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Lorsqua la document eat trop grand pour atre raproduit en un seul clich*. il est films A panir da Tangle sup*rieur gauche, de gauche * drone. et de haut an bas. an prenant la nombra d'imagaa nocasaaira. tea diagrammea suivants iliuatront la m^thodo. 1 2 3 ■m^'^ms^'^'^m '.A.te;3 :^ti^m2^^^!^. *«aOCOPV «BOlUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ d^PUEDjvMGE In ■^^J: '653 fos( Moin S(reel ■^^ (716) 288- 5989 -Fq, FLORA OF Southern British Columbia AND VANCOUVER ISLAND WITH MANY REFERENCES TO ALASKA AND NORTHERN SPECIES BY JOSEPH KAYE HENRY Prescribed for use in the Schools of British Columbia W. J. GAGE & CO., LIMITED TORONTO ( h'^.^^'^^m^j^. - r- I y «, -. C t 1431)72 Copyright, Canada, 1915, by \V. J. Gage & Company, Limited, Toronto. r'^^-m ■■.* PREFACE Dandelion did 30 or 40 yelrf a<.o .^nH H ** v'' V"^'^'' ,^' '^^ Common which appeared in \ewWesmfn^stnrr.-"f,'"P u^"'*!''^ (Oaleopsis Tetrahit) colony o'f'fVench anrdia'^rarrhfr^I^^rS-erS ^'"^ ^'^^ ^^"^^' "^ ^ sidIr°abtScultv^ '^o %l^r£JbSum 'h'a 'T ''"^l^rV^J^ "^ -- criptions of plants are scattered thron/h . ''f''" established, and des- tions. To m'^.ke these Sptlns avaSabreTor'^r''' ^"'' ^''""^'/^'^ P^^lica- attempt an authoritative s^rl^ev of our F"^^^^ Ztl.^"'-T'i'' '^t^l' *^^" *» have not yet been assembled ■^n'^i^Zr^lV^^-f-^^^^^^^^^^ frol'UruVen:[|^d'LX"fct!TiS to about the Skeena X h^,. ' * "^"^"^ indefinite northern limit, described, ind as southern cIantrext'';nH^?^ "°'''t"''" ?'^"*« ''^^^ been region, and Alaska^p ants fa southward in^'^h"""''^'^''^? '"-'^^ Coast that the book will be ?ound orveTy^^onsidtrble^'slrvr iX' n'^rt'h '"'"' Thlrattel^LX^itan'^o'f S^ arranged somewhat as follows: (1) acteristic treeT (2) Th^S Fo^^,. R " '''\"'^ ^'''^ ^''^ ^^^ as its char- Fir the Sitka\UuIe.%hetroaX Led^Map?^ 1^! ^^^l" eluding the region of the Western Yellow Pini^ !f,oVf- • 7 Interior, in- distinct treeless bunch-graL ola^ns and^in. T-i^ xk'"? '"«? /he more or less the interior, marked by^theWe^e^nLarlhVhl ^}^ humid forest region of north by the Black ^iXe White truci%T^^^ ^K 'f ?'"*^' ^?^ f^"''" the Firs ( A. amabilis and //SLia, Pn J i ^^^^"balpme region where Hemlock (F. A/«r/e««-a«af flo,'^HsJ!SM: IV PREFACE the^'bSrM^^u^s^ISoeuf W f'^'*'" "t"^ '""^'^"- ^he ba.i, of Flora of North West America Pi^r'^ Pi^ "**»\^,; C^" •"****' "f "°^e»'« Ndwn'8 Flo"a of the Sv m'P^'':„^'°!? °^ VVash.ngton. Coulter and Flora. Gray's New MaS etc S^;,. '■''I ^"J? ?'««•? Northwestern find Photo/raphic repres^Sionsof rn.n^ f'^''° ''"•''' illustrations will plants inllrs'^ HeXTs '\Mountai„ wL ri°"' ""-" «"k.ng mountain ^chaffer's "Alpine Flora of the Ca"naXnXkie7' "' '""^ '" ^™^" ^"'^ sympathize. Herfleain G^av"s\vw m'''''^i*'^'"' ^^^ *"'^'" ^<^' "ot mmma In the genus Kria /r wl'/feW HMf /f. -^ *''° ^y"""^"^ ^^ ^"other kind. Heller.^ In this^4 theVfare tin n^^« .^7^" ^^ °^ ^- bracteala writers descrlbt dSnt plan s'under ihe sam narr£o'''PP*"^' '""^ ^^^tri:t=b^s?^Si^i?liF!l^ Sdt^^ssriuK described the plant and that Dr PA R* '.'^'^'^^^mg that Sereno Watson first The only speSkmes now Spiultzed Sm"Tll Linn^^^^ ^•'^"''"«- i^ei. dtum Draba; Veronica amencana; Salix Hookeriana P^"^^"^' ^K- ^'■M^^- I l''l:{s^ff^rTfolio^ Thf'^ii:^'^'^' °' V''='''"K plaster, and to keep herbarium. tC stan°dard L 0^ "i's'^iofefi V^''^ k"^^"?, '"li^^ considered too large, sheets 9 UxnTT il jO^xieJi inches. If this ii shoald remember tfat th^v cannot fJr ^V?""* convenient. Collecton specimen. Plants should be eatherS.Ti^' "f"." * * ''^l'" ^'°'" ^ «"»?'« and fiuit. and taken from v^r^^M^ h k-^ ^''^'?' ''''***'* *° ^'i'"*' both flowers effect of environment "Not only shtldVh^fi'r""^ '" "''^'l '"^ '^''^ '^^ average or even depauperXforms as wo ^%t %^P^"^-u^ }^ '2'''="' ''"* to interest him in makinlr a, rT.!.^? , T. <^°"ector will often find much species in ordTr to Thow Lw w°Tett.1,r?vr ■'°",!' P°^^"'t °^ '«'"•= •'"^ draw up interesting and vaTuable an^^Cru .f ''• -"^ ??l V*"^" ^ ^^le to thought unattractive. Vktorbcollprlr u^"^'' *^"=^ *'*^ ^'^'J ^t first 5ax./ra«ai„/.gr,/oZ.a vrncoiverSecto' i^^ff^ attractive material in a series of specimens that sha^^?n^^,^.'f«^'7.?'''^'''■^''•°'■'"'na'''ng spectabilis, incidentally determ^niS^h, I? '^^"'P'^^e "? « history of /?«6«! flower the t.vo forms with velW^v.fn •/J'" " !' '?"''?•'''« *" distinguish in representing chep'anToV'a Sited a^ekfa^aTm ^IT H C?"^"'""' ^""v peak, etc.) or 'ie olants hrlon^^^,f^? ^ • "",• ^ sand-pit, a mounta n- always interesting! It is Dr< bahlf tL» * .^'''S^'^ f '»":">' "^ ^enus, are .he formation of ^the s<^h<^ herbaSm "^T n*"^ collecting, apart from not only because it has hiVhStTfi- anH'^H*^''t- '"'.'' r"^' ''''''». because indiscriminate collectine mav w^f h,'''^""*'°"5' "'' '"^' ''"^ *'»« attractive plants. '^""eciing may well have a tendency to destroy that this book may i^iaLn^llv advanrpTv."^ "^^^ ,""u''*=' ^^V- ^^ is hoped lectors in the determSon^'Sthdrspe^^^^^^^ '°^«.' ^°'- suggested by Dr AlexanHpr Rr^K r;Ll c • . ^ book was or e nally wiled to pl^ce a F "a "n ^ur schook nni'f^'VT"^"?'' of Education, who to introduce youth to^o^rort^e^trToltrts^'f^SX^!'"'^"^' '"' J. K. H. Vancouver, August 2nd, 1915. '-.^ CONTENTS Abbreviations; Metric System Analytical Key to the Families Tabular Analysis Flora Glossary . Addenda . Index PAGE viii ix xiv 1 331 o36 338 ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS " ffttf America or American. B.C. British Columbia. cm., centimeter. Col., California. Col., Colorado. D.I., Dry districts in the interior of B.C, dm., decimeter. eastw.. eastward. Introd., introduced. m., meter. mm.. millimeter. Ml., Mts., Mountain, Mountains. No., Number. norlhw. northward. N.A., North America. N.B., New Brunswick. soutkw. southward. Sask., Saskatchewan. Var., Variety. V.I., Vancouver Island. Wash., Wn., State of Washington. THE METRIC SYSTEM For botanical purposes the following measurements are aufficiently ac- curate. 1 mm. =^3 inch, or hardly the thickness of a ten cent piece. 1 cm =10 mm.. 2.5 cm. = 1 inch. One cm. about equals the width of the tip of the little finger. •!• tT' "it" '"^'" = ("'"Khly) 4 inches, or about the width of the hand, wst.i the thumb if the hand is small. 1 m. -39 inchf^s, about the length of a long pace. r,u«gy^' :j^5vf Ag->.«.-«... NAiA.,Ar«« Flowers montccious or dioecious. • • • . ixajaualb* . Flowers in globose heads .... SPARCANiAcit* Flowers axillary .,..•■ NAjAnAcei Terrestrial or marsh plants. .... inajadace.e . Leaves petioled, net-veined. Aatrttit Leaves not petioled, parallel-veined, • • • • "Ra<.b« Flowers in large cylindrical spikes . . . TvpHAra* Flowers in globose heads ... SPARCAN.ArE. Perianth in 2 series, petals and sepals present. " " ^''A'"^*''"^".* Perianth small, chaffy, greenish or purple Tuncackai Ferianth herbaceous, petals and sepals alike or different. I erlanth free from the ovary (ovary superior). GyntEciuni of distinct carpels. Ca™ili,-nv SchfMchteria. v-arpeis many ALisuAntx Gynoecium compound, carpels united. •=««'-»« . Carpels 3-6. slightly coherent, separating at maturity Juncaginacb* _ »-arpels .1, coherent Liliack* Ptrianth a,!hefent to the ovary, which Is Ibus altogether inferior. Flowers regular, stamens 3 Iridacs.* Flowers irregtilar, stamen 1 ; Orchibaci*" ix 13 13 fibres flower 74 23 63 18 18 17 18 74 17 17 75 23 22 79 88 89 t: 'i H ^'j^fw^L^amr _, ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES CLASS II.— DICOTYLEDONS CtHToUa wanting, calyx present or absent. Mowers in catkins, monoecious or dicrcious. Twining plants, the fertile flowers In a short catldn Not twining, the sterile flowers in catkins Fruit a nut ^'■•^ua. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.' Ovary a 1 -celled pod. seeds comose. """"'• 0>gry not a pod. seeds not comose. Calyx present . Calyx wanting, at least in thi ferUle floweri. Leaves aromatic . ""»»«■. Leaves not aromatic Flowers not in catkins. Ovary or its celU 1-2 ovtiled. Carpels distinct. Humutus Facace,« Salicacea . Ubticace* . mvricacea . BETUUACEiV . 105 101 95 104 102 102 Stamens inserted on the calyx RcKArnj^ _ Stamens inserted on the receDtacIi» • ■ • • kosacb* ^ oS'.'A,'- "'• " '"°''- -it^m^a comiK,und pistil. " ^''"*'^""«* ■ Ovary superior, ..«., fre- from the calyxT Stipues sheathing thfc item . . . Polvgonaci.« Stipules none or not sheathing the stem. ' '^°'-^°°''*"'« • Herbs. N^o^atl'tU:"'"- ""'"=' C allitwchace* . Style 1 or wanting. Flowers unisexual . ljRTir»rit« Flowers perfect. .... urticacb* . itvlSnnnS^!'?'™?".**'''^°'°'^'y Alchemilla . . style none or terminal. 169 129 106 200 104 175 ill|Sr„"o't'rufted. • • • • S..,uisor„a. . . ,76 itlSoVrm'o™- • • • ^'>?<^'«'".>l'*>>'— 142.144 stamens a or more .... AcUvs Styles or stigmas 2 or 3 . ytciuys EUPH0RI>IACEA , Eriogonum . Amaranthace* . Chenopodiacba Empetrace,e Juice milky Juice not milky. • • • . Rowers in involucrate heads Flowers not involucrate. Bracts scarious, plants not fleshy Bracts none or foliaceous, plants _. . often fleshy Shrubs or trees. Heath-like, leaves linear . Not heath-like, leaves not linear, fJUI^M"' RHAMNACE^ . Km'Jr'ir^M^"™"'"* • . . . urt.cace,> . . n. , ,.""" a double samara . . . AcKRArR« O^ry inferior, adnate to the calyx, • • • • acerace* , Parasitic plants t Not parasitic. Loranthace* . Aquatic herbs . . tt Not aquatic, Haloracidace* telTtl^urfy EUEACSACE. , Ovary or Its cells many-ovuled, Santalace* Ovary superior, not adnate to the calyx. Carpels distinct d Carpels united into a compound pistil." ' " ' «*"""<:""««■ ^.Cal^M^Xr.""^" CARV0P„n.LAC.* Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx. " LSvlssm'aV.""""'"""''^'^ Ar.stoloch.ace^ Ovary 4-celled, stamens 4 . . . Tu4^.,„ Ovary 1-ceIled. stamens 8-10 . '. I ] [ ^r,t5;i««.«« ! 130 200 107 116 113 201 203 104 202 116 211 210 117 106 129 117 239 106 212 160 ^'-m^r-^m "tps^iR:'!:* ^^'^.■■•»«i^:a' ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES Caljnt and corolla both present. Corolla op Separate Petals. Stamins more than 10, and more than twice as many as tke telals. Ovary superior, not adnate to the calyx. Carpels several or many, distinct or slightly united at base. Aquatic plants. Leaves peltate, plants gelatinous . Brasenia Te7fenrial!°"^"^'^ RANUNctnj^CB* Filaments united into a tube Malvace* . Filaments not united. Stamens inserted on the calyx .... Rosace* Stimens not inserted on the calyx. Stamens on an hypogynous disk . . . Resedace/E stamens on the receptacle . Ranunculace,« Carciels 1 or, if more, united into a compound pistil. Leaves punctate with translucent dots . HvpERicACEi* Leaves not punctate. >-«v.i>'» Ovary simple, 1-celIed. Ovules 2, seed 1, Prunus in ... . Rosace* Ovules many, /Irtara in Ranunculace« uvary compound, of several united carpels, as shown by the number of stigmas, styles, ovary cells, or placentae. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta parietal, juice often milky, sepals 2 Papaverace* Placenta central, juice watery, sepals 2 Portulacace* Ovary several-celled. Terrestrial, filaments united .... Malvace* Aquatic, filaments not united . Nymphace* Ovarjf compound, partly or quite inferior (i.e., adnate to the calyx). Stems very fleshy, leaves none .... Cactace* Leaves present. --actace-e . Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 -^ ■ . . . . Portulacace* Sepals or calyx-lobes more than 2. Leaves opposite Philadelphus Leaves alternate ... Stipules present Rosace* Stipules absent, plants spiculate-pubescent '. Loasace* ^iain«iis not more than twice as manv as the petals. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Anih-!^ S^"'"^ ^*"'l?'''", BeRBERIDACE*. Anthers not openmg by valves. I^I1m!^^"!^'',°k^'^ u •„ • • • • Portulacace* oepals or calyx-lobes more than 2. Style and stigma 1 ; herbs .... Primulace* Styles or stigmas 2 to 4; trees or shrubs . Rhamnace* St.m^.'-'^/l''"''""'',' ®' ''^i:''' •. • ■ • ■ Plombacinace* btamens not the same in number as the petals, or, If the same in number, alternate with these. Ovary superior — i.e.. free from the calyx. Ovary deeply lobed or the carpels distinct with stiRma or style in common. Anthers or pollen masses united to a thick 6tl8lTl& ■ • . , ASCLBPIADACRJK Anthers free from each other and from the stigma. Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Carpels with separate styles or stigmas , RANiractnjkCl* *-afPels with a style or stigma in common. Ovary 2-4-Iobed, flowers whitish . Limnanthace* , Ovary 5-lobed, flowers t?d or white . Geraniacb* stamens inserted on the calyx or on a perigyn- ous disk. Stamens twice as many as the carpels, plants usually fleshy CRASSinjkCB* Stamens not twice as many as the carpels. Stipules present Rosace* . . 0«rv .Im^ll"'" 7^" u"5i ■ •, • • • • SaxIFRAGACB* , Urary simple or of united carpels. Ovary simple, t-celled, 1 placenta . . , Lecumino&x Ovary compound , as shown by the 2 or more cells. piaccnti, styles or sllgmai. Ovary Inxlled. 128 129 204 169 155 129 205 169 129 130 125 204 128 210 125 IGO 169 209 139 i2r. 235 203 235 242 129 199 198 1S6 157 184 l,iWW.1'*>INPS'*V-^5t Mik ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES f^^m^tt^ I t Corolla irregular. Petal:4, stamemG . Petals and stamens 5 .' ' ' ' " t-oroUa regular or nearly so. ' ' " ' Shrubs. Ovule I. Ovules more than' 1 ] ' ' ■ Mm-bs. ovules more than 1 ' ' ' " Stamens 6, tetradynamou* btamens equal, or more than 6 " Ovules at the centre or bottom of the Petals not inserted on the calyx Petals on the th.oat of the calyx " Ovules on 2 parietal placentae of the 0^ry2-sever„l-cX^''"'"'^'^°^"y • Flowers irregular; herbs . Flowers regular. • • . . Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs . Herbs, petals 4, stamens 6 ' the'Ss^' '"^"'' °" **'" asmanyas °Hl7bf"* *'^' 1 or ^ In each cell. ^'" M°' l**"* °^'"^ ^' "^°*' a' 'he Ovary 2-4-cclled. flowers whitish Cplirn7,?"'^"'"^' ""*?" ■■*<» or white Cell3 of tlie ovary twice as many as the sepals, flowers usually blue In ours . . Shrubs or trees. ' ' ' Low, leaves evergreen 1 all. leaves deciduous rr!tn">'' '**'*' '^^^"' 'o many in e.ich cell Oreen leaves wanting . Green leaves present. Style 1 . __ , , Styles 2-5 • • . . Ov'J^l«nn'H''«'"V'"''-''°"'t«lo«-erhalf. ' " Ovary I-cen ': """'^ "'^" ' '" ^^^ «»• Sepals 2, inacentation central Style 1. stamens 4 or 8 O''"'^ and seeds lin each cell. • • • ■ Shrubs. Leaves not prickly. Leaves alternate, stipulate Leaves opposite, exstipulate Leaves prickly. . p" ^« . . . . Herbs Stamens J or 10 •"■'"'' ^,^j, splitting into two parts at maturity, styles 2 Fruit berry-like, styles 2-5 Stamens 4 or 8 Style and stigma ^ fruit a drupe COROLLA OP MOR/^TLE^ltj'rTro ^^^^''"^ """"'^ ' 0"a" l'?e7led'"""°'" "'^" "" '"'^ "'"-^ »«>">• Placenta 1. stamens 10 Placentae 2, stamens 8 Ovary more than I-celled. Green leaves wanting . Green leaves present. Filaments united Filainents not united .' Shrubby, leaves simple Sfam,^. i^ . '^'^"^' '°**'' '^av" temate . " ' " sSmL. * r.1^^ numerous thau the corolla lobes ' SUmens of the same number as the corolla I^h« «nrf opposite them; ovary KeUed.'K^Uon^^ntrt"" Prmulacm PUMARIACE.B ViOLACB* Anacarduce* Saxifracacba CRt;ciFER.« . Droserace.s carvophyllacb.e lvthrace* . Capparidace.c . BALSAMINACS.e . Aceracb« crucifer.c LiMNANTHACE* Geraniacba LiNACEA CELASTRACE.E ACERACE* . MoNOTROPACE« . Ericace*. . CARYOPHYLLACBii PORTULACACB* . SaXIFRAGM'E.S . Onagrace« Saxifragacea . Crataguf CORNACB* Falsia Umbellifpr« Araliacba . C0RNACE« . Haloragidacb* Leguminos* fumariace* monotropacb* Malvace.* . ericacb.c Adoxa PACE 140 2oa 201 157 141 15S 117 210 155 203 202 141 199 198 197 202 202 234 226 117 125 157 211 157 182 226 129 210 225 226 211 184 140 234 204 226 279 235 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES XIII Menyanlhes . HyDROPHYLLACBjB Cuscuta Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or fewer; ovary or placentation otherwise. Ovary superior, i.e., free from the calyx. Corolla regular. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes. Carpels more or less distinct. Carpels 2. distinct below, stigmas united Stamens united .... a-sci EPiAntr** ^ Stamens distinct . . . ' A^VJack^ Carpels 4 (apparently), ovary deeply 4-Iobed.' "^''"*'=='* Leaves alternate, stigma 1 . . . . BoRAGiNArK.B Leaves opposite, stigmas 2 . . . Labiate carpels united into a compound ovary, or oviry notlobed. Ovary I-celled. Leaves entire, opposite . CENTiANAr-ir« Leaves either not entire or alternate. ' ^=''"*''*':"* Leaves with 3 entire leaflets, or 1 dm. broad, reniform. crenate Leaves otherwise Ovary 2-10-celled. Twining or trailing. Leafless parasites Leafy, not parasitic. Fruit a berry. Corolla plaited In the bud. upper r„Jf^'''!'°,'*?^j- . • • .• • Solanum . Corolla not plaited , leaves not lobed . Ericack*. rruit a capsule Convolviii >rir> Not twining nor trailing. ' ^°'^°'-vI'lacb« Stamens nearly or quite free from the corolla, opening by pores; mostly shrubby plants .... Ekicacb« Stamens inserted in the corolla; herbs. Stamens 4. Stem with opposite leaves, corolla petaloid Stemless; corolla scarious . Stamens 5. Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets. Fruit a capsule or berry. Style and stigma 1; fruit a berry or prickly capsule Fruit a capsule, not prickly. Stigma 1 or 2, style often divided c. . . Stigmas 3. style undivided . Stamens lewer than the lobes of the corolla. bUmens with anthers 4. . VEHBEiAritAr Stamens with anthers 2. ' ^="=^^*c=-« Ovary 4-lobed Lvcotus „ Ovary not 4-lobed . . K^oni/a ' Corolla irregular. veromca Stamens with anthers 10 . . . . RhodndmAm, Stamens with anthers 5 . V^^c^m Stamens with anthers 2 or 4. Verbcam . Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells. OvaiT 4-lobed. the style rising from between _ the lobes .... i artatv Ovary not lobed. style from apex . ' ^*""* Ovules 2 to many in each cell. Parasites, without green leaves Not parasitic. Ovary 1-celled, sUmens 2 . Ovary 2-celled .... Ovaiy Inferior, ».«.. adherent to the calyx-tube. P?nts wth tendrils CucuRBiTArF« Plants without tendrils. ' ^"'^"""tace.b Stamens .separate. SUmens free from the corolla or neariy so, as many as its lobes; juice milky . Stamens inserted on the corolla. Stamens 1-3. fewer than the corolla-lobes Stamens 4-3. leaves opposite or whoried. Leaves opposite or perfoliate, exstipulate. Leaves either opposite and stipulate or whoried Stamens united by their anthers. • • • Flowers separate, not involucrate Flowen in an involucrate bead Vbrbknace* plantaginace.s , boraginace.s SOLANACK« . HVDROPHYLLACE* POLEMONIACE.e . Verbenace.« Orobanchace.k . Lentibulariace/E. scrophulariace* Campanulace.« Valerianace.« Caprifoliace* Ri;biace.s . lobeliacea Composite . 142 242 249 25« 230 241 247 243 261 226 243 226 253 278 249 261 247 244 255 259 266 234 262 256 255 274 275 262 282 283 281 278 277 284 284 J4 ag S s ^ 1 a ai Z 1 U ,_ a a, 0 — — en _ g i 3 3 ?: ! ^ ■mrr FLORA OF SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA ..•#-■ h .Ml FLORA OF SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA OPHIOGLOSSACE^ (Adder's Tongt-e Family) n^^f ?"J"'f '" appearance with simple or dissected fronds; rootstock almost none, the fronds arising almost directly from a cluster of lleshy r^ts (in our only genus): fronds erect .n vernation, developing from undcrgmund buds formed either ins.de the old stalk or beside it; the fertile fronfd°fferinc in appearance from.the sterile, forming spik s or panicles; spoang a coriaceLs bivalvular (opening by a slit) ringless; pr thallus subt^rranean^not g?een BOTRYCHIUM (Grape Fern. Moonwort) Rootstock short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots, the bud for next vear's frond embedded in the base of the stalk; the frond with stenMe and ferdle segme. cs; the sterile segments 1-3 pinnate; the fertile bearing nTkcdsw)ranLS o"f ^h^Tuste^lTp^oI^^n'Sia?- ''"''' ' '^^'' "^ '-^-' ^- "KpE^a^ Sterile segment of frond thin; base of stalk open along one side Stenle segment -f frond thick ; ba«. of stalk closed ' Menle segment of frond long-petioled Sterile segment sessile or the petiole less than 1 rm. long ' ' ' Stenle segment oblong. Leeif-segments fan-shaped Lraif-segments ovate to obovate or oblong ^^*=^™P approximate, fertile frond slight;;/ compound Q».^P^ segments more remote, fertile frond rather ample Stenle segment ovate or triangular. Lobes lanceolate, acute Lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse 1. B. virginianum 2. B. silaifolium 3. B. lunaria. n. simplex. B. rainosum. 0. B. lanceolatum ■5. B. ramosum. hJ' t?"J'r?*'^**","™ ^^) ^^- (Rattlesnake Fern). Rather slender 1-5 Pknt tii?lr"nfr'T"''.'-^ ^- ^'■°^^' ^"^"^ ^bove the middle o? the plant, triangular, often broader than long, ternate, the primarv division, Reve'lsXran^S^a-irw":"^ ^^^™^"^ ^^"^' ""^^^ ^^^^^ Sr^'SJ! 2. B. silaifolium Presl. Stout, 2-5 dm. high; sterile seement usuallv solitary, arising from near the base of the plant on a ^101^515 m "o " and exceeded by the fertile part, broadly ovate „r triangular ternTte the prima,, divisions 1-2-pinnate, the ultimate segments oval or ovate more or '%^:'T:cSSei^x..^'' ^■^•^^' '' '■' '--^ vaiiey^'^brr; t"r^esreduced tn n f^ '^'' •''^ ^f"'''^ '^?"''^"t ^''"P'^ <"• compound, some- times reduced to a few sporangia. Inconspfcuous; grassy meadows, Rockies. OPHIOGLOSSACE/E from p.nnato to pinnatifid the lo ,<, J P^' ''''"'^'■'■' ^'""■""n stalk. vfrvinJ disappearing intoVkinrNt^nle s , ho f i/^""''^''' '.>S'>^^"^-^tv, the midv "n branched. Alaska to ul and'^a^t:.; Vgas^j: rs^jfe^f' °^"-" '"-''- low; i"2.5"s;ji,Th::[;^ie!:^"i^?:"*'r"" ''?-'-■' ^'--- father cm. broad and al.out as , 'g Ihe 3 nrtm. " """'' "''' *''" "^ '^e stalk. Tg ultimate lobes acutish; the vcn.ts LruZ? "''K"'^"'^ l--'-pinnatifid, the fertile part I'-S-pinnate. Alask.! t.I U n l^lilgin''.""' '' continuous midrib! the POLYPODIACEAE (Fern Family) thi'&'?;:!:,Sl;^;;^'::^-;'-«ate.l rhi.,,,,..; vernation circinate- versely. and collected in kLr Hnes X' r^^'^ ispora„gi.,) openi,'g rans-' the so.i often covered (at I ■astuhr''^''f'V'''''^ "" ''•^- ^^^ckc-r margins- Prothallus green, sporangia Ihlnl ^Vov^e^r.'^i, a^riLTf"c';^,^r^ ^""""^^ ""T^:^!^^ ^'-^'^ — ^ '- ..inn. ,. u.e feni.e Uo.a ' Ferti e frond bipinnate J-ertile frond simply pinnate. ] FmnH. .'"*ra-'",a>-Kinal band r<^^"l"te. indusmm a continuous ^s?"!;^t/S;!'^?'»^!-n:l^*-''>-;,e not very di«^^^^ ' ^• Funds' ITr^r''T'-''^ "' ^'"""i'-'J • J;rond3 sd\ery beneath hronda «reen on l)oth sides inX?irfo™edVv^t'h;"rn^°""«F'-''-' ■ • ■ ■ the fr^nds-To"! mLgt ™°" °^ '-^^ '"""^^■^J revolute margin of Stalks stout, solitary <-ontiniiou>ly revolute marKin. Staliis slender, clustci d ' • • ■ ■ , , .Krrd^srb?;j^u\"'-'°'"™to- beneath . . . inausium not formeil hi. fk_ ' ■ Sori or son,e'o°fXVe1o'n';atS™'"''- '""«'"• |on para e to the midrib Snriri ''■'^''"'^' '° "'e lateral vein3 ' • • • H, oori round or reniform. * *<^'n3 j^ indusium superior. Indusium peltate, evident , in"dusi;;S :;t'h'°.1in^'s'Ton'j°"^' ^f'"- -"— , Indusium attached at om^Jm '"'""'"■■^"O"'' IndusiuminfeHo^^?i^l^;^^^;;;;--^jerin«^^^^^_^^ ( ryptouramma. Onoclea. Stnithiopteris. '■ I'olyiKKlium. ■2- ''VmnoRramme. o. Phexopteris. 7. Adiantum. S. Pte-. 9. Clii'ilanthes. 10. PelLea. Woodwardia. Asplenium. 13. Polystichum. H. Aspidiiim. 10. Cystopteris. 11. Wnod.sia. '■ ™VPTOGRAM.MA (RccK Brake, of the „arccly ^o.imT^ZtiJ^'^tZ'! \TT,'''V"^''"»'" '""^Sg ^^^^m.^^w^^m^si^m^m' w. i >cnt ring '■fin ich- her 4-G the the te; is- is; POLYPODIACE/E . , the rachis in fcu-lobe-l or entire sS menu s . ril''7''''/^^u'^ P ."""^ '''' '° pinnatifi.l. the pinna, pinna^^or pinn tifi lih 'r ^ ^"'^' ''""■ "•'^^'''' 2-3- crenulate. decnrrent at their LJ^-sstDtsLkhr?'"^"'''"',' ^f "^ '" "•"'^■^"«^. of wet rocks, Rockies; not common! '^ ^ °*"' '"'^ ^^•'"*- ^"^'•■^'«« 2. ONOCLEA wiS'coin.^cS'pSi;!;; oritrrfi^;^;!!^^" '^""V''' ^''^^"'^' --'• "^'d- angia; sporangia on elevate recem^^^^ • •''" "'""•'?""K «''<-* «Por- deIicatehoo.i-fikeinduJa.rootIt<^'l^l':re::^i:,5' ""■' ""P*--f'^"'y covered by wit. ^on,Ae;o.te ^^^'^^^'^I'^Z^ti^^^^^^i^ 3. STRUTHIOPTERIS (Dee^ Pern) pi^c^p^Sfc?^:;^!;'^ ^Sinu:^:x^""^^;:^ ^^i^ '^-^ ^-p'^- a continuous membranous in^usTu^Xh h Stra:Cr,'t[i''our '^^'^ ''>' tatrlVtoborh/n^di^^S^cm lide't'ltVl'^'^ ^^^-"'l; ^^"-^^ '^-^'^^^ oblong-falcate segments the 'bwes; mnr .^, • ''' ^"i^ *'•', *'''•' ■"^^''''^ *"'» entire stalked, pinnate the tiinn^e n.^t i auricles; fertile fronds taller, long- (Loma^ia). Damp 3" west o the (w/r'"' below as in the sterile. (Pre-sl.) Larger; &n„. ac^. crVn'/te^r ,.?w\"^riefl^^^^^^ 4. POLYPODIUM (Polypody) on^^e^SVfTh^^Tnldfi-brr^eTn'X'/nTif "ff '^'^ '" r ^ ^T ™- -any, and pons, a foot. alludingTo \t btnclinrroTs'^ck) ^'''- '"''' l-3dm:h?gtep'v£Sy%fttlct'ir" ^^-^f^^ -'-= ^-ds short, oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed- sorirrf.U^,''''''''"'^ ''1'"^ ^'■'''': the lobes "PPiT half, about half fayVetuS mXb anll"!.'"^^^^^^ trees and logs. Common, Alas"rto"oTegon'(p"'A.TJ.T';:.)''''^" °" '""^^^ Ie/theo-.^lTdnflong,f,.f i.sSrS-Sf^'^^ '^°"^f ^'^^>' ^''''^k and P.nn. blunt, sori ver'^ large' X'Toasir"'^ L^^onSvar^^^ 5. GYMNOGRAMME * POLYPODIArE.€ 6. PHEGOPTERIS (Beech Fern) (Greek phegos, a beech, pirris, a fern). '"' ^'^'"'^ '" """• obtuse; rachis wingless. Wo,k1s. n.n';nu"n!\\lL'L"t,r';;'A;o7""''''' ""''"^■ pinni'pi^ll^ffitngJ/Vha.J^STnaneSlr V'^V' t • "'"l!''^' ' '- 1 he Lions, Vancouver; belkirks. (P. polypndioils). '^^c^V woods, 7. ADIANTUM (.M.mdenhair) o.h„. VV« cli«. .„d bank.. L™„: Ali t= ', ', *erTi"ar/„,Tc„'™ 8. PTERIS (Brake) inP^J"*"^'^ '" ^ continuous line under the margin of the frond KrJ^an''nh^ ^"""''''' receptacle which connects the tip. of th. frJ^ % •^''^"'■^,'J?"" indus.urn extends beneath the vouiil' fronds 3-p.nnate. (Greek /)/e'rij, a fern). ^ ^ frondfo w"JJi°h-'^- y^'- .'^""8>n«S'» "ong- Rootstocks thick creeping- to Kock.es, Alaska. The roasted roots were eaten by the Indians. 9. CHEILAP^JTHES (Lip-Fers) Low, tufted ferns; sporangia on the ends of frpp vpiniot. i„^,ii j- l cont.nuous, covered by the herbaceous margin of the" 3^nnk[e"f"ronH' wh.ch IS tomentose on the lower surface; stipes dark brown ^ °"'^' Hn!' h- jSracUlima D. C. Eaton. (Lacf. Fern). Fronds lanceolate 0 5 2 Ha?risorLXT£=;c°e^^S^rid'^e'"" ''^'^■' ^-Lhl^S pinni^bTordehCid'belo'^^tl.T^o^ire'^^i^^^^^ ^f]^' ^'«'^- '"^1"-^ = crenately p„,natif.d or.n.ostly "divided' intoTine oundish'c^.nW'i^dtr :d occupy- tree veins; sporangia; i^'£^|i$a::^^&;!r«^'^Ti^^.-;'*ji^r-«^ ' -i«EL#':^.''* I POLYPODIACE,*: 5 10. PELL^A (Ct.tFF Brake) • 11. WOODWARDIA ar^ed ^^r!^^^\^^^t:Zf^ii^^'^''f'^^ oblong or linear, fixed by its outer Lr«i„ and'o;ln"on^t^S""n' thr.^ilj.ib"'"''"^"""'' rachis somewhat chaffy. ^Ic:xico to B C ; Texada V"^"^"""""^'^ ^' ^P^*! 12. ASPLENIUM (Spleenwort) properties). ^ ^'^^ ^ "'' "^'"'^ ^""^" «<> supposed medicinal si^!pl^pi^rat "Tnrri^id. ob"rongtr,ni--,i "^^ ^™":'-^ linear-oblong, stipe and rachis'^lark. sh^nin^.^Zxi? ^rce'^/o^m^n^'AK " '"""'^'^' simply- plJSc^^L X'Kc::;us "^uJ^J^T"' ""— b'-^. what cuneate at base- usually hrn^Ti.t ^^' ™""a'^n-ovate, crcnate. some- rachis green, becoming ^^"^M^^S^alif^ '^f.-^-rSe^^'^L^ ciotheii- bTo!^'':^rbr^orsLS:s^ro'n':r;^2 J"'";'- v ^- '''«'^'' ^''■- the pinns gradually reZce,! towaVds tho ^ '"■"^'"y °blanceolate. FUix.J.mina in pa^')" CommonTlffi to'cll.'™"'"^ ''^ "^'""=^- ('4- 13. POLYSTICHUM ro^r1ndS^^JStr^uS"^X'"^n'^'-^!i ^*'P^? ^''^'^>'= -" with no sinu> *'^"'*'^' a«acned by the middle and opening all round f'fg"-''-_,'i>ayh- pianate. FrondagcaR-eiystalkeH. linear-lanceolate , „, ,. Fronds long-stalked, lanceolate 1- P. lonchitis. rinniB partly pinnatiiid below, sori many ?• i^- munitum. wide"""""'"'" °' "^^''^ bipmnate. sori few; frond, less than i dm! *^- '<=°P""'""»- Fronds large, fully b'ipinnate. more than 1dm wide «• P. Lemraoni. 0. F. Braunii 6 POLYPODIACEvE and the .nidril C.sZtAocl^ieTZTe^kX^^^^ '""^ "^^^^'^^ rib. Abundant in the SaW ree.W klSa^'^fVarT" • "^ ^"'^r."^''!- Laton). Var. imbricans D C Sn Fro;^ ^ 'nctsoserratum D. C. long, imbricated, the serrature"; e^dlng^n X poL^r' ^feo^r^ '' ^'"• wi?hd;n^rpSrsS°t^ba&^2^r"' -Jj^f'^^.-'P- 0.5.1.5 dm. bng. 1.5-2.5 dm. long. 3 Sen' w^dfoirnl th '^ scales on the rachis; fronds nulesat base, margin L ra^ed wi' h SvVd tn^^^^^^^ """^ V'^^''^ ' P^'"- °f P'"' ™drib than the Margin. ^^:^^:i:ir:^^:^^f^:i:'^^^:i^^^^ pare-brownTles^'o^slTdm'^l^''^' '"^'T '^"'''^y ^^affy at base, with 1.7-2.5 dm. long' 3« cm b^ad hi'nir^fiH^"'^'''^'' f^'^^ ^''°^'^. ^'"^ds lower third; pinLcros^ripinnuTs oil „v'.l"'t''^ ^'P'""^*^ °" ^''^ 1-2 to each pinnule. Alaska to Ca" ' ° ""'• "°' ^'''^^d' ^o" 4-9 dm. bnTwith^^X^iursZadiL"'' hi- '"''T ^''f ^ = ^-"^^ '— °'ate. gradually reduced and obtuse obnuts L.^ °"^"'m""'^*'^ P'""*' '^^ ^^^^^ rectangular at base sharolv t^o, hn^H il ? • "^"'''o"g• truncate and almost with light brown chaff. '^ffi'criicL and r '"u^ ^°f^^haffy hairs; rkchi, Rockies, Lat. 52°. crevices and rocky woods. Nootka. V. I.; 6. P. Anderson! Hopkins. A new species. Strathcona Park. 14. ASPIDIUM (SHiELr Fern) or^ri?;.1Ko'eto7Xe"ver. i^^^^^^lr^'i ''^^"^\" '^^ ^^^^ sinus, bMt centrally a^t^^ched a>rvo6teW? cordate-remform, with a narrow from the shape f th nduslum).^ ^' ^^^^ "'^"^'0"' ^ small shield. Fronds thin, veins simple c .nce-forked, lowest pinn« reduced to mere •""f ^["ISu^"^ '"^"'"^ f^-'^' "- '"-^ Pin„:en,od..ratelv or not Pinnj? pinratifid . Finn c pinnate or bipinnato. Pmnc pinnate, tapering from base to apex Pinn* bipmnate or tripinnate. °"sland!Lr""^ "'""' "' ''^■'^ «'^"'""^'^ '"="'•=''"• indusium "'""fil'nduTar '''"'^"''' ""' «'^"'^"'^^' '"'•usium usually not 1. A. oreopteris. 2. A. cristatum. 3. A. rilix-m,-is. A. rigidum. A. spinulosum. broadh'. ircrat%apering \^:?ow'"|.;„Srr ''^'""= ^.^"^^ ''^ ^-- l-^. pinaatifid, the lower sHk" iTmoro Hf J n? • ' '"7'' ^"^ <''"• '''"K. deeply o less toothed. Wet lir^t^g^nri^n^i^.^ 0^^^^,-^^ .;n.^W^Sa^^)-^,Jpdslan«^^^ l£a;^7',^cedrs^^^dwav^::^f '^^ 'Vt'' Pin^-'^dJ^.'^ naked, the forn, aLsfgned to thi's sSes haT'frn^/"''.."^'*'^'l= '"'^"^'""' Swamp. Clanwilliam; Rockies °"'^' '■^"^'^'' P^'^*" beneath. POLYPODIACE/E 7 elongatc-triangu ar. the lowfr arr^hm^^^^ "''^ P'""-*^ «'^"^"<^. ovate, usually tri-pinnatepirfn^KnceSiofil^^^^^^^^^^ lowest p.nna?. elongated, 'common; v'ancouvxT: Alaska ' "P'"^">' °" ^'^« 15. CYSTOPTERIS (Bladder Fern) base on one side, soon withering ' ''^''^''''''-^ attached by a broad Pin,;a?c-, 't"'"i?piVl,n^ost"5; lonr'th*;"""^ '^"-i?'^^^; ^'^'^ d-" 1-^. 2- decurre^t on the rachis the 1 w?;- ninn'^'"o^l? ''°"^;''*"'^f°'^''^' "^--^"^'y distant, their pinnules lesth'.,, 1cm Tn. W^ ^^' ""'l'!,"-';;'--?"^ somewhat Pacific. . Mt. theam: OkanZ-iil)escent and slandular lirs curling over tlie 1- W. ilvensis. 2. \V. oregana. •J- w. scopiilina. 1 W il 1 /•! ■ ■ • o. vv. scopiilina. >:1.5 dm. lonr!^i!i;ibh SLvf dSiStlth'nl^*:' Wl ^^''-^'ancoolate. P.nnat.fid. the segments crenate! £1 rJoU na^ ' ''""'-'""'• "^'-" "'""=« grSn^a^r^;je^bS"V.o57-'VS' ^'"^'^f ^^o cm. long, light tusc pinnatifid, the segme t^\ii;;;V \,tue 'T,'"^'" ^nangular-oblong, „1,. ^"lo.ed. \a!c to Rockies; Cowichan River, Alt. MKK) {[ ' ''""' ''"^■ so,?K.t^nesTn"" oh?ong-ianA,'Ze ^m""', ^T"'^' .«'^'"'"'''*■■ ''^"^"'^ and flexed; stems stra^-coloredrbVown Rock V"'' ' "" "V^''^'"^ "''' ■•«=■ also on V. I.; Alaska. '''• <^"""non east of the Cascades; EQUISETACE/E # EOUISETACE^ (Horsetail Family) 1. E. arvense. 2. E. telmateia. 3> E. pratense. 4. E. sylvaticum. 5- E. palustre. 8. E. litorale. <■ E. fluviatile. stc2i^??L^rpr::£„^c r--^' -^ '°- -t. of cavties, those under the groo^v'eT called v.l.l™?''"!' Y''^ ^ ^^"'^''^ series stomata connect; branches, wherp'esent whorinH"''''' ^^°'*^u'' '^'"'' *hi<^h the reduced leaves joined by their edges fruir^ fir ' ■"°^' '''^^""^ sheaths of charging green spores, which are an'alikl =f ^f """•''! '^°"<=: sporangia dis- processes called elaters. ^" "''"''^ ^"'^ furnished with hygroscopic 1- EOUISETUM The only genus: characteristics above. '''Frtrs?e^„;/Sron?or„.ia^.^^ Fertile stems not branchins ''" "'^ ^reen sterile ones. ^ Fmlll tlZl slrutrL^aifrs^oVs'ter^f;"? ^'^^ — ">-" ■ c, ^•■''"ch" compound >-entral cavity large ' ■ Valllcul'^r hn!" P^"^"'' ='>^a"'' loose Stems ^reS et'?g^re1^?p?iet?^p'Sl/'''■TH ^"-'?^^ ^™-'h ■ m regular rows in the'gr^o^ves ^ *'"■ "^ "*'<* •"'"'• ^"""ata &1ctvlfrp'rei^n'?^^"''"«"'=-«"form. . . . Stems wrth numerous branches ^'|^;*'th few or no branches ' ' ' ' • • ifepit^;rm'o?e^rhar.Vg3v^e^, ' ' • ■ • ^^lli:Jll^f^S±^'- ^■•'^-- »- Of the o^e^irckCi""""" .""''" the ridges- sheaths With Fertile stem branching. Var. decumbena m' ^^r. campestre Schultz ^- the base, some of the Wer =h'l!"d^eci'X„t. ^K ^^^^^ spji; ^;;^^£ bSes^^S 2°^^^^- ^-^-^-'^^. at .east in sandy ndgcsof the branches very rough with minT.^'' "' K^«^S"'sh. 4-20 dm. high; the w.th large, very loose, bmwn^ heatt 20 •[o7n'':'i'T"''-/"^'''-' stcmlw'hi^l Very common, V.I. and west of the Ca^cadi Z h"'' ', 'P'H*;* ^'^'^ '^'"- '""g A Br Fertile stem short; brancW V.nV" ''","'''• ^ar. frondescens Sheaths of the very tall sterfln c^^" Vancouver. Var. Hillii A A Faton branches; branched v ';;'Tong'''ver ?."Kr .^^an the first joint ot t°"e a. fc. pratense Ehrh. Stems •> •? Hm i • u l r branches, but finallv re-mblin fl " 'V' "'^'^! ^l^^ fertile :^t fir=t wi-h.-,-,f 3-angled branches LmsSrIrW.f'K'''-' ^'^^ ?ther short, straight s mole ^v ty one-third th^ dhmel; '^M 's'"v T "'an'cl"M' ^f 'T^'^^^ ^^ Alaska. ""i*'. V. I. and Mainland, northward to 8. E. scirpoides. 9. E. ramosissimum, 10. E. variegatum. 11. E. hyemale. 12. E. Iwvigatum. EQUISETACE/E 9 boJh d;Xl"'c" p^und'XV'^^'c'^^^^^^^^^ f^'i'e -d sterile the secondary ;tangled: stems 8 "/S ,V th^ H 1 ' '1 P"'"'»'-y 4-angled. of the stem, vallecular hoi 'l^e tec 1 lick ui'^u^.i^"''''''" -^^ '' ^'T^^"" grooved, often green. Wet Ss \pvv \V T ■ 'V'^''^^'"'- ^''"^ ^^^^ and eastward. Va^fal ax M Ide ' Sterns ma u"7,r'''', ^"^'"''"'' ^'^^l^^' . hybrid kuvc,„£*„,4,ra';ri'/:v?X"">"'-'3;Nr":i!,„'"''''» girdle,!, ,ho up"»r,;;;« V,™ „tt' 'ilS "S:<^-:t '.'","' "'"S- centrally grooved. Sicamous; l.uh. Island. tubercles; teeth -side of a slight dorsal erooVe shei h^.V "n'' " ^'''"-''''''^'^ "" each following analysis. ^" "' ^^«t"" vancUcs is seen in the Tiibcrcleg in rows alonR tlie ridges. Rldgea with cross-bands of silex ' '"""<^""" '"^^ • . . . Viir. califominim. Var-intcrmedium. 10 EQUISETACE/E Var. intermedium A A p-.» ». somewhat persistent, leaves 4.caSe. s e'^s'lS"' V] '^ 'l^^ '-^'' 12 E. lavigatum A. Br Stem, U •>,, . C.„lumb.a \ alley. ^^^i^. =?ziis ?£9-°£ s H£^i?s i; !' SELAGINELLACE^ snS^1!ii:::;]^tav^r'a^;S,'^^'"S. --any prostrate .te,ns and powdery spores (microspCSlnd « h,t?'i,?.''"^^^'' 'T' =°ntaining 'smaH macrospores are short fr;,r,/t " .'J'^SJe spores (macrosnores^ tu Plants resemble a sniall CUh^oZ'.''''''"'''^''' ""'^ ^ round' bal' The 1. SELAGINELLA 1- S- selaginoides. ■^- »■ struthioloidea. Characteristics above. Lraves not bristle-tipped, htems a few centimetres lona Sterna several decimetres long ' " " Leaves bristle-tipped. * Bristles of grooved Iravea i m™ i Leaves much cro.^fed .LmTb m'^S' !"°''^- Leaves less crowuod! , emTm i I oJ?'i'""« BnsUesofp,an,Meaverirt;r^rTo1,« ' ' ■ -- rupestris. J- &. selagmoides (L ) Link Sto^ 't ' ,' ' '■ ^- Waiiacei. only; leaves lanceolate, acute ascemfnc^' "^'' ^^"^ ^''="'l'^'-- Noting at base ■porccarce. We,i Coa.t, y, ,' qiadrangular, very .Icndc,,' ZaL very »h"rr.Ti.Sl,,™°"JrtS;«^i?^^^^^^^ yellcish-grcen, „erile branch.. -, .o„. c„„,„„„ i„ .™.'c^>: leaves plane fbov'.' cHiu^V"' "^'^J tj>an the leaves and^.ir.rl":^„*'^^^-k. V^'iate (cilia lo-2-O) a IktTe Kr a -;Tr-=.- ;s ist^is.£^ij»£ s iSS ISOETACE^ 21 ISOETACEyB iiiiiiiii^iSi 1. ISOETES (Quill WORT) Terrestrial plania, leaves nearly triangular. stem tri-loljedmacrosporea minutely warty , , v. Ftem sl,Khtlyb,-lobed.macrosi>ores densely spinulose' ' ' '• • ^ "ttallii. Aquatic plants, leaves quadranKular J »P'nuiose 2. I. maritiraa. '"C^anS „TJ^?fed" '""^""'"■^ "' -'"^*''" -"-'^'-^ Sporangia spotted with brown "'■ '• Bolanderi. 2. I. maritima Underw Stem sm-illlmiro^c i^ ok - i M^^^^covered by the velun.; ^;i;^'!^r-^.'^^!u'Z^i^ UontatafstTanS SX'not';pota.d't',; .l"'^''' ^"^"' «^"^^=^"y ^^^ few ^-34 covered by the velum rcrospo'ers"i'^ TrFlZnTxTT'"' Macrospores tuberculate. microspores spinulose. (?) '^Tproat^'-lllk^'r ■!") LYCOPODIACE/E (Clud Moss Famii v) eri;?:t^l::^fuiiy!'cov:,i5 i;?^'sS[?:^;r?"= ^'t ;"°^*^ - ■-«- -^ '■- sporangia in the axTof tlTe leaTes otin sS' ^ ^"'^''^'^'"^ ''-^^^■'^^ = homogeneous spores. '^'^'''^' shedding numerous, yellow, 1. LYCOPODIUM rCLun Moss) (cS;^'S^^!noiir^iI^-/-a ^-'-'>: ^P°- yellow, inflammable. '7^fi;}.Jfa^l'^,:Sil?;^.^:!r^<;-ves. w..ich are s.,«>u.y modified Terminal leaves without sporanuia Leaves uniform in U-nnth Leavesinzones.alternatelv longer and shorter ■ ■ ■ ■ 1. L. Selago. Terminal leaves with sporangia »* "^ -"'^ ^"""^ ■ • . . 2. I,, lucidiilum. sporaiiKia in spilies of modilied leaves -^^ '- 'nundatum. bterile r«rt of the branches terete, leaves in more than i rows, radial. Horizontal stem deep, the aerial portion tree-like ■ , . Horizontal stem, superficial, tiailino '•'^'-^ ""C ■ . . . J. L. obscurum. Leaves bristle tipped . Leaves not bristle-tipped ■'•1- clavatum Leaves in 5 rows, 2-;i mm. loiiK. branches s1Pnd»r ri ■ Leave, if''i7 '" *' ™'''' 'r"*""''' '"-"'^"w stout /^'^ ' ' i;- ]■ -tcncnsc. ilo Vf°*« o" mostly flattened stems. ... 7. L. annotmi- Leaves alike in all 4 rows Leaves not aliKe. 8.L. ^ibin.Tff Spikes pedunded Spikes sessile , \ [ 9. L. complan. 10. L. alpinum. it 12 LYCOPODJACE/E 2. L. lucidulum L Str.tr. 3. L. inundatum I r r.,i. -^u l 8 L. sabinaefolium Willrl ^, slender, slightly Hatteruxl t Hcavxs l" V^-P'"^' ,'°"S, slender; the branch., ^ k'i l;^".' ;',\' ^"^•''^ -^P'.^r -■*'-> onV;iuncTes'n^ equal. aiSg •Selkirk!,, Alt. Arrowsmith, V. I. l«-"uncies 0-2 cm. long. Rockies and J- L, complanatum I s i TAXACE/E 13 TAXACE.« (Yew Family) foeViJ'"el.S:r';>"tr vXv^buf '^'''^ '-"ii ''-'^hing a diameter of 2 often low and hardly forming a' tre^ tnmi-^' 1"'^'!'""= ','• l^*' '""""«^i" ^'""ds 2-ra„ked. pointed; fr^urr^:i^uS^ri^e""toa^t^S KS:l£i,r^^'^ «"• CONIFERS (Pine Family) mo'^n'S: IrsLly'Sn's'which'h" '"°^*'^' "—■.-tire.- flowers mostly H.e; ovule. 2 or m^re^TtVh": ^^'x^r:^^!^::^.^^^:!^^^'^ Fruit a cone. 1. Juniperus. Cone ovoid, its scales oblong THK^''li'°'^*' '" ^^^^ P*"3"^ »ith^ central bo^s ?' T^l'^'^' ^•^feaVes /^c^ri^o^Lre^n^'fe'n.lh"'^ '"''' '^"^ manv. alternate'; ^^ ^"— VP-'s. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more Leaves evergreen, the cluster with a basal sheath . „■ Leaves deciduous, the cluster sheathless • • . . 4. Pmus. Leaves solitary. 5. Larix. Cones erect, scales deciduous Cones pendant, scales persistent *■■ ••^')ies. Bracts .(-lobed. longer than the .scales , „ Bracts not .i-lobcd. shorter than the scales ' ' ' ' ' • Pscudotsuga. Leaves petioled, blunt, cones small ' „ ^ Leaves sessile, sharp, cones large *• Tsiica. 9. Picea. J. communis. 1. JUNIPERUS (Juniper) Leaves all subulate without a glandular snot '■'^^^^^^^^\^ -'-"^-^^ ■~ua,U. With a • '• E^r°e^"1^Vl?a;^;ti:Xc'o!,s"^.'-'*'''^-'''^^ • 2- or ti;irs"Xlioi?y ci'nTelleTal^tt'acumin^t ^'^^ --• '-^. -Straight stripe beneath; fruit elaucous .ppH ^vv,;h . , ' ^^""^l' ^'^°^'^- » ^^''"te Wn. Var. sib rica (Buresd ) Rv Ih Tnf' "^ r'^- ^^'''^^ southward to often in basket-like ciS Imhi^hn inf '''''''! "^/ '^e ascending branches abruptly bent at base."dSy^^an3ed [ i^up^lj att"e.' ["^olSr'^ '^^^^-^ ±.l^^?°;^cuS:i-^-,^^^^ prostrata. scopulorum. rangular; fruit glauco;^ron;;;yVhZ^VelnVs'^r,ho°^ towards the apex. (/. Sabina var. pr'lcuZcT;) GoMeT ' blunt ridges 14 f ' C0\IFER.4J angled and Rrooved Drv"" ^^,^'"^°"^ "" ''hort recum-H^ r"' -^'^"^ ^-^ P''^ Gu.fofGeorgi;Ti; '''''• '^'^^y P'-es; C:oId::.rPri„^;t; 'fflV'S Hr K « ^' ™^-^^ (Cedar) .Branches flat in a flit i L-rdncniets terete- ( middle. (Creek f^ 3. CHAM^CYPARIS (Cypress) rmcrin general ann^.ir, • '— ^v^rfAKIS (Cypress) -nsJs (Lamb) Snn.h .V. ., " '' some ing cones 10-12 mm. thick; ^ieedT"' 4""* region. occa.s,onaI in the sTuuVAlaska, A large or small tree ■■o%ince seldom exceed! ""clly glandular; ^•'nged. Coast 2. 3. 4 5. ™ntorta. Ponderosa. ^ 4. PINUS (Pixe) J- p. contorta Dougl. (ScRTiR P ^ , ' »• ''■ icxiiis. ' ctr- c^o'n'e^ovJirrt"^^^""-'- o^^'^'^' Ks^^ f^^' ^^ --times VVest of the cSos" n sS """"y ^^^-"^ «" the tree^'anTh^Hp' '^°"^^^'^- Alaska. Van MurravLnrp P?' °'' °" ^andy dunes anHH ""^ open>'ng. not distinct from tK",t,3Engelm. (Lodge-P^ole P A smTll'".?''^ "^Sef : 9 p . '^ ' ^'"^'"^e.xtensive forests easrnf.Ki?"'^'^^'' tree, 2. p. ponderosa Dou^l aw , ' ''^'^ Cascades. CO.\IFER/E 15 tinge. 5-10 cnl. lon^; c,,nerresin.!us cviiiT' I ''l'''''"'?'''^" ^'"' '' ''^''^'^'^ pedunclecl. maturing tin- scconrycrrscSsTf '^T'""^' Vl""" '^'"- '""K- gray or brown apcxt the infra^ll .T^rt . t ."'' '''"«•/«' l'^''^^'- ^vitl. a wing. .Scattcred^rces: o"scLre'a,^'^-:i%r'"^^,n'^ ^>'""'^ "^ "''^ ^Tp'YSt^V^?'"'"^'^ Valley, northward o Uunai.r '"' -'".cl.n.es 4 F. albicaulis Engelni. (Wiiitf-H \kk ]> ) , ,''"'; higher eleyations; the light traN- thin h,^L- L I ■ ^"^ .T^"' "'' "'""'<^d at trunks; leayes yellow-green "s en Ion Ac .^^" 'nto ol.long [.lates on old with an apical point; cl^esV oi.rdip purpl^t Vrn,'"? ''"'''^'^"•, ^"^^^ ''^''^^'^ so; seeds shed without the yer- n irrow « i " '"ng, sessile or nearly (P.fiexUisalbicautis). Alts.. Coast ;okoeke'rn"''''\--' 'r"""' '" ^'"^ ^^l*^" ward to lat. 53". Kotkies. (not on V.I,), extending north- gre'en''i"7"!"^lnTrhSiS'tl"rry^ba?k^^^^^ on old trees:cones'oyoid t^n" In^ nearly'se^'n^""' '^^ '" '^T "'^'- at lip which has an apical poL sied's nenrk f- i''"''''\^'''-''"'>' ^''""'^'^"ed the Rockies and Mts. Last of the'Ca."ader "^ Scattered trees in , 5. LARIX (Larch) like^^clrr^i^-cSins'iiirkeif^^hr^iii/'iV^^'-'t' ^™- ^^-^ ^"'^■ branches; cones erect, dark purKfow^^^^^^^ f ''^'•-'' f^""' ''"''"'ike (The ancient name). '^ "' ""= ^■'■'*"^ 'on^cr than the scales. 1. L. occidentalis \utt. (Westehv I ^ a i diameter, with thick, fisstred bark; branches bhtTe T' 'Tu ^"'^ '!'" '" in clusters of 14-30. yclo^v-green turnW vnM •' '"" S'^broiis; leaves long, without resin ducts- scales' orbicdfr -^r'' '".^"^""'n. -'-S-IS cm. below when young; bracts ovate wi?h. I ' ,?''''"e- "-'g"! and tomentosc mm. long. OkanfganTo CdulL' Vatley"' "' '''' ""''^ ""' ^^'"^ ^'^ ind7stl;cdr"sUrd;"La^chefto"ugh''branc^^ -A rather small tree; bark woolly with rusty or whhe hi irs laves M,t '*"'' bud-scales pube.scent or in a cluster, with 2 resin ducts; conS-^clX'^rh' -'V^-' ""• .'•"^'- ^0-40 tose-pubescent on back and ii arcins Ah in. ^' • ''''^'^'''"" in the Rockies. margins. Alpine, forming the last belt of trees 2.1cm.- lont'l"'2Si?a ^^^"^^^li o ^^f " '"'■'' f' '"■ '^'Sh: 'eaves 1.5- edges; cones ovoid. 1 2 cm long bracks mn I 'T""^^"',' "'"^'^ '" '^e outer obiong scales. Yukon to"thl7fard"R"Uj:;^59'; and ^SstVard™""'"' '"' 6. ABIES (Fir) (Balsam) Stems with balsam-blisters; leaves flat or thi,!- o . j • , ducts, leaving smooth roundish sea, s on ,h ' { ''anked, with 2 resin- cones erect, mostly puberXnt matt rinAhfi T°°'*' ""■ ^^''y branchlets; pifces, balsam-bear ng;threroTen3pHK'' ^"'''' '^"^ '"^^^"y f^"i"g ir' scale (in -4. «o6//,/£ndI south of --"'*' "^"-^^ snorter than the name). ^ ^°"'*' °f °"f range, exserted). (The classical '"^/.^"t'^^S °^ '^^^-^^ -'"^ -'-• --■«"'■ '-" c>.,.ndrical. 3..3.7 '^'^'l-0^"c"S'.^!h'?^^^-"' -"" f- - - ^'O'nata; cones e.npsoida.; branches, 2^4.5 en' long ^tl stSv^marl^o I ''?■ '-\'"'"''^'-^'^ "" ''--V the midrib little thickenecXapexTSrSshlM^ '"".: V^'"'^'"-"^' "'''• very near the lower surface,^the up^rslX^: -rgl^gtid^^llh'^e'w I- .\- (jrandia. 2. .\. Ia=iocarpa. •''■ A. amabili.".. A large tree, 50 m. or more high; 16 COMFER/E w th sn,al|, apparently not f Jly devdop^.l'oncrarethi /•■"'" -'"• ''-'^-'"i'' 3 A amahin it , ''^^'"' ^-^ Possibly mmmmmms , 8. TSUGA (Hemlock) "■I m the Selkirk's; northw. to Fort George^' ' ^^ '' ''"^ ^oast; plenti- , 9. PICEA (S^RT-cF) CONIFER/E IT long, b.untish cal ,H,s-pointc' •'^"' f"^"! with short cones) Sa to th * S'nanie^t-Syu'r^^''- '^^'^ "^"'^^ >°""« '^^^ ^"^ a fetid odor. V^enc^ TYPHACE^ (Cat Tail Family) Marsh herbs with long flat, sessile leaves, and small, monoecious flowers 1. TYPHA n3»^'"'I!^'^ "°'''"'? .uppermost intermingled with long hairs- Distillate 1. T. latifolia L (Cat-Tail). Stout, 1.5-2.5 m. hieh- snikes dark hroun ate North America. "^," v^.ju.suuub anu cicariy nittcrent; the latter per t-at-tail ; pollen grains in 4's. Throughout temper- SPARGANIACE^ (Bur-Reed Family) Marsh or aquatic plants with alternate sessile, 2-ranked leaves and mono. of?en p^duncl'ed'tir; '"'^"'' «'°''"^'^ ""'f'-' »V '°^-^ heTds pistlllate^a^d hi i^,! u- r "^^ "P'""" s^aminatc and sessile; the p. rianth represented by scales, which are more or less regularly arranged in the fertile huwers Hi '1 t 18 '. SPARf;AM.\( E^ 1. SPARGANIUM The only genus; characteristics above htmt roun(Jenri- simple. Plane, .|o„,,,.r, iea'vet?.'; i/SL' '?"■ '"■J" ^"'"^ ''"'"'■•'•' •^"""•lon^.staminate head,.... 1 . S. eiirjxarpura. - S. Oreenei. 3- S. androcladum. *■ S, simplex •'>■ S, ariKustifolium. , „ - vaua I-.- -• 5- •"!''tipedunculatum. '• S. eurycarpum Fntrclm S, . '■ !>• mmimum. K- V . 1. to California; in water. " '""'• '°"g. stign:as 1 ^- S. androcladum Enir.-im ci ■ cence compound; pista-itefts 3 7 "a^'ld^ '^"'•'"■sh, leaves long; inflores ^ "• ^- '•. Vancouver and eastward. '^""* '• '^'-irshcs and ponds, mm. broadfnfrrow*"TtteV'h'lVdK'T'^ 3-9 dm. long leave, ■? d e 2-2.0 mm. long; stigma 1 n.m^ong' "g(^^' ^'^"er; achene fusiform^ '• S. minimum Fries Slender n • *° *-''''^°''"'a and Ontario San Juan LakT\'. f.'^""^' ^•^'"' ^'--"-- (SeTktr'ks)rC^otmbri^Tyl NAJADACE^ (Po.vowHEo F.milv) Aquatic or march he-'-- •• ; I' 5i NAJADAC'E/K Flov.oTj perfect, spiked or clustrred. ovari.-t 1 •"^iiikc ixhJnmleil, wpali i (•lower, on an inclosert.padix. perianth none Flowers montmoiij or dioetioua. ovary I 4 in No 8 Plants Kriiwing in the «ea ne.ir low-iide'nia-k' ' ' Ho.vers tnondvious; fruit rounded at time Mowers diacioiis; fruit saRitiate at ba-k- Plants not urowinK near low-tulo marli rants stemless, flowi-rs mon.r. lous, inHotcscence scatxjse or basal I'lants with stems. inflores.fn. c axillary »«:apose or oasal Leaves entire Leaves tincly serrati- 19 1. Potamosfton. •'■ Kuppia. 3. Zostcra. ■•■ Phyllospadiz. 5. LiUia •'• ZannicheUia. 7. Najas. 1. POTAMOGETON (Pondweed) Plants of lakes and streams; tlie immersed leaves 2-rankcd n..|!.irifl th.. floa .n« th.cker: supules n.ore .,r less mme.l a„d sl,eatl,rnK?sepais^ rou ded stamens 4. o,,posue t he sepals;„varies 4 (rarely 1.. stvie sh< rt;fru drS- l.ke, sp.kes sheathed by the stipules in l.u.i. niostK' raised aboNe the S Floating: leaves present, diflerinii frnm the submeraed. I-ower submemed leaves lineiir. .'-4 iiirn «,,|e Subniergeil leavesn.it reticiilat.-.| al.inK thi.'midrib i i. Sul.merKed leaves reticulated al„„K the m, Inb ' ' " ' I "".""t Submersed leaves lam colate, aider •■• ' • •^Pil'yJrus. HoatinK leaves ao-J.j veined Floating leaves IM-L't veined. Petioles of floatinvi leaves short. f.,liaKere.ri cm. loni;. SubnuTKed leaves mucron ite. stipules obtuse 1 ^ubm.•rK,•d leaves and stipules acuminate ' ' 7 Mature spikes 1.5-:).-) cm. lonK ' ' ' n Floating leaves wantinu, all the leaves similar. • • . O. Lraves lane eolate or oblonu or wider. Leaves not < laspint^. Mature spikes li.V.^)..-, cm. long 11 d 1 Mature spikes siiorter. o. f. lucens Foliage reddish Foliage Rreen Ltaves claspinu or perfoliate. Lraves half-claspinK. stipules conspicuous, fruit sharply keeled obtuseh k^^"""""' "'""'"' '" '''"^'' ''"" obiurSy or Leaves linear or filiiorm. btipules not adnate to the leaf bases; spikes globose, loosely flowered or sometimes interrupted looseij Leaves glandless. Leaves grass-like, 2-4 mm. wide , Leaves fdiform. hardly 1 mm. wide Leaves bi-glandular at base. Leaves ,")-7 nerved, stipules 1-2 cm. long Leaves 1-.3 nerved, stipules leos than 1 cm. long Stipules adnate to the leaf-bases; spikes interrupted Leaves 4-S mm. wide. ... Leaves 1 mm. wide or los^. Stigma capitate, style short . Stigm.i broad, sessile amplifolius. alpinus. angustift)liu5. americanus. heterophyllus alpinus. licterophyIl;i3 9. P. prxlongus. 10. P. Richardsonii. 11- P. zosterifolius. H. P. foliosus. 13. 12. Friesii. pusillus. 15. P. Uobbinsii. 10. 17. pectinatus. hlifornns. ^ _^ -.. *.,u,ll.,Illli3. revdme "thirk'NVn ^^^"i" ''""P.r °' ?Pa""g'y branched; floating leave* revoiute, thick, 3-10 cm. long, elliptical or ovate, '.'.o-o 5 cm wide hlnnr pointed, cordate or acute at base; stipules 4-7 cri lon^- iMon^ ,h„ submerged leaves bladeless with acut J stipule.', 3 4 cm ^I'an:.':" k-s 3 qZ tong; fruit obovo.d, 4 mm. long, the sides of the turgid nuflctv^th tsma 1 &t^; V.°I. "'' "''= '"'''''" "" '"^"^P''^'^' «P'-'- Lakes.^ Atlantl" to !,.^-..J;.;P|.'Vyf "", ^^f- Simple or branched, floating "loaves elHptical- ..a..L.o!acC, 0-9 cm. long, C-io mm. vide, acute at base- stinules ^' 2 U rm !rt!;i'H'"""^f '*^^,r"* ^^'^^''^•' linear-land „late, splices lie cm long nutleTs 3-keeled, pitted, embryo a complete spiral. B.C. to Nfld 3 P. amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem simple; (l.,ating leaves oblone-hnre tlZ.^' '' 'f "^'' f "''^'^.' '^'^■'^^'^ "' ™""ded at base. 0^1 rather °ong,^ 'Lies- submerged leaves lanceolate or oval, usually falcate, 0.8-2 dm lonf;TtipuIes fjl 20 NAJADACE,€ i I b.C. toN.S.incar VictoHa. ^''''-' ""P''"scd, not pitted. ^■^-^^cnX^roh{^!:L.fo^^^^^^ floating leaves often wanting, nierged leaves nearly sessile obb'^ I, nn 'i"" P^,"^'^' l^'^' "'^''ved; sub- broad obtuse, the upVonS'aS e-^'Xil 3% rnTT ^■"^'■"*^?' ^^'P"''^^ pound, fruit lenticular, beaked with the r=,titr I "?^' ■'"''''•' o"" com- mature. {P. rufesccns Schrad^ ^fri v' '""« *^>'''' P'""' when im- Ounalashka. ^chrad). Streams; Nanainio; Atlantic to Pacific- up'per';;aves'Sc"u: S^'^etimeVi:;"'- Z'?"'"' "--'''^'^ ^^ b-- the 1-2.5 cm. wide. TsT^Sd X oS'tMh'°"^i'^V°'^'^',"-*-l ^m. long, msped, shining. 7-17 veined ;tinulesohn,.n^"^1''^' '^P«°'ate mucronate gated; fruit 3-teeled, 3-4 mm I^ng (P /iJi^tTi '°<2K:rt'"J-'''^ ^'°"- Range. ^ '^■' • •^-'^" Koth.) Gnffin Lake. Gold .eats^i?„nTrgS"b'lu'ntKoint'er^ ,t "".7' H^^T^'r^ ^t^'^ «--« cm wide; the -bmerced lameoh^o -,; r "'^'^^'^d l.o-7 cm. long, 0.5-2.5 long (2.5-8 cm.) 2-^ mm u"de 3 7 ncrvod^'" • "T'^'f' ^'^""linate, short or elongated, frui. 2.5-3 L,tneroun^^s^P"''^°''\"'^^^ peduncles thick Pacific; Lulu Island; common on^V.T' ''^'■"'^' '^'^'''^'^- ^''■^"t''^ to lance-obloJS^o^ro^iy' enin^tica?'ofr"en";rf '"]«= "''^'•'"^ '^^^^'^^ thinnish. 1-3 cm. wi^e. 17-2? veLed;' ubme/sed 10^'; 'o"sS'"?"''f ' '■", '^"'' '""« 7-15-vemed; peduncles stout fruit obovoidn?^. ''"'•. '"."K. lanceolate, the middle keel winged above sides of m^lir "", ° • ''""" ^istmctly .3-keeled Tuckerm.) N. B. ^o Wn c nd U C '''''"'^' ""P'-^^^^d. (P. lonchites na?rowiy^Tp"LVorb^cX'?ac'r'n'"'= leaves more or less petioled, shining. 6-20 cm loL ah » t ?'■? n 'J^ ""?"''te. often crisped, fr^uently roundjh. scarce'lyaU''s^5J5e"nrt5^c:;;."l"ot "B"^l^^^c;Tr = '^"^ ^^^iT^^^^,^:^.^':^ J^-s lance. long; peduncles very long "Xs nthJ^lA. P^J",' ^'^'^^^ °'^tuse. 1.5-3 cm. wal^.'i-u'^c'mn"?' stTes^ c^oS'icuo'ir'u''^^'?^'^'"^' ^T '--'-«. thickened upwards, snongv? somet^3 l H ' i "''"^ •'," ^^""^^'^ peduncles fru^t obovoid, obscurdy 3 keeled^ 4 mm L '°"f I T-'''^i ^-^"^-S cm. long; Kamloops. "''^'y "^ "^^'^d- * mm. long, wnnlcled m drying. Sicamous; gr;sl-irk;,T5!r£",rng'trmm'l^?e^^1t"h 3sf; ''^"^r' ^'"f ^^ '--' stipules oblong, obtuse -3 r,n ^ontr s^l ^ strong and many fine nerves; 15-flowered, about IJ mm lone- fruiV nhlinPT''''i!^= ^^^^^ cylindrical, 12- somewhat keeled. p1ant pronal'a cd hv f^^ "^ m °n°'^J ^'^-^-S mm. long, bottom. B.C. to Oregon aTd^efsfwarSr Ungd l^ale^'v^ l'''^' ^^" ^« '^^ wid ; 2'!6^cm''l!rng,^^3-nr,ved''l°Uh'trin^? branching; leaves about 1 mm. base; internodes usually ;iSirfhrt™'"V^'r^\°" ^^^.'^ ^'^'^ ^t the propag.i„gb^ds.%ort^Mcl:^;Thal^^^^^^^^^^^ leaves 1-3 m:^"wi5r^:7 n:"S=s^[^C]er°" "'^^'^"^^ t"^' ''^'^^ "^^^-^^H^ small, dull; spikes becomiSrrumei 0 87^"?' *''''"''^''''"^= «'^"^« abundant. Atlantic to Pacific. "Sum'ach^VRvrrii„ZS^^''"« ''"'^» %^. NAJADACE/E 21 14. P. foliosus Raf. Stem filiform, tlattish, branching; leaves less than 1 mm. wide, 2-0 cm. long, obscurely 3-nerved, stipules obtuse; spikes capitate, 1-4-flowered, on short club-shaped peduncles; fruit roundish-lenticular, the back somewhat crested; no propagating buds. {P. pauriflorus Pursh.) B.C. to N.B. 15. P. Robbinsii Oakcs. Stiin rigid, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules; leaves crowded, recurved-spreading, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate ciliate-serrulate, many-nerved; stipules obtuse, becoming bristly-shreddy; spikes numerous, loosely few-flowered on short peduncles; fruit keeled with a broadish wing. Atlantic to Pacific; Lakes V. I., Somris River, Alberni. 16. P. pectinatus L. Stem filiform, branching, leaves alternate to apex, 1-nerved, peduncles filiform; spikes of 2-G remote whorls; fruit obovoid, com- pressed, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, rounded on the back, obscurely ridged on the sides; embryo spiral. Alberni; Kamloops; Rockies and eastward. 17. P. filiformis Pers. Stems filiform from tuberiferous rootstocks, branching; leaves filiform; peduncles elongated and overtopping the leaves (or sometimes shorter), spikes in 2-5 distant whorls; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long; globose-obovoid, not keeled on the rounded back; embryo annular. (P. marinus) Near Spence's Bridge, Alta., and eastward. 2. RUPPIA (Ditch Grass) Flowers naked, 2 or more on a gradually elongating peduncle (spadix) which is at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf; the flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides uf a rachis, each consisting of 2 separated sessile anther cells with 4 pistils between them, sessile at flowering, but later the small pointed drupe raised on a pedicel 1-2 cm. or so long. 1. R. maritima L. Stems brownish-red, 3-6 dm. long, branching; leaves 2-10 cm. long, linear; peduncles elongating after flowering, often coiling, usually 2-3 cm. long; sheaths 6-8 mm. long, fruit about 2 mm. long, pedicels 2 cm. long. In brackish or salt water; Vancouver; Alberni; Delta of Fraser River. 2. R. occiden talis Wats. Similar; branches and leaves often clustered at the nodes; leaves 7-20 cm. long; sheaths 12-36 mm. long; fruit 3-4 mm. long; pedicels less than 2.5 cm. long, often bright red. (R. lacustris Macoun) Saline ponds, Kamloops. 3. ZOSTERA (Eel Grass, Crab Grass) Flowers monoecious, the pistillate and the staminate without perianth, arranged alternately on the midrib of a leaf-like spadix, which is enclosed in the long sheath-like base of a leaf (representing a spathe) ; the staminate flowers of 1-cclled sessile anthers with pollen in the shape of tufted threads; the pistillate of a single ovary attached near its apex and tapering into a deciduous, rather long, style; stigmas 2, fruit a utricle, rounded at base, containing a ribbed nutlet. 1. Z. marina L. Leaves 6-i mm. wide, 3-20 dm. long, the broadest 10-1 3-nerved. In mud, just below low tide mark, or on mud flats; salt water; Alaska to Cal. 4. PHYLLOSPADIX (False Eel Grass) Flowers dioecious, without perianth, staminate flowers consisting of num- erous sessile anthers in 2 rows on a leaf-like spadix, pollen thread-like; pistil- late flowers of sessile ovaries attached in 2 rows above the base, tapering into a short style; stigmas 2; fruit a utricle, cordate at base; seeds not ribbed; leaves grass-like as in Zostera. Growing on rocks, exposed at low tide. 1. P. Scouleri Hook. Leaves flat, 2 mm- wide or more; peduncles basal, simple, solitary or in 2's, 1-10 cm. long. Near Victoria. 2- _P- Torreyi Wats. Leaves, 1 h mm. wide or less; peduncles cauline; spadix with a foliaccous appendage. West Coast, V. I. Both species with a row of scales on each side of fruit. Wl" ^M^^m^,^B^^wm^am3: m 22 NAJADACF-E AlbernV'o' '"'^ ''^r^' '" -"^ b -tltnW 'h"fn,n' "'"• '^ick.X scapes Albtrni. Oregon, but not Wn. ^ . ''"'^ '°^ ^ater, Somas River, Staminate and'^is^n.af fl "''"^-'^ ["^^^'^ ^^ -) thin envelope: theSic^cr^At'in^SF TT ^''''' .^^ «■■- -closed in a n d loose memoranous epicarp stn or 1^*^/' '''«'"'^'^: ^^"'t a. small nutlet leaves hnear opposite. ^^'P' ^'""''^'^ ''^^bs. growing in fresh water- 1- N. flexills (WiJld ) K A- ^ r ' Sitem Ieaflv_ iln,.o„ 1 . - " Stem leafly, fio^vers bractod SMein leafless, (lowers bracti I- Stheuchzerea. Iriulocliin. 1> , *• SCHEUCHZERIA 1. &. palustris L. Stems 1 <\ •\ ,in, i • u , pedicels spreading in frmV if '"«''' rather shorter than thp I„, southward'; Cowiciu" ;X '^"^^ ^"'^^^ ^'^^ ^-'inenti'^Siesf aS iiilliiiSiSP ^d ;H^' "r7^'r •^•, -^ at'^tir-.^;^ ,?:-^ 'r'^^ ^lenderrtmens Elke Filf? %''"5^^'''*^""'0'"m.long Marshl°vT" "^ inangular axis i-ake, hield I Alaska. *' ^'' ^' '• eastward; Cameron f ■'^ HI ■„— „. ALISMACE.E 23 ALISMACE/f; (Water-Plantain Family) Marsh herbs; stems scape-like, with sheathing radical leaves; flowers per- fect, petas 3, decKliioiis, usually white, sepals 3, persistent; stamens 6 or more, included; |)istils nuuieruus, di-tinct, I-celled, l-ovuled, becoming achcnes; leaves sln.nirly nerwd with transverse veinlets; flowers panicled or verticellate; long pcdiceled. Flo.vers perfect, small, i.i panicles; carpels in a rin? Flowers moncecious, large, in whorls; cariwb in a head . Alisma. Sagittaria. 1. ALISMA (Water-Plantain) _ Scape with whorled, panicled branches; petals 4 mm. long or less, involute in the bud; stamens 0, achenes flattened. 1. A. Plantago-aquatica L. Leaves ovate to elliptical, acute, rounded or cordate at base, the long-petioled scapes much longer, 3-9 dm. high- panicle large, pyranudai, the rays and slender pedicels ascending; petals 2-4 mm. long, white with a yellowish claw. Shallow water, ditches; common throughout N.A. 2. SAGITTARIA (Arrovv-Head) Marsh plants with milky juice, the scapes sheathed at base by the lone petioles; leaves sagittate or lanceolate; lloweis in whorls of 3, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate; stamens and carpels numerous; petals 7-14 mm. long; fruit a head of flat, winged achenes. 1. S. latifolla H illd. Scape 2-9 dm. high; leaves acute or obtuse, usually r'oad and sagittate, with long basal lobes, but variable; petals white, pedicels ol the fertile flowers at least half the length of the fertile ones; one of the lower flowers sometimes re[)Iacccl by a flowering branch; achenc more broadly winged on one side, with a rather long, curved, horizontal beak more than M Its length. In water, or wet places. Sicamous; Lulu Island; Alaska. {^. variabilis Lngelm, var.) This is the Wapato, the root of which was an important article of food with the Indians. The plant flowers in August. 2. S. arifolia Xutt. Scape 2-t dm. high; leaf-blades sagittate-hastate, acute, with long basal lobes; pedicels sube(|ual, achene winged all round bearing a small erect beak less than ', its length, on the inner side. In deep water producing lanre-linear phvllodia at the base, and developing elongated petioles and floating narrow blades. (5. cuneata Sheldon.) Kootenay. GRAMINE^ (Grass Family) Annual or perennial with hollow, terete stems {culms) jointed at the solid nodes; the blades parallel veined; the sheath (lower part of the leaf) inclosing the culm and open on one side, usuailv with a transverse scale {ligtile) at the throat ; florets 1-several in spikelets, each floret consisting of 2 scales (the outer called the L'mnia, the inner next the rachilla, the palet) ir.;losing the pistil and the usually 3 stamens; spikelets arranged in panicles or spikes, each spikelet consisting of 1-several florets arranged on an axis called the rachilla and subtended at base by 2 scales called flumes; between the palet and the lemma there are often 2 minute scales called loiicules; florets sometimes uni- sexual; styles 2, often short or obsolete, stigmas plumose; lemmas sometimes sterile, i.e., not enclosing a pistil. li 24 GRAMINE/E I h l.lumes absent . Olumes present, spikcletq rr«,..H i ■ „ • L'ersia in Sn,L-.r . '■'''^?' ^Pi''" """"^^ '" 2 rows, forming escence spike-like . ^"'^' "^ "' e'-X-h Joint, inflorl 11. Splkelets 2.many.flow«-.H i \ ' 'lordeum in VIU Inflorescence a panicW.r ^al"^' '""^ """^ P'«'"«e. ""4nt"S,t^„'=[,^:)-„'^']e first floret. ■em„,as nsua.lv with a /-/.o/w generally a vn "^"^U^hm wr".""'' '^"•'^"'' =»nd ^^W most floret (except in 1, rat ^^r?'""**^ ^^y°"• Echinochlo 4. Leersia. •''■ Anthoxanthum. C. Phalaris. 7. Hierochloe. 8. Spartina. 9- Beckmannia. 10. Cynodon. 11. Muhlenbergia. 12. Aristida. 13. Stipa. 14. Mrizopsis. !•''• Alopecurus. 18. Phlcum. 17. Polypogon. vy.- J. }.• GRAMINE^ 25 Panic le not a dense spike. Lemma l-'erved. awnlcss; fruit a utricle, tlie pericarp readily opon ! at maturity 18. Sporobolus. l.eniin.i nerved, awncd or awnless; fruit a grain Kloret otipitatp, stamen 1; c.illiis witliout a tuft of hairs; lemma with a very short awn ju^t below the apex 19. Cinna Floret not Mipitate. stamen.s 3. Callus with a lonK tnft of hairs; rachilla hairv . . .20. Calamagrostis Callus nalied: rachilla Rlabrous or slightly hairy. Lemma indurated, awned; Klumcs obtuse .... 14. Oryzopsis. Lemma thin, usually awnless; ulumes acute . .21. Agrostis. Tribe VI.— AVENE/E. Rachilla not prolonged behind the upper floret; spikelets 2-flowered, both florets j>erfcct Rachilla minutely hairy; low plants ... Rachilla villou." Rachilla prolonged behind the uppermost floret. Spikelets 2-flowered with only 1 perfect floret, the other staminate. Lower floret perfect, awnless. tlie upper staminate witli a hooked awn ; plant soft pubescent Lower floret staminate. awned, the ippor perfect, .awnless Perfect. florets 2 or more ' Deichampsia. Kaler.i and SphennphoHs are usually 2-flo\vered). Lemmas usually awnless. Glumes dissimilar. t..e second ohovate and broader; articula- tion below the glumes Glumes merely unequal, articulation ubove the glumes . Lemmas with a twisted awn arising between 2 terminal teetii; florets several; spikelets over 1 cm. long .... Lemmas with a dorsal awn. Florets large, 15 mm. long Horets less than l.'i mm. long. Lemma erose. keeled, with a dorsal awn Lemma bidentate. or acute, convex; awn arising below apex Tribe Vir. -FESrUCE/E. '.lemmas 3-nerved, sometimes 1 nerved. I eaves 2-3 cm. -iuc; racliilla with long hairs exceeding the floret ^PiVesless thai. I cm. wide; rachilla smooth or the hairs short. Fertile floret Si -rounded by pectinate scales .... Fertile florets no' so surro mded Glumes about equaling the first floret; inflorescence a dense shining spike Glumes shorter than the first floret Lemmas ,'>-nerved or more. Palet winged on the 2 keels Palet not winged though often strongly keeled. Spikelets dioecious, palet strongly 2-keeled, lemma keeled at apex; low plants with saline or alkaline habitat Spikelets not diin ions (except in some species of I'oa.) Lemmas keeled, more or less compressed. Lemmas shortly awn-i>ointed, .^pikelets in dense capitate, 1-sided cliister.s Lemmas not awn-pointeii. in some species cobwebby at base. Lemmas aw ned. inflorescence open, spiklets not clustered . Lemmas convex, rounded on the back or keeled only at apex. Lemmas not awned, very obtuse and scarious at apex, usually ,'{-4 mm. long. Nerves of lemma prominent . Nerves of lemma not prominent Lemmas mostly acute, often awned, usually more than 4 mm. long. Stigmas arising below the apex of the ovary; lemma bifid or entire, usually awned ju.st below the ajiex Sti'^mas apical. Upper lemmas not convolute about each other, nor lioocled. I^mrt-.s= 7-0-r,prvH. awr..-.', just l.el.>w the hident.ile apex, sometimes with a ring of stiff hairs at base .... Lemmas entire ."j-ncrved, often terminally awned LTpper sterde lemmas convolute about each other and more or less hooded 22. Aira. 23. Deschampsia. 24. Holcus 25. Arrhenatlierum. 20. Sphenopholis. 27, Koeleria 2S. Danthonia 29. A vena. 23. Deschampsia. 30. Trisetum. 31. Phragmites, 32, Cynosures. 27. Koeleria. 37. Poa. 40. Pleuropogon. 33. Distichlis. 34. Dactvlis. 37. Poa. ' 38. Bromus. 35. Glyceria. 3»>. Puccinellia. 38. Bromus. 39. Melica. 41. Festuca. 39. Melica, I 26 li :i <"'RAMINE/E '«l'ts solitary at e^rh • ■ ,"'"'"">« VIII.— horde E Spik.|,.t, not all jit^ , "■■ -lowered . ''^*-'^°«--'"™^^f^JV:XUSi.i]^-'ater.l 42. Ix>Iium. '■l- Agropyron. *■»• Elymus. ■li- Hordeum. , J- S. viridis (L) R,a„v fr - ""'Jncal, sp.k- -hke. (Latin branches C;,!, ' I ' ^' fP'l:elets i„ clusters ..r^'' '""S- "'b'^ut 1 cm. thick 'on«; ^Pik'ie s 2^, , , tn^:r "f each flor^".!^ .^S^^' -ith ,^ry shS as loni; as tl„. i, '^' "'"ima .sf.-iatc sliui , ™ -^ "arbed, 7-12 mm stron,.^ the lcn,n,a. or nearly so. In^rtf 'viJtS'v^'' ■^^'^""^' ^'"-e -'• S. filauca (I ) ]} victoria, Vancouver; Arm- P'isln upuar ■ ba (^c,J ^^f!''^^'''i'« ^ mm. long fS^tJ; '"'"r ■/''"-"'^■' ^"''^ ''m- , ?^Pi!^clets l-i,o.ered ';„''^^''^'^^''^I (Pamc-Gk.ss) '-s.^. th?fir!ror ' ^'•^'^■' '-vt&?;:^;;!tT^'^-'>-, ^- ^"^ ^^ird tpik';; '.'^ ^•""' ^ '"'"ions ''*'" "^'"'-'^• SpiS'tla4[;°''' '••'■"'''• 'OHK .:■■■■• Annual, pul„.^.ent . ' ' ' ' below; spi!,n|e,.'V,;V'^ ascen.line bmnrhe. .''''■■ ^'^'^^^mbbng that of „. .. ..' -^'^-^ - niu,. lone, -.„...,. . "^ ■•.™'^-^^"''l apprcssed, naked 1- P. Scribnerianuta. ^. I', occidentale. 3- P- capillare. ■»• P. aKro.stoides. high, in late summer If n- s.!:s;:r °' '-^^^^^ '-s^^r^E'isSfiS ^i£^kddSi.£^:_ .1^^^ GRAMINE^ 27 3. ECHINOCHLOA (Barnyard Grass) Spikelets 1-flowercd wiih 2 unequal glumes and a sterile lemma, as in Panuum; glumes spiny-hispid, nuicroiiale; sterile lemma similar, avned or mucronate; fertile lemma and palet much as in Panicum; panicles of dense, 1-sceded spikes. (Greek echiuos, a hedgehog, diloa, grass). l._ E. crussj'.ilH (L.) Xash. Coarse, ;M2 dm. hiyh, branching at base; panicle green or purplish, dense above, glaltrous, blades 1-2 cm. wide, glab- rous, scabrous above. Introd.; gardePo and moist, rich soil. Xew West- mmster. 4. LEERSIA (Cut-Grass) Spikelets l-flowered, flattened laterally, sterile or fertile (the latter mostly mcluded in the sheaths); glumes wanting; lemma boat-shaped, awnless; stamens 3; inflorescence composed of short racemes of imbricated spikelets in open panicles. (Leers was a German botanist). 1. L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Rice Cut-Grass). Culms stout, 3-12 dm. high, the bases decumbent; blades very rough; spikelets 4-.5 m.n. long; lemma hispid, bristly on the keel. Wet places .Nfld. to VVn., perhaps in B.C. 5. ANTHOXANTIIUM (Sweet Vernal Grass) Spikelets 1-flowercd in a narrow spike-like panicle; glumes very unequal; sterile lemmas 2-lobed, hairy, dorsally awncd; fertile lemma awnless; stamens 2. (Greek anthos, a flower, xanthos, yellow). 1. A. odoratum L. Fragrant, 2-G dm. high; panicle 3-8 cm. long, brown- ish-grecn; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, spreading in flower; the first sterile lemma short-awned below the ape.x, the second awned near the base. Introd. fields about coast cities. Fhwering early. 6. PHALARIS (Canary Gr.ass) Spikel^-ts l-flowered, laterally flattened; panicle narrow or spike-like; glumes equal, boat-shaped, much longer than the florets; the sterile lemmas reduced to hairy scales, the fertile lemma and palet hard and siiining in fruit (Greek phalaros, shining, descriptive of the seed). \. P. canadensis L. (Canary Grass). Annual, stems .3-0 dm. high; eaves scabrous, 510 mm. wide; panicle a dense, ovoid spike, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; glumes boat-shaped, white with green veins, nearly glabrous, the 2 empty lemmas small, slightly pubescent; fertile lemma appresscd-pubescent. Waste places. New Westminster. 2. P. arundinacea L. (Reed Canary Grass). Perennial, ()-15 dm. high; leaves 1-1.8 cm. wide; panicle 0-15 cm. long, short-branched, the flower clusters erect in fruit; spikelets lanceolate; glumes not keeled; sterile lemmas small hairy scales. Widely distributeil from Atlantic to Pacific. (The var. picla L. is the Ribbon Grass of the garden). 7. HIEROCIILOii (Holy Grass) Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal perfect, with 2 stamens, the two lower with 3 stamens or consisting of empty lemmas; glumes boat-shaped, shining, about equaling the hairy lemmas. (Clreek hieros holy, chloe, grass; strewn at church doors in Northern Europe). 1. H. odorata (L.) Wahlenb. Panicle pyramidal, with spreading or drooping branches; spikelets 5 mm. long, light brown. (H. borealis R. & S.) Thompson River, eastward and northward. Comox; Elgin. 8. SPARTINA (Slouch C.BASS, CniinGK^'j-:) _ The l-flowered spikelets strongly flattened, sessile in 2 rows in dense 1- sided spikes which form a raceme; glumes narrow, unequal, bristly, keeled, longer than the obtuse-narrow lemmas. Perennials with rootstoc>s and long tough leaves. (Greek spartiiie, a cord, in allusion to the tough leaves). i.lj •I •Ufa I i 28 GRAMIXE^ 2. S. cynosuroides (I ) R„^^ c t^ -^^es, u. i., The 1 fl r ^^^•'^•^'"^NIA (Tall Slolgh Gk^ss) ■""I'S scabrous; paniJe -•> -^ H., . ^"'"'^ ^-'0 ''m- high' IcavP, "5 s 1. M. racemosa (Michj; ) R t; n 12. ARISTIDA (Triple-Awned Grass^ Spikelets l-flowprprl- „i ^"^^ to or ass) o 5- ' '•"IS, u. 1.; Xaramata. »3. STIPA (Feather Grass) c •!, 1 "-••i» ^■^'lAiHER Grass) Glumes :.'-3 cm. loner ia,„o fi •- icaves. (^'TCek stype, tow) Glumes 1.8 2 4 Cn' fo^?,' °^ ^""l""-^ "*--'« cm. long ^^^ Glume, 2.4.3..5 .-l^' °^«' ^n'o -^ included .:,t base'' Glumes less than 12 mm lUS'-'''"'^"*^ '• S. comata. Panicle a ,pike. """• '°"^' ^""^ <>' lemma 5 cm! long or .horier ' ^- ^- '^^'^^■ Glumes 7-9 mm. long Glumes 4-5 mm. long Panicle loose . 3- S. virldula. *■ S. Columbiana, o. S. Richardsonii. ^Ui^r ^m^:w GRAMINE/E 29 1. S. comata T. & R. (Xeedi.e Grass). Culms 2 10 dm. high, the upper sheath.s often enclosing the base of the panicle ; hasal . aves ualf the length of the culm: panicle loose, 1-3 dm. long, the hranchfs few-flowered, ascending; glumes 18-24 mm. long, exceeding the rather pubescent lemma; awn 10-20 cm. long, slender, pubescent to the bend; callus acute, pubescent at base. Dry ground, D. I.; Victoria. 2. S. spartea Trin. (Northern Biff.\i.o Grass). Culms .5-12 dm. high; basa! leaves ?3 the length of the culms; panicle finally exscrted, 1-3 dm. long, simple, narrow, branches erect; glumes 2.1-3..J cm. long, acuminate, longer than the brown lemma, which is glabrous above and minutcK- pubes- cent below; awn stout, bent, 10-20 cm. long, scabrous, pubescent below; callus acuminate, silky. Kamioops. 3. S. viridula Trin. Rather stout, 5-10 dm. high, panicle greenish, dense spike-like, 1-2 dm. long; glumes somewhat equal, 7-9 mm. long, acuminate, exceeding the pale, pubescent lemma; awn usually twice bent, 2-4 cm. long, scabrous; callus short, not sharp; sheaths pilcjse at throat and margins; palet more than one-half as long as the lemma. Columbia Vallev; D. I.; Victoria; Sask. 4. S. Columbiana Macoun. Similar; panicle purplish, glumes unequal, purplish; lemma thinly pilose, 4-') mm. long; awn 15-2.5 mm. long; callus acute; margins of sheaths not pilose; palet scarcely half as long as the lemma. Vale; Cedar Hill, Victoria. 5. S. Richardsonii Link. Slender, tufted, G-9 dm. high; panicle loose and open, 7-15 cm. long, the branches very slender; glumes unec|ual, 7 and 9 mm. long; lemma brown, 5-6 mm. long, none less hairy; awn scabrous, 12-22 mm. long. Rockies; Donald; Golden. 14. ORYZOPSIS (Mountain Rice) Spikelets 1-flowered in contracted or open panicles; glumes rather broad, obtuse or acuminate; callus short; lemma with a deciduous awn, indurated, convolute, enclosing the large palet and large grain. (Greek oryza, rice, opsis, aspect). Panicle narrow. Awn 5-10 mm. long 1. O. asperifolia. Awn shorter or wanting 2. O. pungens. Panicle open, ample 3. O. liymenoides. 1. O. asperifolia Michx. Culms tufted, 2-6 dm. high; blades scabrous, those of the culm often only 1 cm. long, the basal 4-8 mm. wide; tubular below; inflorescence 5-12 cm. long; simple; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; awn 5- 10 mm. long; lemmas sparingly pubescent; lodicules ^^ the length of the palet; glumes 5-7-nerved. Rocky woods, Clinton; Field; Columbia Valley. 2. O. pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Culms tufted, 2-5 dm. high; blades slightly scabrous, those of the culm short, the basal long, involute-filiform; panicle 3-6 cm. long, branches 1-2 cm. long; spikelets 3-4 mm. long; awn 1-2 mm. long, or wanting; lemma appressed-pubescent, glumes 3-5-ner\'ed. Sandy soil, Spence's Bridge, eastward. Field. 3. O.hymenoidesR.&S. (Indian Millet). Culms tufted, 3-6 dm. high; blades smooth, those of the culm long, filiform; panicle 2-3 dm. long, widely branching and forking, the branchlets mostly bearing 2 spikelets 5-7 mm. long; lemmas densely pubescent. In large tufts, sand dunes, D. I.; Summer- land. 15. ALOPECURUS (Foxtail Grass) Spikelets 1-fIowered, early deciduous, flattened in a dense cylindrical spike, which is more slender than that of Plileum; glumes equal, awnlcss, somewhat united at base, ciliate on keels; lemma obtuse, 4-.5-nerved, awned below the middle; palet often wanting; style single with 2 hairy stigmas. (Greek alopex, a fox, oura, a tail). .. 1 flj^" I #1 i5' ,1^ f ») GRAAriXE.-E 2- A. saccatin. '■ A. geniculatug. Annual, shfaths • (Jatwl nf..„ . . Perennial, sheaths .irKh7l'v„r^"^"''"-'',"« "'<• »Pike. C.Iume, obtuse; .piWets ■? , „ , "' '"■"• '""''• Glumes acute; aetu'aU;trnnrA;!;>r''^V'-''""''onK 3 v ,, exscrted .spik-Vets 2 -. n'^''' , ^'^'■- aristulatu, forr "'a '""^'- '^'"'*t The conrm^-l^:l-> "'"'• '-«' '-'- ^''^■•'t'" lonr^r ,ha^: th.- ^^^ 2. A. saccatus Vascv Ann. I Kiumes, bulbous; panicle OHo^ ,^ Timothy). Pcrenni.l fi io j , • where. ^'^-^ ^'-- '""g. aw„ of glun.errn"S.' Io"„'' %il^^- f«- n ^f ..un>es 3 .^„. .^ Xrtr^H;^;^^- "^^'v 17. POr.V'Por^^,., .„ ^'^"'.ttc, Alaska. ovoid-oblong;awi •-•lumes acute U iV " V Peniele open. ^'"■"^••^•'^'»"8''^tne lemma, .■■••• 1- S. Richardsonii Sp>ke ets 2-2.5 mm. long ' ' • • 2. S. brevifolius " Spikeiet. 1-1.5 mm. loUl •••■... , ^ 4- 5>. asperifolius. .^. r^^^^ktSv. GRAMIXF.^ 3, .1. S. Rlchardsonii fTrin.) Mor. Pcrcinial, 2-5 ,!ni. hi-h. , rrn nilms. minutely roushenod by sopta- liK'ule 'J mni. l-.tiR, aruto; spikeUt:. .'{ mm! long, crowclcd;panido l-Orni. Ions. interriii,:c,I at l.ase, lonK-ex>ert 0.1; lemma J mm. long. (6. ruspulalus, in part. 5. bn-.-'folius, Nash.l Meadows and along rivers, B.t . to Labrador, (Piper). 2. S. brevlfolius (N'utt.) Scrib. Similar; nilms smrwith; IIitmIc 0 5 mm long, erosf-triincatc; pani.le very slender, spikel.ts about r, mm. lon^.', lemma .i mm. long, (5. r«.y/>, latu.s). Dry open gn,und. Kocki.s. S. depauperatus J^crib. May be distingiiH.ied by t!ic .-^iK-rt 1,-mma H," mm. long) half as long as in the above. Rockie-;; ("olumbia \alle\ . 3. S. cryptandrus (Torr.i Grav. (Sant) U.) Culm-; -1-7 dm. high; sheaths cihae and bearded at the throat; paiiiele obloi.g-lan'volale, lead-colored, I--JUcm. lonj;, inrliidcd at base i:. the sheath, sometime- ripening seed with- out being exserted; spikelets clothing tlie branches nearly to the base; pedicels short; the first glume Ji as long as the .H^'cond. Drv soil, Spence' ; Brid«- 1 cnticton. . . 1 ^ . 4. S. asperifolius Tluirb. (KouGir D.) Perennial, 1.5-t dm. hi"h- blades rough on upper surface; sheaths smooth; panicle pyramidal, 1 dm. long inc uded at base; spikelets mostly solitary, on long. cai)illary, often purpli^i! pedicels; glumes nearly erpial. Dry (,r alkaline soil, Kamloops; Okanagan 19. CINNA (Indi.an ReedCkvss) Tall, with flat leaves, spikelets l-tlowered, the rachilla articulated below the glunies ,.id prolonged a little behind the palet, the floret raised a liitle above them; glumes 1-and 1-3-nerved; lemma 3-5-ncrycd, usually sh.rt- awncd near the apex; palet 1-2-nerved, si men 1. 1. C. latifolia (Torr.) Criscb. Culms 5-15 dm. high, solitary or few, loaces 1-1.5 cm. wide; panicle 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the branches spreading or drooping- spikelets 4 mm long; palet 2-neryea, ctiualing the scabrous short-awned lemma. (C. pendula). Damp woods, \. I. ; ( loid Range; .\laska. 30. CALAMAGROSTIS (Rei-d Rknt Ck.vss) Spikelets l-flowered in dense or open panicles; rachill,- 'ed behind the palet; glumes sube"'a few or none. Armstrong A /-. I . °' "K tie acute lemma. Roeer's'Piss" not closed in fruif awn not s wl r ' '''"^'''' •'•'"' ''"' toothe I lemma meadows. AlasL^t^^ l^?iCi,:rv'^''S e""tr.rr""^ '''^ ''^"'"^- '''^^ summ'rt-;^S5rg,a"cous aW Si^lT'l'-'^'^ t"^"^? -"«"• ^--'^^ -t 3-4 mm. long; len.ma trunc t" iSe , aC'r tT"' '•^"'^'^"'^'•=: "Pikelets glume, which is U longer thm th l!m,^ , rather stout, exceeding the Wet meadows am^'ng bfslu^, CasJadl RSn"" ' ""'"''^' ■" '""« ^^ '''"'"'^• in^rSl^rt^£'7£j;";::;nicte"^cm llJI; ''f ' ''"''''l '--• '-«- than glumes subcoriaceousracutt-"allush?lr'- Ij',"^- '^''"^■- ^P'kelets 3 mm. long; longer than the glun;^ Lake shores! V. I "' '"^ ^' '^^ ^'"'"'= ^^'^ ^"^'"'y soft, smooth/;:: n^a^rloijpjnld^^ .^rn"^''' ^'-^"^-^ '''^^- spikelets 3.0-4 nun. long; gCicTacute cdK ^r''V"V'^'^^ ^^'''''' truncate-tmnhed kmmatkwn barely exceedln^thl'' ''"'^^ t"''^' 'han the Coast to Rockies; Alaskk. ^ exccedmg the lemma. Damp meadows. 10. C. hyperborea Lange. Culms 4 in H,„ u- u c*sp.tose; blades rigic:, roughish nanirlt 7 '^n i^^' '^°"^^'' ^"^^ "^ore 3^5-4..5. „,m. lo„g; glumesTiminr callu's hai:"s \""b "t'T' ''''^'^''' almost as long as the glume, more o less bent AKs?;'^ ^u ''"?'^^= ^*" Kootenay. "'^"'- -'^'aska southward in mts.; 21. AGROSTIS (Bent Grass) ^^^^os's^^^^^^^^^^^ the palet in 2 species; awnloss lemma; palet hyaHnrLhorte7than"t ,e'l°'""''' ^""u^''^ ^*"^d or' o,M.n or narrow with who'rled branches (tat n^.ra fidd" ""^^ P""'''^ GRAMINEit 3. A. huroilii. 4. A. vrrticillata. 5. A. alba. 7. A. inflata. ti. A. microphylla. 8. A. canina. RachiUa prolonRed behind the palet. Spikelets 3 mm. lonii, rachilla long .... I A miuivalvi. Spikeleti 2.5 mm. lonK. rach.lLi «hort 2 A f^rau Rachilla not prolonswl bfhind the palet. ... . /». airaia. Palet evident. 2-veincd. Alpme. 1-2 dm. hiuh Not Alpine. 3-9 dm. high. Glumes pubescent, inflorescence apilce-lil dm. high n. A. Ro«e. Not alpme, .i-'J th; lemma toothed, awnless. Mt. meadows. Alaska to \Vn.; Mt. Garibaldi. 4. A. verticillata Vil. Decumbent at base, 3-6 dm. high; ligules truncate, r'i7 "I"?- '""S: blades scabrous, flat or finally involute; panicle dense, spike- like, 5-2o cm. long, often interrupted, the branches spikelet-bearing to the base; glumes scabrous on keel and minutelv pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; palet A to nearly as long as the minutely toothed, awnless, 5-nervea lemma. Introd. Victoria; Elgin. 5. A. alba L. (Red Top). Culms 3-10 dm. high; often decumbent at base; irom creeping rootstocb, ligules 4-5 mm. long, acute; blades flat, smooth or rough; panicle 5-30 cm. long, pyramidal, contracting after flowering, often purplish, branches naked on lower third; glumes scabrous on keel- palet % as long as the 3-nerved lemma. Everywhere. \'ar. vulgaris Thurb Pan- icle not contracting, ligule short, truncate. Dry ground, with species. 6. A. microphylla Steud. Annual, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high; ligules 2-4 mm Ions u.-ually lacerate; blades 2-7 cm. long; panicle 3-8 cm. long, dense, the branches numerous, erect, 1 cm. long; glumes 3-4 mm. long, awn-pointed hispid on keel; lemma with a dorsal awn 4-tJ mm. long; palet wanting Coa=' region Var. Major Vasey. Stouter and larger in every way; pani.j'le branches 2-o cm. long. The common form at the Coast. Vancouver; V. 1. 7. A. inflata Scrib. Similar; culms rather stout, 1 dm. high, blades 2-4 cm. long, glumes awn-pointed, especially the second; spikelet 2-5 mm. long, lemma about hall the length of the glumes, slender, awned on the back near the middle, the awn exceeding the glumes; callus minutely hairy on the anterior side. Victoria; Texada Island. 8. A. canina L. (Brown Bent G.) Culms 2-6 dm. high, slander; basal leaves involute, those of culm flat, broader, panicle loose, contracting in fruit, the branches spikelet-bearing towards the ends; spikelets 2 mm. long ■•:"'• •ii! 84 ^1''^ J I: 1 GRAMINE^ rineto ihnh:.^,.- ,vi i '""g,_ tiu he fonns generally awned. Coast. eJ^^^^r.^S^^C^d^; G^^^o^i^;^^ 11 A . .. -.-«^i, taniwaru and northi 11. A. hyemalis (Walt ) B S p rw " """" erect, 3-12 dm. high; blades shi.rf.nl ^ '"* *"H«^)- <^"''ns vc.y slender d-fft|sc, often very laS the l^'4"H,"^'''^r "o i"^"'"^'"' ^^abrous; pa" icTe capillary, scabrous, spike e bei^rnR at the en I^"^ ^;"-, '""*^' *'«^ '^'•^"ches lemma awnless; palct wanting ? .^airaU'i'^' '^'^''i:'' ■^■-' '""i" '«"g: places throughout B.C. Var.yminata Tri\ ' ^"^er in san .) r . ...'4 as lonV q« .h„ I ' ^ orancnes ascen - ^ng^^he glumes, acute, palet wanti„g;lpikele^s 2:2:5' mm"i;;.; West «,^.. , , ^„ "• AIRA (Hair Grass) the^'^^ai^SrSs^'i^fSus'^rSt^^^^^^^ r^ '-'r^'^' '^'•-'^ some grass). ^*'''" '"^ ^"^ ^"^''cate annuals. (The ( ireek name for floret . sorter than that of the upper"^''lnf;o;."\'yr>'Z,:ifv^I'Vxei'^t: 23. DESCHAMPSIA (Ta.... JIa.h (;rass) Spikelcts shining, 2-(.ometini,.. "i \ n , ^"';; 7'^^^'' prolonged behind 'the upper aln'-lwlm^^^^^^^^^^ ^"'^T' "'"^^ -' '«« 4-5-nerved. 2-4-toothed.' dorsal 'v^nerfh. I ' 7'^"'"'''; '-■"""a thin, botanist). ^ avsucd. (l^eslongchanips was a French The second floret proicctinB lipvnn.i ,i,, i and open ^"* "'^*°'""^'>'' «'ii"ics; panicle mostly lire id . :• "~*- iiiui. titriK tannnan D. caespitoaa. D. calycina. I 1 ''^^'f-^v GRAMINE/E 35 2. D. calycina Presl. Slender annual, 2-8 dm. high; leaves ver\- narrow hgules long; panicle 1-2 dm. long, simple-, narrow, the ascending or erect' branches naked below the middle, lower glume ti-S mm. long, 3-nerved. the Kte^y """' ^"^' '''''*="^'"K '^'^^>°"'l t'^'- e'"'"'*'^- Victoria: Nanaimo: 3 D. atropurpurea (Wahl.) Schcele. (Mt. H.) Rather stout, 1-5 dm. high, not tufted; leaves flat, 3-6 mm. wide, ligules short; panicle 4-10 cm. ong branchesfew-llowered,ascendingorspreading;glumesaci minate. purple, the lower l-nervcd 5-6 mm. long, the bent a^vn 3-4 mm. long, inserted about tne middle of the lemma, sightly projecting, the prolonged rachilla short or none. (Includes D. lattfoUa Vasey) (Juesnel; Rockies and Selkirks; Mt Benson; Strathcona Park; Alaska. 4. D. elongata Munro. (SLEsniiR H.) Slender, tufted, 2-6 dm. hieh- leaves very narrow smooth; ligules 7 mm. long; panicle Ji-^ the length of the culm; glumes 3-ncrved, often purplish, longer than the florets; awn of lemma twice the length of the glume, inserted near base. Kootenay ; Creston. 24. HOLCUS (Velvet Grass) Spikelets 2-flowered, articulated below the glumes; the lower floret stipitatc perfect awnlcss; the upper staminate, its lemma awned; glumes much longer than the rather indurated lemmas; rachilla prolonged behind the upper palet. (Greek holcos, attractive). y I' ?'iJl^"^*M® ^- ,^°ft'y Pul>cscent, 3-8 dm. high; panicle whitish or purp- iisn, &-1U cm. long, loose; glumes pubescent, boat-shaped, awn hooked. A common introd. grass, fields and roadsides; rejected by cattle. 