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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No, 2!
A APPLIED IM^GE In
'653 East Mom Stfeel Rochesler. N«#. rork 14609 (716) ■*&2 - 0300 - P^- ■- t?16) 288 - 5989 - F
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Gif
srruiKs IN
Horse Breeding
An Illustrated Treatise on the Science and Practice of Horse Breeding
BY
(i. L. CARLSON
C I ^
Preface to Eighth Edition
Inasmuch as a c.jnsideral.U. niiinl.cr .,f I,„oks ..f ,acl, nf tin- earher editions of this hook were taken bv citizens of the nomm.on of Canada, it is thought best to publish this edition in Canada, ho country is better fitted by reason of its climate nutnt.ous grasses, abundance of grain of the highest quality' pure water, and the high intelligence ..f its breeders in the pro- ducfon of high-class horses, than is a large portion of Can'ula rh.s .s evidenced by the fact that in nearly all breeds of domestic ammals. the breeders of Canada have produced many individuals which are surpassed in excellence by those of no other country The chief object of this work is to help in improving the horse, and to be a means of employing better methods in pro- ducing him. That horse-breeding methods have been extremely wasteful throughout all the years of the past, admits of no doubt Only a small percentage of all mares bred produce foals that reach maturity.
Despite the wasteful methods employed, no industry con- nected with the soil, or carried on in connection with the farm has yielded 3o liberal returns for the labor and money employed in it. as the breeding of good horses. The tractor and the truck have been so perfected as to take the place of the horse in a considerable number of industries, but we now know as we did not a fevv years ago, that no tractor can take the place of the horse on the farm of the average size, and smaller. When this is remembered in connection with the further fact that war has recently both destroyed a large portion of the world's horse population and created new uses for him, the outlook for the breeding of ?Tood farm and cart horses has never been brighter. When regarded from the all-American standpoint, the breed- ing of horses and mules has been for many years a m,,,^ prortt- al.le industry, yet little has ever been dr-uc in a public way to en- courage ,t, or to aid the farmer and breeder in adopting more intelligent methods of producing them. The same is true of in- dividual help. In the past no special study was made of the horse because the horse represented too much value to be sacrificed by
fcl
branes. vrry ittle was really known. *''' '""'"•
The world's .-ost urgent need todiv ,c (
n.oro ,„,ell,Be„, ...e.hods be empl„y.d ,„ ^JlTTZ"' ""'"
PC..;,:";:;;- ,:-: ;;.;,:'tvix'in'° ,;^' '-- -«- »' »
Norfolk. Nebraska, U.S A ^^ ^^ CARLSON.
April, 1920.
•^?;-..-<^8F!K^>"^:.:^ff
cii.\i>ti-:r 1.
THE SEXUAL PRODUCT OF THE STALLION.
..■x,-s, Ti,cs,.-„.„r„., , o '..„;', ; r,k,;;;'' ,',"""" "' ""■ ■""
I
R.'..ital organ,. shoVn n'in„ i' o , "H','" *■ ■'";•. '["'Ir '"" •''«
STtDIKS l.V UOHiiK BRKr.DINU
testicles thf va.sa alcrvnUa. the epididymis, the vas.i deferct Ma (vas deferens,, and the , -siculae seminales (.seminal vesfclesj
• \ Th« T««ticl«t. The origin of the reproductive element i<
The thighs "■'*■:• /""r "'■*^*^"^ 'I'' ""f"'"'''' *" ••' I"-h .k;\; en the thighs which IS known as the scrotum. 'I'his is a sinple sac enclosing both testicles. Immediately under the scrotum one hi.ls the dartos, a thin layer of elastic tissue. The dartos is a depend- ency rom the abdominal structure, and forming two -avities with a double partition between them, through which the penis passes The cremaster is a muscle forming a partial covering for the testicle, and the tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of this organ. *» *
Strictly speaking the testicle proper is enclosed with a fibrous capsule, he tunica albuginea. This fibrous tissue is extended into tlie substance of the testicle, dividing the organ into separate
F.tur. 2.-The testicle of the stallion with .(her organs, dissected of the.r serous covering. 1. testicle 2, glands in which are found the spermatohlast cells; 3. vasa eflFerentia ; <. epididymis; S. vas aber- rans; 6. vas deferens; 7. spermatic artery.
lobules. In each lobtde are found many seminal tubules com- rnencng in a highly convoluted portion, but ending in a straight
Of the testicle. I hese seminal tubules consist of several layers °ozoa "'" '' '^" spermatoblast cells, which form sperma
4. The V««a Efferentia and Epididymis. The vasa eflFerentia are but the continuation of the seminaltubules wS have now pierced the tunica albuginea and they in turn terminate intre gobus major of the epididymis. No part of the genitaf organs of the stanion show such a variation in individuals as the epi-
ticular In .>u „e stallions we hnd the head, or globus major
-small tube, or globus ;n.nor. In others we find a large convoluted
-IIIK SKXIAI. PKOtM I r Of TlIK STALtroN
canal of even size throuL'hout its leriL i in,! i . i
ncd
to
•t
5. The Vasa Deferent
semen is ,| „ • ru' 1 .m ""^•.VT' -'^ '" '1''''" '' "-' ''''>«^ the l>ladder/t,^n, • in , ' ;i"' "Ivm.s t., the „,,,„•: ,,ue of
the pn.tat.: nr:i::zz^L:i;'zr ''''''''' ^'"^"""' """"
s
th
the
Flfur. 3.-The bladder and seminal vesicles di*sertr,l ^f ,u
covering. 1, bladder; 2. 2. vas deferens • VT.V . ?"""'
prostate gland; 5, nreten 6 urethra ' " "" ' "'
into the urethra. >»-^»cie, unere the duct soon opens
..f,i=lK„.lir.t;;i;T-i.-'.,;'
u-ns, rne one permanent as to pace, the other trt-p Tu^ t Portton ,s suspended in a sling 'kno^iasteTntc";- which L^a'
"5 STl'DIKS IN HORSK BRKKDIXG
»is.. <.f an enlargeiun .,l,rgla"s ,,r„r'''Tir f, '".' >""" '""- "-V .1..^ «„„,, „„, interna, !,:d"cr„r„l,,.,„?°?,e'Jir'''Tt^
Figure 4. — Sp
fonii
;rKr ■xj;rri-vs2:;;7.^a„„ .,„„,, „
atfencd
nerve siipi)Iy is hv the internal ntidic in,\ ,,^■r,^,.. *. *•
most sensitive in'the nervou^vSm t Je r '^''''r ""'T'^ '^'^
of the very sensitive nature ni thl r""' ^^ '^ because
injury so often result f'orth^^u e of CedL^L^^ P^^?'^' '''^' injury to th s orean nriv rp«ii1f ^-^ jj ^ ^^- ^ "^' S''""e
such as kicks, or^^t iS h n< Tthel^" ''^"^^^'-^^^ blows, object. Injury of a sefious n." u is Cn T'^' '"^' ^?'"^'^'" forced copulation. '^^^" known to follow
Figure S.-Spermatozoa of the stallion.
(Sketched.)
i^ a'iunr'llfrb^'n"; J,t orS'^'s^ '^^^^ '^^ ^^^ "--• -^^
the bladder to the g"an pen^s 1^' ^^*^"^'"g^ ^'om the neck of
gians penis. It ,s common to both generative
THE SEXCAL PRODUCT OF THE STAI.I.rON-
testicles of a taIlionIt\enuesVl.r^^ "'"'" ^''" ^^'""'^ '" ^h? to develop spermato;o" .s u 1 7n II"' P'""'/ °^ maturation mare. Motion tob'en^cd a soo"^'^ '^'^ "'" °^ '^^ ^^^^ "'' the vasa efferentia. but it s still mHrv' ^'^^p^P^^"'=lto^oa reach the observed as thev reach L I i,i;H " ^7^^*" activity will be found in the vas deferens 1 vSne'^'f ?^n'"°''' ""'''^^ >-^* -'-" however, until they r""ch '^'^^f l^^^f^^'^'y '^ -"^in,.
co.p..es .e.ue,U,. fo^n^^ J^.^^^ -^-w. .e ,..^
is ^^x^^ns^;un:ts^r^;;;ll;sr'^^^ '^---'r-
mare has no attraction for any snern i o.n' f h ^c^^ °^ '^"^ >"g the seminal vesicles Here o e rtnr tV, ""^ ^f ^°'^ ''^^^f'- -ng the e,,, as are those^sTclrrd b'y'co^uhdon'^'^"^ " ^"^"'-
tozoon s but a cell rnnt-,;., . '"?,'*^^'.^"^ '-^ter that a sperma-
structure of a^^tu^e beTnt Ti n^,/fa^'"rr' ''■' P^"""-^ tn the study of embrvolop-v nil; .u f^-'^'hrng importance
STIDIKS l.V IIORSK BRKKm.VC
Figure 7.— Se
figure sperma
^^o"-::,:;:^;-r|l^^:-;!.,"-he s.„en of al, sta„io„s. This tozoa are present. '^ Mallion in which no
\f:yr^^^
Till-: SKXC.M. rKODlXT OK TUK STAl.l.
lO.V
T^-ynwtvjKfwrzr-fii^afiaX
10
STUDIES I.\ HORSE BREEDING
held't'o ?h'e"opinTon fh"T^'^:^^\'he ?"' .T'.^"' °^ Physiologists
calcd ovists. After the diScoverev of ^ ' ^ ^ey were
school of theorists came nto elTs'enL , ■'^^^'"'■^^"^oa another
that the spermatozoa were prS3';Vth"nir'r °^ ^''^ °P'"'°" developed animals. They were cXi'n V-^ "'^^"^ "^ ^he
were those who held tcf he e "Son h" '"'"'*/ . ^''^" ^^^^--^^ and others who behoved in the ner ^ ^.'"'^ ."^^ development, these schools and theories hid tL^ '"^*'?" ^^'""'y- K-i^h of
minds of that tinu- h rem.^ineSll'rp' w Vi'"^ "^ ^f^'"' '"'-^ster to the world the relative iW^rt.; /i ^^°'^' '" ^^59. to give of fertilization^and thaVtreerm\°/'^' ^^'^^ '" ^'^^ P-^cess consequence of fertilization ^ """"^ organized only in
14. Spermatozoa OrsanizMl Ti^o i
physiologists were almosfTunt in tit bdie?'t,,T^°""^^ ^"^ •ere organized. Later investigators were as wfl 'P'^^^.^o^oa theory of unor.^janizcd germinfl matter n... ''^'''^'^ '" ^^^ ments have uaring the past twentvfi "" "P^'^^' ■'"stru-
organized cell theo% of tKe pr Lnt im' th"th"''""'"^ ^^^ the sperm ce 1 of the stTlIm,, Jc • , • ' theory is not that
deve/oped hor^e! but ^ly in e° fns"tlnt"tt '^^"^^ °^ ^ ^"'O' mental organs are present Vn ^n- i f ^ primary or ele- fact with more force than HertwSJr' ',"'" 'i''^ *" ^^'-^^^ t'^^ .s not present, that which maLefitt.'" " '"^' "'' ^''^ "'■^'-^"
maffa:-?:rra:f flTmTntrrpal'^^ f^^h^T^"^^^ °^ --- developed in great numbers ?n tlieSna Z ^°f\ ''''">' ''' I'lit can be seen in it onlv bv brinSn^ t ^^ ^'^ ^'''' ^t-i"ion,
magnification. A good nenetS.^^ "' ^'^ ^'^'^ "^e of high a magnification ofTw dCetcrs Vh'l^'"? "'""^'^ ^'^^'^ -ith Had in photo-micro-grapC work ,?, '' '"';"' ^ ''^^'^^ «ver diameters. A magnification of Sm h """^ ^'"'" ^40 to 280 width of the head afaboiu one ixte^H^'f"''"' ^"•" '^'^o"' the length at one and one-1 ^If inches a 1 '" '""'^ '"^"^ ^l^^' ^""tire three parts, head, tail and a S ,1 . spermatozoon consists of width is found in the head wlfic i ir r^"- ■^'^' ^""^ '^'' ^-''^^test cavatedon both surfaces n;Hn'.,..'''''P'^ " "''^'' slightly ex- \-iewed from the side 'hTs,rch\i'""''' '' *'" '■^"^"-- end. as shown in figure 4. Chemicirr.n.t ^PP^^""" of a wedge. sist of nuclear substance. '^^^^^'^"s show the head to con-
tracT!i:a^;i;;;ite'ind^rpS'of°:rsr* ^^ ^ '°"^' -"-
by means of which the spermato.nn ^ serpentine motions,
seminal fluid with great velodu^ w" T""^ ^"'•"■^'•d in the tully developed horse. Ae head a'ndl^ P'^ ^ ^'''''"" *'^=^" ^he middle piece, which is about one-fif^th of 't'h ""''.'^ ^I ' '^'>'' the spermatozoon. On the whole there L not ThrH' ''"^^^ "^
mere IS not the diversity of
I
:r^'i^±
THE SEXUAL PROnrCT OF THE STAI.I.IDN
form found in the spermatozoa of the manv spixies „f mifuinls (hat characterizes the epR-cell of the same species. '"•^' ""•"^• 16. Relative Size of Spermatozoa. In twentv s( ven venrs of mvest.pat.on. I have never found two spermatoxoa c/ ihe same s.ze. even m the san,e discharge, wlu-n measured with the photo-m.copraph. The s,ze of the stallion has little t,, do with the size of the spermatozoa. They are alwavs relativelv lareer in sma I stallions than in large ones. The .spermatota dis charged b.v an nnported Shetland stalli<m weighing 3.S0 pound^ were about one-half the size of those from a Shire -l Hi „
large as the pony. The spermatozoa of Shire stallions are slightly larger than those of any other breed.
17. Photographing Spermatozoa. .A gelatinous sul,';ta.ice ncloses spermatozoa m all their parts, and which is distinct m the surroundmg HukI. If treated with chemical rea.^nt f • m, d alkaline nature, this inclosing substance tak.^^ up .tarns u.th av.dity. g.ymg the spermatozoa a wider'and thicker • pearance than when not so treated. Kven bv this pr^a'sfa p t of the tad IS lost also g:--mg the spermatozoa a shorter appe ance than should be given them. In the use of stains, win ev 'r t ,s chem.cally possible, red is to be preferred to b u. as he tormer will take^black^ while the latter always take" whiV " • ^ r. Semmal Fluid. The semen of the stallion consists
m addition to the spermatozoa of a homogenous fluid-the liquor semmus-m vyhich we observe minute rounded corpuscle'^ or semmal granu es. These are found in the semen of a' II stal ion both vine and sterile Tliese vary greatlv as to size and um- bers in he semen of different stallions, and in some sUl ior ve f^nd two kinds of these corpuscles, differing widely nsTz-- In some instances a magnification of 200 diameters will disclose snuU clusters o corpuscles of varying shapes, and f om two tc' a dozen corpuscles m a cluster, and appearing sufficienTlvTar^ with that magnification to be accurately counted, 'nu-se take up stains quite readily. Figure 6 shows clusters of these larger corpuscles. It this same semen is placed under a higher ma^l- ficat.on the smaller corpuscles common to all semen will be di - closc^as shown in figure 7. These smaller corpuscles are about
ica^Tea°gentV" '" ^"""'"■' '"^ ^° ""* ''^^^''>' >-'d ^" ^hem- 19. The Development of Spermatozoa. The development of sperma ozoa clearlv demonstrates that they are really Meta- morphosed cells, and that each spermatozoon is developed out of a single seminal cell. The development of a spernmozoon offers the investigator manv interesting cnrnrises We hive already observed OD that a considerable tim?U requled in
^se"Td^ n . trat°^'"^ r^^''"'''^"^"''" ^"^ ^- have\kewi" observed (H) that a mature spermatozoon possesses a head a tail and a middle portion. Of these three portions the flat and
12
STL-DIES IN- HORM.; BREEDING
cant^!^:^S.^;;^:1.S^!^P-,- -hich ^^^ ^P-. eel, grows out into an elongated cone the hZ P ^^/^^/-''ved. This pomt of attachment for tit rnTcidle .^ece Th^''^ ^''''"''' '^' velops mto a still more elongated Tonrand nT l "T- "°^" ^^■ shaped structure. At this stltr) nf Z i "arrowed into a rod is seen to take place, so L as fori ni?^'"'"* ^ retrogression finally i. .,.'es tie ^o^^r^ oVa°rat°u^:%^:r;.\rorn"^^- '''''
ancl^at r^ire^^^^Vile^'tgiSrlrel'^- .^^^^ ^"^' ^P-"" served at the base of the nuc eus n thi f ^ .'' '' ^'^* °'^- and ,n a short time from i? the tail appL^r" °' '' ^"^" °-'
a pro^s of^;^:z;;\;rt"nVt^^i,?k:''thT ^^-^ ^^^-^^^
the fetU3. At first th^re s but TfuJ]^''' °^ ^^ development of is developed the head. Fi^om the he.d ;/r'"^i '^" °"* °^ ^^'^ich and finally the tail fromTe protopbrm ""'^ ''^^ "'^^'^ P'"^'
ber?f sp'J'Jma'ro^oa fn'^Tdtrar^e ^' ''/•^'«'- ^^^^ — tc 75.000. depending upon the Sual v,W "'.°V' ^^""^ ^^'000 the frequency of sefvice. A vir le s?aIMrm°l*''\'*""'°" ^"^ vice a day will discharge from 50 000 to 7S^^'"/ t"* °"^ ^"- service. The amount of ffuS disXrl P'^ ° ^^^"^ ^^ <=ach stallion is from four to twelve Ounces Tht ■' /"■"'" °^ ^
often, the semen .v.1 notfo''^ Ttu^eteimat.^-^" ^ fluid ;s r' the s rv L: ITZmolr^' 'r 'V- "°* ^"^ - -uch
many spermatozoa "somf I H?e%acLr norH'^i^^"^'-^'" ^
than an our:e of fluid, and very few of , ' discharge more
ounces. This aakes breedinP by the^^ ^ more than three
difficult than when usine stallin/. ^''^'l''^ '"^^'^od more
vice. The spermatozoT!ft ks are noT.'%'^' "^"^^"^ -'-
those of stallions ScientifiSfy 'peakinV no'"'T"' °^ ''^^ ^'
of impregnating mares, as a virile stallion T.,^^''' '' ^' ^"^^^^
true when mated with mares since th"n% ^''•" '' Particularly
never as certain in the cT'eo'al animal ^"^"^^'T °^ hybrids is
IS of one kind. There is a widelv Jf^f i ''' ,^\^vhen the mating
trary, but it is an erroneous one ^BeV""*f t^''^ ^° ^^e con^
tal diflference, jacks make a more comnl^t.' °^ ^^eir temperamen-
that is to say they deposit Te seS'fn th^.T' *'^"" ''•■'"•°"^ =
than stallions. Tiiis better servic™, H ."*?''"' "^"'^ often
ber of foals, even with Slower vitahtvofTh * '" " ^^'^'' """"
22. Vitality «,d Power JrJIu^ . c 'P"'"^to=^oa. i.fe force of spermatozoa depends r^uT °' S»»r»**<»«'«- The
of the stallion from whence they came "l"^^'^ '''"" V^""'
<-"^y came. in the case of the
TIIF. Si;XC.»., I'RODrCT OF TliK ST,\I.I.In\
13
I
horse they have been known to retain their vitality for thirtv
days after havrng been introduced into the s.xual ' pas Les S
the mare. In dissecting a n-.are that had been iollc.l at r uln.ad
crossing twenty-seven days after she had been br V f „ nd
housands of l.ve spermatozoa attached to the .,„■ nl'.r „u s of
It '?'"'?• "7^"^ '-'"'' •■»'^" i" t''^- intestinal cavitv. i t i ca e
he ma.e had been pregnant for about three weeks. I have kept
he spermatozoa of the horse under artificial conditions '-orfn
teen days^ At the end of this time I found everv .pcrmat „. on
active. However, I made many failures before' I ucc ■ • H n
domg th,s To succeed in keeping spermatozoa alive Z
'Tut?u'" ""'?rT "'"'* ^''^' ^'^^■"' f'-^'"' coming in nt'S with both a,r and hght. and a normal temperature is an abs" ute
wiir.h ^'" ^tl""^^' ^' !''^''" ^'"'1 "^^'I'^ f"^ months. iSlu'v will show activity upon being thawed out. yet life oon ce es under such cotid.tions The bottle or tube in which they ar^- to be kept must be stenhzed in boiling water before bein^g Tseo f kept m jar bottle or culture tube, these must be black s ^s' to exclude all light. My success in this came as a result of f^i in^ and sealing a small black bottle from the vagina of a ma f im had just been served ' y a stallion. Kxperinient. whicTi made in testing the longevity of spermatozoon life with regard to Tolor bfue'l^d whit:' '''"' "^-" '^^'°- ^■-'^- *^- yellow/ ^ret:
23. Power of Resistance as Compared with the Ear Rnfh the duration of life and the power or^T^sta^cc are mu "grea^lr in the spermatozoa of the stallion than in the egg of the^mare
L oth.!"'^' ""'"'U^r ^f.^^"^- of the egg being non-motue In no other way could fertilization be accomplished. A great divi"
tsTlf°to '^°?"' ""■'"" •^^*^"^-" ^^^ ^^^°' ^'"" ^ach hfs adapted Itself to a different mission. The non-mobile egg must be unked with he mobile spermatozoon, which requires not onlv the
Es well The''" °' T ''''''' '"* ^ f- greater durrttn o in^.c IJ M "^f^'"" '' ^"y sensitive to all external influ-
Tvi f.u '^"•^ destroyed by influences having no effect upon the life of the spermatozoon. A normal salt soluttn. that is such a solution of about seven-tenths of one per cent, geatly stimu- lates the activity ot spermatozoa, as do manv w^ak solutiorof an alkaline character, while all acid solutions, however dSute will quickly produce death. ""ever auuie.
The most destructive forces of the life of spermatozoa in ?r f'-t^/ «f destructiveness are bacteria, acids'^ sunl ght knS air. I have found man; species of bacteria destructive of spermatozoa, some of them proving fatal to their ex ence ;m°Sv'sTeHoSv d^*^""" °' '^'^^-^"^' spermatozoa S'often unsien'agency ■' ''"' '^'" '"" ''''' ^^""^ '' '' ^^ '°^'
CHAPTER II.
THE SEXUAL PRODUCT OF THE MARE.
. 24. Receptacle for Life Germ. Some i.lacc in uln<-l, f. i >s as ind.spensahle a cmlition of nKiter Vcxisten.-, ' ''
t"de or form. Nothing can be. withotu be „ "sTme'h;;;"'?;; life Kcrm, the |in,(lm-t of the ^talli.m n,„^f lv.,» ,"
the repnKhKt.oM ,„ her Uv ; to her se.xual pro!ii,ct ^ "
27. The Ovaries. These correspond to the testicles of th.
.o a ,,„r„„„ „, ,„e fi„„.n„e<, »,re"^i,:''„'f;he''?atpt„",u!r;"'
divided info cortica, and l^SlTor,^'''' TsZ ',t ToX ? omS"hn;''i,""' '"""'' !'"= >"'""e-< »n<i smanest Graffian
THE SEXl-Af, I-ROtncT OF HIK MAKE
28. The GralFum Follicle.. The wall of each sac of a Graf-
fian folhcle cons.sts of an outer .•> ul inner laver. th lat e^ tuL the more del.cate. Insule the wail is a laver of cells ar , -, r roundmp the ..vn„, ,s an aecmulation of' these cells wh ch ^s known as the discus. There is a cavity in the deeped fu fdcs
I •J
^'IKMl^^^i-''*^'
Figure 10.-The generative organs of the mare. 1. _', ovaries- \ 4 hrrn. of the uterus: 5, body of the uterus; 6. failop.an tube 7 cerv x "
Female pen!s"'n"ri \ "''?T-^ = "^ "^"'"^ "^"'-"-^ '0. '^"'-i'' - lemaie penis, 11, IJ, brnad ligaments.
iJ'th^fnll'l'^"'''-''''' liquor folliculi, which increases in amount as the folhcles en.arge. It is the office of *he Graffian follicles o develop ova, which when mature burst through the surface of the ovary near the hilus, and with the liquor folliculi and some ?2q\ .J^H^^ ^^"^^J■^""'?^ f ^ received by the expanded fimbria and 13 "'^"''**''* ^° ^''^ '•°''" of the uterus. See figures 12
*6
SI I OIKS IN IIDKSK BRKl KING
29. The Fallopian Tub«« (Oviducts) 'III..^,. ., n
tul.es Ic-adn-K .n,m „.,.,• tlu^ '"^7* , \lu. L. n f T ' T'^' a.ul supported .„ ,1,. l>n,a.l liKanu-nt. T a mi le , ' t ' n i """ .urn.u Inu tin. cxtnuutu. are nnul. ^^u\T t :T",^^:'i tlH^ tallup.an tulns u. conduct the ova fn.u. the ov r es -u t e
^n";;^ ohScJ'IVXiSX'I;;'^ "^^"1 T' ''^^^ ''-'^---^ cavity. rtn,bria. The k ert e t emi7' '^"^''?''''^^ Projections, the uterus. See figure 11 ^ ■*'^«^""ty <jpens mto tlie ho.n of the
rece"; tT^^^'urani^^c^nJinJeV;; tt "''•"• °^ ''^ "*"- to until it is released b, par;;;^;^^ ^J:^;S:^:Ss^c:?: "^X
TIIK SKXI Al. I'KOIHCr OK Till; MAHi:
17
.md two horns (cornuat. The anterior .xtr.mitv, ..r fumlu, U connects with the two horns, while its posterior ..xn."",; neck (cervix ) is constncte.l. ,,rojectinjj int.. the vaui-.a T e" ,\ horns of the uterus are curve,! sli,' 'v ui.war.l. connecting w the fallopian tuhes. The uterus is nel.l in position l,v the l.n ■ or suspensory ligaments. iMternallv. the l.o.iv of'tle utT^',' oinnuiuicates with the va.nua l,v means of the canal f ,rn e, 1 v- the cervix. I he cavity ,s luriuecl -f .m uneven iaver of „, ico is "I'-mhrane in which we tin,! many tul.ular cells.
31. The Vagina. This is hut a canal .situated imme.liat.lv I.c;low the rectum, and leading from the cervix to the vulva Tie wHlest portion is where it surroun.ls the cervix. Tl nico s
the %ulva by a niemhranous structure, the hymen (Iz).
Figur. 12.-Scctio„ of the uv.-.ry ..f a ,„u,c showing GrafTian folli. !e..
32. The Vulva. This is the external openin- of the -enital and urinary systems of the mare, terminating T-xternallv with wo lips (lahiae). It i.s separated from the vatrina l.v .V mem branous structure, the hymen (.^1). Upon the fiT.or o "tl e vulva s.Hue four inches from its external ..peninj, we fmd the me u unnanus. which ,s the opening of the urethra. !>.„ tl t o r and near the external o,,ening of the vulva is found u it, rk or female penis, and which is the chief seat .>f ,.I, a.sure f. r th. mare in copulation. The mucous membrane of h<. clitor s c..n- tains many glands which secrete most during oestrum Aside from the mammarv glands, which are concerned only in the
33. Comparative Study of Species. T. ^ f^,,j ,
standing of the sexual product of the mar. ,1]!. L ' "
.ary to compare this product with that o .cr femaler'^n doing this I shall have occasion to refer quite fremientiv to Hertw.g's work on Embryology, as well as'other Tpa icu- lar,, ..lent.on Hertwig because of his deep and thorough research
IS
STtmiKs ;n iiorsk BKKKniNd
vari,„„ ii„„.« ,a,lr mr „^,,i,^, „ '•"'"/'■'"KM' h.nvc at .poci,.,. I„„ ,,„ ,1„ ,,;,r,r/r" f"vS,'lio',',. ;'',l''"'" "' ","'"
tar from a normal suhiprf W',. i,^ i
lack .f extensive inJXationtnnrt:"^" '''^^'T °^ '^' .natumals as recorded U^^lZ^ntlZ^^t:^ " On" ''^ "' ,1,'ator computes the diameter r.f tt^. i ^ "^' '"vcsti-
hooks now in use . n veLr nnrv ''" '"'^''' ^"'^ °^ ^^e text
cpg of tl,e mare a 1 2W o 1 12n"r" ^'"'1 ^'"" '''■•■^'"^■^^•'- "^ 'he said it is 10 times as large "^ '" •"''^- ^^'^"^ "t'^''^^ '^ave
fwo thmgs have led up to tliese errors T»,» already mentioned (investieitim nL . The one I have other, -.v^J^h is more iUIv t I *^»i •"'*J''''* ""'>'^ •''nd the
a maiure egg one ready 'foV Wv" ?•"" ""^'' '^ ^''^ ^^^^^ that narrow middfe p.^rti^ f tt fal , ' 1°? "'• ''' ^"^^ '* ■" ^^e the size of the same eU w len Hi' i '.'T' " '"""'^ "^''^" ^wice
fact has seemed To csfJeZnl ^^'-^ ^'T ''^^' •'^'^'•>'- This The law of reversion tfat of rev "tlnfto °^ '" '"^"'i^^t-s. cestor. is more pronounced in 'C ^ to some primitive an- nals, than in an^^one other thin^L'"'' '". "^^ '^^ "^ ^" '"a'"- far as size is concerned the a if r .? .u ■" '^" '^^'^'^ ^^ '^''•^•''. «« In n.y investigations t llSje'XaTZ^'thT^^i^^^.H?'^^^^
TiiK m;m Ai I'kiiDi I I OK nil Msur
19
trou-s iH-iMR l-40a.ul .?.8 of an inch. ( )n v" . c" 1 , | i-v " r...
',ff^.'
incttrs.)
Figure U.~I.KR ,„■ ,l,e „,are. ( fhoto-„.:crograph. al.-.u. .,x ,1,,.
how easily one could ho mistaken " '"'^stipatora
vesicle and germinal .pot ' (vitcli,,.), jrerminal
r»,„d,ng ,he egg substance is an egg niembranc the ^ona pdl
20
STUDIKS l.N HORSIO JIKKKDING
37. How the Egg IS Formed. There are two chief divisions ot eggr formation known as primary and secondary formations 1 he former are those developed wholly within the ovaries, while the latter are those developed partly within the ovary, and partly w.thni the oviduct, such as the shell upon the egg of a heii The egg of the mare belongs to the former class, since it is developed wholly within the ovary. There are several changes made in the egg ot the mare alter it leaves the ovary, but as these have to .."i.l'twM!''"''^" i maturing or ripening only, it can hardly be saic that they are developed in any manner outside of the ovary
hggs are capable ot being divided into two other classes' simple and compound eggs. The former are such as are devel- oped in an ovary out ot a single germinal cell. The latter are those produced by the union of several cells, and- formed in two
Figure IS.-Kgg of the marc, greatly enlarged, a, egg nucleus • b volW ■ c. ^.ona^pellucda- the granules surrounding '.hf egg a- k"own°'as
different glands of the sexual organs of the female ComnonnH eggs are found only in a few of the more prSve sSes a discussion of which will occupy no place in this work.
38. The Egg— When Discharged From the Ovarv Fnriv investigators held to the opinion that the egg u^ITs'ch.reed from the ovary during the heat period (c.estrum) AIo foUhf te.xt books now in use are still teaching this theory. In the case of omo species I believe this to be the rule, mo're particular h
z ir t',;;::"%"'f" "^ '^""r^'-^^ie aow of biood is ex;!;? li a
at this time. So far as the mare is concerned there is only occasKina ly seen a discharge of blood, and when there s it is never earier than the third day after the cessation of thS' hea? period 1 he one thing m.,re than all others uhich .?s caused me to doub the correctness of this theory, was the fact that mares bred four five days after the cessation of he Seat perbd were more likely to be impregnated than when b ed ear i^r
I THE SEXl-AI. PROniCT OK THK MAKK
stallion daily until tu<, h,- r ^ f '''''■'■ ^'■'^■'' ^^it'i the these periods "nght he ^aiVcY "oU^ n"^' ''''' " ^^^^^ ^^ tion. The first day folL^ine Int In Y'- ^r:'/""'-^' ^""1 ^'"--'-i- to mate with the^tallion tL' v ,^1 "'^n 1 ?'^"T'^ ^ ovaries and oviducts carefull 'exaniined Onlv'in '"' ■'"'' ^''^ of this number of mares dirl 'r f;^ i ♦ V ^ '" ""^ <^'ise out
from the ovary at Tdo^'o 1 ' htt ^c'riod' '?,7^ ''■^^■"■'^^''^ tion was tliat of an irretr-ilar mire nZJ\ ""'' '-^^"'"P-
had been about 30 days^^art TleVe I , '''? '''" '^"■'".^^ '^' ^^'^i*^'' that ;t was the developn\em ri h or t a,' th7 ."'T''""'^' '"-"^^ egg that produced the heat nerioVi r il • ^^'^•^'i^^''' '" ^'^e
did both ovaries develoo ind .1 ?.i ^' '" °"^ ^^ t''^'^^' '"^'res
same period. In o he -ords onTv onf 7.1 "' '^' '^""'^ ^"' ^''- likely to produce twins ? ltd I^ ^Im'time'Vi:'''''"- """''' '^^ tions not only settled the au.^tinn ;.! i ^^^^^ mvestiga-
^gg .s disch.^rged f;om^S ! ovaTv "bu?" h '"fso' '" '"'? ^™^- ''^'^ conclus vely. that in all nnrnv i . ' . '' '^^ proved quite as
at each peHod-^'ln^lroT'tt T^'did^r^fi'^J '^ ''''''''>^'' spots, but since then I have fo nH nn^^ ^ ^"'^ *'^° germinal
two germinal spot" b u th S In It^s^ ^ /'^^ '"f ^ '^'^"-'"S regarded as a freak. ^^ ^' entirety could easily be
pn?r;i,^°rtrttt,f *t^;sf oT;£"U^;e ^°^"^^^?°" °^ ^^^^
as the most charactcr.ftic ff^u,:^peciis of^.n^H'^'l^ H"^ considered cells. The.r size, which is due to 1 greater o! .1 " '""^' "/ ^"""^' deutoplasm, varies so extensively thaffn 'ess acct-mulation of
can be only barely recognLeTS minute dots'"lhT^"''^^- '''^^'^^"'^'-'''^ attain the considerable dimensions of In ^V'- T^""' '" °'hers they usually globular, more rarely oval or^vl 'J'"'' ? ^^«- ''^e form is arise from the method in which notonl..^,^'''''^^i- ""^" variations stituted and distributed whhin the hmi^rnf^'if '^^"'"P'»^'" are con- addition the diflFerences of the finer strrture.r.\^ '^^- -^''"^ ^^'^ '" and the great variabihtv of 'he egg membra,?/ "'^Serminative vesicle ditions are of great significance from ^h^rinfl ^""'^ °^ '^^'"^ ^■""- subsequent development. These ha e bee^, ^?'^ P" '^^ "'^""^^ «' classification of the various kinds of egg, "'"P'"^'^'^ ^' a basis for a
■n w}iici?;r^orp']a°sm^3^de^iyrs;7 aTeT' fr'"^' '" ^^^ — r three modifications, which are of v^rv.r ^;^!'-'''"'«=d ^i'hin the egg, ■".nation of the first procesfof developme n 'TJ'T^"'' "," '""^ ''^'" 'leutoplasm, which ordinarily is pre ent "niv fn '^^.■^"'"P'est case the the correspondingly small egg is more or IpI ? V"^'' ^'"^""t '"
the protoplasm In nthrr cf^c^ -he ' hi "■"formly distributed in
condition, in conjunction v;itb" an increase"",n "A ""k ?/ "^^ "^'^inal material, an inequality in the dfs^ributinn f .u^ ''""' "^ '^e yolk previously distinguished. The eSa"r^?,°l '^ '^" ''^K-^ubstances abundance at certain regions of^h/r.,T'Jl^' a«umul.ited in greater at other regions. Cc
regions of the egg territc nsequently, a contrast h
ry. and the deutoplasm arisen between portions
22
STUUieS IN HORSE HKEKUING
of the egg-cell which are richer, and those which are poorer in proto- plasm. A further accentuation of this contrast exercises an extra- ordinary broad and profound influence on the first process of develon- ment which take place in the egg after fertilization. The changes which further on are em'^raced under the process of cleavage, inake their appearance only at the region of the egg which is richer in proto- plasm whereas the region which is more voluminous and richer in deutoplasm remains apparently quite unaltered, and is not divided up into cells. By this means the contrast becomes during development disproportionate y greater and more obvious. The one part undergoes changes, is divided into cells, and out of these produces the individual organs; the other part remains more or less unaltered, and is graduallv employed as nutritive material. The part of the yolk which is richer in protoplasm, and to which the development processes rem ,in conlined has been designated formative yolk, and other nutritive yolk."
"The unequal distribution of formative volk and of nutritive volk within the egg is accorv.'ished in two difTe-cnt wavs. In the one case tlie formative yolk is accumulated at one pole of the egg as a flat germ-disc. Inasmuch as its specific gravity is less than that of the nutritive yolk collected at the opposite pole, it is alwavs directed up- ward, and It spreads itself out on the yolk just like a drop of oil , water. In this case the egg has undergone a polar diflferentiatio when at rest it must always assume a definite positon, owing to ;,ie unequal weidu ot the two poles. The dissimilar poles are distinguished as the animal ,nid vegetative poles. In the second case the formative yolk IS accumulated over the whole surlMcc of the egg, and surrounds the ceiitrally placed nutritive yolk as a uniformlv thick, finely granular cortical layer. The egg exhibits central differentiation, and therefore does iiot as.sume a constant position when at rest. As in the former case the yolk was polar in position, so here it is central."
40. The Nutrition of the Egg, But little thotijjl.t or studv has ever been "fiven, rc',e;;irdinp tin- nutrition of t!ir ejjg durintr Its early development and ofrowtli. If the cgpf-memhrane, (zona pcllucida) he cxanuned under high magnification it will be found traversed by many pore canals, into which as long as the ejrg remams in the Craffian follicle, there penetrates very fine pro- jections of the follicular colls. These fuse with the egg-plasm and are the source of nutrition. Anv impaired conditicm of an ovary, must necessarily result in a like impaired condition of these ' hcular cells of the Grafifian, and an G^g incapable of fertilization is the result. One of the verv annoying difficulties of the breeder can be explained away bv this want of cg^ nutri- tion. There arc many mares apparently normal, which do not develop ova capable of fertilization.
CHAPTER III.
3
3
THE FERTILIZATION OF THE EGG OF THE MARE
nK.^;,el"*r::'ir',fe!!'"^,^';;'!^»--, ^'- --' .^^ the
i^^ation. It is of two kin, ''\\V "'•''; '^.^"'^'^"■it^'l -'s tVrtil-
withinthe sexu^^V^ aj:" tlJf ;in,r:?''"r'"" ^^'^^'^ '''^^ lertihVation. In the 07.,. , , ■ '^^""^^'1 as itit.inal
'i-. an.l is ,1,0 n.-rc „ri„mht,„;,'l';r" " '""■'"" '■''■"'■'■-
ilownij; large
4(1 iiiiiiaiivo
uith^.'^:^:;;^!;:-^,^-^*:;-^ i;.rtiii.atio„ i. „„„,.,;„„
essential things wh cl ha. ;. , .?^T ''"^^- ^'"'^ *"' t'^^' serves when .he, are see„rcd ^t 1^.: lllJ^'^^J^^^.r ^i:
24
STLDIKS I\ IIORSK BRKF.DINT,
may safely assume that notliing is ever created. All things fall- ing under our observation are the result of some i)rocess of development. Spermatozoa are nf) excejition to this rule. They are developed from a very simple elemental cell, and require nourishment for their develojjment as well as does the fetus after fertilization, (jr tlie foal after birth.
43. The Development of Spermatozoa. I'.rief mention has al- ready been made ( 11 ) ( I'J) of this subject, but before we can pro- ceed with the sul)ject of fertilization, it will be necessary to observe more cl(»sely all tlie processes of development leadinir iu> to fertilization. '
FiKure 17.— .\ iiialure egg of the mare- a. egg nucleus, tilization.
ready tor fer-
Ihe sexual firgans of the stallion which are concerned in the development of spermatozoa are the testicles, vasa efferentia epididymus, vasa deferentia and vcsiculae seminales.
The testicle is enclosed with a fibrous capsule, the tunica albuginea. This fibrous tissue is extended into the substance of the testicle, dividing the organ into sejiarate lobules. In each lobule are found many seminal tubules, commencing in a highlv convoluted portion, but ending in a straight tube, which pierces the tunica albuginea at the anterior extremitv of the testicle T hese seminal tubules are made up of several livers of cells the spermatoblast cells, and it is here that spermatozoa have their origin. Reference to this (,^, nas already beet. made, but I icpt-at this part because of its importance to this subject. Hut here one finds only an elemental cell, capable of rotarv motion only, such as one observes in most vegetable cells. The
e nucleus (j
f thi
s ce
11
TIIK FKRIII.IZATION OF Tlli- i:(,(, Ol' TlIC M.\R|;
25
Figure 18.- IVrliliznlii.ii cf iIr. cu-— ;, .,iiall i„,rti,,i, ,,,• .1, i
elcvau.-l ,„ „K-c, U,e nearest ;pcrma,oLo;^^ ' "'' '*^^' '"^"'"'^^
Figure 19
lioniin lis way :iiio the ckK- ^vnun is
26
STUDIES IN HORSE BREEDING
is nearly triangular, with a chromatin net work If nn. f ii this spermatozoon into the vasa eff^r^l^til i 5 r... ."^ 'oUows be observed, the most essi^uLl ^nc cTns Le o a chfn'"^'^ "/" nucleus, wliicli has now assumed nlnnt^ i '^'?'^"^^ '" ^^^ It now has greater moh-itrC th^ SoraYl^ef:';lTs^roX
and very narrow form, the u head ot" a"' ''"' '"""^^^ ^ '^"^
■«s
^^T^^-^^?^
^^^S^IMI^iyfe'^ilr ^kik
Tin: FHRTII.IZATION OF TIIK i;r,(,
'"•■ Till-: MARi;
27
44. One Cau«e of Sterility. A carffnl stii.lv < f ti„. i i ■nent of spc.rn,at.,.oa is „f f^roat intcre t „.'''" more than to tl,e .stnchm. l.cca.se its ci cl, . u ' TT"
causes of sterilitv in stallion.. If .vn o„ m" ^ ' ." '^^ "''' of the stallion become in,paire<l . n ■ un c-n s .i^r" '"^'''''
I
I
Figure 21.— The first process in real {^^ sijeriu-micleiis, siirrouiiding nucleus.
rtilizati.iii h.-is 1k-i-c licKnii— .-i i I)i->.tO|jlasii;ic ra,IJa!i,,n ; h. ork
in
45. The Egg of the Mare. The need of mature spermatozoa the process ot fertilization has now been made ck-i T c next essential m th,s process is the cg^ of the n,an ,' nr v
^pec.es. mcludmg: a few of the mannnalia. sonu'time I ef •
LTI'^.''^ *'^'- ^"'■■''"'^'" •""''^•^' the ,ermi, atn^ """ ■ •.scends to the surlace of the e-g. and soon after .1 s- and m the place where if rJi-.a.^H -ired tl-rr- . ',- "^' , , •-..-nucleus and. under the e^ ' n;^;^^!;^^:,/ :;j;'';X^.;-
the ovarii" ""T-, ^^"^'^ ^'^-^ •''"^'- ^'-■>- h.-^ve esca /e Tnt' the ovar> always exhibit effg-nucieus and polar cells In the
'ens is not formed until after the
vesicle ippears,
case of the mare the eg-f,'--nucl
"SS ha
s escaped from the ovary
28
STUDIES IN HORSE BRKEDING
still remain unfcrtil /ed R^f, rr thiv . ^^ ^ -^' ''^ '''°"''' pass through a Procifof Len'nlr; l^' ^"*'''?^^1 they must describe. ^ ripening or maturmg which I will now
of tt^ «^n^i:e'!!^rT^'^^?-^,^^ti r^^v^"^"
mature egg is shown in figure 16 "¥h?s show th/'I '"'"
appears at the time of its escape from t lu- ovnrv x^F ^' '* the germ mat ve vesicle LTirlinlKr .„ / ovar%. At this time
egg toward Us surfact its mS n.embr.T','^' ""'^" "^ ^'^'^ t ng its fluid to escape into t^esurnnmdhTvow'^ '"''""■*■
t.ve dot breaks up into a numbe o Tmilfer dl ^^^ ^^■™'"^-
7unegen;?;t[:n^oTtt'^^^^' can . be"^;toV.!S:d ll^nni.rgT;
This nucTe:rsTJ:z°p ru^r^Ti^rr^hir'^h'^ *:, ""^'^" -^r^"^
taken by the ^ermina^ive vesic ItS t to-^^^^^^^^^^^
the surface of the volk. At the nlace wh.rofi? ^^ '*' *'*''^''
touches the surface the vnk VJu ■'' ^^^ ""clear spindle
which half of the SI nd4tdv.nc" V" u T""'' '^"°''- '"^° picted by the knob becoming ;rnsncted\t1tsr.''''"H '^ '^i!""- the half of the spindle as a v^ery smalVcell '''• ^'^'^'^'"^
lie Sse^'tg^^ o^^: ^ui^^oHh^'^^fif tt^;::^ ^^^^
the egg. When the second VocesorbuddngorcdlH^"'' °' has been concluded, the other half ni Z\;u^' division,
the formation of the second polar cell sY.ft^ l""' employed in of the yolk. Out of this\ri,e« n . ' , ^ '". **'^ *^°''t'cal layer nucleus', which slovlmlgme; Sck"^^ in";"^""";^ \' '""^ '^^ of the egg, when we hafe th maturengg'^r";"' t' "'r'^ n.tu. ^spermatozoon, when it will beSe'/^er-liliSd'^'^le:
Nucre«..^r'r;;a7inf tnrt itrTzlnvilTr'? ""' ^« the germinative l-esici! of the immature egg "vet",?;' *'^* cupying about one-third of the cee snare « h^il m ^ 'arge, oc- of the mature eee is but -, . fnl7,f P ' ^''^ ^''"^ ^^^ nucleus In the case <.f fL fc mer 2 H .' "'^T'"'^ ''"* ''"'^ ^P^"- nuclear membai a nude, "netwo^^^^^ " "•'" developed
nucleus. In the Iat?e th \g^^-n /cleuris lulTrr''^' '°* °'- and is not separated from the ?>fotoplas'^ Vl^^^-tJZlSZ' '/^frt'""il.l-5"'r''^^'- vesicle -can be fertTr "
cause of its immaturity. Th. ^.....M.auve the process of maturing the egg. is dissolved out of It IS formed the sm
ized, be- germmative vesicle as a part of
allcr
"g-nucl
or degenerates, and
eus. This fact is of th
■I
TIIK FKRTII.l/ATroN OK Till: r,(,(. Of nil- M \R1- -,
29
utmost importance to hrrrdirs. in explainiufr uliv so mnnv m parcntly normal marcs ,lo not hrccd. ' ^ ^^'
SO. Why Egg. Do Not Mature. The chief causes of these opgs fa.lms to mature, are excessive fat (alwavs one f rm of .leKenerat.on,, jjeneral dehil.ty upon the part of the mare an such chseasos as develop a hi^h temperature. Alanv mares' v en . '■'it'is'.r" Vr '-''? -"'''•' ■" ^^•^•"«= '-'ttack'of -n -
res.^r'in""'' ^""''V-'"" "1"'" "'<■ I'-"t '"■ the marc cp.ite l,l«!v to r lit 1 eggs laihng to m.ature. is that of an immature condi- tion ot the mare. In several experiments with the ova oi |.„orlv developed two-year-old fdlies. 1 was ahvays unaule to'hriig
Figur, 22.- n this f.g.ire it will he sen thai siHTin-muK-iis ,„<1 c^n nucleus have me. near ihe rcner oi the- ct^.Jan.l hlc cci e sur rounded by a common protoplasmic radiaiion. ^ "
about fertilization hy artificial, or external, means. The ova of such mares, even uhen fomid in the fallopian tuhci. had no at- traction for the spermatozoa, and when pr.,pcrlv treated with reagents atjd examined with a liigh power m'icroscope. I wo,^ d always find that immature condition already descriVd.
