^^, A^. o .. V«. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Y /> / % '»/ > ;v^^ // i^y. '/^ 1 • Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 m iV ^ \ :\ -r^ i/.x CIHM/ICMH Microfiche CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques * , Tachnicai and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquas at bibliographiquas Tha Instttuta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically unique, which may altar any of the images in tha reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculie Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avec d'autres documents D D n Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de !a distorsion le long da la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 4tait possible, cas pages n'ont pas kxh film^es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger una modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. f~n Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/oi Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages ddcolor^es tachet^es ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ddtachies Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materit Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible rrj Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ r~7] Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ r~^ Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc., ont it6 filmdes k nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. JOX 14X 18X 22X J 12X 16X 20X 26X 30X 24X 28X 32X ire details es du modifier er une MImage BS The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library Agriculture Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plats'^, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grflce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Bibtiothdque Agriculture Canada Les images suivantes ont 6x6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont filmds en commen^ant pay le premier plat et en terminant soit par la darnidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'imprassion ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »- signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd 6 partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. errata to pelure. n 32X 1 2 3 4 S 6 PARIS INTRRMATfO^fAL EXHIBITIOV . I0''O. FRUIT GROWING IN CANADA LV WM. SAUNDERwS, 1,1,. D., DIRKCTOR KXl-KKIMKNTAI, KAKMS, CANADIAN COMMI' SIONKK FOR PARIS IvXlIIumoN AND AUGUSTK DUPUIS, PRESIDKNT COUNCir, OK ACRICUI/rURK 0..> THH PROVINCK OK QUKBKC, SHCRKTARY CANADIAN COMMISSION " FOR PARIS FXHIBITION. PRINTKD BY ORDKR OF THK Hon. S. a. Kxshkr, MixVistkr of AcRicuvruRE OTTAWA, Canada. "•>mj^. PARIS iMt-Rwriowr. K Ba/cfi W/n ^fOi M Kis iMKifwriowL KXHinmov . lO'iO. Ba/cfi W/n ^cr/ne, c/se ^•^0 7-^'rc/s/Vatura/5,,e SpitzenAt/r, ,5r*> TABLE OF CONTENTS. niSTORKvvi,, ^ '>r,.,s of Fr„it (;r„wi„B. *-^Pennu'nt!iI (hclnirds. '..[[ « Nkw Buun.swkk: ^ NovaSotia. * 10 School of Agriclh.re '^'"»'"^>-"'» „. i nut Growers' Associaf in., n ■ ^2 Wonderful FnuV p».^ • ^ Nu-nber o IV ?'''"^ Culpabilities. ... ,, ExpoHn,..,,,,, F,,„ Ct,:,: '"^"* '■' Hn,.e,,|,„„ T„,«„t a, AgH;;;,;,,;-,-^.';,;- '« I'Ocal Horticultural Societies ' '" "p:^:"j:s-:^— • '" ^"ccess with 8n,all Fr„its ^ " 17 !*wji^ CoNTKiVra J>ltlTISH ("oi.l.MIIIA. Fiiv()iiiul)k> Conditions for Fruit Growing In Const Cliniiitc . . 'Jn Interior N'iiilcvH Paoe. 17 rrovincial Kriiil Oroweris' A.HSociiition NuRSKiu ivs I Nf Canada DiSTANfKS AT WlllCfl FlUIT TjiEICS ARE PLANTED, IS IcS IS IS PaCKIN(I AXD SlIIl'PINO OK IlUIITS ]<) Fa'ai'ohated and Canned Fkuith and Jams 1!) AViNE and Cideh 20 Fruit Growing Assisted ijy Federal (Jovernment. 