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AN ADDRESS To the Canadian Clnb of Regina, Saskatchewan, Professor EDWARD E. PRINCE, Dominion ComLiaMioneF of Fisheriea and Representatiwe of Canada on the International Fiiheries CommiMion, under the Treaty of 1908. November 1st, 1910. n) FISH SOMl'. rilOldHTS UN fANADIAN MSHEKIKS AM, nil fANADIAN" ITHI-IC. AN ADDRESS TO rHK CANADIAN CI.UB OF RIXHNA. SASKAICHKWAN. Pkom-ssok EDWARD E. PRINCE, DdMIXlOX CoMNriSStONFK Ol FlSIIKKIE.- ANH RkI'KESKN lAllVK OK CaNA[iA ON TMl' In IFUSA TIOXAl l''rsiiKuii:> CoMMrssiox. unhkk teik Trkatv OK 1 90S. Xo\E\riiER lsi-, 1!M0. FISH SoMKTllOIi,lirS(iX CVNAUIIX FlSHtKlKS AND THE JaN ADIAX Pi BLIC. AN ADDRESS 1 TllK Canadian Cli ii oh Rkoina, Saskatchewan, riv I'ROFESSOI El>\VARD E. PRINCE, Uommivii Cumiuitsionn of Fisherit! mid Rtprtstnlativi of Cmiada on Ikt Iilliimlional Fishtrirs CommhsKii, uudtr Ihr Trialy of 1908. (NoVEMBEII 1st, 1910.) Chairman's Speech. Mr. William Tram, Barrister and City Magistrate, President of the Club, rose and said :—■• Gentlemen, I have not before had the pleasure, which 1 now have, of introducing, as the speaker and guest of honour at our club luncheon, a native of the same town in which I was born, and one educated at the same school, though a year or two later, 1 think, than myself. Professor Prince, who is well known to all of us as the chief fishery official at Ottawa, had a brother at the same school about the same time, so that a jocular boast was current that we had "two princes" attending the school. The brother to whom I refer, is present with us as a guest today at our luncheon. Professor Prince has for a good many years devoted himself to fish and fishery work, and for nearly twenty years has been Commissioner of Fisheries for Canada. In that capacity, and asafishery expert, he has a world-wide reputation, and I am sure that he will have something important and of great interest to say to us to-day in his address on " Fish."' Prof. Prince may have some fish stories to tell us. I have now the pleasure evonshire audience, and was told that lie might address them on "anything." He decided to speak to them on " Nothing," and gave a profound and deligluful discourse on the scientific, mathe- matical and philosophical meaning of the term "Nothing." A Grievance- Public Opinion Lacking. .\nd now I shall proceed, at once, to tell you of my grievance. It is this. We Canadians, as a people, show a singular lack of interest in the fish and fisheries of our country. We have anglers and fish enthusiasts, and a large Ixidy of fishermen, it is true, but I speak of the people generally, > en I say that as head of the great Federal Fisheries Ser\ice of C.inad; under the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, 1 have constantly felt how the Department's work has been hampered, and dis- couragement h.as come from the lack of support and interest on the part of the public. One reads of exciting Parliamentary debates in Ottawa, on tariffs, navies, and endless other topics, but whole sessions often pass without mention of fish and fisheries, or any discussion on so vast and so important a subject. Perhaps, like the late James Anthony Froude, in whose mind fish excited no interest, because these slimy, scaly, cold-blooded creatures were repulsive to him, our legislators find the finny tribe unattractive, in contrast to Fronde's genial friend, John Bright, who was never so happy as when he was casting a fty on some Scottish salmon river. No Fish Stories. 1 feel Imund to confess that, on this occasion, I have no fish stories to tell you, and, if 1 had, I have brought with me no credentials of veracity so that you might be compelled to lielieve them. I am unlike that aged wanderer or pilgrim, told uf in mediaeval times, who asserted th it he lutd lived for several centuries owing to the use of .an ointment, an " elixir vita-," which he smeared on his body. To prove his claim, he showed a Mattered document or certificate from a Pope who died 300 years before, and thus estitblished the truth of iiis story. 1 admit that the words of my eminent colleague on the International Fisheries Commission, President David Starr-Jordan, are well founded when he tells us that " as fish lie on the bottom of the sea, .and trout lie in the streams, ihe.-e can he no jusi complaint if the men who fish for tUem also lie." Vast Extent and Value of our Fisheries. Gentlemen. I need hardly remind you that our fish are amouKst the (tnest, and our fisheries the most varied in the world. They extend over an enormous area. They are not the fisheries of a sinRle coumry like the fisheries of Germany, or .