51. Union of Egg and Spermatozoon. The third essential in fertilization ,s to properly unite a iiorm.d mature egjj S a nornial mature spermatozoon. Mow this is accomplished mat ters little, so long as normal conditions are observed as to tem- perature, l.ght and cleanliness. In natural copulation und° r n^- tura! con.-iuions of muUng, the stailioi, will discharge the semen directly into the uterus nearly every time. Under conditionro domestication this will not occur quite so frequently, but if al stal ions he considered tc>gether this will occur in about 60 per cent, of the services made. To be exact, in the case of 1?%
JO
STfDIKS IN NORSK IIKKKDING
marcs bred I,y natural sc-rvic- («1) 1<) ,IiffiT.-nt stallions hcine iisi-d and the marc, cxainim-d imnu-diafi-Iv after the service it was foun.l that 715 iia.l nut trace ,,t semen' in tlie va^rj,,,.,] cavitv while in the case of 4H| ,,f them the semen, „r a i.art at least' was deposited m the vagina. Onick impetuons servers will de- posit the semen m the vapina more frequentlv than stallions less impetuous.
If fertilization is the thin^ desire.l. the semen should he deposited in the uterus of the mare. To determine this I bred 50 mares with l, als at fn,,t, the f. iN l„.,nK less than M, davs „ld w'lth capsules, emptying; the Huid v. -11 back in the vagina and 27 of them were impregnated wiih this service. I als.. bred 50 mares with foals at foot of the same n^v as al,..vi. usin^r capsules and semen from the same stallion, but inserting,' the cap>ule into the uterus, and 44,-1 them were imprejinated with this service 'Ml the mares in this experiment were from .? to 11 years of age.
I made another exf.eriment with mares that had not produced a foal withm one year of date of service, and ranf,HnL' from three to nine years of age Of these 50 were bred with capsules. emptying the Huid well back in the %agina and onlv 11 of them were impregnated, while of 50 bred with capsules.' semen from the same stallion being used, but the capsules being inserted into the uterus, .?9 were imj.regnated. .'Spermatozoa mav find their way into the uterus and (.viducts if deposited anywhere m the sexual passages of the mare, but here we have vcrv stron- evi- dence that It is better to have the semen deposited'directiv into the uterus, and Nature has very wisely j.n.vided for th'is by making it possible for the stallion to discharge the semen directly into the uterus of the mare. One can easily learn how this is accomplished by inserting the hand into a normal mare in heat and with the back of the hand partly closed, try to imitate the action of the penis during copulation, by a forward and backward motion, each tune pressing firmly against the cervix. After two or three such pressures, he will be able to distinguish the action ot the cervix meeting his pressure and of the same opening two or three times as large as when he first intoduccd the hand This IS but the normal response to the stallion, and is the part assumed by the mare in copulation. It is here we learn whv the quick impetuous server so often leaves the semen in the vagina It is only because he is too quick for the mare, giving her no time to respond.
52. Where FertUization Takes PUce. Fertilization may take place anywhere from the uterus to the anterior portion of the fallopian tube, and has taken place in the abdominal cavity when we have an extra uterine impregnation. Onlv once in all my mvestigations have I ever kuoun of fcrtiiizatiuii'taking place in any other place than the narrow middle portion of the fallo- pian tube. Ihis narrow portion where fertilization is generally elfected is somew ^posteriorly to the middle. Nature seems
THi: FrRTii.rzATroN OK Tin; vx.i. oi Tin; maki:
to havi- pnividcd this narn.w passairi- for tlu- ivi.r.s^ ,.„r. *
.nak.n^ fertilization easy and'c-rtam. Th.. .;;';:.' "'rT^fo srvral davs, w utlur sp.-r.nato.oa ar. introduce.I i„,^ 1, . , , „, or no . and as tin- v^K U\U tin- car.al of this or^an n ,. , „ ,.. I! lor the spermatozoa to pa ,s the c-Rg. '
S3. DUintegration of Semen. A short time after s,.,.,,-,, has I-..'" .ntro.h.ced into ,lu- uterus of the mare a process o d s n teKrat.ou takes place, wherel.y .lu- sper„>atozoa^are s.V e U" the unicous meu.hnme ot the u.ar.- he exa.niued vv.th ■ h.L'l power microscope 24 hours or uu.re after the se.nen 1 a .^. mtroduced. ,t wll he .ouud that the speru.atozoa are all a ch d to.th s memhrane. I heir movuir fmm oue part to another .f, er tins ,me ,s made posMl.le l.y the fluid always found upo„ | i, .";.'. l.raue. A Kd, temperature will luve a t'eudeucv to'd nnul. when hoth movement and fert.li/ati.n will he ,mp.„\,i, ■
Figure 23.-l'en.lizali„n minpleti'. Hero om- ..bstrvos nucleus aufl eKK'-iuicIcus lia\e fused as shown at a.
tliat ^perni-
54. Fertilization. The I)e-innin,i,r i.f fertilization, or the piercmp ot tiie e^jr memhrane l.y the spermatozocm i; not ac- eomphshed m the same manner l.y all species. In the mor.. prim- I ive species there is no true memhrane enclosing the eirj; as in the case of mammals. The latter, and especially the ee^ of the mare >s enclosed in a yery firm memhrane. so I'lrm in fact that the egg can he rolled l.y the aid of a needle, oyer and oyer aeain with no mjury to the memhrane. With some of the more „rim- itiye species one finds only a .soft gelatinous suhstance surr'.und- n,g t!u' egg ^yhich is ea^dy p.cnctratcd. In figure 18 can be seen he first act in the fertilization of a fish egg. It \yill be seen tlia as so..;- as one of the spermatozoa approaches the egjr a small port , of the surface is eleyated to meet the spcrmato-
32
STIDIKS IX IIORSK BHr.KtMNU
roan In fipurc D the eirvaticm of the crk surface is still hiL'hcr and the spermatozoon has met it and is iM.rinjr its wav into the effp. In h^iire 2() the spermntozcx.n, both as a result of its own energies and the attractive power of the v^K ha-; succeeded in penetratmR the vkr. leavinjr only its tail l.ehind. N,, sooner has the spermatozoon penetrated the v^K than a thin vitelline mem- brane forms over the entire eRg. thus prev.ntinj,' the penetration of another spermatozoon, even thouKh there was no ..ther ajrencv at work to prevent this. ^ ^
The real process of fertilization is now ready to take place I he ejjjf-nucleus and the spermatozoon, which has now assumed tile form of a sperm-nucleus mutally attract each other and hecin m.^ratrnK thn.uf:!, the yolk toward each other. This is shown in figure ^1. Ihe sperm-nucleus .soon becomes surrounded in a I.rotoplasmic radiation, while the e^'p-nucleus shows no such radiation, ^oon the two meet near the middle of the eei: and become surr..imded by a common radiation as shown in f.inire 2' mmediately after this meeting they become flattened at the sur"- tace of contact, and hnally fuse with each other, when tlie act ot fertilization is conii)Iete as shown in figure 2.1 Only two or three minutes of time is required to carry the process of fertili- zation through all its many stages herein described.
55. When FertUiMtion Take. Pl.ce. The time elapsing from the introduction of spermatozoa into the uterus of the mare until fertilization is complete may be anywhem from n few hours
.',' 1 /i '';V''" ^l'"'"*t<>zoa showing great activ -y have been found in both the uterine and abdominal cavities of a mare 27 days after she was bred. Mares bred during one heat period frequently do
ot conceive until the next heat i.eriod. A test was made of 63 mares bred and found in heat 21 days later but for the sake of the experiment were not i.red at this time, and 41 of them pro- duced foals without being rebrcd. If the stallion is virile and the mare normal in every way, semen introduced into the uterus should be virile for 30 days or more.
Of all normal mares bred, probably 9 of overv 10 conceive from hve t.^ seven days after the cessation of the h'eat period.
56. Vitality of Egg and Spermatoioa. There is a wide dif- ference in the vitality of spermatozoa as compared with the eec
I he former have great duration of life and power of resistancl' while he egg ot the mare possesses little of cither. A norma salt solution will increase the vitality of the egg. and aid in ex- ternal or artihcial fertilization, as doA nothing f fse k„ow„ at this
ime^ The egg ,s extremely sensitive to air, light and low tem- peratures, while spermatozoa may be frozen f„r week^ and sh.uv
nio
tion upon being ihaued out. 'in experiment
fertilization the egg must be kept f.v,... .„. „ light being used instead. This is true also of s
ing witii artificial rom all natural light, a red
spermatozoa. Weak
Tin: Fi:KTri.i/Arios of tiik kc.i. oy riii: \\\Ht:
Si
salt and alkaline v.lntions v •'.] ,,uicken tlu- activ.tv of sporma- Sh' ' ' '"'' *"'""""^- ''-'«i-v«T .lilme w.ll ,,,„ckly ,;ru,h.Cf
57. Condition* AdverM to F«rtUiiation. In . x|.. ri.n, ntinc w.tli .scnu-n at l..w t.-mperatuns, I was n.vcr al.!. t.. inu.r.unat? maros w. h scnu-n nu.cl, I,H„u nnrn.al. f )n on.- orr.,,,!.,, [ i , - prej; ited two niarrs with s.-nun that had been qnicklv lowered to a tcmprraturc of 'H decrees. This was don.- I.v placn,^: hc- hlk-d extractor for two or thr.-,- ,nin„t,-s in watt-ra that t.-n - peraturc, If kept at low temperature for anv consi.ieral.l.- uZ spermatozoa w.ll lose their fertilizing; properties, although thev' .t.l show motion. The more active one finds them, t!- n.orc certain of fertilization.
I have never been able to impregnate a mare havinc a tem- perature above 101.7. Only once luue I done so w.tlf a "- perature as high as that. In breeding ma.es with a tempera.ur.. nl 101 or more, one is confronted with a problem not yet m.Iv.,1
■,rt?:i A*"*'??^ F.rtUi«tion. So far as the horse is concerned.
artil cial tertibzat.on ,s but external fertilization. The ei:L's ,,i' the hrst or primitive species were all fertilized cxternallv Th.'
d-fticult if care be used as to normal conditi.ms. Place a mature egg in mature semen and fertilization is certain. It vvill iL-am be referred to in a future chapter ^^ "
ClIAI'TKR IV.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX IN FERTILIZATION.
Some ot tiK- early authorities hel.i that the ovaries controlled
The egK attracting the spermatozoa.
Figure 24. -Sex attrrutidii. onrlv on- T "^■•■^••>V'f^'"'^.'l*'"S egRS of the other sex. In the
them l„i,l K.veii l,ir,l, to („r,ls „f bolli sexe, '
In Is!];?' '"''■ "'?' ,"-'" °">-'i"«''<i in tl.e test-, e, of the stallion
™i'e^ Th'e ?t::"o;v-;s",""^ "-6'L,s"r,o',^r"f,:c'h\;e?:
iHiieb. J lie spring ot 18<'6 he was mated w th ^ rnare^ rh-ivintr
«su."fn^'rsTo';;;'r:,''-r"i''"""''"-^^^^^
resulting ,n li foal., ot which eight were colts. So far as these
Tin: iNFuicNci: of >i;.\ i\ fkktii.ization
35
to he (ih-
tvvo stallions were concerned hut little difference wk ■served whether they had ,,ne testicle or tw,,.
One of the old theories, and it is still living, is that .,i niatinL- '■':!•■ 1?.:^'' l]''--^t peri, K f.,r fillies and late for col,., H'^ly
■■■;, -n !!■'■ earliest possible time. HI were 'i"i<- 1 -; 41 foals, the result ot matinjr ■nod I'M acre fillies and 150 onlv were result ^uf lating out of season, that is jn \„ »t ^, ' , .' • '"' ^"^^''■^' 'I'l'cs and 97 were colt> Another theory which has been given much pnnninen e l.v n an> hreeders and a tew writers, is that of the\altern,- t, "f
nnre u >s t ?:"T '^'^'^'*'^"^^'"" -"' "'^'•<'^ this theorv clear. 1 .1 marc uas to produce a colt one year, and mated with a stallion
loals, the result of -i ... colts and 96 onlv v vrv the last of the he i odts. Of 198 foals he I'ctween the heat ]-v .
Figure 25.— Se.x .ittraction. When lortiliztri the t'Ke
attraction to .spermatozoa.
offers no tiirthcr
again at the first heat period following parturition, the next vear she would produce a filly. biU if mated at the second period the loal wou d again be . colt. To put it in another wav mating t the odd heat periods will produce the opposite sex' when con" '.ared with the last foal, while mating al 'the cV^n hea te l" the toal would be the same. '
In 1895 I had 1/ mares producing foals. These wer.- all mated
H.th a stallion at the hrst heat period. 14 uf them producing
...als from the t^rst mating, and' two of the othe Vfrom t
s-cond mating^ These all produced se.xes in accordance wk t s
heory. and I believed for the time that I had solved the my te v
ex control. 1 he next season these same mares were handled . the same manner, and records kept of the matings. and wi
in^Se^^JlL^flSS^-"^^'-^-'!^"^^ ^''^'■'' -- ^^"^ ^^-
of short time exper
iments.
^^'E4:.cj*;;11»...:^m;
.%
STL-DIES IN HORSE BREEDING
xv.r ? Other theories, some quite well known, while others ere not so well known, have ended the same wav. Some o them would make a very fair showing for one year only to ^< wrong the next. Among these theories were such is Zon in fluence, watering before and after service, tlie s allL hangintr
a \ven . '^' ''^''' V''' ^■'^^ "f ^'^^ "'--^^^ during opuradon as ucll as scores ot others equally as absurd. 1 " -luon
e first process in the develop
mcnt ot
Figure 26.— Ctll formation, the enibr_\u.
,,,.^\-^*'' Attraction. The only control of sex is that of sex
, sm'T; Si The" ""■"■-^'•"'''^ to the breeder'for 1 ^
otJm tlr .1 wf kn r '"'r'"' ^^'■"f ''^ '''' ^'^ '""'^li "lore
s\f ; r n^, <r;r s-es^,i;.^>,- .:- ;---;-
It s not. In the ammal kingdom all liorma! males^are ,naen 4 cally positive, while all normal females are magneticaily neU- tnc. A perfect male, that is one endowed with all the masS
marked decree uiH i,!var'"4;^rl,'cgtV„°L'x™c"n^^ac°c; It IS this sex attraction, and nothinj else ivhich -.ttri^If .1 siiennatozoon of the stallion to the Jg ol the mare Th or are will bp nf th^ cn^,, • .^ mare. Ihe ovum
ODin5 , H n . magnetic character as the mare devcl-
upuig t. li a 1 are is teminine in a high decree colts -itbJr than fillies wou d be the resnlf «h;i, ( ^''^^^'^•. *^°'ts .ather
Character was mated' tilrfit^Sit 'IL^;;^' »' ^^S'S'
*fc^-
f
THE IXFr.rENTK OF SEX IN FRRTII.IZATIO.V 37
fillics rath( than colts would be the resi-U Tf
.ntermediate nu^gnetic ten.pera,nWt IL"^;; ted ^^^^^
of like temperament a foal of either sex could hti? "'*'"'?"
mmimmmm
61. Sex Attraction Shown by External Fertil.'».f:». r
expenmenting with external or artificia ™r tilizat^ onT "
pnsed at the power of this attraction n^lacinj^ a Jh in """
R.vc. ,t m„cl, thought on his o,™ .,?cSt '""■'
;i.,n'?„.^:?; °Ll"h*'s'o'"^'j:;etic'^,r,,''Jf,';Ts:^ ' "f,
pens more often than most men believe ''
conLi^^:;'* j^ ^sSi^f of^;^t:^-.^-,r^7" "^
way satisfactory to the breeder. In mISf math^gs tJ' re'",lt lo^^^^ch onn^JS'S^:^:./^:;^?-; of U.sin/every iher^uah? must bear in mind that l^lf^ s ;;;:Sto^ ^^^'X '^t^rrner m.e ov. only, and that matings nu.st be made wh'rreferen'ce'To"
64. Attraction Lost at Time of Fertilization. Reference h is already been made (54) to the tact that as soon as the el ht been penetrated by a spermatozoon, the formation of a vftHIinc n.embrane prevents others from penetrating it. This is unnecc ^ary, for as soon as the egg is penetrated bv a spermatozc"?n t" has no attraction for others. No sooner has ibis p^roce^s of ii
ixation been accomplished than one ol
[uzu-d turning in other directions figure 25.
_^^crves all s.fhcr speniia- Ihis is well illustrated in
■'Aki^'H'^Z^.
CHAPTER V.
THE FETUS AND FETAL MEMBRANES OF THE HORSE 65. Cell Division. Following fertilization a further devel- opment begins with the division of the egg-cell, or cleavage. The fusion of the egg-nucleus and sperm-nucleus results in a cleavage-nucleus, which always occupies the middle of the egg, and forms the center of a radiation which affects the whole yolk mass. This soon begins to be slightly elongated, becoming'less distinct, and finally results in a figure resembling a dumb bell. The nucleus which represents the handle of this dumb bell figure is composed of chromatin and a nonchromatic substance. The latter forms into a bundle of very minute fibres conver- ging at their ends to a point. The chromatin forms into small individual granules, known as chromosomes, and which correspond in numbers with the fibres of the nonchromatic sub- stance. In some species these resemble a V shaped figure. Two exceedingly minute bodies, out of which occupies the exact center of each of the two previously mentioned systems mav be observed at this time, and which are known as centrosomes. In this scheme of cleavage or cell division, half of these chrom- osomes are derived from the egg-nucleus, and half from the sperm-nucleus.
66. Principle, of Growth. Thus far a simple p inciple only has controlled the development of the embryo, that of cleavage
'•:'^L
■Mr^mm--^MF^:^^.- ;;. M'^
THK FKTf^ AND FKTAI. ME^fBRA^•ES OF TIIK IIOKm:
39
or cell division, from which has been derived a cell colonv Thi IS illustrated iii figure 26 This nrinr;,.l„ ^f i ^oionv. Ihis
result \vould be a uniform increase in the surface r.{ fi ' l.rane m all directions, but the l-ressure due to Irout ' '"'"'" be new cells to assume a direction in the ne of least rli -?"'''
TO. rruicipie or the Division of Labor Wh;i» *i, r and growth of cells may in general d' erminl' ?,t^ ^.l^..^':';;:;
''''r th'i-|iS/yrLy':r '''" ^"'■•-at-'-. showing „evelop„,ent
laye
form of the animal body, there is another principle, the division of labor, which is but the principle of duty or function The more highly an organism is developed, the more its cells differ nitiate themselves for the duties of life, some assunrne- ti^e unction of nutrition, others that of motion, others tha "t fen >. ity. and still others that of reproduction. This div? ion of !:.bor makes a greater degree of completeness in the execution o the individual unctions possible. By this means we are gi^en gland-cells, muscle-cells, nerve-cells, and sexual-cells. The ^d Is pertorm.ng the same duty will be found grouped toge her 'nd funstitute a special tissue. ' lugeiner ana
69. Folding. There is still another force at work in the developrnent of the embryo, that of folding. It wou7d be imoos s.ble to form tubular parts of the animal Organism in anyTher"
40
STIDIKS r\ IIORSK BRKKDINc:
Figur. 29.-F.nibryo nine days after fertilization. Note the meeting of the amniotic fold over the back of the embryo.
Figure 30.-Embryo eleven days after fertilization, developed at this time.
The chorion is
^^i^WW^^^m^^^^^^
««
11
r^
fi hi J
3
i i
THK FKTIS AND FKTAI. MIC.MBRANKS UF THK IIOKSK 41
manner. The intestinal and other canals must be formed in this manner. If the membrane be folded into the interior of the bodv the process is known as invagination, while if the fold projecis free beyond the surface of the body it is known as evaginatu.n 70. Germ Uyer.. The principle of folding already r-u-rred to (69) IS th^ chief means of body formation. In the t-irlicst development of the en.bryo there arise larval forms which n hrst are composed of two, and later of four membranes The t.rst two are known as the two primary germ layers, and the latter two as the middle germ layers. Th.s larval form composed of two germ layers .s known as the gastrula,- The mass of cleavage-cells developing into a sac-like germ i. known as the l.lastula. There are four different kinds of M,,- tulae, according to the amount and distribution of yolk, found m d.fTerent species of vertebrates, and four kinds of gastrulae to correspond with them.
71. Fetal Membr«,e.. There are developed with the per- manent organs of the embryo others which have no significance or the embryo after birth, but which serve during the .gg and fetal stage of existence, either for protection, respiration or nutr.t.on. These are cast ofT at birth, or undergo a retrogressive development at some stage of fetal existence. Uniformitv does not prevail, even among mammals, in respect of this In -i' work such as this, only brief mention can be made of manv interesting processes and changes in the development of the fetus, and these only as they have reference to the horse. The most striking difference in the development of the fetus of the horse as com- pared with other species, is the rapidity of development through the early stages of fetal growth, which is more rapid than that of any other mammal. In no other mamm.d can sex character be determined as early as the thirty-third day. when the gesta- tion IS anywhere near as long as that r-f the horse. The egg of the mare contains more yolk than most mammals, although rela t.vely smaller than in many others. And lastly, the place of at- tachment of the fetal membranes is more uncertain than in the ease of any other mammal.
42
srtrnKs i.v iiorsk BHKKr>iN(;
'''T;,";~K"'br" *";^'V>-°"^ ''=»>■'' after fertilizat
uterus; b. horns of the uterus"'' c "cervix ■' Vl"fJn"' ^' '"V''"' °' f. umbilicus and allantois ; h" hea^t ' '''^'""'°"; '• chorion;
^'•^''
■ '*-.■ 'MiV
i^^^^^H^^
Till': FKTIS AM) FKTAI. MKMBRAXKS OF ill,. UOH>K ^,
72. a«,,ific«tion of M«inmal«. Refc-rcncf has alrculv l.e.-n made (/I) to tin- scvrai wavs in uhich tl.<- utal ni.ml rm, marrimals are dovelopc.,!. Tl.is w.ll necssitat; " f ' as .lea ton of mammals n.to groups, to the end that the Jru h a„ 1 development of the fetal memhranes of the horse hk v • U better understood. In the early stages of development 'he fetal membranes of mammals present a striking simS" it" t ,
of reptdes and birds. One f^nds a volk-sae.\n TrntJ n - s rZ membrane or chonon. and an allantois. One Hndl tha't ' he em l.ryo ,s mnted w.th. the e.xtra-embrvonic area in the am „,an n.r. by mean, of a dermal and intestinal yolk-stdk >. " ,"
Figure 34.-A fetu.s devcl.,ping in the fallopian tube.
mammals as soon . the yolk is exhausted some portion of tl„. fetal membranes arc converted into an organ of nutr it on f r
Wof the^S^ru?^ T'^'"'' ^f^^'"" h t»^" --us'me^ : ranc oi tiie uttns. In some mstances thev arc vcrv simnie I,, others more complicated organs. Because of thesj d k' nnc ,' tlie manner ot drawing sustenance from the matc'rna me nbr , e mammals are divided into three groups or classes "'""^''•'"^^•
The First is where the serosa (chorin) is retained in its nrin, mve condition. To this group belong the mar upn " sudi "
and as it lies close to the mucous membrane of the ute us t' can absorb nourishment from the latter and transm t h to Ihe deeper lying embryonic parts without being attached to it
n,3* "1^o"t ^t°"P ""^ "I'-i.mnials make intra-uterine nonrish- or ^Jrfe Tn t^rg^p^r^JoSs'^mS^^fS ^dZird 5h'- To?p"""^- ""'^ ^" ^^'"^ -asure'^^JL^l^oS:
44
STIDIKS l\ HORSK nHKKniNO
.spe?iJro]J^s fur X. rrn. "/ • \''"^ "^'^'"'"^''^ developing.
si« and dist^ibutic,:;:/ the vil i SW ^artT^ ll!'' ""^''"•"
have no villi and the siirfnc , ill i '1? ? I "' chorin may
The embryonic fundan.ent is in the act of bein, con°tri'?, & rom the bla»i>„ ermic vesicle. The head and tad o the cmbrvo by foldings of the separate layers, have been elevated frZ^?'..' area pellucida, and a cephalic and iKdvic oart „f .!,„ 1. . 1 •ract. (the tore and hind"-,., have 'ari^^St'S^S!:"':",!
A
rur. Frrrs and fkt.m. mkmbrasfs ok tki; hohsk
45
posterior cntrntu-... which -.pen toward tl
10 cavit'
-Ii
foMinp of the vesicle.
At the same time occurs the fleveloi.mrnf ,,f .1 ^vl'■ch ,s the inner sac in which fluat ,he S' ,, '^ \, •''"l""'"-
I ..s m,..„„t, „f ,1,, ,,„,„i,„i, ,„|,| „^^" J",, ,';'',, '"''"■ ''-r-i-
ll.ni. „, any ...lur „,a,.>,„,-,l kn...v„ \, ,|, ' ,,,-?,/, V ' " or SchtV earlier rn.. Hr^. ,^ ■ " V"^,^''^ffC "' <■* vcin ptil.nt,
Ka.a';-Ez=S;i::^fir^^^^^^^^^^
"f t..rmati„n. It ,„larcr, r„i,Kllv in " ', ': , "il. in pri.c. <, rmt into the l,„<lv civitv U i ' a ><>icle. vvliicli cr,.n
l»r»e,. ,vl,ile theVro^inal ,i. t itcZ: ,1™" I'"',"'"!' ""' "- hollow stalk. tl,o 'urinary .I'tict ,'r'Zln," ' """*■' '"'" ■
aay'" ^rifl^^a^ ,:;^;-^;:, '-l^l;; -;|;;;r.; « .he *ee,,tl, day that they make their act„,-,l appear-i c T . .V .'•^■*'"'l'
i"n.?:i";r'=.ittK':; ;;E-'r'^' '•-"■■
■loc, one lin.l villi „p ,; ,1 e Z i , I . c ,. ?','il h '■""' '""■'■■
r.is^;s;- -r:i;^i"--'£ £■ :7^"- ;-e-i;
I have found no Villi at the tw • n Vr i^ --K- instances
liranis they occupy a smaller space, relativelv th-in ,I„ th, ;
any other mammal. It is becau e of this hat there ,„." "
inamn:au"'^'V'""^- ^^ T^'''^'' ^'^'^ the n^-mh a, s'o^ t " ■nammals. and occasionally no attachment whatever
_ In figure 31. is shown a fetus at the seventeenth d^- i. ...qi
7w u y'" '■■'''■'*''' °' ^''^ allantois has diminishea' and th.
olk-sac has become the vitillene duct. At this staje he a hn
n,s becomes attached to the chorion, or rathJr sifsmn^ded U
alT^ p acVTh"^" '" • ''rT ^'^^""^ ^'-^ - no ma'^rlal changes' tak. place, the prmcipal change being one of growth.
4'.
STltiiKS IN iioK.NK bhi:i:i)I.m;
In UKurv .U am- set-s a fetu^ slinl.tly ..I.Ut than the one in
he ,.r.-cH.nj; i.^Mir... The m..st noticeahle change is in th^
.eK.nn.nK' of an attachment to the meml.ranes ..f the mare I^
h.s an. the slK•cee,lin^J li^Mire the fetus is shown attaclu.l to
the un,h,s. or l,...|y of the lUerus. Tins rarelv occurs in the ca!e
..Mhe horse and ,s only sh.nvn thus to show a clKinge in ck-vel-
In (Ipure XI can he seen a fetus at the thirtv-third dav Fx- Ht.r"^""- '''''\\^''' "V"".'; ^''-'"^''"^ "■'•'^••' ^^'i" >•'• 'mntioned
U?r ! u '\"''1 ''"' •''■ '''•"'•ni..u..l and the outward form s p act.cally that of a mature fetus. Ti,e extremities are rela
tctus f.uld l)e recognized l.y any ..ne as that of a horse.
»i J^'c ^^' '" *'"■ f^'''""^'' ^'f ^lie hair, the first to he seen is
ixtwomir'Th '"''"■• ^.^ '-■•'."-'<- r ^■'•--'— ■ at ahourihe SIX li month, i he coveruiK m the body he^'ins at the shoulders and neck-, exten.hnj,^ hackuar.l and downward. an,| fro.n the c-c upward. cini-letniK its coverinjr aroun,! the navel. There is a d. rerenc-e m nuires of ai,out a ,nonth as to the covering, of the
moml" '"■• "' '''"^ ^"" '"'''' ''■•'^" '^'' ^-'^''^^'^ to the ninth
me.u' flu.'*.?,**' t""*!"'"*- :^^ t'^ »•'<■ place of actual attach-
nunt. the horse furnishes an interesting studv. In Heure U
. can he seen a fetus att:,ched to the m-nihrane of a fallopian tube'
J h.s was foum thirty days after semen had been u.troduc d nto
the uterus ot th-; mare, and it is .loul.tful if it would ever have
hanged US position except as its own growth would have fo Jed
t iMckward into the horn ot the uterus. I have several times
found younger embryos in the same location
h, r w 1' n"""' /■'• ''''"pV*. ''"''V '■' '•■*"' '" ^^'^ ^-xtrenie end of tlie horn of the uterus. ] his ,s th. pl.ce where most of them become attache,, when attachment takes place. This will also accoum for nearly .i 1 mares carrying their fetuses upon one sidJ more han upon the other. Occasionally the ovum drops to the bot- tom ot he uterus and well back toward the mouth, beconhu. attached m such a manner as to entirelv close the uterus n such cases the uterus cannot be dilated at'the time of ,^ t ri'tion and the mare will need assistance in .leliverv. It sometimes re-'
mem': "and therf^" "f"'" 7 ''"'' Z*^^ "^^"•^ '" --h "attacl- deliveHes '"'"'" ''""*-''"' "^ ^"'"''"P' f»"owing such
77. Amniotic Fluid The amnion at hrst lies close on the surface of the embryo, but later becomes extended bv the accum- ulation of fluid, the liquor amnii. This fluid at 7rst contains
mc°n ann;?''' °' """^ 'T "''''■ ^'^ ^^'^- together lithaZ^ men and other su^siances. It continuously increases in its silt so t. lon. until at the end of gestation it some imes eo ti ns a much as three per cent. In most mammals, and especially L
""<• ''I riS A\r. KlilAt. MKMHHAVO
■'I' llli; i|()h
t
tl!
man the vnlmii.^ ,,t amniun Muid is I'n-.t.-.f •.» i
''irtl...|„ ,1... I.n^: t ;,^^:: ^ tT"''' '""" *'" ''""• ••'
the ovaries an.l test d. "l ^^, , f ■;':^;"';"""""' '" ^' I I'«Ti...l in ti.e hnrs... l-rnlM .1 c.r .''''''"' '"V "'> '"■'>■ The testicles of tlu- , „• i -, i",, '" '", '''">■ "^^''' """■n,a!
"'-'"th. reaclun^^ • c' tin,'' '.n' .:?''"' '"' •'''"'"'' "''' ""■"' hefr.re l.irth The .lilVere ". i , , "':; '''''-"'• '" ''''■^■•- ^^••' "^^ result ..f inheritance tlu^nv Zr".::: "^f i:!'^^ ""■'- "'^ stalhons.-irealuavslH.ni uitl.'tlu ,.s,, .1 '^'"^ '" -""'^'
the get of other stallions a el^/wh the^,iT"'7'^^ ^ -
inquinal ring. '" ""^ testicles ahove the
CHAPTER VI.
THE CAPSULE METHOD OF BREEDING
79. There Are Three Essen' lals to success in the {)roduction of foals. These in the order of their importance are fecund mares; virile stalHons or jacks, and the uniting of these in a normal manner. So far as this subject is concerned, normality will mean anything not destructive of life in any of its forms, with which we have to deal.
80. Virile Sires a Necessity. The impregnation of mares cannot be exi>ected unless we have spermatozoa of a high vitality with whicli to do the work. The need of this has been shown in ner.rly every chapter of this work. Xor should we begin our work of breeding marcs by the capsule method, until we know the srallidii cr jack that is to lurnish the spermatozoa has been tested and lound in breeding condition. Oac has no right to expect aniare to produce a foal just because a capsule filled with some Huul of unknown quality has been inserted into her uterus. A stallion that is not a breeder by natural service, will not prove a breeder by capsule service.
Figure 36.— The Carlson semen extractor.
81. \yhere Semen is Deposited. So far as the stallion is concerned, the only advantage the capsule otTers, is in the fact that every service is a complete service, while the stallion makes only about 60 per cent, of complete services. In the case of 1196 mares bred by natural service. 19 ditTerent stallions being used and the mares examined imniediatclv after the service 715 were found with no semen whatever in the vaginal cavity", while in the case of 481 of them the semen, or a part at lea^t. was de- posited in the vagina. Here we have an average basis upon which to work Some stallions make more complete services than others. Yet if we take all stallions into consideration, we will have only about 60 per cent, of complete services. Stallions
THE CAPSULE METHOD (iF BRKKOIXr,
49
and jacks more often than dthr 21 Tn' "■"''"' ';'-'-'"'^-
Sr S^^ - -^n?^n !^- "nX"u -^^^^
of the stallion bein/ too o.°L n T' '' '7'"'>"' ''^'"'-' ^'^^' '"^^"■t quickly, or some 7alposiS " 1 " ^^.^If = '^'rZ' ''" '"^^ ^^'^ sule method a great advantag o vcr t e'natu ? f;;'" •''"' 'T wav ot better service Prnt,, fi, ■ natural M-r\icc in the
lion it has another advantage ;.r'''' ^°'"' °^ "^'"^' ^'>^- ^t''^'- breeding small or crfppleS'nare tlf r'"'^ ""P«^tant on., h, to such mares "'P^^'*^^ '"^'^^^- there ,s no danger of mjurv
necessity, but a great convenience
^// '
Thi-
is M )t a
by the capsule method readily uhen served
"t mare owners always bein? ah e t,^ c. "' " ^'"^ ""'^
disappointing, to say thVleasl ^o^tirow^r ^fa mar. }' '^ e.ght or ten miles with his mare, onl^ tTfiTd 'Jha't "^Iv.^: ^
50
STUDIKS I\ IIORSK HRKED1XG
already been made. In such cases a mare owner has no choice
W hen the capsule method is practiced the stallion can be billed o n,ake h,s daily service at a stated hour. In this even it nt- ers not whether one. three or ten mares are on hand to be b ed
h 'season oM^oSriT' ",'5 1 "^' ''''''t "' ^'^^ ^^^•''"-"- "^S ine season of 1908 I bred 11 mares with one service of a st-illion
and 10 ot them produced live foals with no further sen-ke v.l.??'t ^J-^f^S Mares Out of Heat. The advantage of most va ue to the breeder in the use of the capsule method is in be ine able to breed mares when not in season. Mares bred cut of S settle more readilv than when bred in heat. In a reco d cover ing severa years, I have obtained nine per cent, more Joals from nnke i-tT'r' "' ^''' th-/rom those bred when in heat tZ iMkes It both convenient and profitable. Most mares d(, not tVke kindly to being served by the stallion when not in lea vet are easily served by the capsule method. '
85. \ge a Factor in Fecundity. The breeding condition of the mare is the hrst thing to learn when mares afe broSt to you to be bred. \V,th reference to this the most essemml thing s 1 er age. The following table is for a period of 29 vears Thf stallions used were all pure bred stallions. Some of'the mare! nere bred several timt s. The average per cent, of foals rTsult- ng IS given in the nearest whole number. This has reference tYm'rTl/c^'weTe-^:^^ ''' ''"'^ ''^ ^^^ °^ ^^^ ^-f- "he^
So. of Mares
189
20J
391
462
676
901
973 1219 1082
994 831
752 6.?6 598 423 380 272 201 122
97
Age of Mare 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 over 20
.\'o. of Per cent.
I-oals of Foals
81 4?
•^-l 46
157 An
240 52
434 ^
658 73
779 |5
1001 82
837 77
667 67
501 6,
393 52
299 47
170 28
103 23
6, ,6
i^ IS
14 11
9 9 This table shows that it does not pav the owner of a stallion to breed mares atter they are 14 vears 'of age, unless the fee is paid at the time of service. A little ' ■ • "-
th Asl
cse old 111
gas one keeps an old mare I
on
ares producing foals, were thos
er than 90 per cent, of
se with foal at foot.
)reeding and in reasonabi
good
y\fv<2iL::
THK CAPSLLE MKTHOI) of ItRKKlJix,,
reasonably well clevelo,,..,! suL „f ,l,is aTbr^d L;.,ldt,.!"as
i
year, o,d. whil. JUt Z^ ,"'^11 Ill'Ir.lZ .'^J ""* •"■°
ijut well
52
STl'DIKS IX HORSE BREEDING
developed would always become fertilized. In my hrecdine filhes of this age have increased in fecunditv in recent rears as a result of the btcter care being given them.
The three and four year old mares make a poor showing because of troubl at this age with their teeth. Dentition at thil
time causes a somewhat cnnpestcd condition, which is anf^-on- istic to breeding. Kven the live vcar old mares do not make as gt)od a showmg as those of more mature years. This table teaches us that in- far the largest i)art of the 'foals are produced by mares from seven to eleven years of age. The nine vear old
I
■fe^-vliL
THf' (.APSILK MKTHOD OF BKFFDISf
■ ' ■ 53
Close second. The mares from the apes nf 7 t,'. n , ''^^ /''^«^ a averaged better than 75 per «nt wh le for 1 i ^'T '"^'"r"'
mmmmmm
86. Oestrum. The heat period is the next thin.r „ i smered in capsHe breeding. The most difficul h^U ' ' ',""" to overcome in breeding are the suner^ti 7^nc / ^ "T ^'■'' cestors. Because their^Cefatt^s^^id 'o eertin" f<.Sn^' T"
ln^ieve such thino-e TU^^ ♦!,„ ■■'I"." men wno rcallv
of the last service The nnk »V f ''" "'^^''■' ^'■°'" ^'^^ date
heat periods L to try hen"l;-fo°. '"'"'?' '^' frequency of
ing a'record of bot^th^frl-nuit^^ nTdr.tKfn'ofT'h'n' ""'T In many such records which I have keot I hnv I I P'-^/'ds. period to be 21 days from the hSLning' of on'rpe Hod" to'Jhe'T^ gmnmg of the following one In ill of fhl P^"°d *° ^"^ ^'^"
are not regular breeders. " ^"*^'' "^^^^^
~,'t,?',rs.;.'^,!r.r'riT";.:,,'r '- -
'.red too early in the heat period for best rcsuhs \" ' "''
;-"i,-s ii:s^'j.:'i- .::i^,°-?^?^ '-'^"-
necessitates their returning then, iTi/nb" V™""' '""■''"" .l.e s.a>,i„„ owner in this d.reS. l!!; t^li'JeTXrm^^ 'i',';
S4
STUDIES IN HORSE BREEDING
the result. The duration of the heat period in a few mares is but a few hours.
87. Nervous Breeders Produce Few Foals. The tempera- ment and hahits of mare owners have much to do with the suc- cess of ca])sule or any other manner of l)reeding. Those men who are nervous, who are always in a hurry, or who can never get anything done soon enough to suit them, are men who pro- duce hut few foals. If a man wants foals, he must not be in a hurry, either before or immediately after breeding his mares When I see men driving away with their mares after securing service for them, as if they had but a few minutes in which to reach their homes, I quite expect to do that work over again 21 days later. The men who own breeding mares, are men who are willing to devote a little time in having their mares bred, to the end that foals may be obtained. Such men are never in a hurry when they are having their mares bred. Nor do such men hurry their mares at any time. We have alreadv learned (140) that Nature has provided that no rushing of matters be done at mating time. We have learned that many visits to the mare are made by the stallion before they mate. We have further learned that mating is delayed until the heat period is well advanced It will be well for all interested in the subject of foals to remember these things. Give the mare abundance of time to reach the stal- lion. Give her ample time after the service in reaching home and do not breed her until the heat period is well advanced or even past.
88. Manner of Taking Mares to Stallion. How the mare is taken to the stallion has something to do regarding the number of foals resulting. A record kept of farm mares, used only for work upon the farm, and taken to the stallion in various ways gives us the following: No. of
'ofi'j'' I. ■ ""i"^ 7^'^^'' '" "'"^ Stallion Voa°s o7Foa"ls
''«.( Driven double to wagon wi ^
819 Driven double to buggy 477 jg
427 l,ed by halter 299 Ig
166 Ridden "(,9 .1
Again these mares were selected because of the uniform con- dition under which they were kept when at home. Thev were all grade draft mares. The average age of each class was less than one year in difference. The class showing the largest number of mares was those driven in hitched double to farm wagon. These produced 64 per cent, of foals. The next largest number of mares were those driven double to buggy Thc>^c jjroduced 58 per cent, of foals. At iirst thought one would be inclined to believe the buggy would be the easier and better hitch. But the tendency or desire to drive faster when so hitched can not be overcome. It is the faster driving which
'•'IK CAI'Sll.i; Ml-.TIIOD OF UHEIlnS,,
55
frodiures the lower n^r- ,.,.„» c r ,
69 per cent. „/';;;.,/; i:-^-,;;,;-^^/'-- le,] „, ,.,.,„,,,
broufrlit in to he bred l.v r ,iin^X' ^ f' ''-'' •''">• ^^>"''- tl-ose when the qualitv and c n< t o.f . "''" '" '"'>' '"'"^ ^'>"»>nK
be well iol owners oU;!;!;-! ^ ^^^ ^^'^-^r'T'" '^ ^^'^ t" adopt any other plan of hrin^inrin thdrt^re;'"" '"'^""^
parhl^tfJtf;''^..;^,;':^,^^;:^,,;;^ ,.eH.inar, "-'< - next step is to preinre M, '"^'^'"^ '' "."^'' '"''"•"^ ''""*■ The ;■>■•". fof hi,n to' ;hinJ\j 'and"th"?:nJ'hs '"toT^'f '''' '"'-'
Alany of these n?ic;obe\uides?r'H'"^'"i^ ^'^"*-''^ •"■ '-< '-
The first thing the ;;,"' t^"' n,.V^^^^^ ^
work is the proper c oth n^ n\.'" '"■^'t'^"-at> on for tin, both simple aid 'inex,. si^'f AM h "\^i,/'^:. ?" ""^> ''^ ordinary is to have the si ^eves rJL . "'f'^ '^"^ "' f'e
and to buy two white naint/r-s smt? "^ ^'■'"•" '^'^ "ndersh.rts overalls, if the operatJ frielt 1 nd.'l "hf '"f^°^ ^'^^'' ■""' removed from the jackets If ft t '^ ^ \^^ ""'^^'^t sk.ve be removed. Thesisufts sho d i l."'' "" '^'f' ^'^^^'^ '"-'v Iiour. and should be ke t ^cr .imV''°'i" °"'>' ^' '^' ^^-^^^in^ can be done by frenuen l 1'' *''''''" ^^ all times. Thi,
the breedinVLuT'riv s"h"'Toikr;^" ''"" ''""'^'^^•- ^^■'-" shirt, and be dressed in one of his""whitrsuitT°"'' '''^ ''"^^"•
as t^;y!:^r"i™ToTar':f i^^:*: J.l^lnT^'^^H^'^^"'^ '^^ ^-^--" first thing as already'Tectded^n t ."chame'lhTcr"-''';"^ /^'"^■ have an influence in this matter is her a\^ '/f^'^SV'^ f >' '^' or more of age and has nr> fr^-.i ^* '"'' ''h^- y ^ne is 15 years
her home wifhout serve" unless i°u' '' ^''" '^^ ^^•^" t"^«^"'' looking for. So smaU Iper ce t o such""' "'"^'^-r >-^'" ''^'-^ one can not afford to breed them unlLs the '' ^"/"^'''' '°''^'^- advance. The next thin^^ tn tni . ^ ■''^^"''' ^^^' '« P-'id in
discharge from th^vul "' Onl\':n"u s'^alirfmy^'f "" ^S ''^">- upon the under side of the tail bv the Sir " l ^^'^^^ce of this
Such mares have leucorrhS arid slU^ . T'V^ f ""^ '''^^^'^^^"■ to the veterinarian iJ^Tead 'ThJn "k ^fofcvM '"""S''"^ ''''' t.on of mucous membranes or -. cat^rrhnT. nH !"'" "/ '""^'^■^- tem. This can usually be io d 1./!?, ^""^'t'"" ^^ the sys-
'iiembranes of the eves f ?b ;. ^""^''tion ot the nu.cous
colored, the mare irnot likel ^ br^r'Tr'' ''''' ," ^''^'>- the mucous membranes of the hor e ,s a /e v "T'''^ ^^''"" ^^'^ or pale pink. If the color ; "p ^ f'^'^ ''"^'^ '""'or.
always p'resent. Th s^c ng ^Km nm' l^oT" T '"«^""-'^^i"" i=^ tiie result of a cold ship.Wn; n t H^■; temporary nature;
things. In such cases if m-f; 1 "^ '^'' '''">' ""^' ^^ "lanv
ver/few ma^S u U b ^ d wSle^ m ".K ^"^7;'"^ *;'"" ^'" ^^^^^• -I. to have such mares^^^^'l^JI^'- ^^I^X, ^^^ ^--
56
STUDIES IN HORSR BREEDING
later in a better condition. Mares three or four vears of aee always show some conpestion present because of 'trouble with their teeth, but we have already learned that they do not produce very many oa s. If mares of such ages do not show too much congestion I always breed them, as it is a help to the mare 5o have her m foal. If mares twelve years or more of age do not look r.ght I always send them away. If mares are discharging at the nostrils, I would not breed them. Only about 12 nor cent of such mares regardless of age produce foals. One can not alford to breed them.