20 Fiiiqiiiriea by Agents 20 Cold Storage Facilities 21 Fruit Ti'sting at Fxperinicr.tal Farms 21 CJeneral Service Pendered by Experimental Farms 22 Number of Varieties of Fruit Under Test 22 Sending Trained IMen to Address Meetings 28 Canadian Fruits at the I'aris Exhibition 23 Acknowledgments . The authors desire to tender their thanks to the following gentlemen who have kindly furnished infoi-ma- tion on fruit topics, part of which has been incorporated in the following pages : Mr. G. A. (Jiganlt, Deputy Minister of Agi-iculture, Quebec. " Robt. Hamilton, Grenville, Que. Sir James M. LeMoine, Quebec. Mr. J. M. Fisk, Abbotsford, Que. " (ieo. Johnson, Statistician, Dept. of Agricul- ture, Ottawa. " C. ('. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Toronto, Out. " L. AVoolverton, Sec. Ont. Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation, (Jrimsbv, Ont. *' D. W. IJeadle, Toronto, Out. " A. McD. Allan, (Joderich, Ont. Simco(^ (-anning Co., Simcoe, Ont. Mr. Geo. Lightbound, Toronto, Ont. *.»_«^BW(^- 17 18 IH IS IS 18 1<) li) 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 FRUIT GROWING IN CANADA. BY AND '^TYUJSTK DL'PUrs <"' tii'Kiii-;( INTRODUCTORY. '" 'i "..n;l,.,f„| ,|,.„».; ', '", "»■ 6'-""Hi of (|„. , ' " C.I nu.Hne. ^ i^'* ^"^'"'"-^l as o„o of Ih.-i, .so.m,^ • ^" r '''"''^^^^ o^ poaches, n,s J 'T ^'^^'^''^'^^ <'- oLcupatiuji ol a large '^-..^s-*! \3*&? 6 FnriT riRnwiN(i in Canada number of thoinlmbihuils. A witlcarca in tlioHo diHtricts is also devoted to the cultivation of Hinall fruitH, OHpeeially Htrawberricw and raspheirics, f^mwn to meet the demand in the iarj^c^ centres of p<)))nlation. The acreage under graiK'S is also laij^e, and liie hij^li (|nality of the well ripened frnit bears testimony to tlu' favonrable conditions of climatp whici exist there. On the great plains in the central-western country, the larger fruits are not grown succe-sfully owing to unfavourable conditinna of climate. Some of the small fruits, however, an^ produced inconsiderable quantilicH. In the central valleys of British Cohnnbi-i, lying between thetwft ranges of muimtains known as the( lold and (Vnist Ka!iges, when^ th(^ rainfall is scanty, fruit growing is carried on extensively, and where sullicient supplies of water are availabh^ for irrigation, apples, pears, plums and cherries ar«' very su(^cessfully cultivated, and in some districts the peach also. W"st of the Coast Range, in what is known as the coast climate, tlie conditions are not very favourahU^ f(»r the peadi ; but the other large fruits mentionetl are grown in great perfection and in abundance- r S ■^ f The Fr introduce a century, I on the ban gnal Rivers Mines, alon Gaspereaux settlers fron Pierre ] about Monti from France fine fniit in these trees > Nearly Cornwallis, people. Th( thriving in French setth ally extende and in the C( were introdi sprung the n Cornwallis ^ in those disti were the No] and Baldwin ductions of tl In 1789, first agriculti patronage of and among o meeting, the authorized. Fruit Growing in Canada HISTORICAL. The French settlers were successful in their efforts to introduce apple trees into Canada as early as the sixteenth century. In imS, apple trees are mentioned as growing on the banks oi the Dauphin, the L'Equille, and L'Ori- gnal Rivers and in the neighbourhood of Bassin des Mines, alongside of the Riviere des Canards and of the Gaspereaux, where they had been planted by early settlers from France. Pierre Boucher, writing in IdGB, says of the district about Montreal, "Not many trees have been introduced from France, except some apple trees, which bear very fine fniit in large quantity, but there are not many of these trees yet. ' ' Nearly a century later, in 1761, the Township of Cornwallis, in Nova 8cotia, was settled by New England people. The settlers found apple trees of many sorts thriving in that valley which had ueen introduced by French settlers. Subsequently, this industry was gradu- ally extended, the area occupied by fruit trees increased, and in the course of years many new and promising sorts were introduced. From these small beginnings have sprung the modern apple orchards of the Annapolis and Cornwallis valleys, which now occupy a very large area in those districts. Among