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T HE-

ECHINODERMATA

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK

BY
W. F. GA3JONG.

Extracted from Bulletin No, VII. of the Natural History SojiPty of New Brunswick

Saint John, N. B. :
Bahnes & Co., 82 PiuNCE William Street.

1888.

i

4^'

*^

i

iReprinted from Bulleti.. No. VII. of the Natural History Society of
New Brunswick.)

•«1P»

ARTICLE I.

THE ECHINODERMATA OF NEW BRUKSWIOK.

BY W, P. GANON&.

I. INTRODUCTORY.

The Echinodermata have always been to naturalists amon^
the most interesting of Invertebrates. Among the first of
the reasons for this is undoubtedly the abundance of hard
parts in the group in general, and the constancy with which
they indicate specific differences. Indeed, in most of the
Echinoderms, the hard parts of the body bear a closer relation
to the internal anatomy and are more immediately correlated
and connected with it than in any other group of Inverte-
brates, with the possible exception of the Insects. Again,
the comparative ease with which they may in general be
collected, preserved and prepared for study, the prominence
given to many of them among shore animals by their sym-
metrical forms, bright colors and conspicuous habitat, the com-
parative simi)licity of their gross anatomy and ease with which
they may usually be dissected, the clearness with which they
illustrated the old "radiate" type of animal-structure and
its relation to other types, as well as important general
structural features,— all these, together with the very inter-
esting problems connected with their development and their
relation to extinct forms, have caused them to receive a large
share of attention from naturalists of all ages, .th profes-
sional and amateur.

The mere idler by the sea-shore, if he notices animals at
all, notices these among the first. Bright in color many of
them, symmetrical in form all of them, often abundant and

2

easily found, with powers of slow but easily- watched locomo-
tion, they attract more attention than the duller-colored and
more sluggish, though more useful Mollusca, or the more
active and shyer Crustacea.

To the teacher there is no group of marine animals which
can be made of greater use for teaching purposes. Not only
are they interesting for the reasons we have already men-
tioned, but simply as objects of practical study they possess
many advantages. Many of them are easily collected and
preserved, and prepared specimens may be made to show
more of the internal anatomy than is possible witn any other
group. Their comparative simplicity of structure and abund-
ance of supporting hard parts make many of them better
subjects for dissection than the Mollusca or Crustacea, and
their larger siz-e gives them an advantr.go over the Insecta.
They are particularly well adapted, too, for the illustration
of many general zoological principles. The habits of the
shore forms can be quice easily watched and studied, either
upon the shore (which is the best way), or in glass vessels in
the school-room. Many simple and harmless experiments
may be tried upon them which will teach most valuable
lessons, not about Echinodermata alone, but about animal
life in general. The mind of a pupil wisely led to observe
forms as low as these, will be grasping, though altogether
unconsciously, a truer perception of what Nature really is,
and a broader sympathy with her workings in the world about
him. Seeing in these simple creatures, so different from
what he has been accustomed to associate with the name
animal, characteristics in common with the higher animals,
including himself, he must in his mind link closer together
what before seemed far apart, must include in one category
what before seemed different in kind, and thus will come a
step nearer to that conception, grand and ennobling when
fully grasped, the true basis of all scientific knowledge, — the
fundamental unity of Nature.

That the proper kind of study of animals and plants
affords the best means that we have of arousing and exer-
cising powers of observation and inductive reasoning, is too

V A

4^

}

(

well known to require repetition. But teachers should not
forget that before they can make use of this means towards
the much to be desired end, they must be trained in these
respects themselves. To those who live within reach of the
sea-shore, the group we are considering is a particularly good
one for self-training. Those who may take up the study can
have the additional stimulus of knowing that they may at
any time add to science a substantial contribution. Probfems
are waiting everywhere for solution, and many of them are
within the reach of any patient and accurate observer.
Almost nothing is known of the habits of even our most
common Echinoderms, not enough to give us any clear idea
to what features of their environment their very peculiar
stiucture is adapted. We cannot doubt that the ten rays of
S'jlasier, or the five of Cribrella, or the spine-clusters of
Crossnf'e-, or the marginal web of Pteraster, are as ex-
o.-isitei; adapted to some conditions ol those animals' lives as
8 ths Sbructu.'e of a flower to cross-fertilization by Insects.

No one of the Echinoderms of our coast has any special
€COiiomic value. Doubtless this fact explains why they have
been so little noticed by those early writers who treated of
the natural history of the Province. Early works which
have chapters on the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Fishes,
quite ignore this group, though mentioning the edible Mol-
lusca and Crustacea. The earliest reference to the Echino-
derms of this region is found in " Lcs Voyages du Sieur de
Ohamplain," written by Champlain himself and published at
Paris in 1613. He mentions the occurrence of Sea-urchina
in 1604 on Saint Croix (now Dochet or Neutral) Island ;
'' Autour de notre habitation il y a de basse mer quantite de
coquillages, comme coques, moulles, ourcins & bregaux qui
faisoyent grand bien a chacun." Lescarbot and Denys seem
to make no mention of the group, though the latter wrote a
book on the natural history of this part of Canada. No
work seems to contain any reference to them up to Cooney's
"History of Northern New Brunswick and Gaope," in 1832,
which mentions among the " shell-fish " of the Province, the
Starfish and Sea-urchin. Rev. C. Atkinson, in 1844, mentions

the Starfish and Sea-spider ; the latter is the name by which
Gorgoncephalns Agamzii, or the Basket-fish, is known to the
fishermen, and it may have been to it he referred, or it m ly
have been to some species of crab. Gesner, in his ''Indus-
trial Resonrces of Nova Scotia," in 1849, gives among the
"marine and fresh water fishes of Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick and Prince Edward Island," Asterias ruhens, Starfish,
but no others. Neither Perley nor Adams, in their writings
on our Zoology, mention any of the Echinodermata.

The first paper by a naturalist, dealing with this region, is
by William Stimpson (afterwards Dr. Stimpson), in the Pro-
ceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. IV.,
1851, (B).* In it he describes before the Society the results
of a 'visit' to Eastport, mentions the Invertebrates he found
there, and gives brief notes upon several species of Echino-
derm's. He noticed the northern charaoter of the fauna of
this region, and seems to have been the first to have done so.
He expk'ned it by the depth of the water and the mixing up
by the strong tides of the colder bottom with the warmer
surface water, the temperature of which could therefore never
become high. The prevalence of fogs, too, he thought kept the
sun's heat from exerting its full power upon the water. Three
years later, in 1854, the same naturalist published the most
important work which has yet appeared on the Invertebrates
of New Brunswick, his ^'Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata
of Grand Manan: or the Region about the Mouth of the Bay
of Fundy, New Brunswick," (D). Dr. Stimpson spent three
months of the summer of 1 853 dredging around Grand Manan,
finding there many new species of Invertebrates. In the
Synopsis he mentions twenty-five good speciosof Echinoderms,
three of them new. This work is an annotated list, giving
descriptions of new species only.

In 1861, Mr. C. B. Fuller published in the Proceedings of
the Portland Natural History Society (G), some notes on the-
Invertebrates of Eastport Harbor, and in 1863, in the second
report on the Natural History and Geology of the Stai;e of

1

*»

* See the Bibliography followiiiK.

4i>

Maine, a much longer list (H), containing references to many
Echinoderms foiinrl at Eastport and in the Saint Croix River.
In 1866, Professor A. E. Verrill published a very valuable
paper entitled,— "On the Polyps and Echinoderms of New-
England, with Descriptions of new Species," (L). This
corrects the synonymy up to date, and gives the range and
habitat of every Echinoderm then known upon our coast.
In 1871, a short paper by the same author in the Bulletin of
the Essex Institute (N), referred to the Invertebrates found
in the vicinity of Eastport and the character of the life in
the different channels among the neighboring islands. It
gives us quite a complete list of the Echinoderms of Eastport
Harbor.

In 1872, an exploring expedition of the United States Fish
Commission had its headipiarters at Eastport, and thoroughly
examined the waters of the vicinity. The general results
were published by Professor Verrill in a series of articles in
the American Journal of Science (R), an:l scattered through
them are a few references to the Echinodermata. They are,
however, more important for the knowledge they give us of
the depths, temperatures, tides, etc., of the region,— in a
•word, of its physiography. A complete report, embodying
the results of bis seven years' work in the Bay of Fundy, is
promised us by Professor Verrill. This will describe some
new species and add to the Bay of Fundy fauna several not
described in the following pages. Professor Verrill also refers
frequently in his report on the Invertebrate anin lis of Vineyard
Souiid (Q), to the fauna of the Bay of Fur.dy. Nothing
more seems to have been done upon the southern coast, until
the writer in a short paper (X), read before this Society and
published in its Bulletin No. IV., together with a note in
Bulletin No. V., gave the result of some desultory observa-
tions of his own upon the littoral and shallow-water forms of
the inlets of the Charlotte County coast.

So much for the Bay of Fundy waters. Our knowledge of
the Echinoderm fauna of the " North Shore" is very scanty
indeed, and what we have we owe entirely to the observations
•of Mr. J. F. Whiteaves of the Canadian Geological Survey.

Sir William Dawson, over thirty years ago, was aocitialntetl
with the littoral fauna J. the southern part of the Oulf, but
he never published anything upon it. During the summers
of 1871-Tri-T3, Mr. Whiteaves lireclged in the d.-eper, and to a
limited extent in the shullower parts of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, but was able to give but little attention to the hitter.
From our whole North Shore, excluding for reasons presently
to appear the deeper parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
its outliers, Orphan and Bradello Banks, we have recorded
only eight or nine species of Echinoderms. It must,
however, be remembered that the shoal and sandy character
of the region is not favorable for an abundance of this group^
which i)refers rathei deep and rocky situations. Mr. Whit-
eaves' results, including much valuable material on the
physiography of the region, were published in a series of
papers (P), which will be found described in the Biblio^^raphy.
We wish 'ery much to have filled this gap in our knowledge
of the Live '-'..orate Zoology of the Province, and any of our
teachers wbo may Tre upon the North Shore will be render-
ing to it a real service if they will help to make known to
this Society what species pre to be found upon the shores and
in the shallow waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. There is
v^ork of this kind to be done, too, upon the Bay of Fundy coast,,
for we know noi>hing of the distribution of forms beyond
Charlotte County. How far up the Bay any of them extend
we do not know.

L) the coast waters of New Brunswick, as limited in this paper
(no fresh-water Echinoderm whatever is known), there have
been found twenty-eight good species of this group.* Of these
the majority are forms of wide distribution, but a few of them
have some special interest.

Such is the case with our one Crinoid, our single represen-
tative of agrou]) which is of such great pahvontological impor-

* This is the number which the writer hM found reporte.l at the titioe of writing
this paper, and it prol)abIy includes all that have ever been reported in print. As
this paper is passiiiR thi'ough the press, however, l\o{. Verrill, in a letter to the
writer, says that there ure many other species known to him tj occur in the Bay of
Fundy, all of which will be referred to in a future report. Prof Yerrill mentions
special y six more Holothunans, three Starfishes and four Ophiuraus.

-ilJ-v

t

.A ■

Ji^

tance. It Is a Comatula, one of that division of the Crinoidr
in which the adult is free but the young is stalked. But
there is some question aljout its exact identity. Dr. Stimpson
in his Synopsis tells us that he dredged a single specimen of
a Coimttula in twei;ty-flve fathoms near Duck Island. Grand
Manan. He referred it, though doubtfully, to Aledo (now
uAniedov) Esihriclitii, finding diffeiencts which he thought
might be due to age, as his specimen ^y:\& only four inches in
diameter, while those with which he compared it vere at least
ten. Dr. P. II. Carpf '<^r, in his forthcoming report (V), on
the Crinoids of the • ..allkngek expedition (for advance
sheets of which the writer cannot suthciently thank him),
suggests that Stimpson's specimt-n may have been Aniednn
qnudrnta, a emaller tpecies of similar distribution which very
greatly rest^mbles and is very closely allied to .^fedon
Eschrichtii. Small specimens of the latter specip. I'lgether
with the former species were dredged by the ' Challenger "
off Nova Scotia, at the same locality on Le Have Bank,
latitude 43'M' N., longitude 04° 5' W., this being the most
southerly known locality for both species. The known facts
of distribution of the two s])ecies, therefore, do not help
us, and as Dr. Stimpson's specimen was ju-obabl; 'ost in the
great Chicago fire of J 871, in which so mv ' of his valuable
material was desti-oyed, the question can now only be settled
by its re-difecovery. Whichever it may prove to be, it certainly
is very rare in the J5ay of Fundy, for the thorough dredgiogs
of the United States Fish Commission failed to discover it.
How the two species may be distinguished will be pointed out
in the description of A. LWhrivkh'i.

Of Ophiuroids we have six species, all of them rather
common forms. The most interesting is Gorgonocephalus
(Astrophijton) Agassizii, the basket-fish, which is found upon
the southern coast, on Bradelle uink, and at one or two
other points in the Guif of St. Lawrence.

Of true Starfishes we have eleven species, all of them of
rather wide distribution, but some of them ren. rkable either
for beauty of coloring or the arrangement of their hard p:ii s
Goniaster 'pliryrjiana or Crossadcr papposa are eAanipU.- ..!'

8

the former, Ctenodisciis crispahiH of tlie latter. It is an
interesting qn- .tion whether Aderias Forbesii will upon
further search be found upon our IS'orth Shore. This is a
Starfish which is very abundant on the coast in and south of
Massachusetts Bay, associated there with Asferias vulgaris,
the common form of our own shores. It belongs essentially
to the southern fauna which occupies the great shallow basin
of the southern part of the Gulf, and has been found by Prof.
Verrill atCasco Bay, Maine, where a similar isolated southern
colony occurs. It seems altogether probable, therefore, that
ic will be found in Northumberland Straits, the more especially
as Oaudina arenata, a southern Holothurian of very similar
range, occurs there. It may be readily distinguished when
alive from A. vulgaris by its usually greenish color and the
bright red madreporic body in the angle between two of the
rays, that of A. vulgaris being yellow. The only one of the
Starfishes which is of any economic importance is the last-
mentioned species, Asferias vulgaris, '.vhich is sometimes but
to a very limited extent used as a fertilizer. It is also very
injurious to oyster-beds, devouring great numbers of oysters.

Of Echinoids or Sea-urchins we have but two species in the
Acadian fauna proper, and one straggler from the colder
waters of the Nova Scotia banks. The two former Strongy-
locentrotus dnjbacMensis and Ecliinarachnius parma are re-
markable for their wide distribution, and S. drbhachiensis for
its great abundance. One can appreciate when he sees our
shores in some places fairly carpeted with this species, the
well known fact that as we approach the i)oles the number of
species diminishes but that of individuals increases. In some
parts of the world Sea-urchins are eaten, hut ours probably
have little value for such a pucijosc, though Dr. Stimpson
has tried them and found them edible, and the Excpiimaux
are said to eat their "spawn" or ova. Echinaraclmius
jiarma, according to Prof. VerrMl, has a limited economic
value for the indelible ink which may be made from its pul-
verized skin and spines.

