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•"•OOCOfV RBOUJTION TBT CHART

lANSI and ISO TEST CHAKT No 2)

/APPLIED IIVHGE

'653 Eoat Uam Stfeet

RocfiMte'. n^m York U609 US«

{7!6) 288- 5i89 - To.

liEPAKTMEM' UF A(iK' ICULTUKE

OTTAWA, CANADA

'l"< )M \(( •< ) I)|\lsl<>\

ll?./'

KXPKm\riH]:^TAr. work

lOOJ)

F. CHARIAN

T<.1>:h-<-() iJullctii, X<>. A >-<

Published by order of tb. Hor,. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Mir^ister of Agriculture, Ottawa. Ont.

DECEMBER. 1909.

I

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OTTAWA. CANADA

TOBACCO DIVISION

EXPERIMENTAL WOHK

1909

BY

F. CHABIAN

Tobac-co Bulletin Ko. A.-S

Published by order of the Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Minitter of Aorlculture, Ottawa. Onu
2750—1

DECEMBER, 1909.

Ottawa. Dei>emb«r 5, 1909.

To the Honouratile ]Uinii*ter of Agriculture,
Ottawa.

Sir:— I have the honour to transmit herewith Bulletin No. A—*, of the «erie« of
the Tobacco rMvision, entitled ' E.x, erimental work, 1909.'

This Bulletin contains the final results of tests made at the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, during the year? 1908 and 1909, and some sugge-tioia as to the use
of tobacco seed, which, I hope, may prove useful to a nara'jer .j( Canadian growers.
I retommend that it be printed for distribution.

1 have the honour to be,
.Sir,

Your obo(l:ent servant,

F. CHARLAN,
Chief of the Tobacco Diviiion.

2750— li

CONTENTS.

Pa«t I. EzpcrimentB in the growing of seed plants.

Pa«t II. Sterilization of soils— Seed tests— Thickness of seeding.

P4«T III. The value to Canadian fanners of home frrown tobacco seed.

NOTE.

As this Bulletin i> goiiicr to press, we read in the 'Bolletino teonico della culti-
vaz.one dei tal.a-hi. R. I.tituto Experimentale, di Scafati Italia,' a report of the
work of Mr Vas.le AroHroseu on the fertilization of flowers and the germination of
the seeds of Oriental tol.ao 3s, in which, in order to avoid hybridation, the panicles
are covered with paper bags before fertilization.

Tn this work, in.pircl by our first te.t. the author has obtainil rjsulu slightly
different from ours and which ho ascribes, to a certain extent, to the influence of the
meteorological conditions prevailing at the time of fertilization, as also when the
caii-ules VI pre forming and reaching maturity.

The conditions of the experiment were rather different, the varieties having but
very remote connection* with our tobaccoa, and the number of capsules preserved in
Mr. Archirescu-s test being ver>- small, while it was normal (75 to 80) in our own test.

With regard to the percfiUage of seeds germinated, our second test, with averages
varying from 77 to 94.16 per cent, gave results that may be compared to those obtained
by the Itoilian experimenter.

With him. we have observed, especially in 1909, when the la*t part of sum aar
was not very hot, that by keeping b«gs over the panicles the maturity of the capsules
IS considerably delayed. It is not only on account of this drawback that we advocate
mixed culture, but it i- another argument in it* favour

Ik

-^•* ^^■-

PAST I.

EXPERIMENTS IN THE OROWING OF SEED PL.\NTS.
(by F. Charlan.)

A series of experiments, reported in Bulletin No. A — C of the Tobacco Bninch, wa3
carrieil on in li)OS, witli ii view to (iotcrmiiio tlic iiii»t fiiVDiirable coniiitiim for the
production of tobacco seed, the most suitable time for harvesting riiw seeds and the
care seed plants should receive.

These experiments included a germinating test, made by t'i'> Seed Brunch, at
Ottawa, which test was to be repeated when the seed.s would be perfectly matured.

This new test of the older seeds was made in April, 1!»0J>. The results are given
in the following table, with the results of the firi-t te^^t. made in December, IDO-*, for
comparison.

I)ei«ripti(iii of .St«U.

•

CiKKMI

Test.
Dec. 1. '0'.

>!ATOK.

Artiti
aoi

cial

Test.
Apr. 22, 09.

.

w,\

662

X-A

X B .

p.c.

:«i

22
13

70
-n
£1
6<)
22
2

61
46
56

18

2

60

35

73

6*>
83

82
<!7
36

t
W
15

7

p.C.

53
37
24

83
8!>
31
66

4

78
76
68
33
13
7!l

58
83

74

!tO
92
7S
63
16
75
26
20

p.c.

93

69

'.Mi
9S
91

84
92
79

89
88
84
!>4
77
90

78

87

88
91
93
78
93
.56
93
54
19

p.c.

95
92

81

98
97
97
90
95
88

91
!I6
89
98
88
93

87
91

'H
94
96
84
98
60
96
61

p.C.

72
66
64

84
73
83
"9
81
H5

84
84
78
83
70
80

61

60

65
83
89
71
73
45
69
2.-.
24

p.c.

«
•

663

xc

•

664

XX A R

84

665

666

667...

XX-AJR .
XX BR
XX-B-JR
.XX .CAR

78
88
79

668...

87

6»>!»

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

C8:»

684

685

686

XX-C R...

XXXA R
XXX-A-iR.
XXXB-R...
XXX-B-JR .
XXX C-R...
XXX C-JR

Cuba -iai»iil
Cuba -by clu

C< nistock No

" No.

e by capHulf

it«*r

1, Aupist 2<t

24

28

September 1

95

75
91
74
8ti
60
76

72
52

#
66

687

85

688

688

6flg

it

2, ,. 1

M .I

44
76
34

091

M ') . . .

21

• The tpi*t plot liHViiiK been uttacked bv mould, no data were recorded.

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS AND LETTERS:

X — Entirely under bags. B — All laavas ramovad.

XX — In th« op«n air. C — Lowar laavas only ramovad.

XXX — Fartiliiad undar bags, R — Ripa.

ripanad in tha opan air.

A— Top laavas ramovad. JR — Half ripa.

7

m

The first test, made in December, w.a conducted in darkness, and the second,
made in April, under diffused light, in another germinator.

