■r.!rl!

'V) i

1:1 I

' I ■
I I i

:i ili

i I'.''

i':

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INDIAN ALMOND.

Natural Order, Combretace/B, (R. Brown.) Linncean Glassificor
lion, Decandria, Moxogynia.

TERMmALIA. (Linn. Decand.)

Flowers often polygamous from abortion. — Border of the calyx deci-
duous, campanulate, 5-cleft, the divisions acute. Petals none.
Stamens ten, in a double row, longer than the calyx. Ovary with
two or three ovules. Style filiform, somewhat act i-c. Di'iipe not
crowned by the calyx, often dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. The seed
resembling an almond. Cotyledons spirally convolute.

Trees of the largest size or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite
leaves, crowded toward the extremities of the branches, and hence
the generic name. Flowers in spikes ; the spikes in racemes or
panicles, bir jxual in the lower part, and male in the upper.

§ I. Catappa, (G.-crtner.) The di'iqye compressed, xoith the margin
umged or nmch attenuated.

CATAPPA, OR INDIAN ALMOND.

Tkuminalia CATArpA. FolUs obomtis basi attenuatis subtus molUter pubes-
cenlllius, (jiandnlis mhiimis subtus in basi folii ad lotus ncrri medii.—
Dkcand., Prod., vol. iii. p. IL Linn., Mantis., p. 510.

Teuminalia CATAPi'A. Leaves about the extromitios of the branch-
lets on short petioles, obovate, cuneate, and attenuated, at tli<^ sumo

time slightly cordate at the base, a little rei)and, witli a large

125

126

C A T A r r A, OR INDIAN ALMOND,

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deprt'sscd gland beneath on eacli side tlie ruidril) near tlio base;
racemes axillary, solitary, sinijilo, shorter than the leaves; driipi^
oval, compressed, glabrous, Avith elevated navicular margins, convex
on both sides. — Arnot, i'rod. Ind. Orient., vol. i. p. 313. Jacquin's
Ic. Rar., vol. i. tab. 197. La.m., Illust. tab. 848, tig. 1. Adainarian,
liiiEED, Flora Malabarica, vol. iv. tabs. 3 and 4. Tobrky and Grav,
Flor. N. Amor., vol. i. p. 485.

According to Torrcy and Griiy, Dr. Ilasler has discovered this
splendid tree in Southern Florida. A variety of it is known to
exist in the Caribbean Islands, which Humboldt and Kunth
imagined to be introduced; but for this supposition there is pro-
bably no sufficient ground, as Poiteau collected it in the forests
of St. Domingo, of which I have a specimeix now before me. A
near congener, if not the same thing, was found in Guiana by
Aublet, — his Tanllx)uca; yet the favorite region of its existence is
in the tropical forests of India, on the sandy and gravelly coasts
of Malabar, and in the island of Java; it there becomes, accord-
ing to Kheed, a very large and splendid tree of a pyramidal
form, like that of a lofty Spruce, tiie leafy summit being com-
posed of almost-horizontal branches disposed in circular stages.
Its wood is white, very hard, covered with a smooth gray barlv
which is red within. The leaves, situated near to the extremi-
ties of the branchlets, six or seven together, at intervals, form
circular clusters of great regularity; they are about six to nine
inches long by three to five wide, of an inversely-ovoid or
cuneate-oval figure, widening toward the summit, where they
become almost round, with a short, abrupt, slanting point in the
centre, narrowed and somewhat cordate at the base, nearly
entire, or obscurely though sometimes very distinctly crenulated
on the border, green and smooth above, slightly pubescent
beneath; the young leaves and shoots, as well as the petioles,
clothed with a brown and close tomentum. The flowers are
small, without scent, of a whitish green, and disposed in great
numbers in several almost terminal axillary slender spikes; they

1:1 1

CAT ATP A, Oil INDIAN ALMOND.

127

are nearly sessile, with caducous, concave, oval, pointed bractcs.
The calyx contains Ji small, very hairy, 5-toothed cup. The spikes
are not as long as the leaves. The fruit is an elliptic shell, a
little compressed, gla])r()us, surrounded with an elevated margin,
convex on both sides, aud reddish brown when mature. This
dry drupe includes an oblong, very hard nut, of one cell, con-
taining a white kernel, of a taste approaching to that of the
filbert-nut, but more oily and soluble.

In India it is also cultivated in gardens. The large almond-
like kernels of its nuts are eaten and served at the best tables.
An oil is obtained from the kernels by expression, similar to that
of the olive, which is said never to become rancid. It is made
also into emulsions like almonds. The Indians empk)y the
leaves medicinally for indigestion, bilious affections, and other
maladies.

PLATE XXXIL

A svudl bmvrh of the nahiml size. n. The flower, h. The nut.

TennlnoUa Brnzoui, has a milky sap, and was believed to pro-
duce the Benzoic acid, which, however, is now doubted.

Another of the species, Tcnnijialid vcrnix, is said to afford the
celebrated Chinese and Japanese varnish used in their lacquer-
ware. This tree grows on the nu)untains of several of the
southern provinces of Cliiua, and in the Moluccas. It possesses
a lactescent juice, which, as well as its exhalations even, are said
to be deleterious; but the keruels of its fruits, like those of the
Catappa, are perfectly harudcss and agreeable. At Batavia,
regular plantations ai'c made of the Trrmriiah'd Mohtceana,\n the
gardens and places of public resort, for the sake of its agreeabk'
shade.

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CONOCARPUS.'

(GiERTNEU.)

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Natural Order, CoMBR^TACEiE. Linnmxit Classification, Pentan-

DKIA, MONOGYNIA.

The flowers densely' aggregated in globular or oblong spike-liko
aments. — Tube of the calyx about tlii' length of the ovary, per-
sistent; the border 5-cleft. Pdals none. Stamens five to ten, ex-
serted; the anthers heart-shaped. Ovary compressed, containing
two ovules. The fruits coriaceous, corky, and scale-like, closely
imbricated, and indehiscent. Cotyledons spirally convolute.

Small maritime trees or shrubs, with alternate, entire, somewhat
coriaceous leaves. Heads of flowers pedunculated, axillary, or termi-
nal, solitary or in panicles.

! i

BUTTON TREE.

CoNOCARPUS ERECTA. FoUis ohlongis utrivquc aoiowiatis sa^piiis hasi
bif/landulosis, capitulis paniculafis. — Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 16.
Jacq., Amer., p. 78, t. 52. Catesby's Caroliiui, t. 33.

a arborca. — Decaxd., 1. c.

Conocarpus crccia. Fruits retrorsely imbricated in a subglobose head,
somewhat boat-shaped, scarcely winged ; tube of the calyx not
produced beyond the ovary; leaves oval-lanceolate, mostly acute
or acuminate at each end, usually with two glands at the base;
heads panicled. — Torrey and Gray, Flor. N. Amer., vol. i. p. 485.

* From xiui/o?, a cone, aud xapT:u<;, a fruit, its fruit resciubling the cone of au

Alder.

128

Pentan-

spike-liko
vary, per-
:o ten, ex-
c'Oiitaiiiing
ce, closely
ite.

somewhat
r, or tcrmi-

scepiiis hasi
. ii. p. 16.

obose head,
1 calyx not
lostly acute
t the base;
A. i. p. 485.

)i2 cone of an

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B U T T 0 N T REE.

129

Maughala arbor Carasmxka folds mVijnls. — IIehm., Parad. But. CoM-

MEiJN, Ilort. Anist., p. 115, cum. ic.
Alnus ynnritima vitjriifoUa coriariorum. — Pluk., Alniao:.. IS, t. 2-iO, f. 8.
Adii fructu laurifoUa arbor maritima. — Sloaxe, Jam. Hist., ii. p. 18, t.

IGl, f. 2.
Jnmminatu. — Plum., ic. 135, t. 114, f. 2.

This i.s iiiiothcr tropical West Indian tree which the southern
extremity of East Florida has aflbrded. It has been observed
on the shore of Key West. Southern Florida, and around Tampa
IJay. In the West Indies, like the Mangrove, with which it
grows, and for a kind of which it is taken by the Spaniards,
who call it Manifle Sarat/oza, it affects the low sand}- and nuiddy
shores near the sea, where it becomes an erect tree about thirty
leet high, with the trunk a foot in diameter, having a smooth,
whitish-gray bark and angular branchlets. In South America
it also exists on the coast of Guayaquil, and in Chili, near Val-
paraiso. In a country where the iinest kinds of wood are so
connnon, that of the Button Tree is little esteemed, and it is,
therefore, only used for fuel; it is, however, fine and close-
grained, in the briinches brownish white, capaljle of a high
polish, with scarcely any visible annual layers, and made up
almost wholly of dotted medullary rays. The general aspect of
its inflorescence, and, indeed, its closely-imbricated inelegant
heads of Uowers, lead us almost to compare it with some of (lie
AiiKiikirt'v, particidarly the Alder, while its real relations are to
the present family, which includes in the Cimihnftiiii itself, and
the singularly-s[»lendid Ciifoiicltt of Aublet, some of the most
elegant ami beautiful of plants.

The bark is gray, bitterish, and astringent, and no doubt
medicinal. The leaves, of a yellowish green, are from two to
three inches long, three-quarti'rs to an inch broad, acute at each
end, very smooth, and on short petioles, which have frequently
two glands at the base. The flowers, for which butterflies have
a great predilection, are very inconspicuous, greenish yellow,

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130

BUTTON TREE.

small, and collected into gloliose heads, in axillary and terminal
few-flowered panicles on pedicels about the length of the capi-
tuli. The heads at length become reddish; the capsules are
small and scale-like, corky, dilated ellii)tic, internally con. avo,
Avith broad, thin, carinated margins, and are very often abortive,
never more than 1-seeded, and pubescent at the summit.

The island of Cuba affords another allied but very distinct
species, which may be the C. p-ocumhens of Jacquin, put down
as a variety of the present by Decandolle; the calyx, however,
is almost entirely' smooth, with very acute segments, and the
leaves are sharply apiculated, and sometimes obtuse with a
short point. In this the wood appears to be very hard, and as
close-grained as mahogany, of a dull white, inclining to gray,
witli a delicate feathered appearance, and a thick bark, gray
externally and blackish within.

According to Prince Maximilian, the bark of the Conrtcaypm
racemom (one of the plants called Mangrove in Brazil) is nuicli
used at Rio Janeiro for tanning.

PLATE XXX ril.

A branch of the valimd she, a. The fairer, h. Tlie fniit, of the
iialimtl size, e. The sroitc maepiifint.

SILKY BUTTON TREE.

CoNOCARi'US ERECTA. f SERicEA, (Foi'ster, ill hcrb. rileril.) Fd'ds
obknKjis atrinque acumbudis ad tdramque j>uginam eiiaiii adultls ad-
■prc!<st vUloso-scrkds. — Dkcaxd., Prod., vol. iii. p. 16.

Mamjle folits oblongis inkfjm utrinqne molli lanwjim holosericca obduciis. —
Sloane, Hist. Jam., vol. ii. p. G7, tab. 187, fig. 2.

According to Sloaue, tliis tree is known in Jamaica by the
name of the White Mangrove, and attains tlie height of twenty
feet, having white wood with a very small pith; iHe bark i.^
also smooth and whitish. This variet}', or species, has also
been found, with the above, at Key West, in East Florida, by
Dr. Blodgett. We do not see any thing to distinguish it as a
separate species from the erccfa except the peculiar silky,
shining pubescence with which the leaves conthiue to be clothed
even in the udult state.

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LAGUNCULARIA.*

(GiERTNER.)

Natural Order, Combretacl . L'mncean Classijuiation, Decax-

DKIA, MONOGYNIA.

Cali/x border persistinj;, subcampanulute, 5-lobed. Petals five, mi-
nute, spreading, and caducous. Stamens five or ten, in two scries,
included. Stjjle subulate; stigma capitate. Nut margined, coria-
ceous, valveless, 1 or 2-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Colyk-
dons convolute ; the radicle very long.

A tree of tlic Cariliboau Islands, with opposite, elliptic, smooth
leaves. Racervis opposite, many-flowered, the flowers sessile, fur-
nished with deciduous bractcs; the calyx bibracteolate at the sum-
mit. The seed germinating within the nut. A genus nearly allied
to Lu.MNiTicEiiA of India,

WHITE MANGROVE.

Laquxcularia kackmosa. Gartner, til. Carpol., vol. iii. p. 209, t. 217.

Decand., Prod., vol. iii. j). 17.
CoNocAKiMS KACEMOSA. FoUls lanccolato-ovatis olitusiuscnlls, fructilnis

sajrrefatis. — Linn., ISp. pi. "NVilld., vol. ii. p. l'{*5. Swahtz, OIjh.,

p. 70. Jaci^., Amer., p. 80, t. .03.

* From hiipinniln, a little bottle, Id allusion to the form of the nut.
132

Deca.nt-

five, mi-
Avo sorios,
leil, coria-
X. Colijle-

ic, smootli
ossile, fur-
it the sum-
early allied

209, t. 217.

is, fmcHbus
Aim, 01)8.,

\e nut

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\V II I T E M A N G K 0 V E.

183

Co)}oca)y>'s, foUis dh'p(im-orati<s, pdioUs hirjlandidosis, raicmis laxis,fruc-

(ibus scjundis. — Browne, Jam., p. 159.
Mdiifjle juUfera, ful'ds dllptti'is ex adctrso nasccntlbus. — Sloaxe, Jam.,

p. 15G. Hist., vol. ii. p. QQ, tab. 187, f. 1. Kaii, Dcndr., p. 115.
Si'iiExocARPUs. — RiciiAiu), Anal. Fr., p. 92.
SciiousBOA conmmtala. — Si'RENciEL, Syst. Vegct., vol. ii. p. 332.

This plant is a native of the sandy and muddy shores of the
Caribbean Islands and the neighboring continent, where it be-
comes a lofty, branching tree, sometimes dividing into three or
four trunks close to the ground : it is called White Mangrove
l)y the English inhabitants of these islands. Dr. Blodgett has
sent specimens of this tree also from Key West, iu East
Florida.

The branches are cylindric and brownish, the twigs ferru-
ginous ; the leaves are opposite and smooth, about three inches
long and an inch and a half wide, upon short petioles, quite
entire, thick, and somewiiat coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, obtuse,
and sometimes emarginate, with a pair of glands near the sum-
mit of the petiole, and, in most of the leaves, toward the edge
appear a number of raised glandular points, which are closed
or open. The flowers are disposed in axillary and terminal
elongated racemes, the racemes sometimes trifid. Flowers
small, sessile, greenish white ; the germ pyriform, and, as well
as the short border of the calyx, covered with a short, whitish,
silky pubescence. Petals five, very small and caducous. Sta-
mens five, not exsertcd. The germ at its summit with two
small, dentiform bracteoles, the bractes themselves short, broad
ovate, and caducous. Style, at length somewhat exserted,
with a small, capitate stigma. Nut 1-seeded.

PLATE XXXIV.

A branch of (Iu: natund, .ti~r, a. The vui in an early stage.

i'lliii ill

RABEIT BERllY.

Natural Order, El^AGNeje, (Jussieu.) Lhinmai, Classification,

Dkecia, Octandkia.

SIIEPIIERBIA,* (NuTTALL.) HirrOPTIAE (ruRsii.)

Flowers DicEcious. — Male mlyx 4-cloft, much larger than that of the
female. Corolla, none. Stamina eight, alternating with a torus of
eight glands. Female flower with a small 4-cleft, superior, campa-
nulatc caljx, and eight glands. Style one; sdcjma oblique, suhcapi-
tate. Bemj ]\xicy, 1-seeded, globose, invested with the fleshy calyx.

Small trees, spinescent or unarmed, with the general aspect of
ElccaijHUs. Leaves entire, opposite, clothed with silvery and ferru-
ginous scales. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, or in spikes.
Berries pulpy, diaphanous, scarlet, subacid.

RABBIT BERRY,

OR

WESTER]^ SHEPHERDIA.

Bhepiierdia augentea. Folils ohlongo-ovalis, obtiisis, glahris, utrinquc
argenieo-lcpklotis, floribas glomeratis. — Nutt., Gen. Amer., vol. ii.
p. 240. Loudon's Encyc. Plants, p. 836, Arboretum et Frutic,
p. 1321, lig. 1208. IIookep., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 138,
tab, 178, (well illustrated.)

HiPPOPiiAE argcntca. — ^Pursh, Flor. Bor. Am., p. 115.

* Named in honor of the late Mr. Wni. Sboplicvd, then curator of the Liver-
pool Untaniu (Jarden. A most scientific gardener and skilful cultivator.
l:;4

djicatlon,

II.)

Kit of the
a torus of
31', caiupii-
;, subcapi-
shy calyx.

aspect of
and ferru-
iii spikes.

7-is, utrinquc

er., vol. ii.

et Friitic,

ii. p. 138,

of the Liver-
itor.

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RABBIT BERRY.

135

Tjiis very useful, hai'dy, and ornamental tree is wholly a
native of the northern and western regions of North America.
Dr. Richardson observed it on the banks of the Saskatchawan,
between Carlton and Edmonton House Forts, in the latitude
of 54°, and Major Long's party found it growing on the borders
of Rainy Lake, about latitude 49°. On the banks of the Mis-
souri, the limit of its southern range is the borders of the Platte,
but it appeared to be most abundant and fertile around Fort
Mandan, or the Great Northern Bend of the Missouri, in about
the latitude of 48°; here it becomes a small tree twelve to
eighteen feet in height, and when adorned with its brilliant
scarlet berries, produced in thick clusters so as almost to conceal
the branches, few objects are more ornamental, contrasted also
with the silvery hue of the leaves, which reminds one of the
useful Olive: it presents at once an appearance both striking
and novel.