Of Ilolothurinns there are seven or cii^dit sj)ecies in our
waters, only three or four of which are common. It is in this

9

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\

group, if anywhere, that utilizable Echinoderms occur. In
certain parts of the world, Holothurians are greatly esteemed
as articles of food. A Mediterranean species is eaten in
Naples; and the Chinese and Malays are exceedingly fond of
it, so much so that it is among them a very important article
of trade, the business employing hundreds of small vessels
annually. They are generally known as Trepangs, and are
prepared by being cleaned, dried and pressed. Onr Holothur-
ians belong to different genera, and may not be utilizable in
this way to any extent. But the subject has not been left
altogetber uninvestigated, for Ur. Stimpson tells us that while
in Nova Scotia he tried them with satisfactory gastronomic
results. In the Proceedings of the Boston Society o^ Natural
History, Vol. IV., 1851, p. 100, we find this passage: "As to the
value of the Holothuridae as articles of food, Mr. Stimpson «aid
he had availed himself of the abundance by which he was
surrounded at Nova Scotia, and had found them (L e. the
Holothurians) when boiled, quite as palatable as lobsters.
The same was true of some of the Echini of that region."
He undoubtedly refers to the common Pentada froiidosa or
"sea-pumpkin" which is so al undant upon our southern
coast. Alexander Agassiz says of it: " The Pentacta resembles
the Trepang, so highly valued by the Chinese as an article of
food, and forms a not unsavory dish, having somewluit the
flavor of lobster." Caudina arenata, a southern Holothur-
ian, is found on the North Shore, but not in the Bay of Fundy.
But we must glance for a moment at the general conclusions
in regard to distribution and the like, to which we are led by
the study of the Echifodorms in connection with other groups
of Invertebrates. The writer has already had the honor to
lay before this Society a brief discussion of the relations of the
fauna? of the Acadian waters, so that a brief summary will be
sufficient here. The extension of our knowledge of the sub-
ject can be briefly stated. In 1852, James D. Dana (in the
Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedition) pointed
out the existence for the Crustacea of a sub-fauna which
extended, according to him, from the eastern point of New-
foundland to Cai)e Cod, including the southern part of the

10

Gulf of St. Lawrence. To it he gave the name of Nova Scotia
fauna. In 1857 (E), LiUken, from a study of the Echinoder-
mata, established a suh-faima of coincident range, but gave it
the more appropriate name of Acadian fauna, a name which
it still retains. In 1863 (I), Prof. Packard, reasoning chiefly
from the mollusca collected on the coast of Labrador, came to
the conclusion that there was a special colder water fauna
occupying a great part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, distinct
from the Acadian fauna proper. This he knew extended
outside the Gulf and southward on some of the banks olf the
Maine coast, particularly St. George's Bank Being thus,
south of Labrador, a shoal fauna, he called it Syrtensian.
The later researches of the United States Fish Commission
under the direction of himself and Prof. Verrill, defined more
clearly its limits and showed that it occupies all the banks
off the Nova Scotia and Maine coasts as far as St. George's
Bank. They found, also, that it has outliers occupying the
deeper parts at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, and at one or
two other points in the Gulf of Maine. Mr. Whiteaves has
confirmed the presence of this Syrtensian fauna in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence and shown that, with the exception of small
outliers on Orphan and Bradelle Banks, it is sharply marked
off from the Acadian fauna which occupies the southern part
of the Gulf. A line drawn from the northernmost point of
Cape Breton Tsland to the northernmost of the Magdalenes,
and thence to the northern entrance of Bay Chaleur will separ-
ate these two fauna\ The different marine faunal sub regions
then, of the northeastern coast of America, may be summar-
ized as follows. There is first the Circumpolar, occupying all
the region of Davis Strait, the coast of Greenland, and the
northern part of the coast of Labrador. South of this comes
the Syrtensian, which occupies the southern i)art of the coast
of Labrador, the waters to the east of Newfoundland includ-
ing the Grand Bank, the Straits of Belleisle, all the deeper
parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence with outliers on Orphan
and Bradelle Banks, the passage between Cape Breton and
Newfoundland, Sable Island and the other banks off the
Nova Scotia and Maine coasts, certain deep portions of the

-.iii.

11

Mil^

I

Bay of Fnndy and Gulf of Maine, and St. George's Bank.
The Acadian fauna occupies all the southern part of the Gulf
of St- Lawrence, probably parts of the southern shore of
Newfoundland, the shores of Xova Scotia, all the Bay of
Fundy, except the deep Syrt«...sian area at its mouth, all the
coast to Massachusetts Bay, and here it begins to mingle with
the southern fauna, named by Liitken the Virginian. South
of Cape Cod the latter entirely replaces if, with the exception
of Nantucket Shoals, which are still occupied by the Acadian,
and a bank off the coast of Xew Jersey, whore the last traces
of the latter are found.

The Acadian fauna, however, is not, so to speak, homo-
geneous. It has been clearly shown that certain i)ortions of
it belong more nearly to the Virginian than the Acadian
regions. This is the case with a large jiroportion of the forms
in the great shallow southern basin of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, at certain sheltered and isolated points on the Atlantic
coast of Nova Scotia and in a portion of Casco Bay, Maine.
The fauna upon our North Shore is decidedly more southern
than that in the Bay of Fandy, and a sub-division of the
Acadian fauna would seem to be possible, though these
more southern assemblages may also bo considered simply as
Virginian outliers. The causes determining this curious
distribution of fauna^ are purely physical, and have already
been discussed by the writer before this Society.

Harvard University, Cauiljridge, :\tiiss.,
February 4th, 1888.

II. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

It is thought that the following list includes all works and
papers of importance which relate to New Brunswick Kchiuo-
dermata. Only the most important, most generally useful,
and most easily accessible structural or systematic works are
given; reference to them will show the student bibliographies
of others of like character. A few popular works, such as
those of Forbes (A), and Agassiz (K), h.ivo been introduced on
account of the exceptionally interesting way in which they

12

treat the subject. One or two others, such as the papers of
Fuller (G), etc., are added for the sake of completeness rather
than for any special value they have.

<A) 1841. Forbes, Edward.

A History of British Stariishes and other Animals of the Class
Echinodcrmata. London. 8vo, xx. + 289 pp., woodcuts.

(A truly cla'ssical work and one of the greatest interest, as well as of
very considerable value to all students of our Echinodermata),

(B) 1851. Stiinpsou, Willium.

[Observations on the Fauna of the Islands at the mouth of the
Bay of Fundy, and on the extreme northeast corner of Maine].
Pruceedingti of the Boston jSocith/ oj Natural Historii, Vol. IV. pp.
95-100.

(A paper more interesting historically than otherwise, as its substance
is embodied in his Synopsis).

(C) 1851-1854. Ayres, W. O.

[Descriptions of now Ilolothuridie]. Proceedinga of the Boston
Socldi/ of Natural Bistort/, Vol. IV. ; a series of papers, but particu-
larly pp. 25, 35-37, 52-53. 14-3-145, 248-246.

(Very valuable for the descriptions of our Holothurians).

(D) 1854. Stiiiipsoii, William.

Synopsis of the IVfarinc Invertebrata of Grand Manan: or the
Region about the ]\Iouth of the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick.
Smithmnian Coulribntioiis to Knowledge, Vol. VI. 4tO. 67 pp., 3

Plates.

(Much the most important work that has yet appeared specially upon
the Invertebrate Fauna of this region.)

(E) 1857. liiitkcn, Clir. Fr.

Oui de Nordiske Echinodermers Gengraphiske Udbredning, [On
the Geographical Distribution of Norwegian Echinoderms],
VidenskahcUge Mcddelelser I Kjiibcnhavn. 1857-59. pp. 56-100.

(In this paper Li'itken establishes the Acadian Fauna).

<F) 1858. Liitken, Clir. Fr.

Addinienta ad historiam Ophiuridarum. Parts I. and II.
Kil'thciihiivn, 4to. Kifl ni). . 7 plates.

dmijortant for its desciiptions and figures of Ophiuroids).

•^^

13

^^

' I

11.

(G) 1861. Fuller, C. 3.

[Note on the Marine Anir. is of Eastport Harbor]. Proceeding*
of the Portland Natural Historif Society, Vol. I., p. 91.

(]\Iention8 a few Echinoderms. Given fo- the sake of completeness).
(H) 1868. Fuller, C.B.

Report on Marine Zoology [of Maine]. Second Annual Report upon
the Natural IIi»tory ar.d Oeologi/ of the State of Maine, 1862 on
129-183. ' ■

(Contains references to Echinoderms found at Eastport and in the
St. Croix River).

(I) 1863. Packard, A. S., Jr.

A li.st of Animals dredged near Caribou Island, Southern Labrador,
during July and August, 1860. Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VIII
pp. 401-429, 3 plates.

Also—Observations on the Glacial Phenomena of Labrador and
Maine, with a View of the receiit invertebrate Fauna of
Labrador. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural IILstory, Vol
L, 1867., pp. 210-303, 2 plates.

(Important for their bearing on the Syrtensian Fauna of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence.)

(J) 1865. Liymaii, Theodore.

Ophiuridaj and Astrophytidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Compar-
ative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., Vol. I„ (Illustrated Catalogue
No. 1 ) 4to. vii. -1-200 pp., Avoodcuts and 2 plates.

(The most important systematic work on New England Ophiuroids).

(K) 1865. Agassiz, Elizabeth C. and Alexander.

Seaside Studies in Natural History. Bostoyi. 8vo. xii.-)-157 pp.,
woodcuts.

(A valuable book, treating the common New England Echinoderms in
a very interesting way, and giving good figures of many of them).

(L) 1866. Verrill, A. IL.

On the Polyps and Echinoderms of New England, ^:ith Descrip-
tions of new Species. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
Jfistory, Vol. X. 8vo. pp. 333-357.

(A very important paper, CQvrecUr.r the synonymy up to date and
describing the rauge on our coast of each species).

u

(M) 1867. Selenka, Eniil.

Beitr.1.ii;e zur anatomie und systeaiatik dor Ilololliurien. [Contri-
butions to the Anatomy and ClaKsitication of the Holothurians].
ZdtHclirift fi'ir Wimenschafflicke Zoohgic [Leipzig^ Vol. XVII.,
pp. 291-374, 4 plates.

(An important work on our Holothurians, particularly on their an.
atomy).

<N) 1871. Verrill, A. E.

Marine Fauna of Eastport, Me. Pnlletin «/ the Essex Institute,
Vol. III. pp. 2-(J.

(Describes the character of the tides among the islands, etc., and gives
quite a complete list of the E chinoderms of the neighboring shallow
waters).

(O) 1872-1874. Agassiz, Alexander,

Revision of the Ecliini. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative
Zoijlogij, Cambridge, Mass. Vol. III. (Illustrated Catalogue No.
7). 4to. xii. -1-762 pp., 4!) plates.

(By far the best work we have on the Echinoids).

(P) 1872 78 74. Wliiteaves, J. F.

Reports on Deep Sea Dredging Operations in the Gulf of St.

Lawrence. 3 Reports. Annual Report of the Department of Mar-

ine and Fisheries, Canada. Appendix K, Report for 1870-71, pp.

90-101; Appendix K, Report for 1871-72, pp. 113-132; Appendix U,

Report for 1872-73, pp. 178-204.
These Reports embody the results of the following:
Deep Sea Dredging in the Gulf of St. Lavprence. Nature, Vol.V,,

1871, p. 8.

Reprinted in Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VI., \\c\\ series, 1872,
pp. 351-354.

Notes on a Deep Sea Dredging Expedition round the Island of
Anticosti, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Annals and Magazi)ie of
Natural Jli.stori/, iiii., Vol. X., 1872, pp. 341-854.

Reprinted with additions in the Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VII.,
1873, pp. 86-100.

On recent Deep-Sea Dredging Operations in the Gidf of St.
Lawrence. Americati .Journal of Science, iii. Vol. VII, 1874, pp.
210-219.

Reprinted in Canadian Naturalist, new series, Vol. VII., 1874, pp.
257-207.

^In theHG Reprrt.s and paDers are, contained nearly p.verytliin;,' that we
know of the Echinoderm Fauna of the (Julf of St. Lawrence, partic-
ularly its deej)er parts).

J

9m

15

t. >

(Q) 1873. Verrill, A. E.

Keport upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound and the
adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters
of the region. Jitport of (he U. S. Fhh Commimon for 1871-73
8vo. pp. 293-778, 38 plates and map.

(A very important work, referring frequently to forms which are found
in the Bay of Fun dy )

(R) 1873-1874. Verrill, A. E.

Results of recent dredging Expeditions on the Coast of New
England. Amrrkan Journal of Sdencr, Vol. V., pj). 1-16 and 98
106; Vol. VI , pp. 135-441; Vol.VII., pp 38-46, 181-138 405-414

(Mentions a few New Brunswick Echinoderm... but chiefly valuable
for di.cus.sion of physical features of the region, faunal relations, etc.)

(S) 1876. VerrilJ, A.. E.

Note on some of the Startishos of the New En-land coast
American Journal of Science, iii., Vol. XL, pp. 416-420.

(Very important as distinguishing our common shore species of Star-
hshes).

(T) 1877. Agassiz, Alexuncler.

North American Starfishes. .Vemoir, of the Mn.eum of Compara-
five Zoiiloff,/, Cambridge, Mass. Vol. V., iv.+136 pp.', 20 plates.
(Treats of the hard parts of several of our Starfishes.)

<L) 1881. Dimcau, P. Martin, and Sladeii, W. Percy.

A :\remoir on the Echinodermata of the Arctic Sea to the West

of Greenland. London. 4to. viii. -f 82 pp., 6 plates.
(The most important single work on many of the Echinoderms which

occur m this region, and of the greatest value to a student of the

group).

<V) 1882. Lyman, Theodore.

Report on the Ophiuroidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger
during the years 1873-1876. Heport on the Scientific MesuUs of (he
Vojiage of H. M. S. Challengeu. Zoiilogii, Vol. V. 4to
viii. + 386 pp.. 48 plates,

(A monograph, practically, of all known Ophiuroids).

16

(W) 1883. Verril!, A.E.

[Review of Duncan and Sladen's Memoir ou Arctic Echinoder-
mata]. Amtrica7i Journal of Science, iii., Vol. XXIII. , pp. 247-248.
(Contains some notes oa the range of our species southward).

(X) 1885. Gaiiong, W.F.

On the Zoology of the Invertebrate Animals of Passamaquaddy
Bay. Bulletin of the Natural History Socifti/ of N. B., No. IV., pp.
87-97.

Also— A Note in Bulletin No. V., pp. 84-36.

(Mentions the occurrence of a few species on the southern coast).

(Y) 1888. Carpenter, P. Herbert.

Report on the Crinoidea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during
the years 1878-1876. lieport ««. the Scientific lienultn of the Voyage
o/II.M. S. CnALLENGEIl, Zooloffy,\o\. — . 4t0.

(Has not yet appeared, but will be a most valuable treatise on the
Crinoidea).

III. SYNOPSIS OF THE ECHINODERMATA OF NEW

BRUNSWICK.

The present Synopsis is intended to supply, firstly, a list
of all Echinoderniata known from New Brunswick waters,
and, secondly, a guide for their further study. The refer-
ences to descriptions and figurc-ci are not to the first which
were given or made of each species, but to the best and most
easily accessible. The brief descriptions in the following
pages are intended merely as guides to serve as means for the
identification of the species, and are not intended to be in
any sense anatomical or cora{)lete. It is hoped, however, that
they will be found accurate as far as they go. Only the
superficial characters have been used, and generally such as
can be seen at a glance. Technical tern s have been as far as
possible avoided, and those which are used are such as are
eelf-explanatury or foand in any of tlie elementary zoological
text-books. It is only possible to distinguish between species
in this superficial way when their nu: iber is small and they

17

belong generally to different genera, and such is the case with
the species of our waters.