91. Sexual Examination. When all mares have been exam- ined and this need take but a very few minutes for 10 or a dozen mares, have those found in condition be put in readiness for the ser' e. 1 his consists in placing them in the best possible posi- tion as regards security, yet never separating them from [heir mates, even though the mate is a gelding. When this is d.,ne tliev are ready for sexual e::amination. which consists in an ex- amination ..f the cervix for contractions, malpositions or lacera- tions. If the cervix is found contracted or closed, open with the orehnger earefu ly and gently until a capsule can be in.serted If the hnger can be inserted it will readily take in a capsule. Do not make the mistake of opening the cervix to take in two or more fingers. The hardest condition to overcome in breeding is the large open uterus. If one finger can be inserted, that is suf- ficient. Regarding any malposition, one has only to make" it so a capsii e can be inserted when such mares breed as readily as any. If closed open to admit one finger, otherwise do 'not intertere with its condition. Lacerations need the attention ot a veterinarian. I have known those in a very bad con- dition to be repaired, and the mares made breeders. ' Reeardin? acerations the one thing to always bear in mind is the condi-
l)7f LTT' "^T^^t '" !° '""' '^'"'^ ^° ^^ t° "-^tain the fetus, f I be so lacerated that the cervix can not contract and close or eal Itself tightly the mare is out of commission as a breeder Lastly, ue have the large, open or lax cervix, which almost every stallion owner has had every kind of trouble with. When we understand the cause of this trouble, the remedy suggests itself This IS a condition induced, first because of the'muscles running around the cervix, whose function it is to contract and expand or open the cervix, having become partially paralyzed or impair ed to such an extent that they can not close it. An impaired or debilitated condition of the vital functions of the mare is usu- ally present in such cases. One should in such case give the inare rest and good, easily digested foods. In connection with his mject into vagina, each other day a quart of ^varm water (body temperature) into which has been dissolved one-hllUea- spoonfui of sulphate ot zinc. Do this for ten days, then let her go a week without the injections. Repeat this work unti ?he cervix closes, when she will be in readiness for breeding This leads up to the tools for a capsule service.
ilSKlRSKil
•wii. ■
THE FKTIS A.Vr, FKTAI. MKMHRA.VF.S OP T,„, „„RSK j^
92. The Tools For QidbuI* S«rv:<.. n
service consist ,.t a I-anT^^u Jnn'fT *•' y^' '""'"^ ""■ capsule
•u-atinp the same. th^rnu.nu;; "Vuar UrV'';:''",*^'*'"?^ '"I soap, towels, creoiine or ntt„.r ;,. '"7\""^^'- ^ R",,,! f|iialitv of
ein, bark and semcrexua; t,! .^ the "n^shoim''^-^''' .^'"T"^- vanizcd iron or zinc Those m,.f.i 'm L " '"' "''"'« "^ Ral- It should he four inches dc-e,.sivLT ""''J"'' T' "'"• '^^''''"i^- This w,l] take in the extrac .V . h" u' '" '" ''^ *"''^" '""&• •■••11 lenpth. For heat^ i^ I e v " ' '"'!"" '"'' '^ ''^•''^^■" -•» that is safe and capable^iftu-;^,;'^;,;-;- 7>- '- ••s-d. hole Perfection oil stove C-.^,,!;,, q»'cl<I\ . I „se a two-
the heater is to be uschI for .r " "T"''^^ '"^'^''"^ ^ ''•'•"' H
large enough, wl kh w th ^ ' '^,"^1 ""'-'• ■\^'"^-h'>le- stove is -e with an the hoi wa er ne ded^^'ri" b ' t'?"' "'" "'''"'>' registering the temperature ovour v-^t. r ''^"^'"""•^■t'-r for mometer. used by butter and cl else make s '\n ^.T"'^ ""'- ot ordinary use will do howev -r nn^ »u ■' ^^'''''^f^mcter
as fifteen 'cents. T'le nuar bo u I .s t k' ''" !'' ^'"^ ^' '"^v semen in case of withrvvll.'" No'Lnicuh'^kind" f'^^^' '"^ necessar.v vet the quality should be |S S>,n h"'^ ^ k"^""'' '^ so often dur ne the brcedino- .^ol .i .^ "^^ *° ^e used
Rood, the skin^of the arm fs btelv ''J ""'"'' '^^ '^"^'ity i^ Towels should be supplied bberaiv^^dt J'' '"^"''^ ^'>' *^^ "•''^■ else they become th'e^ breed ngSace for L'""h ^'.^'^^ *^^^^"' which should ahvavs be avofded Di, inf^^/ ^'^^ °^ microbes, and creoiine or other coal tamr.^ i ^*''"^' "'"^^ ^^ "sed.
and the cheapest by far Beforrmrklnr/ "'• "' •^''"^ ^' '•»">' disinfect the arm thorouWlv thL . u^ examination of mares >li^<-d water inn i-dS Ik *t< n i n .^- '' °^ '''''^ ^'''^^y ^^er-
disinfectantmustbrcl;'4iiram;«'r^ ""' ^'^^'e T''""^- -^•^' soon, as this would destroy th.. lif^ .7 '^ ^^""^^ ^ery
other forms of life The need .f Hi ^P."''"V°^°^ ^^ ^vell as
before examining or breedinemareTb''''"^ '^.' '^""^ ^"^ ^™ prevent germs beine c^rrLn in. !! ^ ^^^"'"'^ method, is to
eim bark^is to be/S^:: afubri ^ t'^ ThTbes;'7a^.^rh?'?"^;
Se"aU thfki S^n^^ge" ^.^T P^^^^^'^^ S dusting a little of the powder unon t^ff' "^ ?' '™ '" ^'=^^^^- ^^en 'ubricant known When tis'^Lno 'T ""'.^ °"" ^^^ ^^^ l^est -rvices made with albon result^Hh f ' "^ ^ ""^- °^ ^" or discharged directly iZ the ntVr^. \"" ^^'"^' e aculated of having something t'^iarw, I ex act In s°"' T ^'^^"^^cessity
an thes^rSt^'^^elsJ^'jc^iJ^-s ^n^^t^'^" °^
p^.:s'^^nnrst:!;d^^^,s^^^^^^
foals by us ne such tools Tni- "'''^'^- '-'"e will get very few
58
STt'DIKS IN IIORSK BKKHIII.\(;
to make the natural s.rvice. you arc readv to l.eein the real work of ,r.-e,l,nR: In- the capsule metho.l. Alention 1 as aire Jv been tnacl.. that th. l,est .nare for the natural scrv ce refer^
ence to size. tem,.. ranu-nt and health. If possible she should he some taller than the stallion. The best services areilvvavs secured l.y usm^ mares sliRhtlv taller than the stallion In temperanunt she should he quiet and level lu^.d,vl Phv"ical k
sibIeTh;n '-■ T '^'"f^ '"' ? '^'' ''"^ "f >>^-^'th. Take no po^ s bit chance „f spreadmjr mfection bv ,isinp a mare of doubtful character as r.^jards disease. When the best m'fre ha?l een .elected, plac lur m the breeding chut» shoun in pure 7 a"d have her securely tied. Th,s chute is not a necessity but a L-re" t convenience. If she is to be bred without the chute nnt trnst to some one hol.lin,. her. but always have lur s'curdv t " \ In^^^ services havcK-ven .,„ly di- appointment because „f el i iVu "n ome one who was to hold the mare but did not. Wlu'n 1 e mare
\ hi e he IS .loinjj this the operator should take the extractor led with warm water in his left hand and the bowl filled wh Nvarm water in his right, takin^r a position at the side f the mare s leu rpiartc-r as soon as the stallion has mounter and made a connec ,on. \\ hen the stallion is about to dismount, en tte howl an. be prepared to catch any semen that ma -be nil -
r"v\ ."" ^'T'" '■' ^^■'^'"''■'-'^^■" throw do,vn the b ,vv emr v
he extractor of its water, and as soon as tiie stallion is well mU
the way. catch the point with the thumb and Crst two Cers
of the ri«:ht hand and insert in vagina. Before leav^np- th^
elm bark. If the semen was deposited in the vagina it can be withdrawn into th extractor when the ope- nor wit" forcfiLer over the end of the point of the extractor ould a once stfr[ for the operating room, placing the extrac m the pan "n wd^kh has been pre,.ared the wa^m water at a - , iperature of 100 de grees P. Karly in the season when the we.thir is co d he water can be prepared at 101 degrees, as it will cool the one degree by he time you wish to use it. If no semen is found in the vagina m.ser the pomt of the extractor itUo flie n.ck of the uerus Se- ceded by the end of the forefinger at all timrs. as shown nfig^ure 38. Insert as far as can be reached with the finger, then press downward bending the point with the forefinge? o -er the op and the thumb ander the bottom. Pressing down firinly but gen ly will cause a depression to form in 'he bottom o^ the uteri which It will cause the semen by its own ^ravitv tn occt,,.. With the point still held under^he end ofTe f'ore"
tK!"'l ''/''°''",'" ^'^f'' ^^- ^° ^^ ""^ *« draw in any pa t of he delicate membrane Iming the uterus, begin to f^ll the cylinder of the ex ractor by drawing nut on the piston rod with iL lef[ hand. When the cylinder is filled straighten the point before drawing out of the mare and start for the operating room as before directed. Have your helper or assistant handfe the ex
I
I
mi: ».\i'M i.K MKTiion of HHi;i:ni\(,
::;,.t.."'7;^;':^r;;,.i";;!'.r it rvf- - «"-'"
<li!..,l.l ahvav kin ;",!,, ,' ''""'l-,"'"'l' "i. •1..ra,„r
arc l)r<-(l. "^iv.inn uniii nil the tiiari-s
94. An Operating Room cm 1„. ,,,,-uIc „f -m ..(Ti,-,. r
more froc,u.„tiy' ti,i„ .;;:;;... Vz 'c!^. '■^; ::[X '': .r^''"
knmyn to hr „, a vigorous co.uliti.,,,. K-arn he c aui K T " will he t,,„„(l un.njf, \\lun the ir , ,1 ^ i • Sonutlunp
'■.•>siIvavoi,k.(|i„tlu f„t r ,- 'I.scovcred it can )„•
tlH' .ea.«o„ always gives p.lore.t r. , t. T i I '"'■'^' ''''"■' ' ' condition is atrainst one -t tlr.t ,;.,'.•. „ ''••«^»"^<' <'vei v
tl^e n,ares arc^not^-" gllo 'i U tb„ l^ ul;' r\r ''^^ ^'""^' uhat ag:ainst one at that time. weather is sotne-
the more sunlight'ln 'iS^^ ^; t ! t te^ ^Tl'^.^ ^''^'"i "'^^'^V- -s we I to place them n. a l>..t V e or tuo or ' hr<.7-' '""^' '' nceasionallv. This will destrov nnv h-^rt^li V . "" minutes
them. Remember if mVres nr V , 7 ' ^hat may feather m,„n
he returns for Ha in 21 lav If! :'V%"" '"■=''• "^^>- ^'"'"''' should not he returned umi 0 d.v f. '"'"" ""' '" •^^■''^ 'h*"^ thev should I,e re tr e d w "kh fo tVr ^ T'^ ^" '•"^'' '■'•^^^'^ first returned. " ^'''''' ''■'''''^■' '^ ""' '" heat when
-?^n'l88f,V'dicfn!?rrS\h'y'r"" ^ T^'T''' "^> ^^^ -'"-"^ knew at tha i, Im. inJ " 'r" V'^' '"''•"^»^^- *''■'" I
several po. r on.^ it " riulr'^ stallion do the work of
country'than anv o 1 r ^^J^^;^.^'' ;;:^;;;;:y ^^^ •''—of the I-roduced with acai.sule " ^ '^ " ^''''* ^' '-i f^al
^'L^^^J;^^!^':^'^ /".-- '/ had tempered or
SXs im n'-;:-,H £«^^ -^e;r;i;d--^i-^^
ment is based UDon verv Pvt«„,i 1 ' .^^^'"ceive. I his state-
condition. Onlv sev-enVare "n-'''^''^'''^"'''"'' "'"^" ''^"' °"^ vjni\ seven mares produced foals out of 203 wild
60
STl'DIKS IN IIORSK BREKDING
Mexi MI' mares bred by the capsule method. These mare* were
rope. .V ! thrown in order to make l.reedinjj then, pSe In
•'.•nment. conducted solely for the sake of the exi.eri-
'.mestic draft-bred mares were put in casting' harness
! to the K-round. then bred with a capsul,- and let up.
handled very gently, yet only nine of them conceivell
'8 remaining were bred by the capsule method in a
•'tion. semen from the same stallion being used, and
conceived. In both wa> s of breeding these draft
mtr.s. V .. . aved mares were used for all natural services. T ,L
mar 1 ,, ,o iv bred. It also teach.s us whv the rough,
exc.i !!<• . ^ ,.r of .nnr^. produces so f.-w foaK '
'^ ' '"' '■"' ' " •• 'n ^^''I'ch to breed wild mares by the
rom which good results m.iv be obtained
X now bred every year m this manner
■ ' ->t the bouthwest and also in Mexico In
can be bred without placing a strap upon
n the upper lip ot domsetic mares has a verv
.'1' anot. - r ment 117
and lowers
Thes'' v t Latr 1,1
& ". H' 1 1 ■: j ■! ft . ilieu'
He Ciil cap -r ni'il' "1 Ma. , kV'i( throu, lioiit .r.ui this V y v.i''l ii them A t .Muli
\v
quiet iig influence 'ipon the most of them.
Wil-A^
''^^«Ai^9HLiiiJ
CffAPTKR VII.
PREGNANCY. OR GESTATION.
M. Evidence of Prera*n^u \
her owner ,s ^h-sn„y^'^^^^-\; ^^^V^ ^ '"•""-e ha, l.r.,, hrod
of a pregnant ma.e ,.a ns .JJ .f'': ',^ '"'Tj'""- ''''"* -^"" nancy, except that he nnv n 1 " •^""^^"'•'l&e r,," 1,^.^ ,,r,p.
to induce abortion, as "Si ns V.mece'""'" ''">' "?''^''' ■'•*"•" ''^<'l^^- The cessation and non e ,r encc r'tf,-' 'h''^ ^^"^"-'"s work, '"-t siK-nitlcant si,,n. of con '',1"' ./' k.^^'-*' ••"'-^^. ^^^^ the s'gns. as mares verv frcmu-nti; •' '. '" *"■*" ""^ '"'allihl.-
vice, thoi.^.h preLa,ant S nw/^ "^''1",;' ^^^ond and third s..,- ■lurin^ th^Jt.r^i^L, o .2;;::;;;;- ' -^^ -ith the sta.l.„n
apparent cause I^rrsistentlv refuse h,' ''^'V' '''"? ''"'"'"' "i"^ nant. The desir^ur the still ,,,n, ' "" "''"" "'" I'^' *>'"
to take place in hot w^^,;;:' "'V^c iSr!;''.^'^ ''%"''r* ''^'•'^■ refuses the stallion for 30 divs ^ t r c ' •^^'^t^'"^ '^ *'"' "i'"-'' prepnant. After all is sii, i, ^^■•;vi.ce, she is most likeiv
one ma, know I ^1.^^:::;' ^l^^^^' '"''-^""''^ '''^ ''>' -'^-■ doc!h.:^13;^;;^^J---'^ -citable ..comes gentle and nant condition, since the ^^n r^t? ' f' '"^'''>' ^"^P«^" a preg- -ent has been satSud S ' "" 'm r"'' "?'> '''' '-'■'^'^■ enerpy. or indisposition or v 'k i "^'^ "^ ^'''^'- =' '"- of usually imply conception. ' ''"" P'-'-^ded by service
The most reliable indication of yy-hi^u r i the membraiKs of vulva and v4Sn.v ^T'' ' '^' ^"^'^' of rose or pink color, but srfon af^errn r'"^""! """'^*^ ''''• ^ P'-^'^
c^e^rker. until at the ^^^:z:;-:z^:;:^.^::^T^^^^ and^l'sterri^tSrf^^iiis^Tit^^
the stifle hen rem vini^? ". '."''' •'*'" ^''domen ,n
displaces \he7^a^'"::^^,ro;-^.2""l^'^'- ?" - '^^ Pu^h 't Hoats back its bodv m. 1.2' '"^•^ "\'^*' ^^""^- '•^"d as
examinations are tote condemned '^""' ^^" ^""^^ ^"^-"'■^'
abo!^- le^he^frenocTr^rTj?;.;^ ""^ ""T'^' ^""^^ ^^e fetus turition will rJvlT: ;/-,,^ ^^>''- '" ^" "orma! marcs, nar-
been in the habit ^f di atlnrar^'ese^.'^r.l''' j'^^ "^""^has carrying the fetus beyon^'i^l^t^r^S ^:?^s:^f lllSt'^'t:
rcr five
From
1 i ways
Ir.int of
62
STL-DIES IN HORSE BREEDIXG
ready for parttinlion at one of these periods, the mare will carry
frL h"! r^ ''■^'■^': '°"/"'- '^^^ P"'"d "f gestation is not l.hZ ioi",7 ''■"''"• ''"^ ^'^"^ ^.""^^ ""^ conception. A gestation table of 9.137 mares producing liye foals, oyer which I had con- trol and in which there can be no possible mistake, giyes an average of 336^, days for the colts and 337*4 days for the fellies
1\ A^lu V"' ''■'"■' -^^ ^''>'-' ^•■^ '''""^ ^••>o'-'""s ^oal result- ing) and the longest time was 391 days. The foal carried but ^-'/ days was that of a young mare four years of age. She had produced one foal, and was bred seven days later, resulting in this foal which was a colt. The one carried 391 days was the foa' ot a hve year old marc, never before bred, and it' was a filly.
„; ^^lu ^* °' Pregnant Mare. The pregnant mare should be given the best care the farm can afford. This does not mean a foolish, pampered care but handling in an intelligent manner. She should lint be handled s,. as to excite her in anv way nor be exposed to the annoyance of a stallion or mean ^eldiiig She should not be overworked, or made to do work which mieht result in slipping or straining, such as working in deep mud or snow, or backing loads. Exercise is not only beneficial but absolutely necessary for the good of both mare and offspring Moderate work in the harness is all right if care be exercised in keeping the mare normal at all times. She should never be worked m hot weather for an elevated temperature may injure both mare and fetus. The summer of 1910 because of being hot was remarkable for the number of early abortions reported from all parts ot the United States. ^
101. Food of the Pregnant Mare. In feeding a preenant mare it is well to remember that the mare must eat, digest and
bm nnf ? fr '"■°- n'' ^°e^ '^"^^ ^^ abundant, and nutritious, but not fattening. Corn should be avoided at all times. Oats wheatbran. well cured hay free from dust and fungi, and other'
;?1h 7 Ik ?r ''"f 'V'-''*''^ ^°""'"^ elements are to be recom- mended Alfalfa and clover are excellent foods for a pregnant
stipation avoided. Water should be given often, and in the winter ice water should be avoided lest abortion be the result. 102. Pre-natal Impressions. All the surroundings should be made agreeable to Uie pregnant mare. Both sentiment and busi- ness demand this. The brood mare, if wisely managed, will make
\°'7^LT'^ "'''"^-'' *^^" anything else on the farm. Her stall should be large and wide, so as to give her ample room in ying down and getting up. The floor of the stall should be nearly
r^^ i °r' r°°u "^y^'' ^'"°'" t'^^ ^'■°"t backward it will
throw the weight of the fetus back on the pelvis, endangering protrusions and even abortion, \iolent mental impressions arl
^nlt'^M ^/ u"^' """" V'" '^y ^^•''* pre-natal impressions are impossible with the mare, but I know they are possible. Hun- dreds of such cases can be cited ail over this land. It is only
PREGNAXCV OR ClI-STATIOV
63
c^ntot a7o;d"roTL"c^h"nce'f Tu'-'^^'^' ^° 'f •^'^--<^- ''- we of peculiar tints or colors nnnV*^ " u'"^ *° '''"•"'^'i -i" animals ful affections of tVet^?„n,„Vmre'''°'^'".^'^^ P^'^"
upon the same organrofre' offspring" "' '" '" ""^""^^^^'^
ve.^e^;^;:;?S^^';^'-^^Occasion.,,, a fetus is de-
their way through the uterus and fl ■ ^P*^^^*"^"''' '"■■^>' "I'-'J^'e into the abdominal cav^v Should In^'^ V'^"' V"""'*^ ^^^^^'-^^d to be gathered up bv the fimbria InH ^^ ^IT \^^ "^■"*^'-^ ^^i' the fallopian tubes, ' it fs I keivMso P,"^^^^ ^f kward through abdominal cavity when fertSt'- ' ■ *° ^^" forward into the there as any wh^re else „ such"an '"' f '"'^l'^' *° ^^'^^ P'^" or extra-uterine pregnancy Inljh '""* ,'''" ^^^" abdominal to attach itself to^hfserous „ ?„ hrl/'" ^ ' ""'^'-'^ *^ '''^■'■'^ nutriment as is usuaf wl en loca "S Tn th/". """"'\' '^' "^'^'^♦^'' cases falling under my observation two VT' ^" '^'''' ■^"'^•' attached, while in the case of the ^.^1^ °^ *''"" '^"^ fi""'^' whatever. °* ^""^ °*^" there was no attachmcn't
or ii^naf dt" tLrso^ft^aTts^oVt? ^T'^' I' ''"^^' '° -^^-^ ■ the bones may be carried or vears fn"' ^''"^ "^^"''^^d- ^^^^ will form fistulous open ng throu J^hr""'.,'''!' l^' P^^^^"^*-' or even through the vrg.nfor rectum '''"' °^ '^^ "'^°^'^^"-
CHAPTER VIII.
PARTURITION.
K,. *^- u^* Approach of Parturition. There is no certain rule
by which one may foretell the time a mare will deliver her foal
In most cases this w.ll be known by the enlargement of the vuka
he fa Img m of the muscles about the croup (relaxat on) and
he hllmg of the udder and teats. A dav or two before pa r-
unt.on the teats show a waxy substance at their ends 'Tnd
frequently there ,s a flow of milk. At the last the .nare usualh
becomes uneasy stops feeding, and sometimes she will lie down
and r,se agam for several times. In many mares this is not
repeated, but the mare remains down.
F'gure 41). The correct anterior presentation.
But one should not trust too much to either time or appear- ance. As soon as there is a possible chance for the arrival of a foal, the mare should be placed by herself as already noted.
theJf ;iiri!^*n"*'°" ^'*''°"* ''"^•°"» Symptoms. Some times there will be no s>gn or act upon the part of the mare of what to happen when all at once she will lie down and begin to labor. In the breedmg of horses no time ever presents i"sel when the presence of a man with good nerve and a level head is so much m need as this. Xo domestic animal labors so strenu^ ously durmg parturition as the mare. If conditions are normal a few mmutes labor and all is over. "ormai
106. Natural Presentation. It one is present at the time of
parturition, after two or three pains the water bags appear and
usually burst, followed by the' fore feet of the foaf wi?h the
nose between the knee^ With such a nrr^Pnt-.t'- ^^'^h the
-^--. \» 111! Micn a presentation one can help
•^??m^
TIIK HRKKDS
65
^"f;:c" ;;";,'■,'",£- t^z::.rs^^ 'r' "■" ■■ -
wasted energy. At such dme 'one .^hn n' '^'t ''^'"^' ''" "'"^•'^ to avoid infec'tion °"^ ''^°"'^ '^'^'"'^ "''t'' .'-■•■an l,,,nd.
its ^r^^V:.:" h';;^'^^;/!^^;^:^ ^^^' "r">- --- -•"
of the mare, this presenLtion w h "''""ul '"'''''"^ '^"' »•'" anterior one. since the curvaU.re'o tt r^,'"''' "' '^^''>- '^ •"' curvature of the Renitar^lS ^^e^o '"he m^re°"In^'"^''^ '" "'" presentation the face inc\ ,.',r /; 1. - ? ^" ^" aiittr.or
turned upwards for: I'lke rc'a^n "" ""'^ ^'°"'^'
alu;i\s he
• and I'llll-
FitLiiro 41
- .oiT.Mt postriior prt'stntation.
siderabie time witli no presentation, one will msuiIIv im, i hmg wrong. Occasionailv there will be o ,ur ' " '"""'"
tion irom the first or thf-rp nM, i " '' mai-presfi-.ta-
vents the expuS of the fo" " Thif '!"'. obstruction which pre- narrow pelv s. perhanVthe resnl/ ^f "Y'''''^'^^ '^W he a small vagina ir els^v'J-her^ n L pd is simetm;'"- '""""^ ■" ^'- parturition, as does calculus Son ) h^bl d Jer'''"' "''"''•'^' of the rectum with fcre^ <„ „„f bladder, or mipaction
the fetus an^ its mc'mlram T ' 'r ^ 'i'^-'"'' "* ""^^mmation erus. In such clses " 1 '^■'^'■""^^''^'y attached to the ut-
broken do.vn^'befo?: Z f .^^1: 'el-trrctcd° '' ^^^^'"^' ^"^ of r!^urStS,';^rSt^.,^-o. c.n^^^ difficulties commonly speaking difficult pr^in Iti n ^'^^r^"*'^*'""' '^•- more .n most of them both mare ^nd fo^fr be'sav^d^^SomS^'es
.»."': Ai7,e' '.DDC^aiV TJ^lk^iVRBXIV
(f,
STUDIKS I\ HORSE BREEDING
Ttf.lT °"'y '^P'-fsent. when the other will be turned back At other times both fore feet will be nresenteH h„f ^i, u a }
I saw all four of the feet presented at once, aid yet Z foa w^J
namn should be called as etrly as possiWe. Dclavsin Ja,,er; il tit? ,\" ife'L-;',',^ "'"■ " "»• ""'>• •"="-"»•" .nH^I.'' '■^^"'"^'••an can not be had. one should by all means trv
FiKun- 4... Anterior presentatu,,, w„l, hea.l turned hack.
pel the foal it will be found that one or both of th^ »,;„^ t . »r„prraL^?H:d«Se^™e:e„.XJ^°E W^cl''efji„^;lr
ward■a„d•'dl.^:.a^^^^£e'^',,x.nr;ea?^";:^r„.^? '"• -
.■'W^??^^^i'
J^
STIUIKS IN HORSE BREKDINO
67
:^;:ii^r:,:'z^ :i!s^ '-- ■" --^ that un.es. t,. toa, .
..^.. ::.;^S^:^';^.^s/fiis#'gA^.
Fiffurc 4.1. Posterior pres.-nutio
with h.iul U-Ks l„.„t „„,,„.
109. Feeding After Parturition. A mare shr.iiM K. f , very sparinir v just 1)0101-^ m,,! . f/ "'"^^ ^"." "a "e fed gram grain feeding at ^hs ime s lilllv t7 ^'^'^'T' ^^^^^^^^^ trouble uith its d eestion Tl i " ^^ '•^'^u't m the foal havin^^
foal are cxtremeirdelic"te - u. ^".'"'; """^^''"^ ^^^ ^ "^^^ ''-"-. feeding of the n are 5? tl,; si' •' ^"^''^^^'^ by injud^ -ious ch.ny. he careful a^ nlJt^^; Sn;;^ ^::^-^/5-^^^^^
Fig.re ^. DouMed anterior r.r.sen.aton, all four fee. a„p.ar,n«
68 STUDIES IN HORSE BREKDING
and the ^^rass good she w.ll do better upon the grass than anv other feed. If t^,e mare .s of draft breeding, she will need graiJ.
Kiiiiii' I,".
Ain.rior iir.!..-nti.tion. with lor.. iV.-t !,».„, nnd.-r.
v.t 1 the srass after the foal is a week 0^. None of the grasses
n the corn belt contain cnui-h nutriment to grow a good draf
horse w.thout gram. No grain will equal goodSlean. h^eavy oats!
110. Flooding Occasionally the uterus fails to contract on it.sell after parturition and flooding or bleeding is the res„?t About all that can be done in such ?ases it to relieve the m^^us
-111-' " 'Itmr' ' ■ -i- ;■ ■ ■
Fiuii!-.- h:. Antfrinr
l>r..s.-ntatioii u itii iua.l ti,ni.-,i „n si.lt
of blood clots, when a strong solution of alum should be iniected into that organ. Cold water may be applied to theltk- i ,T'!..
the uterus.
111. Eversion of the Uterus. After a difficult nartnrition the uterus occasionally fails to contract when the fSndus w^ll
THE SCIENCK OK JL'DGINf; DRAFT IIORSCS
69
iSni:l?ll1,;^-;?:;^:,;-^^; the «t.us. an. .,..„„ t,.e
returned bv having the marc i.^.m. T'!,"''^^-' ""^ '^" '•*> the surface of the protruding t.rJlT u '^?"f'"& V'>^nu,n. ulu-n al! filth, then take T piec" Jn X . "''""'V^^ ^■^■•'*''"'' ^''■••'" "f I'egin winding at tKost denonlnt "'' ?' ^'Y '"^'"'^ ^^i''^- •''"d I'ody of the mare The next'Z ^''''- '".^ '^'"^' ^"^^•'"•'' ^he P"sh,ng in those"parts*^n"e:r s^ ;";;;;f '^^ '-"M">latin, and l-een returned into the vatrim H, . \ m'. rV,"" "" P-Ttmn has difficulty. When bick n^iace he h " V"/°' !:"■ ^^''^'^""^ ""'^•'^ extended to everv part of t?.e or ' n '""'^ ^" '"^•''■^'■'' ''"'^
remains inverted'w'th n ano L'poni m '"tT ''"'' "'! '""^*^'"
-;ou.h the vuK-a. o^^^^j^^i, ^^:::^t^:T:^
IHPV
CHAPTER IX.
THE SELECTION OF A STALLION
.I.cl^f u'^'^"*"'*^'. ^* ■' ''"P"''«'»''e to produce the highest da s of horses m any breed uithout the aid'of high class mares Yet the average quahty of tlie horses in the country can only be advanced by the use of c,uality stallions. What a sfallion will clo for the commun.ty ,n which he is owned, will depend nu r p n h.s head and temperament than all else. No horse has ever
mTs'cu1iiin"'k-^'''n r'"'/^ ""^''^ ^*=^"'"" "^ "^^^^ pronounced mascu m.ty. This will be determined bv the crest, the massive ^vv. the vo,ce. the hard and fi.xed expression of the c^e the muscular development of the jaw. neck and shoulder, and'b; his act.on and every movement. Life must be begun in power To be com,,lete ,t must be begotten with that im.Lnse energvsuf- tinnT T "X"' ^^^i'.'"''''^ Pos^il'l^' momentum to all its func- tions. To achieve a I this requires potential virility. The stallion must .start off all the bodily organs and functions of the future foal. I his potential force must be powerful in the stallion, that the organism may be vigorous in his foals. A stallion with ^mal or weakly masculinity will sire many foals of low v"tXy e^en though mated with strong vigorous mares. The mares ma ■ sup pl> p enty of organic material for the nourishment of the fetus but It may have too little life force to appropriate it \n en eebled mare may produce a strong vigorous foal, if sired by a tallion of strong masculinity. In this case the mare wdl s^til' further en eeble herself to nourish the fetus. The more a .ta -
exlnMv'^TV""*.''^';^' '"°'"^ ^' ^' '" ^^ °"^ physical; Ind sexually. The male body is created by the ma!e mentality When speakir,^^ of the mind or mentality of the horse. I S. to be un<k.jstood as including the entire nervous organization of the
without !!*^Ta J^7 "' ^•^ Attraction. Nature does nothing VMthout a well defined purpose. The stallion's peculiar voice i^ given him that it might attract mares to hi. Any mare vvil readily recognize the voice of a stallion fro,, ..t of Tny othe horse, as far as she can hear it. The same i me of the odor pec.har to the sexes. The massive jaw and ,-.<ra muscles o ne.K and shoulder are given the stallion as weapons of both offense and defense and to aid him in fighting battles necessary
vc i'^buf iT" 1 '"^'■'- ''""^ ""'''' -^ fi-^ -Pres^ron of he
Su4; that 't^ristfi /'^'^'■'''•°" °^ ^ ^^'"^ ^° f"" °f masculine pouer that it must find expression m every look, in every action
m his entire being. He is the most perfect stallion wh^oTs the best equipped, best adapted to fulfill the office for which he waS
TIIK SKI.F.CTIO.V OP A STAM.ION
since each endows about equally ' '"^ prcatest
all. The Shire stallion iJ,?.,^nMf ,""'* masculine of them m a low deg ee H s„ all hw ^\, 7"''- '-^ masculinuv
uut ward at^pearai;^ " L^H^""'/r™'"^"-'^ ^!- '^••" the
.>ut ward appearance o{7,^-^^ZS: S^J^hrJ^d
..•'Klf of tlu- pastern, and t!,. muscular (leveloomenT in ",'""' *""'"■ °' ''°'^-'<. "ir .. tlK same horse. "evelopment in all parts are Sfl.lom foun.l
are wantinf,^ in masculinity to a marked deirree It is i wpII known fact among: intelligent breeder^ thit the Shirl f I >sa source of more trouble as a breeder thin the -t^M f °"
records and compiling statis?ic^obtain;d frLm'^ther" 'Lr^Sanf
■c^acinc'
71
STUIJIKS IN HORSK BREKt)IN(;
t.nu-. but has dfci,h-,i to purcl.asc ,.,u-. U\ me inform vou before y..u make y..ur purchase that of all the stallions sold in this country, not -norc than one of every 10 has ever paid as a c.m- m.rc.al proposition. .After the expense of his keep and handling lias I,..n pa.. I doubt very much if one of every 10 has earned enough ,n collections to pay for his first cost. There are two primary causes for this being true. First, the stallion was sold fur more than he was worth. Few stallions have ever been sold m US country at their true value. Any other than a high class uell bred and strictly sound stallion has no value whatever The number o scrubs, as well as unsound and undersized pure br. d sta hons tliat have been peddled and sold in this country is a,, pallmg. There .s no one to blame for this condition of affairs but the buyer h.msel. Just as long as such hot air advertising as Ten acre barns, full to the roof of all ton horses" is more attractne to the buyer than the plain honest statement of a reputable breeder or dealer, just so long will the bi,yer be com- plammg of buymg a gold brick. Just so long as the buver goes
^"r ^^r ''"''• ^"' -^^ '""'' "'" '•^ ^^>' ^^"''^^^'■■"^
Secondly, another reason why so few stallions pay is because of poor andling Scarcely one man in 20 now handling stul" .s capable of domg so intelligently. It is reallv surprising Z many unmtelbgent. superstitious, double-cove'r. lool-over-the- left-shoulder. dark-of-the-moon. first-heat-fillv-foal men there are m the country handling stallions. I have 'known men l have handled stallions for more than 20 years UstatTthaT it re,u.red all the semen of one discharge to impreg^ a m r
behove there are more misfits in the stallion . nd jack busTncss than any other business in the world. '^usmtss
116. The Purchase of a Stallion. If you are reidv to r. c j.e a stallion „. ,„.,e you can go is Hk^i; tt ^^l^!' o^, ^ able to you as to some reputable breeder wher,. L, , " '"^".^'^ but dam. and frequently ^the second an7t d Cs^n Ve'::' If the stalbon is a good one and of a desirable T^^^Z c \
his sire and dam of a type erunllv ^on.? i ^"^ '■°" '^"'^
able certainty what his^off^g' J^t ' H ^^-'^ ' T^""" buy ofl: a breeder, then hnJ..; 5 ' .. f'. " ' '^ -mpossible to
cided as to what
breeder, then buy of a reputable deal
you want before vou leav
er. Be fully d
c
not buy until you have found such a hors
e your home, and do
to do the buying
yourself, rather than let th
ou will find it well
e seller do it for
TIIK SKI.KOIO.V OF A STAI.I.lov
73
V..U. If the l,„rM shown you is .,f the l.re.d and tv,.,- v..„ ,l,.,ire l"ok h>m over carefully as to his soundness, Fir-t ....if h,s .,.•' o.lor and marks correspon.l u uh his ccrti.icate. ff .hev ,lo not' pay no attention to excuses or explanations, hut l.av, hip, -.loue' 1!^' m.ghtly careful al.out his eyes. Defective visio „ tr,n,s„m- '.'1 w.th preat certainty. He sure there is no l.lu. ne.. ..l.out ""■'". A Kood. clear, promin-nt ami expressive ex. .- e.<, , -id t.. a Kood I.ree.ler. .\ hazel eye is always a pood\n,- If h.. i- three years or mure of ajrc note wheth-r or not he has , ,,, hard or hxcd expression already uuntioue.l un<ler masculinitv , II ', lie should also have a well deve-oped or u.asculine jaw, the .nne wHle apart underneath, with a clean, neat throat. Full meaty throats are likely to l.efome thick in the win.l. His ears .hould l.e carried erect. His crest should he well developed with neck -f fa.rly good length. Few ,|ra.t horses have ever had too lo,.. a neck. His neck should he well set upon nicelv sloping shouhU ers. \ou are supposed to be huying a sire for producing high- pnced commercial horses. High-price.l geldings are never seen with short necks nor with straight shoulders. X'iewed fron, in tront. he should he wide, carrying his width all the wav Inck a.ul well muscled upon shoul.kr, arm and forearm, n'is le..- should be set well un.lor him, and only medium in -en,:!, If his legs are set too wide apart, he is sure to roll when in motion which causes „,ore resistance, thereby resulting in added fr.ction t.' all h.s movements. The knee should be wide, carrying its -Kith well down below. Such knees are rarely seen whh spl:„ts I'How them. If vou are after a true drafter, he should measure n..t less than 10 inches below the knee and 12 mches below the -ck. Jl he measures 12 inches below the knee and ' ' inches bc.|ow the hock, so much the better if the bone is of gooa quality Quality of hone is as essential as quantity, yet one never finds too much g.„i bone under a draft horse. Viewed from the side all legs should stand perpendicular to the body. The past rn should stand .u an angle of 45 degrees. The utility of the pas- tern ,s to dissipate concussion. A straight pastern and a straight shoulder are generally found together. Such a conformation is
74
STt'DIKS IN IIORSK BHKKDIXi;
thv cans,, of most sulrl,„ncH, rinKl„.n,s. navin.Iar tn.i.l.les ami ^h .ul, .T lam..,u.ss ,>H.h. Too much importanc- can n t 1 e at aclK-.l ,o a corrm pattern (28.?,. If too straiplu i" ,,,n«r
urs. ,t w.l only 1h-co„,,. „,or.. so with n^v. rcs„l,i„,, inVnik^ ImR. (.00,1 f. ft arc a valtial.Ir asset to anv horsr. This is more cspc-nally trnc of th. forefoot, as ah<,ut m per cent, of the we^X of a horse ,s home „pnn h.s forefeet. A wide hoofhead is v^rv nnportant to^Mther with wi<le heels. Wide heels are usually assoc.ate.l w.th larfje. elastic fr.>K... to act as a cushion "1"^ sipatuifj concussion, which the pastern continues.
117. Conformation of Body (Ir.in^ hack to the l,o<lv, the length of hack Iron, shoulder hlade (scapula) to p..int ..'f hip si .,u ,1 never exceed u, en^^th, the length of that part of he
le h.n 1 " s\u,nU\vr and len^-th of quarter each exceed
of the arch, the s ronpest self supportui^ tijiure known to the science of „,echan,cs. A lon^ hack is ,,uite a common defect n many draft horses. The hody should he round, with ribs we si.runjr and extending well downward. This will pivc you a horse of Kood luns capacity as well as a good feeder and doer. I he horse cut up in the flank is a poor feeder, always recoverinL' slowly from e.xtra exertion in the way of hard work or lone shipijin^. Ihe loin should he wide an<l well musde.l. The cro up shoul.l he lomj. straight and well muscled. There is a wide d f -
l.rieds as a whole are very straight in the croui.. while others appear very steep m the hind .piarter. A long straight crmm adds much to the ai)pcarance of the horse. So far as strenirth ll'lZT i ^\"T''' "'^t so much about the angle as does the extent to which the croup is covered with mu.scle.
118. Hind Quarter! and Hocki. The thigh and quarter should be heavy this region of the horse being^omposed pr n- c.pally of muscles. A draft horse should be heavi y „u. cled hrouglunit the hind quarters, for it is the hind qua^rt "r. tl at fun ish mos of the power in drawing heaw loads (275). The hocks should be given more attention than any other part of the horse. More dra.t horses go wrong because of defective hocks than all other de ects combined (280). No hock can be too ^)od
hL^l ??^- ^""J*' ^i'"" ^'""'^ "' f"-""* and at the side the hock shou d appear broad, yet clean cut and free from fullness n front of the hock and slightly to the inside, look closel" for a spavin Never buy a stallion with a spavin, even though a small sum will buy him unless you wish to start a breed of spuv^ed horses. I know of one stallion in South Dakota having a sZin
Z"", n'T'^^' ^"'''' '"'^ V "^ ^''' f°^'^- '^' g-t of a single 'vear deve oped spavins upon the same leg before they reached their first year. The hock should be kept sharp in all fts features and
THK SF.LKITION Ot A staI.I.Ion
-S:: an;;;;:.;i ^:rl;;' — .,.K...y....,„ ,.,„.,„.,,„..
-. m,r „ .„,.,nat«-.l uiti, („„•, s,.tt skin •„„ ,11 •'' ' T'
::;'n.:::n';:?Hl':;:^^-^-j-r;:' «-•':- "^^^
toticl... s,rr n.anv ri.UjIi .l^ ' ■ 1 \" r V., "' ^^"^"•"•
uitil, ,,nlv on,, tcsticl.. T,. li '"' '"■ ""•' ''' ^'■'"io,,
'"■m^r al.l. to n.ake . .„.■ . . ^nn ,•(, 'vi ■ 1 "■"''"'"' '" '"^ ^<'ni.-n in the ufrus I" v, , i, "' ! n'"'*'<"'fr '!"■
^•'"••'t tin- shoath. :.• ,: , ] u, X . •" " "'" ''''"'""■''
tallow l.nnrluTi npon ..!,„, .? / ,' 'l ';"" ''^'^" '^'^'^^ '»-•
;-la^s f^-als. his vitality ha^ ,„, „ u Ip „ 'V o ;;:;'" t';m"'"^"" I'osited in anv part of the annn ,1 ,„./■,.• ', ' '■'■'"^^ <!»•
..f all „,.rv,.s-,,l,„ ,,,„„i, ;„■•;;;:;;„,,;:■■'; ,;•;;;■■;-.' ■-■''•"'•y
-'f the hock ..ven and in line .' .,^ of th'; '..''t' T' "' "'"
If
i'-
ind action, as tliouj,'!) ever
)e an indescribabli
"^omctlinifj to hi. mot
>t the highest and l)est
y nerve, muscle, and tend
ik'litest vohtion. If h
tempered steel, readv t
ion I'ln were m.ide
•-cious of Ii;
s siirroinulinjfs and
le moves about as th
o >|'rmj,' a
t th(
to own him. 'J"he tendencv of
mission in life. I
)ii.trli partiallv uncou-
th
ir h
rse at a trot, rarel'v at th
all stallion
value to the draft h
e walk. Tl
would not care show
salesmen is tc
ness.
If h
rse, other than to show
e walks right, his trot will bc'all right
If trot is of little soreness or lamc-
122. Good Wind Very ImpoitMt. Not U
to know thoroughly in tl
any of ilie points mention* buying has good wind. Test without good lungs, and good
important than
the stallion you are
wind, a stallion 1
us respect, for
lias no value
(288).
76
STUDIRS IN HORSR BRKKDING
Few Stallions in the past have ever l)een tested by the buyer for
fh/rnllr ''■ ■ '■7"'^'"fi^ '" '"^"y ^ disappointment because of this negligence. I know of a stallion in South Dakota sold by an vastern firm on the company pl.in. for $4,500. This horse if gelded at that time, would have sold for $100 and no more Un fortunate'y for that community, he proved a sure foal getter and has filled that country full of hor..., with defective wind Ihe damage to the farmers of that countv cannot be measured in dollars, for it will take fifty years of 'judicious breeding to correct the injury done them, besides the first commercial loss ot thousands of dollars. No defect, no disease of the horse is more likely to be transmitted than larvngeal hemiplegia. " Be- ware of the windbroken stallion. Put him to a severe test, and If the slightest roaring or whistling can be detected, do not buy mm.