Among the natives and Caiuulian voyageurs it has several
difl'erent names. According to Lewis and Clarke, it was known
on the Missouri, to the natives, by the name of the Ral)bit IJerry,
from being fed on, probably, by those animals, and it was met
with by their party in the gorges of the Rocky Mountains.
Riohardscm says the Creek Indians give it a name which signi-
fies Bloody Berry, (Metheoo-meeva,) IVom the singular redness
and transparency of its fruit. The Canadian voyageurs called
it GnilsHc lie lurnf, or Bullalofat, from the imaginary relish of
the berries, or from the practice of mixing them with their fat
poinuled meat or pemmlcan.

In 181o I introduced a plant into the Liver^)ool Botanic
Garden; but, being kepi in llie greenlM»use, it was, I presume,
killed with kindness, and was soon lost. About twelve or
fifteen years ago, my friends Messrs. Windsiiii)s, of Brighton, in
Massachusetts, in the vicinity of Boston, obtained a Uw seeds
ol' the Sliiplnnlhi fioni tiie bunks of the Mis.souri. whicli. glow-
ing, gav*' origin to all llic jdants now in the Tnitt'd States and

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RABBIT BERRY.

in Europe. A standard tree at this time growing in tlioir
nursery ii^ quite as large as an ordinary Apple Tree of the sann.'
ago, and it is yet very vigorous and increasing in size. It is, I
believe, about twenty leet high, with a handsome, erect trunk,
clothed with a somewhat smooth bark, and presents an appear-
ance of the most vigorous health. Its resemblance to the Olive
is very striking; it has a rounded, uniform, elegant summit, and
when in fruit, which is at the close of sunnner, scareidy tmy
thing can be more brilliant, from the load of berries with whicli
it is everywhere clad; these are about the size of small red
currants, juicty, but not water), of a pleasant subacid tastr.
mixed with a sweetness which renders them generally agree-
able. Made into sweet jelly, in the manner of currants, they
are thought preferable by most who have tasted them. But
the great use of the 8he[iherdia will be ibr constructing li'vlges
or live fences, at least in the Northern States where it thrives
well. Kei)t down by cutting, it becomes suiliciently close, and
has also the advantage of being thorny, green, or rather silvery,
till late in autumn, and it is attacked by no insect, nor subject
to any disease or blight.

The berries are greedily devoured by all the autumnal birds.
particularly robins and l)lii('l)irds, who ll«tck round the tree in
throngs while any thing ri'mains to be had.

In its native state it is a small, rather narrow-tojjped tree,
with the branches ending in stout spines. The leaves are
oblong-ovate, obtuse, shortly petit)late, on both sides free from
hairs, but covered with peltate or rounded scales, which
(through a lens) appear to he ciliated. The flowers, whieii
come out as t-arly as in Marcli, are in clusters. The cahx
of the »,<i/e llower is considerably larger than that of tiie
fennile, and divided down to tin- i)ase into four subovate,
obtuse divisions, internally yellowish, but outside scaly like
the U-aves. Th(> stamens are eiglit. with oftentimes ratlier
short, pubesci'ut fdaments: the anthers are oblong and 'J-celled.

CANADIAN S II E P II E K D I A.

137

The fvmale flowers are smaller and shortly pedunculate, with-
out any vestiges of stamens. There is one style, and a thick-
ish, oblique, subelliptic stigma. Tlie ^orm appears inferior,
but is, in fact, only in -ested by the tube of the calyx. The
berries are collected into clusters, and are sparingly scattered
with scales, but bright and pellucid. The seed, or rather luit,
v>ith a cartilaginous shell, is subovate and shining, much like
that of Hqipophae: it is also scored extex'nally, as if partly
2-lobed, with a snudl projection at the base. The eml)ryo is
straight and Hat, without albumen, and the radicle inferior.
Tlie cotyledons are large, thick, and oval. Mr. Wyeth, in the
Rocky Mountains, observed a variety of this species with
yellow berries.

PLATE XXXV.

A branch of the natural size.

ill Ii|,

U-:. <*'

A second species of this genus is the

Shei'iiekdia Canadensis, or Canadian Siiepheudia, with
elliptic-ovate leaves, nearly smooth above and naked beneath,
clothed with stellate hairs and ferruginous scales: the llowers
iin^ also in axillary si)ikes. This species, it appears from
Hooker, ranges far to the iKM'th, throughout Canadii to Fort
Franklin, on Mackenzie Kiver, and from Newfoundlaud and
Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains. In the St;ite o Jew
York I have met with it on the borders of the smaller inland
lakes, as well as on the shores of Lake Erie; bat this species
scarcely becomes a tree, is without thorns, an-l I'le berries,
though ('(pially brilliant with the preceding, arc rather un-
pleasant to tlie taste. On the authority of Menzies, it is said
also to exist on the northwest coast; but I have not seen it
there.

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XIMENIA.

(Plumier.)

Natural Jrder, Olacine^. Li/inwau Classijication, Octandria,

MONOGYNIA.

Oali/x 4-tootlied, minute, persistent, not enlarging. ]\tals four,
densely pilose within, connivont, above revolute. Stamens eight,
the filaments capillary, anthers adnate, long, and linear, not
exscrted. Orani 4-celled, 4-soeded. Sit/lc one. Drupe ovate,
1-seeded. — Decand., vol. i. p. 533.

Tropical trees or shi'ubs, with smootli, alternate, entire, ellip-
tical or ovate, oxstipulate leaves ; flowers mostly in small, axillary
umbels.

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MOUNTAIN PLUM.

XiMENiA Americana. Spiitosa, Jofiii vblom/is, jxdKunilis nmllifloris. —

Linn., Sp. pi. Ilort. Clitt"., ll'ja. Swartz, Ohs., p. 149. Decanu.,

Trod., vol. i. p. 533.
a oi'nid, i'oliis ovatis. X. mtiJlifli)r<t. — .Tacquin, Amer, p. lOG, t. 277,

fig. 31. Lamarck, Tllust., tab. 2!I7, fig. 1.
Xim;,nia immtdiiii. — Maci auven. Flora of Jamaica, p. 121 ; a variety,

howovor, without thorns.
XniENiA uridntla, Jlurc villono, fri'ctu Ititco. — T'lu-MIER, Qcncr., p. 6.

Ic. 201, tig. 1.

* Nainod in honor of FniiieiM XimcO'JS, a SpunJMh naturiilist utul niissimiiary.
i:!M

, OCTANDRIA,

lis innlliflorh. —
149. Decani*.,

p. 100, t. 277,

121 ; a variety,

, Qciior., p. fi.

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MOUNTAIN PLUM.

139

This plant forma a small tree, with an erect stem and spread-
ing, gray, verrucose, and som(!wliat angular branches. It is in-
digenous to the moinitains of Jamaica, Key West in Florida,
where it was found by Dr. Blodgett, and is also met with in
the neighborhood of Carthagena, in Ilispaniola, and many
years ago it was collected in the interior of East Florida by
John Bartram, as Mr. A. Gray rtiw specimens of it in his col-
lection still extant. According to Drs. Wight, and Fioxburgh,
it is also indigenous to the coast of India.

It bciirs a drujjc the size of the ])lum of Europe, or of a
pigeon's egg, yellow, smooth, nnd shining, 1-seeded, with a thin
rind and watery pul[) of a pleasant sweet subacid taste. The
seed is large and white. This plum is of nn agreeable flavor,
and not inferior to the comm.m varieties of that of Europe; it
has a slight degree of astringency, with a pleasant acidity. The
flowers have a Iragrant odor said to be like that of frankincense.
The wood is as yt'How as that of the Sandal, and, in India, its
powder is often substituted for it by the Brahmins in their
religious ceremonies.

The leaves grow two or three together, on short, lateral,
tuberculoid branchlcts; they are petiolate, oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, and narrowed below, smooth, obscurely veined, about
two or two and a half inches long, and less than an inch broad.
The flowers are disposed in small pedunculated axillary and
subterminal umbels, the mnbels three or 4-tlowered. The calyx
is minute and 4-toothed. Petals ibur, linear-oblong, conniving
into a tube below, recurved at the apex, and covered Avith rather
long and dense brownish-yellow hairs within. Stamens eight,
as long as the petals, the filaments like tin' most delicate threads,
the anthers long and linear, ovary S-anglrd at the base, conical
and suljulate, with the style as long as the stamens.

I'bATE wxvr.

A hi'dinli ill' till iiiiiiniil ■'•i:i. (I. T/ii fruit.

vn

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MACLUllA.*

(NlITTALL.)

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Natural Order, ARTOCAHrEyE, (R. Brown.) Lwnaian Classijica-
tioii, Dkecia, Tetrandiua.

Flowers uicecious. — Male flowers with tlic cah/x 4-cleft. Stamens
four, exsortecl. Fkmale flowers in globular ameiits ; the calyx
fleshy, 4-parted, with the bases ingrat'tecl togetlier. Corolla none.
Style one, filiform, villous. Ger}m numerous, each l-scedi'd, coal-
escing into a compound globular berry of many cells, the cells
1-sceded. *SVty/ ol)Ovate.

A lactescent tree, related to the Fustic and with nearly similar
yellow wood. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules, producing
superaxillary simple spines. Male flowers in pedunculated umbels.
Amonts axillary. Berry verrucose and large, resembling an orange,
at fir^t lactescent, g^'eonish-yellow or yellow. Nearly' allied to Broiis-
sovctia, buL distinguished by the coalescence of the germs, and a
peculiar h-ibit.

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OSAGE ORANGE, or YELLOW WOOD.

Maci.ura at:rantiaca. — Xi;tt., Gen. Amer., vol. ii. p. 234. Loudon's
Encycl. of Plants, p. 784, fig. IS^")*;. Arboretum et Frutic, vol. iii.
pp. 1342, 13()2, figs. 122*!, 1227, 122S. Lambert's Supplement to
Finns, 1. c. Eaton's Manual, (Ed. 8,) p. 311.

* In honor of tlie celebrated geologist, philosopher, and patron of natural
science, Wni. Maclure.
140

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t. Stamens
; the calA/x
wulla none,
coilt'il, eoal-
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arly similar
!, producing
ited uniV)els.
2; an orange,
ied to BroKs-
erms, and a

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'rutic, vol. iii.
ipplenicnt to

tron of uatural

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O/itj/i- Orn/ii/r /ii'i.f il'Ane

OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW WOOD. 141

This remarkable tree, though perfectly thriving and hardy in
the climate of Philadelphia, raised from seeds, does not naturally
extend to the north of the Arkansas River ; it is even there of
rare occurrence, and generally destitute of fruit. We saw a few
old ill-grown trees on the banks of the Pottoe, a few miles from
Fort Smith. It was only on the rich low bottom-lands of Red
River, near the*confluence of the Kiamesha, that we beheld the
Madura in perfection, foi*ming a great part of the prevailing
umbrageous forest, and attaining an elevation of fifty or sixty
feet by a diameter of between two and three feet. It is, how-
ever, much inclined, when full-grown, to throw out irregular
spreading limbs of considerable extent, though at first it presents
a vei-y elegant roundish spreading summit. But at all times it
strikes the beholder as something remarkable in the Northern
forest by the ^beauty and splendor of its dark and shining foliage,
which in appearance strongly resembles that of the Orange ; and
the numerous spines which the branches present seem to confirm
the compai'ison. The fruit is alike singular, resemljling full-
grown yellowish-green oranges, but filled with a milky juice,
and, as they ripen at intervals, or become abortive, the ground
beneath, like an orchard, is strewn with this curious fruit, which,
when first discovered lying neglected beneath tiie tree, led the
voyagers to fear and report it as a poison; but the family to
which it appertains, and its relation to the Mulberi'y, afford a
presumptive sanction for its harmless qualities.

The Maclui'a was first noticed by Hunter and Dunbar in the!
voyage up Red River, on the banks of the Little Missouri, of
the Washita River; also near Natchitoclres, and upon the banks
of the Arkansas. It was likewise observed by Dr. James, in
Major Long's expedition, along the banks of the Arkansas and
the Canadian. I first saw living plants, bearing fruit, about the
year 1810, in the garden of Mr. Chouteau, at St. Louis, which
were raised from seeds collected in the country of the Osages.
It was afterward introduced into the garden of the late Mr.

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142 OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW WOOD.

McMahon, of Pliiladelphia, from seeds collected by Governor
Lewis. The largest tree I have seen in cultivation is in the
garden of Mr. Thomas (now David) Landreth, in Federal Street,
Philadelphia. It is about twenty feet high and five .and a half
in circumference. This tree has for many years borne fruit; but
the seeds have only of late been perfected, in consequence of
the absence of the stattiiniferons individual, on the accession of
Avliich, however, it produced abundance of seeds nearly as large
as those of the Orange, and much of the same form : these were
indicated in the fruit by an unusual projection of the external
tubercles.

The wood of the Madura is solid, heavy, and elastic, of a fine
yellow color, which, like the Fustic, it readily communicates to
water, and it might consequently be used as a dye. It is also
capable of receiving a fine polish, and resembles satin-wood by
its brilliant gloss. The elasticity and durability of its wood have
long been celebrated by the Indians, who, from its use, have
bestowed upon it the name of Bow-wood, and the Canadians,
who traversed these regions in quest of furs, knew it long by
the name of the Bois tVarc. The l)ark, as in Broussonetla, affords
a fine white flax. Another important use of the Machira, in
this climate, is that of forming live fences or hedges, for which
purpose it is well adapted, as it bears cutting, grows close, and
is very thorny, as well as free from the attacks ftf blight and
insects: it has all the advantage of keeping for a long time
green, and appears, in all respects, as elegant a fence as that of
the Wild Orange in the South. It has besides an additional
recommendation in its use for feeding silk-worms, for which
purpose it is scarcely inferior to the famous Moms midti-
cauUs*

* DifTcrent opinions are now ctitcrtained of the value of the leaves of the
Maclura as a food for silk-worras, some approving and others discouraging
their use.

OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW WOOD. 143

The branches arc flexuous and round, clothed with a smooth
gr.ay bark. The leaves are alternate, upon long foot-stalks, and
aie usuixlly oval and acuminated; on the bearing Immches they
are, however, often considerably larger, and heart-shaped at tlu;
base, very entire, with the point mucronated and a little pun-
gent; the upper surface is smooth and shining, l)ut the petiole
and nerves on the under side of the leaf are somewhat hirsutely
pubescent. The petiole is often an inch or more long; the leaf
itself two to four inches, and one and a half to three inches
wide. The stamhiiftrovfi plant appears uniformly weaker, more
delicate, and smaller-leaved, than the fertile plant. The flowers
in it ai"e axillary, in pedunculated small umbels, each umbel
containing about fifteen to twenty tlowers, consisting merely of
a small 4-cleft calyx, with oval hairy segments, and four sta-
mens, on lengthened and exserted filaments. The anthers are
2-celled, large and oval, opening lengthwise. In both plants,
single, undivided thorns come out in the upper axils of the
leaves. HXig female capitulum consists of a congeries of tlowers
united into a globular form, about the size of a cherry; these
consist also in a calyx of four divisions, but less regular than
in the male. The styles and stigmas, one to each germ, are
three-fourths of an inch long, giving to the ament the appear-
ance of a tuft of long pubescent threads. The berry, fdled with
a milky juice, becomes about the size of a moderate but not
large orange, having an irregular tessellated appearance, almost
like that of the Bread-fruit: these tessellations are the unduly-
enlarged fleshy summits of the segments of the calyx. The
whole of the calyces, at a short distance below the immediate
surface, become partly ingrafted together into one mass; and a
transverse section of the fruit, therefore, pi'esents a series of
radiating and woody fibres, among which are immersed the
1-seeded germs. The seeds are obovate, compressed, and nearly
as large as those of the orange. The testa is yellowish white

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144 OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW WOOD.

and cartilftginous ; there is no albumen, and the seed is of a
yellowish brown, pendulous, with the radicle inverted from the
axis of the fruit, and curved partly over the margin of the thitk
and fleshy cotyledons toward the point occupied by the hylum.
The fruit, when ripe, is succulent, has a sweetish but insipid
taste, and is somewhat acrid. As far as wo know, it is not
eaten by any animal.

It is readily propagated by sowing the seeds, and also by
cuttings of the root, which grow much more readily than cut-
tings of the branches. Although several male plants wore
raised in this vicinity, it is singular to remark, that while the
fertile plant is in its utmost vigoi', very few of the former sui-
vive; and, as their presence is necessary for fertility, it prol)ably
would be the best way to ingraft the male on some one of the
branches of the bearing plant.

mwMfi

PLATE XXXVIL

A branch of the male plant of the natural size. a. The malcjloicer a liille
enlarged, b. The female capitulum.

PLATE XXXVIIL

Hie fruit of the natural size. a. A transverse section of the same. b. Tht
appearance of the abortive germs in the section, c. The seed with (he
testa, d. The same divested of the testa, e. The embryo, f. The
back vieio of the same.

Besides the Fig, we have, in this interesting family of plants,
the famous Bread-fruit of India and the islands of the Pacific;
the Cow Tree, or Palo de Vaca of South America, which is
tapped like a fountain, and yields a copious supply of rich
and wholesome milk. The nuts of the Brosimiim alcicastrum,
when roasted, are used in the place of bread, in the West Indies,

OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW WOOD. 145

and have a taste similar to that of hazel-nuts: the juice of all
the plants of this family also contains more or less of caout-
chouc. Aro'dst this generally harmless group of plants, it is
singular to find the deadly Upas of Java, [Antiaris ioxicarkt,)
whose inspissated juice is found to contain that most virulent
of all poisonous principles, strychnia. It is, however, some-
what doubtful what the real affinities of this plant are, as it is
acknowledged to be an anomaly in the family.

Vol. IV.— 10

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NETTLE TREE.

Natural Order, Ulmace^e, (Mirbol.) Linncean Classi/waimi,

POLIGAMIA, DkECIA.

CELTIS.* (Linn.)

