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DfTA Hopticu rLTl-HK OF THK PROVIN'CK (,p qukBK(; H>itoiniil(igir-Hl Blanch BULLETIN No 41 Treatment of Potatoes and Seed Wh eat BY GEORGES MAHEUX, B. A., F. E. Entomologiail IriMpector Solution of fornmlin in the barrel : above one bag of patatoes. plaeed to drain on crossed planks after the bath. Published by order Of the Hon. Jo.-Ed. Caron Minister of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec 1917 Treatment of Potatoes and Seed Wheat I.—POTATOES. Object of th« tr«atin>nt. Thanks to the transportation facilities which have multiplied commercial exchanges, the enemies of the potato have increased considerably within the ast years. We actually have to face a serious problem: that of fightinR energo- tically these parasites and clearing, at all cost, our fields of the diseases that constantly tend to reduce the yield of your crops. Every farmer wishes a good crop, his desire is that it be abundant and undecayed; now in many districts of our country-, this hope is or|ly a chimera if the horticulturist does not decide himself, without delay, to adopt and practise the very simple treatment yet excellent, that we are preconizing further on. The latter enables to kill the disease while it is yet in the state of a rather harmless germ and assures interesting results to its user. Pi— ate». 1. Powdery scab: the most dangerous of all diseases that are actually to be found in Quebec. The United States consider this scab of such a serious nature that they have taken radical steps against it: so, a special law has been pas.sed forbidding the import of patatoes from countries where this disease is causing Its ravages; our province is included in this number. 2. Common scab (disease of rich grounds) : very common ; it even occasionally happens that it is impossible, in certain places, to find seed tubers that are not affected by it. 3 LMe potato or heat-stroke: usually accompanies the common scab and IS to be found as frequently. 4. Rot of stored potatoes (dry and wet) : diseases which develop on the potatoes dunng the winter, in cellars; often affect the total supply, thereby rendering the victims useless for plantation. 5. Black leg: very common, specially in the Maritime Provinces, where it has caused the loss of 10% of the crop of 1915, or a deperdition of $700,000. 6. Potato canker: its presence has not yet been noticed here, although it may be found m some isolated places. The provincial and federal laws place th's disease amongst the destructive plagues and have decreed same as "cut- law : that 18 to say that any proprietor of a crop attacked by this disease cani,of dispose of same in any way whatever without obtaining a permit to this eff.ct from the Provincial Entomologist, authorizing him to do so. It also obli-ee — 3 — anyone who discovers the potato canker in his veKetahle garden to immediately notify the Minister of Agriculture. Any infraction to this regulation in punishable by a fine, «100). 7. Mildew (potato disease): very common everywhere this vegetable is grown; the green part is first attacked, afterwards transmitting the infection to the tubers that become improper for consumption; is spread by the use of infected seeds. S. Stem rot: presents itself in the potato, in the shape of a colourless or brown-blackish ring. If a tuber is sown, the interior of which is entirely affected, same will decay before germinating; needless to say that potatoes of this nature are not to be used for seeding purposes. o ^- These are the potato diseases which are transmitted through the use of affected seeds; it is easy to discover the traces of any of them on the tubers at planting time. We have said, in tho beginning, that anyone interested has at his disposal an excellent preventive enabling him to limit, if i. t stop com- pletely, the progress of these parasites; this preventive is the treatment with formalin wliich should be employed everywhere, whatever may be the quantity of seeds. in Formalin bath. Preparation: the material essential to the preparation of the formalin bath consists of a barrel, formalin and water. The barrel should countain 30 gallons of water, in which one poun i or one pint of formalin is poured. If the barrel at our disposal has not a capacity of 50 gallons, it is preferable to use only half the formula, that is 15 gallons of water and one half pound or one half pint of formalin, otherwise, the bulk of the potatoes immersed in the barrel would cause the solu- tion to overflow. If a large quantity of tubers require to be treated rapidly, it is better to prepare, in advance, three, four or five barrels, as the case mdy be, so that the work of seeding will not be delayed. Execution: put the seed potatoes still complete into very neat bags so as not to disturb the solution and to permit of the liquid reaching the potatoes quickly. With the help of a pulley and a rope, plunge the filled bags into the barrel: allow the seeds to be soaked for two complete hours, rise afterwards and place to drain above the barrel taking care to allow the bag to rest on small planks, as shown in the picture on the front page. When this operation is over, the potatoes will be spread on the grass or on planks. It is important that everything we shall use in manipulating the desin- fected seeds be absolutely clean, acting otherwise would compromise the suc- cess of the treatment in placing these seeds in contact with objects loaded with germs of diseases. When the potatoes are dry, we can proceed to the cutting of sprouts or sets. In this work it is necessar}' for each operator to have two or _i.J_i_ I .■!. — 4 - three kiiiv at his flinpoHiil; whiK- he is usinR one of thein. the otliers are left Itathiiijt in a Ixtttle or vase eoiitaininn a stronn sohition of fornmliri anti even of pure formalin. If we hap|M>n to ctit a potato oit wIh),s«' flesh traces of diseases are diseovered. we piiin)ie uto the forniahii sohition the bhide that is ecrtainlv earryitiK nerins of the evil and, in exilian»re, one of the purified knives is used. The use of formalin is not dauKorous, as it not a violent poison; its only inconveiiienee is to irritate the skin; when tasted it is plainly aerid. R«in«rk«. Wc nni^t use for s<'edinK, only tuliers that are as healthy as possilile. Whatever nuiy he the (piality of the seeds used, we nuist ni-ver neple* t to soak them into a formalin solution; they mijcht very well contain k'tuis of diseases which we cannot detect. This treatment is not in it.self the sum of attenti(ms which the farmer must nive potatoes; no, when the i)laiits have fjrown, when they have formed steins and leines, Bordeaux mixture spraying,s must not he npfilected. (See bulletin Xo. 'M for explanations). , The more care y(<\i will take tf) protect your potatoes against diseases, the higher the yield be in (luantity and quality; consc()UentIy the benefits which you will derive ' Om this culture Will be greater and will largely make up for the trouble you will have taken. Never plant potatoes in a soil that has already yielded a contaminated crop; this would be running to meet a failure. At last, neglect nothing in order to grow first (juality vegetables: it is your own interest and that of your province. (The Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, is distributing free, bulletins and circulars relating to the diseases of potatoes.) II— WHEAT. Diseases. This valuable cereal is the victim of two serious diseases: the stinking smut and the loose smut. Treatment. The treatment of the stinking smut is the dame as that of the potato: fO gallons of water and one pound of formalin or one half pound for 15 gallons ; the only difference existing is in the duration of the bath; in the ease of the stinking smut, it will only last five minutes. The wheat is allowed to dry iiid 18 sown immediately. i:*^>.^