the varieties early introduced were the Nonpareil, Golden Russet, Yellow Belleflower and Baldwin apples, which still rank among the best pro- ductions of that part of the Dominion . In 1789, we have record of the establishment of the first agricultoral society in Canada, in Quebec, under the patronage of Lord Dorchester, then Governor-General, and among other proceedings recorded at the first regular meeting, the importation of fruit trees from Europe wns authorized. m fi*- >w«C. 8 FnuiT Gkowinc; i.v Canada QUEBEC. In this province the grontt'.st progress in frnit grow- ing lias been made in tlic Eastern Townships. Hero, commercial plantations were early established which became the foundation of many valuable orchards. The first seedling orchard at Abbotsford came into bearing about 1812, and the first grafted trees were brought into that section in IcSlO. In 1854, a connnittee of prominent fruit growers was appointed by the Montreal Horticultural Society for the purpose of preparing an exhibit of fruit for the Paris Kx- liibition of 1855, and a collection of 178 varieties of apj)les and 3() varieties of plums was made for this purpose, showing that fruit was then grown in Quebec to a very considerable extent. The Fiait (irowers' Association of Abbotsford was organized in 1874 and was the first local organization for the encouragement of fruit growing in this Province. To this society is due the credit of having published the first list of fruits best suited to the Province of Quebec. In 1884, this Association made importations of liussian apple trees for test indifferent parts of Quebec, and a few of these v'.rieties have been found useful. Quebec occupies a more northerly position than Ontario and hence the range of its horticultural products is more restricted. Peaches, quinces and the more tender sorts of pears and plums cannot be successfully grown there. The hardier forms of improved American plums are, however, grown in some districts quite abundantly. This is especially the case in parts of the Lower !St. Law- rence, whence the fiuit is shipped to the Quebec and Montreal markets. In the western part of the Province in the neignbourhood of Montreal, and in the Eastern Townships, large apple orchards abound, where apples of the finest flavour and colour are produced. On the Island of Montreal there are now about 2,400 acres in orchard, chiefly apples, the product of which is estimated at 250,000 to 275,000 barrels aniuially. The Fameuse a noted Canadian apple, is grown here iu unsurpassed ^ CiiOSS-IiUKD (JOOSEBE. iiKv, KuTir. .>-# iv LddUabp *i^ei^^iM.±^iu. / Fruit Growing i.n Canada 9 beauty and of the highest flavour. There are manv ore .a,dsof this variety in the neighbourhood of 7Z treaL where thousands of barrels of this highly esteemed fj'grrs^^^^ ^" --- toVnadia::!' sonae of tl^e'ear^'iprnh;^''^^ oTgra'pe mlu^e^t'll' abl bVt;""; ?; ""f/ ^' ''^"*^^^^' influenced;"": ably by the shelter and higher temperature of the citv some varieties of pears are successfully grown an on^ others theBartlett, Flemish Beauty, Oswago Be'ir 'e a'^ severa o the Bergamot fann-ly. Clferries, a\so ^ ; " v p oduced in n^st parts of Quebec, while all the JJl fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, currants and gooseberries, are grown with success in 'all parts ^fule Fruit growing in Quebec receives considerable en ouragement from the Provincial Government Ths s^^Tlotl '' ^Tr^ ^'-"^^ ^— ' Associationalld eevexal local or district associations, all of which hold meetings irom time to time for the discussion ofsubectt bearing on truit culture. They all receive annua g^^^^^^^^^ tlerrcJd r l" ^.T'^^^^^^ Government andtm? them hold yearly exhibitions, where the fruits of the asTcrairH7^'^'1i'r^"^^^^ '^^^ ^^^^ s;l /n K '" ^' *^'' Fomological and Fruit-Growing society of Quebec, was organized in January, 1894 under s nVrS'^V' 'T ^^"^*^"' ^^ ^^^-- - *« -pre- sent the different parts of the Province. This