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,vi- .'

(, ■ •

: :'-^

SUPPLEMENT

T O T HE

ARCTIC ZOOLOGY.

» ..

■ ,«

LONDON:

PRINTED BY HENRY HUGHS.

JSLDCCLXXXVII.

^ /

Al

SINC
matte
my own t
Supplemer
as perfeft
edition, to
firft, of nc
tion might

To cnlar

the Reptile

tinent into

IVhitCy hav

Jier^ the Ca

part is this <

done" be an :

and I fhall

of new difcc

Tary perfedli

fpace betwei

Ages muft

^vard: and e

ADVERTISEMENT.

»ii

SINCE the publication of the Ar^it Zoology, fo much new
matter has been pointed out to me by friends, or occurred from
my own thoughts or reading, as to furnifh me with materials for a
Supplement. This I fend into the world in order to render the woi k
as perfe6t as poflible j and, in cafe the public Ihould call for a ne«*
edition, to take away caufe of complaint from the purchafers of tlie
firft, of not being made partakers of any improvements fuch an edi-
tion might receive.

To enlarge the American Zoology as much as poflible, I have flung*
the Reptiles and the Fifhes of the northern part of that vafl con-
tinent into a fyftematic formj and, by permifllon of Mr. Ber.jamiu
WhitCy have added, from the labors of the learned John Reinhold For-
fiery the Catalogue of the animals of North America *. How fmall a
part is this of the Zoology of our loft dominions ! May what I have
done' be an inducement for fome learned native to refumc the fubjedt!
and I ihall without envy fee my trivial labors loft in the immenficy
of new difcoveries. Vain thought ! for ages muft pais, ere the necef-
fary perfedion can be given, ere the animated nature which fills the
fpace between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans can be inveftigatcd.
Ages muft pafs, before new colonization can pufh its progrefs weR-
ward : and even then, civilization, cafe, and luxury, muH take place,

• Publiflied by Mr. Whitt, in 1771,

A a

ore

iv

ADVERTISEMENT.

ere thefe (ludics, in which ufe and amufement are fo intimately bknded,
can be carried into full efFcd.

But in the interim, let the American philofopher do wliat is in hi<,
power i let him fcarch the ill-explored feas, lakes, rivers, and forefts
of his country; and his labors will be amply repayed. The tradl
between the Allegany or Appalachian chain and the ocean, will for the
prcfent be ample field for the mole adventurous naturaiill. Let mc
entreat him to be expeditions, that I may have fome chance of receiving
the pleafure of knowing that I could animate any one to thele laudable
purfuits. But my ekftrical fire is too weak to be felt at fuch a diftance :
I want the potent emanations of a Linn^^us, which dart from pole to
pole. My faculty has been various : in a few inftances I may have been
fortunate enough to have met with, at home and abroad, fome excellent
condudors, which, have caught and carried on the impulfive ftroke ;
which have at left roufed natural hiftory from the palfied ftate into
which it was falling, on the lofs of its illuftrious fupport.

I muft myfelf have been very negligent, in the moment I forgot an ac-
knowlegement to the Reverend Mr. JVilliam Coxe^ for the great fcrvices
he rendered to me by his various communications refpefting Rujfia,
and other northern countries : I hope he will receive this late refpeft,
with proper allowance for my forgetfulnefs..

Mr. Samuel Oedman of Wermdon, near Stockholm, with the utmoft li-
berality, fpontaneoufly fent to me a number of valuable remarks on the
quadrupeds and birds o( Sweden y which the reader will receive tiie benefit
of in the courfe of this work.

I muft thank the ingenious Mr. Lenten, late of Goettingen, and at
prefent engaged as metallurgift in the vaft copper-works in my neigh-
borhood

ADVERTISEMENT.

borl.ood, for Various fcrvices, in tranflating from the German fevcnil
pafiiiges which appear in the following pages.

I have been often reproached for not giving a naapwith the Jrific Zoology,
I have now complied with the defire : and given two, engraven by that
excellent artift Mr. IVilliam Palmer, the engraver of thofe in Captain
Cook's lalt voyage j and of an admirable map of the Jmeritan and Afiatic
part, formed by the much-lamented, ^he late Captain James King.
Thtfc maps have been the foundation of mine ; with certain additions
from tliat which illuftrates the voyage of Lord Mulgrave towards the
north pole. I have taken the liberty of making fome ilight alterations j
and have made the addition of feveral names, peculiarly adapted to the
work they are defigned to expUin. The coaft from the ley Cape to the
mouth of the Coffer Mine River, is layed down from imagination, and the
fame from thence to Greenland^ except in a few places where it had been-
nightly feen by navigators. A little to the eaft of the Coffer Aline River,
the fea is made to advance fomewhat more inland, on a conjctlure of Mr.
Hearne's, that a river which falls into the Coffer Mine River from the
eaft, is much nearer to the fea than the mouth of the Coffer River itfclf.
I have been obliged to go far lower than lat. 60, which I profefledly de-
figned to limit my northern enquiries: but had I, in my maps, rigidly ad-
hered to that defign, I muft have omitted great part oi America, 'he glorious
Sdd of the difcoveries of our immortal Cook. Thofe of the Ri'jjians are
attended to, and nothing neglcfted that could fling light on the attempts
of this bufy age.

THOMAS PENNANT.

Downing,
March 1, 1787.

C O N-

C (

PAGE

Planti

7. F'Jh, &c.

Calcedcn

8. Ofthegr

20. The turbo

21. The midet
Herrings

22. Fijh of t).
The Bank

23. hakes bet'
The Gulp

24. Fruits of
Trees of t

27. Trees that

28. Se.fons in

29. Fijhes of ,

30. Heat in th
Number of
Hope Ifla

31. The Dwin
Coajl ofF\

32. 0/^;> Hi
Rivers Ob

vii

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

PAGE

i.CEJ-FIGHTS of the coafts of Great Britain.
Plants.

7. FJhy &c. taken o/'Schetland.

Calcedonies c/Feroe.

8. Of the great eruption in Iceland.

20. The turbot fijhery.

21. The under-current of the Baltic Sea.
Herrings of Courland and Livonia.

22. Fijh of the frefli waters of Sweden.
The Banians at Aftrachan.

23. Lakes between the White Sea and Culpb c/ Finland.
The Gulph fir earn,

24. Fruits p/ Lapland.

Trees of the northern countries.

27. Trees that will not b^.ar the Swedifh winters.

28. Serfons in Sweden.

29. Fijhes of the Norwegian feas.

30. Heat in the fummer of Spitzbergen.
Number of plants in Holland.
Hope Ifland, near Spitzbergen.

'^

31. The Dwina river. Archa:
Coajl o/Finmark.— N. B. Printed by mijiake, Finland.

32. Of Sir Hugh Willoiighby.
Rivers Ob and Irtifche,

33. /'>>

■%{

f f'

:'r

r.

111 , 1,8'

vni

CON

pAOt

3 J. Fijh of the Gulph o/Kara.
j4. Certain animals of S\\:i\x\^,

I'ifli of the Baikal.

'the Bear Iflands,
35. the Tfchutfchi.

38. Moreflants o/BehringV Ifl*.

39. Maycn'j IJle. Seal fijhery,

40. Davis'j Slreights,
JVeather in America.

44. Labrador Jione.

Farther account of Newfoundland.
46. Of Nova Scotia.

TENTS.

ZOOLOGY.

49. jidditions to the Quadrupeds.

57. Additions to the Birds.

77. 27)^ /l^/Z/V^j c/ North America. Tortoise.

80.

Frog.

82.

Lizard.

87.

SeRI'ENTS.

99. Fish 0/ North America.

j5i. Insects.

163. Sheias.

SUPPLEMENT

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

INTRODUCTION

•i O THE

ARCTIC ZOOLOGY.

IN my land travels I have never failed pointing out the places of flaiightci
rcfulting from a ftrife for fupcriority between rival nations, or the lull of
power in princes, or of gain in the mercantile world, or the want of due fubinif-
fion to lawful government in the people, or the madnefs of cnthufiafm, or the
pride of nations too often arifing fr«m an unfortunate feries of fuccelTes over
neighbors dcftined to flourifh in their turn. Providence fcldom fails punifliing
an abufc of its favors. Britain at this moment feels the fcourgc, the juft chaf-
tifcment of its want of moderation.

I muft not overlook the great naval a£lions of our countrymen, which often
ftaincd our narrow fcas with gore. Mention may be made in this page of the
fierce contcft betwee'i the fleet of P/}IIip de Faloi't, confifHng of four hundred
fliips, manned with forty thoufand men, and that of Kward III. confirting of two
hundred and fixty, commanded by the king in perfon. The a£lion happened oft'
S//(}j, in June 1340. Vidory declared for the EngUP). The ca/nage of the
enemy was prodigious, and chiefly owing to the number, /kill, and courage of
the EngliJI} archers. Thirty thoufand were killed or drowned, and above two hun-
dred and thirty of their largeft fliips taken : the lofs of the EngUJIi very inconfi-
derablc. This fignal vitStory ^ave occafion to the mhlc of that monarch, by
which he aflerted the dominion of the fc:i, and fovercignty of France. He ap-
pears completely armed in Uie middle of a fliip at fea ; in his right hand is a fword,
in the left a fliield, with the arms of England and Franc-e \ the royal ftandard
dilplayed at the ftern*.

* Sec f««//"s Coins, tab. i, gold coinj,

C The

.1 ■' r

LV.

\ 'J

}:-• aif<

•' I,

SEA FIGHTS.

The obftinate contefts on the coafts of Holland^ during the time of the En^lijh
commonwealth, and in the fuccecding leign of Charles II. were attended with
torrents of the braveft blood of both the contending nations. The Dutch foiK^lu
not merely for glory, or the fweets of commerce, but latterly pro arts et foc'n.
Dclciida cjl Carthago was the maxim of one of Charles's minifters, which aniniattJ
the Dutch to death or victory. Naval flcill and defperate valour never wcro lb
ftrongly exhibited by any people. The combatants often fought with fleets oi
eighty or a hundred line of battle fliips of a fide, furniflied with every infernal en-
gine which the fubtlety rf an animated enemy could invent. The great Dc Wittc,
foldier and llatefman, firft introduced chain fliot in the celebrated fight of
FOUR DAYS, which ended in the defeat of the Dutch, on their own coafl, on
June 4th, 1666, notwithftanding we fuftered fo greatly by its ravages among our
rigging. The Dutch commanders were De Ruyter and Van Tromp, of different
f.idions on iliore, and mortal enemies ; at fea they thought only of their country.
De Ruyter even faved his rival from the over-powering fire of the Erglijh; liavin^
a mind fuperior to the ruining of a party at home, at the expcnce of his country 'i
welfare ! ! !

The elder Van Tromp, the glory of Holland, loft his life In a fierce engagement
off the Texel, July 29th, 1653. Satiety of flaughtcr parted the combatant?, anJ
actual wearincfs. Van Tromp fell fword in hand, fhot through the heart, in the
very inftant of encouraging his men to rcfift to the laft moment of their livc^.
This was a fight of three days! this was the true period of
obflinate rontclh

yl, A dreadful battle commenced o^ Leofjloff, in Suffolk, on June 3d, 1665, be-

tween the Dutch under the command of Opdam, and the Englijh led by the duke
oiYork, before a crown had deprived him of his courage; he fought with the
trueft and moft perfevering bravery. The battle proved dccifive. Opdam'i fliip
was blown up : three Dutch admirals, befules him, were killed. It is faid that
the victory would "lave been more brilliant, but that during the night of purfiiit,
after the engagement, orders were pretended, in the duke's name, to flackcn fail:
they were unfortunaiily obeyed, and the total deftrudtion of the Dutch fleet pre-
vented. This affair was ill enquired into : but not the left imputation fullied the
character of his highiiefj. We might be content with the viflorv. The D:,t.'j
loft thirty ftiips : eight thoufand men were taken. We loft but one fliip, r.nd
had only eight hundred men killed or wounded. Many pcrfons of rank v.ere
flain on board our fleet. The earl of Falmauth, a worthlefs favorite. Lord Aluf-
kerrjy and Air. Boyle^ of the noble family iji Burlington^ were killed on the quarter

SEA FIGHTS.

deck by one (hot; and the duke was covered with their gore, and even hurt
by their fplinters. James Ley^ earl of Marlborough^ and Charles lV,Jiou, earl of
Portland., fell in the atftion : the veteran admiral Lawfon died foon after of his
wounds.

On May 28th, 1672, a furprize of the duke oi Tork by De Ruyter^ in South-
ii'ould, alias Saletay, on the fame coaft, brought on a battle, fuftained on both
fides with unparalleled valour and obftinacy. The Dutch had the difadvantagc,
but nothing decifive followed; yet the death of the earl of Samlwichy fecond in
command, would have caft a gloom over the greateft vidtory. This nobleman
poflefled the higheft character of any of his time, for courage, abilities, munifi-
cence, and goodnefs. He fought in the Royal James, of a hundred guns ; flew
Fan Ghent, a Dutch admiral, and beat off his (liip ; funk another great fhip ;
fent to the bottom two of the enemy's fire-fhips. Five hundred men (half of his
crew) lay on the decks weltering in blood. A third fire-fhip fucceeding, this illuf-
trious hero was drowned in attempting to fave Iiimfelf ; and his fhip was blown up,
with the remainder of his gallant companions. His body was found, and all due
honors payed to it by his lamenting fovc^'gn and grateful countrymen.

Tn the late fatal war, when Britain had all Europe to contend with, as fecret or
open enemies, aiding the defection of its own long-foftered children, the Dutch
drew on themfelves an indignation which perhaps it might have been prudent
to fupprefs. The ftates exerted their reliqucs of naval life ; which emitted ifcj
laft fparks on Augujl 5th, 1781, off the Dogger Bank. Our gallant veteran, vice-
admiral Hyck Piirier, commanded our little fleet of fix fhips of the line, op-
pofed to eight two-deckers commanded by admiral Zoutman, The Dutch, dif-
ufed to arms for a long feries of years, colledcd their aiitient valour : neither the
Britijh nor Belgic lion fcemcd to have degenerated : the Dutch loft one fliip of the
line, fent to the bottom. The reft fought the fafety of the Tcxel, and never more
vindicated the dominion of the fca.

In thofe feas off the coaft of Norfolk, James 11. when duke of Tork, had the
ill fortune to efcape fhipwreck, to have clofed a life of glory, and to have pre-
vented the calamities which befcl himfelf, liis pofteritV; and kingdoms, which a
conduct of which he had begun to give fymptoms, brought upon them. In the
fort of exile he wag obliged to take to Scotland, on May 5th, 1682, his frigate
(truck on the Lnmn and Ore, His Highncfs, with fomc iv:^, were prelcrved :
feveral people of quality perilhed. Malevolence fays, that the duke called out to
fave his dogs, his priefts, and his favorite, the lord, afterwards duke of, Marlho^
rough. His Highnefs certainly had not the gift of prefcience, or he woul i not have

B 2 claffed.

.■ ■ • f 1 A" '^

,1!

■>'!^m.

11'

XXI.

i:'i:.S

SCENERY. AURORA BOREALIS,

clafled, in his faving orders, his Grace with the moft faithful of animals ! The
dr<ke fliewed on this occafion his ufual intrepidity. A medal was firuck of a fink-
ing (hip, with the motto, impavidum fer'tunt. The heroifm and loyalty of the
common men who were left behind, had the iulleft clame to every honor. On
feeing their popular and beloved commander out of danger, they gave three loud
cheers, and on the third funk exulting to the bottom.

XX.

I propofe as examples of magnificent fcenery on the coaft of Scotland^ Boddam
caftle, Dunby head, and FinUiter caftlc, in the Reverend Mr. Gardiner's Views in
North Britain : the Bullers of Buchan^ and the arched rock near to them ; the per-
forated pyramid near Banff"^ and the infulated column off Caithne/sy in the fame gen*
tleman's Letters on the Scenery and Antiquities of the North of Scotland..

xxviir.

The great Gajindut obferved the aurora horealist in 1621, near to Jix, ini
Provence*. But they had been long. before ktn'm Greenland^ and well defcribed
by the author of the Speculum Regale ; of whom we know no more than that he was
a perfon of diftin£tion in the Norwegian court, about the latter end of the thir-
teenth, or beginning of the fourteenth century, and r^fided as far north as-
Helgeland,

In about lat. 53, I may draw a line from the North Sea to the oppofite part of
the kingdom, which will comprehend a fmall part of the north of Norfolk^ the
greater part of Lincolnjhire^ Nottinghamjhirey Derbyjhire, thfi moor-lands of Staf~
fordjhircy all Cheflnre, Denbighjhire^ Flint/hire^ Caernarvon/hire^ and Anglefcy. Be-
yond this line nature hath allotted to the northern part of thefe kingdoms certain
plants, of which I am about to make an enumeration, which are rarely or never
found to tranfgrefs that line to the fouth. Thofe which are neareft the fouth
fliall be firft taken notice of.

Galeum boreale. Fl. Angl, i. 70. Fl. S(9t. i* 116 <■•

Pulmonaria maritima,

Ribes alpinum.

Athamanta meum»

Juncus triglumis. ''

Rumex Dijynu^.

• Caffenduis works. PhyCcaB. Seft. 3. lib. ii. c. y.

t I rrfer the reader for the EngUJb names to Mr. Hudftn's Fltra Anglica, and Mr. ligtffoot't
flora Scttiea,

7

Vaccinium

PLANTS.

»
Vacclnlum vitis Ti'

Polygonum vivipa: r*,
Saxifraga nivalis,
ftellaris.
oppofitifolia,
autumnalis.
Avenaria verna. Tour in ffales.

fericifolia.
Ceraftium alpinum.
latifolium
Prunus Padus.
Rofa villofa.
Rubus chamaemorus,
Papaver cambricum.
Ajuga pyramidalis,
Draba muralis.
incana.
Thlafpi montanum.
Braffica momenfis,
Cardamine petrsa.
" Serratula alpina.
Carduus helenoides.
Lobelia Dortmanna.
Vioia grandiflora.
Satyrium albidum.
Carex atrata.

' Salix herbacea. Only on mountains ; is found high on Smwdon*
reticulata.
Rhodiola rofea
Ofmunda crifpa.
Acroitichum feptcntrionalct
Ilvenfe,
The following catalogue is of plants, which in our ifland feem to afFecl ftill
more northern fituations, or I may fay arc not found to the fouih of Torkfo'ire ;
and. refpeding Great Britain^ a few feem to be nearly local.
Cynofurus c.T?rulcus.
Coinus horbacca.
Alchfmilla alpina, Primi-'a

B

i

ri!

¥.

' Ik .

15" i

$

n

PLANTS.

Primula farinofa.

Azalea procumbens. In ScAknd on\y.

Seliiium paluilre. Inclines to the fouthcrn part of this clafs.

Liguflicum Scoticum. Scotland on]y.

Sibbaldia procumbens. Tlie fame.

'I

nentalis iLuropea.
Vaccinium uliginofum.
Pyrola fecunda.
Andromeda pol)folia.

Arbutus uva urfi. Not farther fouth than the woods near Hexham ; again not
till we reach Peebles, Rofijlnre, and the ifle of W/V.

alpina. In Scotland only.
Saxifraga cnefpitofa.
Stellaria nemorum.

Cherleria fedoides. Breadalbane and Bail:eval, in the ifle of Rum.
Sedum villofum.
Rubus faxatilis.

Dryas o*flopetala. Found in Scotland and Ireland only.
Adtaea fpicata.
Gnaphalium fupinum. Omitted in the Flora ScoticCj having been difcovcrcd

after the publication. In the north of Scotland.
Satyrium repens. In the north of Scotland.
Ophrys corallorhiza. The fame.

cordata. Torijhi \ Lancajhire., ifle of Man, and ScotttJJj higlilaiids.
Cypripedium calceolus. Near Ingleton and Clapham, in Yorhjhire,
Ericaulon decangulare. In the ifle of Skie only.
Betula nana. From Clyde/dale to Rofsjhire.
Pinus fylveftris. At prefent native only in the Scottijl) highlands.

It is to be remarked, that notwithftanding none of thcfc plants are to be difco-
vered in Great Britain, fouth of the line above drawn j yet moft if not all of
them are to be found in very fouthern latitudes on the continent. Numbers arc
inhabitants oi Provence, and other warm provinces in France*, Is it owing lO
fimilitude of foil, or of expofure, in difllmilar climates, which fhouid occafion in
different places the prpdudlion of the fame plants ? Or what fhouid forbiu the
growth of fimilar plants in places nearly contiguous, and occafion their appcar-

* See Lamark'i Flore rrnnioife.

ancc

atice almoft
tion put by

VVi

Rai

Almoft e
the milci pr
one which
and fome ev

The chin
two years aj
ivegion feas,
the Sound t
Gelrnyt. It
figured in
and in Clufi
Mr. George
A fine fp
On. 1785 (
vivid orang
The J/le
was lately c
confifted of
ed with laro
brov/n. It!

Ffroe has
been vulcai
guifhed by
cilcedonies
),cd. Like

I here in
tioncd in tl
and comrri

* A quefti
t Sec the

Li'.and.

CHIMiERA MONSTROSA.

ance almoft inflantly on a neighboring fpot ? Without reminding one of the qucf-
tion put by the wifcft of nnen on a like embarraflment :

Why flioulJ one earth, one clime, one ftrer.m, one breath,
Raise this to ftrength, and ficken thut to death* ?

Almofl every one of thefe plants is again found in a climate very oppofite to
the milcl provinces which border on the Mediterranean fea ; for there is fcarcely
one which I have enumerated which is not met with in Stvedetiy or in Lapland^
and fome even in the diftant Iceland ■\.

The chtmara monjlrofa of Lhinaus has been taken off the Schetland ifitinds about
two years ago. It is a moft Angular fifli ; and is common to thefe and the Nor-
luegian feas, where the Danes call it Solvehaen., and Hav-kat. It is found from
the Sound to Dront/jeim, perhaps Ice/and, for the Icelanders have a name for it,
Gelrnyt. It grows to the length of two feet and a half. The reader will find it well
figured in Mr. Afcanius'% Icones, tab. xv. in the aSla nldrofiana, ii tab. 5, 6;
and in Ch/Jitts's Exotics, 137. A drawing of that taken on our coafts, by my friend
Mr. George Paton, of Edinburgh, was with his ufual kindnefs communicated to me.

A fine fpccimen of they^m^j caput mcdufte, Br. Zool. iv. N°73, was taken
0J7. 1785 off Luima, one of the Schetland ides, and when frefh was of a mod
vivid orange color. Mr. Paton,

The J/ierlas Equejlris of Linnj^us, figured in Linckius, tab. xii. fig. 21,
was lately difcovered by the Reverend Mr. Cordiner, in the fea near Bau^. It
confilled of five fhort thick rays. Thofe, and the upper part of the center, cover-
ed with large obtufe papillae, longeft on the fides of the rays. The color deep
biov/n. Its diameter, from the tip of one ray to that of another, nine inches.

Ffroe has many fubftances in common with Iceland, which evince its having
been vulcanic. The Honourable Charles Grevil, a gentleman not lefs difl:in-
guifhcd by his knowlege than his urbanity, fhewed me fome very fine tuberofe
c:\lcedoiiiesfromthence, mixed with lava 3^nA tufa, and other calcet'onies ftrati-
llcd. Likewife fome very beautiful zeolites, both cryflallized and fheafy.

I here introduce a very curious account of the eruption of fire in Iceland, men-
tioned in this page, tranflated from the Danifn account of Mr. Alagnus Stephcnfirt,
and communicated by the friendfhipof the ingenious Mr. John IFhitehurjl.

* A queftion put by Prior In the mouth of Solomon, in his firft book.

t Sec the catalogue of Iceland plants in vol. ii. of OliifeH'% and Fovelftni journey in
Ictland,

An

XXIX,

XLI.

XLYI.

* J4

Mr

^': --'^A

•4 1 M

ERUPTION IN

1

An Account of the Eruption of Fire in Iceland,

UPON the I ft of 7««^ 1783, there was obfervcd a trembling or fhaking
of tlie earth, in the weftern part of the province of Shaptarjiall, which
iiicreafcd more and more until the nth. It was fo great that the inhabitants
were under the neccfllty of quitting their houfes, and lying at night in tents upon
the open ground. All this time there was obferved a continual fnioak or fteain
arifing out of the earth, in the northern and uninhabited parts of the country.
Tiiree fire-fpouts broke out, of which that in the north-weft was the grcatcft ;
one otthefc fpouts broke out in Ulfarfdal, a little to the eaft of the river Skapta;
the other two were a little weft of the river Hwerfisjiiot. Thefe three fire fpouts,
after they had rifen to a confiderable height in the air, were colledcd into one
ftream, which rofe fo high as to be fecn at the diftance of 34 miles*, and upwards.
The whole country, for double that diftance all about, was continually covered
with a thick fmoak and fteam not to be defcribed.

The 8th of June gave fufficient notice of the above-mentioned fire fpouts
breaki'ig out, for upon that day the fire became vifiblc. It was mixed witii pro-
digious quantities of brimftone, fand, pumicc-ftones, and aflics, which, being
thrown up with great force, noife, and fliaking of the earth, were fcattered in
the neighborhood of the fpouts ; and a part of them being blown about by the
wind (which at that time was very high) all over the country, fell in the fields,
villages, and towns, at a confiderable diftance. The whole atmofphere uas fill-
ed with fand, duft, and brimftone, fo thick as to occafion a continual dark-
refs. The pumice which fell in the villages, being red hot, did confiderable
damage. Along with the pumice ftones there fell a great quantity of a dirtv fub-
ftance like pitch, rolled up fometimcs in the form of fmall balls, and fometiiiics
like rings or garlands. The falling of thefe hot fubftances was attended with great
n-.ifchicf, as they totally dcftroyed all manner of vegetation that they came near.

Upon the third day of this dreadful fliower, the fire became very vifiblc, and
came out fometimes in a continued ftrcam, and fometimes in flafties or flames,
which were fcen at the diftance of 30 or 40 miles, accompanied at the fame time
v>iih a noife like thunder : this continued the whole fummer. Upon the fame
day that the fire firft broke out, there fell a very great quantity cf rain in ail
that neitjhborhood, which did ahnoft r.s much harm as the fire ; inalniuch as

• Tl-.c rca(!er will ohllive, that tlie ilillances nientioned here aie in the nicafitrc of Divrjh

TMlts, twelve of which irake one de^nv.-j ib that each Dauijh taAch nearly fnc and tlatc quar.

teis of our flaliite u.ilcs,

the

ICELAND.

the great quantity of cold water, that ran in vaft ftreams upon the hot ground,
tore up the earth in large cakes, and carried it down into the lower fituations :
bcfides, the water of this rain was ftrongly impregnated with fahs of different
kinds, and fulphur, which it had acquired in falling through the immenfe cloud
of fmoalc before defcribed ; and was (o (harp and poifonous as to occafion a confi-
derable fmarting, if it fell cither upon the hands or face. At a greater diftance
from the fire there was a great coldnefs in the atmofphere ; and in fome pi .ces
there was a very heavy fall of fiiow, fo that it lay upon level ground about three feet
deep ; in others fo great a quantity of hail, :ji to do very confiderable damage to
the cattle, and every thing that was out. The grafs, and all manner of regeta-
bles, which were already fcorched by the heat, fand, and pumice floncs, were
covered over with a thick cruft of brimftoiie and footy matter. The great heat of
the flreaming fire, meeting with fo large a body of water, occafioned fuch a vapour
and (team in the air, as to darken the fun, which appeared like blood *, and the whole
face of nature fecmed to be changed. This lafted feveral days, the fand and
pumice flones dcftroying all the crops that were upon the ground, the moment
that they fell burning up every thing that they touched : the whole country was
laid wafle, the cattle dying for want of food ; and the furviving or efcaping inha-
bitants flying from the horrid fcene, betook themfelves to other parts of the coun-
try, where they might hope for fafety, and left all their rtock and goods a prey to
the outrages of thefe two turbulent elements.

When the fire firfl broke out, there was a very confiderable increafe of water in
the river Skapta, upon the call fide of which one of the fire fpouts v/as fituatcd, as
was mentioned above : a fimilar overflow of water was obferved, at the fame
time, in the great river Piorfa^ which runs into the fea a little to the eaftward
of the town Orebakke^ and into which the river Tunoy after having run through a
laroc' trad of barren and uninhabited land, empties itfelf.

Upon the nth o^June the river Skapta was totally dried up in lefs than twenty-
four hours, and the day following a prodigious flream of liquid and red hot lava,
which the fire fpout had difchargcd, ran down the channel of it, which is very
da-p, having large rocks and high banks on each fide, the whole length of its
coiirfc. This fircam of lava not only filled the deep channel above mentioned,
but overflowing the banks of it, fpread itfelf over the whole valley, covering all
the low grounds in its neighborhood ; and not having any fufficient outlet to
empty itfdf by, it rofc to a very great height, and over-ran all the neighboring
country, infinuating itfelf between the hills, and covering fame of the lov.-er
ones. 'i"he hills here are not continued in a long chain or feries, but are fcpa-

♦ III the f.ime Uimmcr the fun Ind a fimilar aiiii::ir.<n.:s in (i,\-a: BritatK, nn.l t'lc fame cb-
r..:iity of air rcignej in ir.oll i>arls ot oiu' ilhji.l.

taiCU

'l^ 1' i-1--

A) .1!

\k%

ERUPTION IN

rated from ono nnolhcr, and detached ; and Iwtwcen them run little rivulets or
brooks: To that, btfidcs filling up the whole of the valley in which the livir
Skapta ran, the fiery flream fprcad itfclf for a confidcrablc didancc on cacli iiilc
i-ictting vent between the above-mentioned hills, and laying all the neij-hlioiini
country under fire. The fiery lake, getting frefli and greater fiipplics from the
fpouts, now ran up the rourfc of the river, and orerflowed all the lower grounds
above ; and, as it proceeded upwards, it dried the river, until the llre.un was (loj)-
ptd ngainft the fide of the hill from whence the river takes its rife. The l.iva
now rofe to a prodigious height, and tiic fiery lake overflowed all the village of
liuland; the church, houfcs, and cvr ry thing in its way beijig confunicd : thole
who knew the fituation of this village, upon what high ground it {land:;, would
be a(tonifhcd to think that it could have been overflowed. Two other farm houCcs
in the fame parifli of h'u/and, at about a mile and an half from the village, iiortli-
w.ird, were likewife deftroycd, and three lives lod in both of them. The whoK-
of this parifli, which was highly cidtivated land, is now totally demolifhd.
The fiery lake ftill incrcafing, and fprcading itfelf out in length and breadth,
overflowed all the country for fix miles in width. When all this tradt of land
was converted into a fca of fire, the lava ftrctched itfelf towards the fouth ; and
getting vent through the channel of the river Skapta^ down which it ruflicd with
great impetuofity (being confined witliin the narrow compafs between the high
banks before defcribed, for about a tnile) it came into a more open place, wli^ri- it
poured itfelf forth in prodigious torrents with amazing velocity and force ; fprcad-
ing itfclf now towards the fouth, tearing up the earth, and carrying along with it
CM its furfacc flaming woods, and whatfocver it met with : in its couric it l.iid
wafle another large diftridi: of land. 'I'he ground wherever it came was broke
Aiid cracked, and emitted large quantities of fmoak and Iteam long before the fiic
reached it ; fo great was the heat : and every thing near the edge of the fiery
lake W.1S cither burnt up, or reduced to a fluid Ihitc. In this fituation matters re-
mained from the I2th of y««/ till the 13th oi Augujl. The fiery lake now no
longer fprcad itfelf, but remained burning neverthelefs j and when any part of the
furfacc by cooling was cruftcd over, the fire from below broke the cruft, wliich
tumbling amongft the melted fubltance, was rolled and toflijd about with a prodi-
gious noife and crackling ; and in many pr.rts of its furfacc fmall fpout^, or at
left ebullitions, were formed, which continued for fome length of time.

The river Skapta, that we have talked fo much about, is fituatcd on the north
and worth-wefi: fides of the province of Sidu ; it takes its rife in the north-cafl, aiul
running firfl weflward, it turns to the fouth, and falls into the lea in a fouth-call:
dircflion. The confined part of its channel, that we have before made mention
of, is SM uninterrupted ttwtch yf about fow piilcs in length) btins ii» lomc places

31 ?o

1 C E L A N 1).

U

J, ■; f.tihonil tlceit (;is in the iirij^liboiliood of Swartamtpy wlicrf llic river cuts
tlir<)ii[!,li :i liill), ill othcri 15001' lOO; ;iii(l in fonii.- parts jon, in i.thcrs 50, 40,
;in(] 30 (atliomK broad. Along the whole uf tli s> part ot its coiiifi; the river is
very rapid, though tiicrc arc no conrulcrablc t^tarat^h or fails above two feet
raeh. 'llirre arc fcvcral other fuch coiifmcd thaniiels as this in other parts
ol lulaiid, but this Is the fj/catffl and moll confidcrablc in all its diincn-
fioiis. This thaniicl was lillcd to the brink, and from thence the lava
(jiread itfcif over the village Skaptardal^ confumcd the houfes and every thin-^
in its way, and defiroyed the woods ?iid meadow lands : this place is litiia-
tcd on the eafl of the rivrr, upon a rifing ground. The ftrcam then went for-
wards to the fouth, by the village marked A, which is at the fouth end of the
iiarrowclt part of the channel, and Urctchcd itfelf between two hills to the cafl.
The whole of this village, with all its meadow and wood lands, was alfo totally
ilcnroycd. Upon the 12th of ywn/, the lava having run throu;^h the narrow pan
ol tlie channel, and obtained an outlet, it Wretched itfelf out in breadth to-
vv.irds the fouth-wcft, as far as the call: fulc of the hills in the province Skah-
tuilNnj^a ; and alio to the welt fulc of Siduy and the fouth-wclt oi Medalland to-
wards the ca(K Jull as the lava begun to overflow this flat country, and had
got out of the channel of the river, the perpendicular height of its edge was 70
Ciflionis. Proceeding now fotithwards, the lava dcQioycd the church and town
ii{ Skdl, and all the neighboring grounds : in this place a prodigious noife was
lu'.ird when the lava overfpread the low lands, and noifes like thunder have con-
tinued ever fincc, till the 1 2th of Auguji. It then came to the village of Swina*
ildliir, which lies in a fouth-wcd dirct^tion from Sial ; and having with a corner
(li llroyed that, it was f^rctchcd out farther to the weft, and over-ran the village of
Uiuiminar^ which ftands on a pretty hi:!;h rifing ground on the weft fide of the
nvLT ; but belVire the fire had reached thcfe two villages, they were both ovci-
flovvtd with the water that had been turned out of its courfe, by the lava dam-
ming up the river when it firft came into the channel. Proceeding forward, the
l.na overflowed the village A'ifz, and all the grounds belonging to it : from thence
it Clinic to Vlllunsrni\ and turning more fouihwardly, came near to the village
l.iiuvjilu ; a little to the nortli of which, after having dcftroycd a great quantity
(f j^rafs land and wood, it entered into the channel of the great river Kudafii'jt ■,
;;i (! k(].t a fouth courfe along the eaft fide of it till it came down near to the village
ui Ilraun, where this branch ftopped. A little above the place where this arm
v.TMt into the channel of the river KudaJliU, a corner of the lava ftretched iticif
'/it to the fuiith-caft, and came to a place called £y/lriirun, caft of lliaun.
li'./ni Skill, whith we mentioned juft now, the lava taking an caftward dirt.-lio;ij ,

C 2 '»»

mm

IS

ERUPTION IS

ran by the fide of a hill called Ho/tjial/, and dcftroycd the village Holts, whicJj
Ibod upon a fine levtl ground, and was furroundcd with very rich corn and naf-
ture land. Proceeding eaflward, it came to a village caWcd HeiU ; and dcfiioyin"
a quantity of meadow land and wood belonging to that village, it went on down
the river iSiapta, between the two hills Htilderftapa and Dalbarjhpa, which
lie on each fide of the river, and dellroycd the villages Hunkabakkcy Holmur
and Dalbear ; and proceeded on eaftward towards the village Nyibcav, within
a hundred yards of which it flopped. In this courfe there is a very grcar cataract
of the river Skapta, abotit 14 fathoms high, where the lava falling down, was
thrown about, together with the ftones which it tore up, to a very confiderablc
djftance. From Dalbear the ftream of lava went fouthward, over that large mi\
of land called Hrauns-me/ar, quite down to Efrijleim-myrl, the edge of it to tlig
eaft pafling by Lutandahah, Lutandaft, and Rofa. In pafllr.g over this broad tra^t
of land the fire did confiderablc damage, for the whole was good and rich meadow
and pafture land. The ftream of lava went within 30 fathoms of Efrijieius-myn,
on the weft ; and falling into the channel of the river Steins-myrifliot, which is among
the larger ones, it filled the whole valley between Efrijieins-myri and Sydrijieim-
fyh going on in an eaftward dircflion : thefc two villages are totally deftroycd,
although the edge of fire only approached within 100 fathoms of them. The main
body of the lava from this place went in a fouth-weft direction, and came to the
village H^auftr; which, although it was not deftroyed by the fire, yet was over-
flowed by the water of the two rivers Steint-myrifllot and Fegdaquijl being dammed
up. Here the lava flopped on the fouth 5 and its edge goes all the way from Eyf-
tribrun before mentioned, north of Stadarholt, to Strandarholt. In tiiis neiglibor-
hood the lava deftroyed five villages ; namely, Holmofel, with its church ; Boim,
Holma, Efrifliata, and Sydrijiiota; befides a great quOj/itity of corn and meadow
lands, with woods and other property belonging to the villages fouthward.

The fpouts ftill continuing to lend forth imtncnie quantities of frcfli lava, and
all the paflage to the fouth or low lands being ftiut up, the lava fpread itlclf to the
jiorth and north-eaft, over a tradt of land eight miles long and fix broad. All this
place is barren and uninhabited, fo that no obfervations were made how the fiery
Itream proceeded ; all we know is, that it dried up the rivers Tuna and Axafyrd'u
The lava, on account of the high hills on the eaft oi Hwcrfisfliot, could proceed no
farther in an eaftward diredion ; for thefe hills fo-m a continued chain for three
miles in length, running in a diredion .north and fouth. There was then no
other outlet for the lava than the channel of the river Hiuerfisjliit : this branch
broke out from the main body about a quarter of a mile north of Ytridalur and
Ey/irid^lury two villages fituated oppofite to each other, on each fiJc of the river ;

the

'■I. *'■

ICELAND.

the lava running between tlicfc two villages, followed the courfe of the river, and
|iaflld between two others, Thitna and Srllahrtd, about a mile lower down ;
coming then into nn open and level ground, it fpread itfelf out, and formed a fmall
l;;ice of fire, about two miles long and one broad ; lying in a direction a little
weftwardly from the fouth. The only damage done by this branch was the dc-
flruJtion of the corn and grafs land, and fomc wood j no villages having fufFcrcd.
Upon the i6th of Jugtiji this branch (lopped.

It appears then, from the whole, that tiie utmoft extent of the ground co-
vered with lava, and making the appearance of a fiery lake, was fifteen miles long,
and fcven broad, in its utmoft extent. The edge of it, reckoning all that part
fouth of Buland^ with all its inequalities on the fouth fide, is upwards of thirty
miles long j what it may be on the north is not known, as nobody chufes to ven-
ture himfelf near that part as yet. The perpendicular height of the edge i*
from 1 6 to 20 fathoms, fo that wherever it came it covered every village it
met with, as well as fevtral hills ; and thofe which, on account of their great
height, it did not cover, were melted down by it, fo that the whole furface was
in a fluid ftate, and formed a lake of fire, in appearance like red hot melted metal.

