CIHM Microfiche Series (■Monographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Instituta for Hiatorical Microraproductions / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa 1994 Tadinical and Bibliographic Notts / NotM tachniquts at bibliographiqiMt Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibiiographically unisua, which may altar any of tita imagas in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha usual method of filming, ara chacfcad balow. L'lnstitut a microfilmi la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a M possibia da sa procurer. Las details da eat axemplaira qui sont peut-ltre uni<|uas du point da «»> bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier una image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mMioda normala de f ihnaga sont indiquis ci-dessous. □ Coloured covers/ Cnuvarture de couleur D Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagia □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages andommagias □ Covers restored and/or laminatad/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pellicuMe r~~l Cover title missing/ D D n Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gtographiquas en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que Meue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other materiel/ Relic evec d'autrcs documents Tight binding may cause shadovn or distortion along interior mergin/ La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou da la distorsion le long de la marge interieure D n Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainas pages blanches ejouttes tors d'une restauration apparaissent dans la taxta. mais, lorsque cela *tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas at* f ilm^as. Additional comments:/ Commentairas supplementaires: □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pellicuMes HPeges discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolories, tacheties ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages dctachies HShowthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Qualite inigale de {'impression □ Continuous pegination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tCte provient: □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la livraison □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart da la livraison D Masthead/ Gcnerique (periodiques) de la livraison This Item is filmed at the raduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiqui ci-dessous. ^OX 14X 18X 22X J 26X 30X 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32 X The copy filmed hare has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library Agriculturt Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in Icaeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the bacit cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too larje to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grlce i la gAnArositt de: Biblioth«qua Agricultura Canada Lee images suivantes ont 4t« raproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec ies conditions du contrat de filmaga. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sont filmte en commenpant par le premier plat at en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par la second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autras exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commonfant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derni*re page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: la symbols -^- signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbole ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent *tre filmte A des taux de reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich*. il est film* * partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n*cessaira. Lee diagrammes suivants iiiustrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RiSOUiTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A APPLIED \M/V3E I ^^ 165 J East Main StrMt S'JS RochOTter. Nnr York U609 US* ■^g (716) 482 -0300 -Phone ^B (716) 288 - 5989 - Fox (I fi^A l»-^- !*• UNIVERSITY OF SASKA^^^Jif^ COLLEGE OF AGRICULTbS^rT^ HAY and PASTURE CROPS FOR SASKATCHEWAN College Herd on Mixed Pasture. By JOHN BRACKEN, B.S.A. Professor of Field Husbandry Saskatoon. Saskatchewan 1916 •♦•i . FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE IVilliam John Rutherford. B.S.A., Dean and Professor of Farm M.nagc- T^ohn'Bt'/l.^^'^i".?"!' ^•'"' ^'■°'"^°^ °^ Agricultural Engineering. John Bracken, B.S.A., Professor of Field Husbandry. ^ Thomas Nathaniel Willing, Professor of Natural His'tory. Robert Dawson MacLaunn, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry. Samuel Earl Greenway, Director of Extension Work. John L. Hogg, Ph.D., Professor of Physics Archlh U p"T''; Iv'?^" ^'^^^^^^-^ ""^ ^^"^'y^'^-J Chemistry. N rtan WH^^^^^^^ ?-'•' "^T'" '" ^"^''^^ ^'^ Mathematics, niorman Wright \ .S., Lecturer in Veterinary Science. Raymond K. Baker B.A., Professor of Poultry Husbandry. gin^rif; ' ^•'•^•' ^^^'^^^"^ ^^"^^^^- °^ Agricultural En- Garnet H Cutler, B.S.A., Professor of Cereal Husbandry. Abigail DeLury, Director of Women's Work Waltr P ?r"'"''' ^tJ^^ ^^^"'^"^ P^°^"^°^ °f Physics. Walter P. Thompson, Ph.D., Professor of Botany. Alexander M Shaw, B.S.A., Professor of Animal Husbandry. Kenneth G. MacKay, M.Sc, Assistant Professor of Dairying W. H. Jaffray T.sdale, B.S.A., Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry Daisy Harrison, Lecturer for Homemakers' Clubs. ""^''^"dry. Norman Ross, Special Lecturer on Horticulture. J. S. Dexter, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology. John Strain, B.A., B.S.A., Instructor in Agriculture. UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN W.l.cr C. Mu„.,-, Pr..id«u ^W. J. R„.k„,„,, d..„ HAY AND PASTURE CROPS FOR SASKATCHEWAN FieJd Huibandry Circular No. 14 By JOHN BRACKEN, B.S.A. Professor of Field Husbandry College of Agriculture Saskatoon TL. . INTRODUCTORY of wSr.nd7hTit.i j!t"5rc',^^^^^^ lowering the acre y°iK oSXIH '^'?«l' "*" fro»t, a/e not^S; of danger f"m°t'heSJt^^'if"'m''° '°"**.^'T ^^^^ ^ !«"« the risk Sf'fZf-' ^r ^W. -u« be doTe' aTr« a'cf '" ""^ ?««! of X of farming bv a more diversified oSe and f2?i? ?' ''°' *=~P •y»t«'» Diversification in cropping and' thiTnVl «V r "^"^ '?°''« ^»^e stock. the danger from drought and frost *"¥. °"*?°« 'oils and in lessening maintenamce cost to the farmer f?f;«^^ do. these at a very im2l eM^^^^^^^ these c^o^nSs', ^^^^\- ^X^^^ the ^rli'^ t'^^^^^^^^^^ '- * ^^^"^ o' to ».inTa^all%^r^^^^^^^ must take step, trol weed, and to%rev«t ^oU "driftSg » "°'^'' « '^>» time. ^'c^S dri4%^„-3 irSe^^^^^^^^^ weed, and .oi, •gnculture by diver.ificatioS^ of croP. ^ nd '?fc ""' "^ Permanent ¥?^\°n our farm.. P* *°*^ the more general u«e of d.uiV?hV2J.rm^V^^^^^^ and the .pacific ' conation, and mu.t,%herefU' be d«erlw"bv t?"^ "°^^^ *^'^'«« At Uu. time in our .gricultSal ^^^^^ fe pfaTtii: ifJv'.' (3) (*) •lood the test of time arc available. They have yet, very laraelv to *em'out°^ ^^" ^"'"'" '"'^ '^' Experiment ^Sta'tion^mu?t i'ork «» til!