123. Testing the Stallion'. Virility. If the stallion has proved all right thus far. and you have been made a price wiiich you believe to be reasonable, buy him. with the understandine that he is yet to be submitted to one more test ; that of a breeder Have this qucstitjii settled before you pav a dollor upon him" There is but one way to settle this point, let the microscope do the work. Have him mated with a mare, and test the semen yourself. .\ microscope with a magnification of 400 or 500 diameters can be had for $.^0. and it will he worth several times that amount every year if you continue in the business No man can intelligently handle a stallion or jack without one in these modern times. We arc now living in the twentieth centurv a time famous for its high intelligence, its many inventions 'and Its many master minds in ev.>ry field of human' endeavor Com- petition in every line of c . ; lercial activity is mighty keen If you do not intend to bandit vour stallion in the most intellijrent manner known to this age. you will do well not to buv one fo your competitior will most likely handle his horse in a business- like way,
124. Guarantee. No guarantee of breeding is worth the price of the paper upon which it is written. There are plentv of breeders and dealers who are honest, and who will make good but when you have handled and cared for a ,,tallion one or two' years with no returns who is going to pav vou for vour actual loss in expense money and time? Even though you 'do get an- other stallion in exchange for the one already shown to possess no breeding value, your loss is too gre.it to take any chances on Besides this second horse may prove no better than the first if taken without being tested. There is but one business way *o avoid this loss and annoyance ; test the horse before you buv him Twenty years from now, no stallion will be sold in this country in any other manner. If the stallion is a breeder, the semen will disclose the fact, in the number, vitality, and activity of the sper-
THE SELECTION OF A STAI.I.IO.V
ofiFice or other warm room. ^ ^ '" "' ^''^rm
sesses quality with scl' mS) ',,?''" '^'■^^•.P'-''v.de,l 1,, pos-
Indian Pony" mares! wei.tigNom^si"^ "'■'/'•'' ^"'■•'"
stall.ons with uniforn,lvV.od es St. uhnVT.^ "''' ,!" ^"^ coarse and unl.alanced.'his foals viL' ' "'"■ '''''"'"" '''
mated with Inrpe mares 'Sen ' *^,'''""''- ?''" ""'"^^'' are ail too small. ThTdem.m ".; h'-n 'm"' ^'"!* '""''••'^ such as sell for $300 to SSmir "'• &'"'^="&'' ^'t 'l'>alitv.
supply, and alwIvTw l^"^' ^? ' ;;;;,^:[ \1'"- ^^f -/!,,-.„ „,,
our largest stallions and n^.re wiH" ' tr"'l ^'T'' ''''' '" ivorking with this fact to nKv^v ^'''^ ''''''' ^^ reversion
undersizedhorse ein when we-\rse^'r';" ' '''•':P"nderanc.. ,.f In speaking of draft h^^^^r^V^^Tuf^'''' ""'T''''''^ size and weicht Th,. tu . , '' difference hetu.m
distinguish l.etwr;n"'.t^.n"'' r ^id :'A"T ''^.^'""- '-- '" measurements of the hod^. As a re;dv no! .Tit'"''''-"'''''- ""V to refuse to huv anv stallion c-.rr? m. f-it t ' " ' '^'^ '""''' ing it in bunches (i20) \f ,s shVe.v,. H 7 '''^^■^^'■"* "f ^'"'U-- feeding end of their husin;!;';;. a i^^^e oil "^t j;:^ ^'[^ '' ^'^^
Rood feeding. Fatr;;si\m;;;;;;;irc:^:ijiL;T^'^.r"'^ °^
has bought a ton horse, only to find when hi' u - ''' '"''" good breeding condition, that hswxi.ht,. ' ^'"" ''"' '"
1.700 pounds I know o one n .n k, ■ ""^ ''^^■^'^■" '•^■'«-'-
at a weight of 3.0207oumrr.";id, harnfy:;;";S^l ZTo'7 smce he was s x years of tctp 'pu.v i '"'^'^'^ passed i.buu pounds
patronage becaus^^ hJ ^f^.„|,t .'^f?: I:^?^^? ^ '-^ ->" who advertises a barn full of all ton horses In h.. ^ .^ ^^'^I^'' actual size of a stallion I haJe SreJcly caUed -u ;';";?"^\\'^'^ measurement of the leg (116) The t, r,- 1 ■'"'-"tion t,. the
less than 10 inches -.rnnnrlfi ''^' ''•"''''' measure n,.t
not less than llnl's behind TnTod". '" ''"' '"'""^^ ^''''- '''"d should be from 16^- to^t\land .%c"g vrS'e'^u" "l '"'"^'\'
»-^ttct-L?;Sc^^^
78
STUDIES IN HORSE BREEDING
he sk,p,np ,hou der and long quarters. This conformation gives us the horse wuh long, easy stride. Such a stallion as described in good breeding condition as to flesh will give us a weight of better than a ton I his makes a good drafter. So good in fact that It takes much time to find one. and such a one if rieht in all ways ,s worth all he will ever cost you. Such a stallion, if a producer, will make h,s owner money in any part of the grain belt of this great country of ours. Such a horse, if a breeder has never failed to make good. Competition from the viewpoint of today ,s unknown to him. A good type of draft stallion is shown in ngure 4/.
in„"*\ P"''**"^""-, P''^ ^'^""'^ ''^^'"'«' '^'1^ dispositions in buy- ing a stallion. Should one become dangerous or even difficult to handle, he sure and take no chances. No stallion ever lived that cannot he han<lled safely. It will not do to show fear, yet one can so handle .a horse that no injury can be done, either to groom or sta lion. Nothing is better for reducing the temoer of a VICIOUS stalhon than hard physical labor in large doses. Many fairly mtelhgent and naturally dispositioned stallions are mad- tad, because of their excessive masculinity, coupled with bad haiullmg, Ihe foals of such will have good tempers, while in- herited Mcioiisness will aga-^ be transmitted. For controlling a bad tempered >tallion when bei-- used with a bridle only, use a rod eight inches long, with a small ring in one end. and a link in the other. Weld the link in the right bridle ring, pass the other end under the jaw and through the left bridle ring Bv buckling the lead strap mto the end ring of the rod, one can easily break a stallion's jaw. Such a rig is only severe as th. stallion makes it so It is well to have hut one groom handle a bad tempered stallio:. Many a fairly good temper has been made to go wrong by too many men handling the stallion.
127. Summary. 'J'o put this entire chai)ter in one paragraph a stallion should be endowed with great masculine power as ex- pressed m the voice, the expression of the eve. the erect and alert carnage of the ear. the well defined crest.'the massive jaw the great muscular development about the neck and shoulder ' His action should be as if he was overflowing with sexual power and vigor a he body should be long, but short on the back with sloo- ing shoulder, and long, fairly straight croup and quarters The underline should be long and well let down at the flank Loin wide and well muscled. Ribs well sprung with great depth of body. Legs well set under him. with an elastic, sloping pastern Hock wide, especially just below and at the joint, clean and well defined in all its points ami angles. His feet should be good with wide hoof-heads, wi.le and high at the heel with wide thick frog. His walk should be free, easy, in line, elastic, in short the equal of a perfect machine, made for that express purpose This coupled with soundness in every part, with the lungs and wind
• :^ ,f3ij!6-S!SfciT*-'-=^-ii^ bis-
THE SELECTION OF A ST A I I Io\
ot a locomotive, with temperament and intelli.r,.nr<. , f .. . will give you a stallion vou do not need t . f 1 i \'''^ ^^'^•
alleys, when you take him to y oil r home town ' ''""" ^'"' '"^^
or you S,ay own o^e tuh ^^^d g?ee"::t:.nd;U f ''f •■^^•'''''■?' very remote past but for -,11 ,.''^"'*''^*^^.*^-^t':""'"g l)ack into the
(.ri'or cuii,, i-f '"Vr ',',» i,r,v ,^' Ti;;r;;;'"'.:,;;;"' rvr
This is a privi e^e not vet Hpnipri ,. >. , - '"^ ahilitv.
your mon'ey ou? of iVm af sTon\s\""uT,r f' ""•" ^^^'''■^- ^^^ years no stallion will he permitted to.^n.f' '" ''' "'"•■-^' ^^'^^
in this country unless he i« -. ^t.md for service anywhere
hereditary defe'cVs Beca ^se of tl irhe ^'"^V T^ ^""^^ ^'■^"^ '•^" of the next stallion vo u tnn Go wh^r '"■'^"' "'^ I" ''^^' n"'->'ity is heard rolling across the countrvnnV'" ""^'V '''", ^''^'"^' ''^'lo stallions shall be used t isTth.' '' '"""'^ f"'' '*"''• '"-''d heard upon nearly everv fa m-.nH.'' '"■ r'"" '^'"■''^•'^- '^ ^"^ and unso'und horsis rea^h nT h^ niarke^r:; "' '^^ ';---V.i"f-ior auction ring. The Americm {nVr^f , "''''' ''*'^'" '^ '" ^'i'^
noon to come out riel t uron <. V*"""" ^ ""y' ^'^ depended
their own intere^ts'^iVlErTou^'l^^t wdfVrf ' i'^^"^^'^"^^ ^^ practically a unit in deman<ling such^talHons "'' ''"' "'"^
CHAPTER X.
HANDLING THE STALLION
_ 129. Care of the Stallion. The stallion is. f,u'ncrailv sneak- ing, the most abused of all our domestic animals. This'abuse is not always mtent.onal. it sometimes beinpr the result of intended kindness. It is none the less an abuse, however, when we shut a stallion up m Hose quarters for the greater part of a vear Another abuse which is intended as a kindness, is that of over- feeding, espec.ailv when such feed as corn is used in large quan- tities. Alanv stallions have been made more or less sterile be- cause of such feeding.
130. Grain Rations. The following table is the feeding systems of draft stallions owned in five states showing the com- parative results of these systems from the viewpoint of foal production :
No of Kinds of- No. of Xo. of Per Cent
Stalhons Gram Mares Bred Foals o7 Foals
1% J;'"""" ••- -^7198 14877 40
^19 Corn and oafs 34907 1590' Af,
^li Oats 38214 20711 T4
K3 Oats and bran 11476 70=;4 ('i
33 Grass and alfalfa S123 418*) g7
Some of the above stallions had stood for service years in the same place, and the mares listed includes marcs for all those years. The records of stallions producing less than 20 per cent of foals in all these reports, were not tabulated. Such stallions I regarded as being partially sterile. Most of the sterile stallions reported were fed a grain ration of corn ; while no sterile stal- lions were reported in data gathered for this table where the gram ration was oats and bran, nor from those fed grass in sum-
'"7 'k u ; '^ ''"V"^ '^'' ''''"'"■■• 'T'^"^ f^d grass in summer and alfalfa during the wmter were owned in the western states where stalhons are often permitted to run in pastures with mares' It IS less practiced now than formerly, because of the rapid set- tlement of all public lands i).)sscssing much value. Where this sy.stem of breeding was i)racticed. the stallions would be permit- ted to run in the pastures for four or five months, when thev would be taken up and fed alfalfa for the balance of the year.
131. Comparisons. By the above table we learn that a ra- tion of oats and bran gave 61 per cent, of foals, while corn alone gave only 40 per cent. Even corn with oats produced six pei cent, more foals than corn alone. In the case of grass and alfalfa with no grain at any season of the year, we have 82 i)er cent of
TIIK SKI.KCnON OF A M AI I I()\
81
foals. It can not be said that tlu'se stallions wcr,. ,„ ,, i m better mares than the stallions fed other rLtos ,'' '"'"' a few young fdlies which remained in the m ,r.. , '''"''''
that worked every day dur.ng the sn'un . ' T l' "v^r V'^.Z^^^
132. The Foal Crop of Dififerent States. If one wants ,tl„ r evidence that our system of fcedine is wron^r if ;/ J f '"^
are after, we have onlv to con.p r^^th ■ T. d S, , ot" t , ^' i
states to again learn something as to fe^d This t .1 , ^"" .mended to show the kind of gr.^n fed to the staH ons n^:::l
show the per cent, of toals in states where corn is the V hi, f Lr as compared with those where corn is Zt^^t:.n^u:^' uere gathered by sending blank forms to 1„. filled and retu ud by stalbon owners. It is not claimed that thev arc m hIU-
Sta'e ,, ^''- "' Per Cent,
f. , ■ , -Glares Bred of Foals
Lulorado ^2-n
IJ , 0,V-l'J A7
•111- . 'HI/ 7!
Illinois 14(,9- J
Indiana ,l^i "'^
]^Z^s ■■■■•■•■'•'•■■■■■■• -^'-^ 47
VV^"'?' %r8 44
Michigan „o, T.
Ind
In this tabi
e \vc
lana.
I
owa.
learn that
i\ansas,
M
in the SIX ci
issoiin and Xeb
ate;
show 50 per cent of foals. Of th
est with 40 per cent., while Missouri "is"
-ka
71 : III
iiiiii-
esc states, Xebra>k
>cr cent. South Dakota h:i
th
no state is the hi
can
IS seven counties classed growing iiKjre of the
e Idwest with .,iilv 41
ties, the balance of the state
and we have 52 per cent, oi .'oals tor the ent
Alinnesota, North Dakota. Wisconsin a
corn coun-
snial
rrains,
ire state.
garded as oat stat
nd C;
M
lein
mada iiiav
th
ese states. In thi
es, oats being the principal grain feed
group, ue have from 56
Dakota to 71 per cent, in Canada. Tl
Jjan, lie re- in all per cent, in Xorth
over the corn state
>tudied in the light of profit
s IS much more that at first
gam of the c3at state
aijpe.ir',, when
or loss to the staiiionir. Colorado,
82
STUUIKS 1\ HORSK HRKKDING
iu!!!l-, ^^'""^'-^"•:'. Orepon. Washington and Wyoming may be classed as grazmg states, and we have here in this ijfou^from
%^ZST%J^ '"•"^-'" ^" '' ^- "-■ i" I^aho. an^Slr
Corn and Gra.8 Compared. In the light of these statistics the
he nearer we can get to a grass ration, the larger the foal croo Imade an effort to obtain statistics upon this n^attcV'r „ othfr states, but not enough replies were made to justify their appIN
Our system of feeding draft stallions, owned and ke,.t for breedn,g purposes. ,s bad. We fee.l too n,uch rather than too ittle and not very often a balanced ration. For best re silts in
tern in our ration, but we must not teed too much. If our draft
b^ ui": S:r^Trf '" "V' ''">- ''''y '" ^'- >•-'•■ 't^-^M 'i A rl • "^ ''V-' ^''''' I'"t<^'-m anv physical labor of a.., kind. I his IS not only bad from the breeding point of v'ew but It IS the source of so much trouble in the ^^d■ c " s re ees in Its many tonus. - ^ '^^^
133. QuaJity of Feed. The feed for a stallion should be of
Iv'id;:? r ''■• ''^''l^r'f ^^ """^^- "•■'>• ^'-"•'l always be n,. r n 1 ■" ■''"'^ *'"''";' '^ ^''"^'''^y ''''^'^ '^=»vc no equal but never m larg.^r amounts than one pound for each one hundred pounds ol horse per day. Clover and timothv mixed is the next
as timoth). Ihis IS even more so when cut too ripe. It is also low in nutritive value, no better than good wild hay GocJ ha ■ IS everything ,n feeding a stallion. I kept an imported sallion upon an e.xclus.ve diet of alfalfa hay for six year . Dur m he
everj da> In the winter he was used to assist in feeding the tock which required him to be in the harness every day ^Dur-
in th 1 e.f fi^ '". '■'^"^^"■^.^ble vitality, and the stallion kept m he best ot breeding condition. This was done for the sake ot the experiment. Other stallions kept at the same t me and under the same conditions, except graii being fed t"en d d "ot do so well nor leave so many foals.
n<= l^*', ^•**"'**^"* Grain. No one grain, fed alone, will give as good results as oats. The next best grain 1 have [-ver tnld IS barley, but it must be crushed. Unless alfalfa or clover is ed lor hay. a litt e bran will improve either grain. I would make corn no part of any stallion's ration. This is not because of what IS disclosed by an analysis of corn, but because it is absolitdy ndigestib e for any horse^ The excrement of all horses fed co J IS too acid, that is sour. There is always too much fermentation going on where corn ,s fed a horse. When swme are unable °o
•is^i'-=«3iiv'-;?lrVfc\?J:-'i i' ;?.fe;.^*^'i^^
ii.WDt.iNC TiiK ?;tai.mo.\
83
cither (lijrfst or assimilate i.,rn li„u- c■„^ ,.
-tl> iHs .iHicato .liK...tiv. or^^ns i; "..V' ''^^^ "•; '"-.
IX'IIS ot sum,- „t ,.,n,.-,l ,i„inl„.r< -.^A I "•■ ''''^"^ t^^"'
corn tlu-v will e..n. • . ' . I ""','"■" """''"'• ■""• •'>' tlu'
ment fro„, ,.., , ;1 .'V, ,''7'""'"''- '^v,. onlv tl,. ...xcro-
-^;- tin- K^cater ,a!,;; m^t:^:: Z^l '^^r'"' T] '''' 'ng for corn as a L'rain ration for -. r \v. • '^""'' ''"'^^■- Larlcy have- h.-.-n ',.,■. TZX^^ll^'lu' ^^'V'" .'•''";• ""^ "r ■ng: season more than tlir.'e- onrt ' f'f""' """"'^^ ""' '""'•••'- pounds of uc-i^ht per <!■ < , '"'""'' '" '"" '"""Ire.l
•'-- -■'-■•""-; '"^^™;;;:.^'"; :;;;;l;"';;-;;:'""
show
135. Standing for Service.
X,
<iu-h a
want ot
ii>nie
part (,i the stallion I
standing,- hi,,, for service. Th stallion havinj^ no 1
prmci|)le. '{"he ma
)nsmess svstem
'"(■thods and ethio IS is in part dtie to the
Misine:
and
as th: owner of thi
4
modit
n wh
y IS a (lis!
o makes two pri
K-casionally no hn
l>ecanse of th bnsint
""H'st man. Many men have fail
IS ufakn(
X
that I
bred
mak
who lias two prices, h
> man w d
ismcs. Coin- ed in husiiic^s
ces for the same
ever succeed in tl
e mention of it. l,„t [ Uvi;
S with IKJ fcclinq- of firot
frotiMii
self than I
more mares with st
toward niv siic tw
li'ive, and if 1 w
cess
I
would
I've no man living,' ha> ev, , illi"ii> owned and controlled hv him- ^''^ ".''•'t liad contributed most
as a
say It was because I |
o prices for the same horse ; tiiat I al
just a little better than th
left uothin fee for one for otiiers, b to the other fell
R undone to mak man, even he
•tiler fell
lave never made ays tried to own hor
low, and lastly, that I
e iny i)atrons inonev. If
will alwavs believ
ses have .\ou cut \()ur
ve \()ii are d
cs heniK suspicious that you niade a I
<nv than you did to hi
try to make all pav it
136. Service Contracts.
m.
iue oni
omjr it ower fee price .and
af^^ainst tl
live toa
Much h
Ijeen making a study of the f;
1" and "stand and suck
as been said and writtei
contract -
years, .as well as the hor
rmer and breeder dnr
I 1
lave
tliirt\
sys
htabie. in giving j.atrons a choice ot" t.,
insure a m.ue in foal, payable December 1
iiig the past
Ti:-^t'£:-"^l''^^^^^
loal, onlv
alKjut one in ev(
10(J
't. or $2U.(J0 f(
contract. Xow, $20.00 is .i? 1-5
lor thirty years 1 have lost only .six i
be in foal. To insure a live fo
oth
er tonus ot insurance.
ers keep their book.-^
but It i
books in this 1 f'ud that one
s in either a I
a Contract is pro-
\vo contracts, S15.00 to
>r a live
o insure"
and
lown to
e as some
on own-
men have t.iken the "t •er cent m..re tha.i SI 5.(1)
>er cent ot mares ki
ril may not be .as i)roiitabL s ijrofitable. Few st.illi
s busines
nisiness or statistical for
s should be kept in statistical' f,
kind of mares that
may know all about his b
ire both making and losintr I
m. All
•rm to the
usiness, and especially thf
ng him money.
84
STfDIKS IN HORSK BRKHDINT,
a l.olt,r chance «i.l, l„< l„,r„.. ,..;,„,, " , r,c c, •"""■■,;
...arcs k„„„„ l,v tl.cir .nvncTS 1, l^^lvrlJX ''.''''" till. ut-iliw.n.^ 4-u f 1 • • '•'itU'-rs, l>es (lf>! trivintr
to J,iv( Ins mares so r,.,,,! cart- as to have his foal fee i.iid for \ herever ,t has been tried in the northern state i| a .roved l)oth iKjinilar and successful. l'ro\td
138. Conditioning the Stallion. One has no ritrht to isk |.a rona^e -r the public n iL-ss he is in a position t'^^iU',^ v.ilue for service money rece.ve.l, not onlv requires a lm ).d s^- I l.wn hut that the stallion nuist he in ^..od coni io "^ T :^; oir tl e embryo life and tuture foal with the life and force v talitv
makes It of vital importance that the stallion be in the bes nos-' sible physical and sexual condition. The sfillion th- 1 In T conhned in a small stall or yard for ei^ht o n ^e moX will l.e m miprhty poor condition to sire such a foal. f th c n ti i are such that work is impossible, one should I L i, i t" ! 1 1 stallion as early in the sprinj. as he can for the 7r,Z 1 ll^ .n.Uin,. the stallion. a\ lea't a month IWc.r'thc 1 re linu 'sea- son IS expected to begin, the stallion should be j^^^von "ei. i ui^
whteMu-'sruIl ' '^ '"'^ <lone nothing but staml" n-S t uinter, he should be given but little exercise at first but increis ing he amount e.very day until the maximum is readied He- shouM la. given service, even if it has to be given ^ree to some one. at hrst r.ne service per week, then increase "he numl-er of services bv one mare each week until one service p"rd' l reached. Ihe complaint is general all over th. coEnJrv ha mares do not settle well early in the season. It i^ not he mares I.u the stalhon usually at fault. In tests made of manvst" lions' with the microscope, onlv a small ner .-..nt .J ( \ stallions
exercise with an occasional service. ^
^39. One Service a Day. In the handling of stallions for service, no one thing has been the cause of n.orf failure 'or more .nstruinental in causing a low per cent of foals than the oraTtice ot making two or three services per dav V r\ ^.^ ^ f ^ extended experiments with draft 'sUlltns. by t e t se o the microscope at every service have demonstrated (he fac haffrom 10 to 13 hours are required for a draft stallion to ec ete eme"
HANDLING THE STAI.MON
8S
containing spermatozoa, providing tlie stailinn ; „
da-iv ..v,c.. Less time i^ ..nir^iV; ^S;;:^^^::,,^!;;:.-^^; iion""Ti;/;:;;L''s::ultmi^ ;;?^'i"« r r-'^'^^' ''"'^"••'■•'" ^^^"-
Pood that I was f . ce7t. ,^k^t . "' -ru' '"^*^-'' ^^'•'•<- '*" durinphisscx.md '-'so u'; 1 ^nd three servio-. dailv
he Jm sometimes i^re^V,^^^^^^^^^^ ' "''^^•^^•'■^'
a regular breeder l.red the f " , -hv ^ Mil 'V" f'"' '" "'"'^ than the mare This d Z^" \ ''''> •. ' Earned the hor>e rather the se.nen at eve ,• Vi' " '"'"r'i'''""' ^■•^•■"""'••'ti..n of
seasons, t.sm, dH^Jre.nVulHo ;■;;';;:;' '^^^.^''^^r '"V^
p.^tf--^L;f^-i -- - ~^^ &^tr-o;im-,^s^xi^;.-
'■ac , Jay tl,r„„i.|m„t .1,0 cnt.r,. sc,,s„„ T?,o ' „?„, 1^ "!' '"■",'-
l.res™, in „„,, 31 „( ij ,."'„; ..^.T,';:- ^l;"7"a.o.„, „,r,. made ..iilv „„c. scri'ici- <l-i,"K „ i ' ''"-'■' I"''"J<1. I"-
a'' "t thj,n. i ,:^"^; t;il^ i,;."'; ,: :^:;:;r ;'j:;r .;rTh/"^r"^- -
strenuous season of 84 davs w,th „nK , n '"■'^ *'^ ^^^^ ^'"'l "^ ■' service gave results. wh,i,\;;,;';;;'^|^;'- -' -^ PP';^;'^. -erv with three services per dav ,.nlv -M t.i . ^'^'- ''^''^^on.
gave results. Durim tin 2 \- ''^"'V'";'''' f''='" half of them making three se vies ' d.: " ^'"''''^ ''''"" '''^' ^*''»"'"" ^^'^^ third servic<. a g , d ,„ .s ' V'f J"'' ^' '''^'■'>' ^" ""^l f''^'
da™: 1 ],r^ tjT" "■7-" ''>■ "-■,"•"«»" "".ii 'he :
STl'DIKS IS MORSK BRrKDtNC,
■^
instance whcTe a watch wa» kept for nine davs and nights with
™'".;",.;iri:Hr',f ,i;,';r "'" '*• ""■ -"■■- -^''^^
>t ons are mad,- between sunset and dark, usually iu a t v"
m fa '■;' 1 r T'^'V "^- '•■"■'" '"••"■'■^ '"•-'• ''h-- t'"" •> 'e he most tavorahle tinic for iniDreLMntin.r ti.-rr. -n.- ' . ^ "".
l>ree,linK with reference to f^Inn'";;;;;:^ . "orah e tc^lu". oi R.v.n^r the n,are an opportunity t., rest after thi service
142. The Result of Too Frequent Service. Whvh tn .kinir servK-es too ..m-n w,rh a stallionj,. i. I.k.lv to ac, n e tl "' n n of a> hnjj ,o .l.charpe sen.en. a practice which soon ^ ves • . a st.illion p.,>s,.ssn,K' n<, value as a hreed.r. Rven with inttir- service. ,-. s,a hon will leave n.ore and better foals w,l .i'o'le serv.ce per day. than when makin^j two ..r more T ".n t
la, onlv -W per cent or all n. ares l.re.l in the I'nited States no duo f,,ils. a,Hl that jt re.pnr.s thr.c- and one-half s.r c is o a •stalhon lor every foal pro.h.ce.l. The stallion that can no settle
nor., than 4 ) per cent of his .nares with onlv on." "vie e e ih provided he has good han,llin^,^ is not a sure i.reeder S nee we
prha;u,i;nr"^' " """"-^ ■"'- ^"^^- ''-- --^ "^- ^— -^
'x^.^^T; m'"' '-'-^'i; ^ and%n;:su.;i;ati.^ ^K h m \f ;;;:r.-s.^--^; ^ - ;:'-';:o i
onf; .t°ri:: "f"'"- ■ ' •"■•■^ •''"' ^^'^"^' ^'"'^ show n/the use ve onl> at tune of serv.ce. such as hein^ u>o impetuo.i, ti\h a desire to run at a mare m a manner endantrerintr tl .■ .t.'tv f i and all those „; her immediate v,n;[];;:"S W ^n^, H 'V't" or th.s than the rod through the bii rinj,^s and un er the iaw reference to which has already been imde Th.^ i ^ u '
mascuhnity c.nipled with po,,r handlinir I ittl,- ,« t^ i J
hy handling any stallion rou^rhlv l' "n , i i us stnM ^''""f' i-...»,]i I '...I . '■'S'"/- i*vi.ii a vH lolls stn.lIi()Ti m n n#»
handlc-d w.thout danger to any one. bv so handling him at all times that he has no ..p,,ortunity to do .any harm pfrn ess wi^h mtclhgence w.ll do n.ore than be.ating'or c Ihbing stal in ^ .cous stalhons are generally remarkable for S virilijy
.f **1*n^* "",®' y°™*« StaUions. To make a good server of a stalhon. one should begin with his Mrst mare, if easy to make a good server ot any stallion n you can beg n w-ith him -hen a colt. A stallion should be taught earb? fnZ c^UTo
•IA\r)I,|.\(; TUB STAf I.|,,\
87
he tiscd in .servic<> with.,,,. ■ . t*"'!*^""!*,' a c.lt s,, that h,. cin "lak.n^. h.s first scrvicr \ I \ ," , , ' ' .^''''■•^ '" •'^''' ''''"re "f masturhati...,. If .-, e.'l't ,,, i , >' '" ''•'•' t" ""' vice
use a voinijr c,.lt t„r t.-i.i',^, ,'"'"''•■'' ^'mn all. N\ vcr
■i^rht u.,rk at this ZX h-'^i ';;;";;:';;•;::, • ^^' i- '•«• -,1'"';
».rst s.rvu-.. with a colt/,,s /.",?, it s "'"' '" "•■■''^'"^' "'<• strong n.an u,k.„ eith.-r si,!,- „( r \ '• '"''"■''• •'"'' l''^'' a n.uunti-d an,! s„.-c ...|,.,| i„ Ih-lm „.'.,;/ T"" '''■'' ''"' ''"'t l'a^ men at each si.l,. „f ,h.. „nr t k, h 1 '"'.'■'' froperly, hav,. the hin. ^^.•I1 ."..rwanl .„ • a mac •! •' '''V ""-^ '^'^^ ^""' '•"'''
cl<""k'. y„w will make a j^'-hhI sen 'r ''/;'"''''"''; ''''''''■■ '- - KHt.n^r „„., „,^. ,,.,,. „,-^^.: ', ,^/ ,7 "f !>'"« and keep him in,,,.
often resnlts in a witlKlJawaV.;,^;';;;,;;'"'''''' '"" ''"'■^•'^'>- ^^'"^'' -
145. Th« U»e of a Breeding Chute \ii i ,
done ,n a hrecl,,,^. chute. ..n^'f ,",^-,, i^" ^'■'•''">' =il'""'d I-
There are several reasons f„r th ■',-",',' '" ^^'''' •^"
f'red, she ha. no way of twist r\. . a small mare is hH,,.,
the strain. There s Is.. 1 ^.""""^ '1'"' ''"^t'""& herself by kicked. If rlu. tiare is V P *-'"" "^''^'■ ^*='"'"" ^'"i'-K
tied high by tneatis o tl r , 1 ;: ^.f ""'"'V"'^ '''"'' ''«^^ '-'d can neither hurt hersel n. h.; sta Zn '".^''V""'*^^-'^'""- ^l'^" or short mares, a floor can be Iron cH ^.1 V "'" '''"• "^ ^'"'-i" mare up to any height de^re.l'n,. T ,' '"'""'" '" ^''''^*' 'he made by rai ,ng n.arts sligh K Lh. I m '' ■'"' '"'^ ^''- •''^^•'vs advantage ,„ the chute fin" l.ein '".'^■''" '''''''*•'"• -^''-'ther
hadlybn.kenstalli.^ns rL're tv'" ""' '" ''•''"'""">^ "'^'^ "^ try not more or less afraid ,fsJaHn?'"l" "T'"" "' ^h<. conn- as a result of this when ni-.r. -Accidents often occur chute, and tied secu e "..,n?s ll^lT^'V'T^ '-'<'• '^ '" sources. Even if the chutrisn,.f ."''''" ^'"•" •''"> "f these ti-1 securely instead of bei;,g"held ' """''■' ''^^'"'^ ^''^^'•''>'^ ''e
coi.ulajion sh(.uirbe1vSdt^fhc^i!f'*of t,'r ■ "r""'!'''"' ^"^""^ "' v.ca plugs are not only harmful n the,^! ''""^^'"S^ ''='^'s and cer- stalhon and jack have l^een ^nl.U.yU^^l^':--}^'' '-'"^ - good t.on ,s made possible by the elec r iV f "7' ^'e act of copula-
positivc. the mare negative The usl n7' "^ 'I"' ^ '"' ^^^"'"" i^ a non-conductor of this interrh^L. f ,^"^ ^^J''^' '''at acts as
e^cc, upon .„. ,„,„„, in;^?."- °i„is"^Mt;t,]?™:
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2l
^ /1PPLIED IIVHGE Ir
^^"^ '653 Last Ua-.r. Stree*
~aa Roc^eslfi'. New Yo'k '4609 USA
'-SB (716) *82 - 0300 - Phone
^= (716) 28t - !i989 - Fa»
88
S'lTDIKS I\ HORSK nKKKDlNG
refuse to serve with a hreedinpf bag. They are wiser than their r)v.ners who would require it of them. Others work with it fairly well for a while, hut most of thc-e soon have trouble. The most serious trouble is where they have difficulty in ejaculating and if the practice is indulged in for any length of time, this form of trouble becomes permanent. By all means abandon the use of all such devices.
147. Stallions Running in Breeding Pens. The practise of letting stallions run in the yard or pen to be used for breeding is to be condemned. Mares will urinate more or less where breeding is done. If stallions have access to such places, cme will notice that they are always smelling and straining to such an extent that their virility is likely to become impaired as a result. Unless stallions are permitted to run with mares all the time, they should never be permitted to run or exercise in yards that are used for mares.
148. Exercise. The exercise to be given the stallion has al- ready received brief mention in this chapter, but the proper exer- cise for the stallion is So essential to breeding success, that to give the subject t'le thought it merits lequires further mention. Those who are at all observing, have no doubt noticed that the foals sired by the several stallions in their vicinity differ in other ways than in breed or family characteristics. The get of one stallion will begin their existence in an enfeebled condition. Those of another stallion will be subject to some particular disease or weakness. Others will sire foals with nerves wanting; while the foals of other stallions will be ushered into life with all the apparent vitality of a full grown horse. I know of one sval- lion siring some 50 foals in one season, about 40 of them being weak in tlie back, so weak in fact that many of them died, and all had to be helped up for several dayS. Any physical condition common to a large part of a stallion's foals, is the' result of some weakness or abnormal condition of that stallion. This is a fact worth remembering.
149. A Want of Exercise Produces Weakly Foals. In times past, it has been the rule of most men to blame the mare for everything except that of producing a good foal. Slipping, back- ing heavy loads or any one of several diseases on the part of the mare, may produce fetal trouble, yet in a large per cent of cases, the stallion is at fault for the loss of foals. 1 have never owned two stallions producing foals of the same vitality. Even the loss of foals while yet in a fetal existence is quite often the fault of the sire rather than the dam. In tests I have made of the semen of several stallions producing foals dying just before or at birth, the spermatozoa were of low vitality in all of them. Two stal- lions will stand for service in the same district, often in the same barn, serving mares kept under the same conditions, and subject to the same local environment, vet the loss of foals at birth will
IIANDMN,; iHF. STAMjos
89
be niticli lartrer in tlu- r-. =„ . f .1 c 1
sired l.y the .l^ " '" A " ^u- ^d wJ^i:'"'' ''^' ""'• ^''^^ "f ^^osc stallion is ..ne cause <> "tl" SI ^'^'lirf /: "'" ''^'^^ '^^ ''- another. "^ '' ^^'^"^ "l prMp, r .xercise is
150. The Kind of Exercioo 'V. .^.■ . 1 stallions is no easv n,att" u'ha n '"" ''. ■■"''' "' '''''^ ^"^ '-r exercise, another v I con t jlT '"'''" ""^•-'•^taruls ,,s work Then stallions differ so '^ e^ ■ n t 'V,'" "'' '" ^'"' ^^'-'"io"- reqniring strenuous exercise tohralleoT"'""- "T"' •■'^•'"•'^">' themselves in hrcedinf,^ while the; r^'^ 7 ■\?""'' •''^■'="""t of iru-e jrood results as 1 reed 'r Th ' ' ''"' ''.t^''' ^■^•■•■^•''^'' ^o
should he given sumcicn e:^eise'^ o' e "S ^iS' "" '" ^'^^^'^ the circulation, strentrthen the n,.r ^'''^"^ *'^'- ''in^'s, ,,,„cken muscles, in order to he i " cndi'" .'•''''"; ""'' '^•■"■''' " t'"' foals possihle. the hrec^d m -,, r '"'""' ^'''' '"'■^' '""i be-
can b!^ denied b no „ ^ "V" le re'll •' 'f' ''" I''"'"" — '-e.I,- Our light or harnes r'eed are , ''""V,"" " ''"^^' ^'■'^^ ^" ''" >t- tban our draft staliio.r a 1 X^^V;:';;;'-■ f '"'" T'' '^^^'•-^^ liigher nerv.nis ..rgani.- t <", T '1 ''••''' ^^^^ I>""^«-^-^ a
driving, is the best^'xera Chateau ?' ""' '," *''^ '^'''"^"^ '•"• kind of exercise will aid^ sU m pS^ " I^T ''T' ■ f^^?'" ^''^s quality of speed or high acti, ' ' "^ ''V "'^''"'■"P Jhis same opie as a factor in breedimr w," L n "" "'^'': ''^- ^his prin- -orl< throughout all natZ' Vhe ti'tin' '""l''^'^' ^°/ '^ ''^ ^^^ and felines are ahvavs the . >ost , t' ^ V F '"^tmcts of canines Anteloj.e and <lee who e r 'i*'' '■ "'' '"^^'■^" "^ ^'-'ting-
defensive necessity, io^^ Xm n";£nl'^f;'"''S' "^ ^l"-' ^ ^;va>.^.dulge th.s propensity in' th^:^fei;:'^::[i ^1^'-
-^^^^^^i:^^^^^:^■ ;^^ -v of Mature
breed of gSod An,encan I^or ^to be ul^j ^S^drai; ''"'" "" ' Real draft work in the harness i* tl 1 ^"^^'^ purposes,
stallion. The plow arrou h; " ""'>. ''^^'-cise for a draft
upon the farmTt^l'^;^^,^';:^ -';^^^ -der ^ ^-" -^'^o" city IS an exercise that will tit a drnff ^"'^""'^'^/^■^^""i 'n town or
j'f the highest quality! ^nd po^^Sig?'- ^iii i!";^;;':;-'"^ f-'^
be given them i,v a stallion not work^.i V .V ''' '"""'d ""t "se of our draft" stallion" w;^\>n::;:^lt.iJ;^^1''!?" ^^ ^'l^- -^^
III
thos
. ■ »* III P
and transmitting from stall
ighfy factor in devel
e muscles required by the draft h
OJ)-
"■n to foal Hi a high degrc... all
lorse in moving heavy loads.
<vc ',ff;d l!°r!;!:;'''rsr.°-,™? '"» b-^-^ s^„„
season. The best s
p Working the
been by \\orking tl
ucccss I I
ni in harness during th
, - ^ -Jg them in the field d
day. then letting them rest a few hou
lave ever had with draft
■ Nur do breedine
stallions has
ring the first half of th. rs, making their dailv ser-
90
STUDIKS I\ HORSE BREEDING
vice at about four o'clock in the afternoon. There is very little danger of over-working a stallion in harness with the system of one service a day. If not abused, the harder he is worked the better will be his foals. The strongest argument ever made in favor of the scrub stallion, is that he occasionally sires a foal better than himself. This only because of the limited number of his services and hard physical work. He is always in the pink of condition from the breeding pomt of view. Those who have never seen the test made would be surprised at the disclosures made by the microscope upon the semen of a stallion as usually handled, and again of the same stallion after being worked hard in the harness for sixty days.
153. Harness Work a Cure for Indifferent and Sterile Stal- lions. Hard work and plenty of it, is the best thing that can be given a slow or indifTcrent .server, and it will cu-.' a large per cent of i)artially sterile stallions.. The owner of a stallion owes it to the public, quite as much as to himself, to have his stallion ke])t in such condition as to insure his siring the very best foals. The difference in the value of a foal ushered into life with some \veakness or of lovv^ vitality, can not be compared with one begin- ning life endowed with all the vigor of constitution inherent in his race. Many ills of the horse result from some inherited weak- ness, which more likely than not was the result of a want of physical exercise on the part of the sire. By the practice of giv- ing our stallions more work and less drugs, will enable us to produce a much better race of horses. Drugs and stimulants should be scrupulously avoided at all times, unless prescribed by a qualified veterinarian.
CHAPTER XI.
THE SELECTION OF A BROOD MARE.
^en^^itfrrt-.a^?^^,:-£^^,^;o the ..„., mare negative. The hard det™l ^ '""""^^ ''^ positive, the should be chat^ged to ^^f^ J^:,^ -P-- of the stallion' The massive jaw. the muscular cesT and th I- '" *'"' ""'■'-■■ of great power i„ the stallion should in^l'^" ^'V°" '-''^I"-''^^ive by refinement of character. A great enlth "'f "i" ■'' '■''P'-^--"ted and deeper make of rib shouM !lsn hi 7 ? '°'."' ^"^ '-^ ^^ '^J*^'" mare is Nature's receptacle n rlr^ Tl '" ^^"^ '"^^''- '^le
of the stallion. Other' h.^g^ ^ nT^auaT;\^''''"^^^ ^-•^^-" mare the better and the surer I r5J^ u ^'''^ '""'"^ feminine the be. I have observed at Wen mar'e? ' "'" ^'°'' ^''^'^^ ^o femmine. A lack of the sev Inr ^ '''^ "'"''' masculine than a lack of procreatrve pov?r Cas't^Hn'" '^^°°^ ^^'^^"« -" causes them to develop more like mfretu^ '°'^n- ^^'"^''^ >'""%'. mares by removing the ov'.r is SL ^^""^ ^ta I.ons. Unsexing
develop coarser, mire like ho .es th-^n ^°""^ ^S ""^^ ^''^^"^ *" sa.d of everything pertaining nLymanner't ^^' '%""' ""^y '^^ brood mares, e^t care shn ,M i '"^""^'^ ^° sex. In selecting
those showin; fen^ini'ne cfc ^ w'hS?'"' '" ^^J^^*'"^ ""'y sexei. All brood mares famed fo;?£r ^''"n '^'y.'''' ^^■<^'' capacity are always found to be of th/^. excellence in such a type. Note the extreme fern nne rh T P'-°".°""ced feminine vefined head, ear, jaw and nTck "shown h7v, ^' '"^''^='*^'' ''>• "'^' Th,s mare produced a fo^l of 'he hT'h. / ^^e mare in figure 49. many y.ars. It is not necessarv th Jn '^"''l"''; ^''''y y^'^' f""" to be feminine. Some mare 'of exlremT ''^""'^ ^' ""dersized refined and feminine than others oTSess size.'' ""^ '""''' '""'"'^
"5. Stallioners Owning Brood Mare. nn» ' mares should be owned bv ™, 9"^. °'' "'°'''= P»re
"on. Even if the owner of a s^aLn- T"" °^ ^ '^'^'^ ^"'-^^^ ' tal- afford to own a high class mfre off i"' '" '?'""' '^^ ^°"'^1 ^^■^" stallion belongs. In tl e firT.i '^ l^-""^ '^'''^^d ^o which his
securing patrfnagrfor his stall onV^''^'"^ "°"1^ '^^'P ^im in ^' men. so much as to brabli to ^^ ^'"T^ t^^^ better class h.ghest quality. Then agaL the rear rrnf' ^°".°'' *^^° °^ ^he every year would add much io the orofif^V'i ?°°^ ,?"'" '^'"^^ ^"^1 h.m to keep a strictlv high c!-,s hor V 'V' ''^"'''"' ^"^^^'^"g the horse breeding industrv ?n . " • ^^°''''"^ '" encourage! mares which may be own// there T'""","^' ^' ^'^^ P"*"^ ''^^'d been the means o^f causinr;nl'uV-,.e^^ore?d b^e^ hr^s.'^^^
92
STl'DIKS IN IIOKSK ltKKi:i)IN(.
156. Wl. ».■ to Buy Mares. The purcliasing; of a pure bred marc has enci d in many a disappointment. In times such as the present, when no legitimate business is paying such a revenue on the mvestment as tlie draft mare of quality, is a fai ly good rea-
E E
■^ E
c-
0-6
3
a
r3
"i? '^ 3
— 1- o u o t
•a >>•;:
>» 4; —
— .- [fl
;r rt o
«*- •— r" o „ t-i
ceo
0 T3 u 1/-. cj •— .C ^— M
-"^ = m
<~°
* '^ — « = 2
I. 5J --
es
son why such mar:\s known to l)e producers aic rarely offered at public sales. Those who have ])urchased mares at such sales only to find in the years that follow, that to have purch.Tsed a gelding would have proved just as profitable, are manv. 1 have seen mares respond to the call of the stallion while being sold under a positive guarantee that she was safe in foal.
■rur: ski.k, t,„n- op ,x „R„,)r, m\nk
■ 9J
157. Rules in Buyins MarM 1 1,
marcs, which if followed closdvwil ' V' ''\" """'^^ '" '"'vi"S ment. The one is to h '•/', '''''-; •"^'^"'^ ■" ^ <lisa,,,.,-,i,n a marc has proved herself T^:^^' -S", ' V"'^- '" •"■'. S„,h fillics, and only of the mm ,,1, . , """''" '^ ^" '"•\- vounjr
dam may both' he seen Tl e t;^"',';; ""'"• '1''''' ""''■ ■^'- •" ^ way more may he known rf . ' '^" " J"-''f^''--'''K'. a, |,v this -•-Proyin,apriS::r;::^--P-;;nHe,
of ^.^:^'::;^!r^rij^^- 'r-- -'? ^"«- -i- -ion
tered. .t must he a ,,ure I red ' '''" '^ '''" ^"i'""''' ^^ r.pis-
often is not. Many'n are and st.I ir„' "'" T^"'^ '" '^'-'' '"■'' -'"v w.th certificates that are Ir fron ■ """' ''""^^ ^"'^^ ^^•'■> ^ 'ia'v -own as top-cross anL iVanS.'eTr't" ''"'• ''"'"■>• -'^• Percheron breed and stud book ThVh .' ■ V"- ^■"'""'"" i" the of th,s breed are offering main sS/'",'i''' '" '^'' '''^^ociation shown by their catalogues Such hnr . " ^''^'"■, annual sales as certificate and while these cerficn°' ''"r ""'>' f^"^^-^ ^^•'<'' ■' own to a dealer, to a repuIabirSe,Tr 1'"' ' "''"'^ "^ ""'^ ever. However, if one h" h-, n^ '>' ''^'''" "" ^^'"^ wh u-
Pcdigrrees. he does not need to l?e r''"''!'? ^^'^'^ '"•'''•'^^ ^'"1 certificates. If the dams nf deceived by these top-cros.
traced back toan impoXd t^ThnlZlll'r''^'' ^- ^^^^^^ following certificates, both t.S fron? t" T'^i •',«^''''^^^- '^''^'^ Percheron Society of Amerir-, ,vin n ^'''" ''"'' '''^ok of the one being a pure'bred: ' '''" '""''''•'^'^ ^^^^ P^int, the fir.sl
Collector— .\o. 60152
Second dam: Niobnn jj7i; i r, ,
by V.docq 48.3 (-32). by roco 11 r/uN f T" ^^'-'- ''>• "^'^Pf'it "•- w'oV Th "/"J"""" ^''^^^' '^^ "-" 'e'ilaS^ '739)-'' ""=^^''" ""''"■ '>>■ ^-o
-urJh^d^L^^^rS^-^^S^ov. cert^yte that the third and •-■y the numbers in parenthesis '" ^""^""^ ^^ indicated
g, Jf followu.g is the certificate of a so-called top-cros, or
Cin^.—Nu. £4895.
ArcSmedeSHH 1"A •'L^'-^r -^"'i'^ ''^ ^•''hridate 20335 (3,918, by Brilliant mo ,7f^\-\:.}7^.^_''^}f''SJ=>^^> ("«.?). bv Hrilhant 1271 (
-":ti;=^i;^{^s^HI^;ir
by
!5).
Chaslin (713), by Coco"
^mnHxtonr -^TT^irr ,A.
94
STl'l)ii-;s IN HOHSIO nHKrOINC.
p /''""7v5^='^,r^'*^''- ^Z """^"'e' '9985. by Messidor 11567 (22456) bv lorban 7M« (5374). by Picodor (5.191). by Picodor.
Second dam: Cathrinc, by A'Venture 1448 (803).
Third dam: Cath. by Premeier 11, 1451.
Fourth dam : Calebs, by Emperor 6.S8.
Fifth dan. : Carlo, by Chartres 518
It will be noticed in the above certificate that the dams do not trace back to an imported marc, and that onlv the first dam IS repistcrcd. Therefore the colt Cinq. Xo. 54805 is only a top- cross or grade, being of the sixth cross and possessing sixty-three sixty- fourths of Percheron blood. This assuming the certificate and pedigrer to have an honest foundation. It is in such pedi- grees. hou< ver. that we find the greatest temptation to mis- represent pedigrees. If the other sixtv-foirth part of the blood of this colt was of any of the other draft breeds, no harm could result. It IS because of not knowing of what this outcross con- sists, that we should not use such horses for breeding purposes It may be any of the small breeds, or even of an Indian pony As soon as the .\merican farmer and breeder understand what this meanb to the future of the horse breeding industry, such horses will be given no place in breeding.
Then there are other certificates given with both stallions and mares by unscrupulous dealers, possessing no value whatever. There are a few associations in the country quite ready to register anything for the fee. In buying such horses, one is always buying a grade with a pedigree, which is used only as an aid in making the sale.
159. Confomuiuon. In conformation, the draft mare should not dider from the draft stallion. Size, the sloping pastern and shoulder, good feet, and hock of the best, both as regards quantity and quality, should always be demanded. If good foals are de'- sired. good mares must be a factor in their production. A good and well sexed stallion, with correct conformation may be able to sire very good foals when mated with only ordinary mares yet we should not expect him to do it all. The best horses are l)Ossible only by the use of good mares.
CHAPTER Xir.