Flowers POLYGAMOUS. — Slaminate flower with the calyx 5 or 6-partcd.
Corolla none. Stamens four to seven. Perfect floxcer with the calyx
deeply 5-partcd. No corolla. Ovarium 1-cellcd ; the ovules solitary
and pendulous. St>/lc very short ; stiffmas two, thickish, subulate, and
spreading. Dru/n globular, 1-seeded, thinly coated with a sweetish
pulp. Etnbrjo inverted. Cotyledons folded.

The genus within its proper bounds includes deciduous-leaved
trees of South Europe, the Levant, the mountains of Ncpaul and
Cuba, and the forests of t'.o United States. The true Celtides have
alternate, entire, deciduous, and mostly cordate leaves, generally
oblique at the base, 3-nerved, entire, but mostly serrated on the
margin. The stipules are membranaceous and deciduous. The
flowers are precocious, or appear before the expansion of the leaves,
with a fllm-like irregularly-torn membranous perianth, the staminifor-
ous ones near the base of the branchlet pedicellate, and throe or foui'
together. The fertile flowers are solitary and axillary, on short
peduncles. The drupes brownish yellow, rather sweet, insipid, and
nearly juiceless.

For the tropical species with axillary cymes coeval with the leaves,
two distinct styles, and an ovary with two ovules, I propose the uan»o
of TuACUYPKNOKON, (in allusion to their rough pubescent leaves and
twigs.) Most of these species have u tough fibrous bark of the nature
of hemp.

* Thu auuicut uuuie uf the Lotus, appliuJ tu thin guuus by Liuutuus.
140

lassificatmi,

> or 6-partcd.
iith the calyx
ocules solitary
subulate, and
itli a sweetish

^iduous-lcaved
f Nepaul aiul
Ccltides have
ives, geuorally
irrated on the
eiduous. The
1 of the leaves,
the staiuiniler-
id three or four
Uary, on short
et, insipid, and

with the leaves,
•opoae the naioo
e-ent leaves and
irk of the nature

by LiuuoouH.

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IMAXXIX.

IJlil

SMALL-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.

Celtis reticulata. Foliis brevibus, lato-cordatis, subcoriaccis, vix d
irrct/ularilcr scrratis acutis hasi obliqids scahris, sublus subr/lnbris vcnis
ekvatis reliculatis, iKduncalis fructifcris unijloris.

Celtis reticulata. — Torrey, in Annals of Lyceum, N. Y., vol. ii.
p. 247.

This low-growing species of Nettle Tree was discovered by
Dr. James near the base of the Roclcy Mountains; I likewise met
with it in the same mountain range, by small streams, and also
along the borders of the Oregon, toward the Blue Mountains,
particularly along the banks of the Bruloe, a small stream falling
into that river. It does not, in the situations where we observed
it, become a timber tree, but rather a tall shrub, full of slender,
and at length smooth, branches. The leaves become thick and
rigid, and are about an inch and a half long by less than an inch
wide, acute, but scarcely acuminate, with a few irregular serra-
tures toward the point of the leaf, though a number of the leaves
maybe observed possessing no serratures at all; the ii^fiper sur-
face is shining and scabrous; beneath the leaves are pujjescent
along the nerves, though at length nearly quite smooth; tiie
petioles are one or two lines long nnd pubescent; the base of the
leaf is very oblique, rounded, and slightly sinuated. The drupe
is globose, solitary, brownish yellow, on a short peduncle. Of
the wood of this species nothing is yet known.

PLATE XXXIX.

A branch of tlw. nahmtl size.

;s>M|

LONG-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.

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Celtis longifolia. FoUis ovato-lanccolatis promisse acuminatis intcgcrri-
mis Icevigatis dcmum. glabris basi rotumlatis obliquis siibcuneatis, pedun-
cidis fructiferis urdfloris, corticc sublmvi.

Celtis Occidcntalis, ji intcgrifoUa. — Nutt., Gen. Am., vol. i. p. 202, (not
of Lamarck.)

This tree, growing to the height of sixty or seventy feet,
inhabits the deep shady forests which border the Mississippi
from St. Louis to the vicinity of the sea. Its even and not
deeply cleft bark, in the absence of its aspiring summit, at once
distinguishes this species from the Common Hack Berry. Like
all the rest of the genus, (confined within its proper limits,) the
insignificant filmy flowers appear early in the spring, before the
expansion of the leaves. The small branches are smooth and
yellowish brown. The leaves are smooth, of a thin consistence,
sind remarkable for the gi'cat length of their acuminated points,
of an ovate or ovate-hanceolate form, subtended by deciduous
stipules, and at first pubescent beneath, particularly along the
large vessels or veins; at length almost absolutely smooth, at no
tmie scabrous either above or beneath, and wholly entire on the
margin. The length is about from three to three and a half
inches by one to one and a half wide. The obliquity of the base
varies according to the position of the leaf on the branch : those
first developed are nearly equal at base, and of a lanceolate form ;
the later ones are larger, wider, and more oblique. The flowers
are as usu.al; the males about three together toward the base of
the branch, the females solitary and axillary, coming out with
the opening leaves. The stamens are from five to seven. The
margin of the calyx-segments is pubescent, but .'^mooth, narrower,
and more deeply divided in C. Orndfntnlh, to which this species

hitcgcrri-
iis, ]Kd>(n-

202, (not

iiity feet,
lississippi
and not
it, at once
ry. Like
■mits,) tlic
before the
nooth and
onsistence,
ted points,
deciduous
along the
ooth, at no
tire on the
and a half
of the base
nch: those
ohite form;
rhe flowers
the base of
g out with
■ven. The
1, nnrrower.
this speeies

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THIN-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.

149

bears a close affinity. The berry is of a brownish yellow, on a
short i)eduncle.

PLATE XL.

A branch of the natural size.

THm-LEAYED NETTLE TREE.

Celtis tenuifolia. FoUis hto-omiis aeuminatls submqaalitcr serrails
hasi iyiccqualibus subcordatis utrinque glabriuscidis junioribiis imhcsccnti-
bus, calycibus laciniis cucuUatis erosis ciliatis, fructibus solitariis. — -Nutt.,
Gen. Am., i. p. 202,

Celtis Oceidenlalis, ^9? tenuifolia. — Lam^, Encjo. Bot., pp. 137, 138.
Persoox, Synops., i. p. 292.

Celtis Oceidenlalis. — Darlington, Flora Cestrica, p. 180.

Celtis pumila. — Pursii, Flor. Bor. Am., i. p. 200 and 201.

This species, nearly allied to C. Oceidenlalis, is often rather a
shrub than a tree. Near Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, on the
summits of the neighboring mountains of the Blue Ridge, it
flowers at the height of two feet, with low spreading branches.
In other situations it becomes a tree, as in the vicinity of Bethle-
hem, in Pennsylvania, and other places in that State. It is best
distinguished by its broad, rather short, and smooth leaves when
adult, and which are not scabrous on the upper surface : the mar-
gin is now and then without serratures; their form is cordate-
ovate, very little acuminated. The berries are solitary, brown,
and glaucous. It is, perhaps, little more than a variety of G.
Oceidenlalis.

I Hi-

The American Nettle Tree {"Cell Is Oceidenlalis) occurs in
almost every part of Massachusetts, and I know a tree of it, east

150

TIIICK-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.

of the Connecticut River, nearly five feet in diameter." — G. B.
Emekson, Esq.

Md

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TiiiCK-LEAVED Nettle Tree or Hack Berry, [Ccltis crasmfoUa.)
This species is readily distinguished by the large size, thickness,
and roughness of the leaves; they are often full six inches long
by more than three inches wide. The flowers, which are very
numerous, (in the trees of the forests of Kentucky,) appear long
before tlie development of the leaves, and are subtcp'led by broad
caducous bractes. The divisions of the calyx arc spathulate,
cucuUate, scarcely torn, and not ciliate. The fruit, as well as
the flowers, from the falling of the small leaves which accom-
pany it, often appears disposed in racemes. The drupes are dark
brown, nearly black. This species also admits of some variety.
In some the leaves are larger and more pubescent or even hirsute,
while others are nearly smooth when adult.

The wood of the Nettle Tree of Europe is blackish, hard, and
compact, heavy and without sap-wood. It is so pliable and
tenacious, that it will bend much without breaking; it therefore
makes a good wood for the shafts of carriages and other uses of
the wheelwright. It forms hoops which are very durable ; and
it is said that, after ebony and box, it surpasses all others in
durability, strength, and beauty. It is likewise unattacked by
worms ; and is esteemed for works of sculpture, as it neither con-
tracts nor cracks. The roots serve as a dye for linen stuffs; and
an oil has been obtained from the seeds very similar to that of
Bweet almonds.

."— G. B.

ass! folia.)
thickness,
ichos long
. are very
^pear long
1 by broad
ipathulate,
as well as
cli accom-
?s are dark
ne variety,
en hirsute,

, hard, and
pliable and
it therefore
;her uses of
arable; and
1 others in
attacked by
neither con-
stuffs; and
ir to that of

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FIG TREES.

Natural Order, ARTOCARPEiE, (R. Brown.) Llnncean Classificap-

tion, POLYGAJIIA, DkECIA.

FICUS.* (TouRN. Linn.)

DiCECious. — The common receptacle spherical or pyriform, re-<emhling
a berry, fleshy and closed, including numerous distinct and niinuto
flowers. 3Ialc, calyx 3-parted. Corolla none. Slamcn.i one to
three. Female with the calyx 3 to 5-parted, and no corolla. P/.v-
tillum one ; style one, subulate ; the stigma simple or bifid and un-
equal. Seed one, covered by the persistent subcarnose calyx.

Lactescent trees or shrubs, chiefly of Tropical America, Africa, and
Lidia; leaves alternate, stipulate, stipules terminal, conical, convolute.
Receptacles mostly axillary, solitary, or crowded, rarely disposed iu
terminal racemes, often bracteolate at base.

^

I

CHERRY FIG TREE.

Ficus rioDtiNCULATA. Fol(i:< orat()-ut)liiiii/!s hilifjcrrimis acmnixaUs obtnsis,
basi obsolete cordatls, rere2)taeidls ffluho.-iis sidH/eininatIs caljeidalis pedun-
culails. — WiM.D., 8p. pi., ArroN., Ilort. Kewen., vol. iii. p. 4.'»0.

Fleas arbor Americana, arb ail folds umi sernita,fn(cla j)isi uKigtt'dad'ine^

A hatiii word of diu'i rtiiiii (li'i'iviiti')n.

151

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CHERRY FIG TREE.

funictdls e ramis ad tcrram dimlssls prolifera. — Pluken., Almag., p.
144, tab. 178, fig. 4. ?

This species of Fig Tree was discovered by Jacquin in the
island of Martinique; it is also indigenous to some other of the
West India Islands, as well as to the neighboring continent of
Tropical America. At Key West, according to Dr. Blodgett, it
becomes a large spreading tree fifty feet in height, and, like some
other species, particularly the famous Banyan Tree, (F. Indira,)
it sends down roots from its lofty branches resembling ropes,
which, on reaching the soil, at length become so many iiulepeu-
dent trunks, in turn producing others; and, spreading themselves
on all sides without interruption, they present a united summit
of prodigious extent, which, reposing on a multitude of trunks
of different dimensions, seems like the airy vault of some vast
edifice sustained by innumerable colunms.

The bax'k of the branches appears to be gray and even ; the
leaves are very smooth on both sides, but covered with innumer-
able minute dots on the upper surface. They are three to four
inches long, one and a h.alf to two inches wide, with a peduncle
about one and a half inches long. They have a few distant
pennated nerves inoscuhiting toward the margin of tlie leaf,
with innumerable intermediate slender reticulations of vessels;
they are generally of an ovate form, rounded or almost cordate
at the base, with a short and blunt acumination; from their
axils arise one or two peduncles about three-quarters of an inch
long, each terminated by a bifid involucel, improperly called a,
calyx. The figs themselves are nearly globose, but sensil)ly
wider at the summit, about tlie magnitude of small cherries,
greenisli-yellow and purple at the summit, (as they appear in a
withered state,) with a few purplish pale spots.

Of this species there appears to be a distinct variety, if not a
species, which 1 shall *or the present call /j ucaki ; the leaf is

Almag., p.

lin in the
lor of the
uthioiit of
Jlodgett, it
like some
F. ImUra,)
)ling ropes,
ly iiulepeii-
themselvos
ted summit
e of trunkH
some vast

l1 even; tlie
th innumor-
hree to four
I a peduncle
few distant
of the leal',
s of vessels;
most cordate
; from their
I's of an inch
erly culled a
but sensibly
lull cherries,
^ appear in a

iety, if not a
; the leaf is

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SHORT-LEAVED FIG TREE.

158

elliptic, shortly acuminate, acute at base, and faintly nerved
beneath. It also becomes a large tree, producing a fig about the
size of a cherry, which is yellow when ripe.

PLATE XLI.

A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit.

SHORT-LEAVED FIG TREE.

Ficus BREVIFOLIA. FoUis cordaio-ovatis intcgerrimis, obiusif abbreviatis
brevi x>etiolalis glabris, venis immersis, reccptaculis ghbosis dcpressis um-
bilicatis solilariis brcvi peduncidatis, involuccllis bijidis.

This is also a species of arborescent Fig, indigenous to Key
West, in East Florida, but by no means common, and, accord-
ing to Dr. Blodgett, its discoverer, it forms a tree with a slender,
almost horizontal, stem, which in its progress throws off funicu-
lar roots, that serve as props to prevent the main trunk from
becoming entirely prostrate.

The branches are covered with a light gray bu.rk. The
leaves ai'e about two inches long by one and a half inches
wide, perfectly smooth on both surfaces, on petioles from one-
half to three-fourths of an inch long. The veins on the under
surface are so far immersed as to be scarcely visible. The figs,
about the size of small chei'ries, are of a flattened, spheroidal
form, at first, as well •• i the bifid involucrum, slenderly villous ;
they grow out chiefl}' at the extremities of the twigs, on thick
pedicels, about two or three lines long, and when ripe are of a
brightish purple red. We do not find any species with which

the present agrees. From the description and specific name,
IV.— io»

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154

SMALL-FRUITED FIG TREE.

we should suppose the present species allied to the F. imdifoJ'Hi
of Humboldt and Bonpland, but it differs too nriuch to be re-
ferred to that species.

PLATE XLII.

A branch of the natural size.

SMALL-FRUITED FIG TREE.

Ficus AUREA. Glabra, foUis intcgcrrimis dUplicis subacuminaiis aculius-
culis basi plerisqiie angustatis pcnninerdis brcvi-pcliolatis, fructibus f/h-
bosis cjcminatis sessilibus incolucratis, involacris subtrifidis 7najusculis.

|8 LATiFOLiA. JToliis luto-ovatis siibelli2)ticis.

This species, according to its discoverer, Dr. Blodgett, be-
comes, at Key West, in East Florida, a large tree, at first
parasitical on other trees, but, destroying its Siinp/orter, it at
length reaches the ground and forms an independent trunk of
large dimensions. It bears, however, a very insignificant fruit,
only about the size of a pea, and orange-yellow when ripe.

The branches are covered with a whitish bark. The leaves,
three to four and a half inches long, are from one and a half
to two and a half broad ; the peduncles are about an inch in
length. The form of the leaves is almost similar Avith those
of the Orange, elliptic and narrower below, with a rounded
summit, and a very short, rather acute, projecting point or
acumination; they are dark green above, paler beneath, with
conspicuous feathered nerves which run together within the
margin. Tlie figs are sessile, clustered by pairs, with a small,
valvular orifice, and are nearly half embraced by the sheathing,
bifid or trifid, one-sided involucrum.

jmih'folia
to be re-

E.

natis aculius-
fruclibus gh-
mjuscuUs.

;lodgett, be-
ree, at first
|)orter, it at
(lit trunk of
ificant fruit,
11 ripe.
The leaves,
J and a half
t an inch in
r with those
1 a rounded
ing point or
oneath, with
• within the
vith a small,
lie sheathing,

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BANYAN TREE.

lo5

This species appears to bo very nearly allied to the F. Mar-
ilnicensls of Willdenow, (the F. laurlfoUa of Lamarck ;) but \vc
can by no means reconcile it to Sloane's figure, (Hist. Jam.,
t. 223,) for in that species the leaves are lanceolate, and eight
or nine inches long by two wide, on petioles two inches or more
in length ; the fruit is also said to be scarlet, of the size of a
hazol-nut, and sweetish and not unpleasant. In our variety /^
the leaves are wholly oval and not narrowed at the base.

I ''!»

PLATE XLIII,

A branch of the natural size.

i '.'HI

The milky juice of the Fig Tree is more or less acrid and
fetid, however sweet and wholesome the fruit may lie, and
that of the Flrtifi toximria of Sumatra is accounted poisonous.
The sap of several of the South American and Mexican species,
inspissated, affords caoutchouc.

The cultivated Fig, [FIchh carlca,) in its wild state, is an
humble and distorted shrub, afll'cting rocks and ruins, bearing
a fruit of inferior flavor, but with the parts of fructillcation
very perfect. Such figs as seem to drop off before maturity
are commonly those in which the stamens are most numerous
or effective. These are carefully collected in the Levant to fer-
tilize the female blossoms of the cultivated Fig, wiiich will ex-
plain the mystery of caprijlmtlon. In these countries the fruit,
fresh, or dried in the Hun, forms an important part of the food
of the inhabitants.

The Banyan Thee, {Ficnn Iik/hv.) nearly allied to our
F. atirm, becomes in India an immense tree, spreading very
wide, and throwing down rope-like roots into the soil. Mars-

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156

BANYAN TREE.

den mentions one of these growing near Memgee, twenty miles
west of Patna, in Bengal, which gave the enormous diameter
of 370 feet; the circumference of the shadow, at noon, was
lllG feet, and there were fifty or sixty stems. It is called the
Priests' Tree, and is held in such veneration by the Gentoos,
that if any one cuts off a branch, he is looked upon as sacrile-
gious, and held in the greatest abhorrence.

n\iy miles
diameter

noon, was
called the

e Gentoos,
as sacrile-

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HAWTHORN.