The whole number of villages totally deftroyed are 20 or 21, either by the fire
or the water overflowing them. About 34 are very materially hurt, having their
lands and woods burnt up ; but moft of them may be furnifhed with freflv
ground being taken up in their refpeitive neighborhoods. Befides villages, there
are fcven parifh churches and two chapels dcftroyed. In the whole there were
220 lives loft by the fire, and 21 by water. The rivers that were dried up are
twelve ; namely,7K«fl, Axafard'i, Hwerfisfiiot, Skapta^ Stehis-rnyrijiiot, Lam/d, Mel-'
qiitjj, Green-laekur^ Tungu-laeker^ Fednqaljl, Kararvikarflj-urdur, and Hraunfa.

Ikfides this immenfe fire, there happened two other clrcumftances that are
equally wonderful. Two iflands have been thrown up. One of thefe was thrown
up in the month of Fj^n/flvv 1784, where there was before upwards of 100 fa-
thoms deep water; it lies about fixtecn miles from the land, fouth-weft from Rei-
hanefe in Iceland^ and about eight miles from the clufter of iflands called Gitr-
fugla. By the laft accounts this i.land continued burning with great vehe-
mence, and fent forth prodigious quantities of pumice, fand, and other matters,
fimilar to other burning mount.uns. The Ifland is fomewhat abi »'-• half a mile in
circumference, and full as high as the mountain Efuw in Iceland. T4ie other
ifland which has been thrown up, is at a greater diftance from Iceland to the north •
wcfl, lying between Iceland and Greenland: it has burnt without intcrmiflion, day
and night, for a confiderable time, like the other j is very high, and larger in cir-
cumference than the other,

«3

' ■!

•s ,,.

i '1 ,

j s.

14

R R U 1' r I O N I M

'Ve hnvealfo (omc vry indubitable accounts partly by the relation of (*aiIoi«^
«no i tui^^ 'ctten from ftondh/im in Noways that bci'oic the fire broke out
in litlandt in, wa« ii very remark ible eruption in the uninhabited parts of
Greenland , :ii,d that in the northern part^ of Nonvayt oppofit« to Greenland^ the
fire was vifibic a vaU while. Theic uttoiints were ftrengthencd by a letter
troiii Ictlandy bearm- date the aift of September -, which fays, that when
the wind was north thcic fell a great quantity of aflies, pumice, and brim-
llofi' upon tlie north and weft i afts of I<ela»d\ and that this continued
for the whole fummcr, whenever the wind was in that quarter j and that
the air was always very ftrongly impregnated with a brimftonc fmcll, and
thick fmoak.

But to return to Ict!anJ, Ever fince the firft breaking out of the eruption, the
whole atmofphcrc has been loaded with fmoak, fteam, and fulphureous vapours.
The fun became at times wholly invifiblc, .ind, when it could be fccn, was of a
Vcddifh or bloody colour. The fiflierics are nioft of them deflroyed ; for the bank<
where the fifli ull'd to be, are fo fhifted and changed, as not to be known aj'; in by
the fiflicrmen ; and ilic fmoak fo thick, as to prevent them from going far out to
fua, for there is no feeing any objefl at above the diilancc of fifty fathom. The
water of the rain falling through this fmoak and fleam, is fo impregnated with fait
and brimftonc, as to deftroy the hair, and even the (kin, of the cattle j and all the
grafs in the whole ifland is fo covered with the footy and pitchy matter before
defcribed, that the moft of it is deftroyed^ and what is left is furc poifon for aiiv
cattle that cat of it j fo that thofe which have efcaped the fire arc now dying for
want of food, or poifoned by the unwhulefome remains of the vegetables. Nor
are the inhabitants, in many refpcifls, more free from dangers than the cattle.
Many have loft their lives by tiie poifjnous quality of the fmoak and fteam of
»;hich the whole atmofphere confifted j particularly old people, and fuch as luul any
vvcaknefs or complaint of the breaft and lungs.

During the fall of the fharp rain which we have before made mention of,
there was obfcrved at Trondheim., and at other places in Nonvay^ and ahb at
Faroe, an uncommon fall of fharp and fait rain, which was fo penetrating th;'.t
it totally dcrtroycd the leaves of the trees, and every vegetable it fell upon, by
fcorching them --, and caufing them to wither. At Faroe there fell a confidcr-
able quantity ofaflics, fand, pumice, niid brimftonc, whica w /i . Cil '.ne whole
furface of the ground whenever the wmd blew from Icelr' :' , ^». ■ Jiftance
between thcfe two places is at leaft eighty miles. Ships iuai were tailing be-
tween Copenhagen and Norway were frequently covered with afties and brim-
itorr, v^htch ftuck to the fails, mafts, and decks, bcfmearing them all over
6 ^\ith

ICELAND.

with a Mack and pitchy matter. :,f:»iiy parts of Holland, Gnmnity, and other
countries in the north, obfcrvcd a brnuftoiic vapour in the air, accompanied with
a thick fmcak ; and there fell in (ome places a light grey-colored fubllance upon
riic earth every night, which, by its yielding a bUicifh flame when thrown on the
fire, evidently appeared to be fulphureous ; \i\mn thofc nights in which this
(ubftance fell in any quantity, there was obfervtd t( h" Utile or no fall of dew.
Tlicfc appearances continued more or Iclii all the months oi July, Augtijly and
September,

A more particular account of thefe appearances, and the periods when they
wcreollirved, are publiflicd in the Berlin Advertifcr, No. 96, 1783, and the fol-
'c .1 1^ r'mbers, in fome of which there is a very accurate account of the two
ji, nti " u were thrown up ; but I have not fecn them.

1 fliall conclude with giving you a catalogue of all the known eruptions ia
i^'.land.

I,

Date loft. Ildborger hraun.

2.

1000.

Thurrar hraun.

3-

1004.

Ileckloy tor the firft time.

4-

1029.

Ditto, fecond time.

5.

1105.

Ditto.

6.

1113.

Ditto.

7-

II51.

Tnllidyn^tr.

8.

1157.

Hickla.

9-

1188.

Trolledpige)\

10.

1206.

Hcckla.

II.

1210.

Reikcnefe,

12.

1219.

Ditto.

»3-

1222.

Heckla,

14.

1222.

Reikcnefe^

IS.

1223.

Ditto.

16.

1225.

Ditto.

J7-

1226.

Ditto.

18.

1237

Ditto.

19.

1240.

Ditto.

20.

1245.

Soelheim Jcckuh

21.

1262.

Ditto.

22.

1 2.94.

HecUa.

23.

1300.

Ditto.

24. ijir..

li

ii!!;'i.n

)f ,,'

F.4'!R

: 8''l.:

*l ..J

x«

ERUPTION J

24.

1311.

Roidekainbe field*

25-

1332-

Knappefelds Jockul,

26.

1340.

Heckla.

27.

1359-

TroUedynger.

28.

1362.

Knappefelds Jockul.

29.

1366.

Lillebered.

3°'

1374-

Heckla.

31-

1390.

Ditto.

32-

1416.

Hofde Jockul.

33-

1422.

Reikeuefe.

34.

1436.

Heckla.

35.

1475-

In the north part of the ifland.

36.

1510.

Heckla.

37.

1554-

In the neighborhood of Heckla.

38.

1587.

Thingvalla.

39'

1619.

H:ckla.

40.

1625.

Myradalur.

41.

1636.

Heckla.

42.

1660.

Myrdah Jockul.

43-

1693.

Heckla.

44.

1721.

Kattlegiaa,

45-

1725.

Leermlckf, Hitljoel, and Bjarnaf.aeg,

46.

1725.

Krafie.

47-

1727.

Myrdal and Leermlck, and Hroffk-la'l.

48.

1728.

Reiheklider and Myrvatn.

49.

1755.

Kattlegiaa,

50.

1766.

Jpril 15. Heckla^ to Sept. 7,

51-

1771.

June 13. Ditto, three weeks.

N

By the great map of Iceland^ made by tlie dire(£lIon of the king of Denmark,
and completed in 1734, by Qicpf military furvcyor, it appears that fomcot'the
jokkuls, or mountains, cafed with ice, have been fwallowcd up by the convulfiuns
of the earth, in very diftant periods. Tliofe of Brcida-merkar and SLida, m
Skaftafield Sy^/el, are given as inftances.

Probably the great vatm, or lakes, with which Iceland abounds, may have been
once the fitc of fuch fmkings of mountains. Tlie ingenious friend to whom I
»m indebted for the preceding tranfl.uions, records fcveral inftanccs in other parts

^,t '111

ICELAND.

ot the world *. Ill the ifland in qucllion, that vaft k-kc Myvatii may have been one •
its bottom is entirely formeJ of lava, divided by deep cracks, which give fiicltcr
during winter to the abundance of troiits this lake is flocked with. It is only
five fathoms deep, but originally was of a vaft depth. In 1728 it was nearly filitd
by an eruption of the great mountain Kraflc : the fiery flreani took its courfe to-
ward Myvatn, ran into it with a horrible crackling and hifTnig ; and this pheno-
menon continued till 173c, when it ccafed, being Dy that time exhaufled.

The mountains of Iceland are of two kinds, primitive and pofierior ; the firlt
confift of ftrata, ufually regulaily, but fometimes confufcd, laid on each other.
They are formed of diflcrtnt forts of ftone, without the left: fymptoin of fire.
Some are compofcd of different forts o^ faxum arenarinin, or (and, or free (lone ;
pctrofdcx, or chert, flaty or fiflile flone, and various kinds of earth.-, and bole?,
iiiui Jhatita ; different forts of h-ccciesy or conglutinatcd ftoncs ; jafpers of dif-
t'lcnt kmds ; rcfrafling fpathtmi, or what is ufuully called hdancl cryftal ; the
uimnion rhomboid y^^r///;////? ; chalcedonies flratificd, and botryoid ; zeolites of the
mofl: elegant kinds ; chryftals, and various other fubftanccs that have no relation
to vulcanoes. Thcfe primitive mountains are the jokkuls or ice mountains, and
are of fuperior height to the others.

Tiie highett is reckoned rather more than a thoufand fathoms high. This h
£jhny or Riosy which confiils of great and irregular rocks of a dark grey color,
piled on each other.

The centrical height of the Enncherg is five hundred fathoms ; of the Snafiald
Jokkuly is about two thoufand two hundred and eighty-feven yards ; of the
^.ntcjialds ncsy or promontory of Snafiaid, is from three to fom* hundred fathoms,
Vnugfman-ljetUry and Thorjkefiorde-beidv, are rocks very unequal in height ; thofc
which have been meafured arc from two to three hundred fathoms, and other*
arc fidl five hundred fathoms high ; and the two E'ljbcrgci are to the eye much
higher.

lionijhandy or the coafl by the north cape nord, is very high ; from three
to four hundred fathoms. The fine rocks o{ Drango are mofl pi£turefque ftacks,
Ijvcn in number, of a pyramidal fliapc, rifing out of the fea at a fmall diflance
I'lom the cliffs ; four are of a vaft height, and form a moft magnificent fcenery.

TliC Snerfialdh a mountain of great height; its outfkirts confift of enormous
rocks piled upon others. Kaftward begins the Eifbcrge, foaring to a vaft and loftr
point. Many parts of this mountain have felt the cflcfls of fire : in fome of
the nicked rocks arc large cavities. Buda-kL'ttur, a rock .-it one end of this
tr.juMtaiii, is alfo vulcanic, and has in it a great cavern hung mth Jlciuiilitte.

* li'iildurji en the E^irth, fccond cJiC 71, ;!■

I) Soivahamar

17

;,.''i'iN

I.

'W. :

)t

TULCANIC INDICATIONS.

Schtihainar is a tremendous range of vulcanic rocks, compofed entirely of
fl.!gs, and covered in tlif- feafon with fca fowl. It is endlefs to name all the places
which bear the marks of fire, in various forms, either by being vitrified, changed
to a fiery color, ragged, and black ; or bear the marks of having run in a fmooth
floplng courfe for miles to the fea, and hardened into memorials of the horrible
phsenomenon.

The ifland produces mod forts of the lava which other vulcanic places have
thrown up; the dark grey pciforated kind, fimilar to the toadftone of Derbyjhire-
the lidatid agate, or puniex vitretiSy both the 7iiger and viridis : fome have con-
je>ftufed this to have been the lapis objidianus of the antients, which they formed
into ftatues *. The fineft I ever faw was brought from Vulcanoy of}' the coaft of
Sicily^ but it feems very ill calculated for fculpture. The pumex vulcani is alfo
found here, the cinerarius, and the arenaceus. Befides the futurhrand, jet is found
here in quantity.

Certain iron ores are found in difFerent parts ; and that elegant copper ore, the
malachites^ with a naturally poliflied green furface rifing into tubera, is not unfre-
quent. Horrebow fpeaks of native filver ; but the mineral wealth of the ifland will
probably be long latent. The flavery under which the poor natives labor, will
tver difcourage from efFe£ling a difcovery, of which others arc to reap the
advantage.

A ftratum of fulphur is found near MyvatUy from nine inches to two feet in
thicknefs ; it ispartly of a Ipmon colour, and partly of a deep orange. Immedi-
ately over the fulphur is a blue earth ; above that a vitriolic and aluminous earth ;
and beneath the fulphur a ftratum of reddifh bole. This fulphur has been worked
and refined by the commercial cony^ny of Copenhagen. Semipellucid, and I think
.genuine n?tive fulpburs, are unknown in Iceland,

Basax. tes, in variety of forms or degrees of cryftallization, arc found in
many parts of Iceland^ from a cracked furface, to a completion of the columnar
ftape.

Hueravalle is fpoken of by Ollaffen as the moft furprifing collcJlion of boilir.i;
water) ox jet tTeaux^ in the ifland. The mountain grafs grows in plenty near them ;
and not far from the burning hugely or tumulus, formed round one of thefe jets,
is a lake in which fwans were fwimming ; and in a fmall fpring were iacr:il
trouts : fo near to each other is the cold and the boiling water, Eaftward and
fouthward are great trafls of Kiol-hraun^ or trafts covered with vaft mallcs of
lava, Hueravalle takes its name from huerfvoa^ to whirl round 3 Wddirlnvirjd

* Flinii Hi(t, Nat, lib, xxxvif c, ::xvit

fgnifiec

BOILING SPRINGS. HECLA.

fignifies a whirlwind, and wattanwirfel a whirlpool *. Among the many fprings
near Siallholl, which are called quallen., two are very particular : one is on the
weft fide, the other on the eaft fide : the Icelanders boil their milk, and drefs their
meat, by their afliftance ; and they ufe them alfo for wafliing and fulling. They
even calcine with them the dry bones of oxen or fheep.

The burning fountains have been taken notice of (p. 146.) by the author of the
Speculum Regale.

The fame author contends ftrongly, that Hecla ought to have the honor of
being the feat of the damned, in oppofition to /Etna; which he clearly proves by
thcfe arguments : ' De flammis Mtnals fama percepi quod admodum furent •
« hae vero et lignum comburunt et terram. Jam in Dialog© fan£ti Gregoru
« perhibetur in Sicilia, igneque ibidem ardente, poenarum locum efle ; in igne

• vero, qui in Islandia flagrat, multo majore verifimilitudine concludi poflc reor
' certum poenarum locum efte. Ignis enim SlciLiiE, cum terram et ligna confu-
« mat, vivas res fibi in alimentum convertit : lignum quippe vitam habet^ utpote
' quod crefcat, virentiaque folia emittat; ac tandem mori incipiens^ flaccefcat

• et arefcat : quamdiu autem viret, vivum dici meretur j et ubi flaccefcit,in extremis

• agere. Vitam autem terrae non de nihilo tribues, cum infignem fruftuum co-

• piam proferat, quibus decidentibus et putrefatSlis, novos iterum fru£lus produ-

• cit ; neque minus eapropter vivere dicenda eft, quod ex ipfa fadae fint omnes
' creaturae corporeac. Horum utrumque, lignum nempc et terram, ignis Sicilia

• comburit, iifque alitur. Ignis autem IsLANDiiE ligna terramve, quamvis

• in eum conjiciantur, mn comburit ; lapides autem et duriflima faxa, ut fuum

• alimentum, confumit, iifque nutritur non fecus ac ignis communis aridis lignis.

• Nee tam dura cautes aut lapis invenitur, quin ccr;E ad inftar liquefcant, ac

• deinde, pinguis olci more, flammam coucipiant j ligna vero injccla didus ignis

• exterius tantum adurit, penitus nunquam confumit. Icc'irco quoniam hie ignis
« inatiimatis folum creaturis^ cujufmodi laplJes et faxa efTe novimus, amat accendi,

• et rebus, qua; a communi igne folent confumi, nutriri recufat, mortuus jure

• dici meretur ; ideoque de ipfo, potius quam aliis, vciiiimilitcr concluditur, quod

• fit ignis infernalis, cum mortuse fint omnes res quas infernus habet.'

There is at prefent a revival of the cod fifliery on the coaft of Iceland, from
cur kingdom. About a dozen veflels have of late failed from the ifle of Thanety
and a few from other parts o^ Great Britain. They are cither floops or brigs,
from fifty to eighty tons burden. A lugfail boat, fuch as is ufcd in the herring
fifliery, failed laft feafon from Yarmouth, thus equipped : The crew confifted of
five men from the town, and five more were taken in at the Orknies. They had

• Hire Cloff. Siito^oth. 395.

D 2 ^wcWe

tf

:', - 1 ■ ;■

'1^''

» ;t. »•

iM

ill

>«

con AND 'fTTRnor imshk uiii

J >),

(Wrivn liiir'-, «i(' ;i Imniliril iiinl twnilv ("ilIioinN riMli, lUvl fwo (ir tllifc IminIiiMt
liiink'ij (is liculmj- kiiivci, (\\iIm- I'liiimi', .mil iwflvi; ('iiliitlnf: kiiivc",. 'Iliry

l.lKi' III (li'lltirll (iijlN III I, ill .11

f., ■.'/>', M llic i.itn i>l il

>i(T toin lo I'v.-i V lliiiii

r.illil h(l\, 111 wliiill (i\ III Irvi II liliml.linl I't .1 Id.nl lnr ^l V.'OI'I ul \\\\; lull, I. 'il,,

|M» 111 11 .1 iiluiiii ilii- iiiiililli- III ■■lpii!\ ii'liiiii Iiy till' f>fi.ii',\. III l.iihl ilii> nun
iiiiil |trt mill till II |i til !ii III!' I.illci niil III iif'ulf^ III !)(")»,iiiiiiii]i, nl S,'pt,'ml\-r.

y

I'vriiuA'i iiy, lliiil /.././>/,/ I.iy \'\\ il.iV' liiliit|> liom l!ii,it Hilt.

Iin,

A \ . II, 1

fii'iii ),nffiimil<w.\'', ii> llif l.ill yiMi, <s.uUy lli.il liiiir in ils viiv.i't Ihui, iI,,.
Hi/'./Vi In l,il,i>i.l. Willi il l.iii wiiiil, Il mi|'.lil In' iii'iloiinc il in l.n Kls iimi ; Imt

lilt' vviuils il

liiinl llir AV' y

llli'. lllr I'rilil.lllv * h.lli;'/' l''l'

I \' I I .

T

III- 111 I

Il i>l /"''(/■. /i7/ i'< llnlnl l,ii ill |i'.ir'- nil wllli I> r'Hllmi'in-c, |1

I,- riiMf

(lIlllKl ll(llU\', Wllll II lll|<|<ll, S ill, lll.llKil III Olll t.l|lil.l1. Il III |',IU'. V( I V I' III

.//•

Iilli

)■'"

iiir III ill,' {',1111111, 1 liiiii) tile iiiiilll, .iiiil iiiuv'c |iriwji-||i\( ly
l,«uilu\ Mill. lowMiiK llir I. HI, I riiil III .tf'i il ilii- iillii'i nifii l.iy llirii l.iii", lint', i,ii
llicin.lll I'l lili.!<i.l\ iiiiil |,i\v.iiiN llir l.illii ciiil 111 /1/,/y (lii-y |',ii itii llii i'hmiik
iii.ill'., .itiil onnimiic till (hr I.illii nul ol' .fuiiii/f , alnnil wliiili (inn- llic iiiili,p|s
Ijiif.ul, .u\il .no » ,ni(',lil .ilinnll li.ill tli.iiinci nviT. Tlicy cMciiil cvni in niii ii,,|.
(Iiriii 1,1, ill'-, I'lil not in iiiiniliiMs (iilVu ii-iil In nu out'. ii',(' .i (l.ilion.ii y lilliciv. I'lu-
/>«!■, '• ili.uv hum IIS l.iiiM' (inn:., Iimuu.ililv iiiilml ; liiil I In- pnuhii'ful lliiii rifliriics
1. Ill (ill- li.iiul'. Ill .1 lr\v «>' niii I. ill linen, wliii l»y lu'l|i ol wli.il .iir r.ilKil // i,/m„'/.,
wllll 11 til- ill till- (.ill w.iti'i nil' (I'r,/, '•/(•>/(/, luiii;\ uj) tit tlir London lU.irkri jtili llif
»lii.iuli(V I'l lilt lidt wllll 11 llu'v iiiilj',!' Will Ik' w.intril ; ;iiul Iiy llmli- iiu'.iiis kivji
»i|> llir I'liii-, II) ilio I'jv.it iiijiny ol liolli liili .iml poor: llic icll i'; liillVivil (,)
W lp,>iK'il \ .iiiil vvli.il mi|;lit 111! tlic hiinyjv is Iliini-; (ivri'-boiril liy Jlu" \.-\w\ inoiKi-
poli/iis. Mill! ol llic pi. llic l.iKI III llic iiicliopnlis .nc .ill",) lioili'Jil Irnni llic Ih.tiK
Il I . i-iilioiii.ii v loi Olll jvoplc I, I piinli.ilc ilicic lilli ,il ("c.i . Iml llic />,//./' tlniu.
ti'I\>'. l>llll;\ llic lillliol'. Id (,'',;;'v7J"<,/. It is loiuplltcil lll.ll lIli'V .lllllll.illv ini|'i'll
ill, nil cii'.lilv ili.nil.uiil 111 llic (cijoii, whicli loniinnrs Iroiu Jf^iilio /■/,;•.'.•'. rim
tilli Willi whuli llic 111.11 k -I IS liipplicil liom A',) r '/"«/•(•>■ to .1/.r,'>, i'i cniiwycl liy
!,u!,l liom /i,.,''' .111,1 Hri!!. rill ; III. ly lie licic.ilici licilciiol. Tli,- />.,,'.'• ciii-
pl.i\- 111 ilic.i dill 'I \ .ill. ml liliv wllcK, .11 .111 ,ucr.i;\c lm',.l,ii nl \\\{\ Iimc. II.u!
tliv- .lit li'i t.iMti ', ihc loim i;',,- ol ilii'lc vclMs pill. It Wviiilil li.ivc :mi,niiiti'.l (i .iii

lull

rvi'Uilion

r

ic;c

IS ricit u .1

I, 111 to Inliv'vc tli.it Olll' own co.il

WiniKI iiiii 11. IV,?

Iiiiiulhcvl luiiiols liilliciciit I,) .iiilwci tlu- ilciii.iiul'. nl ilic lii\iii\- ol llic Imics;
the iii.uk. -ts wciiKI li.ivc lu'cn woi K' liipplu-,! , miuI llic p.iw.-r ol nuiii.ijiii'i.'ui ;

null- lie, 1 lu.uulclil, liy I, li, mil;', the iiiinilici ol lillieiiiu

liv til

I'hi'lc 111 t.'jc.;
illi

/>;.V.,',w li-»ve c\c\) Um, m \t1iu li ihcy iii.iy |iy the l.iw oT n.Ui.nis lilli, iipcii i<)
c llicin.

• Jt.<ltl

IJ N I) E R - C U R R K NT OF T II K B A L T I C.

tlictn. Tin- pidprr luiii limy 1)^ pure IiiiA'il nt honip } iirul proviilid wc li;ivc fuflfi-
iiriit ipi:iiiti(v <il lilli (III (inr (ii;ill'., iiiid cxi-rt oiirfi'lvch will) ihc (rcononiy and
iihludiy (.( llir Jh/tih, wr iicrd ncviT (c;ir liciiij; rivalled liy llicm,

'I'lir l>.ii( {(.I iluli- (i(li i"» (he |( fli T Uinprcy oltlir //; . '/,ool, v')l. iii. No, /•
xW Intr'iiiiy7.''ii /l:u'iiilili\ <il l,i:,'r;AUN. 'I'liin i*. a (iii;dl (i(Ii, yil nl y.w.W ini-
jiDiliilii (• ; il IS l;d;('n in ;iiii.i/,in(', (piiiiititic^ lirfwccn /itit/rt/ru lii'inh iiiid '1 iipluiv
nidh, II (j).i(r nl ;ili(iiii (i,(y iiiilcv, and (iild to llic Dtilih lor llir tod and other
lifliciii's ; ,j(i'i,/i( ) liuf lui-ii liiKI in one (imIuii (oi the piiipolc. 'I lir pinr li.is
lu'i-n (i)ily dnllini';, tlic tlionLiml ; tin:, yrar the Ihitih liavc |mvcii iIimi; ihuiimI-.,
ami (111' |'!n;',lilli liom (ivf to cii'lit pi)iiiiii<; ; llw; (oiimr li,ivin(', pMi(l''nily ion-
li.hl<i| Imi iIikc yc.ir, .Il a (III. Mil pijcc. I'diincily llic 'l/iu/ir. Ii:is Iniiiiflicti
liMin a million to Iwilvr Innulnd llKiiilaiid aiiniially'. An allcinpt wa'< lali ly
made in piiii imnt to fliii)' llic tiiiliol lillK ly tiiliicly into lUiliJI.' Iiainl.'i, liy lay-
iii!'t(n Mnlliii]';' .1 Ion duly on evil y loici;',n vdlid iinpoitin;' Inilxit into dicat
lii'ilitin : lull llic plan was Idiiiid lo lie dciivcd (nmi (cllidi iiiolivcs, and ( vcii on
a national iii)iilli(c; the lar |',i(,Mlcf «pianlily oi linliois licin,", (liiiovcird lo lie
I. dan on iIk ( oall'. ol I lulhiiiil and /''/an/lit \,{'\ii\\\ wlicniC llic PiiUh ate iiip[iulcd to
Imporl anmialty (o tin- l.oiuloii in.iikcis alxjut H'^ooo (iHi.

In tlic piclcnt icntiny il lia«, Iicni piovcd liy cxpciiincnts that ihc llallic
has an iindn-i uiitnl like llic llieifjits ol (iilnii/t.if. An aide reanian, liclonj'in;^
to one «il «iiir liij'.ates, went in a pimiacc to the middle ol the clianiul, and was
violently huriird iiway hy the riiriciit : (ooii alter he funk a Iniikel, witii a larj'^c
Kill III It, to a (citani Jcjitli, wliiiii {;.ivc; a ihcik to the lioat's motion; and link-
111", It llill lou'i r and lower, was diivcii a-licad lo windward ajviiiid the ii|)pcr
llicain, whit h had Ihtii loricd thromdi the (onnd by Ionic (Iroiij!, p.ale. 'IIk; ( tn -
I. Ill .\\v\{ WIS not aliove loin or (ive li el deep ; and the lower the Inieket waf. (unk,
lie toiiiid the iindci llicaiii the lli(iii|',er | .

'I he heiriiij's Cirtpicnlcd the l.iviii.in aiul C.ouihmd fliorcs in r«pial miiliitiide-.-,
I'lll ihe year i.;i.{, whrii liay diew near lliole ol l)i->i!ii(n!< \. 'I hey delertcd the
/',(///, lot loine eentinie;, Init in I yj^j hcj'aii aj'.ain to make tliclr appearance on
the .'';(v.////i eoail, and ate canyjit amoiiii; the rocks and ilU s (none at lea) from
(;.li:>ih;t/rr, in Strrwf/.iJ, a ipace ol ihiii)- live lea'Mics ; and none lartlur iioith
(>i loiiih. Ill the lH|',iiiiiinr, ol the liliieiy they a|<peaicd about the end itfjuiy,

* S,T liirlc, aiul many ellici i\ii iinis iiaiticiil.U'S ni tlic KrimUs ii( lIu: (■niiiiniUi.cs loi oiif
lilluiM'., !■;)!().

I y.imi)WUd. C.lTtiil.ir, I. »3J. I Anjtifvii'f, UiO. C'oniiu. I. ici. fii.

ai

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ai HERRINGS, &c. A STR A C AN M E RCH ANTS.

or the beginning of Augujl^ but have gradually altered their feafon, and of late are
feldoin fccn before the beginning of November ; neither are they fo fat as when
they appeared early. In 1 781, 136,64.9 barrels of falted herrings were exported
to different parts of the Bnll'n and eaft fca, the Madeira, and fVeJi Indias, and
France, and the Mediterranean ; bcfides 14,542 barrels of herring oil : bat the
oil is of very inferior quality to that of whale or liver oil. Formerly the Swedes
fcnt great quantities of herrings to Cork, from whence they were refliipped to the
IVeJl Indias*. This part of the trade has entirely ceafed. Poflibly thefe nev/
fifheries may have operated with other caufcs, to leflen thofe of Great Britain •
but I am informed that thefe capricious fifh begin already to appear in the Baltic
in far lefs quantities than ufual.

ixi. But Sweden exceeds us in the number of frefli water fiflies. Bcfides

the lej/er, and pride lamprles, the eel, the barbet, bullhead, perch, ruffe,
th:ee-fpined and teii-fpincd Jlickleback, the hche^ or cobitis tania, lately
difcovered in the Trent; the trout, char, grayling, gwiniad, pike^ carp, tench,
bream, crucian, rud, roach, graining, cyprinus dobula (Lin. 528^ and bleak,
which the leader may find in the Britijh Zoology ; it has the Jlerlet, or acipenfer
ruthenus, tranfported from the fVolga by Frederic I. blennius raninus, or ahlkujfa,
perca lucioperca or gioes, cobitis fojjilis, ftlurus giants or mahly the greateft of frefli
water fiflies. Salnio wimba, S. albula or fuckloeja, cyprinus afpius, or afp, C.
idtis, or id. C, ballerus, or blicka, C. griJJagine, or Jlaem, C, wimba, C. idbarus,
C. farenus, or faren, C. cultratus, or Jkierknif, C. biorkna, or bicorka, and the
C aphya, or i7iud, are all inhabitants of the Swedijh lakes and rivers, and dp-
fcribed in the Fauna buecica, and many of them figured in the beautiful hiftory of
fiflies by Mr. Bloch. Sweden wants our famlet, barbel, gudgeon, chub, graining,
and minmiv. The carp is a naturalized fifli, and is befides frequently brought
there alive out of Germany,

l^'xsi. Since the beginning of the prcfent century, about an hundred and fifty or two

hundred Indian merchants, from the province of Multan, refide at /Ijlracan, and
carry on a great trade in pretious ftoncs ; they live in a large ftone caravan-
ferni. As they die away, or incline to return home, a fupply is fent from
India by their chief, feledled from among their relations. As they have no fe-
males from their country, they keep, during their rcfidence at /Ijlracan, Tartarian
women, but the contrail is only during that time. They are a fine race of men,
and are highly cfteemcd for the integrity of their dealings.

• Third Report of the Committee on the Britijl Fiflieries.

7

lie

GULPH MAELSTROM.

The whirlpool called the Mael/lrom is only quiefcent one quarter of an hour, at
high and low water ; and then alone the fifhermen venture to pafs : on the return
or retreat of the tide, fuch is the fury of its vertiginous motion, that whatfa-
ever comes within a condderable diftance of it, is drawn in and forced to the
bottom, where it remains for fome hours, after which the fhivered fragments ap-
pear on the furface. Boats, and even fhips, have been fwallowed up by it : whales
have been known to be caught within the vortex j their ftruggles to free them-
felves from the danger, and their piteous bellowiiigs, arc faid to furpafs all de-
fcription. The folution of this phenomenon is now rendered very eafy. It lies in the
inidft of the ifles oi Loeffort^ in a narrow channel, between the ifle oi Mojkoe and
that of Vcr; the depth of water is between thirty-fix and forty fathoms, but on the
fide next to Fer fo fhallow, as not to give paflage to a veflel without danger of
iplitting on the rocks. All the bottom is vaftiy craggy, fhootfng into ftoney fpires,
v/hich appear at low water above the furface ; over them the flood and ebb roll
with amazing rapidity, and whirl round with a noife equal to that of the greateft
catar,'-\s, fo that the roaring may be heard feveral miles diftant*. So fimply
may be explained that wonder which philofophers have ftyled the navel of the fea ;
fuppofing it to have been an abyfs which funk here, r,nd rofe again in the gulph of
Bothnia.

a3

i.xrin.

The lakes Sig^ Onda., and Wtgo form fucceffive links from the lake Onega
to the IFhite Sea. The lake Saima almoft cuts Finland through from north to
fouth j its northern end is not remote from lake Onda, and the fouthern extends
very near to the gulph of Finland; a fpace of near forty Swedijhy or two hundred
and fixty Englijh miles. Thefe probably were part of the bed of the antient
ftreights which joined the IVhite and the Baltic feas.

From the weftward ; read, to the weftward.

The extent of the gulph ftream is fuppofed to be as far as Nantucket fhoalf,
which are not lefs than a thoufand miles from the gulph of Florida,

Let me remark, from Dr. Blagden f, the fingular difference of warmth in the
gulph flream, from that of the fea which limits its edges. In the month of
jlpril, in north latitude 33, and weft longitude from Greemvich 76, fomewhat to
the north of Charlejhwn, the heat of the ftfeam was found to be at left fix de-
grees greater than the water of the fea through which it ran. From obfervatioiis

* TirJ'aus, Hift. Norveg. i, 34., Ph. Tianf, tx, 4z.

t Phil. Tranf. Lxxi, 334.

made

LXV.

LXIX,

LXX.

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J-XXIV.

LAPLAND FRUITS.

made on the heat, it (hould feem that the breadth of the dream was about
twenty dej^rces ; and that it retains, for fo great a part of its courfe, the heat it
had acquired in the torrid zone : which proves the amazing velocity with
which it runs. A purfuit of thefc rcmarlcs may be of no fmall utihty to navigator^
who may have occafion to pafs this fingular current.

Let me not conceal that Lapland enjoys every native fruit of Gnat Britain ;
the currant, the flrawberry, the bilberry, the cranberry, and the cloudberry :
which put it on an equality with our own climate, before tlie introduction of
foreign fruits among us. If we can clame the puckering floe, and crab, we have-
not much to be proud of ; while the Laplanders may boaft their ackermurie (rubtu
arSticus) which with its nedlarcous juice, and vinous flavour, fo often fupported the
great Linnans in his arduous journies through the dcferts of the country. They
may alfo exult in having given to our gardens the grateful angelica archangelica t
the imputed gift of angels to men, and in Lapland the common iidiabitant of tlic
banks of every rill ; tiie panacea and delight of the natives, and (prefcrvcd) a fre-
quent luxury even in our moll fumptuous defcrts.

In a philofophical circuit of the globe, it is cafy to obferve the exact pro-
portion of ncccflaries, animal or vegetable, which are allotted by the all-vvil.;
Providence to the demands of the inhabitants of the refpedlivc climates. To
fuch part of the Europeans who were deftined to adlive and exploring life ; to
the fubjedlion and civilization of diftant people, nearly unrcclamed from a ilate
of nature ; the means of conveyance, for attaining fo defirable an end, were fup-
plied and pointed out. In diftant ages, mod p^rt of the world was on an
equality : the canoe ferved the navigation of the then unpol'fhcd Briton and Gau!,
as it does at prcfent the Americans of the recent difcoverief. As the li'Hit of im-
provement fprcad over theweftern world, the application and (in the cafe of pride-
excited wars) the mifapplication of many of the works of nature, became the at-
tention of mankind. 'I'he fupple willow covered with hides, or the rude tree
hollowed into a floating trough, no longer contented the laudable ambition of
mankind ; we no longer fufFercd our wants to be fupplied by the fhips of remote
nations. We afpired to be our own carriers ; we applied to our forells for the
means ; and for that purpofe the oak firft felt the edge of the ax. Commerce
and war, the confequcncc of wealth, increafed the demand, and flimulated roth/
utrnoft improvement in naval affairs. Thefe arts fpread as far as Eitrcf^e was
inhabited by an enlightened race ; but there is a line which feparates the i:i-
tiunal from a lefs rational part of the human creation. Tlic brave, the i;

itcili-

getu

fe

TREES IN THE NORTH OF EUROPE.

gent Sivedes and Norwig'umSt born to conquer, if not oofHncd to explnrc, arc
divided by a very narrow fpacc from a race of men, the link the parli > be-
tween the inteliedual and animal creation. T\kq LaplatuUr^ with few wan. , and
thofc to be fuppiied only from the next foreft or lake, has no demands fartiicr
than for birch for his canoes, or materials for his fledges. Accordingly wo find
tliit every fpccies of tree, except the few I have mentioned, ceafc before they
reach his torpid country. The o<iky quercus robuKy is not found even in SivtJen
further than lat. 6i. 30. It is met with farther north in Nonvny, in places
near the milder air of the fea ; but abounds in both kingdoms in their fouthern
provinces. The forcrts of Scania arc full of excellent timber, oaks as well as
other trees, pines and firs excepted ; which give that province quite the appear-
ance o^ England. It has few niaflls of granite, few iron forges, which, with
groves of pines, form the charai5leriftical face of Siveden. In Scania are placed
the royal docks of Carlcfcroon, the feat of the navy of the kingdom, in the neigh-
borhood of the forefts, its great fupport.

The Ash, frax'mm excelfior^ is not found higher than Gejlriciay or lat. 61 ; but
ill Nonvay is cultivated only as high as Dronthcim.

The Elm, ulnu/s catnpej/tts, is fcarcely found beyond Gej/ricia.

The Lime, tilia European is frequent in all thcfouth of Siueden, but grows fcarce
towards the north. This is fuppoi'cd not to have been an indigenous tree of
Gnat Britain.

The Beech, fagus fylvatica. There are vaft forefts of this tree in Scania and
Smoland ; every where in Balms, but feldom found north of that province, or
lat. 59. This is the tree which Cafar, fiom mifinformation, denies to our iflaad ;
but vaft native woods are found in Buckinghcwijlnrcy and fome adjacent counties.
Not indigenous of our northern counties.

The Hornbeam, carpinus betulus^ is found in forefts ; in Scania commonly,
but more rare in Smoland., efpccially beyond JVcxio, or about lat. 57.

The A SPIN, pcpu/tis tretnulay is found from the higheft alps of Lapland, to the
loweft places of Scania ; the Laplanders call it fup[>. Linnaus, in his FJsra Sue-
cka, refers to it in his Flora Lapponica, yet omits it in that admirable work.
The rein-deer are very fond of the frelh leaves, which arc often gathered for
winter food for cattle : the bark is made into meal for cattle, and the leaves and
bark ijito a tea for calves, in Norway*.

as

* Gunner s Fl, Norvcg. N" cxxxvii.

The

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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE

The White Poplar, populus all>a, is fcattcrcd over Scania, but is not a
native, having been introduced there with the Black Poplar, populus nigra, of
late years, and bears the winter very well in Upland. It is doubtful whether
thefe arc natives of Scotland.

The Maple or Sycamore, acer pfeudoplatanus, is found in'the fouthcrn parts
of Siveden^ and rarely on the mountain Hyka in Dalecarlia, one of its iiorihern
provinces. It grows in Romidale and fouthcrn Nonvay more frequently ; \> cul-
tivated in Drcnthelm. Mr. Ray fufpe<fts it not to be a native of Enghunl.

The Little or Common Maple, acer campejlre, is rarely found above two
Sivedijl) miles from Lund; pofllbly not a native Swedijh tree : the largeft I ever
faw was at the duke of ArgyWi, at Inverary.