25. ARRHENATHERUM (Oat Grass) Spikelets p-flowcred, the lower floret staminate, its lemma with a bent awn inserted near the base; the upper floret perfect, short-awned from near the apex, or awnless; rachilla prolonged behind the upper palet; glumes un- equal, thin; lemmas firmer. Tall perennials with narrow panicles. ((;reek arrhen male, ather, an awn, from the awned staminate floret). 1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Culms 1 m. or more high ; leaves 5- 10 mm. wide scabrous on both surfaces; panicle 15-30 cm. long, narrow, with short verti- cillate branches; spikelets 7-8 mm. long. (.1 avenaceum Beauv.) Victoria: introd. 26. SPHENOPHOLIS Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the rachilla extending behind the upper palet; pedicel articulated below the glumes, the rachilla also articulated between the florets; glumes 1- and 3-iierved. subcqual. the second obovate, much the broader; lemmas awnless, or the second short-awned below the apex: palet hyaline; panicle rather narrow, the branches spikelet-bearing to the base. (Greek sphen, a wedge, pholis, a scale, from the obovate glume). aatonia. 1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scrib. Culms 3-10 dm. high; blades glabrous; panicle purple, 6-18 cm. long, densely flowered, interrupted, the branches in f;iscicles; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes sul)equal, the second hoo.led, as broad as long its margins shining. Gold Range. Var. Koelerioides T- J .''?*^i;i '^'''■" Pulifscent, panicle shorter, green, hardly interrupted, cylindrical. Kamloops. 2. S. pallens (Sprcng.) Scrib. Cuims 3-10 dm. high; blades scabrous, sometimes pubescent; panicle nod""^,^he upper palea; with scarious margins. faintlvTs'^^^^^^^^ ^'?'^ ^''"""^■' '•^"""a like. (Koeler was a German botanisO ' " ^' '"' = P^"'"'*^ ^P'*"^' puLJ^e-nfrbia^s Vo^^ in^Zl%lil Sf2= i"^T ^^'^^^^^ -'--'^ interrupted at base; glumes and lpmmP-.c -^ dni long, often shining. on keels and margins fv"aTl^ire"' i'rhnisfdeTv.T^o^KenlT "^'™"^ ■ 28. DANTHONIA (Wild Oat Grass) rudXentl^y. g^^est^rnclin^gt^^^^ °[ '^^ ^^^^ ^taminate or deciduous. itUhed.^^h a Lnt " ' .r"'/P"."°'''^*=.''^'"""=*^ 7-» ^'-''"^d, teeth; panicles sman;(Damhoinr^as"a">e"c'rbVunS '"" '"""" ^'^ Spikelets ascending in close panicles Ca 113 very short, slinhtly hairy . Callus clonuate, hairy Spikelets spreading in a loose pknicle or solitirv ' ' ' ' «S t : l-». lemma narrowed abruptly Spikelet usually 1. lemma Upering 1. D. spicata. 2. D. intermedia. 3. D. californica. 4. D. americana. 5. D. unispicata. 1 n snl t- /I \ rk • • • o. u. unispicata. ^. i». intertnedia vascv Culma i i ^^ i • u i panicle with few spikelets These 15 mm nn„. .i ^^^= ''^.''^' ''^^^'^s involute; lemmas 7-8 mm. long the tee h TJZ^' ^^"^'^L^o^'lcd; glumes purplish Coldstream. V. I.; Cobmb'a V^iHo ^ ^''" ^'^ """'■ '°"e- Meadows,' glaio''usJ,eS'a't the throat'";n'i;ie':?- '^'^''= t'T""^ silky-pubescent or glumes purplish. 12-14 mm Ton^io?'m-'"P''^'-'P'Hets 3-10. 5-8-flowered: smooth except for a tuf? of oHot '.^".^'"^Itapenng into teeth 2-3 mm. long lemma. Dry soil. V. I. ^ ^'" ''''°"' *''^' ""^dlc; awn equaling the 4. D. americana Scrib. Densely tufted 2 4 h,^ i • u u ■ cent; panicles simple of 1-4 SDikelefs 1 o n',,. , '^'"- "K"^: "'''^aths pubes- spikelets; lemmas 4-6 mm Inn„ ' f"; '""8: flumes as long as the awn slender. 6 10 mn?. long. W^elling7orv f '"'''''' '"^° ^''"nder 'bristles! hi^;°hc^S'S;^i;^rc;i:;sf i:^i^^:L?ii'^-'>' ^"f^^^., ^-5-3 ^<.". terminal spikelet. 1-1.5 cm. long; SmeexceehJ^^^^^^ 1'"^ '^ ^ ^'"K'^' mni long, tapering into 2 awns; c.n urTl awn S ) ' . 'P'''^^'^^ '«^'""ia 8-10 D. I.; Arrowhead. " '" ^"^^ "'"i' 'o"K- I^ry soil. V. I.; 29. AVENA (Oat) eqSuX'tha"7HmmL-^tm^as'^^^^^^ ^^^ «°-'^= «"-- veined; grain pubescent atlris; fThi '"^'*^."'3te awned or awnless. 5-11 of large spikelets^The Latin namef ^"""^'^ ^"'^ "P*^" P''"'^'" lous. t5'crio'-n,^'l\'n':,"ri,h''b"r'":r ^'h"'' '" ^'"''1' ^"^^^^ «P»^^'^*- -"'I- cm. long, inserted abTut the middle"of"fhn'l'' ^""' ^V' ^"^ '^'^^^d. 2.5-4 a troublesome weed Tn the Fraser Va lev V ""^-i l"""*^- '" ^rain fields, smooth except for a ring of stiff hairs at ba^ . ^.ui, ^'^'^J^** Peter. Lemma Departure Bay. ^' '''''^ ''"'^ *he scabrous apex. Victoria; ■«!--i-~ ~'.rt*i(i!i;c ."Htsvw*:^"; GRAMINE/E 87 2. A. sativa L. (Cultivated Oat). Possibly derived from No. 1; 2- flowered; lemmas smooth, the lower with a straight weak awn (or awnless). The form with a more or less 1-sidcd panicle is A . orientalis. 30. TRISETUM (Fai se Oat) Spikeiets 2-5 flowered, rachilla hairy, prolonged behind the upper palet, or bearing a sterile floret; glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas; lemmas 2-toothed, awned below apex, the awn usually twisted or bent. (Latin Ires, three, setum, a bristle). Panicle dense, spike-like, the awn 4-") mm. long ... IT spicatum Panicle loose or nodding, the awn 6-10 mm. long. lll^Jl!' P"''«^;5'" 2. T. canescens. Sheaths smooth 3. X cernuum. 1- T. spicatum (L.) Richter. Culms slender, 2-6 dm. high; sheaths and blades more or less pubescent or glabrous; panicle often interrupted below, shmmg, 3-12 cm. lon^; spikeiets 5-6 mm. long; lemma minutely .scabrous; awn 4-5 mm. long, divergent. (F. subspicatum) Mts.; Crow's Nest Pass: Alaska. 2. T. canescens Buck. Culms 6-9 dm. high; blades usually canescent; panicle narrow, 1.5-2 dm. long, the branches erect; lemma hairy at base, awn arising at base of cleft; first glume 5 mm. long. Rocky soil, V. I.; Agas- 3. T. cernuum Trin. Culms 6-9 dm. high; blades scabrous; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, nodding, with ascending branches; lemma hairy at base, awn 6-10 mm. long; first glume 3 mm. long. V. I. to Kootenay, and northward. 31. PHRAGMITES (Tall Reed Grass) Spikeiets loosely 3-7-flowered, the rachilla clothed with long hairs; glumes unequal; lemmas 3-nerved, narrow, acuminate, the lowest the longest, and empty or staminate, the other florets perfect. Tall, coarse, reed-like gras.ses. (Greek phragmiles, growing in hedges, in allusion to the tall hedge-like aspect). 1. P. communis Trin. Culms 2-4 m. high, leaves smooth, 1-5 cm. wide; panicle rather dense, but ample, 2-4 dm. long, red or tawny, the branches erect. Wet places, spreading by rootstocks, rarely ripening seed. Okanagan Valley; Elgin; and throughout temperate N.A. 32. CYNOSURUS (Dog's Tail Grass) Tufted; leaves flat; inflorescence, dense and spike-like; spikeiets of 2 kinds in small clusters, the lower spikeiets of many narrow, empty scales, tlie terminal of 2-4 broader scales; the le>^.nias 1-3 nerved, pointed or short awned. (Greek kiion, a dog, oura, a tail). 1. C. cristatus L. Culms 3-6 dm. high, leaves glabrous; spike 5-10 cm. long, narrowly oblong, regular, glumes and lemmas pointed or short awned. Occasional in lawns and gardens. Vancouver, &c. 2. C. echinatus L. Spike ovoid, less regular; glumes and lemmas with awns of their own length. Introd.; Victoria; Nanaimo. 33. DISTICHLIS (Alkali or Salt Grass) Spikeiets dioecious, 8-16-flowered, flattened, in close panicles; glumes un- equal, acute; lemmas broad, rigid, many-nerved; rootstocks large, scaly. ('jfeek diilichos, two-ranked). 1. D. spicata (L.) Gr. Glabrous, 1-3 dm. high; leaves clearly 2-ranked, involute, pilose at base above the short ligule which is composed of a row of hairs; panicle 2-6 cm. long becoming yellow, especially inland; spikeiets li 15 mm. long, the florets imbricated. Salt marshes at Coast, and alkali flats in interior. M .*Brf«HPi*3! rfl* r.RAMINE/E which form a rath awM.,,,,inted le.,,,,,:,; ;¥i,'.'t,. on (<.ic,-k •laclylos, ii (i„g,,r. i„ a '■ r). illomerata ! as( '" "!'■• ■' ■tt,::;x,^-'f'"::''^'^i -i. .:<-cls; pak't slight Iv shorter ihiii sc glonicrulcs li'iiimas. '■ I». ilomerata ! \ . .11 . ■"K'i-m- spikes). a-.j.linK ''-...hc;'L.;ni^''e;;;T'rn:;t'V''L' .'"^'^^ '-'"•• -"• "tiff Ro...lmdc9 an.l ficMs, a.mnioii. ""' ''I'''^^-'«^<^ '■> l-sidr-l clusters. lemma 7-m.rvcil, li.ir.llv ,f . • -Vcond KliitiK- L'-^.-i mm l,„m S as long t;. pauciflora. (•. nervata. G. Krandii. >■ wptentrionalis. ' '>rpalls. 1- G. pauciflora IVcsl. Shmlw „i.i branchrsascc.uli„K. firni/straVM nako 7^^^ panicle 2-3 ,i:„. |o„k. jtg crosc at tlic rounded ap.x :{.nerve,l- .,7 "''"* Riiinies si „i.!, the .secont 'ong. Afoist Bround.'\-. I ; \Tncmi' "r.^^^^^ ''"'""""^ 1'^"^"; spikelets2:3m,n 1.. G. nikrvar../^):' moii;'Sa:^us''tr^-i, - feSii^i italian botanist). '.^.m r,RAMiNr,/f': 3d 2. P. maritima (Wwh.) fail. (Ska S.) CHhiis n..t tufi.d, 3-0 din, tii(?li. with slmclcr rootslncks; Ic.ivrs (lal or itivnliilc; paiiirlcs S 20 rni. lotiK, the- l<. vr liranclifs 7 ciii. long flowered in open or dense panicles; glumes 1- or 3-, ,v\ 3- nerved, keeled; lemm.is longer, herbaceous or membranaceous, often purp- lish, obtuse or acute, scarious-tipped, .'> nerved, the 2 intiTmcdiate nerves often indistinct, often webbed at the base, i.e., furnished with a tuft of woolly hairs. In tufted species the roolstocks are erect, very short and ap|)arently wanting, (drcek name for grass). Annii.il. Ii-nima not wcljl)!-!!, niorr or li'ss villijus liclow I'ercnnial. Culms HtriinRly (lattcnctl. lemma sUkIiIIv or nut iit all wtblred Culms terete. Lemmas webbed at bate. MarKinal nerve>4 f)f lemma KlabroiiH. Sheaths am] branches of panicle roiiKli Sheaths ami branrhea of pani' le smooth. Branches at lower nodes of panicle mostly in 3's or 4's Brunches of piiiiide in 2's Maritinal nerves of lemma not Klabrous. Low, I-.'i dm. hiRh. alpine. F^anide branches ere<-t Panicle branches spreading. Leaves flat or folrled, 2-.3 mm. wide. . . . •, I^eaves involute-filiform Taller, not alpine. Intermediate nerves of lemma ohsnire. Pubescence of lateral nerves of lemma evident, not appressed. Panicle I S-.tO cm. long, drooping at apex Panicle 4-12 cm. long, erect Pubescence of lateral nerves of lemma none, or scanty and appres.sed Intermediate nerves of lemma evident. Spikelets (!-!) mm. long, lance-ovate Spikelets 4-.'> mm. long, ovate. lemmas glabrous on the intermediate nervet Lemmas fiubescent throughout Lemma not webbed at base. Plants from rootstocks. not tufted. Spikelets K-12 mm. long, culms stout. Leaves 4-S mm. wide Leaves narrow, involute Spikelets smaller, culms not stout, cxc. in No. 18. I^w, sea-shore plants, leaves involjte Tall, not maritime, leaves flat or folded. Panicle .5-12 cm. long, branches thinly flowereil Panicle larger, the branches flower-tiearing to ba- Plants without rootstocks, tufted. Lemm.iH vsllnus on the nerves or. the lower hnlf Alpine. Branches of panicle spreading . ...... P. arctica. Branches of panicle erect or a.scending. Leaves short, abruptly acute; glumes strongly curved Ij. P alpina. Leaves long, taiM-ring at apex; glumes not strongly curved 5. P, laxa. «. P. triflora. '.>. P. nemoralis. 10. P. leptocoma. 11. P. (Kcidrntalis. 12. P. pratensis. 13. P. Howellii. 14. P. eminens. 1,5, P. macrantha. U). P. confinis. 17. P. nervosa. IX. P. ampla. l| if ■1' f'r 40 GRAMINE^ Not distinctly alpine. ^^.rer^tt'"' -->•""'-?„: o\^"ab'rrs on the Low^^a few cm. high; lemma glabrous below Spikelets ovate, nattened- _ ., h'Kh. panicle dense ^""S^Se^^s!-^"-' ""' ■"-" «*«-«>; panicle mosUy Culm stout to medium lSw^A';afr"' "' '•^=' °" "« "<^"es of the Lemmas scaberulous to nearly glabrous on Culms slender culms rather wiry, 2-4 dm. the 20. P. glauca. 21. P. Fendleriana. 22. P. Lettermanni. 23. P. subpurpuree. 24. P. Buckleyana. 25. 26. P. nevadensis. P. gracillima. leaves flat, 2-4 mm. w def panicle nvrAmH^i ^-\"'!"- '^ng; sheaths loose; flowered; lemma 5-nerved s'^fghtlv haW^^tl^'^^L"'' ^'l ""^- '°"K. 3-5- Very common; roadsides. ^ °*** ^"'^ °" t^e nerves below. 2. P. compressa L. (Canada Blue Grass) not tufted7a7c;ri^„rarba:eTbl"'h''gre'^"^ leaves 2-4 mm. wide, panicle 2-8 cm U^n^' t^.-u' '"?,'':''«"'« 1 mm. long; 3-8-flowered; lemma 'a^nerved, green' more Sr le',^ 'k''"''"'^'' ^"^ '"'"• '°"l glabrous except on the pubescent mid r^h.nrl ''™"^^'* ** ^P^*' "^arly cobwebby hairs at hasc.^ iTuXe^eryZtre ^"^"'"' """'^'^ ^"'' ^ ^«* 8caUusSSft1,e^paSel-9^drhi^h-^l'^''\ -«^'. ^^trorsely blades retrorsely scabrous lieule 4 8 mr^' r ^^' ^"^^ '^'"- '°"8' ^^eaths and spreading branches; spike ets^^J^a flow^r^d g"!' mm*'l= ^""'1'^'*= ""'^ ^--^^t or pubescent on the keel only. ResembHnl P L^ .long; lemma 5-nerved, smooth culms and sheaths. F^.T f • tt" rH r*"""?; ^^T^^'' ^as ^"'- . tir.:T<.:"' s.ender.1eavls Is cSX;;?^o:;;^;: «"'="'"" ....... .W..K, j.-o-iiowere( slight web at the base. Sooke, V. I about) 'C wrd?ngufe?rironrpVni2:'|7o^"' '1 ^-- ^■^^^■' ^'ade, one-sided, the branches erect or nsrp'nnfnT -i ? '"?• '°."S. simple, often spikelets about 5 mm. long.kmma obtu . ?.'il'''''''''""''*^^ri"g at the ends; base otherwise glabrous. Tntermed1a°enervi^r ''" ""^'^""^ ^"'^ "^'drib at webbed. Mt. summits. AlaskTto Wn ^"■"^^ 'P^'^'^ '>'' ""^ at all ligu/i4 mm'?on^g;?eave!Tcm ToS'oM "'^^'"^^''^ ';°"«'''2-3 dm. high; panicle 3-9 cm. long, open! ^"th so eadin. "'' "if' °' ^?,''^^^' 2-4 mm. wide ovate, lemma purpirs'h,^"u^.pVb'^S'^^^^^^^^^^ ?'h'^T ^"^ '"'"• '«"» or not at all webbed; nternurv.-s lo!f.^ r!, V '""^f ''^'f- "^^^n only slightly midrib towards apex." Mt. Chean Mrfe,"'' «'T" ^t'''^''"^ ''^"P' on 7. P. cenlsla All. Smooth st;der 11 H.^". northward to AlLka. panicle 3-10 cm. lone tl.e hr'.nM, ' ^^ f,'"' ^'^h; ligulcs 1-2 mm. lone flexuous, 2-4 cm. lon"g% Lbts 5 6 m""'-- l''""^'^ """"^ "■•'"- mternerves short-pul^scLt Mli?:ZJZ'slllT RoSi^es'""'^^^-^'' ''^ dn^ 4^r5S.^'^^^!^- f^-ow G^ ^ulms r. J; .,,, 3., Se£[^2^^-rj^:;S;,s^-£rS^^^ at base; pubescent on mareinal anHTi? ^"V '""?■ '""'"'-■ "r 'ess webbed Moistground. Comm'"o^S:,Tsfantornaga'^„r^k!f„a^^-f,,;/- ■ iiiiiMiir i*»?ia._ -?»fc.i*i A3rE3E:k*.x'rf«:,?i.':«'-^'- GRAMINE.E 41 9. P. nemoralis L. Tufted, slender, 2-6 dm. high ; smooth, ligules 1-2 mm. long, truncate; leaves 2 mm. wide, smooth or rough; panicle somewhat open, 0.5-1.2 mm. long, with erect or ascending branches; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; lemma acute or obtuse, 2-3 mm. long, the marginal and mid- nerve silky-pubescent on the lower half, otherwise glabrous. Kootenay; Rockies. 10. P. leptocoma Trin. Panicle open, often flaccid, the few-flowered rays iji 2's, filiform, very smooth; spikelets about 3-tlowcred, 4-G mm. long; lemmas obscurely nerved, linear-lanceolate, acuti.sh, somewhat villous on the keel; hairs of the mid-nerves and lateral nerves few and appressed or none; web scanty; ligule prolonged; roots fibrous. Alaska to \Vn. 11. P. occidentalis V. & S. Tufted, without rootstocks; culms 5-8 dm. high, with 3-6 leaves, smooth or scabrous above; leaves flat 2-3 mm. wide, green; panicle 8-20 cm. long, the branches soon spreading often In 3's or 4's, more or less flexuous; spikelets 6-9 mm. long, lance-ovate, green or purplish; lemmas pubescent on the marginal and mid-nerves, slightly so between them, obtusish, web often slight. Roger's Pass; Rockies. 12. P. pratensis L. (June Grass). Culms 3-9 dm. high, from rootstocks, butmore or less tufted; ligule 1.5 mm. long, obtuse; leaves 2.5 mm. wide; panicle 0.5-1.5 dm. long, pyramidal; spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3.5-4.5 mm. long; lemmas 3 mm. long, copiously webbed; sheaths and culm smooth. Fields and roadsides everywhere. 13. P. Howellii V. & S. Densely tufted, 3-6 dm. high; sheaths nearly smooth; ligules 4-5 mm. long; leaves 2-4 mm. wide; panicle rather loose and open, 1-2 dm. long, with erect branches; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 2-5-flowered; lemma 3 mm. long, pubescent throughout, with few webby hairs at base. Dry woods, Coldstream. 14. P. eminens Presl. Glaucous, 3-9 dm. high; culms stout, from creeping rootstocks, leaves thick, 4-8 mm. wide; panicle heavy, 8-16 cm. long, con- tracted, spikelets 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 4-5 mm. long, distinctly nerved, pubescent at base on the lower part of the midrib and lateral nerves. West shore of V. I.; Alaska. 15. P. macrantha Vasey. Stout, 2-3 dm. high, with creeping rootstocks; leaves smooth, involute, curving outwards; ligule 1 mm. long, erose, sheaths loose; flowers about 5, dioecious or the lowest floret perfect; panicle 4-7 cm. long, dense, erect, yellow or slightly purplish; glumes 3-nerved; lemma 3-5- nerved or more, acute, thin, translucent, pubescent below, sparingly scabrous- pubescent or nearly glabrous except on the midrib above; lodicules prominent; palet emarginate. Sandy ground, Victoria. 16. P. confinis Vasey. Tufted, imperfectly dia?cious, with long, running rootstocks; slender, 1-3 dm. high; ligules 0-2 mm. long; leaves involute, 1 mm. wide; panicle oblong, loose, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets slightly compressed, 4-6 mm. long; lemmas ovate, acute, 5-nerved, about 3 mm. long. In sand near the sea-shore, V. I.; Alaska to Oregon. 17. P. nervosa (Hook) Vasi-y. Smooth; culms 3-8 din. high, slender, leaves green, 2-4 mm. wide; ligules 1-4 nun. long, panicle thin, 5-12 cm. long, loose, the branches spreading or erect, 2-7 cm. long; spikelets 4-9 mm. long, lemma lanceolate, minutely pubescent or scabrous on the more or less dis- tinct nerves, and scabrous between them. Nootka: Mt. Cheam; Crow's Nest Pass. A common grass in the mountains and on foothills, apparently not distmct from P. Olneya Pip)er. 18. P. ampla Mer. Plants 6-10 or 15 dm high, glabrous, from very stout rootstocks; leaves flat, linear; ligule truncate, 2 mm. long; panicle iuier- rupted, purplish, 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, the branches erect, flower-bearing throughout; spikelets 7-8 mm. long, 3-flowercd, glumes 3- 42 GRAMINEit: Mis ■I «■ nerved; lemmas 4 5 i? m i 20. P giauca \al,|. (llauco.i. o « 7 f: ^"- ^^^^am; Alaska. SM!" p"?''^ V"'d'- %h jt'L^^^^^ ^T-'^h or slightly rough Annual, bienni.l- !r' ^''''''? ^^'^"^'^ ^^-^ - '^i£srimKSM:*v^^^m^ GRAMINE^ 48 :S3 J Awns much longer than the lemma (Introd. plants). Lemma pubescent, awn 10-13 mm. long 1. B. tectorum. Lemma scabrous. Culm pubescent above, awn lG-24 mm. long, panicle ovoid 2. B. rubens. Culm smooth, awn longer, p,.nicle ample. Awns 33-45 cm. long 3. B. maximus. Awns 30 mm. long or less 1. B. sterilis Awns short, or but little longer than the lemma Glumes at least 3- and 5-nerveU reipectively. Spikelets strongly flattened, lemmas keeled, (indigenous). Awns 3-0 mm. long, the panicle erect 5. li. marginatus. Awns mostly longer than 0 mm. Lemma glabrous to glabrate, except on the scabrous nerves 6. B. Hookerianus, Lemma very pubescei'. the pubescence somewhat obscuring the scabrous nerves. Branches of the panicle ascending 7. B. carinatus. Lower branches of the panicle spreading, drooping or defiexed 8. B. sitchensis. Spikelets sub-terete, lemmas broad, almost elliptical, (introd.) Awns wanting, lemma very broad 9. B. brizaformis. Awns present. Lemmas pubescent — pilose 10. B. hordeaceus. Lemmas glabrous, or nearly so. Margin of lemma involute in fruit, palet long . 11. B. secalinus. Margin of lemma not involute, palet short Lemma 7 mm. long 12. B. racemosus. Lemma 9 mm. long 13. B. commutatus. Glumes 1- and 3-nerved respectively, or sometimes both 3-nerved; lemmas lanceolate (indigenous). Rays of panicle erect or spreading, lemmas hispidulous, awn 4-12 mm. long 14. B. Orcuttianus. Rays of panicle erect ; lemmas pubescent. Panicle purplish 15. B. Macounii. Panicle not purple. Awn 2-4 mm. long, lemmas unevenly pubescent. (Sub- Alpine) 10. B. Pumpellianus. Awn 5-12 mm. long, lemmas evenly pilose-pubescent 17. B. eximius. Rays of panicle or at least the spikelets more or less drooping, lemmas pubescent. Glumes smooth. Leaves pilose on both sides, or nearly glabrous 18. B. ciliatus. Leaves scabrous above, glabrous below . 19. B. Kichardsonii. Glumes pubescent 20. B. pacilicus. Panicle branches erect, lemmas glabrous, very obtuse 21. B. inermis. 1. B. tectorum L. Annual, tufted, 2-6 dm, high; sheaths and leaves pubescent; panicle 5-20 cm. long, open, the branches and spikelets drooping, somewhat secund; spikelets 5-8-flowered, 13-20' mm. long; lemma 8-12 mm. long, 7-nerved, hirsute. Introd. Very abundant in the dry region along the Fraser and the Thompson; Penticton. 2. B. rubens L, Tufted annual, 2-3 dm. high; sheaths pubescent; leaves pubescent on both sides; panicle compound, ovoid, usually purplish, 5-7 cm. long, spikelets 2.5 cm. long; glumes 1- and 3-nerved; lemmas 5-nerved, scabrous, deeply cleft at apex. Nanaimo. 3. B. maximus Desf. Very like the following: panicle more erect and compact; lemmas longer and broader; spikelets and awns attaining a length of 4-5 cm, V. I. 4. B. sterilis L. Annual, tufted, 3-8 dm. high; leaves pilose; panicle 2 dm, long, broad and open, the branches drooping, usually bearing but 1 spikelet 2.5-3,5 cm, long; lemma scabrous on the nerves, awn 2-3 cm. long. Introd. V, I, and eastward. 5. B. marginatus Nees. Culms rather stout, 6-12 dm. high; pubescent or puberulent above; sheaths pilose at least below; leaves sparingly pilose, scabrous, 6-12 mm, wide; panicle soinetitucs pilose at node?, erect; narrow, 1-2.5 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, some often sessile at the nodes; glumes acute or the second obtusish, scabrous-pubescent or nearly glabrous, the second 3-7-nerved; lemmas pubescent, 5-9-ner\'ed; stout awn 4-6 mm, long. V. I. to Rockies; Comox. Common in Kootcnay. More pilose forms with narrower somewhat involute pilose leaves may be referred to B. subvelulinus Piper. 44 GRAMINE^ Coast. Probably best considered as a var. of the next "-"'"'"O" at the 5 10 ^'^^h^^T" "• * ^i ^'"V*- ''''^^*''« pubescent at least below leaves flume. 3. and 5.7-nervrf; lemma 7.nerved the sSlcr L„^ V5t ""■ ?mri',:ig'-^i'„f,rix,;.=""» "•""•-• -""^ "'is-ifiS: 3;rK.S;iira„fe!e^iif-rfs.rd^'» "- '-^^^ gl.brousi lemma. 1 cm. long, the florets rather dima,;t Kil ' no!L»r;.=rf\o„.ti ffm nr,i-,r„ i 6'"'"t3 lamtoiait, giab- margins and base. MtE^CoTumbia VaneyTFleld'''"''"''-'"^ '""^^'^^ '""^ I GRAMINE^ 4S pubescent, lemmas acute, I cm. long, the margin inrolled. West of C oast Range; V. 1. Var. robuatus (Shear.) Piper. Culms, leaves and sheaths pubescent, panicle often fuller, nodding, 1 dm. long. Kootenay to Coast. {B. vulgaris Shear, in part). 18. B. ciliatus L. Culms 6-12 dm. high: sheaths pubescent; panicle open, its branches spreading or drooping, 1-2..5 dm. long; spikelcts 5-10-tlowcred, 2-2.5 cm. long; lemma 5-7-nerved, ohtuse, or acute 8-12 mm. long, appressed-pubescent on the margins, smooth on the back, awn 4-8 mm. long. Damp meadows and thickets, V. I.; Columbia Valley. 19. B. Richardsonii Link. Stout, 6-12 dm. high; tufted, sheaths mostly glabrous except at the throat; panicle 1.5-25 cm. long, with drooping spikelets, 6-11-flowered, 2-3 cm. long; glumes glabrous; lemma 7-ncrvcd, 12-15 mm. long, unevenly r >pressed-pubescent; awn 3-5 mm. long. Columbia Valley. 20. B. paciflcus Shear. Stout, 6-9 dm. high; pubescent at the nodes, sheaths usually pubescent, leaves sparingly pubescent, scabrous beneath, panicle dense, drooping, the lower branches secund; spikelets 2.5-3 cm. long, coarsely pul)escent, lemmas evenly pubescent, inconspicuously 7-nerved. Oregon to Alaska, along the Coast. 21. B. inermis Leyss. (Hungarian B.) Tufted, 6-10 dm. high; sheaths glabrous; leaves 4-6 mm. wide, smooth, or nearly so, glabrous; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, oblong, the branches ascending, spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long; 7-11- flowered, about 5 mm. wide; lemma glabrous or nearly so, obtuse, awnless or short-awned, 10-12 mm. long. Introd., Victoria; Okanagan. 39. MELICA (Melic Grass) Spikelets rather large, 2- several-flowered, with several empty lemmas at the apex often convolute about each other; glumes large, often purple, unequal, membranaceous, scarious at apex; lemmas 7-13-nervcd, awnless or awne<^ -ust below the apex; panicles usually narrow. (Latin mel, honey). Lemmas bidentate, usually awned. Awns of lemma 3-10 mm. long. Panicle narrow, lemn- a scabrous . . ,• ., • Panicle branches spreading; sterile .nas like the fertile. Lemmas glabrous ... Lemmas with a hairy ring at ba I mma awnless or short awned ; panicie narrow Lemmas not bidentate. awnless; culms with bulbous bases. Lemmas long-acuminate Lemmas acute, often obscurely bidentate .... Lemmas obtuse 1. M. aristata. 2. M. Smithii. 3. M. striata. 4. M. Hartfordii. 5. M. subulata. 0. I. spectabilis. 7. M. bulbosa. 1. M. aristata Thurb. Tufted, 6-12 dm. high; lea-es 5-10 cm. long, 6 mm. wide, panicle 1-3 dm. long, the branches erect; spikelets pale or purp- lish, 3-5-flowered; lemmas scabrous, with stiff marginal hairs near base; awn 6 lO mm. long. Valleys of Selkirks. 2. M. Smithii (Porter) Vasey. Tufted, 6-12 dm. high; leaves 10-20 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; branches of panicle solitary, som.ewhat spreadmg; spikelets 3-6-flcwered, purplish-chestnut, about 2 cm. long; awn ^-H as long as the lemma. Woods; Lake Superior to Wn. 3. M. striata (Michx.) Hitche. Similar; more slender, leaves narrower, the ligule sh-athing the culm; spikelets purple, 2.2-2.5 cm. long, the florets short-bearded at base; awn as long as the lemma or longer. Columbia Valley, northw. 4. M- Hartfordii Bol. Culms rather wiry, 3-9 dm. high; leaves 2-6 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, the branches appressed, unequal; spikelets erect, 4-8-flowered; lemmas minutely silky throughout, pilose on the margiral nerves below the middle. Oak woods, V. I. Var. tenuior Piper. Low, 2-3 dm. high; panicle 3-8 cm. long, spikelets about 3-flowered. V. I. m 46 GRAMINE/E paLt*i-2"c!5rbn?tho hr^nJi:'' "''■'■' '^.'"••'"8^= '^^^« ''''°« ^"'l convolute; lets sL „g, 2 3.flowered abo, t s'Z'S'^' '" f''^' "''.'' ^"'^ ""^'l"^': «P'ke-' equaling th' gluS^'^yl^ eVLTnd' R^'k t""" °''""' ^''"«"'''*^' '*'-"' 1^ muc keel 1. F. octoflora. 2. F. pacifica. 40. PLEUROPOGON awn 6-9 mm onl' a \^nL from th^' IT^I --^"^ ''"'• ^'^']'''= ^"^^^y '^'^^^<'^- woods. Port M^"d^ anTL^nh'Vr;;^. l"r"4r^dTler('k.'^i;tfi,lr'"^ ^''" 41. FESTUCA (Fescue Grass) .nto^an awn; pa.etabout as .o^^.lfthf Lra"lto^;>;-^e' Kl^lf AnnuaU. stamen 1, included. Spikelets densely 5-13-flowered Spikeleta loosely 1-5-flowered, Branches of short panicle divergent Branches of panicle erect. Lower glume ii-14 as long as the upper. Lemma ciliate . Lemma not ciliate ... P.r.n.,^"'".*=''""^l*-'i ='''""« as the upper Perennials, stamens .3, exserted. Sheaths smooth, or awn equaling or shorter than the lemmn At cast some of the leaves involute. lemma. Ulades not fallmg from the lower sheaths. -New shootiarismg outside the leaf-sheaths , ^pikelets more or less glaucous;, rorarootstocks . '"-cietsmoreor ^'""^^^^ lUFt'^^^-^'^^^"^'' ^-^^'"' --"v , tnZr^-^eh^Inlfetta^"'''^"'^'^'™"'- '-""fea^'e'sl-V^rJ.'irnV'""' ''°" ''^ '°"'" '^^^^'"'^ '^-^' Ij.'r!^"fl IJ'^u'"^?' -''*"''' O'' "'"""y wanting Leaves flat, sheath, roughish; lemma long-awned Florets long-stipitate s awueu. Florets not long-stipitate . . . ' lemn,a '3 4 ^^'n^'Unrscab^'u^^^^ ^\T '* ^^ '"u"^ as the second forn.s also occur; pX I'nceS. '°"d%^ soil, V c't ork "d ^'"3 Ir^'^r^ temperate North Amerira, ' ' ^"^^°"*' ^- '•. and throughout 5. F. megalura. 4. I', myuros. 6. F. oromoides. F. rubra. S. F. occidentalis. 9. F. ovina. 10. F. Itallii. U. F. elatior. 12. F. subuliflora. 13. F. subulata. iP!f»*W-HB-ffi GRAMINE.€ 47 if 2. F. paciflca Piper. Slender, 1-4 dm. high; sheaths often puberiilent, shorter than the internodes; panicle 2-10 cm. long, simple f)r serund with spreading branches; ti-mn; 's more nr less scabrous, 5-(> nmi. long, .mn 10-1.) mm. long; palet 2-loothej|, longer tlian the lemma, the iiitlexed si>lcs broad. Dry hillsides; V. I.; Bhuk Mt., \anrou\er. 3. F. reflesa Buckl. Similar; all the s()ikrleta spreading, usually 1-3- ilowcrcd, lemmas glabrous or more or less scibrou'^, 4.r)-t) mm. long, awn 2-12 nm. long; the inflexed sides of the palet narrow. Dry hills, V. I. 4. F. myuros L. (ilabrous, 2-('i dm. high; sheaths smooth, longer than he interrodcs; p.micle narrow, 7-20 cm. long, the erect, appresx-d branches olitary: spikeleis narrow, 4-.")-flowere(l, on stalks 1-2 mm. long; the first lume '"-h ''sa than half tho secund; lemmas scal)rous above, o-ti mm. .1 twice as long; palet shorter than the lemma; stamen I. iiJ -i'»galura \utt. Similar; panicle more or less se"• , .■liort, ](••• .!■ abrous and ciliate, the awns 3 times as long. Common about ■/i • ./ '.. .md Crescent. G. F. bromoides L. Glabrous, 1-3 dm. high; sheaths smooth, Icjnger than the iiiternodes; panicle dense, narrow, 5-10 cm. long, branches solil.irv, ap- presscd; spikelets 4-5-flowered, on stalks 2-5 mm. long: glunu-s 4 and tl mm. long; Itmma smooth 7 mm. long, awn 10-13 mm. long; stamen 1. \ . 1. 7. F. rubra L. Culms solitary or few, with rootstocks, 4-9 dm. high; sheaths and blades stnooth; panicle contracted in fruit, 5-20 cm. long; si)ike- lets usually glaueous-purplish, 4-0-flowered, 7-8 mm. long; lemma 5-7 mm. long, smooth or scabrous towards the apex, with a rough awn about half its length. Low, sandy or brackish soil, Coast. Variable. \'ar. kitaibeliana (Schultes) Piper. Lemmas pubescent. Alaska to Oregon. Var. gcnuina Hack. Panicles sccund, lemma 4-5 mm. long, glabrous, mucroiiate or with a short awn. V. I. Var. lon^^iseia Hack. Panicles thin, the awn twice t'ne length of the lemma. V. 1. Var. megastachys Ciaud. Spikeleis 10-12 mm. long, often green, narrow. Mud Bay. Var. pruinosa Hack. Panicle dense, spikelets large, leaves and spikclets glaucous, leaves all involute. Mud Bay. S. F. occidbiitalis Hook. Densely tufted, o-o cm. high, no rootstocks; culms slender, shining, basal leaves involute-filiform, green, numerous, soft; panicle hx)sc, but n.iirou, subsecund, the rays often drooping. 1-1. ."> dm. long; spikelets green, 3-5-(lowered, G-10 mm. long; glumes unetiual, variable, even on the same plant, sometimes obtuse; lemmas 5-() mm. long, the awns slighth longer; grain hispid at apex. Open hillsides, \'. I. to Kootenay and eastward. 9. F. ovlna L. Densely tufted, 2-4 dm. high; no rt>otstocks; basal leaves capillary, firm, very numerous; culm leaves often very short; panicle con- tracting in fruit, less than 1 dm. long, its spikelets pale, 5-7 mm. long; branches short; lemmas smooth or slightly scabrous, about 3 mm. long; awn 1 mm. long or more, usually shorter than the lemma; grain smooth. V. 1.; Coast and eastward; often by roadsides. Var. sciaphila A. & C». Leinma hispidu- lous. Victoria. Var. supina Hack. Plants 1-3 dm. high, panicle 2-4 cm. long. Cascades; Al-iska. \'ar. brachyphylla (Schultes) Piper. Culms 1 dm. high, blades smooth, soft, becoming longitudinally sulcate in d: > ing. Alaska southward; Roger's Pass; V. 1. Var. ingrata Hack. Leaves pale or glauc^scent scabrous awn often nearly equaling the lemina. Dry interior; Rockies. Var. duriuscula (L.) Koch. Leaf-blades 1 mm. broad, (broader than in the species). Rockies and belkirks. 10. F. Hallil (Vasey) Piper. Densely tufted, 3-9 dm. high; the lower sheaths bladeless at tiowering. the upper sheaths and often the upper part of the culm rough; leaves mostly involute, pale or glaucous, the lower very long; 48 GRAMINEyE if ii IN the branches shm erect" spifc bo.r n^ '^"'V'^'y 't°''= P^"'^'"^ "^'•'•ov^ cm. long; lemma scabrojs tSnVs t^^^^^ '" '^^ ^^^■' ^P'^elets 1 awned. Introd. Vancouver; Okanagan 0™"' "'"'' '''"' '"'"'^ '^°'' wiie; giabrts'^n^ath^lat^'hs^tra^t.:? V-'t ''T' '^•^''= '^'^'^- 3-6 mm. long, the nodes distant, the branches nevm ^"'r '^°"= P^"''^''^ 15-20 cm. 7-10 cm. long; Bpikelet pur Ii h or Vr" f 4 fl"n^ 5^'''' *'^" '°^" at base; glumes 1-ncrved lemmas fi Hm^ 3-4-flowered, the florets stipitate below, awn 10-15 mm. long cloldStteam v""l^' ^''''^"^' '^^^'■""'' ^'^^'''^ smooth';-bLts'rii)l:,i^rSJ"scTbfoufri ';h '-t '"^''= ^'^-*''« --'y cm. long; spikelets palo green or purnlishS^fl '"'"' P^V'^''^ '«"«. 15-40 nerved, the lower ?3 as loneas the ., nor i ' ^'-'I'^o^P'-ed ; glu.r.es 1- and 3- length; awn 5-20 mm Ion/ AU^T^' 'f."i'"^3-nerved. keelyd for its whole wack Valley. ^^ '^'^'''^ southward; xN'anaimo; Agassiz; Chilli- ~ „ , „ *2. LOLIUM (Darnel) J^S't^e^S^il^::^ t^r'"•iiarv1S1h^^^^^^^^^^ ^o the glume exceeding the lower floret^' lemm//. ^ P",'''''" ""^ ^^"^ ""^^^his; the fcss. All the foliowinrare introdl'cTd "'' ^"^ "'"■•^^' ^^"^^ °^ ^^"- in ^h.^buTSke%Vten^sSv uJisted"'- "^-'^'V «'^H^°"^' ^"^^^d. leaves folded shorter than the 5 (^"iowWsd kett lemn^''^'^"^'"" 5''^*'"" ^'"°*" g'"'"^ Common. lowered spikclct. lemma 5-b mm. long usually awnlcss. occ'urtSs"convoTute^"•t£'';S^ '":£ r,"^nn'n"^« "'"» ^^^'^^ '' ''^*- ar-ti^-^:[ :? t~i;S pi ^- ^i^ ranTecltaspikro.^e'^rc;'nSc'le51^af " T^^^^ ,^-^^ -chis and ar- A. repens. A. occidcntale. 3. A. caninum. *■ A. spicatum. 5- A. tenerum. 8. A. biflorum. ,iLL'77hc £!wl.r'^:,Jt^';;-^^;:^^„£"A^-".or glaucous; sheaths sparsely pilose above, spikes 0 5 1 1 r)',„ I \'", '"v^'utC scabrous or long, glumes awn-poinWTnearJy ^ fnnj as tr.?in!C' 1 1'^ """'^'^'. ^-'-^ <^'". long, nerved, glabrous or s •, 3 1 .? •^. j "P Relets- lemmas about 1 cm. Semianioo Bay. """-'^^ '" • ••^•. apparently not co ■ ^ - common at the Coast. KemrjK^.fM^Tumi^-i 'r«iA_ GRAMINE.€ 49 2. A. occidentale Scrib. Tall, glaucous; sheaths, culms and blades strongly striate; leaves smooth or slightly scabrous on the back, scabrous on the nerves above, flat or involute; spike 1-1.5 dm. long, spikelets •lat, 12-20 mm. long, somewhat spreading; glumes very strongly nerved, H-?-i as long as the spikelet.i, usually with an awn 3 mm. long; lemma not strongly nerved, smooth or granulose, obtuse, mucronate or with an awn 2-3 mm. long. Dry soil, V. I. to Rockies; Castlegar. 3. A. caninum (L.) Beauv. Tall, leaves smooth beneath, usually rough above; spikes usually nodding, often 1 -sided, 8-20 cm. long; spikelets 4-8 mm. distant, 3-G-flowered; glumes about as long as the spikelet, awn 2-8 mm. long; lemma smooth on the back below, scabrous above, awn slender, twice as long as the lemma. (A. Richardsonii). Kamloops ; Kootenay. 4. A. spicatucn (Pursh.) Rydb. Slender, densely tufted, usually glau- cous, 3-9 dm. high; leaves narrow, involute, nearly smooth, except on the margins; spikes 6-14 cni. long, spikelets remote, erect or somewhat diverging, 3-6-nowcred, glumes smooth, aw-nless; lemmas smooth on the back below, 5-nerved and rarely scabrous above; awn stout, diverging, 1-2 cm. long. (A. divergens Neer.) Lytton to Rockies; also on Texada Island. 5. A. tenerum Vasey. Green or glaucous, leaves flat or involute, scab- rous; florets 3-7, the lower glume usually 5-nerved; spikes often loose, spike- lets appresscd, 8-20 mm. long; lemma broadest below the middle, firm in tex- ture, smoothish on the back below, scabrous and 5-nerved at the apex; awn stiff, 0-4 mm. long. D. I., Yale eastward; Coast and V. I.; Alaska. 6. A. biflorum (Brign.) R. & S. Usually glaucous; leaves flat or involute, scabrous, florets 2-5, the lower glume usually 3-nerved, lemma broadest above the middle, rather soft in texture; spikes slender, sometimes purplish, spike- lets appressed, 8-13 mm. long, lemma smoothish below, scabrous and 5- nerved above, awn weak, 0-4 mm. long. {A violacettm Vasey). This and the two preceding species are the Bunch Grasses of the interior. 44. ELYMUS (Wild Rye) Tall, stout jjcrennials with spicate inflorescence; spikelets 2-6-flowered in pairs; glumes rigid, narrow, sometimes linear, placed towards the front of the large spikelets; lemmas convex, 5-nerved, obtuse or acute, aw^ned, awn- poiated, or awnless; grain hairy at the apex. (Greek eluein, to roll up). Lemmas glabrous (or nearly so) or merely scabmiis. Awn of lemma short or none .... Awn of lemma H-'M mm. lonK. Awn of lemma 8-12 mm. Ions; •pikelet.'s often i^olitary Awn of lemma 10-30 mm. long; spikelets in p.iirs Lemmas pubescent, at least on the margins Awns of the long-pubescent lemma 2-.'> cm. long Awns of the ciliate lemma 20-25 mm. long .... Awns of lemma less than 5 mm. long. Lemma grey-tomentose 5. E. dasystachys. Lemma pubescent. Spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long. Plants glaucous, spike whitisU 7. E. arenarius. Plants green, spike green 8, E. vancouverensis. Spikelets less than 1.7 cm. long 9. li. innovatus. 1. E. Macounii Vasey. Culms 6-9 dm. high; leaves narrow, 4 mm. wide, scabrous; spikes 8-15 cm. long often with one spikelet and 3 glumes at each joint; glumes linear-lanceolate, scabrous, 3-nerved, 6-8 mm. long, with an awn about as long; lemmas punctulate below, scabrous above, 8-10 mm. long. Kamloops. E. nitidus Vasey is very similar, but with a shining lemma. Agassiz; Shuswap. 2. E. glaucus Buck. Glabrous, usually tufted, 5-10 dm. hign; leaves 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous; spikes 1,5 dm, long, 1 cm. thick; glumes lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, smooth or scabrous, about 12 mm. long, without the ohort awn; 6. E. condensatus. 1. E. Macounii. 2. E. glaucus. 4. E. canadensis. 3. E. borealis. 50 Icnini to ih Vaiu lis sniiKith or seal n-o liiiirs as l„„g; spil(l. ( Iomk; onniion, iiwn from nlwiul All I II lie to I'acifir; ni ... an,l slu-a.l.s smooth; l.a/l,! uU , .:,m , '""«- ■'^'"";""""^ i.i"K an.l ..5 cm s.lto. with yew lo„u so -w s„ro „\^ '';'■'■■."■• '^'••''"■'•..S lo.ntna hir^ '•""I ; Thompson KhVr. ' '"'*' •"'"'• ^ "'"'"''*•' Vall.-y ; Summor- very short, c-,,„al or uno,,nal, h^^^„;| /,,",'''';« •■^, "'»' r>'"^'''". "f"'" 1 o- lo.,K. with...,, th- sL.; awn! " KH: 'a;,? i ^.l ^i ^' '"''"'''•"'' ^"'""' ni..Ullo. often loose lu-lovv; gin, es suhnl' .. ^"'^ ","■ '""«• ""--'a.I.st in the 'Ume eqnaiing the spikelets, fe as n^ ;,'';''''' ' '"■ ^'-''"""S ".-ariy or 7. E. I . . „ -.. p.ilies- iiompson River to Rockies; n.i. wide, smooth. "i- long, I. .-,-2 cm. hroad; • acute, broadly lanceolate wnless; lemmas atiddimies Vlr?,',','''''' ''''!""•,'•* P..I>os,ent, awn-pointed Invard to Alaska. "^ ^^-'rtons-marKme,!. Sea shore, Vancot.vcr. or awnles nort 45. SECALE (Rye) th?Se"Sry^UM?a"lv'i'/,;l!^,^:J^ tall glaucous annual; glumes narrowly laneoolatc, ervcJ-^^ ^ thick, den.se spike callus at base, scabrous o„ the k ;i • '""K1'^^"*^<1. without a fallen. Distinguished from Tc.l.lv^..; b' 7^1^'^'"^ after the grain has ^rU,n,m bv the narrow. T veined dim ''VT*' ^''•''■''""=': ''■"m epikelets solitary at each joint o the ra ch ' o" -'""l, ^^'>'""" ^V the ) me rathis. Occasionally spontaneous. •ISTi'^'^-^fT' r.RAMINR/K 45. TRITICIIM (Wheat) 61 Triticum vulftarc I.. Annual or hi. inial; spikclots glali .... i. nil. 1.11 111 iiicniiiai; spiKcifis glaliroiis or puhi-srcnt, in i niws in a spikr, I al i-acli joint, short anflliroa.!. 2-r.- II llowcrc.l; Klmni's broad, s.'v.ral-ncrvc.l, awn.d or awnl.ss; Icmma-i ncrsislcnl after the urain lias fall, n, loot lud or a wncl, tin- awns often long. (L. Inlitm, ground [into (lourj). 47. IIORDUM (Hariky) Inllorrsrcnci- a spike; (he spikel.ts 3 at carl, joint of the rarhis, carh 1- llmvcrccl usually only the midusliy Mor.'t of ii-nlr.il spikilcl siwsili (jlcniiiM all iihki', iinsllr-lik.-. Spikes liKM.l. Iiiisliy; i;liimi-s i-li cm. lonK. awn of lalrral (lorii iiiori- than half the body of Icmm.i. Awns )-(i I 111. lonii Awni 2-:i i-m. loim Spik.-s narrow, uliimes 1-2 nn. lonit. awn of lateral floretn not III ire than one-half the Imilv of lemma. I-atir.il si)ikeli-ts neutral Lateral stiikeletH (wrfect Some of the ulunu's lanreolate. Leaves roiiRli alKive. spike l-(i times an loni; ai liroad Leaves smooih. .spike 2-:t times as long a< liroad I. II. miiriniim. 2. H. jubatiim. :). II. ra-spitosum. 4. II. noflosiim. .'». II. Iwrealc. ri. H. piisilliim. 7. II. Keniiiilatum. 1. II. murinum I,. (VVai.i. B.) Cuhn glahrous, rather stout, .'i-.'; dm. high, tufted green or somewhat glaiiroiis; leaves rather hro.id, rouyli often liairy, sheaths smooth; lateral spikelets neu'ral, their often riliate glumes awn-like, awn of lloret 2-A cm. long, eiliale, ecntral flower perfect, its glumes broader, ciliate, tile awn of Us lemma lH-3.") mm. long, the spike rather bushy often partly enclosed in the smooth sheath. Nanaimo; Victoria; Vancouver! 2. II. jubatum L. (Soitirrui. Tail). Ascending, 3-() rlrn. high; leaves rough, spike nodding, h-VZ cm. long, usually exserted, almost as broad as long; peduncle sometimes sinuous beneath the spike, lateral spikelets neutral, the florets often reduce cm. long, the awn of the lemma about as long; all awns very slender Very common east of the Cascades; Coast. 3. H. casspitosum Scribn. Erect, tufted, culms and sheaths smooth, leaves rough, 3-,') mm. broad, glumes about '20 mm. long, central (loret nearly sessile. Its awn 12 mm. long, lateral florets ru»na Willd.) Rockies and Arctics. 2. K. bipartita (All.) Brit. Culms slender, leafv below, solitary or tufted- eay.s narrow-; the lowest scale of the spikelets pistillate, the next staminate scales sornewhat serrulate on the keel; spike 2-3 cm. long, of .several appressed or as.-nding spikelets. (A', cancma Willd.) Rockies and Arctics. CAREX (Sedge Family) .-.W T!-'*'' P^-''"He ^'''^^ ^^'f' T'">' trigonous stems (culms) and moncE- uous, or rarely di*cious, flowers; tiie staminate riowers of 3 stamens, in the ftr !nth fb"'"^ '-n*-' P'^^'K'^"'- «»/li=*linct terminal spikes; (lowers ;-ithout uerianth, the pistillate consisting of a single pistil with a bifid or trifid style lorming an achene enclosed m a sac (the berieynium) through the orifice of Tthe i.'S: fn-' 'h '("»"''''= 'r"" ^""^' f 'r^'"' '^'-"^ '" ^- axii of a bract &T'^2nl ^n'tr2'1^ctioL^s'.^'^' *"'""• " '^^^'^'^ ^ ^ '^^ ^^^ ^'^^ '\ Oflfr ',^*&kt .,./ ■■dr- CYPKRACK^ Sec. I.— Vl(iNE.« S3 Spikes sessile and similar, braring tlio staminatc flowers at their base or apex; stigmas 2 ncarii achcncs lentinilar. flowi-rs at 111 top (»r No. I ppikei il Spike solitary, (staminati' PeriRynia stronKly nerved on the outer tare PeriRynia nervi'Ie-^s or nearly so. Be-.ik of peinynuim }i a< lonu as tlie IxKly Perigynia Ueakless or m-arly so Spikn 2— many. Stamens borne at the base of the ri)Ikcs. PERICYNIA WiSt.l'.M. AT I.liAST ABOVK. Infloresccnrp dense, tlie individual spikes not clearly denned. Bracts much longer tlian the heads. Perigynia lanre-SMl)iilale. ."i mm. long Perigynia lancc-ovate, 2-3 mm. long . ■ Bracts wanting or not much, il at all. longer than the heads Inflorescence more open, or open below, (the individual spikes clearly defined). Plant- very strongly stolonifcrous, tlic stammatc flowers riTed with pistillate Plants solitary or tufted, not strongly stoloniferoua. stamens basal. Tips of perigynia reflcxetl concealing the scales Tips of perigynia erect or ascending. Perigynia 8-12 mm. long Perigynia less tlian'(i..'> mm. long. Perigynia ere. C . pratensis var. 10. C. .Tnca. 18. C. ftrnea. 8. C. ph»ocephala. 10. C. petasala. 17. C adusta. 5. C. fcstiva. 19. C. I.eersii. 20. C. scirpoides. 24a. C. canescens var. 26. C. Deweyana. :|f 11. C. hormathodet. Mj 12 C strnminea. 19 14. 13. 5. C. C C. Crawfordii. festucacea var. festiva var. 1 M CYPERACE/E In|lorp!K-rnrp n.\kr(1 or KPliirmus-brartnl Infl„rc«rn.i- driw. ovalr; plants resrinhlinR r fr^Uta Infiarescencc Irsx than ir. nun. l„n«. Krc-nish hrown malPH" '■'"'"''"K tlio acute. liyalinr-marRinH '"'* 'ili-V'"^'^" "'■'" ""■ °''""'"'' "f '''""< 'lark-hrown Infloreicencratmut L'.'i tiini. long rwliKm/'alT" '"''""'• "' '"'"'■•"'"='' '""'"••'' 'listinrtly PeriKvnia .i-l.r, nun. lonii or more i'eriRvnia 1,'^s than :t mm. lonK Spikes shoil lylmdriiMl Spikes siihtlnhosf, ovoid or olmvoid rerinynia tai>orni,; Kra.liially into a short beak Spikes sdvcry or Kreenish SpikcH brownish. I'nims very rouRh, stiff, erect, leaves involute. C ulms smoothish. weak, leavis fl.it I eriKvnia abruptly rontr.ictinK intoa distinct beak' « ulnis slender, not alpine „^ , „ Culms stiff, alpine ^*I„t?ren"eT,^n":. hll^d'"" "' "" •-""» "' '"rouahou.. PcriKynia ll' !.■) mm. long Pcrinynia IMi mm. lonK. Headu pale or \ ellowish. Tall, intiorc-icence elongated, leaves broad low, nifloresivncc ovoid, leaves narrow Heads brown. ... PeriRynia roundish, shorter th.m the .^rale PeriRyma lanceolate or ovate ciualinw the scale or longer. Periuynia strouKly nerved on both siiles I erigynia not stronnly nerved on both sides leriKyma b.dentate, rouRli on edges, etiualini; the ?„fl„,-. f"'«V"';> obliciuely cut at apex, exceeding 'the scale Inflorescence spicile, elongate,!, den.se or interrupt mm. Spikelets pale or kreenlali . Spikelets chestnut Plants tiot very slender; inflorescence not or hardly interrupted spikelets about 1 cm. long or more. nicrrupteu, Perigyni.i ;!-,'> mm. long. '"^■'"wngy'bLe" '""'"'■ ''™''"'' '^''"''>"'-' '^P^'"'« f™-" ''^"Tise""'""'"'' '"^'■'«>'"'» ""• t-'PoriiiR from a spongy PeriRynia stroURly nerved, with long beaks; spikes lO--.'-, "vend ""^*' '"'"'"^ ""'"" ■"''"'' ^"'^^'- "P'''*^*' Perigynia less than ;i tjim. long. Pengynia Icretish, plump. Perigynia flat wi?h 'r'j^t ft'^i'l^s" '"""""^ stamlna.e. or the plan, dlceclous Perigynia l-'-l.') nun. long Perigynia i< mm. long or less. Infloresci'iii •■ clongateil. Perigynu «in>;e,l, the beak as long as the b. C. bninnescens. 20. C. l.achenalii. 30. ('. macrocephala. •11. C. stipata. 31. ('. DouRlasii. 3fi. c. (layana. 32. C. densa. 3.-). C. Hoodii. 35. C. incurva. 37. r. tenella. 3,"*. C, Ilookeriana. 31. C. stipata. 3n. C. Sartwellii. ■11. C. camporum. 40. C". diandra. 42. C. alma. 30. C. macrcKcphala. •13. ('. siccata. 3'.). C. S.irtwcllii. 34. r. Douglasii. 3li. IS. t'layana. CYPKRACE/E 65 99. C. miaamlru. 53. C. invi^a. I \. i.. sit' hcnsis. 'i5. ('. Ii.irl)ar.r. 'Mi. (\ llowfllii. 47. C. crypt'K.irpa. Sec. II. -i:tj( AKi:x Stigmas 3; sonic of the spikfs strictly f)isiinatc, uith one f>r more tcrn»iiial staininatc spikes ; if stigmas 2, sonic of ihc sftikcs pciluncU''!; or stigmas 2 or .'^ spikes soinewiiat similar, nifire ttt less staiijinale at base, more or less |)eflunc:Ie«l. Stiftmas 2. aomctlmeH 2 or 3 In a Htnftle plant, acheneu lenticu- lar. Terminal wpiki* st.tiniiiatf. Some or .ill of tlu* pistillate spikes rirfx>pinK- Pistillilf pikiM (i-l i mm. Irtiu;. KcavtH schiom more than H cm. lonK Leaves !i>nK IMstillate spikei loiiKer. roftiincle^ vrrv short, spikes close. H-Kl mm. ttiick Lower pediiiK les Ti-ir* cm. lonK, npikrs more slender, the upper oitcii criM t. Scalen with a white Htripc down the midflle Scale 1 1)1 own All tlie iic'liim les about the same Icniith, li-(i rm. lonj*. all pist ill. ite spikes drmjpini; , , . . Pistillate spikes eied. l*criKyiii,i lustrous or somewhat inflated, or both; 4-5 mm. loii^. Spikes nearly \2 nmi. thi( k, bracts lonK 107. ( . salina. Spikes t»-l() mm. thick, bracts short or ntjt eitrfcfJinK the riilm. VediMU les of the tip[>er pi.stillate vpike about i (in. lon« . lOS. < . physocarpa. Teduncles of the upper pistiMale spike wantinK or short. PeriKynw ptirptr Perinvnia vellow PeriKynia (bill, iibtrnp but not inllated. J-i tam. loni?. I'eriKyiua yellowi u, <)bpvriforni PerJKyTiia wliiti^h, ellipsrudal Peri^yni.i comi»re".^.efl. PeriKynia nerveless or nearly so, mostly j'.ramilat*^. Spikes b-lu mm. ihM k. Spikes 2'* H. C. nebraskensis. Scales mostly obtuse, lower bract exceeding the inilorescence. Green midrib of the ol)long or narrowly olK>vate s.ale broad; rMrigynia short-beaked, stipitate 50. C. decidua. Green midrib of the ovate sca'e slender; perigynia hardly beaked, not stipitatt 50. C. Goodencvii. Kt^t. C. saxatilis. 1 10. C. Cirahami. ■\H. (]. aurea. 41*. C bicolor. 50. (\ Tolmiei. 51. <:. rigida. 41. ('. sitchensis v. nos. 5tl, 57. 5J. ( . nudata. 53, (_'. invisa. 54. C , aperta. 51. C rigida. 51. C. rigida var. 55. ( . acutina. 5*1. ('. atiuatilis. 57. C. variabilis. M < VPKKACK.I.: iir uhiiiah. I'If. priiiiMiia (Mil.rq, rnt nr TMminnl «plki> mnminnlo nnW at I.,,,,. SpikM m-BHllr ,11 iirnilv «i hm,l.-,l, ,-,r,i. ,.;,l,- I,i„wn I .'imMii.i vrlli.wisli. ..hpvfif,.Hii Stld.».. 1 ''';"*"'■' "I ''■ I llip I.il Htiamaa .«, lulirnpn .t-»nalril ^rlK^ S.I 11 ,Kv IViiHviii.i h.uiv :i „„„ „ lIlI'llllillKIII Irttilr Ni.ikM niNxit :l iiMti (|,„k im!;;;;:"' ''*"'""■ •"•"«'"">■ i-nK,.,,,, v.ii„wi,h. ,. """iiiKMi^h;:;:':;,.!:;"' ••"■ • •"■• - •• IVriRvnia lil.il.ioiis Ma„un:Uo Hour,, ....o;,,pi..,,.,„,,.t" .*,"'''" IVtiKyn,;, ,r^lox,^l at m, tn.il v. lan.o.latV (Irirupol ivrisvniimi not -niiLi-iril "".'auV'"''' """"■ """'"^ " ^" ••" r,..v,li„„ ,|,r ""'''"'IImICi ''•■"" "■"■ •-•"'-'""" ovate. ,1,0 ,„.ak ,. /""oi:i,.^;::\;;;,-r:;;;,„-:i;"';'- -.« n. ,i,„,,. IVtiBynia «c t ..r sp.ca.linK. maio IVrmynia Krcciiisli. IVriKvma inanv iirunl. Muni IVriBvnia 1 iirrvol on pa.li lace. l>rakp,I IVfiKvni.i brown oi pnipl,- "•■akni IVriKvnia -hour, il,,„ It,.- ohtnw s.alM P.«m.,tc sp.kc. t.Vr.nn. lo„«, o |„„|,j,. ,|. I eriRvina hairv onlv on tin- anul, •< 1 crmvina iniito,in|v l,a,,v. Rrak rntirr. sp,ko< |H'.ii,n. lol He.ik slioncly I.„l,.,ilatc. spikcH „„„tlv -rssilc ' I oavm involiito liMoi,n ' Iislillalc-pik.M l,.ssil,.,n I.L'.m loni; "base" '"■"' "*"-'"'^ '"'• •"'"'. lur.lly colorcl at IVrigynia 2.0 mm l„„>,, n^. ,^,,^ „ . ''"''t^:^'^^^^^ "^ '""'"•"■ •■""'-Hi s..ea.h, .Mual.n« or lonRcr than ih.- iwl«ynia Ur,«yn,a l.«»cIy.p„be*-.-nt, « i.ler ami' lonKcr than thpse-ales. p,«illatc spikrs fow-flowor'" "'-;;;;•' •-PPre-«e.l-P„l,o«-cn,. narrower ami shorter Pi-t.ll It,. . r^^^ •,''"■?• '''*""•"'• 'O'kes niany-tiowered M.i... nato »)i.ke less than l.,'> cm. lonR. Sni'i^HT'''"""""?- *'»''''' »•"»"*'■ than theperiRynia s.«r„rtc'';^;i:e'2rc'^.ro;;f"«""."^^«-"- Wi » llilloil. •11 t . Mrileniul. ^^- t'. H,lle:i. •W t hlioliir. •H. C wirpi(nin,i«. •I-'. ('. «ir|»)i,|pn, •'•1, C. nietiiH hlirna. •11. C. niifolia. nil. f. (;pvrri. •I". I . Hmkii. "It, ('. miiniRlni'hin 'l**. f. iKiiirillora. "0. <', niRiirann, 71, ('. pyreiiaira. 72. C. leiitnlra. ('• Irons 94. C. Parryana. Perigynia not granulate no Hose, nerved 'or nerveless or nearly no ■ o. 49) 3-4 mm. long. Pistillate spikes 6-8 mm. tli ■ u. Leaves green, smooth, 1-7 mm. wide, the ai>ex long tapering 49. C Tolmlel. Leaves otherwise. Perigynia oval, scales fOtuse . 103, C. heteroneura. Perigyniu tibovoid. =t:::Ifri acute . 104. C. Rc/noidsii. Pistillate spikes 4-5 mm. thick, plants light green 105. C. livida. OH. (.. ehurnea. 100. r. cafiillari^ 09 53 r i misand-.i invisa >02. 10!. r lii.iosa. paiipercula <8 CYPLRACK/K I'erlRy ni.T Histinrtlv l)f.ak,-,|. „itl rei,Kvxu, ii„,,||, „,(r„r«r "i"s?„n::;;:i'^i;i;-''-- "• « ^'-'"•>-.k. nu., or '*!"^,u:;r a;.^?;^^::^-' --"V -ooth an. S« r. fl,va. "9. <■. fF,|rrl. IOC. C. aniplifolia. "'■ C. romo'ja. 112. C. retrorivi. "3. C. hystpricina. " • C. eisicrata. rcr,Ryn,a al,r»pily contraCns into the b«,k 11V r ro..ir.,ta. lloa. C. rostrata var. ilruulata. Pcriijynia t-iiwrins into the Iwak Ilfia. r. vcsicaria var. nil r- . "lonile. J ^ ^ • ' '"■ <^ • VMicana. oth.Ts sintmn.ur ,,i.,.v<., „r «omc iiiCi'li • " "'' '""K- """'f staminatc about cuali,,, tin- p^Ile brown scartl";"-- k'"^ """".'""« •''■"-'"-. 2. C. caplm. r r, . '^^''"'""' '^"'^'"'^'^»'"' ^^'kirks; Alaska." as|!h?^r?::;'^.:;j^, S;£^.K;ti';;f = '^^^" ^"f-. ^""- as ,on, thin",",';- '""«• ''J^'^''' ^'l-ve^ .-ales Z; ■ r^^^^ lonfi-ellipticaf than the pc-r.gyua. Sununits. Rockies; Alaska! °' ^'""^' ^''"'" '""g'^r like. S;eTtrr.?^t S.^-.eavi'T/'"-''. 2-« d.. hi,,, b.acs leaf dense ovoid head; port" nia 5^^iMo "l '""'• >V''^' ^Pikc^^ 4-10 'n a erv loops to Sask. and castw. '°"^' ' '""'• ^^■"'''. '"^arly nerveless Kam^ 5. C. festiva Dewev Tuftivi i - - i meadows. Alaska to California 'Vr'arh^V"" '.''^" "''' Perievnia. Wet' "m. hi^h; Hat, lonccr than the IPivnV P^chystachya Hailcy. Culms To SaTk^'brow ^'T^' ^^^ Varebent^ rnvdhT^."'*^'^ ^^ -borSuli;' mate. Victoria; Nanafmo; ^fkirks ""'^"'^ "^'''^^ contiguous or a^pS if :S i e m cypi:rack/E 5. C. nthrostachyu Olm-y. Similar; ciilnis tri.inciil.ir, no.irly or (|i ootli; ltM\ :i in • Ir, lir.ul-. will) I lit!' iriiKi ^( .11 iDiis-iii.irKliK'i many Uiius Liukct than ili.' \i r\ iI.mm', linlit lin.wn licails; scales pali' brown, lanrcolalc aj nir, ahoiii i i|iMliii« llic IooiIikI o\ aU lam rolal.', ncarlv mrvc- Ifss iHriKvnia. V. I. to Allitria; v;rass\ liii( kcis ami incKJows, Victoria. 7. C. crislalil Siliwrin. t nlnis (■»-<» dm. lii;;h; roiiv;li aliovc; leaves I!-? turn. I)rr),iil, ofieii cxicedinn the lulm-; inllore-c cik e ti^uallv dense, or the l')wcr spike di-lant; spikes ti 1.') ^lohose, greenish or lirown, O.."!-! < ni. liro.Kl; perigynia IM iniii. Ioiik, their lips spre.idint; or re( iirved. Mass. toSask.,and M.f. S. C. phieocophulu I'iper. Tufted, .'{7 dm. hi^jli, culms smooth except at apex exceedinj; the leaves; inlloresfcnce usually lir.iclless, den^e, ovoid- ol)loirg, hut the individual spikes e.eily distinguished; spikes ovoid-(lli()soii|al, lirowii, SIO mm. long, not < lav.ite at li.ise; |«rigvni.i more or less winged, lanceolate, green or hrowii, 4 ."i mm. long, scarcely '2, mm. wide, nerved on the outer, nerveless on ilw inni r, face, the lieak '^ 3 a- long as the liody, hardly liidentale, achene I.IJ nnn.J)road. (C.lrfiorina amcricana). Said to he near C. Preslii Steud. Nootka, V. I., and alpine. 9. C. I.iddonii lioott. Tufted, It dm. high; rulni rough above, exceeding the leaves; spikes fulvous contiguous in an avoid-olilong he.id 2-3 cm. long; lanceolate, few nervetl, narrowly wingeil, very graarcntly a form of C. Liditonii with smaller peri- gynia. 11. C. hormathodes F"ernaUl. Culms slender, flexuous, angled, 3-9 dm. high; leaves 1-12.5 mm. wide; strongly ascending; inllMrescem e slender, monilifonii (or in the late culms congested^ of 3-0 broadly ovoid, brownish heads, 8-12 mm. long; perigynia long-ovate, distiiictly 10-nervud on each face. (C .siraminea var. aperta Boott.) Que. to B.C. 12. C. straminea Willd. Very slender, 3-7 dm. high, leaves 0.5-2 mm. wide, s[)ikes distant, ovoid, l-S mm. long, yellow-brown, or greenish, on a sinuous or often zig-zag axis; perig> iiia lance-ovate, gradually tapering to a short beak, inner face 3-5-iierved or nerveless. (C. leiiera OIney). Growing in clumps in er. Tufted, culms smooth, slender, somewhat nod- ding in the inlloiescence, 3-6 dm. high, longer than the leaves, (2-3.5 mm. broad) lower bract setaceous, short; iiilloresceiice tlexuous, the lower spikes slightly remote, 3-7, pointed, 0.5-1.8 cm. long, usually clavate at base; scales '1 1| 60 cyim;ra(R/f: I h>alinc-marginrd: p^rigynia thin. ..vato-lanrolatc, 4.5-0 mm lonir U -., brc«. . 1,,, ,.„tat.-, Rrc-n. tl,,- Ualc .uarlv a. U,u« as the I o,lT ar .""o I In, hroa. . I'ra.ru- .,,H.„ w.,,K|san,l hanks. \. |. (o R-nkir^. Car wj 1 X " Spik,s lart;. r, 12 n,n.. I..„^J „r mor... more l,H,s..|y ll„vv,r.-.l ,lark l"\I„ rn m. morr sharply anKl.-,|. | )..,„,, „,o,,dows; ( -..iar Mill ; ( iul'lMrtan' V I ' the- lip, J,., 1 . ,1,,,. i„^;|,. K,,,,^.^ ,„^,^.,, ^,,„r„, 2-4 nnu. wi.l, ■ inMor m ,.,.,■ much asm . />r ./„,„.,; snik.s clavat.- I,as.-,l .lark l.r u^. VsJj , | /" *- o ...oul: (HT.KN „.a I r, nm,. lonR. narrowly win^.-.l. " •. as wi.l • ^rvv„ „ I'.r w,^' :!;:?.S:''' d::s^;i:;,'.' -"' "^"^^'- ^>"-" w.;Kisan.n^„ks:v- 'r::;::i 17 C. adusta Ho„it. Culms stiff, smooth; Icav.-s 2..5 mm. I.roi.l shorter- 18. C. foenea W ill.l. Culnis sU-mlcr. smooth, oxccpt at tin ;M') .Im hi.,.h leaves so <. pa e Rreen or glau.ous. 2-4 nun. l.r.M.I; spik -s To ov. IT l.luS' u,;,ln. f-,/^'^*"" ^\' >''• <^"">'"s rather wirv, 1-4 .In. high; k ,ves 1-2 5 mm wule .nlW..sc,-nce hncar, cylimlri.al, l-.-J cm. long, of 2- i a ,, rCxim t" or slightly distant. suI.rIo ..,so. :M2.11owcre.l spikes peViRynia k rS -ye low pearanci, .1-4 mm. long, exceeding the brown ovate. point.-tx K. a lu-arlv ..r i(li. in I'.MH, pro.lurcl this so ilis:invc, liMMs I ■_'.'. tiini. linM.I, spikis -.iiI.kIoI.o-. or cllipsoiiial, :{■" nun. lotiR; |Hrit(vnii 2-'2.7 mm lonn, scriiilatc at Imm . f tin- di-iiiMt IkmU, ascrndiimor iooM-ly spriadinR when initur.', rxcrrdiuK the tiiiii brownish siali-. Moist Rrouiid. Atl.intii to I'aritu ; (row's Nrst Pass. ''•> C Dcweyana Sthwtin. Very lax, nl-u"'""". Itav< s soft, flat, 2-5 mm wide, the 2-7 spikes ;M2-flowerew.st sitaceous bra.ted, remote; |MTiKyiii.im rouKh-Uaked, slipit,.lc, rather exce..lmK the ovate, aeumiiiate, li.de thin scale, OueUc to Ku>e«icyan(i;< ulms ;M. a. im. hish, very weak ; smooth or rough; leaves 1.5-2 mm. broad; i.p|Kr spikes cinliKuous. the lower leinote, often Mtaceous-bracteHkies. 29 C. Lachenalii Schk. Tufted; culms 1-2 dm. high, rather longer than the tlat lea\>s; spikes AU, subglobose or ovoid, reddish-brown, c(jntiguous or the lower a little remote, small, longer than the wale hkc bracts; i«Tigynia small, usually colored above, obov ale-elliptical, rath.-r liiick in lexture. with an abruptly contracted l«ak. longer than the ovate, brown, acute scale. Arctic regions southward in Rockies. 30 C macrocephala Willil. Stout. 2-3 dm. high, from l.)ng rrK)tstrx;ks, leaves stiir. exceeding the (iilm; heads of 2 kiiuls on difTerent plants, the staminate 1-1. a cm. thick, the andiogynous alunit 2.'t cm. thick, l-fi cm. long, of closely aggregated spiker,; stigmas 2 or 3; beak of jR-rigynia longer than the body, bidentate, with a firm [x.int; wings of the pcTigyniuni dentate. A sand-binder along .hores. (.ulf of (Georgia; Vancouver. 31. C. stipata Muhl. Culms soft, sharp, 2-10 dm. high; leaves 4-15 mm. wide; head yellowish, 2-10 cm. long, often compound at base, rather ilense. perig'ynia lirown. lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, narrowly winged, en- larged and sijongy at base, t..()ering from base to tip: beak rough 12 times as lone as the body, and much longer than the scales. ( ommon; Vancouver and east w. 32. C. densa Bailey. Heads dark brown, very dens<', ovoid or nearly globose; lowest bract oflc:: con=pir=.iou=, setaceous, 2-3 rm. lonsr: pcnevnium broadly lanceolate, thick, strongly nerved on both sides, wingless or slightly rough-margined above; pm.iured into a long cylindrical cleft beak, much longer than the blunt or Miort-acute scale. (C. BrongniarUi var. densa). Nootka. m 1i ' I , t li 62 CYPERACE/E ! i' t 33. spikes -^ "r.Uo ''n.'^ny fe^" fl7™f L' h" I""/ '^'^^ '°"«" *^^" ^^c leaves; and nerv;elcss or nearly so at east on the nnl-' fa"c? tVITT '"^^^''^ Eastern Kootcnay. "^ '^'-'^- ^ 'Hckcts, A^assiz to a dense head 2-4 cm i ,:. some of ', hn', f?'"' ^'^T" '"K the culm; spikes in faintly nerved narrow hIuZ. 1 ?^'T ''""''''>' ^taminate; pcrigynia the body. nuKh shorter hmtt.nr '''^'"'"' "'"'^ »'"" ^^^^ ^^ """g as soil; Kamloops. Sask "" ''^'''^ '^^^"""'^ ^^"^"^ "■■ ^-^"'e scale. Dry acu.e ...e. hyah^' m^r^ '^^S."' O^I^J^^^f^fZ ^L^" ^^^ stanuna.e fXTig;, '^nervele o ' n^Trk'^f "T" "^ n'"" ''^ '^''"' "f^^" '^"''^•"'V entire beak/shorter th"', he broa |lv ov L ' "-'"'^^^ °'?"^ ^''^^ « '^hort. l-y r / /^, ,'"''"""- 'J'^'"""V ovate, acuminate scales. Rtxrkies. linow^^n 5^e5: pe;s«v; -{^lifc v 'r- ''''\ '?'■"' "^'- -f'= ^p^-^ scales, often spii ,i f' a'^ f/nHtv Uvf "^ ^' T'"'''' ' '""«^''' '''^" ^'^'^ «'"'« Pacific. Mt. Mark, V.iVKooten.ay. ' ''""''' ^"^ ^^^'^'"P^- ^^^-'^"^ic to the spikes; poriKvnium srriI„rlni-'T '"■'''' '"": '""^ awns surpassing intoa^idemLtelVr. Sa": a>,dTc. t'fo,Y "'""'' ^""'"""^ P^^''""' 30. C. Sartwellii I)ewe^■. Cul dark rootstock; lea\-es 2 >.-, ulms s stiff, ;M2 dm. high, from an elongate Head lii^hKr c< ore," s ike^ n, J '/J"'- , ^''f: "'^^identalis Hailey. as long a;..r ^o.,^^ii:r^^ i^^^l^^^^^t^^^ ^'-^. ovoid, phunp, d..rk brown o^edio'. "S^^^ilVh I'T "T"^' f'^''''^^.!"^ the acute or short awned s.-.l,<; \l • ^r "S"'""''''^"'*'^o"'^' nia brow,^ RocU-s lo D" 1 ' ■"' ^'^''""'^''' "f''^" ro:I^h.'f:.n^rX?[i:, ^;:S; Ji;Sr..^--V« <-n. high..,sharply angled, several, often st.unina e a I, se or^™ ""''^V' '^''^'^ M^ l"-own. 3-4 mm. l„Mg. the winire.l m rL-in s..lrT i / *• '?■ '""«• P^'-'KVnia ovate, than the arm ninate s^ c"mn^t^i!"'^'''V^^ T'^''^' "' ""*^' ^''ortcT Kamlo„,.s. ■ '^ ■ "•"'"''" "• P'"-')- Dry tla.s, Spenco's liri.lge. 8-I(>cn,. long, dull l.rvnbrut.te ■';•/'■'''■'•'■'"""'' ""'^''>' ^""Ponml. the spikes; (HTigvnia ovate ,1 i "*' ' '''P'"'"'"^ .'"'^ »'l ''^^"- ^'"'"-■■- H'a.. above, beak'bifiii-; s^.^.^'^iX-:^' ^::^:"'^;^_ i!^::i;::',-^r^r^ CYPFRACE/E 63 43. C. siccata Dewey. RootsKx-k long, culms slender, 3-G dm. high- leaves 2 mm. wide, spikes 3-G oblong or subgiobose, ti-8 mm. long, brownish, usually clustered in a head; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, winged beak long, oblique at apc.x. Dry soil, Spence's Bridge to Rockies. Allied to C. pratensts. 44. C. si-'-hensis Bong. Stout, usually in clumps, 3-9 dm. high; leaves dark-green, evergreen, rigid, often channelled, 5-10 mm. wide; bracts much exceeding the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, pistillate spikes 2-4 usually 2 sessile or short peduncled, spreading or usually drooping from the recurving base, 3-8 cm. long, usually tapering at the sometimes staminate apex; scales purple, much longer than the nearly beakless, nerveless, obovoirl slightly compressed perigynia. Swamps, Coast; Vancouver, Alaska. 45. C. Barbara Dewey. Rather stout, G-9 dm. high, rough above or smooth; leaves 5-10 mm. wide, flat; staminate spikes 2-3, pistillate 3-5, often 8, cm. long, slender, 4-5 mm. thick, the upper sessile or short peduncled the lower remote on peduncles 5-10 cm. long, all often staminate al apex not so densely flowered as C. vnriabilis; perigynia oval or obovate, pale or purple- spotted, granulate, nerveless, the beak short, entire; scales white-backed brow'n-margined, usually longer, lanceolate but blunt. Margins of ponds and lakes. Coast to Gold Range. 46. C. Howellii Bailey. Similar, stoater, 9-18 dm. high; 2 upper pistillate spikes on peduncles 12-24 nun. long; scales dull brown, iierigMiium narrowly elliptical, conspicuously granulate at maturity. Swamps, Coast, .\laska to Oregon. 47. C. cryptocarpa Meyer. Stout, not tufted, 4-9 dm. high; leaves light-green, 3-5 mm. wide, equaling the culm; staminate spikes 1-3; pistillate spikes 2-4, 2-6 cm. long, often staminate at apex, drooping on peduncles 3-8 cm. long; scales acuminate, purplish or brown, usually much longer than the light brown, or y^Mowish, nerveless, nearly beakless perigynia, which are about 3 mm. lo ialt marshes. Coast; Vancouver to .Alaska. 48. C. aurea .Nutt. Slender, 1-5 dm. high; leaves pale green, rather shorter than the culms, 1-3 mm. wide, the bracts exceeding the culm; spikes 6-.^, loosely flowered, more or less peduncled, erect, 0.5-2 cm. long, the terminal sometimes pistillate above; perigvnium 2 nim. long, plump, nerved, rounded at ai,ex ohovoid brown or whitish, longer dian the (jbtuse, sometimes cuspi- date, whitish-brown scale. Wet meadows, V. I. to Rockies; .Alaska. 49. C. bicolor All. Similar, some of the culms longer than the leaves bracts exceeding the culms, or the upper spikes with bracts short, or none' perigynium ner\ed or nerveless, broadest just above the middle (ellipsoidal- obpyriform) more or less white-pulverulent, longer than the brown and white obtuse scale. Thetis Lake, \'.I.; Rockies. 50. C. Tolmiei Boott. Culm smooth or nearly so, 2-4 dm. high; leaves 4-7 mm. wide, mostly shorter; lower lir.icts shorter than or equaling the culm, often leafly, sheathless, auricled; pistillate spikes 2-5, G-8 mm. thick the upp-r contiguous, (.ften staminate at apex, 8-24 mm. long, dark-colorcfi' the lower usually peduncled; perigynia oval-oblong, compressed-trigonous' nerveless or slightly nerved, pale or more or less purple or puri)le-spotted at apex, short-beaked, cither longer or shorter than the mostly blunt dark- purple, broadly-oyate scale; stigmas 2 or 3. Alaska southward' South Kootcnay Pass; .Mt. Fernie. n ^VkS' '',*•''*.* <''Ood. Somewhat stoloniferous, culms mostly smooth, U..)-45 tim. high leaves smooth, dark green, revolute in drying 3-7 mm briad, shorter than the mostly smooth culms; staminate spike 1; pistil- ale spikes 1-5. 0.5-2.5 cm. long, 4-0 mm. thick, the lowest bracth'ss or leaty-bracte. ; perigynia elliptic, greenish or purplish, scales elliptic, dark. Alaska to (, alifornia ; Mts. or .Northern; McLeod's Lake. Passi„g into the var. Blgeiovil lorr. Loosely flowered, at least at base. V. 1 Rockies .11 » m i 4 M CYPERACE.4V ->Ja i."u^?*" ^°"o ^^'■- anftustlfolla Bailey. Culms slender rou^h. 2-4 dm h.gh leaves 1-3 mm. wide; the lowest bract shorter than the^uS pistillate sp.kcs slender 1-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, sessile or nefrfy^' perigynia ovate, abruptly contracted to a short beak, purple at a™ xve^ deciduous, shorter than the purple oblong, obtuse scale'^ Cascades' to E 2 4 mm ■ S** "f-i'r^- ^^"''"«.2-6 dm. high, smooth; leaves nearly as long. 2-4 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, the upper offen erect SniriHn^^T"-'' '^'''''f'"^ •" '?•"« P^^''^'^'^: bracts equalinKcuhn;S pnia chptical-ovate, green or olive purple above, flat short-beaked usuaUv ^o^Mr^tZ^^'Tl''^'' ^^"" -^"^^- ^-"-rScSir-k^S 54. C. aperta Boott. Culms 3-0 dm. high, rough above leaves 3-4 mm dr'it'l iV"^' ^'T' "'^'Jy '^'"'^""K '^^ ^"'"'- P'stilla^eVpikes 2-4. cZ: drical. 14-25 mm. long, the upper sessile, the lower somewhat remote and hor"St"ate =w.^h"^'r '^^'-^^<^>^^. J^rrugiuous, elliptical or nfundt" fh^n.hi? 'i '^. "^ ^^°" '''"■"P' -'-toothed beak, broa.ler and shorter feje's^ 'S£;;!^-r'''' -•- - ----- -'e- ^^•■'^irksTnJ .ti^;^* ^*:"*''i.^ Bailey. Slender. 4-5 dm. high; leaves pale, flat thin about equaling the culm; the lower 1 or 2 bracts leaf-like, equal ng he culm their margins mostly serrulate; s-aminate spikes 1-2 .sessile pistillate spikTs 2-3. se^ssile or the lower shorc-MLncled, 3-5 cm. long; /K-rigyniaovTyd^ st.pitate, somewhat inflated, slightly rcrved, the sh ,rt iLk eS Ker or longer and broader than the obtuse scale. Mts., Alaska to Colorado 50. C. aquatilia XVahl. Glaucous, robust. 3-9 dm. high; leaves very lone 4-7 mm. broad culms obtusely angled, smooth, leafy; bracts ve^lonf- pistillate spikes 3-5, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, 4 0 mm. thick erect ve?y CQSct"v-' flowered or the lower attenuate at base, sessile or ^unclVl^LperSa small Hat, obovate to broadly elliptical. greenisK ntrvekssSs acu i"h SlaTka't'xtT ' ''""" ''"" "^ "'"'""« "^^ perigynia. ^VetLadows! lowtT ^'o^'I^UrH^l '^''"7- ^'""'^^= !?''^" "arrower; 3-0 dm. high; the l^ [ 1 -V equaling or exceeding the acutely angled smooth or var. eiauor IJailcy. Much taller, leaves very bnt. narrower- soikesoffpn 7-9 cm. long, more slender. Rm:kies; Vi toria, and c™ s reS £ margins and swamps. ' •■ '^egion, lake- roJeh-Jn Jed** 3^?^Hm 'h.Vh T^ • ''''■ ?'^'*" "^'"^■>- '^^"^^^ ^'°"t, sharply rougn angjcfl. ^-b dm. high; leaves pale green, 4-0 mm. wide not exreedinff he culm; lower bract equaling the culm; piMJIIate spikes ''-IS-^iO mm ?to^;th;;r I ""^■''' "^"^"y -^--'e; perigyniaVniptieal-obovc id. hort-beaked" 59. C. decidua Boott. Tufted. 2-0 ^* '""8 as the pcrigynia. 6.5. C. filifolia Xutt. Tufted, .ulms smooth, slender, 1-3 dm. high, leaves hhlorm, spike staminate above, (l-aO mm. long, [.crigynia obovoid-oval, scabrous or slightly liairy above, abruptly contracted into a short entire beak about eciualiiig the very broad scarious-margined scale; stigmas 3. rarelv 2 Dry plains, eastward. ' 66. C. Gey eri Hoot t. Stoloniferous; culms stiff, slender. 1.5-6 dm. high- eaves 1-2 ni in. wide, e<|ualinR the culms; staminate flowers many, the pisiil- late 1-2 with leaf y scales: pcrigynia tapering at base, green. 1 -nerved, beak short, entire. Rockies. 67. C. Backil Boott. Tufted ; culms 3-15 cm. hij-h, .^lorter than the eaves; stammate (lowers abimt 3, pistillate. 2-4; fxrigvnia globose-o%oid, lightly nerved, the scales foliaceous. readily t.iken for bracts. Dry soil Boston Bar; Rockies. 68. C. pauciflora l.ightf. (ulms smooth. 0.5-5 dm. high, leaves 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm; pistillate flowers 2-5 at the base of the few .stamin- ate; perigyma 7-10 mm. long, lanceolate, greenish-yellow, reflexed, style persistent; scales deciduous, blimt. inconspicuous nr H-'^, as long as the peri- gyma. Swamps; Vancouver; Kiickies: Alaska. 69. C. microglochin Wahl. Similar 0,5 2 dm. high; pcrigynia closed by a conspicuous projecting rachcola which springs from beneath the achene- scales short, deciduous. Wet ground, Rockies. 70. C. nigricans Mey. Ci'Ims not very slender, 5-15 cm. high; leaves nearly flat, 2-3 mm. broad , staminate flow( rs usii.illy conspicuous and (Kcupy- ing about half the spike; pcrigynia dull, scales d.irk-brown. Common in mt. meadows, V. I. to Rockies; .Alaska. 71. C.pyrcnalcaWahl. t ulms .5-15 cm. high, slender, spike dense, oblong, brown or purple, the fertile flowers erect until full maturity; leaves narrow, mostly involute-filiform, shorter than the culms; staminate flowers few occupying on third or less the length of the spike; perigvnia few-nerved or nerveless, usually shining at maturity, .scales brown. Mt. meadow.s, V. 1. to Rockies; .Alaska. 66 CYPERACE^ HI gynia green, nerved, blun^ c^ong Inje T/n 'L ,M P^r^^mall; peri- acute, „c.ucous, .a.es (c/^...^.S:^^;;;j^i;;:-if--J-b... or Arctic southward in Kocki's '"'^'' '''"■'"'' '''"■''• °b'"^ ''cale. hiS Sng^^Sth^lvS^^i:!;:^ d;^,i^"?>rrr'^= ^"i-^^ ^-'^ -• the acute sode. Dry'^W^^: J^l^::^::^!;:!^^^^-^ iS£^^" ^- io5:;r';h^:r.K:^adi;sric!it''b:;;cr" h'^-;;!^^' '-' "^- ^^'^^■- --^ endlong, ihe lower cla VI ten I ?,n\ V ^'-^'-''t'athing; pistillate spikes 2-3 perigynia spread ng Ian eolue'r/J'n^ "PP" '^''^■^"'^ ''■ "''^rly ^": Hairy on thl ang I,^21oo 1 ed Ion .r/hnn'T'"*-' •'»«">;-,"''-^CMrely nerved Mt. Mark, V. I 'ootnecl, longer than the acute or blunt, brown scales. 2- J n„J; ?roaTSs'S';'n, 'lT^;,:"TT' ^"j'"' "'"^-''^ ^^^^^ ^''°-. '--s le^. seal. acun/i...e.^ ^^e 'aietci^^^ntl^^r^^liir^'^^- ^^^'^ the uppermos ses irUe s^xo.d i nV. ''',"*^^' ^'^ '"'"• '°"8' "^^^'V ^s wide, and somewhat renu te. b act^ I liL'^ r?rX '""'V'"" T"^"^i'"'^t peduncled the base to reddish-brow.V a ; let 'n • ^ '^^'''^Y''"^ ''''' "''"'*^' widened at short-pubescent stiniT-^? ■ i f ' ''"'«> "'a "bout 4 nin,. I„„g, loosely long: scales o"';,:"^-;-; ^o'^^'^^'^'^ri^ •'^'^'t ,^"shtly bidentat'e. 1 Z shorter than the .;e;!gv;:ia:" y.non:-^'^,:';^'''^-''"'^"' '''"°^''' ^^ 3-/0cS: h.?h"ve;y ^I'ender I xcetieH^/^'^^ ^T'^^''''^'' ^'-"'"•- -'- «-ooth the 1-2 sess'le or st r^:..,1 ■ ckd "o" '1;"''''''""?"^^ '^^^^ ^■««^^ed b; ^-.--llowered. pinillaic- su V J 'h. bracr nh"'l ^"^^^H'f"'^'' °^ ^h<'rt-oblong, puberulent, ob..,oi.l. stip ate. "'s .nm h,^„'^ '".r! 'V" '",?• '«"g: f^rigyn^; beak ; scales reddish-brown ovale aci,.f'-i • ^ "^^'^'y «^niarginate (.rassy thickets; northertl, la. ^l^" 'o X.y ' '"" =*h"rter than the perigynia sitf or'^nS* "TlO c';r£|/'7'S '"^'^d- '■00,-toc-k stout; culms mm. wide; sta.nfnat; sp ke loi I I, ^ '^^^.^■^'^''"K the kaves; blades 12 1-2 contiguous. .H'ssile or shor. ,h ;. l^' ^V^" ''""■, '"■'•'^'''y =*"- ""'fling the flowered pistillate s;U.;s;or;r.aa 5 8.r,',r "'"'"' '-^''-'-I'l'-'K J K^ er.,t. :{.4.5 ..nm. long. ,,1 ov" a , ."^ ' .t^ h '•?= P^T.gynu short-put^s- long; .scles ovate acute to .si or\ ,u il ' , M' .' f"'^'"'' ^"-'^ ^'''""' » """• shorter than the pcrigvnia. by woSt V 1 to k ^i:" "' ''''^'' ''"'• '^'^^'^y enay. ' ^ wouu.-,, v. 1. to Kockits; common in Koot- f CVI'ERACE.-Ii f\u?- l'*"*;ans Willd. Slightly tufted ; cul ing the soft pale leaves (1.5-3 pistillale spikes 1-3, naked 67 nis 1-5 dm. hifih, much exceed- 111. wide); staniinate spike short', often hidden or subtended bract. ly proximate; ncriuvnii •.llii,^„;,l .i ^V "' " "'"■'■'"^' "ract, Klor)ose, most cylindrical beak! ^car > as onJ'.^ih'^'".' "'"'^^7.^' , '^''''^"»«"-'= ^<^^^^'^ S.£Ss: ^S:uvH; ™:~£HSF-=: issaiilliiiii br.S.':.„?°!n!„j,, ,!,"[',*,-'-'' t"- I"*. >.llo.i.l.. I»,™ 2-5 „,„. wide; exceeding culms Bowcn is.; V. I jx'rigynia straightish, the beak onlv flight! If ' fy deiaxc rd. ji 68 CYPERACE.t f ■ 89. C. Oederi Retz. Similar, green, 0.5-3 dm. high, leaves 1-3 mm. wide; pistillate spikes 2-4, mostly scattered, often one basal, many of them often staminate at the apex, 4-15 mm. long; the greenish, plump, nerved, short- beaked perigynia usually spreading, one-half longer than the obscure scale. Gravelly shores of lakes and streams, V.I. and eastward. \'ar. putnila Fernald. Plant 0.5-6 dm. high; pistillate spikes 3-10, mostly crowded, often in 2 groups, the lowest spike often peduncled, the bracts often over 1 dm. long. Cameron 1 akc, \'.I. 90. C. Gtnelini Hook. Culm 3 dm. high, rough on angles above; leaves linear, as long as the culm or nearly so; bracts leafy, not sheathing; spikes generally 4, oblong or sub-clavate, all more or less stalked, especially the lower one, erect, approximate; scales ovate; long-cuspidate, with a scabrous rigid point, dark brown, closely imbricated, about as long as the perigynia; perigynia elliptical, coinpressed, conspicuously stipitate, striate; beak short, entire. Oregon to Alaska; ( ascades. 91. C. atrata L. var. ovata Boott. Tufted, 1-0 dm. iiigh; culm sharp, rather longer than the leaves; spikes 1-1? cm. long, at least the lower one or two on slender peduncles, all staminate at base; fiirigynia ovate to orbicular, nerveless, greenish-white, slightly granulate, the beak notched, very short, about as long as the blunt or acute reddish-brow n to purple scale. Wet ,)laces, Coast to Rockies; Alaska. Var. nigra Olney. Spikes sessile, globose ovoid, scales black. Selkirks. 92. C. Halleri C.unn. Slender, 1-6 dm. high, culms obtuse, longer than the leaves; spikes sessile or the 1< vcr short-stalked, 2-4, in a head, 4-8 mm. long; perigynia pale, elliptical to orbicular, nerveless or slightly nerved; the beak short, slenderly cylindrical, sligiitly toothed, a little longer than the ovate, purple, obtuse scales. (C. alpiua) Alaska, southward in nits. 93. C. polygama Schkr. Rather slender but stiff, 2-9 dm. high; culm sharp, roughish above, mostly longer than the narrow leaves; spikes 2-7, sessile or the lowest, short-stalked, the terminal seldom all staminate, 0.7-5 cm. long, dark; perigynia elliptical, very short-beaked, whitish, granular, shorter than the lance-ovate scales. (C Buxbaumii). Hogs, Atlantic to Pacific; Home Lake; Roger's Pass; Alaska. 94. C. Parryana Dewey. Slender, 2-5 dm. high; leaves 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm, somewhat involute; spikes 1-4 erect, .sessile or the lowest peduncled, often staminate at base; perigynia obovate, pale, k j i! na 2 mm. long, minutely granular, barely beaked, the orifice entire, equalKig the dark-brown scale. Rockies. 95. C. stylosa Meyer. Slender, 3-5 dm. tall; leaves 3 mm. wide, usually shorter than the culm; the staniiriite spike often half pistillate; pistillate spikes 2-3, 8-12 mm. long, the 1. -t peduncled; perigynia ovate, brown, granulate, less than 2 mm. lo ig, nerveless, beakless, exceeding the black obtuse scale. .Maska southward. 90. C. vaginata Tausch. \'ery slender, strongly stoionifcrous, 2-8 dm. high, leaves 1.5-4 mm. broad, soft; bracts short; staminate spike long-pedun- cled, pistillate spikes more or less spreading, peduncled; perigynia lightly nerved or nerveless, wih a slender beak half as long as the body, longer than the acute scales. Ajasica southward in nits. 97. C. Hendersoni Bailey. Pale green, 3-0 dm. high, leaves soft, 5-10 mm. wide; bracts long, with slieaihs; staminate spike shr -t- peduncled; pistillate spikes : pproxi;iiate alove, one very remote, 1.5-4 < rn. long, erect; |)erik;>iiia nerved, obovoid, 3-angled, short-beaked, loni'f than (he nuicronate obtuse scale. Woods, ^■ak' to V. 1. 98. C. eburnea Boott. Pale green, tufted, culms filiform, 1-4 dm. high, longer than the in\oluie tilifoim leaves; bracts blarleless sheaths; staminate spike 4-7 mm. long, sessile or short-pcduncled, exceeded by the 2 up{x?r pistillate spikee: pistillate spikes 2-4, [ieduncled erect, 2-!! iiowered; p-rigynia mjn^ CYPERACE/E 60 M 1.5-2 mm. long, nearly nerveless, smooth, black and shining at maturity, more or less nerved, very short-beaked ; scales white, obtuse, shorter. Dry or rocky soil. Golden; MacKcnaie. 09. C. misandra R. Br. Culms sharp, 1-4 dm. tall; leaves 2-3 mm. wide short ; the ternunal spike often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes 1-3, pcduncled', b-15 mm. lon^; puriKynia narrowK lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at base, 6 mm long, brown, rough above, rather longer than the obtuse scale; stigmas 2 or .i. .Arctic, southward in Rockies to Col. 100 C. capillaris. 1.. Tufted, culms very slender, 0..5-2.,5 dm. high smooth, longer than the narrow leaves; bracts sheathing; pistillate spikes 1-4' all more or less peduncled and drooping, small, 3-12-flowered; perigynia oblong or obovoKl, with a nearly entire hyaline-tipped beak V- its length; scales whitish, obtuse, shorter than the small perigynia. Borders of streams. Kockies; Selkirks, and northward. , ^^^- Pn Paupercula .Mirhx. var. irrigua Fernald. Tufted, 1-8 dm. high; leaves 2-3 nim. wide, shorter than the culm; Ijracts broad-based or leafy nearly equaling the culm; pistillate spikes about 3, 1-2 cm. long; staminate spike often wanting, pistillate spikes more or less staminate at base; perigynia minutely granulate, broadh- elliptical, few nerved, shorter than the purple- brown acuminate scales. Swamps, Mt. .Mark, V. I.; Lower Fraser, and in hastern America. Var. pallens Fernald. Culms usually rough; scales green with pale-brown or yellowish margins. Quebec to B.C. 102. C. Hmosa L. Slender, not tufted, 2.5-5 dm. high; haves 1-2 mm wide; bracts hliform; staminate spike long-peduncled; pistillate spikes 1-2. on hhform peduncles, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia pale, nerveless, minutely granulate, orbicular, beak very short, entire, hardly equaling the brown scale with its rougli sliort awn. Swamps, \'. I. to Atlantic. A closely allied form from the Selkirks with purple, awncd scales and 2-3 pistillate spikes, the lower on peduncles 4-5 cm. long, I have not been able to place. It occurred with t. invisii, and may be a 3-stigma form of that species. 103. C. heteroneura Boott. Culms shari)ly angled, 3-0 dm. high, longer than the narrow flat leaves; the lower bract auriculate, nearlv as long as the stem; pistillate spikes sessile, or the lower \ery short-peduncled. about 12 mm. long and (i mm. thick, contiguous; perigvnia ova!, straw-colored, very short- beaked long.r and broader than the purple white-ribbid scale. S. Kootcnay 1 ASS. 101. C. Beynoldsii Uewey. Culms sharpiv angled, 1.5-() dm. high; leaves glaucous, abruptly pointed; slaminat.' spike sessile, about 12 mm. long; the lowe.-t bract of the culm hearing conspiruuus [lurple auricles; pistiljuie spikes 10-2,") nun. long, and (i-S mm. thick. -e,-sile or short-peduncled; peri- gyiijn l.irgc. obovoid. 3-aiigled, prominenllv nerved, greei.. or light-colored- linally somewhat spreading, with a purple beak, much longer than the scale. iMt. valleys; Spence s Bridge. lOo. C. livida Willd. Pale green, glaur(nis, leaves 2-4 mm. wide, bracts usually short; staminale spike peduncled; pistillate spikes 1-2.,'') cm. long 1-3. appro.ximale or remote, sessile or nearlv so. or a remote and even basal one peduncled; perigynia nerved, granular, bcakless. mostly a little shorter than the obtu-e, brown scale. Bog^ Alaska lo C.iliforiiia; Roger's Pass. 100. C. ampllfolia Boott. Stout, 0-!) dm, high, sharply angled, rough aoove; leaves lO-Iti mm. wide, usually exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes 4-(), mostly peduncled, 3-9 cm. long; |H.-rigynia elliptical, few-nerved, abruptly narrowed into a whitish beak ab,,ut as long as the whitish, purple-margined awn-pointed scale Wet places, Okanagan. 107. C. salina Wahl. var. robusta Bailey. Culms tall and stout, 6-9 dm. high, spongy at base; bracts \irv leafy, surpassing the culm; spikes heavy short .Tiul ihi'k li'iiiallv ') r> < Ml l..r,,. ,.- 1 ...-I .-!.. 1 ■> ... -!■• I 1 Oense and truncate at base, somewhat aggregated, the lower stalked; scales iH '«?■ ! \\\ 1 il li 70 CYPERACE/E \ii U lanceolate and acute to ovati :in(i obtuse, brown with a white mid nerve, longer than the nerveless or lightly nerved semi-inflated, ncarlv biakless perigynia. Saline habitat, yualicuni Ri\ir, V. I. 108. C. physocarpa Prcsl. Culms 2-3 dm. high, rough on the acute angles; . avcs 4-5 mm. wide equaling or cxcccdit^g the culm; staminaie spikes 2 or 3; pistillate 2 or 3, 2.5 cm. long, erect, c> lindrical, on peduncles reaching 3.5 cm. in length ; scales oblong, brown, acute, equaling the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, inflated, ()-nerved, with a short bidentate beak. Related to C. tesicaria, but with 2 stigmas, \ootka; Donald; Sicamous. 109. C. saxatilis L. Stoloniferous, 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; staminate spike 1, pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, sessile or the lower peduncled, dark purple, short; 0.5-2 cm. long, ."i-S mm. thick, perigvnia purplish, slightly inflated, lightly nerved or nerveless, ovoid, 3-4 mni. lorg, with a short subentire beak, slightly exceeding the pur; K or white pointed scale, stigmas usually 2. Rockies; Col. northward. 110. C. Graham! Boott. Slender, 2-7 dm. high; leaves 1.5-3 mm. wide; staminate spikes 1-3; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, 1-2 cm. long, ti-lO mm. thick; perigynia slightly inflated, yellowish, ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, few-nerved, with a short, sub-entire beak, twice as long as the blunt, purple scale. Rockies; Col. northward. (C. saxalilis uir. Grahami). 111. C. comosa Boott. Stout, fi-9 dm. high, leaves 1 cm. broad; stamin- ate spike 1 or wanting, often pistillate above; pistillate spikes 4-6, yellowish, peduncled, more or less drooping, 3-5 cm. long, approximate; perigynia not inflated, nerves prominent, crowded, beak with long sjireading teeth, twice as long as the narrow lough-awned scale. Kootenay. 112. C. retrorsa Schwein. Stout, 4-10 dm. high; culm nearly smooth, leaves 5-10 mm. wide; pistillate spike 1, .sometimes with small ones at its base, often pistillate below; pistillate spikes yellow, several, mostly rather closely aggregated, often one remote, and long-pedunclcd; perigynia G-10 mm. long, nerved, becoming strongly retrorse, twice as long as the smooth narrow- scale. V\"et i>laces, Atlantic to Pacific. New Westminster. 113. C. hysteridna Muhl. Slender, 3-G dm. high, leaves 3-6 mm. wide; staminate spike 1; pistillate spikes yellowish, 2-4, 2-5 cm. long, mostly pedun- cled and drooping, not approximate; perigynia hardly inflated, strongly nerved, the teeth of the slender beak short and straight; the narrow scale nearly equaling the perigynia. Alberta to \Vn. 114. C. exsiccata Bailty. Stout and tall, leaves 6-10 mm. wide, more or less nodidose (at least when dr> ); bracts \er>- long; stamii.ate spikes 1-3, often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes 1-3, 3-8 cm. long, scattered; se.s.sile or the lower short-peduncled; perigynia not strongly inflated, ascending, usually rusty-red; 7-11 mm. long, \er\ strongly ner\c(i, twice as long as the smooth scale. Common in bogs, ; V. I.; New Westminster; Cold Range. Var. globosa IJailey. Spikes 2.5 cm, long or less; pirigynia conspicuously spreading; scales h\aline, very small. Sicamous to \'. 1. Var. pungens Bailev. Slender; spikes slender, usually dark, scales firm, half as long as the perigynium. Agas^iz; Caimron Lake, \". 1. 