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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est filmA i partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut an bas. an prenant la nombre d'images nicessaira. Las diagrammas suivants iilustrent la mMhoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MIOtOCOTY HSOIUTION TBT CMAIT iANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2i 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ I 2J 131 1.4 1^ 1.6 /APPLIED INA/QE Inc 1 "6) *8; 03O0 Pioo» 1^6) 288 - 5989 - Fo. . ^..J-,^ N lUi.Q. uiMir McGILL UNIVERSITY PAPERS FROM THE PETER REDPATH MUSEUM BIONOMICAL LEAFLETS No. 4. FoMil Pau by R. F. RUTTAN. No. 5. Dono-epitrochlear Muacle by F. SLATER JACKSON. No. 6. West Coast Corals by SYDNEY J. HICKSON No. 7. Introduction to Zoology by A. WILLEY. ^ MONTREAL. 191 7. ' — "■'' II -— I . ,„. „,. /'-. '■ :\^< ■A' 'if* i' ' ,.1 ¥^ . ' ■ ■>■>- '»■ ,■-. .,-.A;'^ ' '■ '.'- -,-■*■ • ->■'.- ■' ■ ' ■ i',»> ;' '■■■ -.■■' V,' .1 ■i-^ -I . ^ H ■- v.. •- ■.<*/■• .■^;:. U ; - Bionomical Leafletit, MdUll I'nircrsity, Montreal. A'o. 4, April, 1917. 13 I\. fosnd fatg.—T\w U-rm fo«ail fat is riithor an apt one to (Icsiiitnatc certain modifications of animal or vcf?ctal)lc fats produced hy Iohk exi)osure to moisture in the alwenre of air. Natural fats are known to acquire new properties under these conditions, iM'cominK harder, and more resistent to the action of air, enzymes jind bacteria. They lose their characteristics as fats and assume those of orjjanic minerals. Authorities on mineraloRy recoRnize as minerals: (1) SuJj- stances of the type of ozocerite, a brown, hard, amori)hous wax, «,-.-,, wtiich IS simply a solid paraffin produced by terrestrial forces in 'n'«™i» a similar way to crude (wtroleum, and, like petroleum, is composed of carbon and hydrop'ii only. (2) Substances of a bituminous character such as amlier, etc., anfl acids allied to it of which succinellite is an example; these contain oxVRen as well as carl)on and hydroKcn and are, either wholly or in part, orK.mic crystalline acids which may be .separated by distillation or as salts" of lead, barium, etc. Ci) A fat-like mineral of the consistence of butter called Brucknellente, found ansociated with certain deposits of brown coal. It nives rise to an acid and contains (', H, and O 11 V.."!.""*,'^"''''"'''"'*'' ♦l»'"'fore, that the material popularly called Bou Butter," which occurs occasionally as masses of Inird fat m the boRs of Ireland and Scotland, was confused with mmerals of the type referred to aboye and learnedly described by mineralogists as Butyrite or Butyrellite. Dinv.i^ Mineraloim defines this mineral: " crystallizable in needles; butter-like lii consistence; color white; melting point of imjiure natiye material 4/ Brazier, after purification 51° Luck, o2°-o2.7° Brazier; easily solulile in alcohol or ether; consists of (', H, and ()." It was described as "a mineral resin,' a perfectly natural production arising from the decomposition of yegetable matters bo« growing in peat and bog." No recent analyses of this material"""" haye been made, but between 1880 and 1800 it was identified as just butter " by a number of chemists who found specimens to contain milk sugar and cows' hairs, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. IJemarkably fine specimens ol bog butter liaye been preseryed in Kdinburgh in the Antiquarian Mu.seum and in the Museuni of Science and Art. Numerous specimens are al^o to be swn in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, and in the Belfast Museum. The Dukt of Sutherland is said to possess a large collection of Butyrellite specimens. When found thev often show markings of the cloths, rushes, etc., in which they were wrapped, or the remains of boxes and other containers One specimen was found in a hollow log. This bog butter was f.,„ suppo-sed by the superstitious Irish peasants to haye b(en niadebu'lS and hidden by the numerous fairies that frequent the bogs We find, howeyer, many references in the ."olklore of Ireland to the ' butter dyke " or butter safe being dug in the bogs where the butter was stored to keep it sweet and cool in summer (Sir William Wilde: Introduction . . of the potato in Ireland . . with some notice of the sub.'itance called bog-butter. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. VI, 1857, p. 356.) 14 R. F. UUTTAN Analyal* ofbivtod buiMr SaUuimlirs •aaljnU Hydrolyd* olbuiur Fuacrary butler >■ i , '■',' ? '-'' . . Adipoow* NumprouB analygM nnd microacopic exaininatiuna, while Mtablmhintt its oriKin, fiiilcd for the miist part in interprctinx the cnnnKt'jt which the butter had undergone while buried in the wet b<)R. Ultimate orKnnic analyiMW «if the aridH obtained led to the roncluHion that the acid was of the same rompoallion a* palmitic acid. Winner and ('hurch (AnalyHt, Feb. 1880, p. 17) examined a 8p«'cimen " w>verul centurien old " and found it to poraem prupertiiv similar to thone described by numerouii other chemists. The meltinK |M)int vari«'d from 47° to 54° C. [butter melts at 31-33° C'.J. The acids found were chiefly palmitic and stearic, with alwut 5-10 per cent, oleic; while only minute traces of glycerol were discovered, the fact that the mass was practically composed of fat acids was overhwked. K. Halkowski (F'-wtwhrift f. Virclmw, 1891) analysed a sample of butter whi<-h had U'en left exp<>8«>d to the air for three years, and f«»und that 87 p«'r cent, of the fat had become hydrolysed to fat acids and only traces of glycerol ct)ul(l \te found; its melting point had risen to 49° C. showing the absence of the volatile acids of low molecular weight. The conversion of butter into Butyrellite is a slow process of hydrolysis, wh«'re the fat, in the presence of large excess of reacting water, is gradually broken down into the fat acids and glycerol. '»he fat and water are in equilibrium with glycerol and flit acids; the glycerol is soluble in water as well as the lower fat acids, both are therefore dissolved out and the reaction proceeds from left to right until jifter many years only the insoluble fat acids, palmitic and stearic, remain. Nearly all the oleic acid is also removed mechanically in suspension. These solid, hard fat acids are very stable, not ea.''ily oxidized and do not undergo putrefactive change. Hence the change from butter fat to Butyrellite or bog butter is a conversion of the original mixture of fats practically to a more solid mixture of palmitic and stearic acids melting at about 50° C. An analysis of butter 2,500 years old, found sealed up in an alabaster vase taken from the tomb of Queen Haaheps of the 18th Egyptian dynasty, is recorded. It had a low melting point, carried 8 per cent, of volatile soluble acids, gave the reaction for glycerine, and " in apjH>arance, colour and odour resembled rancid butter" (Wigner and Church, Analyst. Feb. 1880). The butter was probably fused into the vase and remained out of contact with air 25 centuries. In the absence of water and air there were none of the changes observed in bog butter; the fats were only partly hydrolysed. The apparent conversion of the bodies of animals into a hard white wax after long i)urial in wet ground was an interesting but until quite recently an unexplained phenomenon. It was regarded as evidence of the conversion of protein tissue into fat, but in the light of recent investigations this view is no longer tenable. The name Adipocf-re Wiis given to this waxy substance by Fourcroy* in 1787 when he made a study of the bodies of a •A. f'. de Fourrroy {IT'i.i-lSlte): M<^nioin>s mir Ips diff^renta ^tat!