Natural Order, RosACEiE, {suborder, Pome^, Jussieu.) Lin-
nccan Classification, Icosandkia, Di — Pentagynia.

CRAT-<:EQUS. (Linn., excluding some species.)

Adnatc ca(yx-tube urceolate, with a 5-cleft border. Petals five, or-
bicular. Stamens fifteen or more. St;/lcs three to five, (rarely one.)
Pome or apple fleshy, ovate or globose, closed and crowned with
the persisting teeth of the calyx, and containing two to five hard
l-secded nuts.

These are spiny shrubs or small trees, almost exclnsivelj' indige-
nous to Europe and the United States of America, with simple, angu
larly-lobod, incised, or toothed leaves, furnished with stipules ot
somewhat difterent forms on the fertile or infertile branches. Flo\'.'er8
white, in terminal corymbs, sometimes solitary. Bractes subulate,
deciduous. The fruit rather small, sweet, or agreeably acidulous.

RED THORN, or SIBERIAN HAWTHORN.

CRATii5(nis SANdTJiNKA. Spinosa, follis scptangidis scrratis hasi produdis
pctiolis subnumjuiatis. — Pallas, Flora Rossica, vol. i. p. 25, tab. 11,
(very good.)

CiiATiEaus SANGUiiiEA. Lcavcs broadly obovate, somewhat cuneato at
the base, incised and serrate, often slightly 5 to 7-lobed, a little
pubescent when young, on short petioles, at length coriaceous and
bhining ; corymbs glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; segments of

157

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158 RED THORN, OR SIBERIAN HAWTHORN.

the calyx eiitiro, and, as well as the pcdicols, not glandular; styles

3-4; I'ruit globose. — Toruey and GiUY, Flora N. Am., vol. i.

p. 404.
/9 DoiKjlas'd, Spines short and .stout, (long in cultivation, Loudon;)

fruit small, dark purple.
CiiAT;Eaus imndata, ^i bmhpina. — Douui,., in Hook. Flor. Bor. Am.,

vol i. p. 201.
CRiETAdis (jhimliihisa. — I'uiisii, vol. i. p. 337, (as it regards the plant

collected by Capt. Lewis in the Kocky Mountains.)
CUiia'Aous DdUi/lavii. — Lindl., Bot. Kegist., tab. 1810. Loudon, Arbor.

Brit., vol. iii. p. 823.

Tins species of Hawthorn, "wliich becomes a tree eighteen to
twenty-live feet in height, is first met Avith to the West, on the
borders of rivulets, in the range of the Rocky Mountains, par-
ticnlarly on tlieir western declivity, from whence it continues
along the banks of the Oregon, and particularly its tributaries,
down to the shores of the Pacific. We found it also, in great
perfection, loaded with its sweet, nearly black, and pleasant fruit,
on the banks of the Wahlamet. The stem attains to about the
diameter of three to six inches, Avith a whitish, compact, close-
grained wood, of Avhich, in common with the Crab Apple of that
country, the natives make their wedges for splitting trees.

The Siberian plant, acoordhig to Pallas, begins to be found to
the south of the Uralian Mountains, and continues beyond the
Obi through all the (southern tract of Siberia, in dry mountainous
situalicms, i.nd in the thickets which ))order the higher rivulets;
exactly the sort of situations affected by the American plant
in the al[)ine region wdiero it commences. It also, like ours,
becomes a tree twelve to eighteen feet in height.

Lewis and Clarke speak of finding haws, probably of this or
the following species, on Flat Head River, which heads against
the som'ces of the Missonri.

Almost entirely deprived of vegetable food, every accession of
fruit, however meagre, was hailed with delight by otn- famished

RED THORN, OR SIBERIAN HAWTHORN. 159

party, and the ripe berries of this fine Hawthorn were collected
with avidity. The bushes, or rather trees, were, however, so high
that we could only come at the fruit on horseback, or after ascend-
ing the trunk, which often ap})eared equal to that of an ordinary
Apple Tree.

The summit of the tree is round and spreading, and the thorns
vary in size, though they are often short, and in no ease nume-
rous. The leaves are bi'oad and somewhat rounded al>ove,
cuneate- at the base, smooth on the upper surface, and always
more or less pubescent beneath; the margin is incise and serrate,
and divided often into live to seven shallow lobes. The llowers
are white, rather large, and numerous, disposed in a corymb,
with the peduncles and base of the calyx more or less pilose
and glandular. 7'he styles, three or four, are occasionally as
many as five. The segments of the calyx are rather long and
acuminated, membranaceous on the margin, and appressed to the
tlower. The berries are shortly elliptic or oval, and nearly)- black
or dark purjile when ripe. In the Siberian plant, describ'jd by
Pallas, they are scarlet; but he remarks that, according to Steller,
the haws of Kamtschatka arc both red and black, and that there
they are not only used as agreeable fruits, but are also collected
for the purpose of distillation into spirits. A good spii-it is like-
wise obtained by the fermentation and distillation of the fruit of
the common Hawthorn, (C. oxijcKnuitha)

This species is very nearly allied to C cocnnea, with which
indeed Pallas compares it; but in C.aHvhica the leaves have
longer petioles, it bears nmch larger Jk)\ver.s with larger segments
to the calyx. The fruit is also (in our plant) smaller, and the
plant more decidedly arborescent.

PLATE XLIV.

A branch of the natural .size. a. Thejruit.

li' 41

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RIVER HAWTHORN.

CRATiEGUS RIVULARIS. Foliis ovcitis vcl obovcitis, obtusis acutisce inciso-
serraiis basi atlenuatis brevi-jycdolaiis ; corymhis muliifloris glabris, flori-
bus parviiUs, calyds laciniis ohtusis brcvmimis eglandulom ; fruclibus
m'ffn's. — ;N'utt., in Torrey and Gray, Flor. N". Am., vol. i. p. 364.

/9 CUNEATA. Spini-^ brcvibu-o, foliis cuncatis obtusis, iticisis.

Along the shady borders of the rivulets of the Rocky Moun-
tains Ave observed this species blended with the former, becoming
equally a tree and producing the same kind of pleasant dark
fruit. It was also observed by Douglas in the interior of Oi'egon,
where we lilvewise met with it. It is, in all probability, the
smoother, supposed variety of G. piuictata, mentioned by Hooker
in his Flora.

The branches are reddish brown, the leaves nearly as entire as
those of the Apple Tree, except in /?, where they are slightly
lobed ; beneath very smooth, slightly pubescent above, acute and
rather sharply serrate, with long spines. The peduncles and calyx
perfectly smooth, the segments of the latter mere broad, obtuse
dentures. The flowers are white and smaller than in the pre-
ceding. The berries arc also black, and possess nearly the same
sweet and rather insipid taste of the Common Haw, ( C. oxyacantha.)

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LANCE-LEAVED HAWTHORN.

Crat^gtis aruorescexs. Iner mis, foliis lanceolaiis inciso-serratis utrin-
que aculis raritcr sublobatis r/labris subius ad venis imberulis, corymbis
wuUifioris, callcibus pilosis ladttiis st(buhi(is iiiicyris, floribus j^cnfayyiiis.

Crataegus arborescens. — Elliott, SkLtcli., vol. i. p. 550. Torr. and

Gray, Flor. K Am., vol. i. p. 4(1(3.
IflO

xutisce mciso-
(jlahrls, fiovi-
ms; fruciihus
A. i. p. 364.

locky Moun-
er, becoming
>leasant dark
or of Oregon,
abability, tlie
k1 by Hooker

[y as entire as
Y are slightly
)ve, acute and
cles and calyx
broad, obtuse
an in the pre-
jarly the same
C. oxyacantha.)

ORN.

ciso-serratis utrin-
uberulis, corymhis
yribus pentagynis.
550. Tour, ami

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L A N C E - L E A V E D HAWTHORN.

161

According to Elliott, this species becomes a tree of twenty to
thirty feet in height, with spreading branches. The fruit is
globose, quite small, and red. Of the quality of the wood nothing
is yet known; but nearly all the arborescent species are of slow
growth, and have whitish, close-grained, very hard, and durable
wood; that of the Common Hawthorn {C. orijacantha) is tough,
and in England is used occasionally for axle-trees and handles
of tools.

Tlie Lance-leaved Thorn of Mr. Elliott was found on the
lx)rders of the Ogeechec River, in Georgia, near Fort Argyle, and
near New Orleans, and in Texas by Drumniond and Berlandier.
It is without armature. The leaves arc lanceolate, acute at each
end, deeply serrated, smooth both above and beneath, except
some small tufts of hairs at the divisions of the veins, sometimes
slightly lobed toward the summit, (though not at all in our speci-
men.) The flowers are small, the calyx hairy at the base, with
the segments small and subulate.

To show the great age to which the Connnon Hawthorn
attains, Withering states of the variety called the Glastonbury
Thorn, existing in his time, in a lane by the churchyard of the
abbey, (1801,) "It ai)pears to be a very old tree. An old woman
of ninety never remembers it otherwise thiin as it now ajjpears.
It blossoms twice a year: the winter blossoms, which are almost
the size of a sixpence, appear about Christmas., and sooner, if th>
winter be severe. These produce no fruit." The sununer llowers
bore berries containing only a single seed, wliich, when sown, pro-
duced plants nowise diflering from the connnon kind.

The Common Hawthorn, though so humble in the hedgerow
beneath the cropping of the shears, when suflered to grow up
and stand alone attains the ordinary size of an Apple Tree;
and, occupying the village green for a long series of years, it
becomes connected with our earliest recolU'ctions of the joyful
arrival of spring. The ithl Ffitirtfioni, again white with its fra-
grant blossoms, and their falling on the ground like a shower of

Vol. IV. -11

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162

NAKED-FLOWERED HAWTHORN.

snow, marks a delightful era in the distant reminiscences of the
writer, when yet the simplest boon of nature gave delight.
With these pleasing recollections of the past, how touching and
graphic are those beautiful lines of Goldsmith descriptive of the

"Deserted Village:" —

"The Hawthorn bush, with scats beneath the shade,
For talkitif^ aj;e and youtliful converse made !
How often have I bless'd tlie coming day,
When toil remitting lent its turn to play.
And all the village train, from labor free,
Led up their sports beneath the spreading tree."

PLATE XLV.

A branch of the natural size. a. The (jcrm and styles.

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NAKED-FLOWERED HAWTHORN,

OH

APPLE HAW.

Crat;e«us iESTiVALis. Siihsphwsa, Jforiliiis jyrwcoHhiis, foUis ohlmujo-
cumifurmlhus ni dllplicis brcn'-petiufalis apire sahsinaalo-ih'iitatis aiujii-
latis rrl inciso-crcnatis rariiis Iriliihati.i, Jiinwrihas tonnntosis, <h')tii(m
glahris, suhtiis ad rcnis pubescentibus ; corymb is 3 ad !i-Jluris ylabris,
a/landalosis ; stylis 4-5, fructibus maxiinis (jhibom rubris.

('uATiEous astimli.s. — TounEv and Gray, Flor., i. [>. 4UH.

CiiATiEuus dliptica. — Elliott, SUotcli., i. p. 54!t.

CuAT.nuus opaca. — Hook and Ahnutt, roiniuui. Uotan. 3laguz., vol. i.
p. 25.

Mi'spilas a.itiralis. — Walteh, Klor. C-aroliniiiiui, p. 148.

This is another arborescent siR'cies of lliiuthorn confined to
the Southern States of the Union, growing along the low, wet

NAKED-FLOWERED HAWTHORN.

163

banks of rivers and ponds, from South Carolina and Georgia to
Florida : it grows also in Louisiana and Arkansas. In Florida,
it is already in flower in the early part of the month of March,
and presents a very unusual appearance, as yet nearly destitute
of leaves, or presenting only their unfolding silky buds. The
flowers are nearly as large as apple-blossoms, and pure white.
It becomes at length a tree of twenty or thirty feet in height,
branching froni the base. The leaves are elli[)tical or oblong
wedge-shaped, on the infertile branches often oljovate, on short
petioles, toward the sunnnit sinuately toothed, angled, or irregu-
larly crenate, rarely three-lobed or cleft, quite whitely tomeutose
when young before expansion, at length glabrous, but clothed
along the veins beneath with a brownish pubescence. The
corymbs are 3 to 5-tlowered, and smooth. The divisions of
the calyx are short, triangular, smooth, and without glands;
tJie styles are four or five. The fruit, which becomes red, is
very large an' round, ripening in May or Ju)ie, and is one-half
or three-fou , o' an inch in diameter, juicy, fragrant, of an
agreealjle si..».o.a taste, a.'id is much esteemed for tarts, jellies,
and other articles of the dessert.

Other species of Hawthorn, indigenous to the United States,
might be adduced as attaining the size of trees from ten to
twenty-five feet in height; but, as we have little or no notice of
their use and economy, we shall at present omit them.

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CHERRY TREE.

Natrjxd Order, RosACEiE, [snlwidcr, Amygdalk.t;, Jussieu.) Lin-
ncean f-'.isslfka(ion, Icosandria, Moxwynia.

CERASUS. (JiTssiKU.)

C'(fi/x uiTeolato-hcniisplicrical ; tlic hordor fivo-eloft, deciduous.
Petal.! sproadiii_<>;. Stamens liftoc i to thirty. Orari/ ijlabrous, with
U\r, collateral pendulous ovules. Drupe globose, ttesliy, destitute
of bloom; the nnt hard aiil bony, mostly globose and even.

Trt'^s or shrubs chiotly of the temperate parts of Europe and
rforth America, forming several natural sections. Lcav^es serrated,
deciduous or sempervirent.

§ I. Fhivers corymboso or clustered.
Cherries.

Leaves deciduous. True

SOFT-LEAVED CHERRY.

CEUASua MOLLIS. FiiVds o()(o)i(/(S ovalisre plerhque obtum sevriilatis fiiihtii/i
tomcnto.^o-piibesccntihus, cort/inbh raecmosis 5 ad iS-Jlovis iomentosh,
laciiiiis cali/cinis obtusis rrjfcxis tiibo pnbcscaitc brevioribus, dnipa oroidea.

<")krarus moUls. — DoruLAS, in Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 169.
ToHUEY and Gray, Flor. K Amcr., i. p. 410.

This species of Cherry, growing twelve to twenty-five feet

liigli, is confined to the Oregon Territory, and ])artieularly to

the borderw of the Oregon liiver aitd itn tributaries as far
164

f !'

5sieu.) Llrir

A..

, deculnous.
liil)rous, with
\\y, destitute
L even.

Europe and
avcs serrated,

duous. True

scrndalls fiubliis
iloris tomcntosis,
(5, drupa ovoidea.
1., vol. i. p. l*')^-

wonty-five feet
])iirticularly to
iiitiiries as far

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HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY.

165

as its sources. We met with it in thickets i>ii hilln, near the
Wahlamet, flowering about the month of May. The young
branches are dark gray and somewhat downy. The leaves arc
softly downy beneath, on short petioles, oblong, or oblong-ovate,
mostly obtuse, sometimes acute, minutely serrulate, two to two
and a half inches long by about an inch in width; stipules
small and deeply ciliate, as well as the bractes. Flowers small
and white, the petals rounded and concave. Segments of the
calyx ovate, short, and obtuse. Stigma clavate, petioles and
calyx tomentose. Fruit ovate, astringent, and unpleasant.

PLATE XLVI.

A branch of the natural size, with youn// fruit, a. The flower.

Red or Northern Cherry. {Cerams Pennayhanica, Tor. and
Gray. G. horeaUs, Micii. and Micii., Sylva, p. 152.) According to
Macmin, of West Chester, this tree in the Beech woods of Tioga
county, Pennsylvania, attains the height of sixty feet, with a
diameter of eighteen inches.

§ II. FJov^ers in raceme.9, axillary. Leaves semi^ervire'ni or
jyersistcnt. — Lauro-Cerasus, Tonm., Dccand., Laurel Cherries.

HOLLY-LEAYED CHERRY.

Cerasus ilicifolia. Folils lato-ovalibus snhoordntis brevi-pff'/Aatis spinosa-
sinuato-dmtatis rcticulatis coriaccis iiilidis, raccmis ercc'hsfoliis subctquan-
tibus, dnipa nigra ovoidea acuminata.

Cerasus ilicifolia. — Nutt., in Tork. and Gray, Flora X. Anier., vol. i.
p. 411. Hook and Arnott, Bot. Beecliy, Siippl., p. 3-tO, t. 83.

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166

HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY.

Tins is a small tree of Upper California, round Santa Barbara
attaining the height of twelve to twenty feet, and chiefly affect-
ing dry and elevated hill-sides within the mountain range. The
bark is gray and somewhat rough ; the wood is reddish, tough,
and close-grained. The leaves, which are rigid, shining, and
evergreen, look entirely like those of the Holly; they are broadly
oval, pointed, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, very smooth
and shining above and elegantly reticulated, often undulated,
and with sharp pungent serratures. The racemes of flowei's are
erect, somewhat crowded ; the flowers white and small, on short
Ijetioles; the petals rounded and short; the calyx hemispherical,
with short triangular teeth. The stamens seated near to the
summit of the calyx ; the stigma simple and obtuse.

This tree, from its remarkable and elegant appearance, is well
worth cultivating as an ornament, and in its qualities ranks with
the true Laurels. The fruit is rather large, dark purple, bitter,
and astringent.

PLATE XLVII. '

A branch of the natural size. a. The chemj. b, Thejiower.