THE CARE OF THE BROOD MARE.
of a mare^d^r .I^tTin'^ra! -Brevier. T!,e n.ere ownership mare refuses to re ducrhe^k 'l it?:"' ' ^\T? '""'" •' >''»• ^^ "^ of her owner than her own XSt ' "'''? ''''''>' ^'^ ''^ «'^^- f'"<'t a breeder, [f you own rm.re f . r ''"''' "''"^ ^"»*'-'= '''"•''^ breed, ask you'rsdf^rh;' h . 't u" n v ^.^.T '"^"^ 1'^" ^'"? ""^ some mares in eastern Iowa and II n, is ' 'h^ ''^" ' P"^^''"'*'^'' three to nine years of -.^e\n i A r^*-' "'^""^'^ ^^'^^'"e fmm
boca,.o „„,v ^V'l?,';;^ '" y'"^ ■; ,";r r,7 """ -"'>■
were turned out to ranp-e in tl,!> V ♦! ^ '"^ "^ *''*-'Sf marcs Thev were all Lie mS-. f T ''''''' ''"' "^ ^outh Dakota 1700 pound About Te fi i ? T ''7'; "■^"'^"^'■"^' f-"^"" >4()() to an i„lported Perche'L^st II o :^ Th'rm ^^f.^er'^'^H^-^''^" ^" a corral every Mondiv -mH Tl„ ,c i ^'n ^^^^^ ^" driven nt(j be bred ur.on those da si vnl^' '^" '"""' '" ^'^■'»^^>" ^^'O'-' '
yet many Jt tWirVomS-'w'.r '',.''' " ''"' "™ ""^ ""d
turning them back to Nature eve ducer
ng been done to aid them in breeding I
ng but simply ry mare proved herself a pro-
tried"t-o i]!?p*re1s""on fhTr^in'Snr f'^^ °"^ ^'^'"^ ^^'"^^^ ^ ^ave with so little effecr ,s h^ Z A f u ^''™"' =*"^ breeders, and and those tho' wish o breed tL '"•?."■.""■' °^ ""'''' '" f°-'. six or eight miles to town and ^eXrl^tri' r^"^"* '""^
r .S^,S-iS ^feS-^- - ^Ipr ^hJl^^taSi;;
every day which they sCj^^t.^^^^^Jh:^ ^nfertt \t^
%
Slllill'.S IS IIOK-^i: IIMI i.l)l\(.
do not^ I)rcf(l. or wliy tluy lose- tlu'ir foals. n.'caiise their ^'rarul- f.'tlicT's old Kate did tlusc tilings and i.rodiicc<i foa's for many years, is ronchiMve |.rn,.f to their minds that all mares should be treated in the Name manner.
162. Occupation of Mare Owner*. I-'or more than twenty years I have cla>>irie(l my coimtry patrons into hreeder--. praili farmers an ' hay farmers. Those' desi^niated as breeders made the bree(litij,r ,,f live stock their chief bnsiness. 'j'he f,'raii; larmers iiia<le le ),Mouin|Lf and marketinj,' of j,'rain th.-ir spec- ialty. The hay farmers j,'reu an.l marketed hav. The table below will show how they stand as breeders.
N'o. of .^v^•ragc No. of Per
(-''a-s- Mares Hr.M Arc. Foals Cent
I^"-'^'''--'' 5146 96 M47 67
C.rain farnur 3297 9.3 1747 53
Hay farnitr 2674 9.9 1042 39
11117 6.'3'') 56
It i.s a lonjr call from 67 per cent down to 39 per cent What a difference to the stallion own. r! We do not have to p,) far to learn why the hay farmer produces -^o few f .als. In haulinp his hay to market he vill be out in all kinds of weather and upon every known condition of roads. When he reaches the market his mares will be warm, and often required to stand out in the cold for hours. Colds and a general catarrhal condition are usually tne result. Only this winter I called the attention of a farmer to the fact that his mare was too warm to be left standing m the cold. He thought -.itTerentlv, but only a few d.— s after this occurrence one of his neighbors informed me that t.. ?ame mare had aborted. In this table the grain farmer shows 5.^ per cent of foals. The same rule applies in a less degree. The mo-e brood mares are used away from home and upon the roads the fewer the foals. The breeder, regardless of the kind of stock he IS breeding produces a much higher per cent of foalt, and for two reasons. His breeding and feeding of stock ofTers no occasion for his mares to be worked upon the roads. Secondly the breeder is a higher type of man than the grain or hav farmer' He will always be found with large svmpathies, which is a mighty t ictor in successful breeding.
163. Occupation of Mares. Much depends upon the occupa- ti.jii or general use to which mares are put, in the wav of pro- ducing foals successfully. Upon this subject I have been keeping records also. I have c.assitied them according to their occupa- tion, into farm work, where they never left the farm ; combination farm work and driving; driving with nu other occupation, and saddle work. Ihis does not include so many as tl.e former table because of not always knowing how to classify some inare« '
THK C.\HF. OF TIIK MK.v'.r, m x„,
bpsid^s thcif irc -1 f,.,..
.-"■ ... •-um/----'i;:™|-.:.. -....,, ,„..
Class— \<> of AvcraKr \,, ,, ,,
j:ar.n work , Mar^ ..cd A«e" I.,;,': .-,
larm work anrl'.lrivmg.:: j^l ''•» Im,", ,^
thriving * .2417 o. . ,,,- '«
Average — Z — —
6/2S 00 >,-, —
produced 68 per cent of foals vvh If " '"['^ •'''""*• ""• '"•'r.- only 54 per cent. Driving p^^'^tsw!;,:'"^''^'' ^''■"•"'^' *^'-- fi-nt. I he saddle mares did n l J ) ' '' ""^"^^'^g <>i 41 ,„■,
stallioner in l>reedin; ^h'm"!^ ;h: 7;:;'r'' '"•■!^^" i—- ■' The pace they are required to mike i '". ''■''•"^ '" •"Iv-'nce,
vvMghtupo.i the hack is fVtniLK ',''''"'''•■'' '''^^ *'»• <-xtra dunnp the wint-r of lio ' c^ r'''?^' }^ '"'^ *" ^^e So. th he told me his per cent of fa s u^I's "'" "^ n"'^'^ '^°'--- ■""• busme.s unprofitable. When leirne, t^ /T'"'' "■" •" "'''^'' '>i, used under the saddle m,^ch c f th^l n^ "' "^"'"''^ ^^•"'- ''''i"*^' brood mares be ridder at no time no^^?' ^ ^"^^S^^t^d that his years later this breeder wrote e h,s f ^.I '"•' TK'''' '^'^''''■ dotted ^ce he be.an usin, hinr;;;:^ tl" f|' tJeSn;; .!;r ic ^. Work v». P««> ■•>« 111 " .» •
would produce the be7t foT^s iCn'r^n7,^^^ ''"''^ '^^^ ^^^ft mares able .mount o," labor in the harn s T"'' '" ^''^'''"' ^ reason- they do not ..roduce as'manj "^^ ^VTt'T" ^""'^ "^^ ^'^'^^ vvorked, but hecause of not bein^ IvLLi^ ^ because of beinj,^ the summer hot days w,"l comedo ^^ jud.c.ouslv. D^.^in^.
worked at all, will U made °r warm "T",'' T^^'" "^•'--^- '^ requen. during tl ^ summer oTwjZd So U"-."' ""^' ''"''^■ weather the thermometer climhs T, r^ ^ , V^^^ hen m humid shade, it is a waste of time o attem t /'""^ iOO degr,.s in the one does not wish to over! eat th m '' V" ''"'■'' ^'"'"'^ "'^'■es if :ng brood mares he i.s more like! v^^'.n ^? '^"" ''" ""^ '^ ^^"o^k- >t will be necessary tuMl the m. ef "''* "^ ^'' '" '^'^"^ "here condition again.st the Cod^;\'' ''T"'' her safety. .\„„ther work is that of Stan ng when I ''?, ^'"^'^ "ecessarv bv Mares running at alUimesTn;;.? ""!'' ^ '^^'^ '^ ^'^«^ '•^"'^"It. escape the dangerous conXons^^vh'?''""? "'"■"''^" ^^-^ ^ange crop. If mares%mst work .non he f '"^^"'^V" ^ '•''^^'er foal
w
STiniKS IN' IIOHSl BBKKOINC,
ration for best rfsiilt>. Corn can he so used with bran, clover, alfalfa or other feed rich in protein, that chemically it will not ditTer from oats, yet mares fed oats will produce more foals than when corn 's any part of the ration. Mares fed oats with bran will produce more fo ' •, than those fed t)at:-. witiioiit tht bran. Mares led ^'rass and hay with no grain, will produce more foaU than when fed grain of any kind.
The following table speaks for itself.
No. of .Average No. of Per
Marcs Hred Feeds— Age Foals Cent
4(S Kaiise feed 10.1 425 91
I8J iira».« in summer; alfalfa in winter 99 161 81
206 Hay, oats, bran 9.2 147 71
398 H.1V and corn 8.7 195 49
231 Corn, hran, hay 8.9 117 52
306 Corn. aliMlfa or clover 88 177 ."iS
4W Hay na<l o;its 9.0 284 68
The marcs in thi> table kept under range conditions were not worked, 'ihosc fed grass and alfalfa worked about one-third of the time. The others were selected because (ti being owned upon farms wlnre good care and kind treatment was the rule. They all worked, but never left the farm. The rations fed were the same as had been used for many years. Nothing was left undone in the selection of these mares to have every condition, other than feed, the same with all the mares. The results of this experiment is at variance with the opinions of many of our best breeders, but such facts are more convincing to my mind than the unsui)ported theories of any man. The question of feed is one ()f the unsolved problems of the American breeder. The (juestion of soil in jtroducing the same teed, is of equal interest. Alfalfa, for instance, grown in the corn belt is but little if any Setter than clover. This same plant grown further west at an altiMide of 3.000 or more feet, is tl - best food for growing and developing a draft horse ever gr \n upon mother earth. In bone, and muscle and the qrilitv cf both, nothing can compare with it.
166. Corn a Menace to Fecundity. Then again, there is corn. Chemically, there is no reason why corn can nut be balanced and made a good feed, yet in fact, unless the breeders of draft horse> in the corn belt chunge from corn to some other feed, within a century their mares will all be barren. It has the same effect upon the stallions. Kither stallions or mares tliat have never been fed corn can be i)ut upon a corn ration for a vear or two without apparent injury. After that length of time the injurious ttifect o' the corn becomes noticeable. I have known many stal- lions to be fed corn exclusively for their grain ration for' three or four years, acquitting themselves nicely in the stud during this time, and then become sterile all at once. These same stallions were again made breeders within a year by simplv substituting oats for the corn. The same has proved true of m'anv mares. I
Tir: lAHK OK TIIK llROd], \| vh,
have oft.-n .receded in rc.torinR to hearing c.rn f 1
were SUIiposcd to he ».irrf.n I ■ " , *^ S'"^" '^'1 111 irt , t Kit
corn to 1/,1,/r crain ,,;'.";.''|i„';> ' 'I.'- cha„s„,„ ,|,,,r J,,, ,,„,„
.he"';-h,.f^J';r,,!;r'*;Sv^'rr*»''- '<"■"■' '»"-■"
""■nts in Kfunim. f," , „,, i ,;■ "•""'l-ni! .h.,rl im„ , „..ri.
hiKLrs, va'tn.. ,„ 'i,^;.',.';:.';'^,,„ ,;:" ^x;";,'",' Z". ' ,"■■:
twenty years, (,r even Inru'er Tl,. V "'""V ' '. "^ '' P^ri.,.! ,,i place. bGt every knou„ Ac sli. «".'"'-' *''" ■"'^^''^ '" "'^■"•
<lcbiiitatin^ and <leWner t n^' 711^1::'^"' V^'l'^' "'^" '^ '""" mares t,d corn, av.raees hkrlur h- ' .1 tempcraturr ,„■
uat5 or ether grain \s to r. , '" '''^ ""'" '" '^"-^' '''1
I have n^ade many' e;t:nd:.d :,,ise;;.a?i.:;,^^'n'iXl^'^"""'"^' lots of mares of the same hr.erlino- ..^ r . '-'■'^" '" '^^"
and the other oats r'r n"' er-nr nmM .T''! ''••, '''*" ""*' f^'' '""' stallion, those fe.l v< • .h.^vs 'r '"i"''^"*^ ''^«''J f^' Hu' ^a,„. foals were not onK- /r or ,? ^ ''"'"'•'"*' /^e poor..- foals, Th. .,■ into as pood h.'rs's In nnn; tesK'r'7 ^"'''- ^T ^*^ "«' '"''^'-^ horses fed u,,on difTerentTr^infthos ''7', '""^^ '.'^ ^'^'^ '-"•• "' the weakest hone. In weiHi ! ; rn . i """ ''"'^-'■^ ^'"'^^''l
pood as the hone of hcrS \- 1 ot l T "' k'''"^'"'"^ '" ''^ '''^ would be piven the lev rai'.- t •» ^ "'• ''"* ^' *""'" •'»** it
little strength. Those re.re fr m^V'"'' ^'^T'^ Possessing very "Pon an exclusive diet of we t. rn Ifnl?' '. "'"'^.^ ."'' ^" "'^^'"•'^v of hone of any drat horse tn i r ' ^l""'''''^ *''^ ''"» n"'lit'v -one wa. ,,„,„. .'I'a^.^^.r.rL,!;-'^,.';- S^' "■■'
corn i, indisestlbl. „ a", ^ ,' ','i 'Zv'T",*'" ■-"'';"• "'"' •llgestibilily iha, the ,vsteni h/r. „,„. " '•"^"'•- "' its in
function, L, degcnefac;!';:;;;';;;',;;;,;;;?:""'' ■" "' "^ "™"
168. Pasture. Th
good, nutritious grass. In d
Tc is no feed so good for a l,roo,|
;f good grass, a gra. '"lere are few pasture
ry seasons, or in ca^
mare as
Th
grasses sufTiciently nutrit
M- ot a scarcity
" "'r ':ir'' ^*^""';' -'^" '- allowe^j
s in the eastern or
niiildie stat
-intion ( '"."s to support a l.rood m a ration of grain being added. This is tl
foal without
if the mare is of the 'drTf't
nut
ritious feed to grow a ton h
blood. It req
ui
orse.
es growing ire and her In- more true res an abundance of
time. Too much^hav or other ^uL^e ' oo"h "^ '^'^ ""''^'^ '' "^"^ necessary for mares.' As wl ha- e ?!?. , *^ '* "'''''J ^'^^'^ nor liie best of all feeds Clov.r cl f' y^^>' ^'^■" 065) aitalta is under cover without' anvfr "'^ •''" "■^" '^"'•^^ ^"d placed
u.thout anv foreign moisture being permitted to
100
STUDIES IN HORSE BREEDING
reach it. Any hay which has been wet with rain during the cur- ing process, is not very good for a brood mare Good bright oat straw, free from rust is preferable to damaged hay. Corn stover well cured is good for both mares and stallions. Sorghum or sugar cane is a hazardous food for a brood mare. Upon one large farm where many mares were kept for breeding purposes sorghum hay was fed for three years with good results, but the fourth year because of some condition in weather while curing It caused the loss of more than one-half of the foal crop The same experience has been recorded on several occasions. It may be fed several seasons without apparent injury, only to play havoc with all the mares the next year. Millet should never be fed in any form to a brood mare. The same may be said of all those wild grasses likely to contain ergot.
170. The Stabling of Mares has much to do with their fecund- ity. In the early settlement of this country our mares and horses were sheltered in cheaply constructed stables, in which the question of ventilation did not need to be considered. There were were always enough openings in the stables of our early settlers to provide ventilation. Mares were much more fecund in those days than they are today. We did not hear of colds, coughs and influenza in those times, as we do now. In modern times the first thought of one in building a new barn is to provid. against the cold of winter. Little thought is given the question uf either light or ventilation, both essential to breeding success. If mares arc to be worked durig the winter thev should be housed at night in a barn, but this barn should be built so as to admit of an abundance of light and air.
171. Mares Running Out All the Time will do better if they do not have to be worked, than those kept in barns of any kind An open shed can be given them to run under during stormy weather. For several years I have taken mv pure bred mares out of expensively built barns, and let them run out at all times with only a cheaply built open shed to provide against storms I have increased the per cent of foals considerably by doing this Our modern b^rns are the source of much trouble to breeders because of being built warm, at the expense of sunlight and ven- tilation. Sunlight is the best germicide we know of, and the cheapest.
172. When to Breed Mares depends upon the amount of work required of them. More foals are lost from among the early ones, than from those coming later in the season. About 11 per cent of foals are lost before weaning time, from deaths and abor- tion. 1 his upon the basis of mares actually impregnated. Of the losses from death following a normal birth up to weaning time about 85 per cent are those foaled before May first, as against IS per cent after that date. The causes of these deaths will be taken up later. Because of this heavy loss early in the season, one
THE CARE OF THE BROOD MARE
pracfce. The danger of nfection if ,1°^' "." ^' avoided bv this
should never be kept tied n u^fh'".^^^"''^ ^"-^ '^'^'- A \Ze weeks before her foaling da e \w f°'ri^°^ '^''' - "- ' doing this, as foals often put in their .^ '''' ^^^" ^een lost by are expected. A mare abCt to foa, sZuM^b'^ '°"^ '^^^-^' ^'-^ stall, so constructed that the foal till i ^^ ^"'^" ^ &ood box under the manger or eettint in. '"" .'^^^^ "o way of craul ,^ ■mpossible for him to gain fi "ftt^^'^r^ which' will mak ' f scrupulously clean. UanexllJlu ^'"' '^^" should be kc t the better. As soon ^s JheToaU^n' tan'd '^ ^"e^'^^^' ^ "'- placenta has been expelled from ft l^ "P"" ^'' ^^et, and the be transferred to the ?Iean stTi^^ "^""' °^ the mare, they can all forms of infectfon If fil ^"' ^^"'^'"^ ^^ '""ch as pSsS^ -thin thirty minutes; and does not""Sd'.'^ "°^ ''^^ «p" upon ,t, the arm should be d s,nfecte/.i^ very gently pulling By pentle and careful mani,n latfon ,f tJ '"f '^"^ '" ^^e uterus placenta and membranes of the uterus th. ,^"^'" ^''''-^'^ the taken away. There is nothine d^ff""f; k P'^""ta can easily be
do .t, .he possess ordinary niSeT^ '^'''- '^">' '"^"'"n IS expelled, the better as th. 'y'"S^ence. The sooner the placent-, after the birth of the foa! T i"""' ^'^'"? '° ^°"tract very soon tyhtly fastens its hold upL]^^ Xe'a'^'Tf .! ^'^f "^"-' mor^ be taken away by force, it wi be u^M f *''^ Placenta has to
a warm three per cent ' soliVio^o? ^JrlXS ''' "^""^ ^^'^'^
CHAPTER XIII.
STERILITY.
174. An Inherited Tendency a Cause of Sterility. Sterility IS more often tlie result of an inherited tendency than most o'f us are udling to admit. For many years I \yorked systematically in an endeavor to learn if I could, the basic cause of this tendency .■\mongr other thmgs I tested the fluids (blood) of many stallions and mares as to per cent of salt found in the:,e fluids.' For this work I used both mares and stallions possessing all degrees of
Figure 51.— Microbes found in the semen of a sterile stallion These germs caused the depopulation of several herds in the western nart of the country. "^
yirility and sterility. The average for stallions was 71-100 of one per cent, ranging all the way from 5-10 of one per cent to 92-100 of one per cent. The mares showed an average of 76-100 of one per cent, slightly higher than the stallions. They ranged all the way from 54-100 of (,„e per cent to 1.01 per cent. The stallions' testing 9Z-100 ot one per cent was one famed for his virility W ith no exception they were .stallions possessing a lower viritli'y as the per cent of salt showed a lower test. When 55-100 of one per cent was reached the stallions became sterile or nearly so' hve per cent of foals being the best showing made by any stallion below that test.
The m.nrc testing 1.01 per cent was one thai had produced tourteen foals in as many years. The same results were obtained with the mares as given by the stallions ; the lower the per cent
STERILITY
103
of salt, the lower the fecunHitv ^f *u below 6-10 of one er cent o Lit wer.T''. i^" ""''''' ^''^ting have somethine tanirihir,,. ^'^'^V'^^ ^°""^ harren. Utv we shy breeding Tenden%^ E if "ter"ed'T" ^''^ ?^'^ ^ ^^ can be overcome in part at least hv f^^H ^^' /'"^^""^>'' '^"t it animals. It was onK iLf " feeding salt to all breeding
stock journals of th coin """"h "■• '^''- ""^ °^ '^''^ leading i"! sparingly to the.r teed ng ani'm.ir'l'h ''i''' H' '"-' ^^'^ stallions and mares all the sJt i i ""l^ '''^^" ^^'^'^J'^' "iv
-any years, and with Jni^ormlv golId'rS/t^'lt^' "'""'"'■ ''^'^ understood that salt coiiM 1 J f ^""^."^^^ults. It can read Iv be
with feed in such quantities as 'to i!,"'"' t""!- ^'>' ""-"'^' 't
tHe feed of each stafc^y.^Sn^d ;o^t mS^twi" ^ealtJel"
som"tlnf^rdo\':'^!°:trrif^^^^^^^^ o^ breeds ha.
below offers quite a studv Th.. Ttr ^''^^^-PO'nt the table about 70 per cint o?all tl e bJeeds havinTb ""'' ^" ^"^^ b'"'^^- were owned and stood for servirp in ti^^ ^''" 'mported. Th.-v
Kansas, Minnesota. Missour x"rth Da'ko a''s "'.^J^l'"'"^''^' ' Wisconsin. All five of th. uZ J ^^^l^ota. South Dakota and state. The mares were such -.7 ""'"'' ^P-'^^^nted in everv registers being used to'obtam 'th^ numTe^ of Lre"'' ^!;^ '^T
used at the same stand two or mor^ . ' °^ "'" ''^"'°"^ ^^''^e mares given include those fr^rnH ^'""^ ^"^ ^he number of
by farmers who owSd the^ ^arm''°"'' • °,"'.^ ^*^"'°"^ ^^^'^ed These farmers might be con d reH ,^''' '"u'"^"'^ ^" ^^is table, men and breeders. In father n. St ^^'''/''^u'""^^^ ^^ horse- uas occasionally repofted a ft^ ile'^'?! ^'^ ?'-^ '^'^'^ - stallion bred were not tabulated It w .h' /'''''' "'^'^ ^he mares
stallions that I wishedio obtli^ "Vhe^'^r enTJr? 1 '^^T,'^'"« reported was : Belgians 3 09 oer rem ri^ ^ , ''7'''^ stallions o"s. 3.16; Shires. 5^2; Suf?;iE:. ""e: ^'>-^^^^^''^' •^■6: P-cher-
Breed- <^u- ""^ ,, '^'°- °f ^'"of Per Cent
Belgian ''^ '°'" -^'-^ Bred l-oais o7Foah
Clydesdale 7^, ^^83 18168 61
Percheron '?^ 9241 4y90 54
Shire „ ^ f 83659 46017 55
''':' =:::::=:::::::1J 'S ^ %
«... of foal., a different of'S)" '^c™ ''"•'r;Vc^,^""',^*'' ""^
Icrchcrous are about the same vvmilTu , ' V'-. ^O^^sdale and
the table with a showing or6Tne cntR''f'f," '\^"""<^ '" thmg to do as to the nu^iber ^f'^f ^^^ ^l^^^^^^. ^^^^
104
STUDIKS I\ MORSR BRKF.DING
the factor of breed affect the stallions (.niv. It is just as piainlv indicated upon the part of the mares. '
The folloui.>j,r table is a record for three vears of American bred reffistered mares, owned in the same s'tates as piven for the stallions.
Breed— ^^"^ ^""^ Per Cent
""" Mares Foals of Foals
^^^^-°" =:;::;;;::;::::::;7?? Ill S
^""""' !9 47 82
These marcs were from four to ten years of age. All of them were worked some but none very much. In this table while the ratio varies slight y yet the breeds hold their same positions. Imported mares of the same breeds are not so fecund The act of iniport.ng itself is something of a factor in producing sterility. The table belovv is a record of mares for the three years following he vl .r I.S. .i!^ were imported. If they were imported durin|
• nidm ??^' '"^u"'''^' ''"?'" "^'^^ '^^'' '^'=*"g bred the season ot im. I his gave them a chance to recover from the ill etTects of importing. The mares in both tables were those owned by small brc-ders. that is farmer-breeders, who would own from one to tive .^uch mares.
Breed- ^^,°^ No. of Per Cent
,, , . Mares Foals of Foals
Belgian ^, ^n
Clydesdale ZZ H ?^ f^
Percheron o^'^ ,j9 38
Shire i\j 267 42
^"«""^ :::==::::::=:::::::'?} 'II g
Again the breeds hold their same position as to fecundity differing only ,n ratio. These imported mares were all of breed- mg age when they landed in this country, but this ?ab°e makes a sorry showing for such mares during' heir first three Tears ^^■. h us. the Suffolks excepted. It is tf be hoped they maV do
pSirt^: /Ewn!;? ^ ''-^' '-' "- -^^ '^-- -> Thi^^s ^;?^,ritSy^;;t!;v:r^sjf '^,- s;;^^
corn to stallions, especially young stallions, has been the belin- n.ng of many disappointments. All kinds of feed havini a endency to produce a high temperature should be avoideT^ If stallions reach 10 years of age in good physical and sexual con
m rs\tj;S":lrT," ^^r°^ easi y -impaired byoTdinTy means atter that age. This is because nf the fact that only st-il- I.ons c,t the greatest sexual power and vigor ever reach hat Ije without becommg impaired. Many stallions start out with mufh
dtrrrby"the t'imr^b-' "''' °"'-^' ^" ''^^"'"^ °^ "° value asTo ducers b> the time they are seven or eight years old. It is such
lor
STKRII.ITY
t:i^'^^\^^^'^^^^^^ l>a,s on stallions
jack can be used with a breedinTh't 1^1 ^^ "^^ '''•■>"*"" '>' Thousands of dollars have altady Ifeen'f'T*- ''"^ '^'^' '"J^O'- ^^^"'•^' copulation is affected hv the n? 1"'^ '" ^'"'^ '"•''""eV. tncty. Any foreign harr er whirh "^'''^^^''S^ <>f sexual elec- electr.c.ty wn'l soon ruii thj b ' I h "^ """-conductor of this barr.er has the same effect ^ponthrs?.,,'" '^' ""'"''^- ^^'-'' - \e have no need of training ^sul,„„\'"''°"^ ^' masturbation, as there are plenty of them witC t thi . """"'^ masturbators, already been made (9) of how heTe J l I'h"'"^; ^^^"^■"" has
wrong as breeders. If this habff ! A """"^ """t^'" "f K-mm ""possible to overcome i 4 hiLt rf/^'^'".^'"^ '* ^'^ -■^'5-' ' and a cooling laxative diet. ^- "^ '^ 'setter than steady work
of Sli;^^!^t.Slr^^^£:;"^-^ -^ ^-^-nt cause, and may do very much harm, n the firs^ l ""''" '^" ^">- ^"od, needs that kmd of stimulating Good f ^ ]" "" ''^"'°" '^ver physical work is the best stimuhnt ^„ "■'l'"^: and plentv of strengthened, the muscles made n " «''"•. ^^^ ""^es can be ened and the performance oT every functi"' ' '? V'-^^^'^tion qulck- by work better than by any dru' Th.r ° /H" ^°"^ improved and quacks ready to sell one taltet', ^ ^ '^L" ^'^^^^s be grafters out end, but leave them alone ' ^"^ ^'''"'^"' ^"^ tonics witli-
cau!?f'of^tn1;:oIa?;'^^*,""V'''"?' ^"'"'"^ "^ ^'^^^ness are the ^sterility. Stal'lionT^.arat';t:Xarriik:f"';'"f '" '---"' >y these causes. There a^e^t-. f ^'^'>' ^^ '"^ made .vorse
health from October until Tor I and"th'^'''^"'"^ '" ^he best of the balance of the year. Such stimi^" ^"r^">' &° ^^ ''""& for ers, and it will gen'erally prove :^o^^ro7t^'f'' ^"'"^ -^ '-<^^" ;j;an to spend time an] -ney'^-^.^-f ^:;'^^castr.j. th.^
is tJ"cau^rots?eX-som^^^^^^^^ ^"*'^'" occasionally
sf.ermatic cord ratlur' thaHheTestir ' 1 ''■'^" ^""'^ition of the ■s no help for the stallior^ Th s is ' ?d "' '" '''^'' "^^ ^here one of those difficult conditions L^ , ,^ ^'■'" ^''"""^^ V beinjr ■n the last stages of the S/e 'vVhel' H* ^'^^""^i"? excep't -" make you a work horse. iJ^n^ot dl,';" d't"? LTg' "^^"^'^"
106
STIDIKS IN llOBSE 3RKEDING
182. ConUgioui Duease* of the generative organs will make both stallions and mares unprolific. A number of years ago I was called into the western part of Nebraska to examine some stallions that had very suddenly become sterile. In examining the semen with the microscope, the form of bacillus shown in figure 51 was disclosed. These stallions had proved to be virile under all circumstances, when all at once thev became sterile. Every mare served by them became sterile and as a result of this highly infectious malady, several ranches were depopulated of their horse.i. So ulcers, chancres, or other outward manifes- tation was in evidence in the case of any of these stallions, yet in the semen of every one was found these germs.
183. Idleness or want of proper exercise will lower the sterility of any stallion. The spermatozoa of idle stallions never have the vitality of those from stallions given daily exercise. Very few stallions wintered in idleness are capable of settling mares early in the spring, while those kept in harness during the winter are always in good condition at the beginning of the breeding season. Close confinement has been the cause of manv stallions going wrong. All stallions kept in close quarters and without exercise will sire foals of lower vitality than if they had been properly exercised.
184. Overwork to the extent of causing a breakdown of the more important functions of the stallion, sometimes ends in sterility. I have never known this to be done except in the case of very young stallions, two years or less of age. 1 have known of several two year old colts to be completely broken down in constitution by overwork. There is little danger of this being done in the case of mature stallions. With them the work is too little rather than too much. If a two year old colt proves himself a breeder, but does not make a good showing later, there is something wrong with his handling. This happens quite fre- quently. The fact that he acquitted himself well in his two or even three year form, is conclusive proof that he is a normal breeder.
185. Table of Causes of Sterility. Some stallions do very well foi t'ree or four years, and tht become sterile or nearly so at once. In investigating such cases the following results were obtained:
Excessive use in breeding igj
Masturbation 9g
The use of breeding bags 87
Too close confinement 39
Vigor tablets or tonics 57
Influenza (pink eye) H
Infectious diseases of a sexual nature 9
Overworking young colts , 3
Fevers 4
No cause could be assigned 43
Total S44
STERII.fTV
107
Of the 5-W stallions hecominp- «teriU ^u ;reedcrs. 183 of them coi^ he^ fsserldt" '''''''"'' ''^*'"^^^'^" Jhesc- stallions were nmstlv -' L^- 1 1 V '•'''^*'^:>vc- l.reedinjr.
'.ncommon to see a stallion of trt.'L ''■•'.'■ "'''^- '» *^ "-t
more services dailv f ec-o, '('V^"" ''''^lY'''^ »" '"■>•«' two or tHisa^n-.a four year ol"h, Lit verTJr^''' "'^'' '^ "'■■^'■^^ ='« '"ares. There is no reason wl a" 'ft . '"' ",'"'", "'■"•■ t'^''^" ■='" at twenty as at anv e-.r^i -r ' , '^'■?"'"" ^'i-"''l "-t In- virile
usedand^^andi^ -"Ifj^^^^rXtc^ondf • ^"' "^ -"' '^ '^ •>- ass.Kned to the vice of n ast ulnt „ " Tr^"' ""'"'"■'" ^-""'d ■nakmg many sterile stallions ,„ ^' " '''"" '^ ""^ '-"'v
partially sterile. Hreedii^rgs m k [\Z u"" "'''"'- "^''^•" the use of tonics or stimnlants ' k' , , ^'' "^howmg as d,, also stall on is a slow serv,.r ; f. ^ " ^^' ^'"^^' servers. Tint t -nost viriL%a;iL?areexce"ed'S against him. Some ,,X need anv drugs. A few m^n.^f T" , '' • ^"'^^ stallions n.-ver fore the'servife win cirmZ hnn '^'''■'■'^'^'' immediatelv I, ■' natures also bring a out stenlkv "">'""'• ^''''''''''' ^^^ ^•"''-'-'^ sterile for which no caue CO,; •/. ''""; V^,^""" "^^ I'eco.ning been properly exercised had ncv " llf "n ' ' T'^"' ^'^"''^'"^ '•''^ best of care and had nev;r been used in "'''- '''''' ^iven the makes it impossible to a' .s gn ^c u e Tnl'' '" '''■•-*'^'"^- ''"'"^ result of an inherited tendenfv It '1^' ".' ? ''""''' ''^^ "^^ tendency to sterilitv wa.'" cause "u'i;'^!''^!^''^^.^ «" inherit-d things not easilv proven. I am willin; to ^t" " °"*^ ^'^ i'""
able cause. MVres with -. /.. ?i ^ ^° ^'"'^ ''^'■m an unassien- lions mclined rJl^m^^ ^ ^^ "^Sif^ ^^^:;li;>- '''^ ^'^^1^ ^^'- w.ll s,re stallions possessing the same Hifl'';'"^P'"^'^">• sterile hand, stallions of known viri it! ^ ^^- '"PO" the other
always the offspru,g:?;a;c\Vve^;'are"n;i"^ "■^"■' *^'^""" ^^
186. Sterile Mares. There are mr>r» causing sterility in mares than n snllions A '*''"""'•,/'' ''"'^ several foals in as manv vears and tT.n T'' '''"' ^'"'^'''^ another, ami all because" of' a cone-eL r""'" ^" l'™'^""
a cold. The number of ste ile mXs n tb"" "' '^' '""" "'
that corn should be fed to a brood 'L " ^''^' ''^^'" "^'^ed
at all would be better The food f fl'^'^'"&'y (165, „r not
slightly laxative, as consti atioT h IH '""""'^ '"''^'■'' ^'^""'^ l>e san.e barn with succe "s"ul Sing ' "'"" '" ''^""^ '" ^^e
tl.e'p?;duaL\!? ?'ris"rro'rthe""' -^^ '? ^^'^'^ ^ --^ m be worked to advantage "is a IrUn "^5'"'°", "^=^' =^ •"^'"e ^ould
»... ...OS, ,i.e,- ..„.„ s ,•;:. M'-t-;- ;;-L','»^."-%^s
'::7-3 ']&a aw;T3D*»<.^;«ZT.v«'<Mivwb>
108
STUDIKS IN HORSE OREKDING
of the mare may be, in every line of investigation, the mares not worked produce the most foals. Occupation has much to do, that is the kind of labor. Slow farm woik gave better results than any other occupation.
189. Congenital Causes of Sterility. Among the congenital causes of sterility is that of rudimentary or undeveloped genital organs. The uterus and ovaries are the most likely to be un- developed. One frequently finds an uterus in fully developed mares not more than one-tenth normal as to size ; sometimes a little larger, yet far below normal. The same is true of the ovaries. Quite often they will be found very small, having the appearance of having suflfere'l from atrophy, but as this condition is sometimes found in youn^ fillies only two or three years of age, one can hardly take that view of it' Rut after all is said of such conditions, the fact remains that such mares do not breed. Such mares always appear masculine in character, and there is no way of making producers of them.
190. Abscess Formation. Another condition of the ovaries frequently met with, is that of. abscess formation or cystic degen- eration. This condition always results in a sterile mare. This is more easily diagnosed than that of atrophy or rudimentary ovaries. Since the cystic condition enlarges the ovary to two or three times its normal size, which can easily be determined by way of the rectum. On'v a little further back we find another condition, which is frc .-ntly the cause of sterility.
191. Tumors in Fallopian Tube. In the middle narrow por- tion of the fallopian tube a tumorous growth is sometimes found, completely closing the tube. This I believe to be induced by ova of unusual size lodging there, and which the system of the mare was incapable of absorbing. This must necessarily result in sterility.
192. Tumors are frequently found within the uterine cavity. They are of two kinds, fibroid and cancerous. Fertilization will never take place if cancer is present. The fibroid tumors do not always result in sterility. It is only in cases of large tumors that mares fail to breed. These tumors are seldom found in the case of young or virgin mares. They usually begin their growth as a result of laceration, or a portion of the placenta having failed to be expelled.
193. Malposition of the Cervix often prevents the sperma- tozoa from entering t'-s uterus. The cervix or neck of the uterus will sometimes be found bent upwards or to one side. Then sometimes the muscles whose function it is to contract and dilate the cervix, contract it so tightly that it must be opened by the hand before the spermatozoa can enter. These conditions are barriers to natural service only, as the capsule method of bfeed- ing finds no difficulty in impregnating mares of this kind.
STKRIMTY
109
f<^^r^f1.t^rZcu\z^t rT""'' •"■'^" -*'• -^
d.tions nre more frequen y ^e " ! , \'7'"''''''''- "'^' •■'^''' <••""■ these -"c^itions.a^d^hey\vm1.;;al:.„^•7,';,;';; — tions for
tJ!;i5:t.S^!^,,S^!;;;S,:ri:;;;- --'^--.. .. „,..,.
arjjutnent that can be mad., a^ain t " Lj"' ",""" ^'-""Kcst this conditicm is never foi ul in n 1 ^. ^'"'""^ "'•"■'•^- ^i"ce
will he worked in th\^edrd^T;l !''/'''''' 1" ""' "''^'^- •^'••'^«'^ ar:i then made to stand nt 1 did ''''". " '"''' """' ^^•'••'"• greneral catarrhal condit on oHo A f^'"" ^''"K^-^ti.,,. ,,,„! a
conc;,tK,n will c,ccasionalb",reed n.t , nU "' '""'"'' m'""^'"^' "''^ greater number will not breed at\ ' H ' !""'^'*'"''">- ^^ ''il. the condition of the mucous nJn Lanes ' Wi h" ^" '"«-"■"•"->• Present, the fetus can not become :t;:du.]\;!^b:'^!;.t;rn;:;!;;,r
con^n^Yt^jvit ^t,nd';^:.:;^i::-:!;;; - p-^^'^^ ^^'■""-
wise appeared normal. "^'''' "^'"■«''' that other-
cau!?^;f^;;^:^,f^^;:'f;,,,^;;^'re.din, as a factor ,n t,„. of the draft breeds the rec r 1 ,' " : f' ''''""■\'^'""^^"- '" "^aiu importance has been given t\^ alu 'r7" "r ^'^'- '''"'' '" '*"''' inbreeding is more generallvnctie" ''^'^''^'-^-f'^- that violent In the case of imported aninvlls „' „; 1',''''' l'''"^''' '^""^^•■ are frequently made, and ve th.T r^«' ;"'"■" *''" '"'""'-• ^-""i'^- t'. I>e of the same familv ^J'hi/ a ^IS;;;';' "'^^'-^ them of more attention having been n, 'n ' '''"* " *''^' ''^•^"'t
horses brought over bv fome , f*^ , "• '*^"'^'»?^^" than to the times during the past feu year -dveri'''''!!"''- ^ ^''''' --■^■'•■•'' of different breed when all oth-ri '^^^'V^ders to use a sta!li„„
"ate their mares, and in mo:'caseTrfi?st''' '"'"' '" r^'^'^' in successful impregnation. ^ ''''''■'"' ^^■""Id result
in --sfet.Jr;^:';^-*- '^^'r r^""^^- ''f •— -
•.alance between the ^^s^t^v^^^J n^g^i^e ^ '^ ^"f ^' ^ f "1- positive mare will hardly ever conceiv, »^ ' "',''-'''• "^ ^•^O-
'■on positive and masculine to .2. ,^'" '"U"' ^^■''^'' ^' '^tal- ;;;ated with a passive stribon/maf cct^":- ,/ '" ^•''•-- '"•'-■ manner a verv nemtiiTo o« 1 f ' . . **> <-onct.\e at once. In k(>
-ated with'a' Sh nTiV/Tamrm '"^ ';^"''-^' — --s when w.ll conceive at once when mated with ^'"''•'- ^^''"•'"^'"^'nt. but
everything else fails to sTt tTe'^.: ^e^ trH'SuS';;'/"- ^'"^'"
' > «* cnange ot semen.
CnAPTFvR XIV.
THE CARE OF THE FOAL.
199. NourUhing the F«tui. The |>ru])er care of tin* foal should hcjjin with the fetus at conception. No jjood horse will ever he developed out a i>oorly nourished fetus. No time in the life ''f a horse can compare with itr fetal existence for the dcvelo|)mer.t of vital force The half starvetl fetus means a horse with low vitality. If the stallion and mare were of g(Jod vitality and in pood health at the time of conception, the fetus was ushered into heinp right. To keep u[> this fetal vitality will recpiire plenty of pood whol'.some and nutriticnis food for the mare. She should have <- 1! she wants of a properly balanced ration, for she must eat and digest for two. I have neve* seen as pood foals produced in the griin belt, as arc produced fuither west. Where mares can have good western bunch grass durinp the summer and pood western prown alfalfa during the winter, one pet- the best f(jals the world ever produced. Here one fmds bone and muscle as no where else. If the alfalfa hay is gF(.\\n without irrigaton, so much the better. .Another factor most help- ful in this western production of foals is the pure air, water and abundance of sunshine. This should be remembered by those producing foals in the grain belt. Keep the mares summer and winter in the open air as much as jwtssible. The nearer we can follow that western ration the better. Well cured clover hay and oats is as near to it as we will ever get. For draft mares doing no work, two pounds of good clover hay and one-half pound of heavy oats (oats that vill test 32 pounds or better) daily, to the hundred pounds of weight will make a good ration. I have had better success with this ration here in the corn belt, than any other I have ever tried, alfalfa excepted. If mares are worked, more oats should be added.
200. Overworking Mares. Working mares too hard while carrying and develoijing their unborn foals is another way to produce a horse of low vitality. If a mare must work, she should not be hurried. Slow, steady work does not injure a mare, even up to within a lew days of her foaling date.
201. Parturition. The three or four days following par- turition is a critical time, and a trying one in the life of a foal. A foal starting life in a feeble or abnormal condition can not be expected to develop into a horse of vitality. There are man\ cases where a little help in regulating the digestion of a foal would have resulted m developing a horse with a more vigorous constitution. .As soon as a foal has been ushered into life, every
TUr, I ARK or THE FOAI,
111
the l„.„, I,v„ lU nn , I'rH L, , ''"7"""' -"'•I""'"' ■< "m- ..f lipatf or tic it in anv mnnn... i ■ • nmhiluiis. tirvtT
a.lvi.e dcini; this hmitVJrJ I ' ^'""> l"-"->i"ii.r<
then, .uh „„ ..,, ,„ «e,,i„;;;;,''';;;i;,";:j';;:';;;;;,;;:,;;- '
:^.^^-hi;^^:;s-^L:3 HE;/tK
can l,c licnlcl f„r a ,fme «"lh a c.?rj ; , V^. « j'f """■-■■ '< th„r„„fh rn,|, i„^\ j'ri; ec i^T',,T '"' """"""■ " '"" •'
.s reasonably .str,,nfi: it will f,„,l the teat all riehT' I it I n appear too weak to do ♦his tl,,. ,^0,1, . V^^'. '' '^ shuuM foal fed while ^he m.lk is wnr , U 'ih ''''. ^'l 7.'"^'*'^' """'^ '^'
ll>
SrtHIKS IN IIORSK BRRKtHNl'.
205. DyMiitary at tliis timr is not unknown although not a viTv fr((|UfMt troiil)lr. TW\s is usually lirctiRht al»out hv the con- dition r.f the man-. Sin- may have }n'iu rati";: food such as moldy hay or j^rain that caust-d the trotihli-. It niav l)C her milk i> too rich and tiic How too lihcral for its dclicatr diK«stion. In such cases I havr had my hcst success hy milking away much of the marc's mill.-, and jjiving the foal evi'rv two or three hours a teaspoonfid of lime water in a few spoonsfuls of milk. Also reduce the praiti ration of the mare for a time. If it does not vieM to tliis, f Would su-pect infection to he the cause. In such cases a veterinarian should he called, as these cases can hcst be suhdued hy a serum treatment, which should not he undertaken liy everyone.
2M. Light F jding Best. FecdiiiB the mares sparingly of gram until the foal is eight or ten days old will give the best results. The digestive organs of a new horn foal are about as delicate as are thox- of a new-horn babe, and feed forcing should never be .ittcmpted during the first few la.Ns of its career. When the foal has made a nice start, the fe<-d' of the mare may be gradually increased. If good grass can be had at this time, by all me.ms let both mare and foal have it. Good clean oats may be fed a loal when it has reached three or four weeks of age. Only a few at first, and when it has learned to cat and relish them nicely, it may safely have all it wants of them until w. ..i- ing time, wdiich should take place when the foal is about five months old.
207. Mares Having no Milk. Should the mare have no milk when the foal is born, let it suck just the same. If the marc is sucked regularly every two hours or oftener, in most cases the milk flow will start before the third dav has parsed. In the meantime the foal should be fed cow's m'ilk. This should be continued until the mare furnishes the foal with all the nourish- ment it needs. The cow's milk should be prepared with great caie lest you lose the foal. Into a pint jar which has previously been sterilized with boiling wati pour water to one eighth full, aud one teaspoonful of granulated sugar, and fill with new milk from a fresh cow if possible. This should be fed warm, at the body temperature, and the pint will be a sufficient quantity for one feed, but it should be fed as often as every two hours. It is quite a lot of work to raise a foal in this way, but I have done it, and they made good horses. A nipple over the spout of a teai)ot is the best thing to use for feeding a hand raised foal.