Societv holds two.meetings during the year for the discussion of frui subjects. The proceedings are published bv the P. OMncial Government, both in French and English and are widely distributed. ^ ' In 1898, experimental orchards were established in different parts of the province. The object of the e orchards is to illustrate which fruit trees and small fruits su each locality and the best methods to be pursued i cultivating these fruits and in destro^v,: Insect enemts Frui growers also receive information through the Journal, d' Agriculture et d'Horticulture," which is I .1^ ':lfTM 10 Fruit Growing in Canada subsidized by the Government. This is published twice a niontli and has a very hirge circulation among the fruit growers and farmers of Quebec. Furthermore, Horti- culture is taught at the Government Agricultural Schools of Compton, I'Assomption, and 8te-Anne de la Pocatiere. NEW BRUNSWICK. The Province of New Brunpwick, lying to the south- east of Quebec, produces in many parts apples of excel- lent colour and flavour. Orchai-ds have been success- fully cultivated for many years past in the valley of the St. John Kiver, and fruit is also grown to advantage in many other parts of the province. Of the large fruits, apples are chiefly grown and in the more southern coun- ties of the province, pears and plums are cultivated with success. From Cr,rleton County, some excellent apples have been exported to England and sold at good prices. The Northern Spy, Bishop Pippin and Ben Davis are among the fruits which have been shipped. Pears have been grown profitably in AVestraoreland County, also in some localities on the Kennebecasis Kiver. In New Brunswick there is no special organization for the pro- motion of fruit growing ; but this subject is taken up by the Farmers' and Dairymen's Association of the province as part of its work. Fruit growing in this province has not, in the past, made such rapid progress as in some of the others provinces of the Dominion ; but the success which has attended the efforts of those who liave given proper care and attention to their orchards in New Brunswick show that both climate and soil, in many sections of the province, are well adapted for the pro- duction of many excellent sorts of fruit, and this indus- try is now receiving much more attention than formerly. All the small fruits thrive well in nearly every part of this province, and in some localities the growing of strawberries is carried on extensively, and the fruit is sent to the large towns and cities in Canada and the New England States. H'/.' ^«6ffv^1 C3 a. sq L4^ "'mmss^^m: ^„ JT" I. "'^SSm^ The the I)(nu south of climate if not m hi winter is, successful produced degree of Tlie large districts i These fori miles in ] miles, lyii height of valley fror exposed si ideal condi of the adv£ ing of app] the first ap here. It i fruit growi] importance of a consi( fruit trees i unrivalled i in Nova 8co est oenied : Spy, Baldwi and Golden from 400,00( increasing. grown in thi cient to sup titles of cran Nova Scotia. i! Fruit Growino in Canada a NOVA SOOTIA. TTie Province of Xova Scotia lies at the east end of tht >ouu,uo,.. fornung a peninsula on tlie Atlantic count . souih of the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence ThJ climate ,8 mild and ruther humid. The Humnu-r heat is no so high as in Quebec and Ontario, aiid the cold in Zl IV '""'* P^'^' ^^'' «*^^^'*^''«- ^^'''iJe ^••"it can be successfully grown in many parts of this province it is produced to the greatest advantage and in the higl e degree of perfection in the shelter of the river vaflevs The largest and most important of the fruit-producing d^tnc ts are the Cornwallis and Annapolis valley^ mies n length, varying in width from six to eleven mi es, lying between two parallel ranges of hills with height of from 500 to 000 feet. Thesf hills It'th: valley from the strong, cold winds which prevail in mo e exposed situations along the coast, and