* purpose of th.s circular is to present some information concern- »g the su.tab-l.ty of the different hay, pasture and soiling crops to Saskatchewan conditions, in the hope that our experienci may be fcund usefu to men who realize the short coming, of our present .tstem «nd are seeking to build up a better one. »y«cm FORAGE CROPS -f Jhlu' broadest sense "forage crops" include all crops any portion •f which may be used as food for animals. As generally used ho w- ^on's ml°v"h"°' t'-f \^-' "-"«"»"te8" or threfhedgSn" Forage «rops may be subdivided into: * (1 ) Hay crops-the small strawcd crops that are cured by drying. ^ Soil nT "°P^-^»?°«« harvested by the animals themselvel Soiling crops or "green feed"-crops cut green and fed to animals in the fresh succulent condition. Root crops— those crops the roots of which are used for animal food. Ensilage crops— these preserved in a succulent condition by the exclusion of air, and Fodder crops-the roughage from threshed grains, grasses and legumes, and from dry cured corn stalks These notes will refer in some detail to the hay and pasture crops «nd but very briefly tc soiling crops. ^ Perennials, Biennials or Annuals? ^1^^^" ,f '"'-«['^ conditions long-lived or perennial crops do not peld as well as the shorter lived annuals and biennials. This isex- flained b, rhe fact that much more frequent opportunity to store S^ni;SZVTJ°P plant food is given In the cYse of inUals and ^niab than yvith a crop which hves several years. At the same time we must keep in mind that perennial crops cost less to produce, since Acre is on charge for soil preparation, seed or seeding, after the first It is our opinion that in the drier portions of the province greater .nance must be placed on the short lived crops than on the lonl lived -J^lnto . *"•*"" "c essential for such permanent or semi-per- manent pastures as it may be found advisable to use. We have insuffi- ^ .ln?t-° ^^^""^'"^ ;^hich is the more profitable, even under our «rn conditions. It would seem, however, that we should plan to get fn„t .1^' 'P"?^ pasturage, some hay, and a reserve pasture for iin^ "^ wl " "°'''. when the annual crops may not be ready for pa°- tonng. Where weeds or driving soils are serious a larger proportion •f perennials is desirable The more humid the district the morS «ccessful perennials will be, the drier the area the more annuals mul? U depended upon. The proportion of each must be determined by the cEmatic conditions and the system of farming followed CULTURE UNDER DRY CONDITIONS in growing grasses, clovers and alfalfa, there are «ev..r«l «, .• now quite firmly established in Saskatchewarthat hX .^^^^^u" in crop yields, a heavv "nur*^ rZrs'' ■ , '""'^^/'^t."* "m'ting factor likdihc«d of their liv?ng ;" er thVA" -.on'^ot the yc^r""s«^^^^^ '"' preferab^ i„ the e.rl/p.,,, ha. bc,n,oVdJ"t,u^^^S>''"'''°'' Dnllmg, rather than broadcasting the seed, is the .eneril r..l. condjt^ns necessary for germination are conTro5i;rmuch%e";t;rby PERENNIAL CROPS tl.- o K ^. *". P/'^^f^ crops that live longer than two vears anH Leading Perennial Cropi for Hay and Pasture. S k.v.'*b«J'l'.''f„iL\~ " *"'""*° '''"'°« ""■ " '^' «"« '•»' y"" P«r«nnUI Hay Cropt yaru,y ,9,2 ,„3 „„ „„ ^^^J' ^^^'^ Alf.lf.. 5847 3037 2985 2384 3563* Wettern Rye Graw 6300 259S 2283 2025 3301 BromeGMM.. 