All the above arc found in fome part or other of Great Britain, more aii-
fpicioufly favored by nature for the growth of trees and plants than northern
Sweden. No blame can reft on any nation, to whom tlie fun has denied its
fuller influence : let fuch exult in vigor of body and acutencfs of ii.tcllcdls, per-
haps fuperior to thofe on whom it darts its enervating beams, and befiows cvcrv
fpecies of enfeebling luxury.

I requcft leave to malcf, by the following catalogue, a comparifon between the
climate of Sweden and that of England. Thefe plants bear the utmoft fever! ty of
our cold ; yet are obliged in Sweden to be fheltered, during winter, under the pro-
tection of a grecn-houfe. A few fpccimens, out of a number, will fuffice.

White jafmine,
Yellow jafmine,
Phillerea,
Common fage,
Rofemary,
Scarlet monarda,
Alale dogwood.
Common holly, y\.
Prickly buck-thorn,
f^irginian fumach,
Laurus tinus.
Pinnated bladder-nut.
Scarlet flowering maple.
Spurge laurel,
Bay-tree,

Jafminum ofl^cinale.
J, 'rninum fru^cans.
Pi'illerca media.
Salvia officinalis.
Rofmaripus officinalis.
Monarda fiftuloa.
Cornus mas.
Ilex aquifolium.
Rhamnus paliuru?,
Rhus glabrum.
Viburnum tinus.
StaphyK-ca piiinata.
Acer rubrum.
Daphne Liurcola,
Lauru? nobilis,
ii

Aibor

CLIMATES OF SWEDEN AND ENGLANl.

*7

Arbor judae,
Garden rue,
Pomegranate,
Common almond-tree,
Portugal laurel,
Cockfpur thorn,
Common medlar,
Flowering rafpberry,
Tulip-trcc,

Spanifl) tree germander.
Garden thyme,
Broad-lcavcd lavender.
Yellow JerufaUm Cage,
Trumpet honeyfuckle.

Common laburnum,

Baftard acacia.

Climbing milic-vctch,

Common box, A.

Mulberry,

Walnut, the nuts of which
will not ripen,

Chcfnut,

Weftcrn plane,

Common cyprefs,

Weftcrn arbor vitae,

Male myrtle-leaved lumach,

Ccrcis filiquadrum.

Ruta graveolcns.

Punica granatum.

Amygdalus communii.

Prunus lufitanica.

Cratsgus coccinea.

Mefpilus germanica.

Rubus odoratus.

Liriodendron tulipifera.

Tcucrium latifolium.

Thymus vulgaris.

Lavcndula (pica,

Phlomis fruticofa.

Bignonia radicans.

f Cytiflus laburnum ; fometimes in open
( air.

Robinia pfcud-acacia.

CJlycine apios.

. Buxus fcmpcrvirens.

Morus nigra ; fometimcs in open air,

> Juglans regia

Fa2us caftanea.
Platanus occidentalis.
Cypreflus fcmpervircns.
Thuja occidentalis.
Coriaria multifolia,
Rufcus aculcatus.

Butchers broom, A.

One other fhrub, which refifts the fevereft of the Engl'ijh winters, is prcfervcd
in Sivedt-n, during that feafon, in the tepedarium or dry ftove, without tan : this
is the common laurel, or prunus lauro-cerafus. I may add the cijius ladanifcrus,
which grows with great vigor on the rocks of the beautiful inclofure called
Anadiai near the town of Conwy, belonging to my friend Oiuen Holland, Efq.

Piiic-applc, the bromcUa ananas, has been introduced into Szveden, and fruit cut
at the feat of Barcn de Geo; at Leufjiad. Peaches, nedarines, and apricots, are
nieltcred during winter ; but, notwichfbnding art is ufcd, travellers do not com-
moiul them. Apples, pears, plums, and chenies, are cultivated only in the fou-
thern parts; but (the cherries excepted) afford a very indiftereiU fruit. In Scot-

E 2 land

\*n^\

■n.t A

a8

SEASONS IN SWEDEN.

/

l,in/i they luccccd very ill : nonparcilj and golden rennets will not ripen even at
Eilinhutgh without the help of a wall. Yet in the miJJle of Auguji 1769, I have
fecn, at CaJlU Braun^ in Rofsjhirt, in about lat. 57. 42, Turkey apricots, orange
nectarines, and a foft fmall peach, againll a common wall, ripe : but at the lame
l.nic other peaches, nedarines, and green-gages, far from maturity.

Notwithftanding England is fo noted for its vaft produce of apples, yet fuch is its
demand for them, that it imports great quantities from Normandy, and even North
/imerica. In 1785 the duty at the cuftom-houfe amounted to 565/. i6x. at ti)e
duty of about 2 s. per bufliel ; that was in a year of fcarcity : but in the preced-
ing year, which was remarkable for its plenty, it amounted to 278/. \\s,

Wood-ftrawberrics are the mod delicious fruit in Sweden, and abound in mod'
amazing quantities. The great Linnjeus itcpt himfelf free from a fit of" the gout
tor fcvcral years by the liberal eating of this fruit.

In refpcdl to the production of Cfn-j, it may be faid, that the goddcfs extends
her bounty in form of wheat with a fparing hand, and that only in tiie fouthcrn
pro\ it)ces. Barley is the general food of the common people j and in the fub-aU
pine parts of the country, oats alone will attain maturity*.

Winter begins in Swcdcnvilih what arc called the 'Jarnnattcr or iron nights,
which feldom exceed three or four, and happen between the 19th and 31ft of
j'^ugujl, in the latitude of Upfal, After thefe, barley ceafes to grow, and the
plants which require a grccn-houfc are no longer fuflered to be abroad. Water-
fowls almoft of every denomination difappear in autumn. In O£loher, the bear,
badger, hedgehog, and mole, retire to their winter quarters. In the fame month is
the firfl appearance of ice. In November is alternate fnow and ice, an unpleafant
thaw, and rain. The ditches are filled with water, till the fiiow takes firm poflcf-
fion of the ground, and winter reigns uninterrupted for many months. Between
the 2Cth and 28th of February are the days of Jleel ; the ice on the lakes cracks
longitudinally, the timbers o!" the houlcs fnap with a great noife, and horfe-dung
fpurts out icy particles a foot high. In March begins the unplcafing fpring : the
liiow begins to melt againfl the walls, the ice is loofened from the ftones, and the
hills begin to appear of their own color. Ir.undations of fnow- water, in y//);;7, cover
the ground ; the rivers arc unbound, and the ice floats down. Birds of various
kinds return ; the fight of tlie ziheat-ear confirms the flight of any more fevere froft,
except the few leaden nights in Alay ; after which fummer is confirmed, and the
return of birds is completed. h\ June are the brazen nights, which, with the
teadoi, reach Siveden eight days after they are felt in Lap/and, on the thaw of its
fnow. Thefe arc the revolutions of a SiuediJIj year.

• Ainj'H. A,ad. Ill, 77.

Among

FISHES OK THE NORWEGIAN SEA.

Among the LIthaphytes is that elegant madrepore or coral, called the madrcpora ixxvi.
pertufa, >///. ;V»V/r. iv. tab. II. fig. i. The ifis hippuris— tab. iv. fig. 8. The
gorgonia Icpadifera — ii. tab. ix. fig. z. Gorgonia phicomus— in. tub. i. fig. i.
which grows to a vaft fize. Another fpccics of gorgonia, with flcndcr cylindri-
cal branches, figured in the //,*?. NItlr. ii. tab. ix. fig. i. The vafl; alcyoniuin
arboreum — iv. tab xi. fig. i ; and fome other fpecies fcnt to mc by the late bi-
(hop Pontoppidan, from the Nonveglan fcas ; among which fhclter iiilinite num-
bers of marine animals. On one, I firft difcovcrcd a concha aii'.tnia in the
riccnt flatc, which LiNNiCus named the anomia rttufa^ Vol.1, p. 1151.
No. 225.

Among the animals which Linn^us calls vertna., is found the pennatulus mi'ra-
hillst Fuun. Sufc. No. 2261 ; and a very fingular long-fpined echinus with a fmall
body, engraven by the above-cited worthy but credulous prelate. As a member of
the royal focicty at Drontheintj in Nonuay, I wifh my brethren would be ftimu-
latcd to a due attention to the wonders that furround them, and form a local
mufcum, confined to the fubjc£ls of that extenfive kingdom.

Exotic fruits flung on the coads of Norway^ which I have not defcribed in my
voyage to the Hebrides^ are the following :

Pods of the cajfta fjhilofa.

The kidney-fliapcd nut of the anacardium occidcntalc.

Fruit of the cucurb'tta lagenar'ta, pijidia erythrlna, and the cocos niu'ifcra.

The account of the fiflies of the Noriveg'ian fea may be thus improved. L.\xvr»

Among the Hflics which have hitherto fhunncd our fhores, are the rata clavata^
Muller, No, 209. Squalus fplrtax. No. 312 ; length from twenty inches to three
feet : the back is purple, the belly flat and black : it is found in the muddy val-
lies of the fca, of one or two hundred fathoms deep, oft' Chriji'iatifand. Sq. cetitr'nia^
31-5, v^liich extends to t\ic Mediterranean, xhc Pefce P or eo of ihc Italians. The
chimara vwijirofa, 320, a mod fingular fifh. &yngnathtis typhlc, and aquorcusy
324, 325. The regalecus glefve, fdd kong, or king of the herrings, 335 \
Ajlun. Icon. tub. xi ; found about Glafvcr, near Bergen, a moll: uncommon ecl-
lliiipcd fifli, from ten to eleven feet in length, with a dorfal fin extending the length
of the back, and uniting with that of the tail ; its pedoral fins filiform, ovated
;,t dicir ends, and one third the length of the body. Gadus hrome, 341, is from
two to three feet long: an article of commerce frequent on ail the coafl.
C.dipterygius, or byrke lang, 34O. PJennitis raninus, etfufctis, 359, 360. Echiiuis
rcmora, 361, which extends to tlic Eajl and IP'eji Indies. Coryphana ncvactda,
302, common to the Mediterranean, Csryph. rtipejlris, 363, v.'hich has alfo bcin

takcu

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m

30

LXXVII.

LXXX.

LXXXVIII.

LXXMX.

xcn.

FISHES OF THE NORWEGIAN SEA.

taken near Gibraltar. Gobius jozo, 365. PlcuroneSies cymglojjtts-, I'lmnnda, et //«.
SUfitu/tiy 27h 'S75y 377' Sparus erytbn'nus, 2^0. Labrus JhilluSy ^'^i- Perca^
norvegica, 390, Jfcau. Icon. tab. xvi. a red fpccics, very fat and nourifliiii"-
wliich grows to llie length of two feet and a half, peculiar to the NorJen fields.
P. luciopcrca, 391, a filh of the lakes. Scomber pciajic/ts, 398 j Liu. 495,
which polllMy is fdiind even at 'Jaiiuiica. Silunts azotiis, 404, iheyit'/v// of ihc
Norwegians, Po)itoppidan ll. tab. iv. p. 150; Catejby., 11. p. 23: mxA fulmo
ar£iicusy or capvlart, a fpccics fo abiiiulaiit about Ncivfoiiud'aiid.

'V\\e fahnofdus ox fil, 418 ; jifcan. Icou. tab. xxiv. is the only fpccies of f.i!niou
which never quits the fca : is excellent food, but full of bones : a fcarcc fpccies,
and grows to the length of two feet ; of a pale brown color on tlic back, with
filvery belly and fides. The fa If no kulmund, Afcan. Icon, xxiii. is taken only \\\
the river Randsfiord : grows to tiic length of two feet; of a purple color, fpottcJ
with filvcr, and minute black I'pots : unlike other trouts, it never quits its Ibtioii.

The cod-fifh in thefc feas grow to the wciij^ht of fifty pounds, and from two to
four feet in length : a fuigle ovary of thefc iifli has been known to weigh four^
teen pounds, and to contain nine millions of eggs : we need therefore never fcar
cxhaufting the fpccies. Ship-loads of the fpawn are annually feat to France.

The coafl: of Finmark is attended, for a confiderablc way, with a chain of illcs
like that of Nnnvay.

In refped to the temperature of the fummcr air in Spitzbcrgen, Lord Mtdgravc
makes thefe remarks : — At the noon of July 20th, in lat. 80. 30. long. 3, 26.
the mercury flood at 37 ; at midnight at 33 { ; and in lat. 80. 37. at noon at 48.
In lat. 80. 4. long. 2. 12. on Ju'y i6th, at noon at 49, at midnight at 48.
Tliis was the greateft degree of warmth felt in this artitic region during the
voyage.

Coals are alfo found in Spitzbergen; by means of which, fcven people, left there
accidentally, were enabled to bear the feverity of the winter.

In the enumeration, add, beneath Orknics ;

Perfect. Imperfea.

Holland has 809.

275.

Total.

1084.

Before 1 quit Spitzbcrgcn, let me add, that to the fouth of Statz Ifland, and
about ten ieagues diftant, is Hope iiland ; of a fir.gular form, nine leagues long,
and only half a mile broad ) divided into five very high mountains, graduilly dc-

creafing

N

crcafmg in
twenty fatli
call and \\\
walrufles,
their numb

The Di

vcrils, or a
form the D
channels, :
depth is fro
clianncl. 'J
them midw
the Northc
As late :
Archangel.

From th
point is a
rocks of a j
land, and c
end of the 1
and, after a
the lefl'er ri'
Laplanders
Tana is the
gui filed by
early in the
fcaft of St.

To the (
northern fc
of Noruegi
protect the
has caufed
tions of fv
wcftward.

NORTHERN RIVERS AND COAST.

crcafing in height from the north-eafl*. On the north is good anchorage in
twenty fathom water. TIic fouth fide has a rocicy bottom, and for fome way to the
call and weft llie fea is (hallow. At the north-cafl: end is a hollow, the haunt of
walrufll's, and of myriads of gulls and other fea-fowls, which darken the air with
tiicir numbers.

3«

t- i

The Dwbia is navigable to a great diflancc, even to IVologda, a thoufand xcii.

verfls, or about fix hundred and fixty-fix miles by water. The ifles oi Podcfcmfioe
form the Delta of this great river. The city of Jl) change! is approachable by two
channels, an caficrn and a weficrn, each above thirty miles in length ; their
di'pth is from three to eight fathoms. The city fl:ands on the banks of the cafterii
channel. 'J'hc ifles are fepa rated from each other by a nariow flrait, which divides
them midway, parallel to the greater channels, and is paflable by Rujjian lodia.,
the Northern Pilot fays by larger veflcls.

As late as the year 17^4} a hundred and twenty fhips failed out of the port of
Aichangcl.

Vrom \.\\c North Cape the coaft of F/w/rtw^/ runs ca fieri y : North- l^y>i ov north- .xcii,

point is a diiHnguiflied promontory; between them arc the three Jijlers, conic

crao-Gf^

rocks of a grotefque appearance. From thence to Tana bay is high and
land, and a bold fhore. The river Tana falls with a prodigious noifc into the
end of the bay, forming a noble cataract; like the Aiten, it rifes far in Lapland^
and, after a long courfe through alps and morajfes, here has its difcharge. Among
the leflcr rivers which feed it, fome were famous for beavers and pearls. The
Laplanders had therefore, in 1652, this river committed to their fpccial care. The
Tana is the moft celebrated of any in the north for its falmon j they are diftin-
guiflicd by their depth, fhortnefs, and fupcrior excellency. The fifhery begins
early in the fpring, and, by the laws oiNorivay, mull: end in fourteen days after the
fcaftofSt. John the Baptifi.

To the cafl: of this is irardoe, an ifland remarkable for Iku ing on it t!ic mofi
northern fortrefs in the world, and of unknown antiquity, built at the extremiiy
of Nortieg tan Flnmark. It conmiands a fine harbour, and probaM)- was built to
protect the fifiiing trade, the only object it could have in this remote place. It
has caufcd an aflemblagc of about three hundred Norwegian cottages, the habita-
tions of fifliermen. Beyond the adjacent promontory, Domefnefs, the Tea runs
wcftward, and forms a deep bay. The river Av-^j is tlic boundary between the

Nortlicrr. Pilot, page 50.

MvfcovUipi

i,.r

■'^''^i'.

■ij

»'

t-.m

SIR HUGH WILLOUGHBY'S EXPEDITION:

Mtifovitijh nnJ Norwegian dominions. Kegor^ or fiflicrs ifland, ftrctclies
along the Hiorc a little to the call of the mouth of the Pas, A vail liollow fua
is ohfcrvcd oft" tins ifland, arifuig from the N. W. and N. E. winds. Let it he
remarked, (hat the land takes a fouthern trend from the north cape to the extieme
»)f the H''hite Sva ; and the hills gradually decline in hcii^ht, and the ifles diminifh
in number. Koliiy a vaft river, opens a little to the cad of Kfgoi-y and is ahout
a mile broad near the town of Ko/ii, above feven leagues from its mouth.
This, above two centuries ago, was the great refort of E/iglijh and £)«/■:/; who
carried on a great trade in falmon and fifli-oil *. 'The oil is extracted from tlie
livers of the (harks, fuch as the bnigile, haa-vier or bafking fhark, Br. 7.ool. III.
No. 41 ; the l.'(Ui-Jk'i(rr(lin or white fllark, Br. Zool. HI, No. 42; and the /W/-
hraiid or blue fliaik. No. 45. All thofe fpecics having for a Ion"- time been
taken for this purpofe | , chiefly in tlie winter, and by the natives. Cod-fifh
holibuts, and molt of the valuable lifli of the Genium fea, aboimd as far as tliis
high latitude. Kven the tuimy is found to purfue the niackarel into thefe cold
leas 1;. The finall ifle of Kildiiyii lies a little to the ead of the Kola ; and farthti-
o't the Sciii-ojlrowoWy or feven iflands ; not lar from which is the river /irziiia
nicmorabL- for the fate of our illullrious countryman, Sir Hitgh IF"illoiiglihy, who,
in May 1553, '-li'^''' f^om Ratcliff, on the fir ft voyage for the difcovcry by fea of
Mufcov'iti by the north-eall, a country at that time fcarccly known to the re(t of
Europe, In Augit'i he was feparatcd from his conforts in this high latitude, and
driven by tempcfts uito this part, where he was found, the fpring following, by
I'ome Ruffian fifliermcn, with all his crew, frozen to death. His more fortunate
confort Richard Chancellor, captain and pilot major, purfued his voyage, and re-
newed the difcovcry of the JVhhe Sea, or bay of St. Nicholas^ a place totally for-
gotten fince the days of Gather, The circumftances attending his arrival ex;i6lly
relemble thofe of the firft difcovercrs of America, He was llruck with aflonilli-
iTient at the barbarity of the Rujftan inhabitants. They, in return, flood ama/.cd
at the fi/e of his fliip; they fell down and would have killed his feet : and when
they left him, fpread abroad the arrival of " a flrange nation of lingular gcntlc-
*' neflc and cointefic." He vifited in fledges the court uf Z.'(//;/3i;/Vi; II. then at
AlofcoiVy and laycd the foundation of immenfe conmicrcc with this country, lor a
lories of years, even to the diftant and unthought-of Pny/a.

It is lingular, that fo very little has been prefcrvcd concerning that very illul-
trious charaoiei. Sir Hugh ll'llloughhy. It appears that he was fon of Sir llouy
Jnthughly, knight and banneret, by his third wife Elen, daughter of 'John Egcr-

• Hnckliiyi, I. 416. t 'Torfui, liijl. Norvig, I. 99. MiiUcr, Zool, Dtiii, M'' 31J, 316, 318.

I LccK! Lajm, iiG. Ponto/'/>. U, 153.

ton

f.

'-

f.vi of TFrih
cholas Streli
fnn named
of Ri/eley,
;;dds the fai
'i'licy chai
\encrable f
Sir Pcrcevi
Ullloughby^
is to be ft
fafliion of
velvet, and
that it reprc
account is ;

The rive
lake ; it fv
junc^lion th<
unites agai
Near Obdo.
great bay (

The Irti
the great lal
another gre
of the Irtiji

In the g
the naiuaga
and the tott

The Mo
the Icy fea, ;
afcidia glob,
murex antiq

The tnon
near the Ic
mike them
the ifcharaj

HIS FAMILY.

33

■i*:.:

t:>i o^Wrlttc Hall, in Ckejlnrc, Efc). Sir Hugh married Jane, dju^hter of Sir A7-
cholas Strclley^ ot Sirflhy, in the- county cl' No'tingham, Knt. ; by her he had a
Ion named //f;?;-)', of whom I do not find any account. Th'y were originally
of Riffhy, \n Dcrbxjlnre \ Sir Hugh is ftilcd by Cambdcn, o{ Rifclcy. Thoroton
i'.Jils the fame title to an anceftor of the fame chriftian name, who died in 14.91.
'i'hcy changed their refidence to IFollatou, in NAt'inghnmflnrc, the princely and
venerable feat of Lor J Middleton, who acquired it by the marriage of his anccllor^
'^\r Perceval JVillou[' I y^ with Biigiita, dau[jhtcr and fbic hcircfs of Sir Francis
U'ilhughliy, founder of that noble pile. The portrait of the celebrated Sir Hugh
is to be feen tiicre ; a whole length, in very large breeches, according to the
fifliion of the times, in a room hung with velvet, with a table covered with
velvet, and a rich carpet. From his meagre appearance, the fcrvant tells you,
that it reprcfents the attitude, &c. in which he was found ftarved. This trivial
account is all that is left of fo great a name.

The river Ob rifes from the JItincy or, as the RuJJlatis call it, the Tdejhoe, a large
lake; it fwarms with fifli. In lat, 6t. it receives the river Irtifchc: at this
juniflion the OZi divides into two channels, and runs feparated for a long traiSt ;
unites again, and near Berefow, its ftream is broken by numbers of fmall ides.
Near Obdorojkoe Ojhog it takes an eaftern courfe, and difcharges itfelf into the
j^;rcat bay of its own name.

The Irtifchc has alfo a moft extciWivc courfe : it rifes in lat. 47. runs through
the great lake Saifan, takes a north-wcfterly diredtion, and in lat. 58. 12. receives
.inother great river, the Tobol: and on the forks of thefc rivers, on the northern fide
of the Irtifchc, Hands ToboIJii, *he prefent capital of Sibiria,

In the gulph of Kara are taken the fajno kundj}>a, Pallas Itiii, III. No. 46;
the mnuaga, a fort of whiting ; falmo autumnalis or cmul, pkuroncSles glacialis j
and the $ottus fcorpius, rumjha, or father laflicr, Br. Zool, III. No. 99.

The Mollufca and Vermes, which extend to the gulph of Kara, the beginning of
the Icy fea, are, thi: aphrodita fe/uammata, nereis cylindraria, aSlinia equina ctfenilis,
afddia globularis, Pallas Itin. 111. App. No. 57 ; buccimim glaciale et undatutn^
miircx aiitiquus ct canaliculatus, and the tellina atra.

The mofioculus ar^icus, Pallas Itin. III. App. No. 58. fwarms in the lakes
near the Icy fea, and is the great fupport of the multitudes of water-fowl which
m, kc them their fummer retreat. Among the Zoophytes of the Frozen ocean are
the ifcharafoUaitdifertularia dichotoma ct cuprejftua^ alcyenium digitatum ct gelatin

F ne/um,

XCYJ..

XCVI.

XCVI.

■^'' li . J

I " '1

V^t',,^!'

M

1

1**

'*ff

1

* ■:■■■

34

XCVI.

XCVII.

CI.

ch

BEAR ISLANDS.

ofum, and thefpongla oculata, and infundlbulum. And of the Fucus tribe, the fac-
iharinus, edu.'is, querais, ceranoides, aculeatus,g/acialisy and truncatus, Pallas Itin'.
III. N"' 135 and 136; and the ulva intejiinalts,

Befides the Argali and the Musk, the Ogotona Hare,////?. j^h<7^.No.249;
the Caraco Rat — Nc. 299; the Garlic — No. 315; and perhaps the
CEcoNOMic — 313, firft appear to the eaft of the Jenefei ; and the Ibex or Wild-
goat again begins to (hew itfelf, after the long interval of the vaft trad between
this country and the Carpathian mountains.

When the ice breaks in lake Baikal, the falmo oxyrhynchus, and the lenii, lay
their fpawn in the fiindy fhores, but in fummer retire into the deep water.

The callicnytnus baikalenfis is a fifh peculiar to the lake ; is about nine inches
long, of a moft foft and tender texture, and flowing with oil : it is never caught
in nets, or any way alive. It inhabits the vaft fubaqueous caverns of the lakes, at
great depths, particularly near the northern fliores, in places three or four hundred
fathoms deep. They are never feen but when they have been difturbed by the
violent fummer florms, when they are feen floating on the furface, or flung in vaft
heaps on the fhore, particularly on the Pofotjkijh, and the mouth of the Selinga.
The people extradt oil from them, which they fell to the Chinefe.

The fi/'mo autumnalis or c?«a/, is taken in the lake in June and July, in its paflage
ftill farther fouth.

Vaft quantities of the fkins of the ouifcus trachurus are feen floating on the
furface of lake Baikal ; a fpecies of infeft which abounds on the rocky fhores,
and is the food of the falmo Unok and fig. Pallas Itin. III. 293. and App.
No. 54.

The Bear Islands were farther explored in 1763, by the two land furvey-
ors, Andrejef Leonttef, and Lyjfof, They began their journey on March 4th,
from Nlfcbne Koiuimjkoi, in fledges drawn by dogs : on April 22d they reached
the fliore of the Icy fea, and oppofite to the mouth of the river Krcjloxva., went on
the ice in a ftrait diredion to the firft uland ; on landing they found it to confift
of fmall yellowifti gravel, overfprcaJ with rocks of granite of immcnfe bignefs,
but produdive of nothing but mofs and fliort grafs like the tundra, or the great
northern tra<ft on the continent. They found there the remainder of a juit or tent,
made of the floating timber which abounds in this part of the fea. It did not
feem of RuJJian conftruiSlion, therefoie muft have been built by fome of the na-
tives of the continent, who came here for the fake »f the chace of fea animals.
2 In

T S C H U T S C J! I.

In one part of the ifle is a lofty hill of a moft rugged form ; having to the caft a
dreadful precipice. This ifland feemed fifty verfts long and forty broad.

They afterwards vifited four other ifles ; near to the third was a rock feparatcd
about eleven fathoms from the fhore, conneftcd by the fhore, at low water, to the
ifland. It confiftcd of brittle granite, and was about ten yards hii^h. About fix
yards from the bottom was a declivity, on which were placed ten fir trees with
their roots upwards j over the roots were placed planks covered with gravel, alon^
riie fides were boards fix fpans high, and over the whole had been a roof, now
fallen down, formed of fmall pieces of floating timber, fattened with leathern
ftraps, and covered with gravel : it had one entrance from land, another from
fca ; and was about five fathoms and a half long, and four broad, and of mod
coarfe ^orkmanfhip. On the fame ifle were traces of a hut, and two cellars.
—No animals were feen on them but polar bears and ar^ic foxes.

By the accounts of thcfe adventurers, the fartheft ifle muft extend far to the
eafl, for they aflcrt, that it lay oppofite to the bay of Tfchaoun. On this ifland
the provifions for their dogs began to fail. They were obliged to fet out on their
ip ^ return on the 12th of y//)?//. Their whole journey, and their return to the con-
tinent, was comprehended in five or fix days. Nme l^ordifcbe BeytragCy I. 231.

I fliall endeavour to make fome addition to the accounts of the Tfchutfchl given
by Captain Cooky from two relations preferved in the Neue Nordifche Bcytrage j
as any thing relative to fo remote a people cannot but be acceptable.

The firft is from the journal of the Cojfack Nicolai Daurkln ; who, by private
diredion from his commander, feigned a defertion from the RuJJlan port on the
Anadyr, to the neareft poft of the Tfchutfchl, was well received by them, and
continued with them from July 20th, 1763, to the winter of the fame year. This
journal relates chiefly to the iflcs intermediate between Af.a and Anierlca, in Beh-
ring's ftreight. In O^ol>er,\vhen the fea between the //Jtatic and /American land was
frozen, he procured a fledge and a couple of rein-deer, and, attended by one of
the Tfchutfchl, who had adopted him as a kinfman, pafled over to the firft ifland,
Slid arrived there in five cr fix hours. The inhabitants received them very kindly j
but inflantly afl<cd for fome tobacco leaves ; which being prefentcd to them, they
in return prcfcnted the travc-llers with fome of their cloathi.ig made of furs.
The natives wore drcflls made of the flcins of rein-deer ; anri lived on the flefli of
whales, waliufcs, and fcals. For want of wood, they drefied tiieir food by means
of lamps, made of a ftone hollowed on the top, into which they poured train-
oil, and into that they put a wick made of a foft mofs, a fort o^ fphagnum or bogmofs,
tifd with llrings, made of the bowels of animals ; with thcfe lamps they not

F 2 onir

3S

CXII.

L^^J;l.:iy:1l

JfM-^

#r'^

V-f

3^

TWO VISITS TO

only dicfled their mcnt, but alio warmed thcmfelvcs. The natives of this Iflc arc
callfJ by the Tfhtitfchi, Jchlllact.

On tiic fecund ifle live tlic fame kind of people, who call it /',yVr/v/)'. The
chief of them bore each fuie of the lips of their children, and introduce into them
pieces of the teeth of tlic walrus : in other rcfpefls, they are cloathed like the
natives of the firft iflc. Thefc were the two iflands fecn in the llreights by Cap-
tain Cook, but were neither named or vifited by him. Thcfe people had inter-
coiirfe with the Tfchutfchi; for in one of the engagements which Colonel Puulutzkl
had with them in 1731, he found one of the iflanders among the flain*, with his
lips bored as before defcribed.

Daurkin mentions two ranks of Tfchuffchi ; one who have herds of rcMi-deer,
and others which have none ; the la(t live in holes below ground, and fuhfifb on
the flc/li of fca animals entirely : but the others, in certain feafons, apply tiienifelvcs
to the chace of fea bears, walrufes, whales, and helugns^ or the white dolphin.

The fccond journal was made by Iwan Robelef^ a Kafak Stonik, or a CoJJlicky
who commanded a hundred men. In 1779 he was ylifpatched, like the former, as
a fpy into tiie country of Tfchutfcbi ; on the 20th of May he reached the Serdzi
kcjfiin;, in the bay of Notfchan. He obferved there, that the natives pollclT.il of
rcin-dccr treated thofe vho had none as the Rujjians do their vafials, and obli^^cd
them to fifh for them, and to furnifli the .11 with train-oil, and the flefli of f^u-
horfes ; for which they fupplicd them with that of the rein-deer.

On July 17th, Rohi'hf reached the village Jagacgei'ii, and from thence crofi'cd
a bay, cigiit vcrlLs broad, to the village Nernegin : here the Tfchutfcbi mentioned to
him the arrival of Captain Cook, in 1778, and the intercourfc, as related by
Captain Cook, in vol. II. p. 447, of his voyage. Robckf fixes the latitude of
the place where he received his account in 65, 48. and in longitude 206. 30.
The fame people remembered alfo the vifit paid to them by Behnug, fcvcral years
before, when forty of the natives vifited his Ihips in four leathern boats. Two
important circumftances Ln the annals of the country.

Robclcf A(') vilited the two intermediate ifles ; one he calls ImogUii, which was
five verlts long, and two broad. It had tv,\) villages, containing two hundred
and three males, and a hundred and rincty-five male inhabitants. It lay forty
verfts from the Aftatk Ihore. The fecond ifl^ ie calls Ijelg'm: its length vv.is
three vcrlls ; its breadth one and an half: its diil.iiicc from Imoglin, three
vcrfts j from America about thirty. Its number ni inhabitants eighty-five
males, and fcvcnty-iiine females. The chief of this ille was a native of
Ainty'tca.

• Dvcouvcrtci faitcs par le; Kuffrs, T. 172.

He

THE TSCHUTSCiri.

Sr

m

He aflurcd RoheUf of a fa£t too curious to be omitted that there was a

colony of Rufftam^ which have been long fettled on that continent : that they arc
ciiftinguifhcd from the Americans by their long beards, and by their ianrruage :
that they can write, fay their prayers out of books, and worfhip pi£lurcs.
Rol/elef w'lihcd earncftly that the chieftain would bring him over to his country-
men ; but was told he did not dare to do it, leaft Robeltf fhould come to any mif-
chance, for which he fhould be anfwerabic to the Ifchutfchi.

RoBELEF was alfo told by a TfchnifJn^ who had formerly croflcd to America
for the fake of trade, and made acquaintance with aperfon, who afterwards vifited
him in the ifle of Imcglin, and brought to him a board, on which was written
en one fide red charadlers, on the other black ; and faid he had it from people
with beards, who defircd h' / to deliver it to the RuJJians who were in gnrrifoii
at Anadirjk ; and that the purj-urt of it was to obtain iron from them. The Rujfiani
of that garrifon had a tradition, that out of feven kotchcs or vefTcls, which onc«
failed from the mouth of the Lena, along the coafts of the Icy fea, to doable the
Tfchutfchi point, three were never more heard of. Thefe they believe to be the
founders of this colony : but whether it has any better foundation than the flory
of the TVelJh fcttlement m North America, by the fons ofOiven Gwynedel, in 1170*
appears to me a matter of great doubt.

RoBELHF informs us, that there is no vifible ebb or flow in the Streights of
Bchriiig, and only a moderate current, running in fummer from the Eaftcrn ocean
northward into the Icy fea, and about Augujl turns to the fouth, and brings with
it the floating ice. He adds, that the tide on the Tfchutfchi nofs flows fix
feet.

The Tfchutfchi gave Rohclef much information refpcding the topography of
the oppofite coaft of y/?«,mv7 .- from thefe accounts a map* is formed (with the
affiftance of that by Captain Cook), in which is placed a vaft riv'^r, emptying
itfi-'lf into the Icy fea a little to the fouth of Cape Mulgrave ; then making a bend
foutherly, and taking a very long courk in that direction. Its banks are made
as full of towns and villages (all of them named), as the banks of ^\zThames\
nor are the coafts, from its mouth to Norton found, made lefs populous ; and thofe
from point Shallow IVaier to Shoalnefs vie in that refpe£l with all the preceding.
As Captain Cook, met with no fuch marks of population, I muft fufpend my
belief till thefe coafts have been farther explored; which the fpirit ofcuriofity,
which now reigns, makes me not dcfpair of Iccing efFedted.

• See vol. IV. of HeiH Nofilifilj^ Bi-ytraj^c, auJ the wlivlc iian-ation, at p. 105.

The

y

■■■■ ^[

\i(y,

I , I! ; ■

..::' . Si

ij, I.

J"

CXXMII.

MIGRATION OK THE REIN. DEER.

The TfJmtfihi country is overgrown with yellow and wliitc mo^, which

nouriflK'!! v:i(l ilocks of wild rcin-dccr. Tlidc nnini:ils arc ucciifloinnl.

III

M„

or 'funt, as Coon as the Aumlyr is clear IVoiii ice, to Cwiin over the river hy Hkmi-
f.iiuls, to the void wobdlefs coiinlries towards the Icy (ea, to Cave themielvi.:; tioin
inlec'ls J and ihcy retire .i[viin in /tugujl^ and the bej^inninu oi Stptnnl>n\, to the
wooils, to (hatige their horrs. 'The ncij'.hlioriii}!; inhabitants take the advaiitai'c
oC tlu'ir niij.>ra(ion, to kill great lunnbers of them ("or their piovifions. 'I'lic
|)CO|iIe arc at this time particularly carehil to avoid making niwcli iioili-, or . 'ifmir
fniokc in thole parts where the rein-deer pafs j and watch the lirll h.iibinj'tis
of their arrival. The hiinter.s ;;(leniblc in fniall boats, and when the hcril dl rein.
ticer is eroding the river, they row amongll thcin, and kill with lanccs as many
as tiiry can, which amount often to lever.il hundreds. 'I'he herds crowd,
during three whole days, fo tlofe together, that tliey cannot efcape •, hut alkr
three days the whole march is over, exec pt by chance a liiigle deer is now and
then feen. The gieatcli number of rein-deer killed in this encounter are finales
{H'itjhtnk'i)y which caimot (b calily make their efcape, with their young ones, as
the bucks, who are always foremoll, and retire therefore fooner. 'I'he reiii-deci
in thefe ca(K-rn parts are in general much (inaller than elfewhcre in Si/iii:,i, the
largcd Inick weighing no nioie than four puds, and a female about two and a
half. The flefli, which is dried for prcierving, is lied together in bunches, which
contain two deer, and each bunch weighs a pud and half or two puds*.

StK(.I-KR found, on lii/uiiiii'^ idand, two hundred and eleven fpecics of |)l.ints,
of which more than a hundred grow in SiNritt, and other niountaiious couiuiitsj
many are common to the eaflern lldc of Kdnitfclxitka and Anwica. Uru(h-wood
is only met with in the broailtfl part of the ifland. Near the northern part aic
fom.' fmall alders with fharp-poinled leaves, and fomc wild rofes. The hctula
nana grows in the marlhes ; and on the hills are fame fmall junipers, and thi: j'ji I in
tj Hi up firm or wiiii'/t tree.

The plants, not enumerated in the lift of thofe of this ifland, arc

Mimuhis luteus.
Fumaria.
rieris pedata.
rolypodiiim fragrans.
AiulionuJa pol\f(ili;i.

Coriuis herbacea.
Epilohium angufiifolium.
Cochlearia danica.
Pulmonariu maritimn.

* A juiil is 40 Ru/iiin pounds, or jfi En^HJ)), Mr. Cox.

The

M A Y E N • S ISLE.

The Oj/iiiisy to tliis day, in their dances put on mafks, change their drc/Ics fve-
qiiciilly, and imitate tlie forms of bcafts and birds, and often in a manner fo
firiking and fatirical, tliat one iu fiirprizcd to hear of fo pcrfedt a pantomine among
(ii( h a fivagc people. Jlut would not iijnorancc or fuperflition afcribc to a fupcr-
iiatiual nictamorphofis thcle tempoi .j expedients to deceive the brute creation*
or to afford amufcment lo tlieir countrymen by thcfe frolicfomc maf(|ucrades ?
'I'Uc J/ncrii(Wi may carry themfclves thus drc/led inio the field of battle, as the
/ffiii/irw hunter did, who lull by the hand of Camilla. Utch and arms were
funilar ;

Caput ingcns oris hiatus,

Et mal;p tcxcrc lupi, cum dentibus albis :

Agrellifijue manus armat f])arus.

The height of the mountain on Maycvi's ifle is fo great, that it may be feen at
ilic didancc of thirty leagues. Many parts of the coafl; are from twenty to'
lliirty f.ilhoms high. The fea at the north end is often frozen ten mil'-s from
the fliore ; and on one part of the ifle arc three flupeiiduus icebergs, or mountains
of ice. Ofl" the north-caft end are alternate calms, and fudden gufts of wind
like whirlwinds, which make navigators fliun the .approaching it from that
([iiartcr.

The bottom of tiic fea round the ifle is rocky and uneven, and of very various
dcjiths. 1 here arc places where there is only fix or fcven fathom water, with a
lil.ick faiid, portibly vulcanic ; and at a fmall di(tance is water of three hundred
fathoms. In other parts the bottom is rocky, and moft unfit for anchorage : a
few creeks, pervious by difllcult and narrow inlets, arc capable of afForJing fticlter,
ill this horrible fpot, to a few fliallops ; but Oiips mufl anchor without, and then
will) the niofl fcdulous circumfpcCtion.

The fbips deflined for the Crcenland whale-fiflicry often vifit this ifland firft,
for the fake of the feals, which arc here in great numbers upm the ice. They
arc killed for the fake of the oil, which is extracted from t.icir blubber} and for
their (kins, which, after being faltcd, are kept in cafks, and ufj.' in Etigland for
making of boots and fhocs. Our Ihips leave their ports in February or March^
ami arrive ofl' the ifland in March or Aprils according to tiie time of their depar-
ture v and if they arrive in the firft montii, they generally find the fea full of icej
but that depends on the winds, for certain winds force it away, and leave the
waJer clear. The ftiips ufually continue in this (ca till the beginning of May^
when they ftrctch away to the eaft, and apply thcmfelvcs to the whale-fiflicry, ut
about latitude 79, and even to that of bi.