The Laurel, [Pnams Lanro-Cevafus,) now so generally culti-
vated in Europe, was brought from Asia Minor. LucuUus, al'ter
conquering the King of Pontus, with whom the Romans had
warred for forty years, among his other trophies, brought the
Cherry from the fields of Cerasonte, and, in transplanting it into
Italy, secured a monument of his triumph far more durable than
that which the senate and the people decreed him. The Laurel,
transplanted at first from Trobizond to Constantinople, had not
so brilliant a destiny; an envoy from ihe Enqieror of Germany,
David Ungnad, whose name is now scarcely known, two hundred
and sixty-two years ngo brought a living plant to Clusius, at
V^ienna. The name of La nro-Ce rasas wiiw given to it by Belou.

ALMOND CHERRY.

167

who had seen it in its native country, from its leaves being like
those of the Bay and its fruit similar to cherries.

The leaves aftbrd by distillation a liquor which proves a
violent poison to men and animals. According to Duhamel,
a spoonful of this water given to a dog killed him instanta-
neously. Various experiments and accidents tend to confirm
the fiict of the powerfully-poisonous nature of Laurel water.
Fontana found that a single drop of the essential oil of this
plant, applied to a wound on a dog, proved equally as iatal as the
venom of the viper, and was attended with the same symptoms.

The emanations from the Laui'el being, in fact, the diluted
but voliitile prussic or hydrocyanic acid, are not without then*
inconveniences; for, after reposing beneath its shade on a warm
day, a headache and tendency to vomit arc said sometimes to
occur. Considerable use was formerly made of Laurel-water for
the sake of the Bitter Almond flavor which it connnunicates to
various articles of the dessert, but from its dangerous effects it
is now but little used.

The eflect of this poison is so extremely rapid and violent,
attacking the very seat of vitality, the nervous system, that no
remedies have any time to operate. Li the hand of the skilful
physician, however, this volatile poison proves sometimes a
powerful reuiedy.

Almond cherry, {Crni.'^ii.s Carolltilntia, Micii., Flor., vol. i.
p. 280. Wild Orange Tree, ^Fini., Sylva, vol. ii. pi. S!).) This
elegant tree, nearly allied to C Liis}((iiiii(t,n\)\)(\\\.vi^ to be conunoii
along the l)anks of the Mississipj)! from New Orleans to Natchez.
It is also indigenous to South ('arolina, Florida, and Arkansas.
It forms a fine evergreen tree forty to fifty feet higli, flowering
in March and April. The leaves, according to Elliott, are very
poisonous, fre(|uently destroying cattle that are tem[)ted to
browse on them early in the spring. It is known to the French

I I

168

ALMOND CHERRY.

inhabitants of Louisiana by the same name as the Laurel of
Europe, Laurier-Ammid.

The fruit of this species is a small, black, bitter cherry, with
very little pulp and a shell so thin as to crack between the
fingers. A second [G. Occidentalis) and probably a third spe-
cies of this section from St. Domingo, in the collections of Poi-
teau, has the same thin, fr.agile shell. These seem to form a
separate genus from the true Cherries, no less than from the
Laurels, and may be called Leptocakya, in consideration of the
thin and fragile, merely cartilaginous, shell of the drupe. In
this respect the drupe affords a much more important distinc-
tion than that which exists between Prunus and Cerasus.

3 Laurel of

sherry, with
between the
a third spe-
tions of Poi-
m to form a
an from the
ration of the
e drupe. In
rtant distinc-
erasus.

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PLUM TREE.

i

Nidural Order, RoSACEyE, {Nuhonler, AilYGDALEiE, Juss.) Lin-
ncean G lamiJwatio)i, Icosaxdkia, Monogynia.

PRUNUS. (TOIRNEFORT.)

(Jah)x urccolrttc-lioinisplienoal, the border 5-cleft, deciduous. PctuJs
Hpreadin^. Slanicns lil'teeu to thirty. Ocir^ glabrous, witli two
collateral, pendulous ovules. Drape ovate or oval, flesby, glabrous,
usually covered with a bloom ; nut hard and bony, more or less
compressed, acute and even, the margins partly grooved.

Treca or shrubs of temperate climates in tlie Xorthorn hemisphere,
with the leaves sorraled, convolute in vernation, (or before expansioii.)
The flowers earlier than the leaves, with the pedicels in umbellate
dubters.

J' '1

WILD PLUM.

ruUNt!S Amkuicana. Arhoirsci'Ds, ?'(/»(/.s' .^piiirsi'oili'liiis, /()///>' nrnto-
ohlovgis vcl ohocatl.i arr/ulc ficrr'ili.'i (iciiniuinHs Imsi ciititnlis, sulitus rcno-
sis demum t/litltris, pcllnlls siih-liii/[(t)iiltilosis, Kiiibiilis sc-'silihu.') jtctici-
Jhris, {2-G,) fnirlUjK.s orfilllnis.

P. Amkuicana. — Maushaij-, Arbust., p. 111. DahmmiT'in, Flora (\'st.,
p. 2H7, and in Annal. Lyceum, N. York, vol. iii. p. 87, t. 1. Tuii-
RKY and (luAY, Flor. N. Amer., vt.l. i. p. 107.

P. NioKA. — AiTON, Kew., (ed. 1,) vol. ii. p. 10"). Bot. Mag., t. 1117.

Puusil, Klor. Am., \ol. i. p. -i-U. Wili-d., Sp. pi., vol. iv. p. 998.

P. TIIKMAM8. — Klmott, 8k., vol. i. ]). ")42.
IV. -II* l(i!»

Ii,

170

WILD PLUM.

Cerasus nigra, {Loisel.) — Serixoe, in Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 538.
Hook., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 167.

i i

Few plants in North America have a more extensive range
than this species of Plum : it is met with from the Saskatcha-
wan toward Hudson's Bay, and through all the intermediate
country to Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. In the western part
of the Stato of Now York it is very common, and, in some
instances, (as it appeared to me in 1810,) it has been cultivated
by the aborigines around their dwellings in the same manner as
the Chickasaw Plum. When truly wild, it seams to affect the
banks of streams and rich bottom-lands. In New Jersey, near
Franklin Furnace, (Sussex county,) I have observed trees twenty
to thirty feet high, and with trunks from six to fourteen inches
in diameter. The ordinary height, however, is from fifteen to
twenty feet. The wood is hard and of a reddish color, like that
of the Wild Cherry, {Pninus serotina.) The fruit, when mature,
which is in the month of August, is from half an inch to an
inch in diameter, in some instances almost wholly yelloAV, but
commonly vermilion-red on one side, wholly red, or a mixture
of both colors, and in all the varieties covered more or less with
a very evident bloom. When ripe, it contains a very sweet,
thin pulp, with the disadvantage however of having a thick,
bitterish, acerb skin; but by cultivation it is considerably im-
proved, and the fruit is sometimes, as Dr. Darlington remarks,
as large as a common apricot. In Upper Canada, where it was
formerly cultivated, I have seen as many as twelve distinct
varieties in the same ox'chard. It is also free from the attacks
of the insects which have proved so fatial to nearly all the
cultivated Plums.

The stem spreads out into a roundish nead, with many rigid
and somewhat thorny branches. The leaves are oblong-ovate
and sometimes obovate, almost always narrowed below, with a

WILD PLUM.

171

nve range

distinct abrupt point or acumination, sharply serrated, strongly
veined, and more or less pubescent beneath. The pedicels are
smooth, two to five together, in clusters. Calyx pubescent, the
segments lance-linear, serrulated at the apex; the petals oval
or obovate, and rounded.

PLATE XLVIIL

A branch of the natural size in fruit, a. A cluster of flowers.

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CRAB APPLE.

Natural Order, RoSACEiE, [suborder, Pomeje, Juss.) Linncean
Classification, Icosandria, Pentagynia.

PYRUS. (Linn.)

Qill/x-ivihQ urceolate, adnate to the fleshy ovary, from which it is
inseparable, with the border 5-lobed. Petals five, roundish,
concave, on short claws. Styles usually five or less, distinct or
conjoined at the base. Pome (or apple) fleshy, closed, internally
5-celled, the cells cartilaginous and 2-seeded. The seeds with a
chartaceous coat.

Trees or shrubs (in the present section) with entire or palmately-
lobed, serrated leaves. Flowers in terminal flattish clusters or
corymbs. Fruit edible when not too acerb or astringent.

RIVER CRAB APPLE.

Pyrus rivularis. FoUis ovatis acutis indivisis junioribus trilohatis incisis
argute serralis subtiis pubescentibjis, f'j/lis (3-4) basi coalitis glabris,
fructibus perparvis subglobosis vix umbilicatis, lobis calicinis demian
deciduis.

Pyrus rivularis. — Douglas, in Hook. Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 303, t. 68.
ToRREY and Gray, Flor. N. Am., vol. i. p. 471.

Pyrus diversifolia. — Bonqard, Veget. Sitka., 1. c. p. 133.

This elegant species of Pyrus is common throughout all the

lower or maritime portion of the Oregon Territory, and it uni-
172

Linncean

which it ia
, roundish,
, distinct or
i, internally
leeds with a

)r palmately-
clusters or

i ■ li

I

trilobatis incisis
coalitis glahris,
alicinis deniion

..i.p.303,t.68.

3.

ighout all the
J, and it uni-

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PI .XLIX.

I'oii'ier I'ivulaire

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RIVER CRAB A T JM. E.

173

forinly afTocts the shade of rich, alluvial Ibrests near the lesser
.streams and ponds. It becomes a tree about the size of the
Siberian Crab, to which it has a close aflhiity, and grows from
fifteen to twenty-five feet in height, producing a hard wood,
capable of receiving a high polish, and is employed by the
natives for making wedges. The fruit grows in clusters, and is
snuill and purple, scarcely the size of a cherry, of an agreealjle
flavor, like that of some of our Haws: it has nothing of the
acerbity or acidity of the Common Crab, but is sweetish and
subacid when ripe. The natives near the sea employ it, as they
do many more berries of the country, for food, being all too
indolent to cultivate the earth for any purpose whatever.

It extends, in all probability, from Upper California to the
Russian possessions in the North, as far as latitude 57°. Men-
zies appears to have been its first discoverer, on what was then
vaguely termed the northwest coast.

The leaves, which a])pear with the flowers, are ovate, ol)tuse
or acute, entire, and more or less serrated, pubescent Ix-neath,
villous in the bud, at length nearly smooth; the later-produced
leaves are more or less incisely lobed, sometimes distinctly
three-lobed, the middle lobe incise and sharply serrated. The
flowers conspicuous, white or tinged with red. in terminal
corymbs, with the calyx and peduncles villous, or tomentose,
at other times with the exd'rior (if the ciilyx smooth. The
petals oval. The germ is pear-sha|)ed. with three or four styles.
Apples very small, dark piirjde, almost bliick when ripe, and
somewhat traiishieent, globose-ovoid, scarcely und)ilicate at
base, and with tlie sunnnit nake<i, the calyx, as in the Siberian
Crab, being deciduous. Seeds like those of the np[)le, and two
in a cell, as tisual.

I think it probable that the plants with "smooth i)edicels
and with the calyx externally smooth" ought to constitute a
distinct varit'ty, whidi ni;i\ be tiTiiicd I'l/nin rlrit/dn's ,i /ti-qx-v.
In the.si' tlie pedicels aic also glandidar.

I ■'

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174

NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE.

What this plant may become by cultivation cannot yet be
determined. The Siberian Crab, (now so ornamental and gene-
rally cultivated,) which also affects the alluvial borders of
streams and rivers round Lake Baikal, and in Daouria, accord-
ing to Pallas, in its native soil only attains the height of three
or four feet, with a trunk about as thick as a man's arm, and
full of tortuous branches. The berries, also, in Pallas's figure,
(Flora Rossica, vol. i. tab. 10,) are not so large as ordinary
iwas, and pyriform or attenu:ite at the base like a pear. All
this tribe of plants, so eminently serviceable both fof ornament
and use, deserve cultivation in a pre-eminent degree ; and the
present species has also the advantage of being perfectly hardy
in all temperate and even cold climates, as it stretches along
the coast nearly to the vicinity of Eastern Siberia.

All the plants of this section of Pyrus are natives of Tem-
perate Europe and Northern Asia.

PLATE XLIX.

A branch of the natural sue, a. The apple.

ill

Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple, [Pi/rus (tii(/ii^>ifl/(>lla, Aiton.)
This appears to be scarcely more than a variety of the Pi/nif
coronnria ; distinguishable, indeed, by its narrower leaves,
usually entire, whicli are often acute below; but, as the styles
are neither perfectly distinct nor constantly glabrous, and that
the young leaves are also pubescent, no suflicient distinction
remains. The fruit is likewise wholly similar.

E.

not yet be
il and gene-

boi'tlci's of

■lu-ia, accord-

rlit of three

s arm, and

las's figure,
as ordinary

pear. All
of ornament
•ee ; and the
rfectly hardy
•etches along

ives of Tem-

foVni, AlTON.)
of the Pi/ntA
rower leaveH,
, a« the styles
rolls, and that
nt distinction

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MOUNTAIN ASH.

§ III. Lmves piit.naic or j^iimxfi/i'f ; stijles two to five, distinct;
j}omc (jlohose or tarhinafe; X)^'^PV- — Sorbus, Linn.

li r

"

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH.

Pyuus Ami:uicana. FuUls pinmiti.-^ (/l/thrls, fvUoUs oblongo-hnceolatlf
actunbudis inci^o-Si'mUifi, serruluri^ sctacco-miicroiiads, cjnds composlUs
miiWjiorh, fniclihii.s (jlolmm. — Dkcand., Procl., vol. ii. p. 637. Toii-
iiKY 1111(1 (J KAY, Flor. X. Am., vol. i. p. 472.

tSoHUUS A.MKIUCANA. — WiLLD., Eiiuiii., vol. i. p. oiiO. Puusii, Flor.,
vol, i. p. J541.

SoKiMis AiicuPAniA. — ,9 Mich., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 200.

The Mountain Asli, or Kowau Tri'o, oi" North Aiiiorica, is
mot witlj spiirlug'ly in sliady, moist woods in inoiintainoiis situa-
tions, (Votn Labrador and even (iroonliiud. throughout the Now
Eujijlaud States, New York, Pennsylvania; and the variety ////-
cromrpn, witli smaller berries, extends to the high mountains
ol' Virginia and North Carolina.

It Ibrms a small tree of great beauiv, remarkable lor its
olegi'iit leathered ibliage, in May ami .Tune clad with its white
and iVagrant blossoms, and to the close of the yeai', even into
winter, dei-orateil with its lai'ge clusters of bright berries, which
aHbrd a favorite repast for thrushes and other frugivorous birds,
on tlieii annual round to more genial climates, or diu'ing their
hibernal residence : —

" SiiiijruiiKn.sijm' itir .ihi niln'iit nviiiria Imcfifi." — VuiOir,.

The European species, which differs very little from the pre-

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AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ARIL

sent, becomes, in the North of England, Scotland, and Wales,
a tree of conslderal)le size, so as occasionally to be sawn into
planks iind boards. It attains the height of twenty-five to
thirty iWt, with a diameter of two feet; and a tree in Scotland,
in Forfarshire, at Old Montrose, sixty-five years old, is fifty feet
high, with a diameter of two feet ten inches. The Avood is said
to be hard and durable, fit for economical purposes, such as
mill-work, screws for presses, spokes for wheels, &c. In ancient
times it was also esteemed for bows next tf> the Yew. Tlie
berries, dried and reduced to powder, have even been made into
bread ; .and an ardent si)irit may be distilled from them of a fine
flavor, but in small quantity. Thoujrh acid and somewhat
astringent, they are accounted wholesome, and, in the High-
lands of Scotland, are often eaten when perfectly ripe ; in the
cold and sterile climate of Kamtschatka, according to Gmelin,
they ai'e used for the same purposes.

This tree was formerly held sacred, and in the North of Eng-
land it is called the Witch-IIazel. In Wales, it was formerly
])hinted in the churchyard as connnonly as the Yew, and, on a
certain day of the year, everybody religiously wore a cross made
of the wood, as a charm against fascinations and evil spirits !

The American species scarcely forms so large a tree as that
of Europe, attaining cmly the height of fifteen to twenty feet,
and the leaves are very smootli, except before their complete
expansion ; the li'afiets are about from thirteen to fifteen, ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminated, with sharp and deep mucronate
serratures. The cymes or flower-clusters are large and com-
pound, and the fruit, like that of the European species, is of a
bright light scarlet. The berries of the variety mtvrocarpa are
also of the same color, but smaller. The seeds, two in a cell,
appear to havt; the same cartilaginous coat as in the apple.

1-LATE L.
A hrnnoh of the witurnl size. a. A i'liitihi "/jfowrra. h. A

enhrffi'if.

CERCOCARPUS.'

(HuMB,, BoNPL., and Kunth.)

Natural Order, Rosace/E, (Juss.) (Sub-tribe, Cercocarpece,) Linr
nceaii Clamficatioii, Icosandria, Monogynia.

Tube of the cahjx cylindrical, elongated, the lower part persistent, the
border hemispherical, 5-loljed, deciduous. Petals none. Skancus
many, seated on the border of the calyx. Ovary solitary ; style
terminal, filiform, and villous. Achenuun narrow, coriaceous, cau-
date, with the long persistent and enlarging plumose style. Seed
linear.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate straight-veined, coriaceous,
serrate or entire leaves on short petioles. Stipules small, adnate to
the base of the petiole. Flowers small, white, axillary or terminating
short brauchlets, mostly clustered.

* The name derived from xe/uj^, a tail, and xapm)^, a fruit, in reference to the
character of the fruit.

Vol. IV.— 12

177

%

FEATHER BUSH.

ih

{ill

I it 'i

I':!

m

i P^:

"■fll

■■§

Cercocarpus ledifolius, FoUw crebris pcrennantibus lanceolatis ifbyjris
demum glahris subtus tomcntosis margine rcvolutis ; floribua fcs.tiJ'l.'US
paiicis fascicidads ; Cauda carpclorum lont/issimum tortuosum. — I^uttall,
in ToRREY and Gray, Flor., Am., i. p. 427. Hooker, Ic. pi., tab. 324,
(ined.)