> des cadaviva trouv4a 17*6 et 1787, lus i rAcudcmie dt's Scii'nraa, Psria, 17»9. FOSSIL FATS l^ l^Tv LLi^ T."*""^'!?'' ^^ ^'^^y """^"rtod into this rfZtZ V , ^'"""^ H'"* .»>'*•«' b"»'K removwl from the w« .SurV '""r":"*","' P"""- He concludod that th« wax nlfLnK ♦",5'^'«'"'t'?"' and iipennaceti mixed with «oaM and phaiphat.. of lime. Smce that timo this subHtancc, unH up to 1!>10 wa« to show that this mateS wm compow-d chiefly of palmitic, stearic and marRaric acids, with ammonia and lime soaps, and an acid meltinn at TO-SO" C which was called stearic acid by GrcRory, hydroxymarKaric by EU-rt. The aljsence of glycerol was fi^rst observed by W. Gmrory in 1847, thus showinu that the material was n«t a true fat the new that adipocere n«ults from the convorsion of the vanous components of the tissues into fat was a "^na ural one. The form of the b<.'i!,;th;n"rol7pi'cSi'& structure of portions of adipocere. observed cells of adipocere similar m shape and sometimes in markings to spindle-shaix.d striated muscle eel s This is undoubtedly due to the infil Sn of the shea h of the muscle by the fats and their subsequent change tn mlu, in other wor.ls they are pseudomorphs. "^'*"''"' The impression that t he entire body is converted into adipocere w due to the fact that the fat of lf,e pannicvlu. adipoZ l^uh- SnsT iVl'"'^^ ^•^■'^'"'^■^"•' "»• hardened, theXeton remains to hold the .soft parts in position, and there is a gradual wS ?» ?h "^*^ ?'"''"'"'"' *'*'*'"'' ^^'"•h •'"•'"''y disappears a. well as the glandular organs which are not converted /« situ- irregular masses of udipocre are, however, found in the int<.riorAdies of animals buried in wet ground or "ubmergS in mud and water. The changes which resdt in the formatbn, t^Tu "^trT/""^ ^"'-^ "'•'-' "^ f«""*- ^1) The slorhydrr-o'"SSia he mi t X^^ '"w temp,.ratures where the time factor and the mt«8 of the reacting water are enoi-mou-sly exaggerated KonV'^T'^''' f ^''- ^■\^'^"^"' '' accomplished in'a few minu^ and IS one of the steps in the commercial process of soap-making.l i£ » /r'^*°\ '^?'''''' ""^ *he resulting glycerol as sJon iis it is liberated from the fat. (3) The mechanical removal of a large portion of the fluid oleic acid, in form of an emulsion. (4) The 16 i** fixHtion of a pfirtion of thr fnt m-idit nn inMilubl<> ralrium an oleic nciil iiito hyilriixyKtrnrir ncitlK by tiikioK up ti moitrulo of wati>r N«« for •■urh nioh-i'ulo of thr oU'io m-iil. Th«T«> nrv two iHomcric ''iSSr* I'vdri'xy^tnirii' iicidii. Thrw art' hard waxy cryHtallinc InmIIi-m prol)- nl>ly ('litiriirlcriHtic of all mlilXM-tTf, wht'tlu-r liuiimti or othfrwim*, and iirr pntM-nt in larK**"! profHirtion in matim* wnxv itiM>cim«-nN. (K. V. Huttanand M.J. MarKhail, Joum. Hiol. C'lii-miMtry. XXIX, i".II7, p. :Jlt»; alm> Uiittan, Trano. Hoy. Soc. (Canada, Ab«tractH, 11»I7). Four aimlyjM* of adipocerp have b«Tn made by the writer, inrludinK lN>th thi> mature waxy and the immature wift forma; three of tlic-M* were of human origin and one waM the back of a pin whirh had iM-en buriwi for 4.V47 years near Montreal. They ng all contain lei«H than 2 per cent, of true fatn. They all contain "^'»»**"the Nime mono-hydroxywtearic acids found in pig's adipocerc, <>"e priHmatic iota-hydroxystearic acid meltinK at 84.S°C. and the other theta-hydroxvHtearic acid in rhombic plates melting at 7H.4'C. The soft adipocere differs from the waxy form only V)y containing more oleic acid and soft remnants of connective tissue. The hydration of oleic acid to the hard hydroxystearic acids and the (lisappearance of unaltered oleic acid mark the final stages in the formation of mature adipocerc. Complete hydrolysis of fat, under the conditions favourable for adipocere formation, occurs even in the presence of soft proteins (one analysis gave 8 0 per cent, pnitein as muscle fibre and conniH'tive tissue] and in the iwno marrow which was found to 1h' converted into calcium soaps and fat acids with traces only of glycerides. In no case could ammonia soaps 1m* detected. The nitrogenous matter was present chiefly as fibrous tissue; only 0 . 