\ustria or Norway, they are the fish- eries of a continent, well-nigh .is vast as Eu. je. Apart from the wide-spreadinK waters of two oceans, the -Vtlantic on the east, the Ktcifir on the west, the inland lakes and rivers which we possess, iiulude more than half the fresh water of the ulolie. .Ml these waters abound iu tish. Comiiared with the other jreat national industriesof our dominion they lank lifth. First stands agriculture, of an annual value of Sios. 000,000; next niinini,', valued at ahout SSfi,ooo,ooo per anuim ; luniberrecordedat «8o,ocj. o to Sloo.ooo.ooo: live stock, 8173,000,000: while the fisheries yield an annual return of from S3o,ooo,ooo to S33,ooo,ooo. These last figures are larger than those us'ially given in ofHcial leports in the lilue Uooks ($25,000,000 to $27,000) '.lut official statistics have never given adequate credit to the fisheries of the mort. remote areas and the amounts used by Ind' ns, Eskimos, Hudson Hay F'osts, &c. Further, while the Fisheries have an jnnual value less than half that of mining, they employ twice as many men ; and, thou„'h lumbering yields every year three times the amount in dollars of the fisheries, yet the lisherieii engage three times as many mer It iiiust not be forgotten that other industries are essential to the fishu id jslry, such as sail making, net manufacture, boat building, th^ t n-ware industry, rope-making, and other trades, all of which depend more or less on the fisherman's calling. Value of Fishing Boats, Gear, Ac. Think for a ju-jinent of the great Heet required; at least 12,000 Canadian vessels beingemployed in fishing, havinga value of $2,620,000 ; also 46,000 small belts, valued at $1,200,000; and nets, lines, lobster tr.ips, He, valued .it $3,000,000. Remember also that the Irady of men, no less than 84,000 in numl>er, taking part in the fisheries, would form the finest material for the Canadian Navy which has now started on its glorious career, and of which so much is at present being said. Britain, France and Clermany, have realized how valuable the fishermen are, as being the best material from which to recruit their respective navies. Fisheries of England, Ac. While I claim that the fisheries of Canada take first rank owing to the variety of fish in our waters, and the fact that they are of the 4 best species foi food and for sport, I do not claim that the actual money value per annum exceeds that ,-f such countries as Britain, whose fisheries yield no less than .'5+5,o'.o,ooo yearly ; or the I'nited States fislier- ies, with a value of §40,000,000 yearly ; hut even from a financial stand- point, our nsheries are a very ),'reat industry. For example, the Pacific salmon industry embraces no less than eighty canneries, valued at over S3,ooo,ooo, while the lobster industry is carried on in 750 lobster canneries on the Atlantic shores, having a value of S+jo.txx), and the freezing, smoking, anii other fish establishments in the Dominion, are valued at not less than SiHo.ooo, or S2oo,ooo. Of the annual yieltl, the Atlantic fisheries contribute 1)4",,; tne British Columbia fisheries 26",', ; and the Great Lakes N\,. But the extensive waters of the two Provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta have yet to be developed in a commercial fishery sense. These Western waters, it is true have been exploited, and, in some cases already over-fished ; but the area is so vast, and there are so many lakes in a practically virgin .tate that the future will witness the growth of a great industry in these territories. Fishery Statistics. Imposing as are the figures I quote you, gentlemen,— and they are approximately true to the facts, for, as the late Professor Brown Goode declared in iH«4, at the London Fisheries Congress, "the Department of Marine and Fisheries in Ottawa is one of the best administrative organizations in the world, and their methods of gather- ing ant. publishing statistics are admirable, there is nothing in the United States like it,"— yet, it must be admitted Canadian statistics are inadecjuate. 