We first observed this curious small tree in the Rocky Moun-
tain range, on the lofty hills of Bear River of Timpanogos, near
the celebrated " Beer Spx'iiigs," which abound with carbonic acid.
We saw it aftei'ward iu the central chain, on either side Thornberg's
Ravine, toward the summits of the highest ridges, to which, by
its enduring and dark verdure, it contriljuted to give a wild and
gloomy robing, contrasted by the glitterin<i white of the impend-
ing cliffs of gneiss near which it grew. On the summits of the
Beer Spring hills it formed extensive thickets, each tree spread-
ing out many branches at a few feet from the gi'oimd with con-
siderable reguloTlr ',', rdmost in the manner of a Peach Tree. The
stem was in srime lr<'es about a foot in diameter, and the greatest
height of the plant did not exceed fifteen feet. It had much the
appearance of a f<tuntod Olive Tree, and was bitterish to the taste.

The wood is hard, tough, whitish, and very close-grained,
somcwliat reseml)ling that of the Birch. It appeared to be of
slow growth and sempervirent; the bark smooth and whitish,
the branchlets full of circular cicatrices, and the leaves clustered
at the extremities of the twigs. The leaves are at length nearly
smooth, at first hairy, with a i-jliort pubescence, beneath always
softly villous, with lirownisb cuiied hairs; their form is lanceo-
late, about one and a quarter inches long and three or four lines
wide, the border entire and revolute; beneath the hairs on the
under side we see the usual straight nerves. The older leaves

and other parts of the plant exude in small quantities an aro-
17S

ylatis ■ir^lf'firis

— NUTTALL,

pi., tab. 324,

ocky Moun-

luogos, near

irbonic acid.

Tliornberg's

to which, by

e a wild and

the impcnd-

Timits of the

1 tree spread-

nid with con-

li Tree. The

1 the greatest

lad much the

h to the taste.

close-grained,

ared to be of

and whitish,

aves clustered

length nearly

neath always

i)rm is lanceo

0 or four lines

0 hairs on the

16 older leaves

.utities an aro-

ifV>

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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h'liillirr hnah Hiiiitiioi) !> iiliiiurs

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FEATHER BUSH.

170

matic resin, having the scent of that found on some species of
Birch, (or Betula.) The flowers are small and white, produced at
the extremities of the twigs, and are succeeded by the fruit,
which forms one of the most remarkable and singular characters
of the genus; these have a strong resemblance to the seeds of
the Geranium, each small cylindric carpel sending out a long,
plumose, tortuous tail, nearly two inches in length, covered with
yellowish-white silky hairs, which, appearing simultaneously all
over the bush, give it a most remarkable and uncommon appear-
ance. It seemed to prefer poor dry soils, and would bear the cli-
mate of Europe or the northern parts of the United States very
well, from the alpine situations in which we uniformly saw it. It
is somewhat astringent to the taste, and agreeably though not
powerfully aromatic.

PLATE LI.

A branch of tJie natural size, with its fruit, a. Thefloxcer, b. The fruit.

' I ! '

k: . !

WEST INDIA DOGWOOD.

( i'

!:'

i 1

Natural Order, Leguminos^e. Linnccan Classification, DiA-

DELrniA, Decandria.

PISCIDIA.* (Linn.)

Co.lyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla papilionaceous, with the keel
obtuse. Stamens monadelphous, with the tenth free at the base.
Si>jle filiform, glabrous. Legume pediccllated, linear, with four
broad longitudinal wings, the seeds separated by interruptions in
the pod. The seeds oval and compressed, with a lateral hylum ;
embryo curved ; cotyledons thick and elliptic ; the radicle in-
flected.— West India trees, with deciduous, unequally-pinnated
leaves, produced after the development of the flowers.

iiijfil

JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

i !'

r''

PisciDiA Erythrina. FoUoUs omtis, leguminis stipite calyce midio Ion-

giore, alls inierruptis.
PisciDiA Erythrina. — Linn., Sp. pi. Jacq., Amer., p. 206. Swartz,

Obs., p. 277. Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, vol. i. p. 258.
Ichthyomcthia folds pinnutis omits, racemis terminalibus, sdiqids quadri-

alatis. — Browne, Jamaica, p. 296.
Coral arbor polyphylla non spinosa, fraxini folio, siliqua alls foliaceis

exslantibus rotae molendinarioi fliiviaiilis acuta, — Sloane, Jam., vol. ii.

p. 32, tab. 170, figs. 4, 5. Lamarck, lUust., tab. GOr), tig. A.
Psmdo-acaria, sillquis alaiis. — Pmimier, Icon., 229, tab. 233, fig. 2.

* The Diiiue from piscis, a fiah, in allusion to its eiuplo^meut as a tish-poison.
180

OD.

ation, DiA-

!vith the keel
at the base,
u', with four
Lerruptions in
iteral hylum;
le radicle in-
ually-pinnated

•s.

calyce multo Ion-

,. 206. SWARTZ,

i. p. 258.

IS, siUquis quadri-

'iqm alls foUaceis
ANE, Jam., vol. ii.
;05, tig. A.
h. 233, fig. 2.

iut as a fish-poison.

li. i|!,

liMII

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i

'■l^'H-ni

I

In

El ?;ti

III

PI. IJI.

in hi

!!«

Hi'i.<ii/;ui/ ./,■ !•! .liiiliiililll,'

JAMAICA 1) 0 G W U U D.

181

The Jamaica Dogwood is a native of the Antilles as well as
of the neighboring continent of America, having been observed
by Humboldt and Bonpland in the mountainous places in New
Spain, between Acapulco and Mazatlan, and we have now to
record it as a native of Key West, in East Florida, where it was
collected by Dr. Blodgett. It becomes a tree of about twenty to
twenty-five feet in height, not remarkable for the elegance of its
form, the branches being straggling, but yet beautiful in the
season of flowering, which is about April, when, with blossoms
similar to our favorite White Locust, [liohiiiia psciulo-acacia,)
the whole summit of the tree is profusely loaded; they come
out some time before the leaves, in numerous panicles or spread-
ing clusters, of a whitish color, mixed with purple; the upper-
most petal or vexillum in the centre tinged with green. The
vexillum, externally, as well as the calyx, is covered with a
silky pubescence. The leaves are unecptally pinnate, with
about five leaflets, which are either broad-ovate or obovate, and
slightly acuminate, entire, and beneath, as well as the foot-
stalk, more or less pubescent, particularly when young. The
pod is large, stipitate, and villous, with four broad undulated
longitudinal wings.

In Jamaica, this is esteemed one of the best timber trees in
the island; the wood is heavy, hard, and resinous, coarse, cross-
grained, and of a light brown color; it is very durable either in
or out of water. It makes excellent piles for wharves; and the
stakes soon form, in the tropical comitries it inhabits, a good
live fence. The bark of the trunk is very astringent : it cures
the mange in dogs, and would probably answer well for the tan-
ning of leather: it is best known, however, for its effects as a
fish-poison, for which purpose it is pounded and mixed with the
water in some deep part of a river or creek, when the water
soon acquires a reddish shade, and in a few minutes the fish
begin to rise to the surface?, where they float, as if they were
dead ; the larger ones, however, recover, but the smaller fry are

!

II

I'. I

\ir\

182

JAMAICA DOGWOOD.

destroyed. The tincture of the bark, indeed, is found to be an
intense narcotic, and has been employed beneficially to relieve
the pain produced by carious teeth. Jacquin observes that this
quality of intoxicating fish is found in many other American
plants. Tephrosia toxicaria of South America and T. piscatoria
of India and the South Sea Islands, both plants of the same
family with the present, likewise possess the faculty of intoxi-
cating fish.

PLATE LII.

A branch of the natural size. a. The flowers and young pods. b. TTte

more perfect pod.

I,: !.;

!:! '■'

ind to be an
lly to relieve
ves that this
er American
T. piscatoria
of the same
Ity of intoxi-

pods. h. The.

m

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III; I

]

ii*

"\W]'.

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A('uci;i l:iluili(|iUi

Hr/iiut poddfd . ^Citeia < /«</<f«f « (uryr .utufur

iM, i,m

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laiyt .uttf**>f

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ill
i I

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ACACIA.*

(Necker, Willd.)

Natural Order, LEGUMixoSi«. Lirmcean Classification, PoLY-

GAMIA, MoNdXIA.

Flowers POLYGAMOUS, porfoot and Btaminlferous. — O0>jx 4 to 5-
toothcd. Petals four to five, distinct, or united into a nionopetalous,
4 to 5-cloft corolla. Stamais:, from eight or ten to two hundred.
Legume without interruptions between the seeds, dry, (without
pulp,) and 1-valved.

These are trees and shrubs princijially of warm or mild climates, with
or without stipular or scattered spines. Tiie leaves are usually small
and variously pinnated: sometimes (particularly in the Xew Holland
species) the true leaves in the adult are abortive, and the simple leaty
petioles, called phylloucs, alone supply their place. Flowers often
yellow, more rarely white or red, disposed in s[)herical heads ov in
spikes.

fi

l?^

BROAD-PODDED ACACIA.

Acacia latisii.iqua. iKcnnls (jlnhra, jihinis Ct-jiigis, fi)UiiUs 10-l')-jiiifh
('l(lj)tiris uhliisis^ stif mil's hracli iforiiiiliiis (lliiildiato-etirihit'is^ cn/iiln/ii'
piiliinrtihttis at/fnr(/iills in fo^iii'ulum tennlnnhm sutnfisposilis. hiimninc
loiif/e sllpilfitd, pinna, iitrinque ueiitn. — Pr.CAND., Prod., vol. ii. p. 4t!7.

Acacia i.atisiliqua. Iiwrmis, fnVii^ hiji'iinuitls partlalihi's fjiif'tii/"ij"(/i's,
raviis flexuosis, ijcmniis ghihosls. — LiNX., Sp. pi. I'Eiisod.v, Synojis.,

* An ancient Orcck name, from nxn'ui, tn jininl, or flinrpcn, many of the spp

oieH being tlioniy,

is;;

V

I i

Ir:!

i*.

; P !!'■"?:

li <!:

I 1

184

BROAD- PODDED ACACIA.

vol. ii. p. 265. WiLLD., Sp., vol. iv. p. 1067. Macfadyen, Flor.
Jam., vol. i. p. ;318.
Arnck von sjyhiosa, siliqnis latis compressis, flore albo. — Plumier, (Ed.
Burm.,) t. 6.

This ,s[)Ocies, like man\' others of the genus, remai'kable by its
light, waving, feather-like foliage, is, according to Dr. Blodgett,
rare at Key West, where it becomes a very hirge and spreading
tree, flowering in the month of May. It is also a native of the
West Indies and the warmer parts of the neighboring continent,
where it was found by Plumier and Aublet. According to
Macfadyen, it is a cultivated plant in Jamaica. It bears a great
resemblance to the Acacia figured by Catesby, tab. 42, which is
quoted as .1. (jlaitra, though by no means the same plant as
Plate 30 of Trew, which latter is the species most commonly
cultivated under that name.

The wood of this Acacia is said to be white, hard, and close-
grained. The trunk, as described by Catesby, attains a diameter
of three feet, and is accounted an excellent wood, next to the
mahogany of Jamaica, and is the best to be found in the Bahama
Tslands. For curious cabinet-work it excels mahogany in its
variable shining tints, which appear like watered satin. Several
s[)ecies of the genus afford very hard and durable wood.

The small branches in this species are gray, slender, and
homewhat zigzag. The leaves are bipinnate, on main petioles, a
little more than an inch long; between the first pair of pinnules
is usually seen on the petiole a projecting though sometimes
merely a depressed gland; the next pairs are without glands to
the summit of the leaf-stalk, where there is then another
depressed gland. The i)innules vary in our plant from two to
four pair; (we have not seen ^^\\\) The leaflets of the pinnule
are oblong-elliptic, nearly smooth, obtuse, somewhat oblique,
and rounded at base, in from eight to fifteen or sixteen pairs.
From the axils of the two or three ui)perm()st leaves come out
eimple or aggregated peduncles, usually by tiirees, above,

BROAD-PODDED ACACIA.

185

running together so as to form a small, sparse-flowered panicle,
with each of the clusters subtended by rather large, deciduous,
amplexicaule, semicordate and acuminate smooth bractes, which
resemble stipules. The flowers are disposed in spherical, rather
email heads, on peduncles about three-quarters of an inch long:
they appear white from the color of the long, tortuous, hair-like
stamens. The calyx is canescent, with a close pubescence, and
five-cleft at the summit. The corolla is deeply five-parted, and of
a purplish brown, with oblong-lanceolate divisions. The stamens
are ten or more, with very long filaments, and very small whitish
rounded anthers. The legume (according to Dr. Blodgett) is
four or five inches long, flat, thin, many-seeded, and an inch or
more in breadth.

PLATE LIII.

A small branch of the natural size, a, Thejlower somewJiat etilarged.

IV.— 12*

-:1m;

! .' il

I N G A.'

(Plumiek, Willd.)

Natural Order, Leguminosje. Linncmn Classification, Poly-

GAMIA, MoNffiCIA.

Flowers polygamous, perfect, and male. — Cali/x 5-tootlied. Corolla
monopetalous, tubular-funnel-formed, exceeding the calyx in length,
with the border regular and 4 or 5-cleft. Stamina numerous, ex-
serted, (10 to 200,) with the capillary filaments more or less united
into a tube. Legume broadly linear, compressed, 1-celled. Seeds
usually covered with pulp, more rarely with a pellicle or with fari-
naceous matter.

Shrubs or trees of warm or tropical climates, chiefly indigenous to
India and America, usually unarmed. Flowers in spikes or globular
heads, red or white, rarely yellow.

BLUNT-LEAYED INGA.

Inoa UNQUis-CATi.f Spuiis sHpularibiis reetis, fol'ds conjugato-geminatis,
foliolis subrotundo-ellipticis subdimidiatis membranaceis glabris, glandula

* An American name adopted by Plumier.

"I" The specific name of unguis-cati alludes to the short and rather concealed
thorns with which this tree is provided. Browne calls it the hlack-head shrub,
and from others in Jamaica, according to Macfadycn, it receives the names of
Barhari/ Thorn and Nephritic Tree.
18G

tlm, POLY-

led. Corolla,
yx in length,
umerous, ex-
)r less united
jelled. Seeds
> or with fari-

indigenoua to
es or globular

jugato-geminatis,
ghbris, glandula

i rather concealed

black-bead shrub,

ivea the names of

Ill

IM 4

11

!; :!i

pSii'J!l:ll!

:f H-l

! )

.■.«vr"

II. I,IV

T fmclmri Lull I'M

lii'i;i rii'i»i.s Culi.
tiliint liuiivil hiiiii hiiiii oniili ,1, ,l\,it

I-
I i

:! II

^i: '. :i! i.:

f ■

I' .'(I

ri'

!

BLUNT-LEAVED INGA.

187

in dicholomia pdloU glahn et inter foliola, Jlorum cajntulis ghbosis in race-
mum terminalem disposiiis, Icgumine torlo. — Decand., Prod., vol. ii.
p. 480.

Mimosa nnguis-cati. — J^inn., Spec, 499. TVilld., Sp. pi., vol. iv. p.
1006. Jacquin, Hort. Scliocnbrnnn, vol. ii. tab. 34. Descourt.,
Flor. Antil., vol. i. tab. 11. Swartz., Obs., p. 389. Macfadyen,
Flor. Jam., vol. i. p. 306.

Acacia quadrifolia, siliquis circbuitis — Plumier, (Ed. Burmau,) Icon. 4.
Pluken., tab. 1, fig. 6.

Acacia arhorca major spinosa, pinnis qaatuor, siliquis varie iniortis. —
Sloane, Hist. Jam., vol. ii. p. 56.

Mimosa fndicosa, foliis ovalis binato-hinaiis, seminibus atro-nitcntibus, —
Browne, Jamaic, p. 252.

This very singular-leaved tree, attaining about the height of
from ten to twenty feet, is indigenous to many of the West India
Islands, as well as to Cumana and Cayenne on the neighboring
continent, where it was observed by Humboldt and Bonpland,
and in the latter place by Aublet. This is also another of the
Caribbean productions which extends to the limits of the United
States, having been recently found in Key West by our friend
Dr. Blodgett.

The wood is said to be yellow, the summit of the tree irregular,
and the branches straggling. The smaller twigs arc round and
gray, inclining to brown, and covered with minute warts. The
thorns are stipular, or come out at the junction of the leaf with
the stem ; they vary in size, but are always short, and in some
of the twigs wholly absent. The leaves are bipinnate, only four
in number, the leaflets on each pinulo being only a single pair,
sessile, obovate, very obtuse or subemarginate and rounded above,
glabrous and of a thin texture, with widely-reticulated ner\'cs;
the petiole channelled above, with a hollow circular gland at the
junction of the secondary petioles. Eacemes terminal, thyrsoid,
the pedicels long and fastigiato, almost like a corynil). Flowers
greenish yellow and smooth, in glolwse heads. Calyx small,

f\

188

GUADALOUPE INGA.

I ■ ' ' !

']:

five-toothed. Corolla more than twice the length of the calyx,
five-cleft toward the summit, the segments acute. Filaments
numerous, slender, and capillary, yellow, three times the length
of the corolla. Legume torulose, spirally twisted, of a reddish-
purple colour; seeds five or six, black, shining, roundish, com-
pressed, half covered with a white, fleshy, arillus-like pellicle.