The difference in favour of the «^ond test show« that li^ht has a considerable
influence ^^'-tion and that, in practical work, a higher proportion of seedC
m y be e:^ ted from dry seeds germinated before «,wing. The great objection to
art.fic.al germ.nat.on .s that it mu«t be carried on in the dark, and this, as show^
by th.3 expenment. has a weakening effect up,n tha germ. Artificial ge a^inatioT "

t^sIHimt ' "^ ""^^ '" "'""^ *=•'"• ^'^" '' " ^"^^'^^^ ---^^

I. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM HEADS OF FLOWERS KEPT UNDER BAGS

X ^'sZ 'l^'T" "' '^" ^''^° '"""^ '" ^"-^ "»der bags?
The results obtained are compared in the following table:-

Table IL

i

Number.

GnmiNATOR.

*i»yn.

Hdayi.

Artificial Soil.

21(Uyi.

X. CAPSULES FERTILIZED AND RIPENED UNDER BA(J9

661
662
663

p. 0.

93
85
69

247=82 33

3

p. c.

95
92

81

268=89 33
3

p. c.

XX. CAPSULES FERTILIZED AND RIPKNED TV T».. no.^ .^ff

6R4
665
C«6
667
668
660

96
96

91
M
92
79

537=89 5

«

98

84

97

78

97

(i8

90
90

8S

79
87
96

566=9418

611 = 86 16

6

6

Z£^L^^!!Ef!LI5?IIH?_^il£^H?«_£i«s and rI^^n^dI^^I^iTe-^^^^T^

670

en
en
eTS
w*

84
94
77
90

622=87 00

6

91
96

89
98
88
93

666=92 8

6

75
91
74
86
60
76

482=77 00
6

The only seeds that are of inferior vitality are those that were grown entirely
under hags.

The results of mixed and open air culture are strikingly similar; while our first
test favoured mixed culture, the second, judged by the percentage of germination,
was slightly in favour of open air culture.

However, mixed culture is recommended as the best method. The yield of seeds
is sufficiently heavy, the pcrccntagt.' of gennination g<x>d, and, with sufficiout care,
there is no risk of cross fertilization.

Moreover, by removing the bags as soon as a suffifient minibpr of capsules are
formed, mould is avoided, whereas if the plants were left covered until harvest time
in ccntinued damp weather, it might develop. This injury is most to be feared near
rip<>ning time.

II. RESULTS FROM LEAVING ALL THE LEAVES OH THE PLANT, OR RE-
MOVING ALL THE LEAVES OR A PORTION OF THEM.

A summary of the results is presented in Table III.

Table III.

A

Top Lkaves Rimovei).

B 1 C
All Ijeaves Rmovid. ] Lowib Lkavis only ReMovin. I

Gerniinktor.

Artificial
Soil.

Germinator.

Artificial
Soil.

663
668
669
674
675

Germinator. *^»'

6d»y«.

p.c.

93
96

95
89
88

461

14 d«yi.

21 dayt.

6 days.

14 days.

21 days.

p.c

88'

79
74
86

fidayn.

p. c.

69
92
79
77
90

14 day a. 21 dayi.

661
664
665
670
671

p.c.

95
98
97
91
96

tn

p.c

84'

88
75
91

338

662
666
0S7
672

673

p.c.

85
91
84
84
94

,p.c.

92
97
90
89
98

p.c.

81
95
88
88
93

p.c.

w'

95
60
76

438

466

327

407

445
5=89 00

318

5=922

6=95 4

4=84-60

5=87 6l8=93-3

4=81. 75| 5=81-4

4=79.5

As in the prt'liiiiinary test, the best seeds came from plants from which the top
leaves only had been removed. The variations are not so marked as in the first test.
However, they arc far from being iusig'iiticajit, ami it is is well to koop in mind the
lesson to be derived from these experiments if one is really anxious to produce good
seed arJ maintain the vigour and purity of the particular variety grown.

The reader is therefor*" referred to the conclusions contained in the first part of
Bulletin No. A — <1. which apply equally well to this test.

10

=^ - Table IV.

•"'•• ' NumUr. I D«t«.„f I '•♦"■niin»tor. f ArtificiaJ

, I Harv,.,t,V j— . I ""''■

■ — I — - I I «d«y.. I i.rf I

ll m :^"K-<.t^. ,1 "" »- , ...0^

;^ .*-,.t.mberi,:::,: a^ ?^

:' «*• I ;: ', 4? i ? , «,

I «^-; ,-Sept.n„.r, ; '" ^^

August does not give the . "'*"'^"«'^- VVhile the seed T ^'*^°"'«bJe period for
fi«t quah-ty. The seej ' ' "^ '^•'""-•""•^•'- mu !f °^, ^^""'"^fou i. sufficient

^" *^j *-. -ve a z^::^ ;v^« ^'". at z tot :;';f ^ - ^'- "'

tohaeer-^;^7- oh..er Jt^hefe t^tr """"^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^'^ ^'"^^
°^"- ;'"Vh wi„ .on..,.,el.r, :,""/-'' -^. Out to so. ^d t ""'• ^'' ''-

^'" ^^""'"^'■^ '•-P-.i.e future tr^""-" "

NINO.

rtificiai
Soil.

dsya.

7C
64
21

(sec
Ifor
b of
ient,

! of

(led

!iat
his
irs

M.

99

11

IV. WHEN SHOULD THE CATSUUIS BE GATHERED TO MAKE SURE OF

SECURING RIPE SEEDS?

Table V.

Numlwr.

CSliRllIilATOB.

AHTifitiAL Hon.

6 days.

14 dayM,

21 daya.

A.-RII'K CAP.Sl'LES.

664
666

I'C.

96
91

p.c.

98

1

84

669

79 1
8!) !

97

88

670

88

96

672

84

91

75

674

77 1

88

74
60

6I6 = oC-

551=9r63

476=79 ;'3

__ ^ i

6

6

, ^^

j .-«• Ill

1!.-H.VLF-RII'E CAP.SILKS.

665

667

(•«8

S6
M
92

97
90
95

78
79

671

a8

87

073

84

96

91

675

90

98
93

86
76

543=90 5

869 = 94 63

497=82 83

6

n

6

~

-^—

1 i»2 »i

~

As .n the prehminary t».t, the diflFerence is in favour of the se^ gathered when
the capsules have become brown, although, very often, what i. left of the cajx U

1.0 sa,ed from the early frost., seldom very dangerous, but alwa.v. injuriou;

IS
ly. GATHERING CAPSULE BY CAPSULE. OR IN CLUSTERS.

Table VI.

-

D««igii»tion of Seed*.

GEMIHATOit.

ArtifioUl Soa

Nnmbw.

Te.t : Dec. 1, '08. T«»t: A\>T. 22, W.

670

<>iba-C»p«ule by c»p«ule

p. c. p. f •
35 58
73 H3

p. c p. e.