7400 2032 1733 1733 3234 Kentucky Blue Grass 3150 2867 390* 1658 2016 l'S%^y -JMO 1669 1930 1225 1906 x^^7°^^ ^^ ^766 936 1158 890 Meadow Fescue 3660 1391 726 858 1659 •Poor Stand. .,. L'^? ^^^ D* ^^/ii'" '^ I' ''^^ apparent that our best perennial crops ire Western Rye Grass, Brome grass and Alfalfa. ^ WMtarn Ry« GrsM (Agropyron tenerum), is a hardy, perennial drought resistant native ^rass. Owing to its short root ^;tS?k. anJ more or less bunchy growth it is known locally as one of the "bunch" SdT;atl!.r",tfff"?"?'K»P"**'* ^^.''"' K*^'"8 relatively few leaves •p^e or held "'* '"*^ '' ""'*^'^ '" ^^^ form of. :... ^?"5'"" Rye «« one of the best grasses for general use in the Prov- ince. It IS essentially a hay grass, but is often used for pasture. For the latter purpose, the quality of the pasture is much improved by .■i MA^^^ Field of Weitern Rye]Gratt 6 "r«Mth.''* "' "'" " •""" "'""""' "' *""'•■ Kentucky bl„, "°.t i„d onlvT.V,'-^ •'" "" " r '""■""■"d-d in thTmo?. S Brome Grass is jometimes sown in a mixture wJtK oKoU- -.i. L'."h'"l^r„"':L'n"'i.",3 Cd""i'.""^ '/'•' '■" ri"« "«°^ ""- i^^r„lid";"*5fe''-— ^^™ «- - 'hf S'- rn.-5 Kentucty BIu. G,.« (Poa pratensi,), U. nwt to Bromc gra.., 7 one of the best to use in mixtures where pasture is desired. It has creeping root stocks and forms a close, dense mat on the surface of the soil. Ordinarily it does not grow high enough to give a good yield of hay. It should seldom be sown alone, even for pasture. When sown with Western Rye or Timothy, it increases the pasture value of these crops. It starts earlier than most of our other grastcs, and con- tinues to grow as long as the moisture in the soil permits. Being shallow rooted, its growth is seriously checked by proh .^eu periods of drought. It 18 eagerly sought for by animals and is of high feeding value. When sown alone, 18 to 20 pounds of seed are used per acre. Timothy (Phleum pretense), is a hardv perennial grass, but one that is unsuited for dry areas. It is a "bunch" grass, having a shallow root system, and does best on heavy soils in humid regions. It makes excellent hay for driving horses, but is not a good pasture grass except for use in mixtures. It is grown in parts of northern and eastern Sas- katchewan, but there are few places where Western Rye does not sur- pass It in yield. The most favorable repots concerning this grass x?*"*. .?r"^ ^"^ Kerrobert and Moose Mountain districts and from North Western Saskatchewan. The ease with which seed can b? secured, its relative cheapness, the reputation of the hay for feeding to driving horses, and the adapta- bility of the crop to the heavy soils of the moist areas, are reasons for Its popularity. In its favored climate it is often sown with Red Clover and Alsike for hay, tl e fields to be used later for pasture. The clovers have not demonstrated their usefulness here yet but alfalfa might very well replace them in this mixture in Saskatchewan. A small amount of timothy seed is often added to the hay cr pasture mixture even in the drier parts. When sown alone 6 to 10 pounds of seed are used per acre. Red Top (Agrostis Vulgaris), is essentially a low land pasture grass. It IS suited to wet acid soils and to low Iving vallev lands. It is a hardy perennial having a cre^'ping root. It', too. forms a close sod which stands tramping well. 1 he growth is generallv short and thick, llie, pasture is liked by all kinds of stock, but is not so palatable or so nutritious as Kentucky Blue. Alsike and White Clover are some- times used with It for pasture. Western Rye and Timothy are also often mixed with it to give bulk to the pasture or for hay. Red Top should seldom be sown alone but if this is done 15 pounds or more of seed should be used per acre. Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis), is used both for hay and pasture. In the drier parts it does not yield well. In moist seasons it compares favorably as a pasture grass with Western Rye but in dry ones It IS not productive. It is very much inferior to Brome for pas- ture. It is a hardy perennial, but not drought resistant, and produces a fair yield the first year, but succeeding crops are often disappointing. l*or this reason it is not popular and when used it is in mixtures with other standard sorts. When sown alone, 20 to 30 pounds of seed are required to sow an acre. •1 ^'?'^* (^^edicago Sativa), is better suited to the climatic and soil conditions of Western Canada than any of the other legumes. Re- cent experimental work has demonstrated that it can be grown oa almost any soil and in practically every part of the present setUed portion of the West. It is a drought resistant perennial and certaia • varieties are very hardy. It gives good yields when properlv cared for and the quality of the forage is unsurpassed. It makes an excellent soiling crop and furnishes good pasture for all classes of stock. It is. however, in common with clover and rape, apt to cause bloating, unless pastured with care. Animals should not be allowed on it when hungrr nor when It IS damp or frosted. Serious losses have occured witk catUe and sheep from this practice. The greatest value of alfalfa ic m Its use as dry cured fodder or hay. The type that has been found most satisfactory is that havint variegated blossoms. The best variety of this tvpe is Grimm. Othw good ones are Cossack, Baltic and Ontario Variegated. The yellow flowered type recently introduced is very hardy and may yet be found to have a place here. Most of the purple blossomed sorts are too tender lor our winters. Land intended for alfalfa should be free from all creeping rooted grasses, since these are among the crop's worst enemies. A stand of alfalfa can best be secured by sowing it after a hocdcroporonsummer- 1 allow, but fall or spring plowing well worked down is quite satisfactory on all except very light soils and in very dry areas. Under these con- ditions it 18 desirable that alfalfa be seeded after a fallow or hoed cropt Ihe seed should be sown early in June, at from 2 to 15 pounds per tcre, without a nurse crop, Inoculation is generally necessary ani always advisable. A crop is seldom taken the first year, but the plantt are usually clipped back in order to destrov the weed growth. No cultivation should be given after seeding the first year. It is desirable that a growth of 10 to 15 inches be left to hold the snow and protect the young plants during their first winter. In the following and succeeding springs, surface cultivation with disc and harrows is commonly practised, the purpose being to form a mulch to conserve moisture and to aid in keeping down grasses and weeds. The first crop should be cut when about 5 to 10 per cent, of the plants are m blossom, or immediately after the new sprouts appear at the base of the plant. Two crops are often taken in one year and occasionally three have been secured. In the drier areas it is porl>- able that one crop is all that should be taken, since it is advisable tm leave a considerable growth for winter protection, and this cannot be expected from a second crop. In the more humid sections of the W^st, two crops are generally taken from "dry lands" and three from irngated lands each year. Alfalfa IS not suited to short rotations because of the high cost of the seed and the difficulty of plowing the alfalfa sod. Native Gi-aaaea.