1 have given one reason already, namely the difficulty of ascertaining the amount of fish caught and consumed in remote areas by native tribes and by hunters and prospectors ; hut I cannot forbear pointing out that takes of fish secured off Canadian shores annually go to swell the fishery returns of some of the border States to the south of us. Such States as Maine and Massachusetts annually report catches of cod, of which a large proportion is really from the Labrador bai 'is and tlie grounds off the Gulf of St. '^awrence, while the premier fishing state on the Pacific Coast (Washington State) owes 95% of its vast catches of fish each year to Canada, to the salmon bred in the Fraser River, and to the halibut secured in incredible quantities in the Hecate Straits, and the northern part of British Columbia, which Straits are almost entirely enclosed by Canadian territory, namely, by Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island and the mainland of the Province. These Straits, it has been asserted, are really high seas but no one looking at a map of the North American continent, could for one moment consider such a claim as reasonable. Unsurpassed Game Fish of Canada. Gentlemen, I am addressing, I ain aware, a number of sportsmen and anglers wlio ar^^ interested in game fisli. Apart from our vast commercial lislierics, »e have in Canada the greatest game fisliin" waters in the world. Scotland has her Tay, Ireland her Shannon, England her Severn, and ail tllese lovely and noble s:ilmon rivers I know- well, hut none of them can cotnpare for size or productiveness with the peerless Restigouche, the beautiful St. John River, and tifty other salmon rivers in Eastern Canada. (Applause). The Dominion tcM, IS /ill' cxcdltmi, tlie country of the black bass, that most pugnacious and sturdiest of game fish. Our black bass are found all the way from New Brunswick, through Quebec west to the extreme limits of Ontario, a linear stretch of over a thou.simd miles, and amongst game (ishes what rival can be named to this splendid fish, unless it be the royal salmon himself, (.\pplause). Capture of Black Bass Described. Who that has felt the tag of a small-mouth black bass at the end of his line would not swear that he had hooked a seven-pounder, although the fish might only be a one-pounder. You know well his arts and manieuvres, many of you gentlemen. lie takes your (ly so bravely, nay, so ferociously, that you must hold your rod firmly and play him skilfully. You strike, and he is securely hooked. Away he bounds, he sounds deep and seeks the jagged ridges of rock lielow to cut himself free from the hampering gut. He rushes zig-zag fashion and suddenly twists spirally, lie leaps high, he shakes his head, but all his tricks fail to free him from the hook. .\way he goes again more fiercely than before. It is a noble tug-of-war, but play him not too loosely or he will unhook himself; hold him not too tensely or he will rend your slender horse-hair cast. You reel him in as he slackens a little, and now he leaps again, and yet again, and yet again. When will he stop ? Is he tired ? No, he makes feints, but he never sulks, for every time he seems to flag he follows up by a rush that makes your reel sing shrilly ; he leaps higlier out of the water than before, and your slender tip bends like an inverted " U." At last you land him, quivering, panting, yet full of life and of tireless activity. You, his captor, alone are tired ; but you are glad. Your victim was worthy of your mettle ; your victory is one to be proud of. Such is our Canadian black bass. (Loud Applause). Proposed Stocking of Western Waters. Can this game fish be planted in our western waters, I am often asked. My own feeling is that you have, especially in the streams and rivMs of the eastern foothills of the Rockies, some fine game fish. \ourniountain trout or cut-tiiroat is a splend.d Kanie fish, and your ftrayliiiK, which has quite a wide distribution uorth to the waters ot the Athabasca, these merit attention first. Both are superb (fame fish. and the intrtxluction of a new, non-native fish might lie a danger to the- fine species you already possess. Austraha introduced the rabbiu North America introduced the European liouse sparrow, and both have become a serious pest. Your western provinces have tlie pickerel, or pike-perch, (called dore in the east), also fine jack-fish and some yellow perch, and many United States anglers regard these as species worthy of the angler's attention. Western Commercial Fisheries will develop. From a commercial stjmdpoint you have most promising regions awaiting development, and vast northern waters not yet utilized. In Alberta and Saskatchewan at least 40,000 square miles of lakes and rivers are open to fishery enterprise, as compared with 75,600 exploited on the Great Lakes, and 15,000 aiuare miles of .Manitoba waters. M.iny of your