03 to 0 . 05 p«'r cent, of ammonia was detected. Adipocere contains no margaric or hydroxymargaric acids as stated in textlxmks; the eutectic mixture of palmitic and stearic acid was mistaken for the former, and the latter was a name applied by Ebcrt to the mixed hydroxystearic acids. Department of Crjmisthy, McGiLL University. R. F. RUTTAN. . ■ ' ■> • ., Bionomiad UnfltU, MdhU University, Monlreal. No. 6, May, 1917. 17 \ . Dorno^pilrochlrar mu»ck.—Tht' following notiii art- ImwHl iip«>ii a diwMctiori of a VirKinian Opotwum (Didrlphy* nrainimuu an.l •.mlHxly a bri.f (ImTinJiori of the mui.h«.rti, th.-n profi'wor of anatomy at M.C.ill Inivi-niity, with n-fennw to itH (M-curn-nn. a* an o»ciiKional anomaly in th«> human Hiibjort. In UtOti whin on an i-xrHdition to VV<-Hf Africa I liutl tiic o()pf)rt unity of noting its ap|H>araniT in varioiw monkoyx. In 1UI2, iH-ing in IVnsai-oIa Ha. ..n my way from Pari to X.-w York, 1 diHsi-ctiMl an oi)o-.Hiini p«r<'hiw.-.i at th.- niari<..t. Th«' iMmi-,lrochhari» of Marsupials in fntiu.-ntiy rcfcrrcil to, but rarely fiKiircd. The (lorsiM'pitroohh'ar muxric inlongs toj)o(irapiiicallv to tho group of miwclcs wliow function i.s the cxtcnfdon of the forearm. It in an accenw)ry bundle of fibren paHMing from the region of the arm- Pit to the elbow in many mammals. In anatomical usage it is frefiuently not described . long with the intrinsic muscles of the anterior liml), but with the muscles of the trunk. This is HH-ause of its peculiar methstrial vertebrates and is an e.xtrin8ie muscle of the fore limb passing from the dorsal vertebra- and lumbar fascia to the proximal' part of the shaft of the humerus. In the article 'Mareunialia" in Toe'>" paper On the Myology of ike Terrestrial Camivora [Part I, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1897, pp. 370-1)9] Sir Bertram Windle and Dr. F. 0. Parsons say, with reference to the dorso-epitrochlearis (p. 386) : " This muscle shows frequent variations in its size and attachments; its usual origin, as in most other animals, is from the latissimus dor si just before the latter becomes tendinous; it then runs down the inner side of the triceps to be inserted into the inner Hide of the olecranon process as well as into the fa.scia of the forearm. It is supplied by the musculo-spiral nerve." Their fig. 8, p. 390, shows its insertion in the case of the dog. For the cat, the muscle is described and figured, under the name M. ejntrochlearis or extensor antibrachii longus, by J. Reighard and H. S. Jennings in their textbook: Anatomy of the Cat [New York, Henry Holt, 1901, p. IC-t]; in the cat it is a thin flat muscle on the medial side of the brachium. Windle and Parsons: On the Myology of the Edentata [Part I, Prop. Zool. Soc, London, 1899, pp. 314-339] describe this muscle (p. 323) under a new name, latissimo-olecranalis. It is always Armadillo. present in Edentates: "In the Dasypodidae [armadillos] the muscle is very large and often has further origins than that which it obtains from the latissimus dorsi. In Dasypus we found it rising (a) from the main insertion of the latissimus dorsi, (b) from the dorsum scapuk-c, and (c) from that part of the latissimus dorsi muscle which arises from the thoracic vertebrae. The muscle covered the dorsal and internal aspects of the arm and was folded round the triceps in such a way as to render that muscle invisible until the latissimo-olecranalis was removed. The insertion was into the olecranon and upper half of the subcutaneous margin of the ulna. This is the maximum development of the muscle so far met with by us in any mammal." DORSO-EPITROCHLEAR MUSCLE 19 described and fiSr^ Th^^S 'T'jere the muscle in question is from the doreal and SmbJrv.Slr'""*^^" °^ t^« "»««"« aris« the forelimb ac fie 2 n^om^^Ti- .u™" ^^'"""^'" aspect of n 4ni ^ A k • Tl ' P; "^^"^ and from the outer asoect (I r fiir -i default of other KoriL mSfS h.r.r'^'''' ^ ?