78 87
87 91

p. c. V- 0.

r. 72

677. ■

- - -

direction or another. ^^ . „<,^n, it will be better

Under these conditions, when a srnall ''"-^^ lettd the «ro;er is assured of

to harvest the aeeds capsule ^-^ f ^"'^fj' '^^ J^^ ^^^^^ ^'^ '" ^""" °" '
obtaining only well f"-^'^ -:^ ^'^t^^f J'^ J^ngTaken. however, to clean the
large scale, they nay be gathered ,n el-*-;.;" ^ny as possible of the .nis.ha.«n

CONCLUSIONS.
The final test of artificial germination, further ^^^^^:^:^.
on the bed. (Part II of this Bulletin), fully '^^'^;::^ ^^^^o^ X^n in
narj- t<st. It will be suffi.-.ent thorefon- t- ropo.U tm

Bulletin No. A— 6:— , , exoeptioa of the

(„) All the leaves should be left on the ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^'J^p^a , which should
bottom leaves, which should Mm^^r at pr.n. ng <^-^^^\^^^ ^j^,^^„.

be removed when .he ---^"J^X^irnTudt ^re Pure seed, the floral clusters
(I) In order to avo.d cros>fert,hz.t on and to^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^

should be covered with a paper bag. which may be remove

a sufficient number of capsules have been formed ^^^^^^

(c) The harvest should be done early, and all misshapen

'' ^;S;L^:t;?::ryZin as soon .. ... capsul. are of a brown colour, when
'^" (f) TLTe:^':;; tf X"d l. e-ther one of the t.o methods, .-apsule by capsule

CT in clusters, provided the alove direction. "Y^trtorous perfect repre^ntative.

(f. The ^eed plants should always be sound and Mgorous. penec v
of .he tyjl to beUrve. or propagated, and selected as early as possible.

Ottawa, November. 1909.

13

i

PAST n.

STERILIZATION OF SOILS.— SEED TESTS.— THICKNESS OF SEEDING.

(By F. Charlan).

Part II ol Bulletin No. V— 6, publiahed in 1909 by the Tobaeco Branch, con-
tained the results of uii exinTiiueiit in soil sterilization coniliK-tt-il at tht- (Vntrul
Experimental Farm, Ottawa. This experiment was resumed in 1909, but it^ scope
was widened, including, thii time, a test of the seeds grown on our own experimental
plot, by the various methods described in Bulletin No. A — 6 and in the first part of
the present Bulletin. Moreover, knowing that most Canadian growers sow too thickly
and in to doing not only waste their ceed, but also run the riek of obtaining a crop of
weak plants on their overcrowded bed^, we decided to ascertain, on the bai it^If,
what quantity of seed should be sown on a given area.

I.— STERIUZATION OF SOILS.

As in the previous year, foin:alin and tteam under pressure were employed; three
beds were laid out and treated as follows: —

Bed No. 1. (Half A) formalin — two and a half pounds in fifty gallons of water;
(Half B) — Five pounds of formalin in fifty gallons of water.

Bed No. 2. Sterilized by eteani.

Bed No. 3. Good soil, of the same nature as the preceding one, but not sterilized.

The area of each plot was 126 square feet. With the exception of certain parts,
where a different quantity was used in view of a tost bearing on therateof seeding, four
grammes of seed were used for each hundred square feet of the seed bed. In this
Bulletin the beds are designated as follows: —

F. Treated with formalin.

S. Treated with steam.

N T. Untreated.

On each bed were seven glazed frames measuring 3x6 feet. The following vari-
ties were sown.

F.— TREATMENT WITH FORMALIN.

Two and a half pounds of formalin in fifty gallons of water j one gallon of the solu-
tion per square foot of seed bed —

la. Connecticut Havana — Axillary capsules 9 square feet.

lb. Connecticut Havana — Ordinary capsules 9 "

2-3. Comstock Spanish — Imported; crop of 1907 36 "

4a. Comstock Spanish — Canadian seed; crop of 190S 9 "

Five povnds of formalin in fifty gallons of water; one gallon of ike solution per square
foot of seed bed —

4b. Conretock Spanish — Canadian seed ; crop of 1908 9 square feet.

6-6. Wisconsin — Imported 36 "

7. Wisconsin-Canadian seed; crop of 1903 13 "

14

S.-TREATMEXT WITH STKAM.

1-2-3. Comstock Spanidh- Canadian feed; «rop of IftOS 64 square feet.

4. Comttock Spanish— Imported ; crop of 1907 ig •

5-6. Wisconein— Canadian seed ; crop of 1008 36 "

7. Wisconsin Imported jg «

NT.— UNTREATKI) SOIL.
^- "a"«day Ig square feet

2. Canadian Comstock; crop of IOCS; —

(a) Seeds gathered August 20 4j "

(h) Seeds gathered Augut^t 24 and -"< 4i '

(c) Seeds gatherwl September 1 anil 4j "

(d) Seeds gathered September 9 4} '

3. Canadian Comstock; crop of 1908—

XXX A-R. Seed fertilized under bags, ripened in tlio

open air; ripe capsules 9 «

XXX A-JR. Seed fertilized under bags; ripened in tlie

open air; cap^iules liulf ripe 9 "

4. Canadian Comstock; crop of 1908 —

X. Seed ripened entirely under bags (j •'

XX. Seeds ripened in the open air ^ «

XXX. Seeds fertilizetl under bags, riiwned in the opeu air 6 "

5. Canadian Comstock; crop of 1908—

A. Top leaves of seed plants removed 6 "

B. All leaves removed g «

C. Lower leaves only removed q "

e. Imported Comstock; crop of 1907 —

2.50 grammes of seed per 100 square feet 9 •'

3 grammes of seed per 100 square feet 0 "

7. Imported Comstock, crop of 1907 —

3.5 grammes of seed per 100 square feet 9 «

4.5 grammes of seed per 100 square feet 9 «

The sowing was done on April 22, 1909, in hot bels, under glazed frames. Dry
seeds were used.

The following observations of the seed beds were made during growth :—

May 13, 1909.
F.-BEDS TREATED ^VITH FORMALIN.

la. Good bed, evenly set. plants green and strong, wit', four fine leaves.
Ih. Good even bed, not quite so early as la.

2. Four-leaved plants, a few clumps to be thinned out.

3. Four leaves, stand a little thinner than on 2, but more evenly distributed.

4. Even stand, plants le?^ early than on 2 and 3, four leaves. No perceptible dif-
ference between 4a and 46.

IS

5. Fairly even ami goo.l stand. A few plants have only two leavjj u yet.

0. A little later than 5. A gr'i'uUT number of plants with only two leave*.
7. Many plant* with only two kav(*. thin b«'.l, fairly ev<iily distributed.