Bontakoe

If

CLXI.

tLxxvir.

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CLXXVII.

CLVXIX.

CIXXXVII.

cxc.

W II A L E - F I S II E R Y.

Bontakee is the ninic of an iflein lat. -3. 30, not far frjm the coaft ol GrnnlaiiJ.
I r. \ it in a iu;ii) ot A'^. and iS\ ,-/;,•/(•■ .., publiHicil by Mr. Suyer^ in 1775, A htMo
to the north of it is a pronlonll^ ., liie date of the difcovcry of which is 1605.
This is all I learn of it.

Davis's llrcights is frequented by fomc of our whalc-fifhcrs : thoy fail IVoin
Ein'Jiiiul {e. S') yofi'ioiitlf, the beginning of /1'/(i/t/', arrive tlicrc about the miil-
dlc of Jpril, and go np the Areiglits two huiulrwl leagues, towards Difio bay,
or North-cart bay, ufually called by the feaiuen North-caJ} llitf. In thefe jKirts
the wliales arc larger, but fewer than in the Spitzhery/n feas. Sc.ils tlicre are
alfo fcarcer. It is fingular that no intelligence is to be obtained concernini^ hiif-
fin\ bay, from thefe navigators.

The following journal of the fliip Yannouthy flicvvs the expedition with which
the (jreenLmd whale fiHicry is carried on.

jfpr'il nth. Sailed from Yannouth roids.
lO. 09t Lerwick, SdHtliiuJ.
21. Fall in with the firft ice, about Int. 70.

27. Killed fonic fcals. Working backwards and forwards through
the ice to the northward.
May 15. OK Fair ForclanJ., lat. 78.

17. Killed the firft whale.
yunc 20. Killed the fevcnth,

23. Took departure for England., from !ut. 75. 31. loii^. 7.
July 8. Anchor in Yannouth roads.

Ml'NCK never reached beyond lat. 63. 30. A cruel fate attended this able fc.i'
man. Heing ftill perluaded of the poflibility of a north-weft pafliige, he engaged
Icvcral opulent people in the dcfign, wlio equipped two vefrd/;, and committed
them to his care. On taking leave of his prince, Chrijlian IV , fome difcourfe
arofe concerning his late expedition. The king ungcneroufly reproached liiin
with being the caufe of its mifcarriagc. Aluiuk, indignant at the afpcriion, an-
iwcrcd his majcfty with warmth, on which the king ftruck him with his cane.
Aluiuk was fo afTctSled, that he took to his bed, refufed all food, and died of giief
at tlic unjuft ufage he had experienced *.

The thermometer has been known, in Hudfon's hay^ to rife out of doors to 85,
on the 1 2th oijuly^ and to fink in the month oijamtary to 45 below the cy-

ChurchiWs Ctll. II. 476.

phcr,

;|t.

C M M A T t IN NORTH AMERICA.

jilicr, in a gl.ifn regulated according to !'\irf»/jeit'% i'cak. It has bocn oliluvcd by
Mr. /htch'uSf that on the 6th of /«/)-, 1775, the quickfilviT roCi' as high as 91)1
.iiid onic in the- ("anic ntonth, for an hour or two, cvcrj to loj. In rcfpcc) to cold,
(lie quickfilvcr bcj^ins to congtal when it has funk to about 40 below the cypbir ;
hut the f()iiit lljcrmomctcr coiitiinics to flicw a degree of cold fo low as 46. The
(oMiicr remarks were .iiadc by Mr. ITuleu at Prince of It'aUi'i fort, in la,^. 58° 55',
^o^le^I)Ollde^lt to the fouthern part of the OrhiiiS. Thole iflands lie furrouiuled by
the tea :fIttJjhti'sh:\y has to tiic well a traift of continent extending in the narroweli
piirt above thirty-fivc degrees, covered the whole winter with fnow ; and to the
iioith a flill mote rigorous climate, a fea perjwtually infellcd witJi ice : To let the
wind blow either from the well or from the north, it is furc t"» bring with it the
moll fcvcrecffedls, I'rom the province of Ntui yori to this in qucHion, the ground
rcnuiins covered with fnow the greatcU part of the winter ; later or earlier, as the
Ciumtry ni)pr()aches or recedes from the fouth. The predominant winds are from
the \vd\, and thofc blow above three quarters of the year : but the north or nortli-
cillerly winds arc obfci vcd to be the vehicles of fnow. The norlh-wcllcrly bring
the fevered cold.

The middle provinces arc remarkable for the unflcadinefs of the weather, or
the quick tranfitions from heat to cold. Snow falls in quantities in Firghiia, but
dues not lie above a day or two ; yet even after a mild, or indeed, a warm day,
the liver Poi wmoc has been frozen over in one night, ftrong enough to be pafTed,
mid that in places where it was two miles broad ; and James river, where it has
been three miles broad. Thefc alterations are owing to the abovc-citcd caufc, the
I'miJen arrival of the chilling winds of the north-weft.

'J 'he provinces of 5o«/A Carolina aniii Florida are fubjed to vaft heats and fu-
rious whirlwinds, hurricnnes, burfts of thunder, and fatal lightnings. Mr. Henry
Ellis found the thermometer in Georgia at 105, in one of the fummer months : a
heat fo far fujierior to that of the human body, even in that climate, that Mr-
Ellis could not raife it above 97 by the application of it to his body. On Dectm-
ter loth it was at 86, yet the next day fell as low as 38. Well might Mr. Ellis
remark the deleterious cfFcd of thtfc extraordinary changes on the human
Irame ♦.

i he united fury of the thunder, lightning, and whirlwind, cannot be better
illullrated than by the defcriptivc inftancc which happened in Sout/j Caro/hia, with
which Dr. Garden, with his ufual liberality, favored mc i and of which he was
111 eye witncfs.

• Phil. Triaf. 1. 754. 7JJ'

O * Berore

41

* ^!:^rr

C^\

Krl

" j *■■ if

4»

STORMS IN CAROLINA.

* nv/orc T fay any thing of tint tremendous whirlwind wliirh I mcuionci! to

* you in cwwcrlatioii, the paiticulars of which you dcfiri', I fliall imLtvc that

* Giroi'iiujy in coniinoii with other warm chmatcs, is fubjccl. to occafioii.il wn'~

* pefls of various forts } fuch as fcvcro thunder ftoinis, hurricanes, whirlv.iiKU

* 5cc. of diflcrent flren;^tli and violcnco. Thunder florins and gulls Iiaiipcu at
' all times of the year, particularly in the fummcr time ; but there arc fomc cl

* the moil dreadful force and appearance, that happen chiefly in the fprin"- and
« autumnal months. Tliey generally rife between the weft and nojth .'.nd
« gradually advance, with accumulating thicknel's always in a contrary direc-

* tion to the wind, which ftrcngthens as the gull approi'.ches, and rills in the

* atmolphcrc with du-p and fullen darknefs, pregnant with frequent burrts of

* fharp lightning, darting its tremendous forks in all directions. Every kind of

* animal fecks fhelter and rereat. The wind incrcafing, and the clouds rolling

* on from contrary quarters, the oppofing elements by their furious approach and

* violent contention produce a general uproar and darknefs ; and the atniofjiherc

* is hurried into eddies and whirlwinds, that fill the air with dufl, leaves, and

* branches of trees, and every other light body that lies in their way ; fo that an

* almoft total darknefs takes place, before the important cloud, rolling on, at

* length burfls over you, and pours down fpouts and torrents of rain, mingled

* with almoft unintermitting peals of thunder, and the moft alarming flaflics of

* lightning, pointed and forked, which frequently ftrikes houfes, and fliivcrs in

* pieces the loftieft and floutcft trees. During the florm, heaven and earth

* feem to be in contention ; and yet no fooncr is its force fpent, than all is fiiu-

* fhinc, calmncfs, and tranquillity. — Thcfe gnfts generally happen in the aftcr-

* noon and towards evening, though I have fecn them at all times of the 24

* hours. — But, entirely independent of fuch ftorm?, whirlwinds of diftcrent forts

* arife in various parts of the country ; and taking fomctinics a rce^tilincar, and
•* fometimcs an irregular and varied direction, proceed through the country, marlc-

* ing their progiefs (ii of great llreiigth and violence) by an avenue in tl;c wocd?,

* of a greater or lefs extent according to their diameter, where every tree, p!rint>

* building, Sic. are torn up, broken, and laid flat ; till at length the v/liirlin:!;

* column either fuddenlv 'its itfelf up, and vanities in the air; or gradually di-

* minlfliing in force, bulk, and diameter, totally difappcars. Small whirlwinds

* of this kind are frequent .n the hottclt weather : thofe of large fizc and grc.u
' force fortunately happen feKlomcr; but their tracks arc now and then lien in the

* woods, and may be follovv.d for niil'-s,

' Of

\

R E M A llIC A B L E WHIR L W I K D.

* Of this kind, commonly known under the title ofl'vpiiONS, a mofl vio-
lent one pad'cd down Jj'j/fy Ri'vfr^ on the 4th of Miiy J 761, and fell upon the
flipping in Re! (Hon Rond vvilh fucli fury, as to threaten the immedintc dcftruc-
tiiin of a l.'irge fleet lyin^^, thL-ic rcndy to fail for Et'iopc

* This terrible phx-nomcnon was fccn by mnny of the inhabitants of Clhii/rf.
tcwn, coming down U]i'po7 Ovcv, rcfcmbling a Iar:7c coliinm of fmokc and
vnpor, whofe motion \\;is vfry irregular and tiimiiltiions, as well a^ th.-it of th"
nci[;hboring clouds, which appeared to be driving down nearly in tho i.inic
('ircclion (from the fnuth-wcil), and with great velocity. 'I'hc (jiiar.tity of
vapor which compofcd this impetuous column, and its prodigious vclorifv, gave
it fuch a furprifing momentum, as to plow /j/.'/ry River to the b; tt(/ni, and to
lay the channel bare, of which many pcrfons were vye witncllL-s. When it
came down J^iLy River it made fo great a noifc, as to be heard by mol^ of the
people in town, and was taken by many for conilant thunder ; its diameter at
that time was generally judged to be about three hundred fathoms (though from
what I have fnice known of the breadth of the river, 1 am confident it nuifl
have been nearer double) j and in height, to a pcrfon in Brcad-Jirect, CharUjhivn,
it appeared to be about forty. five degrees, though it cncreafed in magnitude
and height during its progrcfs to Rebellion Road. As it pafl'cd the town, nearly
about the conflux of Cooper and jljhley rivers, it was joined by a column of the
fame kind, though not of the fame magnitude, which came down Cooper
River. Though this laft was not of equal flrcngth or impetuofity with tiie
other, yet, on their meeting together, the tumultuous and whirling agitations
of the air were feemingly much greater ; infomuch that the froth and vapoi
raifcd by its fides in the river, f mcd to be thrown up to the apparci . height
of thirty-five or forty dc , towards the middle j whilft the clouds, which were
now driving in all directions to this place, appeared to be precipitated into the
vortex, and whirled areund at the fiime time with incredible velocity : juft
after this it fell o- the (hipping in the Road, and was fcarce thr-.c minutes in its
padiige, though ;..c diffancc is near two leagues. Five vefiels were funk out-
right; his majefty's fliip the Dolphin, which happened to be at anchor juft on
the edge of the column, and all others in that fituation, loft their malt.- ; the
other unfortunate five, which lay in the direct line of its progrcfs, were inllan-
tancoufly funk. Whether was this done by the immcn''c weight of this column
prefling them into the deep ? or was it done by the water being fuddenly
forced from under them, and thereby letting them f. k fo low, as to be im-
mediately covered and ingulphed by the lateral mafs of water .' This tremen-
dous column was fccn upwards of thirty miles fouth-weft from CharUjhwn.,

G 2 where

4J

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m

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li ;.

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" I ':

44

CXCIV.

I- A ii R A D O R STONE. NEWFOUNDLAND.

' where it arrived twenty-five minutes after Iv/o o'clock, P. M nv.ikinir an
' avenue in its courfe of great width, tearing up trees, lioufcs, and every thing

* tliat oppofcd ; great quantities of leaves, branches of trees, even Inr'^e Iiir.l-s

' were fcen furioufly driven about and agitated in the body of tivj column a', it

* palUd along \^ hen it palled Rebellion Road, it went on the ocean, which it

* ovcrfpread with trees, branches, &c. for many miles, as vcllcls arrivin<f from
' the northward feme days afterwards informed us. 'I'he iky was ovcrcafl n:id

* cloudy all the forenoon : about one o'clock it began to thunder, and con-
' tinued more or lefs till three. The mercury in FarenhcWi thermometer rt

* two o'clock, flood at 77°; by four o'clock the wind was quite fallen, the {mi
' flione out, and the fky was clear and fcrene, and not a vcftigc of the dreadful

* fcenc remaining, but the difmafled and difmantled vefl'els in the Road,'

That curious body the Labrador ftonc, which reflefts all the colors of the
peacock, is found there in loofc mafils. The late Mr. La Trobe fhewed me a piece
of exquifite beauty, finely polifhed, which he procured from the laudable mifllons
in that country. It is, according to Mr. Klnvan, afcldt-fpat, fofter than the com-
mon kind.

cxcvi. I muft acknowledge my obligations to vice admiral Campbel, for the trouble

he took in procuring, during his government, the following accounts from the
different divifions of the great ifland oi Nezufoundland ; and fome additions to the
manner of carrying on its moft important fifliery.

Within the circuit of fixty miles of the fouthcrn part, the country is hilly, but
not mountanous. The hills increafe in height as they recede from the fea ;
their courfe is, irregular, . not forming a chain of hills, but rife and fall
abruptly.

The coafts are high, and the fhores mofl remarkably bold. The fame may be
faid of almoft every part of this vaft ifland.

The country is much wooded, and the hills (fuch which have not flat tops, to
admit the rain to ftagnate on them) are cloathed with birch, wich hazel, fpruce,
fir, and pine, all fmall ; which is chiefly owing to the inhabitants taking ofl:' the
bark to cover the fifh ftages. "This pcninfula is fo indented by the fine and deep
bays of Placentia^ St. Mary, Conception, and Trinity, that it may be eafily
penetrated in all parts, which is done for the fake of fowling, or the procuring of
fpars for mafts, oars, &c.

The ifland is on all fides more or lefs pierced with deep bays, which pcninfulatc
it '■■\ many places by ifthmufes moft remarkably narrow.

The

N E W f O U Js D L A N D FISHER Y.

45

The inoanta-ins on the fouth-weft fide, near the fea, are very high, aiiJ termi-
nate ill lofty headlands. Such are Chapeaii rouge, a moft rcinr.rkably high pro-
montory ; Cape St. Aleiry's, and Cape L- Hunc. Such in general is the formation
of the ifland : on the north- eaft, moft of the hiils in the interior parts of the country
terminate pyramidally, but form no chain. The interior parts of the country confift.
chiefly of morafles, or dry barren hummocks, or level land, with frequent lakes
cc ponds, and in fome places covered with ftunted black, fpruce.. The rivers of.
Niifjfoiintlland are unfit for navigation,, but they are of iifc in floating down the
wood with the I'ummer floods. Still the rivers and the brooks are excellent guides
(or the hunters of beavers, and other animals,, to penetrate up the country ;
which as yet has never been done deeper than thirty miles. Near the brooks it is^,
that timber is commonly met with, but feldora above three or four miles inland,
and in vallies ; the hills in the northern diftritSl being naked and barren.

In {omQ ^■xxX.s oi Newfoundland xYitrQ is timber fufficiently large for the build-
ing of merchant fnips : the hulk is made of juniper, and the pine furnifhes marts
and yards; but as yet none has been found large enough for a maft for a large
cutter.

The fifhery is divided into two feafons : that on the fhore, or the fhore feafon,
commences about the 20th 0." April, and ends about the 10th of OSioher \ the
boats fifh in from four to twenty fathoms water.

The moft important, the bank-fifliing feafon, begins the loth of May, and
continues till the laft of September, and carried on in thirty to forty-five fathoms-
depth of water.

Banking veflcls have failed from St. John's to the bank as early as the 12th of
Jpril. At firft they ufe pork or birds for a bait ; but as they catch fitTi, they
fupply thtmfelves with a fliell fiOi called c/rtwj, which is found in the belly of the cod.
The next bait is the lobfter ; after that, the herring, and the launce, Br. Zool. III.
No. 66, which laft till June, when the eapelan comes on the coaft, and is ano-
ther bait. In Aitg / ths fquid comfi% into ufe, and finally the herring again.

The grcatcft number of cod-fifh taken by a fingle fifherman in the feafon, has
been twelve thoufand ; but the average is feven thoufand. The largeft filh
which has been taken was four feet three inches long, and weighed forty-fix
pounds.

A banking vcftel of ten thoufand fifh ought to be filled in three weeks, and fo in
proportion ; and eighty quintals ( 1 12 lb. each) for a boat in the fame time.

In 1785, five hundred and forty-one EngUJli veflels fi(hcd on the bank ; a
number exceeding that of the Fremb,

10 A heap

itn

1 , ■! f

'. I'-

.,1

..«■

^ ■ i'

^ '^i

^0 N O V A 5 C O T I A,

A luMp cf dried fifh twenty feet long, nnd ton wide, and four deep, cor.tains
thiw lunulrrd (luiiit.ils. Such mi hc;ip (bttlcs, in t!ic ccuifc of forty-cit'ht hours
;'.i"rrr it is iniuli', ;;buut i-i7,th.

An c\tr:^.()rdin:iry fplittcr will fpiit fu'c quintals of fifli in nn hour. The ava-
ra^.^' in tli.it tinje is two.

There- is no fifliiiK'; (!iirii-,f!; winlir, on account of the inclemency of the fcafon.
It is llippofcd that the fifli in a [rrcat mcafure quit the banlcs before linit time a5
in ger.cn-d they arc very fcarcc when the fifliing vcflels go upon the banks early in
the i'piing.

There are a few fmall towns on t'le coafls, which have gardens fr.vu with
Englijlj puli'c ; but many of the inhabitants quit the country in winter.

i\n admiral, or fome fea officer, is governor oi Ncwfoundhind, He fail, from
England in May^ and returns by the 30th o^ November,

COASTS. Thecoalls a^ Nova Scotia arc, in general, rude and rocky, with feme varia-

tions. It is peninfulated by the Atluntlc ocean and gulph of St. Laurence and
joined to the main land by a narrow ifthmus. From Bay Vert, on the nortlicrn
lide, the fliorc is bounded with red clidV, with beaches beneath, as farasi'<j;f
LutlreU and the fame to a remarkable high rock, called, from its fliape, The Buni.
Cape George terminates the coaft to the eafh This promontory is iron-bound
and very high, its fummit afpiring to four liundred and twenty feet above the fo.i.
This, with Point Hood on. the Cape Breton fide, forms a great bav. On the wef] •
crn fliorc, between Cape George and the entrance of the gut of Canfo^ are moll
I'L VSTEI? CLIFFS, remarkable clifts of plailer, lofty precipices, and extremely white.

The gut oi Canfo divides Nova Scotia from Cope Breton, It is not above a mile
•wide : it opens into Chedabn'Jo Bay, which penetrates far into land. Cape Ca/ifj
forms the mofl eaftern pohit on this fide of the gut j the land i -"nds far to the welt ;
from Canfj to Torbay breaks into feveral white rocky heads. Beaver Harbour is
guarded by mod: pifturefquc ines, rounded, with wooded tops. As far as Halifas
it varies, with banks of red earth, or white infulated rocks : the capes and external
ides arc bounded with black flaty rocks, running generally out in fpits from call:
to weft;, from the Rugged Ijlands to the DeviTs Ijle, Off Halifax are remaikali!'/
high red cliffs, linked with beaches : from thence to Cape Sable, an ifland which
forms the moft wcftcrn extremity, is often broken, rocky, and white; but from
Port Haldimand to Cape Sable the land appears level and low, with a fhorc of ex-
ceedingly white f.ind.

I ;i,ii ';ii i^^": L'. About twenty-three fea leagues from Cafe Canfo, in lat. 4^, lies the fmgular

Jjlc .ic Sable, or of Sand, It is in fliapc of a bow, iji length ubout eight leagues,

9 and

HA R
KOUR.

I

N O V A S C O T I A. 4f

nnJ not above a mile ai)(l half broad in the broadcft part. In the middle is a
narrow pond of fca-vvatcr, running about half the length, which is filled every
tide from the fea's rufliing through a little gut on the north fide. This pond con-
tiii'i'; naultitudcs of feals, fome flat fifh, eels, &:c. and has about twelve feet dcplh
at !( w-water. The entrance is often choaked with fand by a ftrong north wind,
and cleared by the next fouthern blafl:. 'I'his ifland lies on a vafl fand bank, on
which the water gradually deepens to fifty fathoms. At each end is a bar j li.c
water breaks on them often mad high : and there is, befides, a fiirf beating coiui-
nually on the fliore, to be heard in calm weather feveral leagues. No boats can
approach the ifland without rifquc. Landing is pradicablc; on die north fliorc
only, and that only in calm weather. The north bar breaks, in bad weather,
fi.vcn or eight leagues from the fliore; and thoufands offhips have been loH about
this place. Al. Du Bar res * was two years in furvcying this fatal tract, and his
fcrvices have been lately rewarded by the government of the ifles of St. John and
Cape Breton. The whole iflc confifts of fine white fand mixed with white tranfpa-
rcnt flones, but coarfcr than in the adjacent foundings : the face is much broken,
and hove up into little hill;, knobs, and clift's, wildly heaped together. In the
hollows are ponds of frcfb water, frequented at times by variety of fowls. On the
fkirts grr- • 'Mnipcr and blue berries in their fcafon, and cranberries all the year.
Here are ■ -s, but plenty of beach grafs, wild peafc, &c. which ferve to fup-

port the :. ;. .^, cows, and hogs, which run about in a ftate of nature. Wiccks
and drift-wood afford fewel. The whole ifle has a firange appearance; for the fand-
hills have a conoid fliapc, arc milk white, and fome of them arc a hundred and
forty-il\ feet abo\e the level of the ko.,

I quit this finj;'il.u fpot to return to Cope Sable., jufl: beyond which commences bay of fun'DV,
the great bay of Fimdy, with infinite variety of pifturefque and fublime fcenery.
The bay divides at *hc bottom into two others, the bay of Mines, and that of
Chi^neifo ; and, like the rell of the coaft of this province, has numbers of fine
harbours. Far from the fliore of every part of Neva Scotia extends a flcirt of fand,
with djcp water, and fine anchorage; but the harbours are mofl fecure retreat?.
Crand Alanan iflc is very lofty, and lies in the mouth of the bay of Fiindy, nearer grand and
to the weftern fide. The bay of St. J/.r;-, which lies on the caaern, is guarded petit passage,
by an extent of land and illands ; the entrances between two of them, difiinguiflud
by the name of the Grand and Petit Pajjagc^ are particularly noble, very loft}',
with vaft mural frotits, and their tups finely cloatheJ with trees.

* To tliis pcntlcman's laborr wc owe ilic accurate chjvts rf tliefc anJ (ijinc ether parts of t\'jrth Ame-
>'ic h tht mcll elegant and mai^niilcciu '.■•■;ik cf its kiiiJ extant.

The

'i

.i

1'
I ill

■f 1

fm

.48

NOVA SCOTIA.

VIEWS,

HrcH Tines.

THE ISTHMUS.

The gut or entrance into the harbour of Annapolis Royal is narrow, and has not
lefs grandeur, neither is it wholly diflimilar. The ifle oi Haute, which lies in the
middle of the approach io the bay r^^ ftnesy rifcs fublime and w'-th .r.dral fides out of
the water, and is crowned with trees : from it is feen vafl: va/iety ofbcautiful fcencrv •
fuch as Cape Chigiu£Ja, Cape Dote, and Cape Split ; the lall named from the vaft co-
luHMnr rocks -.vhich rife before it to an amazing height. Nearly oppofite is Pi^r-
Irldgc IJland, remarkable for the hiclined difpofition of its rocks. Cape Bkiu-me-
(hwn ib another great precipice, not far to the eaft. Between thefc the fvream of
the current runs at the rate of five or fix knots, even ai neap tides. The tides in
parts of the bay of Fundy rife to an amazing height, and force themfclves into the
great creeks with a bore or head from fifty to fcventy-two feet high, and with
prodigious rapidity. Hogs, which feed along the fliores, are much more fenfible
of its approach than mankind : they are ob'^.rved to liilcn, to 'irick up their ears
for fome time, and then run off at full fpced.

The bay of Chigneilo is the laft. This runs far inland, and is feparated by the
ifthmus from the gulph of St. Laurence. If we reckon to Bay Vert, it is only
twenty miles in breadth; but if we compute the fpace between Petendiac river and
i'jediac, on the fide of the gulph, only fourteen. From hence the (bore extends Jp
the fouth-weft ; and wc retain as far as the river St, Croix,

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

ZOOLOGICAL PART.

VOL. I.

l;-!

CLASS I.

CLu

ADRUPEDS,

TH E Elk has deferted the fouth of Sweden for a confiderable
time } ftill feme are found in the forefts near Stofkholm, more
or fewer, according to the year, for they are a fort of vagabond animals.
The chace is entirely referved for the nobility or gentry j and even
they are prohibited from killing them before the 24th of Augujiy under
penalty of fifty rix-doUarsy or 11 /. 13 j. 4</. The inhabitants diflike
them greatly as neighbors, fo much mifchief do they do in the culti-
vated grounds. In May, Junej and July^ they r.re fo bold, that the peo-
ple are obliged to drive them away with blov;s of a flick : after that
they are more difficult of approach. In Jemtlandy a province of
Norland, their chace is free to every one. The largeft Elk Mr.
Oedntan ever heard of, weighed eleven hundred and fixty pounds. A
fawn of this fpecies, taken very young, is capable of being eafUy
tamed, and may be made as familiar as a dog i but the male becomes
fierce when it is in heat, at left if ?t is not caftrated. It will drink
greedily of wine, if given to it j and when it gets drunk, it will fnort

H it

P. 17.

>- ■'■

WH

50

REIN AND FALLOW DEER.

22.

*7.

3J.

it out of its noftrils. In a wild ftate, this animal feeds on the Hcbens,
bark of the afpen poplar, the grey a- the goat willows : wht-n tame,,
it cats hay, and is very fond of peas ftrawj but the lafl mufl be given
in hnall quantity, as it is apt to produce a fatal coftiven'.-fs. Whin
the female is clofely purfued by the dogs, it will fling itfclf into the
water with its fawn, and will continue fwimming with it for many
hours. She rarely brings more than one at a time, Durinf winter,
when the ground is covered with fnow, the hunter cloaths liimfelf
with white linen, in order to render himfelf lefs vifiblc. — Mr.
Oedinan.

Wild Rein-deer are very fcarce in the north o£ Sweden : the Wolvet
having almoft extirpated this fine and ufeful animal. It is certain
that horfes cannot bear the fmell of the Rein -, they will, even on
the firft perception, become unmanageable, fo that the riders cannot
without difficulty keep them from running away with them. — Mr.
Oedman.

It is pofitively faid by Stiemhook, in his treatife De jure Sueonum
vetuJiOi that in old time Stags were unknown in Sweden, and that
they were introduced there but a little before the time of Gujlavus
Erickjoiiy who began his reign in 1521. Such Stags (fays he, to dif-
tinguilh them from the Rein-aeer), which are now found in our fou-
thern provinces. Let me add, that it is certain that they have alfo
long fmce reached Norway. — P.

Fallow-deer feem not to have been natives of Sweden; there are

none in the forefts, but which have efcaped our of the king's

parks: fuch as thofe near the capital; in the ifle of Oeland; that of

H^e/engore, in lake Wetter ; and at Omberg. Even Stags are rare in a

ftate of nature and thofe only in the forefts of Smaland, — Mr. Oedman.

Ron

Robs a:

Smaland,

the buck ^

to extrem

run ftrait

eighteen J

fatigued as

Mr. Hm

four feet ei

white, exc

fliort and f

of exprefll(

day.— P.

In many
ably dimir
other place
compels th
of one kille
move. It
poifon to t!

Madnefs
fequences a
Dogs, and
teen perfoni
are the fan
Iparkles in
they carry t
remarkable
never be att

ROES AND WOLVES.

Roes are at prefent found fcarcely any where but In the foreft of
Smalandi and that but rarely. The female brings or»Iy two at a time :
the buck will defend itfelf with co'jrage againft the dogs, when driven
to extremity. They never make a ring when the are hunted, but
run ftrait forward, two or three S'c^cdijh miles, or twelve or
eighteen Engli/h ; and then return along their former track : but fo
fatigued as feldom to efcape.— Mr. Oedman.

Mr. Hut chins was prefented, by the Weahipouk Indians, with a Deer
four feet eight inches long, and three feet two high. It was entirely
white, except the back, which was mottled with brown. The fur was
fliort and fine, like that of the Ermine. The Indians, in their manner
of expreflion, faid it came from a place where there was little or no
day.— P.

In many parts of Siveden the number of Wolves has been confider-
ably diminifhed by placing poifoned carcafes in their way: but in
other places ihey are found in great multitudes. Hunger fometimes
compels them to eat lichens ; thofe vegetables were found in the body
of one killed by a foldier, but it was fo weak, that it could fcarcely
move. It probably had fed on the lithen vulpinusy which is a known
poifon to thefe animals.

Madnefs, in certain years, is very n.pt to feize the Wolf. The con-
fcquences are often very melancholy. Mad Wolves will bite Hogs and
Dogs, and the iaft again, the human fpecies. In a fingle parifh four-
teen perfons were victims to this dreadful malady. The fymptoms
are the fame with thofe attendant on the bite of a mad dog. Fury
fparkles in their eyes ; a glutinous faliva diftils from their mouths j
they carry their tails low, and bite indifferently men and beads, it is
remarkable that this difeafe happens in the depth of winter, fo can
never be attributed to the rage of the dog-days.

5'

3J'

38.

\ ■.\ ^

II 1

Often,

5*

42.

48,

LEMMUS. FOX. LYNX.

Often, towards fpring, Wolves get upon the ice of the fea, to prey
on the young Seals, which they catch afleep : but this repaft often
proves fatal to them; for the ice, detached from the (hore, carries
them to a great diftance from land, before they are fcnfible of it. In
fome years a large diftrift is by this means delivered from thefe perni-
cious beads J which are heard howling in a mod dreadful manner, far
in the fea.

When Wolves come to make their attack on catde, they never fail
attempting to frighten away the men by their cries ; but the found of
the horn makes them fly like lightning. — Mr. Oedman,

When the Ar6tic Fox has been in purfult of the wandering Lemmust
p. 136. ^r£t. Zool. it fometimes lofco its way home, and has been
taken in places far from its natural haunts. The late Mr. Kalm has
left an inflance of one being taken in Wejlrogothia. Proftflbr Retzius
f^ivored me with an account of one Ihot, on the 27 th of lait 05lohcr^
near to Lund^ in lat. 55. 42.

Mr, Hutchins informed me of a whitifli grey Fox, no larger than a
Hare, common among the ylnbithinue Indians : four thoufand of dieir
fl<ins have been fent in one year to the fadlories.

50.

57.

The Lynx is the mod formidable enemy which the Sheep has: it is
pretended diat they only fuck the blood ; but it is pretty certain that
they alfo devour the liver and lungs, for thofe parts are often found eaten.
The little Kat-lo or Lynx is very fcarce ; its fur is efteemed more
valuable than that of the greater or IFarglo, It is fuppofed to be a par-
ticular fpecies. — Mr. Oedman.

Doftor Pallas mufl have been mifinformed as to the color of the

Bears of Kamtfchaika ; for Captain King, who faw fevcral, afllircd

1 1 me,

BEARS. W E E S E L.

me, that they are of a dun brown color; and feed chiefly on fifh, or
berries. They are far from rcjcrting animal food. Even mankind
become their prey, when preflTed by hunger ; and they will hunt the
natives in fuch cafes by fcent, and prowl out of their ufual trafts for
that purpofe. At thofe times, or when wounded, they are exceed-
ingly fierce*. It is faid that they give chace to the /Irgali with great
addrefs : they know that they have no chance of taking them by fpeed ;
the Bears therefore climb up the rugged mountains, and gain thvt
heights above the fpots where the wild Sheep feed. They with their
paws fling down pieces of rock upon the herd, and, if they happen to
maim any, defcend and make a rcpafl: on the lamed animal f . When
the Bears Hnd plenty of food, they will not attack the human kind :
yet if they find a Kamtj'chadak adeep on the ground, they will through
wantonnefs bite him feverely, and fometimes tear a piece of flv.ih away.
People thus injured are called dranki, or the fayed X. — P.

Place between the Common Weejel and the Stoat ^ this fpecies, newly
difcovcred by Mr. Helenius, ProfeflTor at ylbo, in Sweden.

Muftcla nivalis. — Fennofum Nirpa I.umiko, Lumitirka, Nov. J.7. .4cad. Rr^.
Sc/t'tt. Suec. vi. 1785. p. 2iz.—Lappoti, Scibbfh. — R'i£ts Lafka.

W. With large canine teeth : body in fummer grey, with a timflurc
of rufous : tail of the fame color: belly white. Length from the tip of
the nofe to the bafe of the tail fix inches and a half: tail an inch and
a half. Shape of the Stoat.

Inhabits the north of Finland and Lapland. Lives during the fummer
in the forcfts ; in winter frequents villages and houfcs. Feeds on mice,
fmall birds, dieir eggs and young; cats alfo frogs. Is itfelf tlie prey of
rapacious birds, and of the Ermine or Stoat. In winter cliangcs to
wiiite, the whiflcers, and a few hairs in the tail, excepted. Has not the

• Captain KiNc;, in Cook's Voyage, III. 305.
t Same 306. I Ilirt. Kamtfchatka, 111. 3^6.

fcc;;d

S3

75-

1 . [

M

m

54

II A R F, B r. A V E R, kc.

94-

9S.

109,

III.

151.

foctkl fmcll of the Wci'fi'l ami Stoat. Is taken in traps baited witli a
moufe, or fmall bird, llic Ikin is equal in price to that of the Er-
mine.— Profeflbr Rctzitis.

The common E>i^liJ}} Hare is found in Swcdoi, and is perhaps tlic
only kind in the fouthern part. l*r()fefl()r Retziits is of opinion, that
it does not differ in fpecies from the I'aryiu^, No. jy. //;,'/. Zool. I
have given my reafons, in the 'Tcur to ScotiamJ, and my fUJiury of !^ia-
driipedsy vol. II. p. 370, for differing from his refpe(^able ojjinion.

In Sweden the common Hare is in fummer of a dulky brown : in
winter becomes cinereous. In thu ftate, I have fecn a brace fent over
to England. In Scania they arc twice as lar[^<" as tliey arc in the northern
parts o^ Sweden y i. e. than thofe I call the Varying.

The Beaver is extremely fcarcc in the lower part q( Sweden. Mr.
Oedvian recolledls but one inftance, and that was in IVcjlrogotbia. It
was fo little known there, that the common people regarded it as x
prodigy.

The Caqua, or Canada Porcupimi, feeds much on the bark of pines
or juniper: it is their food the greatefl: part of the year, and the buds
of willows their chief fupport the reft. In walking it drags its tail along
the ground. Indians difcovcr them by the track they make, but chiefly
by the unbarked trees.

The IVeniipt, or Quebec Marj-ot, feeds oncoarfe grafs. It burrows
in the earth in a perpendicular manner. The Indians take it by pouring
water into the holes, which forces it out. — P.

Five varieties of Seals are found in the Baltic. It is made a doubt
whether they are not even diftinift fpecies.

The firft is the Grey Seal, Grd Sialy which when jiifl born is wholly

yellow : but that color foon grows obfcure, and the fliin becomes va-

3 ried

SEA I. S.

lied with fpots or waved liiu-s. This variety is the large of thofc
which inhabit the Swedijb fcas.

'Hic fccotul is x.\\clltiutjl'il. This, v/hcn jufl tlroppc-d, is more white,
and never cliangts, inKl's to a tini'c of pear! color, when it has teafcd
[.^rowing. It never attains the fi/.e oftlio f'onuer, lives fcparatc from
it, and is more timid.

Thell' two varieties live on tlie high leas, and feeil on herrings,
iiu'duj'.c, and bh-nnies. During v/inter they retire under the ice,
through which they form hoU:s by blowing on it, let the thickneii
he ever fo great. In liimiiur they mount on the fand banks t(j
lleep.

The Seal called the If'ikarc ^ris, and tVikarc no'tr, are two varieties,
which fleep on fhiore. The uv.? [.recoiling fometimes flee[) in the fea,
keeping their heads above water ; thy Heep fo fouml that the hunters
can reach and harpoon them in that lituation. The ll'lkare feeds chiefly
on the gajlercftcus acu/tatus, Lin. tiwee-fpined llicklebaek, Br. ZctL
III. No. 129. and becomes fo fit, that when killed it cannot fink to
the bottom. The young of the Black IVikars are conltantly black j
thofe of the Grey IVikarc always grey.

Fifthly. The Alorunge is always ftriped (tign). This fpecies is of
late years fo diminiflud, that for ten years j)an. there has not been fccii
one in all the Swedijb archipelago.

If thefe five are varieties, they are certainly varieties which live al-
ways feparatcd, and never mingle with one another.

The chace of the Seals in the gulph of Bothnia^ is as remarkable as
that of the Crccnlatiders. In the fpring, when the rivers of Lapland
force with their dream, into the fea, vafl: mafll'S of ice, the Grey Seals
and Uuutjkdls retire upon them. l"he hunters never neglcft the oppor-
tunity of taking them : they find out thefe floating mountains, which,
according to Mr. lljarve, are twelve or fourteen fathoms in thicknefs
below water, and of a great extent. The hunters lay in provifions for

fix

55

'M,.

■! .■

k ^fl

f-if

i

>'. ,. r

f

SEALS.

fix weeks, and a heartlv to clirfs their meat on. They then moor ihcir
boat to cue of tlicfe mountanoiis pieces of ice, the hollows of which
arc rilled with Seals, They doath theinrclvcs in white, to render dieni-
fclves lefs fufpefled by thofe animals. They alio whiten their boats
with lime ; and lleep in them during night, and thus pais ten or twelve
days among the ice, till they difcover the Seals. When they hear a
certain crackling, they confider it as a fign that the piece of ice is about
to fall to pieces j they guard againfl the confequences, and feek ano-
ther i and (6 continue rowing from one piece of ice to another, in learch
of the Seals, till they have exhaufted every objed of the chace.— Mr,

O S P R E Y. FALCON.

57

VOL.

II.

CLASS II.

n I R D s.

D I V. I.

LAND BIRDS.

TIT E Faico Melaucfetos, and ihe F. Fulvus of LiNN^ius, or my
Black Eagle, are the fame j the V. fulvus being only "-he younf?
of the firft. It is a fcarce fpecies in Sweden. — Mr. Oedmaiu

The OspREY returns into Sijoeden later tli \x\ the Kite. M- Oedman
flings new light on the J)ifl:ory of this bird : he fays that 't b.eeds on
the tops of the highcft: trees, and makes its neft with wonderful art, of
the twigs of the fir tree, and lines the bottom with polypodies. It lays
three eggs, of the fize of diofe of a Hen, marbled with ruft-color. It
brings filh and ferpents to feed its young ; and even eels of a vaft fize :
tlijs makes its neft very foetid. It does not prey on birds, but on fifh
only. It defends its neft with great fpirit.

