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WHITEAVES, F.G.S. etc. * ■ * ' I ••• * t* •• • ' • • • a • • . «« , • •• •• »■ • ••» '••«•• •••• •« . « « • • » .••••■•• • • • •• • • • • ? ••••♦"•* «« • • * • t » •• •• • « *•• • • • •••• •' • • ' ' * - « • ■ • • « • • « • • • .* . -• ^ . •- Until last summer (1871), so far as I am aware, no drcdging- opcratioiis have ever been conducted in the deepest parts of tlie River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1867 and 1869 I dredged in upwards of fifty different localities north of the liay of Chaleurs, hut never in deeper water than 50 fathoms. Tlie researches of Dr. Packard and others on the coast of Lahrador, those of Principal Dawson, Prof. 13ell, &c. in the GaH])(5 district, together with those of Mr. Willis on the Nova- Hcotlan coast, were all conducted in comparatively shallow water. On several occasions I have called the attention of the Natural-History Society of Montreal to the importance, from a scientific point of view, of a careful investigation into the nature of the animal and vegetable life of the greater depths of the gulf, which seemed to me to promise a rich harvest of new facts. A committee was appointed to petition the Dominion Go- vernment to allow qualified observers facilities for deep-sea dredging on board government vessels. Principal Dawson also, as President of the Society, represented to the Honourable the Minister of Marine and Fisheries the practical value of, and the useful results that might accrue from, such inquiries, and met with the most liberal response, ^'he desired facilities on board government cruisers were at onoe promised, the neces- sary rope was provided, and no efforts were spared to make the cruises successful. I was deputec. by the Natural-History Society to undertake the managemenc of the expedition, and left Montreal early in July 1871. My friend Mr. G. T. Kennedy, M.A.,of Montreal, an ardent zoologist, started with me, but returned after he had been a few days at sea. The first cruise was on board the government schooner ' La Canadienne,' and lasted three weeks. The ground examined on this vessel was from Point des Monts (on the north shore of the St. Lawrence) to the Mingan Islands, then round the west point of Anticosti, and from there, in a diago.ial line, to Gaspd \^i\y. Next, embarking on board the ' Stella Maris ' at Gasjx^ Basin, we made an entire circuit of the island of Anticosti, sailing as far to the north-west as Sawhill Point, on the north shore, and to the south-east as the Magdalen Islands. We were driven to Bryon Island, one of the Mag- dalen group, by a "nor'-wester," which of course prevented our dredging there. As these investigations were entirely subordinate to the special duties upon which the two schooners 342 Mr. J. F. Wlntcavcs on Derp-sea Drethjing were cngagoti, dredging could only be c.in'icd on at intorvalH, and in scvcra. cases the same ground was gone over twice or more. On ' La Canadienne' wc had sixteen successful hauls of the dredge. Of these, four wf^ve in .'50 fathoms of water or less, seven in between 50 and luO fathoms, and five in from 100 to 200 fathoms. On tiie ' Stella Maris ' we had nine successful hauls. One of these was in less than 50 fathoms, two were between 50 and 100, and six between 100 and 250 fathoms. The deep-se;. mud, in the places examined, is dotted over with (for the most part rounded) masses of rock, usually of Lau- rentian gneiss, varying in size from that of a pea to considerably larger than a man's head. By a modification of the usual sieving process every oiganism, piece of rock, &c. larger than ■X of an inch in diameter was first picked out from the mud. A large bagful of the mud thus 8ifted,from each locality examined, was preserved for subsequent microscopic examination. Three fourths of this mud was found to be a silt so impalpable as, when wet, to pass readily through fine cambric ; the remain- ing fourth consisted half of organic, and half of inorganic matter. The organic matter comprised a few diatoms, mul- titudes of Foraminifera, some Polycystina, many sponge- spicules, and fragments of other organisms. The inorganic debris was a more or less coarse kind of sand, made up of fragments of quartz, bits of felspathic rocks, and small flakes of mica. Attempts were made to endeavour to ascertain the approxi- mate temperature of the deep-sea mud. When the dredge was hauled up, its contents were emptied as quickly as possible into a large shallow tub ; and this Avas covered