The plants from the plot treated with the ->..^ 3!) solution of formalin have a
good start over those of the beds treatel with the 3/30 solution.

The treatment with formalin in com para lively co;icoutratL\l solutiort ^ea nj to
hav« the *anie delaying effect as the treatment by steam.

NT.— rXTRKATED SOIL

1. Four l«"avc9, fairly even .'tand, well distributed, plant green and vigorous.

2. (a-fc-c)— Average seedlings, four leave*, a few bare spots, fairly even. Thicker
stand than 1 and perhap* a little earlier.

(d) A little late, two-leaved plants still fairly ninneroiis.
:)R. Fine see<llings. four leaves, even stand, well distributed. ,

iR- — Stand not half as good as H, and s«cnw slightly later.
4- X— A little late, two-leaved plant.s numerous* thin stand.
XX— Good stand, four leaves, fairly well distributed.
XXX — Fairly good plants, but njaiiy bare spots.

a. A.— Four leaves, good even plants, fair stand, well distributed.
Ji. — Slightly inferior to A.
C. — About the same as B, fairly large bare spotjs.

6. 2.5 grammes — Jfueh too thinly sown.
3 grammes — Too thinly sown.

7. 3.6 grammos— Fairly g^od, but a little thin.
4.5 grammes- -Fairly good, sufficient.

The whole surface of the bed is covered by green mould. The soil is too wet and
wants more aeration. The colour of the plant is satisfactory so far.

The beds F and NT. were weeded on the morning of the 13th. Bed No. S, free
from weeds.

S.— BEDS TREATED WITH STEAM.

1-2-3. Four-leaved plants, but less forward than on ♦he corco^pju linar parts of
the preceding beds. Large bare spots, mainly on 1, owing to uneven sowing. A few
clumps on 2.

4. A few small clumps, fairly good stand, four le.»ve3, fairly even stand on
the whole, plant green.

5. Good seedlings; two and four leaves, the last prwJominating; even; good
stand.

6. Large bare spots. As forward as 5.

7. Fairly good stand, evidently later than 5 and 6; most of the plants with
two leaves.

The bed treated with steam is much later than the other two.

u

May 22.
F.— FORMALIN.

ia.-lb. Practically limilar; plant* forward. Watering should be decreased and
aeration increased. Good growth.

2-3. Fine teedling*; No. 3 slightly later than No. 2; fairly thick stand.

4a.-4h. Good stand. 4b not so forward, but difference is slight.

5-6. Good but rather uneven stand.

7. Distinctly later than 5 and 6; fairly good stand.

There is a gradual decrease in the size of the plants from 1 to 7, as though the
heat of the bed was less strong. The effect of the concentrated solution jf formalin
is certainly leing felt, but the exposure of the bed and the influence of the prevailing
winds must also be taken into account.

NT.— UNTREATED SOIL.

1. Fine seedlings, but later than F-1 ; slightly uneven stand. Plants will be ready
for setting out in about fifteen days.

2. (o-b-e-d) — b and c are the best, more forward and the stand is more even;
evidently a greater proportion of seaJs have germinateJ. (a) Soma parts are for-
ward but the stand is generally thin, (rf) much later than o, h, c.

3. (R and JR)— R, better; in JR, numerous bare spots, where even no late plants
show.

4. (X-XX-XXX)— XX is the best of tho three; fairly thick stand oa X, but
planta late; XXX, thinner inland and later plants.

5. (A-B-C) — A, good seedlings; B, fair; C, poor.

C. (2.5 grammes of seed per 100 square feet) — InsufSiient quantity of seed, stand
much too thin. (3 gramme* per 100 square feet >— Stand very thin.

7. (3.5 grammes per 100 square feet) — Thin stand. (4.5 grammes per 100 square
feet) — Rather thin stand.

S.— BEDS TREATED WITH STEAM.

1-2-3. Slow growth. Plants green, many having only six leaves; five to six days
later than the corresponding part of the bed treated vrith formalin.

4. Fairly good bed; even; rather thin.

5-6. Uneven stand; 6 very poor; 5 must have received a larger quantity of the
mixture of seed and sand which was to be evenly distributed on 5 and 6.

7. Thin stand; the latest of all.

On May 22 the leading lots arc 1. 2, '■> and 4 on tiie bod trpiite<l with formalin ;
the untreated bed comes next; the bed treated with steam is quite late.

May 29.

F.— FORMALIN.

li-Vi. Slijflit diffcrpnce in favour of h. whose plant-^i. if not earlier, are at least
thicker set

2-3. Fine seedlings; good stand; a few late plants on 3.

17
4a-4b. Fine ircIlinR.. 4a Um, In-ttcr Kn.wth.
^^^5^.. e /.iH. .„v«n.... 0 .n«,.t., ,„,..; 3 ,ew L.re .,..,.« ..ro,.«b„ due ... uneven

7. Late. A Kn..„t nun-Wr ..f „I,.,.,. .... .,..-, ,^, „, ,,„.,^. ,„^ ^^.,,. ^^ ^^^

NT.-l'NTIJKATKI) SOir^

<'oni':::;;:::r^ "" ^*""^ "'"^"" "• ^^ ■-'- "-• •^'-t.k spaui^h ....

<• X poor; XX fino. fair Mand; XXX a little late

n. A, avprap. H..r,iling,; H, finr; (', poo,,

fl. 1. thin; 2. nbrnit snfRpient.

7 1. fair stand; 2. ^ood «tand.

«.- SOIL TREATED WITH STEAM.
1-2-3, Fine seedlinRs; poorl.v distributed

1 Fine ..ediinjr.; deveIop„,e.,t about the same as on 1 . 3
«-6. Poorly d..tr.l.„ted: f.irl.v even vegetation; abundance";/ plant,
'• ^"-"'" vegetation ; !,„dlv distributed. ^

The bed treated .ith .tea„. i. ,b„. „, f„„, j.,, ,,,„ ,,^„ ,^^ ^^^ _ ^^^

COMPARISON BY LOTS.
I.-RESITLTS FROM THE TREATMENT OF SOILS
S-4 PJant« fairly good, but not ready for netting out.
*---3. Early plant, ready for setting out.
^J-7. Poor see.,ling«; growing on the ™o,t exposed part of the bed; deficient

(S-1-2-3) (F-4)-NearIy aimilar, but S-1-2 S -« • .u
•-d. while F-4 is in the intermediate par of F barho ■''™*^*^ ''"'* "^ *'"«

Cc.n«ideri„g the different facton, .ff^Cthel F4 '»!' """' *" '^ ^"""•

earliness is concerned. "^'t'ng the t«t. F-4 g.ves better resulta as far u

other'L:^:!^^^^^^^^^ I'rtrr *^'^^ ^'°™ ^••^ ^^"^' -^"^ ♦^^

cause of the difference in^roX t«-P-«ture. This i, e.id«atly the

II.-AGE OF THE SEED.
(S-5-e)— (S-7)-^8light diflbrence between 6 «n.l 7- «
even but occupying a better protoct^ p^t "f LlL ""' '"""' ""' """«

pronL'cS^tw^-^f:;;^;'' '"""' °' ''^ ' "' ' ~- -^- ^'ff— .ore
8760-8

IS

l„t. .h.- .w,. ,.-r M «-l of 1-5 hH. giv«. »H.....r r.....lt. .h.n tl«t of F-7. •»...». ,.«..

from the |>rpviou» crop.