115. C. rostrata Stokes. Culms tall and stout, generally bluntly angled, spongy at base; leave.i pale it glaucous, often 1 cm. wide, nodidose; staminate spikes 2-4; pistillate spikes 2-4, sessile or the lower pedunded, 2-S cm. long; 1 cni. thick; |)erig\ nia ascending or spreading, 4-6 mm. long; somewhat ex- ceeding the narrower, nearly sniooth-tipi)ed purplish w ale. Var. utriculata Bailey. ( oarser, spikes often longer and thicker; | erigynia 5-10 mm. long, the scile iisM.illy rough-awned. ■ • ■ ' • V. I. to Atlantic. Species and var. comnion in wet places lit). C. vesicaria L. Nor quite so stout, culms sharply angled and usually rough; leaves 1-7 mm. wide; staminate spikes 2-3; pistillate spikes 2-3, sessile or short-peduncled, remote, 2-7 cm. !.ong, 1-1.5 cm. thi< k; j-crigynia ^ii^hlly CYPERACE^ 71 turgid, 7-9 mm. long, nearly twite ms long as the smooth acute scales. Low ground; Coast eastward and norilnvard. \ar. monile Fernald. I'erigynia 6 mm. long, more turgid. Cascadfs eastward; Alaska. 3. CYPERUS (Galinuale) Sedge-like plants with triangular culms leafy at base and with one or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the inflorescence; stamens 1-3, styles 2-3-clift, tlci idimus; achenc lenticular or triangular; spikelcts in clusters or heads. A rather large genus represented in B.C. by one species. 1. C. infiezus Muhl. Dwarf 2-20 mi. high; spikelcts brown, oblong, be- coming linear, 7-20-fiowered in 1-5 ovoid heads; scales with a long, recurved point; stamen 1; achene obovate {('. arislalus). \Vct sandy shores, Somas Falls, Alberni. 4. DULICHIUM Grass-like pLnis with terete, hollow culms and 2-rankcd ^pikelets or; axillary peduncles; perianth of (j-9 barbed bristles; stamerts 3, style 2-cleft, persistent; achene llattened, linear-oblong. 1. D. arundinaceum (1..) Brit. Culms leafy to the top, 4-G dm. high; the lower leaves reduced to sheaths. (D. spathateum). Swamps, Atlantic to Pacific; Vancouver. fl E. Chamissonis. Ii. Ch.imissonis var. albidum. E. calticrix. E. Rrarile, r.. polystachion. 5. ERIOPIIORUM (Cotton Grass; Perianth bristles very numerous, greatly elongated, silky, not barbed; spikelcts solitary or several, usually with some empty scales at the base; flowers perfect, stamens 1-3, style 3-clefl; achene trigonous. (Greek eri^n, wool, phoros, bearing). Spikelels solitary, the lowest >5cale eplarced. Culms mostly solitary, tliick and solt. Bristles tawny 1. Bristles white la, Culms tiiftcd, stiff and wiry ;>. Spilvplet . several, involucre of leafy hracta. Involiicrul bract one ,"5, Involucral hract 2 or more .... 4. 1. E. Chamissonis Mey. Culm;; radvr soft, 2-6 <\m. high: the upper sheaths slightly inilate or fewer, acute or bluntisii. Comiiitm in hogs. \'ar. nlbidum 1 ernald. Bristles white. .AKiska southwarii; Rockies; New Westminster. 2. E.callitrixtJham. (Mauk's Tail). Culmsstififand \vir\ , .lenscly uifted, scabrous at lip, 1..5-4 dm. hij;h; basal leaves filiform triL;oiuius, scabrous; U[>pcr sheaths blatleles inflatetl: flowering spikelet O.S-l..") cm. long; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuiniiiate l\. vagiiiatum). Alaska sou:hward; Rt)ckies. 3. E. gracile Koch. Culms slender, scabrous on the angles, 2-t) dm. high; leaves linear, u|)per cauliijc leaf 1-4 cm. long: spikelcts 2-t-i, mostly nn slender pubescent peduncles, at flowering 7-10 mm. long, becoming twi'-e as long, achenes oblong, 1.5-2 nmi. long. .Alaska lo Wn. 4. E. poiystacbion L. Culms stoutish, leafy, angled abovr; leaves 2-4 mm. broad, flat at base, the ui)()or 3-10 cm. long: spikelcts 3 or more on glabrous stout peduncles, at flowering 1-2 cm. long, becoming twice a.s long; achene obovoitl, 2-3 mm. long. Home Lake, \'. (.; Selkirks; Mt. Cheam; Alaska. tor Ertophorum alpmum L. v. Scirpus. 72 CYPERACE/E 6. SCIRPUS (BuLKUSH, Club Rush) -^JP'l5 u'*i ^°'''3'^' c>stcrc«l or somewhat umbellate, the inflorescence sub- tended by 1 or more often leafy bracts, or naked. ap,)earing lateral when there IS 1 bract; perianth represented by 2-0 smooth or usually downwardly barl^d the bKh) s'amens 2 or 3. the style deciduous. (The Latin name of Spikelet solitary. Bri't'lSfc™'"'^ ''"'''''''* •"'''''^"°''''''™'" • • • . 1. S. hud^nianu^ Involucral bracts wanting. Achene 1 mm. Ions, con.itricted below the beak 2 S mnii« Invotc"raMS?|-^?S^'„l''^ '^'' ^°"''"''°"» *"" '"' "^^ ■ ^^ ^^ P""-'"-"'- Bristles wanting . c .;_ • Bristles present *■ ^' "!»""»• SrIfJl? ^""?"^ V''^>™" "l""* equaling the spilcelet 5. S. caespitoaus Bristles barbed, the bract 2 or 3 times as long as the spike- <-"I"'te™'nalii. Culms terete. Spikelets sessile or nearly so t c j ■ iipikelets pcduncled. ^- ^' "evadensis. l™-b*l''I*°\°''!.'?'"'!*"*l"*'"''>'^'""'''"8'hescales . 8. S. validus CuIms'^S^angfed " • ^^^"^' ""'"' ''*°"" '*'^" "'^ »^" ' »• »• «cidentali.. Involucral leaf 1 . «n c _ ■ Involucral leaves 2 or more. '" S. americanus. Spikelets 1-2 cm. long, scale awned ii s rohintn. Spikelets less than 1 cm. long, scale awnless, ' "■ »• ro"*"""'- Achenes 3-ansled, styles 3 ,o «-„„..:,„. Achenes plano-convex, styles 2 ; ; I'j I mto^rpus, ^ J" ?•• •»"<^so"'ap"8 (Michx.) Fcrnald. Culms scabrous, very slender. 2-3 iTer.lirAnf T' ''^ '"^'"'^' 'l^'f' trigonous, scabrous: bracts wanting; f Z . P^ ^'■°''" ^ff't^^.at the base of the spiktiet; bristles white, crisp, northw ^*-'""P'- (E'topfiorum alpinum L.) Sclkirks and Gold Range! If.« ch;f»r"'' ^^?xP\ Culms filiform flattened, 2-7 cm. high; iK-aring l.lade- abnut r n^^^^V^^^^'*'••'f'•'^■''" -i^ "'"'• '«"8' 'he scales ovate; bristles marsLs. Alberni "-'g^nous .-"-hene. (Eleochans pygmaaTorr.) Salt 3. S. paiiciflorus Lightf. Culms striate, angled, vcrv slender 0 5-2 dm high; scarcely tufted, with a short truncate sheath at base; bristles'aif, about as long as the trigonous achene. Swamps; Rockies. <.soo,aDout =.tt,^; '/P^""'"" ^f^ns Tufted, 0.r,-2 dm. high; very slender, sheathed noMnLlr^h^f^^'if """^ -^ usually bearing a small leaf; involucral bract usually not longer than the sf.ikc et; spikes oxoid-oblong, 3-6 mm, long; scales pale Ude,Tc"ort AfbetT'^''' ''"'''"'' ^'^"-"- '^'^-^>- P'^^ --^^^^ "^V hieh 5. S. caespitosus L Culms slender, tufic.l. terete. 1-3 dm. high- the upper sheath beannK a blade a few mm. long; spikelet 4 mm. long, the bract merely an enlarged scale with a rigid awn, deciduous; bristles near y tw ce as long as the achene. Swamps, Alaska, Selkirks and Rockies. 6. S. subterminalis Torn Culms 3-9 dm. high; bearing an apparently 6 n'mn"^ r'"' "''•''',"'" '"P' ''=^''" '^"f"^'" immersed; spikelet ovoidKng^ Th.n ,7 ; ■^' ''"''"u R'"'-''^^" «•■ straw-colored, pointed; bristles not longer than the trigonous achene. Aquatic. Mt. Mark. V. I,; Revelstoke; rXcs 7. S. nevadensis Wat. Culms 1-5 dm. high; leafy, leaves channelled or revolute, rough margined; spikelets 1-8, clustered, 8-15 mm long scales brown, carmate; bristles 1-3 not half as long as the plano-ronvex'^chene stjlcs 2. Moist alKahne soil. Si)eii(;es Bridge. "^-nt-ne. .■>;> i.A^i.-'^Tr'i,* ». raw TnpjTT TlfT. CYPERACE;€ 73 8. S. validus Vahl. Culm stout, soft, light green, 1-2. 5 m. high, l-S-S cm. thick at base, hasal sheaths soon lacerate: panicle lax, rays l-(> cm. lon^;, lateral; bractlets brownish, piitxvcnt at tip; spiUolets solitary or in glomer- ulc>^, rechlish-brown, ovoid, .'i-IO mm. lonK;scales suborbicular;achene whiti-h or (lull black, plano-convex, 1.3-1. .5 mm. broad, nearly equaling the scales. Margins of pon.N, V. I. eastward; Vancouver. 9. S. occidentalis (Wats. ("hase. Similar; Culms dark green; bmctlets red-spotted, visi id at tip; spikdcts mostly in glomerules, sub-cylindrical 1-2 cm. long; sc.iles oblong-ovate, red-dotted; achene biconvex 1.7-1.9 mm. broad. Margins of ponds. Cascades; Kix)tenay, an 1 Kl ■1 ■1 ^' ■1 H JUNCUS (Rush) in?t?uc;ure, sepals lIS" Zjl't'J'Zr^ ^T" ^'"^"' ■•^^"'-- '"■^-°"' short with filifoS's^igrasfov^'TI'^cXd^'Th^leafl'^lr" '' V' auncled at apex. (Latin ^^gereT to bind"? ^^ '''^^"'' ^'^ °f'^" "'"°S"r^?:!^r,^"hir'""« '"••" ""= ^'^'-^ °f 'he stem; flower. Flowers 1-3. ulunts alpine, seeds caudate. ^,^mJi?""''''='^"''P""8-<=aPS"le acute , , „ . Stems leafless, capsule retuse 1. J. Parryi. Flowers several to many, .seeds not caudate ^' ^- ^uhtriflorus. htamens 3, plants densely tufted flowpra'^mm i ~ . Stamens 6. stems rather in Iine?fro^rS.tst"^s ^ ' ' ^- ^- ^ff"'"'' ^'°T4'^r"l'ong^''""*"'« f^™ abort',5rm?ddleof thestem. Flower^s^brown. from above the middle of the stem! 3-5 mm'. ■*' "'• ''''f"™''- Basal sheaths black, seeds ha.dlyapiculate r , , Tnfl„, ^*^i »''«?'h'' brown, seeds apiculate ' ' ' r I Ji'^f .""'• Inflorescence terminal. 6. J. Balticus. ''T^r„'i"fl"."^ "'"^ •^'"t'"':' cross-partitions. Leaves flat, equitant. Leaves 2 mm. wide, inflorescence a dense head t t x. - • Leaves wider, heads more than one, panicled^ ' ' ' '. J. Mertensianus. Heads pale, stamens 6 . I'a-iuiea. Heads dark, stamens 3 S. ]. oxymeris. Leaves terete or only slightlv compressed ®" ^' *"''f°''''9. Stamens .3. Spring leaves filiform, floating ,„ , Leaves not filiform. 10. J. supmiformis. "^Int"!?/' '°^'^^P^- fi'^nients r. little longer than ""Iha'n'thltl';^^*' ^'^-"-'^ — ' ""- longer "' ^^ ^'=""""=''-- Stamens 6. 12. J. Bolanderi. Sepals and capsule obtuse, often macronate ii i ii • Sepals acute, capsule subulate "'-'""'''s .13. J. Alpmus. '■'""S'p.'i;'* """• ^°"^' '^'^''' *''"^"''8 °' exceeding the '"'"Tpalt^ """long, petals much shorter' than the '*' ^^ "°^°''"'- Sepals acute, capsule not subulate '^' J' '''°''''«y'- (^apsiile about equaling the perianth ir t i ■ Leaves not So^^iL'd^r'^iZr''^"''''^ ■'---''•■ • • ^ ^ 1: -— '' "T/uetfd^ r/a?;:iroT,^'„t"»'= '■"'<^'^^- ''-'~'^'- -^ - Stem branching, leafy annuals i<, , u , . Mem simple, perennials is. J. bufonius. ''^"balu^*'"^"" acuminate, exceeding the capsule, leaves Inflorescence greenish, usually open lo i ►. • Inflorescence fuscous, usually congested ' ' ' in i' ^""J'' . ,• Perianth-segments obtuse, about eqSIlinI the capsule.stem ^°- ^^ °^'"^'"'^"- Flowersin true heads, not bracteolate 21. J. Gerardi. Seeds caudate. leaves hollow &'h:"SSe^;;[^4'"!;',;;^!?g"«apS'|^^^^^^^^ • ^'- J-staneus. Se«is.. not caudate, lea^ es flargra^^likl '^^°"' '*' '°"* ' ' ^3. J. triglumis. Penanth-sesments smooth ' oi t i . ,. Periantli-.s..,;ment3 minutely roughenecl ■'• '""K'^tyl'^ Pcrianth-seutnents and capsule acute' . o-, i „.u u „ At least petals obtuse, capsule obtuM ^' °"hophyllus. Capsule shorter than sepals ' o<- t t i Capsulelonger than sepals. ^t'' f J?''^*?,"'- ^7. J. Covillei JUNCACE^ 77 backs and brown margins, 5-7 mm. long: anthers twice as long as the filaments: St Ahska' ^'^^^^"^ ^^"^ ^P^'*' (■^- Drummondii). Mts: Rc.-kics to 3. J. effusus L. (CoMMOM Rush). Stems soft. 3-6 dm. high: inflorc:cence rather open, 2-4 cm. long: flowers greenish brown, perianth-segments arumi- nate, about as long as the retusc, angled, greenish brown capsule, anthers as long as the filaments; seeds small, reticulated, with short, pale points. Marshy ground common. Var. brunneus Engelm. Inflorescence very dense, about l.o cm. long. With species, V.I.; Vancouver. Var. gracilis Hook! More slender, with a smaller panicle. Sidney, V. I. 4. J. flliformls L. Scape very slender, 1-5 dm. high: sheaths brown '^"Tf* u ''^ tipped; panicle small, few-flowered; sepals lanceolate, petals slightly shorter, less acute, rather longer than the obtuse greenish capsule; anthers shorter than the filaments; seeds short-pointed at both ends, obscurely reticulated. Altantic to Pacific; Coast Mts.; Kamloops; .Alaska. 5. J. Lescurii Bol. Distinguished from J. Baltkus by the intramarginal brown stripes of the perian segments, and by the seeds which are lighter V I Aiask^ pointed- ''alt marshes and sands along the Coast. 6. J. Baltlcus Willd. Scapes 3-10 dm. high, more slender and rigid than in /. effusus, mflorescence smaller, open or rather dense, and flowers larger; sepal 3 more acute than the petals, anthers much longer than the fila- ments, capsule obtuse, mucronate; seeds reticulate, hardly pointed, rather large, not pale pointed. Common. .,?• i'^:^^i,*"i'*u^""f ^°"?- .?'^'"' s\enAer, 1.5-3.5 dm. high. leaf sheaths auricled; head about 1 cm. in diameter, usually solitary; perianth-segments lanceo.ate, the sepals bristlc-tipped, a little longer than the obtuse, obovate. mucronate capsule; seeds apiculate at both ends. Mts; Alaska to California! 8. J. oxymerls Engelm. Tufted, stems stout, 6-12 dm. high; leaves 4-8 mm. wide; panicle decompound, 1-2.5 dm. long, heads rather small, numerous, 3-12 flowered; perianth-segments pale or reddish, linear-lanceolate acuminate, 4-5 mm. long; anthers 6. twice as long as the filaments; capsule lanceolate about equaling the perianth; seeds yellow, acute at apex, reticu- lated. Salt marsh West Coast. V. I.; New Westminster. uIa •'• *"*"«»»8 iks. Stems leafy. 2-5 dm. high; leaves 4-8 n.m. wide, heads 2— several, p^ ncled, dark brown or nearly black, globose, perianth- segments acuminate subequal. about equaling the obtuse, mucronate. 3- angled capsuk; seeds reddish-yellow, acute at both ends, reticulated. (J ^iphtotdes) V. I. to Rockies; Alaska. Vancouver. Var. Major Hook. Heads many, brown; same range. 10. J. supinlformls Engelm. Spring leaves very slender, floating, withering when the water recedes; stems generally floating in water and otten rooting at the nor' hen growing in mud the fruiting stems are low more erect, with erect .e leaves and a simple panicle; heads about 5! flowered, perianth-segments lance-ovate, about 3.5 mm. long, sub-equal- stamens 3. anthers much shorter than the filaments; capsule obtuse, muc- ronate. 1-celled, scarcely exceeding the perianth. Ponds at mouth of Somas Kiver; Sproat Lake. Aso in Cal. but not in Wn. 11. J. acumlnatus Michx. Stems 2-3 leaved, 3-6 dm. high; auricles 0.0-2 mm. long, heads few-30, top-shaped, 5-10 mm. broad, light brown or reddish, pcrianth-segments reddish, equal, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate about as long as the short-pointed light-brown angled, 1-celled capsule' ^eds acute at both ends, short-pointed at apex, plainly reticulated; stamens Ath^Jt r P % ' cf'l "^'7 proliferous in autunm. New Westminster; Atlantic to Pacific. Slender often decumbent forms with light brown or darker longer capsules may be var-debilis Engelm; or more probably an undescribed species. Lulu Island. ' n I, ii^ 78 JUNCACE.t: leal^es"'m?r?crc^**f n,n,"f '"'• u^""',^^', '?".'• '' ^"'- ^'«^' ^"^ ^^out 2 stem lo nf^; ^ ■ 1 . , '"• '""K' '''''■1''* ''^""k l^row.!, very many-flowered 10- LdN'rthX'st Coast "^'""'''-'-■'^^•""•'- -"hort-pointed capsule. Victoria 13. J. alpinas var. insignis Fries. Stems leafy, slender, 1-.5 dm hieh- heads few to .nany. top-shaped, small in a meagre open panicle w th erect branches gre. rush or straw colored, 2-2.5 mm. long. usuaHy vkh -r more flowers elevated on slend.r pedicels; sepals obtus.., often nucronate Jua\W SI lake '^ifT P"' t • ■■'"'' ^^'°."S as or shorter t han, the brown'capsu le"^ ^and\ lake and stream shores. V. I. eastward. Var. furcescens Fernald Heads compact, none of thp ♦lowers raised, the branches of t'feS^csZad: ing ascending. Same ran^e. Cameron I.ake. V. I.; Strathcona Park roo\tuik"moX with^'^ '{'^'^ 'fV""' '^H'^= ^?°T ^ slI"der,Tu Jrtaring J^l^ , ' "'°*i'y ^"h --^ slender leaves; heads few, globose 7-10 mm in froTw'""'' '"'t'' ""^1:'^ ^\'""K ^^ '^'^ ^'C"<>^-^ triangular, ta4-p^ned ^^^s^l^iC^^ ''''''^' ^^- "- '""-"-'^- Atlantic' to ''Paci^?; U.vii/'f^*"^^^* Coville. Stems single, stout, 4-10 mm. high; with thick leaves often abruptly divergent, inflorescence congested, heads i:2() spherical 1-1.5. cm. in diameter; capsule with a beak 1 mm long. Sask. to vVn '^™"'' sJm "T***""'^ ^""^^ Resembling J.acumi,mlus but more slender stem somewhat compressed; heads smaller; perianth-segmenis brownish' ac;r£iX°'"T' """1?" longer, than the'7damentf;'"aps ule aru'tly 1^^5d',;*lnnf h"** ^.y^*'- ^''^'"^ ^■^.'^"'- high; "heaths auricled, panicle 1-..5 dm. long, branches erect or ascending; heads few-flowered too-shaned CfgX fiSr^' lanceolate acute reddistbrown, sub-eruaUnthL' eq^I Lake V T.r Alaska '^^'"''"''"'■P'^' '"^"f'""' ^'^''^ spindle shajx^d. Canieron 18. J. hufonius L. Low. much branched, 0.5-3 dm. high- flowers remote Alaska ^ ' '"'"'^' "^'■'° -■ ^"=P«'^idal. Roadsides, common ; 19. J tenuis VVilld. Stem wiry, 0.5-6 dm. high, auricles piominent- cyme 4- 4 cm. long, bracts usually exceedir.g the inflorescence; flowers gre " ish' nffrnfvf 'f ^' "^i" "P' •"[' °' ^•^•^""^'^ ^'°"K. ^^e branchesrpcriantr-sx'Kmem^ narrowly lanceolate with scarious margins, somewhat spreading acumbate Bl'^f^Ll^'"' ''J' greenish obtuse capsule; anthers much shorter th™ the SS:; pJat Ri"r.°'' '"^ -'— ^-P"-^ -d unsymme.ncal. Common; 20 J. occidentalis W-igand. Stems stiff, erect, 3-6 dm. high tli- short open 75 3'cn'/rr"f = inflorescence mostly congested but soriin! , more open l.o-J cm. long, fuscous; perianth-segments erect, lanceolate, the inner niore broad y scarious (broader too, than in J. lenuis)- timbers much shorter han the hiaments. capsule obtuse, becoming retuse about jj as long as ctZf'bout'VirrS"^ ""^ °^ '^'^^ ^^'^"'^-"P'-^ -^ u^mmScat 21. J. Gerardi Loiscl. Stems 3-6 dm. high, leaves grass-like nearly equaling the stem, sheaths 1-6, all blade bearing, coverinrhalf the stern^ mf orescence 2-7 cm. long, open, the branches bearing 1-2 flowers at the end^-' neied acutish apex, septa present but not evident; heads 1-3, few-flowered dark: perianth-segments lanceolate, stamens nearly as long; capsule brown' acute, much longer than the sepals. Rockies and northward '<«v ■«*>.' JUNCACE.€ 79 seal™; .S'SSJ™" /I'S^'J;? ;'";■ '"S''. >lolo«l'«'™... .™n...cly i —Hip Ji:SO^S:H^^ 3. • '"''"• ''''■^'■'^' '•ct'culated. O. Charlotte Is., south ' rathor ^h^rTpr • t/"""°*"'^^= '"'P.^'^ a':utc or obtusish, fjctals very obtuse LILIACE^ (Lily Family) Herbs with regular symmetrical usually 6-androus flowers- the oerianth ites^lg^,: tf 2^^ firsts- -~Ss Fruit a capsule. ' ■ • ^^- '• CONV.\LL.'\RIACE«. Styles distinct to the base; fruit septicidal Sec II MPT AMTUAr-c-*^ Styles more or less united; fruit loculicidal (except MELANTHACE^. ^^'°=''°'*"'> Sec. III. LILIACE^ , . ^^«= I-— C0\VALLARIACE.4i True leaves scale-like, the seeming leaves filiform , \„„ Leaves foliacoous. ■■ ■ . 1. .Asparagus. Leaves in a whorl of ,3 at the top of the stem 9 x,ii- leaves, not whorled. i ■<= »iciu 2. Trillium. Leaves all basal, tlo.ver 1 , „,. Leaves not all basal, flowers a.xillarv or panicied. ■ ■ 3. Clintoma. Ierianth4-partc.i. llowcrsinara'ceme a \< ■ .u Perianth 6-parte■= Present. ,.,,... Leaves more than 2. '■»• Erythromum. Flowers with scarioiis bracts. Inflorescence racemose, t1" vers blue Inflorescence an umbel. Perianth-seRments unite.! for at least H of their lenrth Perianth-scumcnts not united 'cngin Mowers with foliaceous bracts or bractless ' ' ' ' Flowers white, stem leaves short . 'lowers not white, stem leaves long. Howers yellow, very large; anthers versatile Flowers dark purple, or if yellow, small; anthers innate 15. Camassia. 16. Brodiara. 17. AUium. 18. Lloydia. 19. Lilium. 20. Fritillaria Key to the Genera based on characteristics of leaves and flowers long ^Cav'ri'vtJi^in^rSll^a" "" ■^'^'- «'"" °' «^-"'"' '-«<= Leaves narrow ... Sepals ai d petals alike or nearly so. Flowers brown or rich yellow. Leaves linear, grass-like. Flowers many in a raceme Flowers usually solitary Leaves broad. Leaves 2. apparently basal Leaves more than 2, not basal. Perianth J.-irk brown, or if yellow about 12 mm Perianth yellow, 2.&-4 cm. lo..g Flowers blue. Perianth-segments separate . Perianth-segments united below '^'°7;^,"5i,%,X'"a'nd'T«tS.)'"' "'""■ '" "^"^' °f ^'^'*"'»- Leaves broad. Perianth-segments 4 . Perianth-segments 6 . . ! Leives 2-3, basal or apparently so. Leaves glabrous, flowers 2..5-4 cm. long Leaves pubescent, flowers 1,5-2 cm. long Leaves many, not basal. Plants tall, stout; leaves 1-2 dm. broad Plants rather slender; leaves narrower. Flowers in racemes or panicles Flowers in few-flowered umbels Flowers axillary, solitary Leaves narrow, grass-like. Plants with onion-like odor, flowers usually oinic Plants without onion-like odor, flowers white Leaves serrulate Leaves entire. Perianth-segments 2-6 mm. long, separate Perianth-segments 8-12 mm. long. Low, perianth-segments separate . Tall, perianth-segments united below . 1. Asparagus. 2. Trillium. 13. Calochorflus. 12. Stenanthium. 14. Erythronium. 14. Erythronium. 20. Fritillaria. 19. Lilium. 15. Camassia. 16. Brodisea. 4. Maianthemum. 14. Erythronium. 3. Clintonia. 8. V'eratrum. 5. Smilacina. 6. Disporum. 7. Streptopus. 17. AUium. 9. Xero(iliyllum 10. Tofieldia. 18. Lloydia. 16. Brodiaea. ASPARAGUS of^hT/m^n' '"V^*' branched with thread-like branches clustered in the axils of the small scales (the true leaves); flowers axillary, greenish-yellow small on jointed pedicels. (The Greek name). grtenisn yeiiow, small, 1. A. officinalis L. (Garden A.) A common garden escaoe esoeciallv about the irrigating ditches, Spence's Bridge etc. ^' ^'•^■^"^ n I LILIACE/E 81 TRILLIUM (Wake Robin) 3. CLINTONIA (Queen's Ct i>) 4. MAIANTHEMUM (Wild Lily-of-the-Vailev) smarWhite^tmrsrerovar^^cdlH ^'^°^' -uline leaves; flowers 5. SMILACINA (False Solomon's Seal) stigma; berry I-3-seeded. (Dim. of 5',,^% ' ''"'' " '''^'"'y ^''^'^'l Flowera panicled. ptamens slightly exserted Petals and sepaU 2..T-4 mm. long. Leaves slightly petioled. atleast below, acuminate Leaves all sessile, clasping, acute. . '•"™"=»te • • Petals and sepals I-l..i mm. long . i-lowers racemose, stamens included. Leaves numerous. Lraves acute, ciliate-margined. flat, spreading L^e^t f,=„"fj.ip;<^j P^berulent-margined. ofte^n folded, ascending leales^dirp^Tf^ohlonSceolaie^r^^^^^^^^^^ '-' ^-- '''^h; 1. S. racemosa. 3. S. amplexicaulis. 2. S. brachypctJa 4. S. sessilifolia. 5. S. stellata I). S. trifolia. Il I \ Hi 82 LILIACE/E il„« .k ^ u? ."^^'■'i' *"'^*^'' clasping, smooth above, minutely beneath oiten thick and glaucous, slightly clasping flowers lower pedicels. 4-11 mm. long; filaments |^ aslong as the oerrnth o. !). trifolia (L) Desf. Glabrous. 1-2 dm. high; leaves obi ne- tapering to a sheathing base, acute;' raceme few-flowered on id 4.5 cm. long; berry dark red. Rockies and nr -thward. dm. high; pubescent ti-20, the fruit jjretn Ruckles. lanceolate. uncles 2.5- 1. D. Smithii. 2. D. trachycarpiini. 3. D. oreganum. 4 D. Hookeri. 6, DISPORUM (Fairy-B- Ls) Ieave^!^'lle- flTJcrs^'A'/h'.'l ^'7' ^r^^'^^'^h .f^o-" running rootstocks Elm. hr'e^H^ilT^ 1^ '^''"' .P*-"""*"''! ♦i-.lividcd, stamens hyfx)gynous. niamentb thread-like; stigmas entire or 3-c eft, seeds 3-manv fruit r^H (Greek, du, twice, spora. a seed; from the 2 ovuled cells). Stigma 3-lobed. R^ Ilwi'i^ ™°°^^' perianth segments broad at base . Stigma enti?e P«''"'"'*' «fcnient» narrow at base . Leaves acuminate, stamens exserted Leaves arute, stamens not exserted • ■ . . 7. STREPTOPUS (Twisted-Stalk) Glabrous, simple or branched, leaves sessile- Den. Is ri.r,.;n„ ^, „„ • i Corolla rotate, rose-colored Corolla companulate. Leaves glaucous beneath, corolla greenish-white Leaves not glaucous, corolla rose . >■'=.. L S. streptopoides 2. S. amplexifolius. , „ • • . 3. S. roseus. 1. S. streptopoides (Led) F. and R. Slender simnle 1-2 dm hmh- Sde Mtf: '"'"'"'''■ °"^'^' ^'^'^"^^'"^- ^S.,UacinI'hZfp's BaTer) Cas' leav.s^\''T*!""*'V"'' ^^- ^*°"*' ^-9 ^•"- hieh, dichotomou=ly branching flowers 8 lo' mm" li"!,'"' f/^"'"'"'''^' ^'r°"Kly clasping; pedicels genicuSf: SlTr?d^2r^y^iol°."Vl:r=- -^^^^^^^^ entire, fruit ellip-' I I LILIACE/E gj 3. S. roteua Mich. Usually simni^ i 4 h,„ 1 • u i acuminate scabrous, ciliate mareTncd' n, , rT-J ''^' leaves ovate-lanceolate, cm I, g flowers 6-10 mm. Ion. the oeri.nlt' ^^' ^'^'^''^^ ^"''^'"P- l-»« 3-lobed; fruit globose, smalkr.fed \rc'^^'^.^^^^ '^'ignia the continent; Alaska. ^ curvipii Vail) Cold woods, across 8. VERATRUM (False Hell^boke) JoI?;i^;^1;ral:'?nT[Sr';,rcrS^^^^^^^^ ■— --?'>■ -erved; J^s-^^ih^sg: -^^' «'^^^" t:xrt^^r:?:nfix;^ dm';o';-.;;!.?e';i£- Natim?„^,f:'7ai£? '"• "^'' '*^^^'^^ ''^•^'' °f'- ^ 9. XEROPhYLLUM (Bear Guass) floSrl i?a\e7m"JnLrrLS' sSe^nst'^ther^' 7\ '"^">' -^»- P^^^-t -psule usually '-ulicidal; •se^rob.rg!^^-^.:^^,^,^^^^ 3-5|;dm.-.oTL-eelonSI:rti^S^^^^ f^" ^'«^ '-- '-ve, 8-10 mm. long, white. S Kooteray Pass ^' P«^'"»'>th-segments 10. TOFIELDIA (False Asphodel) ter'fe-et^^ut^^lottVXisrsin'^^ «— - a on the bases of the persistent ^rLnfh^" ^"^'^"^^.'"^°'"<^'-e; "amens or peltate. 2-celled: sty^s short 'e^d' of ten tlued ' 'Tnfi '?h' ^"""^-cordate botanist). ' '"'""- ""en tailed. ' I ofield was an English ^tT. "°' 5'=>"'l"'a"- above, seeds not tiled Stem- VnduUr above, seeds tailed "^ 1. T. palustris Sep -\d petals 4 mm. long, capsule ovoid Sepals.ad petals G mm. long, capsule obSvoid 2. T. intermedia. 1. T. puluatris Huds. Stem slender 0 ^ 2 H^ \- i, u ^ •.°"="'""^"- or short-cylindrical spike of vcnrsman^r^nUh hvi"^''' ^^""^ * g^°^^ 1.5-4 L.°hS^ es S'cm loneTr morf ^"''"'"'^".^ ^^^^' -"^ black glands the iiedicels in 2's Vr 3's 5 mm innT' '^^^""^^S^'ose to short-cylindricSl for ;!^ their length. Uke Z^es a^nd J.?'' *h%'"^°'"":a! bracts uni^d to Oregon. °'^'^^ ^"^ "^t- marshes. Common, Alaska op?nJedSs'!XHS;egSSS^^^^^^^^ 'ong, more united to the middL-. Selkirks "^' '"vo'ucral bracts U. ZYGADENUS (Zygapene) gamo7si'nt^erSrac?^eTpa"^^^^^^^^ ^"^'Z' ^'"^'^'^ ^^^^ «' poly- the obtuse or acute f^ria^h seXnts InX"' ''^P^^^"''''^' ^'^^ seeds angled. (Greek. ^,,,<,ra%oke«rf.»^f'i''°'J^^*,f *"" P^''^^^, l^cr lied, of some species have 2 glandst * ' ^ "^^ *^^ P"«"tl»-segments ^or.i-^n''"'^ ',''?''" «=ariou3. 1- Z. chloranthus. intlorescence panicled. petals acute 2-4 mm i„„_ Raceme «mple. petal, obtuse. 4-7 mm toM'°°« • • • . 2. Z. paniculatus. «• Z. vcnenosu«. "liil i 11 1 r 84 r- fit it ;i LII.IACKy*: , Summerlanfl. 12. STENANTHIUM inserted on their ba Js antiu rs ', , lfl„ i ' fi •/"''"I''",'' stamens included, (Grec-k stenos, narrow. aS" a 'lower)' '"""'■''^^ ^'>'^'^ '""«^ -^■''* -'"Scd. 3-G dm. M^'f?on,"! inin-L'!.^-'! " (■^'"'-^-'^ »- '-^)- Stems slender. n.m. long.''bas™ades: Rcikies • ''"''" "'"■'""'> lanceolate; flowers 12-15 13. CALOCHORTUS Petals pjnlc or purple, capsule erect P^?l! )I'^"* '5'i**' * ''"'''!^ »P°' a' ''ase. capsule nodding " ' Petals pale yeUow, capsule nodding ""uuing . 1. C. marocarpus. 2. C. elegans. 3. C.apiculatus. SinTiSor" ^'^ '""^^ '•^'^ ^^'^^^ ''^' ^'-^y gland; cTpsfcect. ""^^ „ li■flo^v;ere^1,"Lt^s"21■ry^''^^rT^•r^*""l« "'^'^"•'"«' 1-2-5 dm. high. 14. ERYTHRON:um (Dog Tooth Violet) ^e a„„de. ei.h.r .„ ,he long p.ir!.' SiX-JTo^'S. rll:! TS. tfi^^K~ ^> I f LFI.IACE^E g5 Innr"- perianth-wgmentf with a basul crown I-i^wers yellow « ip j.« H iw>T9 white. '• "^ franamorum. Leaves mottlcil ... . r- . . 1. a. E. Krandifl' rum Leavei not mottled . „ _ *^'- a"''i'"r'ini- Flowerj pink •■ J" raonunum. 1. b. E. grandiflorum Inner perianth segments without a basal crown, flowers white to ""' ^'"'''"'• straw-colored -"nc lu ,,.,,, 3. E. Howell 1. E. ftrandlflorum F'ursh. Stout, 3-G dm. high; k-aves broadly lanceolate or nearly c l.pt.cai. not mottled, sometimes glaucous, one of them usuaUy ^5 6 cm Ion." \^hp"-^"= flowers 2-0, sometin.es solitary; .nrianth-seSmer, d.S-0 cm long, the inner slightly narrower, bright yellow. lightly paler at base within: anthers yellow or purple; style clav'ate,\he si.n.as at leS recurved. Cascades to Rockies. Var. parvlflorum VVats. Leaves oblX- ^nceolate; flowers smaller, the perianth-segments L.5-3 cm 7ong Mtl V. I.; Cascade Mts. to Rockies. la. E. grandiflorum Var. albiflorum Hork. Stem 2-4 dm hieh 1- or sometimes 2-flowered; leaves rarely more u, 2, l,roadly lanclolate. one of them usually more acute than the other, mttled whitish or brownish- r^.Ter't;Sr"''H -^ "' "'"''"y. ^"^^ '"-• broa' ^-'°^ ^-'^y 15. CAMASSIA (Camas) in^-f''f^'^/'.°'" "S''^'" ^^'^^ l"***"^ ^"'^^= '^^^" '«"K and narrow; flowers IZrnJ^ \^S ^""P"^ terminal raceme, the [K-rianth-^gments blue wi.lely stS's'^iohtp'rT'''.'^'^"''-?'^ ""• V^" ^^^ ^J/^-^ P"'^"'h. anthers versa ile! nVlJ? 3-lobed, capsule sessile, v.ith many black ovoid seeds. (The Indian ^''"'the^■r'Sfti^g"'t^'^'""'""""'' ='"='"«'''• «'«^'">' '*''''i"8 =''>0"t '''"^the''^^'"™" unsymmetrically arranged, not connivent about '' ^' ^*''=*""""- 2. C. quamash. .y^^^' ^?'<=f"""» Wats Stout. 2-6 dm. high; leaves usually glaucous fh^n ;k''^"*"*.''"'^^"'':''C^"2-^ '^T- '°"S' 6-8 brold, the petals rather broader than the sepals usually 7-ncrved, dark blue, or rarely white in withering nghtly twisted about the pod; stigma lobes shoVt and broad, not' very eScnt^ 1^2T^1.°'l'''' ^"8'"^^^* top. ."^--^wed at base, seeds' dull-bla^ckovo^; me'adows V T^'rhln- J'*'"r''"t,°"''y ^Ps^-vfined. Grassy bluffs and I mm' -• ^^''"'wack A white variety occurs near Victoria. Mr. LalK hvT. i "^°""'. """ '^'' C.Suksdorfll Greenm.. perianth-segme s usually o-\eined. capsules not conspicuously veined, occurs at Sidney V i fpw^r^fl •'"^™?'*» Greene Similar, not so tall and stout and usually with !LnH-"°r'''' "u^" l'?"^"^ glaucous above; one of the perianth-segmlnts standing by itself, making angles of 90° with its neighbor^ ^"als 4-7 mm ♦ i 80 LILIACEiE \M- m wide, shghtly broader than the sepals, all liglit blue or darker, not connivent in withering; stigmas evident, linear; pod obtusely angled at top, rounded at base, 0.8-2 cm. long, seeds black, shining, lance-ovoid. With the former, flowering earlier, V. I. 16. BRODI.CA (Wild Hyacinth) Stems scapose from corms coated with a fibrous membrane, leaves grass- like, usually withering before anthcsis; flowers usually in an umbel, sometimes solitary, perianth canipanulate to funnel-form, the segments 1-ncrved; stamens o. or the outer 3 replaced by staminodia, about equaling the 3-lobed style; seeds angled, black. (Brodie was a Scotch botanist). Flowers white IB. lactea. 1' lowers purple or blue. Stamens 3. in 1 row, staminodia 3, anthers innate . , 2. B. Krandiflora. Stamens G. in 2 rows, anthers versatile 3. B. Douglasii. 1. B. lactea Wats. (Fool's Onion). Scapes 3-8 dm. high; leav s5 mm. wide; pedicels 2-3 cm. long; jxirianth about 1 cm. long, its lobes much longer than the tube, anthers short, versatile, with deltoid filaments; capsule globose on a stipe 3 inm. long. Grassy places Victoria and D. I. 2. B. grandiflora Smith. Scape 1-3 dm. high, with 1-6 flowers, leaves 2 mm. broad; jjerianth dark-purple to .ose, 2-3 cm. long, the lobes somewhat longer than the tube; staminodia whitish, anthers innate; capsule oblong subsessile. V. I. and grassy cliffs near the coast. 3. B. Douglasii Wats. (Wild Hyacinth). Scape 2-6 dm. high; flowers about 2.5 cm. long, blue-purpIc ; the perianth lobes much shorter than the tube; stamens in 2 rows with versatile anthers, the filaments of the upper very broad at base; capsule oblong-obvoid on a stipe about as long. D. I.;Similkamecn etc.; Victoria. 17. ALLIUM (Onion) Scapose from coated bulbs, and having the charactistic onion odor; flowers in a terminal umbel, rose-color to white, the segments somewhat spreading, 1-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious; anthers versatile with thread-like filaments usually dilated at the base; style filiform; stigma simple or slightly 3-lobed; seeds black, 1-2 in each cell. The flowers are sometimes replaced by bulblets. (The Latin name). Scape terete or nearly so. Bulbs fibrous-coated. Petals and sepals about 5 mm. long l. A. reticulatum. Petals and sepals 6-8 mm. long 2. A. Geyeri Bulbs membranous-coated. Pedicels shorter than the petals., leaves terete 3. A. Schcenoprasum. Pedicels longer than the petals, le ives not terete .... Bulbs oblonK or long-ovoid, not reticulated. Umbel nodding Umbel erect Bulb globose, reticulated, umbels erect, petals 10-13 mm. long Scape flat, winged 1. A. reticulatum Fraser. Scapes 1-2 dm. high, bulbs rather large, globose, the outer coat very fibrous; leaves narrow, channeled; flowers white or pinkish on slender pedicels 4-12 mm. long, perianth thin; stamens about equaling the petals, capsu.e crested. Dry gravelly soil, Sask. to Idaho. 2. A. Geyeri Wats. Similar, taller, 1.5-6 dm. high; the perianth-segments strongly nerved and rigid in fruif pedicels 10-15 mm. long; flowers 1-many, often replaced by pink-tinged bulbiets; stamens a little shorter than the petals. Rocks near the sea, Victoria; South Kootenay. 3. A. Schvenuprasum L. Var. Sibiricum (L.) Hartus. Scape 2-4 dm. high, bearing a capitate umbel of rose-purple flowers, bulbs oblong; Ipaves terete, hollow ; perianth-segments about 1 cm. long; capsule not crested. Wet meadows, Donald, and far northward. Chives is a form of this. 4. A. cernuum. 5. A. stellatum. C. A. acuminatum. A. vancouverense. " H!2!l.f -TAa "ft-. x7iiuKTiKsr'irl.ue smooth .... 1 p I inreol.t . CorolU har.lly mottled, the inner surface lamell.ite . . . .' 2.' F.' kamtschat- Flowers yellow, stigma lobe-, leaves 1 cm. wide or more, is introduced a{ Ucluekt 2. SISYRINCHIUM (Blue-Eyed Grass) Low slender perennials usually with flat, winged stems- leaves narrnu, K'So^r^" '•'"'""'• '^'""^"^ alte;nate':hh1hT:iigmaTrpSdTnd '^ cZlfe^X^idaT^"'^ ''*" "^^^'^ '" '''»^- ("vdastylus,. Capsule globose 1- S- boreale. Flowers pale or white, the perianth 4-7 mm. lonu f I' '"■^.'^''yP.us. Flowers blue or purple, larger ' . 4. S. septentrionalis. Filaments united slightly at base, the perianth-segments lG-22 mm. Filaments united into a tube ^' ^' Krandiflorum. Perianth-segments 18-22 mm. long . k c i>. ■. Penanth-segments shorter. °- ^- Macounu. '^''^Innf.,'";^h'^' °'.**"' spathe mostly much more than half as long as the outer; periantli 12-18 mm. long. iteSs simple""^ °"'™"«'^«^"'^"'^"''''°^-'= ■ ■ • 7. S. birameum. Periunih-segments 12-18 mm. long oorl 4-fi mm hioh r. c j u a The mner bract of the spathe about half as long as the outer ""orale. or shorter; perianth 10-12 mm. long. Stems 1-1.,") mm. wide n e -r .• Stems 2-2.,5 mm. wide »■ S.angustifolium. 10. S. montanum Winged" "llVll?^- ,°^'r '"'"!"S, ^=^^1^ i". 'i'-ying; scapes broadly winged 1-J.5 dm high; bracts equal; leaves s ghtly scarious-mareined bek>w -3 mm, wide; perianth-segments 8-10 mm. long; pedicek Txserted I^,;^'!.';rr,&Sj-^« °f^- -ddish. iHydasty'lu^ borea,smZl Kr^;^?:''™^*''^?"'^^'*^''"^ Very similar and but seemingly distinct. Leaves Sorted %^1''m'„^ro"n^ '"r''= '"p^fu«'°^°f';• T^ exserted, lU-15 mm. long; Cameron Lake, Uclueet. Spec, from Ucluelet have unequal bracts and may represent a distinct form. LJciueiet ^:^^mm IRIDACEit: a' J ftrandlflorum Dougl. Tufted or solitary; scapes not winged, 1-4 dm. high, leafy at base; leaves scarious-margined; bracts very unequal, the outer 4-8 cm. long; perianth-segments C-8 mm. wide; of a rich purple red. Grassy places, Victoria; the only species flowering in early spring. 4. S. septentrionalis Bickn. Pale, glaucous, tufted, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves stiffly erect, 0.5-1 mm. wifle; the outer bract nearly twice as long as the inner; flowers small, pale blue or white on erect pedicels; perianth-segments, acuminate and short aristate, no* retuse. Valley of Kicking I lorsc River. 5. S. Macounii Bickn. In narrow tufts, becot.iing 5 dm. high; green and glaucescent; leaves 1.5-3 mm. wide, the stem 1-1.5 mm. wide, sometimes bearing a leaf near the top. The inner bract about half as long as the outer, or shorter, flowers 2-4, the pedicels becoming 3.5 cm. long; flowers deep purple with a very small yellow eye. Comox. 6. S. idahoense Bickn. Usually discolored in drying; mostly tufted, pale green or glaucous, 1.5-4 dm. high; stems very narrowly winged; simple or rarely with 2 peduncles above; leaves l2-^i as long; 1-3.5 mm. broad, (usually broad at the coast); bracts rather broad, the outer bract 3-6 cm. long, the inner only exceptionally half as long; flowers 1-0, deep blue; pod becoming dark. The common coast species, Vancouver Island to the Rockies. 7. S. birameum Piper. In small tufts or solitary 4-5 dm., becoming dark in drying; leaves 2-3 mm. broad; acauline leaf often present; perianth- segments 12-15 mm. long. A taller form of .S. idahoense ami not altogether distinct from that species as defined above. Shores of Cameron Lake, where the stems either have 2 peduncles, or are very strongly geniculate just below the spathe; also at Ucluelet. 8. S. littorale Greene. Similar to 5. idahoense, but not tufted, with thinner and broader leaves and stems; smaller flowers and larger fruit; stout 15-35 cm. tall; leaves 2-4 mm. wide; stems stout, prominently winged; capsules thick-walled. An Alaskan species, found also at Oak Bay, Victoria. 9. S, angustifoliutn Miller. Not usually darker in drying; more or less tufted and glaucous; 1-3 dm. high, stem and leaves usually very narrow (1-2 mm. wide), or sometimes a little wider and grading into the next; stems usually simple; bracts rather narrow, especially the outer, and often purplish, in"^o°"^ exceptionally more than half as l<-ng as the outer; perianth-segments 10-12 mm. long; capsules 4-6 mm. long; rather dark. Golden; Rockies. 10. S. montanum Greene. Not becoming dark in drying; plants not glaucous, often yellowish-green; 3-5 dm. high; stems mure broadly winged; the outer bract broad; capsule light green to straw-color, almost 6 mm. long; Golden; Naramata. h 13 ORCHIDACE^ (Orchid Family) Perennial herbs with parallel veined leaves; flowers in a raceme or spike, sometimes solitary; perianth superior; sepals 3, nearly alike; petals 3, the lower (the hp) larger than the other 2, and assuming many difTerent and speci- alized forms, often spurred ; at the base of the lip in the axis of the flower is the column, composed of a single fertile stamen (or in Cypripedium of 2 and the rudiment of a third) coalesccnt with the style; anther cells sessile near the sessile stigma; pollen usually in 1-4 masses (pollinia); ovary 3-valved- seeds very numerous, minute. O^^^::^^^^^''''"''^''^'''^'''^^' 1. Cvpripedium. Plants saprophytic wittiout green leaves 2 Corallorhiza Plants with green leaves. a«u....»o. Klowcr and leaf solitary 3 Calvrum Flowers several. ^' '-aiypso. Flowers spurred. Flowers wliite or greenish, pollinia glands naked ... 4. Habenaria Flowers spotted with red, poUinia glands in pouch . . 6. Orchis 'iif'i M ORCHIDACE^ 1 1 i Flowers not spurred. Leaves cauline, 2 near middle of stem Leaves more than 2. BigU leavea ovate, often variegated Stems bracted Stems leafy t. Lliten. 7. Peramium. Leaves narrow, elongated, not va;.egaUd : ! g! Spir^„VhJ;. 1. CYPRIPEDIUM (Lady's Slipper) two lateral senals havp ,>n^li *^"^"*" apparer.tly lacking one segment as concealed b>a'^Surtn. Trile sf^^^^^^^ 'rl """^ ^P^J^' ^•"'"'"" '""^"^^d, column, (^k. A^/wrVen";!';^:'^^^^^^^^^^ '' ^^ "^^ ^^^ "^ '^^ Lip whitith. Sepals shorter than the lip Sepals longer than the lip '■ "• Passerinum. Lip yellow 2. C. montanum. 1 p. , 3- C. parviflorum. hoil.Lrn"a%"X^urar' thHip^hf rdTv f 'I cm^T •■ ^°'l'?^^' ^''^ ^^^^ ^^' spotted with deeo m^JtntlMF i . V ^^ *^,'"- '?'?8' ^''''^ o"" P^le magenta Astern slo;is'o7'?hTKfes:!S£pTnorin B "c'"^" ^^"^^ °P*^" -'°^^- cedat^: TwTrs "Tse^p^als'and'S,'-' '''"•■ Ij'g'' ^ '*^^^^u^ °^^*^ ^'^ broadly lan- and slightly twisted abolt^ ^ I ^ "^r"'' HT?*"' •*'?^ P^'^'^ t*'^ narrower 2.5 cm. long; rSle stamen v^iow"i;Vh''' ""'Y^ ^'"^ P^'P'^ '•"^^' ^^out Salmon Arm; Pentictonl Viaorb ""'"'" 'P°''- ^^""P °P^" *«^«' floL^s'uSrs^ita??^heovte'';>:^r ^'^"f"' 'T'^ °^-^' *° '^"^^'^^'-te, petals about 4 Tm & the li^hr J^ ' ''"'^ lanceolate petals light brown about 3. cm. long"^" ^^.'^1%^; SldenroLL^aglrVa^l^eTl'^er '^'' ""^ 2. CORALLORHIZA (Coral Root) roo^tLTifem°s:rhicTitJ"^^^^^^^^ flo-A-ers; spur shor free t PdnaTe to ,h ? ' ''^''' ^^?"^ a raceme of livid pollen-masses 4 on the too of ?ho . I """^^ petals and sepals similar; (Gr. *o.a//,W, coral rAi^af a root'.' '"''"" '"^"'^ "* """^""^y- Lip white, not spotted Lip white, spotted Lip purplish or brown. Spur evident Spur none 1. C. innata. 2. C. multiflora. 3. C. Mertensiana. 4. C. striata. tTaiender Micol A aska k'""/" '"^ {?rJ°".«.= '^^P^"'^ ^"'^""^'^ pcuicoi. Alaska to Lai. K..otenay; Woods, Coast Mts. and V. I OR^HIDACEiE 91 4. C. striata Lindl. Stems stout, 3-t> dm. high with several bracts; flow- f„L K T'^K^' the segrnents red-purple with dark purple veins, 12-16 mm. r^^.'J^^T • "'''""K-^'''Pt'ca •■ lip entire; capsule ellipsoidal, short pedicelled; column 5 mm. long. Nanaimo; Kootenay; Kaslo. v.c..cu, 3. CALYPSO semrnnH°^r.'i'' '^•?"'' '*'"''. -^ ''"^^'^ ^'°^^ '^=*f' f™'" « superficial corm; m?apn.=. r'^K '^''' ^•■^^'''"K "^ ascending, oblong-lanteolate, pink oi^ ^ir^^lli I* brown-purple spotted, larger, saccate, with 3 rows of white [^,,^;„ .V rJ'f-,"" 3P':""-'''^e covering ot the lip; column winged, petal-like, bearmg the hd-like anther near its summit; pollen masses 2, lach 2-parted without caudicles. (Name from the goddess Calypso). rnrd.?,. h,"i'^f ^^'^ 9.*''^'- u A^°"' ^"^ '*'"■ '"8^ : l^^af ovate, with a slightly cordate base, glaucous beneath; lip 2 cm. long, slightly longer than the other perianth-segments. Under evergreens with llvpnum near V'ic, in rkli woods under Acer marrophyllum. Nanaimo; rare about Vane ; eastw through the RocKies; Alaska to Cal. \anL., easiw. 4. HABENARIA (Rein Orchid) Glabroijs plants, stem leafy or bracted, roots elongated or fusiform; flowers ^tiic'".. T^T'^^"^.''^"'""' ^^^ "P '" ""fs "dually entire; the poller, t^e col.f,ln Th'^^'^n"^'- '"' *» "^"Po^^d. viscid disks, or glands, in front of the column The following subgenera are often given generic rank. (L habena, a thong, from the shape of the lip). ^ '''"Vr^fcfS *' ^'^D- f!''"''"""°""''«' ^y ^ »hin membrane (i-caoglossum Pari) i u t . Lip entire, glands naked. I. H. bracteau. Stem scapose. leaves basal, abruptly reduced to bracts. L^ solitary, sepals 3-nerved (Lyuella Rydb.) ... 2 H obtusata Leaves 2. sepals 3-nerved {Lystas Rydb.) . 3 h' orbuSfta LeavM several usually withered at flowering -pals 1 -nerved ' <>' b.culata. Kfipfria Rydb.) Spur less than twice as long as the lip .... 4 H unalaschenrt. Spur more than twice as long as the lip. . . . ». ii. unaiascneniu. Spike dense, flowers whitish ... oh \tirh».li Spike loose, flowers greenish ....:■ 5 h' dedans Stem leafy, leaves gradually reduced to bracts, not early withering; ' *"'''='"'• sepaU 3-nerved (Ltmnorchis Rydb.) Flowers greenish. Spike 1dm. long, rather dense 7 H viridiflora Spike elongated, loose 8 h' str eta Flowers white. a. ii. siricta. Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, the bracts all shorter than the flowers 0 H ■ "f r Leaves 1 cm. wide or more, the lower bracts exceedir.a the ' graminiloUa. flowers. Plants under 3 dm. high; petals linear-lanceolate . . 10. H lentoceratitis Plants excoedin« 4 dm. in liciRht. petals lanceolate "• leptoceratitia. Lip .'5 mm. long, spur mostly shorter ... 11 II hor.^li.j Lip 7-8 mm. long, spur longer. ' "■ "■ ""feai'^- Spur H-H longer than the lip 12 H k'uco3t.-irhv5 Spur and lip sub-eaual ll IL dilatata ' Ioi;,"r ''™'=*t^t^ '^^ Br. (Long-Bracted H.) Rather stout, 2-6 dm. high; lower leaves (jblanceolate to obovate-obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acute floral bracts 2-4 times the length of the green flowers, petals linear, lip oblong to slightly spatulate, 2 or 3 toothed at apex, and twice the length of the CorVar *^"''' ^""^ ^°°^'' ^^'"''^^ ^° ^'^^ Coldstream, (Vic); nwAn"" °*'*"'»«*^ ^'r^^"^^\ P'^^l*" ^-3 dm. high, the solitary leaf basal, oblong or obovate 1.5 dm. long; flowers green or whitish. .1 1.5 in a loos^ raceme; the upper sepal roundish, lip linear-lanceolate, 6 mm. long, often Ai if Vm' ^ egualing the curved, tapering spur. Swamps and woods. Alaska to Wn. and eastw.; Field; Donald. ' hi • ? ( W f ■ti I 'jii h\ »2 ORCHIDACEiE J I ml ui 1. H. multiflora (Rydb.) 2. II. elegans. 3. H. orblculata Torr. Plant 2-3 dm. high ; leaves 1-2 dm. long spreadine silvery beneath, the scape with 1 or more bracts; flowers greenish thrupw; sepal roundish the lateral oblong-lanceolate 1 cm. long, lip line rrob^o^g Cn^^ '°"*^'' '^r"''''"^ '"^T'^L^^" '^"^ ''P"^- Alaska to Wash and ea °w Common m woods at alt. of 2,000 ft., Mt. Cheam; Dewdney; Trail? Donald". h.-fi; ".- ""a'aschensis (Spreng.) Wats. Stem rather slender, 3-5 dm a fer sn^P l'"" ''''^l' '^^T ^■^■'\^"'- '""S, withering at flower ng or so^n alter, spike long and lax, bracts shorter than the flow-ers in spirals hardiv ohZJ k!' '"•^'"'^'"S t^f «^?0-: petals and sepals 2-4 mm. long"upper sepal So7n"n.r'il'' K ""'' '''"^'V,^''" '^'^ f^'^'«' ">' <>»'long-ovate slightly Cta'ev lobed near the base; spur filiform or slightly clavateTS-S mm. long exceedine Lal'erG^^trm^^'v^."i%^\Tes. '''' °'^" woods.A.aska to Wn^ ; cTmto^ jeierwSSi^rwe^:sr:p£^?t-,S^LS^iiL^tf^j^ flowers; upper sepal pvate-Ianceolate, petals about as long 3.^5 mm. K 1 p oblong-lanceolate, shghtly hastate at base; spur filiform 8-18 mm. long ex*^ w^h'^V r ?^'r' ""i ^?!' set perpendicularly to the stem. Common "nd7y woods, V. I. to the Rockies; Victoria; Elgin; (Lower Fraser). Thtre are two forms: — Spur 12-18 ram. long, lip lanceolate, spike rather dense Spur 8-12 mm. long, lip ovate, lanceolatd. spike lax . . . The former occurs at Elgin and near Victoria. 6. H. Michali Greene. Stout, leaves withering before flowering, 1-15 k-v'T^'v''*""' '■^''^' '"^""^ '° b'-acts: spike dens?, 1-1.7 dm. long- flowers whitish the perianth-segments more or less green-veined, 4 mm long, upS ^p'^olSTfun'tTrn'm'^ '"'"'"' °fi^,'^"^' '^" ?^'r\'^' ^^'^'^ ^^'^coolJe biTt teT'u'nSlro'ats" Viao"r1;.""'' "''°'"' ' ''"'•= '""'" ^'^" '""^ ''P" ^^^^^ l.n!:n*l=;/'''K'.®°'* ?^'''^- ^*1"'' 2-6 dm. high, the lower leaves oblcng- lanceolate obtuse, the upper lanceolate acute; the lower bracts slightly ZsP in V"^ ^""^"u- "°rr gpenish-yellow, unpleasantly scented, fler th.n nr ^""'"'^ ^V.°"* 'u'^'V- '""«• ''P 5 "'■"■ 'o"K. lanceolate; spur shorter than or about equaling the hp; clavate; petals about 5 mm. long; anther All^t", ^ V A r^' -"fi ^^ ''P^"- ^t.^ ^*=^'^''" --epresentative of //. /, yperborea. Alaska to Nfld., chiefly in eastern B. C. Armstrong; Cranbrook; Rockies mn/h^rnnlpTfi,'''"','!; ^'""^'J ^^'''"^^ °P^"' ^-^-^ '^"i- '°"g. the lower bracts rho,.t]3 1 r r ^'"i""'' ^^r'^'^i "P!'*^ P^'^'« sometimes purplish, about 4 mm. long; hp linear-lanrcolate, the spur slightly shorter to as J^ong clavate; a wide connective between the erect anther-cells. H. gracilis Wats. AhiskT" '" ^ ' • °" ^^^ ^°''''' ^"'^ '" ""^ '^°^^^ ^^'^ : Revelstoke: S L^r^ ^XT'I'^"!,'^ ^^^''•- ?''^"^"' .?-^ '^"'- ^'^^- ''^^^•e- "arrow, acute, fhnn.hAfl • l'-^ .^"'- 'o"K. or less; spike 5-9 cm. long; bracts shorted 4 5 mm InrT' '^''\^^''':' 12-15 mm. long; upper sepal ovate, obtuse, tZr^ V ^" T^' .'^ .'^ i""" **''''" ^^"^ °''^^'' "''t"^*^ '•^^■'^'' ones; petali Tin f "'oderately dilated at base, but not rhombic, G-7 mm. long spur Uke V f-' Alaska ' *" ^"^^''" ^"^ ^'""'"°"' ^wamp, Cameron loie; l^v'^^iT'^**,"" ^^7?'i-) ^'^"''^^' 2-4 dm. high; roots slender; 1 dm lona th I ""■ 1°"^' ^'^'^ '^"^^ ^'^'*^- '■'^^"ced above; spike less than o 4^:,„ ",^' ^^H '°'''''; ^'^"^^ somewhat longer than the white flowers: seoals U^\2Tn' I i^' '^"^■'^"atc, petals Imear-lanceolate, about equaling the sepals; hp lanceolate, somewhat dilated at base; spur filiform, strongly curved for- ward, a little exceeding the lip. Alaska to Wn. ; Tulameen River. \m'^ma^:r^ii ORCHIDACE/E 93 11. H. borealis Cham. Tall and leafy, 4-8 dm. high; lower leaves ob- lanceolate obtuse, the rust lanceolate, acute, .5-1.5 cm. lon^, 1-2. .5 cm. wide; spike rather dense, 1-2 dm. long, the lower bracts often much exceeding the flower, flower 10-14 mm. lon>;, white or sometimes greenish-white; u()ix;r sepal ovate, 4-.5 mm. long, the lateral and the petals l.mceolatc; lip dilated at base, about 5 mm. long; spur more or less cla\ate usually shorter than the lip. The western represent at i\e of //. dilatata in the Rocky .Mt. rej>ion; common, .Alaska to \Vn. 12. H. leucostachys (I.indl.) Wats. Leafy, stout, fit'.' dm. higii; lower leaves 1-3 dm. long, 1..5-4..5 cm. wide, gradually re mm Ions, ovary Rlabrou3 Lip 7-9 mn.. Ions, ova ';landiilar 2. L. caurina. U. L. convallarioides. 1. L. nephroph,> iia Rydb. Slender 1-1.5 dm. high, glabrous except just above the leaves; leaves round to soirewhat triangular or rcniform 1.5-2.5 cm. long, glossy especially beneath, obtuse, with a mucro; flower bracts 1-1.5 mm. long, the fiedicels not much longer, shorter than the ovary; lip 4 mm. long, 2-cieft with long acute apical lobes and a tooth on each side near the base, (near L. cordala R. lir.) Cool woods, V. I. to Rockies; Alaska. 2. L. caurina Piper. Very slender, 1-2 dm. high, slightly glandular above the leaves; leaves oblong-elliptical, obtuse or pointed; flower bracts nut half as long as tiic very slightly glandular, very slender pedicels, which reach nearly I tm. in length; lip not ciliatc, with obtuse apical lobes and 2 linear lobes near the base; ovary glabrous or slightly glandular. Cameron Lake; Black Mt. Vancouver; Mt. Cheani. %n:^m^tl:^.A' P'os'rate; distinctively Style 1-2.5 mm. long Styl ; none. Plants 2-4 cm. high, leaves 5-12 mm. long Plants and leaves much larger. s • • . . Leaves S'lky-villous beneath Leaves glabrous S""^" ' ■"• '"'^''' """• ■^- 20- 2J. 23 and 24 distinctively' Pistillate catkins 0.5-1.5 cm. long Leaves glaucous-pubescent beneath, scales often oink Leives tomentose beneatli, scales brown Lraves 3-7 cm. long, on tomentose petioles Leaves 2-i cm. long, on pubescent petioles PistiUate'c'^tkir I^ig'r^ "' ^ ^■^°'"'^"""' "'-y -""= here).- Leaves green and glabrous beneath Leaves otherwise beneath. Style short or none. Pedicels finally 3 mm. long, scales pinkish Pedicels shorter, scales usually dark style 0.7-2.5 mm. long. Capsules 3-5 mm. long, style hardly 1 mm. long Stamen 1. stipules present Stamens 2. stipules wanting Capsules 6-9 mm. long. Leaves very glaucous, and somewhat pubescent & '""' ** "^ '*"' "^'* o" 1 mm L^yes tomentose or pubescent beneath. Style short Style 1.3-2.5 mm. long. Pistillate catkins 1-3 cm. long, leaves oblong- oblanceolate, less than 1.5 cm. wide Pistillate catkins 3-12 cm. long, leaves broader. Stipules usuaUv absent; plant; of the coast 1-5 m. high . Stipules present; plants of the Rockies, less than 1 m. high. Leaves acutish at base . Leaves rounded or subcordate at base ' 9. S. fluviatilis. S. melunopsii. S. arctica. S nivalis. vestita. saximontana. 16. S. Geyeriana. S. Candida. S. brachycarpa. 1". S. Maccalliana. 15. S. Bebbiana. 17. S. Scouleriana. 18. S. sitchensis. 19. S. subccerulea. S. glaucops. S. Drummondiana. 13. S. Candida. 22. S Hookeriana 24. S. albertana. 23. S. Barrattiana. N I: .' f SALICACE^ Ir Captules glabrous or practically ki. Styles ().H-2.5 mm. lonR. alpinr except No. 22. Leaves Riaiicous, and either glabrous or slightly pubescent Pistillate catkins seuile or sub-sessile with a few bracts at D.ise. Capsule green, plants of coast region Capsule rcjldish. pjints of Sclkirks and Rockies Pistillate catkins on leafy branches Leaves tonientosc beneath, stipules none or occasional l-eaves green and i.nl)escent to ijlabrate benca'li, stipules large Leaves glabrors above -c^ioiisc. Leaves pubescent nn both sides Styles less than u.n mm. long, not distinctively Alpine. Leaves coriaceous, rcvolute Leaves m'.-ml)ranai mus. not revolute. Leaves more or K-vs glaucous beneath, j'ediccls of capsules about l..^i mm. long I'edicels about :i mm. long ... Leaves green beneath. Leaves serrulate. Leaves ovate to obovate, thin; pedicels 2..5-4 mm. long Leaves eIlii>tic-oblanceolate to lance-oblong; thickish I>cilicels 1-2 mm. lonii Leavis entire, pedicels 3 mm. Ion;- 22a. S Hoolieriana var. lutini'olia. 2.';. S. monticola. 211. s. Uarrlayi. 22 ;-. Il'xjkeriana. 20. S. Barclay!. 27. S. commutata. 28. S. pcdiccllaris. 30. S. cordata. 29. S. Mackenziana. 32. S. pyrifolia. 33. .'^.pseudomyrsinites 31. S. piol'xa. 1. S. amygdaioldes Aiulcrs. Shrubs or small trees with flaky bark and catkins on short leafy branches, appearing with the leaves; leaves lanceo- late to oblong-oblanceolate. animinatc, minutely glandular-serrate, pale or glaucous beneath, , Moles 5-20 mm. long; stipules fugaceous, small staminate catkin .^lender, 8-.,) mm. thick, the fertile loose, 4-8 cm lone capsule glabrous. 4-0 mm. long, pedicels _> mm. long, stvie short or none! Along streams, Last K(x)tenay. 2. S. laslandra Beuth. Shrubs, becoming large trees at the coast with furrowed bark; the catkins appearing after the leaves; leaves often 15 cm. long, hroadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, glaucous or pale beneath glands developing at the base of the blade; stipules small or large, glandular- serrate; i)etioles 1-2 cm. long; staminate catkins stout, 10-15 mm. thick, the tcnile rather loose .3-10 cm. long; capsule glabrous, ncdiccis 2 mm. long- style evident. V. i. to Kootenay ; common in the coast region. Var. L]-allii i«irg. Leaves becoming glauco. i beneath, the apex very long-acuminate. Vancouver; Donald. Var. cauuata Nutt. Leaves smaller, thicker, green throughout. (S. Femlleriana). Shuswap Lake; Kootenay Lake. 3. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Shrub or small tree, 2-10 m. high, the o.Jer branches glabrous, brown; itaves oblong .5-10 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide ob- scurely denticulate hoary when young, with short, grey pubescence, some- times bccommg glabrous; catkins 6-8 cm. long, often in 2's or 3's on leafy shoots, scales greenish; becoming brown, rather broad, obovate, short-silky to nearly glabrous; capsule tomcntose to glabrate, sessile, stvIe evident sometimes divided to the base; stigmas linear. New Westminster- not common. 4. S. macrostachya Nutt. Leaves smaller, more or less villous-pube«- cent, aments 2.3 cm. long, on short leafy branches; scales densely villous oblong; capsules clothed with long lax hairs. Kettle »Her; Koksilah, V. 1. 5. S. argophylla Nutt. Shrub. 4-5 m high, the stems distinct, forming thickets not clumps; twigs slender, nearly glabrous or finely pubescent; icaves 5-/ cm. long, 5-15 mm. broad, entire, or remotely denticulate finely appressed-pubescent on both faces, stipules none or minute; catkins often in small clusters, sometimes staminate and pistillate on the same plant or the pistillate partly staminate; pistillate catkins .3-5 cm. long, on longer leafy branches; capsule silkv, becoming glabrous, -5-7 m.m Iniir «o"!silc- stigmas sessile, short, about twice as long as thick; pistillate scale's' acutish' narrower than the staminate, both crisp-hairy below. Common east of the Cascades. SALFCACE/E mr Revclstoke with obtuse, thick lea\\s Slv'^w^Vtol ied^'-r^Xt Sue" gr«.n beneath; style very short, but distinct, is also referriThere 1 Hrr hf^h"!*^^ ''''"ir ^•"'"," P'""^"'''"'. ^'t'l ascending glabrous branches. 1 dm. high; leaves elliptical to obovate. 2..Vfi cm. long 1 ^-'.i r, cni brnlH entire, glaucous beneath, glabrous above, boconun^so i^neath rSs 6-15 mm. long, slender; pistillate catkins on leafy branches but w th a nakt . somewhat elongated , peduncle. 3-8 cm. long ; scales dark purDle obt use^ J>. peiropntia Kydb. (S. arctica R. Br. Var. petraa And ) has smaller leaves, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, on shorter i^tioles <; \o ^* "'r"' ^°°''- '^ ^* '^l'- •^'S'' f"-""' ^'^"^" buried stems; leaves 5-12 mn long, glaucous an.' reticulate beneath, glabrous above el iodcal to obovate, mostly obtuse; petnles 2-8 mm. long; fertile catkfns S-ti-flowtTed 10. S. vestlta Pursh. Shrub. 3-10 dm. high, as-ending; twigs stout at a't^x ' S ;„; ' "''• ''"^i ''■^^ *"? '^"'P'i^l' to Buborbicular or oh'oVa te. founded at apex .M cm. long obscurely crenulate. glabrous and somewhat ruMse above; fertile catkin.s 2 cm. long, slender; thc%taminafelonBrr!Tinear botih long^Huncled: scales tomentose; capsules 4-5 mm. long' SelS and 11. S. saximontana Rydb. Forming mats, the branches 1 dm hieh l^'TpeT T2'-Tm^ r" ^."i""'"' °^ °^''^-^'^.- rounded or LrelpoiZd at apex, l.5-2.„ cm. long, glabrous, revolute, ght-grcen above e aurous beneath; fertile catkins 0.8-2 cm. long on naked ^uncles; ia°« yellowrsh not L.J Lake Louise to California; Mt. Cheam. 12. S. Maccalliana Rowlce. Clumns 1-2 m hiph- hirt Kr,,«^^r> -., . twgs yellow, glabrous; leaves oblong. 4^-9 cm. bnrmo^,i;'rounde"d at'baT acute or biunt at apex, crenate-serrulate. thickish glabrous on both sid^' t£"'nLmir9 7'' ^T""'^' '^"^'T^'^te; catkins on^hor° eafy Muncles' the pistillate 2-7 cm. long; capsules 9-15 mm. long, tomentose- nedicels 1 S/ "i**"*" ^''r'^'u '^^"^'''y «hite-tomentose beneath; stipules ac^-' anthers purple or red the staminatc catkins 2. cm long, the p stilate 115 cm. long; capsules white-tomentose, 6-9 mm. lone- stvles 1 ^ mm lin;. K^^J--,':- -^^■•"-. P-dicels short or nonel'lrms^iongV Crow's Neft lJvts^nhro?.*'!;ri!T ^V"- Low 0.5-1.5 m. high, with slender branches; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, mostly rounded at base, and abruptly acute f . i i 1 jjl jfl i i! SALICACE/E 11 11 <. I ill at apex, 2 or 3 cm. long, less than 1 cfn. wide, white or yellow-tomentose beneath, green and pubescent abo\e; stipules none; catkins numerous, the staminate globose; the piles 0.7-1 mm. Ion-, sometimes divided; pedicels 1-1 o mm Ions Fm'Mcte ^v"'"r, '.? ""^ ^"''^r' •^"- ^"■'"'-'^ Crow'. C S; L^ •^''^Lcod. Var. ftlabrescens Anders. Pistillate calkins oftei^ on longer and f, ore leafy peduncles; capsules 8 n.m. long. gLbc^nt or i abrous fnduS b^rl'^tggrnf XtT' ^'^^'^- ^^" ^'^'"" forn^ts'ar^^^t b^y^ „iil*' ^' Dfummondlana Barratt. Branches strict, lone rather stout ff Sirer;brtr'h"'''°"^'.=*^°"^ '' ""• •''"«• ^'••^ •^^ "■■-" 'i^- srrn !/.h ''^^''' ^^'tc tomcntose beneath, entire or slighily scrru. .c at the apex; stipules ovate; fertile catkins about (i cm Ion.- dense- S'shnr'^;-""'^' T^ ^hort shining hairs, or someti.nes glabrous? s?>le '^rd ^ ^^"'"^ ''""■'• ''"'"■'' "'■ ^°^'^- '^°^'^''-^^- 1'^' 5-" .nd north- Jii' S- Hookeriana Rarr. Shrub, 1-5 m. high; twigs usually densely beneath, pubescent or becoming glabrate above, rmallv rounded at base entire or crcnulate. ,M;tioles 1.5 cm. long or less; stipules occasional ratkhfs large sessile, appearing before the leas' s, the fertile 3-11 cm.Tng rarely on lie owe'; h.")? ^' "°'"'"^^ "=^"^"1" ^'-^ '"'^' '""-: tomentosc^Klabrous Sn7:L^ oft^ C^oLt^Rt;S""^^ ^"'^"^ "'^ ^■'''' '''" ^^"fi- lTw^ 22a. Var. laurifolia. Stems ascending, twigs stout as in snecies- less tomentose to nearly or qui'e glabrous; leases tmally shinin^doIesT2 5 l?r trV ?'?f •''^ ^•'^'"■i?"' "■■ ^"^'"'y P"''^'-«nt at ape.x. The >^low leaves b acken W^yhicn It differs mainly in the pubescence Form, of 5. Hookenana with leaves approaching those of this var and ^■.th tomentose twigsare not rare;and there can be no doubtVlia the capsule of S. Hookenana is often nearly or quite glabrous. capsule mo?e or IT^^^^^T ^'^\^ ^^-"'J ^^'''^- ^''^ balsamic odor; twigs stout. aTuse: s'nLi^^v:e^Zentirrn'.^rr^-',i^ silkv hrtr«"ff t^, *^' '"'"'^ "•■ "^^""'y ^"' ^■■''1 "■• without a few t^&^x:^;:a^\^Zr^' ^'^'^ '■' --•-«. Pe^icel short. M ; f 100 SALICACE/E ■ :- J'; I- 24. S. albertai. . Rowlee. Similar; low, with balsamic odor leaves acutish at base, or at least not subcordate; pistillate catkins .5-6 cm. long, usually 2 on a branch, the black scale nearly equaling the silky-puhcscent, sessile ovarv; style 2 mm. long, deeplv divided, stigmas bifid (? S. Barralltana var. angusl'ifolia Anders.) Alt. 6,500 Rockies; Alberta. 25. S. montlcola Bebb. Shrub 3-5 m. high; branches glabrous or pubes- cent; leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, 4-7 cm. long, acute at apex, mostly rounded at base, more or less serrulate, glaucous beneath, glabrous on both sides or thinly pubescent above; stipules ovate, acute, or wantmg; pistillate catkins 3-5 cm. long, on short leafy-bracted peduncles; capsules mostly red- dish, 4.5-7 mm. long; styles 1-1.5 mm. long; stigmas short; pedicels 0.5-2 mm. long. Rockies. This description apparently includes more than typical 5. monticola. 26. S. Barclay! Anders. Shrub 1-4 m. high; branches tomentose to glab- rate; leaves elliptical to obovate, acute or rounded at base, rounded or slightly acute at apex, 2-4 cm. wide, glandular serrate or nearly entire, usually glau- cous beneath, thinly pubescent to glabrate above; stipules large, ovate, acutish, often glandular; pistillate catkins 2-6 cm. long on leafy peduncles, scales brownish thinly to densely villous; capsules glabrous, sometimes thinly sericeous, often reddish or yellowish at base, 5-7 mm. long, pedicels 0.5-2 mm. long; styles 1-1.5 mm. long; stigmas short. Mts. Coast to Rockies; Roger s Pass; Mt. Cheam; Alaska. 27 S. commutata Bebb. Shrub 1-3 m. high; leaves broadl;. oblance- olate or oblong, abruptly pointed, tapering to the roundish base, densely or slightly silky, becoming glabrate or even glabrous; thinnish, green on both sides lighter in color than in S. Bardayi; minutely glandular-denticulate, stipules large, ovate or orbicular, glandular; fertile catkins 4-6 cm. long, on leafy peduncles with 4-7 leaves; capsule glabrous or pubescent at apex, often reddish; pedicel 1 mm. long; style about 1 mm. long, sometimes bihd at apex, stigmas short. (5. conjuncta Bebb.) Mt. Cheam; Roger s Pass; Rockies; Alaska. 28 S. pedlcellaris Pursh. Shrub 1-3 m. high; loaves oblong-obovate, the largest 6 cm. long, obtuse or pointed, slightly revolute, entire or nearlv so, glabrous, glaucous beneath, short-petioled, stipules wanting; fertile catkins 3-4 cm. long, loosely flowered, on leafy branches; capsules glabrous, the pedicels exceeding the nearlv smooth scales; style less than 0.5 mm. long; s-'gmas short. S vamps. Coast Mts.; Selkirks; Clanwilliam; Alaska. 29 S. Mackenziana Barr. Shrub or small tree; twigs glabrous or some- times tomentose; leaves oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, rounded or even cordate, sometimes acute at base, acuminate at apex, serrate glaucous beneath, soon glabrous or the pedicels pubescent: stipules large, obtuse cat- kins on .short peduncles; appearing with the leaves; stamens sometimes united at base; pistillate catkins 2-5 cm. long, rather loosely llowcred, the .txis usually very woolly (that of the sterile al wavs so ) i .edicels 3-4 mm. long, about as long as the capsule, and twice as long as the scale; styles 0.3 rnm long, stigmas short, emarginatc; young leaves and the capsule often reddish, (.b. cordata var. Mackenziana ilook.) Common V. I. to Alaska and Rockies; New Westminster. 30 S. cordata Muhl. With the same range as the preceding species, but apparently not so common; verv similar, distinguished by the shorter pedicels 15-2 mm: long, about equaling the scale, and the longer capsules, .j-7 mm. long. 31 S. prolUa Anders. Shrub, 3-5 dm. high, branches glabrous; leaves broadly oblanceolate, 3-5 cm. long, entire, thin, green and glabrous on both sides narrowed at base, acute at apex; paler but not glaucous beneath; stipules small; fertile catkins loosely flowered, the axis slightly villous, but not woolly; capsule "labrous. purplish, the pedicel 2 3 to nearlv as long as the body, and SALICACE^ 101 1. V. alba. about IH times as long as the scale: stvle short or obsolete, stigmas short emargmatc Lowor Frascr; Victoria. I have never succeeded in separating this species from .S. Mackmziana, which at a certain stage of development sometimes simulates it. 32. S. pyrifolla Anders. Shrub, 1-3 m. high, twigs slender, glabrous leavcsovate, lanceolate or obovatc-oval, short-acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, 3.5-7 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, glandular-serrulate, thin dark Krcen on both sides, stipules ovate: rntkins on short Icafv peduncles long lax, the staminate 4-0 cm. long, filaments united for i.f »^ their length' pistillate catkins 3-0 cm. long; capsules 3-1.5 mm. lone;, glabrous, on pedicels -.j-4 mm. long, styles 0.5 mm. long. Mts. bordering northern Idaho (') 33. S. pseudomyrsinites Anders. Shrub 1-3 m. high: twigs slender flivaricate, glabrous, brown or chestnut; leaves elliptical-oblanceolate to lanceolate oblong, apex acute, base usuallv rounded, 3-0 cm. long, glandular- s.'rru ate to subentire, green on both sides, coarsely reticulated beneath stipules large: catkms 2-3 cm. long; bracts thinly villous; pedicels 1-2 mm' long. Rockies; Valley of Chilliwack River. 2. POPLLUS (Poplar) Trees with resinous buds covered by several scales, and broad leaves- (licccious catkins appearing before the leaves; flowers from a cup-shaped disk subtended by a fringed bract; stamens numerous, stigmas and styles 2-4, capsule 2-4-valved. (The Latin name). ^ Styles 2, stigmas narrow, petioles flattened. Leaves white-tomentose beneath .... Leaves smooth beneath. .... Leaves 1 dm. broad Leaves smaller Styles 2-4. stigmas dilated. Petioles terete. Leaves thicli, end buds 12-l.S mm. long .... Leaves thin, end buds 22-25 mm. long Petioles flattened 1. P. alba L. (Silver-Leaved Poplar). A large tree with nearly smooth, light grey bark; leaves ovate, 5-lobed, irregularly dentate, becoming glabrate above; fertile catkins 3-4 cm. long, crenate, the bracts oblong, with a delicate Iringe. A common, introd. shade tree, spreading freely by the root 2. P. vancouverensis Trel. A large tree with thick crenate-serrate leaves 1 dm. broad, or more. Sidney, V. L; related to the following ' 3. P. tremuloides Michx. (Aspen). A tree 0-20 m. high, with smooth grev-green bark, and glabrous bud-scales; leaves broader than long sub- cordate or truncate at base, very short-acuminate, sometimes rounded at apex glabrous, rather regularly toothed, 4-9 cm. broad; sterile catkins 4-8 cm. long, with a very slender rachis, the fertile longer; the bracts cut into 3-4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs; capsule lanceolate. Widely distributed. >»>-■/ 4 P. trichocarpa T. & G. (Bl.^ck Cottonwood). A large tree -^0-70 m. high, and often more than 1 m. diameter, with furrowed bark on old t'rces- leaves rhombic-ovate to ovate-cordate, margin crenate-serrate, silverv and usually rusty beneath, thick, leatherv; sterile aments 5-10 cm. long the fertile I.irger: the bracts laciniate-fringed, broad, deciduous, somewhat 3-lobed slightly pubescent; stamens 25 or more; styles 3, capsule sub-globose, hairy! Alluvwl lands and damp hillsides, Coast to Rockies in southern B C .>. P. balsamifera L. (Balm ok C.ilead). Similar; 25 m. high, with nearly smooth, grey bark, becoming furrowed on old trees; leaves truncate-ovate hncly crenate-serrate, shining above and silvery or rusty beneath, thinnish' but leathery; stamens 20-30, capsule ovoid. Northern B.C. 0. P. nigra italica Du Roi (Lombardv Poplar). Branches vertical and head therefore very narrow; leaves deltoid, bro.ider th.in !<-.n~- stamens purple: sterile catkins 4-7 cm. long, bracts laciniate. Introd., in cultivation P. vancouverensis. P. tremuloides. P. trichocarpa. P. balsamifera. P. nigra italica. mti 102 MYRICACE^ MYRICACEif; Monoecious or dicccious shrub", with simple, alternate, aromatic leaves; the flowers in short, scaly, erect ca: kins; ovary, subtended by 2-8 bractlets, 1- celled with a single ovule, becoming i drupe-Iikc nut. 1. MYRICA Dioecious shrub (ours); flowers solitary under a scale-like bract with 2 bractlets, the sterile in cylindrical, the fertile in short, ovoi.i catkins, stamens 4-15; fruit resinous. (Greek myrizein, to perfume). 1. M. Gale L. (Sweet Gai.e). Shrub 1-1.5 m. high, with oblanceolate eaves, serrate towards apex, sterile catkins 2 cm. long, flowering before the leaves, closely clustered; the fertile 8 mm. long, nuts with thick wings at base. Lake-margins and swamps; widely difTused; Alaska to VVn. ! BETULACE^ Monoecious trees or shrubs with alternate, pinnately veined leaves and deciduous stipules; staminate flowers in drooping catkins, the pistillate in clustered or spiked, u- ally shorter and more sf,«ly catkins, fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded nut or winged nutlet; ovary 2-celled, styles 2. Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy involucre; fertile catkin short, bud-like. 1. Corylua fruit a small winged nutlet; fertile catkin elongated. Stamen3 2;scalesof fertile catkins thin, 3-lobcd, deciduous . . 2 Betula t>tamcn3 4;scalesof fertile catkins thick, persistent .... 3. Alnua.' 1. CORYLUS (Hazel) Shrubs, growing in clumps; leaves thin, sharply doubly-toothed; flowers appearing before the leaves; sterile catkins pendulous, solitary, or in 2's or 3 s; stamens 4 (apparently 8 with 1-cellcd anthers, owing to the deep divisions of the short filaments) fertile flowers few in a short, bud-like catkin, 2 to each bract, stigmas 2, red; nut enclosed in a very hispid involucre with a long foliaceous beak. 1. C. californica Rose. Clumps, 2-8 m. high, branchlets hairy; leaves obovate, short-acuminate, rather plentifully pubescent beneath, sparingly so above, more or less cordate; nuts usually in clusters. Common, Van- couver; Arrowhead. 2. C. rostrata Ait. Clumps 1-2.5 m. high, leaves ovate or oval, sparingly pubescent beneath, at least on the veins. An eastern plant extending into eastern B.C. 2. BETULA (Birch) Staminate catkins solitary or in pairs; in the axil of shield- about 3 flowers of 2 stamens with deft filaments in a 4-toothed 2 bractlets; pistillate catkins sol ry or in 2's or 3's, erect, the puberulcfit, 3-lobed, perianth an i bractlets wanting, styles 2; n (The Latin name). Bark s^cparable into layers. Bark clinlky-white. twigs pubescent l)Ut scarcely Klandular Bark brownish or becoming silverv-grey or creamy-white Twigs glabrous or slightly liulierulent, leaves coarsely dentate- serrate Twigs glandular-warty. Leaves broadly ovate, thinnish, with doubly serrate, often almost lobed. margins; twigs pubescent .... Leaves deltoid, thick, coarsely dentate. t« igs not Pubescent Bark not separable into layers. Low. 2 m. high; leaves 1-2.5 cm. long; samara wings not broader than the nutlets Taller, leaves longer: Kim.ira -xW.f- r.= hr,->nd as, or bijadcr than the nutlets shaped bracts perianth with bracts usually utlets winged. 1. B. 2. B. alba. aubcordata. occidentalis. alaskana. gtandulosa. fontinalia. BETULACE/E 103 t :c; the common Birch west of the Cascades i^ocKies to ward. Common east of the Coast RaLge; low 'gVo^und. Cral^too^!^"' "^'- lets glandular, slender, somewhat ,M>mJubuvlea^°-' 5 L ln'??= ''[^"'^*'- on young shoots) broadly ovate to^uburbicuIarranex^cuU^l^bLe ro mTd or truncate, sharply, often doublv serrate, spa ngly p ^-en b nea^^^^^ ontrtha'ntTelS^l'-^Lr-/'"'^ ''' "^''^^'^' ''^' '' ^ I- brac'rm Jc'h longer tnan the lateral. Along streams; common east of the Coast Range. 3. ALNUS (Alder) Staminate aments pendulous. 3 flower of a 3-5-parted jje ' sim|/ie; pistillate in the axils fruit. (The Latin name). Leaves simply serrate Leaves doubly serrate. '• A. rhombifolia. ''^X'feiv^f ' ""*" '^* ''"'""« ""''"'• ''°*"» =>PPearinR with ^■^"t he iL'ves"" "'"" *''" f""""8 --atkins. flowers appearing before ^^ ^^ '"^''^""»- Shrubs, leaves thin, glabrous or nearly so. not revolute Trees, leaves firm, pubescent beneath, revolute ...'." 4 ii 3. A. tenuifolia. A. rubra. 104 BETULACE/E orobova e^suaHy acu^at LeanH "^^ rhombic-ovate, tolllip^tica r.-'te: fruiting ca kins 12-16 mm lol h ''^ ^^^^^ irregularly dentate-ser- Range. ^^ """• '*'"8: nutlets not winged. East of Coast ^^'^n^:tT^4t'^\t^^^^^ A shrub. 5 m. high, or at the base, finely douhW-^rr^il JJt ' ^'»°«-acuminate. or acute, rounded catkins 14-20 mm longonSp; rZ^ ^t""^^ ""'^^^ >/'""«. thin; fruiting the catkins; nutlTts wineed (Ali^fi^-'''' 1"?'^ "' ^^""^^ ^'"^ '""g^"- than and northward to Sa ""'"^ ^°**' ^"^ ^^ ^- *» Rockies brfw^or*g7e"y'?eave^' bVoadi!^°"7"''' ^^ / '^'^^' 2-7 m. high, bark sharply doK-irrlte the^LlT' '"""^^'^ "-^ .^'-'sl-tly cordate at base, in the angle^flrie veins benoithf''''v' ^<="t^'. *»>!". more or less woolly winged. U -rar/.^;.r'Vt^reL1'!'^?o^S["'"- '°"^= ""^'^^' Ieaves^Sp!?aI!°u"s^uali?^r^u'nid^a?^b^ar;„T^a^^ 12-24 mm long on stout SunrlT'"^;?'^ •'" '^''^'"2: fruiting aments Spence's Bridgf \o CoL° t.^^d T I k?a"ska!' ^'"''^- ^^^ ''^^«'""* ^utt.) I Iff II. FAGACE/f; (Beech Family) stiSeTtt"^strr^I^are't:l.^;/?rd;oSnrcl^krn '"S ''^""^ ^''- ^T'^"-' ovary 3-7-celled hornmln^ , i 'll°°P^"g citkms, the pistillate n c usters; acu^of K^'onsSribraVt's!"'' '"' '-^""'^ ""^ ''"''^^'^ P-''^ i" 1. OUERCUS (Oak) fJoler^ttrro; dtS^Si"ed= in'S '■' 1'^''^"= fT^"^ -^«= ^^^''^ stigmas 3-lobed. (The Latin nLmel. "'^ ''■^"'' ^'^'^°'"" ^ *^"P= 0.8-1.5dS.ToTrpin?a°tSlob;.d"7h' *-'''' -"^-V. figured bark, leaves puberulent Se^cl^ puKent benerh'"r "''"^"y ^^e lobes rounded, about 2 cm. long, pointed .';"Sca7y^'u;"^toutSparf Crv.'l'.'^'^'' ^'^°'" URTICACE^ (Nettle Family) th"fet:es'wkh''us"alirJecTJLo„?°.?""r^' "T'^'?' "J ^'^'^'""'^ ""-ers. ovary ; stamens .s „rat^SE ^'fThi-ly-'j^X^^^^^ irees. flowers nnK'ffamn..- ' "^i. Trees, flowers polygamoua Twining herbs, flowers dicrcious Leave.i alternate, without stinging hairs '. [ ' ' 1. Ulmus. 2. Humulus. 3. Urtica. 4. Parietaria. , , »• ULMUS (Elm) lilameni,; l„\, l-^rfed, winged ail a™„„d '"' *"°' "'"' '°'^' •I™*' Cadboro Bayf Victoria. ^ '*'''' ''^^" "''''^'' ''"^"- ^"'"'"^ thickets, URTICACE^ 105 soiflow^rsSS.dVoopSdice^^^^ ^^^^^ O"" "early shade tree. ""'""& I'^aicels. Iruit oval, ciliate-fringed. A common 2. HUMULUS (Hop) cmbracing the ovary. (The LaHn n^m. ^'.""^T^^ ^^"^ '^^'>" of ' «=Pal cause sometimes prostrate^ ' """"• "^ *'"""'■ ^^e ground, be- produd^g'-Tei;;;:,'; ;re,i„'„r grain' wkh VL'^ ^''^'^'^^^ ^'^'^ f"'"« "*•"" escape. ""lous grams with characteristic aroma. A garden 3. URTICA (Nettle) thr4T;LrSi.r1eTaT^uLi%T'l%T "T"'^^= ^"^^ T''^ -»'^ * sepals, with 4 sepals, the two outer smaller '^"hh'^^ remnant of a pistil; the fertile becoming membranaceous /nHpn.^ and spreading, the two inner concave. (Latin «r.r^ ?o^burn) enclosing the achene; stigma sessile, tufted! * -ea tomcntose beneath i-ir ,es pubescent beneath. i^PJ''^^' ["■']'''."? clusters shorter than the oetioles "^""vei'^l'l^i '"""" '""«" '"an the'S, ■ • Leaves lanceolate 1. U. holoscricea. 2. U. urens. 4. U. Lyallii. 3. U. gracilis. lanceoral^'oTsK.'irut SoL^-'veTv'Jf^ 'T^^ *'^'^^' ^'"""^ '^ *- panicles nearly equal nrthekrves the fLTT'^ ''^'■'■^^'^= "^'^ staminate S. E. Kooienay. ' '''^ '"^'''^ ^'^'^''te'- and denser. Valleys. hair-s;Veavef„eaHy gfaCusX'Sl o'rovale'-' '"• ''*^^ ^'■"^ ''^^ ^''"^-S der petiole nearly as long ?s | C biad/ ^nfll/ ''">' ^°"!f '^^ Victoria. ^ "^ °'''°^' 'nnorescence androgynous. Introd .eais''l.rcS"l.^o'^d, S?ed' "ro'uL^^ T^ --times grayish-pubescent; glabrous with relatively srnant;>rtrr'>.Q.^^ base or barely con late, almost spikes slender and loi:.TSX?.'t^^^^^ cm'-bVoad'i'uludly'cordatf pube^.^en'i^h'^^ ^'"^^'^ '--^ «f'- 10-12 fewer and coarser. 05 23 on caSsiX^;hn7'^•" '^,^ ""^" *"^"'^^'h; teeth than the petiole- thr2larep .ennl-; ^^"''"^'?'"''^''^ equaling or longer coast forrli: ali^ 'in inredoT ^ '^""' """'"^'"^ '^' '''^^ene. Thl commL 4. PARIETARIA (Pellitory) inJoluSte.'tmo?e" axilla'rT dut""'!^ ""' '^'''''' "°-"^ '" ^^e same fertile with'a t'ubula'r 4'^ caK^e"cloJi'n.''thn' ""'^' ^ '" ^'"''''- '^'^ stigmas tufted. i-ai>x enclosing the ovary; leaves cxstipulate; shorte;thy^'l'^s^r--'-:f;t^'rsr^.t^s-^^^ y wers . i!| •I"' I iHfl ' ^ IMS ? if ii^ii 106 SANTALACE/E SANTALACEy* (Sandalwood Family) lnK?H''?fi '*''"' !"i"'^ '''^^'''^= '•'^ inferior. 1-celIed ovary surmounted by 4-5- frJh 1 ieded* "''"^^ ''"""""' ^' ""P"'"*^ "'" calyx-lobes; ovules severat 1. COMMANDRA (Bastard Toad-Flax) ses^r ^xs'iSr.''''!! "" ^om^^^hat woody base, from a rootstock; leaves .Vr^f! i' '^'"'."Pu'.ate a ternate; flowers small, greenish, in small cymes or ^^.^■'LnH ■" '■""'^ u"^ ^ ''i^''' '•^'^ '«beB of 'which sometimes sggeVt small Sek iria r fnd'^ *'' '^' "'^''^ ''^ "°''^'^'^''>' ''^•"' whencc'fhe name. ^urtLK Kome, nair, and aner, a man). Inflore-.-cnre terminnl. cymose. fruit nutlike. Leaves dark-green on both sides Leaves pale and glaucous. Inflorescence axillary, flowers solitary, fruit fleshy" .' '. '. 1. C. Richardsiana. 2. C. pallida. 3. C. livida. bedsof ^rc/oj/a/)Ay/<,ittra-ttr«, Colwood, V. I. ""8»"ut in. a. in 2. C. pallida A. DC. Stems several at intervals from the rootstock usually branched. leaves acute, oblong-linear, of the main stem often ob^g- fruit an ovo.d nut, 8-9 mm. in diameter, crowned by the short caKxubl' Gulch sides and dry hillsides, D. I.; Kamloops; Vernon. ^ .iif;,^*i"^'^" Richards. Stems low; solitary. 1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate- elliptical; calyx-lobes ovate, often reddish within, the tube very shorr not VvCs'ltoldln? Alas'ka.'""^ ''"' ''"'^^ "'^^'^ "P^' -"dish-yeTlow, edible' I ARISTOLOCIHACE^ (Birthwort Family) ■/PtTTf '"f ^^^h ""'"^ '?^''f^" ''°'^^''^' ^alyx large, purplish, partly coherent with the 6-celled capsule; stamens 12; leaves large, corda e ReprSed by the genus .4iar«w. «->.c|jicsciiieu r.,!;H^''^''V? '=^",*'^t'J'" Lindl. (Wild Ginger). Leaves 6-10 cm. broad round-cordate, pubescent c.I.ate, slightly crenate, a new pair produced ^j^^:^i::::ir^' '■' ^^^ ■""«• ^^'-^^^ Goidst^eamrco'rx'! POLYGONACE/E (Buckwheat Family) • Vu''^''' ^'^^'c ^"'"^•.^'■"P'^ woody, with alternate, eatire leaves the stirulrs in the form of sh-Mths (ocrea.) above the swollen joints of the stm or none (lowers small, mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent caTjxptals wanting; .stamens 4-9; styles 2 or 3; fruit a single achcne ^ Flowers involuciate. leaf-sheaths wantini;. stamens i) StigmaTtuFted""''"''"^"^' '"''^^"'^ Present, stamens usually fewer Sepals 4, stmmas 2. achene orbicular-winRed Sepals 6, often tiiberculate. stiKmas H, achene S-angled' '. Sitlgmas capitate, ^^ or 3, achene lenticular or 3-angled Eriogoniim. 2. Oxyria. 3. Rumex. ••• PolyKonum. :.•*- ■■ t POLYGONACE.E 107 3. K. umbellatum. 4. E. subalpinum. 5. E. heracleoides. E.ovalifoUum. E. ochroleucum. E. nivcLim. E*'. multiceps. 1. ERIOGONUM Tomentose 'aerbs with a woody base nrotJucine short branrhcQ- infl«r» scence bracted. flowers subtended by a sVtoothfd orlob^^Sc " the heads thus formed umbellate, capitate or solitary; petals none caj^x 6? Ef w^ot^^d trur'a"k^ne^eT"*^" ^'°" '''' ^^'^'^"^^ ''^-^^''- ^^^^ Calyx attenuate to a stipe-like base. Calyx pube-ccnt. Scape 5-8 cm. hiKh; leaves glabrate above . i f-„h, Ca^fg'la'b^ot"'^''^'"^^"=''"°^^°^'""°"'-"- '■ • : 2.i:fla^r"""'- Stems scaposc; leaves short, spatulate-obovate. Mowers yellow. ... Flowers creamy Stems with a whorl of leaves near the middle; leaves long.' nai'- Calyx not attenuate to a stipe like base. Inner sepals narrower than the outer, calyx glabrous Involucres capitate or umbellate ^'^'^long'*^'" ^'''"°''' °' P'"'P''*''; '*^-»' '^'^'des about as '.jroad as Calyx ochrolcucous; leaf blades longer than broad ■ Involucres solitary, cymose. calyx whit? or rose feepals similar, calyx somewhat pubescent, white or rose '. '. 1. E. androsaceum Benth. Tomentose, caudex branchire- leaves obanceolae or spatulate, glabratc above; umbel simple or sub;;aS 3. E. umbellatum Torr. Caudex much branched with short soreadina nnirrnnf" ''"^'j ^'Tu^'^'^ I""" ^'^^l leaves spatulate o obovatrmerely t^hc rfv 1 o'."''^''^ ^'^''T' above, white-tomentose below; umbel' sample ,hn I r k'^ ''"'■■ '°"Ka ''■''';' '!l^"y foliaceous bracts; involucres dee^y Zed the lobes bcconu.ig reflexed; fiowers yellow. Crow's Nest Pass '^^ ^^' nJ,'^ subalpmum Greene Similar; scapes stouter, 3-4 dm. high- seoals creamy or ochroleucous, tinged with rose in age; inner sepals becoming' rarhir longer after flowering, and finally surpas.sing the outer (F^mbellaium var major Benth.) Spence's Bridge; Ix.l,owiS ,^i^,: '!"'V,n'^«"'" Dougl Densely white-tomentose; stems few and =horf !:;:;i:fv'i;an^h^.;^:';;ric;s i"3^::'i^a.^iia '£::^:^' ^'^-- or rose; glabrous. Plains and hillsid'es; D.' LrPHnLtoi:.' SummXd:'"' 108 POLYGONACE^E h U 9. E. multiceps Nees. Densely white-tomentose, more or less tufted, the leaves basal, crowded, scapes simple, 3-12 cm. high; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate; involucres in a capitate cluster, with short, spatulate, folia- ceous bracts; flowers white or rose, somewhat villous; stamens and stigmas exserted. South Kootenay Pass. 2. Ol.YRIA (Mountain Sorrel) Perennial alpine herb with long-petioled reniform leaves; flowers greenish, perfect, in narrow panicles, stamens 6. (Greek oxys, sour, from the leaves). 1- O- digyna (L) Camptdera. Glabrous, leaves sour, slightly fleshy; 1-3 dm. high; fruit winged all around, 4 -nm. long on filiform p«?dicels of about the same length. Common on mt. Summits; also in Alaska. 3. RUMEX (Dock, Sorrel) Coarse perennials, the flowers somewhat whorled in panicles; stamens 6, sepals 6, the 3 outer herbaceous, spreading in fruit; the 3 inner (called valves) larger, usually colored, convergent over the 3-angled achene and often bearing a grain-like tubercle. (The ancient name). Flowers diiEcioua, plants mostly 4 dm. tall or less, foliage acid. Leaves with auricled or hastate leaves. Leaves arrow-shaped at base 1 R. acetosa. Leaves halberd-shaped at base 2 R acetosella. Leaves attenuate to the petiole 3. R. paucifoUus. rlowers perfect or polygamous, plants coarse and tall, herbage not acid. Valves spinulose on the margm. Bristles of the valves subulate; 1 tubercle 4. R. obtusifolius Bristles of valves long and awtUike; 3 tubercles .... 5. R. maritimui. Valves entire or denticulate. Tubercles wanting. Valves 2-3 cm. long 6. R. venosus. Valves 8-12 mm. long 7. R. occidentalis. Tubcrc e 1, small 8. R. patientia. Tubercles usually 3. Valves 2-4 mm. wide, pedicels shorter or hardly longer. Tufted, Iraves about 1 cm. broad 9. R. mexicanus Not tufted, leaves broader 10. R. conglomeratus. Valves 4-6 mm. wide, pedicels longer. Leaves with curled marcjins. pedicels clearly jointed . . 11. R. crispus. Leaves flat, pedicels obscurely jointed 12. R. Britannica. 1. R. acetosa L. (Garden S.) Erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 1-2.2 cm. wide, the basal lobes not spreading (sagittate); valves 4 mm. long, much exceeding the fruit; inner sepals becoming winged; achene smooth. Not common, introd., Victoria. Apparently indigenous at Lake Louise. 2. R. acetosella L. (Common S.) Lower, 1-3 dm. high; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, some of them with spreading lobes at base; valves hardly, if at all, exceeding the granular achene. A common weed. 3. R. paucifolius Nutt. Somewhat tufted, 2-5 dm. high; leaves lanceo- late to oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender petiole, valves about 4 mm. broad, sometimes minutely tubercled, the inner sepals nor winged, much exceeding the small, smooth, achene. Prairies of the Rockies. 4. R. obtusifolius L. (Bitter Dock). Tall, often roughish, perennial; the lowest leaves ovate cordate, wavy or crisped; whorls not crowdetl; pedicels filiform, twice as long as the valves; valves 4-5 mm. long, usually with 1 well- developed grain, and traces of 2 smaller ones. Introd., Lulu Is., etc. 5. R. maritimus L. var. fueginus Dusen. (Golden Dock). Minutely puberulent, annual, 2-G dm. high; diffusely branched; leaves lance-linear; to obioiig, siigiuly crisped at rounded or cordate base; whorls much crowded, golden; grains 3, lanceolate. Includes most American references to R. persicarioides L. Fraser Delta. Common. rOLV(;0.\ACE.E 109 6. R. Tenosus Pursh. Stems from runniiis( root'-'()cks, about 3 dm. high; stipules dilated, conspicuous; leaves ovate to laru .late, M-1 5 cm. long, on short pctiolos; panicle short, valves obtuse, red, with a deep sinus. Sandy hills. Alberta to VVn. 7. R. occid(.ntali8 Wats. (Western D.) Usually simple, fl-12 dm. high, whole plant often red; lowest leaves ovate to oblong, l..')