*•"''''" ^'''*=*'' '» •<«»b., extewsor anHbrachUvm^'(-Z?^^^^ represent it, namely, the This flat muscle ars^T^ [ZZT^Ml'"^"'. ^^ «™ber, 1870). lalissimus ZS or sTmnr/rom^h'* of the united teres major and medial side oflhrupKrm7tr?,n/H^'"*^°'*'l'' ^'^"^ «° the the anc(«,e«,, ZonpL orTapuTar head of Z"."" ^^' "?^'^' «''^'' «f into the medial hinder marrin of Th^i***^ ^"''^^ *" '*« '"se'-tion Acta, best in sSSs " T^t '^° m Loffosfomu. and Dasy- his investigat°onfon the mvoTo^ nTV^i^"/' " ^^ontinuatioHf of the iJ/j/LorpAo, P. Z^l S^bo^ nn^'f.**? ^^1 ^^' ^^y^^V that in this dWsion "tS^^f^rhF^'-^^^]^^^ ^^^'^ (P- 175) reaches as far L the SecrTn^/h ^""* 'A ^'"^'^y^ P^^^s^^t an^ inserted into th^fScia ofTeV,^,°^«!', ''^ ^"^«'»'«^* ** i« also humerus, giveVoff a muscuLfe^'^T'-' '^^"'"^ '^'^^hing the ■"-"«•«— It descendlvertSnyS^ th, fei V^ "^ ^^^ ^'^«'- humero^ubital jS XfcordinTfo th""*" ^- '*' ''^Tt'^" ^^ ^he viduals, it is attached eitherT. t h„ 1-. ^^^'^ ^"^ ^^'^^^ '"^i- the humerus, or to ttlcTaLlrTS of ^tr"" '''''^'}'^ f a-S.UTddT^£rtX£^^^^^ in (Didelphys). In the Hvsna Skt? f J"^ Virginian Opossum 20 I i t: ' ■ ! .'-,'' ' 'J ^1 fMcia, functioning as a retractor of the entire fore-limb. Testut also describes its rt" at.ons and dimensions in a wolf and a £r IriceS """^ '■°'''^' «"^^'»P'n8 the cylindrical body of the rr ^"'nrose: TAe Anatomy of the Orang Outanq (Simia mlitni'f) Trans Canadian Inst^. VI, Toronto, 1899, pp. M7-598, Ss III-VI and bibhoRraphy . Quite recently the dorso-epitrochlear ,„«„ J doreo-epitrochlear muscle is a constant organ in lemurs monkeys, and anthropoid apes, but is normally absent in the humS 'h"C^S Mr Inh^ w !i • *'*^'='^'«n'i' appearance was first demonstrated by myoiS;; ?7- John Wood in a remarkable series of papers on Variations in "Human Myology, published in the Proceedings of the Roval Socfe J Soc XV^^n STh^'^'^'T !?*^'^"'^ ^«^0 I" ^867 (Proc. To/ r ; r F: ^?^^. he records findmg in two subjects, that " the tendon of the latissimus gave attachment to a strong hfck mu^! cularshp which, passing separately down the upper four horthe arm finally joined to long head of the triceps, presentinrthe mos? marked approximation to the dorson-pitrochlear mSle in th! Orang and other Simiada.- which the author h,is hithTto found in ovoin^Ci^h lir'i ""^ ""'T"^' °^ t^*' importance If &di - to\pr>, which has been several times confirmed, a special article was devoted to the muscle by L. Testut in his volume entmed £ S, pp. nsJ^r '" ^"'^'■°P«'''»'«- P'^'is (G. Masson), „ vnT''''^^".¥ °l ''"'"''" anatomy {e.g., Quain, Gray) recognize a vostige of the dorso-^pitrochlearia brachii^or accessories tndvMs in the fibrous band pa.sslng from the tendon of the atSus V ^tlu"''' °^^*he arm. It is described by Professor Zthur Keith (Human Embryology and Morphology,Vd S Mn "■"""rTr 7^ -^ ''' '"P'trochlearis), a climbing muscle, is alwavs represen ed in man commonly by a fibrous bundle between riUrr'S 422^ ItZ^T '^•^-'.-1 the long head of'thS iriccps ii-ig 4^^). It may be occasionally muscular. In anes it pa^sses from the latussimus dorsi at the axilla to the inner Lpect of the elbow ang with a large bulbous swS If i« ^^ ^^^ '^ '"^oth, end- hiUibut hooks in aboutSO fathomR- ii ^'T*'?'