208. Weaning the Foal. n'eaning the foal can be done with no loss of growth. Simply dry the mare up by letting the foal suckle less often all the time. Never milk a niare in weaning a loal. The mare will cease to se -ete milk after a time, if the foal be i)erinitted to suck but twice a day f :r a few^ days, then once only until the mare is sufficiently dry to have the foal taken away
'v'-^.-i a:
Tin: cAur. nr thk ro.u,
^!^l!^^^^^^^^^^^ 'I
"a:'7;.:;/;r;,;;:--;;;':;;; •:•'•' ^f-^^
l'ass..,| tl... foal shoMl.I .;.'",;,,,•//;■•. '••■ «'-"'M,K. pr.,..,s. ,,,,
Pra-r... l,av is us,,l f..r rul'l ' V '"''"' "'"•' "' '*'""«'>v "r al...ut half .f ,,,H Isun^r^'- ':;;i'r '"• '"'''j'' '" tlu- uats. •secumi tlu- l.ran will „.,t | .. „..,<■''• ""i *^"""' *"'"^"'- '•"' '"• cnntry mills i, ,„„,,, ,,,„,. . \t^ ' u- l.ra,, n.a.l,. ,, .„,,„
""■rc-al mills. I„ „,, larjj,. mill i, , "''"''■ \'' ""■ '•"•«- ^-.n-
•"";,;:";: r'^ '•••■''-••^';:'rJu:^;hr£..-->''--
*w» An Automatic Fm<Im> i ,i i
an.i uc.anli„^,s. Hy >" .^^^ ",. '^..'T^' -^y of f.Hin^ f,,,,. ever tluy ,|,.sire it and vet t tl '"'" ''•'''*• *''"'" ^^l">'
^^■a^te „or s,.ii the feed. If h". [ ''' :'""", ,""■•' '''^T ^"a" ne.tl,.., at "-aturity this is a >,„o, \v- t f ■ T' l' ""'^^'''^^ ^''^^ ^vante.l It .s unpossihle to ^rou- the' „ ! 1?;,"""' '"■"'"■'^>' '' ^"aclu-l B-o'J fc-..l. Another advaaJem '" '^ '"'""» I''''"tv ,„
't -n.pels the foal or h.-ri l^ ,',•', •''''''''■:-'''^ f--'l.T is that tH'Touph mastication ol.viatinu hf ' '".^'■'■^"'t'' in a mor. are caused l,y too rapid fet-ch,;). ^"""' '" '^'diRcstion whid,
i>esf|';,aihy':^t.;:;;rd";;:v"''T;;:r'''^ ^^'^'^"'^- *• "•••
developmK fr.M-d hone and muscle and i»-'i "" '''''^' ''""^^" "^ exercise. The foals should I- v,. ? '' '"«''"'• ''^'^n't i>v
and p.lay. and let them r n t Id' t'^'r^'Y- *" ^^ '"■^'' •' ""'' people ex,,re» themselves „ V ,T- ' '''''"■' ' "f'''" I'^-'ar
;vere a raid the foals woul l,urt\ ;; "^'f, "''• ^ '-''■-e thev
^^'■"^■" ^^oun^l.:/'K!:;_^^'lV■"^'" the country if all
I h
ave never had any tr.,ul.l
?roun Uj) to maturit
"" their foalhood u|
I I
pasture or in the I
y myself. I ;i|
'e of this kind with a stall
n Kood pasture
I ca
small
n no longer turn them
'■Tuess at all tinu
ways keep the When th
in which I
pastures of tw,
"1 a pasture tojjether^ I h
•■^"igf posts !2 fe<'t
can turn stallions of
acres each, fenced
ion f hnd
111 cither in the
ey heconic so (jld
ave -e vera I
a little more will
loiis:. so set in th
iny ape. This f
al.out nine feet hiirli
etice IS made In
wire S? itio!<.- i,;-!- i
_ iiic!,- iiij^h, and
( hnish to th
remain above ground. I
Rrouud that nine feet
1 fei
he top with harhed
made ot verv heav
or lencing f use
ice which a h
wire six inches a
y wire
Abo
\\
or
oven
ne this
^"v stallion. The posts sh
orse cannot get his head
part. Thismakt
mid b
e set one rod apart
vcr, and will
>top
114
STLDIES l.\ HORSK BREEDING
211. The Feet (jf tlif foals atid yearlings and two year olds as well, should he kej)! in the'he-t possihie form. This will re- quire trimming occasionally. If a foal is inclined to go over on one side with a foot, trim upon the opposite side onlv. Never cut away the frog from the foot of a foal or growing horse, and never pare down the heels.
212. Handling the Foal properly during its earlv life will add much to the value of the future horse, (iain its "confidence early, and then never deceive the foal. It delights in heing handled and fondled as much as an atifectionate child. Its future IS at stake, and it should he handled at all times with a view to makmg it trustworthy at maturitv. .\ foal or horse will do almost anything for sugar, hut sugar should he given as a reward for good conduct, rather than a ration. In verv large quantities sugar is not good for a growing horse.
CHAPTER X\-.
THE BREEDS.
has'Jtn'J^;;;^ ^v'^JntS'lf^;?^-- »^-^^^ of horses from every vieupoint. The -LS.^r., '"^ ^'''^'' that subject the country has Lt nnanv L e^s .e 'j^^^^^^^^^^^ ''^^ ^^o^k Press of out the more essential features in - ^''"^'^ '''°'^'- ''ringing
generally has a verv ?ai k, vlX'"':-';.' "'"J"''" '^?.' ^^^' P"'>''^ reasons the press above refeJreH t. I ^ '"''•'•f' *' ^°^ ^^^^^^ncss feu- of the things, which he feeder: ^'X •^''^"V^'J^-nmg a wantmg to know. Because of tlW 7 i country have bt-cn
our live stock press. I u" f ^ iv " h^eTT'"'^"'^°" V" ^'^'^^ ^^ characteristics of the more im .ortnntT ''''''"'Pt'O" of the cliief
onlv from the vieupc^t „ 'hfbreei'r "v ^^'' "■" '"^ ^^""^■ made to urite or rekrd it in nn, -^^ attempt uiil be
this in a manner woffl n o the "ub?e;t""r 'Y/ '^'''°'">'- ^o do of a large volume. CnW thl I nV?' ' ' °"'^ J*^^""-^ the space
the viewpoint of today" will be m"de " "^ '^' ^''''^' ^'"^
Ma'^; if^ru.e':S;;rtS'anS t:^ ^TJT'^ ^^^^ ^ more speedv work of man Intn th« i - ^° ^^^^ lighter and
and those 6i greater "aiono/'h fonn^r^^.r'^ ""^'^^ •"'^^■'^^• hve breeds. Belgian. Clvdesdil. rw-? L"""' '''*= "°^^' 'i^ve
For the purpose of this cWertbfr^.T- ^-''"■'^' ^^^^ Surtolk. into four sub-classes the itKv- " "'^'^ "^'^ ^^ -^"Mivided
by the HackneJand a.ch reed'"'.'.' ''\.^t'\^°^^^' n-ni.shed
which the Standard and oieW^^ f '^""^^^^^ '^"'■■^'- «'' the five-gaued saddle horsr^nnVt^'rif''' ''^'^ representative. ; horse. The latter rstlubasi"! n^f thoroughbred or runn„„; classes. '^"' "^ ^" &ood blood in all the liglu
215. Where Draft Horaea arc ri.«..». t /
or to have a correct unde"'uuL^g"r^h
horses one must know somethint. nt tl,l '"*^"t. of a breed ol "•ere grown. We should ik.fn '"'T'^' '" '"'^'''^^ ^hev
originating them. A ho e tt wo°M ,'""'^ "^ '^'' ^'"^^'^
of the world might possess ut 1 tb ." ''>'''°^ """ '" ""^ I'''"-t The conditions li soil w^te an .y''"' '" "">' V^'^^'' '"^=^ti.,n.
the making of anv breJd of b ' ''''^ '"'^^''^>' '''^tors in
people hafe cy^r g en 1 i V Z T'' '"''^" '^''"^^'f- F<-'^v Those who are trv^nJ to tn.v ! ^ ' the attention it merits.
116
STl'DIES IN HORSE BREEDING
material. One finds them growing on rich land always, and that the size of the breed is determined by the capacity of the soil to grow an abundance of rich nutritious food. Small horses can be grown almost anywhere, but the big drafter requires big feed
c o
e
o a E
and this in turn rich soils to grow it. The future may modify
or^lft^'''H'^''-'^^'"^/^^^"^ &^°^" "P°" '•i'^h soil in one localit> and shipping to localities of less feed and thinner soils. The future home of the big horse will not he one of altitude but wholly one capable of producing the feed. Another factor entering into the discussion of bre-ds. is that of differing opinions
■^•^'^.-...
1»IK BREEDS
^n"]^^^^^;; '^^^^y -y two ..oples. or even n.en differ, and. whe^n ",; \^ S" theTe""?" f \"'"^- ^^'-" """g "s
people of .o„,/„..ns {.Jr'tL: ^^nihe'^^ir;? .;;i;- .^^-
rnakin*g uifth^^^lfn^c'ln'^luS^^^^^^^^^^ ^I^^ -O" small territory ■n the .or,. BiauJe^^ri-^^f^lirSl^ ^^^^
rss,X-„':t" fnTu:c1h?;'^'"°^■"^ ^^ '^^-•>' -^^ at
breeds. His compact forTiwiHi loT^'TT' ^' ^''"'^ ^'^'^^ ^11 of body are evidence of Is beine 1 iooH f '"' ^'"^ ^^''^^^ depth H.s constitution and digestion are ^Ih I " ""''"l ''''y '^^^P^^- vv.th his preatcapncit3^for^.r;.'nTlu f^""^^^'f this, coupled the very best shippers He also II. u' ,?''^'' ''"" °"e of
of climate. In fecundity and lon.evittth"^'^^-^ '° '^'"^^
the average of the draft breeds ^ Belgians are about
118
THE BREEDS
In the early development of the breed but little attention was piven to either conformation or soundness. Because of this early nefjlect. he is not yet as prepotent in the reproduction of the most desirable types as some of the other breeds. Although much improvement is noticed of late, he is still too short and straight in the pastern, and also too full in the hock. Manv specimens are rather short in the neck, low in the back and short in the croup. Much has been said by his admirers in favor of his intelligence and docility, but I have found him neither as good in disposition nor as intelligent as some of the other breeds. His brain capacity is very small. This is indicated bv the short- ness of head from eye to ear. The Belgian is found in all the colors, bay. roan, and chestnut being the colors most frequently seen.
217. The Relative Soundness of Breeds. The following circular will explain itself. I believe it to be the first attempt ever made by anyone to collect data to aid in adopting a standard for draft horses from the utility point of view. At the same time it shows the tendency of breeds to become unsound in certain directions, when put to hard work upon the streets of our cities.
"Knowing your business calls for he use of a large number o irses. I feel yon should be no less interested than the breeder in tht 'lest it i.s possible to produce. The fact has probably been forced upon you before now, that some horses have as much service in them as two or three others apparently as good. As an aid in producing better horses, will you kindly fill out and return to me the blank form below, "How many horses have ycu in service at this time? "From the standpoint of dominant blood, to what breeds do they belong? Give number of each.
"How many are unsound in front with side-bone, ring bone, navicu- lar lameness, shoulder or foot trouble?
"In each case of unsoundness or lameness in front, give description of pasterns, as to length and angle.
"How many are unsound behind, with hock, fetlock or pastern lame- ness?
".Are any unsound or lame from hip trouble?
"In each case give the particular trouble and the breed to which the horse belongs."
The above circular has for tnany years been mailed to those firms using large numbers of horses, ranging in size from 1,400 to 2,(KX) i)ounds. These firrns were located all the wav from P.angor, Maine, on the east, to Portland, Oregon, on the west. In all an ownership of 101,839 horses have been reported. This includes some Canadian owned horses. The following table shows how the breeds stand as to soundness :
Xo. Horses N'o. Becoming Per Cent Breed— Reported Unsound of Unsound
Belgian 1499 .ill 34
Clydesdale 21382 2992 14
Percheron 59160 26028 44
Shire 19798 .W71 17
Totals 101839 32902 32
STLDIKS IN HORSE BREEDIVG
119
horses reported 52%07vvir ^ *^'-<;heron l,st. (,f the 1018^9
a very bad showing .mi ^.^'''-'^''''l "' ""^"""'' This makes and better sires "h^ p., "'•^•''^'"■'' '^"^ "'^^'d "' ''ctter standard
than ar^y oth^r^br;. d. ''fei,: paTt'du'r;''' '" '"''"'"^^ -'"'--
nis ,n part due to many gr:u\v Hd^Hans
at-:
passing as grade Perchcrons. A little le. tt per cent, ^ ,-re reported as unsound r T ^^ ''" "nc-th,rd. 32 learns to r.port as unso nd " • Uu I T"^ '' " '''^' '" '"^'''t ^vork. The showing male in tsUhl.' "^/'I'-'^^-'taied t,,r full
remembered thit tl esr . , " ''" ^'^'^ """'-■• "■••h'-i 't i.
R.ans u.re 'u;^;;; ^^^ s,;n?'rl ^"""^'- '^"'-^i-
pasterns. -' '-'^'^ause ot detective hocks anri
120
STUDIES IN HORSE BREEDING
218. The Clydesdale. In Scotland we find the home of the Clydesdale. In his early history he was very much lik;- the Shire, hoth having a common origin. In the prcnluction of the modern Clydesdale, more science has heen employed than in the production of any other draft horse. To such an extent is this true, that scientifically speaking, he is the world's best product in draft horses. When viewed from the standpoint of a perfectly and scientifically constructed machine, built to perform its work with the greatest ease and least friction, he has no ecjual. His shilling shoulder and elastic pastern, his short back but long underline, and his well nigh jierfect hock, cause him to do his work with so little friction and concussion resulting, that his legs seldom go wrong. The world's best breeders, regardless of their favorite breed, concede to the Clydesdale the most perfect action at the w.iik. I have seen in the large cities of Scotland, geldings still fresh in their legs after working for ten or more years upon the streets.
The sloping pastern is occasionally being overdone, and to improve the (piality, some of the ruggedness of the early Clydes- dales is being lost. With all his good qualities ; with his nearly perfect conformation, he is not generally popular in this country, and will not be unless the Scotch breeder will make a few con- cessions to win the trade of the breeders of the United States. I say concessions, for they are such when viewed from the angle of the Scotchman.
The Clydesdale is too nervous, too unbalanced in the head to please most .\mericans. He is also cut up in the flank to such an e.xtent that he is usually a poor feeder. Then his color is much against him in this country. The people of the middle and western states do not take kindly to any but a whole colored horse. Horses with white legs and faces, and occasionally white spots on the body can not be made popular in this country, but when all is said there is more promise for the Clydesdale of the future, than has been known in the past. The Clydesdale breed- ing associations, both in this country and in Scotland, have much to be hoped for. There is no suspicion of wrong doing by the associations or any member thereof, and there is a visible effort on the iiart of all interested to keep the Clydesdale up to a high standard of excellence. The geldings of thfs breed are becoming more popular evry year, and they justly merit this popularity, for their wearing qualities are of the best. In size they are smaller than the Shire, and larger than the average of Percherons. They have plenty of bone of good quality, with their legs well se't under them. In fecundity they are about the average of the other draft breeds.
219. The Percheron. The I'ercheron is found in all the colors known to draft horses, black and grev predominating. He is found in this country in larger numbers than all other draft breeds combined, quite conclusive evidence of his popularity.
■ ■i^,"-"\«iii..?-'
THK BRKKOS
lil
apreeable horse to work anci h" m l T? T' "''''^"'^' '>*"' an
The American has little time to uV L' '?V '" ''"^ country, and he likes a horse can 1 1 l^T '':,'" ''"" '"" ^'"I'-'l horses 'n motion the i'erchero .. t," i:.V"f/^; '^''^ ^ri,. ,„ ., dav.'
!" the breed sh.nvinp c.,nsi 1 -r |, ,- ' . f ^?'' '""''' ""livi'luals 's often fount t.u, sl.or in tl,, ' "'' ^'"' ''""^^ ''^' 'ar>,^e. ffe shoulder to appear S; Sr^nd's ^"' i:^"'^'''"' ^-
Kom^ too u-ide behind to move u' l7 '^"''Z'''"^' have a uav of 'r.ctK.n. They are about t rave" ie ff'o''\^''^"V'''''' ^-"'"•'t cund.ty. and perhaps sbVhtlv Im^^ ,- i I"' °/''" '^''^^''^^ "' ^e- Ihe.r smooth legs ire .-eSu'-S, ';;:? .:;^;/^-- .-^;;-
FlKur,. 55.— Th,. .•iv,l<..«,|ah. sf.lli,,,, ,.
^^'"aJ:'„t'?i;r:;i;;;s.^w;.^;'i7 'ft "■- '-->■ -"'^
"tiKT. This i, e.|„.cial ' r ,e V Z i'.'.'i ''"""™«, ">»'• "' -.m- l'l"o(l present to increase tlu Lme ' " '' ''"*'' '" ''■""'!■
.. ft''r„e'"e,^,^:n: °t?',; .S',""'" '^'r' "< "■" '-'-I-™
uals. and the tende.Kv ,,, ' ' i '^'^ "■',",'" "' »'"»" '"''""l- -<i .e.h.c.s „.hen n.ad^.SI^hti'r;:: "T,'e'S,e"i n'",;! ^E;^,!
122
STIDIKS I\ HORSK BRREDIN'G
ter upon that subject makes a sorry showing for the Percheron. Although many of then were yet young, out of 5y,160 f'ercheron work horses. 44 per cent, were already unsound. It is impossible to build a horse of 1,800 pounds upon legs intended for a horse to weigh only 1.2(X) pounds. Upon this point the breeders of Pcr- cherons in this country have need to take notice, lest they be compelled to go outside the breed in the near future for new blood with which to build up a breed of real draft horses.
221. Percheron Politics. This condition of affairs has been brought about !)y what might well be called the politics of the Perc'ieron industry. In founding the Percheron stud book of France (the work of Americans) the only horse of draft size and conformation in that country (the present Houlanais) was denied the privilege of that register. Mesidos the few in control of the registers in this country have influenced the industry and all the horse shows of any considerable importance to such an extent, that little horses with small bone yet flashy appearance have been placed above many individuals of real merit. It is no pleas- ant task to be compelled to record such matters, but when dealers and importers will price blue ribbon winners $500 below their other horses shown in the same class but winning no place, it is quite time for the true breeder to begin to do a little thinking upon his own account. I have spent much time in tracing high class geldings back from the market where they would sell from $350 to $500 each, to the place where they had been sired by stal- lions unknown beyond their immedia'.' locality, but always stal- lions of great draft merit. One of the condi'tions which ought to cause our judges of draft horses to do a little careful observing and thinking is, nowhere in this country can any of the best known show stallions of the Percheron breed be found pro- ducers of high class ton geldings. The echo for more and more high class geldings of a ton to 2,200 pounds weight is heard roll- ing over the continent from Boston to San Francisco. One may attend sale after sale and the Percheron mares offered will for the most part run from 1,500 to 1,700 pounds, and with scarcely enough bone for that weight. The importer is flooding the coun- try with a small light boned stallion, with not enough size in some instances to draw an express wagon. With such a condi- tion confronting us, where are these ton geldings to come from ? There is but one answer, from the other breeds. The Percheron imjwrter has never shown any interest in the American breeder, further than to relieve him of his surplus cash. He has yet to show any civic pride in the way of bettering, either the' Per- cheron industry or the general welfare of his country. His supreme eJort in gaining and keeping control of the industry coupled with his remarkable greed for money, will yet be the means of putting the Percheron horse out of commission. When viewed from the standpoint of the drafter, little if any improve- ment has been made during the past twenty-five years". A larger
"IE BREEDS
U'.t
per cent, of iro(„i f|„ff „,
■hose commg „„„, '""'' '""' ">'« '"""try than „.■ l,L,u,"„l
.he^rch^;::^i„;,t*?.^^/;i-,;;:^^^
expressions ,,f a (lesir<. .- '"'^'^ '"f ^amc mutter ni's tli.- .-^r! noise and ^^ruU^'l^^'uZr^^^'X '"■ ''' '-"-A" " of us are willing, to adn.it \ r f .11 th"''r"u "''"' ^''•'"' '""st Mde of the Atlantic. Xoulur ,n '''^honestv u|m,„ this
>reedms: horses In- fou d [ i,'" ■';" ^'^^^ "•'"•''' can .ieal.r- „ honesty than in France. \- n, ;'''"■'' ""'.'^■vc-l<'Pc-d sen... .f dealers, a certificate of hree nV^ ^ "lajority of thes,- Fr,.„, -ence in making a sale. 7^7,'":;',"^ "'^».hi"K' 'hU a conv n- there certificates of breeding •Tnt*''''*''" " ''"^ •'» J^ke. Over please men's fancies. Xht,u.is ^ '1""^ '" ''' J"^^'^* ^-th. tc w.t.h Pe cheron certiticate.r IV c / "I't' ""?' '"J^"^ '^"""^'•v w.th another. One of the pri.e 'nnin? ''^ """ ^'"'"^ ''^ ■^^■n't
has been sold to two Americans "t^h "' ''■' '^' ^^^ ^hous
Another winning third plac at ''Vlh '"','' ?■*'" '" ''■'•■•"•^•'■• France has been sold to four \m r ' n ", ''''.^'"♦'' ^'".'""^ "f
niams m France. At least I er ce tifc-? ^ '"'' '" ' ''^'^ '"'"■'^ ^- ongmal owner on March I FMO ri f ' T/ '" '^^"^'^ ^f her pretty good evidence that he m nr/ ''""l'' '^'^ '"eRardrd as al these things are known it is e) Llw 7" ^" ^"•''>'- ^^'her' 'ntelhgent man. when he h;ars ,' 2 11^' "l' '' '"'"■'^- ^^""' an of an imported Percheron ' ^ """^ ^''""^ the breeding
^ i''si ^'JSi^w^ihrnhrs;'; 'r'" r'-v^'^- --^. ^"^
-Nor is it written to injure an ,1 ^'''''^'"S F'ercherons onlv t>"H-s each month ask -d oncVr nWe""' A"^"'^^^- ' ''^"' "^'"'"v 'ng letters from all parts o" tin ccfuur "^'- ''"^*^'^'^ ^^'ceiv-
'l."-tions upon this subject 1 taki-\rT''-V''''^ containing r.ght to know the truth^ At contde U ''' '^'"'''*^ ^^''^'^^ ^
have gathered much evidence rj. .Li ?'*?''' '" '">'^^''f I ^reat bree.l. onlv a hint a Tt w;re "L '" '^'' ''.^'"^''"^ of this When all has bJen said M.e samTfr r ^ ^uT '" ''"^ ^-hapter. '" France, that one finds here It is theV'i """^^ ''"' ''"'^
rather than the breeder, that is doinV i ' ''' '," ^""^' countries, are tew breeding establ shments n P "-'egular work. There
ot the strictest integitv Then .r""." '"■'?''"' "^^ '•^- '»- tlie United States, than whom ,0 me ,r"''''"''' "'' '"■^•^■''^'^^ '" or truer sense of honor .,„, is " h '"•^' ^"T''' '"^ hi,:her
;;enj;:;s^r^ ^^ -->• '--^^-^ -n^-;:;> ;^i:t;,i^y'^;^^^
lU
STfUIES IN HORSK RRKKUING
horse or breed of horses in this country in the production of rue- ged horses with plenty of hone. Many of the high i)riced geld- ings produced in this country, although accredited to some of the other breeds. <jwe their great size and al)undancc of bene to the blood of this breed. When mated with small mares, especially mares of very sinr.ll bone, h» will produce a lar«jcr, more ruggeil foal than any other sire. However, his bone is' slightly coarser, and he has more hair upon his legs than any other breed, an objection from the viewjwint of this country which cannot be overcome. His disposition is good, yet somewhat headstrong or self-willed. In the language of the Ivnglishman. "Ho has a good deal of powder in his eye." His walk is excellent, both as to speed and the way of going. .As a work horse he is among the
•- -^^-. ^"'^^.^^^♦v5-:?J|
KiKurr .-HI.— T.'ie Pf>rrh»-ron stallion Perfection. No. 54441. This stallion Is a three-ycar-olri. and there are few his equal In any country.
best always giving evidence of his great power when put to tlie test.
The vShire does not endure long shipping as well as some breeds, and rarely does as well in this countrv the first year after his arrival from his native land as in the vears to foflow. The Shire is not as fecund as the other lirecds. 'This I regard as the fault of the Knglish breeder, rather than of the breed itself. The Englishman does not take kindly to masculinity in a stallion. This has caused him to select the more feminine type of Shire^ for hi« breeding stallions. Continuing this practice for iiiaiiv generations has resulted in fixing a type of stalliems very defi- cient in masculinity. He is also deficient in muscle at the fore arm. gaskin, and upon the shoulder. The Shire stallion has not
THK RRRRDS
"I"'" the i.^s thai, .ho ':,^^;? ^'r^': '-^ '"«.ch i.Ji;:;i
hose l>r..,| in the vest at h S . tudes 't\"'"'^'-".'> true of n Uyom.np, ail of their ancestors hlnLr .^?'?' '" ""'^ '"Td H'Tses are (,uite free of h-.ir th. , i^ •"*-''"'' '"■''''• ^ft these ftock. At the same t me u-h •.':'"„'' ^'^'"^''.^V"" ^r<"" '"M-r e, lar cieveIo,,„,ent. The col ^ " f 1 ■ ^ V'^ '" ''''' ■'»"•' "'"-'.- of the Clydesdale, bay or o , ' '.n " '^'"IT '^'^''' ^'''^^^ "'at the colors most frequently eei "' "''''^''^ '''^'^' ^^hit.- !„.,„«
-'f^r J^,^''^; ZJ^oth::' Hi^°""^> /^'^ country in I'.nsrland. His color is al 4>s .hade nf"'>!'^' '^'"^ ''^ ^'''''^tern '"'tt.nff his color he is very n^re.iotent °^c^"tnut and in trans- -lual. and in fecundity the ll^cel oyer"allT"/-' '""r ''^'^''^ "° sfen mares of this breed in Fnihnd th-,. ^^^ '"'■^^'- ^ have .^vlien well up in the t^ven ?es I Sjee I ''"' '"'^^"'■''^ '"■^'^•^'^'•■^. ■n this country. I doubt if a n.are of thi= . '""f " """^^ "^ ^hem a^e v.hen she is not a regular Cede 11^'^ '-"■ ^'''•''^hes an stallion of this breed beinj stTrile^n th. I ""Y """^^ '^'"ovvn a t-'Ik .s the most docile of .11 the br "els T' '^''^'''- '^'^'^ ^'^"f- he n„ght he. A t.n.icncy u ,', dness o7n""' '^ '"^^-"'^'ent as '•I'scryed within the breed In cualitt 'f , ■"'7'""''' '^ "''^" ff tter than the other draft breeds in V"' ''^'-^ ^'^ '^^^^tly the straightest croup and best ton line T m'T^'^^" they hayi ^ hey are ,ood feeders, w,th^S;';;:dy!:;;dt£^--^^
t2«
STfDIF.S I\ IIORSR SKKKOIN'O
an»l hard work, tlu' cenial nl any lu>r-*c in the world. A tcndmcv to thickntss or fiillnt-.s of the hock is nutict'al)lc in soinr of theni. I If lias thf least liair upon ti\i' lijjs of any draft horse known, dilTfrinjr from the othi-r British hrerds in this respect. Many inclividnals of iliis hrted are hel.nv the size now wanted for draft |inrposes. This is their worst defect as a true drafter.
225. A Comparative Test of Bone of tlie five breeds of draft horses, in com|>aris(jn witii the hone of a tlioroiifjhhred stallion, one tliat had made good hoth upon the race track and in the stud, makes an interesting study. The hone of this stallion in tineness of texture would comitare favorably with ivory. Excepting one mare in the SutTolk class, the tests were made with the hones of staliiotis, atul all uere imported. Tlic hone of the marc did not differ from that of the stallion of her breed. Only two animals were used in the Suffolk class while manv were used in all the
the Si
12'
**' " i'iiiij: il^rd in this t ilili' 'I'l,
'"•'■""■ "•■^^^,;';;;;:,,;;:,•^;::,,;l•:J^,■;-s
^k>:j^
128
STUDIKS IN HORSK BK KKDIN'i;
above tahle teaches us that in the quality of l)one, but little dif- ference IS found between Belgian, Clydesdale and Percheron while the vShire is some below and the Suffolk considerably above I he Suffoiks had a slight advantage in the test, in being slightly
smaller than the others.
^
226. The Distinguishing Marks or Traits of the several draft breeds is of interest to many. The greatest interest is shown in being able to always classify Belgians. Percherons and the two most numerous British breeds. Clydesdale and Shires. While the Belgians have a few minor characlei lilies not usually found in the other breeds, the thing by which he can always be known is
SHiim^P^^afl^ml
THE BREKDS
1J9
".-'.rta-y,, ',•",;; ;:;,-;:.>- ••■.'^'i-.- n,,. .,_
■■■• ""-^ ' •• ■■'"■ ""^' '" ":. i^ ■,',.',■,;.'(,':;;':;,:,;■ ";';■"-
-.,'«i,f"^::i:" ir„;r,'i',;"xvt' ,!i« i •' '■•■ ■■■■■
130
STIDIKS IN HORSK BRKKOING
chcron is always lull and prominent. In other words, he has a larger hrain space or cavity than any other. The crest of the Pcrcheron is ntilikc that of any other breed in being better de- fined and more masculine. In the muscular development of
|
r^"''''TS't * ■•■■''^iB'Siii^ |
|
&^*^^H./t^^S |
|
^^^i^^"-*^ffiiil^ |
|
it^iflHBI^n^^^^v^^^^B^BE '^' ' »tvHl^ |
|
(k^^BGBrir^^^^^B^^^H^^^^^HBr^^^^^P^ |
|
^ftli |
|
mr ^7— ,.,.* |
|
IhI^^^^^b^ '^^' i^^tZSM^LM'^' ii ».$ |
|
Mi: ,^^^oKMl |
rt u — o
5° PI
shoulder, fore arm and gaskin, the Pcrcheron is found at the other extreme, when compared with the Shire. The Pcrcheron is always muscular, while the Shire is deficient in mu-^de In his nervous energy and the way of going, the Pcrcheron shows more blood than any other draft horse. The hair upon the legs will be discussed later.
^■i&'L
^X'i."?^;
TIIR ItRKTrDS
1.11
til vSi re IS alnu.st tiic opposite of tlu. I Wi character goes
s.
cct
The
«h<.„Id„, fore ar„f and t„'S^ IhLTr?''" Z''''"'''^'"' "'
-e can «„, ..,, „,, s.rr<rc;>^s!°: ;°.t;;^s',„'7,i,'-
l.iJ
STLDIKS IN HORSK BKEEOING
Regarding the hair iipun the legs, it is not always safe to assume that every horse with hairy legs is of Shire origin. Many Per- cherons of the old Boulanais type wear as much hair upon the legs as many individuals in the Shire breed. As a rule the Per-
c
~f'''.^
cheron is quite free from longhair upon the legs, while the Shircs are famous for this one thing. For .-..11 this, some of the be^t Percheron stallions ever brn, crht to this cnnntrv fr..m France were as hairy at the legs as many Shires, and it is a well estab- lished tact that the best and he^^viest geldings ever sired by Per- cheron stallions, were sired by these great big Pcrcherons with
Tiir: riRivKDs
m
much loilL' hair iiiir>ii ♦!,. i i .
quite a fAv ^ i;rcomh,^T- ti i '' -" ''\' ''*'"'• '^-'' ^'-^^ are -ry little hair upcMu^'t^ Thir"" ot ^ ''"^'='"^ ^^ '*'> Hngland. yet thev are tliere ii.sV 1, 'r '- '"' I'"I'"'<ir in
point, only lK.cal,sVMherer^.\-u.,• 7'"'^ .^ <'"pliasize this
arc a tt u misinformed men v. 1,,, b.Iieve
-e speak of^draft horsel t fe^^t Pethcr"^: 1 'r^' r"^"" '?^" uients upon this continent will in ?^\7^"" breeding; estabiish- uearing lonj. hair It e L '?'f' ^''^'>- '^'-' f""nd with horses the more bo^ic the n nr ^ ^ ' '^^ "''^''^ '^''^''" ""^ '"'"^-^ there.
also h^ir X ,.,^J es ther/"^?f"" "1,^ ■"^'"^ '"°''*^ '^'^'^ -" '"'^ Hordes there, bo far as hair upon the legs is cun-
\34
STUDIES IN HORSK BRKKDING
cerned. one should look a little higher up. If the fore arm and gask.n IS deficient m muscle. I would feel snfe in classing the
hl".^ "' n^. r- ""^•^^^•'- '°r^ ^^^ ^^''' ""ight be. if the stallion has a well uefined crest, coupled with a good muscular develop- ment and the other Percheron characteristics. I would not hesi- tate to class him with that breed. There are others who are in- clined to classify every horse with an arched nose, or great full- ness below the eyes, with the British breeds. Again many Per- cwerons are found with similar heads, and again one usually finds -nem among the stallions producing large horses. Such a head when narrow between the eyes is more likely to be a Shire but when wide between the eyes it is more likely to be a Percheron My own observations extending over many years make it possible for me to sum up the whole matter in one sentence. The more a Percheron resembles a Shire, the more certain he will be of sir- ing ton geldings.
^^^i.uV'* "r*"^ Harness or Park Horse. This class is made up or filled so far as market requirements are concerned by the Hackney more than by all other breeds together. The Hackney IS a native of England, and possesses more blood than any other horse in Europe used for harness purposes. The conformation of the Hackney is more nearly correct for high action than that of any other horse. The well nigh perfect flexing of keen and hock of the best actors within this breed is a beautiful sight yet he IS nothing if not a rich man's horse. Bay. brown, chestnut and black are the principal colors of this breed.
The coach breeds, so-called, both French and German are sometimes bred m this country for the purpose of supplying the demand for heavy harness horses. Few can show the action re- quired .or this purpose. These breeds were produced to be used for military purposes in their native countries, and have been introduced into this country as the result of the American com- mercial spirit I have spent both time and money investigating this subject but have yet to learn of a district in the United States that has been benefitted by the Coach horse of either country. The French Coach carries the more blood, and is the rnore uniform breeder. Most of the get of Coach stallions r'each the markets of the country as some kind of misfit, without the size and weight to perform the heavy work of the country, and witih insufficient action for high class heavy harness horses.
228. The Light Harness Horse. This class comes principally from the Standard bred trotter, a breed of American origin This horse is too well known to need more than a mention. Some excellent specimens are to be found within this breed for light harness driving, being both intelligent and spe^dv Tt is the larger specimens of the breed that are used for this purpos
Recently the federal government has shown an interest in the light horse industry, and are aiding by a breeding experi-
'U^-.^-'-
w.
%■
^^■:-*?-ti-:
. A.' 'tf IV ',■■ '_-':i -.
r**t A*
THK BRfiEIJS
135
229. The Five Gaited Hnr.. tu- .
"■l...lmsa fnncv for a > van,, t ,| " "■ "»>■■ !''"- '^« Lr.'.-dc.
work has been recorded °n ,1 ,oeTr; i,/ I'r" '" "" "'"•I'l-' fts ii, story. Poetr>, its (,ction. as well as in
breed than the Shetland TiedemanH'k''' "''''' ^"'"'^^'-''^'^ ^o
SL-aV-i£^:';«-',-'^H;;r"'"-'-^^^^^^^^^
-S>.«land islands. .5 .£*-.°^ :^3-:Z' .n^L^Hi^r ""i™ h1
1.16
srrniKs in horsk breeding
to some extent hy always of the poorest
was used principally in the coal mines and fishermen alon),' the coast. His food was
and scantiest stijiply. The climate was of the fiercest for either man or heast, heinp hoth cold and wet. He has survived these things and will live under every known condition of cln ite or food. In this country he meets a new condition, hoth as to hi.s needs and his work. In a country where food is plenty he is always fat, while his only work in this country has been the com- panionshi]) of children.
Some trouble has been experienced in this country in breeding them. This is wholly the result of too much feed.' They soon become too fat to breed well, unless used more than is usually the i>ractice. Most of the Shetlands brought to this country are bred in the north of Scotland.
CHAPTER XVI.
JACKS AND JENNETS.
many ,,arts of the country This L"""^ .""Portant l.usincss n jacks a verv h.crative ndustrv P *l^ '^' '''"'^''"f>' "' ^^ '"^ demanc. is iar^-er than the suMv Th K """'^ ^"od onosN 2 this cou.ury are sired by M."Snfofh \''"\'""'" Producd in ?ngm. While all the blood Tir/lr'J'\^ ^"-"d "f A"Hr,a jennets can be traced back to ""pl'^*^ Mammoth'jacks an present state of perfection fhl ^^"^f^'fan source, vet in tl„.i, •can skill and imllUgl^^^^^^^^^^
the^fend^J^f^ra oT^ct^s TrrM'^^ V'^ ^^"'^ «^
the best specimen ever bJoSgu here fro',:, "l ''^" '^'^""^'-^ ' '" '- , A continuous effort his )tl ^ *" Europe. hy all the breeders in f^x,^g the "oSr to h."'.' '^'''^ ""''^^ "ne. arouncf the nose and upon t e under °.S/ T^ ''>ht shading
v.IIe, Mo. The one marked V riyn^ l"" ^"'"' ^'^^•^'s- She won first in yearling cbss at S 8"''"r'^ ^''"'' ^"- 529. Also sweep kes as best i»nm.f ^""'^ Exposition in 1904
-n 1909. l!anu,e Pitnfan^^o "5 Tnf^l"^ ^^'^^°"'-' State Fair Queen, No. 525, is marked whh a 3 "^ '"''^ ^ ^- '^^'^'^^^^I^
No.^Sj^:S':f^5S^ ?;^y^^fS^f ^--^^ ^^^ck. Ka„e. .s owned by W. C. Martin, Ksant Hin m' ' m""'^'- '^'^''^ J-^^k v>tahty of this jack, as indicated by the-i°'.. '' '^' ''''"'"'' as thickness of the shoulders ^ ^^ ''^"^ «^'«h, as well
a h.W;^ T^'rr;ss'^ffrvf iti~ ^^'^" ^ ^^^"-". P-^uces
southwestern states. The ^^^1^^ so ifkT t'." "^'7 ^'""''^ «^ ^^e
ew men can tell the one fron/anothei T """'"• "^^' ""'>' ^
^^n^^^^XS^cdF^^ ^'^y ^^ ^""''
growing one. Formerly hrsocal"? oS.r' ^""-'^"tion is a 'n greatest demand. This mule vv^ rJi. ^mT'*' '^'^^ the one
m
JACKS AND JKNNETS
tion. It w;is the produce of a mare possessing much .varm blood. At the present time quality means size, plenty of hone, lar^e heart jjirth, with every evidence of {,'"od constitution, more than at any
a
3 O i.
it
<
I
k
B
u
time in the past. Such a mule can be produced, only by the use of some draft blood in the mare.
235. Where Mules are Bred. While the breeding and grow- mg of mules js now carried on quite extensively in several of the central vvestern states, yet it is done in rather a small way so far as each farm is concerned. In this respect it does not difTer from horse breeding in the same states and districts Only
THE BREEDS
in the southwest and i)arf« r( ,U
'-'''■ "^"'^!^t-:':;:^-^:::-;ip^^z
"" ^^"" I'Mir jacks.
FU„e 68.-The mammoth Jack, Eagle
No. S797
236. Breedinff for Jaclu Ti,
the production for jacks f^'hriin ^'^ ''^"^' states in which cons.derable importance. Howeve?^^eT"H " ^" '"d-tryof ts difficulties and troubles as drnth^.r bre^d-ng of jacks has
140
STIDIKS IN IIDRSi; IlKIICDING
iimrc 'liaii niurc-s. Tlio trouhlr cxiK-ricticcfl hy many jack hrcfcl- cTs in this particular is cnnsidcrablc. Diirinj,,' tlu- heat period the tcnipt-raturc of the jennet h more hkely than not to be too high. I lii> is now hfiii),' overconu- l)v hrtcdln^ the ji'imct hv a capsule service just as the heat periotl has passed.
237. Jack Foalt. Another drawback to the hreedinp of jacks i-- tile <leatli rate amonj;^ the foals. .\ jack foal is not as easily reared as a horse foal. Pneumonia carries away many of tliem in the early season, and indigestion, rectal hernia and hemorrhoids take awav manv <Jthers.
^'H \i'Ti:k \\ ii
CROSS BREEDING.
i^t tw.) \ <-,ir.
itiaiiv
as
lifit: r
very small ,„ar... u i ! Lr^^ t' I l"' -n "'""''" ' —"^^
■s arivcTSf t„ this. I.m it s. ,', r : l ' """^''"'"^ "' 'I'H.i,,,,
ence,ords.Mlu.,.xp,.ri..HUvas\ a :;''''''■ V;-'"' '■' '^''•■- ^vantin^r i.i .|<'nlitv ! „^at m ''^''•/'"'••■''■'''^■'■'' ^''^'-ns
-ciuin,,^, fro„, H(XJ „. 'W ,„;i ^ ^:' n!" '" "^ •^"'^'" '"-' - with an i.n.H.rtcl J-rrdirrnn , '-"nscnitiv sra.,„i.
i...nn.i. acJ,..iin, ,;::.::;,:];;;,;;::' :;":.:^;;'*^'7r ''""\ '"'' " '"^^
ff.riii l.it nt well 1,-iliiii-fl i. -.1 "■ '■'■^"It 'vas a Mill
-iti. an av.ra^. nc^^h;*!; ^iop:!;.":;:'^ r!" '"'^''•'^"''" '•'■' -^
proportinnrd h.-rsc in the |.,t ' Thi. t Vr '"'' ''•" ""^ •' '■ ""v
''-..<lin^ uas all .|..ne hy th,. .I^^ J;:^;;>„;;>^^' '"f^'' 'I-Kre,.. Tlu-
l-i^nu'f'ha^'.^rrhS f?'*"*- '"^ "- ^ak.. o. ,„.. .,
545 pounds uui, tiu-'s^s j ' ::t:zr:'''''^ 'f' ''' -^
-als were ,.,.d. They devH-.p ■ 1 n/t . Hi ''' ■'"''.^^*" '"•"""'"« I'alanced and uHI proportion,,! '^
P"M!1(] horse
W (■
^v.th an imported Belgian tTu, ■ ^ t "" '"•'"■'' '"'■ "^■'' ^^'a-'s the.capsul.' system heln^^f ' Yni'l^J"''"'' "^^ I'"-'!^.
sprn,.tr two car loa.is of these hoVs, wf^f ^ the serve- Tln\ ped to Pennsvlvania and old a '\ " '^^ - " ''"'' '^''^"
average weight of thLe ou^ v ar Tf ^' ;'^ ^'1" ''^ ^••'''-■'^- ^^''^ I4,Wpoundseach. an.lever ,n\ a .. ." '' '"'"" '"■'"''''' -as well proportioned. ■ '' ^""'' '""'• ^^'^'l I'alanced and
M Je'- a"^:::.'^. ^^^^^c^St^lio., do not Mate weU with „y
-hen qual.ty stallion^ e" ^^^ an t na^^^ ^ ^'••'' — ^''' has been a failure. It can he r^ "n! „" wl = '• ''■^' °"" ^'^''^^ •'Vantiiig in cjuaiitv. coarse an,ri,'niT-",V' ^ '^"'-",»'' ^^nat a staiiion -ith any mate hoWeve larg shTmav b?*^ T"'" T ""^^ -^" hons are mated with large mares il \ :''^" '''^''" ^"^h stal-
will be found ^vant,„g f^uai u" '1 r'r'"^""^'"''>-. the foaU those out of the smalf mare ' '"''"''"' ^"'^^ •''^ "^"^'h as
142
STIDIES IN HORSE BRRKDING
242. The Breeds Di£Fer in Regard to such Crosses. As re- gards the crossing of small mares with large stallions, it makes some difference about the breed to which the stallion belongs. The British breeds do not give as good results in violent cross- ing, as do the Belgian and Percheron stallions. I have frequently seen horses with large heads and legs, but bodies small, resulting from mating very small mares with stallions of British breeding.
2*43. Crossing the Bree'^A or mixing the blood of pure bred horses is quite another thing, and should never be undertaken by anv one but the most intelligent breeders. That this can be done advantageously, we already have proof. In cro^sing blood it matters not so much about the breeds as it does the types. Mat- ing animals of two breeds, but of the same general type, will give better results than mating two animals of the same breed, but of widely different types. To put it in another way, mating two animals of two draft breeds will give better results than mating two animals, one a drafter, the other belonging to the harness breeds.
244. The Saddle Horse is an iMustration of this thought. It was produced by mating Standard mares with pacing gait, with Th(»roughbred stallions. To begin with, these breeds were of similar ty])e. anci the cross resulted in a most pronounced im- ])rovement. for the purpose for which the cross bred product was intended. The gaits have been secured from the original mares from which the breed originated, while the symmetry, stvle of carriage and in'^elligence have been transmitted from the Thoroughbred.
245. Recrossing Breeds. The stallion shown in figure 70, is the result of a breeding experiment with draft blood. This ex- periment began with a grey imported Shire mare. She was mated with a black imported Belgian stallion, resulting in a grey tilly. When this filly was old enough she was mated with a grey imported Percheron stallion, resulting in the stallion shown in figure 70. It is claimed by most writers that sires produced by cross breeding will not prove prepotent breeders ; that their foals will not be uniform as regards any quality, color, size or form. The stallion above referred to is owned by a colony of Russians in South Dakota, and enjoys the distinction of having produced more geldings selling for three hundred dollars or more, than any stallion ever owned in that state. His get are remarkable for their uniformity of size, combined with quality, and 85 per cent of them are grey. The number of ton geldings sired by him, and out of mares weighing only 1500 to 1600 pounds, is simply remarkable.
Here we have a re-cross bred stallion, that is one the result of twice crossing, and possessing the blood of three draft breeds. The individuals composing his immediate ancestry were quite uniform, although belonging to three breeds. A wider difference
CROSS HRKKDIXC
M,?
l>rccd, as It is of type. "*"' ''' "^"^'' ■'' matter of
'''*Be%?an/W?ohT?o^^ '^n'a' ll,'}iy"{;rte"d''..'"""--'""^ 'he ,„oo<, of the
cle\en years at Randolph, Nebraskn Ti,- . .,• an imported Perchero/mare and sired ' '"'''' ""' "^
stallion, both dam and sire beine o- 'od jnV '!? ^P^'-t^-d Shire great size and the best dr^fr,^.^nf^ ndividuals, possessing
stallion was a dark grey in color wSneH'°"- ^^'^ ^■'^"' "^ '^-^ More than .0 per c^t^f th^'St^r'^I^;- ^;- tl^ r^n
144
Sri'mivS IN HORSE BREEOING
or m
■ grey, and this one stallion made Randolph the first primary arkct in the United States, in the production of high class geld- ings sired by this stallion mature to 2200 pounds, and have sold in the open markets of this country up to five hundred dollars each.
247. The Mares of this Cross are also Producers of High Qass Foals. Nor has the good done the horse breeding industry at Randolph, by this stallion, ended in the production of these high class geldings. His rnares are proving the best producers of geldings ever owned in that district. It is a fact admitted by all breeders of pure bred draft horses, that no pure bred mares can be found in that district, which can equal as producers of quality, these grade mares sired by that cross bred stallion.
248. Adhmng to Type. These things are not written to encourage any one to embark in cross breeding horses, for not one i'^ a thousand would succeed if they undertook it. When we rem( iber that all draft bred horses have a common origin, it is not very violent crossing when we cross any or all of them. The thing to guard against is in crossing types. It is because of this that so few succeed in breeding pure bred horses. Only a few men seem to understand that by using a stallion of one type for one cross, then one of distinctly another type for the succeeding cross, must necessarily result in failure, and this is what most of our breeders are doing. To succeed in breeding, one must have a standard or type in mind, and then breed to it.' It will not matter so much about anything else, if the standard or type is strictly adhered to.
249. ViiJent Crossing has Proved a Failure. In crossing types I have never known of any good resulting, when carried beyond the first cross. In Missouri I know of several stallions standing for service, the stallions being the result of crossing pure bred draft stallions upon Standard mares. The get of such cross bred stallions have very little value, seldom two being alike m any respect. It is such violent crossing that has given cross breeding its bad reputation.