with a tarpaulin and placed in the shade. An ordinary thermometer, with a metal case and perforated base, was then plunged into the mud, and the whole was kept carefully shaded for some time. With one exception, the temperature of the mud was found to be from 37° to 3S° Fahr., and this not alone in deep water ; for sand brought up from 25 fathoms, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, also made the mercury sink to 38° or 37° Fahr. In the centre of the river, between the island of Anticosti and the south shore of the St. Lawrence, mud brought up from 200 fathoms only made the mercury sink to from 43*^ to 45° Fahr. Either a Avarm current affects the temperature of the bottom at this point, or else my observa- tions Avere inaccurate or defective, which latter assumption is by no means unlikely. On one occasion a somewhat curious phenomenon occurred. ill the Gvlfof St. Lawrence. 343 We had been ilredgiiig in the afternoon in 212 fathoms, be- tween the east point of Anticosti and the Bird-rocks. About Gi)0 fathoms of rope (made of eocoanut-fibre) had been paid out, which when hauled in was, of course, wet. About ten o'clock the same evening we threw the dredge over in 250 fathoms water, and again all the coils were paid out. As the line went over the side it was luminous throughout its entire length with electric sparks ! The closest examination with a trii)let lens failed to disclose any trace of animal life entangled in the strands. With a view of trying to get some information as to the nature of the food ot some of the surface-feeding fishes, and esi)eeially of the herring and mackerel, towing-nets were fre- quently used ; but scarcely any thing was taken in these. I attribute these failures to the circumstance that the towing- nets were only used in the daytime ; had they been employed at night the results might have been different. Hempen tan- gles, similar to those devised by Captain Calver, were em- ployed with some success ; but the mistake was made of placing these some 20 fathoms or so in front of the dredge, instead of behind and on each side of it. The following is a brief sketch of some of the most inter- esting forms of animal life obtained during the expedition. During the autumn of 1871, Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.Ii.S., visited Montreal, and went over the whole of the testaceous MoUusca with me. I am also indebted to Professors A. Agassiz, A. E. Verrill, and S. J. Smith for the identification of several critical species. FOKAMINIFERA. Large quantities of these beautiful organisms Avere collected, especially from very deep water, but at present only a partioft of these have been carefully examined. In Mr. G. M. Daw- son's paper on the " Foraminifera of the River and Gulf of the St. Lawrence," published in the * Annals' for February 1871, a list is given of fifty- five subspecies or varietal forms. Among the specimens collected last year in deep water are a number of large specimens to which it is difficult to attach any name, but which form a series connecting the subgenera Nodosaria, Dentalina, Marginulina, and Cristellaria. One of the most remarkable of these is a Marglmdina fully one eighth of an inch long, from the first chamber of which long spines proceed (at various angles), which, when perfect, must have been as long as the shell itself; these long spines vary in number from one to three ; and besides these there are others which are either rudimentary or imperfect. CristeUaria crepidula and 7Vo- ,'J44 Mr. J. F. Wliiteavcs on Deep'sea I)mhjinn Pri-p-sra Drit/tjiii,/ HvmhWuff m Honic, n^HpcctH Home, of the viirioticrt of /'. p/ms- phonn as described by Kolliker, seems luivertlu'less n distiiiet HjK'cies, for which I venture to propose the luime oi' Pen nafnf«t canadensis. On tliis ])oint Prof. A. E. Verrill, to whom I Heiit specimens, writes tome as follows: — " I have s[)ent eoii- sidcraoh; time on the Pennatuht. It is vert/ neat' P. 2>hos- phorea, and for a time I tiiouglit it wouUl prove identical. Ho far as the figures and descriptions of tlie hitter go it agrct!S very well, allowing that all the varieties and subvarieties re- cognized by Kiilliker really belong to one species ; but on conipaiison with Norwegian specimens, received from Copen- liagen, it seems to be sufficiently distinct. The most evident ditt'erences are to be found in the more numerous, crowded, and unequal rudimentary or asexual polyps along the Imck of the stalk in your species, and in the greater smoothness of the