thus pr odu e Ideal conditions for fruit growing. The early dil" "^ of the advantages which this district offers for the go v^ ng of apples has already been referred to, and some of he firs apple orchards in the Dominion we;e estab'ISed lere. It g, however, only within recent times that fruit growing in this district has become of paramoun importance Now it occupies almost the entire IZtio of a considerable proportion of the population The fruit trees m this valley bear abundantly and the fruft s unrivalled in quality. Of the varieties'i.f appl^ g l in^ova Scotia, the following are among the no t S, increasing \ ery fi„e plums, pears and cherries are also grown in this province, but, as yet, not more than suffi cient to supply the home market. ConsiderabL Zn-' N^tr'^^"^^ '-' ''-' -^- ^^ ^^^-- pa- of r.' ■''^^\ 12 Fruit Growinu in Canada Xnva 8cotia has the advantage of a luiig-eHtablinhed and very etlicient FniiL (irowers' AsHoc-iatioii, which hjin done much during the past thirty-five years to In.ild up tlie fruit intercHta of tliat province and to establi.sh a high reputation f(.r Nova Scotia fruitn in foreign niarl*'wWMipi*iHs»i^^p{m^l^i^i< iW tor on at 5^, plan fill a a, few 0 COlUitl tlieso . 83'sten: inate h for exj; cientjy pJ'oport •ibunda fniit is on-liard; tJiiinsix four mil afo plani to viiieyi vrestein Erie, fni orchards, acres in e iifty or e orchard. extensive! and Oaky phim ore Huron an quantities counties o are noted f ONTARIO. 13 ^1 Ontario aa in ti planting .ffruitwas nnd'i'ako;'' ^T^"^^^^' *^^« ^^^ly I^rogrees in Fruit Growing. tJ.e.o June, beg,„, ,> be de • tned ' T? '''''' -^^'^ ^^'^t "-te infonnation on tC^^: ''l^;''^^' --1 cii.^en. fn art ]«' ^ , '"^ '/"'^ everywhere orchardso«..pyover3S8,0 oa re Ln " *'" P^«^'^"«- J'^m Six nu-ilion apple trees 0?^ h"'" "''" "'^^^^ '"^re fourinillionoryoLge t'le'""'^^^^^^^^^^^ are planted with peach tri^;,;';^;;^^^^^ to vineyards. In the Nia-^ara s! • . T'' ''''' ^^^''^^ed v/ostern part of the >)rov^ '^' '''^'^ '" ^he south- orchards, gardens and vn^^^.^^r/'^ ^"'"^^'^^^' ->d ^™ ,n extent are very co uni ' f ./''""^ ^''^ ^o tifteen ^fty or even one luindre do 1 ' "^ '°"'^ "^«^«"ces ^'•^J^ard. Pears, peac es ,„ ' '''" ^^'"^'-^^^'^^ in one extensively gro vn in H ^ '"' ^'^^P^^' ^"^^ ^''erries are -^oakv^^rie;n^::^i;:t- ^"r^-^^-^^ P'"m orcluirds and also forCn'T T'^^ P^ar and Huron and Geoi^ian Bay s^ot ' ^''''^'- The Lake quantities of appfes a^;di}T l^''''^'''^ """HM.se ^^onnties of Ontario in hufirp '' '''' «ast-central arenotedforappleskndlT"^^-^^^^^ ^nnts of the hnest quality. n ! l"* Fruit Growing ix Canada Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. rrominent among tlie agencies which have been inRtrniiientivl in bringijig al)ont this wonderful cliange, is the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, one oi the most efficient and active organizations in tiie Dominion. Tliis Association was organized in 1859, with a member- r^liip of eighteen. In 18G3, it published its first report compiled from returns sent in from thirty counties in Ontario, describing the fruits adapted to the different localities. In 1867, when the membership had increased to eighty, the society was incorporated, and from that time forward received an annual government grant, which gieatly stimulated the activity of the members. The w<»rk of the association in promoting fruitgrowing has been found so useful that the grant has been several times increased. It is now one of the finest organizations in the world and has a membership of over 4,000, a large pnjportion of whom are active, working members. in 1877, a monthly publication was begun, entitled the Canadian Horticulturist, a magazine mainly devoted t(j the dissemination of information relating to fruit growing in Canada. By this means much knowledge on fruit sutjects has been gathered and distributed every- where among farmers and fruit growers. Lists of variet ies which have been found best and most