F. with a very fharp bill, furniflied witli a large and pointed procefs
in the upper mandible: cere yellowifh: head, front of the neck, breaft,
and belly, white ; each feather marked along (■ j fiiaft with a ftreak of
brown ; the narroweft are on the head •. back and coverts of the wings
of a dirty blucifli afii-color ; edges of the f^;athers whitifli, and many of
them tipt with the fame : primaries dufl<y 3 exterior webs blotched v/ith

I white,

195.

ic;9.

STREAKED
FALCON".

A\

rf

i ■,-

>li \

mn

\ w\

%

ill. 'I

ya

GOLDEN
EAGLE.

214.

GOLDKN AND CINEREOUS EAGT^ES.

white, interior barred with the fame : tail of th'i i'lme color wlih the
backj and barred with white j tiie h.us do not reach the fhaftSj and like
thoie in tlie Iceland Falcon, oppofc t!ie dark bars oi> the adverle fide :
legs blueifli. I A,'ngth two feet two inches.

This fine fpecies inhabits Uudjons Bey : is new, and to be placed
in p. 202.

Is to be placed annong the American birds, having been difcovered to
be an inhabitdnt of Hudj'on's Bay.

Julius Firmicus, a celebr ited writer in allrology, who dedicated his
books to Mavortius Lollianus, conful in 354, affirms, that wiiofoever
were born under the influence o^ Mercury and Virgo^ would be ftrono-
and induflrious, and be well fkilled in breeding fine horfes, and in
training Hawks and Falcons, and other birds ufeful in bi rd- catch ino^,
&c. By this it appears, that adual falconry was in ufe long before the
time I imagined.

The Erne, or Cinereous Eagle, the Vultur yilbicilla of Lin-
N^us, is the firft year wholly dufl<y, even to the bill, cere, and tail.
In the fecond year the cinereous color commences, teflelated with
black } the tail becomes white j and the end of its feathers for fomc
time tipped with black.

It is very eafily made tame : will attach itfelf to its mafter, diftin-
guifli him from others, and receive him with many marks of endear-
ment. When hungry, repeats the founds, tack tack; and when fatisfied
with food expreffes its content, by a repetition of the fame note. Is pai-
ticularly fond of fifh : is a fluggifh and cowardly fpecies, and will be
put to flight even by the Turkies. — Mr. Qedman,

ftM.

The Golden Eagle his been taken, twenty-five years ago, in
Scmidi of a fnowy whitenefs i it is ftiU alive.— Profeffor Retzius.

The

'A

%

KITE. SHORT -EARED OWI-.

The Kite is the firft of the migratory birds which appears in Sweden
in the Ipring. Mr. Oedman.

The Kestril breeds not only in ruins but in hollow-trees. Mr.
Oedman.

The Strix Aluco of Linn^us ; La Hnlote, de Buffon^ I. 358 \ PL
Enl. 441, is a bird of Swederty omitted in the Ar5lk Zoology. I never
met with it, therefore borrow the defcription from Mr. Latham*^ Orni -
thology.

The head is large : irides duflcy : circle of feathers round the eyes
grc7ini : upper part of tlie body deep iron-grev, fpotted with black
and white : bread and belly wliite, flriped down with ragged black
ftrokcs : legs and feet covered with feathers, white, with numerour-
black fpecks: tail barred with reddifli afli and black : the firft feather
of the w ings exceeds the reft by two or three inches : the wings reach
beyond the end of the tail.

This fpecies lays, in April, from three to five eggs, of a fnowy white-
nefs : the young are blind to the tench day, and are covered with
filthy red warts. The female parent feeds them with mice. They fly
towards the end of July. The note of the young is like the noife of
granfhing one's teeth. The old fly in the moft quiet manner, and make
no fort of noife : they feed on fmall birds, but vetches have been found
in their ftomach. In the fummer they live in the woods ; towards win-
ter return to the neighborhood of houfes. It refufes to <*at in cap-
tivity, and lofes its life with its liberty. If one of its young is taken
.moves the reft to another

away,

pla

The Short-eared Owl, Ar£f. Zool. II. No, 115. appears to me to
be La Chouette of the Comte de Buffon, and his Moyen Due, ou Hibou,
tab. 29. of the PL Enlim. In p. 102. of my Indexes to his Ornitho-
logie, and the PL Enl, I have endeavoured to clear up the confufion,
which the illuftrious writer has introduced on the fubjeft.

I a Dotflor

i9

2 2 J.

229.

% i

'M\

I ^

6o

^r,6.

OWL. SHRIKE. RAVEN.

Doflor Tcugmclm, an able ornithologifl:, refident near Stockhhi,
l;U(.ly diirovcrcd a new fpecics of Owl, of the fize of a Blackbird. The
bill diilky, tii)pod wiili white : from its corners, to each eye, is a line of
black : the iridcs ycllov. : t!ie circlet of feathers round the eyes is white
mixed with dufi<y : head grey, ilriped with white, and furrounded with
a dulliv circle fpottcd with white and dufjcy: primaries dulky barred
witii white : breall and belly white, vai'ied irregularly with dun<y
marks : tail above, of adufl-;y grey, ftriped with white : toes feathered
to the claws -, grey, with pca-lhaped fpots of white.

The L.iTTM: Owi, appears in Sweden with the firfl rays of the fun •.
its voice is a moft acute whillle, by die imitation of which, fmall birds
are readily coUedled together.

240.. I'he Red-backed Shrike returns to S'joeden the latter end of

jipil: makes its ncfl in low buHies, in form of a cup, near a quarter
of a yard in diametei-, of wool, foft dry grafs, &c. witli amazing art.
The young are long before tliey fly : the rafli of feeding the youn'T refts.
chiefly on the female ; and principally the food confifts of infefts of
the hymenoptera order. ']'hcir food is not confineci to thofe, for Mr.
Oedman has (can about the nefts the exuvire of thoufands of hornets.
The fem.ale defends its neil floutly, yet at other tim^s is very timid -,
the male with great afl^eftion feeds its mate, when the latter is on the
duty of incubation j and during that time is rarely feen at home.
When the female has quitted the neft, the male undertakes the care of
the young; fitting for their protection in the top of fome neighboring
tree : the female fits in fearful filence : its mate elevates its voice.
This fpecies feeds chiefly on infeds, feldom on fmall birds. —Mr,
Oedman.

245, The Raven in winter lives in S'tvcdi'i!, in flocks, near th.e fliores

of the fca, to fupport itfel^ on whatfoever the waves fling up. The

ruftics ,

CROW. ROOK. NUTBREAKER. €i

niflics efteem it a bird of ill omen, efpecially when it is heard croaking
near the houfes of the fick. They fear (hooting this bird, under a no-
tion that it will fpoil their gun. — Mr. Oedman.

The Carrion Crow is never feen farther north than Norcopiny /at. 245.

58. 45.— Mr. Oedman.

The Rook has not been obferved in Sweden, except in tiie fouthern i5o«

province oi' Scania, and the iQc o( Oland. — Mr. Oedman.

It is very fingular, tliat the Hooded Crow, when it migrates, at 251.

the a[i;)roach of winter, out of Smoland, retires into Upland, a pro-
vince three degrees to the north of the former : there it lives during
winter, near the fliores, in the r ,;inner of the Raven. It is a bird de-
tefted by the natives. Feeds on the eggs of the wild Geefe and Ducks.
Is driven away frorn the illes by the B£.Ack-BACKED Gull. — Mr.
Oedman.

The Jackdaw is feldom met with beyond //t'^«^^^/«/7<^, a province 251.

lying between lat. 61. and 62. ^3. Inhabits towers, but often ufes the
«lefcrted nefts of Woodpeckers. ~ Mr. Oedman.

The NuTBREAKER comcs very late into Sweden ; and ftays there till 252.

thp nuts are gathered. Is not to be feen beyond Upland. Hazel nuts
rarely are to be met beyond Gefe, lat. 60. 45 : they have indeed been
iilanted, by Mr. Ilozftrcm, at SkcPtfla, near the ardtic circle : they en-
dured the winttr, but did not bear fruit. The nuts of Oland are
rrreatly fought after in Szvedcn, and thought there as fweet as almonds. —
iMr. Oedman.

The Jay is eaten in Sweden -, and taken in fpringes, baited with the 251.

berries of the mountain afh, or Jorbtis aucuparia.-^Mr. Oedman.

The

.,4^

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It

': m

6)t

WOODPECKER. HOOPOO. GROUS.

B

277'

235.

312.

3H.

314.

The Green Woodpecker inhabits the wooden ftecples of Sweden,
■AS well as trees.— Mr. Oedman.

The Hoopoo is called the Harfogel, or Soldier-bird, not from iis
crefl; but its note, uttering, as it runs on the ground, the note opp, opp, opp,
thrice repeating ir, then haftcns moft fwifcly to another fpot, and re-
peats the fame. Opp^ in the Swedifi language, fignifies the fame as 'To
Arms ! hence this bird has been ilyled die omen of war. — Mr. Ot-dwaj:.

The Great Grous* is very eafily tamed. if taken young, and is
fed with corn. The males, in a domeftic ftate, emit the Hime note all
the year, which in a wild (late they only ufe in the feafon of love
When a cock of this fpecies is fhot in the woods, its widows arc heard
to utter a note inexprelTibly mifcrable at their lofs. In the love feafon
the females have been found fo greatly overpowered with the all-ruling
pafllon, as to lay themfelves on the ground, foliciting the company of
the males, with their ufual note ; and fo intent on the expefted joys^
as to neglc'St their own fafety fo much, that the peafants have actually
taken them up in their hands. — Mr. Oedman.

The Spurious Grous, or Rackkhanen of the Swedes, is a breed
between die cock of the Black Grous, and a female of the Great Grous -,
its note partakes of both fpecies. It is reftlefs, conftandy moving from
tree to tree ; is therefore hated by fportfmen, as it gives other birds
notice of their approach. This variety is well figured by Doftor
Sparman, in his Mitjeum Carlfoniamimy tab. xv. — P.

The Black. Grou.s in the winter-time fills its craw with the catkins
of the birch, before it retires under the fnow; and by this means can
fuftain life feven days without any other food. — Mr. Oedman.

* I change th<^ tnvial, wood to that of crjat, as it is not peculiar to this fpcclei

to inhabit woods.

The

BUSTARD. STARE. WATER OUZEL.

The cock of the Black Game has been known in Sweden to cover
the common donnefl'C Hen, which did produce a barren fpurious breed.

T]i(; Great Bustard is very common in Scama, or Schotmi; bur
Profcjror Reizius informs me, he never faw nor heard of it in that
province.

The StaTxE winters in Denmark, but fometimes never quits Scania. —
Mr, Oedman.

The Water Ouzel is ufed by the Ruffiana as a remedy againft the
dropfy. The whole bird, unfeathered, is reduced to aflies in a pot j it
is taken in one dofe, and a£ls as an abforbent.— Mr. Oedman faw tt
fucceed beyond all expeftat'on in an a/cites : his father, a gentleman
eighty years of age, almoft fuffocated with a quincy, and with his fto-
mach greatly fwellcd, was rcftorcd to health in four days by this fimple
remedy only, and has furvived, in good health, feven years fince the
trial.

The fong of the Redwing differs from that of the mufical Thrush,
in moft eflential notes. —Mr. Oedman.

Mr. Arcillander obferves, in the A£l. Stockholm, 1786, that the
Golden Oriole rtiwrmtoSavolax, m Finland, in the endofiVfrty, and
retires in September : that it is much more frequent in the north of that
province than the fouth, living in the birch woods along the coafls.
Two males attend one female : is it therefore biandrous ? During fum-
mcr, they keep, by threes or fours together : towards autumn the flocks
increafe in numbers : foretel ftorms by an alteration in their whiftle.
They fly like Thruflies : are timid birds, yet very ir ;v ible, and will
bite very hard : are io tenacious of life, that one which was fhot
through by two great fhots, lived two days. The flefh is as good as
that of the Thrurti.— Mr. Oedm/tn

7 Doftor

63

3H.

3^1.

3JI.

33-

342.

343.

If

4ld

, J ;

' !

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, I

64

347 and 354.

34S.
379-

WREN. SCOTCH WARBLER. TITMOUSE.

Doftor Tengmalm obfervcs, that the JTaw Grosbeak, and Cuoss-
BILL, ',;oiiv' akernattly in vult flocks, but never appear at the fanic
time.

The Pine Grosbeak is the firft year of an orange color, the l\-~
cond of a fcarlet.

The Lesser Redpole mis^rates in flocks of above iwo hundred,
about Michaelmas, and not one female amongft theiii.— Mr, Oedman.

M^'J

hyenfts.
Soderman
part of th
fpot : the
rufl:-coloi
nii''ies di
moft who
o'i their

39^-

'I'he Pied Fly-catcher returns to Sweden in .-^pri! : lives near tl.e
vatc. : lays five cgf?;s, in the hallows of trees. - Mr. 0::::}iiaii.

riieSpoTTiio Flv-catciu;r., Br. Zoo/. I. No. -34, returr.s iatCi-.--
Mr. Ocdinaii.

The Fto£..rr'.'5., liuuilh i'icedula, is not found \n Sivcdet}, Lm-
N/tiUS being fonic'-ow or other niillakcn. — Mr. Oedinan.

41^. The Goldkn-crestud Wren, and Common Wren, never quit

Sivcden in the winter. The laft lives during that feafon in the thickeft
buflies . - Mr. Oedman.

418.
420.

Tlie Peitychai's vifits Sweden in the middle o( May.

The Scotch Warbler, or M. Jcrcdula, is difcovered by Dodor
TcNGMALM to be no other than a young yellow Wren. — M. Trochi-
Ih:. Mr. Oed-Uiin.

Tlie AziRi; Titmouse is tound in Sweden, at the farm of Suchy, in
Sodermanland ; and figured in that elegant work, by Dodlor Sparman,
before cited, tab. xxv.- .'.

In the fame work, tab. xxi. the fame gentleman defcribes and
ligures a new fpecies of Bunting, under the name oi Emberiza Macl-

byenfi^.

BUNTING.

hyettfts. It was difcovered on the eftate of Count Carl/on^ at Madly, in
Sodermanland. The bill and legs are reddifh : the crown, cheeks, and fore
part of the neck, are cinereous; between the eyes and noftrils is a white
fpot : the chin and vent white : lower part of the breaft, belly, and thighs,
rii ft- colored : back and coverts of wings ruft-colored and black : pri-
niii'ies dulky, edged with ruft : in the tail ten fcatliersj the fix middle-
in oft wholly black ; the two outmoft, on each fide, have the upper part
oi" their interior parts wliitc} the reft black, — Dr. Sjparman.^V,

6$

".•;'•;

3r

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• !V

.<: .''

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id
/-

K

D I V. II.

C6

SPOON-BILL. CRANE. HERON.

D I V. II. W A T E R - F O W L.

441. T^ ^ ^^^ Spoon-Bill may be made thefe additions •.—•They are found

X in vaft Hocks on the borders of die river Tiiik, about Kalmin-
jowa, where they refort to feed on the frefti-water muflfels. When
they are diflurbed, they rife high into the air, and afTume an oblique and
winding form, which no noife can difcompofe or break. Their plu-
mage, efpecialiy in their flight, exhibits a mofl dazzling whitenefs. I
do not trace them fartht;r fouth than Aleppo^ which is one of their
winter retreats.

Notwithflanding their flfliy food, they were formerly efteemed a
delicacy. A grove at SevenhuySy near Leyden, was, in the middle of
the laft century, one of their breeding-places ; and was rented from
the lord of the foil, by a perfon who made a profit of their young.
But when I was there, in 1765, I found that <-lie grove had been
long cut down, and the birds quite driven away. They are never
feen in England, except by accident.

44*' The Hooping Crane breeds in the north, in unfrequented places,

near the fides of lakes ; and makes its neft on the ground with grafs
and feathers : lays two white eggs, and fits twenty days. The young
are firft yellow, and by degrees become white. They feed on infects
and worms, which they get from the bottoms of fhallow ponds.

445* 1'he Great White Heron is gregarious, and may be ieen in

Carolina, perched on trees, in flocks of thirty or more.

%'.

445-

RED-BILLED.

Red-billed Heron, Latham, v. 93. — Catejhy, i. 77.' — Le ciabier abec rouge,
de Biiffon, vii. 401.

H. With a red bill, two inches and three quarters Lng. Irides

yellow: legs green: plumage of a fnowy whitenefs. Length eighteen

inches.

Tahabirs

n-

CRANE. STORK. IBIS.

Inhabits during fummcr Carolina. Frequents rivers and ponds. Feeds
on filh, frogs, &:c. Retires fouthat approach of winter.

The Bittern o( HnJ/on's Bny does not bellow like the Englijl.\

To the SiHrian Cra^'il may be made thefe additions: — It makes a
noife like the Whiftling Swan. It is very fliy, and dilTicult to approach ;
the moment it fees a man, be he ever fo far off, it inftantly rifes into
the air, which refounds with its cries. Its great height giving it the
advantage of feeing all round to a confiderable diftance ; the fportfman
is therefore obliged to ufe great caution. The left ruftling of the retds
fets it on its guard. He therefore approaches it under fome cover, or
when the bird is bufied in taking the finall fiflies, on which it feeds.
Apprehenfive as it is of men, it is fearlefs of dogs, and will attack
them with great fury, which gives the mafter opportunity of making
his fhot. In the breeding feafon it is quite intrepid, and will guard its
young with great courage, and with its /harp bill become a very dan-
gerous opponent to the pcrfon who attempts its neft. The male and
icmale alternately proteft the young. Thofe of the firft year are of the
color of ochre ; in the fecond they become white : the fkin is as red
as the bill. They are frequently reared with the young of other Cranes
at foboljki, and other parts of Sibiria^ and will agree with them very
well ; but will grow enraged at the fight of children, and eagerly ar
rack them. This fpecies poflibly extends to China, a bird, extremer
like it, being frequently feen on the Chinefe paper.

^7

45''
455'

' ^i

ps

The White Stork is never feen farther north in Sweden than 4^^;.

Seania,

The Bay Ibis has been feen of late years in the ifle of Oland. .g^^

This fpecies begins to form a fettlement there, and to return annually.

— Mr. Oedman,

K 2 The

■li

-m^

1

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Bi

WOODCOCK. SNIPE. GODWIT.

470.

47 r.

MARBLED

coDwrr,

mudsonian

GODWIT.

The female Woodcock may be diftinguiflied from the male by a
narrow ftripe of white along the lower part of the exterior web of the
outmoft feather of the wing. The fame part, i" the oiitmofl feather of
the male, is elegantly and regularly fpottcd with bli' k and reddifli
white. In the baftar.' - ;; f »' xh fex is a fmall pointed narrow fea-
ther, very claftic, Mxd mu Ji iuughi after by painters as a pencil.

The DitsKY Snipe is to be reckoned among the SiOediJh birds, one
having been killed near Stockholm. — Mr. Oedman.

Length nineteen inches. Bill orange, tbur inches long, black
towards the tip : plumage on the upper parts of the body brown,
marb^'- 1 and fpotted with rufous white : cere and cliin white : quills,
rufous V ;-eam-color, marked with minute brown fpecks : the whole of
the unJtr parts of the body pale rufous ; the bread and lides very pale,
tranfverfely barred with dufky waved lines s vent rufous white ; tail ru-
fous, eroded with fix or feven brown bars : legs black.

Inhabits HidJorCs Bay. Communicated by Mr. Latham,

Length nearly feventcen inche-; t bill three, bending a little
upwards 5 the bafe half pale, the reft black : crown blackif:- fpotted
and ftreaked with dufky white : fides of the head, and back part of
tlie neck, nearly the fame, but paler : lore dufky : over the eye a white
ftreak : chin whitilh : back and fcapulars duflcy brown, fpotted with
rufous white *. lefler wing coverts brown 5 in the middle paler, and
marked with a few fpots of white : larger coverts, plain afli-color :
quills black, with white (hafts, the bnfes of them, from the fourth, white
for one-third of duir length : run- whiti : the whole of the under
parts, from the chin to the vent, hne lufous bay, waved acrofs with
duflcy lines : tail feathers white at the bafe, and dufky the reft of their
length : legs black.

Inhabits Hudjoits Bay with the laft. Communicated 1/ Mr. Latham,
10 The

•I*

f

tn

m

I?-

ALWARGRIM. GALLIKULE. GREBF. GUILLEMOT. 69

Th° Alwargrim breeds in Kc morafles o^Smoland: thofc which 48 j,

migrate to the Swedijh Alps, return at Michaelmas, and ic-migratc
through Ilelfingelandy where thoufands of them are fcen covering the

fields. — Mr. Oedman,

The Spotted GALLif^uLE, Br, Zool. II. No 115, appears in //«i- 451.

/on's Bay in May ; retires in OSfober : lurks about the rivers and lakes :
lays ten or twelve white eggs under fome bufh. Length eight inches i
in weight not three ounces.

The Common Gallinule is found in Sweden, but omitted in its
Fauna. — Mr. Oedman,

I guefs that the Red-kecj4ed Greb£ is found in Sweden, it being
figured by Dr. Sparman, tab. ix. o( Muf, Carl/on, He calls it Colym-
bus Par Otis.

Mr. Oedman, like myfelf, has {eparated the Guillemots from the
Divers. The young birds are diftinguilhed, to their third year, by
the foftnels of their nails.

492.
499.

516.

Lr sf R Guillemot, Br, Zcel. ii. No. 235. — Latiamv, ^^t.-^lMnguia, Brunttic/j, il7»

No. 110.

G. With a black, (lender, and weak bill, two inches and a half long :
crown, and all the upper part of the body, wings, and tail, dufky moufe-
coln tips of the fecondaries white t from the chin to the vent white :
legs .ack. Length fixteen inches j extent twenty-fix ; weight nineteen
ounces.

Inhabits Iceland, and poltibly all the other northern coafts of Europe ;

frequents the Britiflj feas only in winter; are fcen with the Black-billed

Auks, in flocks innumerable, in the Firth of Forth, ia purfuit of fprats ;

are alfo f^cn on the coafts of North IValeSi and DevonJI/irc, in the fame

ft-afon.

The

\x

i \

'. t

,.:(:

iiS >l

m\\

?•

TERN. GULLS.

The excrements of the Bt.ack Guim.emot, in iht: Nor:i.';at. k-ns,
arc of a fcarlet color, occafioncd, .is is fuppofid, by its feeding on the
ajiaris verfipetliSf or ? odaat,

526. The Caspian Tern has been lardy ilifcovercd near Siodhohn. h

«turns to tlic Baltii: before the Black- Lai ked Gull. Lays three eggs on
the bare rock j white, thinly painted with black. — Mr. Oedinau.

Mr. Oedmav has confidered the different fpccies of Gulls with more
attention and judgment than any other naturaliH. On his remarks I
make the following correiflions of my own millakes, and thofe of moll
other ornitliologifli.

The IVci^cl is only a young Herring Gull, not arrived at its full plu-
mage. The Silvery, or Larus Argentatus, on the reverfe, is a very old
bird of the fame kind, whitened by age and cold. The c(i;gs of the
Herring Gull, in Sweden, are darker colored than thofe o( England.

The KiTTiWAKE, or Three-toed Gull, undergoes three alterations of
color. In the fidl ftage of its life, its plumage is much mixed with
black, and is at that time the fame with my 'Tarrock.

In its fecond ftage, is the fame with the Kittiwake-, and in the laft, is
the fame with the Larus Rija.

The Laughing Gull has been feen only very lately on the Bal'
tic fea.

Mr. Oedman fays, that the Ivcry Gull merits the name o(/nowy,
from its fuperlative whitenefs.

532.

The Glaucous Gull breeds on the rocks of the Baltic fea, and mufl
be placed among tlie birds of Sweden. It lays three blueifh eggs, with
fome large black fpots. They are very fharp at the lefler end.

The Winter Gull, Br. Zcol. II. No. 248, has been difcovered
to be the young of the common Gull, not arrived at its full

plumage.

Tills

'I ^v

PETREL.

This fpecies of Gull was difcovcred by Mr, Htitchins, in Hud-
Jon s Bay. Its bill is black, and three inches long : head, neck,
breaft, and belly, of an uniform brown : primaries black -, coverts and
fcapulars brown, marked with white : tail black, fpecklcd and tipt
with white. Length twenty-three inches j extent four (ect and a halfj
weight two pounds and a half. Perhaps a young Skua Gull : tlie natives
call it Keaflj.

To the genus of Pttrel may be added the following fpecies.

Latham, vi. 396.— Qucbrantahucflbs, Boug, roj. 63.— Coe/('/ foy.ii. 20^,— For-
yier't f^oy. 516. — De BuJ'on, ix. 519.

P. With a very ftrong bill, four inches and a half long, much
hooked at the end, and of a fine yellow, like that of poliflied box; the
tube reaches to the commencement of the hook. At the corners of the
mouth is a naked yellow (kin : the crown is dufky : hind part of the
neck and back light brown, mottled with dirty white : wings, fcapulars,
and tail, an uniform dufky brown: fore part of the neck, bread, and
belly, white : legs fliort, ftrong, and of a greyiili yellow: the fpur very
ftrong and fharp. Lengtii forty inches ; extent of wings feven feet :
equal in body to a goofe.

Thefe birds are very common off the weftern coaft of North Jmerica^
and in the fca between that continent and Kamtjchatka, and quite covei"
t,he rocks of the intervening chain of ifles with their numbcis. ^teller
faw multitudes feeding on a dead whale, two hundred verfts from land.
They fpread over die ocean like the little fpecies of Petrel, and like it
is the harbinger of ftorms. Sailors diflike their appearance, and call
them Mother Gary's Geeje, as they do the Icfftr kind her Chickens. Mo-
ther Gary was probably a witch, proteftrcfs of thefe ominous birds : for
Tcaiufn as well as landmen had dieir belief in the iceirt* lifters, who

Hand

71

K2ASH,

5J4.

OIANT.

PLACE.

im.

* '

m

M ■■'■n

I

7«

PETREL.

Hand in hand,
Pofters of the fea and land.

They often appear the day before a ftorm, fometimes fkimming the
furface of the water, following the courfc of the waves with expanded
and feemingly motionlefs wings ; as the winds increafe fo do tlieir
numbers -, gathering round the Ihip, fometimes flying round, at others
floating on the waves, but always keep near, till the return of fair
weather *.

They are found as high north as the Kamt/chatkan fcas ; and along the
weftern coafts ofJmerica, in difit?rcnt places, as low as Staaten land.
Tliey have been feen in the northern hemifphere in March, Aprily and
May. In the fouthern, for example, in 1'erra del Fuego, and Kergiidin's
ifland, in Deca^ber. They are very foolifli birds j and were found in
t;he laft place fo tame, as to fuff'er the feamen to knock them on the
head wii;h fticks. The RuJfmnSy on account of the fliupidity of thele
birds, call them Gloupichi f . They feed on the carcafes of feals, whales,
or any others they meet with. M. Bougainville intimates, that they
alfo prey on live birds j for he fpeaks of them as the enemy of cer-
tain kinds frequent en the Falkland illes J. From the vaft ftrength of
their bills, they certainly are a redoubtable foe : the Spaniards, from that
circumftance, call them Sluehrantahucffos, or the Bone-breaker \\. Our
circumnavigators eat of them, and call them a good food.

It is very probable that they migrate, with the Albatros, into the fou-
thern hemifphere, and breed there. The eggs of the Pintado Petrel
were found on Kergudin\ land in December. A finall blue fpecies, and a
fmall black one, were alfo feen at the fame time alhore there §. This,
concurrence of four fpecies of a genus, which is never found on land,,
ttnlefs at the feafon of breeding, renders certain that this is one of the

* Vlloa's voy. II. 220. oftavo, tr&n{.~-Pernetti's voy. tranf. 100.

f Defer. Kamt/cbatka, 492, 505. X Bougaiavilk's voy. tranf. 62.

tl VJUa,

§ Cook's laft voy. I. 87.

1

placer,, and

*

great comir

£.

P. With

t

fpace roun

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dufKy : cro

1"

Iboty bhick

body of a 1

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the length (

of tlie toes

From a i

^

the wetlern

1

P. With

H

noftrils, onl

^m

lower wliite

1

of die midc

wt

as the vent

wM

rocs ycUowi

B

Inhabits

fl

hit. 1. 59.

1

The Gof

fll

it froin feec

H

in tlie mod

■1

It lays fou

■|

buflies. T

1

their heads

Hj

I'hc Mef

places,

-■W

PETREL. GOOSANDER.

places, and December one of the months in which they peifonti the fiili'
great command of perpetuating their race.

Latham, vi. 408. — Lev. Mus.

P. With a black bill, an inch and a half long : chin, throat, and
fpace round its bafe, of a pale filvery grey, minutely fpeckled with
dufivy : crown, upper part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, of a
Iboty black, a litde hoary on the back : whole lower part of neck and
body of a hoary afii : tail rounded at the end : legs, and one third of
the length of the webs, very pale; the reft of the webs and the joints
of the toes black. I.,cngth thirteen inches.

From a fpecimcn in tlie Leverian Mufeum, fuppofed to come from
the weftern fide of North America.

n

BLACK-TUEU.

t ;l

Latham, vi. 416.— 5,-. Muf. DtJ£KV.

P. With a dufliy bill, an inch an'i an half long : inftead of tubular
noftrils, only two fmall apertures : upper part of the body duflcy black,
lower white : fides of the neck mottled with brown and white : edges
f the middle coverts of the wings w!iiti(h : legs placed as far behind
as the vent, duflcy on their outfides, pale on the inner : two inner
roes yellowilh : webs orange. Length thirteen inches.

Inhabits Nootka found ; and Chrijlmas ifle, in the Pacific ocean, J'lace.

hi. I. 59. north, long. 20;. 30. Eaft.

0

m

The Goosander fears lefs the cold than the ice, the laft preventing 537

it from feeding: one was feen in Uelfingeland, in the month o^ January^
in the moft intcnfe cold. It returns among the firft birds m tl;e fpring.
It lays fourteen eggs, fometimes in hollow trecj, Ibmetimes under
budies. The inales, in the month of July, often fieep on me water with
their heads under their wings. I'hey feed chiefly on Blenuies.

I'hc Mergiis Cnjlor of Linn.eus, is the female of this fpec'i;'s-

L Ihc

mx

i, ■<*' iri

1 '/liUl

r^,

74

540.

MERGANSER. GOOSANDER.

The Minute Merganser, Ar^, Zool. II, p. 540. A. is the fc-
male of the Sniczv.

537.

eRowv.

The Red-breaflcd Goojander arrives later in Sweden than tlie Great
GooJ'iinder. It has luch a predile,5tion for the color of red, tha: the
iliooters life dogs of that tinge, and even cover their bodies with red
cloth or linen, when they are engaged in the purfuit of this fpecies.

Mr. MuTciiiNS adds two fpecies to this Genus, difcovered by hini'
in lIudjGHs Buy.

The head of the firil is of a dark brown. From the orbits is a wlntiHi
brown ftrokc, extending bacl-:\vards, and ending in a large pendent creil ;
the upper part of it brown, the lower black : greater and lefTer coverts,
fcapulars, and tail, black : fecondaries of the lame color, but each web is
broadly edged v.'ith white : chin fpcckled with black and white : breall
bluiili grey, lightly mottled with white : belly wliite : vent tawny : be-
yond the jund'tion of the thighs with the body are a few black feathers
marked with red : legs dufl-:y yellow. Weight tv. enty-three ounces.
Length fevcnteen incites and a lialf.

This fpecies arrives in the bay in May^ as foon as the rivers are open.
Makes its ncit about the lakes, with grafs, lined with feathers pulled from
ixs own breall : retires when the rivers are frozen.

Si,;j-, The next is called by the natives JFazv fav ne -z-.-ay Je pis. Has .i

black, long, flender bill : forehead and crown of a ihining black, and
the feathers long: about the .ars are feme dirty white feathers : tliroa'-
and belly white : bread and vent bkK' : the hind part of the neck in-
clines to brown : primaries, fcapulars, bafbard wing, and lefler covert?.
dark blue : greater coverts blue, marked with a white fpot : fecondaries
white on the outfide, blue on the inner : tail black, Hiort, and rounded :

Irgs blue. Weight fourteen ounces. Length fourteen inches.

Arvivcv

SWAN. GEESE. DUCKS.

75

Arrives in Hudfons Bay mjune: lays ten fmall white eggs, and
makes its ncft on the top of fome flump of a tree, near the fides of pondsj
and forms a cavity by fcraping away the rotten wood : liatchcs in
Jidy^ and immediately conveys its young to the water : recir'.'s in
O^cher.

V (vfi!

Sv.ANS were twice feen, in ylpril, in Nooika found, flying northwan!,
towards their breeding-places. Thefe birds accompany the Geefe in
their vernal vifit to Hudfon's Bay, in flocks of about nine : arc very nu-
merous inland, but alfo breed along the coaft.

The Grey Lag Goose appears as foon as the fun lias force enough
to melt the ice ; that is in May. They alight and feed on the grafly
fpots : they coUeft in flocks of twenty or thirty: ftiy about three
weeks: Itparate into pairs, and refort along the coafts to breed. In
July tliey moult, at which time the Indians knock them down with
Ibcks. Some are brought alive to the factories, where they are fed with
corn, and thrive greatly. About the middle q{ Augiift the Geefe return
to tiic marfnes with their young, and continue there till Septcmler.

The Blue-wingi;d Goose is very numerous r.bout Albany Fort,
but grows more fcarce towards the north. The head and neck of the
male is of a pure white.

Brent Geese flay about three months in Hudfons Bay, and are very
numerous.

540.

547'

SS^'

The Velvet Duck is always on the lea, and never on the lakes.
Returns to Siueden the lateft of any, and lays the lateft ; even the eggs
havt^ been found frefli laycd in the beg!:-nitig o( July. Tiiey are white,
and about eight or ten in number. This fpecies lays them under die
juniper buflies, and covers them clofe with its elailic feathers, The
young dive mofl admirably. The mother Mghts in defence of them.

but refigns them to the vidlor. They live entirely on fliells.

The

555"

•wiil

'6

550.
k66.

DUCKS.

The Scoter appears in Sivcden in the carliefl fpring, ready for its
migration towards the extreme north.

The LoN'G-TAiLED Duck is the true Alfogel of the Swedes, not ilic
Pintail. Ltnn.^us has formed two fpecies out of it, and 1 have de-
Icribed a young male as its female j fo great are the variations of plu-
mage in different llages of life, I have fcen many, but all of tliem
fluffed. Mr. Oedman, who has had opportunity of examining multitudes
frefli from the fliot, thus defcribes an old female.

The bill is black, fometimes furrounded with a pale circle, fomctimes
plain : the region of the eyes white : crown, and a certain fpace on
each fide of the neck, duflcy : round the lower part of the neck is a
whitifli collar : bread mixed with dufky and grey, growing gradually
hoary till it is loft in the whitencfs of the belly : flioulders varied with
duiky, rufous, and grey : back and rump black, fprinkled tranfverfcly
with grey : primaries dufky : the coverts mixed with gi-ey : tail fhorr
and cuneiforn..

Tlie crown and neck of tlie young female is black, fprinkled with
white : acrofs the bill is a band of red : fpace round the eyes cinereous,
edged with white : throat, bottom of the breaft, and belly, white : back
dufky-afh : tail dufkjr, white on its fides. It may be obferved, that
the younger tiie bird is, the more it is tinged with rufous : and that the
long feadiers in the tail are the character of the male. — Mr. Oedman.

The Western Duck, and another, fuppofed to be its female, have
been killed at one fiiot, in a river in Ofter-GotUuuU and are both en-
graven in the MiiJ. Car {[on, tab. vn. vni.

The Female is entirely ferruginous, marked with dufky and black ;
the bill and legs black : the primaries, and greater coverts, dufky, fomc
of the latter tipt with white. Has much refemblance to the Red
Duck of the Ar^k Zoology, II. p. 576. N.

T

CLASS

I

:.\ •

TORTOISE.

77

•«»!

L A S

III.

'i t'fl

■ '■' f til if .-;:!

R

E P T I L E S.

D I V. I.

P E I) A T E D.

Br. ZoolAU. j^. 7. Ge.vus I*.

Green Turtle, Cairjhy, ii. 38.

Teftudo maiiiia vulgaris ; cK jurucua, Rail Syn. S^i.u/. 2^.}.. 250.

Tcrtudo iVIydas, Li!/, y^o.

La Tortuc franchc, RcJjJln JntiU.'i. 45 j.

TO RT O I S E with fin-like feet : two claws to the fore, one to the
hind : a blunt head : convex fliell : the dorfal fegments fmooth.
This fpccies abounds about the Bahama iQes, but never lay their eggs
there, but migrate at certain feafons from Cuba ; yet this kind, and die
Loggerhead, dcpofit their eggs in the fand on the beaches, in £^7?
Florida, and feed during fummer in the rivers and creeks f. Carolina
is fupplied with them from the Bahamas, as an article of luxury.
They breed about Cuba, and other adjacent ifles.

. TORTOISE.
1. GREEN.

PLACE.

Tcftudo Carelta difta, Rati Sji». ^ad. 258.
La Caret, Rochfort Antill. i. 502.
Telludo imbricata, Lin. 350.

'T'Ortoise, with the upper mandible incurvated : with two claws
on every foot : the plates of the back elevated and (harp : two rows

• The references of pages, in genera and fpecies, are to the laPt oftavo edition of
the Britip Zoology. The numbers, in refpeft to fpecies, are the fame in both iiuario and
eSlaiio.

t Doftor Garden.

M of

2. H'AV7KBILL»

78

rLACE.

TORTOISE.

of lateral plaits, divided by narrow deganr futures j the lower row
terminates in Iharp points, tending backwards.

This and the two following kinds inhabit the Bahama ifles, and brecti
on them, l^his is the fpeclcs which yields tlie beautiful fjiell, fornv.-rlv
highly clleemcd for cabinet works.

3. LOGGERHEAD.

PLACE.

Tcftudo marina Cnouanna difta, Raii Sjii, ^ati, 257.
I,a Catiuanne, Rochfcrt Anixll. i. 501.
Loggerhead T. Catcjly, ii. 40.

'"P With a large head, with a triple order of plates from the back to
the fides.
This fpecies ranges from the Bahamas midway to tiic Azores ; havino-
been ftruck, fleeping on the water, in lat. 30. north. Are ve-y vora-
cious, bold, and very foul feeders. They live much on lliclls, and
have ftrength to grind or break with their mouths the flrongell bucchia.
i heir flefli is rank, and little efteemed.

4. TRUVK.

TLACJ;.

The Trunk Tortoife, Catejly, ii. 40.

np Of a narrow form, but very deep : the upper fliell, being very con-
vex, grows to a great fize : the flelh rank, but much oil is ex-
traifled from it, which alone makes it valuable.

Defcribed, but never feen, by Mr. CatejJiy^ who gives the above ac-
count from relation.

RIVER. NewTortoifc. Soft-fliclled Turtle, P*. 7r. 177 1. p. 266.

^y* Wit'i a deprefled body ; in the middle hard and boney, towards

the edges flexible, and refembling thick tan-leather ; in many

parts tuberculated ; thtjlermm fmooth and white, reaching, in form of

a faddle, about two thirds the length of the lower part, the reft covered

with a (kin.

Head

T O R T O I S li.

Head triangular 5 nofc flcndcr, produced like tli.it of a mole : tlio
neck thick, long, retradlilc : Irfdes lemon-colored, lively : have a lki'»
like a nidtating membrane.

FoRE-FEF.T with five tocs, and two fpurious; flrong claws on the
three firft : Hind-feet with the fame number of toes and claws, with
only one fpurious : fl^in of the legs loofe, wrinkled, dufliy green :
Tail fliort and thick.