lakes are stocked with thp finest White-Fish to lie found on this continent, and, as I have said, with Pickerel or Dore, and other good table fish. The re-stocking of western waters with native fish, and the planting of new kinds, is a subject upon which the Fisheries Commission in the West, of which Commission I have the honour to be Chairman, is at present drawing up a report and I need not go into further details on this occasion. Indeed, tlie eagle eye of my distinguished colleague on the Conmiission, Ur. Sisley of Calgary, is upon me, I observe, and 1 dare venture to say no more. (Laughter). Small Value of Western Fisheries at present. That the fisheries of this Province will witness a great develop- ment, I cannot doubt. The whole value of the fisheries of Saskatchewan and Alberta w.is given at §50,000 in 18S3, but they are now valued at »200,ooo, of which amount Mr. E. W. Miller, the able and zealous Dominion Inspector of Fisheries for the Province, present with us to-day, credits Saskatchewan with *I52,7<)5 last year. Who shall siiy what will be the annual return ten years hence, or (ifly years hence, with the building of railways in the northern areas of the Provmce ? Save the 'Fish from the BufTalo's Fate. I will not weary you with a further enumeration of dry statistics, as this is nut a suitable occasion for exhaustive remarks. What are' the points which, in closing. 1 desire to impress upon you ? I would mention the waste that has taken place. As with so many valuable Canadian resources, such as the reckless destruction of forests, Oi:c., the fisheries have suffered from prodigal waste. They have suffered' not only from wilful waste, oxer.fishing, poaching at spawning times, and other abuses, but also from neglect, so that one feels inclined to .igree with •• Punch,- th(= London comic paper. •' Punch ■ is humorous, but his humour often has a serious side, and so it was when he referred to St. .Vnthony's famous sermon to the fishes : .\ saint once held forth, Sir, the fishes to teach, What a sermon to us. Sir, tlie fishes miffht preadi ! Too late, as a rule, the public realizes that harm has been done, and you remember how the countless herds of buffalo were butchered on the prairies, with no one raismj; a voice to save them, and with public opinion indifferent as to the fate of that fine animal, or, rather, there was no public opinion expressed until it was too late. Dominion mrsm Provincial Administration. Ottawa and its staff of Fishery Officials appear, in my opinion, to receive little sympathy or support from the public, indeed the sympathy and support, as a rule, seem to be in favour of the men who violate the Fishery laws and not in favour of the officers, some more zealous, and others less so, whose duty it is to enforce the regulations. What- ever may be said of the Ottawa methods in the past, no one can deny that vast good has Deen accomplished, and, though we hear frequently complaints that everything is not done to protect the fish that might be done, yet, had the Fisheries service not exist.d, they would have been, no doubt, in the exhausted st.ite which many of the fisheries in the Republic to the South have reached. Some people say : Let each Province manage its own fisheries. Would that improve matters ' I doubt it. Indeed, the complaints in Quebec and Ontario with Provincial administration are now more frequent than formerly, and far more urgent, that fishery regulations are not enforced, and fishery patrols are wholly ineffective and inadequate. The border states ' across the International line afford us ample warning of the futility and failure of separate State regulations. Friction, confusion, overlapping, ■ depletion and waste .ire going on in the waters to the south of us' There is no uniformity of either the laws or their enforcement in the States along the boundary waters. The best authorities are agreed that Fedeial control in the United States can alone prevent the complete destruction of the fisheries. " You in Canada with your Federal fisheries administration, have a tremendous .adv.Tntage over us in the United States," I have been assured repeatedly by prominent fishery authorities to the south of us. I cannot speak of this at length, and I feel precluded from doing so, because the Dominion Government has chosen me to represent Canada on the International Fisheries Com- mission, and I am co-working with Dr. David Starr-Jordan, the United Stiites Commissioner, at this very time in the unification of fishery laws in the boundary waters. I have great hopes that the progress we have made will result in permanent benefit to the fishery resources of both countries. Excellent Work of Dominion Officers. The real benefit resultinR from the Federal administration of the fisheries cannot be questioned by anyone qualified lo form a judRement on this matter. Many of our valuable fisheries would have been a thing of the past but for the work of the Department at Ottawa and its staff of officers, over 2,000 in number, Fioni my experienci: as an official, and as a scientific expert in Scotland, England, and Ireland. 