-3 Im. lon.u, cordate; panicle dense, mostly rosy in fruit, leailcss or nearlv so; p'dicels obscurely jointed, 1-3 times as long as the valves; valves 8-l'2 mm. lon^;, cordate, obtuse. (K. JenestratUi Greene;. Common at Coast in marshes and extending far eastward. 8. R. patientia L. (Patience U.) Tall, green, glabrous; the lowest leaves ovate-oblong, often very large; raceme dense; (X'diccls jointed, 2-4 times as long as the valves; valves 4-0 mm. wide; the grain not half as long, or reduced to a thickened midrib. Var. kurrlims Boiss. Grain conspicuous. Introd., Coast. 9. R. mesicanus .Meisn. (Tikted D.) Tufted, stems ascending, 3-6 dm. high; leaves lanceolate acute at both ends, hardly 1 dm. long, and usually 1-1.5 cm. broad; [Xjdicels jointed, hardly longer than the valves; valves 3-4 mm. long, often nearly covered by the brown grains. (R. satiiifolius). Shores V. I., and Coast; Rockies. 10. R. conglomeratus Murr. Stems solitary, 0-9 dm. high; leaves crisp-margined, oblong, rounder* at base; panicle more or less leafv, the whorls often rather distant; pedicels hardly longer than the fruit, valves oblong, obtuse, about 2 mm. wide, grains relatively large. Wet places, Lulu Island; Victoria. 11. R. crispus L. (Curled D.) Stems 6-9 dm. high; leaves with curled or wavy margins, lanceolate, the lower truncate at base; whorls crowded, leafless above; pedicels with tumid joints; valves 4-6 mm. broad, mostly all grain-bearing; grains plump, often rosy. Common. (R. elongatus Guss. Similar; grains lance-ovoid, acute, may also occur). 12. R. Britannica L. Tall and stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, 2-3 dm. long, 2-5 cm. broad, the margins obscurely erose- crenulate; racemes nearly leafless; whorls crowded; valves 4-6 mm. broad, cordate, obtuse, finely reticulated, all grain-bearing, the grain lanceolate. Lower Eraser, introd. bt A < f I 4. POLYGONUM (Knot Weed) Herbs, sometimes shrubby, annual or perennial, sometimes aquatic; leaves alternate, entire, with sheathing stipules; Howers small, perfect, axillary or in spikes; calyx 4-6 (mostly 5) -parted, tiic divisions often cohered; stamens 3-9, stigmas 2 or 3, achenes lenticular or triangular. (Greek poly, many, gonti, a knee, from the numerous joints of the stem). Stems twining. Outer fruitins sepaU keeled 1. P. convolvulus Outer fruiting sepals winged 2. P. scand'ns. Stem not twining. Leaves linear or small. (Flowers axillary or in leafy or inter rupteti spikes, the 3 inner filaments dilated at the base, leaf blades jointed on the petioles). Leaves ovate to oval. Fruit rcfle.\ed 8. P. Austinae. Fruit erect. Leaves less than 1 cm. long 12. P. minimum. Leaves 1-4 cm. long 6. P. erectum. Leaves narrow, oblong to linear. Plants prostrate. Prrrnnia!, with a wnoiv base 3. P. paroaychix Annujl. roots filiform Achene exceeding the calyx 4. P. Fowleri. Achene not exceeding the calyx 6. P. aviculare. W if 110 POLYGONACE/E 11* fM Mil ?M Plant* erett or ascending. Fruit reflrxed. Culyx l.r>-2 mm. long, achenes exwrted . Calyx 3-4.5 ram. long, achenea included . rriiit erect. InHoreacencc axillary, stems rather stout Inflorescence racemose-spicatc, stem slender. Inflorescence capitate Inflorescence longer, interrupted Talyx 1.2-2 mm lonK, stem rcil filiform . Calyx Z-.I.S mm. long, stem green, slender Leaves large; spike thick, terminal. Alpme, plants with a thick rootstock, sheaths naked, apike solitary. Spike hulb-bearing, rootstock corn-like . . . l.') p Spike rarely bulb-bearing, rootstock elongated . lii P Spike) several, panicled ... 17' P Not alpine, without a thick caudcx. Sheaths not fringed with hristks. Spikes solitary, or in pairs. Sheaths with a fol'aceous border iga p 7. P. Engelmannii. 9. P. Douglasii. 10. P. ramosissimum. 11. P. confertiflorum. 13. 14. Sheaths without a foliaceous border. Leaves oblong, rounded .-it base Leaves lanceolate, acute at base . , Spikes several. Achenes 2..') mm. broad; leaves floccose beneath Achenes 1.5 mm. broad, leaves rough on midrib beneath sheaths frmged with fine bristles. Calyx dotted with dark glands. Aehene dull Achene shining ......'' Calyx not dotted. Annual, sheaths smooth, spikes thick Perenni il. sheaths hairy, spikes slender . . ' . Nutallii. sp«-rgiilariaeforme. viviparum. bistonoidet, ulpinum. amnhibium, var, llartwrightii. P. amphibium. P. Miihlenbergii. P. tomcntosum. I'.lapathifolium. P. hydropiper. P. acre. 24. P. Persicaria. 2."). P. hydropiperoides. K» :^'n*^?"''*?'''"''".^- (Bindweed). Annual, stem twining or procum- Dent, d-9 dm. long, minutely roughish; leaves halbcrd-hcart-shaped, pointed- nowers greenish, in small racemes, the outer calyx-lobes merely keeled- achene minutely roughened. Common. 2. P. scandens L. Perennial, stems often very long, smooth, leaves and Howers much as in the preceding; racemes leafy; the 3 outer calyx-lobes keeled, becoming uioadly winged in fruit; achene shining. South East 3. P. paronychia C. & S. The brown, shrubby stems forming mats; leaves strongly revolute, narrowly oblanceolatc with a very broad scabrous midrib; sheaths silvery, soon lacerate; flowers pinkir.h, axillary or in sab- capitate clusters; achene shining, included. Clay cliffs, Victoria. '*• **•, ^"^y'^r* ^°^- Similar to the following; prostrate, pale-green leaves narrowly elliptical, sepals oblong, green, with narrow white or pink margins two-thirds as long as the achene. Coast \Vn. to Alaska; Comox. 5. P. aviculare L. Stems prostrate forming mats; leaves oblong to oblanceoatc, 1.0-2.5 cm. long, acutish, nearly or quite entire, bluish green; slicatlis becoming brown; sepals green with narrow, pink margins, 2 mm. long, closely ".-M usually completely enclosing the minutelv roughened ;iu. I achene; stamens .5-8, Common, Var. littorale Koch. Leaves thick- ish, often obtuse, sometimes slightly crisped; nodes generally red. Salt marshes Vancouver. Var. vegetum Ledeb. Larger, erect or nearly so; lea\es often S cm. long, thin, with crisped margins. Xanaimo; Comox. 6. P. erectum L. Erect or spreading, stems glabrous, vellowish-green, rattier stout. 2.) dm. high; leaves more than twice as long as broad, mostly obtuse; sheaths G mm. long or more; flowers axillarv, yellowish-green, 3 mm. long, somewhat pcdiceled; stamens 6-7; achenes dull. Banff. 7. P. Engelmannii Greene. Slender, wiry, somewhat scurfy annual, branching from the ba^e, o-l.', em. high; leaves iinear-ianceoiate; flowers ^-4 in the axils; sepals 2 mm. long, green, scarious-margined; stamens 5-8. styles 3, achene oblong, shining. Sandy soil, S. E. Kootenay. POLYGONACE/E 111 in the axils ol tuvctlhkhlr^ n^tVy^^^ leaves linear Tanceo ate! 2-5 cm I nr"o","n"; r'"7"-'\-'"«'^'J ''""'■I-: much reduced above: sheaths Jth ak^^ Ion. 1, 1,1 il '*'^'"';'"' 'f "^'•'"'• distant to looselv snicate' hrirt. .,?, !ll '""« ''">''^'^; tlowers (n.in few and tna,^i..; stamenr8:'S"SeneSin;;'"^;^;,;;;: ro f t'lru'f"'' probably in Se Kwll^ay ''">^*^"''"'- 'ohaceou.. Alberta to VVn. 10. P. ramosissimum Michx. Stcnurict 3-lOrlrn l.;of,.,..ii .. achenes shining. Dry^hmsidesCan^JronTakrv '''"'"" "'''' achenes shining. Revelstoke I.; Mt. Cheam; Mt. lea\i-srg&""-rec?'"lVdm'^hi:i'''r'" '"^H^!'" '""^" ^^ —" 1-2 cm. Lng. glauc'e^^ent'be'ne'aTh. Se^vtarre^Sut^sreathrorrrf n"' 112 POLYCONACE^ 17. P. alplnum var. alaskanum Small. P^ rcnnial from a stout root- stock, 3-9 dm. high; leaves pubescent, ovatc-lanceulatc, 1-2.5 dm. long, obtuse or cimlatc at base; sheaths 2-3 cm. long, more or less hispid; spikes loosely- flowered, 2-5 cm. long; calyx greenish or white, 2-3 mm. long; stamens 8. Wn. to Alaska in the mts. 18- P- amphlblum L. Aauatic or in wet places, glabrous; leaves rounded or sub-cordate at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowlv elliptical or oblong, 1 dm. long or Ics.s, sometimes long petioled; spike ovoid or rhort- cyhndricul, 1.5 cm thick, aiH)ut 2 cm. long; calyx bright-rose. Victoria, Kootenay. Var. Ilartwrifihtii ((iray) Bissell. Stems hirsute, plants often sterile. Kamloops; Vancouver. 19. P. Mutilenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. In muddy or dry places; pubes- cence short-appressed; leaves short-[K.ti()icd to sessile above, 1.. 5-2 dm. long, spikes 1 cm. thick, 3 cm. or more long on usually glandular pduncles; calyx bright rose. Lulu Is., Columbia Valley and eastward. N'ariable; sometimes glabrous or with cordate leaves. 20. P. tomentosum Schrank. Annual, 1-5 dm. high; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, at least somewhat tomcntose on the under surface; spikes thickish, the lateral nearly sessile, stamens 0, flowers white or pale-pink; styles 2. Near Victoria. 21. P. lapathifolium L. Annual, 2-6 dm. high; glabrous or the peduncles somewhat glandular; leaves more or less punctate, lanceolate, attenuate upwards from near the cuneate base, with short, scabrous appresscd hairs on midrib and margin; spikes dense, somewhat panicled, erect or nodding; flowers white or rose, stamens 6, achene shining, usually flattened. In most pnrts of North America. Var. incanum Koch. Low, leaves tomentose beneath, Kootenay. Var. nodosum VVeinn. Stems stout, spotted with red dots, spikes erect, not slender. Introd. Steveston; Port Moody; Columbia Valley. 22. P. hydroplper L. (Smartweed). Annual, 3-9 dm. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate with minutely bristly-ciliate margins, very acrid ; spikes nodding in fruit, usually interrupted, 5 mm. thick; flowers greenish, the sepals slightly pink at the tips, stamens 6; style 2-3-parted; achenes dull. Wet places, common at the Coast and eastward. 23. P. acre H. B. K. (Water S.martweed). Perennial, nearly smooth, the stem rooting at the decumbent base, 3-12 dm. high, leaves with short-ap- prcsscd hairs on the midrib and margin, lanceolate, attenuate upwards from near the base; spikes erect, rather loose, 1.5-5 cm long, 5 mm. thick; stamens 8, style mostly 3-parted; achene small, shining. Wet places. Agassiz; Kamloops; New Westminster. 24. P. Persicaria L. (Lady's Thumb). Stems glabrous or nearly so, 3-5 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, usually with a triangular dark spot near the middle, finely-bristly-ciliatc, minutely roughened beneath; spikes dense, 1 cm. thick, styles mostly 2-parted, and achene flattened, smooth and shining! A common garden weed. 25. P. hydropiperoides Michx. (Mild Water-Pepper). Perennial, not acrid; stem smooth, 3-9 dm. high; leaves narrowly la«;eoIate; spikes erect, slender, 3-0 cm. long, flowers small, red or white, stamens 8, stvles 3, achenes sharply triangular, smooth and shining. Elk Lake, Victoria; throughout N.A. J CHENOPODIACE.E 113 CHENOPODIACE^ ((ioosEFOur Family) ^rV^"*^*!,"/"^" white-mealy; flowers sessile, in axillary or terminal clusters or in sp.ke lets: calyx 2-5-partc.l. usually small. Krcen; stamenV.5 son "t mci 1-2; styles 2; fruit a utricle; embryo a ring about the albumen. *°"'^"""« Leaves reduced to scalei. stetin flr^ihy. o nteer ax.ls and forming a spike; stamens 1 or 2; seeds wi.tZt branS. ^ """ ""' '""' """""• " ^""'- ^^""'^ P'=»"'« with horn like .J^^" "'"*''«"a Michx Perennial from a wo.xly base, 1.5-4 dm hieh- IIZ ^L?"' ^1?'?^ '^'^'^ ™'"^' ^"'' '""^"y ''''"P"^ b^^nches above scLles ^nr^n-K^ *".'*' = = " 3 'l»«ers on nearly the same level, and equaling the S spike blunt. Sea shores and salt marshes, V. I.; Vancouver r J' ml.nh 'k '"*^v,''i '\"""^l- !''^"''". 1-1 flm. high; stems green, often turning ^h^'J^^ II ^"-a^ched; the fruiting spikes on slender branches; scales obscure- he niuldle flower higher than the 2 lateral ones, shorter than the joint AH^: line places, D. I.; Kamloops; Nicola. 2. SALSOL.\ (RussiA.N Thistle) A bushy annual with fleshy or spiny leaves and sessile axillary flowers- calyx 5-parted, the ruiting segments horizontally winged, their acumS tlTe'hXaM "'■ ' *"'"'"'"■ ^^^*'" ^''^- "' '"''"'' ^">-^f"o™ .1,™^" ''*" ^- ,Y^^- tenuifoUa Meyer. Leaves prickle-pointed Int^ d' "^'''^"y '" y°""8 plants, some of them linear, 2^7 cm. awl- long. 3. SU^DA (Sea Bute) in n'^.^V •i'''','r P'^"'^V^^"h t''''^'^'- 'in*^'-"- l<^.-»vcs. . nd clustered, sessile flowers Srv„/fl\r^''',°SK°'""""^' ''''''^'^' f"''' "attcned, not thin-edged! embr>o a Hat spir..!; albumen scanty. tJ■H^;,»^*'^''*'*''^'^"'■'*'V ^^'"'V'- Incumbent or erect; leaves broadest at the dilated base. 1-4 cm. long, the floral lanceolate to ovale; one or more of the sepals crested in fruit. Alkaline soil, Spence's Pridge; \Vn to AUantic hiai, . u,"**'"!-"'"* ^^-^ J^""]0'''- , f^'laucous, ascending or depressed, 1-5 dm. high; lea\es linear not broadened at base, 5 cm. long or less! sepals rounded or obscurely keeled on back. Salt .Marsh, Cresmnt \' tl-e C^oir- °nhr- kl^'^^T'/f!""^ ''^"'P °?^X '-^ stamens instead of 5, one or two'of the senals 5:^f^ l^"T'Jr'''^*^.'-' ^"^ ^'"^' '^^"^'y 1-5 •^■"- broad, they are v^ry doubtfully referred to this species, which, however, also occurs on the VVn Ss er^'t%Stf;?hte;. ''^ ''°"' ''^'^ ^P-ding-ascending; (ITflorai iM 114 CHENOPODIACE^ It' ff 1 m\ M. 4. CORISPERMUM (Blg Seed) _ Annual; flowers perfect in the upper axils of reduced leaves; calyx of a single delicate sepal; stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5; margins of the ellipsoidal utricle acute or winged. (Greek cor is, a bug, s per ma, a seed). 1. C. hyssopifolium L. Pale-green, branching, 2-3 dm. high, more or less villous-pubescent; leaves cuspidate, 1.5-3 cm. long, reduced abruptly to the floral bracts. Spcncc's Bridge. 5. MONOLEPIS Rather low branching herbs with perfect or polygamous flowers in small axillary clusters; calyx a single herbaceous sepal; seeds vertical, flattened, pericarp persistant, embryo a nearly complete ring. (Greek nionos, one, lepis, a scale). 1. M. Nuttalliana (R & S.) Greene. Glabrous or somewhat mealv, much branched from the base, 1-3 dm. high; leaves hastate-lanceolate with 2 acute spreading basal lobes, or the upper entire, attentuate to the petiole; flower-clusters often reddish; pericarp minutely pitted. (A/, chenopodioides). Open fields, Laggan; Creston. 6. CHENOPODIUM (Goosefoot) Usually more or less white-mealy, with alternate leaves and small sessile flowers in axillary or spicate clusters; cal> x mostly 5-cleft; stamens mostly 5. (Greek chen, a goose, pous, a foot; from the shape of the leaves). Stamens I or 2; seeds vertical and horizontalin t lie same inflorescence; sepals not keeled. Clusters in leafy spilies; seeds 1 mm. hroad .... .1. C. rubrum. Cldstcrs axillary; ,«eeds 0..') mm. broad ... .2. C. humile. Stamens 5. Calyx very fleshy; seeds all vertical; fruiting clusters strawberry „ , ''l^f, 3. C.capitatum. Calyx slichtly or not at all flcsliy. seeds horizontal except in i\os. .') and 7. leaves wliite — mealy, at least beneath. Leaves linear, entire Leaves not linear. Sepals strongly keeled in fruit, plants tall, erect Sepals not keeled in fruit, plants low, spreading Leaves sliRhtly or not at all mealy. Glandular-pubescent, leaves pinnatcly lobed .... Not Riandular. leaves not pinnate. Seed easily separable from the pericarp Seed closely attached to the pericarp. Leaves with 1 -4 large teeth, mostly abrupt or cordate at base. Leaves dentate or serrate, mostly runeate at the baje. Seeds dull, the margins sharp-edged 10. C. muralc. Seeds shining, the margins rounded 11. C. urbicum. 1. C. rubrum L. Stout, leaves thick, triangular-hastate to ovate, the base somewhat cuneate, sparingly ami coarselv toothed; clusters scattered in axillary, leafy spikes; sepals not keeled, 2-.5, somewhat red and fleshy; seed 1 mm. broad, shining, separating from pericarp, the margin acute. Saline or alkaline soil. Coast and interior. Vancouver; Kicking Horse Valley; Straits of Jaun de Fuca. 2. C. hutnile Hook. Similar; low prostrate or ascending, leaves often entire, only occasionaly hastate; flowers in axillary glomerules; seed 0.5 mm. broati. On dry mud, Kamloops. 3. C. capitatum B. & H. (Strawbekrv Blite). Usually branching from the base, 2-4 dm. high; leaves triangular-hastate to lanceolate, sinuate- toothed; clusters large, often in pairs, inlerruptedly spiked, the upper leaf- less; seed acutely margined, readily separating from the pericarp. Creston: northward to Alaska. 4. C. leptophyllum. 6. C. album. 5. C. glaucum. 7. C. Botrys. 8. C. Fremontii. 9. C. hybridum. i . CHEXOPODIACE/E ijg and g';;eno^':?:"s"e" s''2"- dmT h^ "f'^'' '^' '?-ves sonietin.cs glabrato beSe^.^^^'^^e '^te" ^u:hT '''"' T P™^'-te: leaves n,ealv branched.'spikes'Ke^H^ :;™"'!::e„ '^^^^^aJ" .n^'T'' '^''T Common on the plains of Alberta I^trod al.ng ho C P R. horizontal. 0. C. album L. (Lamb's ti, ,,-... x n j which cloL.v aXTe^trthfp^d^Tir'^^ommo".'"' """'"^ ^"^^ ^'^■"'"*^ ^^^^ With^ihl'sptiis':' ^'°^- •-'"''^' ^''■^^">' '"^^'>- inflorescence less dense. strLf;ccme7|.5^dm^-hl'h'S "'"'• ^.'""^"'rf'"'^^^""^ '-^"^ ^--^id; cvme^Iike oafless tS; H'of tho^rh"' "^•"°"^' "^'"^'^' Pi"natifid; racemes small. Spence's Bridge ^ '^^'''^" incomplete: seeds often vertical, tri^ng^uIaJ^hl^aTr -Sm I ^''"' ''''"'• ^"^^^'^'^ ""'^^y' ^'^"der; leaves to en^t"re spkel il'fn n^^i"/"' "■""?'*^ "i" ^"""''^ ^^ '^^^^^^ ^'nuate-dcntatl about^^^vV^lnrt^easil^^SaJa-re's^id^^-^tmiX^ th?ou5ho'ul'[;?nin'g;4/^'d^^;'hh/h*^,L°,S^^^^^^^ ,S-" -d glabrous often cordate or truncate at base the trefh fo'r^? °"^' tn^.-'iiular, 7. ATRIPLEX (Orach) flowerI'%te^TrfH°'' 'ffl ^^"'■fV-O'" mealy leaves and monoecious or dioecious Kt= in iruit, seeds vertical; embryo a ring about the mealy albumen 1- A. Nuttallii. Shrubby with white bark Herbaceous. Leaves densely silvery— scurfy L"' NYCTAGINACE^ 117 2. A. paniculatus I.. (Pi p.., ,.- a ^ v;, oblong-ovate; spikes lon^. slendtT rnni.l,,! J '"?'"^ pubescent; leaves green, „„ged with red, ,,r crimson fr-i^.^'; ^''j!''? ^wn-pointed; flowers Sicamous. i-rimson, Iruit -'-3-toothed at the apex. Introd. 3. A. graecizans L. (TuMnLF Wm.i /i i branched; leaves small, 1-3 cm L<. <^ ov u ^ ""' «te'ns whitish, much Kcntly pointed; sepals 3, acumina e h^ Vh '"i" ^"';"'"f'". ngi.!, pun- seed less than 1 mm. bro;,l n •^,//;, ''' 'V'^l^ ''^"«"' "f the rugose utricle; 4. A. blitoides Wats Sini I'.r ^ -^ A common weed, D. I. contracted; bracts ova,e:ob!o^sh<,rt'cumyn'^se'^''•/^'"^ ^f"^'^'"^ fru.t not rugose; seed 1.5 n„n. bmad. Departure j^a^^^ "'''"'" ""' ^"^"'"^ NYCTAGINACE^ (Foi-r-O'cock F.m„ y) caKn^u;;i^^?°^::dr^!;^S^fi:/Tiee£;rv'^"^^''- ^-'^-^ «— an achene. ^ ''^"' '■''«=^''"': fruit coriaceous, enclosing p , »• ABRONIA bvJ^Suci^'^afeirL::v'f^^i:^?;.£:7^ -r-rT- -^--^^^'^ may apply to some species) «'ngcd. ((,reck abros, graceful; petK>l^!S ;'£aS^L,^:ii:l;.:'^:![,;,J''^S- !- '-vcs ovate to reniform. of Cadboro Hav. • ^ "°''' '^''""' '- '""'• long. Sand, shores 4^^^i%!(^^ sij;;^;'- bl^S^n^^:!'" ,'""^v^^-^ "-- - colored, 12-15 mm. long; winys of tl - r ,;. "-"^^''^'v lanceolate; calyx rose- chng the body. Sand; IV.chene n^y, v i' "'"^^^^^'- "ot completely encir- CaRYOF Herbs with opposite entire Vaves and s CE^ (Pink F.\mii,y) somem1esapetalous;stamenslOorfe^«r stir-'V"^^' ^"'^ "^"P"^ "^^-e". w.th free central or basal placental ion the e,,-lrf ' •''."^''V «uP"ior. l-ceiled Sep.1. cjistinct or nearly so. peLls when n e-nt -f 7 ""''^'^ aroundthe albumen i^tlpuIe3 present. pecais wnen present without daws. Styles .i, loaves opposite s^^^;^:^^-''^^'^- '■■■■■::::: iJSir- sepals. ' ' " "^^^ '"■*" ^- opposite the exterior Petals entire I'etals bilid or sometimes wanting ' Stvu! X'"- "f" <:i.'i'>'''-i«l. more or less curved la^SsSSafe:;^-™ *- : : : Calyx nalced. '■•■.. ^^catel;^f;:^np^:!j^7i;;^i^i^r'''=^'^'-- ■ • Calyxobscurelynerved. stylps2 ^^ ■i. Sacina. ■*• Arenaria. ■'). t'erastinm. (>. .StcUaria. 7. Dianthus. 8. Silene. 0. AKiustemma. 10. I.vchnis. 11. Saponaria. on^i;';h?:,;j|^ryjih*!J';:;;!?:''^:^^^ -^f?-- '-ves often w^h smaner mostly 3. (Tissr^nndBtdaAda^^ ^'^^'' "'^'''^^ ^"'^ ^'-^'vcs of c.p Jc lS^S 2°' "^^hy; stipules lanceolate r»n^ h 1 ^.T'.^' '""K ••'^ ""= sepals . Capsule little lonuer than the Kpals . [ 2. S. cana lenai.. 3. S. marina. l! [ffl MML 118 CARYOPHYLLACE/E i *: P 1 J ; '""^'''* ^Z^''^: Diffusely branching, 6-12 cm. high, ascending, usually glandular often forming mats; leaves flat, hardly fleshy; pods a i pink corolla about equahng the calyx; seeds vcrv small, brown, minu y roughened with projectmg pomts. Introd. widely. Dry soil. 2. S. canadensis Don. Glabrous and diffuselv branching, 1 dm. or so high leaves not fascicled; flowers small, pale-pink; pod somewhat blunt, miich longer than the caly.v, which is si)reading in fruit; the lower pedicels S-a times as long as thesopals; seeds light brown usually winged, slightly glandular. Muddy, saline shores. Vancouver; Fraser Delta. 3. S. marina -".riseb. Branching from base or simple, erect or spreading 1 dm. or so high, glabrous to glandular-pubescent, the innoresccnce usually glandular: leaves often fascicled; pod acute, not much if at all longer than the calyx, which remains erect in the mature fruit; flowers pinkish, the lower pedicels equaling the calyx seeds dark brown, smooth, winged; S..:t marshes; Lulu Is.; Victoria. 2. SPERGULA (Spurrev) Leaves in whorls; petals white, entire; stamens 5 or 10; stvles and va' ves of pod 5 (L. spargere to scatter). ^' »' ^r^t",**' '-• (Corn Spurrev). A bright-green, pubescent annjal, usually slightly glandular; leaves filiform with minute stipules; capsule ovoid enclosed by the calyx; seeds black, slightly margined, minutely white- papillose. VVideiy introduced. 2 S. sativa Boenn. Similar, dark-green, viscid; flowers ill-scented; seeds margined, obscurely dotted, without whitish papilla;. Introd. but not so common as the formei. V. I. 3. SAGINA (Pearlwort) Low, matted, or tufted, leaves linear, usually more or less connate by a basal membrane, glabrous (in ours) fl.nvers 1-few on h ng pedicels; petals entire or wanting; stamens as many as the 4-5 obtuse s» ,...ls or fewer, c^'^n twice as many; styles as many as the sepals and altcir .i<- with thei.-; pod 4-5 valved, the valves opposite the sepals. (L. sagtna. fattening). Capsule about eqiinlini; the sepaU Capsule decidedly lonKcr than the sepals. Sepal; 2 5-.3 mm. long, leaves Mi^htly fleshv 2 Sepals 2.5 mm. lont! or lc33. leaves not fleshy. Peials longer than the purplish sepals : . . 3. S. nivalis Petals not excccaiuK the green sepals, or wanting. Capsule 2.5 mm. long, mo. tly 5-valucd; perennial . . 4. S. saginoides Capsule 2 mm. long, mostly l-valucd, annual . . . 5. S. occidentalis. 1. S. stricta Fries. More or less prostrate, branching; leaves slightly fleshy, blunt or apiculate, rounded on the back; tiic iJarts of the flower in 4's pedicels erect, the petals shorter than the sepals; valves of the capsule 4.' Langford, V. I.; Introd. 2. S. crassicaulisWals. Pere.inial, tufted, 2..'"j- 10 cm. high, stems branch- ing, slightly fleshy; leaves thickish, pungent; flowers 1 to few; pedicels erect; sepals a little longer than the petals; the capsule 5-valved, li longer than the sepals. Near the shore, Vancouver; and V. I. 3. S. nivalis Fries. Basal leaves subulate the petals longer than the purple-tinged sepals. A ncrthcrn species, found also in the mis. of Colorado. 4 S. saginoides (L.) Brit. Perennial, the tufted stem, decumbent, 2,5-8 cm. high; leaves linear, some of them slightlv scarious-margined, p ingent, flowers mostly solitary on terminal filiform pedicels; the part^ of the flower usually in 5's. petals shorter than or hardlv exceeding the sepals, which are 2 mm. long; pedicels erect, ripened pods much longer than the' sepals; stamens 10. Nanaimo, Vancouver; and in the mts., Coast to Rockies; Alaska. 1. S. stricta. 2. S. crassicaulis. •/ '-.sc sw f ■M Mit'^-k-^ '4im:.i TiVA, CARYOPHYLLACE^ 119 ab^;|-2*^^?r^l!!h:^;;!r-,,?;--l-ot ^u.„,. .... slender. branching usually many; «.,,.•,!: |k, iluin " m, , ' "' ," ',^'*^' l>""S"'t; flowers pods much l„„,er than the . epaK nail er/ ■ ' u ^'"■". •"■^•^^■"'- "Sorter: region; Elgin; Victoria; Alaska ^ ''■ ^^"''^ l^'^-^fs i" the Coast 4. ARENARIA (S.-.ndwort) shghtly notched, or none; Lamens' 10 svl.t^ ''"''' ^"^^'-'t^'. '"tire «; as many, or twice as many valve" as Iheronr,^' .'T'' ",r"' ■'^f'''''""S i"to which certain species grow) '*''■ "'y'"- (L. ar^„a, sand, in Sepals obtu.e. shorter thai, the petals LeavS hck^'nh'L'""'^r"'^'"'^'^P«-'^' '■ Leaves ovate small ^"'uea- I-eaves linear. Sepals obtuse . Sepals acute . ' ' R:pe carpels entire, pod 3-valued. -5epals obtuse . Sepals acute. ' ■ • • A. lateriflora. A. niacmphylla. A. tHfploides. ■I- A. serpyllifolia. A. capillaris. A. Blabrescena. 7. A. saianensis. A. N'uttaii. A. vcrna. Itl- A tenella. 11. A, .-^tncta. leal:ef;bl^^^iJ^,^,,;j*'^-i-:^e,^4nutely pube.ce^t.' i:;;"d;;. hi,h; capsule twice as long as the caKt"^dsif;hrK- '''"^' '^'-■''"ncles l-2-tlowored or damp ground. Auntie toii;^ific;tt?£J:;°^-ir^S S^ noJtht 1-3 cm. long; peduncles 1-3 flowwcd i ,llor, ' ?'' '^»"^'-'-"'^"ons. acute, capsule equaling the calyx.' Comni n to XT ^'Z^ ^'''T'^ ^^"-'^ 3. A. peploides L. (Se^shohp S q, ' ^ ' '->^^'''"'y 1 rail, ovate, siiijhily clasping verv fl. .hv n Stems stout, 1-3 dm. high; leaves J-tal^- ab,n,t%qua7ing' the set iV " v"' l^'^' "'■"i'r ''? '^"^ ^^"' greenish form about Vattcouver is var U^;.r Ho,a ? '" ^^r^^'' '^^e common long, petals H ^s long as the sepX ""''"" ^^long-ovate, 2-4 cm. ;)ilwVl^S!S't;^-,j:j':^^l|;,"i^^^ S.) P„berulent, 5-15 cm. high, leafy (vnies, sepals acute thonf ^""'' V' '« ^es about 3 mm. long; Jlowers in tlie flask-shApeS rod s4dfdar|<^ou h' 'v' ^^'''^'^ -■'<' ^"^htlv shorter than tufted, 1-2 dn., high;leaveserecf line i^ra her' i -^^^rous, erect, scarcely often glaucous, l.r,.2.5 cm. lonu chieiK h^ .1 '*^"'' i''''''^ sotiiewhat pungent, few. -shorter; bracts of inllSenco Lceo ',. "'''■''^' ^^^'^''^'^^ exceeding the obtuse gn-en sends (l,?r-' '^•^'■'°"«- Petals considerablv Ra-el. ( Glandular abo^e pet i;wicc;:i[:raTth''""^ Alaska; and var. formosa Kegel Gbbo.fs'^^ as the calvx. Rockies, Alaska '"''*'"^°"^ P«als at least twice as long <>• A. glabrescens Piper. =item= mnv fr ,v .•• more or less glanchilar-puU-sceni 1 15 dm h;,,h ■ u ''"''^' ^""^^ ^3"^". glabrous leaves at base- tlowj^rs , 'ore .'.r "' I *^ ' '".''' '"-^"y ^^aceous nearly broad and scarious. pe afs t?lc x'ecdin^ the ''''''^ "" ^'^^ pedicels; bracts sepals. Alberta and VVn.; po .sill T„ K^o ;„ay ''"^''' ^^^"'^"^-"argined ..■•V 1? y» ^%^. Sd.3? 120 CARYOPHYLLACE.-E 7. A. sajanensis Willd. Stem minutely glandular-pubescent, tufted, 2-10 cm. high; very leafy below, leaves linear, obtusish, rather rigid, 4-8 mm. long, usually glabrous; flowers 1-3; sepals linear-oblong, strongly nerved, glandular-pubescent ; petals much longer; capsule oblong e.xccedinf; the sepals. Alpine, Cascades to Rockies; Alaska. 8. A. Nuttallii Tax. Tufted. 5-10 cm. high, from a rather wood\- base, usually glandular-p ibesccnt throughout; leaves linear, pungent, crowded below, 7-10 mm. lo.ig, connate; flowers l-se\eral in a spreading cynic; sepals acuminate, often purplish, exceeding the subacute petals; capsule shorter than the sepals. .'Mijine, especially on slides; S. Kootonay I'as,; Cheam. 9. A. verna L. Tufted, pubescent or glabrous, sometimes glandular; stems filiform, less than 1 dm. high, with few leaves; leaves linear, crowded below, 3-nerved, flat, acute; flowers l-several; petals shorter, or usually longer than the strongly 3-nerved sepals; pod longer than the s?pals. .Xlaska soutli-eastward. V'ar, propinqua (Rich.) Fernald. (Jlandular-puliescent leaves, acute, flat or somewhat triquetrous, petals shorter than, or equaling, the sepals. A common form in the mts. Var. hirta (Wormsk) Wats. Leaves obtuse, flat. Arctic. Var. equicaulis A. Xels. Leaves sub-cvlindrical, acute, nearly glabrous, pedicels and peduncles subequal. Rockies, south- ward. 10. A. tenella N'utt. (Si.F.NnER S.) Annual; stems usually solitary, slender, 0.5-1 dm. high; glabrous, leaves tiliform-subulate, peduncles minutely glandular; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, shorter than the petals; cap- sule a little longer than the sepals; seeds minutely roughened. Dry places, Victoria; Sidney. 11. A. stricta Fenzl. (Rock S.) Tuited, about 1 dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear-subulate, about 1 cm. long, with a strong midrib; obtusish; flowers 3-several, petals shorter than the strongly nerved calyx; capsule slightly shorter than the calyx. Alpine or sub-alpine. Mt. Stephen; Alaska. 15 5. CERASTIUM (Mouse-E.\r Cimckweed) Low, pubescent plants; repals and petals 5, the petals 2-cleft, rarely wanting; stamens 10 or fewer; styles usually 5, sometimes 4, opposite the sepals; pod usually long and curved with 10 teeth; seels rough. (Greek kersa, a horn, descriptive of the capsule). Petals a little longer or shorter than the sepals; mostly annuals. Pods not nodding Cyme dense, pedicels shorter than the sepals .... 1. C. viscoaum. Cyme open, pedicels longer than the sepals. Bracts scarious. 2. C. semidecandrum Bracts not scarious 3. C. vulgatura. Pod noddinu in fruit 4. C. nutans. Petals much lonKer than the sepals; perenni.nls. Klowers 7-8 mm. long. Sepals scarious-tipped, pod well ex.serted 5. C. alpinum. Sepals parple-tipped. pod slightly exserted 6. C. Beeringianum. Flowers 10-14 mm. lonK. Pod not exserted. plants greenish 7. C. effusum. Pod a little exserted, plants gray-pubescent S. C. arvcnsc. 1. C. viscosum L. Hairy, viscid annual, 1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate to obovate, flowers at first in close clusters; bracts herbaceous; petals not ex- ceeding the acute sepals; fruiting pedicels shorter than the calyx; capsule much longer than the ctIvx. Iptrod. Virtori;\ ;!n.-l luistw. 2. C. semidecandrum L. Similar; viscid; about 1 dm. high; leaves smaller, ovate or oblong; sepals acute, more broadly scarious at the apex; fruiting pedicels but little longer than the calyx; seeds smaller, lighter brown. Introd. Cadboro Bay, Victoria. CARYOPHYIXACE.E 121 usually spatulatc- oedunrlr s " •iT,,, i "'^' ^•;'""' ""'"• '""«- "'^ l.asa calyx; pod. SasTonu as th'r^^^^v •'"'= '^"l'^ '^ '""'^'^'^ f''''" the ion,): capsule b^ii'iitS^^iij^;. l^^z^ ^^^^ ^^:^^:J:^^^^ « '->• ipiiilSii smLh: ur:air«lancldar"abo!';-\T"^\Pt"r"'' '•«^">' ^° --'y Ati^^ ^^' fief ;^ '^^hS^s' : ^:^^,. '"c 'ric^i;;;^-^?' Flowers few in a close cyme. Rockies. stnctuin Rydb. ^^^^^:^f::^Zt:\:^ ^^^:^^ '-^cr Oowers tha„ the ere-i 1-2 cm l,.n.T V I , ' fi campestre (,rcenc; mam stem-leaves 6. STELLARIA (Chickweed) wlfil7'->Tlct' r'nr'?'""^ T-"""" ^""."'''^ "^ perennials: sepa wniic -( lelt 4 or 5, sometimes want ng; stamens 10 (;r fewer 4 or 5) opposite the sepals; pod l-celtd, o^g by tw cc as there are styles, many-seeded. (L. stella, Tstarf descV^Uv Stems pubciicent Styles 5 . . Styles 3 or 4. Leaves lanceolate. 2-S cm. long Leaves shorter, or if as long, not lanceolate. ' Leaves linear Leaves lance-ovate . . ' ' ' Leaves ovate, petioled Stems glabrous or practically so. ' ' llpppf bracts srari.".:;? Petals shorter than the sepals, or none- Capsule twice as lonj; as the sepals ' lapsule equaling ''le sepals . fetals longer than the sepals. Pedicels erect, capsules dark. mnts 2-4 dm. hiKh. leaves 2-4 cm. loni? Plants 1 dm. high, leaves about 1 cm. long Is 1 or 5, petals styles 3 (rarely as many valves e of the flower). S. aquatica. S. longipes. 3. S. nitens. S. calycantha. S. media. S. umbellata. S. uliginosa. S. longipes. S. laeta. iff ii 122 CARVOPHYLLACE^ 1 , f ■ \ U- 0. S. gratninea. 10. S. lon..ifolia. 11. S. borealift. 12. S. crassifolia. 13. S. obtusa. i-ower p«siicel9 reflexed, capsules pale. Seedi rouKh Seeds smooth None of the bracts scarious. Leaveslineor to lanceolate, more than 4 times as long as broad. Petals shorter than sepals, or none ... Petals lonser than the sepals Leaves ovate-oblong, or lance-oblong, less than 4 times as long as broad. Sepals obtuse, hardly scarious-margined Sepals acute. Leaves ovate. Leaves ti-l.'i mm. long, seeds rough 11, S. crispa. Leaves 4-ii mm. long, seeds smooth 1,5. S. humifusa. Leaves oblong-lanceolate o. s. uliginosa var, 1. S. aquatica Scop. Perennial, glandular-pubescent above; leaves large, ovate-cordate, the lower petiolate; petals much longer than the glandular- pubescent sepals; capsule a little longer than the calyx. Nanaimo. Introd. 2. S. nitens Nutt. (Shining Chickweed). Tufted, erect, 1-2 dm. high, leaves linear; stems shining, hairy only at the base, wiry; leaves less than 1 cm. long, erect, the lowest broader, petioled; pedicels erect, bracts small, scarious, sepals acuminate, twice as long as the petals, which are sometimes wanting; capsule slightly shorter than sepals. Dry open places, V. I.; Agassiz and Kastward to Rockies; Bowen Is. 3. S. calycantha Bong. Stems slightly pubescent or pubcrulent, weak. 1 dui. hi-h; k'a\es ovate to lanceolate, connate, minutely ciliate; sepals acute, u.siially scarious-margined, much longer than the petals; pod sub-globose, obtuse. Nearly related to S. borealis, in which it is sometimes included. In wot meadows, Alaska southward in the mts. 4. S. media (L.) Cyrill. (Co.mmon Chickweed). Annual; stem with 2 hairy lines; leaves ovate, the lower on pubescent petioles; petals 2-parted, shorter than the sepals; stamens 3-7; capsule a little longer than the hairy calyx; seeds rough. Introd. everywhere. Var. procera K. & R. (5. neglecta Weihe.) Stamens 10, seeds more or less crested. Occasionally found; V. I. 5. S. umbellata Turcz. Stems slender, ascending;, leaves elliptic-oblong to lance-linear; (lowers in a simple or compound, sub-umbellate cyme, on long filiform pedicels; bracts small, scarious; sepals 2-3 mm. long, capsule twice as long. Rockies; Crow's Nest Pass; and northw. 6. S. uliginosa Murr. Stems usi v in masses, weak, decumbent at length prolonged, leaving the naked cy i ■ lateral; leaves lanceolate or oblong, less than 4 times as long as broad, narrowed at base; petals shorter than the capsule, and about equaling the calyx; seeds rough. Alaska southward in Rockies to Northeast B. C. S. uliginosa Murr. Var. oblongifolia ( ) Stems slender, firm, strict, ascending, 2-3 dm. high; leaves thickish 8-12 mm. long; flowers axillary, sei)als acute, longer than the deeply bifid petals and the capsule, narrowly scabious-margined; pedicels erect, clavate under the ripened capsule; seeds rough. Salt marshes, Vancouver. 7. S. Iseta Rich. Stems firm, usually smooth, very glaucous throughout; leaves rather stiff, keeled, lanceolate; flowers l-t'ew; anthers yellowish; other- wise as in the following,; pod from a little longer than to twice as long as the acute or obtuse sepals. Rockies; Armstrong. 8. S. longipes Goldle. Erect or decumbent, usually glabrous, leaves rather firm, sprea(Sng or a^ccrding, tapering from near the fjase, glabrous or shining; pedicels 3-7 cm. long; pod nearly twice as long as the obtuse bc[)a!s. Atlantic to Pacific. Our native western plains are dibliucl in their Curple anthers and short pods, a little longer than the acute sepals, and should e called S. strictiflora (Rydb.) Macoun. (5. stricta Rich.) V. I.; Arm- strong; Alaska. ".ah:i.Kji.j^(iiBi»'< CARYOPHYLLACE/E 123 angles; eavrf linear i -me at !v7h'""' •.'''''"'" ?■"'' Y^"*' °f'*^^" ^^^ rouKh ascending or spreading 'tt vie s X p 4 2, ,^ " \-''u""'V '^y'"^"' f^-^'^^^''^ and eastward Roee?^,' PaU mV i, ' ^^"^ V"""" hish. Alaska southward is var alpestrUBrit -rfn^; ^*^^^='"i- . T^e rommon form at the Coast pedicelfTrcuItil'd flexed se^^^^^ ''-• "i«h. stem angled. Alaska. ■ '"^*'-"- seeas rough. V. I.; Vancouver, and eastward; fleS-JanSJJ'^^oSliS; ^l^! ^^^-f^^'-Zry'-^i l^r ^"^^'^ acute sepals: caDsulelonunrth.//K„l.""'°^^'''"^'^^>' I'V ^'^ '""S^r than __..,-■ , , "■-•"■■»,, ■iw«>.i3 n:iiiiina or axi larv fn RoclTes = "'''"'' '°"^'" ''^^" '^'^ -"^'^^ ^^^"ds rough'.' .Alaska .-southward ^ , . 7- DIANTHUS (Pink. C.xrn.ation) 10 stvles'J cod^'a f-r'j^"''' ^"'»''"^''^5l by 2 or more bractlets; stamens 8- SILENE (Catchflv, Campion) Herbs with opposite leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers- nlw in Dwarf, acaulescent, tufted, Alpine plants Caulescent. mens pitate. Glabrous and kHucous. not viscid Pubescent or more or loss Klandular or viscid' The upt>,.r internodes uitli viscid bands. ' • • ■ Calyx ovoid, pedicels ,^)-l,^) mm. long Plhf,]'".'- i'"?'""*^' P^-'i'^'s ■^-■i mm. long '. ' Plants glandular-pubesconi. at In.st above Flower:! open at night, plants 3-0 dm. high Flowers open during the day, plants l>-3 dm. high! ' Inflorescence racemti=«. nr spiratc Annual, flowering early, calvi 7 mm. long. tnnZT!^J ■ ''?*«f'n8 late in June, calyx 15 mm. long inflorescence clearly cymose. Bracts green and leafy Bracts small 1. S. acaulis. 2. S. latifolia. 3. S. antirrhina. 4. S. Armeria. 5. S. noctiflora. 6. S. gallica. 7. S. Scouleri. 8. S. Menziesii. 9. S. Douglasii. m 124 CARYOF'HYLLACE^ PI if 1. S. acaulis L. (Moss Campion). In moss-like tufts, with strong roots; perennial; glabrous, or nearly so; leaves crowded, linear; fx-tals purple red, entire or barely lobed; flowers s^^^ssile. or on a peduncle 1-2 cm. long. Alpine summits, Coast eastward, Alaska. .2- S- latifolia iJrit. & Ren. (Bladder Campion). Perennial, 3-.') dm. high; leaves ov.ite lanceolate; calyx globular-ellipsoida!, much intlated, dearly and beautifully reticulate-veined; [H'tals 2-clcft, nearly crownless. (S. inflate.) Introd. V. I. Occasionally about Vancouver and along the railways. 3. S. antirrhina L. (Sleepy Catchflv). Slender, with ascending branches, or n'?arly simple, 2-6 dm. high; stem pubescent, the upper intcrnodes viscid-banded; leaves linear-lanceolate; jietals white or ])iirplish especially beneath, expanding in sunshine, exceeding the petals 2-3 mm. blade obovate- cuneate, 2-cleft. Dry soil; V. I. Var. depauperata Rydb. Petals small or none, not exceeding the sepals; blade cuneate, truncate or emarginate. Sask. to B. C; Lower Arrow Lake. 4. S. Armeria L. (Sweet William Catchfly). Glaucous, 2-3 dm. high 'lutinous below each node; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate; flowers in 1. ,/mes, opening in sunshine, petals rose or white, notched, with small appendages. A garden escape; Victoria, and along the E. & \. Ry.; Arrow- head. 5. S. noctlflora L. (N'ight-Fiowering Catchfly). Pubescent and viscid lower I'-aves obovatc to oblanceolate, narrowed to a petiole, the upper lance- olate; flowers on peduncles 3-5 '-ni. long; fragrant, 2..') ci, broad, opening at night; calyx beautifully veined, : i awl-shaped teeth; the tube 2 cm. long, much enlarged by the ripenl.'g - r ile pod. ln»rod. Vale, Penticton. 6. S. gallica L. Somewhat hirsute, glandular at least above, 2-3 dm. high; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. long, spatulatc, obtuse; ca'yx ovoid, 7 mm. long; petals white or red, 2-lobed or entire, the blade 3-4 mm. long. Introd. Very common on V. I., rarer on the mainland. Flov/ering April and ^Iay. 7. S. Scouleri Hook. (Scouler's Pink). Very glardular-pubescent, stout, •'iniple, 3-5 dm. high; leaves 5-() cm. long, lanceolate; calyx 15-18 mm. long; petals white or pink, the blade 3-7 mm. long, appendaged, 4-lobed; ovary long stipitate. Common about Victoria, (where it blooms early in July), and probably in the interior, as the plant occurs in Idaho. 8. S. Menziesii Hook. Stems solitary or tufted, simple or dichotomously branching, pubescent; leaves elliptical, acute at both ends, 0.5-2 cm. broad, short, pubescent on both faces or glabrate abo\e; pedicels variable; calyx about 6 mm. long; petals white or pink, crownless; seeds purplish. {Anotitis Menziesii Greene, and .1. latifolia Greene). Woods, Yale and eastward. 9. S. Douglasii Hook. Stems many, slender, erect, pubescent, nearly naked above, sometimes glandular above: leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, the lower tapering to a petiole, all puberulent; calyx 10-15 mm. long, often inflated, sub-cylindrical; petals well exserted, white or pink, with 2 broad obtuse lobes, the claws, filaments and stipe more or less villous; ovary rather long-stipitate. East of the Cascades. Var. viscida Rob. Glandular-viscid, especially above, leaves thickish; calyx 1 cm. long. Kicking Horse Lake. Var. Macounii Rob. Less pubescent below, glc^ndular above, petals, claws and filaments glabrous or nearly so; petals 4-lobed, the lateral lobes narrow. Rockies; Black water. Var. multicaulis Rob. Stump Lake, Naramata. Grayish-tomentulose, not glandular. D. I.; CARYOPHYLLACE.'E 12S 9. AGROSTEMMA (Corn rorKt.F.) Tall silky plants with purpli^li-rcl tlowcrs. an.l iiiicar-leaved raUx. ovui.) with 10 prominent ribs, an-l long lobes, petals unaiH)en(L.Kegmaa ((,ray) Rob, Plants 2-8 cm. high; flowers 1-3, petals red. about twice as long as the erose sepals. Cascades, lat. 49°. 2. TALINUM (R(KK Pink) r^i^r* hi''' '^'^^^ ''''"'' ^^r.'"*5 racemes; leaves linear; petals 5. mostly red or white; stamens many, adherent to the bases of the petals; style trifid; capsule 3-vaIved. si-ofls smooth, numerous. >■«: imiu, 1. T. spinescens Torr. Caudc.x beset with subulate spines, the remains of former midribs; leaves terete. Stump Lake, southw. 3. CALANDRINIA Low, erect or ascending annuals with alternate leaves and flowers in bracted racemes; stamens .3-10 rarely the same numl^r as the 3-7 ^"is cSe a Swiss botanisO'' ''''"'"^' ""'""'^'y roughened. (Calandrini was frnlr ^h/h"'^^"? /'^ ^^ ^^ p'^»^^°M'' ^'^ slightly pubescent, branching huZl 1^' O-^'-^dj"- 'o"R. •'^^^ves linear-lanceolate, the lower petioled; the ll;f ^ v'^^^Pm "'".'' a glabrous or ciliate keel ; ,x;tals red, about ^ualing VictS NanaimJ^^" ^^^" ^'"^'^ "'"^ ^^^^^ stiffly ciliate 4. CLAYTONIA (Sprintg-Beautv) Perennials from corms or thickened roots; stem-leaves 2, opposite, or kl t ^' •^,^"^''': fl?^"'' n ■■acem.s; petals 5. equal, free; 'stamens 5 on Ih ,inr -^f /j"; P^»a'«: ^»y>f^ 3 cleft: capsule 3-valved; seeds 3-6, smooth" 8n..iinK. (Llayton was an American botanist). a .]: nH '^"'^?^\**, ^"J'u ^*^.™^ "^"^"y 1- sometimes several, from a round corm; 1-1.5 dm. high; cauline leaves opposite lanceolate, 2-1 cm lone the radical often wanting; cyme naked save for a scarious bract at the base- Ch.,^ ''■p"\'-'' '°^%^-'^ mm- 'p.ng- Mts. and rich woods. Squamish; Mt! (- heam ; Rockies. (C. miilttcaults). 2. C. megarrhiza Parry. Caudex thick from a large, fusiform roof basal leaves numerous, cuneate with a rounded apex, petiolate; the cauline fon R^Kkies ''^'^^'"^ bracted at base; petals white or pink, about 8 mm. 5. MONTI A (Spring-beauty, Miner's Lettuce) Roots fibrous stem-leaves few to many; when 2 forming an involucre; peta s 5, rarely 3 or wanting more or less united at base, usually unequal. 3 a little smaller than the other 2; stamens as many as the petals inserted on their bases; ovary 3-valved, 3-seeded; seeds smooth or roughened. (Monti was an Italian botanist). Stem-leaves 2. Stem-leaves not united at base. Plants with creeping rootstocks, pedicels bractlesa 2. M a«rifolia Plants without rootstocks. pedicels bracted . . 1 M ^^mcai Stem-leaves united at base. ' »■ '"• aioinca. Involucre a round disk. Calyx 3-4 mm. long, plants usually 2 dm. high 3. M oerfoliata Calyx 2 mm, long, plants usually 1 dm. high or less nenoiiata. Basal leaves linear . , , i iw n,^„:a Basal leaves ovate .f- Jj- Pa^^'flora- Involucral leaves lanceolate to linear not forming a munddi.!--' "^^ ^^^'^'^ 1 ctaU Uiiialjy white, stem-leaves lanceolate . . . 5 M soathulata Petals usually pink, stem-leaves linear. . . . . i fai m! J var e:dgua. PORTULACACE^ S<«n IravM irori- than 2. Mem leaved oiiiKjsite. Aniiii il iH..t.,U L' mm. lona white Leav^vervteh,. petal, much longer than the calyx; pere„! j.r.ivca roundish Leaver (iManceolate ' ' • ^':^;^'- .:;^r"^-^'*'^'"^»'- "at ^''/lon^er than the "" ""'^"^- -!-•■ cm loHK. weds shining 127 9- M. fontana. '• M. Chamifsoi. S M. sarmrntoja. 9. M. parvifoli.i. jr>- M. Howellji. V w ;'ichotoma. '- M. lineari.-i. Oia^t rt-nion; Abska. ^ '"t.", sinning. M-.isi ^r-und. (■„,„„„,„(„ jr^iS-^-''^ ■,,,;;'™i;^ ',l-:j[^ 4t:'" .""",' l-^;- '""•-'- ovL*;^ s^fflX'-Sicd"?:* ;:^5T '•■'•< ^ -w. ha„, ,o.,v„ than the calyx, on bract ess^hor? ,"."^'''"K- f^'-'ls white, a little hZll 4. M. parviflora rOougl.) Howell rr.„„ or less: basal leaves linear to spatT,h 'e in? i "^^^"^""^ l-l--' Hm. high on one Mde. (disk lobed) ; fi„wers'?hHte ,^ in ho*,"'*' t'"'*^"' '^f'^" J""""^ "S or pedicels 3-4 times as long as the flowor n^^ "\?'",'-'-e. "ron short racemes white, not much longer than fh^ rll ''^''\ °" one or both sides- netals ...aua^Rob. Pe.a,. 5 J;;„L^^,:YMPHACEyf: (Water-lilv Family) Aquatic herbs with large floating leaves; sepals 3-12, petals 3-many, mostly hypogynous; carpels 3-many, distinct or united; ovules borne on the sides, or when solitary hanging from the summit, of the cells; embryo enclosed in a little bag near the hilum. The two following represent F"amilies rather than Genera. Leaves cordate; flowers large; sepals 4-fi, petals numerous; carpels unitwl, the compound ovary with radiating stigmas on the top a? in the poppy 1. Nymphaea. Leaves peltate; flowers small; sepals and petals 3-4; carpels separate 2. Brasenia. 1. NYMPH^A (Yellow Pond-Lily) Sepals concave, large, petals small, thick, scale-like, inserted with the numer- ous stamens under the ovary; the numerous ovules on the sides of the cells; leaves cordate; the flowers usually above the surface. (Dedicated to the Water-Nymphs). 1. N. polysepala (Engelni.) Green ;. Leaves usually floating, but sometimes above the water, ovate-oblong; .sepals yellow, (or in var. picta Engclm. tinged with red) unequal, 8-12 in number, petals 10-18, 5-6 mm. wide, much wider than the filaments; anthers shorter than the filaments; the ovary contracting below the expanded stigma disk. Common V. I. to the Selkirks; Alaska. 2. BRASENIA (Water-Shield) The stems, jx-tiolesand under surfaces of the leaves covered with gelatinous matter; leaves floating; petals oblong; carpels 4-18, forming l-seeded, indehis- cent pods; filaments filiform. 1. B. Schreberi Gmel. Leaves elliptical, centrally attached to the petiole, purplish bcnealh; flowers about 1.5 cm. long, on peduncles about i dm. long, purple. Lakes across the Continent. Lake Buntzen; Stanley Park, Vancouver. RANUNCULACE.-E 128 1. Clematis. 2. Anemone. 5. Myosurua. RANUNCULACE^ (Buttercup Family) Carpels l-ovuled. forming achenes. Mostly climljing or twininR. leaves opposite. Not climbing, leaves alternate >•.<;.. Cauline leaves in a whorl Caulinc leaves not whorled. sometimes wanting ' J-r iting heads long and narrow, leaves linear truitmg heads otherwise. ' Petals wanting. Leaves simple, flowers perfect Pet^^*' 'e™ately compound, flowers dicecio'us ^ FKlers'rV.S'^"'"''''' '"""'"^ '°"'''" '" '""'^»- Leaves simple. Petals none. leaves not lobed Petals small, leaves lobed Leaves compound. Sepals spurred Sepals not spurred. Fruit a berry Fruit of follicles. Petals large, flowers solitary Petals sma!l, or none. Low plants; flowers few Tall plants; flowers many . Flowers irregular. Upper sepal spurred, petals 4 Upper sepal hood-like, petals 2 3, Trautvetteria. 4. Thalictrum. 6. Ranunculus. 7. Caltha. 8. Trollius. 9. Aquileeia. 10. Actaa. U. Paronia. 12. Coptis. 13. Cimicifuga. 14. Delphinium. 15. Aconitum. 1. CLEMATIS lea^oT^LT""^^ ^"^' '^'T^'"« ^y '^^ »^''°''^^ of the compound opposite S fcaX,l5 ta^rTf h'?^ntrn"T= ^^0 numerous carpels becoming XTs wun leatnery tails. ( 1 he name from Gk. klema, a tendril is usuallv mU pronounced: the accent should be on the first syllable). ^ 1. C. Columbiana Hornem. Leaves simply 3-foIiate ovate sliirhtlv ZnTJo'^^ leaflets petioled. simple, acute or acuminate entire «; de£ te"^ LpafiruL r^'cm tn^ H ''°"'' '""'^ P*^'^""^!^^ '" '•''^^""^ «f the leaves: sepa s blue, d-5 cm. long, oblong, acute or acuminate; some of the outer fila ments sometimes enlarged: tails „f the achenes 4-5 cn^. long (Ci^^tTcillarT, columhtana Gray . Rockies: Vernon: Rossland. ^erttctUans „„?;^' "«»«"clfolla Nutt. Leaves pinnate, mostly S-foliate- leaflets ovate, coarsely toothed: flowers dioecious in cymes: sepals whi°e 1 cm lone ^metrLr'eSin'g.* V^.-^i. '°"^- ^^"°"' 'on 3-f. -ted, the others 2-parted: the (lowers , 4';"!"^' ^""'T ^^'^ '*"''"■'■'*= !"^"'' "" ^^s^''*-; sepals 5-7, purple or whitish. 6-4 cm ong; the plumose achenes in a more open head, the tails 2.5 cm northward ^»tlall,ana Gray). East of the Coast Range and far lpfv,.-> r"'"!*"'-' P C. (Northern A.) Sparingly villous, 1-2 dm, high; ir , .r . '^u '■"•''''•.^"f'^'''^''' !''*^ '"""^'"y *^""*'»''-' stunients crv-nately lobed usuX wi 1, .n'"\ ."■"'' T^'"'*' f'','"' "" ^■K'^«-"ts deeply lobed; sepals usually with a bluish tinge; head of achenes g bbular. Mt. Cheam- Golden- common in the Sclkirks and Rockies; Alaska OoKlcn. hieht.x^r"^'!!^'^''!', ^\''--- ^■^'■'^"^''"- H ^P=»""gly villous, 1-2 dm. high, k.iyes 3-partc< , the divi.mons cut into oblong obtuse lobes, the lobes of pV^en;""^R„?^i5rL;rSe(kT;kl''-' """'^'^ °^ ''^^ ^^^'^ ^'-- ^^PP^^^^ 3 'f',.^;f,.?i'".'f'®*!'^i''"'''- . (Wind-Flower). Villous, 1.5-5 dm. high; leaves liner ^^^V; 1 T' •'"^•^' I'^^/^l-'^n'^* ^'^-ft into narrow! v-oblong or il"f; '• r%'"'' "•""■ 'h.'_ divisions of the involucre sessile or long-petioled; n.ft?T'u^V' '•" various shades of pink, blue, or yellow; pubescent with- Rc^kies; Ui'ska'!''"'"''' "*•«'"*'"'')• ^^^'^''y '^- ^pence's Bridge; I'rinceton; ^ fni;^,; *'^"?''**^ Hook. Stem simple, .slender, 1-3 dm. high; leaflets d-loliatc, ovate or rhomboid, crcnate-serratc; involucral leaves similar on Ri«-r!t"trward • '"'"'' ^■''""' "^°"' ' ^'"- '""S- Coast Range. Salmon t Jo' ^' *=*"»**«"»'? L. Stems pubescent; leaves 8 cm. wide or more, tomen- nunclo"",^:'?""' '"-■"'^•^.'h: '-nolucre sessile, the primary bearing k nXd peduncle, and soon a pair of branches with a 2.1eavcn.'^^KiKS ': 1>S£. ':i£^ V^^V-^im IaE'. ^ [TiSj^gyiTi^ol RANUNCULACE^ 133 spirits HSIS^ri^F^f • »-» ...h 3 sh« or lo„, blu„, lobes, p..,aU oSS.JSvat 'SfJ lX"'5; •«''j';/j.5kS5'u.i^ 184 RANUNCULACE^E f-- I-- rf' the_ obtuse glabrous sepals; achenes short-beaked. Plains east of the Cascades; Lytton. Flowering very early. 12. R. ovalis Raf. Low, 0.8-2 dm. high, nearly glabrous; basal leaves thickish, oval to rhombic or oblong, entire, or slightly lobed, with a few large crenate teeth; the cauline narrower, entire or deeply oblong-lobed, the lobes entire; petals large, oblong, carpels short-beaked, in a globose head. Kamloops to Rockies. 13. R. inamoenus Greene. Sparsely hairy, 1-3 dm. high; radical leaves short-petioled, obovate-flabelliform. crenately tovjthed or 3-l()bedat summit, or sometimes 3-cleft to base; cauline sessile, once or twice ternately divided into oblanceolate segments; peduncles short, slender, solitary, or several and subumbellate; corolla 6-10 mm. broad; the 5 small petals obovate-oblong; head of pubescent achenes oblong-cylindrical. Banff; Crow's Nest Pass. 14. R. abortivus L. Biennial, slightly succulent, stem 3-5 dm. high, sparsely pubescent; root-leaves cordate, with a broad, shallow sinus, cuneate or slightly lobed; the cauline 3-5-parted; petals pale, shorter than the small, reflexed calyx; receptacle villous; carpels minute, mucronulate. Armstrong; Creston. 15. R. hyperboreus Roth. (Arctic Buttercup). Glabrous, stems filiform, 1 dm. or less long; leaves 3-lobed, the lobes usually entire; ovate, 4-8 mm. broad; peduncles 8-12 mm. long; flowers few, 5 mm. broad, the petals shorter than the sepals; head of fruit globose; achenes with a minute, blunt point. Arctic regions, southward ia Rockies. 16. R. pygmseus Wahl. Dwarf, 2-5 cm. high, leaf-blades glabrous, lobod to the middle or more deeply, the lobes obtuse, the petioles glabrous or slightly pubescent; 1-flowered, sepals obtuse, pubescent, becoming brown and reflexed; head of achenes ovate-oblong; the style hooked. Rockies; Lake Louise; Alaska. 17. R. Suksdorfii Gray. Similar, glabrous, leaves subreniform-flabelli- form, the divisions of the cauline linear; petals round obovate; achenes in a small, globular head; style long, slender. Alpine, Rockies. 18. R. Eschscholtzii Schlecht. (Mt. B.) Nearly glabrous, or the leaves ciliate and the calyx pubescent; 1-3 dm. high, leaves slightly fleshy, the radical often divided nearly to the base, the uppermost with about 5 long entire lobes; llowers 1 to few, about 2 cm. broad; the sepals greenish yellow, re- flexed, not half as long as the petals; achenes in an oblong head, 1 cm. long or more, plump, abruptly contracting to a short, slender beak. Alaska to Wn. This includes R. alpeophllus A. Nels, which has leaf-margins barely ciliate, calyx nearly or quite glabrous; basal leaves broader and not very deeply lobed; corolla deeper yellow; and achenes with a broader summit. Plants from the Coast and Cascade Mts. appear to belong to the former; those from the Rockies to both, but mainly, in the south, at least, to the latter. 19. R. sceleratus L. (Cursed B.) Erect or ascending annual, 2-5 dm. high, glabrous, (an occasional plant pubescent); loaves light green, .3-.5- lobed, the sinuses round or acute, the lobes about 3-lobccl ; stem leaves petioled; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; achenes in an oblong head; the receptacle becoming itiflated, more or less pubescent; achenes marginless. Margins of ponds, ditches; Salmon Arm; Okanagan Valley eastward. 20. R. saxicola Rydb. About 1 dm. long, decumbent or ascending; leaves ciliate, the radical round to reniform-flabellate, 3-cleft, the middle lolje narrow, the lateral oblique, all more or less toothed: the rauline divisions linear; flowers 1-2 cm. broad; sepals tinged with brown, very broad; head of achenes oblong, 5-10 mm. long; achenes more or less pubescent, with a straight style. Among stones and rocks, Rockies; Yoho; Glacier. • ^KSum^itt^vf^Biiva/p:: ' «%> RANUNCULACE/E 135 about 3 cm. b oS the ots o^flhe "^^^^ ?' ^'^T'"^' ,"'^'^^' ''^'^^'^' petals oblotip nhmit in" J 1 u "''P*^' '^'^^*"'' ''"ear-lanceo ate, entire- a^d west of'ihc Cascades "'^ ''^'"" """'^'"^^ '" ^ «'«'*'^^ head! V. I ,' tea r't-i' £9;KFr — -^^^ SI oil 130 RANUNCULACE/E llM I I f), I. 7. CALTHA (Marsh Marigold) Glabrous marsh plants, with thick cordate leaves, and whitish or yellow flowers; sepals H or more; [x-tals none; fruit several follicles. (6"*. kalathos a goblet, in allusion to the shape of the flower). Flowers yellow, sepals obovate i C awrifolia Howers whitisli or hluish, sepals oblong. j. «_. asanioua. Leaves broader than long .... •> r i,iflr.r> Leaves orbicular or oblong. ... i. v,. omora. Leaves obtuse 3. C. leptosepala. Leaves acutish 4. C. chelidoSiL 1. C. asarifolla DC. (Yellow M.) Stout, 3 dm. or more high; stems erect or decumbent, bearing 2 or more leaves, often branching; lower leaves reniform-orbicular, 5-12 cm. broad, slightly crenate to entire; flowers yellow, usually several, 3-4 cm. broad. In water or wet meadows. Comox; Lower Fraser, and eastward; Alaska. 2. C. biflora DC. Leaves nu erous, 3..5-7.5 cm. broad, long-pctiolcd, erect, the blade round-reniform with a closed sinus, regularly crenate, the cauline leaf below the middle with a broad, clasping stipule; the two peduncles very unequal; filaments filiform; sepals (5-10, oblong, 4 times as long as the anthers. Alaska to Wash. ; rare in southern British Columbia. 3. C. leptosepala DC. (Mountain M.) Plants l-4dm. high; the stem usually with a single leaf with or without a pcduncled flower in its axils; leaves ovate to oblong, or orbicular, very obtuse, the blades 3-7 cm. long, with long or short petioles, entire or slightly crenate, cordate; flowers usually -"L u?'^""^'^ ^"^' ^^°^^'' the sepals 6 or more, oblong, white, or usuallv tinged With blue on the outside. (C. Macounii Greene). Wet alpine meadows. V. I. to Rockies; Alaska. 4. C. chelidonii Greene. Dwarf 0.5-1 dm. high; leaves all round-cordate with open sinus, the petiole little longer man the blade, acutish, slightly cre- nate, 2.5 cm. long or less, the cauline leaf not small, rather long petioled, near the base, its axillary peduncle about one-half as long as the terminal, Its stipules somewhat lunate. A little-known species. Yellow-Head Pass. 8. TROLLIUS (Globe Flower) Perennials with palmately parted leaves like those of the Buttercup, thick, fibrous roots, and large, terminal, solitary flowers; sepals 5-15, petal-like; petals inconspicuous; carpels several, forming follicles. (Latinized form of the German name). 1. T. laxus Salisb. Stout, 2-() dm. high; leaves very deeply parted, the uppermost sessile; sepals 5-6, orbicular, creamy; petals 15-25, concealed by the stamens; follicles 3-6-seeded. Mts., Cascades to Rockies; Roger's Pass; Strathcona Park, V. I. 2. T. alblflorus Rydb. Similar, slender, 1-2 dm. high; sepals white, or tinged pink. Lake O'Hara; Glacier. 9. AOUILEGIA (Columbine) Tall perennials with 2-3-ternately compound leaves; sepals 5, colored like the petals; petals 5, all spurred; carpels 5 with slender .styles; follicles erect, many-seeded, surrounded when young by a membranous sheath of modi- fied stamens. (L. aquila, an eagle, referring to the spurs of the flowers). Flowers red and yellow 1. A.formosa. Flowers yellow la. A. f. var. flaves- Itowersblue 2. A.'brTvistylis. r }a ^' '°r™**"^ Fischer. Glabrous, excepting a fine pubescence above, 5-10 dm. high; leaves 2-3 ternate, the segments round-obovate, deeply cleft and crenate; flowers red without, yellowish within, the limb of the petals RANUNCULACE/E 187 3-6 mm. Io.-.r. yellow- spurs ronlr.u ting to tho ini.l.Ile, 12-20 mm. Ioml;, shorter than the sc-pals; folhcles puhes<,nt. (A. Columbiana Rydb). Common. I oast to Rockii's; Al.iska southwanl to Wash. „;„*^ '^j'r- flavescens (Wats). Fryc & Rij;«. Sef^ls v.!!.,w, „r ti.iK.d with pnlc which intensift.-s m dryinj;. Sclkirks and Rockies; Arrowhead; .Mt blcptien. I.i'l'^" •j'"«r'«*y"'' ""7^, .Slender.3-r, dm. high; Laves l.iternate. the leaf- w fh . c! ■ '"n ■" ""^''' I" '■•"■ '■'"« or tnore; sc-pals l,l„e; petals whitish with a short l.lue ^pur 0-8 iiim. long, styles and stamens hardly exceeding the petals. Rocky places. Banff to Telegraph Trail. 10. ACT/EA (Baneherry) Tall perennials with 2-3-ternate leaves; flowers white, in short racemes; petals 4-10; stigma 2-Tobed; fruit a berry. (An ancient name). .J' \ ^'ft"** .Nutt- . Nearly glabrous. 6-9 dm. hi^h. branching; leaflets thm. sharply incised with acute teeth; flowers white in a short cvlindrical raremo. which elongates in fruit; berries subglobose. red. 5-7 mm. long; seeds .3 mm. long, riii, kets. Coast to Rockies; Alaska. 2. A. eburnea Rydb. Similar; fruit white, ellipsoidal, 9-12 mm. lone seeds about 4 mm. long. Same range. ^ 11. P>EONIA (Peony) Low herbs with tuberous roots; much-dissected leaves, and large solitary Howers; petals 5 or n;ore. ins.rted with the stamens on a fleshy perigynous disk; carpels few, Incoming coriaceous, sessile follicles. (A Greek name). 1. P. Brownii Dougl. (;iabrous and glaucous; stems ascending, 3-6 dm. long; leaves thick, in linear-oblong lobes; petals red. thick, scarcely onger than the green calyx. Assigned to Mountains of V. I. but not col- lected recently. 12. COPTIS (Gold Thread) Low. evergreen perennials, with yellow rootstocks; sepals .5-7 white 4-5 mm. long; petals 5-7. filiform, enlarging at apex or middle; follicles 3-12! stipitate. (Gk. koptetn, to cut. in allusion to the leaves). 1. C. trifoHata Salisb. Leaflets 3, obovate, with a wed ' -« shining, sharply toothed obscurely 3-lobed; scape 1-flowcred; epals oval'; petals club-shaped; folicles equaling the stipe. Deep woods, I'orth Van- couver; Mt. Mark, V. I.; northward. 2. C. asplenifolla Salisb. Leaves pinnately 5-foliate, much dissected; scape 1-3-flowered ; sepals linear, whitish; ,>etals enlarged near th. middle; follicles shorter than the stipe. Deep woods, Ucluelet, V. L; Com«; New Westminster; and northward. 13. CIMICIFUGA (BuGBANE) Tall perennials with 2-3-ternate leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and small, white flowers in wand-hke racemes; .sepals 4-5, deciduous; petals small o^ none; stamens with white filaments. (L. cimex, a hug;fugere, to drive away). 1. C. elata Nutt. Pubescent to tomentosc, and glandular above; 12 dm. high; leaflets thin, 5-10 cm. broad; carpels 1-5; follicles 8 mm. long, sessile. Mt. Cheam; only Canadian reference. 14. DELPHINIUM Larkspur) Tall herbs with palmately lobed leaves and racemose, blue flowers; .sepals 5, petal-hke. one of them spurred; petals 4, the two upjxjr with spurs enclosed /"r, ,f L^P""" °J fhe.sepal; fruit 3-5 follicles; many of the six-cies are poisonous. (Uelpfim, a dolphin, in allusion to the shape of the flowers). 1 t ■I It of ii\ >M RANUNCULACE/E Introduced anniiali .... • r» ai.^. Native iKr,-nni .l!<. '• "• ■*'■"■■ Koot» clonualf. f.i.vlcletl. not tuber-like. Lower pedicrl.4 iDnncr than the llowers .... 2D bicolor Lower pcnliKnou9 ... ....(ID. columhianum. Peduncles iihoricr than tlie flowers 7. o. simplex. 1. D. AJaris I.. Lcavis dm. high: roots fascicled, thick, sometimes elonRated; leaves thitki^h, with linear segments; racemes few-lS-flowered; spur 15-18 mm. 'ong. slender; the upiK-r petals with a brownish-yellow border, (lowers mostly lighter blue and with more slender spurs than those of D. Menziesit, from which it is dis- tinumshed by the elongate roots, and the slighter pul)escence; follicles piilK-scent. Lytton to Rockies. 3. D. Brownil Rydb. Tall. 6-1.5 dm. high; stem glabrous, leaves pubes- cent, with narrower segments than those of D. ^taucum; flowers rather loose on almost erect |)cdicels, 1-2 cm. long, dark blue or pur), ish; spur short and thick, 1 cm. long; follicles glabrous. Alaska southward to Banff; Kmerald Lake. 4. D. £laucum Wats. Tall. 6-15 dm. hii-h, glabrous and glaucous; leaves laciniately lobed and toothed, the divisions rather broad; flowers rather dense, pale blue, on short spreading or ascending pdicels; inflorescence (except the sepals) glabrous, follicles glabrous; very poisonous. Alaska to Wash, in the eastern part of the province. 5. D. Menzlesll DC. Usually pubescent throughout, the whole stem with spreading, hirsute pubescence, 1-6 dm. high; roots thick, short, tuber- Iike; leaves thickish, deeply cut into oblong segm'^nts, the upper linear; flowers deep blue or purplish, upper petals white or bluish, glabrous, the lower hairy; spur 10-16 mm. long; raceme 1-15-flowered; pedicHs spreading or ascending; follicles pubescent, finally spreading. Apparently harmless, at least in the case of sheep. The coast form, V. I., and sand pits on the main- land. Specimens from the Rockies have the upper petals brownish or yellow- ish as in D. bicolor. 6. D. columbianum Greene. Stems glabrous below, velvety above, in"ovn. pinnate ... i H»rh»ri. Herb.*. l.-avpi(leiiduoiia. not pinnate . . . . i. orrorrii. Flowers silicate ,, A..11,. Ftowerspanicled • . . . ! i i . ! i ! a'] V.;',;'/olveria. 1. BERBERIS (Barberry) Shrubs with yellowish wood, flowers in clustered terminal racemes and blue very acid, berries; stamens 0, in front of the jxtals, wnsitive; sepals yellow' with 3 or 4 colored subtending bracts. (The Arabic name). I eafleU pulmately 3 5 veined, often 13 in nervo«. Lcatieta pinnati-ly veini-d. i. o. nervom. ^^fl^^^7Vn"'"''•L"y '""'*■ ,'"'""''"'= 2. n. a'lujfolium. Leaflets J-7 dull, weakly spinuloae 3. U repens" 1 a B- nervosa Pursh. (Oregon Grapic). Stems simple, 3 0 dm. high; caHets ."i-lS, or on young plants 13; sn the leaves arc often purplish beneath, and set themselves in a vertical plane at right angles to the meridian. 3. Vancouverla hesandra NL & C. A pubescent herb, with 2.3-tcrnately conipoui.d leaves, and flowers on pedicels 2 cm. long, is said to occur on V. I. PAPAVERACE/E (Poppy Family) Herbs usually with milky juice, and opposite or alternate leaves without stiptjles; flowers hypogynous, regular, the parts in 2's or 4's, sepals 2, fugacious; petals 4-12, deciduous; stamens 4-many (usually many); capsule 1-cclled with parietal placentae. ' I eaves opposite or whorled. entire Leaves alternate, lobed or dissected. Sepals united into a narrow cap; capsule linear Sepals not united; capsule 3ub>'lobose 1. Platystigma. 2. Eschscholtzia. 3. Papaver. 1. PF.ATY.STIGMA Low annuals without milky juice, with relatively long peduncles; sepals 2; petals 6; stamens 4-12; sigmas 3, short, but not united; parietal placentse 3; seeds smooth and shining. (Greek platys, flat). I. P. oreganum Wats. Smooth, 2.r)-,5 cm. high, simple, or branching Irom the base, radical leaves spatulate, not more than 6 mm. long; petals white, jsf ■, ly?, 1 140 FUMARFArE/E 2-3 mm. long expanding at night, s. mt- 4-6 Wet places where water Irs m Spring; Victoria. 2. ESCHSCIIOi i ZIA Glabrous herbs with colorless juice c. ;' t of the root red, and finely dissected leaves: sepals 2, united into »i;i'' 'lood which encloses the [ictals in bud; petals 4; stamens many, > "ar> l, .-lie '. styles 4-6, united below, tat,- 8ule cjlongated. (Es!:»-scholtz wai ■ iii.m b tanist). ■l■llo^ , Lt varying in color, 5 cm. ■) 1 by thf projecting placenta; by ch'ilf r "Jcr the stigma. r>. ' '^ ,' jr less hispid- • ■' / .obed or parted; ' ' . '■ i' '. Alpine, Rockies >iit.Tr\ .n. high or more, .3, clasping, slightly ui middle. A garden 1. E. californica Cham. FIov. wide or more. Garden escape, Vic 3. PAPA "fR ;' Herbs with juice; ovary incomplete! -i-.a.) > ' stigmas united into a radiate crown- i ■'^' op( rin 1. P. alpinum L. (Arctic P.) Tuft ! j hirsute; stems siapose, less than 1 Jm. ..il'Ii; 1- petals about 1 cm. long, yellow or li'c; r.r ■ and northward. {P. nudiraule, P. p ■: mnw'. 2. P. sominferum (Opium P.) A nual, ; glabrous or hispid above; leaves glai.r )us ar , . lobed or dentate; petals large, purpl ,, fi.i.kcat in escape, New Westminster, etc. FUMARIACE^ Tend^T herbs with watery juic, dissected leaves and irregular, hypo- gynous flowers 12 .-.purred at base, the parts in 2's; stamens R, diadelphous; T^""^ l-c- !lcd v.i 1 2 parietal placentae; sepals 2, small; corolla flattened and Closed, the 4 petals in 2 pairs, the inner pair with tips united over the stigma. Both outer pt'.!i spurred . i r,:™_,,„ OnlylpeulspurreS . ..:::::::; 2:cirydaU.. 1. DICENTRA (Bleeding Heart) SteiTiIess perennbls; petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped corolla; the middle stamen of each group 2-celled, the others 1-celIcd; seeds crested. (Uicek dt, twice, kentron, a spur). 1. D. formosa DC. Scapes 2-4 dm. high, from a scaly rootstock, leaf divisions piiinatifid; flowers reddish in a compound raceme, petals narrow and united below; pod 2.5-3 cm. long, terete; seeds black, white-crested. Rich woods. Coast. 2. D. uniflora Kell. Scapes 5 cm. high, from fusiform tuberous-roots; leaves with 3-7 pmnatifid divisions; flowers 1 or 2, pink: the outer pair of petals with strongly recurving tips, the inner pair dilated and hastate at base. Kossland. 2, CORYDALIS The deciduous corolla l-spurred at base; flowers in simple or panicled racemes; otherwise as in Dicentra. (Greek name for the crested lark). Flowe" Jelbw** °"°'*' *'''' ^'''°* *'■'!' 1. C. »empervir«3. 1. C. sempervirens Per^. (Pai.e C.) Erect, glaucous. 2-8 dm. high- racemes paniclcd; spur stout, short, 3 mm. long; pods erect. 3-4 cm long (C. glauca Pursh.) Rocky places and clearings, Vancouver; Revelstoke; northward. 2. C. aurea Willd. (Golden C.) More or less decumbent, glaucous 1-4 dm high, rnrcmcp TOhtary; corolla 1-2 cm. long, spi-r more slender than in ^o. 1, 3 mm. long; pods pendulous, becoming torulose; seeds obtuse- margincd Rocky places and clearings, Vernon; Princeton; northward. u**?.*^ °* Engelm. Flowers rather larger, spur nearly as long as the body, pods on short pedicels, seeds acutish on the margin. V. I.: Kamloops; Vernon. " CRUCIFER.C 141 CRUCIFER/E (Mustard Family; 1. Physarla. 2. SmclowskU. 3. Coronopui. 4. Lvpidium. 5. Thlaspl. 6. Capsella. 7. Hutcbiniia. 8. Neslia. Herbs, petals 4, stamens f, fsr^mctimes 4 or 2) tctradynamouv ':cpals 4 deculuous: pod usua ly 2-cclle.l by a thin partition stretchedX w^ fthe marKmal pla.ent* ether lonRor than broa.l (a silique). or short ac.l de) flowers jn ternnnal racemes; seeds few to many, the co vledons a.a/™/" re^.the.r margins on one side applied to the radicle (the embryo ""0^,.* section thus o = ): or ,mumbent, the back of one cotvledon applie f, X radicle (m cross-section thus Oi ); or mnduplicate. the radicle enf.lded I v the cotyledon, m cross-secl ion thus oj. > The classification Ipen large y hm thn : J ■■"«•. ^'T">' '^",'' '''' "^ compound leaves in this fa3 y I^gment. ' " " ^'^''"'^"^'y "^^^ f°^ convenience rather than7eaf: Pods murh inliated Pods not inflated . . ' ' Putx-scence. I any, not stellate. Cells 1 -seeded. Pods wrinkled Pods not wrinkled , Cells with several seeds. Pods I cm. Ions, winned at apex , "oa* 4-5 mm. long not wingH at apex. Pods triangular-obcordate Pods elliptical Pods not compressed contrary to the partition "Ms 1-2.5 times longer than broad. P'ids indehiscent. Pods Elobose. flowers yellow. (Flowers purple. No. 26) Pods flat, circular, flower- white. f 1 , ". *a; Pod not winged, pubescence stellate _ . ?<«. wing'.-d, pubescence not stellate rod dehiscent. Plants growing under water Plants terrestrial. Pods ci. npressed parallel to the partition. rods 3 cm. broad Pods much narrower. Basal leaves 8 cm. long, pod slightly turgid Ba»I leaves short, pod not turgid. Pods ovate or oblong Pods orbicular. Pubescence stellate „ , Pubescence of hairs attached by the middle Pod globose or ovoid, little if at all compressed Pub»fcence .stellate ^^ Pubescence not stellate. Flowers yellow. Pod mr.rgined. pear-shaped Pod not margined, ovoid-oblong Flowers white Pods much longer than broad. ... Pods flat, compressed parallel to the partition. Valves nerveless. Flowers pink, large; seeds in I row Fl°*era white, or yellow, mostly small. Pods long, seeds often in 1 row. Valves opening elastically, seeds wingless Valves not opening elastically. seeds often wingtd fods short, 1.5 cm. long, or less, seeds in 2 rows valves not opening elastically . Valves nerved. Pods more or less torulose. Pod stipitate. glabrous . Pod not stipitate, p:;b€5cent . • . . Pods not torulose. Pods 1.5 cm. long, or less „ Pods usually exceeding 2 cm. . . . . , n'i""* or tetragonal, not compressed. • • . . rods indehiscent, more nr less be-ked. Pods transversely 2>jointed, seeds 2. Pods not 2-jotnted, seeds several. • . . , 9. Athysanus. 10. Thysanoc.irput 11. Subularia. 12. Lunaria. 20. Nesodraba 21. Draba 13. Alyssum. 14. Lobularia. 15. Le3(4ucreUa. Ifi. Camelina, 17. Radicula. 19. Cochlearia. 18. Dentaria. 23. Cardamine 22. Arabis. 21. Draba. 24. Thelypodium. 25. Braya. 21. Draba. 22. Arabis. i::iiii Hi:- il; !« \ Ml iff I ■: lit::" 26. Cakiie. 27. Raphanui. 142 CRUCIFER^ }*» Pods dehiscent. Pods with a stout beak ... JS Branica Pods beakless, merely tipped with the style. ■ • • • «»>.«. Pods terete. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Valves of short pod nerveless 17. Radicula. Valves of elongateu pod nerved. Seeds flat, pod more than 3 cm. long .22. Arabis glabra, seeds plump, pod less than 3 cm. long; leaves pin- -^. . "^'« °r P'nnat'fid 29. Sisymbrium. Seeds in 1 row in each cell. Flowers purple 30. Hesperus. P-^H.JJIIT Jl"°* 'i'' **""-.. w 29. Sisymbrium. Pods 4-anKled by a strong midrib. Leaves lyrate 3I. Barbarea. Leaves not lyrate. Leaves entire, pubescence appressed . .32. Erysimum Leaves various, pubescence, if any, spreading . 29. Sisymbrium. 1. PHYSARIA (Mountain Bladder-Pod, Twin Pod) Low, st?IIately canescent perennials with simple leaves and yellow race- mose flowers; the two cells of the pod much inflated, thin and papery. (Gk. Physa, a bladder). f t^ j \ 1. P. didymocarpa Gray. Stems several, 10-15 cm. high, with linear or very narrowly spatuiate leaves; basal leaves ovate-orbicular, 1 cm. long on pitioles twice as long, entire, or sinuately toothed, densely canescent. Drv ground, Columbia Valley; Rockies. 2. SMELOWSKIA Low, tufted, canescent perennials, with well developed roots, and pinnate leaves; pods somewhat 4-angled, hardly twice as long as the sepals, slightly compressed kterally, the valves keeled. (Named for some Russian). ^•c?" ^'"^'■Icana Rydb. Aboat 1 dm. high; leaf blades pinnate or pin- natitid, shorter than the petiole, 2-3 cm. long; racemes I to several; flowers white. Alpine; crevices of rocks. Cascades to Rocki-s; Mt. Cheam; Alaska. 3. CORONOPUS (Wart-Cress) Low, prostrate annuals, with minute white flowers, and often only 2 stamens; pods flattened contrary to the narrow partition, the cells wrinkled, 1-seeded. (L.k. korona, a crow, and pous, a foot, in allusion to the cleft leaves). _ 1. C. didymus (L.)Sm. Glabrous; leaves 1-2-pinnately parted; flowers in racemes; pods ? mm. broad; plants with a peppery odor. Introd., Nanaimo. 4. LEPIDIUM (Peppergrass) Low annuals, or biennials; petals white, small, or wanting; stamens 2, ;/-?'','■'?■ o''b|cular. the apex usually notched; cotyledons incumbent. (Gk. leptdton, a little scale). Stem-leaves clasping. Pod Hinged at apex . i ^.nn..>,. PouwinKless . . 2 T ' nJThf Stem-leaves not clasping. Liraoa. Lo.ver leaves bi-pinnatifid, glabrous, stamens 6 . . . 31 sativum Leaves not bi-pinnatiHd, stamens 2-4. ""vum. Leaves hirsute, piiinately parted 4 l Menilesii Leaves pubescent to gliibrous, not pinnatcly parted. ' ' ' I ods barely notched at apex, lower leaves and stem puberulent. S. L. strictum fods notched at apex, lower leaves ind often the lower part of the stems glabrous . Petals wanting at anetalnm 1. L. campe«re (L.) R. Br (Field Cress). About 3 dm. high, bran-hing puberulent throughout; basal leaves spatulate-oblong: the cauline numerous auriculafe. denticulate; t)edircls spreading, pubescent, twice as long as the rough pod. Iiitrod. Armstrong. CRUCIFER^ J43 upSer'-cUs'plJg; ^noJo^'c^^^'lnts^'V^^fl^K^T''. °^"?"S or oval, the Bpicuous st?Ie'' I„rd! y^l^lTKrSons- Trill '"""' ""'' ^"^ ^- \oL\!^'l"bU,itaMd''T^ ^'"'''^■- ^'^>/i'"^' '^bout 3 dm. high; the 5. THLASPI (Pen-v Cress) spitub^e'So/sparSrtooihetLtioIecf 'f^ ''^"' 'l^" ^"'''"'^^' ^« petals white or pale purDlc 0 mm Inn;,^H <■ ' 'PP*''' °'''°"^' •''ruminate; .. .he .PCX. oa-p^ifecT's^s'r; ft.' '^;;:?; ca's-'/srcE"""*'' 6. CAPSELLA (Shepherd's Purse) 7. HUTCHINSIA P<^"l^it^SmSLTcon7ral^v' foX '" ^'°"^^"^^- T— • and short turn., ^seeds ma.r^,^=^L:;^--— P--,^;^ s^^ (&;.../;« i,-.«M.a/a Wr'vkto'ria!sS«-s Bridge '"• '°"'' '""" "' ^P*'*" i 144 CRUCIFER/E i: iW 8. NESLIA Erect herbs with branching pubescence, entire leaves and yellow flowers, pods small, globose, reticulated, 1-celled, 1-seeded. (de Ncsle was a French botanist). 1. N. paniculata (L.) Desv. (Ball Mustard). RouRh-hispid, 3-6 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, the upper sagittate-clasping; racemes elongated; pods 2 mm. in diameter. Introd., V. I. eastward. Common. 9. ATHYSANUS Low, slender annuals with basal leaves and racemes of small flowers, elongated in fruit; petals small or none; pods orbicular, not margined, in- dehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded; cotyledons accumbent. (Gk. a without, thysanos a fringe; the pod is not margined). 1. A. pusiUus Greene. Pubescence stellate; many slender stems spring- ing from the base, 1 dm. long; leaves spatulate, entire, or denticulate, cauline leaves very few; pod 2 mm. broad, on short, at length reflexed, pedicels. Dry, sandy places, Victoria. 10. THYSANOCARPUS (Lace-Pod) Much as in /I /A>fio«MS, but the pods are winged. (Gk. iAwanoi, a fringe, karpos, fruit). 1. T. curvipes Hook. Hirsute below, 1-3 dm. high ; radical leaves oblance- olate, pinnatifid or serrately toothed; the upper lanceolate and sagittate; pods 5 mm. broad, winged all around, on short, at length recurving pedicels. Dry slopes. Cedar Hill; Victoria. 11. SUBULARIA (AwLWORT) Dwarf, stemless, aquatic, perennial, with tufted, awl-shapd leaves; pod ovoid or globose, the valves 1-nerved, seeds several; cotyledons incumbent. (L. siihula, an awl). 1. S. aquatica L. Tufted, leaves nearly terete, growing in shallow water, sending up a few-flowered scape of minute white flowers. Margins of lakes, Nfld. to B.C.; Sproat Lake, V. I. 12. LUNARIA Pubescent branching annuals, biennials or perennials, with broad leaves; very large, round, flat pods, from which the valves finally fall, leaving the white shining; septum. (Whence the name luna, the moon). 1. L. annua L. (Homesty). Annual or biennial; flowers purple, large; pod stipitate. A garden escape. Vancouver. 13. ALYSSUM Perennial or annual herbs, with stellate pubescence; petals yellow or white; entire or retusc; capsule orbicular, margined; valves nerveless, convex, 1-2 seeded. (Gk. a, not, and hyssa, madness; checking madness). 1. A. alysoldes L. (Yellow Alysum). Low, hoary annual; leaves linear-spatulate; petals pale yellow or whitish, little exceeding the persistent sepals. Introd., Vancouver. 14. LOBULARIA (Sweet Alyssum) Perennial herbs, pubescent with hairs attached by the middle; petals white, entire; filaments toothed near the base; pod as in Alyssum; seeds 1 in each cell. (N'ame from the lobed hairs). '•.L. maritima Desv. Slightly hoary; leaves linear; petals little ex- ceeding the deciduous sepals; filaments not toothed; flowers honey-scented. Introd., Victoria. CRUCIFER^ 145 15. LESOUERELLA (Bladder-Pod) Hoary herbs with stellate puliescence and yellow flowers; pod elobose with a hyaline partition; the valves nerveless; seeds in 2 rows flat- cotyle- dons accumbent. (Lesquercux was an American botanist). 1. L. Douglasii Wats. Canesccnt throughout; stems simple, many from a woody caude.x, 1-2 dm. high; root-leaves ob<)\ate to lanceolate, entire petioled, the cauhne linear-spatulate; pods globo.-c or slightly obovoid! tipped with the slender style. D. I.; Princeton; Penticton. 16. CAMELINA (False Flax) Annuals with stellate pubescence; pod obovoid, tipped with the style acutish, margined; valves 1-nervcd; seeds numerous, oblong or round; cotyle- dons incumbent; flowers yellow. (Gk. chamai, low, linon, flax). Seeds 2 mm. long, pods 6-7 mm. broad \ c «ati«a Seeds 1 mm. long, pods 4-5 mm. broaa 2." C.' raic.^ocarpa. 1. C. satlva Crantz. Annual, 2-6 dm. high, erect, branching; stem-leaves lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, entire or dentate, pubescence stellate; raceme becoming miich elongated; pods on pedicels 1.3-3 cm. long. Inlrod. Com- mon in interior. 2. C. microcarpa Anderz. More slender, 1-0 dm. hijrh; pods smaller on pedicels 1.5 cm. long, or less. Introd. widely, Vancouver; Kamloops; etc. 17. RADICULA (Water-Cress) Aquatic or marsh plants, glabrous, with seeds in 2 rows in each cell- the convex, nerveless valves forming a terete pod; cotyledons accumbent; flowers white or yellow. Rortpa Scop. Nasturtium k. Br. (name meaning a little ra. gemmata). Wet woods, Koksila, \'. !.; Burnaby. 19. COCHLEARIA Low, glabrous, somewhat succulent ii rbs, with small white flowers; pod subglobose to short oblong, often somewhat obcompressed, the very turgid valves distinctly 1-ncrved; seeds 2-scveral in 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons accumbent. (L. cochlear, a spoon, in allusion to the shape of the leaves). 1. C. anglica L. Radical and lower caulinc leaves pctioled, ovate or suborbicular, subentire; pods reticulated, about equaling the pedicel, tipped with the style. Seashore, Mctlakahtia and northv/ard; Wn. 20. NESODRABA Stout, acaulcscent perennials, with a thick, (icrpendicular roo'.stock, crowned with rather ample leaves; peduncles leafy, decumbent; flowers yellow; pod in the following species broad, somewhat turgid, flattened iiarallel to the partition; seeds in 2 rows, wingless, ((ik. nesos, an island, and Uraba). 1. N. medalocarpa Greene. Basal leaves stcllately pubescent, 8 cm. long, oblong-spatulate coarsely few-toothed towards the apex; peduncles 1-1.5 dm. long; pods oblong, about O mm. wide, l..')-2 cm. long, tipped with the distinct style. Triangle Is., V. I.; Queen Charlotte Is. 21. DRABA Low annuals or perennials with leafy or scapo.se .stems, an flowers; sepals short, broad, obtuse; petals obovale; stvle wanting; silique ovate to linear-oblong; seeds in 2 rows not gined. (Gk. drabe, biting). Annuals, style usually none. Pod pubescent, stem somewhat leafy. Flowers yellow, or yellow fadiuK white; ports ascending Flowers white; pods erect Pod glabrous; stem scapose, leafless, or with 1-2 leaves. Petals deeply cleft, white Petals entire or emarRinate. Pubescence, if anv. simrile, leaves linear-lanceolite Pulwscence stellate, or forked, leaves 3patula»e to obovate. Flowers white . . Flowers yellow. Sepals pilose . . . ^ . . . Sepals Klabrous. Pods !..'> cm. long Pods .VO mm, long .....,,! d white or yellow usually siiort or winged nor mar- 1, D. nemorosa. 2. D. pra?alu. 3. D. verna. 4. D. crassifolia. 5. D. Marouniana. 6. n. sfrnciloha 7. D lutea. 8. D. albertina. cki;ciki:r/e Perennials. Stem scaiKjsp. r<)iculiir, i)iil»-H.c-nl. ;i- 1 i,i,„ |„„i. 1 Vt.iU while .... IVi.Uh ycllciiv. ...,'' I'oil ol)li)iii;; i;lal)ron'»()r i)ul,fs,fiit ' • • Mowers yrllow; stvli- cvi.lrnt I'lowers while, siyle slijrt i,i wantinK sI^-IPw^ P;'h<"« '■■It. al I,- ,.t l,..|„w. ,„m| 1 .m. ion,. ^x:aIH•!l KJahroiii or n.itiv wi. 1'<)>< ^ mm. lonn.iK,,), 1 ,:m. |,m«, or more' Mowers yellow 147 0. D. oligosperma. 10. 1>. inclina. 11. D. alinna. 12. n. n'valia. in. II. I>. I'lnchocarpa. I>. MaUniiensis. !.■., in. 17. I) If. U 1>. (an;i. I). M.< alia-. I'llumliiana. aiirea. ,|J" ,'.*• "|-''n«'"P?a '■• ''"'""-'y slcll,il,-,,ulM.sr, nt, st.M„s l.afy Ixlow f) ", i t n, l„Kh. bran, h.nK from thf Iv.s,.; |..,.v.s .,l„.va,.-. ovaf to < .lorn; i^,'. i .. or clen .,uhui.; ra.vn,. .,fu.„ 2-3 .1,,,. |o„k; ,h.,,.|s vHlow; s' ,a ll,', , ' Ju '""" •" '""«■ i, ,"?rlK,';:;f rV''^""' ■>';"•'--', Var. heUarp^- ' , I son. I'e.als ,.fua while., pclirds 3-4 tin.cs as |.,„g as the- po-,st lan-colalo, 12 nvn UuJur more, T.-ct on asccnditiR rH''>vate ,o oi/lan.eo ite' f.i i"« raceme lotii;; petals yellow, larger than the sepals; pod It). 1.5 mm I Z on /. U. lutea (,ilib. Similar; stems s.,metimes nearly l.aHess- nefiU yellow to whitish; pedicels less than twin- as lon^^ as the el. l/r " s pod f/> nemoro,a leioairpa Lindl.) Kamloop,; ()kanav;a,r Valley ; Viclork. Io/:n°"-"'!'*'"n'"* ^''■'''^^"«"- Apparently annual or biennial, the tuft of radical leaves single; llowerinK stems many, about 1 rim. hi^h; loo^ly racmost^fro^ near the base, naked, or with a single oblong le.if; basal I. ives less than 2 5 foTiced h;ir"-'l!'^" '"r" "■■ '•'';'""*''' '"''''r' ^P-'-'n^'y ^c-set with simple or forked hairs, b. se o stems with scattered, simple h.iirs; inHorescence ciab- " ' -•'--'" I J,-". ••■ ■•.Tiyvr. -lyic n^inc. Crow s Nc.il I'ass. kiied^'hv'^s'"*'""''- """''■ •J"^''''^' ^-^ '^■"- '"k'^' ''^^^•C" "n<^ar. obtuse. keeled by the promment mid-nerve, stellate-pubescent; .scapes slightly 148 cRucn ER.*: £n!f .1: ^, ''■''I*?' '*'^"' ^V"" •''" '""K "^ ^^'^ pubcrulcnt sepals; (x^ds finely pubcrucnt or slabratc. n.arly orl,.>ular. with an acute apex, on pedicels 12 times as long. (D. alptna var. ohgosperma). Alpine, Rockies; Alaska. „f\1'o?;'^"*"?'* ^^'"'V u->tu '?'^"'^^''y *"f"^^' It"-- ■Himcruus branches of the caudex densily clothed with the old leaves; leaves oblony-spatulalo more or less slellately-pulK'scent; scajx-s glabrous 4-10 cm. lii^h, fruilinK nearly to the basj.-; pc-tals yellow, often fading white; siliqi.e ,>vate-ov..l. 3-4 mm. lonji, clothed with short, stiff, simple hairs and tipped «ith a stvie 1 mm. long. Crow s Nest I'ass; Banff. 