This plant has the credit of being a sovereign remedy for
nephritic complaints, for the stone and gravel, and also for ob-
structions of the liver. The bark is the part employed; and
Barham states (in his account of Jamaica, where this tree grows)
that in his time it was in such general use that it was rare to
meet with a tree that had not been barked. The decoction, of
a red color, is very astringent, and acts as a diuretic. It has also
been emplo} od externally as a lotion and injection, to remove the
relaxation of the parts. Upon the whole, it would seem to be
entitled to the notice of physicians, and deserves a further
examination.

PLATE LIV.

A branch of the natural size. a. Thejlotcer somewhat enlarged.

GUADALOUPE INGA.

Inga Guadalupensts. Inermis, foliis conjwiato-gcminatis, foUolis obovatis
subrhombeis obtasis vcnosls glaberrmis, r/landula in dichotomia petioli
glabri et inter foliola, capitulis globosis pedicellatis racemosis, legumine
torto glabro. — Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 436.

Mimosa Guadalupensis. Foliis bijugis foliolis ovalibus. obliquis sub-
coriaceis, capitulis corgmbosis. — Persoon, Synops., vol. ii. p. 262.

This species also becomes a tree of twelve to twent_^ feet ele-
vation at Key West, according to the observation of the same

lie calyx,
tf'ilaments
lie length
L reddish-
lish, com-
lellicle.
imedy for
Iso for ob-
)ycd; and
ree grows)
i^as rare to
coction, of
It has also
•emove the
;eem to be
a further

nlarged.

oliolis obovaiis
oiomia petioU
osis, legumine

obliqids suh-
[. p. 262.

;nt feet ele-
of the same

\i

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ii

If'P

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1

i
1

i

1

■ 1

■8

i

1 '

Irj

1

il'

1

m

Ij

111

PI. I,V

••V

' 'in,/.,

msLith i'htl

7*liii.. -itli

liic'ii ('<ii(iihilii|ifiiis

liu.l.l.lli'll/" III,/, I

lll,l,l ill 1,1 I'lhlili'l,!!!)'!

i (it

( : I

GUADALOUPE INGA.

189

gentleman who discovered the preceding. The specimen de-
scribed by Persoon came from the island of Guadaloupc. Decan-
dolle suspects that it may be a more thornless variety of the pre-
ceding species, {I. unguis-cati ;) but, from numerous specimens
which we have inspected from Florida, there can renuiin very
little doubt of its distinction as a peculiar species.

The snines appear to be wholly wanting; the bark of the
branches is gray and rough with minute warts. The petioles are
about three lines long, and of the same length with the partial
ones; both are strongly gi'ooved aiid disti)ictly articulated. The
leaves are smooth and coriaceous, shining above, dull and paler
beneath, delicately and reticulately veined, quite opaque from
their thickness, cuneate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, and
sometimes rounded at the apex, at other times rather acute and
apiculated. A depressed gland at the summit of the petiole
between the stalks, and also one less distinct between the pairs
of leatlets. The flowers are axillary and long-i)edunculate ; tliey
likewise terminate the branches in corymbose racemes, "he
heads of flowers arc hemispherical, and appear to have been
yellowish green. The calyx is campanulate, with acute and
very distinct teeth; the corolla is moiiopetalous, more widely
camjianulate at the summit, twice as long as the calyx, with
acute segments. The pods are dark purplish brown, i;uich
curved, three to four inches long, about half an inch wide,
attenuated at the base, torulose and irregularly narrowed between
the seeds, but not intercepted within. The seeds are deej) black,
somewhat compressed, and at one extremity half covered by a
bright rose-red fleshy and lobed arillus.

PLATE LV.

A branch of the natural size. a. The ripe pod. b. The seed.

\' \{

I'll !

^ii i•

SCH^FFEIlA.*

(Jacquin.)

! 'f

Natural Order, CelaSTRINE^? Linncean Classification, DiCECiA,

Tetraxdria.

DiCECious. — Cahjx small, 4-partocl, persistent. Pdnls four, alternating
with the sepals. Stamina four, opposite to the petals. Ovarium
2-cellcfl. Sticfmas two. Berry dry, bipartite, cells 1-seeded. Seed
erect, i)lano-convex ; albumen fleshy ; embrj-o central, straight, and
flat.

Trees of Tropical America, with alternate, entire, coriaceous leaves ;
stipules none ; flowers several, axillary, small and pedicellated, white
or green.

:. jii:

JAMAICA BOXWOOD.

SciiiKi'FKRA luxiFOLiA. FolUs lamcolalo-omtis basi attenmtis pkrisquc

nnilis ratnuUffjae glabris, pctalis riridis uhtusis.
knijEVVEiuA FUUTKsciiNs, biixifalia. Foliis latius ovatis niucronatis.

— l)ii('AM)., Prod., vol. ii. p. 41. Lam., Illust., t. 809.
JBiixi folio Diiijiire aciimiiiato, arbor bticeiftnu frtietu minore crocco dipyrcm.

— Sloane, Hist. Jamaica, vol. ii. p. 102, tab. 200, fig. 1.

According to Dr. Blodgett, this plant, common at Key West
and on the ndjoining keys of Eaf<t Florida, becomes a tree of

* Named iu honor of Juuics Christiun Scluvffcr, of llutisboii, author of several
botunieiil works.
I'.Hj

II t

, Dkecia,

Iternatiiig

Ovarium

ded. Seed

raight, and

)U8 leaves ;
ited, white

itis iilerisque
inucronatirt.
ceo dipyreno.

Key West
? a tree of

thor of several

4

PI l,VI

I HitijIinlH*

I

MX

H-.

<,lfiillriA i\ liiiillf< lif hni.i

! IN;

!!■■ I-

! . •,!' ,h :; '

JAMAICA BOXWOOD.

191

thirty feet in height, and is an article of export from tlio Ba-
hama Islands, where it is valued at about forty dollars the ton.
From Poiteau's " Herbarium," it appears to grow in th " ^land
of St. Domingo; it is also apparently identical with the Jamaica
plant of Sloane. The wood is pale yellow, very close and fino-
grai led, and might easily be mistaken for that of the true Box,
which name it bears in the Bahamas.

The twigs are slender and covered with a light gray bark.
The leaves are very smooth and shining on the upper surface,
with slender branching veins, lanceolate and very acute, yet on
the lower part of the same specimen blunt or even emarginato ;
but they are always narrowed below. The male flowers (the
only ones I have seen) ai"e small, on very short peduncles, three
or four together, with a rather minute calyx, and four broadish,
green, oblong, obtuse petals. The stamens are usually four,
shorter than the petals, sometimes more by the ingraftment of
two peduncles. The stigmas are two, and short. The berries
rather flattened and two-lobed, about the size of a grain of cubebs,
dry, but with a thick integument, two-celled, two-seeded, and of
a pale orange-yellow when ripe. Appearances of resin ai'e visible
on some of the buds, and the berries have rather an acrid bitter
taste, something like that of tobacco; yet, notwithstanding
their disagreeable taste, they are greedily devoured by ])irds.

The white flowers of S. frutescens, the S. completa of Swartz,
and its humble stature, appear to distinguish it from our plant.

PLATE LVI.

A branch of the natural size. a. The malefloicer. b. The fruit.

'! ■' ' 1

I !

1!

Iit!!!!|

CEANOTHUS.*

(Linn., in part.)

Natural Order, Rhamne^e, (Decand.) Linncean Classification,
Pentandria, Monogynia.

Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-cleft, with the border deciduous. Petals
five, cucullate, and arched, exserted, with long claws. S/amcns ex-
serted. Disk thickened at the margin surrounding the ovary.
Styles three, united to the middle. Fruit dry and rigid, mostly
3-celled, obtusely triangular, seated on the persistent tube of the
calyx, tricoccous, dehiscing by the inner sutures. Seeds obovate,
even.

Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely small trees, of the temperate parts of
America. Roots large and ligneous. ] cnves alternate, ovate or
elliptical, mostly serrate, sometimes entire, persistent or deciduous.
Flowers white or blue, in umbel-like clusters, aggregated at the
extremities of the branches into thyrsoid corymbs. The taste of the
root and most other parts of the plant more or less astringent. One
of the species was formerly employed as a succedaneum for tea, and
hence the name of "iVew Jersey Tea."

* An ancient Greek name employed by Theophrastus for a plant now unknown.

192

lassiflcatian,

lous. Petals
Stamens ex-
r tiie ovary,
rigid, mostly
t tube of the
'eeds obovatc,

erate parts of
ate, ovate or
3r deciduous,
(gated at the
e taste of the
•ingent. One
a for tea, and

now unknown.

Troe (Vaiiotlms

<\ani<lhu,f tftvr,tif'lt>ni« (eaitofhe thrrsifJore .

\11

I

I ■■

II l»

TREE CEANOTHUS.

Ceaxotiu's TiiYiisii-i.dKrs. Arlinrc'i, crci-fa ,- rdmis (Oifiulatis, fnli'is ovato-

(jhibris, snhlns sobr'dh

(iHlS ,

tl'U'

'jljf<)iifjo-iiraliljn.<< (lc)'isill(iri> ruri/ni-

Ijiill.s (ixilhirlhiis li riiniif(Hht(stjiir, vnnus forifivis fi>htisi>: ; jhiviliKf: azun is.
Ci:ANOTiir.< lhiirs:jhirii><. — Ksciiolts, in Afcni. Arad. 8t. Pctorsl)., (182(5.)
IFooKKH, Klor. J')()r. Am., vol. i. p. 12."). IIookku and Aunott, in
Bot. Beecliy, p. lo<J. ToRKiiv and Gkay, vol. i. p. 200.

Tlioccii .several s[)ecii'.s of tliis elegant tieiuis in CaliHjrnia,
Oregon, and along the northwest eoast, Ijeeonio considerable
shruhs, this is the only one which can he classed among trees.
It was somewhat ahnndant on dry, gravelly hills in the vicinity
of Monterey, where I arrived in the month of Marc.'h, about
the time that it was burstinii' into llower. My attention was
called to it in the w<)o<l-[)ile, where considerable stems, at least
a.s thick as a man's leg. la}- consigned to the ignoble but still
impoitant use of firewood. The wood api)eared hard, tough,
of a reddish color, and it afforded a diirabU' fuel, Tiie branches
Avere tortuous, s[)reading, and covered with a loiigh bark; the
branchlets green and angular. Leaves nearly elliptic, the
uppermost ovate-oblong, all glandularly sei'rulate ; above smooth,
beneath pubescent, particularly along the tliree sti'ong nerves
which traverse the leaf to the summit; tlie [u'tioles very short;
the upper branchlets terminating in thyrsoid i)anicles of deep
blue and very elegant flowers, made \\\) of numerous round,
den.se clusters, in small corymbs; tiie terminal mass oval, about
tiirce inches long by about an inch in widtli; the clusters are
Hubtendi'd by ovate, acuminate, broad, villous, and i

Iccid

uous

bractes. The caly.x. pt'tals. and lu'tluncles, are of a dee|t sky-
the seguu'iits of the calyx ovate; the petals, as usual.

bl

unjiuiculate and e.xserted. as wr

11 as the istamens; the anlherrt

are yellow. With the I'luit 1 am wholly uiuictiuuinted.

Vol,. IV.— l:t

lua

194

TREE CEANOTHUS.

As this is a hardy and very ornamental plant, it well deserves
cultivation. The flowers appear early in the spring, and the
whole summit of the tree appears of an intense blue.

The bark of the Ceanotkus azitreiis, a plant allied to the pre-
sent species, is esteemed in Mexico as a febrifuge.

PLATE LVII.

A branch of the natural size. a. Thefiower.

Ceanothus macrocar'pus. — Nutt., in Torrey and Gray. As this is
not the plant of Willdenow, I take this opportunity of correcting
the error, and propose to call it Ceanothus mcf/acarj^us.

Persimmon, {Diospunis Viryiniana.) /3 pubescens. FoUis suhtus mol-
liier pilosis.

Of this remarkable variety, with the leaves softly pilose
beneath, I have seen specimens from Louisiana, collected by
Mr. Teinturier ; and a very similar but less pubescent variety
was found in Georgia by the late Dr. Baldwin, (according to
gpecimens in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences
in this place.)

11 deserves
2;, and the

3>

to the pre-

As this is
f correcting

! siibtus mol-

jftly pilose
oUected by
ent variety
ceording to
ral Sciences

•tu

'1

IJ

I I

i 1: I

H 1 li.

i'

::li

Siuik*' WimmI .

I'lLVUl

/iW//A itm .■inifi'iiXiita .

Hois i/e (hu/ftufiY..

J'lLVUl

% ■ .-f^'

\:

■1 '

X^-

■^ \

\>n'.

COLUBRINA.

(Richard.)

Natural Order, Rhamne^. Linnaean Classijwathn, Pentandria,

MoNOCtYNIA.

Calyx spreading, 5-cleft; the tube hemispherical. Petals five, ob-
ovate, convolute. Stamens five, with ovate, 2-celled anthers. Disk
fleshy, rather flat, slightly 5-angled. Otary immersed in and ad-
hering to the disk, 3-celled. Style trifid. Stigmas three. Fruit
capsular, dehiscent, tricoccous, girt at the base by the adnate, per-
manent, entire tube of the calyx. Seeds furnished with a short
Btalk, the testa coriaceous, very smooth.

Trees or shrubs of Tropical America and Asia. Leaves alternate,
with pinnate nerves, and reticulated with transverse veins. Flowers
in short, axillary cymes.

!. it !

% -I

' r

SNAKE-WOOD.

CoLUBRiNA Americana. Foliis ovatis suhammimtis integris, subtus

ramulis Jloribusque femigineo-villosis, floribus axillaribus corymboso

adgregatis.
Cfanothus colubrinus. — Lamarck. Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 31.

Persoon, Synops., vol. i. p. 244.
RiiAMNUS colubrinus.— J ACQVi:^, Anicr., 74, No. 2, Hort. Vindobou.,

vol. iii. tab. 50. Vohel, Icon, rar., tab. 105. Linn., Syst., vol. i.

p. 195.

195

'IT!:

■'

Mm

y\'

liHj

itii

m

■f ii

;>f I

>i. I lli|:|.llil

'I i ' I ml

iiiiliil: Ifiillliii

iUll.ilfJll,'!

mm

■"IN.

196

SNAKE-WOOD.

KitAMNUS arhorcus, follis obovalis rcnosis, capsulh aphccricis, inferne ad
mcJIctatrm cahiptrati.^. — TJrowne, Janiaic, p. 172, Xo. 2.

RiiAMNUs fariif/iiicus. — Ni'TT., in Tokuey and Gkat, Flora N". Am.,
vol. i. p. 2(53, and .Tourii. Acad. Nat. Sc, Philad., vol. vii. p. 90.

Arbor bacdfura indica, follis majoribus splcndcnlibus fiorc pcntapclah. —
CoMM., Hort., p. 475, tab. 90.

A FLOAVKUIXG specimen of this tree was collected at Key
West, ill East Florida, by Mr. Titian Poale. From this im-
perfect relic I conceived it to belong to a new species, which I
hence called the ferruginous Buckthorn ; but on comparing it
more attentively with a fmo specimen of Rharmius coluhriuus,
collected in St. Domingo by Poiteau, I felt satisfied of their
identity. It is indigenous to the islands of St. Martin, the
Bahamas, Jamaica, St. Domingo, and Cuba, where, on the high
mountains, it becomes a tree of twenty feet in height ; but on
the borders of the sea, among the brushwood, it seldom attains
a greater height than that of six or seven feet. The branches
spread out horizontally and are thickly covered with leaves.
It is remarkable for the ferruginous down spread over the
petioles and young leaves, as well as upon the peduncles and
calyx of the flowers. The bark is smooth and blackish, but
the younger branches are gray and downy. The leaves are
alternsite, oval, somewhat acuminately and abruptly pointed,
entire, smooth and shining above, tomentose beneath when
young, aftovward only so on the nerves, three to four inches
long by about two inches wide ; the petioles from a quarter to
half an inch long. The flowers are small, disposed in short,
axillary coryml)s, containing in each cluster about seven to ten.
The calyx is villous and ferruginous, li v^e-parted, the divisions
ovate and somewhat acute ; the petals, five in numbei', are nar-
row, linear-oblong, about the length of the divisions of the
calyx, nnguiculate, concave, and partly embracing the stamens,
which are about the same length. Fleshy disk of the germ
conspicuous, broadly five-lobed. The style is simple, terminating

SNAKE-WOOD.

197

\ferm ad

N". Am.,
p. 90.
'peicilo. —

at Key
this im-
which I
)anng it
luhrhnis,
of their
ctin, the
the high
; but on
1 attains
branches
1 leaves,
over the
icles and
kish, but
eaves arc

pointed,
ith when
ur inches
quarter to

in short,
en to ten.
I divisions
r, are nar-
ns of the
3 stamens,

the germ
;;rminating

in three simple, obtuse stigmas. The fruit, nearly half-way
embraced by the persistent base of the calyx, is a capsule of
three lobes, with th'^ee valves and three elastic cells. The
seeds are solitary, nearlv round, and somewhat compressed,
shining and black, remaming, often after the lapse of the cap-
sule, attached to the base of the cells. With the wood of this
tree or its economy I am unacquainted.

Another species of this genus, with smooth, elliptic, and some-
what acuminated leaves on longish petioles, occurs, according to
La Sagra, in Cuba. In this also the small axillary umbels are
very few-flowered, smooth, and pedicellated : this might be called
Cohihrina glabra.

PLATE LVIII.

A oranch of the natural size. a. The umbel of flowers, b. The flower a
little enlarged, c. The seed remaining attached to the receptacle.

Ifillliimnillil

i i! I

hi ■■ i

I: }

i" :''i

ill

...if''

i nil lit

1 it' 'II

BUCKTHORN.

Natural Order, RiiAMNEiE. Linncean Classification, Pentandria,

MONOGYNIA.

RHAMNUS.* (Linn.)