250. Mendel's Law of Heredity is the best test of the good or ill effects of cross breeding. When the ancestry of two ani- mals is known, their produce can be foretold by this law, to nearly a mathematical certainty. One could take a grey mare of one breed, whose type or conformation throughout all her past ancestry was the same as that of a grey stallion of another breed, and their produce would be just as certain to possess the grey color and conformation of the original pair, as if that pair had been of one breed. This one sentence covers the entire field of cross breeding.
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE PHRENOLOGY OF THE HORSE.
olo|f';^^'•:;i?a!;?y^t^:j?J™"^»-^^ to speak of the phren- a smile, yet these Yame r^ J u "'^^ "'^" '^ '^"t to i.mvoke
that val^e in a horsrrereset:"reS''^" "f "^ '" -'-'' muscle. Bone and muscle woL^nf^fi "'°? '^"" '^'^"'^ ^^^ no stimulation for the action of ^L "'" ^^l"."' '^ ^'"■^^' ^^as is but the function of the brain anS is' ^'"'''^ ^'''^ stimulation ^ --- the body/rn/^^;^?^- - -r3^-
hor?f^;osrererw.tee^;,n?,^HeTar:;.i^^ Th^rh^ -"-^^ a his work. ^ ^^^^ ^^'th which he performs
horLterfo:m"S^ork";;.ith"th'; '" "'^r^^'"^' ^^^* "" ^- resulting. Some aonear to In t., '""""i ''^^'"^^ °^ exhaustion
willingnis uXow'n'\'o Xrs 'and rt^'ho'"' ^ '^^^'"'" -'^"^ haustion; while others must be ur^eJ in 7 "° ''^"' "^ ^•^- do their work, and yet the v-ilu.v=T '"■[^^'" *° ^^^ ^hem to
is wholly a conditio^ of the nerv„us*^Pn ^' '" he exhausted. This Then again, some horses perform'Lv^ta"^''^" ""^u'^' ^''''''■ agreeable frame of mind, whk Others w M f ''''" l^'"" '" ^" under protest. The one i a iUing he per t,!" T^"'"^ l""''^'' obstinate. In this particular the d^o norjifTe frn ^r"" •' *'"^ subject. -^ °' "'"*^' irom the human
253. Comparative Anatomy of Brain A .f.,^ r .1 parative anatomy of the hrain ,1; f"**"- ^ ■'>tudy of the coin- faculties of h^Lse of the bralrZ' '''"r"^* '^'^' '=' ^" ^he tween man and many animals Tnim.l' '%''"'" difference be- hence we find the StTof 'anne h ' h""" l 'l' '' "''" ^'^ "^^"• must defend and protec fheLelve rol ' u T'^ '" ^■^°''^- '^"^h we find the faculties of com^ativene s des uctic n °^ T^"''-^' '"^"^^ common to both. The desire tWrnWl ^'^f^r^'^V " ''"^ secretion
common to both man and tne ho";;'';n'd w "findT,°' T'^V-^^^ developed in both The orp-nn. ^f f ^ , ^ ^hese faculties
by the'horseas well as man^and we frnTth "' '^''1'^ ""'/ "^^-'^^^ in a high degree The ho;^^^^^! I t^ faculties developed
aid him' in se'e?ng in the'ni^h^.Ts^ , ^s?.' bTJS 1 ''''^"^ distinguish between forms seen at inv tim. tk ^^ ^ ^° '"'^ ^"^^ ity is just as necessary to him fhL 7 , ^^e organ of local-
locations and difeSs'^^'^ :?/,norge°ra^"1 "7'"^" once been to, and most horses if take"awaf rromtmelo'r":
146
STiniKS IN IIORSK BRKKDINO
lonp distance and circuitous windings will return by the shortest route, if given their liberty. 1 know of a Pawnee ponv mare that was ridden from eastern Nebraska, southeasterly iiito and through Missou.i, then in a northerly direction to near Daven- port, Iowa. From the latter place she broke away from her keeper and ma^'- back directly to Nebraska, and her numerous
FlKUrr 71. — The brain of the horse.
family, reaching her old home three months after she was stolen. She was traced over this route, but those following her were always sufficiently behind to make the capture of the thief im- possible. It was known that the pony had secured her freedom and was on the way back, two weeks before she reached home. 254. Quality of the Brain. The brain of the horse is of better quality than that of any other animal. While the brain
;;'»«: ^-^s^-
THK PHRENOLOGY OF THE HORSR
founa. It is the texture or qualitv o th^ ^ '''''"' "^ ^''^^^ be as Its s.xe that denotes menT^l auah v % ''""•/l"'*^ ^« "'"ch held that a horse must be ver mintel t .T'' ^^''^semen have bra.n. nhile as a matter of fVct feu .nil 7 ''"/""'''■ "^ '^is small of manifestinK such rar" ine li^' nee a^'f' ' •''"■^•' ''' "P--»'>'-' thmgs bemg equal, size woukl "',„,,> ' ''■ '^^^ ^'^^er
throughout all Nature, quali y coi nt, f ^'"'^ "' ''"^^^'■- ^ut large t.mher of pme -:i.d ^ st;^:/^^ a' sS/^^.r;,, ^
Pimr,. 72.— The human brain.
horseman. It is the nervn,^!T °^ greatest interest to the
degree, that gi^es the horse th.tTir?''"' ^'\'.'°P^^ '" a hJgh 's but "bottom". It is als^the int.^r U'' "" '*^'"'"^- ™s the nervous temperament predomnS p' '" "'^■'^'^ ^^'^ ^^^
Breeds can be reciuvs:':i^x i^:^:::;:.:^.
148
srrniKS ix iiorsk brkkdinm;
The warm bred horses, such as the harness and saddle horses are usually found with the nervous temperament predominatinp. The Percherons i)o.ssess this temperament to a higher degree than any other of the draft breeds.
256. Vital Temperament. The vital temperament is found developed in the Belgian more than in anv other breed. The vital temperament supplies vitality to the' organs. It is the source of all vital energy, and sustains the entire animal econ- omy. Its j.redominance gives us a horse with a deep, well filled body, with a tendency to take on flesh rai)idlv. It is from among horses with this temperament well developed, that we find most of our dull, sluggish, and stupid horses.
257. The Motive Temperament. It is this temperament that results from the organs of motion being well developed. This temperament is indicated by the development of the bones and muscles of the horse. This temperament is more prominent
Fitrurr 73. — ^A sectional view of the cranium of the horse showing the brain cavity.
in the Shire than any other breed, while the Clydesdale combines the rnotive and nervous temperaments in a remarkable degree. We find most of our self-willed horses among those with large motive, and small nervous temperament.
258. A Wdl Balanced Organism. It is possible to have the temperaments well balanced. So far as draft horses are con- cerned, the better balance found existing between the tempera- ments the more valuable the horse. In the Belgian as a breed, we find the nervous temperament poorly developed. The Clvdes- dale is more deficient in the vital temperament than any other, while the Percheron as a breed is found deficient mostly in the motive temperament. A well balanced organism can be found more often among the better Percherons, than in any other breed.
259. The Comparative Anatomy of the Brain of the horse can be .studied by a comparison of figure 71, with that of 72. In figure 71 can be seen the brain of the horse, while figure 72 s~hows the human brain. The greatest evidence of brain power, is in
FlKiirp 74. — F
wi;,I^Ti;';:?:^J{;:^,^'- ''fa^of an intem.,.nt hor«.
' frontal and nasal. The braif lie Tnr .r' ''''' '^-"^s ; parietal, most part, and gives this nart^f. *'',''""^^' ^'""''- ^or the being full or depfess^d! as iHria^rge t Snn ^'^^^/''T^'''""" "^ or cranium is made greater nko .c .1 "*^ '""''i'" C'l^itv
orbit IS increased. The brain tse?f is Hi n"" ^'""'" "•"'^'t *« parts: The cerebrum, form "he lar^'T %'"'" ^'^"'^ '^^'^
iongata. passing bet.ee^n t^e^^on: Var^Til^^^f.H^'^: ^f 'j^-b-
^^!^
ISO
STUDIES IN HORSK BREEDING
260. The Cerebrum the Organ of InteUigence. It is with the cerebrum we have most to do in this chapter. Aside from ZiZeVj" %V''' of the cerebrum that gives to the horse h^ he ex^enrf; J^L' Tu" determined by actual measurement of of Vhnr^l , •' "" 'i' ''"^1- ^" *^S"''*= 74 is shown the head
ot a horse possessing a large bram. as indicated by the width be ween the eyes, and distance from eye n, the ope^ning o the ear A horse narrow between the eyes, will be found timid as well as wantmg in intelligence. It is no easy matte to frighten a horse possessmg extreme width between the eves; whik- the horse with narrow frontal bone, is alwavs "seeing things "
"''""nu'll-^n..'""" ^'"^^ "' '"" •^^^'^ °' ^ »'°"« posBossing remarkable
261. The Horse of Extreme InteUigence. Figure 75 is a side view of the head of one of the most intelligent horses, if not the most intelligent, ever known. This horse was an educated one. not in trickery such as mesmeric and other tricks of man, .nnun"" .""k"*" intelligent things. Among other things he
could do was to be placed in a room by himself, where he would put together a set of blocks, forming 'a figure, which could only be formed by one way of arranging the blocks. He could open
JaZIT"" ^7 1°°: 'n I' '°"'^, ^" °P^"^'l '-^y "^^". without ?he aid of a key. In fact all his work was the work of an intelligent
The"frn"ntTl^K^ possessing the intelligence of the ordinary man. The frontal bone of this horse extended two and seven-eighths
•«Bac
■■nm.-T-
THE niRENOLOCV OF THF. HORSE „,
«
photographic reprod^ io""f sii ,*L^"r '" " ''^°^^" ^^e actual
bram capacity. This stal on i'easureH^t "°i ''^'"arkable for between the eyes, nine inches from *lt" """^ °""^^'^ *"^h^-^ and th.rteen and one-eighth inch^^TroT clnt^eroTtfelytai?;:
152
STI DIKS IN IIORSK BKKi;i>IN(J
onally across thr opniiiip of the opposite ear. The ' ntal bone of his head extends two and one-fourth inches to the eye. This stallion has l)ecn made to make services without a strap of any kind upon him, in a yard where ten or a dozen peldinps and marcs were preseiit. The door of his stall can be left ojjen. and he will not go out without permission, even th nigh many horses are in sifjlit upon the ..ntsidc. He can be driven anywhere with- out lines, and he will always turn to the ri>jht for any vehicle to which is hitched a horse, but if he meets an automobile, he will give no part of the road.
FlKure 77. — Front view of the head ot an Intj'lllni.nt lolt.
263. An InteUigent Colt. Figure 77 is the head of a colt at thirteen months. The width between the eyes, the fullness ol frontal bone and distance from eye to ear all denote intelligence o I high order. His true character docs not misrepresent his piirenology, for he is a colt of the highest intelligence. One onlv has to show him what is wanted of him, and he is alwavs readv to do it. ■ '
264. The Head of a Timid Horse. Figures 78 and 79 are f r( .nt
and side views of the head of a stallion too narrow between the eyes A horse with such a head will alwavs be found timid. His nasal bone is full and arched, making the 'form known as Roman nose. Ihis form of nasal bone is always associated with self-
Till-; niKi:v,)i..H,v ok y„
I llciH^i.;
m
"illcd hordes Mil,! uii..t. i . i •
o eat ui;cn l.nngry. I„ f,^ 1 ' sn . ^'['"'^^y l<"ous enough frontal bone between the eves nn.I r ^'^^^ ^^P^^^ion of the head fro,n eye to ear. So So-n s a "he 'f J'' '' ^'^^' ^'^^''^"--^^ "^ \vuh so small a brain cavity and ti? '" •"''"" '"^ ^'^^ horse does not belie his phrenolol^"^' I neve .tT"'"" "^ ^'^''^ ^orse ^vc^^e .dinary anin.l i.^tinct^b:"/- ^^reKlS'i!;^;^^
cm be\oldT?r;eJ;;ra;;;;.randV''- ''•'""^'^•^'■'- -' ^he horse has reference to the Zlitv of th. K '"" V'^'^^'^'' '^^^e former tity. The motive em e amcnt k w,"'"' V^'' l^"^-- *" the quan- organs of motion are' greau" I "' '''r.^^"-'°P'"ent of the
greatest. It ,s ,n this temperament we
154
TIIK I'llHKVOI.Ot.V riK rilK. linRSP,
Vtr utt 7».— Hid.! \ .'W of the h.ad ahuwn in fiKure 7s. Tho full or arched form of f.iro u. notig a «elf-wllleU dispositon.
Flsnre 80.— Front view of the head of an unintolllgent brute. Note the depression between the eyes.
TMK .HRPvoroov or tim; „„r,p
co„u„„»„„„, „„„„ ,„ i.„,h ,l?;;;;;ir,'wM::;;;;;:^;;\-■i;■,';•■"• ■"'xt or „„r ,|„ll. la/v „,„i „,.L I " <"U'".-.„,,.,„ ,v^ ,-,„,,
-n. <i,.,n,„,,„, „, „,„„„;„•"]"»' .trre,.,^;!.,",,.;",;;,,';:" •^-
indicated bv the bnVht -.t,^ ^
hair and
are'^^nd'l'n' rheTup:!^r.tI:!^n^rh"I»*- ^he best results peraments. The tita is ne?ded to feed i^"" "■' '^''^ '^^^- The motive is needed to give streL h tn'J'f """"'^ '^"^ ^"^y- ^vh,Ie the nervous is actuS v „ SS/to f "'n •^'^'^^^ P""^' tion for action of every bone nnH ' '^"'' ^'^^ stimula-
can be seen an .deal cotJlb na" ^n o' th'Sr^rt^;'" '" '^^"'■^- ^^^ such a combination as is seldom Le. ^^^^ ^^^^r^^'^'^' ^^^ ^cep body, ana {jood middle are evidence nf'r".'"""- I''^ massive bone and yreat muscuhrTv^r '-' P°'^"- The
wh.le the great brain ca^c ty and ouabu'"' "' ' ' ""'''"' ^^""^ = wonderful nervous energy ^ ^ '^^ '" ^''•-"'■>' P^^t show a
1S«
STUDIES IN HORSE BREEDING
'K
270. In the Quantity of Brain, the size of the cavity is our only i^uide. This is indicated by the width between the eyes and fulness of same, together with the distance from eye to ear. Those wide between the ears, are to be watched, for they will be found vicious and treacherous. Horses narrow between the eyes will be found timid — that is, wanting in courage. The wider between the eyes, and the greater the fulness of the frontal bone, the greater will be the intelligence.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE SCIENCE OF JUDGING DRAFT HORSES.
hor!e": nJre:^h"i^'p^;:::;*^h^f^^^^ In the Judging of draft essential points An^e^nTrnV^n ';"'^" .^"'-J^hed to the most it adds n/thing to the v^tHh^of tKor'se' ^Th"^ *° '?" ''''' ^'^ adds nothing in real value to the drift ^" " ^^'''"' ^'^^ trot
tance is attached to this Sxit bv nl / • ^ "^' ^^^ '""'^^ ■'"P"'"- walks right, his trot will be LrVig"h° Ut tf/ r '^ ^l''' '^''■- performing his work at the rot f nH n ^^^J^^^ drafter is not to use that gait. *' ^""^ ''''" ^^'^om have occasion
sysfem of''- ;?g4^!rno^t^•^;e J,t ^'^:^ '^ "k"^ °^ ^ '^^«- the score card^ not in t"se. aTcoM of iT s '" ^■'' 'l^"""^ ^" fore .istern and hock combined out of V ^lY",;^^ P'^''^^'^* case of more than 100,000 ho?.es reported To "'''' ^^ /" ^^^ went wrong been ■■ of defective f^r^. ^ P'^'" ""* ^^ t'l'^m actual testte find an impo "nee o??nr''"" '"u^ '^°'='^- ^^ ^he ed to these two poins while" in htj ""* '''°"'^ ^^ ^"^^h- 11 per cent is given them f nn. 7 ^^" 'H^Portance of onlv
cent of a whofe betwee^theorv LT"f ^f '' difference of 19 per only two parts of the horse uhatJf ''^''""^ '" '^^ ''^''oi part of the' horse is considered ^ ""' "''^''' ^'^"" ^■^^'■>'
the'oniy t "°To tf ^-^^er* U^te'd '!^*?"" ' ^7 P^^^^'^ machine, constructed for a peS nnrn"'"^^'"'.^ ^"^ t° « mechanical tests tried to lear^'^l fweS Tm "'t '/ 'T''' carrying on these tests for many years '''''^ '''^^"
the'pe; c1Jt%^S'hf b'or'Jru"'''' t' ^^T^ ^ '-"-^ was tests of draft horseTl'foun^d'thTJrom 56yto'59^^- '" '"^"^ he weight was borne upon the fore Teet Tb. ^ P^"" "^/"^ °^ these tests was slightly less than SS I. ^ average for all
the Standard bred horse aTre.ter « ?• '^u!' '?*• ^" ^he case of feet, than any other K^d^^here'fsi'l^HTff' "P°" '"^^ '^'^ the several draft breeds but .w^^ slight difference also, in to the student or breeder "^^ '° ^" °^ ^"^ interest
penfed by"e'lTh?nTof ."dr^a^rr*^- '''^ '^"^'^""^ ^' -"^v ex- investi^ated In tH" etn H ' !" ™°^'"^ ^^'^^^ loads I have from 1400 to' 19^ ptndJ^'ThSf^Jer' made lIT^uirf"' ^'^'^^'"^ level, scales being used to regitrthTd'raS.^-^^^^rno.S
158
STUDIES IN HORSE BREEDING
difference was registered between the many horses used, the average being 71 per cent for the hind legs and only 29 per cent by the fore legs. This one line of investigation teaches up that the
hock is the most important part of the draft horse, and it also teaches us why so many horses go wrong in the hock.
276. The Proper Set of the Hind Leg. Most draft horses are either too straight or too crooked in the hind leg. A hock set at the proper angle gives more power, than when set too far
THE SCIENCE OF JUDGING m^.T HORSES ,5,
li^tSltrtlf t.^t'Sf ,, i:,;;;;^^,-^ ^ectl, set as .e.ards never go wrong under anv drcum^t '". ^r°°''.''"^''^>- '» will cident. the bone above or bdovvThe h 'l uV^' ^""'^ "^ ^'<^- hock will break or go wrong '''" ^''""^ ^'^^'^ the
havf LdTTf ?hf JS^s of*trt-^°"'."™';'°"'- ^" -->■ tests I to group all hockVin o threfcl™ '^°^l°""^*''°"l ' ^"^ it easy 82. The hock shown at ''\" will n.'. '^ ^""^ ''^°^^" '" fipure ■s good. Such a hock can b 'tested'" bv T7^ '^ ^'^^ ^"'^"^-^ power, and in practically every test th I '^PP'^.'"? mechanical
^^■^''i^rV'rs^^ZTt^^^^^^ At-B-in
set or angle such a hock will be oSnd sbVbH' ''""'" "^ ^^''^ part of the joint, making this joint weak in ^ /^P'" '* ^^'^ ^°^^ w.th such a conformation tha't we usSlv TJ'T ""''•• ^^ '^ thoroughpm. Such a hock is likelv Zu ' ^ ^''^ 'P^^'" ^"'l part, as the hock shown at •' V' in thil fi ^' u*'""^ '" ''^^ '•'''«^k found weak at the front plrt of the JoiSf'' ''"' ^'"' "'^"^-"^ '^'^
at the hind part of thejo m it is w7th . "''? ^' ^°""^ "^^'^ hock such as this, that we find the r,?rh '\':'5'"^o'-|"at.on of the be as strong as any in i\s front part ^ ''''''' '""'^ ' ^""'^ "^^^
circ^!;ieT?eV'rT,^e"ot:ic''h7?s"r^ \" '"^"'"^ ^^ ^'^^ of figures 82 and 83 wer'a so endosed L'"". "^'f'.^T'^ horses owned were reported hnmthfy T-P"^^^ °^ *01'839 these 32,902 were reposed as having J' °' '"^estigafon. Of of horses reporting were reouesfed t^o . """ ""u°""^- Owners of their hor es wifh thole Xw^t 'fiVu;eT82Vn'^^ the result of these comparisons Of the 12^?^ ^""^ '^P"'* as unsound, 21,737 were reoorteH nnL^.'^V^ horses reported
such unsoundness beb/Tn the ho S' He '"'' '' ''' ""* "^ evidence of the importance of ". J^^/u ,^, *'*^^'" ^^« have theory, but actuaUact Of al bourses be?^' '"^ "^'^'^ "°^ "P°" cent did so because of their hock°?oing wro"? Tn'Z'' ,'\?"
a1t'h:tcr"^'' "° P-^ ^•^-'^ ^^ ^ivenfci^e/uYatSion"
281. The Conformation of Unsound Hock. Tj,» r tion of hock shown at "A" in fieurr82 "?! m %''''"^"'''"=^- -n unsound hock, while the sound hr ' '^°'" /°""^ ^^'^^
with that conformation. The larlst nn^^h'^S'^^'''^' ""^P"--*^^ was reported as being o the confn^r,^ . ^u" ""^ ""sound hocks g2 K ocing ot tne conformation shown at "B" in figure
160
STI'DIKS IN HORSE BREEDING
282. The Ccrrect Conformation of Pastern. Taking up the conformation of the fore legs, of the 32.902 horses reported as unsound, 11,165 of them w?re reported unsound in front. As
H
regards these, 10,378 were reported with short and straight pasterns. Some were reported as having rather poor feet at the time of their purchase, hut where the eastern was of proper length and elasticity, the feet had remained in about the same condition. Upon the other hand, horses purchased with good feet, but short, straight pasterns, soon became crippled in thei
■-V-s^fittital
•;■ _,i«»»«w-.
■rHK SCIKNtK OF JI'DCINC
l>KAFT IIORSi:;
feet.
horse
fairl}'
161
es reported unsound.
l']!^ '•■'^<'t ,,„ P" C\-nt
Pastern . 4186 127
l-"etlock .',■.■ ''"« 2.9
Kiice 1-69 3g
Elbow 7 Q2
Shoulder '>'> 2
Hind Keet z;;;;;;;; -•"•^ 7;
Pastern ... ■♦■^ 13
I'etlock .. JO.. ..7 32
Hock .. l-'Hi 30
Stifle Z -^0^15 614
Hip ■■■•■■•■•■•;;•""■;;•■:::::;::::::: % •'«
uns^-dn!^f S:"- ,,^0 atten.^^^^^ made to indicl the
only be.ng piven. The^one e.xc^^nlon of h"'"? '■" '^^ ^'"'^"ble sidebones. Tins defect was of .s S fre u em ^ " '" ''^''''^ ^« ed It best to let it be known -,' 1? 7 ' "^currence. I d.em-
horses were troubled with s kh, n ll"' ''"'• .°^ ^" ""^"""'1 given the location and per ce t ,: '''" '*"■ *''^ ^'''^ tin,, s
unsoundness in draft horses s on ^''^^"^■"^^y f^' the occurenc, '• thern upon the streets orou'cie^^'C'r""''''-^' 7^'''^'' ^" ""^ the draft horse, in the order of their fin "' '''^•'''^'"* I"''^ts of 61.4 per cent • th. f^.„ / -" °j /■^^''^ frequencv, is the hoclc. with
possible and we f^nd "th;; ^^t^'' '" '^'" thTemi'r'e^^lVt ':^;"J^°^' ^«^^-tive hock and pastern. Taking
If- ^®^t
detective pastern.
horse as much as
per cent, of the unsoundness
Reducing the numbSPoTw'^' ^^ ''''' ''
possible, and we f^nd that al
reported, was the result of u
the ent re number , ( u "-----^vc uuck and p
were detective in the tore pastern ' """' "■""" '° P" «•«
-y. Here .,.. ^^one o,\,fen;L^":.hVl,,'ffi:?Xe"is n^"™.
s placed
I«.' STIDtKS I\ KORSK llKKRniNO
ui>(>n jtrize winiiiiij,' horses by tlu- fjreat mass of |)fo|)K', and cs- l»ecially l)rcf(lcrs, l".\liil)itors will thiTiist-lvcs i)rice first class uiiitUTS hclnw tlio-c winning,' no plai f in thv >anic- class, it also cxiilains in a mcaMirc. why our i>cst horso an- never shown.
286. The Value of Good Eyes. The next most important ()oini in the hor-^e, is the eye. It is very important, hoth because <it the utility valui' it pives the horse, and the tendency to inherit defective vision. In a rei)ort upon 4Q,317 horses used in this country, ei^'lit \iars or more of age. 5,01,^ had some inherited defect of the eye. \t the af>:e of iuur and live years, these same horses had all l)een ])assed as havinj; j^ood eves. These rei)orts were based upon the examinations of veterinarians, and must he Ciiiisidered rcli.ible. Such a report is >tartlinfj. however, and well m.iy be when some more than 10 per cent, of the commercial horses of a country have defective vision. It is much tnore than 1 would have been inclined to believe, had 1 not the figures he- fore me. This is in a measure a breed defect, as the grade I'er- cherons wt re found much more defective in this respect than any other breed
287. Intelligence and Temperament. The brain develojiment of the horse, including temperament, i)lays a much more import- ant part in making u]) the value of a hor>e than has ever lu-en accorded it. The greater the brain develoi)ment in the draft horse, the more ea.-ily his work is done, the more ])]e,isure the driver experience in the handling of his team, and the less wear upon the horse as a result of his willingness ti> ])erform everv dut\' reciuired of him.
288. Defective Wind. .Another defect too frequently seen in tin- draft horses of this country is that of defective wind. This defect is ffumd in several forms, the most comnion l)eing that of roaring, and more correctly known as laryngeal heniiphlegia. 1 have attempted no line of investigation so difficult of attaining definite results, as that of reaching any definite conclusions in the matter of defective wind. This, for the most part, was made difificult becau,e of there being no way of testing the wind of a horse e.xcejit to "wind him" by violent exercise, such as rajiid trotting or running. Running the horse a short distance is the ♦ est emi)loyed in the markets when a horse is sold, but for the large users of heavy horses in the city to eniplo\ such a method at their annual examinations, or at any time, would require con- siderable time and one finds no disposition on the part of the large concerns to waste time in doing such things. The result IS that no test for w ind is given until the horse is incapacitated for work I find that many of the largest iransfcr Companies, as well as others emi)loyink a large number of horses, have a system of examining their horses annually ,and keeping a record or such examinations, but the test for wind is omitterl
Tin:
-« II \i
l...rta„ce of 17 ,..r V.!); ' r^ \: ;;;', :', ^'T';''' ''•■,^— 'n nn-
P'ac<-s .-m import.-uuT of 1^ „ut ,' ,'""'Vr "'.'. '" ^''•"'••■•'' "^t-
;-- t u.y sl.ouK, ,., ^,,,,, „;■„;; :,^.;;;";: ^^---tratH fact
^t-m.iani.a. ^as,.,l .,p.,„ .^^^ /^ .^/-'Y • '-t j.ist so lon^ ,. 'i"'«T.nf,r, ami liorsc. win,,,,... n r , l, '^ '?" " '^ ''"(• Jud-.-s
'"•'■I frivcn to th.-,,ri,.s ,„ ,1,,. ,„, ^' .'','" '"""■'' ■'ttcnti,,n has
acttial tact 'tuutKi to a c„:icr. |,asc,| „,„,„
289. Judging Cattle. Th,- indirinr . f , . '•;;<liiccd to ana. :nost exact ^cu„c Th .'■'^^••'ttl.• lia> l.ccn
'I'VKicd (m.ntalh , ,„to tlu- .,■ r 1 ' ■"•""■'' '" '"' JI»1k<'I i^
■•'"""'-'1 in th.. ch.,s j„d,.cd n. !| '.. 1 ,- ir'"'"'' "''■' "'" ^^'"^■'' open mark.-t. Tht-re is no l "'' ""'^' nioncv in the
cannot b. applied to ;h;,iir;y:,,'::;;7" -">• tlu- san,c r^l 'as .,nly to keep in min i a f^ a Z-ilk' ^""T u" '''* '''^^ "'"^ I""--- - In.t an anintat.-.l , ch , ,^ '" '",■•'"• "'■''^ •' 'i----"-'
290. A New Scale of Pnint. i i
".'■ 1-nts ul.l be tound nofcTcaHv ■ "'• "'^- "'"""'"f>' --ab- "ve miportanc. o, each art ft TT': ''' '"^'^'^"'^^ '^'^ "''a- "-rrmilated: ' ^ '^ ^'''' ^""aft ho.se. than any ,.ver
Form and Quality:
.■.Hn/4„.„i:,_ ... , . " "^'^"' fnt' Side t)n-v «ti,„,,.l 1,,, , , ■- ^' •■■■ tnt h..av. ^ P^'-'
We,ght. „ver 18(W lbs.. accoHii^K' , i' ;^; ^
UA STIDIIIS IN ll()K>K ilKl:i;i)IN<,
Haad .nd Nack:
liilelliK'fiirc, as iii.|i( ;it«-(l l>\- width and liiltifs-. liftwccn tlie
eyes, aiicl «i)ud liiiKili lioin fves to t-arv 4
Kycs, large, tiill. liriK'lit and ,,( a lia/tl rol.ir 10
Mars. Kitdiinn >izf ami carrud cnrt 1
N'eik, noiid IciiKrlli. iiiiiMlfd. \\.\\\\ wtd! cli-um-d crot, wind pipe largi-. Iliroal hiU li clean 1
Forequartari:
Sliouldcr sliipiMK. ufll iniiMlfd ^
Ann and lUrcarni widl nuisi-Ifij 1
Ktii-o widr, ^tr.iiKlit, uidl Mii>|i(iili(| Ixduu I
I'ctlficks wide and strung; 2
Pas'crns. slcpin^ 45 deK'rees. k.mkI UiiKtli. elastic 10
I'cct. larKc, even size, dense h<irii 5
Body:
I.onK. with short hack and hmn untlerline. well covered with nuiscle. Width gnod >
Chest wi<le. extending well ijiwii hetween forelegs; large
girth. W) inches or more in maliire horse 2
Underline, tlank low and well Idled 2
Hindquarters:
t'rcnip wide, strai«hl. tail attached high, well carried; thighs
and gaskiiis very muscular 1
Hocks, clean, wide, straight and strong 15
l'"etlocks. wide and straight 2
Pasterns, inediuin length, sloping 2
Feet, large, even size, dense horn 3
Walk, straight, regular. long striile. lialanced and elastic 8
Wind:
(.-Xctual test) good clear, hreathing deep and strong 10
100 .■\n unsound horse, or one with defective wind should be given no place in any .show ring.
4
10 1
<^"H.\I''IKK XX,
10
5
1 16
2 3
FEEDING THE HORSE
'n"'-U...th assisted, .,,,,., ,.,;•'
'■ first r.'.liKfd In- tli'c I'liic'ks, in i)as>iti^r' It t,,
tu- place- of Kri.Hiinfra,,, ,;„^". ""^"'■^•k^. -n i.as.,,,^;- „ t., '''^' '"--T jau is al.ont a i 'h '':V '" 'T"";"- '" the h„rsc Pr.n.iin^. is p.,ssil.Ie o„ I , „ i h .r "'"' ""' "PIht. so that IToc.c-ds tlu- food is „,ix.d u ,, .a 'a , an l""' '^^ "^^^ticat,,,,, "JH-ninK' into the n,.,„tl,. P"tircd .ip,.!, u troi.i ,t,rland,
292. The Amount of Saliva Secr»»«l r
<-■•'"' n.a.l,. ,t p,„.il,l.. i,M- Inn , f . , '-"■"•'•""^■"t^ made f,v
cons„,„.d. , ,ats rc..,„ir:d a ,.,..;: tl^' '"'I'"' "^ ^'•>' fodder
firrei'M lodd.T alunit half I \- , V''"' "'^•"' "^^" ^^'iRlu.
tHe mastication, the 'nore p V f • t^'^^ ""' """•^- ^li-roMsi
Vtlu;r words the „,ore time' ' ' .L ' ^ ..'''?/-^'"^" .■.>llo^vi^^^ 1„
.. , ""- moie
otlUT Words the more fi„,„ . . . " "■' """'
{ood the better u 111' ej^ .;;;!; :7;,;';" ^'-v"^'^^'^^'''"" ■■• '>■
In th,s connection u,r fee, inrL^rin ''''''■"■'''■'"''■'• ^'''•''"f^'l n'a'iy advantajres over f.Vdi2,,f'n '"' •''"^""^''i''''^ '>'-'ler ha, 'urther aided l.v the ^'as ' ,h, s .^ Z"^ "■'""^^ '^'^'^-^^i"" i^ enters the stomach '"'"'' "I"'" the food after ,t
293. Size of Stomach.
^tj'T''^ 1" the horse is so small
t '-t it cannot contain mch .■,;,'' V ^'^\'"^f^<- i^ so small tin; too.l is constant!. i)e 2 , Ij , ' . T' ''"""^^ ^^ ^^^^'^h i-etore it has been lo,i,, acted 1- h ''""' ""' '" ^''•' -^ton.ach n.testine of the horse ha a o c tV P ' ■""""• '^''''^' '■'"■f^'^
■'ch. permitting, the retemion o,^ •l.;:j'''"''' ^'-^^ ''''''' ^''^ ^tom-
.lands, secretin, y;-dr;::^iid';i;ns;r;;fd;^^Soj '■-'- ^
I'lfl
•II i>ii> i\ iiiiK^i; iinrnuM,
arc cuiutrU'd into -mnc i',,riii i,t siiu.u. uliuli . nttr- tin hlix.il h> .ilixnrptinn linin tlir inti'-im.il r.iiial
295. A Proper Balance of Nutrition. W i- li.i\c ik.w ri;ichi<l tli;it part <.t ..iir Milijcct, where trmilile i^ ci-iK ui .n i.lmce. I'uod prodtirts can l)e si> i-<>iiii>(.iiii(U(l tliat a pr-iper lialaiuc he tvveeii tlie three eh-iiieiits (,| fiM.d mitritidi mas he maintained.
and yet nni he the ec.rreet ration I'.rr the animal we an leedini;
296. Acids and Bases. The ( )hiu exinTimeiu >t:ithin lia- reeeiitlv eniiilnih-d i x|ierim( nt- and ainicniiuvd the -ame in their liiinetiii nnmher 207. dealing; witli halaneed ration^ i'.,r animal- Imm a new stand|i(pint. The ..ne tiini),' ..i iihp-t value t.. I'eedi r- .iiid hreeders re^nltiiif,' fnim thi- e.\i)eriment . w that ihit cpiiiy >-h(inld there he a halaiu'e iKtweeii the |ir(iteiii .md other lOod elenients. hut that tin- h.il.inee lietween the ninrj^'.inie acid and hase forming,' element-^ in the !..,»! should aUo !„■ maintained, tliat the aci«l ti.rmer< should not predominate ovi-r the ha-es in the leeil. This hiilletin is lar in .idvance of aii\ thiii!.; ever pul.- lished upon the suhject. a part ol' which follows'
297 Inorganic Matter. TIk re are in all fooil stuffs minerals taken iroin the s,,j| l)\ the plant. These minerals form the .ish left when the nortioiis of plant material ;ir<' huriied. and hec.itiM- the_\ are not destroyed hy lire they are called iiior^'anic Som, of these elements which remain heliind in tin- ash when food- stulls are hurned unite with o.\y>,'en and w.iter to form acids, others unite with o.\y),ren and water to form what is known as liasi s, ,,f which sl.icked lime is a jjood example. .Now tlie process to which foods are suhjected in tlie hody is reallv a hurnini,' pro- cess; at all events the end products are 'similar to those rcsultinj: from ordinary l)urninf,'. Tims when foods ar< taken mto the l)od\ these inorganic elements form aci<ls and hases as ("inal prothict.s.
298. The Balance Between Acids and Bnses. P.ases and acid- have peculiar properties. However, when an acid and a ha.se are hrous^dit togetlier they neutralize each other and the resultant product is something entirely different from either of the original compounds, having lost all its active and irritating properties In the animal hody. as we have said, the inorganic, or ash cle- nients, of the food form acids and hases. If tlie ha-e formed i- in excess of the acid, the acid is neutralized and the functions of the hody continue normal, since the normal condition ..f the hlood and body tissues seem to be slightlv basic. If, however, the acid formed in the body as a result of the breaking d.jwii of tiie fo(;d materials is in excess of the bases, then an abnormal condition results, and if long continued, the animal will be alTect- ed with a disease known as acii.jsis or acid iiito\icaiioii. 'i'his may become so serious as to cause the death of the animal.
KI.KDINf
iinioic
Tl
HIS it Will |„. s,.(.n tl.at'anv' ti';',7'r,''i'^'"'- '" ''" I""""'- ^''-• formation, ,t:, i- ■ ." "' •^'^'•. "i pn-tcm will ca,i>,. the
•n>r material nc,.,n,,a,u >,m ,1. m ' '"\ ^"'^'^•i''"t La^.-iMnn-
302.
The Cau«e of SmaJI Bone*.
tlK.t the l.ala^-Zr^^r^,"'^- ''-" I'asc-for.nin.r ,1..,, , ;../'" ''^"''"nninjr
pr.rtance. Tl,i> |,ala„c<- .s , i, ', ' ■"""•''■^ '^ "< »."-c-a, ,„,-
teifN, which sh.nvs th.- Ha i' ,.''"• ■'^'" "" ''''' '" "'^•
•••"<1^. th.. l.„„,.. th. V n, ',;'"";*[ '^"^••■■''' iM-reM.,,, i„
"n.trali... the- .xc-...-. ..f an.l X . , w ''' 'V ^-I'l'ly has,., ,„
I-.H- .!evei.,,„„,.nt iw,^' :,,;;,;'''' T'''''''v ""<• ■'• '• '--t^ ■■-
""■•"-"J.' Henu.nt. an. .^/hal',,,:.! ' '"'-•"••"""*^' an,! hase-
''-t as a„ ,.„), ,,,o,, ,.r^' : ^^ ;:-; - than tlu. aci<K, ,. "I'neral elenu-iits. and this ev.-, , . "• '"' ''''■'"■ '" -'^'^^ "> the t..tal anunnu ,.t nir.Alm-.n *""'''"'' "'"' ""■ ^i-"^-'t>H v
■■'"imal i> increase,! hv ,1 , ' V "" '''""" '" ''" c-m-f.
'•••''M''...s,.h.,n,. and th,., nigral i;;*;v;;„!:;';::" ^. ^•'--' '^: ^r;!Lrl^?^ ^''"^«'- :''■•'• •-- — ai
I'n.tenis e„n.t.t,.te the chief s,rr..f I'!>"N> "Tils „t th.. f,„.d I'Ut als,, ,l„t t,,i, exce I, i' t' 7'''''''''!'.'''''^''^ •" ''"■ '"'"1
•'"■•""".^ "•' a>h siH.uId 1„. cnsiderahle " ' "•'"'■ ""■ ^'■'■'"
an ..\t>.nt
'■'■as... t! ist'd.
|(JS
■n i<ii> IV iKiHsH MHrFiiist;
lie
nirntarv l.M„| l..r o,in. I h;,t allalla ^ivr. >tu-h .•xcrll.nt rrsi.lf, uh.M lr,| \Mtli o.ni tu l.nrs,.s can l,,- ainMintcl i,,r in no small (W^rrv l.y flw tact that it is s,, rich in mineral l.ascs.
A ?^\ ^o"" Make. • Poor Showing When Fed to Breedinc Animals. Ilu> n<-cfs>ity .,f maiiitaiiuiij,' tlic lulaiu-. JHtwcn tlie innrKaiiK- ami l.as.-lnrminjr rl,n„„ts. ,.x|,lains wliv it is impos- sil.Io tu make ail i.l.al rati.,n t-.r linrs,-, „sr.| in i.irr.lini. m,r- pnsi-s uhrti any part ..t that ration is corn. It will I.e retncm- IHT.'.! that m a f.,r.m r chapter I nicntione,! instances ,,t l,..th stallions an.l mares l„-m>; kept on an exclusive urain ration of corn or two or three years without apparent injurv. an.l then have them ^ro wronj;. lK•conlin^r sterile or nearlv s.,. sceminglv at once nail th.. data collected upon the subject oi sterility u'. no case <li.l a rati.m of uhich corn uas a part make a fjoo.l showing.
305. The Minimum Amount of Nutriment. 1 ,.,k! sui)i.lics materials for makm^ K"'<'1 the waste of 1h„1v tissues If the supply ,s hlu-ral and exceeds the demands of tlie l.odv. the horse w. ^^.ui Ml tlesh an,! weight. If the supply is only e,,ual to the materia l.roken down, the weight of the horse will remain un- Chaiipd. If the supply is helow the actual .lemands of the hodv the h.,rse w.ll lose weif,d,t. There is a minimum am..unt of nutriment a! -ohitely necessary for the maintenance of life.
306. Protein Consumption. The protein of the food is the only source ot nitr(,jj:enous substances in the bodv. The forma- tion ot riesh. therefore, is primarily dependent iii.on the supply of protem m the tood. Any excess of protein in the food of a horse IS (hsposed ol throuj^'h the excretion of urine. The decom- position ot nutritive material of the blood and bodv tissues eoes on as lonp .as the horse lives, and this is known ti's protein con- sumption. .Neither fat nor carbohvdr.ites. when fed ah.ne have any intlueiice upon protein C(,nsumpti(,n. The bodv would de- compose the same amount of protein, in the case 'of exclusive feedinij o f.at or carbohydrates, as if no food whatever was civen When a balanced nition is fed. consisting of ,,rotein this con- sumption depends wholly upon the supply of protein in the food.
307. Salt. The feeding ..r salt daily in moderate quantities to horses, increases the secretion of the bodv fluids and their circulation, and increases the energv of the vital processes It also has a stimulating: influence on the appetite of the horse.' and should always be a small part of the ration for all breeding horses. '"
308. Nervous Energy is Increased by Protein. One very noticeable thing m the making of a ration for a horse is the increase oi nerv.us energy noted as the ration is narrowed ; that IS as the protein is increased at the expense of the carbohydrates This teaches us that the ration may be widened for horses not at work. 1 he ratio of the legumes usually fed the horse, such as
»•• r.KISf, Till MrtKSI.
U.'i
''M-..nn,,,,.nr!:;,l,v',;^.,:::''''' """" ""- ''^M- r. ,1... n.,,..
^-v-'o '■<i<«>i..M.n.i..fuoWt,/. I, ';'"'■"'' '•■'*;"" ''■'■''"'^<'' ''-r
""- ..• tlm th.,r M I,, .;^, i ' , : • ;; ^"""'^ -j '-"<l. I, I. In- thai, any „thfr .,,.,,,,,1, " ' ' ' '" •'"' "'HinK .-i h,,r.,-s
«mim lia.N ,„• i,„|,lcr is |.,.,rl „ •;'""-" '" •"ly ku,, .
'■•'^^' '"■v^>- ..>,,! „ Tlu ,1 r' '" "•^'■'■^'' '"^•■■''•'
"••'l^- (-nisi,,.,! l,.,,.|,.v i, ,|„. „" ;'"«'•• ^''■■">i .•v,r lV,l ;, ',
l,.,f ,. ;ii .. . , ••'' "r.in .- ■ „„i ^^1,^ in,v,.,| „ ui, , ,.
'"•t will ,„., l.,,,..-,U.,lif d.,w r f"l"
\Mhii iiitxci \\ it!, ,,,j,,
I^ ll-f(l.
should
loud tdr a ii'vd iiKal
net i.f Used. Kal'li
111 lllr .t..in
IHTSC
hut lli'lllii llc\
qnantitics. Xii,.,- all in X. iccdiiiK' thi- horsi- times, and what another.
i> unpr.
<■'■ lie II-. ,j,
r < ■11! -^'rouiid h;
nil 1,1
Miori . a liiii^,'
\\ It!] a iiii.Ntnre oi'
i> I'f.ncd a \cr
\ lair
I- >a
id. III
and iiii-
natv (_,,(t,
■l>\ IIK-ll .111
that I)
Ift I.I MIC
>n
.^ 111 small
tie iiia\ h
I'l^^lii!
may he l)e«,t tor
i"Und at I
lenliii^ li,
'lie. iii.i\- I
I'- l)( -t at
lilt
-t tor
CHAr'TKK XXI.
DISEASES OF THE HORSE
311 Diagnosis Only those .liseast-s likely to be of interest
u tlie l.ree, er w,ll be .bscnssed in this chapter. If one has a
housand .Inllars ur ni.re mvested in a stallion, he can illy afford
to et hnn die. i! there is any way known of saving his life It
m..k."'-')r' '" ' ".' ''"'*^' investment in a sinf,de individual that niakcb the usual h.,nie treatment unproiitable in a .erv lartre ner cent, ot cases. It >s in diaKuosing a case one hnds the greatest d.tru-ulty. F..yen mt cohc an<! other diseases of the digestive organs, „uv often meets with great difVicultv in learning the reil trouble I.ecause ol this, if it is possible to obtain the services ot a vetennariau. it will pr(,ve a good .nvestment to do so Some'- times a v.teriiianau can not be had. and under such circum- stances one should .1,, the best he can. In diagnosing the ail- ments ol .-. horse one need expect but little of breeders, when >t IS remembered that this is the one great and most uncertain task ot veterinarians.
312. Colic in the horse occurs in various forms. Kniroree- inent colic, obstruction colic, flatulent, or wind colic spasriK.dic or cramp colic, and worm colic are the most cummtm forms If a horse evinces abd.,mina. ; ^n he is likelv to be put down as suttenng with colic, even u'..n the ditTicultV mav be an internal hernia, overloading the stomach, or even a bladder or live
rouble. Inguinal hernia is likewise often mistaken for colic hence one can see the absurdity of advising treatment at bmg range. It the horse is a valuable animal, no time should be lost in placing h.m in the care of a veterinarian. The more valuable the horse the greater the need of this.
313. Engorgement Colic is in.luced bv overloading the stoni- acii with !o(,<l. The horse may either be overfed, or else the .stomarh as a result of S(mie cause mav have failed'to digest the food and passed it backward into the intestines. Greedv eaters are mc.st predisj.osed t.. this disease. The one svmptoni likelv t.. result in a correct diagnosis of this <lis,.ase is attempts at vomit- ing. 1 he movements are shown bv labored breathing, upturned upper lip. contraction of the Hank, active moti..n at the throat drawing m of the nose toward the breast, causing high arching ot the neck. I<oll,,wing retching, gas mav escape from the mouth .ind this may be followed by a sour froth and s.^me stomach contents. 1 he horse cannot vomit e.xcepi when the stomach is violently stretched. If the accumulation of food or gas is great enough to stretch the stomach so that vomiting is possible it
^^P^^SFSPSwIS
nisKASKs nv rm-; horsi:
171
m
ny he prcat t-noturl
ach ruptiirf"
^■•i tn niiit
lire
tl
ach
IS srcnerally made k
voinitinp is iinpossihlc. Tl
"•^ ':\K-in. I!„t after the st
thnmpii til hifi-l
luT tha
If nnstriN
noun to us, a
us CiiIKJJt
o!11-
lon ot" till- stoi
'i'lu
s soon as tond is thn
" in the case ^,^
itli rate from t!