11. D. alpina L. More or less tufted; leaves oblong or oblance.ilatc 0-18 mm. lotjK, more or less stellate-pubescent, scape skiukr, 2-1.5 cm. high, 'hairy or nearly smo.,lh, few-llowered; sepals smooth or nearly so; pc-tals 3 mm long, pale yellow; pods 6-S mm. long, oblong, acute at both ends, glabrous or stclately-pubescent; pedicels about as lung. Rockies; Alaska Var. giaclalis Uick.e. Leaves narrower, pod pubescent, short-ovate-lanceolate. Mt. Garibaldi to Rockus. 12. D. nivalis Lilj. Low, tufted, stems naked, or with 1 K.if 3-12 cm high, somewhat pubescent, leaves tufted, oblanceolate or spatulaie 4-14 mm. long, entire, sometimes ciliate at base, stcllatclv- pubescent; tlowers'white or pale yellow, on pedicels 2-t) mm. long; pods oblong, ylabrous or nearly so; style short. Alpine; Rockies: -Mt. Cheam; Alaska. K-^u'J*" '?"«=*»ocarpa Rydb. Stems nakc.l, glabrous, less than 1 dm. high; basal leaves very dens<', in clusters, spatulate. obovate. obtu* less than 5 mm. long, sometimes ciliate at base; [xhIs smooth, S-12 mm. long, - )metiines twisted, on pedicels 3-10 mm. long. Alpine; crevices of nx:ks, .Mt. Cheanr Kockies. ' 14. D. Fladnizensis Wulf. Low, tufted; leaves oblanceolate entire acute, stellate-canescent, and ciliate; scapes 'i-d cm. high, glabrous; flowers whitish, on short pedicels 2-4 mm. long; p' branching, grayish stellate throughout. 1-- (Itn. high basal leaves oblanceolate, l-l.o cm. long, entire or few-toothed- stem leaves lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; jxt ils white, 3-4 mm. long; iwd hnear-oblorig, fi-8 tiim. long, pubescent, or nearlv glabrous, on hairy as- rending pedicels, 3-10 mm. long. {D. inrana). Rockies; lield; Crow's Nest rass. 10. D. McCallae Rydb. Sparingly stellate, green, stems several, simple, about 3 dm. high; basal leaves spatulate, 10-lS mm. long, entire or nearlv so; stem leaves ovate; raceme elongated; pe.liceis in fruit' 1 cm long erect- pod ovate, densely but finely pubescent, mi. 'h shorter than the Ijcdicels' Rockies eastward; perhaps B.C. 17. p. Columbiana Rydb. Sparingly stellate and ciliate on the margins o the leaves; stems slender, about 2 dm. high, simple; basal leaves oblance- olate, 1(J-15 mm. long, denticulate or entire; stem leaves ovate- raceme elongated; pedicels slender, ascending. :<-7 mm. long in fruit- pods finely pubescent. Revelstokc. •' 18. D. aurea Vahl. Erect, leafy, 1-3 dm. high, pubenccnt with stellate and sim!)le hairs; leaves ohl.-incenj.ito or !:ip.re!!!;uc, entire nr drnficuiat--- 1.5-2 cm. long; petals yellow, entire or eni.irginate; i)'od lance-oblong," usually pubescent, often twisted, 8-12 mm. long on pedicels 4-8 mm. long. Valleys and mt. slopes, Rockies; Peace River. «;^r£. Pods reflcxed. or (Irnoping. Plants stout; swils wiiiKcd. Stem leaves aiiriculate Stem leaves not auriculate I. A. Holbdllii. Plants slender, seeds wingless 2- '^■ canesrens. Pods erect or spreading. 4. A. humifusa. Pofis strongly curved . „ . , Pods straight or nearly so. "■ "■ <'°'i""oiana. nasal leaves, or some of them, lyrate, seeds winglesa -. Alvr,,. Basal leaves entire or dentate. ^^ winun-sa . j, a. lyrata. Stems glahrous except at the verv base n . it Stems glabrnus throughout "^""^ °^ 6- A. glabra. Sepals pubescent . . ■» . t . Sepals gl.d)rou3. '• A- Lemmoni. Tall, hairs 2-forkcd . . a a r. j-. I.ow. puho^cnce stellate ,, a' "'""'.""'"''»• Stems more or less hirsute except upwards ••••''• ^- '-yalUi. Pedicels ascending or etc. t. Po.13 4-G cm. long, stem-leaves auricled ... in A hirsuta Ppdsl-2cm long, stem-leaves not auridod . 12 A NuttaMil Pedicels spreading, pods almost 2..5 cm. long . . [ it a.' hSJ. .;,^i'^" ",°"^"*', Hwncm. Bit-nnial or perennial, 3-0 dm. high both h^^V"'^ ''^^^'^^'-■h:P^bo^cnt. or Klabratc upwards; stems solitary or f^w r-,kv''l^r"''"''"'^ narrowly lancclaio, aunculatc; flowers 6-7 mm. lone- cal>x^-3.,, mm. lonjr, stellate, conspicuously scarious-margined at summit' and o ten colored; petals mos.lv purplish, twice as long as U,e so, als S 4-0 cm. long, glaln-ous; on pedicel.. G mm. long ; seeds in 2 rows, winged Dry --oil. Victoria; and D. I.; Kamloops; Summerland; Alaska. ^ 2. A. Columbiana Macoun. Similar, [x-dicels spreading or sliehllv Thom,;"'n.'" '""■•"''"''• '^"■""*^'^' ^"^^"'^ '" -<--kle-sha,K.d.S'alc;'&h thmuJh„.?"l'f';I!n 7' h^' '"'• ^'""'^^' "">'' ^"■""'^''' stellate-pubc-scent throughout. 2-4 d n. high; stems numerous, the basal leaves entire linear- onri'l';-! uhv""' '""':■,• ?,"«''1'V '-'asping. not auriculate; floZs 5-6 mm. aL^ not e.'r ','''''''. --^ "■;"• '?".»^' '"^"'^''•' ^"«htly scarious-margin^d at a|xx. not cdorcd; pods mostly g!,d)rous. 3-5 cm. |,)ne on nedicc>ls '2 fi mm. I,.ng. Plains an.l lower mt. slorx's D. I.; Vale; N'icofa P^**"^^'" ^"^ 4 A. humifusa (\ahl.) \Va,s. Perennial, from a slender root nubcs- cont below, or glabrous; stems ascending 1-I..5 dm. high; basal leaves spj^^uht^ oorl l"'oV"^'^^'>' ^"''■-^•- ratals while or purplish, twice as long as the^ s^^pal, Iv,^;n' ^^"^^^'^ '■• V""- P.<^cidentali8 Wats, f.labrous, or the usually lyratc basa leaves .somewhat hirsute, esp.-ciallv on the petiole- stem 1-3 dm hiJh simple, so,net;mes glabrous, slender; petals wi,ite,\wice as lonLs the vcllow .sh, sometimes purpi -tipped sepals;' pods 3 cm l.,ng. c narrow ^famU [^'S^rk^'^and s'lr^ ^"^' ^'^'r -'ri''^^ '" ' ^"^ Alaska":uU;v.^d' i tne Kockies, and Selkirks; ( owiclian Lake. 6. A. glabra (L.) Hornh. (Towicr Mlstakd). Tall, 0-9 dm. high Rau- cous and glabrous except at the base; stem leaves clasping entie ovate lanceolate the basal dentate, .sometimes Urate; flower" .•"Ill'-.'i'w-w small, pod, l,-S cm. long; seeds wingless. Ury open ground; cmimon." ' 7. A, Lemmoni Wats. FVrennial 1-2 dm. high, stems several basal h^^r^-'"'-'' *" ^ stellate-pubescence, oblanceola'ie entire, or nearly ^ the petioles sometimes cihate; the cauline auriculate. mostly glabrous; {L^ |j: il '1 iiili I 160 CRUCIFER^E rose-colored; pocls sprcadinR or ascending, 3-4 cm. long, seeds in 1 row narrowly winged. Bow River Pass. ' 8. A. Drummondii Gray. Cilabrous except the basal leaves, 1-6 dm. high the pubescence of 2-forked hairs attached by the middle; stems 1-several, from a woody caudcx; stem leaves sagittate-clasping; basal leaves oblanceolate entire, tnpermg to a petiole, often glabrate or glabrous above; petals white or purple, fully twice as long as the sepals; pods 3-8 cm. long, seeds usually in 2 rows, broadly wnnged. (A. alberlina Greene). Mt. Cheam; Rockies. 0. A. Lyallii Wits. Similar in general appearance; stems several, from a woody cau.lex, 1-3 flm. high, glabrous above, the basal leaves stellate; stern leaves auiiculate-clasping; petals white or purplish; pods 3-4 cm. long- seeds m 1 or 2 rows, narrowly winged. Mt. Cheam; Rockies. 10. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Rough, hairy, 3-9 dm. high, simple hairs and springly forked intermingled; basal leaves rosulate, 2-5 cm. long, obovate tapering to the petiole; cauline oblong to lanceolate, somewhat clasping' all entire or denticulate, sometimes glabrous, base auriculate; petals purple or white, 0-7 mm. long, more than twice as long as the calyx; pedicels erect • pods 4-() cm. long; seeds wingless; style 0..")-2 mm. long. Coast to Rockies. 11. A. Hookeri Lge. Biennial or perennial; stems many, 1.. 5-2.5 dm. long- pubescence forked, dense; basal leaves rosulate, lanceolate, sinuate-dentate; the cauline sagittate-clasping, subentire; raceme finally lax, the pedicels spreading about 12 mm. long; petals white, obovate; silique erect-ascending, almost 2.5 cm. long; seeds dark-brown, small, oval, in 2 rows. Arctic regions; Cowtchan Lake, V. 1. A form from Kamloops with entire leaves looks like a distinct species, but the specimen is too young to judge. r ^.2- A. NuttallH Rob. More or less hirsute, the pubescence simple or forked, glabrous above; 2-3 dm. high; basal leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, i-4 cm. long; the cauline mostly oblong, not auricled; petals white or purple, 5 mm. long; pod short, about 2 cm. long, on ascending oedicels half as long to nearly as long; seeds wingless. Rockies; Vernon. 23. CARDAMINE (Bitter Cress) Nearly glabrous perennials or annuals, with mostly small, white flowers and linear flattened pods, the nerveless valves usually opening elastically from the base ; seeds wingless in a single row in each cell ; cotyledons accumbcn t equal; stems usually leafy. (A Greek name referring to cardiacal qualities) fSZlli 8. C, hirsuta. Leaves entire or sinuate. T "J,'"^; 1*J"^^ l,-'i?"l '""'•^ • ''■j'^''' "^^"^ 1. C. bellidifolia. lull, (1-4 rim. high) ; leaves cordate .... '> c Lvaihi At least some of the leaves pinnate. Petals I cm. loni?, orbicular 3 c pratensis Petal., less than 1 cm. long, obovate or unRuiciilate. Flowers sub-corymbose or sub-umbellate; low; leaf-segments ™ 0. C. karatschatica. Flowers racemose. I^l- '^lt^^,^*"f^ "'"*"^' •'' „ • • - *• C. angulata. ^50me of the basal leaves usually not pinnate, their blades or terminal segments cordate or sub-cordate 7. C. Brewed Leaves all pinnate, their : iients not cordate nor sub- cordate. Annual. Middle and upper leaf-segments mostly oblong; seeds 20-30 lo. c. pennsylvanica. Leaf-segments mostly rounded, seeds fewer than 20. 0. C. oligosperma. Ferennia 5. C. occiaentalii. 1. C. bellidifolia L. (Alpine Cress). Tufted, glabrous; radical leaves long-petioled, the cauline shorter- pet ioled, the mostiv entire blades (8-12 mm long) narrowing abruptly in the petiole; the pods erect, on pedicels 4-6 mm. long. Rockies; Alaska. CRUCIFER^ 151 tn^;5i;,5'^f"" ^^*'- 9''*'""°"''. ^""^ ^ ^f*"" rootstock: leaves reniform ing pedicel. 2 cm. long. Along brooks, Cascade Mts. *^ ^ 3. C. pratensls L. (Cue koo Flower). I'crennial, from a short root- stock; leaflets numerous, roun.ied and s.alke.l below. oblongT.r linear ab^c it;^.rif ''Xiaifs:'k''^;:r'Mat''^' -^ --• ''-"'■■ '-^ '■' -•'-": fi^.^'^ A^^J'^?^^ V'J^^-- ^^'-^f"-""*. •■J-f' '!■"■ high: leaves usually 3- some- imes 5-d.vided leaf-d,v.s.ons of basal leaves sub-rotund or cordate, of stem- leaves ovate or lanceolate, the terminal mostly largest, acuminate anLularTv or .ncsely lobed, the angles or lobes toothed or son.ewhaTob use flowers rather large m terminal and avillary corymbs; .xdicels 4-8 mm. lo^g; ratals th^i^' °«i«=''>«"taU8 S. Wats. Nearly glabrous, slender, 1-2..5 dm. high entire or thr:'f """k f'^^ '"«"^"•"'^• ^'^''^'^ ^'^ ^"""'> or obovate. mo ?ly r^^^ not much arger termmal somewhat bluntly 3-lobtHl; ,« tals 4 or t^I^^^""^', *''■"'*' ""^ -"^ ^^ ^^'^ brown-purple, scarious-margintd sepals- Alaska to Wn. Roche de Houle; Chilcoten (W. .Newcombe). 6. C kamtschatica Schultz. Glabrous, flowering the first year but lastmg longer; 1-3 dm. high; leaf segments 5-7, thosf of the uprir leavel or s"rondrs'io^H''r°'"''V°^ '^' lower roundish, the termiL'T slighllv or strongly 3-lobed; flowers few, more or less umbellate, petals 4-5 mm' imtuZTr^ long as the sepals; pods 1.5-3 cm. long, on shorVpcdiccls. (c! umbellata. Greene). Victona; Mt. Cheam; Roger's Pass; Rockies; Alaska. 4 Hm h! K '^^r ^Yf '• ^^'"■°"s or slightly hirsute at base of stem, 1.5- 4 dm. high; radical leaves simple or with 2-fi divisions, the ten.iinal divi- shamTv""^ lohnJ^'^^f 1 ""'i |'""«t'^-'°"thed or entire; the cauline more or less Sharply 3-lohed; petals 3-5 mm. long: pods 2-2.5 cm lone ascendino- on ascending pedicel, 4-10 mm. long, clnlmon in wet piaces.'coS; noft'hw to Alaska. An aH.ed form from V. I. with the upper cauline leaves disdnctTy and sharply S-loK-d, apparently with none of the basal simple, and w^^ larger petals ma\ be C. intermedia Holm. i . ■» " 8. C. hirsuta L. Annual, stems 1-2 dm. high, sparingly leafy. leaflets o basal leaves rounded, those of the upper leaves narrowfill moa- or les^ hiisute on the upjier fare, not petiolulate; p- "^ nuit^- g'abrous, the terminal obovate, the lateral oblong, slightly decurrcnt along the rachis or obscurely petiolulate: pods erect or ascending 1 mm. wide, 2-3 cm. long, on some- Tnd infrod """'■ ^"^= *''''''' -^'^^- Common. Native 24. THELYPODIUM l,J^'i'' '=°^''^. biennials, with dense elongated racemes; petals linear-spatu- late, long white (in ours): anthers sagittate at base; nod-, long =omc^hat compressed with a strong midrib, stipitate. (Gk. /A./y 5, female, pous. a foot, or stalk, in allusion to the stalked pod). 1. T. lacinlatum Endl. Glabrous, about 9 dm. high; leaves petioled coarse y toothed or pinnatifid. 1 dm. long; pods 4-5 cm. long on shon, stout pedicels, shorter than the stipe. Summerland; apparently introduced. 'Vl] 152 CRUCIFER^ 25. BRAYA Low, with several stems from a perennial root; petals purplish clawed- anthers ovate; style short: stigma indistinctly 2.|obcd; p.xl'linearflatte*^' the valves with 1 more or less distinct nerve, and sevtTal finer ones more or less torulose- seeds m 1 row^ (Named for Count de Bray of Rouen) 9 H,« ; K 7 ''■ , '!"bef«^"' and usually purplish throughout, 1- 2 dm. high; leaves mostly basal, narrowly oblanccolate, usually entire; the petals twice as long as the obtuse purplish sepals; pods pubescent, curbing FfeW.tand'^nofthw '""' "" ""^"^ '''°" pedicels^^ecTs oblong. Golde^: 26. CAKILE Glabrous, fleshy, seaside annuals with purplish flowers; pod teretish short 2-,o,nted the joints indehiscent, 1-celled. l-seeded, the iCwer jdnt ofte,; not developing. (An Arabic name). _ 1. C. edulenta Hook. (Sea Rocket). DiflFuse, leaves oblanceolate sinuate and toothed; petals twice as long as the sepals. Ucluelet V^aoril' 27. RAPHANUS (Radish) Annual or biennial, with pinnatifid. lyrate, hirsute leaves and indehiscent pods tapering in a long beak, an, spongy between the seeds; flowers large rapidTrm^^adon).^'"'- ''"' ''"""^' ^*"'"""""' ''^ ^^^^^' ^""<1'"« ^^ '"e 1. R. raphanistrum L. (Jointed Charlock). Petals yellow veinv turning white or purplish; po« Po^i: usually l-seeded. Pods bristly, beak one-half its length o r ..m. Pods knotty; beak one-third of its length • ■ ■ . ^. u. aiDa. Beak conical. '"^nutn 3. B. arvensis. Pods and pedicels appressed. pods hardly 2 cm. long . . 4 b niera Pods and pedicels ascending, pods 2.5-3 cm. long . . . . 5] a "uScra. 1. B. campestris L. Glaucous, hispid, with scattered hairs; leaves lyrate and petiolate below; flowers 8-10 mm. broad, pale yellow; ^s 3-5 smalt' ^ """• °"^- ^- '^''^"- (Turnip) GlabrouVflower Iv^V.^Vi,'*'*"' H ^°T- ^}^""^ ''^'•) Hispid-pubescent, lower leaves P^'h. f'PP^'" ^^."^*^°'^te, dentate or pinnatifid; pods, with strongly flat- tened beak ascending on spreading, stout pedicels 1 cm. long: seeds pale. 3. B. arvensis (L) (Charlock) Ktze. Hispid-pubescent, or smboth above: leaves lyrate the upper «;ssile, or pinnatifid, or me^ly toothed; C^k otn i-Sel °"'' ''''"^'"^' °" '^°''' '^'^ pedicels, 6 mm. long! tht\^' "1^™ ^'^^ • ^J^\. ^^^"'^^ ^^-^ Hirsute, with scattered hairs; he upper leaves petioled, the lower with a very large terminal lobe, .-ind a lew aiiialler ones; seeds dark brown. 5. B. juncea (L) Cosson. Nearly glabrous, often glaucous, upper leaves f i!l'^Lt^'^""''".'' '!/ ^^"^^ '•?? '°*'^^ '>^^'"=' the basal with a ikrge tcrSl lobe; pods on slender ascending pediceli. at length 1 cm. long; blak emp?y about one third the length of the body of the pod. empcy, CRUCIFERiE 153 ». SISYMBRIUM (Hedge Mustard) Mostly annuals: pubescence simple or stellate; leaves rimcinate-pinnati- hd or dissected; flowers yellow, whliish or white; ixxJs terete or 4 sided, the valves 1-3 nerved, seeds oblong in 1 or 2 rows. Leav« entire, or nearly so. Annual, leaves mostly basal, piibeacent at ba-se. leaves oval . 1. S. Thalianum Perennial, leafy, glabrous throughout, leaves linear ... 2 S 1 nifolium Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. iimioiium. Putx'scence simple or none. Pods les.j than 1 cm. long Pods 5 cm. long, or more . . Pube*-ence stellate or of forked hairs. Siliques and pediceU erect, each less than 1 cm. long Siliiiues and pedicels spreading, siliques mostly I cm. or more long. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell .... Seeds in 1 row in each cell. Leaves tripinnate. plants can^sccnt, potls 2 cm. long I-eaves pinnate or bipinnate, plants not canescent, pods less than 2 cm. long. PeiliccU shorter than the pods . Pe.1iceU longer than the pods . . . . ' 3. S. officinale. 4. S. al'issimum. 7a. S. incisum var. llartwegianum. 5. S. canescena. 0. S. Sophia. 7. S. incisum. 7b. S. incisum var. fiiipes. 1. S. Thalianum (L) Gay. Slender, branching, 1-3 dm. high; leaves mainly in a basal rosette, obovate, entire, or slightly toothed; stem hairy at the base; pods linear, 1-2 cm. long, somewhat 4-sided. Sparingly introd. Coast. " ' 1 Aj^' 'f?"*'**'.'"™ Nutt. Perennial, glabrous and often glaucous; slender, J-h dm. high; simple or branching; leaves linear, entire, or the lower sometimes with linear lobes; petals 7-9 mm. long, calyx often yellow; pods slender 3-5 cm. long, a.scending on ascending pedicels 5-9 mm. long. East of the Cascades. 3. S. officinale (L) Scop. Var. leiocarpum DC. Tall and coarse, leaves runciiiate, the basal lobes often long; stem glabrous or with sparing retrorse pubescence; flowers yellow; pods nearly Ecssilc, glabrous, appressed, on elongated racemes (2-5 dm. long). A common weed. The species, S. Officinale L, with pubescent pods may also occur. 4. S. altissimum L. (Tumbie Mustard). Tall and coarse, hirsute leaves deeply pinnatifid with narrow segments; flowers pale-yellow; pofls about 6 cm. long, on pedicels nearly 1 cm. long. Very common, D. I.; in- trod. everywhere. 5. S. canescens Nutt. Canescent, 2-6 dm. high, leaves bipinnatifid; petals equaling the sepals; pods in long racemes, linear, cylindrical, shorter than the spreading, slender pedicels. Common, D. I. 6. S. Sophia L. Similar, hoary, with decompound leaves; pods about 2 cm. long, slender, ascending. Introd. 7. S. incisum Engelm. Similar; green, glabrous except at the base, or densely pubescent and more or less glandular; leaf segments often linear; pods 7-15 mm. long, slightly curved ascending, on spreading pedicels ii as long; seeds mostly in 1 row. D. I.;Fernie. '^-^- Vaf. Hartwcgianum (Fourn.) Wats. Siliques 5-7 mm. long, crowded, erect or suberect, on nearly erect pedicels of about the same length. 7b. Var. fillpes Gray. Pedicels filiform, several times longer than the pods. D. I. J i iff ?,.«. rm^i ■ • , i 1 .' w 154 CRUCIFER^ 30. HESPERUS (Uamf.'s Violet) iMT^i'.n^ perennials, with larKc purple or whitish (lowers, mostly entire eaxcs and long cyl.ndrical pods; the seeds in 1 row in each cell- stiuma E (Gk. lusf>era, evening, when the (lowers are fragrant). iJ: "■ ""^^onalU L. Pubescent; leaves lanceolate-ovate serrate acum cm'l?^' ^A ''"li '""^' ■'" T'^'i'"^ «tout. pedicels 7 mm long' %uh 1 cm. long. A garden escape. Victoria; New Westminster. ^ 31. BARBAREA (Winter Cress) Biennial or perennial; leaves lyrately-pinnatifid; flowers yellow silinue !:rch^'c:iL'=''(^LTe^.r,:^'snitrrar"""^ '"'"''''■'■' ^'^ '-^ lobe a jffsmalM.t'er , T'ltJ''""''-,-'^"- ''^^i ^'^''^ *'»•' ^ '^^^^ terminal r,^^,^ 1-4 small lateral lobes or divisions; flowers bright vcllow in a lone raceme, petals alx^ut twue as long as the sepals; pods ascendhig 4 cm long, on ascending or spreading ,x.dicels. Intl^. a^ native Common .», :. ?™«'"'«=«na Ky't'- Similar, petals smaller. 2-4 mm. long- ixxJiccU fSTNv'Terrory""'^^ ^'^'" '''"''''' "^•^^^•'^'>' ""^ '"-• '-^ ^Jw^^Col^ 3. B. stricta Anderz. Leaves, etc., much as in B. vulgaris- flowers naler- Ali?f'rf '^"'^'"'^r'y arranged at the summit; Ss erect appre^' Alaska to Quebec; and southward to Wash. appressed. 32. ERYSIMUM (Treacle Mustard) uJ""^' »"*'*' "">'"': "^5 less i.ubescent with 2-branched hairs- flowers vellow- Petals 5-10 mm. lonR. PediceU slander, half as long as the pods peLt'i^'^arm";i;.rnr""""'"'"''"'""'^' • Seeds 4-aiwled Seeds lenticular, margined . ' ' ' ' ' 1. E. cheirantlioides. 2. E. parviflorum. 3. E. asperum. 4. E. datura. _ t. c.. eiatura. dJnAn o^'?!l""l*.''P'**?» '' (WORMSEED Mustard). Plant green- stem slender. 3-b dm. hieh, simple or sparingly branch=ng above wih more 'or le« 3 E. asperum ^\utt.) B.C. (Western Wall-Flower) Usuallv Sri.o^.'r ""^•^""^""'' ''''^ aPPressc-d pubescence. 2 6 dm high S;^ oblanc folate or linear, attenuate below to a long p. tide entire "r toothed fsTmm 1nt°'' ' .^^"l'';,'^'-'^ yellow or orangl'often changTng bmlish' .V;r;2Tm!nonr^lfsf oTthL°"c^ascrdS:^ •'" spreading.^sho^it pedicel^: 4. E. eiatum Nutt. Scabrous and usually canescent 3-10 dm hi^h ^^ DROSERACE^ 165 DROSERACEyC (Sundew Family) Glandular bog-plants with rttjular, hypoRvnous llowtrs; the parts of the flower mostly in 5's; capsule 1-cciled, styles 3-5, placenta parietal; anthers versatile; leaves circinatc in the bud. 1. DROSERA (Sundew) Low, scapose, reddish plants; the setund raceme siiP()lo or forked; s imcns 5, styles 3 or 5, often deeply [wrted so as to apix ir ti mi 10, capsule 3- \ lived; flowers opening only in sunshine; the glands ul tin- haves exude a sticky fluid to attract insects, which in part supply thu plant with nourishment. (Greek droseros, dewy). 1. p. rotundifolia L. (Round-Leaved S Leaves orbicular, narrow- ing abruptly into spreading hairy petioles; s^ jir. i dm. or so hig';, 1-20- flowered; flowers 5-7 mm. broad; seeds slendc , ^\ni lie-shaped. H. i •,•■ ,s< in bogs. Common, Alaska to Cal. 2. D. anglica Huds. (Long-Leaved S.' l.ea. s sp-jiulaie, lapenng to somewhat erect, smooth or sparsely hairy petiole- ; '. .ijx . l-S- lo -^ ercd 'ceds spindle-shaped. (D. longijolia). Home Lake, V I.. Lui, TsLn>l. Sclkirks- Alaska. 111 CAPPARIDACE^ (Caper Family) Herbs with 4 petals, 6 or more equal stamens and 4-8 sepals; pod 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae. 1. CLEOME Annuals with palmately divided leaves and bracteate racemes; stamens 6, sepals 4; petals entire, with claws; ovary linear, many-seeded, long-stipi- \. C. serrulata Pursh. (Stinking Clover). Nearly glabrous, except on the pedicels, 2-5 dm. high, leaves 3-foliatc, the leaflets lanceolate, mostly entire; a beautiful plant with .-ose-colored flowers on i^dicels 2 cm. long. D. 1.; Peachland; Cranbrook. RESEDACE^E (Mignonette Family) Herbs with smalt, unsymmetrical, 4-7-merous flowers, the numerous stamens borne on a fleshy 1 -sided disk; calyx not closed in the bud; capsules 3-C horned, 1-celled, with 3-6 parietal placentae, opening before the seeds are mature. 1. RESEDA (Mignonette) Flowers small, in terminal spikes, petals 4-7 cleft, unequal; stamens 12- 40 on one side of the flower (L resedare, to calm). 1. R. alba L. Erect, about 3 dm. high; leaves pinnately parted; flowers greenisb-white; petals 5-6; stamens 12-1.5. Occasionally found in waste places. (R. odorata is the garden M.) (ri i*jr_^. 166 CRASSULACEiE ft.; |i; 1^ n CRASSULACE/f; (Orpine Family) Herbs usually succulent, with symmetrical flowers, petals seoals and carpels i„e same H number stamens as many or twice '^smanTcar^ls follicles. °' "" "°' " ''"*" ^^'" "' '^^ "^^ °f '^''^' f^"" dry, deSt k\°ZI? "'"'"■y; calyx lol»3. petals, stamens and carpels 3 or 4 Flower, cymose; calyx lobes, petals and carpels 4 or srstaniens 8-10. 1. Till«a. 2. Sedum. 1. T1LL.«A flou.r^'^.T^^iL*"'^'''^','''"""^'"' ^'^^ opposite entire leaves, and axillary jlSl^e'-s. calyx-lobes, pe als, stamens and carpels 3-4; pods 2-many.seeded (Tilh was an early Italian botanist). ^ seeaea. nhJ; J'/k^I"**'?*' Sv 'u°^' 2-^ ^'^- '^'S'l; 'eaves linear, about 5 mm lone Mud Fr»^'; r'^" ^m""" \^?^'^ "f ''"^ K^'=^"'«h corollk: pods 8-lTseided: Mud. Eraser River, New Westmmster; \Vn.; Atlantic Coast. 2. SEDUM (Stonecrop) 4 5^%^tameL^triin- tymose. ^l. Petals united at base . , _ Petals distinct. '• S. oreganum. Flowers perfect, yellow, petal? acute Leaves broadest at. or towards, apex. Leaves glaucous. 1-2 cm. lonK , c .„,.,, ,-, ,. Uaves not glaucous, less than 1 cm. lone ?' S' '?athulifolium. Leaves oblonu or lanceolate. "*• °- civcrgens. Leaves terete. . _ Leaves flattened |- g- ?tenopetaIum. Flower.i dicecious. purplish „• "■•uglasil. Flowers dioecious, yellow, petals obtuse ' 7 ' ^^ ' ' ■"'™''"°- 1. S. oreganum Nutt. Branching from the base, leafy into thoinflorc* cence; leaves green and glabrous, not mealy, broadly cuneatc"S«x trSe' hrnn'JoH^'''^'^-^ '°^" ^'^ '""■ '"."« "' less; inflorescence 3-4 cm.' br<4d |?afy brae od; pedicels very short, calyx ovate-lanceolate, one-quarter aTlongas a.e united at base, and fade pink. Rocky bluffs, Cameron Lake- ffla (Gormania orfganum) S. obtusatum Gray. Reported f.onT Go dstream' near Victoria, differs from this in the somewhat elongated cyme rmetimw longer than broad; in the longer pedicels. 3-6 mm. long, and inTh^Kolate petals but httlc longer than the stamens. lanceolate 1 tah> broadly lanceofate. tuke as long .fs ,hj lan'eXte Ss KOCKy pi.ices. V. I.. Lytton; Mt. Chcam; subalpinc slopes of Rockies. SAXIFRAGACE^ 157 5. S. Douglasii Hook. Erect, simple or branching from near the base, W dm. higli, often with short, densely leafy branches along the stem; leaves Hattish, lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2.5 cm. long, becoming scarious or brown; cyme broad or sometimes reduced to a single flower; sepals ovate or about H as long as the petals; petals mostly less than 1 cm. long; carpels very divergent. Rocky hillsides; Sicamous; Arrowhead; Crow's Nest I'ass. 6. S. integrifolium (Raf.) Nels. Rootstock (leshv, stem 1-2 cm. high, teaves obovate to oblong-obovate, 1-2 cm. long, entire or dentate; flowers dark purple: petals oblong-oblanceolate, acute, nearly twice as long as the sepals, and shorter than the purple filaments, lolliclcs 4-5 mm. long. (5. Rlwdtola Torn) Alaska southward in Rockies. S. alaskanum (Rose). Petals purplish, obtuse; follicles 4-0 mm. long. Coast of southern Alaska. 7. S. rosea L. Glabrous, 1-4 dm. high, leaves obovate, the upper leaves larger, 2 cm. long or more, toothed, the lower entire, cyme dense; flowers mostly dioecious, sepals narrowly oblong, a little shorter than the greenish yellow, blunt, oblong-obovate p^itals; follicles 8-9 mm. long. Queen Char- lotte Islands; AlasKa. 8. S. acre L. (Mossy S.) Leaves 3-4 mm. long, thick, ovate, imbricated; a garden escape at Nakusp. SAXIFRAGACE^ (Saxifrage F.\milv) Herbs or shrubs, distinguished from Rosacea by the copious albumen in the seeds; by the opposite as well as alternate, usually exstipulate, leaves; by the usually definite (5 or 10) stamens, and by the few (usually 2) carpels; carpels either adherent to the calyx, or free; stamens and petals inserted on the calyx. Of the following genera Nos. 9-13 have axial placenta, Nos. 5- 8 parietal or nearly basal placenta. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, stamens 5 1 Ribes Leaves opposite, stamens 10 ', ] 2.' Philadelpbus. rlerbs. Petals none, low herbs 3. Chrysoplenimn. Petals present, or if wantinn, iilanW not low. Staminodia among the stamens 4 Parnassia Staminodia absent. Petals frinited or laciniato-lobed. Calyx flat at base 5. MUelU. Calyx cup-shaped at ba^c 0. Tellima. Petals not tnnKed nor lac'.niate-lobed. Stamens :», a bud usually forming at the base of the leaf- „ '''=»''v 7. Tolmiea. Stamens 5. Rootstock short; bulbifcro:!-! 12. Ilemieva. Root.Htoik long: not bulbiferou-s. Capsule 1-iclled, placenlse parietal; leaves mostly basal 9. Ilenrhera. Capsule 2-cclled. placenta; axial; stem leafy . 10. BoyWinia. Stamens 8 or 10. Leaves evergreen. Leaves ihicl.. broad 1 1 . Leptarrhena. Leaves narrow 13. Saxifraga. Leaves deciduous. Placent.c axial; carpels equal 13. Saxifraga. Placentie parietal or basnl. i-arpcls unequal ... 8. TiarelU. M 1. RIBES (Currant, Gooseberry) Shrubs with palmatcly loliod cordate exstipulate leaves; flowers in racemes; the 5 jx^tals much shorter than the colored calyx; stamens 5, in?ertid alter- nately with the petals on the calvx-tubo ; fruit a berry. (The Arabic name). 168 SAXIFRAGACE/E m racemes; m Ih' -t? ■, Plants without prickles, flowers rather numerous (Currants). Calyx rotate, the tube short or none. Fruit red. Fruit smooth or nearly so. Leaves ti-lO cm. wide, acutely lobed. serrate ... 1 Leaves 1-U cm. wide, hardly loK"J, crenatc . ' 8 Fruit glandular-bristly 2 Fruit blue or black. Raceme drooping 3 Raceme erect or ascending. Raceme 1 dm. long or more, bracts long, often foliaceous 1 Raceme less than 1 dn'. long, bracts short, not fcMiaceous. Glands of ovary stalked, petals greenish or rcudish Ovary resinous, dot* «!, sepals white Calyx produced into a com[.anulate tube. Calyx red, flowers many Calyx white or greenish, flowers few Plants with prickles. (Gooseberries). Flowers many on drooping racemes, calyx-tubc rotate. Berries black Berries red . . Flowers few (1-4). calyx-tube companulate.' Ovaries and fruit glandular 12 Orarics and fruit smooth. Stamens twice as long as the petals Stamens about equaling the petals. Calyx 8-12 mm. long Calyx '>-' mm. long R. triste. R. cereum. R. glanduloium. R. acerifolium. R. bracteosum. 5. R. laxifiorum. 1). R. lludsonianum. 10. 11. sanguineiim. viscosissimura. lacustre. lentum. R. Lobbii. 1,"! R. div.iriratun 14. ir-,. R. irriRuum. R. oxyacanthoides- 1. R. triste Pall. (Red C.) rooting; leaves s- Stcnis prostrate, often .„ ^, strongly cordate, ciliolate, but otherwise ricarly ur quite glabrous or pube^ cent beneath, clearly 3-obscurely o-lob-d, mucronatelv cr.nate-dentate calyx green or purplish; racemes droopinK, petals reddish, fx-dicils longer than the bracts; fruit rcseitibling that of a small garden currant. Cold woods, Dewdncy Trail; Hall's Prairie, and iiorthw. Th.- garden currant R. tulgarc Lam., is an occasional esca|)e. ' 2. R. |landuIosum Crauer. (Skunk C.) Decumbent, fetid; leaves deeply 0-7 lobed, the lobes acute, glabrous above, puberulent on the veins beneath; racemes ascending, shorter than the leaves, [x-diccls glandular- pubescent, longer than the bracts; rx-tals longer than broad; fruit red, bri^tlv Northern; Peace River. 3. R. acerifolium Howell. Stems erect or ascending, 1-2 111. high; leaves rather broatler than long, glabrous above, beneath puberulent on the veins and glandular-dotted; the aix^x of the 5 lobes rounded or acute, the margin somewhat lacmiately serrate, petals red; inflorescence pulx-scent and sparingly glandular, fruit blue-black, glaucous, bracts ciliate-glandular nearly or quite as long as the upward-curving [wdicels. Dcwdney Trail. 4. R. bracteosum Dougl. (Bi.i u C.) Knot l-:j m. high; leaves .V?- lobed, sometimes 2 dm. broad, resinou.s-dotted beneath, ciliate margined nearly smooth above; racemes erect 1-2 dm. long, the lower bracts folia- ceous or broadest above the middle, equaling or exceeding the i)edicels- petals grceni.ih-white; fruit resinous-dotted, very glaucous. West of the Cascades. N'ancouver; V. I.; Alaska. 5. R. laxifiorum Pursh. Stems erect, ascending or prostrate, 1-2 m. high; leaves orbicular "irm, 5-lobed, cordate, glabrous above, very slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, the lol>es acutish; raceme erect, 6-12- tlowered, the bracts ,'.^ as long as the pedicels, densely glandular; ' petals red; fruit, blue-black, glaucous. Skeena River to Oregon. 6. R. lludsonianum Richards. (Hi.ack C.) Stems ascending or erect, I-- m. hl^h; leaves IMobed or with 2 smaller ones at the cordate or rounded base, resiiious-doiicd and villous beneath; iwtals small, while; racemes erect short, ()-12 lloweroo, the bracts 3-J mm. long, short, deciduous, the small pt'tals red; fruit black, glabrous, without bloom. Along streams east of the Cascades; Kootenay. R. petiolare Dougl. Leaves smoothish, more IMP SAXFFRAf.ACE/E 159 m. not deeply cordate racemes 2o-50-flowered, bracts minute, fruit resinous-dotted, same range, IVinceton. 7. R. sanguineum Pursh. (Red-flowered C.) Erect, stout, 1-3 high leaves 3-.) cm. brbad, often netioles puberulent ; flowers 1-5, the whitish pubcent calyx tubular, 8 mm. long; bracts verv bro.id longer than the very short pedicels; inllorcscence drooping; fruit nearly sessile, red. Last of the Cascades; Lytton; Kamloops. 9. R. viscosissimum Pursh. (Stick v C.) Stems ascemling, C-IO dm. high; bark gray on old wood; leaves 3-S nn. broad, the 3 short 'distinct lotx^s round at ape.x, crenate-dentate, petioles densely glanduLir-r.iilHscent ■ racemes spreading, nearly as long as the leaves, a-T-flowered; calyx about 1 cm. long, glabrous towards summit, greenisli-white or tinged with pink below; bracts oboyale, greenish-yellow, t>-7 mm. long; pedicels 1 cm. long or less; fruit glandular-pubescent, black. Cascades to Rockies; .\h. Lernie IL R. lentum (Jones) Coville and Rose. Similar; st.m. often almost naked, leaves fineh- pubescent, racemes with fewer (5-'.>) llowers; berry red 1-rascr Canyon and east w.; Wn. 12;, •*.- '^obbii Gray^ (Rld-m.owered C.) Stout, IJ ni. high; prickles usually in 3 s; leaves .}-.)-lobed, g!andular-j)ubescent, esiKriallv on the petioles; peduncles 2 cm. long, the 2 (lowers about 1.5 cm. long; calyx re.i, its tube longer than the acute, lanreciat.', erect, lobes; stamens exsertcd 3-4 mm- Iriiit da i.-purple, 12 mm. in scent beneath over the whole surface; stylos united for % of their length; and the bark of the previous season not exfoliating. 3. CHRYSOPLENIUM (Golden SA.vieRAOE) Low gIabr;ous herbs, growing in very wet places, with fleshy leaves and small, greenish-yellow, solitary, (lowers; calvx rotate; sepals 4 petals none stamens 4 or 8; capsule l-celled with 2 parietal plarentw (Greek chrysos, gold, splen, the spleen, in allusion .o medicinal properties). 1. C. tetrandrum Fiies. Stems erect. 4-12 cm. high; l.aves alternate, n>ni orin, cordate, lobed, doubly crenate; flowers corymbose, stamens 4. Rockies; Seikirhs; Alaska. 2. C. glechomaefolium Nutt. Stems ascending 4-15 cm. high- leaves opposite, roundish, ^runeate at base, crenate; flowers mostly solitary, stamens 8. West of the Cascades; B. C. to Oregon. 4. PARNASSIA (Grass of Parnassus) Glabrous perennials with entire leaves and solitary white flowers on scape-Iike stems; ovary l-celled, with usually 4 parietal placenta, stigmas 4; alternating with the 5 stamens are glanduliferous scales, (sterile filaments or staminodia). Petals fritiRPd at the base . . i p b™kj,.. Petals entire. 1. P. fimbriata. Basal Ipave.< cordate or rounded, petals longer than sepals. I etala X-i) mm. long, a little longer than the lanceolate sepaL- stammodial glands 0-10 3 p. montanenili Petals lO-l.-J mm. long, much longer than the ovate sepals- sitammo,li.il glands 9-1.5 . ... 2 P nalustrls Basal le.-ives not cordate; petals about equaling the sep-ils, stammodial glands rt-7. Stems with a singiL bract 4 p oarviflom Stems bractless, staminodial glands 3-5 .... 5,' l>. kot'ebuei'. 1. P. fimbriata Hanks. (Fringed (J. of P.) Scape 1-2..5 dm. high with a clasping cordate leaf at the middle or slightly above; leaves reniform- cordatc, with a broad sinus: stamino r, h„ In'wet places Co,^„rbiaVal^^^^^ '"^ '''" ^"'^^ ^' '°"S as the sepals, an^oval^^ra'cf nel^tlfe i J'l''*-' ' ''"• '''«''• "^"^">' '^'»''^-- -retimes with Scrkirks. Ve^ like fhe prtcediS ' ''"°" '""'^""'^ *" ^°''''"= „, . 5. MITELLA (Mitrewort) short. more or lesTIdnato n rho ^'"'^ ^'■'*"'"^'' ^''"'^ "i- greenish, calyx short rDim nf I ^", ■ '-«"*^ white hairs; flowers many, sins y or n pairs- ninm; 3-'; nivv lobes rounded. Along streams. V. I.; Xana'imo; and'doubtlessTn the mli:!: fi. M. trifida Grah Scape glanJuiar puberulent, 2-3 dm hijih naked- petoles retror.^.|y ha.ry, at least above, the orbicuiar-r^d „ m to ovat^ blades snarnmly hatry on both sides, cordate, crenate. slightly iXdraccr^es short, often s..<-„nd: ,x-t.,is one-half lon.^cr than the sepals Vhtewlharne abo've the^'mid.li'V'''"''^ ''''^" ll?""' ^ ""^- '""'^' '^e midrib bratfctinf aoove the middle. Common in Kootcnav; Armstrone- Mt Fcrnie ^3 ?hrm?HHf'^''\'rr ,'^i'^"''."f '^■P-''' n'tbranching.Jjtal cleft o below the middle is to be looked for in southern Kootenay. J_ IT f "^ :i i m v^^m 162 SAXIFRAC.ACE/E 'I 6. TELIJMA (Frince-cip) Perennials with palmately-lobcd, parted or divided leaves; leaved ; flowers racemose ; grandiflora oilorata. T. parviflora. T. tcnella. . Stems few- „, , petals laciniatc, stamens 10, included: capsule 2-valved, adherent to the base <>f the slightly inflated calyx. (An anagram of Mitella). iuSfo. 1. T, race,no,a. Carpc'u 2. plants 0 dm. high, petah yellowish and pinlci.sli. inflores- cence long. Ovary adnate to calyx at base; flowers not fragrant 2 Ovary adnate to calyx for half it3 length; flowers fragrant . 3. Carpeh 3; plants 1-3 dm. hiKii. petals pink, iniio.cscence short. Calyx obconical, petals mostly 3-cleft .... 4 Calyx campanulate. petals :i-7-cleft . j! 1. T. racemosa (S. Wats) Gu-ene. Stems and petioles pubcrulent and glandular: stems 1-2 dm. high, .-.ith a few leaves which have nembranous stipules; leaves puberulcnt, cjrdate, orbicular or reniform, the short, rounded lobes crcnate; inlloresccnce a short, dense raceme: petals white, broad-clawed, with 3-5 short, ciliate lobes, illeuchcra r ici-mosa S, \Vats. Elrn'ra racemosa Rydb.) Mt. Chcam. . '^-.J- ftrandiflora Dougl. Hispid-pubescent, glandular; leaves 3-9 cm. m diameter, round-cordate with shallow lobes; inlloresccnce 1-2 dm. long- caly.x cylindro-cnmpanulate with a turbinate base, the tube about 8 mm. long; sepals ovate, petals yellowish or red, frinned, clawed. .Maska to Cali- fornia. Revclstoke. (T. breviflora Rydb. Tube of calyx scarcely longer than the oblong sepals; same range). 3. T. odorata Howell. Similar; more hirsute; calyx-tube lighter in color, turbinate-campanulatc, 6 -mm. long, the petals with a narrower claw and broarler limb; raceme finally sccund. Same range. Vancouver. ^"oT" P"''^*""'* Hook. Stem with spreading glandular pubescence, I 0-3 dm. .ugh, from a corm-bearing root; leaves soft-pubcsccn;, 3-lobed or ?-clcft, the divisions cleft; flowers 1..5-2 cm. broad, petals whitish-pink clawed; ovary half-infciior; r.ircly producing bulblets. Grassy places' Victoria; Yale; Armstrong; Rockies. 5. T. tenella Walp. Stem more slender, pubcrulent glandular or glabrate, 1-2 dm. high, from a corm-bcarint; root ; leaves 3-o-clcft, the divi.sio^ls cleft'; ovary free except at base, rather scantilv short-hairv; flr)wers 12-1.") mm. broad, petals pinl:, c!a vcd; sometimes with bulblets' ir the inflotescence Victoria; Kamlo.Ms. 7. TOl.MIEA Perennial, stems more or less leafy, leaves stipulate: flowers racemose; calyx-tube long, ofxMi on one side; petals ''iliform; star-ens ."?: platentip parietal ovary 1-cellcd, carpels equal. (Leplaxis\ Dr. \V. I". Tolmie, d. l.SSti' collected plants for Ihwiker). ' 1. T. Menziesii Push. Rather slender, (.ubescent, 4-() dm. high; basal leaves l-S cm. wide, cordate, long-petioled, the short marginal lobes toothed often with a bud at the base of the blade; mature carpels 10-15 mm long' Woods, Coast. 8. TIARELLA (False .Mitrf.wort) Perennial herbs with leafy flowering branches, small fringed stifiules and ongatc panicles of sm.ill, white flowers; stamens 10, well exserted, petals 5; ovary 1 -celled with 2 parietal nc.irly basal ijlacentx; the values of the ripe capsule ver\' unequal. Leaves r..,t divided 1. T unifoliaU. Leaves tt-rnate. Leaf divi^ion-i lohed o trifo'iita Leaf divisions lac uiate '.'.'.'. 3.' laciniaia' SAXIFRAGACE^ 163 u' ^\ =".'j°"",*-'',"?°'' (Simply Leaved T.) (llabrous below, clandular above, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, 3-,i-l()bed, crcnate- inllorcs- cence a narrow panirle; petals linear, much longer than the whitish sepals- mIT. °r °T^, ^-'^ •^"'^ •'■^ ""^- '""8- Woods, Selkirks and R^kCk Alaska; Coast .Mountains. 1 J' ^' *'"'':?'i^*« [• (Thkke-Leaved T. ) Pubescent from base or Rlabrous below, glandular above 3-5 dm. high; leaflets coarsely toothed with about d more or less evident lobes; inflorescence compound, narrow; petals some- times pink, linear much longer than the sepals; valves ()-•) and 3-t mm. long. Woods, Coast; Alaska. ^ fhlJ- '^*;'"'^*'» ""o"^; ,.(Cut-Leaved T.) Similar, l-ss pubescent, but the hairs stifTer; more delicate, the leaflets deeply twice cleft. Mt. Streams. Mt. Arrowsmith to .Maska. 1. H. micrar.tha. 2. H. glabra. 3. H parvifolia. 9. HEUCIIERA (Ali-m Root) . Perennials Asith radical leaves and scape-like stems bearing whitish flowers in spjcate or paniculate inno.xscences; ovarv half-inferior, iK-tals small entire or wanting; calyx often whitish; capsule l-celled with 2 parietal pl'accntx! (Heucher was a (.erman botanist). ^ Stamens longer than the sepals inflorescence open: calyx 2..-J mm long. Leaf-lobes rounded, crenate Leaf-lobes acute, serrate Stamens shorter than the sepals, inflorescence spicate ' Calyx 2-3 mm. loni?. Calyx ThO mm. long Petiole.s Ions-pubescent. Leaf-blades roundish ... i. ii .-,.i.„j„„ Leaf-blades ova! . t ][ '^y''ndrica. Petioles glabrous or nearly so ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! o] M guieila?'' nnVl,!'" "?'""an«ha Dougl. Villous below with long, white or brownish hairs- ?li^ e^'!?'*''i ^^'^"' ''^f "'^■''' 3-*' ''■^- ^'^^ ■ '^■^^■^^ '^^•a^^-- cordate, slightly manv- bbed, blades 4-8 crn long; panicle large, diffuse, with minute linear bracts; petals narrow with filiform claws. Rocky bluffs. Coast and \M. o ?j"'.^-''T'"'.'* ^^'"'^- Slightly pubescent or glabrous, stem with 1-3 leaves f^h Tl *^ 'i ''^'■';' "^ate, cordate 4-5 cm. long, .ibout 7-lobed; petals ovate,' with a long claw; bracts of tl.e inflorescence narrowly lanceolate. Mts and mt. streams; Alaska, southward. l,..fw"" P'^f^'f""-* .^'u"- Scapes nake!o? R.Dckies'. 5-14 cm. (H. Columbiana Rvdb. , .?! M.1 164 SAXIFRAGACE^ 10. BOYKINIA Perennials with leafy stems and open cymes of white flowers; stamens 5; petals 5, entire; capsule 2-celled with centra! placentae. (Boykin was an American bjtanist). 1. B. occidentalis T. & G. Pubescent with brown hairs, glandular above 3-5 dm. hiKh; leaves round-cordate, incisely 3-5 lobed, serrate, the base of the petioles with long hairs; petals twice as long as the calyx, white, nar- rowed to a claw. Wet places, Coast region ; Vancouver. This species is subdivided in the North Am. Fl. into the following, which may be regarded as varieties. Branches of inflorescence dichotomous-cymose with 2 racemiform aecund branches, pedicels curve»« ^"'"ofJr^n',fVJ.''T' '*'T' "l""**" °"«" scap^like above; plaaU often tuft«l; leares broad or narrow; hypanthiura well d^Vl- oped, finally longer than the sepaU. ■""'""> wca aevel- Petala yellow. Leaves entire. Plants stoloniferous Plants not stoloniferous. Pet^^ i'nJ!'a», 'fj"*^"*''!}* ''•^ stamens. leave, sharp . P«lu 1* • "'^"^■"S.the stamens, leaves obtuse. Petals 1 cm. Ions; follicles 10 mm. long . P«,i. .„fcif^'' ^^ """• '°"''' 'o'l'cles 5 mm. long . '. ' Petals white, creamy or spotted. «... Leaves, in part at least, evergreen, longer than broad, i^eaves entire. Leaves glabrous, oval Leaves spinulose-margincd, lanceolate Leaves not entire. .... Leaves rigid, the 3 teeth spinescent-tipped leeth or lobes not spinescent-tipped l-eaves merely toothed Leaves 3-lobed at apex. Petals 2.5-3..) mrr long . Petals 4-7 mm. i..:,^ Leaver annual. roiinJi.sh. T!»e axils of the upiier leaves bulb-bearing leaves more than 1 cm. wide The axils normal, flowers usually several 1 cm. wide. ' Leaves 3-.5 lobcd; petals clawless Leaves rrenate; petals abruptly clawed ■ • • • Stems scapose. leaves all basal, broad; plants usually not tutted • PetaTn.ii^Sl'^'"'^- "'^'"'^'- «^""'>' »'•<'"" th''an"Sli;x""'' ' Inflorescence leafv-bracted Inflorescence not leafy-bracted. Pubescence pale Pubescence reddisl. Petals uniform. Filaments subulate or fihtorm. Inflorescence dens.- or in dense t ymules Stamens equalin« or longer than petals; capsule oblong Stamens shorter than the petals; capsules ovate ' Petals notched at apex . Petals entire Inflorescence of open cymules; leaves red-timcntosc' beneath' F.laments clavat.' (.lightly enlarged above the middle). Leal-blades ovate-oblong, tapering to a >|e; flowers in cymulea or a dense head. ""-vers in Leaves often red-putwscent beneath; i>odicel3 shorter than the flowers .... Leaves not red-pubcsccnt beneath; podii'els longi-r than the nowers Leaves roundish, not taporiog to .i i^tiolo ; flowers mostly in an open panicle. Leaves fan-sh.ijx-d or obovate . Leaves orbicular. Flowers in a .tals purplish. I rnet mes w h tc much longer than the obtuse c,ilyx-lolx-s. calyx ci iate, free from the Alpine, Ro<-ktes; Mt. Quicst, Shuswap; Alaska. ovary. floLfeH-^^f ^^V ^/•'T u"*"^'- ''••^'y' Klandular-pub^scent. 1-5- Howercd, stok)ns from the axils of the basal-leaves long and filiform; leaves glandular obovate-spatulaic helow. ciliate. en. ire. flowers large p^taTs yellow, obovate-cuneate. 2-3 timer longer than the sc.pals anrstaS! rH ■ i 'Hi ; :» -' II 166 SAXIFRACACE/E Pi ' calyx very glandular, nearly frit- from tho ovarv, the lobes equaling or longer than the tube. Aictic, southward in the Rockies. 3. S. Van Bruntte Small. Stems .iscemiinj;. solitary or tufted, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, with few to several cor\ r..L.ose llowers. leaves numerous, fleshy, 1 cm. long, linear-obj. ok, more or' less spinulose- ciliate, petals yellow siwtted with orange. <,blonK', \14 tim<-* as long as the sepals; stamens equaling the petals. Alpine rivulets, Roi kies. Field. (5. atzoides L. in part). 4. S. Hirculus L. Erect from a s-lender caudcx with glabrous or slightly pubescent simple stems, 1-2 dm. high, leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong obtuse, the lower spatulatc.short-petioled, 2-3 cm. Ions;, attenuate toaciliate petio c evenly distributed, and not very numerous on the stem; flowers soli- tary (or rarely 2-3) bright yellow, sometimes spotted frarlet, obovate, nof'ding, 3 times as long as the reflc.xed calv x-lobes; stamens half as long as the petals, often ciliate, the capsule nearly free from the calyx. Alaska to the Sas- katchewan. 5. S. serpylHfolia Pursh. Tufted, the leaves crowded on the stems, which above arc nearly naked and onc-fiowered; leaves « mm. long, thickish spatulate, obtuse, alternate at base, entire, glabrous, slightly cartilaginous on the margin; calyx-lobes finally retlexcd, ovate; petals obovate, more than twice as long as the calyx-lobcs, golden-yellow; styles a little spreading. Alaska southward to \Vn. G. S. Tolrniel T. & (i. Low, loosely tufted, 1 dm. or less high, the peduncles naked to the inflorescense and usually longer than the densely leafy stems; leaves oval 4-,5 mm. long, evergreen, llowers 1-4, petals white, some- times pink, 3-4 mm. long, twice as long as the oblong, obtuse calyx-lobes- capsule 7 mm. long, adnate at base to the deeply cleft calyx. Alpine near the melting snow. Mt. Crown, North Vancouver; Mt. Chcam. 7 S. bronchialis L. (Common S.) Tufted, 2-3 dm. high, stems as- cending, bracted above, densely leafy b low, proflucing bracted scapose stems many times as long; leaves lanceolate, .")-10 mm. long, evergreen- flowers few to many, [jctals white, usually spoiled, 5-G mm. long, much longer than the ovate obtuse calyx-lobes; capsule .5-0 mm. long, adnate at base to the deeply cleft calyx. Alpine, on all our Mts. and northward to Alaska. 1 here are scvcr.il formsr^ln the typical the petals arc 6.5 mm. long pale greenish-yellow, orange-spotte.l below the middle, broadly unguiculate at base; the stamens equaling or exceeding the corolla; the stvic % the length of the ovary. Alaska. In the var. austromontana (VViegand) Piper the petals are 5.5 mm. long, white spotted with orange dots below the middle and purple dots above, not at all unguiculate; the stamens are shorter than the petals; the style is \^i the length of the ovary; the common form southward. Var. cherlerioides Don. Densely tufted, 5-S cm. high, leaves short sub- spat iilate, sharply mucronate, flowers few. Northern, Gatcho Lake. 8 S. tricuspldata Rottb. Tufted, stems nearlv naked above, leaves hardly 1 cm. long, crowderl at bav.- oblong or spatulate with 3 rigid sharp teeth, the margins ciliate, flowers several, about I cm. broad, petals oblong- obovate, cipsule nearly free from the calyx. Northern. 9. S. adscendens L. Low, glandular simple or sparingly branched, or tultcd, i-S cm. high, from a slender caudcx, leaves obovate-spatulate, the lower 3-toothed, or .some of them entire, hispid-ciliate; flowers several petals obovate-cuneate, whhe, pink, or greenish veined at base, twice as long as the calyx; calvx-tube wholly adn^-.te to the ovary and longer than the lobes which are often brown; stamen;; hardly exceeding the calyx-lobes. Alpine' Cheani; Rockies. 10. S. caespitosa. L. (Tifted S.) Densely tufted, the short den.selv- leafy stems surmounted by a comparatively stoutish, glandular-pubescent scape, hardly 1 dm. high; le.ive-. 1-1.5 cm. long, glindular, ciliate, mostly "ursrvKsmTs^jj! an \ SAXIFRAGACE/E 167 fi ?W.:r n I '° * '"■"^'^ ^f**' "•'*'^" 3-few. calyx campanulate at base fsLli Tsf ; , w"^1"f' '^''"*''^= Shawnigan Lake. S. moiitlcola a-The ovate r-^v« lo^r.^ I *^' ^ "i ^'^''i ^'^"^^ °^"'''"'"' ^ ""^^^^^^ '°"S I ouis^^and'fafSh ward "'■■'' ""^'^' ''"'•" '""^ "^" ''^'^^y- '*-•'-- Lak^ mate, obtus...horter than the tube; carpels oblong, adnate be ow Aloine Rock.es and tar northward. Var. hyperborea R^. Br. Stems often onlv Alaska: S-kie's°"' ^ "°""^'^' '"''''' '"^'^ ^--'''' ^^'v ^'Stly gIandu°S stems Lkt?^J-ZL"'o4^fl'^''''""H ^- '•?^,""'^'y «'a"dular-pubescent, th»^, r -J 1 u J ^ •• -"^ flowered, radical leaves small, crenatelv lobed ulf;^n ^^ Vt^"^ ?' '^""/^- P*^'^'^ "^•'^t*^. o'^t"«>. twice as long as the cal^x wards." '""'''• '^^'y'"^"'^ wholly adnate to th4 ovary. (?"' Mts.^u^h.' thil-l hir«^,?°^''I"h' K'^'u- ''"'■'^• f^'andubr-pubescent 1-4 dm. high- leaves thick, hirsute, with pale hairs, at least on the upper face oblanceolate ariti.h hl^nliLL" ^ *r^^' ''^'^'' '^""J'-'' --« "''■ lonrdenticu" e "rJerraVfaSe let, e^rdl;' ,'"''?^^^'="^'= ?f^". bracts small, (lowers often replaced by bulb ,n-,;i T. .1^ '"mountain forms. 2 lower petals lanceolate. 3 up^r ovate or spade-shaped with a claw and 2 vellow spots at the hi«. ^f tKo Ki, i ci follicle,".'^' «*l^ "^^'? "^•^^'>'^ clistinc'^XuS rHle'^d. tl'r y'Sbnfu" I V Ann I --^ u""- '°"^/.u ^0"""<'n: Krassy dry blufTs; Ho ven Is aMd■ 2 -I H,.^^-'^^'^."'"''^' ^"]^"- f'"bcscent, often shagi;y-pubcscent below 2-0 dm. high; leaves spatulate to cuneate-obovate. coar.dvtS.l towards purple, with snreading tips. Alaska and northward re, ac rl in "south' ern Rockies of- our range by S. rhomboidea C.reene Leaves oblong-ovate inflorescence with narrow bracts. Mt. Garibaldi. ^ ' 19. S. bidens (Small). Leaves erect or ascending, 3-7 cm lone denticu late, more or less c.liolate, often thinly pubescent above, narrowed mVelaS slender petioles, shorter than the blade; 3-4 cm. toll °lamiu?ar vi lous^ cymules in clusters terminating the slender branches; ,^ kl^J 4 5 mm lone' more than t«.ce as long a, the sc-r^ls. 2 toothed at aj^x. clawed ;Tamenf; ^^W^ ^fnrmr. I 2 H-: MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART lANSI and ILO TEST CHART No. 21 U^'MM H 1^ m m ■3.2 2 2 2.0 i:25 lllll 1.4 1.8 1.6 ^ APPLIED IN/HGE 1653 £asl Mam Street Rochester. New 'rork U609 uSA (?'6) 482 - 03C0 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fa- 168 SAXIFRAGACE/E I':" ill'' lii lit :, f hS' VrctS''" ^^"* ^ ""• '°"^' ^''^ ^'P^ ""•"^*'^'y ^P^^-ding. Cedar I ^- S. Integrifolla Hook. Stem stout, very elandular i i H,^ i,: u pciais wnite, 4-& mm. long, suborbicu ar, short-cawed follirIp«„. a/a, S.odontophylla). Alaska tS'Wn.. in the mountaiil' *" £t slightly lon|er thL thi up^^^I^S rXexed'fmm.^iT^t^is wh i'tl ^^fe^'r^: ROSACE/E 189 ROSACEA (Rose Family) ca?uco'L%t?e?sTeS^\\T;nrrl^'^ or exstipulate. the stipules often the usually 5-petals m^mIs 1 m^n 7' '"'^T'^ o" the receptacle, with usually 5, ofte'^^ap^ariSdou^LLTt "'"?"/ ^'i''""' •''^'""^*^"= ^P^>« family, so.eti.es g^ke„^up'?„t^h'eVse«rs^S^^^^^^^^^^ ^ '-«^ A. Ovary superior. ">.iutt. Flowers corymbose, fruit red 1- Nuttallla. v-arpels l-many, not becoming a stone fruit rJ?o,«;--i • ■ • 2. Prunus. r=r^ ' heaped on a fleshy receptacl™ ?• Rubus. Fr,,S'i',K'"=''''*<' '" *" "™-'ike receptacle 1 E^garia. ^^^^^lZ:\^:n^^^t''°^ 6. Alchemilla. Stamens 5 or more. 7- Sanguisorba. Shrubs. &is SS°i;?&".'"'"^' '--» broad, palmate.y 3-Iobed 8. Phy^Karpu,. ^""Uml'tX^?/.^' '^^'^ '■' ™- '-«• °' 'ess. Fruit of several-many carpels ^- PufsWa. H»bs. 11. Potentilla. P«iil"8'? "^ ""^ °^ '"» plumose. P«f! ?• i'*^^" '"pentose beneath . „ ^ stJ^MiredTo-r'Sr'' '-"-''' : •■ : : ll.gJuT- teSi.S^io'r"""'^'"''-^"""'""* • . 12.Aruacu.. Stamens 5. leaves 3-toothed . , , c.vu .... SUmens more than 5. ". Sibbaldia. Rowers densely spi'cate or capiute 7 c .. Flowers In racemes or corymbs • • • ■ 7. Sanguisorba. Calyx with hooked bristles '. ib a • • CiUyx without hooked bristles ' " ' • 1°. Agrimonia. R o„ ., Ffutoffo&s%^atl3t,ri'°°« • •"Potentilla. BranchM not thorny. 17. Crataegiis. Mowers in corymbs or cyme* Flowers In racemes . 18. Pyrus. 19. Amelanchler. 1. NUTTALLIA (Bird Cherry) the'^tt^inlTt^h/'S; flute's iXSf = Aowers poly^amo-dicecious. KU- --^-= ^-'^ ^ ^-- ^" 1 -^rTN^ltV ^ra^^Suh lan«o^;te"amf oTVuse* e'io cIn"T '"^ "L^^^' '^-^'' broadly ob- dropping Racemes. apSaring S o^b;fo"ri' t'?.".'^'"'"' beneath; flowers in as long as the calyx; fruit a b „e l\^lT a ''"''''''u' P^.'^'* *''^"e. twice yellow on red pedicels.'Xst of"the^CaSs "'^^ *'''" '^'^'^""P" '*=^'''*''- 2. PRUNUS (Plum or Cherry) the^1^VeS.i^r%trs''5'ft™'^^^^^= flowers, white, calyx S-cleft. capitate; fruit a dr"u%.'"l!?hf 'Latirname"""^'-""^- ""'" '•'''"*^' "'^""^ inate. acute or obtuse. ro^teiKC^L^atCa^ W^-'fin^r^^^^^^^^ i'i lis :^y ilii III 1 ! 170 ROSACEA petioles often with 2 glands; racemesO.5-1 dm. long, densely flowered, the pedi- cels shorter or longer than the flowers; petals 3-6 mm. long; fruit red or purp- lish black, sweet, not very astringent, 6-8 mm. thick. A low shrub at the Coast; a tree at Spence's Bridge. 2. P. cmarginata Dougl. (Wild Cherry). Flowers corymbose; shrub or tree, bark brown, marked with lenticels; leaves oblong-oval, pubescent beneath, mostly obtuse, glandular at the base of the blade; calyx-lobes re- flexed, petals 4-5 mm. long, pubescent outside; drupe red, bitter. Coast to Rockies; Vancouver. 3. RUBUS (Raspderry, Bl.\ckbsrry) Erect or trailin.;, sometimes herbaceous, leaves simple or usually 3-foliate, stipulate; calyx .j-lobed, persistent without bractlets; petals 5, deciduous: stamens many; < irpels usually many on a spongy or fleshy receptacle, becom- ing small drupes. (The Latin name, from ruber, red). Stems unarmnl. Tall, shrubby, t)-l,'> dm. high, leaves very large . . . 1. R. parviflorus. Low. herbaceous. Leaves round, slightly lobed; fruit yellow 2. R. Chamaemorui Leaves cleft or divided; fruit usually red. Stems and pedicels glandular-hiapt'd; petals white . . . 3. R. transmontanus. Stems and pedicels not glandular-hispid. Petals white. Sepals 3-4 mm. Ions, pubescent 4. R. pubescens. Sepals 6-9 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 5-foliate. drupelets glabrous . 5. R. pedatua. Leaves simple or ternate, drupelets pubescent 6. R. fasiococcus. Petals red. PetaU oblanceobte to obovate, 10-15 mm. long, clawed . 7. R. aciulis. Petals obovate, scarcely clawed, 10 mm. long or less 8. R. aicticus. Stems armed with priclcles or bristles. Erect; drupelets readily separating from the spongy receptacle (Rasp'jerrics). Flowers red . . 9. R. spectabilis. i*iowers white. Peduncles armed with a few hooked prickles, fruit purple 10. R. leucodermis. Peduncles densely glandular-bristly, fruit red, sometimes yellow. Leaves only sliehtly tomentose beneath when young becom- insRlabrate 11. R. viburnifolia. .,. Leaves usually densely white tomentose beneath . .12. R. strigosus. Trailmg; drupelets not separating from the juicy receotacle f Black- berries). Stems slender, fruit red 13. r. nivalis. Stems stout, fruit black. Leaves 3-foliate , 14. R. macropetalus. Leaves much dissected 15. R. laciniatus. 1. R. parviflorus Nutt. (Thimbleberry). Shrub 6-20 dm. high, young brancK-s glandular-hairy; bark exfoliating; leaves round-cordate,' 5-7 lobcd, 6-20 cm. wide, doubly serrate; flowers 4-6 cm. wide, petals white, rarely reddish; sepals ovate with an appendage nearly equaling the body, fruit red, hemispherical on a convex torus. (/?. nutkanus Moc.) Coast to Rockies; Vancouver; Alaska. 2. R. Chamsemorus L. (Cloitdberry, Baked Apple). Erect, 0.5- 1.5 dm. high, from creeping rootstocks; unarmed; leaves 2 or 3, round-reni- form, cordate, 5-lobed, rugose; flowers solitary, dioecious; petals white, twice as long as the short-pointed, pubescent, gbndular sepals; fruit yellow, sep- arating from the dryish receptacle. Peat bogs, Atlantic to Pacific. Van- couver; Alaska. 3. R. transmontanus Focke. Herbaceous, creeping, slightly bristly or glandular-hispid; leaves ternate, stipules 1-1.5 cm. long, puberulent; petioles somewhat glandular-hispid; leaflets rhombic-ovate. 3-7 cm. long, acute at base anil apex; flowers 1-3, pedicels glandular-hispid; sepals 4-5 mm. long, about as long as the white petals; fruit red, drupelets smaller r-i^sr^^-^^^" ROSACEA 171 and less juicy than R. pubescens. Revc-lstokc. (Perhaps. Dr. Rv-lbcre says, a hybrid between R. pubescens and some species of the R. stngosus ,.1:,^^' P"*****^*"* R=»f- Stems unarmed, slender herbaceous or somewhat woof y at base, ascendmg or traiimg; leaver 3-5-foliate, pubescent, leaflets 2-6 Vmnrf^nlT t^Q- ^"^"'f ^^ ''Pr ^"^ °f^^" =1' ^^"'- st'P"'«-'s oblong, 5 mm. long: flowers 1-3, petals small, white or pink, hardly exceeding the pubescent or glandular-pubescent reflexcd sepals" fruit red. not separi ng Armstrong ''''''^'^'^'- ^^- '^'>^«^ l^'^h') Alaska southward, GoS nl^Af^'i l^^'f *"' Smith Stems very slender, trailing, rooting at the nodes, te ^ I"'''**' ««P5/« Pct'olcs; leaves 3-foliate. or the lower so deeply^ lobed as to appear 5-foliate; leaflets 1-2 cm. long, obovate, stipules ovate ^ mm long; peduncles usually 1-flowered; petals white, oblong, shorter than the foliaceous, glabrous sepals; carpels glabrous; fruit 1-5-red glabrous drupe- S^uihrrdTSan'o wfe^''^'" ^'^ ""f^^^^"^" ^°"""°"' ^■^'^- ^l-ka 6. R. laslococcus Gray. Stems slender, creeping, l-f, dm. long, cinereous- pubescent; leaves usually ternatc, 3-5-lobed, or sometimes 3 foliate flowers ailitary; petal,, whue, obovate, hardly exceeding the calyx; carpels 5-l'> den^lv tomentose; styles thickened upwards; fruit red or yellowish, drupe- lets 4-5 mm. broad, pubescent. To be looked for in the Cascades, southward .In^'i^'i^'^^"'^','^^''''',''- Similar to the following; common southward; simple. 1 dm. high or ess, leave? few, all leaflets rounded at apex; usually 1-flowered, petals a little longer than the sepals. Mts., Alaska to Wn. I»,^:„^*i o!i*^*' u"'u V R«"t.';t?F'' "^U'll'y branching, stems with several leaves. 1-2 dm. high; leaves trifoliate, sparingly pubescent, some of them acute: llowers 1-3 sub-dia-cious. petals scarcely clawed, 10 mm. long or less, about equaling the acunimate pubescent sepals, drupelets usually numerous, dark- red. Alaska southward in Rockies; Lake Louise. 9. R. spectabills Pursh. (Salmonberrv). Stems 2-1 m. high peren- nial; bark browni.sh-yellow. exfoliating, prickles weak; the young shoots often quite unarmed: leaves trifoliate, the lower leaflets either unsvmmetrical or lobed on the lower side, glabrous; stipules linear; flowers solitarv petals f^„;V h'^u ''"J""^' ■''I*'''' '^"W?"^' ^"■'^P'date, pubescent sepals; carpels glabrous; fruit dark-red or yellow. West of the C. -ades; northward to Alaska 10. R. leucodermis Doug). (Black I.) Stems tall, stout, glaucous, recurving and rooting at the tip; plentiful,/ armed with stout prickles, thos^ on the leaves and peduncles more recurving; leaves usually 3-foliate: leaflets tomentose beneath, the terminal lor.g-petiolulatc; flo-vcrs many, in corymbs; petals white, shorter than the reflexed pubescent long-acuminate sepals- pedicels spiny; carpels pubescent; fruit purple, glaucous. Alaska south- ward, west of tl.e Selkirks. R. leucodermis X melanolasius. With the habit and pricklv stem of the former, but the upper part of the bran the pedicels and petioles more or less glandular-hispid. Sicamous. 1 1. R. viburnifolia (Greene) Rydb. Stems densely soft-bristly, glabrous or puberulent; leaflets incised-serrate, on old shoots 3, on new often 5- the .erminal leaflet rhombic-ovate to ovate; pedicels densely glandular-hispid and somewhat bristly, calyx sparingly tomento.se and glandular-hispid sepals lanceolate, caudate-acuminate; fruit 15 mm. broad, red or yellow drunclets very numerous, comparatively small, pubescent. Selkirks and northw. I his is doubtless the species at Crawford Bay, said to have yellow aromatic fruit. / u™ 12 R. strigosus Michx. Rough bristly (in R. suharcticus (Greene) Kydb., a northern form, densely and finely villous on stems, almost white- tomentose on young stems) leaves 3-5-foliate. doubly serrate, some often green 1 ! 172 ROSACE/E .ill :■ M be distinguished thus- """"wara to Alaska. The two species may and densely glanduIar-hispW Mlcds ' "" *"'' ^'^^'-""^' ^'"='" ^^"'t. recu;ve''d; ta "'s "sS'tly 'priTklf b^n^alh"" h^' ?"' '?•. '^^ P"'^'"- --"• 3-foliate; stipules ovate ; flEfperfec?,' few Tt 1^"'°''"*^ ?■■ .^o™"''"" ctr -o^r;\-'Lt'-"°'^^^^^^^^^^^^ Xu£ traiLJ!-irrK'"p'Hckles'Ihor7^^K «'--''«-««v). Stems stout, leaflets ovate, dentate oTthe fSc, K u= '^^''^^ pubescent, trifoliate flowers sub-di'cecioufin^mallcyt""Xfert^^^^^^^^ f'"Pvl? ^".'^ ^-lobed! the sterile with petals 2-2 5 cm lnn.r.I!f i ^"' P^'H* **'"<^' ^ cm. long, often lobed; fruit^llabrouj bla^k.'^lafk^^ ^^f ^V^.^^PJ^^''^ °r appendagel; R. macropetalus X vIbupnifoliV.. r . \*- '"^"""^ 's Califomian) glandular stem, pubfscen? f™ t ald^frn^'?'^"*'^^ T^a '^^ bristly and But with the leaves andTthe fru" s much lon^f^.^'""^ ,^^^^^'1 ."^ ^^^ '«"er; terminal leaflet large and cS^^ the tom/nt^ sepals much longer and the slight. Along snowfheds Glacier R hXh p'"^°k "2J^^[ ^""''^^^ °^ '^avcs ho;ked''prickS;ta" s'Satiw'IffX^ ?h^ 7^-^ ^'-* -^h strong white or pinkish often sSd^oais off fnl" *'{l:?'^'S'ons pinnatifid; peta!^ ^st in both: fruit black' A^com'm^^^tden'eS^i; '^^^^^ ' ' -^ ^"^ '-" 4. FRAGARIA (Strawberry) ^"i^!^?..?' ?T' *"'' petioles spreading or reflexed L«vej more or less glaucous above 1. F. bracteata. F. chilo^nsia. F. cuneifolia. F. platypetala. F- srandiflora. F. idarica. ROSACE/t 178 rhombic-ova rsub^ssie'^;;;hee'^in.'r' ^"'^r'"*^ ^'?^''''^'-' ^^^^'^ '«^aflet; 1.5-2cm.broadrpttaire. uTroorcreLreoftonr^^^^^^ "r*^" "°' f^^8^^"t or somewhat m-'cronate Ton Jcr X„ /hf . '^'1^ ' ""?''' °^'»''"' acuminate sometimes erect, in fruit'- fruft ovofd J^l '^"^«^°'-^;p l'r-»cts, spreading, or S^f^^ S^^^v.T^-cs ^s: t^hii^pSl^-'-^ ^'^ 3.3rKs^taai^Si^ clothed with spreading h^ s; Mu^ e erect 3 ^^cm ?oL"^ ^^1^^'" "^'"'y m chtloensis- flowers fi S^i m^ kI^^j ' ^ *^'"- 'o"K; usually longer than rr.l,; acta™ „^i„„,, i„ .hluolTi.. Srfo SMaS?iS»? °'»'°''' sepals triangula;. or ovrteknreoUff.^.^^K' "^"^"x equaling the leaves lanceolate. a^ut;n;ariras1o"n1?fcsl^^^^^^^^ m shallow pts. (F tauciflora liJrl\.\ r ^ ' 'cm. broad; achenes in the Rockies; AgLfz^FieldTrSe^ ^""""°" ^'' "^ '^'^ Cascades and 5. ROSA (Rose) shaped, contracted at the mouth r^Llsalids^iuS f h"J i" » '•^"P^^'^'^^ "■■"- aged, stamens and carpels manV^ he Utte^ tv anH l^"" •'" ^PP^."^' in fruit. (The Latin name) ^ ^"'* becommg nutlet* :il , i •:■ Kt 174 ROSACEit #! Sepalu dKiduoua in fruit. Priclilci stout, recurved Pricltles weak, strainht Sepals! persistent in fruit. ■ • . . . Flower3 2.5-1.5cr.i. broad; usually in clusters, leaflets oblong-ovate prickles straiKlit Flowers .1-.5 cm. broarl. mo.^lley. P^"'""^™- ^ot common; reported frurn lUavcr- orLu;ved"toadV7rTa'n,ubr":it°^^^^ ^- '^'^'h; prickles straight often densely clothed S.^^'h weak 4m.'ri ^^"' "' '" '^'"^"••^''- '^e stem glandular, leaf-rachis glanduTar and us.'^M •''i."-''?''^ ""'^'^'^■■'^: «'il'"l" elliptical oblong, usually rounded -.tfhnh^ P"'''''-' ''^^""* •''-". "va te to cent and thickly resino^do elitary or in 2's or rl vJfl- f ' '''^"'^'>' serrate; flowus 4-S cm lolxsusuv^llyg^landuhrientre rardJSf tlTm'lf'"'^"!"^ '" "^''^'^^^ '^'v^" ' and short to lanceolate inH\An„. • *^'" "'^*^''' ^''^ appendaires linear typically globose andTecfiZt v^y^SlT- feu^'''-^ ^f ''-^^ ^"^^^ maturing 25 nutlets or more (b) nWnr,^ 'a' globose and short-necked. t.mes maturing 75 nutlets c) pyrS a '-tTsh' Vr"^"" *"?=*" J'^"^'. some-' or sometimes 3-4 mm. long matur n^^.'s^^ f ''\"''' 1^"^ ^^'''^ "' "one toid-cordate (e) oblong wi^hTew nutle"s th fJ" '5"^" T^ ^^^'''''^ (^> ^el- all found at the coast and very "renuenHv .k::^ u""""' ^'"'""^ f°™« are specie, extends from V. I. to tl^S^E ^F^r^ character to clumps. The and nearly or quite cglandular ^H ff' ,T^ ''"'' '^'^^''^ simpiv serrate R. mellna Greene. Var hTspwJ Fe? ^%^''"^\!^^y, be ais„ned to Spence's Bridge. nispida Fer. Fruit hispid. Elgin. V.I.; deLf; S s^r^rght'SLe's-^Sr',':;ist'i:e'ir,f"^">- r-'^' -- - - or If present, not enlaced prickler^mpwh^"^ P''.''^'^'" absent, d'latej; glandular; leaf-rachis ^me4Tvmn ""'f^'''"): ^t'Pules usually leaflets oblong-elliptical usuall^^ 7 u '°"* °'' tomentose, not prickly doubly or simjiy serr^e, mo= fc Sile^and m.mH "f """^ ^''^r "^ beneath.' or in 2's or 3's. 4-7 cm broirl- ,1L? ^ ^ rounded at base; flowers solitarv^ small^ linear lobes, not h LpYl^rgterhl.'l^^-T'^''^'^"''^'-' "'■ ^ °^ '^em wi^ or ellipsoidal to pyriform Ch a neck 8 p' fn r" "" '^^^*^'"= ''''''' ^'o^ose =v§1t-'^- ^^- «>''5''-^ dis^in;:rshtT^^„/^^^^^^^ ^^:^:z:;;-:^::!^::^--^- • «... Thp twr. f i_ ■ K. Ena«Imannll guished.?xcTbV%Ve'sXS'oTtSl;ft^. ^' ^'"^'^" ^^^ -^'^ ^'^culty distin- 6. ALCHEMILLA (Lady's Mantle) flow^s smJl!=g;ee;TsV''c1ry:'':lL' ■^'^ °^ ^'^•''?'^'^' -'^ clasping stipules- •imb 4-paited, 'peta" nonetstam"et T-7 cf llsT?';h ^'''T'"'-' ' "^^ '^5. the base. (An Arabic name) ' P^ ^■*' '^"^ "'j'*-' '"""^'ng from nea^ 'obcsl:- :"!^7t'"fl^:?rs'^r:'smalf"""^'' ~''' ^"'^ '^'-^'"^ '--" 3-parted the broad stipules.' stamen Lsual^v I'^^T^L^PP^^r l^'^.^^'^^'' -"clo'sed by he -e.^S.dy. grassy pE"^o^t ?^e^S! ^ll^^^U^Lb |M !» *f ,; 17« ROSACE/E 7. SANGUISORBA (Burnet) brush-hke stigma. (Utin sanguis, blood, sorbtre, to absorb). Poterium. Leaflets senile. Leaflets pinnatitid . . . c Leaflets toothed •■ g- annua. Leaflets petioled. *• *• •»"«>'• Filaments short .. e • , . Filaments long J- §• """ocepl U. 4. o. sitchensis. 7 h «;-=?"P"1i^""i ,^'^"**^^' 8'='^™"s, 1.5-5 dm. tall, annual; leaflets 1-16, o\ate to oblong, 8- '5 mm. lour; deeply pinnatifid, the segments narrowly oblong, and entire; flowers grceiush-white in oblong heads; stamens 2-4 much shorter than the calyx, which in fruit has narrow wings. (5. occiden- talis). Victoria, and southern B.C. ■ 7 h ^' ?** j"' ^°^- ^^^'^r.^?l' K'abrous or pubescent, perennial; leaflets 7-iy, ovate, deeply serrate, 8-15 mm. long; flowers greenish, in globose heads stameris many, 12 or more, long-e.xserted, the upper flowers pistillate only. (Poterium sanguisorba). Spence's Bridge. Introd. 3. S. microcephala Presl. Tall, glabrous, perennial; leaflets about 1 Oblong, cordate, obtuse, ««"rate with gland-tipped teeth, the up'-'^r 3-0 cm' long, the lower smaller, petioles 1-2 cm. long, flowers purple in globose or cylindrical heads; stamens 4, not exserted, the filaments not flat. Alaska southward. Masset, V. I. 4. S. sitchensis Meyer. Stout, 6-12 dm. high, perennial; leaflets 13-21. oblong to ovate, coarsely serrate, cr'date, their petioles 0.5-2.5 cm. lone; flow- ers whitish or greenish, in dense at first lanceolate, but finally cylindrical spikes, 3-10 cm long, stamens 4, exserted, filaments flat. Wet places, Alaska southward to Wn. Forms with oblong, obtuse spikes and dark-purple calyx are referred to 5. Mozustt Rydb. Same range. 8. PHYSOCAPPUS (Nine Bark) Shrubs with palmately lobed leaves and umbel-like flower-clusters; carpels 1-5, inflated, seeds roundish, shining, albuminous. (Neillia). 1 P. opulifoiius (L.) Maxim. Clumps, 2-4 m. high; branches long, bark exfoliating; leaves ovate, 3-lobed, sub-cordate, or rounded at ba^ puberulent, stellately so beneath; flowers very numerous, the pedicels stel- late-tomentose, petals round, white, often toothed, pods usually 3, glabrous red, mudh exceeding the calyx. Atlantic to Pacific. Vancouver. P. pauCi ' Moms (T. & A.) Pods glabrous, not exceeding the calyx. B. C. to Utah. 9. PURSHIA (Antelope Bush) Diflusely branching shrubs, with small, solitary flowers; leaves fascicled- calyx bractless, petals 5, stamens many, carpels 1-2, free, pubescent, style long. (Pursh was an English botanist). 1. P. tridentata D.C. Pubescent, 6-18 dm. high; leaves 3-lobed at apex, tapering to a short petiole, 10-12 mm. long, including the petiole, tomentos^ beneath; petals ydlow, clawed, 6 mm. long, seijals tomentose, obtuse, fruit a single 1-seeded beaked follicle, 1 cm. long. Dry hills, Kootenay; Cran- tiam.'\m ROSACEA J77 10. SPIR^A Inflorncence cylindrical or pyramidal. Leaves 1-2 cm. broad, inflorescence di-nse 9 <: n„, i •■ Leaves 2-4 cm. broad. -nflorescence loose 2. S. DoiiRlasii. Inflorescence flat- or round-topped pyramidata. Flowers red, in sm.ill, dense clusters 1 c ^„ n Flowers white, in a large, loose cluster is P*"''"ora- Tlamfl.s'm.'h^gh'' '''' """^^ ^"'*" '"""^«"'' 'ndehi«ent; *' ^^ '""""■ 6. S discolor 1. S. pcctlnata T. & G. Stem hardly 1 dm. hiRh oubescent tiiffpH 1 h t .P°"«'*»" Hpolf ^(Harkhack). Pubescent, in dense clumos I'^x T„m/„r= ^"'"Z" "'''r 8^3-6 cm. long, .sc-rrate towards ?heuru^llycS apex, tomentose beneath: flowers red, crowded in a dense -vlindrical nr VarWnSpltt T "' *'".'''• Victoria (Or. C.F. NewcombeK C^st'!*^" '^common. '''''" ^"^" '""'^^'^' P"*— '• -' -' '"--tose. lnJ^^'K*'**K-''°"'u^uu*- i'^^T. Sp.r;ea). Glabrous, except the calvx- ih^.'i. branching, shrubby 3-9 dm. high; leaves 1-2 cm. Ion,- clliS obtuse, crenate towards the apex; flowers rose, in numerous smride^i' CE '"^""""'"8 'he branches. Mts. "The Lions^ Vancouver; Mt 4. S. ludda Dougl. Glabrous; stems usually simple 3-f dm hish vf- frutescent; middle and upper leaves 4-8 cm. long, ova.-oblong reeX'lv o- wTife 0?U1tTrinTfl'r *'' ^T' r -rr^ ^'^^"-"^ t^--^^^^ of the Cal^ades "'^'" ' •=^'y«-'°^>«* pubescent. Co.nmon east 5. S. pyramidata Greene Similar; the inflorescence and branches puberulent; flowers white or rose, in a pyramidal clusteT Revelstoke 6. S. discolor Pursh. (Ocea.vSp.-av). Shruo, 1-5 m. high, with p-bescent twigs; leaves ovate, cuneate or truncate at base coar.Jv tooThed c lo^ tomentose beneath; flowers white in a large, ovoid panicle Sals obW' r°L?fVV^" 't" '^^ ""^T^ ^^'y^: Uamen-disk adherent ^ edgelo tlfe calyx, follicles pubescent; ovules 2. seed .. (Schizonotus, Holdiscu!^ Rocky places and banks. Coast to Columbia Valley; Vancouver ^ 11. POTENTILLA (CiNQUiFoiL, Five-finger) Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves and cymose flowers- calvx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets and thus appearing 10 clefr^tals 5 star^S many achenes many on the d.-y receptacle ;-stylesterminao?Ia?eral. fl tin pouns, powerful, m allusion to the medicinal properties of some speck Petal* purple .... , „ , Petals yellow or cream. 1. P. palustns. Stems shrubby , „ , . Stems herbaceous. ^- ^- "ut'cosa. gawCTs solit-iry on long scapes ... op »«,«!„, Flowers cymose. **• '^- Anserina. Stylesf usiform. atUched near the base of the ovaiy basal leaves pinnate. IDrymocaUis Rydb.) t !| I 178 ROSACE/E :r*^ FetalivcUow. '' w.!l^"' equaling the alyt or thort - Sepo 1 mucronite. petals oval , !»pal5 anite. petaN ohnvate ' " • 1. r 1 * """^'' "'"''ding the calyx '^3/^Vu-acSti.:!^'""'-'' «-—'""= L^fc^ r„^?le""'°* '"-»-"■'"-"= above lUfl^r"''"" ''■""<'• '""<■" "^lanceolate Inflorescence cH»e or narrow; Iftiflets olMvate Rou«h.pube*^nt; calyx ,;>' mm onj '^ ''7.7yirm''o*';;'[y'Sff''orm^" *"''"' *''" """" "»'««k,. I-«vcj digitatelv ri'vided. Basal leaves 5-9 foliate. Leaves tomenlose beneath. HantsO.C-l.Sdm high Plants 3-8 dm. hixh. Leafltls toothed Leaflets pinnatifid . .' Leaves not tomentose beneath. Planti usually 1-3 dm. high T_ "■'i?', '""^"y ^-Sdm. high L«ives ,3-f ate: alpine. }-«ves tuinentose on both surfaces L«ve, tomentose beneath, villous above " Stems icapoae -oove. f ems leafy Leaves iilabrous or nearly so Loives pi.inately divided. attt '**^' •^"*"'"« '*" «P»»'- «>•'» thickened '^'""enSdTt b^a*«.'' '°"*" "">" •'^Is. style not ihick- Leaflets tomentose beneath . Leaflets silky beneiith. Leaflets dissected Leaflets deeply serrate *■ P. oregana. S. P. glanduloM. «. F'. vallda 7. P. corymbosa. 8. P. rivalls. 0. P. millesrana. 10. P. monipielensls. 11. P. biennis. 12. P. nlvea var. n p. gracilis. 14. P. flabelliformls. I.V P. dissecta. 16. P. Nutallii. 17. P. viUosa. 18. P. uniflora. 12. P. nivea. 19. P. flabcUifolia. 20. P. Pennsylvanlca. 21. F. Hlppian^. 22. P. ovina. 23. P. Drummondil. ■•••».». uiummonan. .tout.'^b-rJr?oV;''ieaSs''pi„ia!e'''leafl^lTr'''^- Stems decumbent, few cymosc petals' shorter tCt he' purJlUh calVx^'Tn f ' ."^'°"f^ ^T"^ glabrous^ Bogs and margins of lakes; Zft1otl'nt!^!%ltL7.''' ^^^^^ leaflets 1^. obTniianSoTate"r„Mrl f "^S'''" ^"'- '''«''• '^^ P'-ate: longer than the «S"lSe ,'«erar' Dr. .^^n ' AI°T"*°^ ^''*^*"': P^'^'* A.t. Cheam. ^ '^*'- ""^^ ^»' Alaska, southw.; Kootenay; posed, oblong. serra% Kreena^^^ small ones inter- form, literal; achenes corkv Sth' . ^^ beneath; petals large; style fill- Atlantic to PacificrAIaska vS Jn^J^' <^^"')" ^"'^ saline places Vancouver; Rockies P piclflca How Arh.n^"'- .^^^"f'= ''^^^ ^^o^^- Coast marshes. Pacinca How. Achenes not corky, not grooved. viltulw°[h*rongySish''hlTrs-^"LiTi "^'' ^T ?"^ P«^'<"-« ^en^Iy densely pubescent on both i^c' ^^^^'-'^^^es with about 9 leaflets, rather flo^errng; bSetsoblonSani^^^^ P^'^'^^'^ 1-2 cm. long at 5-6 mm^ong at flowSi^^^^^^^^^^ '°"«= fP^'« °^^'^' '""cronate. ^nd B. C. to Idaho ^' ^ ^ ''' ^"'^ '"'"• '""S- «val. MacKenzie hafrs.''bra?ching"ibove Sd'in^ hi^^^'basa^^fl'^r'^-'tT'^Y"*' *"'' -^ite surface, obovate simolv or hA„k? ' ' '^'^^^.^^ ^■^' g'abrate on the upper 'f^ ROSACl.E ^-„ broad^in fn-t. X". ,. tr,"Kanrp?a::|^k;:sstnd'!' ^'"^' '^•"^"-"'^' •^'^ """• dm; lugh; haS k^a'^sV 1 1 'llCuf '.'i,''*'; "^."' K'^"'J"!-'r-pubescent. 3-9 simply HTrate: inflortscemV C.I! ' ' '^'V'""^' 'uneato. ,oarst-l- usually cyme. l-2dm.broarbraa|.. 2? Vn^''"'. '''''■'•'« i" ■'''"'"^' flat -topped roundel, larKe, O-IO ,^^^'ln^'i^:J^^ ^ ^^^T^''^^ ^epals, ,K.taU yell!rw, d.^t.nctly carinate on the back a Uh n.i.ll .n i '' f\"-^' '""°"'*'' ^nten,.r (p.obably) as ...e plant ^^^:^n1:li^r'Ci^XJ^^--^ leu o^^.a'^Te^.'f 7^r?^p^ri^C]v'1,''"l '''«''■ K>-''"'-Pubcscent: leaf- coarsc-ly an.l deepi; doubK, L^^rrm'witl, m ., /''^h''''''- ^='f ''"'aratorniferous. cencc usually flat, brae Lu neiHv ^? r i^^ petals white, broad v™ate 5 6 mn ' 1^ ^"^ l^" ^^"''^,-l«'« ^t flowering. S P rivJu. M """^at'^- 0-0 mm lonj;. stamens about 25. Kooienav leavef b-sTo a't^the ca^'ne Je^n';" ';''^'li' ''^''"^'""^ ^•'-•'•- villous S cisely coarsely 4'rrate Kreen on h^frh ^f " •n"''^'*' to oblonR-cuneatc. in- a flo.^e;"'STrl'^e"f£„hl'"''^^ ^° '^'^ "^"'^ .livaricat.ly bran h.n - long. petalsaSut half as E^ tl7l!ZTbr%?\':!t''''f ''''■' ''''^ "'^ -^• achcnes often whitish Kootorffv 1 • i .""bequal ; stamens about 10; where it grows ver^ tall '^^ «^<^^*'°"''"> '" grain fields. Fraser Delta. tollI'nc"ra?e''''the"u?perto^lhe"H' ""'"T' ""V^l ^'^''^ '-"^'>' "Novate large^tals not'exceedrnK'Spals. s,r,;e''ns"nS. a^^ '^^ '="^- 'i^'v* IntrocTabout towns, an.lllso nat'^^ve;' AlXsoS' """' *""'''"*'• RlandulaV^j^^p'Slr'^bSing^'rs'L'hi^^^^^^ -"^^^ - '"« toothed or inc sely lobcd wkh'broaH m>,.? ' 'f^^«\"hovatc to oblanceolate, eels 4--0 mm. long SiriJ- K lnn""°"fu'' ^"^l^- "P^„"^ «"ia'' "" P^-di* the cymes arranged J^newhafr^rP^rT ^1 *''*' ?^'>"= '"lore^cence narrow, achenes often wh^tis^'^A^'ng MreTnu'v^ tt^Z^:^ ^'^"^"^ ^"^^^ '«' 3-f''-U^e: "Ss^obova^'c^iv h"'; '^'■°'^' ^"f'^'^' «"ky-villous; leaves vi- .isabove flowe^l r;h?^K ^'^^"'^'''•."""^"'o^ beneath, gr^en but wi..:te-vilbus '^Sr Alp ne- RX';""vL':'T„f '^^ '.f '^ '°"^^' ^l^"" 'he mostly 5, deeply oblong ?Zhedfh?n,.v)H. P^^t^PMla Lehm. Leaflets .«|«.«./o/,a R^^b.) "l^o^£r'cr^i.\TSVaTs:Tr/skT'"^^'^'''^''- ^''■ feoSdr5.s-iH:r "-^^^^^ ^^ --: us;ilyVtftowe™m\ne'r"i;een'Ton"' ^:r- i'^^''' '^l"^'' ''f »««' '^aves tomentose beneath; iS^deS' deT in to hne.V° ^'t^"'*^ "'^^■^' "^^"^ flowers, intermediate betweert^his^s"^-ies^^^'d"p-,Vcr^^ fij^^^^^^^^^^ 15. P. dissecta Pursh. Stems usswlly several 1 "5 Hm H i t .. tU^e'dl^^ilk^TttTsI :Strf;:- ^f'ef ets^o'b^v^a^ontloJr^se^^^^ flowet«i;petLol^vaieSt|-te^^-:£Xt-— ^^^ i i! f I s i 'i i f! I " a Hi i i ! ■ •i"^; i /\ n. • ii^:i 180 ROSACE/E which are nearly twice as long as the bracts. Mts., Cascades to Rockies. Var. glaucophylla Wats. Leaves glaucous-green, glabrate or glabrous above, lightly silky beneath. Same ranjTe ; Mt. Cheam. Var. multiaecta Wats. More hairy than the species; leaflets with linear-oblong divisions. {P. multtsecla Rydb.) Rocky ledges, Rockies; Bonnington Falls. 16._ P. Nuttallii Lehm. Stems stout, sparsely hirsute, 3-8 dm. high; stipules lanceolate; basal leaves about 7-foliate, green and sparingly hirsute, the leaflets oblanceolate, toothed, sometimes deeply, the calyx and under surface of the leaves more or less glandular-atomiferous; cyme open, many- flowered; petals obcordate, hardly longer than the hirsute sepals. \P. gracilis rigida Wats.) Moist prairies, Okanagan to Alberta. 17. P. villosa Pall. Densely silky villous throughout, the leaves slightly green on the upper surface, 1-3 dm. high from a thick coudex; leaflets cuneate- obovate, dentate; flowers 1-few; petals much exceeding the sepals; achenes rounded on back. Alpine; Cascades; Mt. Cheam, Rockies; Alaska. 18. P. uniflora Ledeb. Stems tufted, a few cm. high ; leaves mostly basal, all 3-foIiate, tomentose beneath, leaflets cuneate-obovate, with coarse teeth; flowers usually solitary on scapose stems, the obcordate petals about twice as long as the grayish-villous sepals. Arctic, southward in Rockies. 19. P. flabellifolia Hook. Nearly glabrous, 2-3 dm. high ; leaflets cuneate- obovate, with long, oblong teeth, the terminal leaflets usually petioled; flowers few, petals obcordate, much exceeding the villous sepals, w' ich equal the oblong bracts; achenes margined on the back. Alpine, Cascades; Mt. Cheam. 20. P. pennsylvanica L. var. strigosa Pursh. Stems several, 1.5-3 dm. high, s.ilky-pub'^scent; leaflets 5-10, pinnatifid, the segments revolute- margined, grayish beneath, greener above; flowers in dense cymes; petals hardly longer than the subequal sepals and bracts; style thickened at base. Columbi) Valley; Golden. 21. P. .lippiana Lehm. Densely white-silky throughout; stems tufted, 2-4 dm. high; leaflets 5-7, nearly equally white on both sides, cuneate-oblong, incisely toothed; flowers in a short, open cyme; bracts nearly as long as the sepals; petals retuse, obovate, a little longer than the sepals. BanfT to Wn.; Cache Creek; Crow's Nest Pass. 22. P. ovina J. M. Macoun. Low, tufted, 1-1.5 dm. high; leaflets 9-11, deeply 2-3-parted, hoary when young, finally villous on both faces; flowering stems scarcely leafy; flowers on slender pedicels, 2.5-5 cm. long, petals Vi longer than the sepals; achenes few, brown, smooth. Sheep Mt.; BanfT. 23. P. Drumtnondii Lehm. Tufted, 3-5 dm. high, finely appressed- pubescent; leaflets u-11, cuneate at base, 15-35 mm. long, incisely 8-10-lobed; flowers on long, slender pedicels; the petals twice as long as the stiffly hairy calyx; achenes smooth, brown; mergmg into the slightly pinnate forms of P. dissecta. Mt. Meadows, Rockies to Cascades. 12. ARUNCUS (Goat's Beard) Herbaceous, leaves 2-3-pinnate; dioecious; carpels 3-4; flowers sessile or nearly so, on the lon^ spike-like branches of the large panicle; the fertile flowers reflexcd in fruit; petals narrow, white. (A word used by Pliny to designate the beard of a goat). 1. A. Sylvester Kost. Tall, 1-2 dm. high; leaves large, green on both sides, pubescent beneath, ^lightly so above, leaflets fharply doubly-serrate, acuminate. Rich banks; common. Alaska to Atlantic; Vancouver. 13. DRYAS (Alpine Avens) Low, matted herbs, slightly woody at base, with simple, rugose, revolute leaves, tomentose beneath; flowers solitary on scapes, petals and sepals about 8; carpels and stamens many; receptsicle dr>'; styles plumose. (Greek dryas, a wood-nymph). ROSACEyE 181 1- G. macrophyllum. 2. G. strictum. 3. G. rivale 6. G. Rossii. 2cm. broad, scape wKomemose^^Ml^K^^'' or cordate at base; flowers white-tomeAtose ca^yx-lo^T s vl^^ Zl '^''"f ' ^ ''"^ '°"8" '»'*" '^e oblong Alaska. ^ *' ''y'^' becoming long, plumose. Mts.; Golden; or;u?c-oJd"aTa/"bt.'?n'ire olt'rh [r^o^T'" ^ e-^<^-'^"r'^'^' °^'- smaller, sepals linear.' AlaTk^so^tiia^J^^'Kie^LSl^L^rs:" "'^""^ .im:h^gh;^lea"sTva?or Obion. ^°*' '^'^ *hite-tomentose scapes 0.5-2.5 8-10 mm S,mSlv narrow -»/'Vh^K'^'"'^i"^ ''^'^ '^'^^'^^ ^^-^ <^"'- '""?. yeHow, twice as iZ as tKacIc nmon^'''= "°^"' "'^ '='"• ^road; petafs tomentose calyx. PassrEtS'lake.^TYot T^l^^''' "^ ^^""'^ *''"- 14. GEUM (AvENs) inrh'sbltsrStaUS ^;a"mens ma"n v'^^ ^ f'^" "^"^"^ -^"^ ^ ^ractlets cptacle with iTrsistent strS or lointKlT^^^A °" ^^ *^°"''^^'' ^^^ '•^- «.«««to taste well;inallusion to ^m'eedibl/'^^^^^^^ ^^^ "''^ """"-"• ^^^I^' Styles jointed (Gfum proffer) Petals yellow, cilyx and lobes reflexed. Termina eaflet of basal leaves cordate Terminal le.ifletpn>a3al leaves cin^te. ' ' " " <«^!, i PiTPl'sh. calyx-lobes not reflexed " ' " " Style plumose. Calyx purple, its bractl»t .ng Lalyx green, its bractlets sliort s'l^al tyle" p umosf foT TJf'tuJir'lTJIr'lJ"'''-^ ""?^i^ *=^-'' b^actleTs jointed. 'Coa^t "K 'Tht Lions'" feka! '"'""""^ ''■' •="•• '°"«' "°* G. triflorum. G. calthifolium. '■ t wwvuA'r -r ■«ri^rR/ 182 ROSACEiE 1 i 5. G. triflorum Pursh. (Plumed A.) Pubescent, 2-5 dm. high; basal eaves apparently much dissected, really interruptedly pinnate, the leaf- lets many-toothed and mcised, stem-leaves few, small; Howers cymose (often 6) on long peduncles; bractlets linear, longer than the purple erect calyx- petals creamy or purple-tinged, about equalin- the sepals; stvles plumose,' becoming 2.5-3 cm. long. (G. ciliatum). East of the Cascades; Lytton' 1 eace Kiver. 6. G. Rossil Ser. Puberulent or glabrate below, deeply cleft; petals yellow, 1 cm. long, style about 4 mm. long. G. humilis (R. Br.) Rydb More or less silky-hirsutc, leaves toothed or lobed. Both Alaskan; Derhaos in northern B. C. • t- »- 15 SIBBALDIA Low perennials; calyx 5-parted with 5 bractlets; petals 5, minute; stamens /■i-?L r?^'^ with the petals on a woolly disk; achenes 5-10, styles lateral, (bibbald was a Scotch botanist). 1. S. procumbens L. Pubescent; leaflets 3, cuneate-obovate, 3-toothed at apex, petals yellow, caducous. Mts. throughout; Alaska. 16. AGRIMONIA (Agrimony) Tall, perennial herbs; leaves interruptedly pinnate; flowers in terminal racemes; the 'op of the calyx-tube beset with hooked bristles; petals 5 yellow- stamens 5-15; styles terminal, achenes 2. (Greek agros, a field, monos, alone; chief of the field; in allusion to medicinal properties). 1. A. gryposepala Walls. Leaflets large, smoothish above, more or less hirsute and glandular-atomiferous beneath; fruiting calyx hardly 1 cm. long- outer hooks in fruit recurved; rachis of inflorescence minutely glandular and with long, spreading hairs. Introd. Agassiz, Revelstokc. 2. A. striata Michx. Leaflets large, smoothish above, glandular-atomi- ferous and more or less pubescent beneath; rachis of inflorescence appressed- villous or glandular-puberulent without widely spreading hairs; hooks in fruit erect or scarcely spreading, fruiting calyx deflexed. Eastern B. C. to Alberta, and eastward. 