1 can testify to the s;reat work done by the I'isheries Service of this country without much show or ostentation but quietly and eftectively all the same: and you will bo interested to learn that the Dominion Government is about to reinstate a lar^'e staff of officers in the Kastern Pro\ inces, a staff which was abolished some ye,irs ajio when the Fish- eries judgment in London determined that the fisheries were the pro- perty of the Provinces. Great Work of the Fisheries Department at Ottawa. The enforcement of the licence system, the pre\ention of over- fishing, the limitation of nets and gear, the observance of close seasons during spawning time, the prevention of pollutions, and the abolition of injurious dams and obstructions, the provision for gates on irrigatiim canals, &c., the operation of hatcheries, and the extensive stocking of waters year by year, with young fish, indeed, the carrying out of an extensive and wide system of ,idministration and the enforcement of an elaborate code of fishery laws, is a task which the I'isheries Department of Ottawa has attempted, and the way in which it has accomplish- ed at any rate a great part of its work entitles it to public sympathy, support, and approval. The Cabinet Minister at the head of the Department, has always had a difficult and heavy task, and is entitled to all the support and credit that thoughtful and intelligent men can give to a conscientious performance of duly. Fishery Officers have a difficult, and even risky task to perform, and they are doing excellent work. The Department is not neglecting its duty, though Parliament has been less generous in voting funds for fisheries work than for many other public services. It will do its work tetter if all over the countrv more interest is shown by the people and more support given in the shape of public opinion, that public opinion which, twenty-five years ago, might have saved the noble herds of bufTalo on your western prairies. International Fisheries Agreement. International fishery difficulties need not worry us, gentlemen. The gravest problems affecting our Atlantic fisheries were settled at The Hague recently, while, under the Fisheries Treaty signed by King ICo,vard and President Roosevelt on .\pril nth, igolj, an International Commission w.is authorised, on which, as I have said, 1 have the the honour to Iw the Canadian representative: and n)y hrilliant colleai-ue and myself have, as thoroughly as we possibly could, surveyed the sea, river and lake fisheries along the Ixiundary line with such completeness that we were able to submit to our respective Covernments a code of 66 regulations, the adoption of which must lie of infinite benefit on bolli sides of the boundary waters. We in Canada are «iuipped for enforcing these regulations : the Tnited States has lo organize a statT for the purpose; but a nation which has done such magnificent work in various departments of national enterprise will surely not fail to do as uiiignificently in this. Great Hopes for the Future. (Jentleuien, we may well be optimistic in spite of he.id-shakings and gloomy forebodings by croaking fishery enthusiasts or disappointed sportsmen. These sportsmen 1 fear may not even possess the skill to land a sidmon or a tass, and are well justified, therefore, in complaining of their non-success; but, as the proverb says, there are as good fish in the water as were ever taken out. I say we may and Tuust be hope- ful with such facts as I ha-.e stated l^fore us. Pardon me, therefore, if 1 sacrilegously amend some well known lines .if Kobert Browning, and ruthlessly tr.-insform them, closing by reminding you that God's in His Hea\en, T'ie fishes are in the water, .Mi's right with the world. (Prolonged .\pplause). Vote of Thanks. The proceedings concluded with short speeches, liy se\eral prominent sportsmen, and with a vote of thanks which President Trant conveyed to Professor Prince in a brief, eulogistic speech.