^? '^^"Kht on the colour and is said to writhl I,? ' ^*'*" ^'^« it is of a pale pink middle of the fleshyVdy ?s'a sLLr^-i .^""°i°« ^^'^^ hardness, known as the Lis th^n^ ^k^^'^*** "^ «f bone-like to It by Gray in 1872 S b^t d^±.?^%^^«*«^JI» given o..«.«. firet given by Moss (\M-^ ^ description of the species was ^theaxisof^a^^ruliSicSSz^r' *"** Gray's'^^g TABLE OF SYNONYUS: 1872^0«teocellaseptentrionali8 Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) IX ^^^^ffrnm*P ''^"''.f^P*«°t"0nali8 Moss P ZonI 0_ T . XXXV;°S? ""'""» »'««'■»'■ Zed 'jahrb. S>«. 32 SYDNBT J. RIC&BON ties of the north Atlantic. It differs from P. finmarchica in the al)8ence of spicules in the polyps, in the presence of ventral radial canals, and m other characters; but as other species attri- buted to the genus Pavonaria {calif omica and xmUemoesi) have been described from the Califomian coast, it would lie important to determine if the American species of Pavonaria are intermediate ''*"" 0^*^<^^^ septetilrionalia and P. finmarchica. iiJ^w"M4T 2. Leioptilum quadrangulare Moroff. This is an orange- red sea-pen, about four inches long, living in abundance on the halibut grounds in Hecate strait, in 28-50 fathoms. It differs from Osti'ocella in its small size and in having the rows of polyps fused to form kidney-shaped leaves with thickened, sinuous and fimbriated margins. The leaves, about 30 on each side of the rachis, are closely pressed together like the barbs on the rachis of a feather. If the margin of one of these leaves be examined under a lens, two or three rows of small tubercles will be seen, t-ach tuliercle provided with two short tooth-like processes. These tubtTcles are the calices of the polyps and the marginal teeth are characteristic of the species. Professor Milnes Marshall, in 1882, recorded, on the authority of Mr. R. D. Darbishire, that pieces of the British sea-pen, Sea-pen J irguloria mirabilis, were found in the stomach of a haddock u"h«d3"k^"UKht off Scarborough; but this is the only instance I have found of any sea-pen that is a prey of fishes. The genus Leioptilum (with Which Ptilosarcus is now incor- ponited) seems to be confined to the west coast of America, the single record of a specimen from New Guinea being of doubtful accuracy. Several species have been described, but owing to their specific variability it may prove that there is but one species of the genus. The two specimens from Hecate strait that were sent to me for examination agree closely with the full description of Ptilosarcus quadrangularis recently given by Nutting. He examined a number of specimens from Pacific Grove, California, some of them attaining to a length of 22 inches, varying in colour from purplish violet to yellow. 1902. Ptilosarcus quadrangularis Moroff. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XVII, 3«3. 1909. Ptilosarcus quadrangularis Nutting. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXV, 689. 1913. Leioptilum quadrangulare Kukenthal. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XXXV, 252. Sea -fans Order Gorgonacea: the Sea-fans. 3. Paragorgia arbarea (Linn). Of the attached forms of .Alcyonarian corals only five species are known from British Colum- bian waters. The most conspicuous of these is a large ramified coral of brick-red col-jur and friable consistency, with terminal branches about half an inch in diameter, characterised by many node-hke swellings. When dried, the branches and the main stem are .seen to l)e perforated by many fine longitudinal canals, and the substance of which they are composed can be crushed WEST COAST CORALS 23 lar Ion into a powder bt'twcpn a strong finger and thumb. It would not be Burpnsmg to hear of specimens several feet in height. The largest I have seen was given to the Manchester museum by Dr C. Gordon Hewitt, and is 16 by 12 inches in expanse, but it IS certain that this specimen is only part of a much larger •«••«• cor.i luiwards 1857, of the family Briar«idae. Having made a careful companson of a specimen from off Kodiak island, Gulf of Alaska with one of P. arborea (Lini. ) from the coast of Norway, I have no hesitation in referring the Alaskan form to the Norwegian tv-pe (Hickson, P. Zool. Soc. 1915, p. 548). 