17. CRAT/BGUS (Hawthorn) Thorny shrubs or small trees; leaves simple; flowers white, in corymbs- sepals and petals 5; stamens 5-20, carpels 2-5, the ovary inferior; fruit drupe- liKe, containing 1-5 nutlets, and crowned by the persistent calyx. (Greek kralos, strength, in allusion to the tough wood). 1. C. brevisplna (Dougl.) Heller. (Black H.) A small tree or shrub, leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent above, ovate or clliptical-obovate serrate, or somewhat lobed, sometimes glandular at base and on the petioles- spines moderately stout, somewhat curved, 2-4 cm. long; corymbs few-many- flowered glabrous or pubescent; petals crenate at apex, stamens 10, styles 5, fruit black. (C. Douglasii Lindl.) Victoria; Fraser Valley; Kootenay. 2. C. Columbiana Howell. Shrub or small tree, spines 3-6 cm. long- leaves cuneate-obovate, with 5-9 short lobes above the middle, acutish, spar- ingly pubescent to glabrate, corymbs rather many-flowered, sparingly pubes- cent or glabrate, calyx-lobes triangular, acute, often serrate, fruit scarlet. East of Cascades. Var. Piperi (Brit.) Calyx and fruit pubescent. Kamloops. 18. PYRUS (Apple, Pear) Trees or shrubs, leaves simple or compound ; flowers in clusters; petals round- ovate, rather showy, exceeding the 5-lobed calvx: stamens manv; styles 2-5; fruit a pome, the 2-5 cells with cartilaginous walls, embedded in the flesh. (The Latin name for the ,jear). ROSACEA 183 Leaves simple. Fruit (;lobo=c, petals large Fruit oblong. iK-tala small Leaves o«»»iur. Style filiform, with a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex 14 Vicia Style flattened upwards, hairy down the inner side 15.' Lathyrus. 1. ULEX (Furze, Gorse) Prickly shrubs, the simple phyllodial leaves prickle-pointed or reduced to spines, branches hairy, often ending in a spine; calyx deeolv 2-liDDed stamens nonodelphous. 1. A. europaeus L. Flowers large, rich yellow; calyx two-thirds as lone as the petals, yellowish, tomentose; pods 1.5 cm. long. Introd. Victoria- Van- couver. ' 2. CYTISUS (Broom) Shrubs with green angular branches and trifoliate (rarely simple) leaves; calyx with 2 short, broad, lips; stamens monodelphous. 1. C. scoparius Link. Glabrous or nearly so, flowers bright-yellow solitary or in pairs along the branchi -. in the axils of the old leaves; style very long, spirally incurs 1. Introd.; becon-'ng abundant at the Coast An almost white var. is found on the New Westminster-Port Moody road. 3. PSORALEA Perennial; leaves 3-5 foliate, closely beset below with glandular dots- flowers capitate; calyx-teeth triangular, the blunt keel united with the wings; pod ovate, about as long as the calyx, 1-seeded. (Greek psoraleos, scurfy). L P. physodes Doug!. P.,bo-wnt, 3-fi dm. high, leaves 3-fo!iatc, the leaflets ovate 2.5-3 cm. broad; calyx pubescent and glandular-dot tod; peUls about 1 cm. long, white or purplish. Saanich, V. I., Upper Columbia. ^■^rsm-rii. LEGUMINOSit: 185 4. HOSACKIA (Bird-foot Clover) aT.K''fllfwI"i^f'^^"'°''^'?=r'''Pi''" foliaceous or gland-like; peduncles axillary, flowers 1-few petals free from the stamen-tube, standard ovate or orbicular, keel incurved, pods linear, 1-several-seeded, continuous or with spongy partitions between the seeds. (Hosack was an Amercan botanist). Stipules normal, evident. Flowers more than 1 cm. long, peduncled, in umbels standard yellow, wings white .... " I H hi.~rveUow, wings purple or pink . . ' 2 h' eracih,' Stipules mere gland* or wanting. ■■ ■ . i. n. gracilis Flowers in umbels ... on a. i Flowers solitary. 2- "• decumbens. Flowers on peduncles. 5 mm. long or more. Flowers 3 mm. long, plants slightly pubescent or glabrate 4. H. par iflora Flowers 5 mm. long, plants viUous .... 5 S a^er^ini Rowers sessile or nearly so ; ; , e! H. dSuTati. ,J;.?' l**f°K°n ^u"^'- Glabrous or nearly so, 2-5 dm. high, from a thick root, leaflets 5-9, obovate; stipules ovate; flowers 1 cm. long, umbellate on naked peduncles about equaling the leaves; ihe standard yellow, the winits white, pods long, linear. Wet places, ditches, etc. Victoria; Nanaimo; Col- umbia Valley. KA,!^'- ^i""^*'i'i^fl"'*'" ^'^^■■'y glabrous; stems decumbent, reaching 0-0 am. in length; leaflets 5 or 0, cuneate-obovate, mucronate above, truncate or emarginate below; peduncles H longer than the leaves; flowers 3-5 12-15 mm. long, in umbels, with a 3-foIiate bract just below the cluster; pods about 6 cm. long. Victoria (Miss Burris). 3. H. decumbens Benth. Villous, slender, ascending, 1-3 dm. high Irom a thick root; leaflets 5-7, cuneate-obo'-ate to oblong; flowers yellow about a cm. long, umbellate on short, bractcd peduncles; pod curved lone- beaked, pubescent, about 2-seeded. Open plains D. I.; Spence's Bridge. 4. H. parviflora Benth. A slender, glabrous annual, 1-3 dm. high; leaflets d-&, obovate, on a hardly dilated rachis; flowers light-yellow fading red on slender peduncles with a usually 3-foliate braft, 1-few flowered; pod g' .Vous often torulose, 1.5-2 cm. long, 3-7 seeded. Open, dry hillsides. V. 1.; Van- couver. •- < J , . o . I ^' ^" a'nerIcana,(Nutt.) Piper. (Spanish Clover). Annual, more or less silky-villous or glabrate, 1-3 dm. high; leaflets 3, (or 1), ovate to lance- olate, on a slightly dilated rachis; peduncles 1-flowered with a single, foliate bract; flowers salmon-colored or rose; pod 2 cm. long, 3-7 seeded. Dry soil, Esquimalt. ' 6. H. denticulata Drew. Stem sparingly pubescent or glabrous, erect, simple or branching 2-5 dm. high; leaflets 3-5, on one side of the dilated rachis, oblong to obovate; flowers 3-4 mm. long, yellowish and reddish, nearly ses.sile in the axils, calyx-teeth entire or minutely denticulate: pods pubescent 7-14 mm. long, 2-3 seeded. Victoria; Boundary Bay; Kamloops. 5. TRIFOLIUM (Clover, Trefoil) Herbs with stipulate, compound leaves; leaflets 3; flowers in heads which are often involucrate; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes setaceous; corolla persistent, the claws more or less united below with the calyx-tube; pods usually 2- seeded. (L. Ires, three, folium, a leaf). Heads not involucrate, mainly introduced species. Mowers yellow. Terminal leaflet stallced. Flowers becoming furrowed in age IT orocumbens Aiu^rr^r^^^T"'-''^'*^""^"" ...::: 2:T:dubiuS'^"*- All the leaflets sessile .... it aurarinni nowers red or pinlush. "*• ^- a«rarium. Heads globose. Flowers pinkish 4. T. hybriduro. Flowers red. Calyx soft-hairy « T nmtvna* Heads cylindrical 8. X. incamatum. !' i \i i i. f r I <^i Ml 11 186 LEGUMINOS/E li ? Flowers white. Cajyx-teeth H ihorter than the corolla H^^. *'*'!**'" "'^^'^y equaling the corolla Hradainvolucrate. nati.especiea. Pube3cent plants. Involucre nearly enclosing the head Involucre basal . . ' " Glabrous plants. • • ■ . Standard conspicuously inflro-d. Stout, flowers ochroleucous blender, flowers red Standard not inflated. t!S^ m lul <^^'>"'-'«'l' Hiformly branching Tips of the calyx-teeth not branching. Af„";?J'i"'i''T '■°»''"^c''s- heads rather large Annual, heads medium to small. Upper leaflets linear to oblong. Heads less than 1 cm. wide on filiform peduncles 5. T. repens. 9. T. gracilentum. 10. T. microdon. 11. T. microcephalum. 13. T. furcatum. 14. T. depauperatum. 12. T. cyathiferum. 15. T. fimbriatum. 17. T. oliganthum. IB. T. tridentatum. 18. T. variegatum. loosely •f?wflo^,^red irol^LTf''^ '"k P^^'^'^^'^ leaflets smaller; head, this group at the Cokst ' """' ^'''^'^ °' '"^- '^^^ commonest of white), calyx pubescent. Escape from cukivatbn' ° '" '"^ ^'^'"'^ co.^rsIr-;TemTg'zaf Tmooth'isl S'eT«: T?" '^^'^•^'"^ P"-"'^' -". I'.pulina. PoJ loosely coiled the edge not furrowed 3 m hisoida Pod densely coUed. the edge furrowed ...... 4. M.' arabici'. «J" ^•,"""'5 L. (Alfalfa). Perennial, pubescent. 3-9 dm. high; leaflets oblanceolate, denticulate at the truncate apex; peduncles 3-5 cm. lone bearing a short raceme; pod spirally twisted in 2-3 coils. Introd. Van- couver; Victoria, etc. r>r^„')!!Jn'JPl*"?*l ^- i^'-V '^^'"^' None-such). Annual, pubescent, procumbent; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex; flowers in a short cy^ndrical head; pods an imperfect spiral of one coil, kidney-shaped, 1- 1 ^fl ?*' .^*"''*** ^"S^r- ^^^^ Clover). Annual, glabrate, spreading, leaflets obovate. rounded or emarginate; flowers in small, peduncle^ heads pods reticulated, in 2-3 coils with a thin keeled edge with 1-2 rows of curved prickles. (M. denttculata). Nanaimo. I *fl ^' i?™j'*^ (Spotted M.) Spreading annual, irachnoid-pubescent; eaflcts obcordate, often with a dark spot; flowers f- *, in small peduncled loose heads; pod globose, of 2-3 coils, with a thick furrowed edgrbetween the 2 rows of prickles. Introd. Esquimalt. 8. LUPINUS (Lupine) Herbs, sometimes shrubby, with digitate leaflets and more or less verticil- late spikes of blue or yellow flowers; stipules adnate by their lower half to the petioles; calyx 2-Iipped, with or without small bracts (prophylls) between the entire or toothed lips; standard recurving, yings enclosing the keel; filaments monodelphous; anthers alternately oblong and roundish. (Z,. lupus, a wolf because the plants were thought to devour the fertility of fields). Flowers yellowish or whitish. Annual; herbaceous ... it „: Perennial; shrubby . . if- ""crocarpus. Flowers blue. 2- ^- arboreus. Annuals. Vancouver Is. plants chiefly. Leaves cuneate obovate. seeds whitisH .... 31 hirautulua Leaves oblanceolate to linear. . o. 1.. nirsutalus. Flowers 4-5 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; seeds mottled . 5. L. micranthus FlowcrsC-Q rnm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm long; seeds with a dark. ""craninus. oblique line on each face 41 hicolnr i'erennials. '• ''• O'^oior. L^ves green, thinly pubescent or glabrous above. Leaflets 10-17. Simple, Wflcts Rlabrous above ... r r nnlvnhull... Lifl1?s5'-%.'^''"''''P''^-P"'^'"'"""^^« • • 'iLiSSSSifolius: Pubescence of calyx and pedicels villous or strigose. Leaves villous beneath; pedicel.'< 4-9 mm. long; lower petioles not twice as long as leaflets. Standard 10 mm. long, silky; stipules small or dccidu- Standard often 12 mm. long, smooth, stipules 10-15 *' ^- *"■""'*"»• mm. long ... 9 L arcticis Leaves sparingly appressed-pubescent beneath ;' pedicels jJ-4 mm. long; lower petioles 2-3 times as long as leaflets 10 L Burkei Pubescence of calyx and pedicels short, silky-appressed. • • " «'• gowers 6-10 mm. long, calyx strongly saccate . . 11. L. laxiflorui. Flowers longer, calyx nnt strongly saccate. lajunorui. Branching; leaflets oblong-oblanceolate, approximate, appressed-pubescent on both sides . . 12. L nootkatensis. Sub-Simple; le^ets oblanceolate, open. usuaUy glabrous "ootiratensls. above; 1< er petioles longer 13. L. rirularta. LEGUMINOS/E LeivM canescent on both sidm. Dwarf let. than 1.5 dm. high. «tand.ird ulabroui. Leanetilesa than 1 cm l»n){ Leaflets more than 1 cm. lung. Pubescence shagsy . PubeKence appresaed Tidier, standard hiiry, except in Nos. 17 and 19 ' ' !• lowers subseasile. pedicels less than 4 mm. long. Petio es J-4 times .is long as the leaflets (V.I.) . JWiolesabout as long as the leaflets (D.I ) flowers on pedicels 4-7 mm. loiLU. ' • . . Prostrate, standard glabrous; maritime trect or ascending; standard piibodcent; not maritime ' i-eaves greenish, at least above Leaves white-pcricoous. ... Lower petioles not much longer th.in the leaflets Lower iwtioles more than twice as long as the leaflets 189 14. I LyaUii. 15. L. aridui. 16. L. minimus. 17. L. lepidus. 18. L. leucophyUus. 19. L. littoralis. 8. L. argenteus var. 20. I., ornatus. 21. L. sericeu.t. \Jfleh'7l J^^^* f'™- "J:"""^'- ^'"°"''' 3-6 dm. high, stipules long. ^„ fl ' «'^^™".s ?l>"ve, obtuse or acutish, the petioles 2-3 times as Ln/n ,^?r" ''•n'y distinctly venticellate. bracts persistent, calyx loli^sve^ unequal long-villous; pod ovate. 15 mm. long; seeds 2. brown. VictoHl ^ olate 2 "/^"^^'"'h- f|"-"''*'y. about 1 m. high; leaflets narrowly oblance- ^Ilcv'j^l »,.^" '°"K- S^^dly exceeding the petioles, thick, glabrous above nS B':^c:.i Sr ViJtlrT- '°"^' ^^'"^^^ "^ ''^ '""■ '''"«• ^^^^ «^-'- vJl~I:i. •*'""*"?"• Greene. Stems decu.nbent. 2.5 dm. long whitish Ses ^.f.h7 '""^^,^«nd V°"jer outer oilose pubescence; stip^uJlong: ^n.;f!fr ^ '''T'' *•**" ^^^ •»■■'"'« '«^»""s: 'e-flets 5-7, small, obovate X^ rn;t^7 obtuse: racemes short, of about 4 rather crowded vcM^kels- S^r^r^t .^',tr'^ Mlky-villous; corolla 6-7 mm. long, apparently light- &m ViJ?^t ^ ^'"- Y-^' 5-7 .seeded; seeds small, dull whitish. Beacon Hill, Victoria; apparently very closely related to the next. 4. L. bicolor Lindl. Stems ascendi ig or decumbent I-'' 5 dm hi^h pubescence abundant, spreading; leaflets irrowly obova"e to linear-oblanS-' oiate, appresseu. silky on both sides, but greenish, the petioles twice as lon^- flowers in verticels standard white, with blue lateral marginTlnd d^rk purple dots down the middle; keel ciliate; pods 1.5-2 cm long • ^s whitfsh usually with a brown line diagonally acroTeach side. vfctS Yale A rt'^ktrr^;.°;i:rar°u"p?:n^d's'^^'^''" "'"• V-oria(Dr.C.F. Ne Jom^^ l-2 5^dm"&*'"V ^°"^'- Somewhat erect, branching from the base; tooblanc;olafe'l^2^m7" "^xT"' ^Pf^^^ing throughout; leaflets line*; n? °^t,oK "i *^ u- '°".^' 8'abrate above; petioles twice as long, corolla no. much exceeding the calyx; standard purpfe with a white central ban? transversely dotted; pods about 2.5 cm. long;^seeds 2.5 mm. long Victorik 6. L. polyphyllus Lindl. The simple not very leafy stems and the oetiole, ^JIT 8'^'"^°"s above, sparingly appressed-pubescent beneath, 5-12 cm lone- ous" flowers" iVl"?" '°"f = r^•«'^5-10 mm. long, slender; bracts very deciSu! ous nowers 12-15 mm. long; calyx small, short-s ky. the lobes nearlv or Kh "^'ii"^"'^r^ P"''"','^' ^^'^'"K brownish, shorter than the wings ke^I naked, pod 4 cm. long; seeds mottled, light-brown, about as broad Is lonT Very common on the Lower Mainland, and extending to the R<^ies ^' rJ; h^°**'f°M"'«L'ndl.(?». Similar; stems often branching, more pubes- cent, a few long hairs m:r,g|ed with the short, spreading or even retrcrse Sub^r mrdH/.'?ir' sometimes thickish, pubescent on both sides, hirsute on the ^hlnn ^'"'' ''f "^a^"! and *ings subequal; keel ciliolate; s^ds dark-brown oblong, poos rather strongly clIr^■ed at base. Victoria. aa"-" Drown, inls-Vd^n? Wh "t\^'/"''- '^."•^'i^'' : stems and petioles hirsute; stems branch- l™,Ti h'gh; the lower petioles 1-1.5 times as long as the leaflets- stioules .nan. somewhat deciduous; leaflets 5-8. appressed-villous beneafh, glabrTs or % 3 1 1 I r I l^ ^1 190 I.EGUMINOS,*: '^ . i ■parinely appress<'c!- villous above, acute or obtuse, oblancpolatc; raceme 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts sometimes persisf^nt, rhort at fl.)w.''»«^k- Vict.iria. apprcssc.|.villou":;,ipules MK lea(les^>'r^^ ''?"'• ^-'' 'J'"- high; Bub- obianceolat dcnsc-lv' villous fhe?,Ji',,-;'.;?. '"?• '""«•, 'K'- acuto. oblo"g. lower twice a, Iohk; raceme dense ±Iv«.'. '''l"""*'/'"^ l^-^ves; or the flowers about 1 cm"^^ long, 'ubvmic llate ^""''■; '^''''T'* -"* """■ lon^: ciliate. Southern border of '^^ '^'^'- 'he standard very hairy, kc4i cum^r\'3%*r'ln^?a/.?h'i:';;r:i,t'^r'?^^ a-- P--ate or de- not so densely silky; raceme abomi hIV u'' ^'^^ f"'^"'- -"^ cm. Ion!- about 1 cm. long o'n'S'ds 4 mr lonT' Sv^ ^7"'' ^"b-persistent; flowefs side, nearly glabrous within- sTa> lard nnl^^ k ?''^/'' "''"^y «" 'be out- stmuesshort: pedicels x-lip slightly ti"'''1 '''''*'•-'*• ^'^^ gibbous sprinkl^d'^itt fttfe""3.e?when't,i"- ''^^ "^^^^'^ «blong to lanceolate yellowish-White, I cm.l^ng^. ^^^^^^ S tt WS^ r^^, O^'^- longer than the wings: pod a loinent YflowersTn sho^v «n^t '""'f '^^ P"-°'"inent, (Greek Aerf>-i. sweet, aroma, a smell) ^ ^^'''^^ °" '^"S Peduncies. Flowers yeUow or creamy rloweis purplish. l u .„i„. Flowers hardly reflexed ' '• "' '"■•'^■- '^'«",. Flowers strongly refle.^ed 2. H. Mackenzii Jbr"- "W"'^"""" Rvdb. fYEu.ow n Freer -iiY'Tt rfabrous; leaflets y-la, ovate-oblone- racern'pi i H ' "^ * ^'"- '^*«''- "early fruit; flowers light-yellow li? IS m?^'i P * .°'"- o"" «> long, elongate in but shorter thin the k::^^l'p^3sT3-dn^ed'V3"5'' exceedingThe sta'ndard" Goldsn. *^"'' ^ •* Jo'nted, 2-3.5 cm. long. Open woods, f I I I r «5 1 192 LEGUMINOS.€ . ^A H- Mackenill Rich. (Purple L.) Stems decumbent, 3-5 dm. Ions; leaflets 7-15, ovate-oblong; raceme 6 cm. long or less; flowers 17 mm. long purple, not reflcxed at time of flowering; calyx-tube shorter than the slender teeth; pod about fi-jointed. D. I., Similkameen to Rockits. 3. II. boreale Nutt. Erect, 3-4 dm. high; leaflets 11-13. oblong or lance- olate; flowers 13 mm. long, light purple, sometimes white, reflexed, 15 cm. long; calyx-tube 3-4 mm long, the lanceolate teeth shorter; joints of pod 3-4. Alaska southward along the Rockies; Banff. II. ONOBRYCHIS ^Sainfoi.s) Perennial: leaves odd-pinnate with scarious sheathing stipules; flowers in spikes, pink, the wings one-quarter as long as the keel; the narrow calyx- lobes much longer than the tube; pod pubescent, obo-ate, flat, transversely f'Jifj' '"*"'* *"' '*** bristly on the sides, with sh^rt, marginal prickles, ■ ^1 ?• />■""'?• ^*"' ^"® *^'"- *''B*'= *■''' about 7 pairs of oblong-ellip- tical leaflets; flowers showy, petals pin' veined with deep pink. A fodder plant, plenti. about the irrigating dii ^ at Spence's Bridge. n. OXYTROPIS tLOrn-WEED) Tufted perennials, with short stems, and aspect ol Astragalus, from which this genus is distinguished by the subulate beak at the tip of the keel; inflores- cence a spike or head borne on a scape; pod more or less 2-celled by the in- trusion of the ventral upper suture. (Greek oxys, sharp, tropis, a keel). Aragallus Neck. Stipules free from petiole, pod defleied ... l o deftvu Stipules adnate. pod erect. i. w. aenexa. Leaflets in fascicles. 2-4 along the rachis 2. O. Rlchardsonil LeafleM normally pinna'.e. lucnarasonii. Pod inflated; flowers violet; alpir.e 3. O. podocarpa. rOQ not innate J. .- »~ Calyx glandular 4. q. visrida. Calyx not glandular. Flower, purple 5. q. Umberti. Flowers yellow e. O. monticola. 1. O. defleia D. C. Silky-pubescent, leafv-stemmed or stemless, 2-4 dm. high, leaflets crowded, oblong, acute, 1-1 cm. long; flowers 8 mm. long, pale purple, in slender spikes, 0.5-1 dm. 1( ig; pod oblong-lanceolate, 1-celled, strongly deflexed. Eastern side of the Rockies; Bow River; dry plains southern British Columbia. 2. O. Richardsonii Hook. Si Iky- villous, 1-4 dm high; leaflets verti:illate, oblong lanceolate; scapes man; -flowered; calyx \ cry hairy, white; flowers blue-purple; pod partly 2-cellL'd; ovate acuminate hairy. (O. splendens Rtckardsonii). Valleys of the Rockies. 3. O. podocarpa Gray. Loat. villous or glabrate, leaflets 11-23, linear- anceolate, 5-8 mm. long; flowers 1-2 on peduncios hardly exceeding the leaves, violet-purple: calyx dark-hairy; pod 2 cm. long, bladdery, broadly ovate, neither suture inflexed, puiicscent. (O. inflalus). High slopes, Rockies. iT^oi^cT'^**** ^""- Tufted, 1-2 dm. high; pubescent, but green; leaflets 17-31, 6-10 mm. long, more or less glandular; flowers pink to purple, 10-12 mm. long, on scapes much exceedi.ig the leaves; calyx with long white, and short black, hairs; the teeth much shorter than the tube; pod beaked and with a hooked style. Rockies; Laggan. i.-^il 9' |'3'»b««'*' Pursh. (Loco- Weed). Silky-pubescent; scapes 2-3 dm. hif^h, leaflets oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1-2.5 cm. lung, spike 4-16 cm. long- calyx strigose, the teeth short; flowers i.5-2 cm. long, purplish, rarely white; pod coriaceous, erect, lanceolate-oblong, silky-pubescent, almost 2-celled' Dry plains, Spence's Bridge, eastward; Valley of Bow River. f liLL... ' 's'^^iO^mssr^yi ' V ^.&?a^^.Jik^^V?^^i&, *-ST^>^-!t,]S^r LEGUMFNOS^ ,^3 obL?;iaSI^'' SL^'kI^oP"^^^^^ r ^►'-^-'•"o-. '«»««. 17-29. 2-10 cm. long, usually loose cl^vl^hi,^'""*" '^^" ">« '''avcs; racinie intermingledrpod ^ilkyTVked and w th^^' ^**"i;^ "' with some black hair' 13. ASTRAGALUS (Mi, k Vbtch) dudelphous: pod l-ceired'orincLSetdv2 rnHoHT* "l^ •*"*' ^'""'' «»'»"« or completely O-cclled. (The old Gr^^ Lml f^ '*"" mtrusion of sutures, ankle-bone). ^ °"^ ^'^"'' "*'"« of some plant, as also of the Pod completely 2-celled. ?S^ifoSted."'^''°"°«"""'>'-^"« , A Hertage white-iilky ti '* ""' white-tUky. 2. A Moweri yellowlah, infloreicenrii H 10 .._ i.. "^.uTu"'^''°"«'' •o™^™" incompletely 2-ceIled. by intruding Pod obc, iiprewed (flattened dor«o-ventrallv) tt«M?aT"«^"«™'"'""compSl.teraIly). " " 7. A. Purri.ii. Pods glabrous. iJ.'!:."!" 'I!! Podi bh.k. flower, yellow . « * , „ ri. whi»» . 8. A. tenellui 3. A lentiginoius^ Li-allii. Mortonl. adiurgen*. hypogtottit. 9. A. americaniii. 10. A. (tenophyllut. 15. A. ipeirocarpus. 12 13, 14. 11. IG. I?. Mipules l.>liaceou». i jwert white Flowers 3-7 . . ^^ Flowers numerous ^'od'^^llf^U.T"' '""°'^^'' '" No*- '«• '»• -"• ■ ■ Pods not black-pubescent. rods not compressed laterally, flowers yellow Pods compressed lateraUy. "• xaiow Ca yji-ieeth exceedinij tlie tube, flowers veUow Leaflets oblong-linear. keel of corolla broad-beaked- I ^fl'^'T' *'"."''' Of pinkish oroaa beaked, ^ ^ ''^1i:!wi;^^«i^-i,r^-o„a narrow-beaded; lcng,tnSi t?oLnSLe"^i''^d.!nclernot'^''= leaflets 19-25. 6-12 mm. long and loose; fiowers 6 mm Tnn*.^, p""' ^^eedrng the leaves, spikes ^^kim^afvr'-^^---^^^^^^^ su^ot;r?ete^"g?a•hraTt^^ tecth le^thSkKf lone asThe'^uV whir'h =• '"r^"^ «^"'^^ cent. 1.5 cm. long. grti^vfd^doJ^llf ' S'T. k^i'eTnd' '''^^ "^^ ''"^'^ A. alpinui. A. Macouoii. A. Boiirgovii. A. coUinus. A. elegans. A. lotiflonii. 18. A. pauciflorut. 19. A. campestris. 20. A. decumbens. i ! i i n , i. i* ;i t i i " - III i«i 194 LEGUMINOSiC -1 W I ■ 1 , it 1 f'j adsurgens Pall. Ascending or decui Sent, minutely pubescent, 1-4 dm. high; leaflets 15-23, narrowly oblong, 12-18 mm. long; spike dense, flowers purple, calyx appressed-pubescent, the teeth half as long as the tube; pod oolong-ovoid, coriaceous, sessile, pubescence appressed, triangular- compressed, with a deep, dorsal groove. Rockies, eastward. 5. A. hypoglottis L. Glabrate, low and slender, ascending or procum bent, stems 1-3 dm. long; stipules rather large, green; leaflets 15-21, oblong to oval, obtuse or rctuse, 10-15 mm. long, Rlabrate above, calyx hirsute, the teeth linear, clothed with black hairs, half as long as the tube, corolla 12 mm. long; pod as in the la-ii> mm. long, glabrous above, raceme 4-15 cm. long, on a short peduncle- flowers creamy, tinged with purple, or purplish, on pedicels 2-3 mm. lorn;; calyx bIaLk-ha!r<. , with shnrt Ir^hcs pn.-l membran.-rceous, hardly 7 cm. Ion? triangular in cross section, neither suture grooved, the dorsal intruded' (i4 Kobbtnstt occidentalis). Arrow Lakes; Dow River; Crow's Nest Pass LEGUMINOS^ I'Ja teeth half as long as the tube nolT;/ !.' ^'^'^''.^^ 7. dark- violet, calyx- 1.5 cm long, stipes shoAeJihan the cX'x '^^'' ^'^^^'"J' "-ttled. i.outh Kootenay Pass. ^"^ R°tkies; Bow River Pass! 3-6 ^•S'Sbe^^^^fl^^c£SXeS"^• ^'"T^^ P""— ^ retuse, 1-2 cm. long, gJabrateXwo fl ' . ""^ °'' "arrowly oblong, often yellowish, the keel' pC" caf^x gi ruTat T' '°"-^' ''" ^" "P^'" '^<^^^-' pubewence black, appressed-teinhVhrr?^ ? ^■'^' '^"'' """-''y ^'hort teeth- inflated, 3 cm. long.frS ona'i^ twi/"'*'!'^^ fr' ""l^t-«:'--nt. sligh iJ Summerland. ™'^' °" ^ ="PC tw.ce as long as the calyx. Dry plains. 9-/7 oJal o^'l^rroVlf Song'^'S^PoST"^"'' '"' ^T' ^'"^''^ '-"ets jn long 1-sided racemes; pod s.^^ssi e ?K.n L. Tl 'r'^I^h •'"'''"'"• '""K. long, en ipsoidal. (.-l. o^6«,yL ami;vi^,";'f"'v'''«^''y '""»'««• 5-0 mm! Peace River. ci j i^SiSXcfe- ^Si^ ^""^-'^v;^^i« to lanceolate, flowers smalll"' Chwl°rd":„1" S''?'^'^ '"^ "^V"' ""^^' shore of Gambier Island is doubtfully Eed here '^ ''^"'"''" ^'*''" ^''^ 3i-dm.^h"Jh^'hir^^";^elilinT%- "V- ^^^^^^^^ -«'> '°°-. woolly hairs lanceolate tfoblon.LuSbm^^ '-"^^ 3-5 pairs, U^'e-' leaves or shorter- rnlvv LT^J;" ' ,:V'^ ^"S;. [Jcdunclcs equalini; the 16-20 ... lon^^th^'^voZr i: L«' ,, c^-^,^-:- - -"P-lJe! 6. L. latifolius L. (Peken- i Pp»^ t ti • u i, and petioles, leaflets 2 ellint'i'r "i n'/,; i ^' j '"'•«fl'y winged stems, purple flowers. A garden esca, -, ViaoriT.' ^"^' '^'^""'^''^^ ^''^f ^ith many' 16. ROBINIA (False Acacia) of lhit?}Sa''nt'flo:;?s*^^^^^^^^ ^ ^.- with drooping racemes pod flat, sevlral.seeded^^^'^'^',Td:reU^;eTVLl^.tltty=v^^^^^^^^ "^"^-P'"--' ' )i LINACE.* (Flax Family) pet"autntl'ut;?S;^e;rruS a"t°ba^:"- Jo!l TlO ""/t^ •T^"^''-^- many cells as styles. ' P°" ^''^ needed, with twice as LINUM (Fi.A.x) pod^^^^^^tri^- isSd-s'i;:itJish''^-l-r °^ -^r ^jr--^- hnen fibre. (The Latin name) " *""''''''' f"^""**'" the co;ym^;o"?yTr!fn;n"; top-Te^^^^^ ^"-■^'- ^'^ 'ain.i.uiii. P«±E,"v,'?''',.,|-. 3. G. viscosissimun. PetaTstssttanVcm.tr'" 4. G. Richardsonii. Seeds smooth or merely striate. Carpels pubescent 5. G. pusillum. Carpels glabrous, rugose 6. G. moUe. Seeds reticulated or pitted. Inflorescence dense 7. G. carolinianum. Inflorescence open. Beak of fruit 4-r, mm. long g. G. Bicknellii. Beak of fruit 2 mm. long 9. G. dissectum 1. G. Robertianum L. (Herb Robert). Diffusely branched with weak stems, strong-scented; leaves 3-divided, the divisions 2-pinnatifid; sepa s awiud; petals long-clawed, nearly 1 cm. long, red-purple; carpels wrinkled, seeds smooth. Introd. Victoria; Vancouver; Kootenay. 2. G. erianthum DC. (Northern G.) Stem solitarv, usually simple, finely appressed-pubescent; leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions many-toothed, pubescent beneath; sepals elliptical-oblong, pilose with 'ong, silky shining hairs, rather abruptly tapering to an awn 3-4 mm. ' >g; petals bluish to rose-purple, 15-20 mm. long, pubescent at base; s tolumn hardly glandular, 20-30 mm. long; carpels villous; seeds sliyhtlv reticulated. Oueen Charlotte Islands, northward to Alaska. 3. G. Viscosissimun F. & M. Coarse, 2-5 dm. high; branching, hirsute- glandular; leaves thickish, large, 3-5-parted, the divisions toothed, hirsute beneath; pedicels glandular; sepals awn-tipped, the awn 2-3 mm. long; petals 12-18 mm. long; style-column and carjxjls glandular-pubescent; seeds lightly reticulated. Common east of the Cascades; Princeton; Armstrong. G. incisum Nutt. Stem glabrate, leaves short-strigose; flowers a little smaller. Rockies and northward. A n j^' P'chardsonil F. & M. (White G.) Stems solitary or several, 4-9 dni. high, leafless to the inflorescence, sparingly pubescent or glabrate the hairs retrorse; leaves deeply 5-7-cleft, the tlivisions lobed and the lobes with a few coarse teeth, pubescent on the veins beneath; petioles slightl> pubescent; petals white or heliotrope, pubescent at base; pedicels with spread- ing glandular pubescence; sepals oblong, short-hairy towards margins and on miclrih, or glabrate on back ; awn 3-4 mm. long ; carpels glandulir-pubescent • seeds reticulated. Crow's Nest Pass to Alaska and Queen Charlotte Islands. , r\P' P"*'""»" L- f^MALL-FLOWERED G.) Pubesccnt, slender, weak, 1-5 dm. high; leaves orbicular, cleft H of their diameter; petals small, rose, about equaling the awnless sepals; peduncles short, 6-18 mm. long, 2-flQwered anther-bearing stamens 5. Widely introd. LIMNANTHACE^ ^^ viL^:ief°SlMhhScTZ7J^ r,.) Similar, more softly pubescent or wrinkled. U^dcly intr^^ ^ ""' "'"''"'"^ ''''""'''' 1"; "'"P*^''^ transversely seed. lightlV retiluIate'd/'vTttRS'ies'and ea"t .S' ''"^^'^'^ ''"'^^-•^"'^ from base^tcendhgorsSS'in'/nuheS-^ '^"'""^' °^ '^f""'^'- "^-"^hing leaves deeply cleft and iXd fwn^. I" '1 °\ '''''" ^"^ P"''^'^^ ^^^^^^^e = equaling the sepals Fruit I -'I T . '^P''''' J "l"'" '°"«= P^'^'^ Purple Nanaimo, and eastward "^= "^'^^ '^'^^P'^ P'"^<^- Victoria; 2. ERODIUM (SroRKSBrLL) sterflTo^rSuTed't'oSs' t • "'Te IV""' ' "P"'^?'!^ *^^ P^''^'« ^^ort and at maturity twisteVbdow; '(^.re^l^^^i^^^::^:^ ^'^"'^ " ^^^^ ^'-^'" pro;trLMe"aVTsTpo^ite"nTnnaEJ''rL'r' """^ ^"^' ''"-^es bccc.ning 2-8 in an umbcrs^pris bHWrnnin J .'V""!l!.-T'''^ Pi""atihd: flowers 2.5.4 cm. long Im^ V J Co.^i^;'^''''' '"''^^''''^ * '*= *^''^ «' ^he carpels s. *"iroa. V. i., becommg common everywhere. is. I i I 1 '; 14 LIMNANTHACE/E >£'S Tenc^^/^r^a^il^s^;:^;;':^!^- j:':!:!-?L-"P"'-f '-ves: petals 3-5. positc the petals usually carpels, becoming rough sho^e. hypogynous; ovary^^'^^disS /t^l J^^^be^'^'^ "^"^"^ nutlets; style 1. 1. LIMNA^a'HES leaV-dK^isbns Ke or lobed^Sowers Ome''^'' '^^'J'^'^'"^ ^^^^ '^^ ^^^-^ about 12 mm. long twice as I'onr. ,hn "J"'' ^^''^^ °''^''^' «'^"'e: petals white, 2-lobed Hmb sumens h^ff ?. i ^P«'^/ "Novate, yellow at base with Ucluelet. stamens half as long as the petals; nutlets tuberculate. h&X'^Sons eT.Ure'-r-3frd''fl""' "'^'l'-^^'^^" f°''^S^- ^-S cm. radical peduncles 4.n^ous petals Sc^ •^"'''^?' °" ^'°?f'^f- "f'^^" the lanceolate sepals, entire „^r Vt^'tt'^^;,?;' ;■?;•,'?",«' ''"^ '""«- 'han nutlets very rough-tuberculate. Victoria, in w^t o'grrs^y-^lL^s " '^"''' <«| 200 EUPHORBIACE.C EUPHORBIACE^ (Spurge Family) Herbs with milky juice calyx-like iiivolucre; ovary apetalous and, in ours, asepalous free, cells 3, styles 3. flowers within a 1. EUPHORBIA (Spurge) Flowers in a small 4-5-Iobed involucre (apparently a single flower); sterile flowers several, each of a single stamen in the axil of a minute bract, surround- ing the solitary, exserted, pedicelled, fertile flower; styles 3, each 2-cleft; fruit separating into 3 carpels. Plants erect, leaves symmetrica! (Introd.) Leaves orbicular below, ovate atx>ve 1. E. peplus. Leaves linear-oblong below, fiddle-shaped above . . . 2. e! Lathyrus. Plants prostrate or spreading, leaves unsymmetrical at base. (Indi- genous). Seeds with sharp transverse wrinkles 3. E. glyptosperma Seeds slightly wrinkled, usually pi'ted 4. E. serpyllifolia. 1. E. peplus L. (Petty Spurge). Glabrous, branching from base, 2-3 dm. high; the branches 3-rayed above, and again forking; leaves entire; the glands of the involucre long-horned; seedc 2-grooved on the inner face, pitted on the back, about 1 mm. long. Gardens, Victoria; New Westminster. 2. E. Lathyrus L. (Caper S.) Glabrous, branching from base, 2 dm. high or more, the branches 4-rayed above and again forking; leaves entire, the floral broadened at the somewhat cordate base; the glands of the involucre with 2 short horns; seeds usually wrinkled. Victoria. 3. E. glyptosperma Engelm. Prostrate or spreading, 1 dm. high, or less; leaves 1 cm. long or less, oblong, slightly falcate, very unsymmetrical at base (i. e. with a basal lobe), serrulate towards the apex; involucres 1- few in the forks of the branches, their glands with white appendages, seeds nearly 1.3 mm. long. Dry soil, Spence's Bridge; also in Alberta. 4. E. serpyllifolia Pers. Similar; prostratc-spreadinj. leaves obovate- oblong, narrow at the base, the basal lobe not so conspicuous, serrulate towards the apex, which ''s sometimes tinged red; seeds 1 mm. long. Dry soil, Penticton; Columbi.j Valley. CALLITRICHACE^ (Water Starwort Family) Slender, aquatic herbs with opposite, entire leaves and minute axillary sessile flowers; perianth none; flowers perfect or monoecious; usually enclosed between 2 bracts; stamen 1; styles 2, ovary 4-celled, obcordate, compressed. 1. CALLITRICHE (Water Starwort) The only genus, to the slender stems. (Greek kalos, beautiful, and thrix, hair, in allusion 1. C. autumnalis. Leaves 1-veined, none of them floatins; flowers without bracts . Leaves 3-veined, some of them floating; flowers usually wuti a pair of bracts. Styles shorter than the ovary 2. C. palustris Styles longer than the ovary 3. c. heterophylla. 1. C. autumnalis L. Leaves submerged, uniformly linear; flowers bractless; fruit 2 mm. wide or more, circular, deeply notched, the carpels separate nearly to the axis, the lobes broadly winged. Kamioops; Gold Kange. 2. C. palustris L. Floating leaves obovate less than 1 cm. long, crowded; fruit 1 mm. long, about as long as broad, obovate, usually thickest at base, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged above, with a wide groove ANACARDIACE.€ 201 (C verna L. in part). Atlantic between them; stigmas usually deciduous, to Pacific. 3. C. heterophylla Pursh. Floating leaves broadly spatulate, crowded he immersed narrower ruit obcordate. 1.5-2 mm. long^ s"i,.htly Tnge; ^ f,^.n'°^''' '^^^f'^'J'y ""e'<^'^' ^t base, its K.bes rounded and grooved, wi h a small groove between them; styles fron. a little longer than, to 2 orS nmes as long as the fru.t. s ightly ,*rsistent. (C. Bnlandcri Hc^g.) Corn- Cm thil ''°- ''S^ • 'i.= ""•' "^^r^'^'j: C. hamulata Kut... distinguished iTaVx'l'^cC^ron l^^''a^ndl7ESrbt"""" "^'^^ ^"' '""^ bracts looked ANACARDIACE^ (Sumach Family) =,Jif^fl°'' ^^^^^"^ with acrid or milky juice, compound, exstipulatc leaves and small flowers ,n axillary or tcrmmal panicles; flowers commonly polv- gamous or dioecious; calyx 5-7-parted; ,x.tals sniall. .>7: stamens as many or twice as many; ovary superior. 1-celled. 1-ovuled, style 3. 1. RHUS (Sumach) Leaves trifoliate or pinnately compound, sepals and petals usually 5; stamens inserted with the petals under the edge of a disk that lines the calyx. (The ancient name). ' v»"c 1. R. glabra. Leaflets. 13 or more Leaflets, 3 or .5. Lateral leaflets short-petiolate . 2 Lateral leaflets sessile ■.....'."."' 3 R. Rydbergii. R. diversilob.i. 1. R. glabra L. (Sumach). A shrub 0..3-3 m. high. leaflets oblong glaucous beneath, sessile, serrate, glabrous; inflorescence 1 dm. or more lone terminal, pubescent: petals oblong, greenish-yellow, hardly exceeding the calyx; fruit red hirsute, not poisonous. The leaves turn brilliant scarlet in autumn. Princeton, and D. I. • ^' .^' ,'^yj'bergil Small. (Poison Ivy). Stems erect, 0 dm. high or less simple; leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate, more or less pubescent, entire crenulate. or irregularly toothed, the lateral usually unsymmetrical at base' on petioics 3-4 mm. I„n-; petals oblong, greenish-yellow, exceeding the sepals' fruit white smooth, ixrsistcnt. A poisonous plant, i R. toxicodendron in part). Princeton, eastward. ^r'^K*"''!"""''? '''•, ^ ^'- (foi-iOf^ Oak) Stems pubescent, erect or climbing by rootlets, branching, 4 dm. or more high; leaves usually 3- foliate; leaflets ovate or obovate. obtuse or acutish, the margins entire sinuate, toothed or 3-Iobed, fruit white, deciduous. Rockv places, Saanich'; ^5wan Lake, V. I. . .- . . EMPETRACE/* (Crowberry Family) Low, evergreen, heath-like shrubs; flowers polygamous; petals none- pollen compound, stamens 2-4. Probably degenerate members of the Eri- cacece. EMPETRUM (Crowberry) Flowers axillary, small, sepals 3, stamens 3; style short, stigma 6-9 rayed; fru.t berry-like, with 6-9 nutlets. (Greek en, upon, and petrof, a rock). 1. E. nigrum L. Procumbent or spreading; leaves linear-oblong, 4-5 mm. long glabrous revolute; fruit black. Swamps and rocky banks At- lantic to Pacific; Mts. opposite Vancouver City; Alaska. ao3 CELASTRACEyE CELASTRACE/E Shrubs with simple leaves and small, regular flowers in 1-few-flowered axillary cymes; stamens alternate with the petals, inserted on the margin of the broad disk; fruit 2-celled, free from the calyx, seeds arilled. I. PACHYSTIMA Low, evergreen shrubs: sepals, petals and stamens 4; seeds 1 or 2 enclosed in an oblong acute membranaceous aril. (Greek pachys, thick, and stigma). irt'?^"'"***' '^^^^ ^^"^^^ '^O''")- Densely branched .5-8 dm. high; leaves 10-30 mm. long, ovate to oblong, mostly cuneate at base, scrratf. towards ^^^'•■P^% reddish or pale. Rocky places V. I. to Rockies and on mts. up to 7,000 ft. Several segregates have been proposed. ACERACE^ (Maple Family) Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves, mostly palmately lobed, and small, regular, polygamous or dioecious flowers; ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. 1. ACER (Maple) Flowers polygamo-dioecious; calyx colored, 5-lobed or parted; stamens 3-12 inserted on an hypogynous disk; styles usually 2-lobed; fruit a samara with 2, not rarely 3, wings. (The classical name, from Celtic ac. hard). Flowers in long, drooping racemes, fruit hispid .... Flowers in small, corymbose racemes, fruit glabrous or nearly so. Leaves .3-5 lobed, petals and sepals alilce Leaves 7-9 lobed, petals white 1. A. macrophyllum. 2. A. Klabrum. 3. A. circinatum. LA. macrophyllum Pursh. (Broad-Leaved M.) Tree 20-30 m. high; leaver, 1,5-3 dm. broad, cordate, deeply 5-lobed, the sinuses rounded; flowers appearing just before the leaves; sepals and petals about equal, green- ish yellow; wings of samara 5-7 cm. long, m.iking angles of 70°-90° with each other. V. I. and west of the Cascades. 2. A. glabrum Torr. (Smooth, or Rocky Mt. M.) A small tree, or in clumps, 3-10 m. high; leaves long petioled, glabrous, 3-5 lobed, the sinu- ses acute, the lobes sharply serrate; flowers appearing with the leaves, 2-3 weeks earlier than those of No. 3., short-pedicellcd, erect; petals and sepals alike, hght-yellow; stamens shorter than the petals; the nings of the samara hardly spreading. Common cast of the Cascades, and sparingly at the coast, and on V. I. (A. Douglasii Hook). 3. A. circinatum Pursh. (Vine M.) Usually in clumps, 3-10 m. high, often declined, twigs red or green, the flowers appearing with the leaves; leaves short petioled, villous beneath, the rather .short lobes sharply serrate; sepals red, villous; petals white, broadly ovate, with an acute, hooded apex; fertile stamens exserted; the stamens of the pistillate flowers short and abortive; wings of samara forming an angle of 180° with each other. VVcst of Cascades. Var. fulva. Twigs and sepals yellowish; petals not Sf) neatly cucullately pointed as in the species. Stanley Park. Vancouver. A. Macounii l^reene. Leaves glabrous with 5 radiating lobes (not pointing towards apex as in species). Chilliwack Lake. Only one tree known. RHAMNACE/E 203 RHAMNACE/€ (Bickthorn Family) Shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate leaves and small, reeular. aiffcious, monoecious or polysanious Howers; stamens perigynous 4 or 5 opposite to and enclosed bv the luxxlc.l or concave ,K-tals. inserted on the edge ol a Heshy disk lining the short calyx-tube; ovary 2-5 celled, free from or sometimes cohering with the disk. P*tal3 9hort clawed, ovary free, fruit a drupe ... i Rhamnu. PetaU long clawed, calyx adherent lo base of ovary, fruit dry . 2. Ceanothui. 1. RHAMNUS (Buckthorn) Shrubs or small trees; Howers solitary or in small umbels; petals small or none, notched ; drupe black, 2-4-seeded. (The Greek name). Small tree, petalj present .... in p„„i.i,_ Low ,hrub, petals wanting . . ] ] ; ; ; ; ; ^ ^ ;fl"uo|'a iJvL^'ir""''.',?"? P*^- . (CA.SCARA Sagrada). A tree 7-14 m. high; eaves oblong-clliptical to obovate, rounded or subcordate at base, denticu- late pubescent beneath with prominent ribs; nutlets and seeds convex on the back. Woods west of Cascades, and V. I *^u ^u "'"''o"" L'Her. A shrub 0.5-1 m. high; leaves elliptical, acute at both ends, crenate-strrate, glabrous except the petioles; nut'ts and seeds deeply grooved on the back. Swamps, Cranbrook. 2. CEANOTHUS (Snowbrush) Shrubs with opposite or, in ours, alternate leaves, and small white flowers in showy panicles; petals .5 hooded, tapering to a narrow claw; style short. 3-lobed; ovary somewhat 3-lobed, separating at maturity into 3 nutlets (Oreek eanotkos, a thistle, from the thorns of some species). Lraves evergreen, thick, shining above, finely serrate .... 1 C velutinus Leaves deciduous, thm. serrate ; j! ^i r,IgumeuV 1. C. velutinus Dougl. In dense, low clumps, or matted, 1 m. high, or less branches green; leaves elliptical, rounded at base, glandular toothed very s rongly 3-ncrved. pale and densely velvety-pubescent beneath, shining and glutinous above, on short, stout potiok-s. Lytton, Columbia Vaile>^ £.nJfh ."' '^'?''- ^^n '*'"2«*"" T- & G. Leaves green and glabrous beneath; becoming a small tree .'i m. high at Cameron Lake, V. I.; Rockies. 2. C. sanguineus Pursh. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, branches reddish; leaves elliptical-ovate subcordate, more coarsely serrate, sparingly pubc-rent beneath on short slender pedicels. Cascade Valleys; Princeton; Nelson; Kossland; also on V. I. ,=.«•, ! \i if - ■ 'J I 'ii i *^\ BALSAMINACE^ (Balsam Family) Succulent herbs with simple exstipulate leaves and irregular flowers the posterior sepal colored and inflexed to form a spurred sac; stamens and stigmas 5; ovary 5-celled. 1. IMPATIENS (Jewelweed) Annuals: sepals apparently 4 (the notch in the anterior indicating the union of 2) petals apparently 2 (thrir 2 Lobes indicating the union); thp 5 tilaments more or less united above; pods bursting suddenly when touched (whence the name). Saccate sepal spurr^,;. Saccate ser-; spotted, orange ,1 uiflora Saccate cpal not spotted, pale-yellow 2 1 «:ddmtalis Saccate ^pal not spurred f.' L ^icarau! 204 MA1.VACE.€ «,./i!v . *"■ ^"'T ^-^' '^"'- ^'^^- '^^^" o^al or ovate, often purplish, coarsely serrate; Howers 3-0; spurred sepal orange, usually well dotte( with reddish spots, 15-.'n mm. long; at least ^ as broad as long, abruptly contracted into a curved spur half as long. Alaska to Washington! 2. I. occldentalis Rydb. Similar; leaves green; spurred sepal pale -yellow, unspot ed, or with nnnutc dots, about 2 cm. long, one-half as broad as long gradually taperin;; into a curved spur nearly half as long. Alberta to WashI ington. /. pa//«Ja Hrj-.k. m partj. I. aurella Rydb. Flower smaller, golden yellow. S. E. Kootenay. 3. I. ecalcara'T Blank. Light-green. 1 m. high, leaves usually acute at both ends; saccate sepal not spurred, orange or pale-yellow. u..spotted. 1 cm. long, a little broader than long. Southeastern British Columbia MALVACE^ (Mallow Family) Herbs with alternate, stipulate leaves and perfect, regular flowers; the num- erous .stamens uniied by tiu-ir (^laments, and somewhat united ai base with the corolla; anthers kidney-shaped Uccik-d; sepals persistent, united at base, oltcn with a whorl of bractlets forn..ng an involucre; carpels several to many their bases united in a nni-, and separating at maturity. Stigma capitate. Carpels 1 -seeded, leaves deeply lobed i Malvastrnm Carpels 1-.3 seeded leaves not very deeply lobed . ] 2 Sph«ralc« Stigmas Imear; carpels 1-seeded. apnsraicea. Involucral bracts 3; stamens united in 1 series (simply monodelph- Involucral bracts none; stamen* united in 2 series (the tube double ' ^ ^^ at the top); plants taller, 6-9 dm. high 4. Sidalcea. 1. MALVASTRUM (False Maflow) Herbs with -lense. stellate pubescence and (in ours) deeolv lobed leaves- tlowers in a _.rt terminal raceme with short pi Jicels; caVpels 10 or more! each tilled by the solitary seed; involucre none or of 1-3 bracts (Malta and as/er, a star). 1. lyi. coccineum Gray, evanescent, 1-2 dm. hii^h; palmately 3-5-parted the divisions oblong and entire; petals copper-colored or dull-scarlet 2-3 times lonrer than the densely stellate calyx. Kamloops; Alberta. 2. SPH/«RALCEA (Globe Mallow) Perennials with showy flowers; involucral bracts 3, setaceous, often decidu- ous; ovules 1-3 in each carpel; fruit conical; carpels 2-valved. In ours the inflorescence is long and oixn, and the leaves not lobed Ixjvond the middle (Greek sphaira, a sphere, alkea, a mallow, in allusion to the fruit). 1. S. Monroana Spach. I'lant 3-0 dm. hi.;h ; leaves 3-4 cm. long, densely stellately canesccnt, ovate, h.hu i and crenate; petals about 15 mm. long- scarlet; carpels pubescent, reticulated below. Gravelly soil. Osoyoos. 2. S. rivularis Torr. (.Molntmn Hollyhock). Tall, fi-12 dm high leaves sparingly stellate-pubescent, net canescent, maple-like. 5-7 lobed' coarsely .serrate, 1 dm. or more long; petals 1.5-2 cm. long, pink; carpels hir- sute, hardly reticulated below. Banks and along streams; Nelson; Ross- land; Vernon. 3. MALVA (Mallow) Herbs with lobed leaves and large obcordate petals; pubescence simple or stellate; Iruit separating at maturity into indehiscent, 1-seeded, flat carpels in the 6 lollowing introduced speci-s, the calyx encloses the fruit. (Greek malache, soft, in allusion to the leaves). MALVACE-*: 205 Flowm white. Urge I. M. mowhatu. I' lowers small. (arprls smooth on the back 2. M. rotcindifL.li.i Carpels retiiiilated or transversely wrinkled on the back 3. M borr.il;j. 1. M. moachatus L. (Musk M.) Perennial, erect ; leaver orbicular, deeply lobed, or the !oAcr merely lobed; flowers somewhat crowded at the ends of the branches, the usually white [tetaU strongly veined, 2 cm. lon^; car|)els very hairy. V. I.; .New Westminster, etc. '-'. M. rotundifolia L. (Co.vim<)N M.; Cheeses). Annual or biennial, prorunibent; leaves round-cordate crenate obscurely lobed; flowers du.stered in the axils; tx'tals whitish or bluish, 2-3 times as long as the sepals; carpels pubescent. Waste places and gardens, Victoria; OkanaRan \ alley. 3. M. borcalis U'al'm. Annual or biennial, procumbent, stellately as well as simply pubescent; leaves 5-lobed, crenate, the petioles pulxsccnt; " jwers clustered or solitary in the axils; petals whitish or pinkish, hardly ex- ceeding the calyx; carpels pube.scent, the edges rough, angled. Nanaimo; Elgin; not common. 4. SIDALCEA (Marsh Hollyhock) Herbs, the lower leaves large, round, lobed; the i; ;ht deeply Inbed; flowers purplish or rose in a terminal raceme; stamen-tubes double at the top, the outer stamens in .5 sets; carpels 5-9, 1-seeded, sometimes beaked. {Sida, a genus of this family, alkea, a mali^w). 1. S. Ilendersoni L. Wats. Neari'/ glabrous or with a few forked nairs, 6-9 dm. high; the lowest leaves lightly 'obed, or some of them cleft to the middle; the upper 3-5 parted; racemes usually long, corolla red; flowers of 3 kinds, (a) perfect, 1.5-2 cm. long; (b) perfect, about 1 cm. long; (c) imper- fect, anthers wanting, about 1 cm. long; pedicels short, glabrous; calyx-lobes ovate, short-acuminate, slightly ciliate; carpels smooth with a linear beak. Common; marshes. Lower Fraser. Victoria specimens are more pubescent, often with a short raceme, but apparently also belong here. I ml HYPERICACL^ (St. John's Wort Family) Herbs with opposite, entire, dotted leaves and perigynous flowers; sepals and petals 4 or 5; stamens many, often in 3-5 clusters; pod 1-celled, with as many styles as parietal placentae or 3-celled. 1. HYPERICUM Petals 5, yellow, convolute in the bad; sepals 5; stamens \n 3-5 clusters; styles 3; pod 1-celIed or 3-celled by the intrusion of the placeiitc-e. (The ancient name). Low plants; styles short 1. 11. anaRalloides. Tall plants; styles Ions. SepaU acuminate, lanceolate 2. H. pTforatjm. Sepals obtuse, oblong-elliptical 3. 11. Sccileri 1. H. anagalloides C. & S. Low, hardly 1 dm. high, usually in mats; leaves ovate-oblong, hardly 1 cm. long; flowers 0-10 mm. broad, orange, in a few-flowered cyme; capsule 1-celled. Wet places, common. The alpine and northern form with solitary flowers and more crowded leaves has been distinguished as H. bryophytum (ireene. 2. H. perforatum L. (Common St. John's W.) Tall, branching, 6 dm. high; leaves elliptical-oblong, with pellucid dots and usually I, lark dots; petals 1 cm. long, with black dots; flowers in broad cymes; capsule 3-celled; slightly S-Iobed. Common about New Westminster .TnH Virt.-.rjq. Introd. 3. H. Scouleri Hook. Similar; stem simple or sparingly branched; leaves with pellucid dots, more or less clasping, usually black-dotted along the margins; flowers panicled; capsule 3-celled and 3-lobed; petals 10-14 mm. long. Dry soil, Victoria; Okanagan Valley; Bonnington Falls. I 1| 1 206 VIOLACE/E f^ m- VIOLACE-* (Violet Family) Herbs with irrpgular corolla* and 5 hypoRvnous stamens embracing the club-shaped or boaked sfyle; |xk1 l-cellcd with 3 parietal placent*. VIOLA (VioLED The lower petal spurred, the spur receivinfj nectariferojs projections from the two lower stamens. Besides the conspicuous (lowers which ;ip()c.ir in spring, there are often profluced later inconspicuous, bud like, cleistoija- mous Howcrs that are often more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The Ijtin name; gcierally mispronounced; the accent should \k on the first syllable). Acaulescent. f Mower'" whitr, B-12 mm. long. S;i'i\"^t "°".V •<'?'y'."'«i» . , • . V, • • • • 1- V miitawinica Rootiitock munly slender, horizontal, exc. in No. 2. Kiinncr^ very slemler. or usually wantinK in No. 2; plants otten sliKhtly pibescent; (lowers tl-lU ram. long; veini of lower pet. ill many, broad. Leaves stronuly reniform 2. V. renifolia. Leaves round-renidinn, mostly rounded at apex; pubes- cence, if any. soft 3. V. madoskeyi. Leaves cordate, moitly pointed at apex; the f)eduncles of the cleistogamous flowers often producing short. stiff hairs • , , ■ 4. V. pallens. Runners not very slender; plants strictly glabrous; flowers 11^12 mm. long; veins of lower petal few. narrow . 5. V. palustris. Flowers pale-ldac to white, often larger. Leaves minutely hairy atmve, spur 4-5 mm. long . . 6. V. selkirkii Leaves ulabrous. spur shorter . . .... 5 V. palustris Flowers blue or violet. Petals roundish, all Rlabrous. petioles .'» cm. long or less 7. V. cyclophylla. Petals not roundish, at least the lateral bearded, petioles much loHKer. Style notched at apex. Iwaked. Leaves pubescent beneath g. v. septentrionilis. Leaves glabrous. . • 9. V. nephrophylla. Style rounded at apex, beaked 10. V. Langsdorfii Caulescent. Flowers yellow. Leaves evergreen, stems prostrate n. V. sempervirens. Leaves not evergreen, stem" err< t or ascending. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate 12. V. Nuttallii Leaves reniform-cordate 13. V. glabella Flowers not yellow. Flowers whitish, tinged with purple; stipules entire .14. V. canadensii. Flowers bine; stipules more or less toothed. Plants gbtirous. Rootstock horizontal; spur 2-3 mm. long .... 10. V. Langsdorfii. Rootstock erect, woody; spur longer 16. V. adunca var! „, , , glabra. Plants not glabrous. Leaves strongly cordate, reniform to broadly ovate; sepals often ciliate 15. V. Howellii. Leaves not usually strongly cordate, ovate to ovate-oblong; sepals not ciliate. Flowers usually exceeding the leaves; spur 4-7 mm. long, petals pale or pinkish-purple at base . . 16. V. adunca. Flowers not exceeding the leaves, spur 4-5 mm. long, petals yellowish-white at base 1 7. V. montanensis. 1. V. mistassinica Greene. Glabrous or pubescent at the top of the petioles and on the mid-vein beneath; rootstock clothed with the persistent, scaly bases of the leaves; leaves round-reniform, cordate, obtuse or with a short, salient cusp; the margin dentate or crenate, rather more strongly dentate on the lobes: petals all glabrous, the !o-AC<;t purple-veined, with the purple color diffused over the whole petal. Field, Emerald Lake (Miss Farr) ; Lake Louise. 2. V. renifolia Gray var. Brainerdii Fernald. Leaves reniform, some- times pointed, crenate-serratc, sinus shallow or well-marked, more or less VIOLACF..C 207 Cubescent, but often glabrous above; iip(x"r fKtj!^ obovatf, the lateral often roader, l)ear., the Inwcr many-veined; steeds l.T) mm. lonn, brown. Apparently difTerinK fri>ni the other white violets in the more ereet roDistock, which seldom produee.t runners. H.C. to Atlantic; (jolden (R. Landells). 3. V. Macloskcyl l.luyd. (.labrous (typically) or slijjhtly pul)esccnt with tnh hairs; leaves reniform, often short-pointed, the sinus shall-iw, the lamina sliRhlly decurrent down the slender fxliole. the mar^;in erenate-sirrate, typically obscurely 8<..; |)ctals very thin, translucent, the spur verv short; the lateral fxtals Ixarded. iJifferinR from the eastern V. blandu (which has oblong upper petals) in the size and character of the spur and in the translucent petals. Uamp, mossy places; \'. I. to Nevada; < inieron Lake; ( lolden. The Cameron Lake plants have ellipsoidal (xids .5 0 iii lon^, and black seeds about L2 mm. long, which arc rather thicker than the brown seeds of No. 4. 4. V. pallens (Banks) Braincrd. Glabrous, or the petioles, peduncles and under surface of the leaves finally producing short, stiff hairs; leaves 1-2 cm. broad, usually with a marked sinus, round to cordate, usually pointed, crenate- •errate; petals thin, often greenish at base, the uppK-r oblong-obovate, the lateral usually beardless; lower petal 0-9 mm. lon«, the veins many, their color sometimes diffused over the f)etal; capsules cllipsoi:,. LOASACE.E 209 flowers blue. 15-25 mm. long, usually not exceeding the leaves- sepals often wSs'anrWufff V.^"" hairs; seeds brownish- whTte. L'.3 mm.'lon'g O en 1^ I I bluffs, Nanaimo; Shawnigan; Victoria. Dr. Greene describes some closely related species in Pit Ionia iv v.rcenc uescnbts lb. y. adunca Smith. Rootst.Kk woodv; stems 1-20 cm l„ntr M,,. ^ar "irtrowe ''nUn't''''"*^ '"'^ 'r""^' '^^^^^^-^^^ above the mi. d'W ' near inc newer, plant more or le^^s puberu ent, ohm with short .'nr hairs on petioles and peduncles; stipules with nirrow teeth \n ." ovate to ovatc„blons, sometimes round, obtusrorbrK pointed •; J'^.' to stout, often curved, often with callosities „r a tooih ,"'i. ed anel 4 7 related s|eies bai;u,:ort£' ^^ s^J;itr"e SolC^s-;:)' ^il^^ "^S brown spots often found on the leaves of herbarium spedmen" arc le resul? RocSs ""'■ ^"" '^'"*''^ ''"^""^- P'^"' Klabrous. Con>mon in the ,t,^^'t^'i '"""5^"?"®'' ^^'^^- Rootstock woodv; stems T.-'O cm lom^ the slender peduncles 2-8 cm. long, usually not exceedh^ the leav ^ tS bracts often near the flower; whole plant nuberulent th .hV., i ' I ■ ^n^^.lt ^ ^■'''? '"r°^'"y ""'''"'' "f*'^" ^""^^''^ "^ subcordate, 2-.'-, cm ToT more or less distinctly crenate; sepals narrowly lancclate ob use r blun iJ pom ed; flowers 10-20 mm. long, blue with a yellowish white use an sur^ petals rather narrow, the lateral slightly bearded; spur sirai.l t or i!dulv curved 4-0 mm. long; pod 5-10 mm. long; seeds brown •> mm lonL (I . relrosrabra Greene). Kootenay; Bonnington Fall.; Cre^toA. ^' LOASACE^ (LoASA Family) Herbs with scabrous leaves and small or large yellow flowers- ovirv in fenor. 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta.; caK x 5-Ued; petalsTor 10?sfamen; 1. MENTZELIA (Stick-Leaf) Stems usually white and shining; flowers cvmose or solitarv the outer fhe"r, 1 °^''\''''t'"'''' l^r u'^"f'"''" i" °"^^' "'^- stamen insJrteF l",w the petals on the throat of the corolla, stvle 3-cleft; capsule lot il' an .d or cylindrical. (Mentzel was an early German botanis?).' *" ^"'^ 1. M. I.cvicaiilii. Flowers largp, petals .1 cm. Ions Mowers small. pet.iU :i-r> mm. long ... Seods not Kroove'« i 1. Hippuris. i!- Myriophyllum. HIPPURIS (Bottle Brush) -Tnthni- c/^,„ 1 1. ..L ■' '-""''•• Style niitorni, Iving in a eroove of rhn for' the pS!-' ''^^"'^ " '^°^^'^' "«'-''• * '-■= Marc's Tail is a c'ommon name Leaves linear or lanceolate. Leaves in whorls of .'j-i2 Leaves in whoils ot 5-6 Leaves oblanceolatc, in wiiorh of 4-6 ... , . , J. M. letrapnylla. >i. M. montana Lcficb low n «; i rim k; u. i J^waS^t-s^.rK%nSii^r- or^b"nceS'^:;^b!^ .o'^^iS/-^ 'I-- ^'S^- 'eaves oval to obovate 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM (Water Milfoil) a leaf) • ' "" °^ * ""^'"^- ('^'^eek mynot, number. «on" ONAGRACE^ (Evening Pri.mrose Family) reiais j, stamens 2, leaves opposite Petals 4, stamens 8. • • . . Seeds silky-tufted . Seeds not silky-tuftcd. leaves alternate" Anthers attached near the middle. petaH often yellow or whitf Stamens 4 lone and I short, ovarv L>..-.-!!.-'.i wnite Stamens ol eiitial lensth, ovarv 4-cJiled Anthers attached at the base, petals not yellow. " ' Calyx-lohps erect, petals L'-lobed . Calyx-lotws reflexed. .... Petals sessile, entire . PeUU clawed, S-lobed .'.','.','' l.iidviKia. Circ.Ta. 3. Kpilobium. 4. tiayophytum. 5. CKnothera. fi. Boisduvalia. 7. Godetia. 8. Clarkia. 212 ONAGRACE^ m *^^■^■ 1. LUDVIGIA Aquatic perennials with small sessile flowers in the axils; calyx-lobes 4. with no tube above the ovary, capsule shorl. (I-u-lwig was a (-erman bot- anist). 1 L. palustris Ell. (Water purslane). Glabrous: stems creeping, 1 dm. or so long; leaves opposite, ovate or oval 1-2 cm Inn^. tapering into a short petiole; calyx-l<.bes very short. In mud or shallow water, Burnaby Lake; Sproat Lake, V. L; Sask. 2. CIRCi€A (Enchanter's Nightshade) Low. delicate pt..rennials; the calyx-tube 2-lobeJ.;^';«htly prolonged beyond the ovary: its limb deciduous; petals whue; fruit indehiscent, small, bristl>. with hooked hairs: the small while (lowers in racemes. {Line, an enchant- rcss) i C. paciflca Arch. Glabrate; stems simple; '-'-3 dm. 'igh. from a small tuber- leaves ovate-denticulate, 3-3 cm. long; racemes hractless; calyx white; fruit i-celled. 1-seeded. obovoid; woods, coast to Rockies. 2 C. alpina L. Similar; glabrous, leaves rather coarsely dentate; ra- ccmVs with minute bracts; fruit narrowly obovoid. Woods, Rockies and Selkirks, where the two species often grow together; Alaska. 3. EPILOBIUM (Willow Herb) Annual or perennial with mostly opposite, nearly f r^-^''^ If ^^^^ P^^^f '" and sepals 4, the calvx-tube short or slightly produced beyond the ovary . stamens 8, inserted on the calyx-tube. 4 shorter; stigma with 4 short or long lobes; seeds with a silky coma. (Greek epi. on, and lobion. a httle pod, in allusion to the structure of the flower). Petals larse. entire, pink, the calyx-tube divided to the summit of the ovary (sub-Renu3C*om. „ |,t:f„i:„n, Infloreirence short with leafy bracts 2- E. 'awmiurn^ Inflorescence elongated with small bracts . . . • ■ ■ 1- t- angustiiouum. Petals notched, usually small, the calyx-tube prolonged above the ovary (sub-genus tyiimocAion). - „ Inteum Petals yellow, 1.5 cm. long. •, k ' .u^r. ' •'■'=■■""■'= Petals white, or pink, less than 1 cm. long, stigma lobes short. Annuals. 4 p minutum. Stems and leaves pubescent *■ ^ DrSatum. Stems glabrous below, leaves glabrous 5. h,. paniLjiaium. Perennials. Tall. 4-9 dm. high. . p -Mnstre Leaves lincar-ol)long. revolute 6. E. palustre. Leaves lanceolate, not revolute. , , , , p u-illpaniim Simple, pedicels usually more than 1 cm. long . • 7. E, "»"«*"""• Branching, pedicels usually less than 1 cm. long . • «• t- adenocajlon. Low, usually under 2 dm., alpine. Seeds .smooth. 9 p anagallidifolium Le.ives entire. 1-2 cm. long ,^- fe: .,|ni*,,,„ Leaves denticulate, 3 cm. long 10. E. alpmum Seeish, papillose. Nit. Chuam. 1 214 ONAGRACE/E nf 12. E. leptocarpum var. Macounii Trel. Somewhat branched, the stem- hardly I dm. high, crisp-pubcscciit on lines from the bases of the leaves; producing; subterranean winter bulhlcts; loaves less than 2 cm. long, ovate- lanceolate denticulate, with a winged petiole; petals red, 4 mm. long; calyx- tube narrow; pods 2 cm. long, pubescent, on very slender pedicels nearly as long; seeds hyaline-beaked Lake Louise. 13. E. clavatum Trel. Densely tufted, about 1 dm. high ; stems glandular, uniformly pubescent; leaves ovate, 1-1..") cm. long, subscssile, denticulate, firm; petals red, 5-t) mm. long; pod 2-3 cm. long, clavaie, on pedicels 1 cm. long or less; seeds papillate, somewhat fusiform, wi'h a pale or hollow apex. Mts. Cascades to Rockies, Mt. fheam. 14. E. Hornetnanni Reich. Stems simple, solitary, 1-2.5 dm. high, glabrous except the decurrent lines; leaves ascending, the largest 2.5 cm. long, elliptical-oblong, or the lower obovate, denticulate to nearly entire; flowers several, erect; pods 3-4 cm. long on pedicels 1 cm. long; seeds papillate. Common in mt. meadows. 15. E. Davuricum Fisch. Mostly simple, producing rosettes at base in nutuinn, 1-2 dm. high: stems very slender, sparingly pubescent in lines, leaves less than 1.5 cm. long, somctmics alternate above, linear or ovate- oblong, remotely denticulate, sessile above, short-petioled below; flowers nodding; pod 4 cm. long, on long slender pedicels; seeds papillate. Bogs, Alaska to VVn.; Mt. Cheam. 4. GAYOi»nYTUM Very slender, branching annuals, with linear entire leaves, and small axillary flowers; the calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, the lobes reflexed, stigma not lobed; jietals white or rose. (Greek gatos, land, phyton, a plant). 1. G. ramosissimum T. & G. Glabrous or the inflorescence puberulent, 1 dm. or so high; diffusely slenderly branched; flowers 1-2 mm. long; capsule 5 mm. long on pedicels about as long, often deflexed; the anthers of the shorter stamens often abortive. Penticton. 5. (ENOTHERA (Evening Primrose) Calyx-tube prolonged above the ovary, deciduous, tlie 4 iobes reflexed; stamens 8, usually equal, with versatile anthers; capsule long or short, 4- valved, many-seeded; flowers mostly yellow. Stigmns capitate 1. O. strigulosa. StiRtnas lobed. Flowers white or pink. Leaves glabrous, stamens unequal 3. O. pallida. Leaves hirsute, stamens equal 6. O. Hookeri. Flowers yellow. Petals and pods .5-12 mm. long 2. O. pumila. Petals and pod? longer. Petals 1.2-2 cm. long 4. O. muricata. Petals 2-3.5 cm. long 5. O. Hookeri. Petals 4-6 cm. long 6. t). grandiflora. 1. O. Strigulosa T. & G. Hirsute to smooth, 2-3 dm. high; leaves linear to lanceolate; petals 2 or 3 mm. long, yellow or turning red; stamens slightly unequal; capsule 1.5 cm. long, curved or twisted; seeds in 1 row in each cell. Cedar Hill, Victoria. (Sphccro sti^tna). 2. O. pumila L. Perennial, 3-4 dm. high; leaves often secund, entire, spatulate below, oblong above; inflorescence rectirving; petals about 8 mm. lonyj; seeds clustered, not in rows, introd. New Westminster. 3. O. pallida Lindl. Stem often white and shreddy, 2-6 dm. high, glabrous or pubescent; leaves glabrous, linear to oblong-lnaceolate, entire or denticu- late; flowers nodding in bud; petals 1.5-3 cm. long; pods 2.5 ctn. long, often twisted; seeds in 1 row in each cell. Dry plains, Sask. to Wn.; Spence's Bridge. ^1 ONAGRACEifi 215 4. O. muricata L. Stout, 2.5-15 dm. high, pubescent to hirsute, the hairs often rcddish-tul)erculate at Sast: leaves lance-oblong, entire, or slightly repand-denticulate, and passing without marked transition into bracts; flower-bu cm. long; seeds in 2 rows. (O. biennis muricata Lindl.) Kootenav; Kaslo. 5. O. Hookeri T. & G. (O. biennis hirsutissima Cray). Slightly dis- tinguished from O. muricata by tiie more plentiful puN-scence and the yellow or purplish, usually larger flowers, becoming lighter in drying. Shus- wap Lake. O. biennis L. Bracts smaller, scarcely exceeding pods. Introd., New Westr. G. O. grandiflora Ait. Stout biennial. 4-10 dm. high, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate; (x.-tals yellow, 4-5 cm. long; pod more or less hirsute; seeds in 2 rows. Introd. roadsides. Vancouver; New Westminster; etc; sometimes seen in gardens. 6. BOISDLVALIA Erect, very leafy annuals, with purple flowers in a leafy terminal spike; calyx-tube prolonged above the ovary, deciduous, the lobes erect; stigma- lobes short; capsule cylindrical; seeds few, 1 row in each cell. (Bois Duval, a l-rench naturalist). 1. B. Douglasii Spach. Almost ranescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate, denticulate or entire, the floral bracts afx)ut as broad, but shorter; petals 4 mm. long; capsule cylindrical, 1 cm. long, the partitions in dehiscence separating from the valves. Low, undrained soil, Victoria. 2. B. glabella Walp. Glabrous or slightly pul)escent, 1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate to oblong, serrate, the floral bracts scarcely smaller; petals 2 mm. long; capsule 6-8 mm. long, the partitions adherent to the valves. Ditches and wet places. Attributed to British Columbia by Howell. 7. GODETIA Simple or branched annuals, with showy, few-flowered racemes; calyx-tube produced a little beyond the ovary; petals rose or lilac, the .stamens opposite the petals shorter than the rest; stigma-lobes short; seeds angled, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell; capsule pubescent. (Godct. a French botanist). 1. G. caurina Abrairs. Erect. 1-3 dm. high, puhcrulent. leaves linear- lanceolate, entire; petals 1-2 cm. long, purple; calvx-iips mostly united; anthers 3 mm. long, glabrous, fertile to the tip; stigmas 3 mm. long; capsule 20-25 mm. long; pedicel 1-8 mm. long. Dry hills, Victoria. Apparently very variable in size of corolla and length of [wdicel. 2. G. epilobioides Wats. Erect, 3 dm. high, tomentosely puberulent; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate. 2-4 cm. long, petioled; petals rose-purple, 6 -12 mm. long; calyx-tips mostly united; capsule 12-28 mm. long, on a pedicel 1-4 mm. long. Mt. Finlayson. V. I. i ^ 8. CLARKIA Annuals with showy, purplish flowers; calyx-tube produced above the ovary, the deridiinus lobes rf-flrxcH, ?tigTr,-> -lobes broad. (Name in honor of W. Clarke, of the Lewis and Clarke expedition). 1. C. pulchella Pursh. Usually simple, 1.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves linear- oblong, puberulent, entire; the alternate stamens rudimentary, filiform; the fertile anthers curling from the a[3ex; capsule 1-2 cm. long; seeds obliquely cubical. Dry Interior, southward; Grand Forks; Cistlegar. f] t 1 ■■ r It r ' 216 UMBELLIFERiE UMBELLIFER/C (Parsley Family) Herbs, stems usually hollow; leaves mostly decompound, the petioles expanding and sheathing at the has-; flowers small, in simple or compound umbels, with or without primary bracts (involucre) and secondary bracts (involucel); calyx adhering to the 2-ccllcd ovary; the limb 5-toothed or obsolete; petals 5; stamens 5, inserted on the ovary; styles 2 surmounting a projection at the top of the ovary (the stylopodium); fruit separating into 2 carpels, the inner faces of which form the commissure; each carpel with 5 primary ribs, and often with 4 secondary ones, in the intervals between which, and on the commissure, are oil-tubes (best seen in thin, transverse slices). The classification depends mainly on cha'-acteristics of the mature fruit. Fruit bristly or sc;.'.y. Flowers in dense hcafis, fruit •Jcaly Flowers in umbels, fruit bristly. Fruit plobose or ovoid. Ribs of fruit wanting. Fruit beaked, involucre none Fruit not beaked, involicre foliaceous Ribs present. Bristles of fruit barbed Bristles of fruit hooked Fruit linear Fruit smooth or slinhtly pubescent. Leaves reduced to hollow, septate petioles. Leaves normal. At least the basal leaves simple. Low, umbels simple Tall, umbels compound. Basal leaves ovate Basal leaves linear-lanceolate .... Leaves divided. Fruit flattened dorsally, i.e. parallel to the commissure Flowers purple Flowers white. Stems short or none Stems long. Leaf-seements large. Petioles woolly, rib,s of fruit filiform . Prtioles glabrous; ribs of fruit prominent . Leaf -eijments small; ribs winged . Flowers yellow. Fruit with thin marginal wings. Stems short or none; stylopodium wanting Stems long; stylopodium Hat Fruit with thick, marginal wingi; stylopodium none Fruit terete or compressed laterally. Flowers yellow. Leaf segments filiform Leaf segments not filiform. Ribs winged. Involucre as long as the rays Involucre wanting Ribs fili'onn Flowers white. Fruit terete or slightly flattened laterally or dorsally. Ribs of fruit rounded. Stems weak, reclining; calyx-lobes prominent Stems stout, erect; caly.xlobes wanting Ribs of fruit acute or winged. Plants tomentose. low. Plants glabrate. tall. Fruit oblong, lateral wings narrow, Oii-tubes small. 2-('> in the intjrvals Oil-tubes larKe, solitary in the intervals Fruit nearly as broad as long, titeral wings broad Fruit compressed laterally, i.e. perpendicularly to the con—.isGurc. Fruit elongate; oil-tubes obsolete in mature fruit. . Fruit not elongate. I. Eryngium. 2. Anthriscus. 3. Sanicula. 4. Daucus. 5. Caucalis. 8. Osmorrhiza. 7. Lilaeopsis. 8. Hydrocotyle. 9. Zizia. 10. Bupleurum. 11. Leptotxnia. 12. Lomatium. 1.3. Heracleum. 15. Angelica. 16. Conioselinum. 12. Lomatium. 14. Pastinaca. 11. Leptotxnia. 17. Fceniculur 15. Angelica. 18. Cymopterus. 26. Pctroselinum. \n. CEnanthe. 20. Coelopleurum. 21. Glehnia. 22. Ligusticum. 10. Conioselinum. 15. Angelica, 6. Osmorrhiza. UMBELLIFER/E 217 i Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes n(mi . bttnis '<[y,ttiTl with red Oil-tiitKjs solitary on the intervalj; stems not spot- ted. Very stout plants; leaf-divisitins large; fruit-ribs corky, broad Rather slender; If divisions small, fruit-ribs filiform Leaves once pinnate. Caly.t-teeth obsolete, oil-tubes 1-several in the in- tervals; aquatic. Ribs of fruit iirominent. Ptvlopodium flat Ribsof fruit not prominent. stylopodium conical. Calyx-teeth evident, oil-tubes solitary, not a(iuatic. 23. Conium. Cicuta. Carum. 27. Slum. ■2H. 3cruU. 25. Carum 1. ERYNGIUM (Eryngo) Perennial with thick, toothed leaves, the lower reduced usually tc petioles; calyx-teeth prominent; fruit ribless, ovate, covered with scales; flowers white or bluish, stylopodium wanting. (An old name). 1. E. articulatum Hook. Erect, 3 dm. hi^h, basal petioles with or with- out small lanceolate blades; involucre of spiny-toothed bracts, longer than the heads. Wet places. Northern Idaho and B. C. (Howell). 2. ANTHRISCUS (Chervil) Tall herbs with decompound leaves and white flowers; involucre none- calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit ovate, beaked, covered with hooked bristles in our species. (The Latin name). 1. A. vulgaris Perr. Erect, stout, 6-9 dm. high, stems glabrous; leaves pubescent, the base of the petioles woollv-margined; fruit about 3 mm. long the beak smooth. Waste places, Nanaimo. Introd. 3. SANICULA (Sanicle) Glabrous herbs with mostly palmately divided leaves and yellow or purple Howers in globose umblets, on about 3 primary rays; involucre foliaceous involucels small, calyx-teeth lanceohte; stylopodium flat; fruit globose' the carpels hardly separating, ribless, covered with hooked bristles. ' (Xame from San Nicolas?) Leaves pinnately divided, flowers purple Lraves palmately lobed or divided, flowers yellow. Mature fruit stipitate or pedicelate. Involucels small, fruit bristly all over Involucels large, fruit naked at base . . ' ' Mature fruit not stipitate nor pedicelate. Leaves with main divisions confluent at base; involucels large B.asal leaves divided or nearly so. Leaves large, main divisions not stalked .... Leaves small, main divisions stalked .... I. S. bipinnatifida. 2. S. Menziesii. 3. S. arctopoides. 4. S. Howellii. 5. S. marylandica. 6. S. septentrionalis. 1. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. Stems clustered, 3-5 dm. high, stem leaves lew the basal bipinnatifid, the lobes decurrent in narrow, toothed wings; umbels short or long-rayed; flowers purple, the sterile on long pedicels, the lertile sessile. Open places, Victoria. J ^' S- Menziesii Hook. Stems solitary, 3-S dm. high; leaves round-cordate, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes rounded below, the lower on petioles once or twice •IS long, the teeth with long, slender bristles- sterile flowers nearly sessile- involucels of small,' entire bractlets; fruit obovoid,2-4 mm. long, becoming pedicelate. Open places, \ictoria; Boundary Bay. o'j^' ^'■'^t*»P*^'*'^* H. & A. Stems short, producing scape-like branches 1-2 dm. long; leaves deeply 3-lobed, the divisions cleft into acute spreading segments; involucre of 1-2 leaf-like bracts, involucels conspicuous, of 8-12 oblanceolate bractlets; seed-face almost plane. Near Victoria; Queen Charlotte Is. . ./*'^ LIJ 218 U.MBEI.LIFER/E ■1. S. IlowellU C. & R. Stems coarst-, 2-3 dm. high, often bearing tufti of stout, elongated jx-Mlunclos; leaves 3-5-lobed, the upper inclined to be pinnately lobed, llie teeth mut ronatc tipped; fruit 3-4 mm. long, short stipi- tate, the seed-face concave. Clay clifTs, Beacon Hill, \ictoria. 5. S. marylandica L. (Snake-root). Erect, 3-10 dm. high; leaves large, 5-7-paricd or nearly divided, the divisions acute, the teeth with short, rigid bristle tips, the lower on petioles 3-4 times as long; involucre very large; sterile (lowers often in separate heads, |)cdicelate; fruit sessile, ovoid. Open woods, Armstrong; Agassiz; Rockies. 6. S. septentrionalis Greene. Slender, 1-3 dm. high; several peduncles arising along the stem; leaves ternate or bitcrnate, the main divisions stalked; umbels simple or compound; involucre of pinnatifid leaf-like bracts; in- voluccls of small, more or less united bracts; sterile flowers pediceled; fruit sessile. Dry hillsides, Victoria, northw. V. I.; Revelstoke. 4. DAUCUS (Carrot) Hirsute-bristly biennials or annuals, with tri-pinnate leaves, foliaceous pinnately cleft involucres, and white flowers: calyx-lobes obsolete; fruit oblong, flattened dorsally, the 5 prim^ 'bs bristly, the 4 secondary ribs winged, prickly; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary; stylopodium flat or none. (The ancient name). 1. D. pusillus Mich. (Wild C.) Stems retrorsely papillate-hispid, 1-6 dm. high; leaf-segments linear, rays of umbels 1-3.5 cm. long. Dry hills, V. I.; Crescent. 2. D. carota L. (Cultivated C.) Stems bristly-hairy, 3-9 i -. leaf-segments linear-lanteolate, cuspidate, rays many, the ou'er long, umbels becoming hollowed like a bird's nest. .A garden escape. high; cm. 5. CAUCALIS (Medge-Parslev) Nearly glabrous annual, with pinnately dissected leaves and white or reddish flowers in compound umbels; caly.x-lobes prominent; fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally; carpels with .5 filiform bristly primary ribs and 4 prominent hooked secondary ones, oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure; stylopodium conical. (The Greek name). 1. C. microcarpa II. & A. St^m slender, 1-3 dm. high; leaves much dissected; involucre bracts foliaceous, divided; involucels entire or divided; pedicels and rays very unequal ; fruit 4-5 mm. long, armed with rows of hooked prickles. Departure Bay, V. I. 6. OSMORRHIZA (Sweet Cicely) Perennials from fleshy, often fusiform roots; leaves ternate, t.ie divisions broad; involucre and involucels small or none; umbels long-rayed, few- flowered; calyx-teeth obsolete; stylopodium small, conical; fruit linear, bristly or glabrous, attenuate at base; oil-tubes obsolete. (Greek osme, a scent, rhiza, a root). Flowers purple 1. O. purpurea. Flowers white, carpels attenuate at base. Fruit bristly. Fruit rounded at apex 2. O. obtusa. Fruit acute at apeic » 3. O. divaricata. Fruit glabrous, carpels not lone-attenuate. 4. O. occidentalis. 1. O. purpurea C. & R. Near glabrous, 1-6 d.-n. high; basal leaves clustered, 1-3-tcrnate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply lobed or toothed; fruiting umbels of 2-4 rays, 5-7.5 cm. long; fruit slightly hispid at base, glab- rous above, 10-12 mm. long, on pedicels 12-20 mm. long. Sitka to Wn.; Mts., Kootenay Lake. i;^'*: j UMBELLIFER/E 219 n.n; ^"7 ? ?? i.^; \ ^K Fcrnald. Stems glabrous or sparinRly pubes- ccn . 2-7 dm. h^h; Icafli-ts 3-ti cm. lon^; leaves I'a tt-rnate. slightly pubes- cent; umbels naked, wiih 3-.-> diverKenl ravs; fruit about 10 mm. lonij, rounded at ajKx hard.y beaked; stv I.. podium depressed, with the style 0..") mm. long. (O. unda in part). \Vood!<, eastw. 3. O.divarlcata Nutt. Similar; 4-10 dm. hish. umbels with 3-7 ascending rays and pedicels; stylopoella'e, round- renilorm leaves and whitish tlowers in verticels or simple umbels; fruit strongly flattened laterally on short pedicels, orbicular, the ribs obscure or filiform- oil-tubes wanting; calyx-lobes obsolete. (Greek h\dor, water, kot^le a Hat cup, m allusion to the peltate leaves of some s[)ecies). 1. n. ranunculoides L. Leaves thick, round-reniform, cordate, 3-7- clclt, crenate; peduncles shorter than the petioles and retlexed in fruit • fruit round-remform, notched at base; can h one evident rib on each face. In a wet place. Departure Bay. 2. H. vulgare L. Leaves thick, orbicular peltate, slightly .J-9-lobed and crenate, about 2 cm. broad; inflorescence of verticels; peduncles shorter than the petioles, mo-e or less erect in fruit; fruit sub-orbicular, sub-sessile <.■< I iit-is T) mm. lony; oil-tulK-s si lit.iry, 2 on the commis-^ure. Common, plains I). I.; Princeton; Vernon. V'.ir. leptocarpum ('. & R.; fruit sc^-^ile or nearly so; may also occur. 6. L. utriculatum N'utt. (C. i4 R.) Tsuaiiy caulescent, 2-t dm. hi({h, from a more or less tuberous ri«it, pulx'scent or ^{labrous; the whole j)eliole dilated; leaves much diss<'cte(l into stiort li'uar segments; ravs somewhat unequal, 2-7 cm. lon^; fruit ^'-'brous, alxiut 'J mm. lon^, elliptical, broadly winged; <)il-tul)es solitary, 4-ti on the commissure. Dry ojien places; \'. I.; Boundary I'ay; Lytton. 7. L. Martindatei var. autiustatum C. & R Hardly caulescent, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous; leaves bipinnate, the segments ob >vate, incised; (lowers pale-yellow; rays 2-4 cm. long; fruit glalAous, about 1 cm long, and 5 mm. wiile, the dorsal ribs rather prominent; oil-tubis solitary in iniervals, 2 on the conmiissure. Alpine, Kit. Arrowsmith, V. I.; Mt. Cheam. 8. L. Sandbergii C. & R. Usually caulestent, 2-4 dm. high, rough- pubcrulent, from a slender root; fruit ovate, puberulent, o mm. long, with very narrow wings; oil-tubes 4 or .'> in the intervals, ti cm the commissure. Passes of the Rockies; K')otenay. 13. HERACLEUM (Cow Parsnip) Tall, stout i)erennials, with large ternatcly compound leaves; calyx-tccth small or obsolete; stylopodium conical; petals white, the outer often enlarged; fruit very tlat, obovate, winged, the intermediate ribs fdiform; oil-tubes solitary, prominent, little more than half as long as the carpel. (Name from Hercules). 1. II. lanatuin Mich. Stout 12-24 dm. high; leaves often dee[)ly lobed above, and woolly, especially on the much-intlated bases of the petiole; fruit 8-12 mm. long, slightly pubescent. Common, wet banks and woods; flowering in May; Alaska. 14. PASTINACA (Parsnip) Tall, glabrous biennials, with pinnately compound leaves; involucre and involucels usually wanting; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit oval, very llat dorsally, the dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral winged as in Heracleuni; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure. (L. pastus, food). 1. P. sativa L. A common weed, 3-15 dm. high, with a grooved stem. 15. ANGELICA Stout perennials with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, often little or no involucre, and large umbels of yellow or whitish tlowers; calyx-teeth obsolete; fruit ovate to oblong, with 2 distinct wings, and 3 prominent ribs on each side; stylopodium depressed or conical, crenulate; oil-tubes 1-several in the intervals, 2-10 on the commissure. (Name alludes to medicinal vir- tues). Flowers white, involucre small or deciduous. Involucels linear 1. A. Involucels wanting 2. A. Flowers yellow, involucre equaling the rays 3. A. eenufleza. I.yuUii. Uawsoni. 1. A. genuSesa Null. Stout, G-18 dm. high; glabrous except the- in- florescence; leaves 1-2-ternate, the primary divisions often dcflexed; involucre linear, deciduous or wanting; involucels linear, sometimes long; rays 3-5 cm. long; fruit oblong, 3-4 mm. long; the wings nearly as broad as the body; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure. Common in wet thickets along the coast; flowering in August; Alaska. . -I'/. 222 UMBELLIFER/E I' 2. A. Lyallii Wats. Stout, 6-15 dm. high; leaves ternate, thin, pinnate, the uppermost redured to large inflated petioles; involucre and involuccls wanting; rays 2.5 to 15 cm. long; pe>..icels coalescent at base; fruit 4-6 mm. long. Kootenay, Mts. 3. A. Dawsoni Wats. (Mountain Parsnip). Plant 6-9 dm. high; bracts of involucre 'obed, about as long as the rays; bracts of involucels toothed, a little longer than the pedicels; sterile flowers numerous; fruit oval, about 4 mm. long, the lateral wings distinct. {Thaspium aureum involucratum). Mt. Fernie; Crow's Nest Pass. 16. CONIOSELINUM (Hemlock Parsley) Tall, stout perennials with tri-pinnately decompound leaves; involucre and involucels present; flowei - white; calyx-lobes obsolete or with a single large tooth; fruit flattened dorsally or almost terete, oblong, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the lateral usually broader; stylopodium slightly conical; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals or 2 in the 2 lateral, 2-4 on the commissure. {Conium and Selinum arc two genera of the family). InvoluceU not scarious. bractlets linear and conspicuous. Rays about 3 cm. long; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; Western . Rays about 0 cm. lonu; pedicels 12 mm. long; Eastern Involucels scarious, linear-oblong, abiuptly ending in a long attenua- tion; Northern 1. C. Gmelinl. 2. C. scopulorum. 3. C. Dawsoni. 1. C. Gtnelini C. & R. Stem not very stout fiom tapering roots, glau- cous, 6-15 dm. high; glabrous except the puberulenc ir.P.orescence; ultimate leaf-segments oblong, toothed or entire; rays 2-3.5 cm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, on pedicels 4-8 mm. long; involucels as long as the pedicels, or a little longer. (5. Hookeri Wats. Selinum Benthami Wats.) Coastal thickets. Flowering July and August; Alaska. 2. C. scopulorum (Gray) C. & R. Glabrous with puberulent inflo- rescence, 6-9 dm. high; lower leaves often large, 2-3-ternate, then 1-2-pinnate, the leaflets laciniately pinnatifid; the numerous rays 5-7.5 cm. long; fruit 6 mm. long; oil-tubes usually 1 in dorsal and 2 in lateral intervals. (Ligus- ticum scopulorum) Roger's Pass (?); Rockies; Wn. 3. C. Dawsoni C. & R. About 3 dm. high, glabrous; the small leaf- segments ovate; the linear bracts of the involucels longer than the pedicels, which are 2-4 mm. long; fruit oblong, about 4 mm. long, with prominent wings. Alaska, perhaps in Northern B. C. 17. FCENICULUM (Fennel) Stout, strongly-odorous plants, with leaves dissected into filiform divisions; involucres and involucels wanting; flowers yellow, in large umbels; fruit oblong, glabrous, oil-tubes solitary. 1. F. vul£are Hill. (Common F.) A garden escape at Comox. 18. CYMOPTERUS Low plants with small, pinnate leaves, no involucres; involucels with lanceolate bracts and yellow flowers; calyx-lobes evident; fruit globose, flat- tened laterally if at all, the ribs with thin equal wings, the lateral distinct, i. e. double; stylopodium flat; oil-tubes l-scvcral in the intervals, 2-8 on the commissure. (Gk. kyma, a wave, pteron, a wing; the wings of the fruit are often wavy). 1. C. tereblnthus T. & G. Decumbent, leafy at base, leaves 3-pinnate; leaflets very small: fruit fi-S mm. long, on short pedicels. Rockies, Lat. 49°. mm UMBELLIFER/E 223 19. (ENANTHE (Water Parsley) Glabrous with bipinnate leavcti and white flowers; calyx-lobes prominent; stylopodium conical or hemispherical: involucre present or absent; fruit ellipsoidal, terete, or slightly flat laterally; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. (Ck. otnos, wine, anthos, a flower; some species were used for perfuming wine). 1. O. sarmentosa Presl. Stems weak, reclining, 6-10 dm. long; leaflets ovate, 2-5 cm. long; rays stout, angled, 2-3 cm. long; fruit sessile or nearly so. Ditches and wet ground, near the coast. Lower Fraser Valley; Nootka. 20. CCELOPLtURUM Stout, glabrous perennials with 2-3 tcrnate leaves, the segments broad, and greenish- white flowers; involucre of few bracts, involucial bracts linear; calyx-lobes obsolete; stylopodium flat; fruit oblong, slightly flattened laterally; ribs thick and corky, prominent dorsally, but not winged; oil- tubes solitary in the intervals, and 1 or 2 under each rib. (Gk. kotlos, hollow, pleuron, a rib). 