III.-TIIHK VKIISI'S THIN SKKI>IN(}.
(S.4,-.NT-...7.- (F.2-:n-S..«i..i....l ........titv of .,.• .... S-4: -:';-'J ^J

,,U„t ..11 .l.-v..lo,-,l. (NT-.1-7) «i..HT..lly .o.. .l.i... ,...r...-..l..rly ..n N r... (!• J-D

; . ■ il..r ...1. ...... ... ..... r...c ..f 4 „r«...... ,.r m f.^-t.-r ....... .■.»■-

...v....... of .t... ,.. n- .-f.^-..y .!.vlo,-.l. .... 1.-..V.. .. fo .. .1.

.,..„, w..i..- H,.,l ..-..Ur. „s W..11 ... ...i.k «■.. n,..l .1.0 r.H,t l.a.r. «l.u...l«n.. Hm- , Ih

Ln i.. HK..ro T. «..,. w,.i.... i. «iv.-.. I^'L >««^ — •';"- -;

,„„,., ,«rt ..f ...o .N.I. M,.«..v..r. tl.o l.l..n.« t .«-...« t.H, -1.-.. «■ "

. ..ally well .lovol..,H,l an.l r.H.ly f..r -..i-.K o..t at ...e .-.e <>«.-. .h... uv....l...B ....■
iii'..r.<H .V ..f scl«'<'tiiijr .1.0 pii... * "" "" , . f 1
11... „r.«l....io,. ...Hy IK. .•.tm.a.o.l ... .. ...i-.i..."". of «<•<' 1'1«"«- .-' -l"""' f"" "/ ;^"'-

H Tl.. plan.- .rowing wit....ut n...r«int ....1 ..'i..K ...m.-i.-.-tly v.M...i.....l fro...

r.!;,!.. to .ho'o... .h.. ...i. an. 1... ..x,...«.l t .ti..K. T hi. ev.l ha. fr..,..,...H>

,„...u ol^Tvcl. ...,KK.ially in the ..r.-vin... of Q..eW. an.l U .« d..e a. muoh to .1... x-

.,..,iv.. .■Wn..*H of tho .ta,..l a. .-> l-k of vontila.i.... nn. ex..-.« of mo.s...rc..

The pullinK of the plan.- wn.s U-gnn on the :.U. of May. ri« planU w.Te .hen
:U to 4 inehe. l.igh nn«l ..ore equally sni.e.l .o .ran.plan.ation by n.ach.ne or I., h..,Hl.
So i«n of di.efl.e wn. ohserv,..l .h.rin. .he Kr-wth of th.. ...e.ll...Ks on the I ...U. I ....

;...„;i.l which a..a..ke.l the he.l who... soil 1....1 U.u left untrea...! .lid no. --". ". '->>

«,.y ... affeet the health of the yo,.n« plant-. It U alway* w.^e. however, t. n. ...^

-lire t.. avoi.l .li«'Ose« l>y s.erilif.ing .he soil.

CONOT-nSIONS.
(a> It is .,..i.e ..vi.l.-..t .hat .1... s..a.n tnatment ha. a marked retard!.* effect
, „ ,l,e growth of the seedlings, and .1,,. f..rn,nli.. .na......... s\.»M be g.ven .he pr.. .r-

,.„,,. The plants on the Ik.1 trea.e.l wi.h formalin were slow at the start, but th.-y
r..pidly overtook the plants of .he un.r..a....l UhI and. being .he earliest, w.-re the hr.-.

to he pnlled for netting out. Therefore, from the point of v.ow of earh.io.^. the
formalin treatment cannot be too n.rongly recom.nomlo.1.

The treatment with forn.alin does not destroy the wihhI «ee.l8 that may he ... .1...

.oil and the treatment with steam in .nor« effective for that purpose. But w.th
,,ro,",er eare and careful preparation of the soil, tobacco growers can obtain beds .-....-

.aining very few weeds. For careful farmers, who dwaya give great care to the pn-
paration of the beds, tho formalin treatment, although it may make weeding nece«ary.
is more advantageous, and easier to apply. a.s it does not require a «team generator,
a machine which is not found upon every farm.

While recognizing the meiite of the steam treatment, we feel, after a two years
test, that the treatn.enl with formalin i« th.: best. a= it i- cheaper and mor« eas.ly ap-
plie,! A solution of 2J pounds of formalin in 50 gallon, of wator. appliel at the
rate of one gallon per square foot of bed, aeems to be M.flB.ient. In douMful cases .t

""f !r T"* ''""'■'' '"""•''• '"" •'■'" ""» '•"^- "••"•' "•"- •'-'•> '" »»- mmin.lion
uii.l thi^ flrxt Kruwth of ih.' .v.miiik pUuU.

(h) TJh. .k.. ..f 11... «,,| i. ,..., „„ i„.,irt t ....,.,i.|.,r„,i.,„. With tira^ the

to...... ^1 1..^. „„rt of .„ vitality, hut H.,H.ri....«. ha. ,ho*,. tlut ^i U,. ,«.„

old .,..1 ..V..,. ol,|..r. ,„.,v Kiv.. ..x.vll..nt n.ults. T( t .....It, an, U.tMiu..l fr„u.

>«<ltwot«.U,r.r.oId. *h.,., fommtiu.. i. ..omplHe.! „,..Uho.. vih.lity i.-till u..in.
Vum^. Th« t..l....... Krow..r „„,io.u «, to tl.., fularo of hi. .,rop. an.l th«refor.. the

*u...-^«, of h.. ««,|.|,..,|H, woui.l «H wi«.|y in U.^nug in „...rv.. u .t.H.k of m...Ih Kr..w„
... th« ...uHt favouruhl.. y„„r« „„.| w|.i..h (.., will us« for ttv„ or hIx v.-un, It will U
pr...l.nt to r..now tl.i, -to..k after that Ih,,*., of li,..o. The u,., of th., .h.U derived
Iron, the j.revioi.^ .rop *h..ul.| 1„. HVoi.l..! ii. i.m.h ,m p.w.jhlu.