4. Primnoa mUeyi Hickson (1915, op. cit. p. 551). There "^-"oid., are two species of flexible corals of the family Primnoida. char- acterised by the presence of non-retractile polyps protected by an armature of overlapping scales. In one of them (P. willeyi) the colony branches profusely and irregularly. The polyps are about five mm. in length, irregularly distributed on the branches and they bend downwards towards the base of tha colony There are only two other species of this genus, namely, P. reseda Pallas, from the north Atlantic, and P. pacifica Kinoshita, from the coast S.''£.f?«^ ThfT":i T*"'? K^°»? therefore, like Paragorgia, is circumpolar. """"""■ I he dried corallum of P. mlkyi has been seen exposed for sale in a shop window at Prince Rupert, but the onlv one known officially was obtained in 100 fathoms off Moresby island- the colony, of which only fragments were preserved, having when fresh a scarlet colour an expanse of four feet, and diameter at the base of the stem of 1 J inch. 5. Caligorgia fraseri Hickson. In this Primnoid the branches are m one plane and not so profuse. The polyps are about one mm in length and are arranged in closely set whorls of 11 or 12, dimin- Poiyp. m ishing to five or six near the ends; all the polyps are bent upwards """*' ^T t *k .T" **/ *''*' '''■''"•=*>• ^t »« frequently brought up by the halibut lines from 50 to 100 fathoms in the gulf of Alaska- it has a pmk colour when fresh. The genus Caligorgia ha.s a u idJ distribution m tropical seas; in the Pacific ocean it extends as far north as the Aleutian islands, but according to \'.t.sIuvs (/ nmnrndo! of the Stboga Expedition, 1906), it has not been found JLi^.*"i. K-w'SP-"'- ^- """y. ^ regarded as a migrant from the south, whilst Pnmnoa is a migrant from the north . 6; Psammogargia teres \errill (Hickson, 19ir), op. cit. p. 5M). Pie«arid.. This IS another flexible coral, of the family Plex.-. idae, oande^ labrum-shaped, having a persistent pink colour l^ranches sparsely m one plane and the horny axis is co\erc. th a thick crust of living substance The polyps can Ix? completciv retracted in o the crust and in dried specimens are represented bv little pits or warts. The only specimen I have seen is A\ inches in height, and the branches about one-fifth inch in diameter. Order Stolonifera: social alcyonarians. 7. Clavularia moresbii Hickson (1915, op. cit. p. .S46). Thisa.Tui„ta species IS founded upon a colony of polyps i to i inch in length, arising from a creeping stolon which spread over the base of the stem of Pnmnoa mlleyt. It will probably be found upon other .^imiL Stytaatar BurmticiH Order Stylasterina: hydrocorallines. f- *^(!'«"<«- norvegicua Gunnenw. Of the more Bolid stonv corals, only three species have been recorded from X rwrion under question The firet of these is the Hydroid coraJ !s(lT narvegtcus. This may be distinguished by i^Trman^t sdm^ pmk colour (which might vary to white) and brthHUtle c^So «x or seven pores, freguently called the calices, distributed Su- fi f257h'ineh%'„"?'' ?^ the branches. The calicrarriSi M^x*\r u t "i •^'am^ter- It has been taken by Professor 1768. 1868. 1869. 1885. 1885. 1885. 1914. 