In the nomenclature, the name which is supported by the
best authority is in all cases given first. After each is given
in brackets the name of the Naturalist who first gave the
species the specific name it bears, and after that the name of
the one who placed it in the genus in which it appears, or in
other words who first used the combination of generic and
specific names. When the descrihor of a species placed it in
the genus in which it now remains, his name n .iven after
that of the species without brackets. It will be .oticed that
pre-Linna^an names have in no case been recognized. One
feels great regret at thus passing over such an author as
Linck and his grand old work -De Stellis Marinis," but if
his nomenclature is adopted that of other works published
before the inception of the binominal system of nomencla-
ture must also be recognized, and hopeless confusion would
result. The synonymy is only so far treated as is necessary
to ii proper understanding of the works quoted.

Among our coast waters are included the whole of the Bay
of .bundy, but for reasons mentioned in the preceding pages
oniy the shallower parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. For
tiie sake of comparison, however, with the Bay of Fundy
fauna, mention is made of the occurrence of species in the
deeper parts of the Gulf which occur also in the Bay, and
those occurring in the former and not in the latter are given
in a separate list. For all localities for which no authority
IS given the writer is responsible. The letters in brackets
reter, ot course, to the Bibliography.

IS

ECHINODERMATA.

Animals having a radial, usually pentamerous ar-
rangements of parts, a skin bearing spicules and
hardened, usually to a great degree, by calcareous
deposits, a digestive canal, a water-vascular ap-
paratus, and a true vascular system.

Class I. CRINOIDEA (Ckixoids).

{jllohulfir 01 <. up-shaped Echinodermata ivlt/i segmented arms, hear-
ing jnnnuloi, usually attached hy a calcareous segmented stalk
with plates on the skin of the dorsid side, and ambulacral
appendacjes in the form of tentacles situated in the anihydacval
furrows of the disc and arms.

FAMILY COMATULID^.

Stalked uiilij in the young .ttatv, adult free, arms ten.

1. AutedoiiEschrichti, (Mi;LLER),\'EKRiLL. Alecto Eschri-
chtii, Mull, et Tkosch. (D). [See Plate, Fig. l.J
One of the '• Conuitula\"

Desckiptiox. (U) p. 73, (Y) p. 138.

Figure. (U) pi. VI., (Y) pi. XXVI.

DisTKiHUTiOJsr. [a) General; — From five to six hundred and
fifty fathoms. North Athmtic and Arctic Oceans from
Smitii Sound to the Vega. Off Nova Scotia in lat. 43^ 4'
N., long. 04° 5' W. Bay of Fundy (?).

{b) In N. B waters; — A single small specimen was taken in
twenty-five fathoms on a shelly bottom off Duck Island, near
Orand ]Manan, hy Dr. Stimpson in 185^.

TLis species, as is shown by its distribution given above, is decidedly
Arctic, and does not belong to the Acadian fauna. Only a single speci-
men has been yet found, and he who re-discovers it will be fortunate
indeed.

It is one of the largest of the Comatidae, some specimens measuring
twenty inches in extreme diameter with the arms outspread. The
dorsocentral plati- bears a great number, even us many as one hundred
cirrhi, each consisting of from forty to sixty joints, by which it attaches
itself to the bottom. The mouth is in the centre of the upper (though
structurally the lower) side, and from it the ambulacral furrows radiate
to the ten long arms. The latter ordinarily point upwards, and, having

19

■each a double curve, form collectively an urn-shaped figure. Each
arm ,8 composed of many joints (up to three hundred in the largest
Bpecimens) and bears two rows, which coalesce towards the extremities
of the arms, of pinnules, each of which consists of from thirty to one
hundred joints, and the lowermost of which, on account of a row of
dorsal tubercles, have a serrate appearance.

It lives upon mud, sand and rock bottoms, but almost nothintr is
known of ,ts hr.bits. In its development from the egg it passes throu-h
a metamorphosis, beginning with a barrel-shaped larva with four
encircling bands of cilia, and passing on to a stalked stage in which it
re-sembles the adult cmidition of the fixed crinoids. Afterwards it
becomes free.

It has been pointed out (Y). that .Stimpsons specimen mav have been
An(.don quadrata and not A. E.chrlr.h';. So closely allied are these two
species tht.t some naturalists consider them to be one. and at the best
It is only with difiiculty that they can be distinguished. The sh-ipe of
certain joints of the arms and re'ative I.mgth of certain pinnnules
are the most obvious characters which sei)aratc them.

Class II. ASTEROIDEA (St.akflsiies).

Pentagonal or star-shaded dorso-rentrally compn, d Echinoderms
with ambulacral feet confined to the ventral surface, and inter-
nal sJceletal pieces in the ambulacra articulated together like
vertehrm.

Order I. OPHIURIDEA (The Snake Stars).

Asteroidea loitk long ajUndviml arrtis suarply distinct from the di^k, not contain,
ing appendages of the alimentary canal; ambitlacral groove covered by
plates so that the amhidacral feet project at the sides of the anus.

FAMII^Y EURYAMD/E,

Mostly with branched arms which can be curved towm-ds the mouth and are without
plates, %cith a soft skin closing the ventral groove.

2. Gorgonocephalus Agassizii, (Stimpsox), Lymaj^. As-
tro23hyton Agassizii, St. (D), etc. [See Plate, Fig. 9.]
Basket-fish. Sea-spider.
Description. (D) p. 12, (J) p. 180, (U) p. G9.
Figure. (K) p. 151, (U) pi. V.

Distribution, (a) GeneraI;~Low - water mark to 800
fathoms. South of Gape Cod, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of St. hm-
rence, Davis Strait, Smith Sound, Vadso^ Finmark.

20

(b) In N. B. waters; — Grand Manan, corralline zone, not
uncommon, Stimpson, (D). Eastport Harbor, " at low-water
of spring tides among rocks (mostly small specimens), and
abundantly, of all sizes from half an inch to eighteen inches
ur more in diameter, in fifteen to twenty fathoms, shelly and
stony bottom." Vorrill, (L), (N), (Q). Friar's Cove, Ganowj,
(X). Bay of Fundy, very common, low water to 100 fathoms,
FernZZ, (Q). Bradelle Bank, Gulf of St. Lawrence; \Yhiteavem,
(P). Black's Harbor, near Letete Passage, Charlotte County.

This very interesting Echinoderm is (jriite aliur dant on our southern
coast. It is a true Opliiuran, differing from the common forms cliiefly
in its greater size and the branching of its arm 4. The disk, which i»
from two to two and a half inches in diameter, is pentagonal and
covered with a brownish skin having small granules, which, upon the
ten very evident radiating ribs, become large tubercles or blunt spines.
On the nder side the skin is covered with small i^ranules and fills the
spaces betAveen the arms, at the bases of which is the mouth with conspi-
cuous pj-'ii'te and teeth, and on each side of which, just as they emerge
from the dl k, are the genital openings. The arms, five in number, as
they SI. ing from the disk, immediately divide each into two, the
branches agaio soon dividing in a like manner, the branchlets also
dividing, and so on, until at their extremities the arms have become an
inmiense number of very slender, roughened twigs. The branching is
not, however, truly dichotomoufj*— that is, the two branches are never
exactly equal but one is larger than the other— a large and a small
one following each other at unequal intervals along any given arm. If
the branching were dich(,tomous, a specimen with twelve fo' ks to each
of the arms would have about 20,480 terminal twigs, whereas the mode
of branching above mentioned produces about 5,470. The arms are
covered above with a rough granular skin of yellow color with no
visible external plates ; beiu .v it I.-, smooth and soft and on the outer
unrler sides of each arm ; nd biaaciilet runs u U'iple row of short, blunt
spines.

The extremities of the arms ^an be brought around towards the
mouth, and it is usually in this position, having them much tangled
and interlaced, that the animal dies, and is seen in preserved speci-
mens, showing well why it is called Basket-fish. While alive, however,
it keeps them expanded, using them to catch the small animals which
form a p., i of its food. According to Alexander Agassiz (Iv), "In
moving the animal lifts itself on tlie extreme end of tliese branches,

* As shown by Mr. Lyinnu. See Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. J'ol. XIX. ^

A.

21

fetaiidhijj us it wi-re nn tiptoe, sc. lliut llic idiiiiflralions of tlic arms form
-a kind of trellis work all .•iroiiml it, rcacliinj,^ to the gruund. wiiilc the
■dibk firms u roof. In this living house witli latliied walls small
fls'ies and other animals are oecasionully seen to tnke shelter; but woe
to the little sinimp or :ish who seeks refuge there, if he he of sueh a
size as U, offer his host a temi)ting mouthful," It is often I'rougi't up
hy the tishermen on their lines and nets, I)ut owing to its living rnly in
veryeold water, it is very ditricult to keep it alive, llene.- little is known
of its habits and nothing of its d(\eloj)ment. Whether it be viviparous or
passes tl'rougli a tnetamorphosis is uncertain, but certain points in its
structure would seem to indicate tl ^ ^rmer. The youngest stage ever
found had a single fork in the arm, and resembled otherwise a young
Oj/hiopholin acuhata.

FAMILY OPHIURin.i:.

With simple unbranched <irms uml ventral plates to llir ambtilacral grooves,

3. OphiaeHDclia bidentata, (Retzils), Ljungman.
OpJiiaccmiha spinulosn, ivi. et T. {D) etc.

Des'-'Kiptton. (J) p. 93, (U) p. 68.

FiGUiiE. (F) pi. IL, (U) pi. IV.

Distribution, (a) General;— "Yen to below one thousand
fathoms. South of Cape Cod to ihe Arctic Ocean, North
Atlantic to Norway and Spitzbergen.

(h) In N. B. wa/er*.';— Grand Manan, ccralline zone, shelly
bottoms, sparingly, Stimpson, (D). Bay of Fundy, four or five
miles off the eastern end of Campobello, 100 to 125 fathoms,
mud and broken shells, Verrill, (N). Gulf of St. Lawrence,
abundant in 100 to 250 fathoms, as well as in shallow water,
Whit eaves, (P).

This is a " Syrtensian " ratuer than an "Acadian" species, and
hence rarely met with in our shallow '.vatcrs. It has been very appro-
priately named " spinulosa," for both disk and arms fairly bristle w.ith
spines. The disk, which is from one-third to one-half an inch in
diameter, 's evenly covered both above and bdow with short, stout
cylindt , jaeh of which ends in a rouuicd crown of fine thorns The
mouth ^as six or seven papilhe to each of its angles. The arms are
between four and five times as long as the diameter of the disk. The
side arm plates are large, meetin.^ both above and below^ along the
who^e length of the arm ; the upper arm-plate- shjw-a small triangular,
and the lower a squarish or shield-shaped portion Kach side arm-
plate bears about seven long, slender, (apering spines.

00

Notliing is known of tlic development, of thip species and almost
notbinu' of ii:^ habits. It seems to prefer muddy and sbelly bottoms, is
never founil above low-water mark, and lives only in cold, cl nr water.

4. Aiiipliiura Minamata, (Delle Chiaje). Saks. Opliio-
kpif< icnuis, Ayres {D). AwphiplioJin elegans, Ljuxg-
man {Q).

Description*. (J) p. 121.

Figure. (F) pi. III. {u7ider name A. tenera).

DisTRiBUTiox. (a) General : — Low-water mark to 120
fathoms. Almost cosmopolitan. New Jersey to the Arctic
Ocean. Northern Europe to and in the Mediterranean, Cape
of Good Hope, and Southern Pacific near Australia.

{b) In N: IJ. waters: — Grand Manan, among nullipores,
below low-water mark, fre(^uent. Stimpson, (D). Eiisti)ort,
twenty fathoms, shelly bottom, spai'ingly, Verrill, (L), (N).
Bay of Fiindy, low-water to sixty fathoms, common, Ver-
rill, (Q).

This is a very small I)ut pretty and graceful Ophiuran. The disk,
one-fiftb of an inch in diameter, is covered with overlapping scales of
about e(iual size, with a sharp line where those of the upper meet the
l?rojecting sdges of those of the lower surface. Tiie arms are about
four-flths of an inch long, slender and very flexible. The lower arm-
plates arc sliiel(l->;haped, the upper rounded and slightly separated by
the encroachment of those of the side, which encroach more above
than below. There are three short, bluut, nearly ecpial arm-spines to
each side-plate, the upper of which l;i a little the stoutest. It is gen-
erally greyish in color, Avith occasional reddish markings, and
found among broken shells, under which it hides itself. It pos-
Besses special interest from the fact that it is viviparous. If old
individuals be opened in August they will be found to contain several
orange colored yoimg. The eggs being [irotected within tiu' body of
the mother, their development is without a metamori)hosis.

This species has not yet been re[)orted from the G"if of St. Lawrence,
but it ought to occur there, both in the deep and shallow parts, and will
probably be found after further search.

6. 0|)liioi>liolis aeulcata. (Retzius), Gray. Ophlopholis
scolopendrka, M. et T. (I)). Ophiophulis hellis, LYitAN (J).
[See Plate, Fig. :}.]

Daisy Serpent-star. Daisy Brittle-star.
Dehc'UUTION. (A) p. oIJ, (J) p. 9G.

^^

f

m%4

turn

23

Figure. (A) p. 53, (J) pi. I, (K), p. 115, (F) pi. II., (Q>
Fig. 270, etc.

DiSTRiiJUTiON. (a) General /—Littoral to 1,000 fathoms.
South of 40° N. to Arctic Ocean, all around North Atlantic
to the English Channel and Ireland, Spitzbergen, Alaska.

(b) In iV. B. waters ; — Grand Manan, laminarian zone,
excessively common, Stim2)son, (D). Eastport, low water to
twenty fathoms, very common, Verrill, (L), (N). Bay of
Fundy, very common, low water to 100 fathoms, Verrill, (Q).
Abundant in pools on southern coast, Ganoncf, (X). Common
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Whileaves, (P).

This is by tar the most abundant, most easily obtained and most
beautiful and graceful of all our Ophiurans. It exists everywhere upon
the southern coast, and may be found in larf^e numbers about low-
water mark by turning over stones and looking under ledges. Its
disV, which is one-half to three-quarters of an inch in diameter, is
pentagonal in shape, bulging out between the rays. It is closely beset
above with short flattened spines except on the distinct primary and
radial plates. On the under side the arms spring from near the mouth,
of which the papilhe, six to each angle, and the teeth, are distinctly
seen. The arms are three to four inches long in the largest specimens.
The upper arm-jilates are oval in form, each being surrounded by a row
of small .supplementary pieces, ".seeming like a brooch set in a frame
of gems,"' as Forbes says : one row, however, is conuuon to two plates
where the latter are adjacent to one another. Under arm-plates are
squarish, side arm-plates inconspicuoiis, but each bearing about .mx arm-
spines, so that there are about six on each sirle of each segmcn: of the
arm. There is the greatest variation in i;olor, scarcely any two indi-
viduals being alike in this respect. Mottled with various shades of
yellow, orange, red, green, almost every conceivable combination of
patterns involving these colors may l)e found.

If one Avishes to find them he must look in the most sheltered and
rocky places, for they hide themselves away in all sorts of nooks and dark
l)laces. They are exceedingly graceful in their motions, having the
power of moving their arms in every direction with sinuous ,snake-like
ease and rapidity, showing well how the group received its name of
Ophiurans or Snake-tails. They are greedily eaten by the cod, though
one wov\ld think there could be but little nourishment in their hard
bodies. In their development they pass through -i complicated meta-
morphosis. The eggs are cast into the water, and after a series of
changes result in a free swimming easel-shaped larva of complicated
.structure. Frcun a portion of this, near the mouth, the young Ophiuraa
begins to form, absorbing the substance of the larva as it grows.

9.?

«. Ophioglypha robusta, (Ayres), Lyman. Ophiolepis
rohusta, Ayres (D), [See Plate. Fig. 3a;.]

Description-. (') p. 45, (XJ) p. G2.

Figure. (F) pi. I. [finder name Ophiura squamosa], (U)
pi. IV.

DiSTRiBUTiONT. {a) (Jeneral; — Low-wuter mark to 150
fathot'is. Massachusetts Bay to Greenland, Arctic Ocean,
Northern Europe, Alaska.

{b) In N. B. wafers; — Grand Manan, low-water mark and
laminarian zone, abundant, Stimpson, (D). Eastport, low-
water to tws^nty fathoms, frequent, Fe?Ti7^, (L), (N). East of
Canipobello, 100 to 125 fathoms, Verrill, (N). Gulf o'l St.
Lawrence, " very sparingly met with," Whaeavca (P).

Tliis species resembles somewJmt 0. Sarsii, but is much smaller
and differently colored. The disk is one-tliird of an inch in diameter
and covered above with regularly arranged and jearly equal scales.
The mouth has seven papilla' to each angle. The arms are one and
one-fourth inches long, tapering to mce tlireads. The upper arm-
plates are diamond-shaped with rounded angles ; side arm-plates meet
l>elow but not above until half way out on the arm ; each bears three
rounded, tapei-ing, shaip spines, of which th*? upper is the largest. It
varies o;reatly in color ; it may be grey, variegated with red or black, or
brown or even blue. It lives either upon rocky or mud bottoms, seem-
ing to prefer the former. Xolhing is known of its habits or develop-
ment.

7. Ophioglypha Sarsii, (Lutken), Lymax. Ophiolepis
ciliata, MuLL. et Troscu. (D). [See Plate, Fig. 3i/.]
One of the ''Brittle-Stars."

DESCRii'Tioy. (J) p. 41, (U) p. GO.

Figure. (F) pi. 1., (U) pi. IV.

Dj"i fiiBUTiON. {a) General; — Low-water mark to 1,000
fathoms. South of 40° N., to Greenland and Davis Strait,
Northern Europe to Great Britain, Alaska.

{h) In N. B. <w<«e?'.s',— Grand Ma.ian, sixty fathoms, mud,
JStlmpsou, (D), Eastport, large, not common, fifteen to twenty
fathoms, stones, Verrill, (L), (N). liay of Fundy to east of
Canipobello, 100 to 125 fathoms, Fem^^, (N). Abundant on
fiouthern coast in ten fathoms, Ganong, (X). Very abundant and

tdm

f

25

•

1^^

■r.«i

•of large size in Gulf of St. Lawrence in :lo and up to 350
fathonns; Bradelle Bank, large and frequent, Whiteaves (?).

This species is quite common in our waters in from five to tliirty
fathoms. It is of a jsrrey color above, lighter beneath. The disk, which
is one-half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, is circular in form
and covered above with rounded plates of different sizes, amous? which
may be distinguished one central surrounded by five others, and one on
each side of the base of each arm. The mouth has thirteen i^apilla? to
each angle and conspicuous mouth shields. The arms are three to four
times as long as the diameter of the disk. Upper arm-plates are large ;
side arm-plates nearly cover the under, and each bears three spines,
giving them a triple row on each side. It can only move its arms in
the plane of the body, and in a stiff and ungraceful way, making with
them a sort of oar-like motion, by which it propels itself over the mud
on which it lives. Nothing is known of its habits. Its development is
■direct and it is viviparous.

[Prof. Verrill writes as this paper 's in press, that in the
Bay of Fundy "of Ophiurans, OpMoghjplia signula, V., is
common, and there are additional species of Opliiacantlta,
Amphiura and Ophiosoolex."]

Order II. ASTERIDEA (Tkue Stakkishes).

Aster')u2ea whose arms are prolongations of U.duk, containing appendages of the
alimcntarii canal and also tkr generative organs, possessing a deep uncovered
ambulacral groove, running along the ventral surface, in which the amhulacral
feet ai _ arranged in rows.

FAMILY ASTKRIAD.T;

With the cylindrical ambulacral feet ending in broad sncfuritd disks, and usually
arranged in four rous along each ambulacral groove.

8. Asterias vulgaris, Stimi\son, Ms. Urn.sier nihens, J^in.
Ag. (A). Urasterviolaceo., ^VhhVM. (A). Af<temcantMon
rubens, M. etT. (D). Astcracnnthion violacens, M. et T.
(D). [See Plate, Fig. 4*].

"Starfish," " Five-finger," " Crossfish."
Description. (A) pp. 83 and 'M, (L) p. ;}47, (S) p. 418.
Figure. (A) pp. 83 and 91, American Naturalist, Vol. II.,
pi. VI., Fig. 11.

*h-ig. 4 represents -l. Forhcsii, but as the t-haractera which separate the species
do not appear in a figure, it shows well the appearance of A. vulgaris.

26

T

Distribution, (n) General;— lAttovoX to 208 fathoms.
Long Island Sound to Labrador, European Seas [if identical
with A. miens].

(h) In N. B. waters; — Grand Manan, large and common,
just below low-water mark, Stimpson, (D). Eastport and
Grand Manan, abundant and large among rocks at low water,
Verrill, (L). Eastport, Verrill, (N). Bay of Fundy, above
low watermark to forty fathoms, very abundant, Verrill (Q).
Passamaquoddy Bay, common everywhere, Ganong, (X).
Shediac, on oyster beds, and other parts of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, Whifeaves, (P). Very abundant everywhere on the
southern coast, and by .ar the most common species. At Bar
Island, near the month of L'Etang harbor, particularly abun-
dant and large.

A description of this species for purposes of ideutificition is scaicely
ueeJed. It is typicall}' t/ic Starrish of our coasts and is abundant almost
everywhere on the rocks in clear water. The live long ra3-.s with their
short blunt spines, surrounded by rings of pedicellari;e, four regular
rows of tube-feet, radiately-striated niudreporic body and other char-
acters of the sp* cies soon become familiar to the student. AYhen adult
it can be confo ded with no other species upon our coast, though the
identification o young s]ieciuiens is not always easy. In color it is
"usually reddish. i)urplish, or violet, varying to yellow and l)rown, but
with a pale buff or cream-colored madreporic plate."* But the coior
and even the form of the animal varies with the se.K, "season, state of
the ovaries, age, dilation with w;iter, etc."' * The very large specimens
found near the mouth of L'Etang harbor are eitJ'c'r a pale purple, red,
a cream color, yellow or a dull green. Verrill says (L) that in the IJay
of Fundy it grows to be tifteen inches in diameter and upwards. The
specimens at L'Etang, which are the hirgest the writer lias seen, are a
little over a foot in diameter.

The habits of this species can be easily studied. It is very hardy and
will live for sonic time in glass vessels of water, and thrive under con-
ditions which would quickly prove fatal to deep-water forms. In t\ni
tide-pools near low-water mark their method of locomotion, taking food,
etc., may be readily .seen, and in the glass vessels may be tried upon
them many simi)le experiments which will readily suggest themselves
to the earnest student.

Specimens are often found with only four, three, two, nr even one
perfect ray, and witli the others either small or ([uite wanting. A care-

-«*^

i

\

1

' Verrill (S).

T

27

-<*-

ful seardi will usually show in the latter case tJic budding rudinieuts
of the missing ones, which will soon grow to replace those which have
been lost.

This very conunon species has unfortunately no economic value of
any importance. The lime in its skeleton gives it sometimes u very
limited value as a fertilizer It is very injurious to oyster beds.

Its development is similar to that of .1. Forhmi ; there is a compli-
cated metamorphosis, the larva (Brachiolaria) being free-swimming anrt
bilaterallv svnunetrical.

A ><tr((cantliion heryUniis,

n

^m

rAsterias i'orbesii, Vkrrill
LAu. (K). [See Plate, Fig. 4J.

Desckiption. (K) p. 108, (L) p. 34,-), (S) p. 418, (T) p. 04.

FiGUui:. (K) p. 110, (T) pi. IX.

DisTici liUTioy. (a) General ;— Littoral to twenty fjitlioms.
Casco Bay, Maine, to the Gulf of Mexico.

(b) In N. B, wafers ;— Not yet reported. [Verrill in 186*5,
(L), said :— ''At Eustport, Me., and Grand Manan, it is very
rare," but later he corrects this, ((^), "not known from the
eastern part o^ the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy."
It is inserted here on account of the possibility of its occur-
ring in the Gulf of vSt. Lawrence and to call attention to the
necessity for a search being made for it there.]

In general, this species is very like .4. vnhiarh. The chief distinguish-
ing characters are to be found, according to Prof. Verrill, (S), in the
color, and form of the pedicellari;e and of the udambulacral spines. As
to the color, ".(. For/x si i is generally greenish, varying to orange and
brown, with a briglit orange madreporic plate ; while .1. vn'r/aris is
usually reddish, purplish, or violet, varying to yellow and l)rown. liut
with a pale buff or cream-colored madreporic plate."

As to the other characters. Prof. Verrill says :— " In .1. Forbenil the
major pedicellaria' |/. e. the larger sessile pedicellari.e borne over the
surface or on the ventral spines] are short, ovate, blunt-pointed, haroly
longer than broad : the adambulacral spines an; stout, obtuse and in
most cases, many ait .nore or less tlatten^d and grooved e.vternally
at tip."

"In J. vnlparh, (he major pedicellariiv are lanceolate, sharp pointed,
nmch longer than liroad ; the adambulacial spines are larger, more
pointed and seldom flattened."

The characters, however, of most use to our collectors will doubtless
be found to be, the greenish color of the animal and (particidarly) the
bright orange color of the ma(lre])oric plate.

28

T

lu habits it is similar to A. i-nlgarix. Its devdopnient has been very
■carefully worked out by Alexander Agassi/.. The eggs ate cast out into
the -water, and after a series of changes result in a larva which is so dif-
ferent from the adult that its relationship was not for a time suspected,
and it was described as a separate animal under the name of Bravldolaria.
(See Plate, Fig. 5). Its appearance is well shown by the tiginx, Ii leads
an entirely independent existence, taking and digesting food for itself
and swimming freely about by means of a long band of vibratile cilia.
The adult Starfish buds otf from a point near the mouth and grows at
the expense of the larva, grad\ially absorb-' ag the substance of the latter]
as it increases in size. J

'J. Asterias littoralis. (Stimpson), Yerrill. Asteracan-
tliinn Uttoralu, St. (D). [Asterias GrwnlancUcus,
Steexstrup (P).] Leptasterias Uttoralis (S).

Description. (D) p. 1-i.

Figure.

Distribution. (a) General ; — Between tide-marks to
forty or fifty fathoms. Bay of ihmdy and Gulf of St. Law-
rence.

(b) In N. B. waters ;—(aV'A\\i\ Manan, "very common
among the fuci in the middle region of the littoral zone, or
even near high-water mark— elsewhere I have never found it,"
Stimpson, (D). "Eastport and Grand Manan, abundjint from
half-tide to low-water mark, among rocks and fuci," Verrill,
(L), on the shores, (N). Gulf of St. Lawrence, Whiteaves,
(P). [Mr. Whiteaves now considers the specimens mentioned
in his reports under the name A. Ora'nlandicum to belong to
this species.]

This species is very ai)propriately named "littoralis," for it is one
of the commonest of littoral forms. Stimpson (D), describes it as
follows : "Body tumid, rays very broad. Ambulacral spines in two
rows, slender, l)lunt, or even clavate at their tips. Spines on the sides
larger than those on the back, but both short, blunt, and showing great
uniformity in size and distribution. Its color is always a dark green
above, and it never exceeds an inch and a half in diameter. It is
very common among the fuci in the middle region of tiie littoral zone,
or even near high-water mark— elsewhere I have never found it." Prof.
Verrill in a letter to the writer says he has found it six to eight inches
across, and in all depths down to forty or fifty fathoms. Nothing is
known of i(s habits moretlianis indicated above, and we know nothing
•of its development.

1

K/lR

««»>

mim

29

10. Asteracanthion Grcenlandicum, (Lutken^ |Steen-
STRurj. AsteracaJithmi Mulleri, 8ar8. (D), Asterias-
Graenlandica, Stp. (L), [p. 357.]

Description. (U) p. 27.

Figure. (U) pi. II.

DISTRH3UTI0N. (o) General; — Low water mark to eighty
fathoms. Grand Manaii, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador^
Discovery Bay (north of Smith Sound), Assistance Bay, S.W.
Coast of Nova Zembla.

(h) In N. B. «m/fer5;— Grand Manan, off northern point
of Duck Island, thirty fathoms, Stimpson, (D). Gulf of St.
Lawrence, near Anticosti, Verrill, (L). [The specimens from
the Gulf referred to in Whiteaves' various reports as belonging
to this species are now considered by him to be A. liitoralis.]

This ratlier small Starfish, tliough presenting no striking peculianties
to the eye, may nevertheless he readily distinguished from all other
species. It is rarely or never more than two inches in diameter, and
looks at first sight much like a yoimg Astmas vnlgarin. The spines
upon the sides of the rays are arranged in more or less regular lines, and
each is surrounded at its base by a nearly or (juite complete ring of
pedicellaria'. This ring of pedicellaria' around the base of the spines
on the sides of the arms affords one of the best characters for distin-
guishing the species. The pedicellaria; also form a fringe along the
sides of the ambulacral furrow. The ambulacral spines stand in three
to four rows and are long and cylindrical. In color it is variable, being
sometimes, as in Stimpson's specimens, bright red, and also greyish or
olive-green It seems to prefer rocky bottoms, but nothing is known
of its habits or development.

n. Leptasterias tenera, (SxiMrsoN), V^errill. Asterias
tenera, Stimpson (Proc. Bost. Soc. VIII.)

Descriptiox. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII,
18G1-G:>, p. 209.

Figure.

DisTRiHUTioN. (a) General ;—C&\-)e Ann to Bay of Fundy.

(b) In N. B. vmiers .-—"At Eastport, Me, in twenty fathoms,
I have dredged several small specimens, about an inch in di-
ameter, that appear to be referable to this species." Verrill (L).

This species is not at all common in our waters, but it possesses a
special interest on account of tlie way it carries its young. The latter

30

are attached to the parent near the mouth by a cord or umbilicus and
there they live until able to shift for themselves, 'he development bciu;^
without a metamorphosis.

It has usually tive rays, which are slender but not contracted at base.
The anibulacral furrows arc deep, tlie tube feet not forming four dis-
tinct rows. On the back, towards the disc, five longitudinal rows of
spines may be distinguished, which become irregular towards the tips
of the rays. Tlie spines of both back and sides bear a small crown of
minor pcdicellariie [i. e. the small pedunculated ones borne on the
spinos]. The madreporic plate is surrounded by a circle of spines and
there are few or no major pedicellarite. The papul.P or water-tul)es
of the back are placed singly and not in clustors as in ^1. vnlgark.

In color it is of a pale flesh color or white. It is about tvro and one
half inches in diameter. Xotiiiug is known of its habits, and its develop-
ment, as mentioned above, is direct.

[Prof. Verrill, in a letter to the writer, says : — "A. compta, St., I have
from the Bay of Fundy, and I am inclined to think that J. te/uru is
only a slender variety of it." It is, however, left as a separate species
in this paper, as Prof. Verrill has not published his comparisons uf the
two, and the writer has not been able to examine specimens of A.
compta.]

rAsterias (Leptasterias) Stiinpsoni.. ViiuniLL (Lv

Description. (L) p. 3-40.

Locality. Eastport, Me., twenty fathoms, stony bottom,
not common. Verrill (L).

Prof. Verrill now considers that this species was not well founded.
He says, (S) : — "1 have become satisfied that the s])ecies de.scril)ed by
me as -1. Sfimpnoni in 1H()6, was uot well founded. The study of a
far more extensive series of specimens has shown that the specimens
thus named were somewhat peculiar small specimens of .1. vulr/aris
(Stimp.), with which some young specimens of A. Uttoralis were also
confounded, so that the characters given largely appertain to the
yoMXXg oi A. vaUjari,^."

12

■]

Sticliaster albiilus, (Stimpson), Veriull. Asteracan-
thion albubis, St. (D). Utephanastenas alhida, V. (N).
[See Plate, Fig. ()].

Description. (D) p. 14, (L) p. .351, (U) p. 29.

Figure. (D) pi. I., (U) pi. TI.

DisTRiHL nox. (a) General: — Low-water to li)2 tV.thonis.
South of 40° N. lat., Eastport and Grand Manan, Davis

I
I

T

MKip

T

31

-di-

strait, Franklin-Pierce Bay (North of Smith Sound), Iceland,
Spitzbergen, Ofjord.

(h) In N. ^. waters ,— Grand Man-in, four or five fathoms,
among branching nnllipores on east side of the islands, quite
abundant, Sti/npsoii, ( D), ''Eastport, Me., and Grand Manan,
in ten to twenty fathoms, rocky bottoms, and among nnlli-
pores ; also fre(|uent at low-water of spring tides among
rocks," 1^'^n-ilL (L), (X).

This (mnons Starfis'i is nol uncommon on our coast, and maybe
easily recognized when found. It has nearly always six rays (only
about two per cent, having five), and three upcn one side are usually
much smaller ihan the three upon the other. It is generally (luite
small, not often exceeding one and one-half inches in diameter, though
Verrill fotmd a specimen at Eastport which was four inches across, and
in a letter to the writer, he says he has since found it as large as
six or eight inches across. The amhulacral furrows are very broad, and
the tube-feet arranged in from two to four rows, according to age. The
back and sides are covered with shon spine clusters,''whieh are so
closely and regularly arranged as to give the animal a smooth appear-
ance. Along the crest of each ray they are larger and more closely set
than elsewhere so that there is a marked median line. There is a tuft
of spines at the end of each ray.

In color it is faint red or cream color, Stlmpson's many specimens be-
ing uniformly of the latter shade. It lives upon rocky bottoms but
nothing more is known of its habits, and nothing of its development.

^^ar. liitidfO.

[Verrill (L) established a new variety, nltida, from his large Eastport
specimen, but that variety, he has since informed the writer, he now
considers not well founded, his specimen l)eing but a well developed in-
dividual of the species a/6)</(w J

i

FAMILY SOLASTKRID.E.

IVith the cylindrkal ctmbulacral feet nnanged in two rows, the rays often
than five.

nwie

LS. €ros$a§ter l»api»osiis^(J^^rkJLU§), Mullek and Tro-
sciiEL. Soiaste)' papposa, roRBES. (T), (D). [See Plate

Fig.;.]

"Sun-Star."
Di;8CRiPTiON. (A) p. 11'^, (T) p. 09, (U) p. 36.
Figure. (A) p. 112, ^T) pi. XII., (U) pi. III.

82

DrsTRrni'Tiox. (a) General; — Low -water mark to GIO
fathoms. From Massachusetts Bay, northward to Smith
Sound and all around the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
to coasts of the British Islands and France, Spitzbergen and
Barents Sea, and possibly Beh ring's Straits.

(b) In ^■. B. im^er.s' /—Grand Manan, rare and small or.
shelly bottoms in corralline zone, Stlmpson, (D). Bay of
Fundy, not uncommon, low water to forty-five fathoms, rockv
bovtoms, Verrill, (L). Eastport, low water to fifteen fathoms,
VerriH. (N). Pendleton's Island, on reefs; L'Etang, fine speci-
mens, stony bottoms, Ganong, (X). Bradelle Bank and deeper
])arts of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Whiteaves, (P),

This is one of the most beautiful and attractive of all our starfishes,
being rivalled in these respects only by the "Cushion-Star," (4fm,imu'r 3i,paos
phrygiana). Its many regularly-radiating symmetrical rays, its pretty
tufts of brush-like spines which cover its upper surface, and its always
bright and often variable colors, are features which give it pre-eminence
among its kindred.

It grows sometimes to a diameter of eleven inches, though it com-
monly is not more than from four to six. It may have any number of
rays Irom ten to fifteen (though most frequently there are eleven,
twelve or thirteen), eacli of which is flattened, tapers uniformly from
base to tip and is equal in length to from one-half to the whole diameter-
of the disk. The ambulacral furrows are broad and contain two rows
of tube-feet. The .spinulation of this species is peculiar and very char-
acteristic. The animal seems at first sight to be almost covered with
tufts of slender spines, but a little study shows that they may all be re-
ferred to a few simple systems. All over the limestone network of the
upper surface, both on arms and disk, are prominent club-shaped pro-
cesses (running approximately in lines )n the arms, but scattered
irregularly on the disk), each of which bears on its summit a brush-like
tuft or group of from eighteen to thirty slender articidated spinelets,
which :ire about as long as the clusters are far apart. Upon the under sur-
face, on each side of the ambulacral furrows, there occur two series of
these clusters, both having all the spines of each single cluster in one
plane. Uut the inner row, with its three to four spinelets to a cluster,
has the plane of all the clusters parallel to the longitudinal ax' the
furrow, while the outer row, having five to seven spinelets to .>ter,

has the planes of these clusters at right angles to that axis. . ue inner
series afford a protection to the fnrrow, being quite long enough to cover
it when uxiciidcd to meet from the two sides. The mouth plates, cap-
ping the inner angles where the rays meet, are large and sub-triangular

friet.

%

I

i

m.

1

33

fJlO
lith

and

on
of
cky
nis,
eci-
per

lies,

etty
ays
ince

om-
r of
.'eu,
•oin

Bter-

)WS

aar-
dth
re-
the
)ro-
red
like
ets,

lUl-

iof
one
ter,
the
ter,
net-
ver
ap-
ilar

I

ppo<:-'frlct.

in form and each bears a marginal fringe of large strong spines, formin-
powerful mouth-papilhe. "

One of the most marked oharnctcrs of the species is Its always bright
though often variable coloration, which varies with the sex The flne
specimens from L'Etang harbor are all a uniform brilliant red which
is said to be the case with those from Greenland. At other localities it
occurs mottled with lighter shades, even to white and straw color or of
various shades of purple. Forbes tells us of specimens with the disk
red, the arms white, tipped with red. and of another found by himself
in which the body was red and the spiniferous tubercles t,right green
Prof. Alexander Agassiz says that it sometimes has bands of red and
purple arranged concentrically, and that there occur all shades between
a brilliant red and a light orange or a dark violet. When voun.r thev
are usually nearly white. ^ » ^j

Cros.a.hr lives always upon hard bottoms, in clear, cold water It is
saiJ. to be very voracious, living upon various molluscs, and to be oc-
casionally injurious to oyster beds. Nothing whatever is known of its
development.

U. Solaster endeca, (Gmelix), Fokbes. fSoe Plate
, -t'ig- 8.]

"Purple Sun-Star."

Descriptiox. (A) p. :09, (T) p. 112, (U) p. 40.

FiGURK. (A) p. 100, (T) pi. XVIL, (U) pi. III.

Distribution-, 'a) 6Wm^-- Low- water mark to ninety
fathoms. Massachusetts Bay northward to ])avis Strait and
around the Xorth Atlantic to the British Islands and France.
Also Sitcha and Alaska.

(b) In N. B. waters ;~Gmiui Manan, abundant on rocks at
low- water mark, small ; large individuals, a foot in diameter,
laminarian zone, Stlmpson, (D). Bay of Fundy, low-water to
twenty fathoms, Verrill, (L). Eastport, low-water to fifteen
fathoms, Verrill, (N). Pendleton's Island reefs, and Bar Is-
land at the mouth of L'Etang harbor, Ganong, (X). Gulf of
St. Lawrence, Whiteaves, (P).

Upon our coast this Starfish is usually found in the same localities and
very vrequently associated with Crossmta- pappoms, \] .ugh it prefers
perhaps somewhat shallower water. At first sight it would seem to be
closely allied to the latter species, and indeed was for a long time
placed in the same genus with it, but a closer study shows that the
two have little in common beyond the number of the rays. It is mor&

34

nearly rclatefl to Crlhrella mngninohnta, whicL, except for the ulfference
in the number of tlie rays, it closely reseniblas.

It has been found even in our own waters as large as twelve
inches in diameter, but most Si)ecimens would not much exceed half
that si/e. It may have from seven to eleven rays, ten being perhaps the
most common number. Each ray is nearly round in section, tapers
evenly from base to ti,), and is about as long as, or a little longer than
the diameter of the disk. The ambulacral furrows, containing each two
rows of tube-feet, are narrow and can be completely closed in by the
bringing together of the edges of the furrow. The madreporic body
lies about half way between the centre o: the disk and an angle of the
rays. The spinulation is not unlike that of Cribrdhi and differs consid-
erably from that of Crominter, in comparison with which it has quite a
smooth appearance. The upper surf-ce of both disk and rays is nearly
covered with short blunt tubercles, each of which bear a crown of from
five to ten short, rough, blunt spines, so small as to need a lens to prop-
erly distinguish them. These are scattered irregularly over the di;^k,
but on the arms run in rather regular rows oblicjuely from the margin
to the median line On the under side are conspicuous rows of tw
kinds of spine-clusters, both of which kinds are flattened in a plane a*
right angles to the length of the ray. One of the rows, in which the
clusters are made up of many slender, short spines united together at
their bases, occupies all the outer margin of each ray, and curving
evenly around the angle between any two contiguous ones shows no
breaks between the marginal rows of the arms. This row therefore
forms a band around the entire margin of the under side, with the ex-
ception of a minute break at the tip of c ch ray. A row of much
smaller clusters follows this on its outer sid. tnroughout its course, but is
upon the sides of the rays rather than on their under surfaces. The
other conspicuous rows are those whi< h start near the mouth and run
along each side of each ambulacral furrow to the tips of the rays. The
clusters are made up of much longer and stouter spines than the for-
mer row, some six or seven in number, united at their bases and
placed all in one plane, which h as already stated at right angles to the
length of the ray. Another row, consisting of a line of single spines,
may be seen quite within the ambulacral tuiTow. The remaincier
of the under surface contains clusters of larger spines than those of the
upper surface. The mouth plates are large and strong and bear several
stout spines, which form powerful Jaouth-papilla;.

In color it varies much, thoug>i not to such a degree as Cro/^saMer or

Cribrella. Above it is usually some shade of purpL or red, and below of

a straw or cream color, and the color varies with the sex. In our waters

the uprer side is nearly always purplish red and the under light orange.

It lives upon rocky or other hard bottoms in clear water, and in its

I

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i^

I

35

habits seems to be much like Crossasier. Its development is entirely un-
known, though from its relationship to CribrcUa it is not improbable that
It will be found to be viviparous.

15. Cribrella sangiiiiioleiita, (0. F. Mli.ler), Lutken.
Linkia oculata, FoRBES, (D). Linkla pertiim, (D). Cri-
hrella oculata, (Linck), Forues, (U). [See Plate, Fig 9 1
"Eyed Cribrella."

Description. (A) p. 100, (K) p. 112, (T) p. 113, (U) p. 32.

Figuke. (A) p. 100, (K) p. 112, (T) pi. XVIII., (U) pi. II.

DisTRiBL-TiON. (a) General .— Low-Wiiter mark to 194 fa-
thoms. Long Island Sound to Waigat Strait on the West
Coast of Greenland. Around the North Atlantic and Arctic
Oceans to Great Britain and the Englirh Channel. Spitzber-
gen, White Sea, Sea of Ochhotsk, Alaska.

(b) In K B. waters ;—CjVdn^ Manan, low-water mark to thirty
fathoms on rocks, Stimpson, (D), Verrill (L). Eastport, low
water to twenty-five fathoms, abundant, Verrill, (L), (N".) Bay
of Fundy, low water to 100 fathoms, very common, Verrill, (Q).
Shediac, on the oyster beds ; deeper paits of Gulf of St. Law-
rence, Whiteaces, (P). Abundant everywhere in the sheltered
harbors of the southern coast.

This species cannot be mistaken for any other upon our coast. It is
the only one of the live-rayed (not pentao-on.il) Starfishes which has but
two rows of tube-feet to each ray— all others havino- four. Its smooMi
appearance and bright colors are also chur.:,cteristic!'and these features
together with its rather graceful foim, make it a very pretty Starfish '

In size it varies greatly. Upon th'> shores at low water specimens
occur of from the smallest size up to one inch in diameter. In deeper
water they grow much larger. The largest of which the writer has been
at'- to find any record is one found by Sars on the coast of Norway
which - .- a little over six and one-half inches in diameter, and another
mentioned by Forbes, seven inches in diameter. But the writer has in
his collection two .specimens dredged in L'Etang harbor in the summer
of 1886, one of which was ten and the other eight inches in diameter
when alive ; even in the dried state the former is . little over n'ne and
the latter seven and one-half inches in diameter. Specimens five or m.x
inches in diameter are not rare in our waters.

^ There are usually five rays, though very rarely six or seven-rayed

Tms ffi.T,y be met with. The proportional si/e of the length of the

rays to the diameter of the disk varies greatly according to the size and

36

therefore, in a general way, accordiug to the age of the animal. In
opecimens less than one inch in diameter liie length of the ray is less-
than twice the diameter of the disk. In a specimen four inches in di-
ameter, the r:iv is nearly three times as long as the diameter of the disk,
while in the very largi specimens ahove mentioned it is nearly three and
a half times. The rays taper evenly from base to tip, except in the
breeding season, when they are enlarged at the base. The ambulacral
furrows are narrow and can be completely closed in by the bringing
together of their sides.

Its spiuulation is quite simple. To the naked eye the whole of the
upper and the most of the under surface present a uniformly granular
appearance. A good lens, however, will show that these granules con-
sist in reality of clusters of spines borne upon low tubercles. But the
clusters vary greatly as to the number, shape and size of the spines on
different parts of the surface of the body. Among the spine-cluster?
may be seen in dried specimens little holes, wuich in the living animals
may be seen to be occupied, each by a delicate pro lection of a clear
membrane from the interior of the body. These are the papulfe or
water-tubes,the function of which is not certainly known, but is supposed
to be respiratory. It is the dotted or "eyed" appearance presented by
these organs which is supposed to have suggested to Linck the name
ocula/a which he gave to it and wiiich is still used by some naturalists.
Upon the under surface the spine-clusters grow somewhat larger as they
approach the ambulacral furrows. Upon each side of the latter there
runs from the mouth to the tip of the ray a row of clusters, flattened at
right angles to the length of the ray, of very much larger spines ; these
spines are arranged in the cluster in a double row and are largest on the
edge of the furrow, growing rapidly smaller away from it. Inside of
this row, indeed quite within the furrow, is another row of apparently
single spines. The mouth-plates are rather small and the spines they
bear not appreciably larger than those along the ambulacral furrows.

In color Vribrella varies greatly, but is always bright. The under side
is usually light yellow or straw colored, and the upper some shade of
red or purple, or even yellow or orange. Tliese colors, as in other Star-
fishes, are more or less due to differences of sex. In the case of the
two large specimens above mentioned, found at L'Etang, the larger,
which proved upon dissection to be a male, was a dull purplish red
above, and the smaller, a female, a bright orange. Prof. Alexander
Agiissiz expresses the variation in this species very vividly when he says:
"This pretty little Starfish presents the greatest variety of c -.ors; some
are dyed in Tyrian purple, others have a jinler shade of the same hue,
some are vermilion, others a bright orange or yellow. A glass d'sh
filled with CribrtUae might vie with a tulip-bed in gayety and vividness
of tints."

4>

37

Our Crihrella lives upon the rocks and seaweeds about low-water mark,
and on hard bottoms in deeper water. In moving, Prof. Agassiz points
out (K) that it usually has three rays extended before it and drags the
other two closely pressed together behind. In its development from
the egg it passes through no free-swimming larval stage, but directly
into the adult form. The young are carried about by the mother.

TAMIL'' 4STROPECTINIDA\

With the nmbulacral feet conical, ivithout suctorial disk, andarrauyed in tiro n

ows.

KJ. Hippasteria phrygiana, (Parelius), Gray. Goniaster
equentris, Gmelin, (A). Gonimter phrygiana. (D). [See
Plate, Fig. 10.]

•' Knotty Cushion-Star." "Cnshion-Star."
Description. (A) p. 135, (K) p. 113.
Figure. (A) p. 125.

DiSTRiHUTiox. (a) General;— 30 to 150 fathoms. Cape
€od northward to Arctic Ocean. Northern Europe and Great
Britain.

(b) In N. B. Waters ;—GYiiwA >[anan, off Duck Ishind in
corralline zone, one specimen, Stimpson, (D).

This, says Stimpson, is "by far the most elegant of our Starlishes";
and Forbes calls it one of the most beautiful of the Starfishes of Britain!
It is a pentagonal form and grows to be from nine to ten inches in dia-
meter. The upper surface is covered with short, smooth spines, each
of which is borne on the centre of a rearly circular plate. Around the
margin of the upper surface there nin two rows of plates which bear
from one to three short spines. Along the ambulacral furrows are rows
of spines arranged in pairs. In color it is generally bright red above
and yellow beneath. Stimpson (D), thus describes his specimen:— "A
large specimen was taken off Duck Island, in the corralline zone. It
was briglit red above, and bright yellow below, being by far the most
elegant of our Starfishes. The minute vesicles which protrude from the
dorsal pores are short and tipped with black. The eyes are very dark
red in color, and tlie suckers near them are very long and slender,
especially a single one just above each eye."

Very little d ii.. habits and nothing of its development are kaov.n.

-<r>

38

17. Ctenodiscus crispatiis, (Eetzil's), Duisex and Korrx.
Ctendbcus corniculatut;, (Lixck), Perrier, (U). [See
Plate, Fig. 11.]

Descrii'TIOX. (K) p. 113, (U) p. 40.

FiCxURE. (K) p. 114, (U) pi. III.

DisTRiBUTiox. {a) General;— T\\e\\iy-^\Q to three hundred
and twenty-one fathoms. South of Cape Cod, Bay of Fundy,
Newfoundland, West coast of Greenland, Melville Island and
Assistance Bay, Arctic Ocean, Spitzbergen, Barent:. Sea, Fin-
mark, Scandinavian coast.

{b) In N. B. waters;— QxnmA Manan, fifty and sixty fath-
oms, muddy bottoms, not rare, Stimpson, (D). Beaver and
Bliss harbors, mud bottoms, Ganong (X). Gulf of St. Law-
rence, one of the most characteristic asterids of the greatest
depths, WJtiteaves, (P).

This is tlie most commou of our three pentagonal Starflshes, and
thoiiirh (lull in color is made attractive by its shape, curiously arranged
marginal plates and unusud cpiuulation. In all of the pentagonal, as
distinguished from the rayed Startishes, the i-ays are much shorter than
the diameter of the dislv, and merge so gradually into it and into one
another that the whole animal reminds one of a disk with five i Dundod
lobes cut from its edge, rather than of a disk with five rays springing
from it

It sometimes attains to a size of over two and one-half inches across,
hut few specimens will exceed two inches. The rays are always five in
number, about three-fourths of the diameter of the dislc in length, and
have the annles betAveen them so well rounded tliat a very regular curve
runs from 1 he tip of each ray to the tip of its neighbor. The ambulacral
furrows are rather broad, and each contain two rows of stout tube-feet,
which, instead of being provided at their extremities with sucking
disks, as in most of our Starfishes, are simply pointed. The upper sur-
face of the disk, which in living specimens is usually swollen out, but
in those wliich have been dried, very fiat and somewhat depressed, is
bounded all around Ity the upper ends of the marginal plates. It is
almost completely covered by club-shaped processes or tubercles, each
of wiiich bears on its summit five to ten upright, rounded spines, so small
as to be just visible to the naked eye. So uniform in size are these pro-
cesses, with their fiat tops and spine clusters, and so evenly and closely
together are they placed, that their upper ends seem at first sight to
form the upper surface itself of the animal. Xear one angle is the
madreporic body, ai\d iu the very centre of the disk is a conical pro-

I

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T

39

jectiou, which is without function in the adult, but represents the rem-
nant of the umbilical stalk by which the young are attached to the
mother.

The marginal pLtes consist of two series, an upper and a lower. Each
of the former is armed with a short, flattened spine, which points up
wards. In the lower series, each plate is united with a corresponding
one of the upper series, the line of junction being just above the row of
flattened spines seen below the upper marginal row above described,
iietween each pair is a deep furrow which is continued on until it meets
the ambulacral furrow, thus dividing up the under surface of the animal
into bands which are seen to be covered with irregular scale-like plates.
The ends of these bands, where they meet the ambulacral furrows, are
formed by plates which bear each five or six short spines, the Largest of
which, about three in number, stand immediately on the margin of the
ambulacral furrow, with the others behind tliem. The mouth plates
are ovoid masses, bearing eH;,u nine mouth papillae and three to five
nearly as large spines.

That this Starfish is low structurally, is shown by the fact that it,
when adult, presents features which occur in the embiyonic condition
of other forms. The pentagonal form, pointed and suckerless tube *hi.{,
and .structure of the spines an all of this nature.

In color it is dull, being usually of a light brownish or drab color,
sometimes varying to dull brownish-red. The specimens taken in our
waters seem to be of a dull greyish-brown. It seems to inhabit mud
bottoms almost exclusively, and prefers considerable depths. Nothing
further is known of its habits. Its development is direct, the young
being attached by an umbilical stalls to the motiier.

18. Pterastei- iiiilitaris, (0. F. iJ ullkh), Muller and Tttos-
CHi'b. [See Figs. 12 ami I2a].

Descriition. (U) p. 40.

Figure. (U) pi. Jil.

DrsTRinuTiON. {a) Gtmeral ;—T\vemy to one hundred and
filiy fathoms. Hay of Fnndy, northward to Smith Sound.
Spit/bcrgcn, Finmark, Norway.

(/>) Jn X. B. waters;— Ihxkc Bay, Grand Manan, thiity-five
fath(.nu«, slielly bottom, three specimens, Stimp.son, (D).
FJastport Harbor, west of Treat's Ishmd, ten to fifteen fatli-
oms; between Razor Ishmd and Lubec, ei^ht to ten fathoms,
Verrill, (N). Orphan Bank, somewhat plentiful, and deeper
parts of Uulf of St. Lawrence. Whiteaves, (P).

ri

40

Tiiis Starfish is one of the most interesting upon our coast, and unfor-
tunately is not at all common. It is pentagonal in form, much arched
above, and about two inches in diameter, though specimens four inches
in diameter have been found. All an und the outer lower edge of the
rays runs a narrow fin-like web, and the whole upper surface is covered
by a membranous skin which is supported upon the extremities of the
spine clusters. This skin, therefore, covers the upper surface of the
bod}' as a tent with many poles covers the earth, and in the covered
space thus formed the ova are protected and the young develop. Upon
the under side there are peculiar spine-clusters along each side of the
ambulaf'ral furrows.

Connected to near their tips by a web or membrane are five or six
long spines, lying all in one plane at right angles to the length of the
ray, the outermost of which is much the largest. These large outer
spines are connected together by and form the support of the web
already mentioned, v.iiich runs all around the rays. In color it varies
from brick red through flesh-color and yellowish white to pure white.
Nothing is known of its habits, and there is still much to be learned
about its development, though it is known that the young live in the
pouch formed by the skin of the back, and develop without a meta-
morphosis.

[In addition to ';iie above species Prof. Verrill tells the
writer that he iias from the Bay of Fundy, Asterias compta,
St., a second species of Pteraster of small size, a small
Asterina, and, he believes, Solaster furcifer, and probably
others.]

Class III. ECHINOIDEA (Sea-Urgiiins).

Spherical, heart-shaped, or disk-shaped Echinoderms loith immov-
able skeleton, made up of calcareous plates, enclosing the body
like a shell and carri/ing movable spines, and, with locomotive
and often respiratory ambidacral appendages.

Order I. CIDAKIDEA (Regular Sea-Ukchins).
Echinoidn vith ci'vtral mouth and equal ban>l-like ambulacra,

TAMILY KCHINIDiE.

With a round thin shell, broad nni.i>iU"cral .vpocc.s tieariwj tubei-cles and spines,
the pores grouped in transvtrsv roirs; oral branchial j^resent.

|f)^ fittrJumvlocfntrotuK dr<*!»u€liic!isi«s (MullerV A.
Agassiz. Echinus gratmlalus, Say, Govli). (D). Tox-
opncnstc.'i Drobachiensis, (K). Eiiiprhinus DrobarJiien-

t

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41

I

sis, Verrill. (L). Etiryecliinns granulatus, Verrili..
(L). Echinus Drobachiensis, Mull. (P), [See Plate,
Fig. 13].

"Sea-Urchin," "Sea-Egg," etc.

Description. (K) p. 101, (0) p. 277, (U) p. IS.

Figure. (K) p. 102, (0) pi. X., (Q) pi. XXXV., (U) pi. II.

Distribution, (n) General; — Littoral to 640 fathoms.
'Circnmpolar. From Great Britain and Norway, all around
the North Atlantic and down the American coast to New
Jersey. North Pacific from Kumtchatka to Alaska and
Vancouver Island.

(b) In JV. B. luaters ; — Keported from St. Croix (now
Dochet) Island in 1604 by Champlain. {Voyages du Sieiir de
<Jha7))plain, Fans, 1613). jrand Manan, low-water to half a
fathom, very common, ^'iv this zone, these animals are so
crowded together that it is impossible in most})laces to thrust
an oar to the bottom without striking some of them," Stimp-
.9071, (D). Eastport, littoral to twenty fathoms, very abundant,
Verrill, (L), (N). Bay of Fundy, low water to 109 fathoms,
very abundant, Verrill, (Q). Passamaquoddy Bay, very abun-
dant, Ganong. (X). Shediac, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Whit-
■eaves, (P.) Exceedingly abundant everywhere upon the
southern coast. Up the St, Croix River as far hs the Devil's
Head. Manawoganish Island, near St. John.

The common Sea-Urcliin is the most abundant, best known and most
easily recognized of all our Echinoderms. It cannot be confounded
with any other animal upon our coas'-, though the writer has 1 nowu it
to be mistaken for a plant! In form it is somewhat hemispherical,
with the flat side resting upon the ground, while the dead shell denuded
of its spines may be likened in shape to an old -fashioned, smooth door-
knob.

The largest specimens are four inches in dii'uieter, including the
spines, which are from one-half to three-fourths of an incii long. The
latter, which are green in color, are attached u the shell by a ball and
socket joii.', and among them maj"^ bo seen the ten meridional bands or
zones of greatly extensible purplish tube-feet (each terminating in a
sucking disk) which serve both for taking snuill prey and for locomotion.
It can move but slowly and lives upon all s'orts of bottoms, from mud
to rock, from between tide marks down to considerable depths, it
feeds upon both animal and vegetable food. With its five sharp teeth,

4t>

tbc tips of which can be seen in the centre of its under side, it browses
or grazes, according to Sir William Dawson,* along the bottom upon
confcrvoid sea weeds, diatoms, sponges, and even in places the garbage
of the fisheries. It is quite variable, both in the form of the shell and
the shape and color of the spines, the latter varying from violet even
to dull white. The dead specimens so frequentlj' found upon the
shore, either cast up bj' the waves or carried up by the crows, show as
perfectly as the most carefully prepared spcicimen the instructive and
])eautiful structure of the shell itself, and but little skill is needed to
dissect out the internal organs.

Some Sea-Urchins have the power of excavating hollows in the solid
rock, in which they live. It is not known how thej' do so. This is,
howfver, not done by our species, though in exposed situations they
may be found occupying any natural hollows or crannies. In the soft
conglomerates of parts of Passamaquodd}' Bay thej- are sometimes to be
seen in hollows which at lirst sight appear to be excavated by them,
but careful examination generally shows that the hollows are left by
the falling out of large pebbles from the soft matrix. ISTox is our
species of any great value as food, though this nuist be the species re-
ferr<'cl io by Dr. Stimpson (see p. 9 of this paper) as edible and as good
as lobsters when boiled. A Mediteranean species is extensively eaten
in Italy, and from being cooked by boiling and eaten from the shell as
eggs often are, has given rise tt) its coniiuon name of Sea-I']gg.

The course of its development from the egg is very well known. It
has a larval stage (the Pluteus) which, bears no resemblance to the adult.
The larva has eight very long slender arms supported by calcareous
rods, and a band of vibratile cilia, which assist it in swinmiing freely
about. In about twenty-three days the Sea-L'rchin begins to bud off
from around the mouth of the larva, and as it grows the latter gradually
disapi^ears, being absorbed into the body of the adult.

Order IF. CLYPEASTKIDEA (SuiKLD-UucriiNS).

Irregular Ecldnoids c.oni pressed to a shield form, with the mouth central and fur-
nished with teeth; rer/i broad ambulacra, a five-ieaved ambulacral rosette wwn
the upper side; icr,'/ umall tube-feet.

FAMILY CLYPEASTIIIU^E

Witli the edge of the disk without deep indentations.

20. Echiiiaraclinius pariiia, (Lamarck), Gray. Fchiu-
arachnius Atlanticits, Gray (D). [See Plate, Fig. 14].
" Sand-Dollar," " Cake-Urchin."
Description. (K) p. lOG, (0) p. 31G.

i

1

* ("American Naturalist," I., 1867, p. 184.)

1

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43

Figure. (K) p. 107, (0) pi. Xle, (Q) pi. XXXV.

Distribution, (a) General; — Low-water mark to 888
fathoms. Almost cosmopolitan. Atlantic coast of North
America from New Jersey to Labrador. Both sides of the
Pacific Ocean. Australia, and possibly the Red Sea and India.

(b) In X. B. waters: - Grand Manan, low water on sandy
shores, very common, Stimpson, (D); Eastport, low water, Y&f-
riU, (N); Chamcook harbor and Hospital Island, abundant,
Ganovg, (X); Shediac and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Whiteuves {Y).
Abundant on southern coast almost everywhere in sand just
below low-water mark.

This Ecliinodcrm is almost described, in so far as Us general appear-
ance is concerned, by its two Englisli names alone. In outline it is
nearly circular, is (juite flat upon its lower side and only gently convex
upon its upper, being in profile not unlike a strung bow. It grows to a
diameter of three inches, is reddish brown in color and covered with,
crowded very short slender spines which make it appear, when first
taken from the water, as if covered with velvet. The dead and bleached
shells sometimes found upon the shore but easily prepared, show the
plates of which it is made up and their homologies with those of the
common sea-urchin, together with the distribution of the short ambula-
cral feet. The latter are confined upon the under side to five radiating
furrows which branch towards the ends. Upon tlie upper side they
are modified and enlarged to form branchial or gill-like appendages, and
the pores through which they pass are arranged in a regular rosette of
live petals, which is very conspicuous in the dead shell. The teeth are
not visible externally, though they may be seen through the spines
which protect the mouth.

The Cake-urchin lives always upon sandy bottoms ami usually in
shallow water. It creeps along very slowly by means of its many tube-
feet just beneath the surface of the sand or half covered by it, feeding
upon the minut.' organisms, both animal and vegetable, which the sand
contains. It is itself eaten by some fishes, especially flounders. It has,
according to Prof. Verril (Q), a certain limited direct value to man.
"The fishermen on the coast of Maine and New Brunswick sometimes
prepare an indelible marking ink from these ' sand-dollars', by rubbing
oil the spines and skin, and, after pulverizing, making the mass into a
thin paste with water." It is always an interesting form to all who
chance to meet with it, on account of its shape and pretty markings.

In its development it passes through a metamorphosis similar to that
uf the ordinary sea urcliin, having a Pluteus not unlike the latter. [See
Plate, Fig. 14^.] From a point near the mouth the adult sea-urchin
buds off, gradually absorbing the substance of the Pluteus as it grows.

44

Order III. SPATANGIDEj» (Heakt-Ukcuins).

Irrc'jular Echinoids move or less heart-shaped, toitk eccentric mouth, no teeth, and
usually a four-leaved amhnlacral rosette.

FAMIIiY SPATANGID^.

21. Schizaster fragilis, (Dubsn and Koren), Agassiz.
One of the "Heart-Urchins."

Description. (0) p. 363.

Figure. (0) pi. XXI.

Distribution, {a) General;— ^0 to 321 fathoms. Straits
of Florida, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Lofoten
Islands, Norway.

{b) In K. B. waters ; — Centre of the Bay of Fundy, east of
Grand Manan, 95 to lOG fathoms, Verrill, (R). Deep parts
of Gulf of St. Lawrence, "widely distributed in the deep-sea
mud," Whiteaves, (P).

This fine Sea-Urchin is a member of the Syrtensian and not of the
Acadian Fauna, and is hence not likely to come into the handc ctf many
of our crMectors. It is the highest in organization of our Echinoids, a
fact which Impresses the observer at a first glance, for the radial sym.
metry is disguised so that its bilateral symmetry, showing a differenti-
ation from the typical radiate towards a higher type, first strikes the
eye.

In outline it is round heart-shaped, a little more than half as high as
long. Large specimens are two and oue-half inches in length, but the
average is rather smaller. It is covered with short (ono-oighth to one-
fourth of an inch), 'lender brownish spines, which are largest about the
branchial rosette. The latter is not regular as in the Cake-Urchin, the
three anterior petals being much larger than the others. Running
around the rosette and close to the tips of the petals is a line, tbe fasci-
ole, Avhich bears, not spines, but miiuite ciliated bristles. The mouth
is not placed in the centre on the under side as in our other two forms,
but near one end, where the shell forms a prominent lip to protect it.
Owing to its eccentric position the ambulacral grooves radiating from
it are of unequal lengths,

It lives chiefly upon muddy bottoms, but nothing further is known
of its b.'ibifs, Tliere is some nncrrtainty abont its development, but it
is believed to pass througli a metamorphosis somewhat similar to that
•of Strongyloceutrotur with a free-swimming larva or Pluteus.

45

Class IV. HOLOTHUROIDEA (Holothi kians).

Worm-like, elongated Echinoderms, with a leathery bodij-wall, and
contractile tentacles surrounding the rnouth.

Order I. PEDATA.

Numerous ambulacral feet, sometimea arranged in the meridians and sometimes
distributed over the wtiole surface.

FAMILY DENDKOCHIROT^.

With tree-like branchtd tentacles, and the ambulacral feet arranged in regular roiva,
or confined to one side, which becomes a ivalking disk.

23. Psolus pliantapus, (Strussenfeldt), Jaeger. Psolus
laevigatus, (C). [See Plate, Fig. 15.]
" Snail Sea-Cucumber."

Description. (A) p. 203. (C) pp. 35, 36. (N) p. 342.

Figure. (A) p. 203.

Distribution, {a) General; — Low water to eighty-six fath-
oms. Coast of Maine, Grand Manan and Greenland, and
around the North Atlantic to Scandinavia and the British
Isles.

(6) In N. B. waters; — Grand Manan, forty fathoms, com-
mon, attached to small stones; Eastport, one specimen, very
large, from six inches deep in gravel, Stimpson, (D). East-
port, young, adult rare, Verrill, (N"). Gulf of St. Lawrence,
Orphan and Bradelle Banks, Whifcaves, (P).

This species resembles in a general wuy Lophothnria Fahricii, but
presents charactei's by which it may readily be distinguished from it.
It is of smtUler size than the latter species, rarely, in our waters at least,
attaining a length of tlu-ee inclies, though Forbes (A), saj's it grows to be
six or eight inches in length. The flattened under side is quadrangular
in outline and has three distinct and parallel bands, each of two rows, of
large and strong tube feet, connected by a few scattering ones at the
ends. The plates are arranged much as in L. Fabricii, but are much
smoother, having few granules. Upon tlie ujjper side maybe seen two
longitudinal depressions of the skin and plates, representing the position
of two rows of tube-feet. It is of a brownish color.

It lives in situations somewhat similar to L. Fahricii, but prefers in
general deeper water, and is often found in the stomachs of fishes. But
little is known of its habits, and nothing of its development.

46

23. Lophothuria Fabricii, (Duben and Koren), Veurill.
Cuvieria Fahridi, Dub. et Kor., (D). Psolus Fabricii,
(D. and K.), Lutken, (U).

" Sea-Orange." [See Plate, Fig.s. 10, 16 «.]

DescriptiOxV. (K) p. 98. (C) p. :3o. (U) p. 10.

Figure. (K) p. 08. (U) pi. I. Emerton's " Life on the
Sea-Shore," p. 137.

Distribution, (a) (?e«emZ;— Low water to eleven hundred
and sixty-eight fathoms. South of Cape Cod to Newfound-
land and Greenland. Alaska. Efst of Nova Zembla(?)

(b) In N. B. watsm ;— Grand Manan, abundant but small,
among nullei)ores in five fathoms; above low-water mark, under
shelving rocks, very large, Stimpson, (D). Grand Manan,
common in two to eight fathoms, in a few localities adher-
ing firmlv to rocks, Verrill, (L). Eastport, young common,
adult rare, on ledges, Verrill (X). Bar Island, Bliss Harbor,
large and abundant. Ganong, (X). Gulf of St. Lawrence,
near Perce and between Piciou Lsland and Cape Bear, P. E.
L, Whiteaves,{?).

The common name b}- wliich tlie allied Pwlm p/iantapns is sometimes
known, the " Snail Sea-Cucumber," would apply equally well to and
describe the appearance of this species also. At first sight it seems to
have nothing in common with the Holothurians, resembling rather a
large snail, or, even more closely, a huge uudibranch mollusc. In it,
bilateral symmetry is prominent and completely disguises the radial.
The animal is arched above, and flattened below to form a disk, the out-
line of which is ovd in shape and sharply defined. Fig. IGa. Upon it are
borne three bands of tube-feet(the other two beingaborted and their places

covered by the plates of the upper side), one band, four or five rows
deep, following each long curve of the oval disk, and the third, almost
aborted, but showing traces of its presence on the median line, on the
long diameter of the disk. The entire dorsal surface is covered by large
overlapping ca'';areous plates, each of which is covered with granules,
and presents its rounded free edge towards the median line of the back.
In the region of the apertures, however, they are arranged around the
latter us centres, The tentacles can be greatly extended, even to the
length of the body itself, are ten in number, very much branched, and
supported upon a soft ring. When extended they are of extreme beauty,
and comparable, as ]\Irs. Agassiz says, "for richness of tint, and
delicate tracery, to the most beautiful sea-weeds," (K). The animal
varies from tAvo to four inches in length, and is always of a red color,

^ h

47

"i^Bk*

which varies from brii^lit to dull brick-folor. Tf placed in a irlass vessel
full of Wiiter, it will expand its teufacles and i)i „'sent a most beautiful
sight. It lives among rocks at low and in shallow water, clinging to
the under sides of ledges or in ( reviees between stones. In their de-
velopment they pass through a free-swimming stage in which the l)right
red pear-shaped larva, having a circle of five tentacles at one end of the
body and two at the other, moves by means of many cilia on different
parts of the body. [See Plate, Fig. 166.]

24. Thyonidium productuiii, (/^ykes), Stimpson. Buas-
inodactyla jiroducta, (C).

Description. (C) p. 244.

Figure.

DiSTRiRUTiox. (a) General; — Buy of Fundy.

(b) In N. B. waters; — Eustport, rare, Ay res, (C); under
stones at low water, not common, Verrill, (L); rare, (N).
Grand Manan. ''This s})ecies is found in deep water, but
occurs most frequently under stones, or buried to a slight
iepth in gravel near low- water mark." Stimpson, (D).

This rather uncommon species may be readily distinguished when
found, by the scattered tube feet, the latter being distributed without
order over the greater part of the surface of the body. It is from three
to five inches in length and lives under rocks or buried to a slight depth
in gravel about lf)w-water mark. Ayres' (C), description of it in part is
as follows: " The swc^ers are numerous, without order. Tlie neck, for
about half an inch behind the base of the tentacles, is nearly naked. A
few suckers, howp^'^pr. are found on it, larger than those on the ot'ier
parts of the body. The integuments here, also, unlike those of the other
parts of the body, contain an abundant calcareous deposit. The tenia-
cula are of very unequnl development; two large, ramose, then two very
small (scare -^ly exceedmg one-tenth of an inch), two again large, etc.,
thus making ten pairs. In color tnis species is of a pale yellow, the
neck and ten acles being purplish ' Nothing is known of its habits or
development-

25. Peiitactfi froiidosa, (Gunnerus) Jaeger. Cammaria
frondosa (GuXN.), FoRBES, (U). '^ucumaria fucicola,
FortBEs and Goodsir, (A). [See Plate, Fig. 17.]

" Sea-Cucumber," " Sea-Pumpkin."

Description
p. 347.

(A) p. 209. (K) p. 09. (U) p. 2, (M)

48

FiouRE. (A) p. -m. (K) p. 100. (U) pi. I.
Distribution, (a) General;— Low water to one hundred
and forty-one fathoms. South of Cape Cod to Greerhind and
Assistance Bay, (lat 74° I,); around the North Atlantic to
Scandinavian coast and British Ishmds, Spitzbergen. Alaska?
(b) In N. B. waters;— GY2i\u\ Manan. "Nothing can ex-
ceed the profusion in which this species exists in some parts
of the islands. It is found just below the ordinary low-water
mark on rockv shores, and is, therefore, exposed at spring
tides I have'eeen areas oi several square rods entirely occu-
pied by them:' -Stimpson, (D). Eustport, twenty fathoms,
stony bottom, abundant, Verrill, (L); on the shores to fifteen
fathoms, (N). Passamaquoddy Bay, L'Etang Harbor, very
large, Ganong, (X). Gulf of St. Lawrence, Whiteaves, (P).
Very abundant everywhere in the harbors of tne southern
coast.

This is one of the m.-^ abundant shore animals upon our southern
coast.' It is a good typical Holothuriau, and affords a most excellent
subiect. for dissection and study.

Us shape is quite well described by its name ot sea-cucumber, or even
better of sea-pumpkin. When out of the water and in a contracted
state 'it is of an ellipsoidal, sometimes nearly spherical form; but when
alive'and undisturbed in the water it may take any one of several shapes,
from long and slender cylindrical to short and rounded or even dumb-
bell form Large specimens, which are a foot long, have the power of
extending themselves to two or three times that length. In cross section
the animal is somewhat pentagonal in form, and at each of tho angles
is a band of tube-feet running nearly the entire length of the body, C(,n-
sisting of two rows, the individual members of one row alternating with
those of the other. The skin is very lough and wrinkled and of a dark
reddish or purplish brown or chocolate color on the upper side shading
to grey, flesh color, or even white, on the side in contact with the bot-
tom The tentacles, which the animal may be seen to protrude when
Placed in a dish of water, or when undisturbed in some pool, are leu in
number, much branched, and very graceful when fully expanded.

This species lives about and just below low-water mark, preferring
hard bottoms and clear water. It can move but slowly and captures its
food, consisting chiefly of small animals, by means n, Us tentacles^ In
its development it passes through a metamorphosis m which the fully-
urown larva U«ri™?«W.) is of a red color, cylindrical, with a few coiu
strictions or annulations and four or five bands of cilia by means ot
which it can swim freely about.

I
I

49

» it

1

It has iilreiidy hccn pointed out in Sectinii I. of tlils paper (p. 9) tliau
tliis species is edible. Somo furtlicr investigations into its value for
food arc much 'lecded.

^^>- I'cntacta iiiiuiitu, (Lutken), V^kurill. Cucunwiria
viiimfa, (P'aijr.), (M). Oemis Ayrssii, 8t., (D). fJucuvi-
aria frondosa (GuNN.) FouuKS, (U), [Young.]
Drscripticn". (I))p. 1G.
Fkjure.

Distribution. («) General ;-'^\\iv to one hundred and
one fathom Maine, northward, and North European seas.
(h) In N. JJ. waters:— (inind Manan, "dredged on shelly
bottoms, in t'vcnty-five fathoms," Sttmpson, (D).

Tlioro is OU--.0 doubt as to whetlicr this is a distinct species, or onl}-
tlic young of P.frondosa. Duncan and Sladen in tlu^ir splendid memoir
(U), liold to the latter view; Prof. Verrill, (L), (W), and others, believe
the former. It is introduced heri' as a distinct species, on the authority
of Pi-of. Verrill, who has had better opportunities to study it than
others have had.

Follow. ..g is Stimpson's description of the species, (D): "Completely
cnc ised in calcareous matter in the form of polygonal plates somewhat
variable in size, but usually Equalling in area one-half that of the disk
of thi^ sucker. These plates have regular and eciual perforations in
quincunx, smaller in widtii than their interspaces. The suckers are
stout, and are distributed distantly in five rows, in the three ventral of
which they are much larger than in the two dorsal. There are about
seven suckers in each row, which are encased in the calcareous plates
on their sides. The tcntacula are short, and have few blunt branches.
The color is wlute, or pale fawn. Length usually two-tenths of an
inch; breadth 0.15 inch." Nothing is known of its habits or develop-
ment.

Older II. APODA.

Nu amhnlamtl feet, usiialh; no nspirat: >•// tree, and the tcntuelca nsiiaUi/ branched
or pinnate,

FAMILY SYNAPTID.T:,

HeriiaqihroUite aiid without riipimtori/ trees. nith xi/mh itrical cnhftreonii
bodies in the shin.

27. Caiidiiia arciiata, (Gould), Sti.mpson. [See Plate,
Fig-. 18.]

Descriptiox. (C) ji. 143. (M) p. 358.

4

50

Figure. (K) p. 97. (M) pi. XX.

DiSTRiiiUTiox. (a) General;— E-Ast Coast of America, Vine-
yard Sound to Massachusetts Bay and Gulf of St. Lawrence.

(b) In N. «. waters;— l^o'mt du Chgne, N. B., at low water,
Whiteaves, (P).

[vSelenka, (M), gives as a locality for th . species, Grand
Manan. But he was probably led into errc by the fact that
Stirapson mentions this species in his Synopsis in order to
refer it to the ^.ew genus Caiulina. Stimpson distinctly states
that '' it does not occur in the Bay of Fundy, notwitlistanding
its abundance on every sandy shore in Massachusetts Bay."
Verrill say? (Q), he has never been able to find it at Grand
Manan.]

This species is not likely to be mistaken for any other upon the Gulf
coast, the peculiarity indicated by its generic name distinguishing it
from all others. It is from two to four inches long, and over one-third
of this length is so attenuated as to seem in comparison with the rest of
the body like a ' ' tail." When alive it is very worm-like in appearance,
having no tul oet, being semi translucent and having a perfectly
fle.xibre skin, a shows, however, the stamp of the pentamerous Echi-
noderm plan in the 11 ve longitudinal lines which may be traced from
end to end of the body, the representatives of the lines of ambulacral
tube-feet. Around the mouth are about twelve short, non-retractile
tentacles, each divided near the extremity into several slender branches.
The skin has a finely granular appearance, caused, as the microscope
will show, by the immense number of little calcareous, wheel like plates
embedded in it. In color it varies from red to flesh-color.

Caudiua lives biu'ied a short distance in sand or mud in shallow water
and is often thrown upon the sandy beaches of Massachusetts Bay in
great numbers after a storm, and probably the same would be true upon
our north shore. Little is known of its habits and nothing of its
development.

28. Ciiirodota la'vis (FAiiUicius), Gri-he. TrocMnus
paUidus, (C), [See PUite, Fig. 19.]
Description. (C) p. 2-i;]. (U) p. 13.

Figure. (U) pi. I.

DisTRiJUJTiox, {a) 6'ewemZ;—Circum polar. Ea.«tport to
Greenland. Finmark and Lofoter, and possil)ly Oc^hkotsk
Sea and S itch a.

.* ,*

lit .

lit

1

!l

ol

* *

t

f

(6) In N. B. waters; — Grand Manan, low water to four or
live fathoms, Stimpson, (D). Eastport and Grand Manan,
under stones at low water, common, Verr'dl, (L), (N). Devil's
Head, St. Croix Kiver, plenty. Fuller, (II). Craig's Ledges,
Passamaquoddy Bay, lowest tides, abundant [under name
iSijnapta tenuis], Ganong, (X). Gulf of St. Lawrence, Whit-
eaves, (P).

Ibis ITolothuriiin is very worm-liko in appearance, witli its long cylin-
drical body entirely free from suckers or otber appendages. Wbcn
alive it is transparent enougb to sbow tbe internal organs and tlie five
longitudinal rows of muscles. In the spaces between these rows are
scattered little excrescences which are sometimes one twenty-fifth of an
inch in diameter, and which under the microscope may be seen to be
made up of a great number of little spicules in tha form of beautiful
and regular six-spoked wheels. There are twelve tentacles, each con-
sisting of a base and ten to tw(!lve branches or fingers. The animal
rarely exceeds four inches in length. It is of a pale flesh-color when
alive, and even in alcohol does not lose altogether its translucency.

As to its habits, Stimpson says: "This species is fully and well de-
scribed by Otho Fabricius, and his account of its habits applies precisely
to those of our species, as I have often observed at Orand Manan. It lives
in the stony mud of the shores of these islands, buried to a depth of a few
inches, usually in a horizontal position. It is found at low water, l)ut
is most abimdant at a depth of four or Ave fathoms." Nothing is
known of its development.

[Prof. Verrill tells the writer that in addition to those of
the above list, he has from the Bay of Pundy two species of
Trochodoma (formerly MolpacUa), Sijnapta, one or two more
species of Thyonidium, Thyonc scahra, and probably otliery.
These will be described in one of his coming reports].

1

1

gy^^

I^Sl

52

IV. SUPPLEMENTARY LISTS.

1. List of Species of Echinodermata dredged by Mr. Whit-
eaves, (P), in the deeper parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
but not yet reported from the Bay of Fundy.

Opbiuroidea.

A"jtrophyton eucncmis, ^SIull. and Trosch.
Ampliiura Holbollii, Lutken.
Ophioglyplia nodosa, Lutken.
Opliioglypha Stuwitizii, [fide Veirill, (AV).]
Ophioscolex glacialis, Mull, and Tr.
Ophiopeltis, iicav O. borcalis, Hars.

Asteroidea.

Asterias polaris, Mull, and Trosch.

V Pcdicellaster pala;ocrystallus, Sladen. [fklc Verrill, (W).]
Pedicellastcr typicus, [fide Verrill, "Am. Jour. Sci,"
xvi., 214]

Holotliuroidca.

rcntacta calcigcra, Slimps.
Eupyrgus scaber, Lutkcu.
Eupyrgus, nov. sp., fidr Verrill.
IMyriotroclius llinkii, Steenslrup.
Oligotrochus vitreus, Sar.'*. [fklc Wliileavcs ^MS.]
Moipadia turgida, Verrill. [fide Verrill, " Am.
Jour. 8ci." xvii,, 473.]

2. List of Species found by Mr. Whiteavos, (P), upon
Orphan and Bradclle Banks, those shallow water outliers of
the Syrtensian fauna of the deeper parts of the Gulf.

(a) On Orphan Bank.

Pteraster militaris.
Asterias gra-nlandicus.
Psolus phantapus.

T

53

{b) On Bradelle Banks.

Astrophytoa Agas8izii.
Ophloglypba Sarsii.
Opbioglypha nodosa.
Psolus phantapus.
Opbiocoma nigra.

3. List of Species dredged by Mr. Whiteaves in the shallow
southern basin of the Gulf, but not found within the limits
of this paper.

Cucumaria pentactes, O. F. Muller.

jMolpadia oolitica, Pourtalcs. )
Eupyrgus scabor, Lutken. ^

{fill' Wbitcaves MS ]

54

t

« ' t?

V.

THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF
ECHINODERMATA.

Like other animals, and, indeed, like all natural objects,
Echinoderms can only be studied from specimens. As far as
possible, they should be observed in their own homes and
under their natural conditions of life. But this is not enough;
they must be taken away to where their anatomy can be
studied at leisure and under more favorable conditions, and
to serve to illustrate to others, and to arouse in them an
interest in, these forms. How to collect, and, particularly,
how to preserve Echinoderms, must therefore be an important
part of our consideration of the grou}).

There are two methods of taking them, shore-collecting
and dredging. The best localities for both are found where
strong but not violent currents of the clearest water ilow over
bottoms of various kinds, but with rock and gravel predomina-
ting. For shore-collecting those places are particularly good
where the tide leaves among the ledges pools with bottoms of
gravel and scattered boulders. To such places the student
should go at the time of the spring tides if possible, for the
greater retreat of the water will lay bare many a treasure
inaccessible at other times. He should go clad in his oldest
clothes and long rubber boots, carrying with him one or two
ordinary pails, some small bottles or vials of alcohol iu his
pockets, and a spade for digging in the gravel, the handle of
which can be used as a lever for overturning stones. A com-
panion to act as general assistant will be found of great value.
Then, looking upon the less exposed open places, peering
under ledges and among boulders, searching among the sea-
weeds, digging in the gravel, overturning stones and scanning
their under sides, the student, if iiis heart be in his work,
cannot fail of a rich harvest.

f t

t

55

I

Bnt many species live always below low-water mark, and to
take such a dredge is required. The latter may be of the
same pattern for all depths. It consists essentially of an iron
frame, about eighteen inches long by six broad; the long sides
are scraping jaws of thin flat iron, somewhat diverging; the
short sides are simply round bars connecting the scraping pieces.
From the sides slender bars run convergingly forwards for the
attachment of the rope, and behind drags the bag (made of
very coarse canvas, or, better, fine netting), which is to catch
all that is loosened by the scraping jaws.* The dredge is to
be dragged behind a sail boat, and the student will learn
in a surprisingly short time all the proper methods, places,
precautions, difficulties, pleasures and uses of dredging, which
it would take many pages to set forth hero.

There are two principal ways of preserving Echinoderms,
dry or in a preserving fluid. The first method is much the
less expensive and in many ways the more convenient, bu'" is
not suited for specimens which are to be used for the study
of the internal organs or other soft parts. The only preser-
vative fluid of value is alcohol, the ordinary spirits of wine of
the druggists. Methyl alcohol or methylated spirits, which is
cheaper, may be u-sed for temporary storage and the like, but
it is not so well suited for permanent i)reRervation of valuable
specimens. But no specimen should be plunged directly into
the strong alcohol from water, for great shrinkage would
result. They should be placed first in alcohol which has been
diluted with nearl *s own bulk of fresh water, left three or
four hours and tn^A be transferred to the stronger grade,
littles with ground glass stoppers should be used for the
])ermanent preservation of alcoholic material, as they reduce
to a minimum the amount of evaporation.

For preserving specimens dry it is only necessary to fix in
some way the tissues so that the animal will keep its shape,
and then to dry it, preferably by artificial heat. A few Echino-
derms do not need this preliminary fixing but may be dried
at onco.

*Tli« limits of our space will not allow of a full description of tlie dredge or
dredKing: such may be found in almost any work on seashore animals, such fur
insta»ii'e as J. II. Kmertou's " Life on the Seasliore,"" [Salem, Bates. J

T

56

Cricoids. The Crinoids may be simply dried in the sun
or by artificial heat, but being fragile are best preserved in
alcohol. One can well afford the alcohol for a Crinoid.

OpniURANS. So abundant are the hard parts in this
group that if the internal anatomy be not needed, they may
simply be dried, preferably by artificial heat. Better results
are obtained by the method described below for Starfishes.

Starfishes. Some Starfishes will keep their shape when
simply dried in the sun, but most of them will expel water
and collapse under this treatment. But if their tissues be
hardened before the drying this will not happen. This can
best be done by taking them very quickly from a glass vessel
of water in which they are alive and expanded, and plunging
them suddenly into a vepsel containing enough alcohol of any
grade beween forty and sixty per cent to cover them. In
this they should be allowed to remain about half an hour,
when they should be taken out and dried by artificial heat.
This may be best done by placing them some distance above
a stove upon a piece of cloth supported by a wooden frame.
In this way the form and, to a great extent the color, of Star-
fishes may be beautifully preserved. Of course the alcohol
can be used for this purpose over and over again. There can
be substituted for the use of the alcohol in this method, fresh
water heated nearly to boiling, in which the specimens are to
be plunged for a few seconds only and then dried as above
directed.

Sea-TJrchins. These may be treated as recommended for
Starfishes, particularly when it is wished to retain the spines.
If simj'y the shell is wanted, the animal should be boiled for
a few minutes in a weak solution of caustic potash, when all
animal matter can be easily washed away.

IIolotiiurians. These can be Avell preserved only in
alcohol,

1 in the sun
preserved in
•inoid.

irts in this
id, they may
etter results
starfishes,
shape when
expel water
ir tissues be
I. This can
I glass vessel
nd plunging
Icohol of any
r them. In
lalf an hour,
tificial heat,
stance above
)oden frame,
olor, of Star-
e the alcohol
There can
nethod, fresh
3imen& are to
ied as above

nmended for
n the spines,
be boiled for
ish, when all

■ved only in

11^

y Society.

I

0(

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fkj.

Fig.

Fig.

Fi<i.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig,

After Duncan and Sladen, (U). One-

4.

After Dnnvaii and S/(idm, (U). Three
After DiDii'iin and Sladen, (U). One half

8.

9.

10.

Fig,
. Fig,

Fig.

Fi(i.

Fig.

Fi(i.

Fig.

Fi(i.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

FiG.

11.

12.

12.\

13.

14.

14.\,

If).

16.

16.\.

16b.

17.

18.
19.

1. Antedon J^sehtichtii.
bulf Diitural .size.

3. Oorironocepl)alusAgas.sizii. After Dunca,,. and Sladm {JJ).

One-half niitiiral size. ' * '

;!. Ophi()pho]i.s aculeata. After Ayas.h, (K). One-half natural

Ophioglyi)ha robusta.
times natural size.

Ophioirlypiia Sar.sii.
natmai size.

A^^erias Forbesii. After .1. Ar,am,, (K). One-half natural

Brachiolaria of Asterias Forbesii. After E. B. Wlhim From
W. k. Brook.s' "Handbook of Invertebrate Zoolosv "
Greatly maii,'iiitied. ''•'■

Stiehaster aibulus. After .SV/////W;;/, (I)). Xatural size.

Crossaster pai)posus. After ^o»7>av, (A). One-founh natural

Solaster enleca. After Vorlu-,, (A). One-fourth natural size
Cribrella sangulnolenta. After .1. Aga^uz, (K ). Natural size.
ITippasteria nhrygiana. After Verrill. Report U S Fi«h
Commission for 1883. One-fourth natural size ' ' "

Ctenodiscus crispatus. After A. Agamz, (K). One-half
natural size.

Pteraster militaris. Upper surface. After Dnncan and
hladen, (L;. One-half natural size.

P. miiitari.s Under surface. After ,V,„-,s. Copied bv r.m«,
lieport L . b. Fish Commission for 1883. One-half natural size.
Strono-yloeentrotus drcibachiensis. After A. Aqamz (Ki
One-hall natural size. '

f:cliinanicliiiius parma. After
natural size.

Phi tens of E. parma. After ./.
Companitive Zoology, Vol XII

P.solus pbant,.pus Under side,
natural size.

Lophothuria Fabricii. After A. Aqassiz, (K) One-half
natural size. ./ i v /

L. Fabricii, under side. After nnvran and Slade^i, (U> One-
hair natural size,

Larva of L, Fabricii. After J. IT. Emerton, " Life on the Sea-
shor<?." Greatly magnified.

Pentacta frondosa. After ./. R Emerton, " Life on the Sea-
shore." One-fourth natural . ze.

Caudina arcnata. After A Agassh, (K), One-half natural size.
Chirodota ianis. After JJuucav and tiladeiK (U). Natural size.

A. Agamz, (K). One-half

\V. Fi'wl-ex, Bulletin Mu.seum
No. 4. Greatly magnified.
MU'V Forben, (A). One half

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