(.•) The U4.«....o Krow.r «l.o..i.| k.,.p i.. n,i,..| the fa-.-t that ,„u..y trouhU.. ari.«

from t.«. th.,.k «.,Hli..K, «u.-h a, .1!...^.... ..f s..«||i,.«., taperiag a..,| y.,l|„^i„^ ,,• „,,

l.lantH. et.^. whxh, .n.-urri-.K at the l„.«i„ni..« of tl.o .«a.o„, have invariably «a i„;
j,.r...... ,„Hu,.,..... o,. the ,.rop. |„ o,.r own tent. ..n..-«.venth of u,. oun.H, of -e.Hl was

-mn |*r h..ndn.l H.,i.Br« f..et a.ul „t ihi. rate K-.ve « v.ry fine Htund. Hnt tho .,na.,li,y
..1 «H..I will vary with the p..r.v..t«Ke of K.rn.i..a.ion (in ,.ur t...st the pr.-.K.r.ion wa,
"l.o..t W) per m.t): if the m-r^-ntuKe i. low. more H0...I will have to l«. u«e,l. How-
.'V..r. w.. think tl... ahov.. rate • '.ouM I.., f„||ow..,l us ,.|o*.|y an ,x.sHil.l,..

(./) The last ol.serv..tio.. „1,..| , F-l«, IM .h,m« a slight .lifTer..,...!, in favour

of .he < vn..e,.t...„, n.,vana pi, . ^rown from s....|. of onlinary .a.^uleH. Althongl.

the u,,llary eap.,.U, Kiv earlier plan... ,..„ : ,he .liff.reme i. praeticallv i,u,iK..itioant )
1 ..■ plant, are l^» thi.-k set and therefore a littlo lo.s vigorous, whieh is a .erious
drawbaek, not suftieieiitl.v „»f«.t hy the differ. ...e in earlincHS.

On the other hand the f.*l „, i„ „„r ...xiKrimental plot ,h..v.s a vield of 1 1(11

|o.....k per acre for the plants grown from s.«U out of axillary capsuh., and of l'r.»l
il« for the plante grown from seeds out of other capsules. It is therefore evident U.al
s...-h Beeds must be preferred to all others, oxeopt in special res,.ar.rh work VV..
tl.er..fore insist on the advice alrea.ly given of cleaning carefully the Horal cl,..Hter«
when the protecting bags are ren.ovc.,1 an.l of .utting off and throwing away all axillary
' iipsiiles not p«Tfectly fomietl.

(e) With regard to the time of hurv..>f. U-tter r..sults wil' be obtaint.d if the seed
u.t l..ast that of a recent crop) (NT.--) (a,.h,c.-,{) is harv..ste.l in a .ertain .M.ri.nl
.lurnig which the climatic con.litions are most favourable; the lo.igth of thi-. .N-riod
varies with the .listricts and the gr.,wiiiK seasons.

No late capsuh^s. an.l. an.ong .-urly capsuUs none of those which appear t.. be
....|«rfectly forme,! sh.,uld \,e barvestc.l. Lot NT.-2 («) undoubtediv .ontaint.! a fairly
hiKh proportion of 8,h.<Is from th.-s... poor capsules, some of whi.:h w.-r.. axillary, anil
111.' Hnul yield was affe.te.1 thereby.

This l^ars out the r..e,.mn...n.lutions ma.l.. on the suhj,.,.t „f .s.>.,l gn.winp. in .,ur
Hull..t,n No. A-« (Part I), n.i.l r..,N.at,.| in the Kr.t part of thi* Bulletin.
Ottawa, NovenJu'r, l!M>9.

80

FABTm.

THK VALUE TO OANAPTAN FAIOMKRS OF IIOArEflROWN TOBACCO

SEKI).

{By F. Charlan).

Tlir rpsulfs of pxporimonts in prowinj; folmcco rnrriod on in 1009 at tlio (Vntrul
KxperinientuI Furm, Ottawa, and for wiiicli we iuul to u-to .snods of widely ditTerent
variety and origin, show, in a striking nmniior, the advantnRo of using houie-grown
peexls, from aci'lirtiatizcd varii-lics, and sclcilcd with a view to hring about a gradual
iniproviMnent in varieties.

In the first place, let us condemn the practice, common to many growers, of
frenueiitly changing varieties. Because a variety of tohaceo, tried for the first time,
has not given satisfactory results — and there may Ix; numerous causes for such fail-
ure—any seed catalogue is o|K'ned anil, uiwu the authority of the oJvertis.vaout, a
new variety is tried which is still less adapted to our soil and diniatie conditions,
or for whi<'h there is no <iemand on the market, thus courting another failure.

A common mistake is to believe that nearly all the varieties of tobacco may be
grown in Canada, provided the soils are judic-iously selected. Of course, the various
regions of this iuniiense Duminion, present great differences of cliiaate, and the
tobacco growing districts in these n-gions may yield entirely different products, but
the number of varieties which may bo profitably grown is far from being unlimited.

In Canada, at the present time, it is more logical to confine the growing of
tobacco to the production of Ameri<'an tyixs- those grown in the northern and eastern
parts of the United States— provided, however, that such types are recognized as
susceptible of ailaptalion to our conditions. Among these varietitss may be ineludeil
the Burleys for Ontario, and the Seed I.cafs for Quebec, this province having special-
ized in the production of small Canadian tobaccos. Exception might be made for
British ('olunibia. Climatic con<litions jiartieularly favourable have encouraged the
growing of Cuban in the Okanagan Valley, but it must bo said, however, that in spite
of many endeavours, this industry is still in the embryo stage and has not developed
as well as could have been expected from the (juality of t!ie product.

It is important that the growers of Canadian tobaccos, who still form but a
relatively snmll group, »ho\ild not devote their attention to too many varietie-s.

Types and not varieties is the need of the tobacco industry, in Canada as well
as in other countries, and when a regular supply of products suitable for the manu-
facture of cut and plug tobaceo-s, or of eiga^s and cigarclUs, will be offered at advan-
tageous prices to our manufacturers, they will give little hood to the name of the
varieties, provided these Iwlong to the right type.