Inhabits no further north than the rivers o^ Savannah and /Ualamahay place.

in South Carolina t alfo thofe o( Eaft Florida : grows to a great fize,
to feventy, and even a hundred pounds in weight. Is very ftrong, fvvifr,
and fierce ; and, if attacked or difturbed, will raife itfelf on its legs,
and leap forward, to bite the aflailant, with great fury and violence.
The flefli is very delicate, and even preferable to that of die Green
Tortoife.

This fpecies (with beautiful drawings taken from the live animal)
were communicated by Dodtor Garden, late of Charlcffozvn, and de-
fcribed and engraven in the Philojopbical TranJaSlions.

'X* With a fmall Head, deprefled : upper mandible hooked: eyes 6. serrated^

near tlicend of thenofe : middle row of fcales obtufely pointed:
Sternum lozenge-fhapcd ; joined to the fides by a flrong membrane :
Toes five before, four belli nd : legs fquamofe and plicated : length of
head and neck fix inches and a half: body nine : Tail five and a half,
cultrated, fcaly, and at top fl:rongly ferrated.

Inhabits the rivers of New York. Seen in the coUeftion of Mr, place.

fko. BoltoUi near Halifax.

iif

>'

Telludo Carollni, Li». 352. — Gron. Zooph. No. 77.
Land Tortoife fram Carolina, Ed^.u. zo^.—Laivfon, 133.

With a blunt nofe : long thick neck covered with a purplifli ficin:
irides yellow; body very convex ; fcales large, marked with con-
centric lines ; color brown, cliequered with yellow : five tocs on the fore

M 2 feeti

7. CHEQ^JERED.

tbt-

I' I

m

■4.1

r-fy

i

ma

?o

FROG.

ffct ; four on the hiiul, with ftrong claws to each : only thf rudiment
of a tail.
j'l./.CE. Inhabits G?;Yi///rt : flecps, like othi-r l.intl Tortoills, during winter :

feeds on fnails, tadpoles, young frogs, and nuiflirooins : i;. an uticr
ent'iny to tlif Rattio Snake ; will llhe ii below tlie neck, aiui, by draw-
ing its own head into the Ihell, becomes invulnerable : the fnake twines
about the Tortoife j but is foon deltroyed, and left on the ground.

i. UVr). Mud Tortoife, £./u'. 2S7.—iLw'n.yt7; 133.

'Tp Widi a blunt head : flat finooth flicUj divided into tliirtccn
cKifky fegmentSj furrounded with a rim of otiiers : the (Icrnum co-
vering almoft the whole belly ; five roes on the fore feet, four on the
hind, webbed, and furniflied with claws : tail flender, with a hard
horny point.
PLACE, Inhabits Penjylvama and Carolina. Laivjon praifes it as an excel-

lent food, efpecially in May and June. Their eggs are alio very good,
but they are tiie prey of fo many animals, that few arrive at per-
feftion.

II. F R O G. Br. Zool III. 9. Genus II.

9. BULL. Rana ocellata, Li/i. 356.

Bull Frog, Laiv/oti, 132. — Calejly,\\. 72. — Kalm. ii. 170.

■p R. With duiTcy red irides, furrounded with a yellow ring : die
auricles covered with a thin circular fkin, forming a fpot behind
each eye : four toes on the fore feet : five palmated toes behind. It
grows fo large, fays Law/on, that I have feen one with as much meat on
it as a pullet. Color of a duflcy brown mixed with yellowifh green, and
fpotted with black : the belly yellowifh white, faintly Ipotted.
K.ACE. Sit in pairs, at the fprings of fmall rills -, are fuppofed by the people

of Virginia to be the purifiers of waters, and refpefted as tht genii of the
fountains. If furprized, leap into the mouth of the fpring, and lie fecure.

During

FROG.

8i

During winter I'cmain torpid under mud. In the fpring begin to bel-
low : tli'j noifc is like that of an enraged bull ; and (o loud as to be
hcanl, in a (till evening, a mile. Will go three yards at a leap. Kaiiit
lays, they frequent only ponds and ftagnant waters. All writt rs agree
in their devouring li ■■■'• chickens, ducks, and goflings. 'I'hey are
edible. Some were brought alive, a few years ago, to Et/^/>i)!c/.

Water Frog, Catejly, ii. 70.

TV R. With large black eyes, and yellow iridcs : long limbs: upper
part of the head and body of a dufky green, fpotted with black:
from each eye to the nofe a white line : from each eye along the fules
to the rump, a yellow line.

They frequent rivulets and ditches, which they do not quit i'oi the
dry land. It is faid they will fpring five or fix yards at a leap.

10. Stripbd,

Rana arborca, Lin. 357.
Green Tree Frog, Catejly, ii.

-l.-^LauuCon, It:.

T7R. Of a (lender fliape : bright green color, marked on each fide
with a line of yellow : eyes black ; irides yellow : four toes be-
fore, five behind ; at the end of each toe a round membrane, concave
beneath, not unlike the mouth of a leech.

Lurk under the lower fides of leaves-^ '•ven of the tailed trees, and
adhere firmly, by means of the membrauer at the ends of their toes,
flicking to the fmootheft furface : a lookiiig-glafs was held before one,
at four yards diftance ; it readied it at one leap, and ftuck clofely to it.
At night tliefe Frogs make an inceflfant chirping, and leap from fpray to
fpray in fearcli of infeds,

I believe this fpecies to be common to Jnifrica and the warmer
parts of Europe.

Pi At 1,

1 1. Tntf.

Pi.ACir,

Land

itli

lif:

82

12. Land.

t ACt.

5 J. Cl.VJREOUS.

PlACE,

LIZARD.

Land Frog, Catejlyy, i!. 6r),-—Ltni.'/h)t, 131.

TT U.With the appearance ofa Toad : above grey or '.; "n, fjjottiii
"*• with aufky j below white, faintly Ipottcd : iruuj red : fliorc
legs.

Frequent the high lands : feen mofl: often in wet weather, in the hot-
teft time of the day : leap ; feed on infects, particularly the fire-fly,
and ant. Sometimes the ylmericntis bake and reduce this fpecit-s to
powder, which, mixed with orrice-root, is taken as a cure fo,- a
tympany.

T7R. With the back gibbous, cinereous, and {iiiooth : belly yellow, and
granulated : on each fide, from the nofc to the run , is a white
line : the fame on the outfide of the thighs and legs : toes bullaced at
their ends.

Inhabits Carolina.

it will fwa
get into tl
them to p

They a
dens, whi
entrance t
and re fort
f.'eks its p

It roar
a,^ainft b
nt;ar the t
the fun :
own fpeci
is the infl
preventin.

III. LIZARD,

14. Allegator.

Place.

J3r. Zool. III. 21. Genus III.

Laceti.a Cracjdylus* Lin. 359.— CtJ/^j, ii. 63. — Lmvfoit, 120,

T With a \^.^^: rvsouth, furnifhed with fliarp teeth : from the back to
the end of the tail ferrated : fkin tough and brown, and covered
on the fides with tubercles. Grows to the length . eighteen feet.

This dreadful fpecies is found in the warmer parts o( Norib Jmer'-ca j
and mod numerous as we approach the fouth, and the more iicrcc
and ravenous. Yet in Carolina never devours the human fpecies, but
on the contrary Ihuns mankind ; yet will kill dogs as they fwim the
rivers, and hogs whici> feed in the fwamps. It is often feen floating
like a log of wood on the furface of the water, and is miftaken for fuch
by dogs, and other animals, which it feizes and draws under water to
devour at its leifure. Like the wolf, when prefled by long hunger.

T o^

whi

ing fierce

Inhabit

Remarka

bod

LIZARD.

it will fwallow mud, and even Clones, and pieces of wood. They often
get into the wears in inirfuit of fifli, and do much mifchicf by breaking
thein to pieces.

They are torpid during the winter in Carolina^ and retire into their
dens, which they form by burrowing far under " )und } it nv.ikcs the
entrance under water, and works upwards. In fprmg it quits its retreat,
and reforts to the rivers, whirli it fwiius up and down j and chiefly

Iter is '-irackida.

f.'eks its prey near the mouth, whcr ■ tl

It roars and makes a dreadful noife .n
a:^ainfl: bad weather. It lays a v;'
near the banks of lakes and rivers, a.
the fun : multitudes arc deftroyed as loo
own fpecies, or by fifh of prey. In South yi,,.t/ica the Carrion Vulture
is the inftrumcnt of Providence to deftroy multitudes ; by that means
preventing the country from being rendered uninhabitable*.

11 leaving its den, and

of eggs in the fand,

thun to be hatched by

-Itched, either by their

Laccrta fex-lineata, Lin. 364.
Lion Lizard, Catejl>y, ii. 68.

T Of a grey color, marked lengthways on each fide with three
whitilh lines : long legs : very long tail, which it curls up, look-
ing fierce at the fame time. The fize about fix inches.

Inhabits South Carolina^, and the greater Antilles. Very inofFenfive.
Remarkably agile, but is a prey to rapacious birds.

«3

15. Lio:

Place.

Ii

m'

Green Lizard of CarpW, taivfon, \i\.'—CateJhy, ii. 65.

T Totally green : very flender : tail near double the length of die
body. Whole length about five inches.

• AraU Zeol.U. 193,
2

t Doftor G.^RDiN.

Inhabits

16. Green.

'Ml

I

■:m

•■:^u

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

//

A^

^^ '^^,

5^

:/a

1.0

I.I

1.25

^ US, ill 2.0

12.2

i.4

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1.6

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Hiotograpnic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

d

y.

%

\

»4

Pi acr.

J''. Fl VE-LINEI).

Pi.Kcr..

18. GUAN \,

Pi ACf.

LIZARD.

Inhabits Carolina : domeftic, familiar, and harmlcfs. Sports on ta-
bles and windows, and amures with its agility in catching flics : ^^azes at
mankind without concern : ftvclls its throat into a protuberance, wlncli
it difcharges at will. Cold afFe(5ts the colors : in that uncertain climate,
wlien theic is a quick tranfition, in the fame dr,y, from hot to cold, it
cliangcs inftantly from the mod brilliant green to a dull brown. Is
fometimes tempted by a gleam of fun to quit its retreat, but by the fud-
den change of weather is fo enfeebled, as not to be able to return to its
hole, and will die with cold.

L. 5-lIiie.ita. L. Cauda tereti mcalocrl, dorfo lincis quinque albidis, li/i, 365.

T With one yellow line under each eye, two between, and one on
each fide above : upper parts of the body dufky, marked witli
five lines of a pale yellow color, reaching to the middle of the tail :
belly fcaly and ftriated : tail half as long again as the body.
Inhabits Carolina. — Doiflor Garden.

L. Iguana, Lht. 366.

The Guana, Cattjby, ii. 64.

T With the top of the back and tail ftrongly ferrated : the gullet
ierrated in the fame manner. Sometimes found to be five feet
long. Has fmall teeth, and will bite hard.

Inhabits the rocks of the Bahama iflands j and lurks in cliffs, or hol-
low trees : feeds entirely on vegetables and fruits : the fat of the abdo-
men aflumes the color of that which it has laft eaten : has a mod dif-
gufting look } yet is eftecmed a moft delicate and wholefome food j
noxious only to venereal patients *. Is flow : not amphibious 5 yet on
neceflity will continue long under water : fwims by means of the tail,
keeping its legs clofe to the body. Guanoes are the fupport of the na-
tives of the Bahamas i who go in their floops from lOck to rock in

L.

L.

* Linnaut,

fearch

¥■'

LIZARD.

fearch of them. They are taken with dogs trained for the purpofe.
As foon as caught, their mouths are fewcd up, to prevent them from
biting. Some are carried alive for fale to Carolina j others faked and
barrelled for home confumption.

ei

Lacerta fafclata, Lin. 369.
Blue- tail Lizard, Catejby, ii. 67.

T With a fhort head : brown body, ftriped from the nofe to the tail
with five yellow lines : the tail flender and blue. Length of this
fpecies fix inches.

Inhabits Carolina and Virginia. Poffibly differs only in fex from the
Five-lined Lizard.

19. Blub<

TAILED.

Place.

Lacerta punQata, Lin, 370.
Spotted Eft, Catejby App. 10.

T With the crown, back, and upper part of the tail, duflcy, mark-
ed on each fide of the back with a row of round white fpots :
throat, fides, and belly, dull yellow. Length five inches.
Inhabits Virginia.

Lawfin, 131.

T With a copper-colored back, and orange belly ; called by Lawjotty
the Scorpion Lizard : very aftive in running up trees : is faid to
be venomous ?

20. Spottbd.

Place.
21. ScoRnoN.

It With a long head, and great blunt nofe : the whole animal of a 2a. Annul atbd.

dufky color, with a row of large white fpots on each fide of the
back : tail carinated above and below : body divided and furrounded
by annuli. Length about fix inches.
Called in America^ the PVell Slow.^Mrs. Blackburn's Mu/eum.

N I HAVE

im±\

%6 SIREN.

23. SirNDBR. T 11 AV E examined anothei-j about eight inches long, as flendcr as a
crow-quil : head fmall : tail blunt, and of equal thicknefs : body
marked from head to tail with lines of pale brown and black : beily
lead-color : tip of the nofe and tail white.
I think its place was Carolina.

m_

IV. SIREN.

24. SlRFN.

Body and hea 1 anguilliform : two feet placed below the neck.

The Mud -Iguana, Ph. Tr. 1766. p. 189.

C With anguilliform head and body : eyes minute : noftrils on the
fides of the nofe : teeth fharp, ranged in tranfverfe rows, fit for
biting or grinding : three openings to the gills, with three pennated
appendages on each fide of the covers : the legs are in form of arms,
placed high on the breaft, not remote from the throat : each foot has
four divided toes, with a claw to each : the body covered with fmall
fcales funk in gelatinous matter ; color dufky, but the fides dotted in
lines witli white : the tail compreflTed, and, like that of an Eel, fup-
plied above and below with a ray-lefs fin.
Px-ACR. Peculiar to the muddy fwamps of South Carolina; lurking beneath

the antient trunks of trees that impend over the water : makes a croak-
ing noife : fragile, for if caft on the ground !«■ ' ^%ki in three or four
pieces.
SizF. Grows to the length of thirty-one inchea^

DI V.

H A T T L E S N A K E.

«7

D I V. II. WITHOUT FEET.

■'<"'.

SERPENTS,

With plates on the abdomen : plates and fcales beneath the tail j a
rattle at its end. LiNN/f;vs.

Crotalus horridus, 167. Scutis, 23. Scutellis, Lin. 371.
Rattlcfnakc, Catejl>y, ii. j^\.-~Laivfon, iz8.

"D With a brown broad head : yellowifh brown back, marked with
broad tranfverfe dcntated bars of black : fcales rough : belly cine-
reous: the jaws furniflied with fmall (harp teeth j four fangs in the
upper jaw, incurvated, large, and pointed, the inftruments of death ; at
the bafe of each a round orifice, opening into a hollow, that near the
end of the tooth appears again in form of a fmall channel : thefe teeth
may be ereftcii or comprcfled : when in the aflion of biting, they force
out of a gland near their roots, the fatal juice : this is received into the
round orifice of the teeth, conveyed through the tube into the channel,
and thence with unerring diredion into the wound.

The tail furniflied with a rattle, confiding of joints loofcly conneft-
ed J the number uncertain, depending, as is pretended, on the age of
the animal, it receiving with every year a new joint. Authors men-
tion forty and feventy *.

Rattlefnakes grow to the length of ciglit {^ztt and, according to a
news-paper acount, to fourteen.

• Kalm, in the Swedijh Medical Effays, Z90.— Ph. Tr. abiidg. vii. 412.

N 2 Swann

V. RATTLE
SNAKE.

25. Great,

* •11 V:

8S

RATTLESNAKE.

Pl.ACJ.

Swarm in the Icfs inhabited parts o( North America : now almofl:
extirpated in the populous ; none found farther north than the nnoun-
tains near lake Cbamplain * : but in the fouth infeft South Jmtricn,
even as far as Brnftl f. Love woods and lofty hills, efpecially where
the ftrata are rocky or chalky : the pafs near Niagara abounds with
them. Being flow of motion, they frequent the fides of rills, to make
prey of frogs, or of fuch animals that refort there to quench their third :
are generally found during fummer in pairs : in winter, colledt in mul-
titudes, and retire beneath ground, beyond the reach of froft : tempted
by the warmth of a fpring day, they are often obferyed to creep out
weak and languid: a perfon has feen a piece of ground covered with
them, and killed with a rod between fixty and feventy ; till, over-
powered with the flench, he was obliged to retire.

They couple in Augufty and then are mofl dangerous : are vivipa-
rous, and bring forth, in Jmey about twelve young ones : between that
and September they acquire the length of a foot.

Providence hath given mankind a fecurity againfl the bite of thefc
dreadful reptiles j for it does not often fail warning the pafTenger of its
vicinity, by the rattle of its tail. In fine weather that monition is al-
ways given, in wet weather feldom, which gives the Indians a dread of
travelling amidft the woods in rainy feafons.

It moves along with the head on the ground j but if alarmed, it
flings its body into a circle, coiling itfelf with the head in the centre
creft, and with the eyes flaming in a moft terrific manner. Happily it
may be eafily avoided : it is flow in purfuit, and has not the power of
Ipringing at its aflfailant, like many of the innocent tribe.

It is difficult to fpeak of its fafcinating powers : authors % of credit
defcribe the elFefts. Birds have been feen to drop into its mouth,
fquirrels defcend from their trees, and leverets run into its jaws.

• Kalms Travels, iii. 48. t Marcgrave, 240.

t Laiu/on—CateJhy^Fh. Tr. abridg. ix. 56, &c. vii. /^l^.^^Bridel'i Hift. Carcliua,
1 44.— j9/X'«r/ry Virginia, zio.-^Coldtn, i. 1 2.
4

Terror

RATTLESNAKE.

Terror and amazement fccm to lay hold on thcfc litiie animals : they
make violent efforts to get away, flill keeping their eyes fixed on thofe
ofthefnakc; at length, wearied with their movements, and frightened
out of all capacity of knowing the courfe they ought to take, become
at length the prey of the cxpefting devourer, probably in their lad
convulfive motion.

Rattlefnakes arc apt to frequent houfes : every domeftic animal on
their approach, as if by inflindb, takes alarm; dogs brillle, and the
poultry creft their feathers ; hogs only attack them, feeding on then)
with impunity. The brave Indians will alfo eat their flefh : a Man,
fays the Mohawk Sachem, eats every thing without didinftion, dogs,
fnakes, frogs, (^c. : it is womanifli to be delicate in the choice of
food.

The bite of this Serpent is of the molt venomous kind ; if the wound
is on a vein or artery, death enfues rapid as thought * ; if in a flefliy
part, there are hopes of a remedy j the moft efficacious, if done in time,
is either the burning, or the cutting out the part affefted. The fymptoms
are, naiijea, convulfions, fpitting of blood, and bloody ftools ; lofs of
the ufe of the limbs ; fwellings, and difcolored (kin ; fever, deliria ;
and, if the cure takes any length of time, difturbed reft, and dreams of
the moft horrible kinds f*

The ufe of the famous Radix Senega, Amcen. Acad. ii. 1 26, or Poly-
gala Senega, Sp. PI. ii. 990, wh-ch was once fuppofed to have been an
efFedual remedy againft the bite of this dreadful reptile is now exploded,
but it ftill maintains its charadler In feveral diforders. Its efficacy, par-
ticularly in pleurifies, is moft fully eftabliftied in Virginia : formerly
near fifty out of a hundred died of that diftemper, but by the happy
ufe of this root, hardly three out of the fame number have been loft.

89

•u 'A '•■'*

i

fj/ -

* Kalm, in Swe^i/A Med, Ertays, zSz.

t /*/&. Tr, viL 410. &c. xi. 356.

Crotalus

mi

m

90

BOA.

26. Small Cioialus durilTm, 173— si.— i/w, 371.

Small Rattkfnakc, Catejhy, W, 4a.

O Of a brown color tinged with red, marked with diflind fpots of
black with white edges.

Catejliy doubts whether tliis is a diftinft fpecies, as ferpents Ibmc-
times change their marks with the change of their (kins.

LiNNi«u3*£ cl.arafter of the number of plates and fcales, aflfures us
of its fpecific difference.

Lefs venomous than the former.

z-j. Miliary. Crotalus miliarius, 13 — 31.— Z,;«. 272.

O With cinereous body, with three rows of black fpots, and a red
one between each of thofc on the back.
L-iNN/Eus quotes CateJI^y^ 42, for this fpecies i but his Cr. Buriffus
fuits that writer's defcription. Doftor Gardens name is prefixed to this,
fo it is certain this fpecies or variety exifts.

VI. BOA. Plates on the abdomen, and beneath the tail : no rattle. Linn^us.

28. HoGNOSE. Boa contortrix, -150 — 40. — Lin, 373.

Hog-nofe Snake, Catejky, ii. 56.

"D With a large convex head; poifonous glands j no fangs * : nofc
turned up j cheeks intlated : fhort body: crown and back of a
brownifli color, with large and regular fpots of black : the hinder
part of the body with tranfverfe bars of yellow between the black :
belly white, with fmall fpots of black.
Place. Inhabits Carolina : is very fluggifh, and has a mofl: malevolent afpedl.

That examined by Catejhy was only a foot long. He fufpedts that it
might have been a young one, which had not got its fatal teeth.

• Dodlox Garden in Lin. Syjl. 373, and Catejly.

12

Viper,

SNAKE.

Viper, Br. Zooh III. 26. Genus IV.

9«

Vn.SNAKE.

Coluber atftivus, i ;;— i 44,— £/«. 387.
Green Snake, Catejby, ii. 57.

29. Familiar.

ON. With a flendcr body, of an uniform pale green. A fmall
fpccies.

Inhabits Carolina : lives among the branches of trees, on flies and Placi

other infcfts : is eafily tamed, and become fo familiar, that fome peo-
ple will carry it in their bofom.

'Mm^

m.

Blue'iili green Snake. Catejhy, ii. 47.
Coluber my£lerizan$, 192 — 167.— £/«. 3S9;

CN. With a very flender body, of a blueifh green color : head fmall :
nofe turned up at the end. .

Inhabits trees, and lives on infefts like the former.

30. PORRACEOO,

H:

Coluber fimus, 126 — 4;. 1 . .

CN. With a roundifh head, turned-up nofe, a black crooked band be-
tween the eyes : a white rrofs on the top 0" he head, with a black
fpot in the middle : body black, fafciated with wi ite : belly black.
Inhabits Carolina'

Water Viper, Catejby, ii. 45.
Horn-Snake, Law/on, 130.

CN. With a large head, fmall neck; fangs in the upper jaw : color of

head and back dulky : belly fafciated with black and yellow. At

the end of the tail a fmall horny fubftance.

Inhaoit$

31. Crossed.

Place.

32. Water.

A '1

SI

SNAKE.

Place, Inhabits Carolina: fwlms well, and is very dexterous in catching

fifli. During fummer, numbers of them are often feen hanging in the
boughs of trees over the rivers, watching the approach of fifh or fowl,
and frequently drop into boats pafTing beneath. They plunge on their
prey, and purfue it with great fwiftnefs ; and, as foon as they catch it,
fwim adiore to devour it : are called the fVafer Rattle/mkeSt and are
fuppofed to be as fatal in their bite. The little horn at the tail gives i;
a dreadful name, as if armed with death at both extremities. The
i'upcrftitious believe, that by a jerk of that part it can mortally wound
any animal, and even caufe a tree to wither by transfixing the
bark.

^i. Black. Cnir/jy, ii. 48. — Coluber conftrliflor, Lin. li^.—La'w/on, 13Z. — Kalm, ii. 202.

QN. Wholly of a (hining black -, it grQws fometimes to the length of
*^ fix feet.

It is not only perfedbly harmlefs, but extremely ufeful in clearing
the houfes of rats, which it purfues with wonderful agility to the very
roofs, and all parts of barns and outhoufes, for which good fervices it
is cherifhed by the generality of Americans. It is alfo faid, that it will
deftroy the Rattlefnake, by twifting round it, and whipping it to death.
In the time of copulation it is extremely bold and fierce,„and will at-
tack mankind j but its bite has no more effed than a fcratch with a pin.
It is fo fwift that there is no efcaping its purfuit. Many ridiculous
frights have happened from this innocent reptile. As every one in
Antrica is full of the dread of the Rattlefnake, they are apt to fly at
the fight of any of the ferpent kind. This purfues, foon overtakes, and
by twilling round the legs of the fugitive, foon brings him to the
ground : but he happily receives no hurt, but what may refult from
this fright : all the mifchief this fpecies does is to the houfewives, for
it will fkim their milk-pans of the cream, and rob their hen-roofts of
all the eggs.

iSI

Coach-

15 N A K X

Coach-whip Snakt, Ctiifiy, ii. 5^

gN. With a long flendcr body, growing very fmall towards the tail ;
of a brown color.

Inhabits Carolina : very aftive, and runs very fwiftly : the Tndiaiu
believe it will cut a man afunder by a jerk of the tail.

Corn-Snakr, Catijhy, ii. 55.

CN. With a body beautifully marked with red and white, like fome
of the ears of Maize or Indian corn.
Inhabits Virginia and Carolina. Great robbers of hen-roofti.

Black Viper, Catejhy, ii. 44..

ON. With a great head, and fangs : body thick and Hiort: color entirely
black.
Inhabits Carolina ; and lives in the higher lands : is flow of motion;
if irritated, diftends its head to a vad fize, and hilTcs horribly. Its bite
very fataU

Brawn Viper, Catejlj, ii. 45.

CN. With a large head and great fangs t thick body : entirely brown.
About two feet lonjr.
Inhabits Virgh:la and Carolina : in the lafl ftyled the trunchion Snake:
js flow and flugglfli, even at approach of danger : will defend itfelf vi-
goroufly. Its bite very venomous.

95

)f COAm-WRI>.

P4.ACI.

35 M

Aizr.

Plac*.

36. Thi«k,

Placs.

37. Brown.

Place.

. 3 4;

Copper

i

94

SNAKE.

38. CorriR*

Bii.ty.

Placb.

Copper-bellied Snake. Caitfij, ii. 46.
Red-bcllicd Sand Snake, Law/tn, 131.

CN. Without fangs, but with a viperine head . back and fides brown t
belly dirty red or copper-color. Near as large as the Rattle-
fnake.

Inhabits CarsUna : frequents water, but oftener lives on land : enter*
hen-roofts : fucks eggs, and devours poultry. Is bold and aftive : not
poifonous.

39. Stkiatid.

Coluber flriatulus, ta6— 4$.<— I/n. 375.

gN. With a fmooth head, with a dufky ftriatcd back, paler beneath.
A fmall fpecies.
Place. Inhabits Carolina^

40. Dotted.

PLACEr

Coluber punftatus, 136— 43.— Z//«. 376.

ON. With a cinereous body : yellow beneath : marked with tlirec
rows of black fpecks, three deep in each row.
Inhabits Carolina,

41. Hooped. Coluber dollatus, 164— 43.— £/«. 379.

CN. With a whitilh body, half furrounded with bands of black : two
alternately nearer to each other, connefted at the bottom. A
fmall kind.
Placb, Inhabits Carolina,

Coluber

SNAKE.

95

Coluber fipedon, 144— 73.— /./>. 379.

CN. Wholly dufky.

Inhabits North yfmerica.

Coluber fulvius, xi8— 31.— ^<Vi. jSt.

CN. With a body furrounded with twenty-two black, and twenty-two
tawny rings, the laft fpotted with black, and marked before and
behind with white.
Inhabits Carolina.

43. DutKV.

Plac'I.

43. Tawmv.

Placi.

JK'

4-;

1^

Culubcr firtalis, 150— 1 14.— £/«. 383.

CN. With a dufky body, flightly ftriatcd, and furrounded witli three
blueilh green bands.
Inhabits Canada.

Pcnfacola, Mr. Ellii.

CN. With a narrow white ftripe fronn head to tail ; on c^ch fide a
broad one of black, this bounded by another narrow one of white ;
and beneath that another of black, dentated: btlly white, m.;rked on
each fide with a row of minute black Ipots. Length nine inches.
Inhabits Penjacola,

Little black and red Snake, Edw. 34.9.

CN. With a jetty black head and back : wliite ring round tiie neck :
rich fcarlet body ; flame-colored ^eyes, not fo large as the common
greater earth-worms.

Inhabits Penjylvania: lives in crevices of rocks, walls, or dried wood^
Tceding on beetles, worms, i^c* Seldom appears abroad.

Another

44. VlTTATBD.

Place.

45. PENtACOLA.

Placs.

46. MlKUTB.

Placi.

y.

96

FRAGILE.

47. GOLDSK*
EYED.

Pla-ch.

Another fmall Snake, EJw.Gl, vol iii. p. 291.

CN. With chefnut-colored back, ^nd deep yellow belly : thefe colors
divided from each other, tlie whole length, by blue lines, fpeckled
with black : round the neck a collar of yellow ipots. Eyes gold-color.
Inhabits Penfylvania, — Whether a variety of the former ?

yill. FRAGILE. Scales both on the abdomen, and behind the tail, Lin. 390.

48. Gl

ASSY.

Place.

Anguis ventr.ilis, 127—222. — Lin. 391.
Glafs Snake, Qattfjj, iL 59.

CN. With a very fmall head : broad cloven tongue : fmall fmooth
fcales clofely connefled: back and fides brown, blended with green,
mod elegantly fpotted with yellow in regular rows : belly yellow : thick
body.

Inhabits the fandy woods of Virginia and Carolina : (b brittle as to be
broken in three or four pieces at a fingle ftroke, the mufcles being arti-
culated quite through the vertebra. Very harmlefs.

W

40. Blind. ^''' ■^'"'^* *^ N« 1 5 .— Anguii fragilis, Lin. 392.

12 Xa£tly the fame with the Englijh, but fiiortcr and more (lender.
Pj^^ci. Inhabits moft parts o( America,

o

P'

N A R \V II A L,

CLASS IV.

FISH of North America,

99

'idlHiHllii

caoa

o

NE tooth ifluing out of the upper jaw, diretft, (Irak, long, Ipiral, I. NARWHAL,
ftuck in a fockct.
Two orifices on the head.

< I

i^il

Monodon monoccros, Li?i. lo^.—Fau?/. Siiec. N' ^9.—AiteJi Gen. "^i.—Syn. io8.
Monoccros pifcis, Wil. Icht. 42. — Raii Syn. Pi/c. n.—JVorm. Muf, zi^.-^Muf. Reg.
Hafnia, pars I. feft. iii. tab. i.

■^" With a tooth IfTuing out of the left fide of the nofe ; a fmall one
hid under the mufcles on tlie right : iiead Iharp : mouth fmall :
fkin fmooth and black, and fometimes finely marbled with black and
white : the body thick ; flnall only near the tail : no back fin, but has
three lumps inftead, and one on the belly : two fmall peroral fins :
the tail divided, and each lobe bending inward like a crefcent.

The length of the fifh alone, is often above twenty feet ; of tlic
tooth ten feet*. A fidi of fixteen feet had a tooth fix feet fix
inches long. One fix feet fix inches long weighed, with the head, a
hundred and fifty pounds. There are inftances of both teeth growing to
nearly the fame length, i. e. feven feet five, and fcven feetf j two
inches dillant at the bottoms, thirteen at the points.

5*. Unico&k*

• CrantxCnenlaiui, i. iiii

t Muf. Rt^. Hafnia, tab, I. Tig. c.

P 2 Inhabits

iiiii

■ UV.!:

>i'^

'"it '1

lOo NARWHAL.

Pj.Acii, Inhabits the northern feas, from Norway to within the JrSiic circle :

plentiful in Davis's Straits, and the north o( Greenland: the natives, for
want of wood, make rafters of the teeth. Wormius fays, the flefli is a
deadly poifon. ? From the horn may be diftilled a very ftrong/rt/ voh'.
tile : the fcrapings efteemed alexipharmic, and ufed of old in malignant
fevers, and againft the bites of ferpents. The ufe of it to the animal is
either as a weapon of defence, or as an inftrument to loofen and difen-
gage from the rocks, or bottom of the fea *, the fea plants on which it
feeds. It fwims fwiftly, and can only be ftruck when numbers happen
to be found together, and obftru«5]: their own courfe with their teeth f .

The tooth of this animal was in old times impofed upon the world as
the horn of the Unicorn^ and fold at a very high price. The heirs of
the chancellor to Chriftian Frijius of Denmarky valued one at 8,000 im-
perials J. There is a magnificent throne made of this fpccics of ivory
for the Banijh monarchs, which is dill preferved in the caftle at Rqfen-
^erg. The price of this material was fuperior to gold.

• Crantx Greenland, i. 1 1 .

+ Hid.

I Mufeum Reg. Hafnia.

CLASS

WHALE.

101

1- :>■

X..

CLASS IV.

FISH,

DIV. I. CETACEOUS.

II. CARTILAGINOUS.

III. B O N E Y,

DIV. I. CETACEOUS FISH;

Br. ZooL iii. 50. Genus I.

II. WHALE..

Common Whale, Br. Zool.'iiu 'i^'>\6.— Marten'' s Spitzberg. iio.—CateJhy'App. xxxii.— 51. Common.

Crantz Greenland, i. lo^.—Phipps's 'voy. 185.
Whalebone Whale, Dudley, in Ph. Tr. abridg. vii. 424,

'T* O avoid repetition, all the cetaceous fifh, which have the names of
Catejby or Dudley prefixed, are placed here on their authority.
I am informed that vaft numbers of cetaceous filhes are feen in tlic
warm gulf ftream in the winter feafon.

Pike-headed, Br. Zocl. iii. N" 17.

Scrag Whale, Dudley in Ph. Tr. abridg. vii. 425.

Balxna Boops, Lin. 106.

Fin-fiih, Br. Zool. iii. N» i8.
Fin-b.ick Whale, Dudley, &c. 425.
Balxna Phyfalus, Lin. 106,

52,PlKC*HEAO£jj.

53. FXK,

lIunp->

1 ."I?'!

:i im

:i'u

I

\n

ll

102

54- Hump.
55. Beaked.

56. Cachalot.

57. Blunt-
headed.

58. High-

f I N N E D .

III. DOLPHIN.

59. Grampus.

60. porpesse.

IjiK"; n:\ on

D O L P II I N.

Hump-back Whale, DnJhy, Sic. 425.

Beaked Whale, Br. "^oo' ii". N" 20.
Bottlc-nofe, Catejhy J^'p. x xii.

Br. Zool. iii. 61. Genus II.

Blunt-headed C chalof, Br. Zool. iii. N" 21.
Sperma Ccti Whale, Dudlej, &«. 425 *.

High-finned, Br. Zool iii. N" 23.
Sword-filli, Catejby v///, xxxii.

npHIS in America is called the Sn'orci F-jJj. from r],.
the back, which is not unlike a fcymcti r.

Br. Zcol. iii. C^. Gen .. III.

Grampus, Br. Zool. iii. N° 20.

Killer, Dudley, Lc. 428. — Ca:eJJ>y App. xxxii.

Porpefie, Br. Zool. iii. N" 25. — CatcJIyApp. xxxii.

pORPESSES fwarm fionn HudJotCs Bay x.o Carolina , and haunt
the creeks in purfuit of herrings and other fifli : vaft numbers are
taken near Petite Riviere^ in the river St. Lazvrence, from the end of
September to tlie beginning oi November, when they are in quefl of tlie
eels, which in thofe months afcend the river in vaft multitudes. The
inhabitants ufe this method : — they place boughs of trees, vith their
leaves on, in a curved form from the fliore, during low water. The
Porpefles, which get above them at high water, and attempting to re-
turn at the ebb, are terrified with the rullling of the leaves, and, Iiefi-
tating to proceed for fear of a fnare being left for them, conti > c fo
long fwimming confufedly backward and forward, as at length to be
left on the bottom, fo become an eafy prey at low water.

] Rcfei
founi
Nova Si
commoi
of Mora

I

* Thef« are infertcd gn the authority of ,Mr, Paul Dudley, who defcribcd the whaks of Nevj
England.
3

Jra.

DOLPHIN.

193

^lii

-//•<.'>. Zoal, i. 182.— Delpliinus albicans, Faun Croc/il. p. 50.

1 Refer to the above references for an account of this fpecies. It is
found from Gree)iland to the river St. Lawrence, and the fhores of
Nova Scotia. Charlevoix informs us, that the (kins of this and tlie
common Porpcfie are tanned, and manufaftured into the rcfen-blancc
of Morocco leather j and that it is proof againft a mofquet ball *-

61. Belvoa..

) m\

f. r

* Voy. dans PAmcriiiuf Septctitr. v. 217.

I) 1 v.

i

104

LAMPREY. RAY.

IV. LAMPREY.
62. Sea.

D I V. II. CARTILAGINOUS FISH.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 76. Genus IV.
Lamprey, Br, Zoo/, iii. N" z"] .^-Catfjlj App. xxxil.

Placb. T am pries are not common, but Mr. Law/on fays he Once

caught one in a wear in Carolina.

▼. RAY.

ij.THORNBACK.

Br. Zool, iii. 82. Genus V.
Thom-back, Br. Zool. iii. N° 37.

"C* O U N D off Carolina, but lefs common than tlie next Tpecies.
La-wfon.

64. SriNC.

Sting-ray, Br. Zool. iii. N» 38 ?

rp HIS and the preceding, on the authority of CateJI>yy App. xxxil.
and Lawfon^ p. 157, who lays, they are fo very common, that
few or none will eat them.

6c. DlVEL. Divel Fifli, Laitton. Carol. 152. — Catcjly App. xxxil.

Jlaie cornue des A9orcs mobular dcs Caraihcs, Du Hamd, iii. 295, tab. x\ii.

■p With a bifurcated fnout : fides extending into two fliarp-pointcd
' fins : tail extending from tiic body, flender, long, and taper. A
fifli of a fingular fbrufture, and of a dark color.

Grows to an enormous fizc, and has vail: ftrength 3 one has been

known

9
I

SHARK,

known to entangle its fnout or horns in the anchor of a (loop, and run
with it two leagues againft the title. This is tlie fanne with the Seit
Di(vvi{ of Nicuhoff, obferved by liim in the Enji Indian fcas *.

Br. Zool. iii. 98. Genus VI.

Br. Zool. iii. N" ^z.—Laivfon, \1<^.—Catcjhy Apf, xxxii.

"P O U N D on all the coafts of North Amerkti.

Squnlus TIburo, Lin. 399.

Tiburonis, minor fpccics, Mixrcgrave, \%\.-^WlL Icth. jj.

'T^ IT I S fpecles may be readily known by the fliape of its head,
which is triangular, like the head of an arrow, or hcart-fliaped,
or as Laivfon calls \\.^fljovel-nofed. We give it on his authority. It is
very probably the fame fi(h, which is frequent in the Brafdian feas, thofe
of the Antilles^ and may eafily extend to Carolina.

The Brafilians call it Papana: it has three rows of fmall teeth, with
which it bites and mangles in a dreadful manner f. Pifo prailes it as a
delicate food.

Laivfon fpeaks of a lefTer fpecies of Shark, which is called Dog Fiflj\
but from his account we are unable to determine which kind is
intended.

Squalus priflis, Lin. \Ci\.—CateJI>y, App. xxxli.

CH. With two dorfal fins and an anal : two hole* on the top of the

head for the difcharge of water: lips covered with rougli hard tu-

bera inftcad of teeth : at the end of the nofe is a (lat bone, in fome five

feet long, and armed on each fide with twenty-four long, flrong, and

• Churchill's Cvll. ii, no.—W'/V. Lth. App. 5.

■f n/o, Hill. Nat. 50.

fliarp-

foS

VI. SHARK.
66. Whitf.»

Place.

<if. Art. ow-
H If A I) H n .

68. Saw

Ml

.'I I

1^1 !'