1915. Millepora norvegica Gunnerus, Norway. A^ opora californica Verrill, California. Al opora venusta Verrill, Queen Charlotte islands. A^ opora vernlln Dall, Aleutian islands. Mopora moseleyi Dall, Aleutian islands. AHopora papillosa Dall, Aleutian islands. btytester norvegicus Broch, Norway Stylaster nor^•egicu8 Hickson, Swiftsure Shoal. SollMrr corab ^rd^"" Madreporaria: true stony corals. ♦„„ *" • i ^^t'^^ t™® *'•>'*« madreporarian stonv corals onlv SSsq'^T™ ''" n *^" ^'"T^ f'-"™ t^e west ci^t by VeS from PuIr^uS"«n/^^- I>v'^f'y. BalanaphyuJ elS^ns t^^ *^"«*t.»ound, and Paracyathua caUha from California The former species was also found at low water at Monterey CaJ^^fornia They'ratlit'"'^'' ""^ '''^'^ orang^-reT^h^'X:: iney are both solitary corals consist ng of a siuKle calvx with ^ fShoTS l™o''*' "% 7""''^^'' ^" 'rSorfifroS SYDNEY J. HICKSON. Departjient op ZooLooy, UNivERsmr OF Manchesteb. I Bumomieal Leafttt», McCiU Vnivernty, Montreal No. 7, October, 1917. 25 I find domc.tio,tedhon»,,™t..Sd Els cauir.in ""' "? gestation or intra-utenne development. DurinK this nlri,.,! f iw eRg or female germ-cell, which is of very smal L. «f^r after fertilization the egrwhi^ch U nf 1?! ' "'' '" '*''"■'' "' ""' ''"" "''>'; of food-yolk, ia enciedTy rcalca eol 'mi ITi ZrT\ "^'.■';" "."""'''j' inn orKanism ia nourished by the vofk and hv f^n . ., " •'"' ,. ' '"" <'''v«l"|>- protected within the shell ty a^ Minfon * ""'"""""'"'>''« "Hmnun. and is perioSKhfelljLS^y^.-tr^t:^'.^^-'* """'" .■'";"-«- laidinthcgr4*'d;,he^Xyri:frr^illdTr^ '" "" '■"■^'■^^' hr«fo T»f„ 1 r P „ • ^ ^^^ worms, are said to 1),. inv..rt,. fav^rnTuTo Xir Zn^'^'^r "''''?' "^"^^ ^^ '-' '" of composition show hem o 1^ the mosTh'^KfTi? ^"'^.•''••'" spiral^heini£X%t" 'L? the"'i|;,rira' bh'T'^" ,f Tt'" ■T't 26 A. WILLIT •nlmato ArthroptNla Radlata HIttosoa Mlcro- urganlsnu U.Z nX^iiZ^'^ •" ♦»•* ^•'P.nter collection of .hell. .l.riJl!!*"''" '"^•''•'•''"•«'M">''nHl» of common life are lobnteni crab* relHti'd to the lolwter la the freahwntpr r-r.vA.k X; I • ' «n anKhcized corruption of KF^n^hWo/d.^J","^^ flieH an.l mowjuit.H^ butterfliea and moth. .nt.T!^*\i"""^ cockronrJio. ami potito beet 1^*™ inwct. Sn H ST" 5"'* ""^P"' zn^t^t *f ""'"•' '^'T "ereTJomttne^trrnTr to «pui..r« and are therefore placed in the iame cIm. ( rustacea, inwct. and arachnid, agree in having > hRrH«n„H cut... e formmg an exo.kelet<.n. in cont™t wHh tSe lK,nv r.^rf fn K n. ' '"'*f^'";^'"«;'' *'""«ln8 t««^'ther such divor«.. fomis a^ cora JM)I\ )s and stiirfishes. These nresent r «iirw.rr,„L . »« coral »>.■ „n ,,l,m™tary ci^.l .urround^l by . secoSy", oStoS t..r„,-*uri iik.. Sian...... twin. Jv 1, 1 """"' "*-"' '"^ some .","•■'■"""••'"* '" "'"•'' <''''J">:"nV T ;;,',;• ;;,«V'''Kn'«' to four Hi.' nmainiiiK ..i„. !„.,,. ,„.«,.. J . "'"^'/'wndle «wuy and iro„.rln\ of „hi,.|, .,„,. is n. k a. 1 ., , "' '"VV '" P"^"*;*" two " 'I„.r statiimaiv uZZJuk^^^^^^ I'koHmale gamete; »" i."t..r..ha„^,. of n i, a pr om itT hi' f ""''" N^""* ^""ow«' c..njuuant to thr ...I,,., r osh "k^^^ '"«^'' »*■••' from one l""'""l.us ,|,.riv..,l fron, its m "',.;; :r''"7 """^ " ^iKratory ""<•'! '■""JUKant finuilv p .s "" V a Z^ '^^^^^^ pcrun, and ""P."atus is n.p.„..n,t,. by K .A fJ. l'. ^^.^aractomtie nuclear W..UI.I a,,p,.„r that I -r i^l rZZ ^''*^- ^" P«'-am..,.ium it P.'ll> of n.i„„t,. flau^! ta „ l.?I «=«"«''«»« Prind- "'-">l' '••.v<<-.<.n..M 1. t eS, ni,r^ "*" '^'^t into the 'iu:.lit.v, l^..'am-,.,.i„m w ' 'S. w fc' '"•^""'^♦'ty a"*! right in ••••"li;r nu.tho,! of tr^a L^^' ^ '^ ' "^^^^^^^^ Woodruff's ^aryinnth.-concrntrit noftu. ' ,/""^ consisted m constantly "1 romote anoostral forms '^ Iffhu 1« ^'*"°«t'op. which obtained mode of reproduct on7n P«r-i. • '* '"T*^*' '* '"•'""s that the i« highly specia i^ed Con^Son T. ' "^'^ ""'^'^ ""«*« "'f"«>ria of /Iwffia/andthere is no El «f ""known in the life-histoiy mecium. °° ^^'^ «' encystment in that of ParZ A. WILLEY. I I '> ? y J-*-'