1. C. longipes C. & R. Bases of petioles much-inflated, leaflets ovate. 1..5-5 cm. long, often acute at base, serrate; rays many, the outer 4-5 cm. long, fruit strong-smelling, 4-6 mm. long, on pedicels 8-9 mm. long. Thickets near tidal waters, Vancouver and V. I. to Alaska. (C. Gmelini (DC) Ledeb, in part, an Alaskan species with fruit 9 mm. long). 21. GLEHNIA Low, pubescent perennials, with thick 1-3-pinnate leaves; more or less conspicuous involucre and involucels and white flowers; calyx-teeth evident; fruit globose to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs with thick, corky- wings, the lateral wings distinct, i.e. double: stylopodium flat; oil-tubes several in the inter\'als, 4-8 on the commissure. 1. G. littoralis Schmidt. A tomentosc, prostrate, sea-shore plant; leaflets ovate or round, tomentose beneath; rays 1-2 cm. long; fruit sessile. Victoria; Alaska. {Phellopleris littoralis). 22. LIGUSTICUM (I,ovage) Glabrous perennials with aromatic roots, tcrnate leaves, and white flowers; stylopodium conical; calyx-lobes obsolete; fruit oblong or ovate, with acute, narrow, somewhat winged ribs, terete or slightly flattened laterally; oil tubes 2-6 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commissure. (Name from Liguria.) Leaves ternately compound, le.iflets .■serrate; seeds rounded on back . 1. L. scothicum. Leaves ternatfly and then pinnately compound; leaflets laciniate; seeds angled on back. Stems scapose; inflorescence elabrous 2. I.. Grayl. Stems leafy, inflorescence pubescent 3. L. apiifolium, l._L. scothicum 1.. Stem simple, 3-6 dm. high; leaves biternate; thick, shining beneath; leaflets ovate, coarsely serrate; inflorescence glabrous; rays 2.5-7 cm. long; fruit narrowly oblong, about 9 mm. long. Alaska southward; Prince Rupert. 2. L. Grayi C. & R. Stems 3-6 dm. high, leaflets laciniately pinnatifid; rays 2.5-5 cm. long; fruit narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long; the ribs hardly winged, on pedicels 6-7 mm. long; summits of Gold Range; Ainsworth. 3. L. apiifolium Gray. Smooth, except the inflorescence and the leaf- margins, 6-9 dm. high; leaves ternate and then pinnate, the segments ovate and pinnatifid; rays 4 cm. long; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; fruit oval, 3-4 mm. long: seed round on the back. Selkirks. . 224 UMBELLlFERiC K 'S. 23. CONIUM (Poison Hemlock) Poisonous biennial with spotted stems, decompound leaves and white flowers; involucre and involucels present; fruit somewhat flattened laterally, with prominent, but not winged, ribs; oil-tubes none; calyx-teeth obsolete; seed-face deeply grooved. (The Greek name for the plant used to poison criminals). 1. C. maculatum L. Tall, 6-20 dm. high; the upper leaves sessile, leaf-segments incised, ovate-oblong; rays 2-4 cm. long; fruit 3 mm. long, on pedicels 5-8 mm. long. Vacant lots, Victoria. 24. CFCUTA (Water Hemlock, Poison Parsnip) Tall, stout, more or less glaucous, scarcely purplish, plants with bipinnate leaves and large serrate leaflets, no involucre, and white flowers; calyx-teeth prominent; fruit ovoid to oblong or orbicular, compressed laterally; the lateral ribs broad and low; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the ram- missure; styiopodium depressed, cushion-like; the root poisonous. Old name of Hemlock). Fruit oblong 1. C. occidentalis. Fruit orbicular . . . . ^ 2. C. Douglasii. 1. C. occidentalis Greene. Root-axis not much enlarged, the roots more or less slenderly fusiform; leaflets lanceolate 7-12 cm. long, coarsely serrate. Eastward, Kaslo. 2. C. Douglasii (DC.) C. & R. Roots slenderly conical, stem 0.7-1.5 m. high, usually several from the summit of the enlarged rout-axis, glaucous, often purplish; leaf divisions thickish, coarsely to rather finely serrate, lance- olate to ovate, 5-8 cm. long, the veins prominent on the lower surface. Damp ground or ditches, V. I. to Rockies; Alaska. Common on Lulu Is., where the poisonous roots are occasionally fatal to cattle, tspecially in spring. C. vagans Greene, leaf-divisions thin, coarsely serrate, linear-lanceolate to ovate, the veins not prominent beneath; may be distinct. Same range. 25. CARUM (Caraway) Slender, erect, glabrous herbs with fusiform or tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, and white flowers; calyx-teeth small; fruit ovate to oblong, with inconspicuous ribs; styiopodium conical; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. (Name from Caria, Asia Minor). Leaves once pinnate; fruit orbicular Leaves twice pinnate; fruit oblong. Leaflets many Leaflets few 1. C. Gairdneri. 3. C. carvi. 2. C. oreganum. 1. C. Gairdneri Gray. Roots aromatic; stem 3-9 dm. high; foliage scanty, usually simply pinnate, the linear-lanceolate entire leaflets 5-9, 3-10 cm. long, or the upper leaves simple; umbels 5-15 rayed, the involucre often wanting; fruit ovate-orbicular, 1-2 mm. long. Dry open places and in thickets, Victoria, Kootenay. The sweet, nutty roots were formerly used as food by the Indians. 2. C. oreganum Wats. Similar, the lower leaves more divided with shorter linear lobes; fruit oblong, 3-4 mm. long; seed flattened dorsally. Dry thickets near Victoria. 3. C. carvi L. (Garden Caraway). Erect, 5-9 dm. high; leaves much dissected into short linear seginents; the bases of tV . petioles widely dilated; involucre scanty, often wantmg, involucels usually none: umbels 7-10 rayed: fruit oblong, often slightly curved, about 4 mm. long; ribs prominent. A garden escape. Victoria, etc. UMBELLIFER/E 238 od : seed sub-angular. leaflets narrowly long, or the im- 26, PETROSELINUM 1. P. hortense HolTm. (Common Parsley). Fruit much as in Carum; calyx-teeth wanting, flowers yellow, involucre and involucels small; basal leaves twice ternate; the ultimate segments oboVate, incised; segments of stem-leaves narrower. A glabrous biennial, well established on a dyke. Lulu Island, New Westminster. 27. SIUM Fruit with prominent corky ribs; stylopodium depres- with plarie-face. otherwise much as in Berula. 1. S. cicutaefolium Schrank. Stout, 6-15 dm. high- lanceolate, distant, finely and sharply serrate, 5-12 cm. long, or me im- mersed leaflets more or less dissected; fruit 3 mm. long on pedicels 2-6 mm. v""^' „V'''""ion on the margins of lakes and in wet places, V. I. to Atlantic- iNew Westminster; Okanogan. 28. BERULA (Water Parsnip) Glabrous, aquatic perennials, with simply pinnate leaves, evident in- volucre and involucels, and white flowers; calvx-teeth minute; fruit flattened laterally round, notched at base; the carpels globose, with inconspicuous ribs; stylopodium conical; oil-tubes numerous; seeds terete. 1. B. erecta. (Huds.) Coville. Erect, 1.5-6 dm. high; leaflets linear to oblong or ovate, serrate, or lanceolatcly lobed, the upper with sharp, the lower with rounded, teeth or lobes, the upper leaflets often with a pair of erect lobes at the base, 1-6 cm. long; rays 5 cm. long or less; fruit 2 mm. long on pedicels 4-6 mm. long. Streams and ponds, Kamloops; Okanagan Valley, and eastward. ARALIACE/f; (Ginseng Family) Herbs or shrubs with simple or compound leaves, the flowers and flower- clusters much as in the umbelliferae; but usually with more than 2 styles- petals and stamens 5, epigynous carpels 2-5; fruit a drupe. Leaves compound i ,_,j. Leaves .-limple. .-^raiia. Erect, prickly shrub 2 Knt.ia Climbing, not prickly '.'.'.. i'. H«lera 1. ARALIA (Sarsaparilla) Stemless herbs (ours) with decompound leaves; flowers small, perfect or polygamous, greenish, in umbels; carpels 5. 1. A. nudicaulis L. Stem very short, bearing a single leaf and a shorter, naked scape; leaflets oblong-obovate or oval, short pointed, serrate, 2-5 on each of the 3 divisions, the 5 carpels forming a 5-winged fruit. Princeton- Revelstokc; Mackenzie. ' 2. FATSIA Shrubs prickly throughout; leaves palmately lobed; umbels numerous in an erect compound raceme; flowers greenish white, perfect or polygamous- calyx-lobes obsolete or nearly so; carpels 2. ' l.P . horrida (Sm.) B. & H. (Devil's Club). Stems 1-6 m. high, leafy at the top; leaves 3-5 dm. broad, prickjy on the veins and along petioles; inflorescence terminal; fruit flat, oblong, red. Damp woods, coast; Alaska, belkirks. The prickles are poisonous and may cause painful wounds. 3. HEDERA (English Ivy) H. helix L. (English Ivy;. Climbing by roots from the stem; leaves evergreen, 5-lobed, those of the fruiting branches not lobed; flowers greenish- petals 5, calyx with 6 teeth; styles 5; fruit black. Cultivated. ,i- 226 CORNACEiE CORNACE/B (Dogwood Family) Leaves simple, entire, whorled ^r opposite; 9^>y''-t"!^^,X"?'''flow^(i5 to^e 1-2-cclled ovary; stamens and petals epigynous; style 1. Howers Un ours) 4-merous. CORNUS (Dogwood) Herbs, shrubs or trees with perfect flowers; calyx mi""tely 4-toothed; petals small, white or purnlish; flowers cymose. often surrounded b ,arge. white, involucral bracts; fruit a white, or red drupe. (L. cornu, a norn, in allusion to the hard wood). Herlw. flowers subtended by white involucral bract. 1-2 cm. long. ^ canadentU. Leaves whorled at summit of stem g' C. suecica. I,eave3 in pairs, not whorled ^ q Nuttallii. Trees, bracts 4-« cm. long . Shrubs, involucral bracts wanting. soreading Cymes and under surfaces of leave' -th not sparse, apreaaing ^ ^ pubesceni. Cym^fa^'Under surface, of leaves with sparse, oppressed pube^ ^ ^ rtolonifera. cence ■ , , r a a 1 C. canadensis L. (Bunchberry). Low. usually simple. l-S;* «""• hiah from a creeping rootstock; leaves in a whorl at the summit of the stem. S? in va^ in"S.V. Farr. of the Rockies and Selkirks. with a pair of stem- leaves bdowthrwhorl). ovate or oval; bracts short-acuminate, sometimes kw^Lh r«1- netals at the coast, purpl sh wi ;. a white margin, or. in the Sirt^"d'R^cki:'s.^hldsh. on/of ?hem I. ^V^^^^ » b"-*^ ^' red drupes; the stone globose. Common; woods Alaska to Ca . 9 r Huecica L Similar. 1-2 dm. high; leaves short, oval, in 3-6 sessile Dai;s ihe^r^s all spThiging from the base; involucral bracts obtus.sh; Sals purple the stone sUghtly flattened and channelled on both sides. Alaskan and northern. 1 C NuttallU T. & C. (Flowering D.) A sma 1 tree, the trunk oc- caLnally becoming 5-6 dm. in diameter; leaves elliptical, short-acumina e. Sib^S onT.th^ides; bracts round-obovate. cuspidate; petals purple- tipped; head very dense; fruit red. Coast and V.L 4 C. pubescens Nutt. (Western D.) . Shrub, 2-8 m high, with red hranrhes- stems erect, leaves ovate to elliptical, upper petioles 15 mm. long, alToS toSoJI^neath. acute or short acuminate; petals creamv. in a ?S^! man^flowered; cyme 3-7 cm. broa fruit white or lead-coloreK 227 Fruit a loculicirlal capsule; Nos, the (1) ARBUTE^.. Fruit indehisccnt, a berry; Nos. 8 and (2) RH0D0DENDRF:/F. Fruit a septicidal capsule; N 15 and 16. (3) ANDROMEDF/I Ovary inferior. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, opening by a lateral chink fruit white Anther-relit prolnngeil into a tube, otwning by a termina chink fruit not white ... Ovary superior. Corolla polypetalous. Herbs, anthers inverted, (filaments apparently attached at top). Scapes 1 -flowered Flowers several to many. Flowers in umbels, stem leafy Flower.H in racemes, plants nearly or quite stcmlei Shrubs, anthers attached by the base. Leaves evergreen, flowers wliite Leaves deciduous, Howcrs copper-colored Corolla gamopetalous. Trees Shrubs. Fruit a berry, or berry-like. Flowers ir. cymose clusters Flowers solitary or in racemes Fruit a capsule. Anther-cells awned. I.eaves less than 1 cm. long . Leaves more than 1 cm. long Anther-cells awnless. Leaves like those of Spruce or Fir Leaves otherwise. Anthers in pouches in the corolla. Anthers not in pouches. Flowers 4-inerous Flowers 5-merous. Low, procumbent Tall, erect ... 9. OS. 6, 7, 13, 14, 10, 11, antl 12. Chiogrnes. Vaccinium. i. Monetes fhimaphila. Pyrola. Ledum. Cladothamnui. 8. Arbutus. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. \5. Ki. 17. Arctostaphytoi. Gaultheria. Cassiope. Andromeda. Phyllodoce. Kalmia. Menziesia. Loisclurea. Rhododendron. 1. CHIOGENES (Snowberrv) Slender, trailing evergreens, with small leaves, and stems clothed with rusty, bristly hairs; flowers solitary 4-mcrous; corolla bcll-shat)cd; stamens 8; filaments short, broad; anthers not awned, opening by a chink to the middle; fruit a white, edible, 4-celle(l berry, ((ireek chion, snow, genos olTspnng, in allusion to the snow-white fruit). 1. C. hispidula (L.) T. & (', (Capillaire), Leaves 4-7 mm. long, round- ovate, revolute, more or less bristly beneath. Mossy woods. Sicamous" Emerald Lake; Rockies to Xfld. 2. VACCINIUM (Blueberry, Cranberry) Shrubs or trailing vines; corolla gamopetalous, 4-3-lobed or cleft; stamens 8-10; anthers awned or awnless, opening by pores; berry 4-.')-celled or 8-10- celled by false partitions from the back of each cell. (Latin vacca, a row, perhaps because a pasture plant). Vines, corolla 4-parted i V nxvrnrrna Shrubs, corolla 4-5-lobed. . . . . i. v. uxycoccui. Leaves deciduous, anthers mostly awned. Tall, 5 dm, high or more. Fruit red ; corolla greenish-white, depressed-globose, small 2. V. parviflorum Fruit blue; corolla pink, urnlike 3. V. ovalifoluim. r ruit black ; corolla depressed-globose. Leaves entire or nearly so 4. V. oblatum. Leaves finely "errate 5. V. membranaeegm Low, less than a dm. .usli. Stems strongly angled, fruit red or blackish, leaves small Fruit r"!d; leaves less than 1cm. long B. V. scoparium. fruit purplish-black leaves over 1 cm. long . . . . 7. V. oreophilum. 228 ERICACE^ Stems terete, or if angled, leaves large; fruit blue. v mnadense Pl.-int? i'ulie<«:ent. anthers awnless • ■ .■ ...» v.canaaense. Plants KlabrouJ or nearly so, anthers awned ra-sDitoaum Slender, fruit small leaves serrulate . . . »• v . ca^spitosum. ^TeL's^Tent^r 10. V. uli«ino,um. i:Sves'ermte 5. V. m. mbranaecum. Leaves eversreen filaments hairy, anthers awnless. ^^ v ovafim Tall, erect ;. • ; 12! vivitis-idia. Low. prostrate 1 V. OXVCOCCU8 var. intermedium Cray. (Ckanberry). Stems very slender; Ica'vcs 6-15 mm. long, slightly revolute, glaucous beneath; pedicels 2-10; filaments half as long as the pmk corolla segments; berry red, S-IU mm. in diameter. I'eat bogs; Alaska to \Vn. 2 V. parvifolium Smith. (Red Bilberry or Hlckleberry). Tall, 1-2'm. high, the branchlets angled, leaves glabrous, oval, entire, (or the small basal ones serrate and evergreen), mucronulate, 1-2 cm. long; flow- ers solitary on ix'di.els 4-0 mm. long, appearing afier the leaves; corolla greenish or reddish, depressed globular, 1 mm. ong; calyx with short, obtuse lobes: anthers awned; fruit rqd, pleasantly acid Woods, \. I. and west of the Cascades; Alaska. In oix-n situations t!ic plant becomes dense in habit, with stems, leaves and flowers reddish. 3 V. ovalifolium Smith. (T.u.l Hlce Bilberry). Tall, 1-4 m. high; leaves glabrous, entire; (or occasionally serrulate towards the base), oblong to oval, 2-5 cm. long, twigs slender, terete; flowers solitary, appearing before the leaves; corolla ovoid, 5-7 mm. long. pink, on i)edicels 2-,) mm. long- calyx barely lobed; anthers awned; fruit blue, vyith more or less bloom, finely erect, globose, 8-15 cm. in diameter, acid. Cool woods, Co-.st to Rockies; Alaska. 4 V. oblatum. Tall, 1-4 in. higl;, twigs angled, not very slender; leaves 2-5 cm. long, oblong to oval, usually serrulate towards the base, mucronulate; corolla depressed-globose (much flattened) reddish or greenish, 0-8 mm. broad, the style often exserted ; fruit blue-black with little or no bl<>om, rather sweeter than that of v. ovalifolium, becoming erect, on pedicels 4-10 mm. long. Vancouver; Prince Rupert. This plant, intermediate in many respects be- tween V. ovalifolium and v. parvifolium, and occurring with them niay be a hybrid; but the corolla has a distinctive character, as has also the black fruit. ^ ., . ^ 5, V. membranaceum Dougl. (Mount.mn Bilberry). About 5-6 dm. high, branchlets slightly angled; leaves sparingly pubescent sliarply and finely serrate, ovate or oblong, acute; flowers solitarys corolla depressed- gbbose on ix^dicels as long, calyx-limb nearly entire, fruit erec purple- black, depressed-globose, about 1 cm. in diameter, muc;h sweeter than that 0 the preceding specie^ Mts. 4000-6000 feet alt.; Revelstoke. Closely allied is V. globulare Rydb. Corolla depressed globose, berry purplish, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Rockies. 6 V. scoparlum Leiberg. (Red Alpine Bi-Ueberry). Low and slender^ 1 dm or so high; branches numerous, sharply angled, green; leaves ^-10 mm. long, glabrous, ovate or oval, thin shining serrate, conspicuously rcUculate veiny, the midrib prominent; flowers solitary, limb o calyx al- rnost entire, corolla globular-ovoid, anthers awned. berries small, red, nodding. (V erythrococcum Rvdb.) -Mts. Cascades to Rockies. 7 v. oreophilum Rydb. Similar; slender, 1-2 dm. high; leaves 1-3 cm. lone, minutely serrate, corolla globular; calyx limb almost obsolete; berry blue-black or black. Mts. Cascades to Ruekie^,, Lake Louise. 8 V. canadense Kulm. (Velvet-Leaf or Can.»da Blueberry) Low, 1-5 dm. high, branches and leaves pubescent; leaves oblong-elliptical, entire lx>coming 2 cm. or more long, flowers in clusters (terminal on young plants) urceolatc, calyx-lobes deltoid; fruit blue, sometimes nearly black, with much ERICACE^ 229 bloom, obovoid, 6-10 mm. in diameter; flowering and ripening fruit about 2 week J earlier than V. uliginosum var. mmronattim, which often grows with it. Peat bogs and wet ground, fVascr Delta; Naicusp; and northw. 9. V. caespitosum Mich. (Dwark Bilberry). Nearly glabrous, tufted, 5-30 cm. hi:.;h; leaves obovaie, obtuse or acute, some of them cuneatc, 1- 1.5 long, serrulate, the teeth mucronulate; flowers solitary; corolla pink, ovoid, 3-5 mm. liiig; berries small, blue, sweet. Drv, open situations, Victoria; in the mountains, (.lacier; Ro5sland, etc.; Alaska. 10. V. uliftinosum L. (Roc, Hiiherry). Stout and spreading, 2-5 dm. high; leaves thickish and firm, glaucescent, entire, obovate or oblong, slightly pubescent beneath; flowers single or 2-3 toi,'.ther, almost sessile, the parts of tlie flower mostly in 4's; stamens 8-10; corolla urceolate; calyx-lobes short- ovate; fruit dark blue-black with bloom. Alaska to yuebec. Var. muc- ronatum Herder. Leaves slightly mucronate, conspicuously reticulate- veined; parts of the flower in 5's; fruit globose (sometimes in an apparently distinct form, cllii)soidal) 8-15 mm. in diameter. Fraser Delta; Alaska. 11. V. ovatum Pursh. (Evergreen Huckleberry). Erect, 1-2.5 m. high; twigs pubescent; leaves ovate, serrate, thick, acute, 2-3 cm. long; flowers in axillary clusters, corolla fuse; filaments flat and broad, very hairy; anthers awniess, prolonged into a long tube; fruit black. Dry woods, Mayne Is.; V. I. 12. y. Vitis-Idaea L. var. minus Lodd. (Rock Cranberry). Low, 1-2 dm. high, often matted; leaves obovate, obtuse, slightly revolute, serrulate, thick, about 1 cm. long, with black dots or points beneath; flowers in terminal clusters, fragrant; corolla rose, open-campanulate, 4-lobed; anthers awniess, prolonged into a long tube, filatnents short; fruit red. Rockies; Lake Louise; Alaska. ' 3. PYROLA (WiNTERGREEN) Low, glabrous perennials with rootstorks; leaves thck, evergreen, mainly basal, sometimes wanting; flowers racemose, rather large, or small in the first section; calyx 5-parted persistent; petals 5 separate or nearly so, spreading or connivent; stamens 10, filaments naked; inverted and opening by pores in the seeming apex; capsule 5-lol ed, locuticidal; style 1, stigmas indistinctly 5-lobed ; seeds minute. (L. dim. of pyrus, a pear-tree). broader, pct.ili erect, anthers not P. secunda. P. minor. 3. P. aphylla. P. elliptica. picta dent.-ita. chlor, tha. Style straiRht; stigma capitate bealced at apex. Style exserted 1. Style included 2] Style curving, stiijma narrower than the style, petals spreading, anthers usually t>eaked by a contraction below the pores. Plants leafless Plants with green basal leaves. Leaves thin, flowers whitish or pinkish 4 Leave! thick, sharply and clearly denticulate only in No. 7. Flowers pale. Leaves mottled 5. P. picta. Leaves not mottled. Leaves .sp.itulate 5a. P. Leaves orbicular 6. P. Flowers reddish. Leaves ovate-elliptical 7. P. bracteata. Leaves round to reniform-elliptical 8. P. asarifolia.' 1. P. secunda L. Stems 1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate to elliptical, or some of them orbicular, sometimes mucronate, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, denticulate; racemes one-sided, dense; bracts ovate; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse^ short, corolla oblong, greenish-white, style exserted, anthers broadest at the wide orifice. Common, dry woods, Atlantic to Pacific; Alaska. 2. P. minor L. Scape 0.5-2 dm. high, leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, niostly longer than the margined petiole; flowers small, not sccund, white or rose; sepals triangular-ovate, corolla globose. Alaska southw. to Wash.; Rockies; Agassiz. 230 ERICACE^ H' m 3. P. aphylla Smith. Leafless; scapes angled, reddish from a ^^PJ>^y- loothcd rootstock; scaly at base, the scales sometimes bud-beanng m the axils, flowers red. sub-secund. pedicels as long as the flowers with a small bract much shorter than the pedicel; lobes of calyx ovate acute, H as 'o"8 " Vl* pistils; pores of the anthers tubular, filaments dilated at base. Woods near coast; Mt. Finlayson, V. I.; Mayne Is. 4. P. eUiptica Nutt. About 2.5 dm. high; stem more or less bracteate; leaves elliptical or obovate, obscurely crenulate, the blade 3-7 cm long, a little longer than the margined fKrrtiole; raceme 'o^^ely few- to many-flowered calyx-lobes ovate, acutish or blunt, short; bracts half as long as the Render Sflicels; anther cells not much, if at all contracted below the pore. Woods, Coast, eastw.; V. I.; Port Haney. 6. P. picta Smith. Scapes 1.5-3 dm. high; few- *<> '^ny-fl"*^';«'j '^^H^t ovate elliptical, abruptly or gradually contracting to the petiole; the blades ^5 4 5 cT ft, often mucronate, slightly revolute. entfre or denticulate; oetals 4-5 mm. long, greenish- white; sepals short, broadly ovate, acutishor C: anthers bcakel; bracts H-^ as long as the pedicels. Dry wcx^s VI. to Rockies; Nakusp. Var. dentata (Smith) Piper. Leaves spatulate- oblone not glaucous, tapering to a short petiole; blunt or even retuse. Cam- eron Lake. V. I., with \he species. Both of these may have petals tinged with pink where growing in the sun. 6 P. chlorantha Swartz. Stems 1-5. 1.5-2.5 dm high often with a small leaf'; leaves sometimes absent, orbicular, or reniform 0.8:2.5 crn.w|de some- times retuse. dull, veiny above, entire or minutely denticulate, flowers 1-10, Sing, aSut 1.5 cm. broad; bracts half as long as the pedicel; petals grec- i^^yellow,^paU short, ovate, obtuse, anthe^eaked ; style hardly 1 cm. long. Dry woods, coast eastw.; Elgin; Sicamous, and northw. 7 P. bracteata Hook. Scapes more or less bracteate below, 1.5-4 dm. hieh manv-flowered; leaves ovate to elliptical, denticulate, rounded, or very Ki-^inted°the blades 4-8 cm. long, shorter than the P-tioles, son^t.mes slightly mottled along the veins; bracts equaling or longer than the pedicels, which are shorter than the flower, petals 6-8 mm long; sepals lanceolate acute, more than half as long. Flowering earlier than P. ptcta with which it sometimes occurs on V. I. Coast to Kootenay Lake. 8 P. asarifoiia Michx. Leaves broadly elliptical to round or uniform, sometimes subcordate, thinner, but coriaceous, .shining, crenate rather than drenticulate: scapes 1-4 dm. high, bracted below, the bracts of the inflorescence ova e-lanceolateVa little longer or shorter than the pedicels; flowers much alin the former", but the calyx-lobes are triangular ovate, acute and much shorter. Damp woods V. I. eastw., Summerland, Field. In deep shade Su s and sepals almost white. Var ullginosa (T. & G.) Leaves el hptical to suborbicular, usually acutish at base. Victoria ; Skeena Valley , Banff. 4. MONESES (Single Delight) Stems low, leafless; flower solitary, filaments naked, anthers as in Pyrola but 2-horned; stigma large, peltate. 5-lobed; style. straight; the parts of the flower sometimes in 4's: valves of the capsule hairy on the edges. (Greek monos, single, esis, delight). 1. M. uniflora (L.) Gray. (One-Flowered Pyrola). Ev«='-g;;^J"' '^^^^ than 1 dm. high, leaves basal or near the base; scape 1-2-bracted, Aower very fragrant, about 1.5 cm. broad; petals white (or rose) much longer than the ' iuffe ipals Wond«. Altantic to Pacific. Usually considered a monotypic genus. " There are. however. 2 somewhat intergrading forms: M. "a'flo«"a L. Leaves sub-orbicular, crenate-serrate, not strongly veined; capsule 7-8 mm. thTck Alaska to N.Y.;Skeena Valley; Field. M. reticulata Nutt^ Leaves ovate to oval-orbicular, often acutish. serrate, mostly strongly veined, capsule about 1 cm. thick. Alaska to Wn.; Skeena Valley; Vancouver. ■wc— ^w ERICACEiC 231 5. CHIMAPHILA (Pipsissewa) Stems low, leafy, trom rootstocks; leaves somewhat whorled or alternate, thick, shining; flowers in corymbs, petals spreadm?, filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle, anthers as in Pyrola, but somewhat horned, style short, stigma broad. (Greek cheitna, winter, phiiein, to love). Bracts linear, deciduous ?■ F-' vTl^ilHif' Bracts roundish ^- '-■ Meniiem. 1. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. (Prince's Pine). Stout, erect, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate, cuneate at base, short-serrate, whorled, shining, 3-7 cm. long; flowers few to 8, pinkish, sepals ciliate; filaments hairy on the edges; ptials reddish. Open woods, Atlantic to Pacific; Howe Sound. 2. C. Menzlesii Spreng. Slender, 0.8-2 dm. high; leaves ovate-elliptical, acute at base, 2-3 cm. long, serrate; flowers 1-3, dull- white; filament villous in the middle, sepals not ciliate. Deep woods. Coast Region; Vancouver. 6. LEDUM (Labrador Tea) Shrubs; leaves evergreen, alternate, fragrant; flowers white, in terminal corymbs, from scaly buds; calvx 5-parted; petals distinct, spreading; sta- mens 5-10, anthers small, opening by pores; capsule scpticidal. (Creek Udon, the Rock Rose). 1. L. groenlandicum Oeder. Stout, 0.3-1.3 m. high; leaves oblong to linear-oblong, strongly revolute, clothed with red wool beneath, obtuse, mucronulate, 2-6 cm. long; stamens 5-7, capsule slender, subcyhndrical, acutish. (L. /a/ i/o/tum) Bogs, common; Alaska to Oregon. 2 L. palustre L. Lower, at most 6 dm. high; leaves narrowly linear, revolute, woolly beneath, l-3^m. long, stamens 7-11, capsule ellipsoidal- ovoid. Arctic southward in mts. to Banff, Alberta. 3. L. glandulosum Nutt. Stout, 0.3-1.5 m. high, leaves oblong or oval, 2-8 cm. long, hardly revolute and not woolly, glaucous and resinous- dotted beneath; inflorescence often compound, capsule oval, retuse. Mts., Okanagan; Rockies; Field. 7. CLADOTHAMNUS (Copper Bush) Erect or ascending shrubs; leaves alternate, deciduous; flowers solitary, sepals nearly distinct, % as long as the petals, stamens 10, the filaments with dilated bases, anthers opening by a large pore; style curving and annular below the stigma, as in Pyrjla; capsule septicidal. (Greek klados, a branch, th'imnos, a shrub). 1 C. pyrolaflorus Bong. About 1 m. high; bark exfoliating; leaves ob- long. 1.5-3 cm. long, apex rounded, mucronate, at base acute, corolla rotate, petals 1 cm. long, distinct or nearly so, copper-colored. Coast Mts.; Grouse Mt., Vancouver; Alaska. 8. ARBUTUS Trees with red, exfoliating bark; leaves alternate, evergreen, coriaceous; flowers white, in large panicles; corolla globose, anthers awned; stamens 10; ovary 5-celled, becoming a rough, berry-like fruit. (The Latin name). 1. A. Menzlesii Pursh. Leaves 7-10 cm. long, glabrous, entire or nearly so; panicle tomentosc-pubescent; the roundish calyx-lobes not half as long as the corolla. The bark smooth in young trees, becomes rough near the base in old ones. Coasf and V. L 9. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (Bearberry) Shrubs, leaves alternate, coriaceous, entire, usually evergreen; flowers ovoid, bracteate, in small clusters, calyx small, deeply 4-5-parted, anthers awned; fruit a berry. (Greek arktos, a bear, staphyk, a bunch of grapes) 232 ERICACEi€ i 1. A. alpina (L.) Sprepg. Depressed; leaves deciduous, thin, oboyate 1.5-2.5 cm. long, serrate, wrinkled, strongly veined; fruit red, juicy, edible. Rockies; Yoho; Alaska. 2. A. uva-ursl Spreng. (Kinnikinick). In depressed patches: twigs minutely puberulent; leaves obovate, thick, evergreen, glabrous; flowers few, corolla pink; fruit red, smooth, dry, hardly edible. Common; Alaska 3. A. media Greene. Procumbent, with leafy ascending branches, 3-6 dm. high; leaves obovate-cuneiform, about 2..'> cm. long, puberulent beneath, paler. A hybrid between Nos. 2 and 3. V. I., Paisley Is. 4. A. tomentosa Dcmgl. Erect, 1-3 m. high; twigs white-tomentose; leaves ovate or oblong, about 3 cm. long, mucronate, more or less tomentose when young, sometimes becoming glabrate; flowers many, whitish; fruit depressed-globose, hirsute. Rocky hillsides, Coast; V. I.; Howe Sound. 10. GAULTHERIA Shrubs with hairy twigs and alternate evergreen leaves; flowers solitary or in racemes; calyx 5-cleft; corolla urn-shaped or campanulate; stamens 10, anthers mostly awned, opening by pores; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, en- closed when ripe by the fleshy calyx, the fruit thus -berry-like. (Gaultier was a French naturalist). 1. G. shallon Pursh. (Salal). Stout, erect, 2-18 dm. high; leaves ovate- oblong, serrate, 3-7 cm. long, cordate or rounded at base, short-pointed; flowers in glandular racemes, corolla ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, glandular-pubescent; anthers 4-awned, filaments hairy; fruit a purple berry. Coast; Vancouver. 2. G. ovatifoha Gray. (Western Teaberry). Rather slender, branches hirsute, depressed, with ascending branches- 1-2 dm. high; leaves ovate, rounded or subcordatc at base, serrulate, acute or obtuse, 1.5-3 cm. long; flowers solitary; corolla campanulate, open, white or pink, glabrous, twice as long as the calyx; anthers awnless, filaments nearly glabrous; fruit scarlet. Mts. Coast to Rockies; Revelstoke; Rossland. 3. G. myrslnltes Hook. (Mountain Teaberry). Low, slender, pro- cumbent; twigs glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves hardly 1 cm. long, ovate or oval-orbicular, finely serrate, rounded at base; flowers solitary, the corolla depressed-globose-campanulate, little surpassing the calyx; fruit ■carlet. Cascades; Rockies. « II. CASSIOPE (Moss Heather) Low, heath-like plants, with small, imbricated leaves, and nodding, bract- less flowers; calyx of 4 or 5 nearly distinct sepals imbricated in the bud; corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed; stamens 8-10; anthers awned, opening by pores; rtyle thickened at base; capsule dry, globose-ovoid loculicidal, the valves 2-cleft. (Cassiope of Greek mythology). 1. G. Mertenslana Don. Stems with many erect branches, ascending, 2-4 dm. high; leaves carinate, 2-3 mm. long, appressed in 4 rows, the stems thus 4-angled; pedicels lateral, 4-10 mm. long, several; corolla 5-lobed, white or sometimes pinkish; calyx sometimes pink; filaments short, style very little enlarged at the base. Mt. summits, Alaska to Cal. 2. C. tctraftona (1.) Don. Similar; leaves channeled on the back, usually puberulent when young, 2-3 mm. long; peduncles several, lateral, xO-2o mm. long, style slightly thickened below. Alaska to Wn., in the mts. 3 C. steileriana DC. (Alaska Heather). Leaves oblong-linear obtuse, widely spreading, flattish, obscurely serrulate, 4-6 mm. long pedicels terminal, short, corolla 4-5 parted, style conical. Mt. Cheam; Alaska. ^.■^aaSTBCFSCi-trr- ■ "rfCSKOL"-^ wr-ji-* 'fj-i*jfcv, vru ''KICACE^ 233 12. ANDROMEDA Low shrubs with the aspci t of Kalmia, with coriaceous, narrowly oblong, revolute, dull leaves, and small flowers ia terniinal corymt's; branchlets terete; calyx o-parteil, colored, as arc also the iH-dice..-: corolla urn-sha|)ed; filaments hairy, aiitliiri awiied; capsule loculicidal. (Name from (ireek mytholoijy). 1. A. polifulla L. (WiLu Rosemary; Moorwort). Stems .'-j dm. high, ascendin;;: leaves glaucous beneath, acute; filanienls sh(jrt. IVaty swamps, V. I. eastward; Lulu Is.; Ala^ka. 13. PHYLLODOCE (F.\r.si: 11i;atih;r) Low shrubs with narrow leaves as in Conifers, ami red or greenish flowers in terminal corymb.--; (icdicels glandular, bracted at base, l-'i cm. long, calyx 5-parted, corolla campanulatc, .'j-lobed; stamens 10, anthers awnless, open- ing by oblique pores, hlaments glabrous; capsule septicidal, 5-valved. (Phyl- lodoce, a sea nymph mentioned by Virgil). 1. P. empetriformis Don. Leaves slightly furrowed and rugose above, green beneath; corolla red, long-campanulate, many times longer than the small, ovate, obtuse, eglandular sepals, its lobes 2-3 mm. lon^; tilamenis glabrous. Mt. summits. Var. intermedius (Hook.) Rydb. Probably a hybrid between this and the following; corolla subglobose, pale-red or yellow- ish; sepals somewhat glandular, either obtuse or acute, pedicels very glandu- lar. Rockies; Mt. Ciaribaldi; \'ukon. 2. P. glanduliflorus (Hook.) Cov. Leaves lightly furrowed or rounded and rugose above, with a white, finely hairy line beneath; corolla glandular, greenish-jellow, ovoid, with short loties, twice as long as the lanceolate, acute sepals, filaments minutely pubescent. Mt. summits; .Mt. Crown, Vancouver; Sitka. 14. KALMIA (American Laurel) Low, glabroi's shrubs with evergreen mostly opposite coriaceous lea\ somewhat anf branchlets and showy, red flowers, calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-lobed, whe' .aped; filaments glabrous, the anthers in pouches of the corolla; caps .septicidal. (Kalm was a [lupil of Linnxus). 1. K. pt iijlia Wang. Glabrous, 2-5 dm. high; leaves linear-oblong, glaucous bc.ath, shining above, entire, revolute, 2-2.5 cm. long; flowers in terminal corymbs, corolla 12-20 mm. broad, sepals much smaller. Bogs, common; Alaska to Cal. (A', glauca Ait.) Var. microphylla Hook. Leaves oval, not revolute, hardly 2 cm. long. .\its.; Roger's Pass; Telegraph Trail. 15. MENZIES.A (F.\lse Azalea) Shrubs; leaves alternate, dec.duous; flowers 4-merous, stamens 8, stigma 4-lobed, corolla urn-like, fruit septicidal. (Menzies was the naturalist who accompanied Vancouver). 1. M. ferruginea Smith. About 2-3 m. high; odorous, buds witli chatty scales; leaves oblong-obovate, appressed-pubescent above, glaucius beneath, minutely crenatc-serrate, mucronulate; flowers in corymbs, corolla opper- colored or pinkish, ao[)caring with the leaves, somewhat persistent: -tamens hairy below or glabrous. {M. glabella). Coast to Rockies, in moist woods; Vancouver; Alaska. IC. LOISELEURIA A low, straggling shrub with small, opposite, evergreen leaves; calyx and campanulate corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5, opening by slits; capsule 2-3-celled, septicidal. (Loiseleur, a l-rench botanist;. 1. L. procumbens Desv. (Alpinu or Trailing Aza! ea). Much branched, 1-2 dm. high; leaves coriaceous, 4-5 mm. long, oblong, revolute; flowers small, pink, in small terminal clusters. Alaska southward to the 49th parallel. Mt. Garibaldi; Howe Sound; (J. Davidson). -Ml '9 JSiWC'^,ai£^. w 234 MONOTROPACE^ 17. RHODODENDRON Shrubs with alternate or aomcwhat whorled, everereen or deciduous leaves, and showy flowers; calyx and corolla deeply 5-lobedf, the latter campanula**: stamens usually 10, opening by pores; flowers from scaly buds, capsule se <■ ddal. (Greek rhodon, a rose, dendron, a tree). 1. R. califomicum Hook. Stems 1-3 m. high, glabrous; leaves ell- J oblong, t'verRrecn, glabrous, about 12 cm. long, shining above, entire; y," small; corolla 3 cm. long, rose-colored, slightly irregular; ovary rusty-hu li^-. Head waters of the Skagit, Uewdncy Trail. 2. R. albiflorutn Hook. One or two m. high; the young twigs and . ic petioles rusty-pubescent; leaves deciduous, about 5 cm. long, pubes".:', nearly entire; ca'yx large, petals white; filaments hairy below. Mt. W')or|; Forma poiktlon Henry. The 3 anterior petals orange- or yellow-di rncV Roger's Pass; Common on Coast Mts. opposite Vancouver. i MONOTROPACE/« (Indian Pipe FxyiLY) Parasite or saprophytic plants without green leaves, stems low, sea /- bracted; flowers in spikes or racemes; flowers regular, perfect, calyx of -'-6 lobes or segments, corolla 4-5-k)bed or with distinct petals, these sometmes wanting; stamens opening by pores or slits; ovary usually 5-celled, superior; seeds n-'nute. Ovary 4-i celled. 8 orolla wanting 1 Allotropa. oroUa gamopetalous. antherii awned 2. Pterospora. Coioll.t lulypetalous, anthers awnlen. Flower solitary . . 3. Monotropa. Flowers several 4- Hypopites. Ovary l-celled, corolla gamopetalous; anthers awnless . . . S. Newberrya. 1. ALLOTROPA Plant reddish, stem densely scaly-bracted with a t*iick base; flowers in a long, dense spike; sepals 5, round; coroila none; stamens 10; anthers opening by large pores; style very short, stigma capitate; seeds innumerable, minute. (Greek, another, tropes, a turn; the flowers are reflexed). 1. A. virgata T. & G. Stems several, 2-4 dm. high; calyx 2-bracteolate, the sepals slightly erose, shorter than the stamens. Dry woods, Cameron Lake, V. L; Chilliwack Mts. 2. PTEROSPORA (Pine Drops) Stems stout, reddish, clammy, pubescent, with a scaly base, and a long spike of nodding, pediceled llowers; calyx 5-partcd, corolla ovoid, persistent, of united petals; stamens lu, .style short, about equaling the ovary; stigma capitate; seeds numerous with a broad wing attached at the apex. Root- parasites. (Greek pteron, a wing, spKjra, a seed). 1. P. andromedea Nutt. Under pines or firs. Nanaimo; Naramata. 3. MONOTROPA (Indian Pipe) Low, fleshy, white or brownish-red, saprophytic; stems usually clustered, calyx of 2-5 scales, deciduous; petals narrow, erect, of 4 5 separate petals; stamens 8-10; stigma disk-like, style thick; capsule 4-,')-celled; seeds in- numerable, minute. (Greek monos, one, Iropos, turn, the summit of the stem being tiu-ned to one side). 1. M. uniflora L. (Indian Pipe). Flowers odorless, solitary, nodding^, 1.5 cm. long; stem and flower white, turning black; the stem braclt.-d, 1-2.5 dm. high; anthers reniform, opening by 2 transverse chinks; style short, stignia 'nnnel-form, naked. Coniferous woods. Atlantic to Pacific; Van- couver; Alaska. Iff' MONOTROPACEif: 3tS 4. HYPOPITES (PiNESAP) Stem scaly; yellowish or brownish, flowers several, in a short, nodding raceme, the terminal one 5-merous, the rest 3-4-merous; anthers opening by a line, style lonjjcr than the ovary, stigma ciliate. ^Greek hypo, under, polys, a fir tree, in allusion to the habitat). 1. H. Hypopites (L.) Small. Stems 1-2 dm. high; bracts ovate-lance- olate, entire or slightly crosc, flowers 3-20 in a pubescent, rather close raceine. Mt. woods, Coast eastward; North Vancouver. (H. muUiflora). 2. H. fimbriata fGray) Howell. Similar; the upper bracts obovate to cuneate, erosely or laciniately fimbriate, irout Lake; Kootenay. 5. NEWBERRYA Low, fleshy, pink or reddish-brown plants with densely scaly stems; the flowers in a dense terminal cluster; calyx of 2-4 bract-like sepals, corolla gamopetalous, pubescent, 4-5 lobed; persistent stamens 6-10, filaments hairy above the middle, anthers opening from base to apex; ovary 1-celled, hairy, with 4-8 parietal placentx. 1. N. coni^esta Torr. Saprophytic, stem clavate, 0.5-1.5 dm. high; scales crose-ciliate, corolla-lobes 4, one-third as long as the tube, stamens 6-8, placentae about as many; styles shorter than the ovary. Grouse Mt., Van- couver (J. Davidson); Renfrew District, V.I. PLUMBACINACEiC (Lead-wort Family) Perennial herbs with clustered, regular flowers; calyx tubular, 5-toothed; petals red, 5, nearly or quite distinct, stamens 5, opposite the 5 petals, hypogynous; ovary free, 1-celled, 1-seeded; styles 5. I. STATICE (Thrift. Sea-Lavender) 1. S. Armerla L. Tufted, scapes 1-3 dm. high, leaves linear, rather fleshy, 2-7 cm. long; flowers in a 'erminal head, 2-3 cm. in diameter, subtended by scarious bracts, the 2 low*^ " bracts more or less united and reflexed; calyx scarious. {Armeria vulgaris) . Near the shore, Victoria; Arctic shores. FKIMULACE.* (Primrose Family) Herbs with simple leaves; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and inserted opposite them; ovary 1-celled with a free central placenta; style and stigma 1. Stemless, leaves all basal. Corolla-lobes rertexed 1. Dodecatheon. Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Corulla-tube shorter than the calvx, constricted at the throat 2. Androsace. Corolla-tube equaling or longer than the calyx. CoriilU open at the throat, the lobes obcordate oremarginate 3. Primula. Corolla crested at throat, lobes entire 4. Douglaaia. Stems leafy. Ovary adnate at base to the calyx, staminodia usually present . S. Samolus. Ovary wholly free. Flowers sessile or in clusters. Flowers in axillary spikes, punctate 10. Lysimachia. Flowers solitary in the axils. Corolla wanting, capsule dehiscent by valves ... 9. Glaux. Corolla present, minute; caps'ile circumscissile ... 6. Centuncului. Flowers with long peduncles. Plant spreadmg or procumbent, tlowers salmon-color, capsule circumscissile 7. Anagallis. Plants erect, capside dehiscent by valves. Low, flowers wliite or pink 8. Trientalis. Tall, flowers yellowish 11. Steironeraa. 236 PRIMULACEiE 1. DODECATHEON (American Cowslip. Shooting Star). Acaulescciit perennials with mostly entire leaves, and large red or white umbellate flowers, terminating the scape; calyx rcflexed in flower, erect in fruit; corolla-tube short, the ample lobes strongly reflexed; anthers much longer than the filaments, which sometimes form a tube. (Greek, meaning the twelve gods, as under their care). Flowers white, leaves dentate 1. D. dentatum. Flowers red. loaves entire or nearly so. Filaments united into a yellow lube, capsule dehiscent by valves. Plants Rlabro'is tiiroughout 2. D. pauciflorum. Plants puberulent 3. D. puberulum. Filaments separate, black, capsule circumscissile. Filaments very short, flower 4-merou9 4. D. tetrandrum. Filaments 2 mm. long or more, flowers S-merous. Plant glabrous throughout 5. D. conjugens. Inflorescence Elandular-puberulent. Leaves ovate to elliptical 6. D. latifolium. Leaves oblanceolate, crenate 7. D. Jeflreyi. 1. D. dentatum Hook. Glabrous throughout; leaves ovate, irregularly dentate, abruptly contracted to a margined petiole; scape 1-2 dm. high, few-flowered; calyx-lobes short; lobes of the corolla white, with 2 purple spots near the base, about 1 cm. long; filaments very short, anthers 2-toothed at the apex; capsule but little longer than the calyx, opening by valves. Cascade Mts., lat 49^ (Lyall.) 2. D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene. Glabrous throughout, calyx and stem sometimes dotted with red; leaves 5-15 cm. long, oblanceolate, erert, mostly obtuse; calyx-lobes longer than th" tube; corolla purplish, the base yellow with a scolloped orange ring; the lobes oblong or narrowed below the middle, 1-2 cm. long; stamen-tube about half as long as the anthers; pod ovoid, longer than the calyx; seeds dark, prismatic. Grassy places, Victoria; Nanatmo; Bowen Island; Rockies. 3 D. puberulum (Nutt.) Piper. Puberulent throughout, 1-3 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, scapes few-flowered ; the inflores- cence glandular; corolla about 1 cm. long, the lobes oblong to lanceolate, purple, the base yellow with scalloped purple ring; stamen-tube orange, naif as long as the anthers: anthers purple or yellow, with purple .connective; pod ovoid, hardly longer than the calyx. Dry hillsides; Lytton; Kamloops; Penticton; Arrowhead. 4. D. tetrandrum Suksdorf. Stout, glabrous except the inflorescence; leaves oblanceolate acute, entire or denticulate, 1-2 dm. long, tapering to a win;;ed petiole; umbel few-flowered, calyx obtuse or acute, corolu. purplish with a yellowish rin^ at base, about 1.5 cm. long, lobes lanceolate, anthers, and very short filaments separate, purple; petals crested at base. Ucluelct, V. I. An incomplete specimen from V. I. is referred here; it will doubtless prove to be distinct from tetrandrum. 5. D. conjugens Greene. Short crown with a dense fascicle of fleshy roots that are deciduous from it after flowering; glabrous; leaves obovate to lanceol.ite, 5-14 cm. long; scape stoutish, 1-2 dm. long, few-flowered, corolla rose-purple, sometimes white; anthers distinct, obtuse, the connective acu- minate; capsule cvlindrical. Resembling D. pauciflorum, but with longer flowern and the connective of the anthers rugulose and acuminate. Lower valleys of the Rockies. 6. I), latifolium (Hook.) Piper. Glabrous, except the glandular in- florescence, leaves ovate to elliptical, spreading, 6-10 cm. long, including the mathined (jetiole; scape 1-3 dm. high, many-fiowcred; calyx-lobes acumin- ate, longer than the tube; corolla 1^-18 mm. long, rose-purple, the base whit- ish-yellow, marked with a purple scalloped line; cap.iule much longer than the calyx, ovoid-cylindrical; seeds yellow. Grassy places; Victoria; Alaska. srmwB^fem^mm mem PRIMULACE^ 237 7. D. Jeffrey! Moore. Glabrous except the glandular inflorescence; leaves oblanceolate, erect, 1-2 dm. long, acutish, mucronatc; scaj^es 3 dm. high, many- flowered; corolla large, stamens usually 4, the anthers emar- ginate; capsule not surpassing the calyx. Wet places in the mts. of the in- terior; Alaska. 2. ANDROS.\CE Low, slender herbs, with a small tuft of basal leaves, and small clustered or umbellate flowers; calyx 5-cleft, or lotwd, carinate: corolla s.ilver- or funnel- form; capsule 5-valved, few-to many-seeded. (Greek andros, of a man, sakos, a shield). Perennial, umbel capitate 1. A. c.irinat i. Annuals, umbel open. Bracts of involucre ovate or oblong 2. .\. simplex. Bracts of involucre narrow. Pedicels unequal 3. A. diffiiaa. Pedicels ciual 4. A. septentrionalia. 1. A. carinata Torr. Less than 1 dm. high; caudex short -branched; leaves oblanceolate, about 8 mm. loni;, ciliate, entire; scape and umbel spar- ingly lanate, calyx-lobes longer than the tube; corolla creamy wiih a yellow! h eye, the lobes obovate, exceeding the calyx. (.4. chamaejasme Gray). Alpine; Rockies; Alaska. 2. A. simplex Rydb. Scapes usually solitary, very slri'der, 2-7 cm. high, bearing a 1-4-flowered umbel, with nearly erect pedit. !s, 5-15 mm. long, calyx-tube about 2 mm. long, longer than the lanceolate lobes; corolla small, shorter than the calyx. Lytton; Spence's Bridge. 3. A. diffusa Small. Scapes 2-10 cm. long, often diffusely branched at the base; leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, 1-4 cm. long, serrulate or entire, puberulent ;_ pedicels very unequal, often longer than tlie peduncle, coroll.-i white or pink, the lobes oblong, sometimes refuse, hardly exceeding the calyx; calyx-lobes glabrous, shorter than the capsule. Rocky soil. Rockies. 4. A. septentrionalis L. Scape strict, glabrous, 8-20 cm. high; leaves slightly puberulent, oblanceolate, denticulate or entire, inflorescence umbel- like, the pedicels nearly equal; corolla exceeding the calyx; lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube; corolla small, whitish; capsule shorter than calyx- lobes. Grassy banks, Alaska southward and eastward. Crow's Xest Pass. 3. PRIMULA (Primrose) Perennial herbs with leaves basal and flowers in umbels; calyx somewhat angled, 5 toothed; corolla funnel or salver-form, tube equaling or longer than the calyx; its lobes obcordate or emarginate; stamens 5, short, capsule 5- valved, many seeded. (Latin primus, first, in allusion to spring-flowering). 1. P. americana Rydb. Scapes 1-2 dm. high; leaves spatulate or ob- long, crenulate-dentatc, usually white-mealy beneath, 2.5-8 cm. long; pedicels in flower little exceeding the bracts; calyx G-8 mm. long, the lobes obtuse, corolla lilac with a yellow eye, the tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Rockies especially on the eastern slope, in swi mps or wet places. 2. P. Maccalliana VViegand. Similar; rather smaller, 0.8-1.5 dm. high, leaves 2-2.5 cm. long, spatulate or cuneate, more or less mealy beneath; pedicels much longer than the bracts; calyx about ti mm. long, the lobes acute, corolla pale-pink, bluish or lavender, with a >ciiow eye. The common primrose of the Rockies and Sielkirks in swamps or wet places. 3. The garden primroses, (a) Leaves smooth, fleshy. P. auriculata. (b) Leaves rugose. (1) Umbel radical. P. vulitsris (Common or English Primrose) (2) Umbel on a scape. P. officinalis. The last is a garden escape, Victoria. m^mm 238 PRIMULACE^ 4. DOUGLASIA Low tufted herbs with sulTrutescent stems and solitary or umbellate flowers; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; corolla-tube equaling or exceeding the calyx, the throat more or less contracted and 5 crested beneath the sinuses; stamens included; capsule turbinate, 1-2 seeded. (David Douglas d. 1834, made extensive botanical exploration in the North West). 1. D. montana Gray. Caespitoae; leaves subulate, minutely ciliate, about 4 mm. long; peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, corolla-tube equaling the calyx. Mts., Montana; perhaps B. C. 2. D. nivalis Lindl. Similar but with flowers in umbels, and the whole plant puberulent. Near the sources of the Columbia. 5. SAMOLUS (Brook-Weed) A low glabrous plant with alternate leaves and small white flowers in racemes; stamens 5, staminodia 5 or none; style slender, capitate; capsule globose, opening by 5 valves; seeds many, minute. (A Celtic name, referring to curative qualities for swine). 1. S. floribundus H. & R. Diffusely branched, 1-3 dm. high; leaves ob- ovate or spatulate; pedicels filiform, bracteolate near the middle. Wet places, possibly on our S. E. boundary. 6. CENTUNCULUS (Chaff-Weed) A low, glabrous annual with alternate leaves and minute axillary flowers, with rotate corollas; stamens 4 or 5, beardless. (Latin dim. of cento, a patch, in allusion to its manner of growth). 1. C. minimus L. Stem ascending, 3-8 cm. long; leaves obovate; flowers nearly sessile, mostly 4-merous. In a pond, Kamloops; wet place; Mayne Is. (J. Davidson). 7. ANAGALLIS (Pimpernel) A low spreading annual with opposite leaves and axillary flowers on long peduncles; calyx-lobes linear; corolla rotate, the tube very short; stamens 5, bearded; capsule globose, many-seeded. (Greek, ana, again, agallein, to delight). 1. A. arvensis L. Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; Sjtals minutely fringed with stalked glands; flowers 7-12 mm. broad. Introd. tcasional, Vancouver, Victoria. 8. TRIENTALIS (Chickweed-Wintergreen) Low perennials from tuberous rootstocks with simple stems, the leaves mostly in a whorl near the top of the stem; corolla flat, with no tube; filaments united at the base; capsule few-seeded. (A Latin name meaning the third part of a foot). 1. T. latifolia Hook. (Star Flower). Glabrous, 1-2 dm. high, from a large corm that may be pulled up with the plant; stems bractcd, leaves all m a terminal whorl, elliptical acute at both ends; pedicels hardly glandular, filiform, shorter than the leaves; flowers several, pmkish, 10-14 mm. broad. Woods, common in the coast region. 2. T. arctica Fisch. Glabrous, 0.7-2 dm. high; stem more or less leafy, obscurely whorled at the top, from a small corm that breaks off readily: leaves obovate to elliptical, rather shorter than in the former, and more acute at the base; corolla white, 12-18 mm. broad, the lobes bristle-tipped, pdicels often longer than the leaves, and glandular. Wet, mossy places in the coast region and in the mts. ; Alaska. GENTIANACE^ 230 9. GLAUX (Sea Milkwort) A low perennial with opposite entire fleshy leaves, and sessile axillary white or pinkish flowers; calyx bell-shaped, corolla none; capsule 5-valved, few-seeded. (Greek glaukos, sea-green). 1. G. maritima L. Branches diffuse, prostrate or ascending, 5-20 cm. hi^h; leaves linear to oblong, 2-13 mm. long; capsule 2.5 mm. broad. Saline soil in the interior, and sea-shores. Var. obtusifolia Fcrnaid. Krect, 5-30 cm. high, simple or with a few erect branches; leaves broadly oblong, rounded at apex, 8-17 mm. long; capsule 2.5-4 mm. broad. Vancouver, Alaska. 10. LYSIMACHIA (Loosestrife) Tall, leafy-stemmed perennials with dotted foliage; corolla rotate, deeply 5-7-partcd into linear, dotted segments; filaments distinct (in ours); leaves opposite, the lower scale-like. (Greek lusis, release, mache, strife). 1. L. thyrsiflora L. Stems simple, 3-6 dm. high; leaves long, linear to lanceolate, the middle pairs with peduncled, globose or cylindrical clusters of hght-yellow flowers; capsule globose, dotted. Wet places, common. Vancouver; Okanagan Valley; Alaska. 11. STEIRONEMA Perennials, leaves opposite or in whorls of 4, the petioles ciliate; corolla yellow, rotate, without tube, the lobes erose; filaments distinct. (Greek sUxros, sterile, nema, a thread, in allusion to sterile stamens). 1. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Erect, simple or branching, 4-12 dm. high; leaves cordate-ovate to lanceolate, minutely ciliate; flowers on filiform pedicels. Damp thickets, common; Matsqui; Okanagan Valley. GENTIANACE/E (Gentian Family) Bitter, glabrous herbs; flowers perfect, regular; calyx persistent, 4-5-cleft or lobed; corolla 4-5 lobed, the stamens alternate with the lobes; ovary 1- celled, with 2 parietal placenta; stigma mostly 2-lobed; seeds many. Terrestrial; leaves entire. Style filiform, flowers pink. 1. Centaurium. style snort or none, flowers yellow or blue. Flowers spurred 2. Halenia. Flowers not spurred 3. Gentiana Aquatic; leaves not entire; corolla whitisli 4. Menyanthes. 1. CENTAURIUM (Centaury) Low, annuals or biennials; leaves entire, sessile; flowers many, in cymes or spikes; corolla tubular, 4-5-lobed, funnel-form or salver-form; calyx with 4-5 slender lobes; anthers twisted spirally in age; style deciduous. (Latin centum, a hundred^ aurum, gold, in allusion to its great medicinal value). 1. C. Muhlenberftii Griseb. Annual, 1-2.5 dm. high; branching from the base, without a basal rosette; leaves oblong, sessile, obtuse, entire, the upper l-near; flowers sessile in small cymes, or the lateral on bibracteatc pedicels, corolla salver-shaped, the tube yellow, the limb pink, expanding to the breadth of 1 cm. in bright sunshine; seeds minute. Introd.; Vancouver. Flowenng in Autumn. 2. HALENIA (Spurred Gentian) Calyx 4-5-parted; corolla without plaits, prolonged at base under the erect lobes into spurs; otherwise much as in Gentiana. (Halen was a German botanist). 1. H. defiexa Griseb. Annual or biennial, 1-G dm. high; simple or branched above; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate 240 GENTIANACE^E h r t.H\^, f! J 1,1 il> ■ -i to ovate, acuminate; spurs curved, half tlic length of tne 4-lobed, whitish or rmiplish corolla; (lowers 7-8 mm. long, solitary or cyniose in the axils of the ! ppjr leaves. (Telragonanthus deflexus). Shidv Fk.ies, Rockies; Field; rr rtav. . 3. GENTIANA (Gentian) '.fives opposite, entire, exsiipulate, sometimes in basal rosettes; corolla 4 or 6-lobed, often with plaited tolds which bear appendages or teeth at the finiir^es; cabx-lobes usually unequal; stamens on the corolla-tube, usually {; trorse; style short or none, stigmas 2; placcnt.ne broad. (Gentius, King 'J lllyria, according to Pliny discovered its medicinal value). Corolla without plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; pod ses! .v deeply parted, the lobes usually 5, ovate or oblong; corolla 5-8 mm. long, its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; 2 of the sepals broader. Alaska southward in the mts. 2. G. acuta Michx. (Northern G.) Simple or branching, 1-6 dm. high; stem slightly winged; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acutish, 2-3.5 cm. long, the basal shorter, obtuse; 2 of the sepals broader; (levers in an open or close thyrse, mostly pediceled; calyx deeply lobed; corolla yellowish with a blue limb; capsule sessile. {G.stricta). Moist soil, V. I. eastward. Crow's Nest Pass; Alaska. 3. G. propinqua Rich. (Four-p.\rted G.) Stems clustered, slightly winged, 0.5-1.5 dm. high; basal leaves spatulate, the upper distant, oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, slightly clasping; flowers mostly pediceled; ralyx deeply 4-cleft, 2 of the lobes much broader; corolla'4-lobed, 4-angled in the bud, greenish-blue, 12-15 mm. long, the lobes acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate; pod nearly sessile. Rockies; Field; Alaska. 4. G. glauca Pall. (Glaucous G.) Simple 0.5-1 dm. high; leaves elliptical- obovate, thick, obtuse, rosulate at base, 10-20 mm. long; flowers few; calyx- teeth a lirtlc shorter than the tube; corolla greenish-blue 1.2-1.8 cm. long, the obtuse lobes widened at base, the sinus entire. Mt. meadows, Mt. Gari- baldi; ("ilacitT, northward to Alaska. 5. G. nmcricann Engclm. (Dwarf C) Stems weak or procumbent; 0.5-1 dm. high; leaves ovate, small, rosulate below, the margins slightly whit- ened; flowers solitary, 4-merous; corolla azure blue, plicate at the sinuses with broad emarginate lobes or plaits; calyx 4-toothed; pod oblong, short- stipitate. (C. proslrata Hook, not Haenke). Rockies; Field; Alaska. u. . ?^^M GENTIANACE/E 241 6. G. RomanzoTii Led. Stems often clustered, 0.5-1..') dm. hieh; 1-3 flowered; leaves Imear to spatulate. thickisli. the cauline somewhat connate a basal rosette rcmaminn at llowcring; calvx obconical; corolla yellowish or tinged with blue, purple-dotted, the lobes .slightly spreading, the plaits entire, broad only slightly extended at the summit; seeds lamellose-rugose. {O.fngida Gray, not Hi-nkc). Alaska southward in the Rockies to Col- orado. 7. G. Bceptrum Pall. (Swamp G.) Stems stout, 3-6 dm. high; simple or with erect branches above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-5.5 cm. long" calyx-lobes unequal, 2 of them much broader; corolla about 4 cm. long oblong-campanulate, broadest below the erect, obtuse lobes, which are not widened at base, the plaits not evident, inserted in the corolla; style deeply c eft; pod stipitate; seeds with a scarious point. Swamps i:t the coast region- Vancouver. u ^' ^- ^ouglaslana Bong (Dougl.as's (}.) DiflFusely branched from the base, 1-2 dm high; stem-leaves few, small, ovate; the basal in rosettes, less than 1 cm. long, elliptical-oblong; corolla about 1 cm. long, the plaits and appendages conspicuous; calyx half as long, the acute lolws a little shorter than the tube; capsule obovate, flattened and 2-edged above; style short Wet places, Oregon to Alaska; Massett; Prince Rupert. 9. G. calycosa Griseb. Stems 1-3 dm. high; leaves ovate, 1.5-3 cm. long, the lower pairs connate, the upper broad; flower usually solitary; calyx- lobes ovate, about equaling the turbinate tube, the appendages of the blue corolla 2-cleft. shorter than the lobes; seeds smooth, wingless. Mts. near the 49th parallel. 10. G. affinis Griseb. (Large G.) Stems clustered, 2-4 dm. high; leaves oblong to lanceolate, the upper linear-lanceolate; flowers clustered at apex and axillary; corolla 2..V3 cm. long, funnel-form, blue, its lobes obtuse or acu- tish; calyx-lobes variable, linear, the longest rarely equaling the tube; the appendarcs small or large, 2-toothed; seeds smooth, winged. Rockies: Sask. 11. G. Forwoodii Gray. Similar; flowers smaller, 2 cm. long, the corolla- lobes rounder, calyx-lobes none or minute, the tube irregular, more or less lobed or cleft. Rockies, South Kootcnay. 12. G. oregana Engelm. Stem 3-6 dm. high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long; bracts oblong to ovate; calvx-loljes ovate to lanceolate, as long as the tut)e; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long, with short roundish lobes. Idaho boundary. 4. MENYANTHES (Uuckbean) Leaves basal, simple or compound; flowers clustered, terminating the scape; calyx and corolla 5-lobed or parted, corolla broadly funnel-form, whitish; style exserted, lobed or capitate, pi-rsistcnt; ovary half inferior or sutierior, perennials f i om thick rootstocks. (Greek men, a month, anthos, a flower; in flower for a month;. 1. M. trifoliata L. Lvaves trifoliate, the leaflets entire, 6-10 cm. l-ing; flowers in a raceme, the inner surface of the white or ulightly reddish corolla densely hairy, style clavate, stij;nn 2-lobed. Water, Atlantic to Pacific; Vancouver; Alaska. 2. M. crista-galli. (Dekr Cabbage). Leaves renifnrm. rren.Tte re.irhine a breadtl^of 1.5 dm., sometimes purple, twice as broad as long; flowers in small cymes, corolla white, sometimes brownish, not hairv; stigma 2- lobed. (Nephrophyllidiunt). Wet places; Hollyburn Ridge,' Vancouver; Ucluelet; AUska. 242 APOCYNACE.E APOCYNACE^ Herbs, usually with milky, acrid juice; leaves entire, opposite, cxstipulate; flowers 5-mcr(jus, the stamens inserted on the corolla-tube alternate with itslobes, the pollen glandular: the 2 ovaries free and distinct, except for the united styles or stigmas, forming follicles. Seeds naked ; trailing phnts 1. Vinca. Seeds comose; branchinii. erect 2. Apocynum. 1. VINCA (Periwinkle) Low, evergreen plants with solitary, axillary flowers; corolla blue, salver- form unappendaged in the throat; calyx-lobes acuminate; stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube; style slender, pods short, cylindrical. 1. V. minor L. I'rocumbent, leaves glossy, lanceolate-oblong, 3-4.5 cm. long; limb of corolla 2 cm. broad. A garden escape, Victoria; New Westminster. 2. V. major L. More erect; leaves ovate, ciliate, 5-7 cm. long; limb of corolla 4 cm. broad. A garden escape. Victoria; New Westminster; Shawnigan. 2. APOCYNUM (Dogbane) Tall herbs with milky juice, mucronate leaves, and small, cymose flowers; corolla bell-shaped, with 5 apf)endages in the throat; stamens on the base of the corolla-tube, the anthers slightly adhering to the stigma; style none; fruit a pair of long, slender foUicle-. (Greek apo, against, kyon, a dog). Corolla pink, itslobes spreadins or revolute 1. A. androsaemifolium Corolla greenish-white, itslobes more erect 2. A. cannabinum. 1. A. androssemifolium L. Branches spreading, 3-6 dm. high; leaves spreading, ovate-oblong, slender-petiolcd, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath, corolla campanulate, about 6 mm. long, the blunt lobes finally recurved; calyx hardly half as long as the corolla-tube, lobes ovate. Open woods, Atlantic to F'acific. \'ar. pumilum Gray. Low, leaves orbicular- ovate. Kootenay; V. L Var. incanum .^. DC. Leaves with short, dense pubescence beneath. Kootenay. 2. A. cannabinum L. (Indian Hemp). Glabrous, 2-10 dm. high, simple or with ascending branches; leaves ascending, oblong or ovate-oblong; cymes many flowered; corolla tubular, about 4 mm. long; calyx nearly equaling the corolla-tube, lobes lanceolate. Sandy soil; variable, sometimes diffusely branched, with spreading leaves, when it simulates the preceding. Spence's Bridge, Sicamous. Var. hypericifollum Gray. Leaves of axis sessile, narrower, oblong. Kootenay. I ASCLEPIAD.\CE.« (.Milkweed Fa.mily) Herbs with opposite, entire, exstipulate leaves, and milky juice; flowers 6-merous; calyx free from the 2 ovaries; the 5 lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud; stamens 5, borne on the corolla-tube, their anthers attaclied to the stigma; pollen in waxy masses attached to the stigma by glands that alternate with the anthers; ovaries becoming follicles; seeds with a tuft of hairs. 1. ASCLEPIAS (Milkweed) Calyx-lobes small, reflexed; corolla deeply 5-parted, a crown of 5 hooded nectariferous appendages on the stamen-tube, each containing an incurved horn; filaments united into a short tube; pollen-masses attached in pairs to glands. 1. A. speciosa Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose perennials; stem stout, 6-15 dm. high; leaves subcoruatc, oval to oblong, thick, 1-1.5 dm. long: corolla whitish or purplish, the lobes ovate-oblong, about 1 cm. Jong, the hoods slightly longer, the truncate summit produced into a long appendage; follicles soft-spinose, tomentose, 5-10 cm. long. Damp bases of hills, east of Cascades; Spence's Bridge, eastw. CONVOLVULUS 348 CONVOLVULACE^ (Convolvulus Family) Twining or trailing herbs with regular flowers; the corolla plaited, or twisted in the bud; stigmas 2, ovary 2-celled, sometimes becoming 4-celled; embryo coiled in mucilaginous albumen. (Latin convolvere, to twine). Plants with green leaves Leafless, parasitic plants 1. Convolvulus 2. Cuscuta. 1. CONVOLVULUS Trailing or twining; flowers pcduncled, mostly solitary in the axils; corolla nnel-form to campanulate, plaited in the bud; stigmas 2; capsule globose, 1. C. Soldanella. 2. C. sepiiim. 3. C. arvensis. fu 2-sccded. Calyx enclosed in 2 large bracts. Leaves renlorm Leaves not reniform Calyx not enclosed, the 2 bracts small and remote 1. C. Soldanella L. Glabrous, somewhat fleshy; stems short, trailing; bracts not longer than the sepals; corolla pink-purple, 2-4 cm. long; stigmas ovate. Sandy shores, Savary Is. 2. C. sepiutn L. (ilabrous, stem long, twining or trailing; leaves trian- gular-halberd-shaped, acute, long-petioled, tho basal lobes obliquely truncate, entire or t.tothed, sometimes rounded; corolla 4-rt cm. long, white or pink, stigmas ovate. Across the continent. Var. pubescens (Gray) Fernald. More or less pubescent, leaves oblong-ovate, cu.datc, the basal lobes rounded. Victoria. 3. C. arvensis L. T'-ailing, rather slender; leaves oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm. wide, sagittatc-or halberd-shaped, the basal lobes acute, short-petioled; peduncles mostly l-flowercd; corolla l..'}-2 cm, long, white or pink; sti..;ma3 filiform. Introd., common, Var, obtusifolius Choisy, Basal lobes of leaves rounded. 2. CUSCUTA (Dodder) Parasitic, twining by yellow, leafless, thread-like stems about various plants, adhering by suckers; flowers white in cluster-, calyx and corolla 5-(or 4-) cleft; stamens with a fringed scale below their base; styles 2, distinct, capitate (in ours), (From the Arabic), Capsule pointed 1. C. salina. Capsule globo.se 2. C. arvensis. 1. C. salina Engelm. Stems low, slender, usually on Salicornia; flowers subsessile, calyx-lobes ovate, acute, a little longer than the corolla-tube; lobes of the corolla short-acuminate, erect ; styles shorter tiian the ovary; corolla persistent about the 1-sceded capsule. Salt mafshes, V, I,, Fraser Delta; occasionally on Yarrow, 2. C. arvensis Beyrich, Stems pale-ycIlow, slender rather low, flowers subsessile; calyx-lobes ovate, obtu.se; corolla-lobes acute with reflexed tips; style mostly shorter than the depressed-globose ovary; corolla persistent about capsule. On Red Clover, Eburne; on Yarrow and Aster, Elgin. I 244 POLEMONIACE^E POLEMONIACE/E (Phlox Family) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at base; leaves opposite or alternate, entire or dissected; calyx inferior, tubular, ."j-clcft; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5, equally or unequally inserted on the tube alternate with its lobes; ovary superior, 5-celled; style simple, stigmas three; fruit a capsule. Calyx-tiibe scarioiia below sinuses . . 1. Gilia. Calyx-ttibe herbareoiis. Leaves aUernate, pinnate Leaves opposite, entire 2. Polemonlum. 3. Phlox. 1. GILIA Herbs with mostly alternate entire or pinnatifid leaves; caly-t 5-cleft, corolla tubular-funnelform or s.ilver-form; stamens mostly unequally inserted on the corolla-tulxr; seeds developing mucilage and usually spiral threads when wetted. The species fall into 3 sections which are often considered distinct genera, ((jil was a Spanish botanist). Sec. 1. Navarretia. Calyx-lobes rigid or spine-tipped, 2 of them longer than the rest; leaves pinnatifid; flowers in dense leafy-bracted cymes. Plants Klandular-visci'■ \ 3. PHLOX Herbs, erect or matted, leaves mostly opposite at least below, entire; flowers large, in terminal cymes or axillary, calyx angled, corolla salver- form with a long tube on which the stamens are unequally inserted; capsule ripening 1 seed in tach cell. Matted. leaver crowded; flowers solitary and sessile -n the axils. Leaves glandular 1- P- rigida. Leaves not glandular. „ „ „ , ■. Leaves needle-shaped, style half as long a.< the corolla-tube 2. P. Douglasu. Leaves not all needle-shaped, some broader; style nearly as long as the corolla-tube 3. P. diftusa. Not matted, leaves not crowded, flowers pedunded. more or less cymose. , „ ■ -,e i- Style nearly equalling the corolla tube *• P- longifolia. Style much shorter 5. P. speciosa. 1. P. rigida Benth. Low, stem short-pubescent and glandular; leaves crowded, 6-10 mm. long, acerose, ri^id, spiny-tipped, ciliate, glandular; calyx- teeth somewhat spreading, spiny-tipf)ed, the tube carinate; corolla pink or heliotrope, the tube a little more than twice as long as the pubescent calyx. Gateway; Elastern Wn. 2. P. Douglasii Hook. Low, leaves acerose to linear-subulate, not at all glandular, often ciliate near the base, pubescent to glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, pungently pointed : calyx pubescent, its lobes as long as the tube. Rockies southward; Wigwam River, Kootenay. 3. P. diffusa Benth. Low; leaves acerose, some of them slightly broader, more or less woolly on the margins towards the base, other- wise glabrous, 8-15 mm. long, pungently pointed, calyx usually woolly, sometimes nearly glabrous, the lobes about as long as the tube; style J- J as long as the tube; corolla pink or lavender. Mts., coast to Rockies. (P. Douglasii var. diffusa). 4. P. longifolia Nutt. Erect, 2-4 dm. high, or sometimes low and pros- trate; glabrous except for slight pubescence at the basal margins of the leaves; leaves linear, 2-5 cm. long, pungent; calyx saliently angled by the projection of the scarious sinuses, glabrous, the lobes shorter than the tube; corolla pink or lavender, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Dry plains, Summerland. 5. P. speciosa Pursh. Tall, somewhat viscid-glandular at«>ve; leaves linear, 2-8 cm. long; tube of corolla little longer than the calyx, which is not •aliently angled. Perhaps on the southern border adjoining Eastern Wn. HYDROPHVLl.ACK.t 247 HYDROPHYLLACE/E (Water-leaf Family) Herbs hairy or silky, with mostly altt-rnatf leaves and false raceines (scorpioid cynics) of white or blue tlowers; stamens 5, often fK-arded at the middle; style mostly 2-cleft, ovary entire, 1 celled, or sometimes 2-collcd by the intrusion of the 2 placcntx; fruit a 2-valved, few- to many-seeded capsule. Style entire. K-avcs orbicular 1 . RomanzoHia. style ^-clt'tt. Stamens inrludeH. calyx with small appendages between thesepalt 2. Nemophila stamens mostly eiserted. o.ilyx without appcndases. Placent.e wide, corullalobo) convolute in the bud 3. Ilydrophylliim Placenta narrow. In fruit projecting inwards, corolla lobes im- bricated in the bud 4. Phacclia. 1. ROMANZOFFIA Perennial, leaves chiefly radical, round, with Ioiir petioles, stem scapose; corolla campanulatc, white; flowers loosely racemose, I cm. broad; stamens unequal : ovary 2-celled or nearly so; seeds many. (Romanzoff was a Russian who sent Kotzebue to Alaska). 1. R. sitchensis Bong. Stems slightly pubescent, 1-2.5 dm high; leaves cordate, the blade 1..V3.5 cm. broad, coarsely and very regularly crcnate- lobed; pod obqvoid. retuse, larger than the glabrous calyx. ClifTs, Coast and Cascade Mts. ; also in the Rockies; .Maska. 2. R. unalaschensis Cham. Stems pubescent, from thick, somewhat tuberous roots, less than 1 dm. high; leaves round-cordate, less than 1 cm. broad, with a few, usually irregular, crenations, or almost entire; calyx very pubescent ; pod ovoid, 2-celled, pubescent. Ucluelct, V. 1. Alaska. 2. NE.MOPHILA (Grove-Lover) Annual herbs with opposite or alternate, usually pinnatifid leaves; flowers solitary on long peduncles; the sinuses of the calyx with a small appendage; 10 more or less evident appendages on the tube of the corolla, 2 opposite each lobe; stamens included. (Nemos, a grove, and phileo, I love). Corolla 2-3 cm. broad, rotate Corolla small, cumpanulate. Leaves mostly alternate, calyx append i?ei half as long as the lobes Leaves mostly opposite, calyx appendages very small. Ripe seeds with no caruncle, pubescence not pustulate. Peduncle shorter than or a little exceeding the leaves. . Peduncle much exceeding the leaves Ripe seeds with a large caruncle, pubescence more or less pustulate N. Menzeisii. N. breviflora. N. parviflora. N. pedunculata. 5. N. micrantha. 1. N. Menziesil H. & A. Sparingly strigose-pubescent, 0.5-2 dm. high, branching from the base, the branches mostly prostrate; leaves long-peduncled with rounded lobes; corolla rotate, white or blue with dark blue spots. Dry hillsides, Victoria. 2. N. breviflora Gray. Erect 1-2 dm. high, weak, branching from the base; leaf-lobes 5, acute; peduncles seldom exceeding the petioles, corolla whitish or bluish, shorter than the calyx, an(>cndages in the throat cuncate; style minutely 2-cleft; seeds nearly smooth; caruncle evanescent. Rossland. 3. N. parviflora Dougl. Stem sparingly rctrorsely hispid, weak but usually erect; leaves hispid especially beneath, 1-1.5 cm. broad, oblong, the usually 5 1 ;bes acute or obtuse, often iiiucronaie, the iK'tioIe hardly as long as the blade; corolla bluish, one-half longer than the calyx, its appen- dages linear or obsolete; the style deft nearly to the middle; seeds about 4, 1.5 mm. thick, light-yeliow, obscurely corrugated. Common in partial shade, V. I., and coast. 248 HYDROPHYLLACE^E i I 1. H. capitatum. 4. N. pedunculata Dougl. Low. a few cm. high; the stem sliifhtly tel H,X?-l'"' '-''1" ' ">" V7'^''- '^' ^''^'''^ usually shorter than the S blulh ?,«."; hf ^'"t"- I'i ''■ ' 'r ' ","^:n"arttr of its l.nRth : limb of the corolla Wuish. Its ghtcr-colorcd base Mac k-.lolte,l. the appendages broa.l. glabrous; ^n; Cal" ' '"^ ''ght-yellow. minutely pitted. Grassy roadside, Uun- hifni,r' .J"*"*"*'^1 '''"''''; ^"""'^ prostrate. 3-0 dm. long; retrorsely lAfl .i I Pf'^'' ''■•*^'"'' ""'^■'•nate ovate-orbicular, somewhat palm.itely shorter th^nrh". ,"T'"'"' ""f u^ pinnately 5-lobed. the petioles usually shorter than the blades; some of the ,x,.duncles much shorter ihan the leaves; the style divided nearly to the mix- segments ovate; style slender, thickened towards the base; nutlets ovoid, 7-8 mm. long. Open woods near the southern boundary, Kootenay. 2. LAPPULA (Stick-Seed) Mostly rough-hairy herbs with small blue flowers in elongated racemes, corolla salver-form, the throai closed by stales, stamens included; nutlets attached laterally, erect, prickles distinct or uniting at base. {Echinosper- mum) (Latin lappa, a bur). Flowers grcenish-w'iite 1. L. hispiua. Flowers liliie or purplish. Racenie bractless above, fruiting pedicels reflexed. Corolla 4-B mm. broad, pedicels short 2. L floribunda. Corolla 8-10 mm bread, pedicels long 3. L. diffusa. Raceme bracteate iiiroughout. fruiting jwdiceU erert or spreading Lateral prickles of nutlets distinct. Frickles in a duul)le row . , 4. 1.. echinata. Trickles in a sinKle row S. I., occidentalis. Lateral prickles of nutlets united 6, L. cupulata. 1. L. hispida (Gray) Greene. Hispid perennial, 3-9 flm, high; leaves lanceolate, often 1 dm. long, the lowest long-jx^iioled, the up[X!r sessile; corolla 5-6 mm. broad; nutlets more or less prickly all over the back, the marginal prickles united for half their length into a wing, scar triangular or ovate. Spence's Bridge. 2. L. floribunda (Lchm) Greene. (False Forget-me-Xot). Soft-pubes- cent or pilose on the stem, 3-1) dm. high; perennial; lower leaves oblong- lanceolate, long-pot iolcd, 1-2 dm. long, the upper sessile, pedicels shorter than the fruit; corolla blue or purplish; nutlets scabrous en the back, with a single row of flat marginal prickles; scar ovate. Yale; Rockies. BORAGlNACEiC 251 3 L. diffusa (Lchm.) Greene. Soft-hirsute perennial. 3-fi ''"?• /'K'^: leaverianceolat e or narrower, the lo^^x■r tapering to a marginal V^^^J'^^^^^ ..n.>pr reduced to bracts in the panicled racemes; pedicels much longer than X'iruk: corolla blTe to pink; ^tlet scabrous on the back with a smgle row of flat prickles. Nelson; Rockies. , , - -, j u: u 4 L. echlnata Gil. (European S.) Hispid annual 1.5 6 dm. high branchinrabove; leaves spatulate below. Hnear above: ped.ceU very sho. not deflexed; nutlets tuberculate on the back the pnckles m 2 row. or .i.s- tributed. (L. Lappula Lehm.) Introd weed. 5 L occldentalis (Wats.) Rydb. Stems branching, 1-4 dm. high, pubes- cent ka^eslfnear or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, the pube^encc usually nnst'ulate at ba^- racemes l~".cu. Calyx equally ."i-cleft Alpine, corolla 0 mm. broa-l i » i Not alpine, corolla 2-,J mm. broad 2 m' Si^'T" Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cIeft. corolla white ■ " ^- M- versicolor. Pedicel, in fruit longer than the ci?yx. .^'" " ' ' l ^- "^"'ll?*^™*- hitS'°'"^"'"'""^'"*'"« '° ''""• "' ^''" oppressed; noi ". arvens.s. 5. M. laxa. l!nLc^.\^'''!f*'"','' ^*'"?''^t- (Alpine F.) Tufted, erect: leaves oblong- Iinear, the radical conspicuously pctioled; flowers blue with yellow eve in rather dense racemes. Alpine meadows, Rockies; Alaska. ^ ' 2. M. versicolor Sm. Slender, 0.5-2.5 dm. high, simple or branchins t.v!l "'J!!'"''*'""*' ^''^ ^«:ending hairs, the pedicels appress^d-pubescenf knaves oblong or the lower spatulate. narrowed below into short margined petioles; corolla ^le-yellow. changing to blue or purple. Introd Uw but not wet, ground. Victoria; New Westminster ' nhtJ^i arvensis Hill (Field F.). Hirsute, with spreading hairs; leaves oblong-lanccoiate to oblanceolate. the lower usually pet ioled ; Taceme; naked We^rmi;:rc7,"L'n'aTr^o^^^^'^'^ "'^'"^ '■' '""'■ ''^''- ^^'^ ^-undrS often 'I'-i'T, Snn"J- J^^'*^^« J;) Decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes. ^si5;Sy^^^Xs'=.J^^ ^owSricoSiirif t'lTe'ToaT- ''''-'' ^"^ *^^ '^'»-^' ^^^-^ ^'«-^' 7. AMSINCKIA .„F?r'^' .'"'.'"''"rr/''"""^'^ *■"•' y*'""^' salver-form or tubular-funnel-form mTddo'',h^ J'''^-'m= "."^'«^T«''' «void-trigonous, attached below th^ middle the scori.ioid-spicate inHorescence leafy-bracted, at least below of temburgt"' '" ""• ' ->>'^-^->y- (A-sinck ^as a burgomaste; 1. A. intermedia F. & M. Erect, sparingly branched leaves lineir CrXXl'^r H-^'- "T" r^'"' '^r'^'^^- -Tyx-lobes !inWrr,ceolat? corolla little exceeding the ralyx; nutlets strongly muriculate with transi verse rugosities. Dry soil, throughout. tn^l.n^.; Ivcopsoides Lchm. Decumbent, loosely branched, leaves ovate o laneolate; ,„rolIa 1 cm. long, the tube exceeding the ral x' calyx- obes lanceoIat(Mn.Uc. 2 or 3 of them often united, flowers mostly bractless- nut ^ts obl-.ng-ovate, muriculate with transverse rugosities. Mary Is U Var. bracteosa (.ray. Flowers smaller with bracts. Coast, common .„K;nn;ii'M**^*'' '^"''''''^- ^'^"^ °'' decumbent; all except (he upper flowers lineir n'„I^;r "^'f*'^-'^'"'?"'^"' cl.?sping bract, corolla small, .sc.'^ls n°^rly Lake V I °^-^«e-acuminate without transverse rugosities. Cameron ■■■ BORAGINACE^ 253 1. M. paniculata. 2. M. IacviR^*.a. 3. M. cilmtu. 4. M. oblonsifolia. 5. M. Horneri. 8. ASPERUGA (Madwort) Procumlient, rough-hispid annuals; corolla with short tube and narrow limb, shorter than the conspicuous calyx; nutlets granulated, attached by the iriddle. (Latin, asper, roufih). 1. A. procumbens L. Low; leaves oblong or spatulatc; the few. axillary, blue flowers on short, recurved pedicels. Introd., Vernon. 9. MERTENSIA (Lingwort) (llabrate or pubescent herbs with rather large, blue flowers in a terminal cymose raceme; corolla tubular-funnel-form or trumpot-shaped, crested or unappendaged in the throat; stamens included; filaments short, flattened; nutlets wrinkled. (Mertens was a German botanist). Tall plants. 3-9 dm. high. Calyx nearly h;ilf as long as the corolla. Leaves pilose beneath I-eavei Rlabrous beneath Calyx H-J.1 as long as the corolla Low plants, 1 dm. or so high. Corolla-tube 3-4 times as Inng as the limb Corolla-tube 1-2 times as long as the limb 1. M. paniculata Don. Leaves many, broadly lanceolate, pilose beneath, strigose above, corolla about 14 mm. long, the calyx hardly half as long, the lobes elongate, acute; filaments slightly longer than the anthers. Open woods, Alaska southward in eastern B. C. 2. M. Isevif^ata Piper. Similar; leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, glabrous beneath, papillose-scabrous above, scabrous-ciliate. Nelson. 3. M. riliata Don. Glaucescent, nearly glabrous from a thick root; leaves iiianv', ciliatc-margined, otherwise glabrous, the cauline oblong to ovate- lanceolate, the upper acuminate, the lower ovate or sub-cordate, corolla 12-20 mm long, the cal> < about H an long, its lobes obtuse, short, ciliate; filaments not longer than the antherj. 'Af. sibirica.) Alaska southward, Rockies. 4. M. oblongifolia Don. Root corm-likc, leaves oblong to spatulate- lanccolate, smooth, or minutely scabrous above; flowers in a rather close panicle; ralyx-lohcs little more than 2 mm. long, ciliate, the corolla 12 mm. long, blue with a purplish tube; filaments as broad as, and not longer than, the anthers. Moist ground, Columbia Valley. 5. M. Horneri Pijier. From a shallow, bl.ick tuber; leaves oblong, ap- pressed-puberulent above; inflorescence close; calyx parted nearly to the base, ciliate; corolla 10-12 mm. long; filaments dilated, as long as the anthers. Kossland (Botanical Office). 10. PLAGIOBOTHRYS Annual, leaves mostly in a basal tuft, stems with soft spreading pubescence; flowers small, the throat conspicuously crested: nutlets rugose, kei|<'d on both sides near the apex, attached about the middle to a conical projection; scar round. (Greek, plavies, oblitjue, bothros, a scar). 1. P. echinatus Oeene. Stems 1-2 dm. high, with few leavi's, usually forking at the inflorescence, a flower in the forks; leaves hispid-pubescent; inflorescence dense, calyx cleft to the middle, the lobes ovate; nutlets broadest at the middle, somewhat cross-sha[)<}h). Ktzc. Leaves pale and minutely downy beneath; calyx pur[)lish, the ticth lanceolate acute; corolla blue; flowers in an interrupted spike. (A. anelhiodora Brit.) A. urticifolia (Benth.) Rydb. Leaves green on both sides. May occur in the South Mast. 8. LEONURUS (Motherwort) Tall perennials, with close whorls of flowers; calyx 5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed; the upper lip of the corolla somcwh.it arched, entire; the middle lobe of the lower lip entire. (Greek leon, a lion, and oura, a tail'. 1. L. cardiaca L. The cut-lobcil leave-; long petioled, the upper merely toothed; corolla pale-purple, the upper lip densely bearded; calyx-teeth spiny. Waste places across the continent; B.C.? 9. PRUNELLA (r,FLF-HEAL) Low perennials, the llowers in a terminal spike, in 3's in the axils of the broad bracts; the upper lip of the corolla archi-d, the middle lobe of the lower lip denticulate; filaments 2-toothcd at apex, the lower teeth bearing the anther. (Brur.ella; H-'j) as broarl as long (native planf^). Bracts of inflore.