Because seeds of any kind may bo imported, (Algeria, Jamaica, Vuelta Abajo,
Xanthi, etc.), a seed-bed established and a more or less successful plaatatioa made,
it does not follow that all those varieties may be grown with profit in Canada. The
PHmIucIs should fir.st lie compared with those obtained in the countries where the
varieties originated, a comparison that might not always be favourable. On the other
h.iiid the p.)st of production is a serious coii-iidcraliim, whiio tho opinion of the
manufacturer, leaving aside that of the consumer, is nn important factor.

21

The Canadian industry having Lxien auppliej, at the beginning, with foreign
tobaccoa, and the public tasto having long been formed, it is wise {or the Oanadian
planters to grow th(*e tobaoros only which, with the protection recently granted to the
indigenous product, may replace one or more of their impirtod oompjtitor.). This
result has been attuine<l, as yet, only by the Burleys of Ontario, and a few of the
Seed Leafs of Quebec. It should be stated also that thoio are tl aoat pro aistiig
tyi)08, because there ia a greater manufacturing demand for them. Thus, we know
wliiit types to grow. But amongst these, what varieties are the meet suitoble for the
manufacturer and moist profitnbli' for the grower?

]n spite of the criticism expressed alwve, we are plensjed to 'le that for some
time, at least in those couatrias wiiero tobacco culture is improving, there has been
a ttMidency to grow th()^:c varieties oiily which are the best suited to the conditions of
the soil and climate and for which there is a siwciul demand from the mui'ufucturer.

This last factor. Ions neglected by the Quebec farmer, is becoming mora and
more important since hoi.io products have been officially admitted into skiii.) of the
Ingest manufactures of the country, and the grower must get us»xl to the idea that
he will have to reckon with the munufucturer in the future.

Owing to the present condition of the tobacco trade in Canada, the small Cana-
dian varieties, such as (Janelle, I'etit Konge, Small Havana, etc., are not considered as
manufacturing toba(!cos. They are not submitted to any special treatment and are
practically excluded from the manufactures. However, they are not an indifferent
quantity, as they cater to a fairly numerous class of customers, who, either for their
aroma (which is a quplity), or for their strength, «lue to their high nicotine contents
(a defect which in time is not noticeable), prefer them to all others. Many farmers
make a living out of the growing of these varieties.

We now come to the Seed lA'afs. The Connecticut Seed Leaf is a heavy yielder
on some soils, but being .-.low in ri|M>ning can be recommended only for places where
it con Le sown very ea.ly, so that it can be harvested in time to avoid frost, either on
the field or in the curing slie<ls. If these sheds are tightly built, fire may be used,
when necessary, to complete the curing of the products before the winter, but the
most serious objection to this variety in Canada is that it is a slow grower and must
be harvested late.

This defect is well known to many growers, who have observed it to their own
cost, and an endeavour has been maile to replace the large Connecticuts by other
varieties, which, ii lot as i)rolitie, at least ript-n earlier, i-'or this reason the Havana
Seed Tx>af has gradually replaced the Connecticut Seed Leaf, which, in turn, has been
replaced by the Comstock Spanish, imported from Wisconsin, a still earlier variety.
In the counties of Montcalm, Juliette, Assomptioa, Rouville, etc., this last variety
has given fine leaves, supple and resistant, of good average size and well adaipted to
the manufacture of binders.

Thus, beginning with a light cigar variety, the Connecticut Seed Leaf, (which
under different conditions slowly degenerated into a rather strong pipe tobacco), the
Quebec growers finally adopted the Comatock Spanish, a smaller but earlier variety,
whose products in Canada are truer to type than those of the Connecticut Seed Leaf,
anil even lighter than in the country where it originated. Thus, guided by the exigen-
cies of their olirnHte=, the Queltec growers have accomplished, unconsciously, a natural
selection and m'ide a fairly definite selection of the most profitable variety.

The iiitniduction of OoiUHto<ks in tin. eouiity of Montcalm, followinK a tour of
invpittigation in Wisconsin, marks a new era for the growers of Quebec. The iinal
stage hag been reached when the products of th . variety were utilized as binders, in
the manufacture of cigars, and they can now be olaseed as. manufacturing products.

It is to be hoped that Canadian growers will realize the great future in store for
this variety and will bend their energies to the taflk of improving it, instead of going
buck, as some of them are inclined to do, to varieties with heavy yields, but of .sluwer
growth and more exiijosed to injury.

It has been said that Canadian Comstocks are not sufficiently productive, but this
is not correct. The exhaustion of soils by continuou« cropping, poor manuring, ouor
curt? of the crop, setting out too far apart, all these could be incriminated with more
nason. On good soils and with sufficient care, many growers are now getting, in
nonnal years, average yields of from ],2(K) to ],4<)0 pounds i>cr acre.

In Ontario, guided by the manufacturers, the growers have from the start adopted
the Burley variety.

Soil and climatic eruditions in thi« port of Canada favour the growing of tiiis
variety, whiiii, however, might be furtlu - improved. It could be made more resistant
l(. diseases which have m.-»dc an appearance in recent years, and rondorcil more pro-
ductive. This may undoubtedly bo obtained by (proper selection and better nu^hoils
of culture, ba-sed on a goo<] rotation of crops.

The attention of Essex growers has recently been called to the pj43lbility of
prowing Virginia Bright tobaccos on some particular soils. A few farmers are now
gn)wing this variety and practising flue curing. Such tests, backed by some manii-
fiicturers who are ready to start a new industry, are highly interesting. Hut it
Would be very unwise to try a large number of varieties with.no sure prospect of a
niurket for the same. We think it ia very important that each district should
r^|M( iulize in the production of a particular type. This, in our opinion, is the only
wiiy by which our products can gain a reputation and meet with a ready sale.

• ••♦*•

At the beginning of our operations, we were struck by the lack of defiulto type
in the varieties grown by the farmein, who pro<luce their own *c«d, and, as otiurs had
done before us, we attributed this defect to degeneration, causjj by unfavoaraMe
climatic conditions.

Since then, we have proved that under suitable conditions, tobacco seeds pro<luced
in Canada have perpetuated the characteristics of their respective varieties, quite as
w.-ll as imported seeds biive prrpct\ial«d theirs. and, not only so, but— after ucelimati-
ziition, which is jwRsible for a few varieties— they <»n produce earlier or bardie.- phnits,
wl'i<-h are preferable to others.

One of the objects of the test undertaken in liW.) at th • Central Exp;»ri ueiital
Kiiriii. Ottawa, wa-s to compare the results obtained from imported seed on the- one
baud and from seed grown in Canada from imported seed ihiring the previous .vcar.