— The native grasses are largely used for har and pasture in all new districts. "Prairie wool" and "Slough hay" constitute the greater part of the forage used in the early history flff Championship Field of Alfalfa, On Farm of Nicholl Bro... .t Sint.lut. cularly after slough hay has been frn^pntlf^f- '^"'^ "P^' *"*^ ?"«»" native hay usually includes in aHH^^Ln'/ *^"^"^ '' ^"^ P°°''- The of native legumes S?nc"easlth?n°?"'^"°"^ ^'""/^' * °"*ber thus greatly improvinHt in qualftvATC;; '°1?"' °^ /^^ '^^^°^<^' hay is abundant\here1s usua?MUt^e n^ed ?o7,n' '^' '7?'^ "I °*^^« B als. When cut at tl,l r;»ul .• j ^"'^ sowing cultivated peren- 1. Western Rye 8 lbs. Brome 6 lbs. Western Rye 10 lbs. Kentucky Blue 6 lbs Western Rue 10 lbs. Timothv 3 lbs. J estern Rye 10 lbs. A'^alfa 3 lbs. Brome 8 lbs. Alfalfa 5 lbs. Timothy 5 lbs. Alfalfa 5 lbs. 10 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Western Rye 8 lbs. Kentucky Blue 4 lbs Alfalfa 1 Ih. :« f Sy tlterbeTp-s^fr^- ^"" - «-- - ' ^^^s?. We,t^°.: ^°| p"rd^?r:„Je"o?Sit^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^-"^-s It i. bitter, punty in Alfalfa seed, and in waste pa« tl' k^' '° •'"*=°"»« «° i"*- Among the redeemine auJit;^! K c ™*^. ^«<=ome a weed, ability to the climate, econd its h;*^,, ^T"!' ".^^'•' "•""'u^"^' >'» ""i^- nul character; fourth it is a '"legume ^°f^J^^'^*^°««5 third, its bien- intertilled crop, and sixth it Hn!f n .- '. ** ™*y b« grown as an to drift and wtre other forage cro^sof?" '°"'' ''^V "« ^^^^l^^^d Sweet clover grows nearlv a nl?„.^ k r ^° ""^^ P°°'^y- remains gre. a for'a month after Tn W^in'tT "f "JP *?^ •^^'^^'-^^^ senously ,n ured by spring or fall frostl Tt • ^* '*"' ^^ " "eldom to the short growing season and the se'vere t" * "°^ Peculiarly suited Western Canada. At Saskat^n Sw/et h ^^"'P"?^"'-* conditions of has yielded more than any oS fZttl """' '^^'^^ ''^^^ ''' rows, corn during the last two seasons ^ "°P' '°^ '"^'^^^^ '"O" than year.'\Xs"mTbreittr7fst:[te" '""^ J V ^"^ ^'^'^ ^he first following year the iirTcJpT'Lf.i^' ^V^''^^^^^ as desired. The of June, and the second crSo the atter «-*''* t ^"' '£•* '«"" P*" second, a possible hay crop if cut ^LlJ lu- 7° "*'°" Pasture crop; which, either alone or mixed with wLtt 'Rvi'o;^^^"*^'*^ '^^T ^^°P value. If use can be made of tL o<^, ^ ^"^ .^°™' '"'^^ *' found of intertilled, thic metho? of grow^' '^^[f.^if^rM^ fj-O'" the wide row, under semi-arid conditions. ^TwHl a th^^^'^ •' ^^""^ '^«^ ^est of the desirable effects of an interSled ctop.'""" '""' P'°^"" *'°'^« 12 plant S, alfal "".cd"Sg c«tr« and r?7.h« ""'k" ""^"i"'''« If th-T.','.' "'""l ''" ""'"y S"""" qnalititi and some Vf ry bad one. ANNUAL CROPS rhi\!l^ ^""".'^^ *",*^ "*^^" ^l»« l*n«J the leM peas should be used cron TK 1 ^^^^ .*'»<^ •»» therefore, of more value as a cleaning early maturing, beardless varieties, such as "Success," whichTs hulled 13 i«,X"t": '•" "*'■'" "•"'"•-" ">■'"■ i- M hull... ,.d B.„d. r:.' fr i'/.i, i"/r 'Ei-ojj '"""'^^^' ■?"'*'"-• " .';ss h.y but none °r"Mdr for u,7,. ,. I 'f"P'. J"'". » bMMr qu,|f„ of early enough rye can be oaZred lio.l.Hr^'"l "",",«'"• When .own •pring. When green U wM S Zl'^^,!" 'h '?" " "'" "• '" ^k' only immediately after m ii"e tim^ T .h°' u ';'' ""'' °°'"' '«'' except o£ lllht^.o!,:. "■Sn^th^e^e^i-tTa-y b'e 'fou^t"ef!;f ifhSy" °'-' Leading Annual Crops for Hay and Pasture only fo? fo"ge''p"u%o"e""""Sriri''" '"."''""" C"><1» «« u.ed drought resistantf aSd very ,eList?v;^^;f'l '''°''"'' '"«' J'''"'", wow.slowlvin thecoolsoH^fitX ' ' j" ""nP^atures. The)! frosts. They are nM Dom.l/r f '^ I "^ ""^ '" "»"'' billed bv fall and 'Varm dimate" crops'^" Thev are usJd""" ""J "'^^"= ""■»">' substitute for other forLe that L^^i " '"tch crops" or crop, to yield on fallowed land aTsSkltrn" '?bru"tTou l' Hhat^Sf 'f "' Bar„Ta'?d'mXtf/^dT'Brrct';i77-''^'¥-" -^^^^^^^^ .