profitable in every district in Ontario have been published and the fruit growing capabilities of the different sections inquired into and reported on. The growing of long-keeping varieties of, fruit of high quality for foreign shipment has been encouraged and new varieties introduced. A distribution is made annually to the members, of promis- ing new sorts for trial. Early in the winter the annual ci»nvention of the members of this Association is held in some prominent fruit centre. Experts and specialists are invited to be present to address the meetings and assist in the discussion of questions calculated to promote the fruit growing imlustry. Many practical papers are presented by the more active members who are gathered from all parts of the Province. These meetings are ^ continu proceed: Preparec fitted i{ copy is s reports J througho public bi Jnipetus t^ fruit groM niarket, w centres of f^^eds of ca Clumber of season diiri attention is '^ortsofapp Among tlie ^'ortJiern Sp ^"^nge, GoJ Jate years t} ^"tain for 0 are BartJett, •"^"Perfin and and command As settler of Ontario nev tested, their q as to their pro) Fruit Qr The Provin fruit growing ce in the use of ppr ;f e of sprayin those insect ene fniitsand fruit the efficacy of th, •'^ the trees in eac ^""n G„„,,,^„ ,^ p^^.^^^ """"•"..ed for two or th ,■ ' '« fruit ffrowi ^""'"'S "" over thp P ^^ " " »'■<'«» centre, oT^ '"«« quantities ai-e t rf "^ '^ "'« home "•■»be°/:?t tc ::<■ --^- "e™™Errtpr/f'"'- 'Reason durint, fi , ^ ^''o^" «o as fo . , ^ ^^^^^ »«enti„„ r;;ii^'» "«« part of tbT X"T^ '™" « sorts of annl™ 1 ^ Pfoduction of LI ', «'"="«'■ .yecus there has bepn o " ^alJawater n* - trt^r r^'" ^-- ^hHSier-r '- «-« ^-it Growers I„,t,„,,3^ TheProvinchlr '""° ^Praying,. "se of 1° ?'^^""^ apparatus and t ' ^'^^ ^^'^^^^^ 'I S; «Pr- I. ^^ Fkuit (Growing ix Canada Experimental Fruit Stations. The Ontario Government lias also established a series of 13 Experimental Fruit Stations in different parts of the province. Ten of these M'ere begun in 1,S9;{, and the other three have been more recently organized. These stations are devoted to the cultivation of certain classes of fruit for which the climate of the locality is particularly suited. They are under the charge of a committee composed mainly of practical fruit growers, who select and send from year to year some of the most promising of the new varieties of fruit for tost. Annual reports are published giving the results of this work . Ontario has also a well appointed Agricultural College located at Guelph. This College has a Horticul- tural Department, where lectures on the theory and practice of horticulture ai-e regularly given. Grafting, budding and other methods of propagating are taught and experiments made with the view of giving to the students a thorough insight into the best modes of deal- ing with everything pertaining to the growing of fruits, also to the treatment of diseases and pests of every description to which the various kinds of fruit trees and vines are subject. In this Province there are also many local horticul- tural societies in the cities and towns, which receive annual grants from the provincial treasurv. While the efforts of these s cieties are largely devoted to the culti- vation, among the people, of a love for ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers, for the beautifying of homes and the adornment of towns and villages, t'he cultivation of fruits is also advocated and encouraged. MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. In the western prairie sections of the Dominion, fruit-growing is much restricted owing to unfavourable conditions of climate and the absence of sutlicient shelter. I Director ofth,! /),„„!,„•„„ P " P""' ^vo voara tl„. ;:;favo„H,„ „ ;;;;■;,: f;~;w. an,. -..X: 11 crab, „ .ii^ria wit , "lo, r;^ "'f'S "- ''"^d^st cm,a,o existing „„ th„,, " ' ""■■■« tbe conditio,,, of a considerable dcKre,. „f 5 ""''■''" P>'<'"s- .Abculv