The FollowinfT Varieties were 'Jested :

1. A selection of Wisconsin imported from the exiK-rimental farm of Wisconsin.

2. Seed prmluced at our exix'rimental farm the previous .year, at a preliminary
tt.-t uf the same variety.

23

3. A roiiisfm-k Spani.*h, also imimrted from Wisconsin and tested for several
years in Canada with excellpnt results.

4. Sf...l pHxhu-e.! in (Jana.la, in 1!»0«, on a plantation of Comstm-k Spanish.

To fin<l out the influence of climate on certain varieties, two sorts of tobaccos,
highly npprrciatid in Connecticut, wore also grown, viz:— 1. A selection of (Connecti-
cut Havana; i>. Halladay, a hyl.rid of nccnt (late, not entirely fixed as y< t, but from
whi.-h An.cri.an cx,)crtH hope to obtain the bo^t ro-iulU, both in quality of texture
and in .yield. The sccls of tht.se t«o varieties were kindly suppliecJ by the Department
of Apricultiirc at Washington.

('.m,„;i;,Hl IIavana.~U was ihouuht that this was a ,selc<-t<..l S.-ed Leaf. The
test showc! dial it is a hybrid of Unvana Scc.l I^af and Connecticut ^See-l Leaf. The
uYiper half is practically pure Havana ScmI U-af; in the lower half, the leaves, al-
thouch smaller than those of the Connecticut Seed Leaf, arc drooping and elongated
in sliaiic, dearly recalling the leavej, of the Connecticut Seed Leaf.

T' I.S variety has shown itself very sensitive to blight, or Mosaic disease, on plots
»lr Comstock Danish and Wisconsin had thrived.

//nll,„la>/.—Thh hybrid, which is highly recommended in Connecticut, d(H» not
%et<m to 1« adapted to our climntic conditions. Its development is shown in figure VITI,
where the 'havanensis' blood is clearly seen to predominate. The leaf is small com-
I-ared with that of the Comstock and ia slightly lacking in fineness f tissue, although
the ribs are very little prominent. This is a rather gummy t. .. assuming a

bronz.- green clour in the curing-shed an.l rather better suite.1 fo, lillers than for
wrapiiers. Tt i.s not certain, however, that its aroma ia good enough so that it .-an be
r.^'onnncnd<^l in place of the Cubans and Ifazlewoods.

The above varieties may be very interesting for American growers, but they
are of very little imimrtanco for Canadian growers. They n.ay be further studied in
PxiH-rimental stations and an endeavour made to acclimatize them as much as possible,
but they f^boidd be avoide.1 by the Canadian grower on account of their lack of hardi-
ness under our climate, their poor adaptation to our soils, and the risks incurred in
growing tobaccos that are not only .susceptible of rapid degeneration, but moreover
unable to produo.' sufficient yields, even when the .see<l3 are renewed every year.

T^t us now see the results obtained from varieties also imported, but susceptible
of acclimatization in Canada.

Winconjsin Speeinl— Imported Seed.— The plants were set at a distance of 3 feet
by 1.J feet and the yield reached L16,T pounds per acre.

The plant is vigorous and has a fine appearance; the leaves are close to the stem,
of good size and good shape. See figure IX.

Canadian Wiscomin — TIas kept tho characters of the preceding one, but seems
more vigorous; the yield, under the same conditions of culture, h«s reache-i 1,241
pounds per acre.

Imported Comafock Spanish.— Thla tobacco has about the same appearance as
the preceding one, but the leaf is more graceful and the riRo much more delicat*.
figure IX. The yield, with the plants set at a distance of 2i feet by li feet, has
been 1,101 pounds per acre in 1909.

24

Canadian Comstock Spankh.—llas the physical characters of the preceding one,
but a more luxurious vegetation; the yield reaches 1,471 pounds per acre.

The year 1900 cannot bo said to have been a favourabla oae to tobaooo culture.
Tlio above varietiea generally produce much heavier yields, and in previous years have
frivcn as much as 1,800 to 1,000 pounds. But it is evident that in both cases tho dif-
ference is in favour of the seed produced in Canada. We have therefore a product
jH'rfectly acclimatized.

By the use of home-grown seeds oiio is ublu to tnalt- ii caroful solectioa and to
iiscertain the quality of the seed, which the foreign dealer does not guarantee. This
selection may bring about a gradual inifirovement of the types and probably the es-
tablishment of truly Canadian varieties, as hardy as some of the small tobaccos grown
from time immemorial in tiie province of Quebec (('aiiplle. Petit Ifavane, etc.).

The possibility of producing our own seefl— thereby becoming independent— be-
ing clearly established, we urge the growing of tobacco seeds upon all Canadian
growers. But we must insist upon adherence to the instructions given in our pre-
vious bulletins, as otherwise, instead of tlieif rapidly producing acclimatized and pure
types, the best imported varieties will speedily degenerate.

Ottawa, November, 1909. ,

l-J ■

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I III )ci net inn nf ihnii-t- >«'♦(!>. 1

BULLETINS ON THE CULTURE OF TOBACCO.

No. A— 1 — Prop.'uiitioii 01 !l;( -rc(Iliiii;s „ii(l fli.' c.iir to It j;iv.'h ihrm

Nn A~2.—Tiv\n\7j

I 1:1 111 Iiiiiofrii (iiitUK

No, A— :J — Til

!■ n'"\\'i'it; o:' tolii'co.

No A— 4 —Report 011 t!u- toliiuco indnstiA- 111 Otitiiiio,

No A-5--T1H

imporiaiu' o! iointioi- 111 toLin-fo (ti'iti

Ni A — fi — Kqiii' -'"lit- crtnii'd 0:1 111 l^iOS.

I P-

I'liiiirv cxiw-iMPPuts 111 tie i;i"win:4 cf spi'l pliuifs

II Experiments 11: tlie it

enlizatjon of soils.

III. Clii'ii-.Ral fertilizers m tobrtrco cul

1 1.1 re.

No A -r,~-Brii;!i! tohiuco- (Viiinnia av.'\ North Ciiroliiiii)
No A— 8 — Expeiimeiital wor!^, 11J09

I Exptni'iriits 111 the ^rowiiii4 "*' ><■' il plants.
II Striiluatiou or ./)ils — Si (•.•! test-, — Tliick

ness ol' seeding.

Ill Ai'vanta^;-.". oi 1!,^ i;<r o lii,iUf--ro.' n tob.i
Tar 1 ii.sn f uii'i'r

for til

Sen' tree ii]>o'! I'pphiaMoii ii, tl. Deparl u'.e.it o,' A:;ri( iihi:re.