Calyx urceolate, with tlie border 4 or 5-cleft. Petals four or five,
alternating with the calyx, entire, emarginate or 2-lobecl, more
or less convolute, sometimes wanting. Torus thin, lining the tube
of the calyx. Stamina situated before the petals. Ovary free, and
not immersed in the torus or disk, 2 to 4-celled. Styles two to
four, distinct, or combined. Fruit drupaceous, containing two to
four cartilaginous nuts.

The Buckthorns are all shrubs or small trees, with alternate and
rarely opposite leaves, on short petioles, often pennately nerved.
The flowers are small and greenish, usually in short axillary clusters
or small corymbs.

CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.

RiiAMNUs Carolinianus, (Walter, Flor. Carol., p. 101.) Eredas,
foliis ovali-oblongis integriuscuUs glahris, umbeUis pcdmiculdtis, Jloriljus
hermaphrodites, fructibus globosis, — Michaux, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i.
p. 153. Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 26.

Ehamnus Carolinianus. Erect, unarmed; leaves oval-oblong, ob-
scurely serrate, nearly glabrous, (or rarely pubescent beneath;)

* From the Celtic ram, branchiug ; and hence the Greek pa/ivot.
198

ANDRIA,

or five,
id, more
the tube
free, and
s two to
; two to

nate and

nei-ved.

^ clustera

Erectus,
is, fioribus
m., vol. i.

)long, ob-
beneatli ;)

kVOZ.

! f.

il

li

11

l»l LLY.

t'itrolirui biicklliiti'M.

r ii I

III

CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.

199

umbels axillary, on peiluncles much shorter than the petioles;
flowers perfect, pentandrous, (sometimes tetrandrons;) petals mi-
nute, embracing tb.e very short stamens; styles united to the sum-
mit; stigmas three; fruit globose, rather dry, 3 to 4-seeded. —
ToRREY and Gray, Flora N. Anier., i. p. 262.

This fine Buckthorn, though usually a shrub in our Southern
and Southwestern forests, on tlie borders of Palmetto Creek,
Laurens county, in Georgia, the late Mr. Croom observed trees
of this species thirty to forty feet high. In the forests of
Arkansas, they attain the height of ordinary Peach or Apple
Trees, and, congregated together, produce shady groves of con-
siderable extent. The quality or uses of its wood remain a
desideratum. The stems are, however, slender for their heiglit,
being not more than four to six inches in diameter.

The leaves are three to six inches long and one to two inches
wide, oval-oblong and widening toward the summit, the ex-
tremity more or less briefly acuminate, the border slenderly
serrulate, and sometimes irregularly waved; the lateral pennate
veins are ten to twelve, and rather distant; the very young
leaves before expansion are somewhat ferruginously villous.
Umbels on stout pedicels, from 10 to lu-Uowered. The calyx
pubescent but not ferruginous, the segments lanceolate; petals
two-lobed at the extremity. Tlie fruit, black, as large as a
small pea, is mostly three-seeded. Seeds black, plano-convex,
without a groove.

This species begins to appear in North Carolina, and extends
through Georgia to Florida. West of the Mississippi, it is
abundant on the banks of ti.e Arkansas, and Mr. Say collected
it within the range of the IJocky Mountains.

In Bartram's Botanic Garden, at Kingsessing, where this
species is perfectly hardy, it forms an elegant tree, and has
attained the height of nearly twenty-five feet in twenty years.
Colonel Carr,the late wortliy proprietor of tiiis interi'sting garden,
tells me tliat for a considerable time the berries remain red, and

Ill 1^
II;

Hi I

<(

Ml ,

liil

V

200

PURSirS BUCKTHORN.

are very ornamental; at length toward winter they turn black,
and remain so for a long time, until some famished flock of
robins falls upon and strips them nearly at once.

PLATE LIX.

A branch of the naturol size. a. Thcjlower enlanjed. h. The hcrries.

PURSH'S BUCKTHORN.

Rhamn'US PuusiiiANUi?, (Dccaiid.) Inermis, crcdm^, foUis fato-cUtptirls
winutc daUk'ulato-serraiis subtus jmbcscintibus vcrvis lateralibus obliqiiis
lincati.'^, pcdimcuUs axiUaribas itinbcllatis Jluribusijuc pHbi\'<ctnttbt(.'t, ndycc
5-Jido, pdalis minulis cucidbdis. — IIouk., Flor. Hor. Am., vol. ii. \,. 123,
t. 43. Uecand. 1 ;'od., vol. 11, p. 25.

Rhamnus (dnifolius. — Plrsh, Flor. Am. Sept., vol. i. p. IGO, (iioii
L'llcrdlcr.)

This is another species of Buckthorn wliich becomes a tree of
ten to twenty feet elevation, witli a trunk of nine inches in
diameter. It was discovered witiiin the Kocky Mountain range,
on the banks of Salmon liiver, by Captain Lewis; and it is
of common occurrence on the borders of the Oregon, in tlie
upland sliady woods near ibe skirts of the prevailing Pine
forests. Men/ies also uu t with this tree near Nootka, on the
northwest coast of America, it bears a strong reseiid)lance to
the /('. CuroJinlatnifi; but the leaves are broader, shorter, and
more decidedly serrated, and the l,((rry is strongly tliree-lobed.

The branclu'S are round, dark brown, and i)ubescent. The
leaves are three to five inches long, petiolate, deciduous, l)ut at
length somewhat coriaceous, broadly idliptic, rounded or rarely
homewhat acute at the base, obtuse or sometimes very shortly

CATHARTIC li U C K T II 0 R N.

■201

black,
ock of

ernes.

o-(iliptlclii

(S vbUqnts

')us, cabjce

ii. \>. 123,

IGG, (novi

a tree of
inches in
lin range,
and it in
m, in the
ling Pine
ta, on the
ibhuioe to
Drter, and
ee-lobod.
ent. The
ons, l)ut at
I or rarely
cry shortly

acuminate, the margin minutely serrulate, the young loaves
l)ubescent at length, only so on Hie nerves beneath, the nerves
in oblique lines; petioles puliescent. Stipules quickly deciduous,
peduncles solitary, an inch or more long, undK'llated; pedicels
pubescent, elongated in the fruit. Calyx externally pubescent,
six-cleft; the segments acute, internally cariiuxte. Petals minute,
cucullate, bifid at the apex, shorter than the cal^x, very concave,
and cucullate. Stamens opposite the petals and involved in
them. Germ small, ovate. Stjle shorter than the genn; the
stigma obtuse and three-lobed. Berry wider above, three-celled,
three-seeded. The seed obovate, jjlack, very shining, convex
externally, internally with a central, elevated line at the base,
at the hylum yellow.

The Catiiautic Buckthorn {Rhammis cafharticus) appears to
''• r native of the Northern States of the Union, as it occurs in
*' v.'ildest situations. The berries and syrup of this s[)ecies
have long been employed in medicine. Tl«" juice of the lu'ri-ii's,
in a dose of five or six drachms, proves a strong cathartic; but
it is generally made into a syruj). The bark has also an emetic
quality. The juice of the unripe berries with alum gives a
yellow dye; that of the ripe fruit, concentrated l)y evajioi'ation,
and treated in the same manner with a Sv)lution of alum, gives
a green paste. — the sap-green enqdoyed by painters. — ami. from
the manner in which it is prepared for sale, is called, in Fnuice,
vo't de vcftsie.

In New England, particularly in the vicinity of Boston, this
species is much employed for nselul and ornamental hedges, and,
bearing well to be cut, grt)wing thick, and remaining green till
winter, it is strongly recommended for this useful ))urpose.

iv.-iu*

iiii ih

MANCHINEEL.

Natural Onler, Eupiiorbiace/E ? Linncean Classification, MoNffi-

CIA, MONADELPHIA.

W i

HIPrOMANE.* (Linn.)

MoNfficious. — Male flowers with a snbcampanulate, emarginate calyx
and no corolla. A single columnar filament terminating in four
anthers. — In the fertile flower there is a 3-leaved calyx and no
corolla. Style very short. Stifjma 6 or 7-eleft. Fruit, a drupe con-
taining a pix to s'jvon or more celled nut; each cell with one seed;
the cells indeh.iscent.

A larg'f poisonous tree of Tropical America, with alternate, entire
leaves; the male flowers clustced in interrupted, terminal spikes.
The fruit solitary and sessile, resembling an apple.

MANCHINEEL.

Ml

III.,

HiPPOMANE MANCINELLA. Foliis ovatis sarati.'i. — Linn., Willd., Sp. pi.

Lamarck, lllust., t. 703. Jacq., Am., edit, pict, t. 238. Audlet,

Guian., vol. ii. p. 885.
Mains Americana, Inuroccrasi folio, venenata, Mancinello arbor scu Mas-

sinilia dicta. — Commel., Ilort., vol. i. p. 131, t. 68.
Juglandi affinis arbor juUfcra, lactescem, venenata, pyrifolia, Maneanillo

Hispanis dicta. — Sloane, tlamalc. Hist., vol. ii. p. 3, t. 159.

* Kruiu irTi/f, a liorgr, and fiavtu, viadiicus. Tin* uauic, howovor, was appliui
by thu Greeks t(i a very Jiffcrout plant whicli ^ncw in Arcadia, suid to render
horses furious.
202

MONCE-

ite calyx
y in four
and no
pupe con-
)ne seed ;

itc, entire
al spikes.

.LD., Sp. pi.

AUBLET,

or sell 31as-

Mancanillo

r, WU8 iippUei
luid to rouder

i;

!M ]>X

Manciiiiici>| .

flippomane ■ l(<ni('ine//<t , ifatweniffter

M A N CHINEE L.

208

Mancanilla pjrifiuk. — Plumiek, Gen., p. 40, t. 3. ^ISS. vol. vi. t.

109. Cate.sby's Carol., vol. ii. p. 95, t. 9o,
Arbor Amiriama Maiicinollo dicta, frmiu pomi irnaiato, raiclci's scpicnis

et pluribus, in ossiculo muriMto, totidcni loculis dif^pcrlilo, incitisis, — Pi-u-

KV.S, Alinag., p. 44. Phytog., tab. 142, fig. 4.
JSippomane arhorcani laelcsccns, ramidia Irrnatis; pcliulis (jlandala notutii ;
Jioribus spicoi.is, vii.vU-i. — Buowne, Jam., p. 351.

The Manchiiioel Tree attains a great size on the sea-coast in
various parts of the West India IsUinds and tiio neighboring
continent. It has also been found growing very conunon at
Key West, in low places, where it attains the height of thirty
to forty leet. It hns much the aspect of a Pear Tree at a dis-
tance, while the fruit n senibles in appearance and scent a small
apple, and is produced In such abundance that the ground, when
they fall, appears as if it were paved with them; they possess,
however, very little pulp, being internally occupied by a deeply-
grooved nut as large as a chestnut. No animal, except goats
and macaws, chooses to feed on them ; and they become dry,
brown, and spongy, and as useless as they are deleterious. The
wood, on the contrary, is in great esteon for tables, cabinets,
and other articles of furniture, ])eing close-grained, heavy,
durable, finely variegated with brown, white, and shades of
yellow, and susceptible of a high polish. Table,' made of it
almost resemble marble, and are equally smooth and shining.
Great caution, however, is neccssarj' in felling the tree; and,
before they begin, it is the usual practice of the workmen,
first to kindle a fire round the stem, by which means the
milky sap becomes so much inspissated as not to follow the
blows of the axe. They also take the fin'ther pi'ecaution to
cover the fo,ce with a net of gauze, lo prevent the access both
of the juice and the particles of sap-wood, which might be dele-
terious.

All parts of the Manchinool Tree nboimd with a white, milky
sap, whioli is very [)oisouous. and m) «aii>tif that a sin;;le drop

I
i 1

;' I: I

204

M A N C II I N E E L.

!l

;l!!l

h i -M

.'?'

received upon the back of the hand immediately produces the
.sensation of tlie touch of a coal of fire, and soon raises a watery
I)lister. The Indians, according to Ihnvkiiis. used to poison
their arrows with this juice, which n-taincd its venom for a,
long time. Another and much more deadly poison was com-
monly used for this purpose, however, hy the American savages
of the warmer parts of America. — namely, the vantri, chielly
obtained from the juice of the Sti'i/clnKis ; and this was distiu-
guisjiable by producing the elli'ct of tclunii-^ or lockjaw, which,
mostly fatal, was .sometimes protracted for several days before
producing death. It is reported that many of the Europeans
who fu'st landed in Surinam died suddenly from sleeping under
this tree; and there may probably be some foundation in truth
for such reports, when we take into consideration the volatile
nature of the poisonous principle of the.«e plants. As in the
venomous species of Rhus or Sumacli, also, while many in-
dividuals are aflfected by the poison, others, for no evident
reason, can touch (u* handle these plants with impunity. Hence,
though Jacquin asserts that he reposed under the shade of the
Manchineel for the space of three hours without experiencing
any inconvenience, it does not follow that it would be equally
Inirmless to all who should hazard the experiment; and, with a
laudable prudence, the inhal)itantsof Martinique formerly burned
down whole woods of the Manchineel in order to clear their
country of so dangerous a pest.

Catesby acknowledges that he was not sufficiently satisfied of
its poisonous qualities "till, assisting in the cutting down a tree
of this kind on Aiidroa Island, I j)aid for my incredulity: some
of the milky poisonous juice spirting in my eyes, I was two
days totally deprived of sight, and my eyes and face mucii
swelled, and felt a violent ])ricking pain the first twenty-four
hours, which from that time abated gradually with the swelling,
and went off' without any application or lemedy, none in that

' 'iLi- 1

yi A N C II I N E E L.

20.0

uninhabited islantl being to be had. It is no wonder that the
sap of this tree should be so virulent, when rain or dew falling
from its leaves on the naked body causes blisters on tlie skin,
and even the eflluvia of it are so noxious as to affect the senses
of those which stand any time under its shade."

Oily substances are considered the best remedy for this
poison. Some also recommend a large glass of sea-water to
be drank instantly as a preventive.

The branches of the Manchineel are covered with a grayisli,
smooth bark. The leaves, which fall amiually, are alternate,
petiolate, numerous, oval, jjointed, almost cordate at the base,
slightly and distantly serrulate, dai"k green, rather thick,
shining, veined, and transversely nerved, three to four inches
long by about two inches wide. Stipules oval and caducous.
The flowers are small and of a yellow color, mona'cious, and
grow upon straight, torminal spikes, like catkins. The male
flowers are minute, collected together in clusters of about thirty
together, each cluster subtended by a concave, caducous scale.
The calycine scales are accompanied at their base by two large,
lateral, orbicular, depressed glands. The fertile flowers are
sessile and solitary. The drupe, in color and odor, is so like
a small apple that it might easily be mistaken for it; it is
shining, and of a yellowish-green color, with a white and milky
pulp. It contains a thick, bony nut, full of angular crests
which project almost through the skin ; it has, ordinarily, six
or seven, sometimes as many as fourteen ? one-seeded cells, which
have no spontaneous dehiscence or valves. The male flowers
have a very small one-leaved, roundish, bifid calyx, with a
straiglit, slender filament as long again as the calyx, bearing
four roundish anthers. The /ninth' flower, like the preceding,
has no corolla, and consists of a three-leaved calyx, with round-
ish, obtuse, connivent leaflets. The ovary is oval. su[)eri()r, as
long as the cal} x, surmounted by a straight, short style, deeply

If] :!

'■ ^ M

1

i

!;.[

206

A L E U R I T E S.

divided into six or seven long, subulate, pointed, and retlected

PLATE LX.

stigmas.

A branch of the natural size. a. The male flower, b. The apple-like,
drupe of the natural magnitude, c. A transverse section of the drupe
having six cells and one abortive cell. d. The seed, of its natural mag-
nitude, e. The kernel, with the inverted embryo of the natural size.

The poisonous Upas, {Antiaris foxirarki,) bearing solitary,
female flowers with two styles and an unequal drupaceous
fruit, though only of one cell, still approaches nearer to the
anomalous Manchineel, in this family, than to any plant of the
Artocarpece, with which it is so unnaturally associated.

Aleurites, by its fruit, a two-celled, two-seeded, indehiscent
drupe, appears to be almost intermediate with Antiaris and
Hippomane. We are unacquainted with the structure of the
seed in Antiaris ; but the obliquity of the fruit, and its swelling
out more to one side, would seem to indicate the presence of
two germs. These poisonous plants, as well as the Aleurites,
seem to form a natural group, which further observation must
decide ; if so considered, they might bear the name of Hippo-
MAXEiE, from the well-known Manchineel, and will be distin-
guished chiefly from the EuPiiORBiACEiE by their indehiscent,
drupaceous fruit of one or two to seven or more one-seeded
cells, in place of three, the characteristic number in Euphor-
biaceaj.

The large oily kernels of the Aleurites triloba, known in the
Sandwich and Friendly Islands by the name of Too-tooe, are
employed by the natives, generally, for lights : pierced with a
skewx'r, they are lighted like a candle or a torch, and burn well
and for a long time, giving out a bright flame and smoke. An
excellent oil is obtained from these nuts by expression, which

A L E U R I T E S.

207

it'cted

ijde-Uke
; drupe
al mag-

is used for a variety of purposes, and answers well for paint.
It constitutes, likewise, one of the most ornamental and charac-
teristic trees of the forest, visible at a great distance by the
paleness and whiteness of its verdure, and hence the name of
Aleurites given to it by Forsetcr, from its mealy appearance.
It grows rapidly and affords a fine shade, producing leaves
which resemble those of the Plane Tree.

Dlitary,

)aceous

to the

of the

shiscent
ris and
( of the
swelling
lence of
leurites,
3n must
f Hippo-
e distin-
ihiscent,
le-seeded
Euphor-

END OF VOL. I. OF NUTT.ALL-

I !l

srn in the
tooe, are
'd with a
barn well
oke. An
3n, which

■REOTTPED BY L, JOHNSON k 00.
FBIUI>EI,I>BIA.