1 ;'

! f ni;

^]ri

lOl

ANGLER. STURGEON-.

flurp-pointed teeth *. The number of teeth varies with age. The fkiir
rough i above of a deep afli, below white. Do£lor Grew fufpefts that
this fifh may grow to the length of eight yards f .
Pi ACE, Inhabits all feas, from Greenland to thofe of the Brafits : is found m

tliofc of Jfrica, and of the £«z/? Imlies. It is an innoxious animal : its.
faw is only a weapon of defence. The two orifices on the head make it
conne(5led with the cetaceous fiflu.

VII. ANGLER.
69. Common.

Sr. Zool. iii. 120. Genus VIF.
Common Angler, Br. ZaoU vol. iii. N" 5,11

I

Vlir. STUR-
GEON.

70. European.

Br. Zod. iii. 124. Genus VUL.

Sturgeon, Br. Zool. iii. N" 53.

'H I S is the fame fpecies with the European. They are found lir
great numbers, during fummer, in the great American rivers. They
are very common in thofe of Carolina, but very rare in tliofe o( Florida,
Are ftruck with fpears in the night, attracted by the light of torches
made of the wood of the black pine. The Ihorcs of the rivers are often
covered with dead Sturgeons, which have been wounded, and died af-
ter efcaping from the harpoon. They are ofien obferved to leap to a
confiderable height out of the water, and have been known to fall into
the fmall boats or canoes, and fink them j fo that it is very dangerous
to pafs in the places which are much frequented by thefe filh, as there
have been many inftances of people lofing their lives. In fome of tlie
rivers oi Virginia they are found in fuch multitudes, that fix hundred
have been taken in two days, with no more trouble than putting down
i pole with a hook at the endi to the bottom, and drawing it up again.

• Maregra'ue, 160.

t Grew^s Mu/eum, 86.

on

r

\

f

4

STURGEON.

107

©n perceiving that it rubbed againft a fi(h*. The /ImericiVis may make
•conliderable improvenients in the methods of taking Sturgeon, by
confulting thole ufed by the Tartars on the fVolga, who draw great
advantage from their fifhcries, and the preparation of the caviar from
the roe. Much oil may alfo be extradlcd from the fat entrails, which
is flung away after clearing the caviar from them f.

Aclpeufer hufo, Lin. 404.— 5/o/*. ir. 86. tab. cxxix.

1 Saw, among the fubjects of Natural Hiftory tranfmitted to Mrs.
Jnn Blackburne, from Ne-uj 7'ork, f«me young Sturgeons of a fmall
fize : their nofcs were blunt, and fliorter than thofe of the common
Sturgeons : the number of tubercles on each fide were, in different
fpccimens, which I counted, from five to eleven. In old filli thefe
diliippear, and the fides become quite finooth. This is the fpecies
which the Germans call Hau/eUy and the RuJfia>tSy BJcliuga-, on account
of the whitcncfs of its color. They grow to a vaft fize : are found in
the Danube, the To, tlie Mediterranean fea, the Ettxine, the IVolga^
and the Cajpian fea ; in the two lad in vaft abundance : and great
profit is made from tlu; ifing-glafs, itlhyocolle, or fifh-giue, which is
prepared from the blaciders of this Ipecics, as well as that of the two
other Sturgeons: and alfo from the Ji/urus glanis, Lin. whicli may
polllbly be found in the great American lakes.

J have reafon to think that the Americans poffefs in their lake* all
the three fpecies. A fmall one, weighing from fix to forty pounds, is
frequent in the inland lakes of Hudjon's Bay. This is likely to bt the
acipcnjer ruthanus, Lin. 403 j the Jferkt of the Ruffians. Notwith-
ftanding America has withdrawn itfelf from us, it is charity to p©inr
out the benefits they may enjoy, from the gifts ofnaturc which they
poffefs.

• "Do^OT Burnahy^iTraveh, odlavo, p. IJ.

t Dccouvcrtes faitcs par des Rnjfes, &c. i.'y^t.

0,2 Head

71, Muw.

*1(l|

V "• ■

1

1

■^ m

■ €

■♦4,,

fc*^'

111

10$

B A L I S T E S.

IX. BALISTES

73. UNICORIf.

f r .^c•^.

flcad coniprcir-tl, fmall.

h'.'nrjn teeth on (..ivli fide ? the* two forcmod 'lie lon^^t.ll.
A narrow aperture or flit .lUovf the peroral iids.
Skill rough, i'calts adhering ti<^htly to it. LiNNAts.

Bahama I'nicorn fifli, CatfJI>s, ii. 19.
lialillv^ monoceros, Lin. 404,

Tl Witlj an oblong body, Aifiform, or thickcft in the middir:
two fliarp teeth in the upper, and four in the lower jaw, jfTii.ng
from the folid bone, covered with a thin fl^in ; irides pale, enrir-lid with
blue : juft beyond the eyes, on the back, is a flrong (hai p and V ng fjiine,
to be erei^led or deprclTtd at jileafure ; reaching, when down, to the dorfal
fin ; color, brown olive, with irregular waving lines of blue, intermixed
with fpots of black. Grows to the length of three feet.

Frequent among the coralline rocks of the Bahama ifles : feeds on tlic
(cralliuvi prqfuni, and other coralline fubftances, and on (hells, which
it grinds fmall. Kfteemed poifonous.

■3.0m. 01(1 wife, C.iuf'j, ii. 22.

Balillcs vctula, Lin. 40O.

T> With a deep body ; fiiddcnly leflening near the tail : mouth pro-
jccling, furniflied with about twelve long teeth : firll dorfal fin has
three rays, or fliarp bony pines : the firft: ray of the fecond, very long :
firfl ray of the ventral fin fpiny ; tail lunated, with the exterior ray on
each fide of a vail lengtli ; mouth furroundcd with rich blue : two in-
curvated lines of blue extentl from it tov . ds '.\\c bread : fecond dorfal
fin, anal, and tail, dn ky, edged with fine i»l'.' 'ody broi vith lix
duil'iy lines from the back down the T. .!> '^, L>. the length of about
two feet.

Swims ilowly. Is good meat wlicn the rough fl<in is taken of!'

Caper.

OSTRACION. TETRODON.

Caper, pcfcc liait ('ra, SJ-v/hh Pi/e. p. ao;.— C/'nw'/ Mu/eum, 1 13.

"D With a deep 'mtly : firll dorfal fm has three ftrun^» Tpiny rays }
the fiift the h)n/MlF ; the third remote : that and the ll'corni very
n-.ort. Sicond ilorfal lin , ;ul anal phiced oppdfirr j the ra\s fofr ; the
fcak'3 covered with liiiall tiibera, and dilpofed in a canccllatai or hittice
form : tail even at the end.

This I'pecies is cominon to the AJcditcrrauean ila, ami thofe about
Bcrmufhis. It is called at Rome, Dalcjha, or the Crofsh'x\ No force
cm bring down the full fpine of the dorlal fin ; but on touching the
foremoll and left, they all three drop fuddenly together, as a crof^bow
is let off by the pulling of the trigger. The fame circuniilanci ,it-
tonds other filhcs of this genus.

IC9

4. BAl.t»TR/»,

' ACK.

IP

I

Ten flender teeth, a linear aperture.
Hody covered with a hard integument.
No ventral fins. Linn/eus.

X.C

AC ION.

/^STR. With a great head: nofe floping and pig like : noflrils placed 75. Sn -ri^to.

jnil below the eyes, covered with a fmall (lap : dorfal fin placed
near the tail : anal corefpondcnt to it : back and ful s brownifli yell(j v,
and rougli like (hagreen : belly llat, rough, and whi ^- : fides, near i.^e
tail fniooth.

Tukcn olT the coafl. o( Nevj England. Mrs. Am.j RlackUirn, Plac: .

!'F

Br. Zocl. iii, 129. Genus IX. by mifiake, Djodon,
TctroJon Ix-vigatus, /..■//. 41 t,

jj • Above liiucini, )n;u-kcd v.iili two wliitifli flri])'-'^ on each fide :
belly white, and aciileatcd as far as the pectoral li.iS.
lnh:.bits tl'.c coalt of *!)Y«//.> Carcliri^, Dodor Garden. Mifnamed
by L

INN-IiUS.

XI.TF.TRODOM.

"6. I'ltlCKl. V.

LAe*.

T.Witli

no

77. Globe.
Place.

T) I O D O N. L U M P. T I P E.

'T' With a globular belly, quite fmooth, and of a whitifli color:
head and back olive, marked with incurvated lines pointing to
the tail. Tail forked.

Found off New England and Carolina. See Catejhy, ii. n8.

78. Short,

XII. DIODON.

Sun-fini, La Lune, Catejhy Append, xxxW.
Short, Br. Zool. iii. N" 55.
Tctrodon Mola, Lin. 414.

JAWS boney, undivided : linear aperture :
Body covered with ftrong moveable fpines in all parts.
No ventral fins. Linn^us.

ro.

XIII. LUMP.

80. Co NIKON.

XIV. PIPE.

81. Shortek.

T Cannot afcertain the fpecies; but there was one taken off the coaR
of Carolina, as I colleft from Laivjon, who calls it a 'toad Fijh ; the
flcin of which is full of prickles, and is good for nothing, only is prc-
ferved as a rarity. Catepy has alfo one in his Catalogue, Jpp. XLIIL
which lie .calls the Hedge Hog FiJJ.\

Br. Zool. iii. 133. Genus X.

'Lump, Br.ZooL'iW. N»57.
.Cyclopterus Lumpus, Lin, 414.

Br. Zool. m. 138. Genus XI.

£r, Zto!. iii. N" 61.— Syngnathus acus, Lin. 416,

P Wii

wil
perioral
fpots.
grey.

1e I S H.

EEL.

iti

I

H.

SECT. III. B O N E Y.

S E C T. L APODAL.

Rr. Zool. iii. p. 142. Genus XIL.

Br. Zool. iii. N" 63. — 'Murxna Anguilla, L/V.

ABOUND in all parts of North America : numbers are found
below the great fall o^ Niagara. Vaft quantities are taken in
weels placed in the midft of a hedge, fixed in the water near the fliore,
as far as low-water mark, in different parts of the river St. Lawrtn«y..
where the tide flows. There they arc left at the recefs of the.
water.

Sr. Zool. iii. N' 64.

Muraena Helena, Lin. 425.

Black and Green Muray, Catejby, ii. so.

X^ With a floping nofe ; two fmall beards at its end : a dufky fin,
with a white edge, from the hind part of tlie head to the tail : no
peroral fins : color dirty green fpecklcd with innumerable black
fpots. But they vary in color j fome having the ground coloc
grey.

Thev

XV. EEL,

82. C0MM0If«

83. CONCIR.

84. MVRAY.

«ii!i

m

t

k

TI2

EEL.

They Inrk in the Bahama ides, among the (loncs and corals, and
bite the legs of people that go into the water. Their teeth are very
Iharp, fo that they draw bloc J j but they are by no means venomous.

85. Blacx. Cai.fy, ii. Zi.

'T' H I S is only a variety of the former : is of a black color, marked
with darker fpots. They grow to the length of four feet: are very
voracious and ftrong, and when hooked will twill themfelves amon^
the branches of coral and fea plants, which are often broken, and
brought up with them.

No fifli was in fuch higii cfteem with the Romans (for they are com-
mon to the new and old world). They were prefervcd in ponds, and
became fo familiar as to come when they were called.

Natat ad magiRum delicata murjena *.

Lucius Crajfus, a perfon of rank, went into mourning on the death
of a favorite miir,£rta: and C. Hirriusy. who was diftinguifhed above
all others for his fine fifh-ponds, valued this fpecies fo highly, that
he would by no means fell any ; but ib far favored Julms Qe/ar^ as to
lend him fix thoufand for his triumphal fupper.

Fediiis Pollio, a great friend oi Auguftusy ufed to fling his condemned
flaves into the ponds in which he kept his Murays, as food for thofc
fillies ; not that there was any want of wild beads in the land, but be-
caufe he took pleafure in feeing a man torn to pieces at once, which
he could not otherwife enjoy f.

The Z..-?//// name of this fifh is ufually tranflated the Lamprey-, a
kiml very unfit to execute the favage pleafures of this friend of
Aiigiijli'.s.

NUi-tlal, lib, X. Epig. 30.

|- Plin. lib. ix. c. 23.

Br

*1

LANCE. S W O R D F I S 11.

Br. ZooL iii. p. 156. Genus XIV.

Bf, Zool. iii. N* 66. — Ammodytes tobianus, Lin. ^^o.-^Blcch. it. 20.
P R E QU E N T off Newfoundland.

Br. Zool, iii. p. 160. Genus XVI.

Br. Zool. iii. N" 68. — Xiphias gladius, Lin. 432. — Bloch. iii. 23.

T Am not certain whether Catejby does not mean the high-finned
Cachalot^ by his Sword fiih j yet as it is found in moft feas, even t«
thofe of Ceylon *, 1 give it a place here.

* Mr. Ltten.

"J

XVI. LANCE.

Place.

XVII. SWORD
FISH.

86. SwordFish.

rill

I

I 4

R

*> E C T.

HhKr?

' 'ii.

III

lUJ^^

114

COD.

i

XVIII. COD.

87. Common.

S E C T. II. JUGULAR.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 172. Genus XIX.

* With three dorfal fins.
Br. Zool. iii. N" 73. Gadus morhua, Lin, /^^6.

/^ONSULT Br. Zool iii. 137. and refpefting the great Newfoundland
fifliery, p. cxcvi. of the Introdudlion to this work. But the fulleft
count of this important fifliery is to be feen in M. Du HameVs Traite'
ge'ne'ral des pesches, vol. ii. p. 37 ; where the whole ceconomy is
given, and th« manner exprefled by moft numerous and elegant en-
gravings. Codlings are caught, in the fpring months, off the coaft of
Carolina, but they are confidercd only as ftragglers from the great
northern armv.

!.'

o

S8. Frost.

PLACi.

r^ Of an elegant taper form r no beard. Head dullvy : back and fides
prettily marked with black waving bands, reaching almoft: to the
belly J the ground color dark, the dorfal fins and tail fpeckled with black.
Are fometimes found a foot long, but generally not half that fize.

The length of the fpecimen in the Blackbiirnian Mufcum was only
four inches and a half, but fometimes grows to the length of twelve
inches. It was fent from New i'ork under the name of the Frcji Fiflj,
being probably the forerunner of winter.

39. Haddock. ^>'- 2-'o/. iii. N' 74. — Gadus a;glifinus, Lin. 435,— .S.V/^ ii. 125.

Pi.AfF, A CCORDING to M. Du Hamd, Ii. 8 1. is found 0^ Neivfcundland.

I

1

$0. Coal.
Place.

91. Hake.
91. Tau,

B L E N N Y.

5>'. Zool. iii. No 78.— Gadus carbonarius, Lin. 438.— ^/jc/aIi. 146.
/^ F F NcwfGundlattd.^Du Hamel.

* * With two dorfal fins.
Br. Zool. iii. N* . — Gadus merluccius, Lin. 439.

Gadus Tau, Lin. ^^g.—Sloch. ii. 150. tab. Ixvii.

O With a large and circular mouth : broad and flat head : eyes placed
over the fides of the mouth, and almoft projedting over it : firft
doifal fin confifts of three fliarp fpines: the fecond extends far on the
back, and is compofed of foft rays: head brown: back and^ fides of
the fame color, fpotted with white : belly white : tail round.

Inhabits the feas o( Carolina y where it is called, from the form of its
head, the Toad Fijh : has much agreement, in the form of the head, with
my trifurated Cod, N" 34. — Difcoveredby Dodor Garden.

Br. Zool. iii, N" .—Gadus lota, Lin,
INHABITS Hud/on' s Bay. See Introd. cxcr.

Introd. cxci.

INHABITS the lakes of Hudjon's Bay.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 206. Genus XX.

gL. With the whole body fpotted in form of fmall puftules : color 95. Pustulated.
pale dull yellow.

Inhabits the fea oS Newfoundland, Placb.

Place*

93. BuRBOTi

Place.

94.MATHEMBa4

Place.
XIX. BLENNY

R 2

SECT

11

^

m

i

;<; :

^.ii

'"ill;!
Hi"

l!ltil»"f"

! i

ii6

R E M O R A.

SECT. III. THORACIC.

XX. REMORA. Echencis, Lin. 44.6. Genus clvm.

JJ E A D f.at at top, marginated, and fulcated tranfverfcly.

Catefiy, ii, 26. — Ech. neucratcs, Lin, 446.

96. American.

Ti With fixteen furrows on the head. Length about a foot.
Placi. Inhabits the ocean quite to North Anerica: is often found adhering

fo ftrongly to the fides of Sharks and other great fifli, by means of the
ftrufture of its heud, as to be got off with difficulty.

This filh was believed, by all the antients, to have moft wonderful
powers, and to be able, by adhering to the bottom, to arreft the motion
of a fhip in its fulleft courfe; and in love affairs, to deaden the warmeft
affeftions of both fexes*. Oppian gives an elegant account of its won-
drous ooerations in the firft inftance j which we fhall give from the
tranflation which Mr. John Jones favored the world with from the Ox-
ford prefs, in 1722.

The Sucking-Fifli beneath, with fecret chains.
Clung to the keel, the fwifteft Ihip detains.
The feamen run confus'd, no labor's fpar'd.
Let fly the fheets, and hoift the topmoft yard.
The mafter bids them give her all the fails.
To court the winds, and catch the coming gales j
But tho' the canvas bellies with the blaft.
And boill'rous winds bend down the cracking mafl:.

• PUn, lib. ix. c. 35.

The

i

CORTPHCENF.

The bark Hands fir nly rooted in the fca,
And will, unmov'd, nor winds nor waves obey -,
Still, as when calms have flatted all the plain,
And infant waves fcarce wrinkle on the main.
No fhip in harbor moor'd fo carelefs rides.
When ruffling waters tell the flowing tides.
Appall'd the failors flare, thro' ftrange fiirprize, ^
Believe tliey dream, and rub their waking eyes.
As when, unerring from the huntfman's bow.
The feather'd death arrefls the flying doe,
Struck thro', the dying beaft falls fudden down.
The parts grow ftifi^, and all the motion's gone j
Such fudden force the floating captive binds,
Tho' beat by waves, and urg'd by driving winds.

/^ORYPHiENA. Head floping, and truncated : the dorfal fin
extending the length of the back. Linn^us.

Catejby, ii. i8. — Novacula caerulea, Wil.lith. 214.

r^ Wholly of a rich blue color : irides red : fcales large : tail in
form of a crefcent : teeth fo clofely placed as to feem an entire
bone. Length, fometimes above two feet.

Inhabits the feas of the Bahama ifles, and from thence to the line.

Catejly, ii. 29. — C. Pfutacus, Lin. 448.

/^ With blunt teeth paving the mouth like that of the Wolf Filh : irides
confift of two circles, red and yellow : a blue circle furrounds the
eyes: upper part of the head brown i lower part, and covers of the gill,
blue, edged with red ; a yellow fmall fpot is feen juft beyond each of the
gills : a fcarlet ftroke points from them to the throat : body of a fine
4 green :

117

XXI. CORY,
PHOiNE.

97. Blue.

Place.

98. Parrot.

lilMii I

m

11

ill

III,

lili

m

i^j,

nl

B U I, L-II E A D.

Place.

green : pe(5loral Hns varied with black, green, and purple : the dorHil
of a cinnamon color : anal green, llriped in the middle with rid : ven-
tral red, edged with blue : near the fotting on of the tail is a rich
yellow fpot : tail lunated, green, with an incurvated tranfverfe ftripe
of red.

Few filli equal this in richnefs of its color : it is alfo efteemed
very delicate eating.

Is frequent among the Bahama ifles, and the ylrttillesy and alfo off
Carolina.

Thefe fi(h vary in color : that which Doftor Garden communicated
to LiNN/i^us had not lefs brilliancy.

99. LiNEATED. T See this in Dodor Forster's Catalogue, but can give no farther
account of it.

m

XXfl. nULL-
l\ E A D.

100. Fa THE R^
LA&HEK.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 216. Genus XXII.

Br. Zool. iii. N" 99. — Cottus fcorpius, Lin. 452. — Bloch. ii. 17.

JT R E QU E N T off Newfound: wd.

101. Acadian.

y\ ACE.

"D With head, and covers of the gill, very fpiny and rugged :
dorfal fin confifts of four fpiny rays, the firft very long, the
reft gradually fliortening ; the fpines of the fecond and third longtft in
the middle, gradually fliortening before and behind : tail rounded :
color dirty yellow, blotched with purple. Length about five mches.
Eafily diflinguiflied by its three dorfal fins.

Tzkcn o'if Nova Scotia. A drawing of it communicated to me by
Col. Davis of the artillery.

1 1

Lin.

P

i

ZEUS, FLOUNDER.

119

Lift. p. 454. — Doree, Br. Zool. Hi. p. 221. Genus XXIII.

Br. Zool. iii. N' lOI, — Mailer's Zool. Danictt Pmir. 49. N' 370. — Le Poiflbn Lunew

Du Hamel, iii. /4. tab. xv.

»Tr* HIS fifli extends to Newfoundland. It is found on the coafts
of Scotland, of thofe of Northumberland y and again on thofe of
Devonjfme.

Br. Zool, iii. p. iz6. Genus XXIV.
* Eyes on the right fide.

Br. Zoo!, iii. N'> 104. — Pleuroneftes Flefus, Lin, 457. — Bloch. ii. 36.
Br. Zool. iii. N" 102. — PI. Hippogloffus, Lin. 456. — Bloch. ii. 42.
Br. Zool. iii. N' 103.— PI, PlatefTa, Lin.^$6.-^£!cch. ii. 29.

PI. plagiufa, Li/i. 456.

'C'L. With an oblong body, cinereous, rough, and witli the dorfal and
anal tails united.
Inhabits Carolina,

Br. Zool. ii. N" IC7. — PI. Solen, Lin. 457. — Bloch. ii. 39.

XXIir. ZEUS.

102. Opah.

Place.

XXIV. FI.OUN.
PER.

103. Com. MO If.

104, HoLinuT.
105. Plaise.

Place.

ic6. Sole.

'!!-'!

b

Hi

1 A I. V 1 ,
mil

* * \V\

Widi

120

C n CE T O D O N,

107. LlNBATFP.

Placb.

* * With eyes on the left fide.

PI. lincatus, Lin. 45S. — Sloant, ii. 77.

tt^. Without perioral fins : body covered with finall rough fcales •.
rays of all the fins, and of the tail, roughened with finall
tubercles like Ihagreen : upper part of the body and fins dark brown,
ftreaked tranfverfely with black : lower part white, marked with Mack
round fpots. In form of a Turbot. Length of the fpecimen I defcribed
feven inclies by five and a quarter.

Found from New England to Jamaica,

¥''.■

I03. LUNATED.

Catejly, ii. 27.— PL lunata, Li:.. ,59.

p*L. With dorfal and ventral fins, furnilhed with flurp fpiny rays :
upper part of the body brown, beautifully varied with fcmicircu-
lar marks of a rich blue color, placed in pairs, and facing each
other : the part next to the dorfal fin fpotted with the fame color ;
tail of a rhomboid form : body of an oval fhape.

109. Dentated.

Place.

PI. dentatus, Lin. 458.

JTL. With a fmooth body, round fcaly tail, and the teeth pointing
out of the mouth.
Inhabits the feas oi South Carolina, — Doflor Garden.

XXV. CH(E.
TODON.

liin. 460. Genus clxiV.

nn E E T H as flender as briftles, very numerous, and clofely placed :
fix brancheoftagous rays : dorfal and caudal fins : flefhy and fcaly,

Ch.

C H ;E T 0 to O N,

Iti

' 'i,

Ch. alepidotai, Lin. 460.

^•H. With a rhomboid body, without fcalcs : blueilli back : lateral
line parallel to the back, and dotted : dorfal and afial fins placed
oppofite to each other, and filiform.
CartiUna. — Dodtor Garden.

no. SCALILDK

m lit

iR'' 'j

Pla»e.

I

I

Cattjhj, ii. 31.— Ch. trioftegus, £/». 463. »u. Ancil.

/^H. With a fmall projefting mouth : laminae above the gillf armed
with fharp cserulean fpines : irides yellow : body as if cut off be-
hind, and waved. The whole deep and covered with large green
fcales, and thofe in a fingular manner with very fmall ones : pcftoral
and ventral fins yellow : dorfal and anal fins very long, and falci-
form, reaching far beyond the tail -, their lower half green, the reft red ;
before each are three Ihort ftrong fpines : tail orange, rounded at the
end, and as if ftuck into the body. Length from head to tail, one foot.

Thefc fingular fifties are common off Carolina^ and the BabamM ifles, Place.

and efteemed for their delicacy.

Perca nobilis, Liu. 484. — Chatodon, Sib. Mi<f. ^. 67. N" 12. tab. xxv. N" la. *'»' NOBLi.

/^H. With a projefting mouth : body white, furrounded by eight
black bands, which pafs over the dorfal and anal fins. Length
one inch eight lines.

Inhabits North America, — M. De Geer's Miifeum. Place.

This is a genuine Chastodon; but we muft allow good LiNNiCus his
nap fometimes.

:: i*!|

1|

' it

Br.

lit

G I L T H E A D.

XXVI. GILT.
HEAD.

113. Snap PER.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 240, Genus XXV.

Cattjhy, ii. 17.— Sparui fyn.igrls, Lin, 470.

/^ With large eyes, and red iridcs : body taper, purple above aiul
lighter below, elegantly marked lengthways with narrow yellow
(Iripcs ; pcdloral fins purple : tail red: the other fins yellow. Grows
to the length of a foot.

114. Pork.

Place.

Catrfy, ii. 4.— Sp. rhomboiiles, Lin. 470,

/^ Of a rhomboid form : yellow irides: whole body covered witli
large fcales of a deep grey color, and yellow, placed in alternate
rows, forming longitudinal ftripes : fins and tail yellow : firfl: ray of
the anal is a very (Irong fharp fpine.

Found off the Bahama ides, and reckoned a delicate fpccies.

lilf. PORCY. Ctttfjhy, ii. 16. — Sp. chryfops, Lii:.t,'^\.

f^ With yellow irides : large mouth ; in the upper mandible one
tooth before ; in the lower two : body of a deep form, and brown,
lightcrt on the belly: covers of the gills, peroral, ventral, and anal fins,
ligiu blue.

\\i. Silver. Sp. Argyrops, Lin, 471.— -Zantliuius indicus, Wil. lilh. App. 3.

r^ With filvcry irides : fore teetii conic : an oblong finus in the back :
tail lunated : three firft rays of the dorfal fin extending far, and
filiform.
P»Ac«. Inhabits famaka and Carolina. — Dodor Garden.

Pudding

W K A S S V,

i^j

I I

PihUlinj» wile, Ciwjhs, ii. iz.—Sp. riili.ilus. /./>;. 47«.

f~^ Willi ri\l fycs, v/itli fine c.TruIcan radiations fnrroundinf' tliom ;
till" Ijcul (In-. ikal alio witli 1)1ik: : hoily nlivaccoiis l)iovvn, rach
fiMJc ciigi'tl with blue : ilorl'al and anal fin yellow, wava! at toj), and
tdgcd with bliic: iVoiu one perioral (in to the otiier, riin()undin!!; tlir
bflly, are four lines of bine and yellow, placed alternate: tail even,
du(ky, ending in u band of yellow. Grows to the length of fixtecn
inches.

Perhaps varies in color: this dilVering in fomr refpeifls from the fpr-
cimen coniinunieated to f .iNN.r.us by Doclor Garui-n.

Inhabits the leas of CaroiinA.

117. R*ni ^TFl..

'I: 1 1'

!1

t|

?\.K<V.

Sp. V'irgluicus, /,;//. 4;2.

^T'll 1''. covers of the gills a little ferrated : one blaek band p.ilfes
from the fhouKlers through die eyes to the lower jaw ; another
from the flioidders along the fides to the peftoral fin : the body niarketl
with parallel lines of blue, extending lengthways: the tail biiid, blunt-
ed ,'.t e.u h extremity.

Inhabits North AnurUa. — In Mr. Dc Geer's Mujam.

I I 3. VliUil N I AN.

Pl

ACK.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 244. Genus XXVI.
Catejby, ii. 25.— Labrus anlhics, Lin. 474.

"\X7K. With red irides : upper part of the head dufky : covers of the
gills pvrplc : body reddilh brown, brightening into red to the
belly, which is white tinged with red : dorfal fin brown ; the others
red ; tail much forked and red. Length between one and two feet.

S3 II

XXVII.WRASSE,
119. Mutton.

mm

mB

ii- .

lili'lftll.-l

114

Placs.

WRASSE,

Is common to the Mediterranean and America)!, leas : is in liigfi
efteem for its dcliracy among the Bahama ifles.

120. Makcrovb,

Catejhy, ij. 9.— L. grifeus, Lin. 474.

"^T^R. With a pointed nofe: very wide mouth; two large pointed
teeth in front of each jaw: whole fifh of a brown color, paleR
towards the belly : tail a little forked. Length about fourteen inches,
Catejhy, with a negligence very ufual with him, has in his figure omit-
ted the pedoral fins.

121. HoCr CiXtcJhy, ii. 1 1 .-— L. rufus, Li». ^j^..

■^^R. With a long protruded nofe : the whole filh of a yellowifti red •:
exterior ray of the tail on each fide extends far beyond the others.
Space between quite even.

<22. ClKE(lEOKI<

The Shad, Catejhy, ii. 11. fig. 2.

'Y\/''R. With the nofe and fore part of the head fmooth and cartila-
ginous: mouth fmall and toothlefs ; the back part llrong and
boney : the whole fifli cinereous, tinged with purple : lower part of
the dorfal fin covered with a double Ikin,

1^3. Gapbb.

Place.

Labrus hlatala, Lin, 475.

"Vy R. With the body marked with fix or feven bands : tail undivided
no anal fin.
Inhabitfi the fcas of Carolimt as I fuppofe the three former do.

Catejlj,

\^' ,

WRASSE.

Wf

r
fe

Cattjhy, Jppend. xxxiii.'«-L. Cromis, Lhi. 479. — Guatucupu, Marcgrave, 177. 1^4- Druw,

'ITT'R. Of a filvery color, marked crofsways with dufky bands: on
the gill covers a fingle fpine : dorfal fin appears like two, uni-
ting midway : firft ray of the anal fin Ihort and rigid j the fecond great,
thick, and compreffed. — Communicated to Linn/eus by Doctor
Garden.

Catejhy and Law/on mention both red and black Drums : the firft
fays they are as large as Cod Filh. The red bite in the day-time ea-
gerly at a hook ; and are reckoned excellent, efpecially the head.
Numbers are faited and fent in barrels to the fF^ Indies,

In the night the inhabitants refort in their canoes to the bays and
large rivers, and by the light of a fire kill great numbers by harpoon*
ing them.

Extends to Brqfil, Pi.ac».

mi

1 1

Catejby, ii. 10. fig. 2.— L. Flavus, Lin, 479.

125. YSLLOW.

V^R. Wholly of a reddifh color : flender form : nofe fmooth, pro-
jeftile : three long teeth in the end of the upper mandible : a
blue ftripe from the fide of the head to the corner of the mouth : tail
rounded at the end. Grows to the length of a foot.
Carolina ?

Pla«b.

1 i

!;'3.i A\

Mormyrus ex cinereo nigricans.— Bone FilH, Catejby, n. 13. 12^, B«Ni.

"IX^R. Of rather flender Ihape : white irides : back dufky brown :
belly white : tail much forked : nofe flightly conveXi
Found in plenty about the Bahama iQes. P»asb,

Great

m^

126

PERCH.

U7. (jRnyr,

S17.1:,

Great Hog Fifli, C<iteJ!>y, ii. ij.

\\7R. With fmooth long projedlile jaws, of a reddifli purple color :
head cafed in a ftrong boney fubftance : at the end of the upper
jaw four long fharp teeth; at that of the lower, two : head black above,
below purplifh, varied with crooked blue (Irokes : back covered with
great purple fcales j thofe on the belly paler, (lained with yellow : on
the back a fin divided into four parts, very long, falciform, and bend-
ing backwards.

This fifli grows to tlie length of three or four feet. Mr. Catejl>y
could not defcribe the tail, it having been cut off before it was
brought to him. It is fo fingular a fifli, as to merit a better figure
and defcription.

F.

128. ANTitK r.

Br. Zool. iii. N" 115.

'y H I S I found among the filli fent to Mrs. Anne Blackhurne, from
Nezv Tork.

XXVIII. PERCH,
X29. Yellow.

BELLIED.

PtACE.

Br. Zool. iii. p. -254. Genus XXVI.
Catejliy, ii. 8. fig. 3. — Labrus auiitus, Lin. 475.

P With duflsy blue back and fides : belly, tail, dorfal and anal

fins brown ; ventral yellow : on the end of the covers of the gills

a black fpot, united with a fmaller of red. Grows to the length of a

man's hand.

Inhabits the frelh waters of Carolina and Virginia, efpecially mill-
pools and Handing waters. Is called die Ground Perth, from its cover-
jns; itfelf in mud or fand.

CaUjht

PERCH. 127

CateJIy, ii. 8. fig. 2. — Perca fcftatrix, Li?t. 486. 130. Rudder.

■p With the upper part of the body brown, varied with large round
fpots of yellow : belly and fides ftreaked lengthways with regiilar
narrow lines of white and yellow, dotted : the three firft rays of the
anal fin fliort, (harp, and boney. Length not four inches.

This fpecies follows the rudders of fliips, acrofs the warm parts of the
Atlantic, in vaft numbers, and adhere to the bottom, to colleft food
from the flime flicking to it. It is wonderful that fo fmall a fifh Ihould
be able to keep up with lliips in their fwifteft courfe, unlefs, what is pro-
bable-, they are carried with them.

Perca punftata, Lin. 482. i^i. Dotted.

p With an undivided tail : dorfal fins fub-diftin6l : body marked
with dotted lines of black : head fil-ery.
Inhabits Carolina. — Doflor Garden. Plach.

Cctejby, ii. 3. fig. i.— Perca undulata, Lin. 483. i^z. Croker.

p Whh the body marked with brown or reddifh brown, in an undu-
lated manner : on the gill covers five flicrt fpines : tail red, (lightly 0
lunated: at the bafe of the peroral fins a brown fpot. Sometimes grows
to the length of three feet.

Inhabits the great rivers of Virginia: the largeft are taken in the Pi.acs.

deep parts of the Chejafeak. Is reckoned tolerably good meat.

1
III:

' •'■ pi

\ :i 111

1

1

' •!

'il

'

i 1 ;!;

1

I »',„ :;;

1' '>,

llii'! ':1

lill

'm

Perca

•■+i, , ■

Ml

PERCH.

1J3. EvED. Peres ocellata, I/«. 483.

p With flic firfl: ray of the dorfal fin very fliort : near the upper part
of the body, clofe to the bafe of the tail, is a black eye, with a
white iris : tail entire.
FtACB. Inhabits Caro/iMa, and is called there the Ba/t. — Doftor Garden.

•34.. FHItADEL-
rill AN«

Place.

Ferca Pluluddphica, Lin. 484.

T} With dorfal fins united ; and marked in the middle with a blac k
fpot : body fpottcd with black, and fafciated with the fame ; lower
part red : fcales and covers of the gills fringed.

Inhabits North America ; called there the Ci»tt^.— Dodor Garden.

135. Black. Pcrca atraria, i;«. 485.

P With dorfal fins united: lateral lineftrait: color entirely black,
except the edges of the dorfal fin, which is white : tail entire.
PtACE. Inhabits Carolina j called there the Blatk i-V/^.— Dodor Garden.

1(|6. Mar COT.

Place.

Catejhy, il. 2. —P. Chiyfoptera, Lin. 48;.

p Widi a gibbous back : upper iriandible longer than the lower :
whole body dun:y brown : ventral, anal, and caudal fins yellow
fpotted with brown : tail, according to Catejhy ^ forked i according to
Dodor Garden, who is to be depended on, entire.
Inhabits Carolina^

Catejtj,

P E R C H.

Ciitfjby, ii. 7.— P. puiid\ata, Lin, <]8l.

■p Witli (lorfal fins united : body of a dufky color, ngiilaily marked
with fniull round blue Ipots : tail rounded. Lcngili from fix to
ten inches.

Cdh'fiy, ii. 7.— -P. mclanura, Lin, 486.

P Witli licad and back dufl^y : fides lighter, varied with yellow lines,
extending from heat! to taii : tail black, much forked, and bor-
dered all round with white. Size of the former.

Cuejhj, ii. 14.— P. guttata, /./«. 485.— Cugiipuguaca, Marcgravt , 169.

p With the whole body covered with a thick fkin : head of a muddy
red: back of a dark reddidi brown : fides green ; anil belly white :
the whole fprinkled with round fpots of a bright red : tail green,
roimdeil, and the end edpcd with black. This fpecies is about a foot
long.

Thefc fifli are found in great plenty in the fliallow feas of the Bahama
ifles, and cfteemed ^is good meat.

Rock-fi(h, C<j/^;;, ii. 5. — P. vcncnofa, Lin. \%6.

T> With fmoodi thin fcales : back and fides dufky : belly wliitiih : the
whole marked with red fpots, encircled with black, and placed at
diftances from each other : tail a littl'' forked. They grow to the
length of two or diree feet.

This is reckoned the mod poipjnous fifh of any about the Bahama
ifles. Many of thefe noxious fpecies are eatabie in fome places, of
wiiich the natives can give 9. near guefs, but arc fometimes miferably

T deceived.

129

137. Nuoito.

IjS.BLftUK-TAU.

139. Hi KB.

Flale.

140. VfiNEMOt/J.

B

! 'il

III ;

If I

In

ill ■ .;
IT'.

!

ii

I 'I

h %

lii

;|.

130

PERCH.

deceived. Mr. Catejhy does not account for the caufe of the poifon ;
but gives a fadt which leads to an explanation. He once procured a
diver to bring up fome of the beautiful corals, which grow at the
rocky bottoms of the fliallow fea round the Bahama ifles. They are of
iinfpeakable clearnefs, and Ihew, even at the depth of twenty fathoms,
a niofl; charining variety of groves of corals, keretophytes, aftroitje,
and Ihells, animated with multitudes of fiflics of the moft glowing co-
lors fporting among them. Many of the corals and fea plants are
covered with a mucilaginous fubftancc, wliich Catejhy calls the coral
in a foft and imperfe<^ ftate : it is in hd: the fpawn of fifh j a part
often poifonous, when the fifh itfelf is poifonous ; witnefs that of the
Evglijh Barbel. The diver brought up fome of the corals thus be-
dimed, and, to clean his hands from it, rubbed them on his belly.
He was fuddenly taken with moft acute pains, and flung himfelf on
the fiinds in moft diftradled poftures, till the pains left him, whicli
was in about a quarter of an hour. I'here may be other animals wliich
have noxious qualities, fuch as the fpecics of Mollujca^ called I^plyfwy
Medufuy and Holothuriay which may depofit their fpawn on the fea
plants. The fifli who haunt diofe places, greedily feed on it; receive
the deleterious qualities, which often prove of fuch bad efi^eft to the
perfons who happen to eat of them ; wliile the very ilime fpecies of fifti,
which has happened to feed in parts of the fea free from this poifon-
ous fubftance, are eaten witrt the utmoft fafety.

Poifonous fifli are not peculiar to thofe feas. Doftor Forfier, and
others, i\\c companions of Captain Cook'% fecond voyage, fuffered fe-
verely by eating, in the South Seasy the Sfarus Erythrinus, a filh quite in-
nocent in the Mediterranean* . A new fpecics ofTetrodotiy taken in the
fame feas, had fimUar effedls. The Tefiije of Japatiy the Tetrodon ocel-
/rt/rtJ of LiNNiEus, is a poifon that baffles all remedy: it is in that
country the refort of fuicides. The fatal qualities lie in the inteftines,
and fome other parts, which are carefully flung away before it is drefled.