wl.lc,,,,avobee,,^,:,VLr:;;-«™dedt,,ee;::^ '* '"'"dar efforts a,o in ,,r, ' '""°»' ™™l»- »'"»" cn-rants, '--""'n'-.U.d,arts;f^Xtltl~ BEITISH COLUMBIA, mi • _ M"""tah,s "^naZ t!c!L 'o" '^'T'"" *''" Rocky Pio.luction of frnit, of e 'ct^l , ," '"""■■"■'We for ti,„ "- J'onmnon does tC^^^^T'"-; '" "" 1«« o K''"V to better adva„,a,,e ,.;'""■• "'""' ""«'.ally favoured ioc.,it,V ^^f*;' ■■«'""'« i..so„,e "■aayotthon„tt,,.e.s 'P"" grapes. \,,: favourable locations. k,Z "u ^"""""'""-^ "P™ "' --tably wellandproJucell:;:;:;;'" ^"'''^ «-" ■-•**l 18 Fruit Gkowing in Canada In the interior parts of the Province, east of the Coast Range of mountains, very favourable conditions are found in some sections for the growing of fruit. The climate is dry, and bright sunny weather prevails during most of the summer season, and where water is available for irrigating, fiue crojw of fruit can be grown, which are brighter in colour and freer from spot than those produced on the coast. Some good locations have been found for peach growing in this part of the Province, and as the summer season is warmer there than on the coast, early maturing varieties of out-door grapes usually ripen well. British Columbia has a Provincial Fruit Growers' Association which is liberally assisted in its work by an annual grant from the provincial treasury, and under its auspices investigations are made in reference to the varieties of fruit most profitable, the best methods of cultivation, and the most successful measures to be adopted to subdue those insect pests and fungous diseases which lessen the profits of the fruit grower in this country . Nurseries in Canada. Establishments for the propagation of fruit trees and vines have sprung up rapidly in Ontario, Quebec, and many other parts of the Dominion, very large quantities of such trees and plants as are required to meet the needs of the country are thus annually produced and now most of the fruit trees planted in this country are homegrown. Distances at which Fruit Trees are Planted. Appie .,rees are usually planted from 33 to 40 feet apart each way, plums and pears from 20 to 25 feet apart, peaches 15 to 20 feet, and grapes in rows 12 feet apart, with the vines from 8 to 10 feet apart in the rows . ^"okin^ and Sh,pp,„^ „, ^^^^^ at im»^» 19 -"h" fruit, whi ,"i'r!"'!'''*P' -"o^ib/to r'"" .8 a .^."°"' """•'«« service forT. '° ""^ P""""- In a country whpm f • best, use of •such nl!, 7? P^'^'-able sorts nt '"?"'">'■ 'or the evanol-'^ '"'"''"'' ''«'tories havrh. """'<' ""» . ^ «. 20 Fruit (iuowinii in Canada most of tln' largcM' iipplc yrowiiifr districts. In 1S!)0 ciplif iiiillidiiH ])nuii(ls of t'vaporrited JipplcH wt'rc exported, imicli of it to tropical countries, wiiure it would bo iinprac- ticablo to Hond tiio fruit in a fresh condition. Canning factories and jam factories lia\e been estab- lished in many parts of Canada durinj; the ])ast twenty years, which are conchicted witli advantage and prolit. The principal fruits canned are apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and gooseberries. Jams are alac) made in considerable quantities. There is a large homc^ demand for both these classes of goods, and they also form an important item in the export traile of Canada. Wine and Older. Wine is made in considerable quantites in the prin- cipal vine-growing districts, and in several localities large vine-yards have been planted for this special pnrpo.se. The industry is a growing one ; as yet, however, the ])ro- dnct is chiefly consumed in the Dominion. An abundance of citler is also made in all the large apple-growing di.