314. Obstruction Colic
;inv other.
lis torm (if
11- >\vn out Colic is
ar>je uitestim ■<'^tive tract I
It
list
>}■ acctiimilati
fipn l.odies. hv' displ- ^■rowtlis. It is f,r,.,n.r
nia\
lally is tcnou ,
Ih.u on> ni
ever, the o|
1 as impaction of the
'stnuti
>l old
urv ha\
T stalk.'
iceiiients. i"y induced
partly dij,--!.:,!,.,!
»aral\ SIS.
\<>.
or
1,
secretions „f the intestinal
superinduced
<y overteedintr
"11 ot the d. liy f(ir- • ilinornial
njj. or tlu' feeding-
he hroujjiit ahout 1
medicine
Thi
tracts y lack of wati
a (let
r. o
'<■■ last named cond
iciency i,f the
effective is t(
•rodi
nly treatment in th
r tl
le use (.t too niiicii >t
itioii tn,-i\-
infianiniation ,,i tlu
ice mf.venient (,f the l.Mwd
IS lorm of colic that
r.iiitr
)e
can I
•ame frc
315. Flatulent, c r Wind Colic,
'HI ansuii
prevent
that may produce indii/
.^ . 1 : .. • . f . . 's
niav he ii
eolic is the dist .^n
estion. The ch'ief
>t this disea
ion (jf the 1,
those of cr,
■se ;. re iKjt so sn
imp Colic
mc. and the ahd
At ti
dd.
"wels with
iihiced hy an\ thill},' ■y.iij.toms of Hatuleiit
rst the hur
nly developed m
T!
iiitmudu-
id
If
omen enlarfres, TI
se
lie syiiipt'ii! So severe ;i
' noticed to he dull
in addition there
not so(;n relieved tl
!ie pains from tl
paw :
memhrane hij,dily colored
the front
Thi^
le svni|itoms a;, noticed difficult hrer t! irotuse pcrsi)irat
"iodic olic. 'i"he treat
orm of C(/lic i
le start are
"e aj,'-j.;ravat. d.
in;^. mucous
i"n an(: trcnihlinu of
much mure fatal t
ot
pasniodic colic.
ment differs very mater
lan
ia»
l)cntme in ei-ht ounce- of I
n injection, per rectum oi t
lally from that
th
irtv inimitc
ii.seed oil
Wo ounces tur-
sca[)e of wmd. Th
to stimu.'ate nioti
may safely he j^Mven
■n of the howel
'f th(
' . , , ' '" MKjva ot the p-as froMi tu
essential thmjr. Tiider the direct! nJ^ 'I " . ''
everv
le
may he punctured uitl
ction of a vcteriua
syrmjj^e. 'lone uitl
Ins
I small trocar or needl
and lavor tl how (• riar, the h
IS the !)u el
li no
dan
;is often save.! the lif
iRer if made uith a cl
e oi
c of a hypodermic liorse. aiui can he
316. Spasmodic, or Cramp Colic
ean instrument
or spasm of a
is th
portion (,f the small int
e result of
ontraction,
L"::t ■r;!'™!'L"r -'■ i- ^'.<"i;-t:„:
ho
x'stmes. Si>asmodic col
10
rses.
Lik
e external cr
uier|ual distrihution of
imps, spasmodic col
uhil
e warm, or the sudden 1
the nervous suppl\ iJrink
ill in larj,ri. ,\y;^i^ e is caused hv the
'ody are the most fr
owerui},' of til.' temperat
uiff cold water
trouhle in diaj^ntjsi tliere f colic tl
equent cause
n^ this f,jrni of
re(|nently is. One sh(.uld k ie attack is sudden; th
the temj)erature and pul
e pain violent.
ure of the
lere shou'd he little
orm, yet
11 i)asmodic
cohc from any other f eep in mind that
with intervals of
of ease, and that f
re(
se iiorm.il durin^j tl
ease.
lie treatment should
luent attempts to urinat
oe ^.onii thiiij; in th
e are alwavs
le interval-
made
e way ot an antispas-
17.
STIDIKS IN IIORSK BRKEDING
JCJT
modic, since the pain is dtie to spasm or cramp. Given as a drench every half liour until relief is noticed, the following is the best fornu'.la I have ever tried: I.audanum one (umce, Sulphuric ether one-half ounce. Turpentine two ounces, raw linseed oil four ounces. vShake well heforc using. I give this onlv because in cases of this form (.f colic there is a great need of 'quick relief, and unless help is given the animal early in the disease, there is likely to be serious trouble.
317. Worm Colic is a symptom rather than a disease. In many c.iscs of extreme worm infestation, there are colicky pains at times, such as switching of the tail, frequei t jiassages of manure, and at times some slight straining. About every other m:in one meets has a "sure cure" for intestinal worms in 'horses, but if |>lenty of well cured alfalfa hay be given either horses or colts. !io "cures" will be needed.
318. Inguinal Hernia is frequently mistaken for colic. With- in a few minutes after an accident of this kind occurs, the horse will become r-v-^tless. He will jerk uj) the hind legs, kick at the belly, and point with his nose to the side. Tlie svmptoms will increase in severity until the horse begins to sweat and roll as in some forms of colic. Inguinal hernia is but an incomjdete scrotal hernia. ,ind may exist and cause no signs of distress, or it may become strangulate<l and cause the de.ath of the anii. il. Inguinal hernia is seen mostly in stallions, occasionallv m geld- ings but rarely in mar 's.
Tntil about the ninth month of fetal life, the testicles of the male occupy a jjosition in the abdominal cavitv, similar to that occupied by the ovaries of the fem.ile. At about the ninth month the testicles begin to descend, and finally become lodged in the sac c'llled the scrottun. In making this change ,i canal is formed called the inguinal canal, which connects the scrotum below and the intestinal cavity abovi. 'Phis canal is permanentlv occupied by cords, arteries and canals of the genital org.ins.
It will be seen then that there exists in the stallion and geld- ing an opening through which it is jiossible for the small intes- tines to pass into the scrotum. The passing of such intestines into or through ibis canal is inguinal hernia, if the imestines are crowded with sufficient force into this canal so that the cir- culation through the bowel is impeded, it is str.mgulated. Strangulated inguinal occurs much more frequeiitiv in the stal- lion than in gelding. It is very serious ;ind often times a fatal accident.
It is easy for anyone with a slight knowledge of the anatomv of the jiarts, to understand that the position a stallion assumes during coition tavors inguin.il hernia. It will be (observed that the testicle (.n the side of the hernia is kept tightiv drawn ujiward m t!ic in(|i:iii;i! regi.in, and if lia- loop of the iM)wel lias descended through the inquinal canal, it can be made out as quite an enlarge-
DISKASKS op Tin: IK.KSir
•"■" ' '^ '^>u<^rr [,;,• tunc ,.• (l,,. lu-rni-i tl, '"^ - ' .1 n,,ii ,H-cur,
^■xcTc.sci. This is ,,:-,. ,,r r'Z, y\ ^'T^'''' "'- '■•"■'• t" i-e
I"l<'-Iy to -lo „„ harm, rvcu to ,..,"; V""' ^^'"•••'' ""•■ •"•'•■'t'-nr is ^sho„|,i 1,0 spared in .-...lucin / '''"' "" -'""'• ••""' ">" ^Tort
^■""•- -r it i„ the lu.,.„„ ,„,;," ""' "^".^■^•-■'' i" a v,T^ .Lrt
'"-''''•- I" MK-i, CM. ,;,,,:,'";"''' '", ^-"'■'•'1 - ".•'.■Iv as '"-"■<■ n-huH.<l .„■ th.. stal,,,; I, :""■'"'"■'" '"''' ""• '-"-a
■ mire s|. I
319. Orchitis i. aM,,th,r ,lis,.a.
lia rn*-i. rs )
'• \\'th xviiu-h Malli,,n>
t'''-'l-->"ltwin,M''.'n', ,^V'T ■'''^'■^•'■'''■' = '•'^'^'i'^<■'v V^>■'t^,L: tl„ srxn:,l ,|,.:,r. u i-h „',,''' ' " '■'^■'^-'^'' ^'^'pniation. "■^■''"'.^ ^vHh li„l,. .x.rl-is. ■'""""",'"• ■"■ ''-'^T ^-rain t'"- «.-ain ration. .ncnaM,,, ,h • .^';v;"'" h "'"^''' '•^•''''^'"J? 'axat:v.s„,i, as t w,. onn.,-^, , ,. h ,' ^' ' , ''" , ^'^'■■k ,.1 some
with t,.o tr..-, . "•'- ,:.;"•'"• i-'niMnetcl ,„arr. ,-,„„.i,.,i
-rv,ceh.-aUda\" a„;ithean,,irT''''' '''^' '"• '■'■^' "•""> • ' ''" -M.phc-ation 01 almn wat.T to the
end of tlie ]unis.
>TrniKS IN llORSK llRKV.mNC.
321. Maladie Du Coit is a ^'erni disfasc. and is propagated 1)> tlic act (pI copulation. It is not unlike syphilis in the Iniinan sub- ject, and is hi^dily contafariuus, atTectinj^ hoth stallion> and mares. It has dejxipulated a few herds in the western states, and as there is no satisfactory trtatnient of the malady, it should he stamped out hv castration or fleatli.
322. Anthrax is a j,MTin disease, and until within very recent vears the hor>e had always been considered imniuiu-. In the vallevs of the upper Missouri river and some of it^ tributaries. it has made the iiorse hreediufj industry unprofitable. The disease is never ]>re^ent in the liif.jh lands of the west so far as the horse is concerned. The virus of diseased animals is disseminated in the excrement, which is often mixed with blood, and therefore with the microbo. The anthrax bacillus is shown in lipfure 84.
Kiuiiri- N.-,.
Tlu\ are straight cylindrical rods, usually asst)ciated in twos and threes, but sometimes in chains. The formation of spores does not usually take place until after the death of the animal. They m\dtii)ly most rapidly under mean tem])eratures. yet when dry the sjpores will resist boiling w.iter for some time. The bacilli are taken into the system with the herbage.
'I'he disease shows itself by a fever, with more or less stupor of the patient. The blood is much changed, sometimes visible hemorrhages occur. The intestinal lesions in the horse often give rise to more or less vitjlent symptoms of colic. This cotn- lijication. considered too exclusively, frequently interferes with the correct diagnosis of the essential disease. After death the blood is found to be de-oxygenated, viscid, the corpuscles altered. ;ind the !)lasma colored red. The spleen is much enlarged. The
nisKASKS OK mi: hok^
intestines an- s.mutinies tiie seat of intense- e..iijrestive Iumikt- rhajjic lesions, and in s,,mc cases the lyniphiitie ^''ands of tlie (iitlercnt rei^nons are in the same conrlitifjn. and also enlarj^ed to twice or tliree times their n.,rmal size. Similar lesions mav also he tound in the kidneys.
This is an unfortunate disease f(,r the hreeder, and it should be reported to the state veterinarian as so,.n as its i)resencc is known.
323. Tetanus (Lockjaw) is a ^<.ym disease. haciUi heiii-'- shown m fij,nire H5. Hreeder-, are likelv to he trMul,!,,] with tetanus to quite an extent, the infection fiJllowiir.,' pricks ,.\ nails or ahrasums of the skin The bacillus does not multiplv m tii contamin^ oxvfjcn, because ,,f which onlv deep punciuVe. .are likely to becom.' mfectcd. It is very resi-tant t.. luat, supp.,rtinL' the temperature ><i b.)ilinj,'- water for some time. It is bi;t littl<' sensitive to the action ol ..ntisepl'cs. T,, be infectious the b.icilli re(|iiire the co-( peration of otiKT microbe--
rhedisea-e is characterized by spasms atfectinj^r the muscle-. ot the f.-ice. neck, body and le^s, an(' of all the muscles suppli,<l by the cerebro-spinal nerve-. The s[)asms or iTiuscuIar contrac- tions are rifrid and persistent. The first svmptoms which attract the attention of the owner. isditTicultv in chewing or swallowinj,' ot movinjv, and the pn.trusion over the inner ])art of the e\r of the membrane commonly c.-.lled the haw The jaws are set or locked, wholly or in part, ixivmi; use to the name* of lockjaw If the attack is acute, the animal will die within a verv few daw If ot a milder form he may be saved. Tetanus antitoxin injec ted beneath the sk- i with a hvpodermic svringe. will afford a very high degree of protection Th( patient should be kept in a quiet place, away from all other animaU and noise- The bowels should b<- kept activr I,v the use „f cathartics. M.-,res infected with tetam; jioison. <vUU)m breed after, even though a Complete recovery is .ajipareiit.
324. Influenza is .-mother- disease of the horse, and a ver\ C(jninion on.-, that is ,,t interest to the breeder. It is of especial interest to the breedei because of its etTect ujion ' .,th stallicms and brood mares. The latter if pr.'gnant are vrpx ajit to abort. ^ oung stallions are frequentiv made st.-rile bv a" severe attack of influenza. It occurs in several forms, such as etpiine tvphoid lever, pink eye and others. W hen the visible mucoiis niem'branes are the principle seat of the disease it is termed i)ink eve,
It Is ;i contagious ;nid infectious fever, caused bv a microbe shovMi 111 figure 8'. ^'oung horses and colts are more susceptible than mature horses, and one attack is generallv self-protective \ ery few horses contract the disease after their fifth year, and those kept m poorly ventilated stables experience a more severe attack than those accessible at all times to pure air. The disease IS known by its alterations of the blood, great depression ot the
17')
II DII.S IS IIOKSK HKi:i'l)IN<.
vital forces, stupor and ir(.(|iu'in coii!|)lication^ ol the htnj;s, in- ti'stims and brain. ( )ccasi(,tiallv an apparent ncovery is followed by a severe ndapse. ■-ometitnes provinj; fatal.
('.ood nnrsintj is the best treatment. TIk- animal ^bouid bave access to an almndanee of |)ure air and stnisbine but tbe wind should never i>e iK-nnitteil to blow directly upon tbe iiatient. The ]iatient m.iv be allowed any nrmrisbinj^ food reli>lied. The i)owel> -bould lie made to pi'rfonn their lnnction> |)ronipliy and rej.:nlarl\. If iiulineil to be coustip.-ited. small doo of <".laui)er's salts ma".- be i^iveii. If tbe weather is very cold the patitiit may be kept warm by blank<lin,s,f. In ino.-t cases u<< serious trouble will be e.\i)erieiKed if the horse be handled s,, as not to take a cold.
fA
Kluiiri- s<i. I'.,i.illi .il' infiiliTlz:i ,^n.,., ili;i in. tii s. i
'*t
( hw of the niii^t >erii'ii^ ron(lition> r(~.uUii)i; froni inllueiiza. (if iiitere.^l to the brei-ijer. 1- that of ii> efhct upon the mucou< membrane of the utiru- <_)uite fri|nent!y \iiuii,ij mares from ibrei' lo --i.K Near,- of aye after -uffeviniL; with an attack of this di-ease will be foun(l di-ehar.qinL; piis or a i^lutinous substance fmm the vulva, Thi- ha- been \cry freipientl_\ mistaken lor the discharj^i' common in ca-es df leucoirhea. imt in-tead is the dis- charge from an absce-> m the uterus. The mucous membranes thrijUL,diout the animal .are sui'ject to absce.-s formations during an attack of inHueii/.a, and lucallv nu part is so likely to suitor as the uterus.
Xo treatment will i^ive better results for tliis [larticular con- dition of the disease, than irrigatin.i,^ the uterus with hot water at a temperature of 1U5 det,nees. This shoulil be (Kme several times every day until relief is giviii.
DISKA^O ii|- nil IIOK-i:
i;;
325. Strangles is aKoaii mN-ctmu-. di-ra-f ul tin horse, cults bfin),' iiiorc prfflisiiosid than iiiatiiic lioi-o. It i- lausrd hv iiUii-titm liy coTitait \\\\h an iiitrctccl animal or tlic dischar^'e's f»f an iniii-t((l animal. Tin.' j,r,.rm ,,r liacilius i- -Imvui in tiKurt' S7. It appears as a fever, lastin;,' for some time. v. iili formation uf abscesses in various parts of the hodv. i.oth ear tin- surf.icc and in the internal or,i;.in>. It usnall\ 'lea\ es li;.- animal after convalescence in the he-t of condition. About the ^.m, treatment necessary is to keej) the .inimal in dr\ quarters and ferd a re.a-oii- able (|iiaiitit\ of ),'ood wholesome food.
The swelling mider the jaw should |,e watched and all blisters and irritatiii),' Imimeiits should be kej.t awa\. These -w( Ilium's may be bathed u itli iiot water, and poultices I'nay be applied, h'or sucli purposes no better poultices ran be Used than t1a.\ seed, with
\- V
-^''
l^l'-il li 111' Fll.-iny i.'!
'! i.-ilii. ti i-.s I
.1 little ch.irco.-ii .and eri-oliii .id(K<l. .\. soon as there is ativ fvideiu-c oi the lormatioii of ..us. the .ab-cess -lujuld be ojieiied.
326. Pneumonia is aiiotln i- <lise.ise of iiiKi. -t lo biceders. and it :- oii'\ -n -lu- ca^' .,f \ . ry \ ouiit;- loal,- lli.at I 4iall make' mention of It. .\ i.irj,'e numlier of ft^als coinino; t.,irlv eacli si.uing, appe.ir ail Jiylu \'. hen foaled, but within two or tiiree d.avs .are dead. I lie-, mostly die of |)neunionia. usu.illy contracted during;' the lir-t hour of their life. In the early s]irin^- while the weatlicr i- chill) and tlie air damp, unless a bkinket is thrown over a foal until It is dry. it i> in -erious dantrer of cont raclini,' a eoid. which more bkel\ tli.an not ui'l teriiiin.ate in pn. unionia. I,viii_t,' uiion c(/ld or damp Lrroiuid is al-o dan^er(ius.
Tlie i'lrst thiiiK to attract attention in cases such a.s this, will be a dullness and weakness of the foal. If at this st,at,'e of the disease the membranes ni the i-ye .appear red, there is no help
178
SICDIKS IN IIOKSIO I1HKKI)1N(.
fur its life, for it is sure to po. If the tar is placed at tin- side of ttif f<ial just heliind the ellxiw, a rasjjiiifj nr rattlinj^ sound will be heard. After deatli. the autopsy will disclose a thick, dark hlood, and the lilaikened liinjjs. All that can he done with such cases is to try t(j prevent them. ( )ne thinn; that can he done is to have the foals come later. It has hecn shown that the loss of foals is contined larjjely to carK ones. If mu' niust have them come early, every means should he emploved in an elTort to keep tlum warm, and where no wind cm strike them until they are well dried. Oidy think what it would mean if a iiirtii w.T- to take a hot h.-ith at a temijer.iture of lUO decrees, and imnifdi.itely step into ;i rcjoni without clothing where the tem- perature was as low as 50 degrees. That is what the young foal does in , any in>-t.inces. and results in the loss of m'anv.
KlKiirr .H«. — I'.Mcilli n( nav.l inl'crticm
IL'iiii iliatmtir.-
327. The Navel Infection of Foals is another <i.sea t result- ing in much loss to breeders, 'ibis also, is a trouble ot early foals. It is a true germ disease, the bacillus being shown in lig'ure S8. This bacillus can not be ])ropagated without oxygen, hence is always near the surface ot the ground. Xor will it multiply at a high temperature, which accounts for its presence in the earlv spring. Wet situations are favorable to their deveU'pment. Pre- vention is the best treatment, and consists of .ibsdlute cleanli- ness. Not >nly a clean stall should be given it in which to be born, but ck.iii hands in handling it while wet. and the use of some good disinfectant two or three times daily upon the navel until it has dried and fallen off. Creolin, or any of the other coal-tar pre])arations are as good as any, and these can generalK be found in every barn, and a live per cent, solution can be used for this purpose.
I<l>l \^I.N III Till lliiK^I
17"
Shoul.l till- iiial l.co.tiu- n.tVcti-.l. pi:,,-.- him j„ tl,,- |,a,i.U ct a Vftermarian as ..arl\ a> i-.ss.l.lr. TIutc is I,,,. ,„u- satistactorv tn-atmem. ami it ciwi.t. i,t a .<runi tr.atm.ni. u Iiicl. .l„,iil,| |„. use. I,y a vct.Tiiianan iimI>. Tl... sviniunms aic I .ni.ncs. fn.iii su.il.n i-iMts. and tlu- lani.iu-.> uilj pa>s fr.,,,, ,.„,. .xtr.-mitv to an.ithiT Ml <,n,t.- ,a|.i.l s,u-.-.sMi,n \u,^U <lrn,.,„..l „,„,„ ^rVass wliu-h .> ilaily .■x,i,is,.,l „, ,h,. Mill an- aluays imnuin,
328. Leucorrhea i> a diMasc v.rv <ii>c.uirafriiij,' t., a l.r.cdcr I lure arc l,ut tu.. primal y cans... a want of proprr nonrishmon, and coiY>tion m tlu- ^rnital tract. Tlu. lattvr i.s often h,un,l in' a catarrhal coiuhtion ,,f tlu- marc, a condition uIutc sum,' in-
flammation of all imicoii, nuinliraiu-. is jircscnt of less discharj,'c. and of a natttrc all the
i here Is more way from a thin whitish
KiKuro .S».— .M, ,,,,!,. s f r.-.|i,,.|u ly f,,.,n,l in l.iirr.-ii
and slimy to
II. 'I
ili.'inir t.rw
-'^-l^ yi'!'"\vish substance. The hair on the under side ot the tail .: somewhat ^lued to^r.-ther. Mares in this con- (htion should never he hied, a> the .lisease is likely to he "infec- tious, and nothuiK should he done to spread the iniection Onlv two ,11- three per cent, .-i such mares will l.reed, and only when the s^men is introduced directly into the uterus.
There are thousands of mares in the country that do not show the usual discharge l.y which leucorrhea is diaKUoscd. and yet d-i show a catarrhal condition, and they will not breed. These niarcs dcyelo], leucorrhe.a later if nut piven treatment before they reach that stage. In the treatment of this disease I wish to call the attentioii of yetermarians to the fact, that while the disease itself may yield as quickly to the permanjjanate of potish treatment as any other, yet the fact rem.nns that mares do nut breed, as a rule, after thai treatment. I haye been confronted with the prob-
180
STtJDIKS IN HORSK BRKKniNC;
.^i
lem of barren mares, when* the eundition of Imrrenness was the rt'siilt ul littcorrhra in som* of its many forms for more than thirty jcars. It was not because of any <k'sire to do it, but suc- cess in brcc<linj; made tlie solution oi this problem an actual necessity. Mares with this disease, but of breeding age, are now givinp me very little trouble. It takes much lab(*r and some money to i)Ut such ni,ire> in condition but practically every one of breeding -.i^v can lu' made a breeder.
In many instances of leucorrhea the ut' ^^l^ will be found in a normal condition, while in oihers the uterus will be found the source of all the trouble. It is well to use the thermometer in the diagnosis of all sus])ected cases. If the uterus is normal it will show a temperature the s.anie as that of the bod}', ll the Uterus is the source of ilu: trouble a hi},di tem])(T.iture will dis-
KlBurp 90.— Haiilli of cnntaKious .Tbortion in niureB ( I Otio iha inotCT.s )
clf)se the fact. When tlie mucous membrane of the va},'ina. onU, is inflamed, the local treatment need extend no furtbcr, but if the titerus is the source of the infl:miination, then the local treat- ment will have to extend to this origan.
It will be noticed tli.it ni'>st ni.irts in this condition, .and I will include a!, mares of a catarrh.il nature, .ire more or less debili- tated. 1 look well to this first, and usually ^ive a tonic twice dai!\ in the feed, of ten fjrains of sulphate (|uiiiinc, ten grains sulphate of iron. For local treatment I have found nothinj,^ better than irri^jatin^' vaj,Hna. or uterus when necessary, with a jjalion oi hot water at a teniix'raturf of 105 defjree;- into wlin'h has been added a half teaspoonful of sul])h.ite of zinc. .\s soon ,is the tonic has put the mare in j;ood conditiim, and this may be two weeks or it may be two months, instead of the tonic give twice daily in w.-iter. from one to twu drams of fluid extiact of Mitchclla
^^^m^^m
disi:am;s oh imk, iiohct
m
Krpciiv I ,.,v,. iKtii iisinj; this spi-cilu- f..r l.arr.ii mans, ami thus.- tn.ul.lcl w,tl, catarrh and Ifucorrhta for II v.ars with iinit.,rmly k<."(1 results. Th.- stiiiihatc ..f /iiic is ,,„,■ i.f thi- hc^t stim.ilaiits lur imicus i.uini.rancs uc have-. It k iis.-.l |,v ocu- Msl^ in almost .-very i.rfparation kiioun for Kramilation 'or in- ttamn.ation oi the vyv. Mar.s l.rr.'d r.-adilv affr this if tht-rr In- 1... tr..ul,l,. ,,thcr than that indicated. The Htiid extract of Alitchella Kepens I have never kiioun to he um-.I j,, treatiiii. mares untd used l.y my>elf. W ith ^ood hv^iene. ^oo,] ,mrsi„K and treatment as direcfd. I have mad.> producers oi manv marcs Ruen ni, as harren l.y nti.ers. The Mit. hella Repens '( ,„uaw vine) uill --timulate the action ,,t the ovaries as will n(,thinj,' else.
329. Abortion in m.ires is the la.t disease to he mentioned n, this chai.ter. I hi. dis.ase. so costiv m hreeders, can he .livide.l into those that are co!itaj,'ious or iniectious and those tliat are accidental, .\l.ortion is the expulsion of the impregnated ovum at anv period iroin the date .,f fertilization until the foal cm survive ,,ut ol the uterus. .Accidental ahortion mav he hrouirht alx.ut l.y reason ot anything that verv proloiindiv' disturl.s the system. \ u.lent inrtammations of anv impc.rtant internal ..rL'an acute in.hvrestion. diai rh.a.i. the pr.'sence of stone in the hladder' uterus or kidneys, may so -lisnrder the iiteru. as to in.iuce abor- tion. .Service l.y the stallion. hl„u s on the ahdoiiwn. rapid driv- ing or ridiuK over i.ulliuK on heavy load>. hacking loads, routrh luandlim,' or the use ,.f the whip, >hippinjr. jumping, slipping, falls workin^r ,n deep mud or snow are all well known causes of ahor- tion. It u ill he notice.l. however, that most abortions ,.ccur just af er cold rains and sudden changes of weather from warin to cold about eitrhtly per cent, oi all abortions occur at such times irritant ..m-,1,ciih s. the ergot of rye or other grasses, the smut of corn aii.l other -ram. and various fungi in mustv hav are other causes. l;rosted food, indigestible food, green food in a frozen -state, and lilthy. stagnant uater are all dangen.us to use for pregnant n.ares. In addition to all these one uiust not h.se sight of the diseased condition of the fetus, or its membranes entailed by a sire ol low vitality, whether caused bv two fr.nucnt service or a want ot pro])cr exercise.
The symptoms varv according as ahortion is earlv (.r late in pregnancy. During the first two month>. and bv the wav the largest number ot abortions occur at this time, the mare' mav abort will. ,ut ..b.ervabie .symptoms, and the fact is made known only bv her again coming in heat. If closelv ..bserved a small clot ot blood may be found, in which the embr'vo will be revealed If the occurrence is later in gestation, th. r.^ i's likeiv to be some genen.i disturbance, when the small bodv of the 'fetus will be expelled, enveloped in it^ membranes. .Abortions .luring the last stages ot piegn.incy are attended with greater constitutional disturbance: the j.rocess closelv resembling norm-'! part"Wt;--n ihere is tiie swelling ol the vulva, with mucous or even bloody
b\^ vtf :-t^«
"i?^
TTWEFfS— T^lHi
MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART
(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2)
_J /APPLIED IM/^GE
|
1653 |
Eas' |
Mar S' |
reer |
||
|
Rocheste'. |
Ne* ■'■or |
' *6G9 |
vSA |
||
|
(7'61 |
482 |
- 0300 - |
- Phone |
||
|
(716) |
288 |
- 5989 |
- Pa, |
||
|
^HB |
M^MM |
182
niSKASKS OF TirF. HORSE
discharges, the abdomen droops, the flanks tall in, the udder fills, and the first pains of parturiticjn i)egin. Al)i>rtion may be follow- ed by the same accidents as normal parturition, such as mal- presentations, floodinj^ and retention of tiie placenta.
Treatment should lie i)reventitive as much as possible, to the extent of avoidiu},' all causes of coiisti])ation, diarrohea, indiges- tion, unnecessary medicines, jjainful o])crations, and abuses of all kinds. When abortion is threatened, the mare should \>l- placed by herself and given one-half ounce of fluid extract of black haw, three times daily. The best veterinarians now regard this as tiie most active ])reventive of abortion known. Carbolic acid mav be given in small quantities with good results. About 20 dro])S given with the fluid extract of black haw twice daily would prob- ably be better than either of them without the other. If the mare strains, leading her around for a time will sometimes stoj) it, but if dues not, this should be checked by some sedative. One ounce of laudanum in two ounces of water may be given every three hours until straining has ceased.
If all measures fail and abortion proceeds, all that can be done is to see that both fetus and membranes are removed. After abortion, good care should be given the mare in the wav of exer- cise, pure air and wholesome food. No mare should be bred sooner than three months after an abortion, and some mares never conceive after one abortion. If a mare is bred and conceives, she should be treated for abortion before the next abortion is imminent. This can be done best by giving the black haw and carbolic acid as suggested, about one month earlier in the gestation than at which she aborted the preceding year.
330. Contagious Abortion is not likely to be ])resent in mares as in other domestic animals. It is only in low, undrained locali- ties that I have found trouble of this nature among mares. It never occurs in high altitudes, and very rarely in high land localities of lower levels. No disease is more difficult of diag- nosis, since we find mares in the same herd manifesting many symptoms. In most cases the mare appears sluggish, listless, even stupid. Occasionally the opposite is indicated, the mare acting restless and nervous. .A temperature or one or two de- grees above normal is the rule for a day or so before the fetus is expelled. The cause of the disease is a' germ or bacillus shown in figure 90.
These bacilli were present in all of seventeen cases of abor- tion in one herd. Not a mare in this herd escaped. The microbes were found in the excrement of geldings and young mares run- ning in this herd, yet all animals incapable of producing foals were normal in every way. They were found in the excrement and blood of all mares aborting. Kvery fetus expelled was found to contain them in all parts.
Blood serum cultures were injected into pregnant suws and cats with no evil results, but a five year old pregnant mare in-
DISKASKS OK IHf; 1I()H-;r
IW
n< ciliated with luirc cultures alx.rted 11 dav^ I-itor i ,• i .i
lat'em the autumn """""' '''' '''" I"---'"^-" "f the d.ease ^'i'"f'-;, these genus are found only in low latuls. u can not well he sa.d hey arc associated with rtlthy conditions an lur .un ings. Mares running ,n low pastures hut having access ™s ot anv kind, or to tilthv nl-u-es -.ro ■,. liiVi . '">ards
trouhl'e n. .1,,.... u^,.?,: Lr''-''.'' •^'^. -'^ '■'^A'y to contract the
trniil.l',. •>- fU 1 ■ •' *""^^' '^'^ -'^ iiKciy to contract t
trouble as those having access to filthy yards and stab'es
. he disease is highly infecti<n,s. as is evidencec l,v ' .'rv nr.
m a iierd aborting, anci the stallion is <,uite likely t,elu-\ ',
kn.; ft I'iL...^^.::^!'"" .?!-"'<' -- »----! -th"a 'Z
re
rc^
re
mares.
CHAPTi-.R XXir.
BARNS AND BARN BUILDING.
331. General Plans. It would rc(|uirc a full vulnnie to do justice to iliis subject. Success in breeding depends so much u])on tlie manner in wliich mares are lioused, that a brief men- tion of the subject is made necessary in this work. Only the {general i)rinci])les of barti buildinfi^ will be discussed, however, and these but briefly.
332. Ventilation. One of the essential things in housing horses which are to be used for breeding purposes, is that of ventilation. Too much fresh air can not be provided for tliem, and this can be supplied best by having high ceilings and .admit- ting the air near tlie ceiling. This will make it iinpossblc for direct draughts to fall U])on the horses. P)ad or vitiated air can be best (lis])osed of by air shafts running from the roof to near the floor. If the poisonous gases are thus dr.iwn otV. and the ceil- ing high above the horses, the general health of the mimals will be good. Colds ;ire seldom known in barns wliert' fresh air is supplied in abundance.
333. Sunlight. Of equal importance for the health of the horse is plenty of sunlight. It is not only the best and chea])est germicide known, but the eyes of horses ke])t in barns well lighted are always better than those housed in dark and poorly lighted i)laces. An abundance of light can be given a barn, and with very little e.\])ense by the use of u indows wherever a space can be found for onv. U sin;ill windows are used placetl well up to the ceiling, they can also be the source of fresh air, and these are the two essentials, if health be desirvd in a breeding barn.
334. Drainage. In tiie building of a barn good drainage should also be secured. If the barn is located in a city having a sewer system already established it can be easily drained and kept in a sanitary condition by connecting the dr;iinage with the sewer. If the barn i> to be built in the countrv or in a small tf)wn. it should be built on an elevation .admitting of g(Jod drain- age. L'nless good drainage is provided one need never e.xpect his horses to remain in a thrifty and healthful condition.
335. Floors. In barn building, never make a floor of wood in any ]>art of the barn to be occupied by horses. A wooden floor can not be kept in a >trictly sanitary condition by any known iTieans. If any floor other than earth is to be made, let' it be of concrete. \'o floor evi-r built under a b.orse lias so niruiv gnnd qualities as concrete or cement, Such a floor can be bnilt that
^.'^y^;
HAN\> .\M) l!.\ir-: III il.DINC
185
w.II la.t lor^.)y..ar>, an-I at all linns i. ..a.,lv k..,,t in a sanitarv cnndif.m. t ,- n,.t r-<^,vu^nr. ntluT. c-.,>,„,^r Um l.ttic tnorc than a f,-,„„l ,,ank fl.„,r. l-',.,- l,.-avy .talli.,,,. | ,nak,- ihv Hoor ci,irht nu-hcs thick, and m\ inclio t",,r the ,,thrr hordes. TIk-
bottom IS made with om- [.art cement with three parts travel hnishcd on top with cement and -ravel, equal parts, and t inches thick. It sh.nild he left in the rnnjjh n<. trowel be lof,ret the surface level or to an sp-cilied -ra.le. a straitr'lit"276 board can be used. It will he noticed that I „.. n,. c.„^ j^
wo used.
he noticed that I use no sand.
• H(,
Sri'DIi:-^ IN lloRM-; liRFIKDixc
f.nnulatinn wnrk .sand •, scl.i.„„ „s.-,l l.y ■• urn; and I use ijravcl on top Mislead, that I .nay l.avc- a roii'gl arfacc. Even a horse without shoes will never slip on such a floor. So ioni,' as the general level or ^rade is secured, it matters not how rouLdi the surface may he. The rou,i,dier it is tin- Letter it will he for horses trom {•\-ery viewpoint.
336. Cement. 1 am often asked if the cement is m.t a had tlnuK t.ir the horse to ^tand upon. Instead, it is the l.est thinp
KiKiirj" it;:.
r- .>]
|M II M.iiis, <i-(iMir^, 1, — l.iT.diii- room; .S — s.'wtr.
a horse can have under iiim. If men would do a little thinkinfr tnr themselves, most of these questions would answer themselves All horses pown near the sea coast and at 1, w altitudes have a hro.ul tuot with a thm wvak wall, while hor es ^^rown at high altitudes and m dry territory aluay-, have feet, lugh rather than h uad. ua„ thick, strung ualis. Tlv guat ..tiers a good illustra-
od M !■ ''^"^''•^■'' ':,=''"^-'^' "'■. '"'^1 l^i'" I'viug upon the rocks. •iti.I hi.s to.)t IS more riinty. ..i hner and Letter te.xture than anv
m^c'r"t:^r
H \k\S AM) ItAK \ MI'll |i|\(,
\s-
... uhKl, u. kn,,u. TlH. l,nrM. ,> n,.,.xo,.t„m .,,,!„. r,,!.-. I li.iv. \h-vu ki-i-pmt,' l...th >lallinns aiwl uiai.-. np.,n ,-.-i,u-m (I,,,,,-.
VI '"■■"r -iVv^' ■■','"' V'"' •■' '>""^'^'''''- nnpn.v. „u-m ..I ,luir iV.t Wl..;,, I >..l.l.\u-,,la>iI'.<.7,4.lVM,. N,,.,,,, u,iU. 1"I0. .h,- n.nlit . "' 111- tc-t ua^ tlir cans,- ,,i ,,„uli o.iinii.'iit. II.- ua. ,n hi, ilf- U->'iith y.ar an.l M, |„. „-,t urrr nnid, h.-it.r ,!,an u1„-m Iu- uniu. ,n„n .he ,,l,lo,mUr> n.arlv IJ war, ,„„„■ f, ,h„ „„„■ I If la.l i,cc.-. k.pt up-.n c.imiit ll.M.r, tor main vcar- II, ,r,.-. -ta.i.iM.K ui,..n .■.■„,.... ..r a.,> ,,thrr knul .,1 .1, „ ,"r>\i„ .,,1,1 1,.- u.ll
hi-'l'lcd at all tmir-
337. Earth Floors. Th.- ,,o.„.l 1,.>, ,l.„,r ,„r h,„,., ,. „„, M.h.ly ,„a,h. .„ .anh. If a ^ 1 „^h. wall k placo, n.H.n
'larn and the m-idc flllc, iiiatt-rial. (jiu- lias a ver lie laid thickly thrdiigh, the ci-iiter to the oiitsiij and from the hiudnr t fjround (,r a side hill. C (ir .)tluT soil that can he lirick or ver\ co.irse it found hc-tter than clay Such a t]uur well pound .'iiiy jilank floor. The pi ahsorhhij,' hith and micr place for rats and mice. of the s|)ace !)e!()\v the i\
\vith I- to lSinche>.,i !hr n-ht kind ..t y good tloor. ilcfore tillin-, tile >hould ait the htnldm-, slopin- dounward fr.,m e 1. the harn i- huilt np-.n level j^M-.nuid ' the lou r side if Iniilt ui.on slopjn^r l>u.i these one can bej^'in to till with clay tirmed down, or e\en with broken stone, avel. Fur the -nrface iiothinj,' uill he' a.id coal cmders, e(|iial parts of each, ■d down before using is far better than ank H.ior is to be condemned because of obcs, beside-, making an ideal breedmg
In addition to these objections, i. that oor being fjUcd with poi.sonous gases
tK8
SrrDIKS IN MOKSK HRKKIMNG
338. Bam Plan*. Fi^mv •'! (rivts the front and side eleva- tion of one of niv liarns, this one heinjj used exclusively as a stallion or hreedinp harn. It has a floor space of 56xM feet, and two sheds ill the rear, not shown in the photo, 20x(O feet each. The f;ronnd floor j)lan is shown in tiKiirc '»2, where it can be seen that a driveway 10 feet wide runs tliroUj,'h the barn. There is hif,rlily s.itisf.ictory. This barn is Mism fc.t. with ei^dit box stalls 14.8x16 feet each; three smaller box stalls; an oats bin; a bran bin ; pump and stairway ; and a breedinjj laboratory where all tools and stove for heating water are kept. There' is also six open stalls for mares durinjj the breeding,' season, the sheds in the rear beinp used lor the same purpose. Kverv stall is connected with a sewer system owned by myself. The floor above afTords room for 60 tons of hay. This barn compK te was built for $3,300.
3
PiKurr 94.— OroiHKl floor plan of b.irn sliown in finurp ;i3. .\ uood firm barn. A— open stallB; r.— box stalls: G— Brain
Figure 93 is that of a barn on the farm of \Vm. J. Knebel, three miles south of Norfolk. This barn was built to be used for horses only, and is 36x48 feet, with much space above for hay and grain. Figure 94 is a ground floor plan of this barn, which has cement floor throughout.
Figure 95 is that of a brood mare barn which has given results highly satisfactory. This barn is3 6x80 feet, with eight box stalls upon one side, and nine open single stalls five feet wide ; two double stalls each 10 feet wide; a tool and harness room' 5x12 feet; and a grain bin 10x12 feet on the other side. There is a driveway of 10 feet through the barn. The box st is open with sliding doors from the driveway, and there is a window 16x30 inches in each stall near the ceiling, which is ten feet from the
HAH\- \M> itAk.N l)lir,I)|\(,
W)
floor. The fl,„,r is cni-ntc.l throiiph-.m. TIum,- is space f .r 100 tons or mure oi hay. The cost compk-tf was .Sl,«25
A
r
3
a
3
Ktirurr »5.
B_„ox .^;:r;i"i.:!:^r{i,^^,S"" '- "-- — •
-opin Btalla;
K,.? ; ,^^P*" ^*"^-. ":* 's not necessary to build expensive barns to be successful ,n breeding. An open shed to run under in times of bad weather will trive as euod results as the rr.nst ex pensive barns. I have been handling mares in this manner for several years, and with very good results. This is also a very good way to wmter young colts. Barns are onlv necessary with
■frtf«'*^.>
''"' STii)ii;>. i\ iioh-K hrkkdim;
man> that have to I..- in harness at anv time. It will not do t<. uoik mar.-s dnrniK cold u.-ath.r and tvirn them ,.tit in the cold at ^l^,d)t. if they have he.n warmed in tlie least they sluniM have ^ood housing,' at nij,'ht.
340. Co«t of Barns. It n uholK a matter ni ,,i,e's own finances_as to what a ham should cost. A l.arn s,u-h as shown in iKure ).■>, and which cost S1.0J3. can l..^ hmlt for aro.md $80) iVt '".m" "'■■'""•■^ "' l>"il'Ii"K an<l hi d). as to what the cost will I.e. I he c ajKT one will Io,,k cheaper and last a shorter time hut will |,c r,,ute as likely to serve its irp-jse as the more costly „r hven the ..[.en shed which costs «. little does quite as we I ,1 the loals are dropped aft.r June hrst. The most notice- able difference wdl he the savins "i hav and jjrain when usint/ the hitter barns.
V wy: -"
ClIAr'TKR Will
BREEDING FACTS WORTH REMEM iEKING
341. Salt. Hrcedin^r animals .\unM have all tin- .,-iit thev will c.nsunu- 1 Ju-y are proline, ur ntlurwisc, in i.r.,p.,rtu.n to tiu' salt content- of the hody fluids ' '
342. Evidence of Virility. A stallion's desire, or t. adin.'ss to copulate, is no evidence of ;„.- viril.tv Some of the most virile stallions are very slow servers.
, 343. Fat. Hxcessive fat ir breeding animals is ,. ,M,f,.„t actor in the cause (,f sterility, impotencv and depeneracv.
344. Death of Foals. Most ..f 'he voimg foals dvint; are those com.np early, rather than those coming later in the s.-as.,,.
345. Evidence of Pregnancy. Tlie ,>nlv satisfactorv wav of kn.,w,np whether or not a mare i^ pregnant' is hv examination via
he rectiim^^ Alter the third month this can he done with certain ty. hut w-th sensitive mar., mav induce abortion
346. Frequency of Service. ' A <lratt stallioi. will sire more ive foals by making,' .me service per dav. t!ian he will l.v makiiu-
twoor more services daily. Kxcessive service is a frequ'ent cause ot sterility, besides producing r. .iny weakly foals.
347. Barrenness. If your mare will not breed, ask v ir-elt why^ >-t„re made every femr^le a producer of her kind
» .u f* of Maintaining Barren Mares. Barren mare- ar. costing the ..reeders ot the rim.d States more than $2(X).000 (XX) annua ly I hi is a tax n.nm the breeder and the countrv which should no longer be tolerated.
( ?^'',. ^^n ^'''**^ ^*"' ^''"^'^ ^l^"' ''^"'"' "'tre a ehaiu-,. Ffer toal will sell tor ni,,re monev than her labor
350. The Capsule Service. Where the work is pr„perlv done capsule service will result in .^0 percent more foals than I atural service.
351. The Care of Foals. To mature a lua! into a good horse requires go„d feeding as well as go„d breeding. If hve pounds
hetS'one' '' '"''''"" '"' ^""'' '"''''' ^"'' '' '^'^' '' '" '''=*'^'*-' •''
352. The Education of the Foa',. An hour spent i the earlv c.iucation ot a t.,al, is worth more than a week spcit later iii breaking. '
353. Pure Air. Xo tunic ever sold over a drug counter is worth so much to breeding stock as i)ure air.
354. Pure Water. To do their best, horses requir * .ure water quite as much as yourself.
IlKiriMM. r.\( l> WuHIII Kr\ll,MHI.Kt\t,
355. ExcrcUe. No foal will matiiv intn a jjikhI hi<rs«\ nor will a stallion "iirt- the l)est foals possiMc, withoiu .m alutndancp of exercise
356. KindncM. Many vicious horse* can In- inaite valuable In the use of kindness, an<l many Rood horses have been spoiled by the want of it.
357. Working Prcgiuuit Maraa. There is no reason why pre^jnatit mares can not be worked and produce Rood foals, vet taken as a whole they never have been. This should serve' as a lesson in teaching us to work them carefullv, and with good judpinent.
358. Grat*. There is no food so jjood for the brood tnare and her foal as good grass, and the more so when fed in connection with p(jod oats.
359. The Value of Good Hock*. Look well to the hocks of the stallion used ujk.ii your marcs. No j)art ot the horse is of such vital importance.
360. QeanlmeM. In all things pertaining to the care of the horse, cleanliness should be regarded as of the greatest necessity for successful breeding.
361. Breeds. Be satisfied with nothing below the be'-,t, what- ever your favorite breed. A good horse is alwa,,s a member of a good breed.
362. Feeds. If you are feeding for the fat stock show, or the market, corn will help in making your ration, but if you are feeding for foals, let the corn be no' part of your ration!
363. The True Draft Hone. If you desire to produce the real draft gelding, so much in demand, you will have to use real draft sires.
364. The Intermediate Type. Labor as much as we may to produce large horses, yet the law of reversion will alwavs give us an abundance of the smaller or inermediate types.
365. Temperature in Brecdint- The real producers among mares are tho.se with low temperatures, while mares with temperatures indicating 101 degrees or higher seldom breed.
366. Spermatozoa. The best success in capsule breeding will be had by keeping the semen at a temperature of 98 to 100 degrees.
367. A Tainted Press. In patronizing the live stock press of the country, the breeder should know positively that he is patronizing a publication rep.esenti.ig his industry, rather than a tamted press which stands for a class as against the real pro- ducer of horses.
368. Showing Horses. As our shows are now conducted, marcs can not be used for both the show^ ring and breeding. It is for you to decide which use to make of them.
3f . Advertising. If you are going to advertise your horses, as iieans to selling them, patronize journals read by actual b s. Breeding good horses only, is the best advertisement.