peduncle, due to the much smaller size of the spicula of the integument in the American s})ccies." For many of the details respecting this species I am indebted to my friend Mr. G. T. Kennedy, M.A., of Montrcid, who has kindly helped me in the dissection of specimens. ECIIINODEUMATA. Two fine living examples of Schtzaster frag ills (the Brissus fmaih's of DUben & Koren) were dredged, one off Cap-Rosier lighthouse, in 125 fathoms, the other from 200 fathoms, in the centre of the river, between Ellis Bay, Anticosti, and the south shore. Off Sawhill Point, on the north shore, the dredge brought up, from 69 fathoms, a curious Asterid covered with long and slender spines. Prof. Agassiz, to whom I sent the only specimen collected, informs me that it is identical with a species dredged on the * Porcupine ' expedition, and subsequently named by Prof. Wyville Thomson Calcena hystrix. Prof. A. Agassiz thinks that this Asterid may be the Solaster fiu'cifer of Diiben & Koren. Unfortunately two widely different Echinoderms are called Calveria hystrix m the * Proceedings of the lloyal Society.' The St.-Lawrencc starfish is the " singular Asterid allied to Pteraster^'' but not the Echinoderm " belonging to the Diadema family," to both of which the same name is given. Ctenodiscus crispatusy DUben & Koren, was abundant in every haul at depths greater than 100 fathoms. Amjjhiura Holbdllii^ Liitken, and Ophiacantha sptnulosaj Mull., were also frequent in deep Avater. Large living examples of Ophio<)h/pha Sarsii^ Liitken, were dredged in 125 fathoms off Ca])-llosicr lighthouse, and a few fine specimens of Aslroj>/rf/ton Aijassizii were taken, from 60 fathoms mud, off Thunder River. in the Gulf of St, Lftiorenrr, Anni:i,ii)A. 347 Wy fill* the- most tniiuorouH of the (Iciiizcn.s of tin* dcop-Hoa iriiid in tUv St. Liiwiviice arc marine, worms. A|)|)ari'iitly al)out 20 or .'iO Hpecics were collected ; but none uf tlicni as yet been studied or deterniined. Ckustacea. Hempen " tangles " used in 212 fathomswater, to the south- cast of the east point of Anticosti, brought up several living examples o( a I'f/cnof/onum, which is Dr. Stimpson's I*, pcldfji- rum, but which does not seem to diftcr from the 1\ liltoralcy Htriim, of Euro{)can seas. A fine specimen of Ni/mphon niganteum^ (Joodsir, was dredged in 125 fathoms off Cap- llosier lighthouse. On the authority of the Rev. A. M. Norman's * List of the Crustacea of the Shetlands,' I had quoted this (in a report printed by the Department of Marine anil Fislicrics for the Dominion) as Johnston's species ; but Prof. S. J. Smith informs me that it was Goodsir who first described it. Several examples of Munnopsts ti/picaf M. Sara, were taken in 125 fathoms off Cap-Kosier lighthouse. Several curious Amphipods were taken, among the more cons])icuous of which were fine specimens of an Epimeria, which Mr. Smith refers doubtfully to E. com'fjer of Boeck. No large Decapods were dredged from deep water; the only specimens observed were a few shrimps. Mr. Smith recognizes the fol- lowing critical forms of Macrura in a small series which I sent to him for identification : — Pandaliis annulicornis, Leach. 96 fathoms, Trinity Bay, and 125 fathoms off Cap-Hosier lighthouse. lUpjwlyte PhippsiL Krciyer, with the preceding species. Jlippoh/te Fahnciij Kriiyer. 125 fathoms, off Cap-Rosier lighthouse. Uippolyte polaris^ Kroyer. 38 fathoms^ off Cap-Rosier lighthouse. POLYZOA. Good specimens of the following species have been deter- mined, from depths of from 90 to 250 fathoms ; but many in- teresting forms are at present unnamed: — Crisia ebuniea, Linn. Iclnionea atlantica, Forbes. 1 )efi'ancia lucomaria ?, Sars. Aloyonidium gelatinosuni, I'aUas, ScrupocoUaria scruposa, Linn. Ciemellaria loricata, Linn. Caberea EUisii, Flem. Bicellaria ciliata, Linn. Acainarchis pluinosa, Pallas. Flustra Barleoi, linsk, Uetepora ccllulosa, var., elongata, UniiU. 