«d is usually sown wi?;,"l«gr'"^;feXA-"3o"/oX.r ."J: 14 lured «Kv rSJ° •^"°*.' P' "?P °?"y ^•'*»" ^*= P«""^'d ofFor hiv ?. n^Jt-f^' •♦ K. f "^^^ "'>"' 7""» " «o"i«imes difficult. The If fJt ?^ I £f /'* ^°'' *^ *='«"" °^ "°<=k, but is fed mostly to cattle, ictfon ^lh^l^A^°'" '"/?"«' the forage i. said to have an Undesirable tSL'and ttrilbuT °' '°""- "^'^^^ "^" ^"^^^ '* " ^^ ^ ^"^-8 /«. ^."'.^^,*,? Mays) i$ very little grown for forage and even less in*!??v. '° ^".'"'^ ^*""^*' *'^^°"8^ f°' the former purpose is k yields f«r 8 l^^inT' "°P' ^'' •^"^"- U"^" good management irinln. .^r ° •^°°' °l '"°" P^*" ^"«' Sreen weight, it is^an f55 * '^'^'"^ TP' ", °,"'' ^"' »'^^8« "°P and even its dry cured fodder makes good stock /ood. The varieties used are chiefly of the Jorthirv^l'm°.?^fl''^°"i?^^'"^^') ^'^'" '^ * favorite aidJveJy Tnd « Ll?;n^^ ^'^^ ^'""' "Conipton's Early," "Dakota White 'flin? !n3 "n I ^ are among the heaviest yields. "Free Press," "Gehu" «nd Quebec Eight Rowed^' are earlier but yield less forage. !n Mll^*'Q-*'^*'^!r*° *'°"' ". "'"*"y P'*°t«*^ about the lastlten days 1^ I' r u" *^x* ''°"1'^ P^*°" ""^^ ^^T tender and suffer severely from the lightest frost, the aim is to sow'it as soon as possible after chosVn foT'JoS""^ ' " P*"- ^''^' ''"'"' '^^'"y '^^' «^°"W be 1/ SSaSBT l*^ Corn Harvesting on University F«rm hJIl n^ntfn J^*"^*"! '°' ^°"^* *=°'^i' "/"''"y P^"ted in drills, although hiU plantmg is not uncommon. The former_method. gives more forage 15 cannot bHaisfa^toS; cured It U u«!f n'""'^ 'Jl""'"? '^«^ ^'''^ and early fall S" for catUe iLeo aSd £"""^"1 I *' '"•*= 'H°»™«' •re gT'dTaiij r„«t"ir,xr.'p.'"pisji>' te ^" °-"'"' ""^ SOILING CROPS 16 MixturM of Annual Crops for Hay and Pattura— The most comraonly u«cd mixture is peas and oats, but barley and oats, and barley, oats and spring rj'c, are sometimes grown. The two last men- tioned are usually used for pasture purposes only. A very heavy yielding pasture mixture is made up of neas 60, Oat« 34, Millet 2 and J^*P* ■*• j'^'^e rape should be omitted if the pasturage is desired for SUMMARY . h* J*** «*" perennial hay crops for general use in Saskatchewan are Western Rye Grass, Brome grass and Alfalfa, either singly or in combination. The best annual hay crops are Oats, Peas and Oats, ISeardless Barley and Winter Rye. \/t \' ST'P' that are of secondary importance for hay are Timothy, Meadow Fescue and the Millets. Some that may later become useful are the clovers— Red and alsike, and possibly Sweet Clover. 3. The best crops for permanent pasture are Brome grass, or Brome grass and Alfalfa mixed. Less productive though useful pas- ind Sfal?/** "^ K:entucky Blue grass or Red Top mixed with Timothy 4. The best crops for annual pasture are Winter Rye, Oats, or Peat and Oats, or Oats and Barley and Rape. Sweet clover, a bien- niaJ, may become a useful pasture plant, particularly on light soils. 5. The best soiling crops in the order of their possible readiness for use are Winter Rye, Alfalfa, Peas and Oats, Corn and Rape. 17 § i a iiii i i i % mi I i i I IIII t? ss SSSS "S ^('i <><<< *> u o u •• S '7 8 --^ ^^ « WW 5 o a 3 3 3 •ex & s s >. ►. X 3 3 3 S^'0:S'0S3T) O 3 eo«>» .n.H.i.n 5 *" 5 B - a ^^_^||JJ!l''i "3 J SS^ <« w3! S I JiJ