Eorfier^s Voy, ii. 237.
1

Strange

P E R C H.

ij*

Strange as It appears, the Japancje epicures will not ticny thcmfclves a
clifh tiicy cftcem fo delicate, fatal as the effw^fts are from negleft in
the drefling. The good emperor only prohibits his officers and fol-
diers from touching this food : the reft of his fubjefts, he gracioufly
permits to nia tlie rifquc with impunity *.

Catfjhj, ii. 6.-*P. formofa, Lin. 488.

T) With the head elegantly ftriped lengthways with blue and yellow :
moL'.'' rifing upwards: body covered with large brown fcales,
prettily edged with yellow: lateral line marked by lefllr fcales : tail
much forked : dorfal fins united. Length about one footi

141. Gtirirr.

1,:; I)

m

Iy\\

p. ftriata, Lin. 487.

P With dorfal fins united : tail forked : fecond ray of the artal fin
very ftrong : body ftriated.
Inhabits North America. That in M. de Geer's Mufeum difi'ers only
from the Persa Melamirus of the MediterraneaHy by its tail not being
black.

141. Stratbo.

Placv.

I

'"!

II:

4' :•'

P. trifurca, Lin. 489*

"P With the heal moft beautifully varied: dorfal fins united: the
body furrounded by fcven caerulean bands : third and fourth rays
of the dorfal fins fpinous, and lengthened by a cetaceous filament,
long as the fpine itfelf : the tail is moft Angularly trifurcated.
Inhabits the feas of Carelifia.-^Dotlor GARDE^f.

• Kumtftr, Hijl. Japan, i. 134.

143. TripvR'

(TAT BO.

Place.

T a

Br.

tt,

'«».,

»3^

STICKLEBACK,

i",H. Basje. JPr. 2m/. iii. N" 125 ?— C<i/*/!y, ^//. xxxiu.

T Am uncertain whether this is the fame as the 5nV/^, or whether it
is the fpecies defcribcd, N° 133. which goes under that name in
Omenta.

145. Apodal.., Catejby, H. 4. fig. 2.

p With yellow irides, whole body of a dirty red : fins and tail of a

deep yellow : dorfal fins united : tail much forked. Grows to the

length of a foot. What is a Angular mark of this fifti, it wants the

peftoral fins.

Placi. Is found about the Bahama ifles, where it is called the School-

majter.

146. River. * ^'■> '^oal. iii. N" 124.— ^r^. Zooh Jntrod. cxci,'— Catejby ^jlpp, xxxu.

Place.

P O U N D in the rivers of Hudfon's Bay^ where it grows to the
weight of eight pounds.

XXIX. STIC-
KLEBACK.

147. Two-
spin L D .

Br. Zool. iii. p. 261. Genus XXVIII.

Forjler's Cat. N. Am. An, 22.

1 N Mrs. Blackburne\ collection from iVkw Tork.

Br. Zool. iii. N" iz^.^lntrod. Jrlt, Ztol. cxCi.

148. Threk-

tPINEO^

Place. "XT E RY numerous in Hudjon's Bay,

m

Gailerofleus

' I'

It
in

M A C K R E L.

GaileroHeus Carolinui, Liu, 490.

»M

149. Carolina.

CT. With eight fpines on the back, and three on the anal fin : body
oblongly oval : lateral fins ftrait, fubcarinated towards the tail :
dorfal and anal fins fulcated : tail forked.

Inhabits C«rc//«<7.—Do(n:or Garden. Flacb.

M

'.;' !■

m\

Gad. canadus, Lin. 491.

CT, With eight dorfiil fpines : none on the anal: body oblong: anal
fin; and firfl dorfal fin, falcated.
Inhabits the fame place, and difcovered by the fame naturalift.

Catejiy, ii. 14. — Caft. faltatrlx, Lin. 491.

CT. With the dorfal fin placed low on the back : eight fpines con-
nected by a thin meinbgine ; weak, raid may be deprefled into a
furrow : tail forked : color on the back green, when juft taken : one
row of teeth in the lower, two in the upper jaw.

Inhabits the fame place. Is continually Ikipping out of the water ;
from which it gets its name.

Br, Zool. iii. p. 264. Genus XXIX,

Scomber hippos^ Lin. 494.

Tl/T With a fingle row of teetii, and two hirge in front ; lateral line
bending very much : fomewhat fpiny behind : dorfal fin red :

ventral

150. Canaoa.

Place.

Jji. Skip-jac««

Placi

XXX. MACK-
REL.

152. Hippot.

it;

If

n

?

i

«34

Place.

M A C K R E I..

vfntral and anal yellow : fpurious dorfal fins uultcU : on the covers of
the gills a black fpot.

O; (//;■««.— -Doftor Gardem.

153. Yeli.ow-

TAIL.

Placi.

Sc. Cliryfurus, Lin. 494.

TVyT Without teeth : the fpurious fins united and yellow : fpine*
placed at fome diftancc before the anal fin : tail yellow.
I'he fame place, and difcoverer.

154. TuKNY, Br. Zocl. ill. N" ii^.^-SpaniJh Mackrcl, Laiv/oit, \iy^.—-Bloch. ii. 87. tab. lv.

T A IV S 0 N fays, that they are caught with hook and line, in th«
inlets, and out at fea, and that they grow to the length of tw(
feet or more.

Few filh fpread farther than this. It is found in ^tChinefe, in i\\Q Indian^
m the Nonvegian, the Britijb, the Mediterranean, the North American,
z.ndi\\tBraJilian feas. I fufpcft that thefe are diftinft fpecies, or perhaps
varieties from age or climate. That which I had opportunity of examining,
from a fubjedl juft taken in Loch Fine, differed from thofe commonly
defcribed or figured -, but it quite agrees with the gigantic kind, fo
well diftingulfhed from the others, and engraven by Rondeletius, lib.
viii. c 12. p. 249. under the name of Orcynus. This is a point
which mull be decided by thofe who inhabit places where thefe fillies
are taken in abundance. But I am confident of the fidelity of die
drawing, and of the defcription of mine in die Britijh Zoology,

Sc,

.4

GURNARD.

13;

8c. Pclamis, ZiiVi. 492.— -Bonito, Law/on, 155.

'IP HIS is another fpecies of 'Tunny, which frequents the inlets of
Carolina, and the ocean adjacent to them. It grows to the length
of three feet, and is taken by the harpoon and fifla-gig. They are
fcen in vaft numbers in all the tropical countri<es, and enliven, by the
chace they give to other 5(hes, the tedioufncfs of a long voyage. They
live chiefly on the/te^id, and flying-fifhes.

155. BONITOt

Br, Zooi. iii. p. 276.. Genus XXXI.

Trygia evolans, Lin. 498.

/^ With a fquare and broad nofe : two flcnder fpines above each
eye, two at the top of the head, and tv/o beyond the gills : ten
fpiny rays in the firft dorfal fin, which is marked with a great black
fpot : the fcales on the lateral line are fmall, black, and very rough :
the fpace above that line brown, fpotted with black : belly white :
peroral fin black, very broad,, and fo long as to extend two thirds
the length of the body.

Inhabits the fca off New Tork, Carolina, and Jamaica. — Defcribed
from a fpecimen in Mrs. Blackburne's Mtifeim. The fame with the
Eough Gurnard in Doctor Forster's Catalogue.

XXXL GUR.
NARD.

156- Fi.ytjf».

Placi,

' *

i:

I

m

ii

ABDOMINAL,

k

i,'»6

L O C H E. AMI A.

• •

XXXII. LOCHE.
157. Beardless.

Place.

ABDOMINAL.

Br. Zool. ii. p. 282. Genus XXXII.

Cobitis hetcroclita, Lin. 500.

J^ Beardlcfs, flenckr, with large fmooth fcales: head Hat and
icaly: lips fiirnilhed wit!i teeth: dorfal fin placed beyomi the
balance : that and the anal oppofite : dufky, dewed over with pellucid
fpots -. belly ycllowilh : tail rounded, varied with white fpots and
black bands ; tlie end tranfparent.

Inhabits Carolina, — Dodlor Garden.

158. BEAriDED. ^>- Zool. iii. N" 142,

p L A C E D here on the authority o( Law/on, 160.

XXXIII. AMIA.

Head boney, naked, rough: the futures vifible.
Teeth fharp, cloiely fet in the jaws and palate.
Two nafal beards.
Twelve brancheoftegous rays. Body fcaly, Linn/eus.

159. Bold. Amia calva. Lift. ^00.

A With a fleiider body : 1 ueral line ftrait : on the throat two fhield-

like bones, llriated from the center : covers of the gills blunt and

boney : heail as if fcalped : pedloral and ventral fins of the fame fize :

ventral in the^middle of the abdomen : tail rounded, with a black fpot

at tJic upper part of the bafe : dorfal fin extends far.

PkAci. Inhabits Careiina.--Do£tor Garden.

4 Head

S I L U R E.

•37

vinMl

Head naked : fcveral i;eards about the mouth.

Branchioftegous rays, iv. xiv.

Firft ray of the dorfal or peftoral fin fpiny, dentated backwards.

LiNN/tUS.

• Silurus Pelis, Lin. joj,

' With four beards on the lower lip : above the nriouth, one on each
* fide : back bhieifli : ventral and anal fins red : tail bifid.
Ijihabits Carolina. — Doctor Garden,

XXXIV. SILURE.

i6o. PiLlt.

Place.

in

S. catui, Lin. 504.— S. Felis, 503. — Catijhy, ii. i^.^-Bagm, alia fpecies. Marc- 161. Cat*

grave, 173.

C With four Ihort beards on the lower jaw, and a very long one iflu-
ing from under each eye: the dorfal fin fmall and conic j the
fccond dorfal fin without rays, and fat : all the other fins fmall and red :
tail forked and red : head round, and very ugly : mouth and gape
very large : teeth fmall : fkin fmooth like that of an eel : upper
part of thr body dulky : lower, pale flefh color ; in form round, thick,
anvi Lkimfy. Grows to the length of two feet.

Inhabits tlie fea and rivers of moft parts of North Anerica -, preys on Pl

all forts of fmall lifhes, even thofe of its own kind. In tafte refembles
an eel, and is much eftcemed. Is x filh of flow motion. Probably, like
the fiHiing frog or angler, it tempts tlic fmall kinds to fport within
reach of its great mouth, by the kirc of its be.nrds.

LiN.N.ia's fays tliis fpecies is found alfo in /Ifm.

ACE.

r' n \

u

S C.it,;)-!u-.u-tr

.J8

T E U T H Y S.

l62< Armed.

PtACE.

S. Cataphraftus, Lin. ^06.— Catffy, ilj. 19. fig. i.

C With the head, fome of the fore part, and all the upper part, co-
vered with fmooth angular boney plates : no teeth : the fides,
to the tail, covered with plates placed perpendicularly, the middle of
each is notched, and in the middle of the notch is a fliarp hook ; each of
thefe bones lap over one another : tail round : belly foft and membra-
nous : peftoral fins confift of only a ftrong bone, ferrated on each fide :
the doifal fin formed in like manner, but ferrated only on the upper
fide J placed in a focket ; and capable of being erefted or depreflied at
pleafure : the other fins formed like thofe of other fifhes. Length ten
inches.

This fingular fifli was taken off New England, and depofited in Sir
Hans Sloane's Mujeuni.

XXXV. TEU-
THYS.

Head a little truncated.

Six branchioftegous rays.

Single row of teeth, of the fame length, placed clofely.

LlNN.^LUS.

16}. Tang. Catef>y, ii. 10. — T. Hepatus, Lin, 507.

'T^ Of a rhomboid form : fmall proje6ling mouth : no teetli : dorfa
fin fpiny, extending from the top of the head almofl: to the
tail ; head, covers of the gills, and whole body, covered with large
fcaks. Every part of the filh is of a fine deep blue, but moil brilliant
on the fins : tail broad and lunated. Length is fometimes twenty inches.
Near the tail, on each fide, is a very fl:rong and (harp-pointed bone,
capable of being erefted at pleafure j on the approach of the BarracudUy
or any filh of prey, it fets it up as a protedion.

Br,

SALMON,

»J9

I iiti,
III

Br. Zool. iii. p. 284. Genus XXXIII.

Br. Zool. iii. N" 143.

*Tp HIS fifh is frequent in the northern parts of America^ but de-
creafes in number as it approaches the fouth. I believe none arc
found beyond New I'ork.

Introd. ArSl. Zool. cxci.

INHABITS the lakes of Uudjon's Bay.

Br. Zool. iii. N° 146.
^ H E fame fpecies of ^rout as the Englijb is found in Newfoumllandy

XXXVI. SAL-
MON.

164. Common.

i65.Naymacush.
Place.

166. Trout.
Place.

fjf'

and according to Latvjon in Carolina.

m

Br. Zool. iii. N" 149. — Introd. ArSl. Zool. cxci.
Introd. Aril, Zool. cxcii.

INHABITS Albany river, in Hudfon's Bay.

Br. Zool. iii. N" 145 ?

/^ O M M O N li: the fea and rivers of Carolina ; are fo tender, that

if they happen to be furpri:?ed with a froft in the frefli waters,

they become torpid, and float on the furface as if they were dead :

whole canoes full have been taken up in that (late : if they are put

into warm water :hey will revive, Lazofouy 158.

IJ 2 White

167. Char.

i68. Omiscomay-
cus.

Place.

169. Sea.

■:*

j. I l'\

i '■'■

m\

140

SALMON.

170. White.

White fifli, Laivfon, 160.

T T is by guefs that we place this here, on fuppofition that it is a
fpecies oi Albula, or Laverettus, of authors. Lawjon fays, that it is
found far up the rivers of Carolina j that it grows to the length of two
feet and a half; and that it is very excellent meat.

171. Guimad. Br, Zeil. lii. N" i^z.—Inirod. Aril. ZqoI. cxci.

Place. In^OUNDin vafl: abundance in Hudfon's Bay.

172. Sea-Gui-

NIAD.

173. Smelt.

Introd, Ar3. Zeol, cxcii.

Br. Zool. ill. N" 151.

nPH I S is another Britijh fifh, mentioned both by Catejby and Lav -
Jon. Tlie laft fays they are very fine, but that they lie a ^rcat
way down the founds towards the ocean.

174. Slender.

Place,

Sea Sparrow Hawk, Cattjly, ii. 2. fig ■'— -Salino fcEtens, Lin. 513.

O With a lo^g flender body covered with brown fcales : fharp fmalf
teeth: belly whitifh : tail forked. Length fourteen inches.
Inhabits the feas o( Carolina. I fuppofe, from the name which Lin-
H^flEus gives, that its fmell is very ofFenfive.

Salrao

SALMON.

14J

m

It

If

Pl,/n p..

Salmo ardticus, Faun. Grcenl. 177.— Clupea villofa, Muller, N''42 5.-~Lodna, Olafen*i *7S' Capei./n»
Iceland. — Capelan de I'Amerique Septentr. Du Uamel, ii. 149. tab. xxvi.

C With a pellucid fmooth head : firfl: dorfal fin placed in the middle
of the back ; perioral broad, rifing under the gills, and extend-
ing to the belly : vcnrral fins large : anil very large, and angulated j
more fo in the male than the female: tail forked: lateral line in the
MALE briftly: the cover of the gills marked with a black fpot : tlie
form of its body thicker than that of the female: the color, above the
lateral line, dull green j beneath, filvery fpcckled with black, and
often tinged on the belly with violet. Seldom exceeds fix inches eight
lines in length.

This fpecies fwarms off the coaHs of Greenlandy Iceland, and New-
foundland : they are one of the great fupports of the Greenlanders, and
a fort of defert alfo after their moll delicate repafts. They live at ff a
moft part of the year, but in j^pril. May, June, and July, come in
Ihoals incredible into the bays; there they are taken in nets, refembling
our fhrimp-ners, either from the fhore, or out of the boats, in fuch multi-
tudes as quickly to make a lading. They are then dried on the rocks, put
into fdcks, and preferved for ufe in the caves of the mountains, or un-
der heaps of flones. They are eaten in this form ; but many are drefled
frefh as foon as taken. It has the fmell of a cucumber, when newly
caught. Autliors have unjuftly attributed to it a bad fcent and noxi-
ous qualities.

Thefe lines, tranflated from the Norwegian, exprefs the difgufting
attributes of this little fifli :

M:!

1' HJ

:i m

I

■■ 1 1

10

i

" Borr Lodde med al din forgiftige ftanch," (jfc.

Away, Lodde, with thy poifonous flench,
All the world v/ilhes thee pain and torment ;

9

Thou

m

M

cf 'ii

141

PIKE.

Thou art to us a rod and a fcourge.

Thou art a harlot pretending to f\y.

In order to draw the unwary youth away with her out of town j

They run after her like the wanton hc-goats after the females*.

They feed on the fmall crabs, and on conferva, which grow on the
fliores. In Greenland they fpawn in May, June, and July, and dcpofir.
the eggs on the fea plants : millions in th<it feafon follow the windings
of the bays : the females go firft; the males foUoWj to giveefFedtto the
fpawn : the bottom of the fea ft. ems covered with it.

They are taken in vail quantities in Newfoiotdland : they are fome-
times preferved in barrels : often kept in hi ine, or half faked, for baits
for the fifheryf.

The firft voyager who takes notice of them is Mafter Anthony Park-
hurji, who vifited that ifland in 1578, and gives a very facetious
account to his fhipmates of his art in charming thefe, and another
fifli he calls a Squid, into his power, I refer to Mr. Hackluytf vol. iii.
133, for the account.

XXXVir. PIKE.

176. Common.
Place.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 320. Genus XXXIV.

Br. Zool. iii. N° 153.

■p R E QJJ E N T in all tlie lakes from Uudjon's Bay to Carolina.

Many of thefe fifli are taken in the Baltic fea, and reckoned
far more delicious than tliofe of the lakes J.

• Ponloppidau, ii. 133.

f Dii Uc.Pil, ii. 151,

\ Prof. Rc.xiuf.

Cettjhy^

PIKE.

«4J

CauJIy, ii. 2.— Efox vulpcs, Lin, 516. 177. Fox.

T} With a wide mouth, and fir all (harp teeth : body covered with
large thin fcales ; brown above, white on the belly : tail very
much forked. Length above fixteen inches.

Inhabits the feas of the Bahama ifles. Place.

Cafe/by, n. I. 178.BARR acuda.

"P With the body and head very much refembling the European Pike :
eyes large: mouth very wide: under jaw longer than the upper:
four very large and fharp teeth in the front of the upper jaw j in that
of the lower, a fingle great and fharp tooth : two dorfal fins : tail large
and forked : color a deep brown, whirilh on the belly. Grows to the
length often feet.

Found in abundance about the feas of the Bahamas^ and as far as Jamais Pl a c e.

ca. Swims exceedingly fwifc, and is of dreadful voracity: will attack and
devour men when they are bathing. The fiefh has a difagrceable findl
and tafle, and is frequently poifonous ; caufing great fickncfs, vomit-
ing, intolerable pains in the head, and lofs of hair and nails: yet the
hungry Bahcimans formerly were under the neceflity, at times, of feeding
on it.

This fpecies, the Mullet, N" 18 5, the Grmit, N" 141, Sncpfer, N" 1 1 j,
Parroty N" 98, Old Balijies, N" 73, and the Globe I'etroilotj, N'' 77,
extend to the coaft of Guinea -, probably many others, natives of tlic
warm parts of America, reach to congenial feas.

1

m

i'l;

V\

''«
< ll

Ii

%

Efox

144

PIKE.

17a, BoMY. Efox offeus, Z/«. 516.— Green Garfifli, Catt/iy,u. ^o.

T> With long flender jaws, armed with many flnall teeth : dorfal fin
* placed very near to the tail : whole body covered with hard boncy
fcales J thofe on the belly placed obliquely : back green : belly pale
red : tail rounded ; of a dirty red, fpeckled with black. Grows to the
length of three feet.

Lawjon fpeaks of a white Garfijh with fcales knit together like ar-
mour. He adds, that the meat is very white, and looks liker flefii
than fifli ; that the Indians only efteem it : and that the gall is green,
and a violent cathartic. I imagine Lawjon calls it white in regard to
the flefh, and that he mcani the fame fifli as Catejhy.
Place. Inhabits the rivers and frelh waters of Virgima.

180. Carolina, p With a flender body : long and flender nofe : the under mandible

the longer : donal and anal fins oppofite : fcales very thin and
diftinft i not laycd over each other, nor boney.

Communicated by Dodor Garden to Linn/Eus : defcribed by the
laft, after the preceding fpecies, with a doubt whether it is not a
variety.
Placf. Inhabits the rivers oi Carolina.

l3i. Gar. £/. ZvJ. iii, no 154.

PiACK. U'REQJJENTS the feas of Carolina. Laivjcn^ 157.

Kfox

ELOPS, ARGENTINE.

'45

Efox BraflUenfis, li». 517?

l8s. Braiiliar.

P With the under jaw very fl( .er, and twice as long as the upper :
* the head fmooth : body covered with linall fcales : dorfal and anal

fins oppofite : between them and the tail a row of fmall fpurious fins

like the Mackrel.

Taken off Croque harbour^ and communicated to me by^ Sir Jo/eph Place.

Banks.

Head fmooth : a roughnefs on the edges of the jaws, and on the XXXVIII.ELOr^.

palate.
Thirty branchioftegous rays. Linm^us,

,'J

ipL. With a long body: one dorfal fin placed in the middle: head
large and Ihining, flat on the top : tail deeply furcated : juft at its
bafe, above and below, is a ftrong lanceolated fpine, placed horizon-
tally.
Inhabits the feas of Carolina and Jamaica.

Placs.

Br. Zool Hi. p. 327. Genus XXXV.

Herangus minor Bahamenns, Pilchard, Catejiy, ii. 224.— Atherina Carilina,

Lin. 5 1 9.

/^y('/ES B T gives the figure of a fmall brownlfh fifh, under the
name above given ; but leaves no further defcription, than that it
is a fmall filver-fcaled fifli refembling a herring, but fmaller, and tole-
rably good food. He omits in his figure the dorfal fin, which it

doubtlefsly has.

X They

XXXrX. ARGEN.
TINE.

l8j. Bahama.

;. '1

14^

Placb.

ATFIERINE. MULLET.

They are very numerous in the fliallows, near the low parts of the
Bahama ifles, througli which they are carried by the tide a little way
within land. Vafl: quantities are taken by the natives at the ebb, by
(lopping lip tiie little channels they come tliroiigii.

XL. ATHERINE.

184. SiLVKRY.

P L A C f .

B>: ZqqL iii. p. 3.18, Genus XXXVL
Atherina mcnidia, Lin. 519.

A TH. With a fmall fmooth head : dorfal fin fmall, -ind placed far

behind : tail forked : body covered with fmall fcales : fide line

ftrait, broad, and of a fplendid filvery appearance ; body pale yellow-

Length four inches and a half : of a flender elegant form : the belly a

little prominent.

This fifh inhabits the frefh waters of New Tork and Carolina, where
it is called the Silver Fijh^

XLI. MULLET. Br. Zool. iii. p. 329, Genus XXXVIL

1.85. Common. Br. Zool. m. N" 158.

Place. JTREQUENT off the ^«»mVrf» coafts.

»86. White. Mugil »lbula, Lin. 520. — Mullet, Catejby, ii. 6. fig. 2.

"\Ji Of a more fiender form than the Englijh : mouth fmall and
• toothlefs: tail large and much forked. Length
Flack. Caught in great numbers in the Bahama feas, at the time they go in

fiioals to fpawji. Are reckoned an excellent fiJh,

Bn

FLYING. POLYNEME. HERRING.

147

Sr. Zool. ill. p. 333. Genus XXXVIII, XLII. FLYING.

Catejhy, ii. 8.— Exocoetus volitans, Lin. J20.— Flying Fiflii Br, Ziel, iii. N" 159;
QOMMON in moft feas. Place.

Head comprefled in all parts.

Scaly : nofe very blunt and prominent.

Certain pliform anpendages to the peftoral fins. Linn/Eus.

XLIir. POLY-
NEME.

If

l\

■p With fcven appendages : tail broad, who^e, and pointed.
Inhabits the coafts of North America,

iSj. V;iiciNiA.
Place.

Br. Zool. iii. p. 335. Genus XXXIX.

Br. Zool. iii. N<> 160 ?

rj E R R I N G S leave the fait water in March, and run up the
rivers and fhallow dreams of Carolina, in fuch numbers, that the
inhabitants fling them aihore by fhovels full. Paflengers trample
them under feet in fording the rivers. They are not fo large as the
Englipy but exceed them in flavor when pickled : they turn red on
being falted. Qucre, if of the fame fpecies ?

A wonderful inundation of fifh happens annually within the northern
cape of Cheajapeak Bay, where incredible numbers of various kinds
are flung on fhore, which is covered with them three miles in length, and
to a great depth. In the general fpawning feafon they are purfued by
the multitudes of voracious fiflies, and thus are drove into deftrudlion.

X a They

XLI ;. HERRING.
188. CoMMOir.

Placb.

I

I' 'I

j. \

"Vrliy

148 CARP.

They arc^f all ipecies and fizes. People who live Inland come in tl»c
feafon with carts, to carry away what they want. Such nunabers arc
left to piitrify, that the place has got the name of Magotty Point *.

189. Shah* Br, Zool.uu N" 164.— Coz/^jf, Jpp, xxxii.

Place. aQ C O R D HI G to Cate/Iy^ is found off Carolina.

XLV. CARP.

190. Common.

Br. Zoo/, iii. p. 353. Genus XL.

Sr. Zoo/, iii. N" 16;.

Placb. "P O U N D in Carolina. This, the Dace, Roach, and Gudgeon,
placed here on the authority of Catejly, yfpp. xxxii. and Law-
Jotiy 159, 160.

191. Dacb.
S92. Roach.

193. GUDGBOK.

Br, Zeol. iii. N" 173;
Br. Zool. iii. N" 172,

Br.Zool. iii. N'sei.

194.SUCKER.
Placb.

Cyprinus catoflomus, Ferjltr in Phil. Tranf, LXiii. 155. tab. v'u^'Jntrod. Aril. Zool.

cxcu.—LaiM/on, 160?

A New fpecies, amply defcribed by the learned Forjler. The Sucking
Fifh, which Law/on compares to the Barbel without beards, is pro-
bably this kindj and of courfe a native of Carolina*

• Catejby, Jpp. xxxiii.

C. With

CARP.

'49

»/.

Q* With a (hort thick boily, thick even to the tail, which I9 large 19s- Mummy-

and fquare : fcalcs filvery. Length of the fpecimen I faw was "*""

four inches and a quarter.

Inhabits New Tork, where it Is known by the Mian name of Placi.

Mummy Cbog.

r^ With only two branchiodegous rays : eyes very prominent, and
near tlie corners of the mouth : lateral line bending a little
down in the middle : tail forked
noi quite two inches and a half.

Sent from New Tork to Mrs. Anne Blacklurne.

back brown : fides filvcry. Length

196. MiNUTB.

Placi.

Ill

A T page xcin. of the Introduction, may be added an account
of a new fpecies o^Jnarhicasy or IVolf-JiJhy difcovercd by Mr. Lax-
tnany in the White Sea. It grows to about the length of three feet.
The teeth in the jaws are numerous, and refemble canine teeth : the
body is covered with numerous round minute fpots of a pale brownifh
color, and with very large ones, thinly difperfed, of a duflcy color. Sec
Jifa Jcad. Petro^, 1781. p. 271. tab. vi.

•"fii

i' lii

CLASS

3 ■

(1

CLASS

151

v.*

N S E

S.

SECT. I. Beetles.

I. Chaper. Scarabxus lunaris. MiiJ. Bl.

nlociu
lancii'er
naficornis
Carolinui
m'-nas

nuchicornis

Marianus

ftercorarius

Amazonus

Surinamus

nitidus

fepicola

horticola, a variety

occidentalis

lanigerus

fafciatus

Ixidus

brunnus

punftatus

nobilis

quadrimaculatus

• This is added by permifllon of Mr. Benjamin White, being printed from the enu-

fflieration of the apimals of North Jmerica, publilhed in 1771 for Mr. White, by that
able naturalift Doftor John Reinhold Forpr.

3 Hudfonias..

^ii

INSECTS.

11. Stag-beetle Lucanus

Hudfonias. Drury t. :iS' ^- 7- N.

S. Muf. Bl.
rufus. N. S. Muf. Bl.
laevipes. N. S. Muf. Bl.
piccus. N. S. MuJ, Br.
biunguiculatus. N. S. Muf. Bl,
pilofus. N. S. Muf. BL
teftaceus. N. S. Muf. Bl.

cervus

capreolus

interriiptus

N. B. a. brown variety

III. Leather-eater. Dermeftes lardarius

capucinus

IV.Mimicic-beetle Hifter
V. Whirl-beetle Gyrinus
VI. CarriOn-ieetlb Silpha

VII. Weevil

CurcuHo

typographus

fafciatus. N. S. Muf, Bl.

unicolor

Americanus

vefpillo. N. B. a great variety, and
the fmall one too
noveboracenfis. N. S. Muf. Bl.
bipuftulata
quadripuftulata
Americana
obfcura
aquatica

noveboracenfis. N. S. Muf, Bl,

palmarum

Bacchus

difpar

anchoraco

nucum

incanus

fcutellatus, N. S. Muf. Bl.

fi VIII. Nut-

INSECTS.

153

VIII. NUT'ST-IITLE

IX. Ladv-fi,y

Attclabus
Coccinclla

curculionoides
Pcnfylvanicus.

impuiiftata
7-pnnftat;i
i^'j])nnclata
2-pu(h]lata

• *

X. Glow-worm

XI. Sekd-beetle

XII. GoLDEN-HONEY-
BE£TLE

Lampyiis

Pyralis

marginata

pilofa, N. S. Muf. BL

Briichus Pifi Kclmii'j^ — 1177

Chryfoiiula 5-piin(5tata
occidentalis
Boleti

Philadelphica
3-inaculara
Americana
lincolu
bicolur, variety with red thiglis.

Mil/. El.
fcopolina
obl'cLua
io-macul;ita
I 2-piin6lata
Piullandrii
tomentofii

PJioi. N. S. M/. Bl.
ipiiiicornis. N. S. MnJ. BL
lep,tiiroiues. N. S. Miif. Bl.
lincato-piinrtata. N. S. MuJ.Bl,
trifurcatii. N. S. Mitf. Bl.
laticlavia. N. S. Muf. Bl.
rtnibriata. N. S. Aluf. Bl.
f'-ontalis. N, S. AhJ. Bl.
Hudlbnias. N. S. Muf. Bl.

Y XIII. Blister-

Ml

I-

■if J

^i

i, I

!

154

INSECTS.

XIII. Blister-beetle Meloe

XIV, Stinking-beetle Tenebrio

XV. Tortoise-beetle Cafllda

* * *

XVI. Glossy-beetle Cicindela

XVII. Ground-beetle Carabus

XVIII. Burn-cow

Buprcflis

XIX. Siuung-beetle Elater

veficatorius

majalis

cinerea. N. S. MuJ, BL

clvalybeus
Maiiritanicus
culinaris
foflfor

viridis

bipuftula ? Muf. BL

hybrida

Germanica

riparia

granulatns, y.

hortenfis

leucophthalmus

inquifitor

lividus, fmall variety

marginatus

crepitans

Americanus

cyanocephalus

vulgaris

piceus

fcriceus. N. S. Muf. BL

fafciatus. N. S. Muf. BL

gigantea
iiiarima
chryfoftigma
Auftriaca

oculatiis
pholphoreus
ligneus ?
oblcuriis

XX. Water-

INSECTS.

iSS

XX. Water-beetle

XXI. SOFTWINCED-
BEETLE

XXII. WoOD-tFETLE

XXIII. Capricorn-
beetle

Dytifcus fufcipcs

marginatiis

Malacopteryx Amerlcanus. N. S. Muf. BL
Cantharis tropica

Leptiira

Cerambyx

myflica

detrita

Robinite. Drury, t. 41. f. q.

N. S. Muf. BL
Americana. N. S. Muf. BL
nitens

imbricornis

coriarius, variety

melanopus

lineatus

ipinibarbis

araneiformis

4-maculatus

fuccindlus

fiiaveolens

Coquus

hifpicornis. Drury. t. 41. f. 4.

riifticus

bajiilus

tctrophthalmus. N. S. Muf. BL

briinnus. N. S. Muf. BL

palliatus. N. S. Muf. BL

clavipes. N. S. Muf BL

Hi

.':

XXIV. Rove-beetle

XXV. Clipt-winged-
beetle

XXVI. Earwig

Staphylinus

Necydalis

ForfiCuLi

hirtiis
erythropterus

coUaris. N. S. MuL BL

auricularia

5 1 J

li

Y 2

SECT,

156

INSECTS.

S
XXVII.

E C T. II.

Cockroach

XXVIII.
XXIX.

Camelcricket
Locust

XXX. Flea-locust

XXXI. BuAT-FLY

H A L F W I N G E D I N S E C T S.

Blatta Americana

Oriental!!.
Gtrinanica
livida. N.S. Muf.Bl.

Mantis irrorata

Carolina

Gryllus brevicornis

grylIotal])a
canipcftris
citrifolius
laurifolius
inirtifolius ?
iuccindtus
ciifti'tus
Carolinus

Cicada fquamigcra

tibiceii
ieptendccim
violacea
fpumaria
phalasnoides
Lanio

carinara. N. S. Muf. Bl.
guttr.ta. N. S. MuJ'. BL
coccinea. N.S. MuJ. Bl.

Notoncda ^^^^'^^ ^_ _ ^^ . „.
lineata. N.S. MuJ. Bl.

XXXII. Water-scorpion Nepa
XXXIII. Bug Cimcx

grandis

ledicularis. Kalm.

bidens

idericus

floridanu*

1 N S E C T S.

'57

florid anus

hsemorrhoua

baccarum

prafinus

biguttatus, variety with red dots

and margins
criftatus
trifafciafjs
luccinftus
lacuftris

XXXIV. Plantsucker.
XXXV. Cochineal

Chermes AIni. KrJm

Coccus Cafli. Bartram\ Florida

S E C T. III. Papilionaceous Injects.

XXXVI. Butterfly

Papilio Troilus. Drury. t. 1 1. f. i — ^ i
Ajax. Eckv. 34.
Xuthus. Drury. t. 22. f. i. 2.
Antilochus
Podalirius

Protefilaus. Drury. t, 22. f. 34.
Apollo. Muf. Bi.
BralTica^
Hyale
IJ.ubule
Ecclipfis
Midamus
Plcxippus
Mifippus
Chryfippus
Cantluis
Almana
Oritliya
Cardui

Atitiopa. Kahii.

uri-'f; •

C. album

m

M

5':

ill

158

INSECTS.

XXXVII. l-lAWK.-Morn

XXXV ni Moth

C. album

Atalanta

Kuphrolync. Kalm.

Cupido

tiucrcus

i',(;hi,t!(

V'irg.uiieaB

Sphinx oct'ilau

PopiiU
Cai'Ofina
Cflerio
Pinalbi
iiicif'onviis!, ,!. Tit

Phala-na Atlas

Cecropia

Paphia

Luna

Virgo

Plantaginis

Clirylorrhoca

lubricipcda

paianympha

Gamma

Pli

bilineata

viridana

bdla

pulchclla

y-.:3

SEC T. IV.
XXXIX, DRAGON-ri,v

Insects with nervous WinQs.

Libcllula

flaveola

deprclla

iirnca

umbiata

Americana

Cirolina

XL. Camel-

INSECTS.

XL. Camel -FLY Raphidia corniita

XLI. Spring-fly Phiyganca bicauilata

XLII. Pearl-flv Hemcrobius pccliiiicornis

XLIII. ScoRPtoN-FLY Panorpa communis

^59

ii

I

SECT. V. Insects with Sti

"gs.

XUV. BtE.

Xl.V. A

NT

Al

IIS

Formica.

cordata

nu'llifica

roilrata

violacea

Carolina

pratoi

um

antuans

novrboraccnfis, N. S. Afn/. Bl.
vefpifbrmis. N. S. Altif. Bl.
fericca. N. S. MuJ. B/,

hcrculcana

nifa

XLVI. Wasp

Vcl]

)a

XLVII. Golden Wall-fly

Caroliiia

maculata. Mnf. BL
anniihiris
quadridcns
Canadcniis

Cliryfis cyanca

XLVIII. Tail LI) Wasp

Si rex

Columba. Mi'/. Bl.

Xf.,IX, S-\\V IFV

Tcntlircdo fc-rophulaii:t
hi tea

viriJis

L. IcHNEi;.

'!

i6o

INSECTS
L. Ichneumotn'-wasp Sphex

LI. IcHN'EUMON'-rLV

LII. Na::ed Bee

fabulofa
cariilca
Pcnlylvanica
arcnaria

Ichneumon lutciis
Mucilla occidentalis

SEC T. VI. T\vo-\vInged Insects.

LAW. Gnat

LIV. Wasp-flv

LV. Flower-breeze
LVI. Horse-fly

LVII. Fly

LVIII. Whame
LIX. Gadfly

Culex

pipiens. Mujquita

)ulicaris

Afil

us

a.'fl

uans

ibbofus

Bombylius minor. Mi</. BL
llippobofca hirundinis MuJ. BL

Muica

illuccns. jDrz/ry, t.44.f.i.Mi?/.

1

cucopa
voniitoria
earn aria
domcllica

Tabanus Americanus. N. S. MnJ. El

Oeftrus Tarandi

SECT. VII.

L.X. SUGARMITE

I.XI. Ground-flea
LXII. Death-watch

Insects without Wings.
Lepifma laccharina

Podura aquatica

Termes pulfutoriuni

LXIII.

LXIII. Louse

I N S E C

Pediculus

LXIV. Flea
LXV. Tick.

lxvi. lonclegced-
Spider

LXVIL Spider

LXVIII. Scorpion
LXIX. Crabfish

LXX. Lobster

Pulex
Acarus

T S.

humanus

ricinoides

fuis

cervi

meleagridis

irritans
penetrans. Ch'iggef

Amcricanus

Siro

holofericeus

%tl

Phalangium groffipes
opilio
acaroides
baliEnarum
rcniforme.

Aranea

jcorpio

fentry

minute

land

florid

Sand

common

roughflielled

fpider

dotted

rock

ledclawtu

common
cynic

dladema
clavipes
venatoria

Americanu3
aultralis. Muf. Bl

i < r pinnophylix

C. ininutus. Kalm.

C. ruiicola. Cat. II. 32,

C. floridus

C. vocans. Cat. II. 35.

C. ni;"Enas. Mr. B.

C. n. ainilatiis.G'/'. II. 36. N"'!.

C. araneus. Mr. B.

C. punctatus

C. Grapllir,.C'z/'. 11.36. N^ i.

K 'at. II. 37. f. 1.

Cancer Grammarus
C. Diogenes. C'rt/. 11.33 (.1.1.
Z i'oldier

■' :J

«• ^:

i6i

INSECTS.

l.<XXr. ^lo^focuLE

I>XXin. CrNTiPiE

Soldier
Cniy

Cit. TI. .H«
C. carcinus

King's Crab MonocuiusPolyplicnius.M.fi/.

Oiiifcus OofliniTi. Af/ff. Bl,

PiiyluLlc's. MuJ. BL
Cfti
Afc-lkis

Scolopcndra forficata

morlitans. Cat, II. 2,

occickncalis

marina

r

I

I.XXIV, Gallvworm

lulus

craHus

l6j

TESTACEOUS.

REFERENCES to Amcilcan Shells, engraved In LiRer's Ilifl. Conch.

-AND

R

rvE

'URBINATED

N^

69

82

92

93
94

S River Bivalve

Sea Bivalcs. N" 34. 2,79
196. 358
200. 434
277. 436

Sea turbinated. 855.3.12
1058. — 10
1059.— *

35
44
45
4$

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