348 ]\Ir. J. F. Whiteaves 07i Deep-sea Dredjiufj TUNICATA. The following is a list of the few species of this order at present identified by Prof. A. E. Verrill : — Ascidtopsts complanatus { = Ascidia complanafaj Fabr.). In 212 fati.oms to the south-east of the cast point of Anticosti. Eugyra pilularis^ Verriil. In 50 fathoms off the St. John's River, Mingan. BotrylluSj a purple species, distinct from B. Gouldii^ Verrill. Attached to Flustra Barleet?, Busk, from 96 fathoms in Trinity Bay. Several examples of Amouroiicium glabrum, Verrill, were collected in and just outside of Gaspd Bay, where I had pre- viously dredged it in 1869. MOLLUSCA. In the * Canadian Naturalist ' for 1869, I publish od a cata- logue of 114 species of marine Mollusca inhabiting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, to the north of the Bay of Chaleurs. We now know localities for 150 species which inhabit the region in question. The shells collected last summer have been carefully studied ; and the following is a list of some of thu most interesting among them *. Terehratula septentrionalts, Couth. In 112 fathoms, stones, off Charleton Point, Anticosti, and in 212 fathoms to the S.S.E. of the east end of that island. Terehratella spitzhergensisy Davidson. 38 fathoms, stones, off Cap-Rosier lighthouse, alive, adult, and frequent; 96 fathoms, in Trinity Bay, one young, but living example ; 112 fathoms, off Charleton Point, Anticosti, one dead, adult. Most abundant in somewhat shallow water. Pecten groenlandicus, Chemn. Taken alive in several localities in from 160 to 250 fathoms, mud. Lima sulculus^ Leach. Fine specimens in 38 fathoms, off Cap- Rosier lighthouse. ArcapectunculoideSy^QSiC,Qh\{=A. raridentata^ Searles Wood). Dredged on the north shore of tlie St. Lawrence, also be- tween Anticosti and the south shore, in 160 to 170 fathoms. The specimens were often living, and of large size for the species. New to the western side of the Atlantic. Area glaxiialisy Gray (=-4. raridentata^ var. major ^ Sars). A few dead examples of this shell were taken with the pre- ceding one. * I am indebted to Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffi'oys, F.R.S., for the determination of those species to which an asterisk is affixed. ■i» in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 349 Yoldia (? Portlandia) thractaformtSj Storcr. One living speci- men occurred in 212 fathoms, 8.S.E. of the east point of Anticosti, and a dead, but perfect one, in 125 fathoms, off Cap Rosier. Yoldia [Portlandia) lucida, Lov^n. Living in seven of the localities examined, its range in depth being apparently from 150 to 250 fathoms. * Yoldia {Portlandia) frigida^ Torell. Frequent, living with the preceding. ;^ — ~~ ■ Daerydium vitreum, Moll. In 212 fathoms, mud, to the S.S.E. of the east point of Anticosti, living, j This and the pre- ceding are new to Americai ___JI Cryptoaon trouldii, Philippi. Common, living, at all depths ; it ranges from 10 to 250 fathoms. Astarte lactea, Brod. & Sow. Fine in several localities. Off Sawhill Point in 30 fathoms ; off Moisie village in 70 fathoms; mouth of St. John's River, Mingan, in 50 fathoms ; Gaspd Bay. The young is Astarte Richardsonii, Reeve. Astarte. Two species of Astarte, both o^ the A, sulcata group, were collected in deep water. One, of which two specimens only were dredged (off Bear Point, Anticosti, in 112 fathoms), I at first thought to be -4. crebricostata ; the other is by far the most abundant moUusk of the greater depths of the northern part of the river and gulf of the St. Lawrence. Mr. Jeffreys says that this latter shell is Astarte sulcata, var. minor. No specimens that I have seen, from American or European localities, exactly resemble either of these shells ; and, in my judgment, both are new and good species. Tellina {Macoma) infata, Stimpson, MSS. Perhaps M.fragilis of Leach. Fine living specimens of a shell which the late lamented Dr. Stimpson gave to the writer some years ago, with the label ^^ Macoma fragiliSf St. MSS.," were dredged in 70 fathoms, sand, off Moisie village and at various depths in other localities. *Necera arctica, Sars. Several living specimens of this spe- cies (the largest of which measures upwards of an inch and a quarter in its greatest breadth) were taken in 125 fathoms, off Cap-Rosier lighthouse ; also in 200 fathoms, mud, Ellis Bay, Anticosti, bearing S.S.W. 27 miles distant. ^Neoira obesa, Lov^n ( = N.pellucida, Stimpson) . Off Caribou Island, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, nearly oppo- site Cape Chatte, living, in 170 fathoms, mud. I regard both AC arctica and N. obesa as varieties of the European N. cuspidata, N. arctica being adults of unusual size, and N. obesa the young of the same species. In deference to Mr. 350 Mr. J. F. Whiteaves on Deep-sea DreihjiiKj Jeffreya'a grecater experience, however, I keep the two forniH separate. N. arctica has not prcvionsly been found on the American coast. ®Utnculusj)ertenuis, Mighels. In 25 fathoms, sand, oif Trinity / River, also in Gaspd Bay ; abmidant at both localities. (Probably = U. turritus, Moller.) j^Utriculus hyaUmis?y Turton [=l)l