^tricts, which finds a ready sale in the liome markets. FRUIT GROWING INDUSTRY ASSISTED BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. Assistance has also been given by the lunleral Gov- ernment to the fruit growing industry in many ways. Inquiries by Agents. Agents have been sent to Great Britain and other countries to study the requirements of the fruit markets there and ascertain th(> best course for Canadian growers and shippeis to adopt to increase the volume of trade in these products. proi carr fihip on til A cold I fruit c ti'eatni in IV (v witJioii Pr The the Fi'iU ''idii.stry J^oininio in 1HH7. located a c'iinates. M'ork Inn gfOWij,g_ introducec different c sorts iiave j /'ope (,f fi,„ "' which til d'lcted to as ^'"■gniftiiig ^'■'■^ of the tr of caring for i'lcJiidingpri f'fononiicaJ n venting n,e , d«teriuined b °<"d storage r^^nme.. 21 introduced t '*^'' """"«•'• of ' " ? "' ""■'' '''"' "'■"-..re.: t.,".:t,-" "■o.> s;ii.'7 "rr- "■•to Iwve ai.,0 been l,.f ■■"''' *te™ined ,L "'" '"'IK' "f (in....eti:r=,-:;r-i::pj^^ "" inforiiiatioii r 22 Fruit Growino tn Canada regarding thofio and nmny othor ,,oint8 of intoroHt are given m the Annual RoportH of M... KxiHMimentul Furn.H or.n8pec.albulletinH„n tlu, Hnhj.ct. The imblicationH of the txpernnentul FurniH are n.-nt free «c. ^-very farmer in the Dominion who applies for them, and thn.s the information gained on all points in .spread thnnighout the length and breadth of the land. Some idea may be formed of the extent of this work from the number of varieties of fruit under trial. At the KxiH.rimental Farm for the Maritime Provinces, at ISappan, N.S., the following sorts of the larger fruits are being tested : Apples 140, crab apples 10, pears 30, phm.s 51, cherries 30, peaches 2, apricots 4. A total of 2.S2 vanet.es. At the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa established for the purpose of assisting the farmers and fruit growers of Ontario and Quebec, there are now being tested the following sorts: Apples 700, crab apples 22 pears 69, plums 130, cherries 50. A total of 971 varieties ' At each of the Exi)erimental Farms on the western plains-that for Manitoba, at Brandon, and that for the North-West Territories, at Indian Ilead^more than 200 varieties of the hardiest sorts of apples obtainable have been tried without success. Many varieties of pears plunis and cherries have also been tested with shnilar results It is highly probable that the new varieties of fruit which have been produced at Ottawa by crossing the wild Siberian crab Pyrus baccaia, with some of the hardy forms of apples will endure this climate without injury. Should these hybrids prove sufficiently hardy they will be a great boon to the settlers in that part of the Dominion . Many varieties of small fruits have been tried at each of these Farms and most of them have proven hardy and productive. R.;f^rn^!"''u? ^''^ probability of a great future for British Columbia in fruitgrowing, plans were early laid for very large experimental orchards at the Experimental Farm for this Province, at Agassiz, where a great number of varieties has been accumulated during the pasttwelve years, brought from all parts of the world. The collection at this Farm is believed to be the largest in existence. ^i\ f4. Exhibit of y «UIT,s GKOU-.V AT Fvp p miz, li.c. 5U a ei Ja VI cor sub rest reac ■ won( inth andi This, fruit j TJiere fresii ] pears, ing die Ocean r ^""'^ ««ow,« ,, c,».„. 23 Notes are tak.„ . "' a"" very valu- which bear huTl^ "' «" the Farms on rt '0 the quality oah!'? ^.^' to year, gw™? « ^--fetie, "'information ifan^lr- .f" "^'^ '^aya^^T """ the most vaiuahi. '."^"y «atl,ered, and 'Lr T? '""onnt ^orae o( thl,°^*™'=t«'- rapidly ^"f, '!''"'"« "ataof '^''-^d t^Ss" tr-'-'-^trieT'^ E 'r^'" *« and firmness otl. !"" «"P«riority asTnf'^^^tiy "■•a' <=»itiv3^„°'!!«»"' for ehipp i"^^^ P"«i«ctive„es; 'a-«ely to th p^fi 3':7;»Pe"-or sort will noTT ««"■ P^-fits of future fr„it growl" ■/?"."' "^d . Assistance is rfi. ""' P«>- ing trained ml ,*° "^-dered to fruit >,ro ^nventions^^f^t" '*' J^^Porime^l 7^7,''' ''"O- -S^ofstS'--^^^^^^^^^^ ™3titi?:^-ni5r: :t '^:«°^*™? h:^ '■■"it in iL „ r"'' <" abouu 7ool, ^™ ^"hibitioa ^herehaveaTslt' ^^ P-«er;^ ^^^^f"- containing ?«"■% gathe«,"S districts in o "","' "'<^ "ore ■mZTj.^M'i^ and ^a» to the'^^ir** '"■" '"^ '^'^™^^'"4tTt,t:t: