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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames aa required. The following diagrama illustrate the method: Lea cartes, pianches. taliiaeux. etc.. peuvent ttre flim4e i dee taux da rMuction difftranta. Lorsque Ie document eat trap grand pour Atra raprodult en un seul ciich*. II est filmA i pertir de I'angie supMeur gauche, de gauctie i drolte. et de haut an has. en prenant la nombra d'imagae nteessaire. Lee diagrammae suhrants lllustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 *«aoconr msowtion tbt chart (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) I.I 1:25 iu l£|2£ ■ 2.5 |M ^^* ■h 1^ 1^2 ■ 2.2 IB |£i ■■■ |20 1.8 1.6 A >»PPLIED IN/Hnp u, '•Si Cost Moin Strnl (71«) 288 - S989 - fn BULLETIN No 12. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE — OF — BRITISH COLUMBIA. INFORMATION FOR FRUIT-GROWERS. Re-revlsed edition of Bulletin No. 12, published by the direction of the Honourable R. G. Tatlow, Minister of Agriculture, for distribution amongst the members of Farmers' Institutes ond others. J. R. ANDERSON, Deputy Minister of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C, 28th August, 1903. INFORMATION FOR FRUIT-GROWERS. -:o: LOCAUTY. pmg and the saving ,„ hanZTTt^oZtrnf^l"'''''' ^^""^"^ ^° ^''IP- suggest themselves to Intending orc^ardlsts »«*««arlly Immediately ^otTa^d.:^^^^^^^^^^^^ -leate .nits, .hlch -hort a time as possible after pi^^^T t.Tl ''^'^^ "" *''*' ""k^t m as «lte for a general orchard, i Is of nr,mo ?^^^'^^^'^' ^^ « I'^'rson Is seeking a first consideration. "*' P'^"*' linportance that locality should be a Selectiow of Site. ««e of the expression "esSilv ,n fh. "'"^ '" "« «^'«^"on. I make that the periods of actlvTanj domatov"^^^^ '- *»•« -"'o" o^arly defined as In many countries ^nd «.''""* "'" "•*" ''J' °« «»««»« as y part Of the country boLrg o^ihe fea ^^^^^^ "-- particularly to remain In bloom through the winter Pru^ t?^ ' '''?'" ""°^ P'«°*« ««e° do not mature their wood sufficient^ efriy anTt. ^ ^^ *' '""'"" ^''"«^' at a period which endangers the lifp^/ * ? ^''^ ^^ ''^t^n begins rising This can be controlled. In a Sea La/urnv T *'' "'''"^^^- «' ^«*« '^««t« Experience has shown that eastern - . "^ *'^^ '^'^t^«° «' a proper site adapted for orchards, ^ucreU/ureT t"dln7/'"" "^""-^^ ^^ ^^^ -^' m case of late frosts the Influence of the "hh! "'?"''*" ^"""^y ^^^^th- and on the trees. A north-western^xl^re ott ™ ?^ '"° "'""^ injuriously '«. I believe, the Ideal site for an o^ha^d TBr^ulTT '^^"^ 'a-ourable! exposure the unduly early growth is 1/ f ? ** Columbia. On such an coming sun Is minimised. aSThe uuf^I^:^'.'''" '"'"^"'^ °' *»»« early reason when It Is of the greatest ut^ ^J^^JZ '"' """""^° ^"°' «* *•»' .rou^ ra?enr f^r i?zr if t^ it-- -*^ -- -« ground Is frozen. Straw fern ZZ ^ '""''^^ ^^^ trees whilst the This serves to keep the ;;oun"';ro^er:nr:on:: "" .f ^^ '«^ '"^^ P"'^-- and prevents the sap rising too sZ wtr^TT"-^' "^'^ «^«"t *»>« ^ots. removed, and the ground cuIt^atTandthUM '"'''''"'''" '""^ '^'''''^ <^a° be ^- la the ca.e of pine or flr saw-d't and cl. ?''"'' "' " ""^ '^^ ^"« be removed, on account of the acrid pXpfe the^c^^lr' *''" ""'' ^"^ AppIeH nnd chcrrlp« thrive wf 11 on high Iniid with a good fall ; penm and pluiuH will do on lower nnd luort" humid hoIIh, but in all ca«*e8 thorough drainage Ih Indl»pen8able. On the ImwPt Mulnlnnd nnd the Islands the gravelly, flr-c-overod 8loi)es make excellent orchard sites for the flrst-mentloneil fruits and peacheH. whilst the lower lands answer for most other fruits. Light peaty soils are to be avoided for nil kinds of fru.s. Whilst it Is preferable to st^lect the best avallnble soil, it is not absolutely necessary, esiKtlally for apples, cherries and peaches, that rich alluvial bot- toms should be chosen ; as a matter of fact, low bottoms, alder, willow, etc., had better be avoided. The fruits mentioned thrive well on warm gravelly land, and, therefore, the flr-c-overed sloiies so common in this country are often preferable to the richer low lands, only the land should have those elements of fertility added which in such soils are naturally wanting, and the trees mulched during the hot. dry periods. The lower lands are more suitable to other fruits; nevertheless, low valleys with water lying or streams running through them, are generally cold and subject to frosts; therefore, such situations are not suitable for any kind of fruit, as the cold air, resulting in late frosts, often destroys the buds. Preparing the Lakd. It must be borne in mind that in ti.o Province of Britl.-M Columbia a great diversity of conditions exists, and It would, therefore, be futile to attempt to describe in a general way what should be done in the way of preparing the land for the reception of the young trees, that would suit all conditions. Land, when practicable, .. ould be well cultivated and. If necessary, fertilised with barnyard manure. A hoed crop is a good thing to prepare the land for fruit trees ; it will then be in good condition in the autumn. If it is decided to plant out the orchard at that time ; if not, the land can be left rough after the removal of the hoed crop, so that the winter frost may have a chance to pulverise the soil, and It can be harrowed in the spring before setting out the trees. In any case, whether a hoed cvop is used or not, the land should be deeply plowed and kept free from weeds. Many small farmers or settlers with small means, who take up bush lands, want, of course, to start an orchard, if only for family use, a very laudable and commendable wish. Such I)eople do not want to wait until the stumps rot out, and the question is often asked: What should I do? I have seen very successful orchards on sucu lands, the smaller stumps and brush having been cleared off and the trees plantetl between the large stumps. The bed should be carefully prepared, as described under the heading of "Planting," the land kept well cultivated about the trees and plenty of mulching used during the dry season, in the (>arly stages of the tree's growth, when the land Is gravelly and dry, as is frequently the case with flr-coveretl lands. Laying out ax Orchard. Having selected a site, the next thing is to lay out the orchard. This should be carefully done and each spot marked by a substantial post. There are several methods of planting, viz. : hexagonal, quincunx and square. The 5 of treoH ,.er acre 1h „, toUoJ^Z ' """'"' "^^ »*"- •»«'thoU the nuXr 10 feet nport eneli way ^- " „ -laj trees. Jo " 2- .. jj " J''-* .. ** " „ 170 ,. 20 .. 134 o.> , " ](»!» „ -^ •' .. {JO „ 30 •• «•' .. By qnlnounx pl«„ti„g one tree is set In fh„ ^ ^"^ " ,, * * To fln., the „,^,,t of trL ' "' '""' '"'"^•^' "" «»x>v-. *h"«- • one-half to the above IZ '7 "'"' ""'' ""« ""'♦"<><'. «<1.I • • «.re. 30 feet apart „dfo4 I'T''' ^""«' *« -»>^ ^rc^s ,M.r The ,„.stanc.e between the tr^ denen ,' "'" "''" '" ^'•*"^" ^ «-'• and upon n.ode of cultivation ".^pnih.fT" "^" "" """^-"'"^ ^^ult recon,nu.n,l apple trees being JZoil'l\ "' ""*' ''"''*• ^ "•""'•l "ever this Province. The followl^J ^re he d^ '"" '^ '*'"' "P""-* ^"^'"^ "ay , F etcher. Horticulturist of the wLlln^'Tf T'""'"'^^' '^^ ^'•«^- « W where the conditions, being slnlnr In ^Agricultural ExiKThnental Station for this Province.- "^ ''"'"" '"^ «"«• ««". may be ac-cepted as sZble Apples ''Pars **■■■■ 30 to 40 feet. • Peaches ' 18 to 2,j Apricots ] Plums " * [ 10 to 24 Sweet Cherries j Sour ■■■•••• 28 to 40 „ . , 10 to 24 Apples are sometimes olanteii oa *_* after they have become tc^^argl ,s cut out"'"'' ""^^ ''''' "'*-""*« t^-. "ved. are plantetl alternately. The trouLr^h 7^""''"'' "'^'^'^ '^'^ «Jiort- «;hen trees have become large and In fu^? L ^ *''" '^'"° ^"^ ^^e reluetanc-e. Often, m Allowing them to sTand and so r^^ ."''' *" ""* *^""' «"*- '•^^"Itln,/ oTSit^gi- ~ - - -rsv^.: rnrn:!'and^:^: Puf J;^^^^^^^^^ .a boo. .ept for the tags are lost, as Is Invariably the case thITarr, "''*^' '^ ^^^^^ "h^" the and much trouble and vexatL avold;d laterTrl '"" ''"^'•^" ""' '^'^''^^'' When to Plant. 6 oondltlonB of Brltlnh Columbia, It !« clearly Imp Mmible to give any bard and fast rule an to the best time to plant fnilt trees. Speaking generally, the early uutumn and whiter Is preferred when» the climate admits of It, say on thP Islands and that part of the Mainland to the westward of the Coast Range. In the Upi)er Country or Dry Belt, fall planting Is not always practicable. Therefore, It Is evident that local conditions must enter very largely Into the question. I am certainly of opinlcn that the better time for transplanting Is In the autumn, when jioiwlble. Above all .whether your orchard Is planted In the fall or spring, the trees should not be kept out of the ground longer than Is absolutely necossary; the roots should never be exposed to the weather ; alwayn heel In the trees until you place them In the places they ore Intended iHTmanently to occupy. Planting. The planting of a tree Is an operation that, whilst not requiring much skill, yet requires the greatest care, as on that, the tree being a healthy one, greatly depends the success ot It In after life. Having selected your tree, whic' should be sound and healthy, free from Insect pests and diseases, the roots h. luld be carefully looked over, all broken or bruised ends cut off smoothlj', and the head tut away proportionately with the roots. Having dug the place (not a hole as If for a post) at least a spade's depth, and a diameter of some four feet, and thrown the earth out, replace the top earth so aj to form a sort of pyramid, the ce.itre being the spot where the tree Is to stand and about the general level of the surrounding land. On this mound place the tree. Inclining It slightly towards the quarter of the pre- vailing winds; spread out the roots carefully; the tree will then be higher out of the ground than It should be. Fill In with good earth, well pulverised, and tramp down carefully and lightly, so as not to Injure the roots, shaking the tree up and down by the trunk every now and then so as to get the earth well settled about Its roots. When the place Is filled and the earth well settled down, the tree should be about the proper depth In the ground, that Is, at the same depth It was when In the nursery, the last Inch or two of soil should be left loose, for the well-known reason tha '. It acts as a mulch, preventing evaporation. Young trees, well planted, do not generally require staking. If staking is deemed necesisary, a stout stake, well sharpened, so that no injury may be caused to the roots, may be driven close to the tree and the tree bound to It by any soft material, placing a pad between the tree and stake at the point at which they are fastened together. Sometimes the stake Is driven diagonally and bound to the tree at the point of Intersection. Another way Is to use two stakes driven a foot or eighteen Inches from the tree on either side, and the tree secured by means of hay rope from one stake to the other. Care should be taken that the bands are loosened as the tree grows. Downing, in his book on " Fruit and Fruit Trees of America," says : — "Avoid Deep Planting.— More than half the losses in orchard planting in America arise from this oniiae, and and the equally common one of crowding the earth too tightly about the roots. No tree should be planted deeper than it formerly grew, as its roots are stifled from the want of air, or starved f '!» idea. Of t„„tl\i"'' ""•' «■• «'"»o. „leV" .tT";."" ■» -»"■•"•'«■■. *« "^msenes. The one looks ,„w.„ "" ^^^ oontrastlnir ^•^^nslders Jt v^rv^n h .""^^ ^"'"^ Penetrated by the ,^ n^ " ^'^ ""PP'^ o* '"*o the s^:Z Sb : ho^ "^''* «' " trunlheoJo C"' M?'' ^''^ ^'^'^ t«U8tlng to What hTi^ ^ ""** «"PP"^« with the W ' ^^""^ ^« *'»'•'«'*• to make roots aid L-h' '" ^"^^« ^^^ ineitV^l^n '^'"""'^ "' '»«»"«. t-ms differ lLeth™;rr^^ ''"^ clrcums^an^''"';; T?"^ <>' "«ture I'aratlon necess^rv fn * ^ ""*"•■« °' the cuX« J* ^""^ **>«* the •»eaM sufflS tn w ""'^^ ''"" trees In En.r^«nrt ""** ^'^^ «^^ater pre- tion therer^hl^e^r ^'^ ^^« <»'«^-nt n^od^sXrlXliT ^ ''^ ''^^ "• ^ne same opera- The n^lstake is oftet'lZ ''""'" '"" ^^^"^«- trees, f rom o ' to J "^ ^"^'" '»'«take. Ap^i? ^f/ *^^ "« «head so many -. -'"^.1:;;^ t X;^f 'r ^'^^^^t.r'.: :;Tp?:r r ^"^°- hood of Injury to the Lf ^ "^ *''^» ^««iJy token nn^.^K'""^'^' "«• to «Peedlly recover .JSr^' k"' """''^ transportS^ less'^' ^-^th *^" '"««' llkell- better transpIameT? *''" "'^'^ **' transplant^ pL"t ^^ *« ^«' «neside^ than Is necess«rf r^ ® ""^'"^ "ttle pruning «nH ?^ '^ accepted that all 1» all ces, a,, to tte L , ' , °'' '^ ""' P"ainMaI oTaS^! f f ^' « "W f;^««,, betog lea. liable ,'"!'"""*• '^"•' tie aoa, LZmT/^. '°™ »' "^o "' -- - "■»-'" itiiviVonrr:- ' - -c°^' "°* of the fruit being more ■J 8 easily pk'kcnl. Tlu'He sj-stei'w will always have their advocates and both uiiqiiestionably have their atlvantagei;. After all. local conditions and other couHiderations uiuKt always lie guides, to n certain degree, of the form best adapted for the lo<;ality. Downing, than wlioni no better American ai. liority on fruit trees exists, as far back as 1S45, in his excellent wr.-k entltletl •• Fruits and Fruit Trees of America." says in reference to pnuiing : — " In this country almost all fruit trees are grown as standards. Tn this way they develop their natural forms, attain the largest size, and produce the greatest (jnautlty of fruit, with the least iM)sslble care. Our bright and IHiwerful sun, reaching every part of the tree, renders the minute systems of pruning and training, which (Krupy so large a iMtrtion of the English works on this subject, of little or no moment to the cultivator here. Pruning is, therefore, commonly resorted to only for the pun>ose of increasing the vigour of fwble trtH's, or to regulate and imiirove the form of healthy and luxuriant trees. " I'runlng has the power of Increasing the vigour of a tree In two ways. If we assume that a certain amounl of nonrishnient is supplied by the roots to all the branches and buds of a tree, by cutthig off one-half the branches, at the proi>er season, we direct the whole suip'.y of nourishment to the remaining iKU'tion, wiilch will i-oT.stNiuently grow with nearly double their former luxtirlance. Again, when a tree becomes stunted or enfeebled in its gi-owth. the thinness of its inner bark, with its consequent small sap vessels (which, it must be rcmcmbcrtHl, are the principal chaimels for the passage of the as<'en«llng supply of f. where their leaves cannot l»e duly exinised to the light and sun, or those which interfere with the growth of otners. All pruning of large branches in healthy trees should be avoided by examining them everv season and taking out suiMTttwus ,4'«wts while smaii. Mr. Coxe, the best American 9 author on frnlt trees, remarks very trulv ' Uh pruned they are apt to throw on7«. " ^^^" °'*''*'"'* ^^^ are much bougha ,n the following sXr ^2^^,,^^^''':^^ ^"^'^^'^ '-- "^^ aroear. or they may easily be brokenTff win^ "^^^ °" '^^^^ "»ey first apt to Increase their number.' " ^ ^^'""S *°^ brittle; cutting is rromVe Tr^Z r^:rS.:r:LZZ r ^r ^'^^^^ ''--•^^ out away has attained a sufficient LturlSs t mr^7fu 'l '*"'*'" '"^*" ^'^^ *r"°fe effects of wind and weather. ^^^'* "'^ *'«''«* and withstand the Of 3jr;:sra^d-;:urtrm t^i :rr"^ ^^^•^^^ *^« --«'- Injudiciously trimming off the sMp ^Z, ^ ,^ ' '"° *°*^ ^'o^d^r stems, by attract and elaborate the sap thus nm^?.. "" *^® ^^*^«« which would the stem, and the trunk of the tr^ d r^oT.^'^'^'T * ''' '''' ^'^'^ <> when the side branches are allow^ '0^:^10 JoTrT. " '''' '"^' ^ ^^^^^ «« Rradually. itte better, In the case of ThL ^^' ^""^^8 *'»«'« a^ay . ftir I*. « «,e ™rl„™ fo™, „, Cine tte L!^ ' '^°'°"*«. «"« 10 yi^j?' 1.— Pyramidal or standard form of txiiii. 11 2.~Vase /orni of top. 12 3.— Modified form of top. After the tree has attained sufficient strength the lower branches may be cut away to n point at which it Is Intended the tree should head, whether as a standard or otherwise. The pruning of mature trees requires to be done with prudence and care, the object being to keep the head of the tree open so as to allow a free circulation of air and sun, the removal of obnoxious cross and dead limbs, the shortening back and thinning out of fruit spurs, which In time become too numerous and unduly lengthened, with the consequence that there Is an over-production of fruit of an inferior quality. The best period for pruning Is just after the leaves have fallen, or in winter during mild weather, never after the sap begins to rise in spring. For summer pruning Downing recommends a fortnight before midsummer : "Wounds made at this season heal over freely and rapidly; it is the most favourable time to judge of the shape and balance of the head, and to see at a glance which branches require removal ; and all the stock of organ- Isable matter in the tree Is directed to the branches that remain." When it is found necessary to cut off a large limb, the wound should be carefully smoothed with a knife, as indeed all wounds should be, and the part covered over with some c-omposltlon. Downing recommends the following:— " Take a quart of alcohol and dissolve in it as much gum shellac as will make liquid of the consistency of paint. Apply this to the wound with a common pa" * brush, always paring the wound smoothly first with a knife. The liquid 1 omes perfectly hard, adheres closely, excludes the air perfectly, 13 the time Of the 0'^'* "' "'•^*^'- P^'^'^r Anyth,u.%fr^^ '''^"'^"0° Of fruit buds IT, f ^' "^""^'^"^ '«m causi t,l*^ f''"* '""''^ « tree at «!"«]. than a I Jut? *'"" ^"^ ''"^'^ '"ore frultT^dL „,f T^ '^'•'"«"o» 't«elf before dS^'V;^; " ^^^ to be aa effort of n r'' ^''^"^ »>«^'« «t the right f mi r™"'°^ ^"' In some sense !« ""^"''^ *« reproduce fact tot itlTr,^'^ "; ^'^''^^ *« -p:Z'ee^^s [f ""Cr -^^ ^^ <^one -auaiit.o.cv"'" "- -- - -t this .•atL/ou^;a^r im"r:: into bearl«rb7^Irdfir!/°'' *^^ ^"'^^^^ of forcing tree, ., ^•'"ter by digL" n tr k °^ ^'•»" buds, it is Snf ?''^' ""'^ ^^««d, Many tree * Polunatiox. <^thers called u^^,^''"'"'--^ '^^ «"« Indivldua andTh f '^ ^*^^«"«' that ^•'xes on th^,;rTH"^ ""■" «elf-fertlle, that Is hat. ..'"'"^' '^^ «"«tber. ^'»i« Bulleth! beZJ . I'""'- ^" «f the cu t v;tt^ f"^,/'' '^^•^'•« «' both ivsulMng m th. f, ^^^ '""«r class, but hllT ^'"^^"^''^^s treated of m '-rsll•^^^ret,^s:rlre'^^^^^^ ^"e following varletl^:'!!*^'"^' '' P""'^ «o, among;* ScL j taT"' ""'^ -4/>»/r« o-^ ' "leution 14 Therefore, It is inadTisable to plant large blocks of any of these varieties alone; every alternate row, or even every second or third row, should be irianted with some other variety which flowers at the same time. Any variety, whether it is self-fertile or not, will fertilise any other variety. Other tree fruits are mostly self-fertile, so there is no need to trouble about them. Strawberries, amongst small fruits, are often self-sterile, In which case it is advisable to plant other varieties in proximity. Vabieties Recommended. For commercial purposes, a great variety of each kind of fruit is not recommended. It is better to profit by experience and plant only those varieties which are known to be profitable. Having these facts in view, the Board of Horticulture, after due delib- eration, published the following leafiet, which I recommended to intend!' g orchardists : — "The following list of varieties of fruit was adopted by the Board of Horticulture at a meeting held on the 23rd of November, 1900, and subse- quently revised, as one to be safely recommended genernlly for orchards for commercial purposes. It must be understood, however, that the list does not contain the names of all the varieties which may be safely and, probably in many cases, profitably grown : Fob Vancouveb Island and Otheb Islands. Apples. Late Summer Yellow Transparent. Early Fall Duchess of Oldenberg and Gravenstein. Pall , /Wealthy, \Blenhelm Orange, 'King of Tompkins County, Canada Reinette, I^mon Pippin, Salome, Winter '' Grimes' Golden Pippin, , Red Cheek Pippin, Belle de Boskoop, Fallawater, ^ Cox's Orange Pippin. Crabs. Florence. Hyslop. Fall Pears. /Bartlett, \Beurre Boussock, J . p jj f Louis Bonne de Jersey, (Beurre Clairgeau, Winter Vicar of Winkfield. 15 Early .. ^'•'«*- *'^^-««»*» /Black Diamond. I Monarch, fPond'a Seedling, Late ... I ^e'low Egg, j^'^*''' Golden Drop, [Grand Duke, Utallan Prune. Early .. ^*''^*- Later Black Tartarian. \ '^^^^ /RoyalAnue, U« . Lateat rEugUsh Morello, . ^*®^ jB«lle Magnlflqu; /^reserving. ) Olivet, ' . (Lake Duke. /Preserving and Dessert Peacttea. ®"^y /Alexander, T -♦ ™ * Hale's Early. '****^»" /Early Crawford, (Early Charlotte. Fob Lowkb Mainland. i^te Summer ... ., „ «•■"» fec°- 1 Blenheim Orange. fnibstone Pippin, j Lemon Pippin, I Salome, Winter.. I ^^aiden's Blush, jCanada Relnette, JCox's Orange Pipp,n, King of Tompkins County, Sl^TT ?'"'^° ^^PP^"' I Belle de Bcskoop. Crabs. ^^''P' Martha. 16 Pears. \ Bartlett, Pall ' Heurre Bonssook. llJr. Jules Ouyot, j Beurre Clairgeau, Late Fall J Beurre Hardy, i LouiHe Bonne de Jersey. Early Plums. Clyman, each. Late f Grand Duke. \Monarch. German, Early ... Late Fall Prunes. Italian, Peaches. . .Hale's Early. ( Early Crawford, (Early Charlotte. Cherries. Giant Early f May Duke, ' \ Black Tartarian. riloyal Annt Later J Wlndsoi MLiambert. rEngllHh Morello, Latest Olivet. I Belle Magniflque. Fob Uppeb Cocntby. Apples. Early California Astrachan. Early Fall / Duthess of Oldenberg, ( Jei'sey Sweet. Gravenstein, Suow, Mcintosh Red, . Wealthy. /Blenheim Orange, Early Winter ' Cox's Orange Pippin, [Fall Pippin. fVandevere, Winter -| Blue Pearmain. I King of Tompkins County. Late Fall Late Winter 17 Red-Cheek Pippin, Jonatbnii, ISpltzeiiburg, Wagner, Xortlieru Spy. Craba. f: Ilyslop, Transcendent. Pcar8. »-„ rFlenilsh Beauty, *^*" -Bartlett, • tfieurre Bousgock. "" Louise Bonne de Jersey. Early Winter /Beurre Clalrgeau, " (Winter Nells. Early Plums. Peach Plum. Mid-Season ^ Black Diamond, \ Monarch. Late (Pond's Seedling, "( Yellow Egg. Prunes. Italian. Concord, Niagara, Sweet Water, Grapes. Moore's Diamond, Chasselas, Neuchatel. Early Later Latest Cherries. Black Tartarian, Woyal Anne. 'English Morello, Belle Mugnlflque, Olivet. Late Duke. Peaches Early f Alexander, ( Hales Early. Mid-Season f Early Crawford, ■ ( Early Charlotte. IH " November 8th, 1002. meetlnrth";ra''m;mL't? ,T''"^ *" *'' """"^ "' Horticulture at It. last tlons- -^ ^*'^' '^^ *** ™«''^ "•« following representa- those varieties of fruit tree* whinh *- •"•"'■riiMi purijoses to buy only impossible to estimate M. thJ? ? ' *''*' **^''"'* P'"^' ^^^^ «hl<^h l* of the Board. . *'^«l'«<^to"- "f Fruit Pests. \ aueouver. or any member " We have the honour to be, " Sir, " Your obedient servants, " J. R. Andebso:?, "Deputy Minister of Agriculture. "Thos. Cunmnoham, " Inspector of Fruit Peats." Whebe and How to Buy rtock, „n4 therefore. ..T^mT^^. ""* " P""™"'* "> '""Ported obtataed from .ocl B..r2r^r ^^^^^im 'T/r'''^ '■^' ""^'^ '^ ss'Tf rrd;.rrr.i ztT"'' "- -.rrraifX." Of ,.e ..^ .e. WUZ.:t.r. '^JZ^JZ'ZTZZJZ 19 name. „,„i the Vl^tainon'or'^LX'*."*.**"'^ *"'''• '^"^»* "■ "« true to done without consent. n el. of J / J """" '^"^ "«»»«» ^--nnot b^ of InHpeotlon Jg avoided, for it n,.«t^ r!. ^L ^""^ "*'"'"'"^3^ «««» -MK.n8e rou, any ,K>l„t outnlde „f the k"' noe^.^r'^'T' '""* "" """*'>' -took i-siv — - o-^ - - -d^nnTth^ .r zr^iLT;: """?r{r "^"^""^ "^- St.. for •- naaue o„tor;: dllli^r oHhe" ""'^ ''''''' "--y..„ ,,ou,d not the orchard, nor should It""^ l^e o'XVr "" '"^ ^ >-«""»" between well-nmrked geoi:ranhlP«i „ J u """•• '* "«"'-i-ss frnlt trees, plants or nu^serTs Jk '1 '' • '^l'!"'^'^^' ^"'^l" the Province, or nursery stock Into the ^ ovlnt' wlthomST '? "'^ '™" *^' P'«°ts carry on such business m the Prrvlnc^ ts ,„ th. ^""^ ^'*«^°^ « "<*n<^ to AH persons authorised tn ZT ^^^^ ^""^ provided." by their principals :?"' Lmlu^rto T^ !"" '""'^ ^'^^'''^ «- required of Agriculture, Victoria, for t"e ilu^rm T" *^°^'' *° ^^^^ Departme^ The public is. therefore warn^' nTto LST"" '' '''''' o''"^""-" duly Ik-ensed persons. to purchase nursery stock except from The following, by Geo. C. Atwood in »/. . applicable to purchasers of treeVTnd . °*'^ Gentleman," is as Canada asm the United States:- nurserymen and agents. In I, I 20 "OOOD ADVICE TO ht-VTM OT TtTXn. tluit tho k-tl u iMuiKht. «K 1... wipiKmnl. valuubl*. varletl.^. ,„ul „ft..r they came Into iK-urlng they „rov,Hl to .h. ..othluK but H.rulm or Inf -r o/«mlll«KZ •our n„„h^ Mhould hnve in-vu K««.t. ml currantH white, ef. '^'♦'^""«*- get h M tr,H.H l„t« »H.arl«K. only to fln.l ,h„t he han Ihm... vlethulH^l Such The enHe Mth whld, „ label may l»- . han«e,l from one trtn. to another, and the lo«K hne It taken for a tree to Inmr. are Inviting to an un«..run uIouh agent, ami m.me fall into the temptation. ui"Hrupiiiou8 hnnli!' M '""^?'^-'' "' '"^^ •■"'"*'*' '" ^"*" **^"*«' "' ''^'•'«' York are gt-own bv honournble and renponHlble nurneryn.en-meu who know their buslneHH. nni who ktH.p their varletleH 'true to nan.e.' S the Ann who nent bin. to you. giving a full account of the transact! ..,. nnd they will acknowledge it. "Any one who buys trees .should be a« .autlous abf,ut it as if he were reliable, established and responsible nurserymeu or their acc-redited agents Plant fret, y of varieties of established value. Invest but little in new things «nt 1 you have tested them on your own land, and avoid all purchas ^ varieties when unreasonable claims are made for them." MaNIBINO and Ml'LCHINO. Barn-yard manure is the very iK-st fertiliser that can l,e used in orchards. If that cannot be obtained, then reurse must be had to artificial fertilisers. L2' t '^^^''*''"* '" ^''""* '*^'- ^^'*^ '^^^^ 1« « fl"« thing about frul trees as they promote fruit-bearing rather than woo«'« J."tKnH-..t: .m.Uhh don. IW.t i t,. 1 to T ^'V'"' •^»»'""'"« r«n.lro« r.-"u.,n.H.r that k.hhI .nltlvat in.^v,;; ri:''"'' 1'"' "'•"• '^ In wHI to ""--nt to ...vent undue .urra.. .::::::: J jx :r; :;; :.,r"'^""^ iBRruATlOX. -..n??r wlirr' ;:.:;;;i;:;S .-.-.... ....tmHa,,. .„ t.... ....,, or t,. AlhHt then. Ik „s Kr. , , C 'a t. ^dl n^ ' """ ' '" -••«••-» lu.atCHl. of an l»Hum..h.n';:'^.«..-.r and Thief Of the anH..;r :r:;tLr Tr lid ^:::;::[ r ^ ^^ ' ---- —h contl..„on8 a..d the evapor tkm/relr fh ' ^ '''" "" """"«''* 1h .nore crops at leant, enough >mer ZC the J^'T '"""' ''' '''' "'^ «'-'^^"«'->' fro.n 4 to 0 Inches In depth erhnlh^ "ZZrnZlVn *'^ ^'""""^ maintained on far less. i„ Arlzo.in xvhn;„ « orchards have In-en practically ..ntlnuons thr„Uou the year twir" ""T '' '"'«^"^' •"'"« "^ i» Monta... Where the cr^ sea^ i^ ^r^:;:; uL ^^ ;:r 1^ 1^" SUBSHQUENT TREATMENT. • l«notl.Uendedtogolnt7anthedetl^^^^ '*"""« '^^ orchard, It etc. This information can he obtadnnfh'' nT""'' '"''' «« «^™>-^"^- Department. A word however Tlu i "* Bnlletlns issued from the be amis, it mnrbL'S^^raral Ltm ZT'''' ^' ^"'^""^ ^'^ -* Off the same piece of land at the same'tte there;:reT,'s """'^* *" ^^'^^^ expc^rult trees to flourish and bear good UufX"J;r:S7r;m^^ '&« under selection of iite. tij 22 hv lh!.'*''*'*"l'^\. ^?^" ^'^ "'* ^°""« «"'* ^*>« 8'-«»"'i 1« not f"»y occupied by their roote. hoed crops may for a few years be cultivated with advantage. in, I 'iu^'t l'""^' "^''"- *^'''''" ^" ""^'"^ " a fertiliser, If It Is ploughed !ll' 'il^ ^^l^^fon. Sod should never be allowed, especially about young trees. The cultivation In an orchard should never be deep enough to Injure the roots of the trees, and It should be continue through the summer with a cultivator. In order to keep the surface In good tilth. Gbafting Is a process by which a scion Is Inserted on a stock In such a manner and at such a time that they unite, and the scion then forms the head of the tree Grafting may be done at any time after the leaves have fallen, the best time being about the time the sap Is rising, the scions having been previously cut and kept In a cool place, so that tbe scion Is not quite as far advanced as the stoc'k on which It Is grafted. The great secret of success Is, Ist-The health and vitality of both scion and stock; 2«d-That the operation Is performed at the right time; 3rd-The perfect union of the bnrk (the Cambium layer) o^ he scion or graft with that of the stock; 4th-The thorough exclusion of air Provided these rules are observed, there Is no reason why every graft should not succeed, but, as Is the case with all other matters In connec- tion with horticulture, the rules must be observed or failure will result ^„7nm !Jf ""o "^ *" '""''•' '•™^''^'' J""*^^ *''"° 1« generally regarded by the uninitiated. Great misconception also, I have found, exists as to what stocks can be used for grafting; like upon like Is a sine qua non. For Instance an apple cannot be successfully grauetl upon a pear stock, or vice versa, nor' the cherry on the plum. Such unions may grow, but they survive but a short time. The apple may be grafted upon apple or crab stocks; the pear on pear or quince stocks; the plum and apricot on plum seedlings. As for attempUng to graft fruit scions on such stocks as willow or alder, as I have heard It gravely asserted. Is purely nonsense. The first step In grafting Is to secure suitable scions. These should be cut after the leaves have fallen; they should be of the same year's growth healthy and vigorous, and from trees of well-known quality. It Is needles^ to say that all weak, diseased and Infected scions should be rejected Havlne scvured the scions, they should be tied In bundles and labelled, and If not required for Immediate use. I have found It a good plan to bury them In the ground or In cold climate kept In a cool cellar In a damp condition. When required for use, a section of the scion with three or four buds Is cut off and T^'n l^ r/r"" "*f ^"^ "' '° "°^*'^''' P"*- " '« «»«'«y« preferable that a graft should have a bud near each end; In fact, It should be cut off at the top exactly at a bud. It Is of the greatest Importance that scions should be taken from those trees which have proved themselves to be of undoubted superiority It Is alwf/. the case that some particular Individuals distinguish themselves over their fehows by more vigorous growth, better bearing qualities and finer quality of fruit. Those trees should be selected from which to obtain scions for grafting or buds for budding. L. H. Bailey, the greaVime^Za authority. In speaking on this point, says— American 23 growth. Some are uulformlv nr J» « *'***'^ vigour and habit of ductlve. We kno.^<^ t^af ^louTLrtl.'; r'. r^^ "^ ""^'^^'"•y »»Pro- of the tree from which they ^re taken^ tr.*° '"''''^"^ ^'^^ ^'>"''^*«™ taking cuttings from a rose b««h n, ^ gardener would never think of does not bear flowers. Thy should a frn?r*'''°"'" ""' ^ ^'^™^"«'^ -W<^'» Which he knows to be unprofitable' '^^'^''""-^'^ ^^'^^ «<^lon« from a tree farming. I an convinced Thnttn.l Z"*"^*^"** «^^«""flc methods into our amount Of treatmontVC I'rt^ The rargTn?^ Ttt 'T'' '' «"^ Which win breed or every hen which wll.Tay a .atfu/ of el ""' "'''' ""''' There are various ways of grafting mL\ffy,^ ^ grafting, tongue-grafting and cleft gr7ffl„rThf m ^^'""'^•^^st being spllce- glven win enable the reader more r^fdnv . . "J^^^atlons which are here methods. They are airnrettv nenrir^ ^, '"''" ""^ ^^"^ «' *•>« <«ff-'rent be adopted mus^t large" riStrc:nS;:f„rchre*'^« -^^-- - to Of thetmesiL^: rtraMh:v:rk7i?orb^r,:s''^ ^^'^^^ •^-^ «*-^ «-«- as If the bark forms a tlttZ^nll Z^IL'uVaU ll^^lT '""^*"^'^'' success. ""^ " " '^'^ that Is necessary to Splice Gbaftino. can rr^irri »;i.r„.r.:r cr^^ -. .uo...„,.. grafting-wax or clay. *"® ^'*<*'® covered with Figure 4-0 the stock, b the scion. 24 Tonoue-Gbaftino. Figure No. 5 Is very similar to the former method, only that a tongue IS cut m the stock and a corresponding one In the sdon, which fit Into one another. It Is a little more troublesome than spllce-graftlng, but Is better when the sizes of the stock and graft do not correspond. Bind and treat In the same manner as described before. '^'^'"tt^ti'^nfZ\nt^%^'^Vti^^^^^ ?!;?? "'"^'i"^- £' ^"« «'^ or thereabouts. An ordinary sharn^r^Z k'' "°*" ***^ ""'^ °' ^"^«t. purpose 18 preferable, as the handfe TZ \ "'^' ''"* «°« ""^^^ 'or the lifting the bark. ^^^ ^' ^ constructed that It can be used for -sor Vhrjid^s TeTeSr^t^rrr"^"" -^^ - ^^^ — Of Which is at the base of each ea" IT' TJ"** *"""^' "°^ *»>« buds, one «clon or stick, as It is called, cut off tt ,!? ^'T^' "*'''°« ^'^^^^ yo"r proceed by making a tran^me Zil . ^^'' '^"''^"« ^'^^ '««' ^t'llk- and northern side of the stik. genrrLlt ns n^^ 1 *^' '"''' ^^'•«'^^«'>'J' ^^ the that incision make anothe; re downward /n. f'""^ "' "^°^^°^^'^*- ^^o'" and with the handle of the knlfnis^ 1!^ f ^'k" *°'^ ""** '^ ^«^' Jo°«. ward incision. Then (it being nec^s^rvthii In T '"^^'^ *"''^« «' *»•« dov.^. thin smooth Slice of the woc^'frm^: an ifch' '' '"" ''^'^^ ^"* '^ the bud win be about the middle (SeeFi^!r.'ar t '''" '"'''^ ^^°«' «« ^^at by the leaf stock in the incision and 2^V1' """' ''''' «"**• »^«'^"« 1* length, cutting off the top to m'tSe tr«n» *^«^°^«'-'i *« "early its whole round With matting or Jton^t i^not very t^^^^^^ 1° T,'''^'''' ^'^^'^ »'^°'* leaving the bud exposed and flnishir Jt i^ ^ beginning at the bottom, v^lll be pretty well able to JudgTwhether thP h*?'. ""'''' * ''''''' "°>« y«» leaf stalk, if it fa„s off you marb^ nret * . ' *"''^°' ^'^ ^^"^'^^^ tbe and m a fortnight or so. if thTbud C«\T I? ''"'' «" '' ««'"« «» well. Should be loosened and eventulllv ~ , T^^^ ^""^ "'"""P- ^^e bandage the spring that ^he bul Sn t" sweUcS oiT'^" ''^"' *»»« "'"^ '» bud. some three laches or so tL portion .f.. I '^'^'^ ^ "*"« «bove the to the bud as It starts to gr.w, and to whrh^I h' T"" '''''' "« ^ «"PPOrt a« It has attained sufficient sT;ength vvTeL " "^ ""^ """' «"^»> ""'^ quite near the bud in a sloS kSon ^'T^'* "''""^^ ^« '^"^ ^w«y bud Should. Of course, be remoX as ti^ ^ar ' ""^ ''^*^ '^''^^ *^« ip^ 30 Plate 9, adapted from Downing, give* cuts of budding Itnife, budding stick; a. bud cut ready for insertion; 6, stock showing Incision and tlie flniahed operation. Figure 9. VICTORIA, B. C: Printed by Richard Wolfmden, I.S.O., V.D., Printer to the Kinj-i Moat Excellent Majesty. 1903.