-iceni-e witli margins copiouslv bristly-ciliate with long white hairs; Klabroiis or sparinjily pilose on the back. Calyx green, or at most with purple-tinged margins, corolla blue or violet Calyx purple, corolla blue or v olet Bracts of inllore^ci-nce witli glaljrous or sparingly short-ciliato margins, glabrous or sparingly pilose on back. Corolla violet Corolla pink P. vulgaris var. lanceolata (Barton) Fernald. Alaska to Idaho; forma iodocalyx Fernald. C.oliNtrcam, \'. I. to Nova Scotia; var. calvescens Fernald. Corolla often 2 cm. long, while in the introd. forms it is much shorter. \'. I.; Flgin; Selkirks; forma erubescens f. n. Cameron Lake, V. L 10. GALEOPSIS (He.mp Nettle) Erect, branching herbs, the flowers in clusters in the upper axils; calyx campanulate with spinulose teeth, corolla-tub^? narrow with an expanded throat, 2-lippcd, the upper lip concaxe, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe obcordate or emargiiiate, stamens 4, the anterior piir longer, the inner anthrr-valves ciliate, style 2-cleft. L G. Tetrahit L. Rou^h-hairs', 1-9 drw. high; the stems .-iwo!ie]i below the joints; leaves ovate; corolla l.")-'20 mm. long, purplish white or v.iricgated, about twice as long as the equally t'>()thed calyx. Sparingly introduced. New Westminster. 11. STACHYS (Hi-DGE Nktti.ri Tall [K'lennials, the teeth of the leaves .somewhat blunt, calyx .5-10 nerved, equally 5-toothed, corolla not dilatecl in the throat, purple or red, the upper P. vulgaris. \'ar. hispida. Var lanceolata. Korma iodocalyx. Var. calvescens. I'orina erubesc ?ns in LABIATE •30 lip arched, mostly entire, the lower spreading, the middle lobe the lart'e>t. nearly entire; flowers in whorls in the axils of reduced upix-r leaves, and thus often spicatc. (tireek stadiyi, a spike). 1. S. ciliata DoukI. Stems ("> IJ dm. hi>;h. scabrous in the angles; the pubc.=icencf spreading; lea\es ovate, more or less cordate, |)etiolatc, coarsely crenuIatc-K-rrate, with sjiarse spreading puliesrcnre; (lowers 2-2.5 cm. loni;, in remote or approximate whorls, corolla red-piir|)le, the lower jip equaling or longer than the upper. (S. CooU-yiri. \\\-.t of the < ascades. V'ar. pubens Gray. Leaves often cordate, rather densely pui)escent, especially beneatn; calyx glandular-pulKscent, its lobes ending in a short prickly tip; flowers often smaller. Lower I'raser. 2. S. palustris L. Stem hirsute, 3-0 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, scssue finely crenate-si'rrate; flowers 5-10 in a whorl; corolla 12 mm. long, pale- purple, red-spotted. Wet ground, ci-i of Cascades; Armstrong. 12. PIIYSOSTEGIA (I .u.se DK.\(;nN-llE.\i)) Tall glabn u^ perennials with sharply serr.ite or dinticulate leaves and large pink or pin;.li>h flowers in bracted spikes; caKx faintly 10-ncrved, equally r)-tmewhat inflaterl fruiting calvx). \. P. parviflora Nult. Leaves laiuiolate, calyx-teeth short and blunt, corolla 1-1..") cm. long. Spence's Bridge ti; Sask. 13. LAMIUM (De.\d Nettle) Decumbent; calyx about r>-ner\cd, nearly equally .i-toothed; corolla inflated in the throat, the upper lip aniied. the middle lobe nf the lower lip much the largest, emarginate, contracted lo a sialk-like ba>e. H'tTv<:kliiimos, the throat, in allusion to the gaping corolla). 1. L. amplexicaule L. (ili;N-iin i. .\iinual, leaves round, deeply cren.ite; flowers whorleil in the axils of the upper clasping leaves; coroll.i purplish, 1.5 cm. long, the upper lip bearded, the lov.rr spotted. Sparingly introd., Comox. 14. MONARDA (Hoks.cmint, Berg.^mot Mint) Aromatic, leaves serrate, flowers larg.-; cahx tubular, elongated, V> nerved, sub-equally 5-toothe(l, hairy in the throat; corolla sir.)ngly 2-lipped, pubes- cent witiiout, the upper liji erect, narrow, the lower spreading, 3-lobed; the middle lo!)e narrowest. , . ■ . 1. M. mollis L. Stem i)ubescent, especially at the nodes, 3-5 dm. hijh; leaves short-petioled, (punctate in dritd spec.) ov.ite-oblcng, serr.ite, more or less cordate, acute, usually oulxr 'in beneath; tlowers in a terminal head, 2.5 cm. long, pink, the stamen loui. r than the upi)er lip; bracts 'arge, green, or pinkish tinged. D. L; Okanagan. IS. LYCOPUS (W.vrER lloREnorrn) Mint-like, glabrale plants, slightly aromatic, usually stoloniferous, with sharply serrate, lanceol.it.- leaves, and sm.ill dense clusters of small white flowers; calyx bell-shaped, -1-5 t>-othed, naked in the throat; anther- bearing stamens 2, the upper jtair r I'iiieiit.iry or wanting. (Creek lyoi, a wolf, pous, a foot, from some f.mcifiu resemblance of the leaves . Some of tlic leaves lacini.itcly loothcj 1 . K. .iiiieriL inus. Le.ive3 serralc. C'alyx-lohes obtuse, shorter than i'k' nutlets ... .'J I. uniilonn. e'aiyx-Iol)p<( acuminate. IntiKcr than the niilli-ti .... .'i. I., l.i iilu;. 1. L. amerlcanus Muhl. Slender, 2-t) dm. hi;;h, glabr.it' except at the nfKJes, the upfjer lea\es often merely serraie, all short-petioled, calyx-teeth short-cuspid. tte; sterile filaments conspicuous {L. siniidtus}. .\tlantic to Pacific; Vernon. 280 LABIAT/E •I II'- I! HI? • ll' it: 2. L. uniflonis Michx. (Bugle Weed). Glabrate, except the pubescent Btcm, from a tuberous base; in late summer prtxlucing tuberifcrous stolon*; leaves thin, not more than 7 cm. long, coarsely serrate; corolla exceeding the calyx, the lobes spreading. Low ground, Atlantic to Pacific; Vancouver. 3. L. lucidus Turcz. Clabrato or pubescent, rather stout, 2-9 dm. high; leaves coarsely serrate, subpetiotatc, elongate, 5-12 cm. long; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx. Low ground, Kamloops to .Manitoba. 16. MENTHA (Mint) Aromatic perennials with small whitish or i)urplish flowers; corolla with a short included tube, the upper of its 4 lobes the broadest; stamens 4, dis- tinct. (Minthe was a Greek nymph fabled to have been changed to a mint). Flowers axillary. Upper leaves not reduced 1. M. canadensii. Upper leaves reduced 2. M. cardiaca. Flowers mostly terminal. Spikes 8len dm. high; leaves ovate- oblong, obtuse; flowers in dense clusters with conspicuous setaceous bracts; corolla pinkish (Calamintha clinopodium). Sparingly introd., .New West- minster. 19. MELISSA (Balm) Calyx hairy within, the upper lip flattened, 3-toothed, the 2 teeth of the lower lip longer; corolla-tube curved; not much longer than the calyx; stamens 4; flower-clusters one-sided, the few bracts leafy. (Greek melissa, a bee). L M. officinalis L. Branching, perennial, pubescent; about 4 dm. high; leaves ovate, serrate, lemon-scented: corolla pale-purple or nearly white. Sparingly introd., Moodyville. 1*1 i i -ai 1 ;/ SOLANACF..*: 261 SOLANACE/E (I'oTAi . I AMiLV Herbs (or shrubs) with alternate cxstipulaio leaves and regular, perfect, 5-tnerous fli)wers nn hractlcsj pcdicrls; corolla re^tular, plaited in ihe bud, the stamens alternate with '» lolx-s; style 1, stigma mostly siniple; ovary superior, 2- (rarely 3-5-) celled; placentae axial, often projcling into the cells; fruit a many-seeded capsule or berry. A large family, mostly tropical, including the Tomato, and the Petunia. Fruit prickly 1. Datura. Kruit a smooth capaul<' .. -. .Nicoiiana. Friiit a berry. Fruitinn calyx inflated, anthers distinct. Howerj yellow 3. Physalis. FruitinK calyx nut inflated, anthers > >nnivent about the ityte, flowen white . *■ SoUoum. 1. DATURA (Thors APPLE, Stramonium) Poisonous weeds with ovate leaves and large flowers: calyx 5-toothed, half as long as the tubular corolla: stigma 2-lobed; capsule 4-valved, 4-celled; seeds larfje, flat. (.Arabic name). 1. D. Stramonium L. Annual, glabrous, S-.^ dm. high, calyx prismatic; corolla tubular, white, 5-8 cm. long; fruit about 2..'> cm. long, the upper prickles largest. Occasional in the dry interior. 2. NICOTIANA (Tobacco) Acrid, clammy-pubescent herbs with large leas-s and racemed or panicled flowers; calyx tubular-campanulate; coroll.i salvcr-form with a long tube, stigma capitate. 1. N. attenuata Torr. Stem 3-6 dm. hi^h, plandular above, leaves p>etioled the lower ovate-oblong, the upf)cr oblong-lanceolate and acuminate t > linear; corolla greenish-white, the tube 2-3 cm. long; capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. Sandy soil, Lytton. 3. PHYSALIS (Grolnd Cuerry) Annuals; the peduncles solitary in the axils; calyx ."i-anglcd, cotnpletely enclosing the Iruit; corolla yellowish, rotate, obscurely .5-lobed; anthers distinct, opening longitudinally. (Greek physalis, a bladder, in allusion to the inflated calyx). 1. P. pubescens L. Stem spreading, much branched, usually villous- puliescent; leaves ovate, entire or repand-dentate, .sometimes nearly glabrous; peduncles in fruit 1 cm. long; corolla yellow with a dark centre, fruit a yellow Berry. In cultivated ground. Cache Creek. 4. SOLANUM (Nightshade) Herbs or shrubs with axillary or extra-axillary pedunrlcs; c.irollas rotate, 5-lobcd; stamens with short filaments more or less united by the anthers which dehisce by pores at the tip; fruit a "-'-celled berry. (Latin solamen, quieting, narcotic). 1. S. nigrum L. Erect or prostrate, 2-(') dm. high, much branched, nearly glabrous, the stems rough on the angles; leaves ovate, entire, den- tate, or wavy; flowers white, in small umbellate drooping clusters; calyx- lobes ovate; berries black. Common. 2. S. trifJorum Nutt. (Wild Tomato). Scurfy, hairy-pubescent to nearly glabrous, annual, 3-t-. dm. hi^h; leaves oblong in outline, 4-8 cm. long, pin- natifid, the lobes acute, the sinuses rounded; corolla white; calyx-lobes oblong- lanceolate; berries green. Savona. 3. S. Dulcamara L. (Bittersweet). Pubescent, climbing; leaves with 2 large lobes at the base; flowers blue or purple in slender erect cymes; berries ovoid, red. Hope. Often cultivated. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART lANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 150 ™^^ 1.4 2.5 li 12.0 1.8 1.6 _J /APPLIED IN4/1GE Inc ^S" i6b3 East Main Street ^^ Rochester, lve« York l«o09 USA .SS {7t6) ♦eZ - 0300 - Pfione SaS (716) 288 - 5989 - Fa> 262 SCROPHULARIACE^ SCROPHULARIACE^ (Figwort Family) style single, usually 2-lobed. Anther-bearinB stamens n;coroIUrotuce-, leaves aUernate . ■ 1. Verbascum. Amher-bSring stamens 2 or 4 ; leaves opposite or alternate. ^ ^^.^^.^ Corolla spurred at the base Corolla not spurred at base. Corolla saccate or gibbous. „, i:„ flnu/iro laree ,^. Antirrhinum. Throat closed by the palate or the lower lip, flowers large . >• ^^^m^ji^. Throat open, flowers small, blue . • ..• . ■m^'ki ' Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, or wanting in No. 10. A fifth sterile or rudimentary stamen present. Sterile sumen rudimentary, a mere gland or scale, corolla ^^°'^- ■ „ ui .4. CoUinsia. Low annuals, flowers blue g scrophularia. Tall perennials, flowers lurid • ■ • Sterile stamen filifortn or «P^'"'='t^,?Xou3 ■ 6. Pentstemon. Seeds wingless, anthers woolly or glabrous ■ ■ ■ ^ Chelone. Seeds winged, anthers woolly ^ ;^ . . . • SUmens 2 or 4. no rudimentary fifth Present. Anther-bearing stamens 2, sterile stamens 2. ^ Gratioli. Calyjc 5-lobed 9_ Ilysanthes. Caly.x 4-lobed Stamens all fertile. Stamens 2. g, Gratiola. Calyx 5-partcd Calyx 4-parted. jq. s nthyris. Leaves alternate, mostly basal . . . n. \eronica. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite . ■ . "• ^ "" " ^'corolla'regu'ar or nearly so, flowers on scape-like ^^ Limosella. peduncles . . •, ■ ,' t ' Corolla irregular, 2-lipped stems leafy. Sumens not enclose v' niattarla L 'Moxit M.'i Green, glahrate or sparingly glandular- New Westminster. ' \i SCROPIIULARIACE.E 263 2. LINARIA (Toad Flax) Stems trailing, flowers solitary Stems erect, flowers racemose. 2. L. vulgari.i. Flowers yellow . 3. L. canadensis. Flowers blue or purplish ■ • ' i j "'Trvutormi (B0,t., »N» ECO,), aabrou,: 2 5-C d.n. high; eastward to the Atlantic; not common. 3. ANTIRRHINUM (Snapdragon) of the gardens, flowers red or variegated, 2-4 cm. long. 4. COLLINSIA (Blue-Eyed Mary) wineed slifthtly. Victoria; Bo wen Is.; Kamloops. . ■ u ,„„ 2 C Parvlflora Dougl. Glabrous or puberulent. 0-5-4 dm. high ster^ weak Jhe branches sprelding. leaves oblong-anceolate 1-4.5 c^^. long he ZU often in whorls of 3-5 ent.rc or denuculat^^^^^^^^^^^ ^co^caVTnot m^rSertV^p^p^^ - '^'^-' ^ ^-'^- Spence's Bridge; Rossland; Rockies. 5. SCROPHULARIA (Scrophulary) Tan. branching^^^maU w^c>^u= ov^ SfbT^sc^t the'filam^nt adherent to the corolla; capsule septicidally dehiscent. (A reputed remedy for scrofula). II i fc 264 SCROPHULARIACE.E m^ i.it , i f^ Mi'. ■• ';).» 1. p. Menziesil. i. P. Lyallii. P. fruticojua. P. Scouleri. EtXlfinlrn '°;'^ r ^'''' P^'^"""« abundant' nSrtKtS m.^ri„ 1^ .u^ inflexed; sterile stamen spatulate or cuneiform calvx cirft vflt^AlSer^nt GSSllkt^'"^"'^ round-e.Hptica.. capsule Toit^X- Ui^'sfom'S'iTdfl^l'1^-^ ^'"'^- '^^i'^\T '"^ «oft-Pubescent and glandu- 6. PENTSTEMON (E= .RD-ToNGUE) t^huUr^^^A-^'^^A ?PPfite entire or tufted leaves; calyx 5-parted; corolla Anthers woolly. Leaves roundish, 5-15 mm. long 1-raves oblong or lanceolate, longer. • • • . , ifem:st'u'g^brr.ekl?s^lL'rt'e?-""°^^ • " Calyx-lobes acute, leaves 3-5 mm. broad Anther?no*?;I°o^Sy^='""""'*''^^''^'""'"'- broad- ! ! ^Klnw^rt"' ^^►""'"f, "*''■■ Y''°'« '«"«"•■ ™°«ly divaricate. !< lowers white, yellow or brownish. Inflorescence paniculate r t> j . Inflorescence verticillate I' £• <"eustu». Howers blue or purple. "• ^- owertus, Stems or peduncles glandular above. Flowers 12-18 mm. long Flowers 20-25 mm. long . . ', ?5" *"^ peduncles not glandular above. ^^i^cied"' *''*''' '^^^' °^''*'^' *^"*"'""' inflorescence '^"'vert'idllSe '^"'="''*''' "°' evergreen,' inflorescenci Aniher-cells opening at apex, horse-shoe shaped Leaves lanceolate 'o ovate, corolla 15-25 mm. long Leaves lanceolate, corolla 10-15 mm. long .'..'. 1. P. MenziesH Hook. Shrubby, usually glabrous, except the glandular ^avrfh'f °''l'"""'= P^"^'.?''^' f°™'"8 mats, the branches 5 15 cm high: leaves thick, obovate to oblong, 5-15 mm. long, denticulate, everKref": flowers ew; sepals lanceolate, acute; corolla purple 2.5 3.5 cm. lonf X' sterile filaments bearded. Summits, Coast and Ca«:ade Mts. 1 ^'Z: u^*^?"'®*"' °?"^'-, Puberulent below, glandular-pubescent above Lf. tT^-nt'^V.K T''^^^' ''^^"' lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute. ^^^ul DurVe r™^' ^T""f ''"" '■"?""• "H^^r-oblong, often obtuse; flowers &est Pass ^"^^ ^^ acuminate. Common, Yale to Crow's \J^.f'fhrt^u°*uf ^^""if^-l ^r^"^- Shrubby, decumbent, 2-4 dm. high; leaves thickish, oblong-elhptical, 1.5-3 cm. long; not evergreen (?)• serrulate coro^W.^"''■,°^"".S'^'"^^= ^^P^'^ lanceolat, not acuminate/gkndular! corolla blue-purpIe, 2.5-3 cm. long, sterile filament glabrous, Mts ; Roger's 4. P. LyaUii Gray. Tall, 5-6 dm. high, herbaceous; leaves 7-12 cm it?.^;,l'r'^''"'^""°'*'*' '•'. ""r; ^''^"■P'y '"•■ate, lobes of the long seS atteni ate-acuminate, corolla 3 i cm. long. Crow's Nest Pass. 9. P. humilis. 10. P. glaucus. 8. P. ovatus. 7. P. procerus. 11. P. diflusus. 12. P. triphyUus. SCROPHULARIACEiE 265 ^ iT'u u"u? R°V^'- .<^'abrous, or the calyx slightly glandular, 1-3 dm. high; shrubby below; leiives coriaceous, ovate to oblong-linear, usually serrate; inflorescence virgate or paniculate, mostly many-flowered; corolla dull white or rarely tinged purple, 10-12 mm. long; sterile filament glabrous Idaho boundary. "* 6. P. confertus Dougl. Glabrous or the inflorescence pi>berulent, 2-5 dm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, usually entire; inflorescence appearing verticillate, but the lower cluster:; on erect, appressed pcdimcles; flower- clusters usually 4-G; sometimes 9, flowers yellow, or sometimes brownish more or less deflexed; sterile filament bearded, equaling the fertile- sepals ovate with scanous and more or lesj erose margins; corolla 8-10 mm. lone tast of the Cascades; Okanagan; Crow's Nest Pass. 7. P. procerus Dougl. Sin.ilar, lower; flower-clusters usually 2 or 3 sepals lanceolate with scarious, entire, erose or dentato margins. Mt. Cheam- Kamloops; Rockies; Peace River. 8. P. ovatus Dougl. Puberulent, stout, 6-9 dm. high; leaves ovate, thick '"°''n' uf^* sub-cordate, entire or coarsely toothed; inflorescence paniculate corolla blue, 16-20 mm. long; sepals ovate, mere or less glandular; sterile filament bearded at apex. Wooded banks; Hope. 9. P. humilis Nutt. Glabrous below, the inflorescence glandular, 1-3 dm. high; stem leaves oblong to lanceolate, the basal elliptical, all mostly entire, inflorescence in a narrow panicle, the peduncles 1-5 flowered; sepals ovate, scanous-margined, not H as long as the corolla; corolla narrowly funnel-form, 12-18 mm. long, bright blue or sometimes white, the lower lip hairy within, (P. pseudohumilis Rydb.) Rockies; Fernic. 10. P. glaucus Graham. Glabrous to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous; 1-4 dm. high; leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate below, 3-5 cm. long; entire or denticulate; inflorescence villous-pubescent and viscid or glandular, of crowded axillary clusters, short and compact; corolla tJurphsh 20-25 mm. long, with a narrow tube, canipanulate-ventricose above, sterile filament bearded. Rockies, northward. 11. P. diffusus Dougl. Glabrous or puberulent, stems numerous, diffuse, 2-5 dm. high; leaves thin, o 'e-lanceolate, sharply and closely serrate; inflorescence short, pedicels mo iv shorter than the ciliate-lanceolate sepals; corolla funnel-form, 2 cm. long, ihe lobes spreading. Valleys of mt. streams west of Cascades; Capilano; Cowichan, and in the Coast Mts. 12. P. triphyllus Dougl. Stems slender, 3-4 dm. high, usually simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, 2-3 cm. long, thick, the upper sometimes in 3's; mflore-cence loosely paniculate, corolla narrow, 10-15 mm. long. Rocky banks; Oregon to B.C. (Gray). 7. CHELONl. iTURTLEHEAD) Tall perennials with opposite leaves and (in ours) large red-purple flowers !" an open panicle; flowers much as in Pentslemon; the corolla somewhat inflated above; the fifth stamen shorter than the other 4, bearded on its upper half; stigma slightly capitate. (Greek chelone, a tortoise; the flower re- sembles the head). _ 1. C. nemorosa Dougl. Stem minutely puberulent below, 3-9 dm. high; inflorescence crisp-pubesceiU, sliglsily glandular; leaves ovale or broadly lanceolate, short-petioled below, 5-10 cm. long, serrate; corolla glandular- pubescent without, about 3 cm. long, 2-lippeQ; pedicels slightly longer than the calyx; seeds winged, reticulated. Along mt. streams, Cameron Lake, V. I.; Rockies, southw. 266 SCROPHULARIACE/E >f> t i K il 8. GRATIOLA (Hedge Hyssop) Low herbs with sessile leaves a;.d peduncled flower. tary in the axils- fL pL/^w!.vnr' f""P'e'.'"'""l'= or none, anther-cells distinct; stigma dilated i *r villT^' " *' ""°J' ^° supposed medicinal qualities). 1. O. virglniana L. Stem clammy-pubescent 1-2 5 dm hich Ipivp* anceolate with a narrow base, entire or dent?ci,hte. calyx with a pair of he^X"\.Sowi;h'st'''r.';''^^ "^"'f ^'}r^ ^^ ^^e cor'oTa^oSa wW sh cafvx ult or m^;HH^"'f fi'^^j^nts small or none; pod ovoid, equaling the 9 r IkL » 'i'''^^ '^'^r^' Kootenay; Victoria; Comox. 1 S dm' hi^h^I^^ i'^'^""',- ^^^''> e'abrous. or minutely glandular. 0.5- calvx without fcTf.^".'^'^*''' rl"'^r denticulate, with a broadish bas^; fsh withSte 1^^ sepals hard y equaling the corolla; corolla yellow: o?wefprei'&t^ai^o1 ^^'^.li&^i^'''' ''^'^ ^'^ -'^^- '" ^^^r 9. ILYSANTHES (False Pimpernel) ped^c^l's^ofthe"unn?r"^l'J"^P"'P"'^?°^^^^^^ ■^''*^^ >" '^"^ ^""^^ °" fi»f°r"> peaiceis or the upper racemed; upper hn of the corolla 2-Iobed the lower 3- oKvl^r ''"S- f"-'"e «'\"ie"^ 2. the sterile filaments 2. forked, one of the cre^?!;*'th?u^^p■^^^T''T■ .^^^T*'?^' ^P'-eading; leaves ovate to oblong, Sefs about^.. Inni'^ '^ll'P',"^' ^'^^ lower narrowed at the base; the lower thT^r^A tV '^^ o"g as the leaves; calyx-lobes linear, slightly exceeding the pod. (/. grattolouies Benth.) S. Kootenay; introd.', NeVvVestSter! 10. SYNTHYRIS rac^eres^calvxtn^T^ilj \T^^ '''"' "^ ^J^?^ ^°^^'' '" terminal spikes or racemes, calyx 4-parted. the segments obong; corolla 4-cleft more or les-s tS^'smTir^cfo^tr^ ''''^r V'^^''' ^f exserted,lnThe;-cdrpa°;a S ^Im ., ■' *=^P'tate; capsule obtuse or emarg mate. (Greek svn *o. gether, tkurts, a door, in allusion to the valves of the pod) ^ ' orbiculkr "tn'^v^f." Softly pubescent ; herbage often reddish, lower leav.9 orbicular to ovate crenate, the upper small, scssi corolla wanting calvx head River"''"''°''''' ^'^^"'^ '°"^^'- ^'^^'^ '"^^ '^^'v- o'perri^gfs, !£- U. VERONICA (Speed wjiL) axHlal^^or'in Pfr'?"'f = '"^^^'^^ ■"o^fy opposite; flowers blue or whitish. oSe^corola rot"! P /rr^'."^'^'' '"f "if ^'P^^^^' ^^e lobes oblong o stvle ;iendpr Ji?h i • '^t"'^' ?'"""*'"? ^' ^^"^ '^^"^ confluent at the a^x; ^ Pedicelfv^n^^rort''^'- ''^ "°^^' '^^^^= """'^ " '«" ^«1"<=«J- L-.aves mostly oblong, corolla white it' Leaves ovate, corolla blue i' ,,' Pcegnna. Pedicels equaling or exceeding the stem leaves ' ^"^e"*"- Capsule many-seeded, flowers large ■> v t , -.-. Capsule 1-2-seedcd, flowers small ^ X" Tournefortil. Perennials. <• V . agreatis. Flowers axillary, the floral leaves more or less reduced. All the leaves sessile capsule emarginate. alpine . s V »lnin=. Lowerleaves petioled. capsule obcordate ' ' ' « v !i?i nr 1. Flowers in axillary racemes. ^- ^- serpyllifolia. leaves lon-'»' "''-»">V Leaves mostly lobed. Hems l^'utZnt'bero;:"^"" ""'" ' '»"«•'"""«"'-' 'o- e, ^'^Ts'the°K?lei"'"'' '"''''^' '""'" "" ''*''">' '■■ '^ '<^"8 ^"\he salS"' '°^^ '"*'"'• '"*" '"' ^-"^ ^' '°"« " Pubescence short, scabrous on l.-aves Pubescence villous, sou ttirouuiiout inflorescence red or purplish. Plants 1 m. high, corolla 4-5 cm. long Plants and corollas si .Her. Leaves entire, or only tho uppermost lobed. Leaves lanceolate or broader. Stems in clumps, the uppermost leaves sometimes lobed htcms solitary, leaves entire Leaves linear or narrowly lanrcolate ■ • . Leaves lobed except the lowcit. ■ ■ . . Stem pubescent Stem glabrous ^elow . Galeaequilmg the coroll.i-tube or longer Leaves ciuire or only the unpermost lobed. infl?)°" °' le's villous; the upper leaves usually lobed; mflorcscence reddish-purple ""^-^^-'-^- Selkirks an'dKies! jJ^rn^'v ""'P'*"'"^ f^ydb. Stem puberulent or s'^htly villous above- or u:ui'|r:•;|"o''j'1''-'°^'""«'^^'*^• •tV'"- '""S- Puberulent; bracts entir; or usually with 2 lol)os above the middle, puberulent. yellow corolla "^ '^ ^ Hn'.hn"^; ?r"'.'''' °' 'r^"«?'^' ^'''^ ^^^ ' ^^'^^ exceeding the caiyx! the l^wc^ hp about \i as long. Rockies; Emerald Lake; southward. . 4. C. lutescens (Greenman) Rydb. Stems several, 3.5 dm hi ' usmllv simple closely short-pubescent; leaves rough to the ouch? mosFy 3 lobed ^frlii ?!.'"''"/"•''■''"• ^'''?'^ pale-yellow, 3-lobed from belo^ the midr- le the midd e lobe often again lobed, the lobes spreading-ascending comlla 15 25 thel o\"nH"> r"°^" corolla 2-2.5 cm. long; ^alea about 3 im's as long as Victoria ' ^"^ ^' ^ '"'^' >""°'-«^«^'="« densely x illous. Open places! r.lL^^.: camporam (Greenman) Howell. Stems several, 2-3 dm hieh- ? fn^ln '^ °' ^"T ^' 'P"'= arachnoid, and sometimes plandulkr; leaved mosdy 3-Iobed, narrowly oblong, the middle lobe sometiines again lobed! bracu ^^m't;. y^w:h SCROPHILARIACE^ 271 3-lobcd at apex, iiic .ni.ldlc lobe rounded, yellow, sometimes t .-ddish; the lobes of the calyx short, rounded; corolla 20-25 mm. long, the galea littli' cxsertcd, the lip 'I'a a3 '->ng. Crow's Nest Pa^s. 7. C. magna Rydb. Stem glabrous and shining; leaves lanceolate, entire, 4-6 cm. long, glabr as; inflorescence short and dense, bracts ovate, entire, tipped crimson; calyx 2-5 cm. long, the lobes laneeolatc, acuiiiinate, 4-5 mm. long; corolla greenish, tinged with crimson; galea 2 cm. long, frail. 8. C. lanceifolia Rydb. Stems simple or branching, solitai o"' fev, 4-G dm. high, stem sparingly villous above, glabrous below, leaves lance- olate, entire, often acuminate, 3-5 cm. long, rather firm, inflorescence bright- scarlet, corolla about 3 cm. long, lower lip small, galea 12 mm. long. Mt. Cheam; Uewdney Trail; kossland; Alt. 3.000-7,000 feet. 9. C. rhexifolia Rydb. Stems in clumps, about 4 dm. high, giabrous below, more or less villous above, leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, the upper often 3-5 cleft, inflorescence bright red, or flesh colored, corolla 2.5-3.2 cm. long, galea about Vi as long as the tube, the lov.vr lip less than ]^ as long as the galea. Chilliwack Mts. ; Rockies; Selkirks. 10. C. purpurascens Greenm. Tufted, 1-4 dm. high, stem and leaves more or less purplish, glabrous or nearly so to the inflorescence; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, often 3-cleft above; bracts "sually enti -e, purple-red to scarlet, rarely yellowish; corolla 2.3-3 err . long, the galea well exsertcd, much shorter than the tube, the lip short. Field; Golden. n. C. angustifolia Nutt. Stems clustered, 1-3 dm. high, densely pilose, nai "ow, hispid-pubescent, spreading, leaves trom the middle upward cleft on their upper half into 3-5 linear-lanceolate divaricate lobes; inflorescence red, reddish-yellow or rarely yellow; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the galea nearly equaling, or slightly longer than, the tube, lip very short; variable. Our common forms arc var. Bradburyi Fernald. Stems sparingly pilose, leaves broad, rather soft-pubescent, ascending, galea shorte- than the tube. Victoria; Yale. Var. hispida (Benth.) Fernald. Stems 4 5 dm. high, t*cm densely pilose, leaves rather harshly pubescent, ascending, galea usually !. ngcr than the tube. Rockies; Boundary Bay. 12. C. oreoph. ireenman. Stem glabrous on its lower half, pilose above, 2-4 dm. high, leaves rather broad, entire near the base of the stem, with 3 lanceolate, ascending cr spreading lobes above; inflorescence 4-12 cm. long, usually deep rose-purple, sometimes pale; corolla 1.7-2.5 cm. long, the galea almost half as long as the vibe. Mt. Cheam. 13. C. Suksdorfii Gray. i"'imilar to C. lanceifolia; the upper leaves often cleft; inflorescei'ce red to pale purple, galea nearly equaling the tube. Chilli- wack Mts. 14. C. miniata Dougl. Glabrous nearly to the inflorescence, stems tufted, usually simple, 3-6 dm. high, leaves lanceolate, or the upper broader; bracts usLially entire; corolla usually red, 2.5-3 cm. long, the lower lip small, protuberant, with ovate, involute teeth; calyx-lobes acute. Very common V. I. to Rockies; Alaska. Plants evidently belonging t- this species, growing in exposed situations on islands near Metlakah a, have thick, brittle leaves, and galea barely equaling tube of the often pale corolla. 15. C. rupicola Piper. Stems tufted, villous, sparingly so or g! irous below, 1-2 dm. high, leaves pubcrulent, often purplish, 2-3.5 cm. long, deeply cleft into 3-7 linear, spreadi'ii; lobes; inflorescence scarlet, flowers 8 or fewer; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. long, ihe lower lip small, included, anthers white, ex- gerted. Cliffs, Mt. Cheam. 372 SCROPHULARIACE.Ii t i II -' 16. ORTHOCARPLS (Lesjer Paint-Bblsh) Annual or perennial plants, usiuilly smaller than in CastiUeia, froj" which it princivwlly differs in the more dcvciofx-d, often 3 saivat •, lower lip o' the corolla, which is not much shorter than the upper; anther cells, solitary or 2, one attached by the middle, and the other by the tip; seeds reticulate. (Greek orlhus, upright, karpos, fruit). Corolla 3-4 mm. long, dark brown above Coroll.i lonKer, not at all dark brown. Gale, I more or leia hooked oi iiiliexed at apex. Corolla yellow Corolla rose or purp.ish. Leave* 3-lobed. lobes of bracts acute Leaver mo-tly 0-lobcd, middle lobe of bracts obtUK Galea str.iiKht. Stems glabrous at lea.st below; Icav, • many-lobed, corolla usually purple-tinged at apex. Calyx-lobes equaling the tube Calyx-lobes much shorter than the tube Stems pubescent; leaves usually 3-lobed; corolla pale or slightly purpli.sh. Bru ts u Low herbs with opposite leaves and small flowers in spikes; calyx tubular, 4-cleft ; upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely arched, 2-lobed, the lower spread- ing, 3-clcft, the lobes obtuse or notched; stamens didynamous, anthe--cell9 pointed at base; capsule flattened. . . , , . 1. »!. arctica Lange. Simple or branched, 4-12 cm. high; leaves pubescent on both sides, the cauline ovate or obovate, toothed; corolla lilac or whitish- purple, 5-7 mm. long, capsule oblong. Alaska and Rockies northward. (E. latifolia Pursh.) 20. PEDICULARIS (Lousewort) Perennial herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, simple, pinnatifid or pinnate leaves; the flowers in close or loose terminal spikes or racemes: the upper lip beaked, or concave, the lower 3-lobed, crested above, the lateral lobes longest, calyx cleft on the lower, and sometimes on the upper side, 2-5 toothed, capsule obliquely beaked. (L. pediculus, a louse, applicaMon not obvious). Galea beaked. , _ „„_i,_j:„ Beak long, curving upwards 1- P- granlandica. Beak incurved. - _ „™«„o3 Leaves crenate 2- P- '*«"??• Leaves pinnatey parted 3. P. contorta. Beak straight anJ short. *• P- scopulorum. Galea curved, but not beaked. Leaves pinnatifid. at least below. ..,„i,„,i„;j^ Pubescent, the upper leaves crenulate 5- P- ""P'",*''?"""- Glabrous, all the leaves pinnatifid . §• o E^^,2^' Leaves pinnate at least at the base of the rachis . . . 7. P. bracteosa. 274 OROBANCHACE^ i.rf «llE •ij 1. p. groenlandica Ret-. (Little Elephant). Glabrous, 3-5 dm. high, the whole plant often red; leaves lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with narrow segments, the lower slender-pet iolcd; spikes dense, 3-6 cm. long; calyx with 6 short teeth; corolla red or purple, the tube short, the galea forming a beak 12-15 mm. long. {Ekphantella Rydb.) Wet places in the mts. throughout B. C. 2. r*. racemosa Hook. Glabrous, the stems in clusters, 2-4 dm. high; leaves lanceolate, undivided, crenate; flowers in open leafy racer..e_s; calyx- lobes 2, triangular, corolla yellowish-white, galea very strongly incur\-ed, thr lower lip large. Common on dry slopes on all the mts.; Mt. Mark, V. I. 3. P. contorta Benth. Glabrous, 2-3 dm. high; leaves vpry deeply divided into narrow serrate lobes; inflorescence about 1 dm. long,_ the bracts lobed; calyx transversely wrinkled, somwchat inflated above; its 2 lobes toothed; corolla yellow and purple, the lower lobes broad, enclosing the in- curving beak. Rockies; Lake Louise; Kootenay Lake. 4. P. scopulorum Gray. Low, alpine, 1-2 dm. high, glabrous except the inflorescence, leaves pinnately parted; calyx villous, the lobes triangular- subulate, much shorter tlian the tube; inflorescence a dense spike with dissect- ed bracts, corolla purple, the galea produced into a short, straight, conical beak, without teeth. Devil's Lake; Rockies. 5. P. Euphrasioides Steph. Pubescent, branching, 1.5-3 dm. high; the lower leaves pinnatifid, the upper merely crenate; flowers in a short terminal spike or solitary in the upper axils; corolla yellow or the galea purplish, about IJ mm. long, calyx with 2-3 short teeth, ?3 as long as the corolla-tube; capsule shorter than the calyx. Labrador to Alaska; southward in the northern mts. 6. P. piTviflora Smith. Glabrous or the petioles ciliate, 3-6 dm. high; leaves sometimes opposite, pinnatifid throughout; flowers in loose spikes or solitary in the axils, corolla 15 mm. long, its tube twice as long as the calyx ; calyx 2-cleft, the lobes serrate, the capsule twice as long. Labrador to Alaska southward to Oregon; a sea-shore plant. 7. P. bracteosa Benth. Glabrous except the inflorescence, 3-8 dm. high, leaves pinnate, divisions pinnatifid ; bracts ovate, acuminate, spike dense, about 1 dm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, much longer than the tube; corolla yellow, or the tube purplish, the tube long and narrow, exceeding the tips of the calyx-teeth. There are 2 forms, (a) caly.x-lobcs oblong lanceolate, rather short. Mt. Cheam, Mt. Rainier (Wash.) (b) calyx-lobes long-acuminate. Rockies; Kootenay. OROBANCHACE^ (Broo.i-Rape Family) Herbs with scaly stems, destitute of green foliage (root parasites), the gamopetalous flowers much as in Scrophulariacex; stamens 4, didynamousj stigmas 2-lipped; ovary 1-celled with 2-4 parietal placentae. Glabrous plants; the upper lip of the corolla entire Glandular-pubescent plants, the upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed Boschniakia. Orobanche. 1. BOSCHNIAKIA (Poque) Stems densely red, scaly or yellow, clustered, with numerous flowers in a dense cone-like spike; stamens about equalinr the corolla, the base of the anthers rounded. (Boschniak was a Russian botanist). 1. B. stroblliacea Gray. Stems clustered, from tuber-like swellings, 1-2 dm. high, scales ovate to oblong, the upper broadest towards the apex; calyx short, with 2-5 short teeth, a pair of bractlets at the base; corolla 14 mm. long; stigma 3-5-lobed; anthers woolly. Parasitic on the roots of Salal. V. I., and West Coast. Eattu by the liutians, who call it PuQue. -Ai^m . ■^^•'.T^fflK'-^ " ■HR^ LENTIBULARIACEiE 275 2. OROBANCHE (Broom-Rape) Brownish, purplish or yellowish plants, with purplish or yellowish flowers; corolla more or less clearly 2-lippcd, the upper lip 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower 3-lobed; bases of the anthers mucronate; stigma 2-lipped; placentae 4, distant or in pairs. (A phylhn) (Greek orobos, a vetch, agchore, straggler). Flowers sessile or nearly so. . ^ . j . . Calyx-lobes longer than the tube 1. O. Ludoviciana. Calyx-lobes not longer than the tube '^- O. pinorum. Flowers on peduncles 1-15 cm. long. Peduncles bratted 3- O- comosa. Peduncles naked. , „ .. Calyx-lobes longer than the tube 4. O. uniflora. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube 5. O. fasciculata. 1. O. Ludoviciana Nutt. Stems usually simple, 1-2 dm. high; flowers purplish, densely spicate, about 16 mm. long, with usually 1 bract at the base of the calyx. Parasitic on Artemisia and other composites. Okanagan. 2. O. pinorum Gey. Stemsbranchingabove, rather slender, from a tuber- like base, 1-2 dm. high; flowers about 12 nmi. long, yellowish, in loose spikes, with 2 bracts at the base of the cal>x. Parasitic on the roots of conifers. Okanagan. 3. O. comosa Hook. Stout, 0.7-2 dm. high, branching from the thick base; flowers many, purplish, 2-2.5 cm long, on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; calyx- lobes acuminate; anthers woolly. Parasitic on Crindelia. Coast, Victoria. Flowering June-July. 4. O. uniflora L. (One-Flowered Cancer-Root). Slender, 0.5-2 dm. high; the short, nearly subterranean stem producing 1-4 slender, 1-flowered scapes; corolla curved, violet-tinged (rarely yellow), 15-20 mm. long; calyx- lobes attenuate Parasitic on grasses, Peucedanum, Ranunculus, etc. Moist, grassy places, V. I., Kootenay and eastward. Flowering at the coast in April. 5. O. fasciculata Nutt. Stouter, 1-2 dm. high, stem rising 2-8 cm. above the ground, producing few-many stout peduncles; corolla yellowish or purp- lish, slightly curved, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; calyx-lobes triangular. ^ Parasitic on Artemisia, Friogonum etc. Dry soil, Savary Island; Spence's Bridge; Okanagan and eastward. LENTIBULARIACEy*; Small herbs growing in water, or in wet places; calyx 2-lipped; corolla 2-lipped, spurred, with a bearded palate; stamens 2, with 1-cellcd anthers; ovary 1-celled, placenta free, central; style short or none. Corolla yellow, leaves finely dissected Corolla violet, leaves entire 1. Utricularia. 2. Pinguicula. 1. UTRICULARIA (Bladderwort) Aquatic, leaves immersed (sometimes none) bearing little bladders, which, furnished with a valvular lid, entrap small Crustacea and other aquatic animals. (Latin utriculus, a little bladder). Leaf segments filiform. , .,„,„^,|. Corolla 12-18 mm. wide, bladders many 1- U. vulgaris. Corolla 4-8 mm. wide, bladders few. it „i„«r Spur of the corolla short, obtuse 2- U. "}}""'■.. Spur of the corolla 4 mm. long, pcute ^ .w-lm.Ht Uaf segments flat, finely bristle-toothed 4. U. intermedia. 1. U. vulgaris L. Leaves crowded, 2-3-pinnatc, more than 1 cm. long, the bladders 2-3 mm. long; spur conical, acute, rather shorter than the lower lip; pdicels recurved in fruit. Streams and lakes throughout temperate Nortn America. 276 PLANTAGINACEiE W lit ^< 1 i; i M- 2. U. minor L. Stems slender; leaves scattered, 2-4 times forked, less than 1 cm. long; bladders 1-2 mm. long; scapes 1-10-flowcred; spur short and blunt, pedicels recurved in fruit. Same range. 3. U. occidentalis Gray. Similar; stems filiform, leaves repeatedly forking into short segments; scapes 1-5 flowered, the upper lip a little longer than the rounded palate; spur broadly conical. Ucluelct. V. I. to VVn. 4. U. intermedia Hayne. Leaves 4-5 times forked, rigid; bladders borne on separate leafless branches; corolla 10-15 mm. broad; the acute spur appressed to, and nearly as long as, the lower lip; pedicels erect in fruit. Kootenay; Ucluelet; Alaska. 2. PINGUICULA (Butterwort) Stemless perennials with 1-flowered scapes and thick, slimy leaves, to which insects adhere; upper lip of calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. (Latin, pinguis, fat, in allusion to the greasy leaves). 1. P. vulgaris L. Leaves elliptical or spatulate; flowers blue, 2.5 cm. long, the 2 short curved stamens on the lower lip. Wet ground, mts. ; V. 1.; "The Lions," Vancouver; Glacier; etc. PLANTAGINACE^ (Plantain Family) Stemless herbs with 4-merous flowers in dense cylindrical spikes; stamens 4 (or 2) inserted on the tube of the dry membranaceous gamopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes; ovary superior, style simple. 1. PLANTAGO (Plantain) Low plants with naked scapes and strongly ribbed or fleshy leaves; corolla rotate, persistent; stamens much exserted; pod usually 2-celled, opening transversely. (The Latin name). Leaves ovate or elliptical 1. P. major. Leaves lanceolate. „ t» i i Scapes not woolly, grooved 2. P. lanceolata. Scapes woolly above 3' P- macrocarpa. Leaves linear. , r. • . . Bracts aristate. conspicuous. 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx 7. P. anstata. Bracts not longer than the calyx. Leaves glabrous. Tall and stout, usually 2-4 dm. high *■ P- mantima. Low. 4-8 cm. high, slender 5. P. Bigelovii. Leaves tomentose o- P- Purshu. 1. P. major L. (Common P.) Glabrous or pubescent, leaves thick, broad- ly elliptical to cordate-ovate, undulate or toothed, with broad petioles; scapes 1.5-6 dm. high, mostly asctriding at the base; spikes dense; capsule ovoid, circumscissile a little below the middle 8-18-seeded, seeds reticulated. Very common, gardens and roadsides. Var. Asiatica (L.) Dene. Leaves often erect, mostly smooth, spike tapering at apex; capsule circumscissile well below the middle. A large, indigenous form in moist ground along the coast; Kootenay. Var. minima Dene. A small, hairy, form near the sea, Victoria; Nanaimo. 2. P. lanceolata L. (Rin Grass). Pubescent; scape much exceeding the 3-5 nerved leaves; 2-0 dm. high; spike cylindrical, 1-8 cm. long, (or at first conical, sometimes compound) the 2 lower sepals often united; bracts scarious, short-acuminate; sepals scarious-margined with a green midrib; pods 4-5 mm. long, oblong, circumscissile below the middle; seeds 2, strongly hollowed on the face. Introd.; common, fields and roadsides. 3. P. macrocarpa C. % S. Scapes equaling or exceeding the leaves; leaves 5-7-nerved, some of the outer often with linear blades, narrower than the dilated petioles; spikes 5-9 cm. long, bracts fleshy-herbaceous and scarious- RUBIACEiE 277 margined; capsule ovoid-oblong, 6-8 mm. long, seeds 2, hollowed on one side" roughish. Seashore; North West Coast to Alaska; Alberni. 4 P. maritima L. Perennial, leaves linear, fleshy, 0.5-3 dm. long, scape pubescent, the pubescence densely brown below the spike, 1-5 dm. high; spike dense or loose, 5-12 cm. long; sepals green; corolla with spreading lobes; capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-3 seeded, circumscissile belov, the middle; seeds brown, smoothish; a deep pit on one side. Salt marshes and beaches; Alaska to Cal. 5 P. Bigelovli Gray. Annual, leaves linear, 2-6 cm. long, scapes 2-8 cm. long, pubescent with short, appressed. white hairs; sepals with broad, scarious margins: stamens 2, spike about 1 cm. long; capsule usually purple; seeds 4, oblong, dark brown, more or less pitted over the whole surface, and with a large, oblong pit on one side. Rocky bluffs near the sea, Victoria. 6 P. Purshil R. & S. White-woolly, 1-2 dm. high; the dense spike some- times equaling the scape; stamens of 2 sorts in different plants, with short or long filaments; bracts linear-subulate, not longer than the flowers; stamens 4. iust exserted; capsule oval, 4 mm. long, circumscissile at the middle; seeds 2, brown, finely pitted. Dry plains, Spence's Bridge, eastward to the plains of the North West. 7 P. aristata Michx. Similar, but dark green; glabrous or villous bracts aristaf to foliaceous, many times longer than the flower; capsule oblong, 3-5 mm. long, seeds 2. Alberta to Wn. ; Kootenay (?). RUBIACEiB (Madder Family) Herbs with opposite or whorled, entire leaves; calyx adherent to the 2-4- celled ovary; stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the regular corolla and inserted on its tube; fruit, in ours, twin, of 2 indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. GALIUM iBedstraw. Cleavers) Slender herbs with square stems and whorled leaves, the roots often con- taining red-coloring matter; flowers cymose, small; corolla rotate; stamens usually 4; styles 2; fruit twin, separating at maturity into 2 globose carpel3. (Greek gala, milk, which some species were used to curdle). Fruit smooth. , f horeale Flowers in large panicles 3 g! cymosum. Flowers m small cymes S P .rifirtiim Flowers soitary or in 3'8 2. G. trihdum. ^'piowL^fn terminal panicles, leaves .3-vemed ..■■_■ • 1- G. boreale. Flowers solitary or in 3's, leaves 1-vemed, except in No. 7. Leaves on main stem mostly in 6's or 8 s. triflorum Perennial, leaves 1-2^5 cm. long • *; g; 'J^^^^^e Annual, leaves 3-7 cm. long ^ ^ i Leaves on main stem mostly in 4 s. bifolium Fruit minutely hispid ,. •_ 7' n k^Int1^haticum Fruit very densely white-hispid 7. G. kamtscnaticum 1 G. boreale L. Perennial, stems erect, 1-4 dm. high, smoothish, branch- ine- leaves in 4's, 3-nerved, hispid, linear and sometimes revolute to lanceo- late; flowers white, the petals large for the genus; fruit in coast specimens apt to be glabrous, in species from the interior o ten remai;ung hispid. V. 1. to the Rockies in rather dry soil, or on rocky, lake-shores; Alaska. 2 G trifidum L. Perennial, stems very slender, rough, usually matted, 1-5 'dm high; leaves of main stem mostly in 4's. linear-spatulate to oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, 1.3 cm. long, or less, rough on mareins and midrib; petals less than 1 mm. long, whitish or pinkish, flowers often 3-merous, ^d.cels curving under the small fruit; fruit 1-1,3 mm broad. Atlantic to Pacific in wet places. Var. subbiflorum Wicg. Stems less glabrous than m 278 CAPRIFOLIACE^ hi i|l the species, somewhat shorter, leaves longer, and often very unequal, nearly smooth, pedicels usually l-Cowered. V. I.; Lower Eraser, eastward. 3. G. cymosum Wieg. Perennial, stem roughish or smooth, rather stouter than in the preceding, clambering, leaves of main stem in 4's, 5's, or 6 s, narrowly obla ccolate, acutish or obtuse and roughish, reaching 1.8 cm. in length, flowers in small cymes, at the ends of the branches; fruit small, on short, smooth, curving pedicels. South Westminster; Wn. 4. G. triflorum Michx. (Sweet-scented B.) Perennial; stems 3-12 dm. long, smooth or slightly rough; leaves 3-10 mm. broad, 1-3 cm. long, bristle- tipped, slightly rough, acute or rarely obtuse; peduncles long and straight, 3-flowered, petals greenish; fruit covered with reddish, blackish or white, hooked bristles. Very fragrant in drying. Common, Alaska to Cal. 5. G. aparine L. (Cleavers). Annual; stems stoutish, reclining, slightly hairy at the nodes; leaves very rough, especially towards the base, usually less than 6 mm. broad, reaching 7 cm. m length, almost petiolate; peduncles long and straight, 3-flowered; petals whitish; fruit 3-4.5 mm. in diameter, covered with whitish, hooked bristles. Common, Alaska to Cal. Var. Vaillantil (DC.) Koch. Smaller, stems rather erect; leaves less than 2.5 cm. long; fruit smaller, 1.5-3 mm. in diameter. East of the Cascades. 6. G. bifolium Wats. Annual; smooth and glabrous; stems slender, 1-3 dm. high, mostly erect, leaves 2-4 in a whorl (if 4 the alternate pair smaller) 8-15 mm. long, lanceolate; peduncles l-flowered; corolla small, white; fruit small, minutely hispid. Dewdney Trail; mts., Wn. J- G. kamtschaticum Stell. Perennial; stems erect, mainly glabrous, 2-5 dm. high, lanceolate, bluntly pointed, 1-5 cm. lon^i;, loagh-ciliate on margins and midrib; flowers terminal, in 3's, corolla greenish-white. Alaska to Wn. ; Cascades; Hazelton. Var. oreganum (Brit.) Piper. Leaves orbicular to obovate, obtuse. Cowichan Lake. CAPRIFOLIACEi« (Honeysuckle Family) Shrubs or sometimes herbs, with opposite leaves, and a 2-5-celled, inferior ovary, which usually develops into i berry; stamens as many as the 4-6- lobed corolla (1 fewer in Linncea, twice as many in Adoxa). Plants herbaceous. Stems trailing Stems erect, the fertile with a pair of leaves Plants shrubby- Corolla tubular, stigma capitate, style slender. Corolla irregular, usually glabrous at base, fruit red or bUck Corolla regular, not gibbous, fruit white .... Corolla rotate, stigmas sessile or nearly so. Leaves pinnate Leaves simple 1. Linnsa. 2. Adoza. 3. Lonicera. 4. Symphoricarpui, 9. Sambucus. 6. Viburnum. 1. LINN^A (TWINFLOWER) A slender, trafling, evergreen, with short, ascending branches and pinkish, very fragrant flowers in pairs on filiform pedicels; calyx-teeth 2, awl-shaped, deciduous; corolla funnel-fcrm, nearly regular, 5 lobed; stamens 4, 2 shorter; ovary 3-ceIled, becoming a dry, 1-seeded pod. (The plant was a favorite with Lmnxus). 1. L. borealis L. var. Americana (Forbes.) Rehder. Leaves orbicular or oval, sparingly crenate towards) the rounded or acute apex; corolla pinkish or rose-purple, funnel-form with cylindrical base, 10-16 mm. long, hairy within. Common, .Alaska to Cal. The predominance of acutu or rounded leaves some- times gives character to patches, but the two forms are not distinct. CAPRIFOLIACEiE 279 1. L. glaucescen*. 2. L. ciliosa. 3. L. hispidula. 4. L. involucratum. 5. L. canadensU. 6. L. czrulea. 7. L. utahensis. 2. ADOXA Moschatel) A low. herbaceous perennial with ternately-divided leaves and scaly root- stock; calyx-tube not reaching the summit of the 3-5-celled ovary; corolla rotate, 4-6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens; style 3-5-parted; fruit dry. (Greek adoxoi, obscure). 1. A. moschateliina L. Smooth, musky, the flowering stems with a pair of leaves near the middle, the divisions of which are 3-lobed; flowers several in a terminal cluster on a slender pedicel. Mossy woods, Alaska to Colorado and eastward. Nechacco River; Coast, northw. 3. LONICERA (Honeysuckle) Erect or climbing shrubs with opposite, entire leaves, and tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous corollas; stamens 5; stigmas capitate; ovary in- ferior, becoming a berry. (Lonitzer was a German herbalist). Stems climbing or prostrate, flowers in dusters. Corolla 2-3 cm. long. Style exserted, hairy Style hardly exserted. smooth Corolla less than 2 cm. long Stems erect, flowers in pairs. Bracts foliaceous, 1 cm. long or more Bracts linear or subulate, much smaller. 1 eaves acute, peduncles much longer than the coroUa . Leaves obtuse, peduncles not much longer than the coroUa or shorter. , , , , Ovaries united, fruit blue-black Ovaries distinct, fruit red 1 L. ftlaucescens Rydb. (Red H.) Stems 1 m. long or less and apparently not' twimng; leaves oblong, pubescent and glaucous beneath, glabrous above, chartaceous-margined; the upper pair usua ly connate, pointed, flowers yellow, becoming red, the corolla pubescent without^ ' 'S.^'fr "*"'°*' tubulari stamens and style distinctly exserted. Dry woods. Field. 2 L. ciliosa Poir. (Orange H.) Stems 1-6 m. long, trailing or twining; leaves elliptical, glaucous beneath, glabrous or cihate '"a'-p^^f^'j);,^ "RP?' pair connate, obtuse; corolla yellow and scarlet or red. nearly glabrous with- Sut. the tub^ funnel-form, the limb sometimes obsolete; stamens and style little exserted. Dry woods and rocky hillsides, V. I. to the Columbia Valley. 3 L. hispidula Lindl. (Purple H.) Stems 0.5-2 m. long trailing or twining, more or less hairy; leaves oblong-ovate, glaucous and pubescent beneath glabrous above, the upper pairs connate; flowers in 2-6, terminal, SrtTcllate clusters, corolla purp^sh. strongly bilabiate; stamens and style muXx^rted R^ky hiUsldes'v. I., Gulf Islands; Powell Lake. 4. L. involucratum Banks. (Black Twin-berry). Erect 1-4 m. high; leaves oblong, elliptical or lanceolate, pubescent beneath, mostly acute of short-Sed; corolla nearly regular. 10-12 mm. long, yellow strongly E»,bous at the base, pubescent; fruit black, loosely enclosed by the dark- red invofucre. Common, damp thickets. V. I., eastward to the Atlantic; 5 L^ Canadensis Marsh. (Canadian Fly Honeysuckle). Erect, 1-5 m. hieh- leaves thin, 6 cm. long, ovate-oblong, mostly acute strongly ciliate, Sio'les 6 mm. long; corolla nearly 2 cm. long, yellow nearly regular; bracts subulate ib!???ies serrate, red. (L. ciliata Muhl.) Dean River and eastw. 6 L. cariilea L. (Blue Fly H.) Low, 3-6 dm. high leaves oblong- elliptk;i.Vbtuse. short-petioled. 2-3 cm. long, pubescent or g>abrate; peduncles shorter than the nearly regular corolla, which is yellow, somewhat gibbous It bl4. and about 1 cm. long, bracts subulate, longer than the ovaries, which are uuited to form a 2-eyed, blue-black berry. South Kootenay Pass north- ward to Alaska. ft 280 CAPRIFOLIACE/E 7. L. utahensis Wat. (Red Twin-Berry). Erect, 1-1.7 m. high, leaves obtuse, 3-4 cm. long, ovate-oblong, glabrous above, pilose beneath, especially towards the base, or quite glabrous, somewhat ciliate; petioles 3-4 mm. long; peduncles a little shorter, or a little longer than tne flowers; corolla nearly regular, yellow, 15-18 mm. long, gibbous at base; bracts shorter than the separ- ate ovaries; a small pair of bractlets usually present; fruit separate, red berries. Revelstoke; Golden; Rossland; Mt. Garibaldi. 4. SYMPHORICARPUS (Wax Berry) Shrubs with mostly entire leaves and rose-tinged flowers in small clusters; calyx-teeth short; corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, with as many stamens; ovary 4-celled, 2 seeded. (Greek symphorein, to bear together, karpos, fruit; from the clustered berries). 1. S. racemosa Michx. Erect, 1-3 m. high; leaves ovate to oblong, oft-n sinuately toothed, pubescent beneath; corolla 5-lobed, bearded within, stamens and style inc'udeid; fruit a white berry. Common. Var. pauci- florus Robbins. Low, some of the stems creeping; petioles and under- surface of leaves pubescent; leaves 2-3 cm. long, smaller and paler beneath, sometimes ovate. Colwood, V. I.; Elgin; Field. Var. Itevigata Per. Leaves glabrous beneath, (Garden Snowberrv). Elgin. 5. SAMBUCUS (Eloer) Shrubs in clumps, with pinnate leaves, finely serrate leaflets and large cymes of small, whitish flowers; calyx-lobes minute, corolla open, urn-shaned, with a spreading, 5-lobed limb; stamens 5; stigmas 3; fruit a berry. (The Latin name, perhaps from Greek sambuke, an indent musical instrument). Inflorescence flat-topped, berries black l. s. glauca Inttorescence pyramidal. Berries scarlet Berries black 2. S. racemosa. 3. S. mclanocarpa. 1. S. glauca Nutt. (Tree E.) A shrub or small tree, the larger with trunks 1-2.5 dm. in diameter; glabrous throughout; leaflets 6-9, firm, the lower sometimes divided, oblong, mostly contracted at the apex to a short tip; fruit strongly glaucous. Common, V. I., Chilliwack and eastward to the Arrow Lakes. Flowering in summer. 2. S. racemosa L. (Red-fruited E.) Shrub 2-5 m. high; leaflets pubes- cent on the veins beneath, usually glabrous above, mostly more than 1 dm. long, subsessile, serrate, acute or acuminate, somewhat acute or rounded at ba;ie, the terminal one acute; inflorescence often longer than wide, petals creamy; nutlets smooth or slightly roughened, more or let angled on one face. Very abundant at the Coast; eastw. to the Atlantic. 3. S. melanocarpa Gray. (Black-fruited E.) Shrub 1-3 m. high; leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath, mostly less than 1 dm. long, more or less petioled, finely serrate, acuminate, rounded at base; inflorescence often broader than long; petals white; nutlets slightly pitted, hardly angled, oblong. Revelstoke; Fernie. 6. VIBURNUM (Arrow-wood) Shrubs with simple, lobed leaves, and white flowers in flat cymes; calyx 5-toothed, corolla spreading, deeply 5-loobed; stamens 5; stigmas 1-3; fruit a 1-seeded drupe. (The Latin name). Marginal flowers of cyme neutial, showy Flowers all similar, small .... 1. V. opulua. 2. v. pauciflorum. 1. V. opulus L. var. americanum (Mill) Ait. (High-Bush Cranberry). Glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 m. high ; leaves strongly 3-lobed, the lobes acuminate serrate, the sinuses entire; petioles with 2 glands at apex; cyme 4-10 cm. MiB^iai VALERIANACEiE 281 broad, the outer flowers larijest; stamens elongated; fruit red, edible, not so pleasant as that of the next; stone flat, not grooved. Agassiz; Sicamous; Salmon Arm. The snowball of the garden is a form of this species with all the flowers neutral. 2. V. pauciflorutn Raf. (Squasbberry). Straggling, 1-3 m. high; leaves lightly 3-lobed, irregularly toothed, with 2 glands at the base, more or less pubescent beneath; cyme small, 1-1.5 cm. broad; stamens shorter than the corolla; fruit red, with the flavor of the cranberry; stone scarcely grooved. Valleys near North Vancouver; Fraser Valley; Cowichan Lake; Strathcona Park; abundant northward. VALERIANACE/C (Valerian Family) Herbs w^t^ oppiosite, exstipulate leaves, and close cymes of small flowers; calyx-tube adnate to the inferior 1-3-celIed ovary, its lobes filiform to nearly obsolete; corolla irregular, tubular or funnel-form, 4-5 lobed, often spurred, stamens 1-4, mostly 3, inserted on its tube; styles filiform, stigmas 2, ovary usually 3-celled, 2 cells empty and often becoming wings, the third contain- ing 1 ovule. Low herbs; calyx-limb entire, merely toothed or obsolete 1. Valerianella. Tall herbs; calyx-limb of several plumose bristles, most evident'in fruiting 2, Valeriana. 1. VALERIANELLA (Corn Salad) Low, glabrous annuals; leaves entire; corolla funnel-form, spurred or spurless, stamens 3 (rarely 2), fruit 1-seeded, 2 of the cells empty. Corolla not spurred, mostly 4-lobed. Corolla blue, fruit not winged 1- V. Locusta. Corolla white, fruit winged 2. V. anomala. Corolla spurred, red or pale. Corolla pale, fruit wingless, keeled 4. V. samolifolia. Fruit winged. Corolla pale. Iruit slightly grooved on the back . ,5. V. macrocera. Corolla red, fruit keeled 3- V. congesta. 1. V. Locusta (L.) Betche. Dichotomously branching; leaves oblong; corolla nearly regular, inflorescence leaf y-bracted ; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell, flattish, obliquely rhomboidal. Introd., Victoria; Tyee, V. I. 2. V. anomala Gray. Flowers small, in verticals, corolla white, 2-3 mm. long, usually 4-lobed; fruit winged, sharply angled on the back Nan- aimo; VVn. 3. V. congesta DC. (Sea Blush), /ems square, rather stout. 1-5 dm. high; leaves oblong or the lower spatulate; flowers red, capitate or at length verticillate, corolla 4-6 mm. long, the syur slender, half the length of the gibbous tube; fruit densely short-pubescent, the wings involute on the mar- gin. Very common about Victoria; Nanainio; and on grassy, open bluffs, (".uif of Georgia; Vale. 4. V. samolifolia Hseck. Similar; more slender, with smaller and paler, verticillate flower-clusters; leaves spatulate-obovate; corolla 2-3 mm. long, the spur hardly one-third the length of the tube, conic-saccate; fruit wingless, piibcrulent, 3-angled, resembling a slender buckwheat acliene. Shady woods, near Victoria. 5. V. irsacrocera T. Sc G. Similar to the preceding; more slender than r. congesta; corolla pink or pale, the spur nearly as long .t; the narr.ow tube; fruit glabrous or puberulent, rounded on the back, short-beaked, wings broad, spreading or incurved. Occuring sparingly with V. congesta; also at Lytton. 282 CUCURBITACEiE 3. VALERIANA (Valerian) Perennial with stronp;ly scented rootstocks, simple or pinnate leaves, and small, whitish or pinkish flowers in close cymes; the plumose limb of the calyx concealed till the fruit forms: corolla often gibbous, but not spurred; limb 5-lobed, stamens 3, the abortive cells small, not evident in fruit. (The Latin name). Leaves thick, entire, or the segments not dentate; root fusiform, perpendicular; ovary pubescent 1. V. ceratophylla. Leaves thit; ; rootstoclca creeping ; ovary glabrous. Basal leaves mostly entire, the segments of the cauline oblong- lanceolate, mostly entire 2. V. sylvatica. Basal leaves mostly in 3-5 segments, the segments of the cauline ovate, dentate 3. V. sitchensis. 1. V. ceratophylla (Hook.) Piper. Root fusiform, perpendicular; leaves entire, slightly pubescent, the basal spatulate-oblanceoiate, entire or lacini- ate-pinnatifid, the cauline pinnately parted into 3-7 lanceolate segments, flowers polygamo-dioecious, yellowish-white, in a thyrsiform naked panicle. S. E. Kootenay. 2. V. sylvatica Banks. More slender than the next; nearly glabrous throughout, except the bases of the petioles; basal leaves petioled, oblong or spatulate, obtuse, entire, or with a few lobes; stem leaves with 3-13 segments, the divisions lanceolate-oblong, mostly entire ; fruit ovate, glabrous. Rockies, Crow's Nest Pass. 3. V. sitchensis Bong. Stout; radical leaves mostly 3-5 foliate, the ter- minal segments much the largest, or sometimes round, nearly entire, glabrous except the inflorescence and the Si^ort-pubescent nodes; the divisions of the stem leaves 3-5, orbicular to oblong-ovate, dentaterepand; corolla 6 mm. long, tube cylindrical, whitish or pinkish, with a short tube, inflorescence dense, stigma entire, fruit narrowly ovoid, purple spotted. Dry woods and along streams, Alaska southward. V. I., Bowen Is., Coast Mts., Koot- enay. Var. Scouleri (Rydb.) Piper. Leaf-segments oblong to obovate, entire or nearly so. Duncan, V. I.; Rockies. \'4 '>1 -4 I CUCURBITACEi« (Gourd Family) Vines with tendrils and monoecious or dicecious flowers; calyx-tube ad- hering to the 1-3 celled ovary; stamens 3-5, more or less united; fruit a pepo; seeds large, without albume.^. The cucumber, pumpkin, squash, and melon belong to this family. 1. ECltlNOCYSTIS Flowers monoecious, the staminate flowers in peduncled racemes, the pistillate axillary, usually solitary; stamens 3; ovary prickly, 2-celled; seeds 1-4, subglobose. {Megarrhiza). 1. E. oregana Cogn. Perennial, stems 3-6 m. long; leaves cordate, 5-7 lobed, 1-1.5 dm. broad, scabrous above, fruit 2.5-4 cm. thick, with fleshy orickles. \nA\?-^ Rancheries, V. I. E. lobata, T. % G. Leaves smaller, fruit covered w h slender pric';les. Common annual in gardens. CAMPANULACEiE 38S CAMPANULAC£i« (Bluebell Family) Herbs with n^lky iuice; calyx adherent to the 2-several-cened, many- seeded ovar>-; corolla regular, 5-lobed. blue or white; stamens 5. r^parate, Etigmas 2 or more, often 3; capsule S-celled, usually openmg by lateral pores. Stem-leaves clasping, orbicular. , c~H.„iaria Calyx-lobes lanceolate, entire; capsule openmg by lateral pores _ M. =P«"^"»- Cal^-lobes ovate, f oliaceous. toothed ; capsule opening irregularly 2. Hewrocodon. Stem-leaves not daspins. linear-lanceolate •>• l-ampanuia. 1. SPECULARIA (Venus' Looking-Glass) Annuals with blue, axillary flowers, the earliest (lowest) cleistogamous: calyx 3-5-lobed; corolla rotate; stigmas 3; capsule oblong o« elliptical, openmg by 3 small valves about the middle; seeds lenticular. 1 S. perfollata (L.) A. DC. Hairy. 2-5 dm. high; leaves broader thau long, crenate-dentate; flowers sessile. 1-3 in the a''•ls^ «"'y 'he upper with a corolla; calyx-lol ^s slightly scabrous on the margin, those of the cle.s- togamous half as lo ? as those of the normal flowers. Sandy groun-<: Gold- stream. V. I.; Boundary Bay; Colu.nbia Valley. 2. HETEROCODON Annual, pubescent, with cleistogamous and normal flbwers as '^^^P^^JI*\^^l^l corolla blue, short-campanulate. capsule obovo.d. the thin walls dehiscmg insularly; seeds oblolig. obscurely 3-ang ed. (Greek heteros, different. kodon, a bell, in allusion to tht two forms of flowers). 1 H rariflorum Nutt. Seems slender. 1-3 dm. long, spreading; leaves coar "y "mate" flowers solitary in the axils, the corol^ about equaling the large calyx-lobes. Shady places. Victoria; Columbia Valley. 3. CAMPANULA (Bluebell) Slender perennials (cars) with a campanulate blue corolla, and a 5-deft calyx; stigmas 3. the short capsule opening laterally by 3 valves. (Latm campaouta, a bell, in allusion to the shape of the corolla). 1. C. Scouleri. 2. C. uniflora. 3. C. r' undifolia Style exserted Style included. „ „ ,o™™ <»«.• Capsule opening near the summit, corolla ""row. 8-12 mm^long Capsule opening near the base.corolla broad. Ii-30 mm. long 1 C. Scouleri Hook. Glabrous, 1-2 dm. high; usually simple with a few Dale-lavender flowers on filiform, bracteolate pedicelr.; leaves ovate-lan.^e- Clate, serrate, the lower with petioles nearly as long as the blades; corol^- lobes spreading, longer than the tube. Dry woods, V. I., and Islands, Gulf of Georgia; Alaska. 2 C. uniflora L. Glabrous or nearly so. 3-15 cm. high; leaves rather few. linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate. entire or dejiticulate; calyx-tube shorter than, or equaling the lobes; flower solitary, the lobes lanceolate; capsule erect. Alpine. Rockies; Alaska. . 3. C. rutundifolia L. (Harebell. Bluebell). A slender perennial, usually tufted, 1-5 dm. high; basal leaves round or ovate, mostly toothed, usua y disapi^aring before flowering; lower stem-leaves linear or inear- "anceolate. endre, smooth, rarely scabrous-pubescent, stems typically re- trorS short-pubescent below, but also glabrous; corolla campanulate, sometimes broider than long; calyx-lobes slender, erect, o-.^PJ-^^d'-Jg- ^^P' sule nodding. Widely distributed and v.anable. ^^ar^ dubia (A. DC. Corolla funnel-form with an acutish base. Field, ^ar- petiotala (A. UU) Lower stem leaves anceolate, serrate. Field. Var. Alaskana Oray. sTem more leafy; leaves broader, the lower stem-leaves ovate, the upper lanceolate. Mts., V. I.; Tlell River, Q. C. Is. 284 LOBELIACE^ II I 4. C. Aurita Greene. Low; 2 lobes at base of calyx, and the deeply- lobed rorulla, distinguish this from No. 3. Alaska. * 5. C. laaiocarpa Cham. Distinguished from No. 2 by the 'aciniately toothed leaves, larger corolla, and laciniately toothed calyx-lobes. Q. C. Is.; Alaska. LOBELIACE/C (Lobelia Family) Herbs with acrid, milky juice, and alternate leaves; corolla irregular 6- lobed; the 5 stamens inserted with the corolla and united at least by the anthers; ovary inferior, many-seeded; style 1. (I'Obel was a Flemish botanist). LOBELIA Flowers bluish, in racemes; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 2-Iipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobcd, the tube divided to th base on one side; 2 of the anthers bearded; pod 2-celled. Aquatic. leaves terete, all basal I. L. nortmanna. Terrestrial, leaves not terete, and not all baial. L^ves linear or spatulate 2. L. Kalmii. Leaves ovate or oblong 3. L. inflata. 1. L. Dortmanni L. (Water L.) Glabrous aquatic, sometimes pro- ducing runners; leaves in a basal tuft, terete, fleshy, hollow with a lengthwise partition; flowers few, light-blue with small bracts, the corolla many times longer than the short calyx. In shallow water, Shawnigan Lake, V. I. 2. L. Kalmii L. Glabrous or nearly so, 1-5 dm. high; leaves linear, den- ticulate or entire; pedicels as long as the flower, mini tcly 2-bracted or 2- glandular above the middle; corolla light-blue, 1 cm. ong; calyx-tube top- shaped, fully half the length of the lobes; pod not inflated. Wet meadows and shores, Donald; Kootenay. 3. L. inflata L. (Indian Tobacco). Annual or biennial; stems simple or branching, leafy, 3-5 dm. high, puoescent; basal leaves obovate; stem-leaves oblong, irregularly crenate; flowers in terminal more or less leafy racemea, the purplish-blue corolla hardly exceeding the calyx; pod inflated; a very acrid plant. Not common; Popcum. !if COMPOSIT/E (Composite Family) Flowers in heads on a common receptacle surrounded by an involuc-" composed of bracts; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, their anthers united; ovary inferior; calyx represented by the pappus, which consists of scales, awns, bristles, or sometimes a mere crown, surmounting the ovary; style usually 2-cleft; fruit an achene. The outer flowers of the head are often rtrap-shaped (ligules or rays), have no stamens and sometimes no pistil; the disk flowers are tubular and usually have both stamens and pistil. VVhen the head contains 2 kinds of flowers, it is said to be heterogamous; when of one kind, monogamous. On the receptacle bracts (chaff or scales) often subtend the flowers; when these are wanting the receptacle is said to be naked. The Family falls into 2 series: — Series I. TUBULIFLOILE. Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, ligulate cnly in the marginal ray-ilowers, which when present, are eithei pistillate only or neutral (with neithei stamens nor pistil). Series II, LIGULIFLOR/E. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the heads, and all the flowers perfect; plants with milky juice. COMPOSITE ass Key to the Tribes of Series I III. I. Anthers tepaiate or nearly so Anthers united into a tube. Anthers not caudate at base. Heads discoid, flowers all perfect, never yellow "sfyl,;!br!nche7''oTl*rfect flowers flat, and prolon.H above the margin.d sHumLitic line>. into a flat ;ip|H-nd-.ge U Style branch" or perfect flo«ers not flattened; either truncate or appendaged. Involucre not sca'ious. Pappus not capillary. Receptacle chally Receptacle naked In^lT™' ^ou?. PiPPUs not capillary, heads often disj Anthers caSdate at' ba«^. s, /le-branches obtu«. not appendaged R^p°2l?.e'Sk:d"%°s^.b..e flower, mostly filiform, involucre ReceWe'bn^tly., P'^tillate flower, not filiform, involucre mostly of brisUy or hooked bracts HELIANTHE«. EUPATOkiEiB. ASTEREiB HELIANTHEiB. HEI.ENIE/E. SENEClONEiB. V. ANTHEMIDE*. III. IV. VI. VII, INULE^. CVNAREiE. Tribe I. EUPAT0R1E.E entire or dentate. 1. Eupatorium. Achenes 5-angled .2. Brickellia. Achenes 10-ribbed Tribe II. ASTERE^ I eaves mostly alternate; heads radiate, rarely rayless; receptacle naked; „;w?nTrrudate style branches flattened or with a lanceolate, hairy IJ'Xge a^ove tL Sginal stigmatic lines; pappus of bristles, some- times of awns. ... 7. Bellis. Pappus wanting or minute 3. Grlndella Pappus of scales Pappus of bristles. Heads discoid. ... 8. Erigeron. Bracts of involucre in about 1 senes .... ^^ Bigelovia. Bracts of involucre in several series Heads radiate. Rays yellow. Flowers in a solitary head. 5 Erigeron. Stem-leaves Unear-lanceolate g Aplopappui. Stem-leaves spatulate-oblong "prppus"m"'o're'or''Cdouble; heads rather large Stem-leaves linear; pappus indistinctly double . . s. t;rigeron. |"S-lelvc3oblanc^lite; pappus distincUy double . 6. Chr>»opsis. Pappus simple, heads small •^^n'vrcral'b^cts nearly ea.ual. in about a single series . . 5. Erigeron. Involucral biacts unequal, in several scries. ^^ Seriocarpus. Rays inconspicuous .4. Aster. Rays conspicuous Tribe III. HELIANTIIE.E Leaves mostly opposite, at >ast below; heads radi^^^^^ 'T"rai.SrrecT;ta"rchl^^^^ capillary, sometimes ^'tingrantheTinor^K truncate or hairy-appendaged. 286 COMPOSITiE SUmrat neerty diMinct; flowen uniieiunl. beadi diicoid {Amhroii- acta). Involucre not tubercird nor •piny; heada alike 12. Iva. involucre spiny or tubercled; headi of i kindt. Bract!i o( •Caminate involucre united. Fertile involucre with a single row of prickles or tubercles near the summit 13. AmbrosU. Fertile involucre with more than one row of prickles 14. Kranseria. Bracts of staminate involucre distinct, fruit a large, very spiny bur 15. Xanthium. Stamens united by the anther*, involucre not spiny, at least some of the flowers perfect. Head* discoid. Pappus none 10. Madia, Pappus of barbed awns 2t). Bidens. Heads radiate. Rays white or purplish. Involucre! bracts enckxlng the outer achene* . .17. Layia. Involucral bracts flat 18. Blepharipappu*. Ray" yellow. Dk flowers purple or brown. Recepu^le strongly conical 20. Rudbeckia. Receptacle flat or convex. Leaves parte-) . , , . 21. Coreopsis. Leaves not parted. Achene flat 22. IlcliantheUa. Achenes 4-angled 23. Helianthus. Dl*k-flowers yellow. Pappus of awna or scale*. Awns retrorsely barbed 26, Bidens. Awns or scales not reuorsely barbed 23. Helianthus. Pappus none. Heads large, leaves broad. Pappi's none 24, Balsamorhixa, Pappu. a toothed crown 25, Wyethia. Heads small, leaves linear-lanceolate, Achenes glabrous, recepude chafly marginally 16. Madia. Achenes pubcscerc. recepude fimbriate .19. Hemizonella, Tribe IV. HELENIE/E Much as in Helianthex, but the recepticle not chafTy (fimbriate in Gail' lardia); involucral bracts Kreen. Leaves opposite, receptade conical or subulate 28. Baeria. Leave* alternate, receptade flat or convex. Heads discoid. Involucral bract* united a*, base 29. Eriophyllum, Involucral bracts separate 30. Ch^oacti*. Heads radiate. Involucal bracts united at oase, plants woolly .... 29, Eriophyllum. Involucral bracts separate, plants not woolly. Receptacle fimbriate, disk purplish, ic%- lucral bracts erect , 27, Gaillardia. Receptade naked, disk ydlow, iovolucial bracts reflexed 31, Helenium, Tribe V. ANTHEM I DE/£ Distinguished from the last two tribes by the usually scarious involucral bracts; receptacle naked or chaffy; anthers not caudate; style-branches of the perfect flowers truncate, achenes mostly small and short; pappus none, chaffy or crown-like. Heacl ' radiate (rays usually whiteV Rays 2-5 mm, long, receptacle chaffy "3? Achillea. Rays 1 cm. or more lon«. Receptacle chaffy at least at apex 33. Anthemis, Receptacle naked. ... 34. Chrysanthemum. Heads discoid, receptacle naked. Heads small, or n^rely 1 cm. broad, in spike-like or racemose- pufiit-uUte iiifiure=cr'iC€S 33. .\rtcmisia. Heads solitary or corj'mbose, about 1 cm, oroad Receptacle conical 38, Matricaria. Receptacle flat or convex. Heads in corymbs; tall plants 37, Tanacetum. Heads solitary on slender peduncles; low plant* ... 38. Cotula. COMPOSITE as7 Tribe VI. SKNECIONEiC Leaves opposite, alternate: heads radiate or discoid, involucral bracts rarely scarious, little if at all imbricated, in 1-2 series, receptacle mostly naked; anthers not caudate; pappus capillary, style-branches truncate or appendaged, not flattened. Leaves radic-l; head* monircloui or •ul>-dioeclout .... 3" Petasitei. Steins leaty. floweri all fertile. Leaves opposite *0. Arnica. Leaves alternate. Heads radiate. .. r- , „ Receptacle conical, heads sollury 41. erociiUum. Receptacle flat, heads usually many 42. Scnecio. Heads rayless. .„ — . Shrubby 43- Tetradymia. Herbaceous. . , , Flowers creamy. 10-20 **■ Luina. Floweri yellow, many 42. Senecio. Tribe VII. INULE/€ Mostly tomentosc herbs with usually entire leaves; heads discoid, the pis- tillate flowers mostly filiform; anthers caudate (exc. in .4c/f«OfaM/o»); style- branches not appendaged, truncate; receptacle naked (exc. in Psilorarphus); pappus of capillary bristles or none. Leaves broadly deltoid, green above, white-tomentose beneath . 45. Adeuocaulon. Leaves linear to obi >ng or spatulate. .« r. i i. Leaves opposite, the ( -rtile flowers enclosef; n bracts 46. FsUocarpbus. Leaves a'ternace. the flowers not enclosed. Heads dioccii^ui; irappus of ;le flowers broadened at apex, of the fertile caniliary and united at base 47. Antennarla. Heads dioecious oi learly so, pappuj not thiclteiied nor unitei at base; the involucral bracts in very many rows . 48. Anaphaln. Heads all fertile; pappus capillary; involucral bracts In several 49. Gnapnalium. il Tribe VIII. CYNARE^, Leaves alternate, heads rayless; flowers all tubular and all perfect, the outer ray-like and neutral in Cenlaurea; involucre much imbricated; recep- tacle naked or chaffy ; antlurs caudate, long appendaged at tip; style-branches short or united, fjbtuse and unappendaged; pappus various, mostly of bristles. Involucral bracts hooked 50. Arctium. Involucral bracts not hooked. Leaves not prickly. , . . , ., Inner row of pappus of plumose, the outer of simple, bristles; Mt. plants ... Pappus none or of simple bristles; introd. plants Leaves more or less prickly. Ache.nes attached by the very base, flowers all alike. Filaments glabrous united, leaves mottled Filaments papillose-pilose, separate, leaves not mottled. Pappus of plumose bristles Pappus of simple bristles, stems winged ..... Achenes attached obiiijuelv, marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like 51. 52. Saussurea. Cenuurea. .53. Silybum. 54. Carduus. .55. Onopordum. 52. Cenuurea. Artificial Key to the Genera of Series I Shrubs. Pappus none Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre of 4-5 bracts Involucre of about 10 bracts .... Herbs. Heads radiate. Rays yel.ow. Pappus not of capillary brisltes. InvoluTe gummy or glandular-viscid. Rays long, pappus of rigid awns . Rays short, pappus of scales Involucre not gummy nor glandular-viscid. 35. Artemisia. 43. Tetradymia. 11. Bigelovia. 3. Grindelia. 16. Madia. 288 COM POL. T^ ^S^' ? m RecepUcle not chaffy nor bristly (v. HeUniea). Leaves strongly decurrent 31. Helenium. Leaves white- tomentose beneath 29. EriophyUum Leaves otherwise, low plants 28. Baeria. Receptacle chaffy or bristly (v. Heleanihta) Pappus of awns or teeth. Awns retrorsely barbed 26. Bidens. Awns or teeth not retrorsely barbed. Involucre bracts distinct, somewhat foliaceous. . 22. Helianthella. Involucre bracts more or less united at base . 21. Coreopsis. Pappus of scales. Scales several, long, awn-tipped 27. Gaillardia. Scales 2, long, not awn-tipped, often with shorter on<^3 23. Helianthus. Pappus none or a mere crown. Leaves dissected 33. Anthemis. Leaves not dissected. Receptacle conical 20. Rudbeckia. Receptacle not conical. Involucral bracts enfolding the achenes of the ray flowers, leaves narrow. Achenes laterally compressed . .16. Madia. Achenes terete or obcompresfcd .19. Hemizonella. Involucral bracts not enfolding the outer achenes; leaves ample. Pappus none 24. Balsaraorhiza. Pappus a toothed crown 25. Wyethia. Pappus of capillary bristles. Leaves opposite 40. Arnica. Leaves alternate. Involucral bracts in 2-4 series. Heads 3-7 mm. high 9. Solidago. ■ Heads 1-1.5 cm. high 6. Chrysopsis. Involucral bracts in 1 series or with a few small basal ones. Annuals. Rays conspicuous 41, Crocidlum. Rays inconspicuous 42. Senecio. Perennials. Involucral bracts broad 8. Aplopappus. Involucral bracts narrow. Pubescence harsh, rays in more than 1 series 5. Erigeron. Pubescence none or soft, the rays in 1 series . . 42. Senecio. * Rays not yellow. Pappus none or a mere crown. Leaves entire, involucral bracts herbaceous .... 7. Bellis. Leaves dissected or lobed; involucral bracts scarious (v. A ntkemidea) . Rays 2-3 ram. long 32. Achillea. Rays longer. Leaves dissected 33. Anthemis. I-eaves toothed or lobed 34. Chrysanthemum. Pappus of capillary bristles or of awns. Rays small or inconspicuous. Stems scapobe, leaves radical, ample 39. Petasites Stems leafy, leaves small 10. Seriocarpus. Rays conspicuous, 6 mm. long or more. Rays in more than 1 row, bracts of involucre in 1 row or „ sericH 5. Erigeron. Rays in 1 row. Perennial, usually tall; bracts of involucre in several series ; pappus capillary 4. Aster. Low annuals; bracts of involucre in one series, pappus not capillary. Disk-flowers many, pappus of awns . .17. Layia. Disk-flowers 0-12, pappus of bristle-like scales . 18. BlepharioaoDus Heads discoid. Pappus not of capillary bristles. Receptacle bristly of chaffy at least marginally. Marginal corollas ray-like, deeply lobed 82. Centaurea. Corollas merely toothed. Pappus none or a mere crown. Involucre tubercled or spiny. 13. Amkrar.ia. 11. Frr.n:.Tia, }•%, Xanlhivm; v lleUanthes. Involucre not tubercled nor spiny. Plants very viscid, the outer achenes enclosed In the involucral bracts 16. Madia. 111! COMPOSITE 289 S5. Onopordon. 64. CarduuR. S3. Silybum. Plants not viscid. Pistillate flowers enclosed by the inflated chaff; low woolly plants 46. Psilocarphus. Pistillate flowers not so enclosed. Bracts of involucre in 1 series, somewhat united. 12. Iva. Bracis of involucre in several series, distinct 35. Artemisia. Pappus of awns retrorsely barbed 26. Bideus. Receptacle naked. Leaves bro idly ovate-cordate, repand 45. Adenocaulon. Leaves narrower or deeply lobed or dissected. Flowers whif. heads l..i cm. high 29. Chxnactis. Flowers yellow, heads smaller. 35. Arlemtsta; 3(>. Matricaria; 37. Tanacetum; 38. Cotula; V. Anthemidea. Pappus of capillary bristles. Lea^^es prickly (v. Cynarea). Receptacle not bristly Receptacle bristly. P'ilatnents pilose Filaments glabrous Leaves not prickly. Receptacle bristly or chaffy (v Cynarea). Involucral bracts hooked 50. Arctium. Involucral bracts without hooks or prickles . . .51, Sausurea. Receptacle naked. Stem scape-like 39. Petasites, Stem leafy. Flowers purple, tall, coarse plants 1. Eupatorium. Flowers not purple. Woolly plants. Involucre of 10-12 bracts, flowers not filiform 44. Luina. Involucral bracts many, flowers often filiform (v. Inulea). Flowers of 2 kinds in the same head. Some flowers staminate and sterile . .48. Anaphalis. AH flowers fertile, either pistillate or perfect . 49. Gnaphalium. Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads. Pappus bristles enlarged toward the apex in staminate flowers 47. Antennaria. Pappus bristles all capillary 48. Anaphalis. Plants not woolly. Flowers white or flesh colored 2. Brickellia. Flowers yellow i^enectonea). Leaves opposite 40. Arnica. Leav>.'s alternate. Pubescence soft or none 42. Senecio. Pubescence harsh 5. Krigeron. Series II. LIGULIFLOR^.. Tribe IX. Pappus none Pappus of bristles much dilated at base or scaly. Flowers blue Flowers yellow Pappus of capillary bristles. Bristles plumose. Flowers pink, leaves linear Flowers yellow, sometimes purple, leaves broader. Leaves basal. Some of the aohene.^ long beaked Achenes not beaked Stems leafy Bristles smooth or barbellate. not plumose. Heads solitary on scapes; leaves basal. Pappus tawny Pappus white. Achenes muricate at apex Achenes smooth Heads seve^i!, stems u.'7. Cichorium. 58. Microseris. 9. Stephanomeria. 60. Hypochaeris. 61. Leontodon. 62. Tragopogon. 63. Apargidium. 64. Tar.^xacum. 65. Agoscrij. 6fi. Sonchus. 67. Lactuca. fS Prrnanthpi!. 69, Crepis. 70. Hieracium. ■\\m m f : li ^1 290 COMPOSIT.€: 1. EUPATORIUM (BoNESET) Tall perennials, heads in a broad corymb; involucre campai.ulate. the bracts in several rows, ovate, obtuse, not scarious; receptacle tlat, achenes 5-angled; pappus capillary. (Eupator Mithridates is said to have known its medicinal virtues). . roe 1 E. maculatum L. Stout, 0.5-1.5 m. high; leaves in whorls of 3-5, ovate to lance-oblong, firm, densely short-pubescent beneath, more or less scabrous above, sharplv, often falcately, toothed; corymbs large, somewhat flat, reddish. (E. Rydbcrgii Brit.) Wet grounds. Lower Fraser. 2 E. cannabinum L. Leaves opposite, not whorled, completely di- vided into 3 lanceolate segments. Introd. near Sullivan. Surrey. 2. BRICKELLIA (Thorougiiwort) Uerbs with white or flesh-colored flowers in corymbose heads; bracts ovatf to linear, scabrous, mostly acute, in several series; receptac e fla ; pappus capillary; achenes 8-10-ribbe.l or striate. (Coleosantkus) (Bnckell was an American botanist). 1 B. oblonfiifolia Nutt. Stem herbaceoir. from a woody base, 2 5 dm. high; leaves alternate, oblong to lanceolate, 2-3 cm. one; the ir...er bracts narrower than the lanceolate, outer ones; achenes glandular with a few scattered bristles near the summit. Gravelly Soil, U. 1. •^ B ftrandiflora Nutt. Stems G-9 dm. high; leaves deltoid-cordate, atTeast the lower opposite, 3-10 cm. long; bracts as in former; achenes not glandular, with a few bristles near the summit. Rocky banks of streams, Kootenay. ^ GRINDELIA (Gum Weed) Coarse biennials or perennials, often with a woody caudex; leaves alter- nate, often clasping; heads terminating the branches, the rays yello^. 1-3 cm. long, or waAting; involucral bracts in several series, often reflexed at the tip, mostly glutinous achenes striate or angled, glabrous pappus of 2-8 de- ciduous awns barbcllate under the microscope. (Grindel was a Russian botanist). The genus needs critical revision. Achenes toothed at summit. . . „ .. Hants lanaic or thinly tomentofe on the upper parts, the heads subtended by broad-based bracts i. u. lanaia. Plants pubescent to glabrous. Plants not strictly glabrous. ^ integrifoUa. Ktb'o^2.'5Tm^road. l l : •.■..■ 3. G. coUina. Ach.^^."notSef,^s°ummit. plant strictly glabrous l : i sl g! scuarrosa. 1 G lanata Greene. Stem stout, reddish, the involucre and at least the' upper parts of the plant lanate or tomentose; 1. ives mostly entire. he lower cauline, narrowly spatulatc to oblanceolat sessile but scarcely clasping; the upper broad at the base; heads rather sn.a.l to large subtended bv broad based bracts; involucre more or less glutinous. Allied to G tn^g- rifolia but more pubescent and with narrower leaves Rocky shores V^torm; Savary Island. A peculiar form growing on Jones Island, very lanate beneath the naked head, but without the subtending bracts rather spreading in habit and with 4-8 awns, 2 of them usually broad based and branching, may be a var. of this species. 2 G. Integrifolia DC. Stout, stem glabrate or pubescent, leaves firm, yellowish-green, more or less pubescent entire or serrate, the basal 1-3 dm. Ion" 1-4 cm, wide, the upoer cauline. broad or often dilated at base; heads an.r'rays glutinous; heads' 4-t; cm. broad, rays entire, bracts more or less spreading or recurved, achenes bidentate or usually 'oo^hed on one side and thus with an oblique summit, striate and angled; awns 2-8. Common near the Coast. A very variable species. COMPOS I T.-E 291 (a) The presumably typical form growing in salt marshes and flowering late ripe fruit at Crcscnt, Sept. 15th, 1914; glabratc, basal leaves entire in tendency, hardly if at all scabrous on margin, 1-3 dm. Ions; heads 4-6 cm. broad, bracts with long tips; achenes whitish or brown, oblong, curved, 7 mm. long; awns 2. (Includes G. macrophylla Greene). (b) Var. sestivalis. Growing on rocky shores or hillsides, Victoria, flower- ing in May, ripening fruit in July; pubescent, leaves serrate in tendency, scabrous on margin, basal leaves 1-1.5 dm. long; heads 3-1.5 cm. broad; bracts slightly broader, with shorter tips; achenes 5 mm. long, oblong-ovoid, awns 2-8. (c) Var. autumnalis. Growing with the preceding, flowering in August, glabrate or pubescent, leaves spongy, scabrous on margins, dark-green, rather more glutinous than in the above, the larger 4 cm. broad, bases broad, entire or serrate ; heads 4-5 cm. broad; rays often 5 mm. broad, bracts medium. (d) G. stricta DC. Stem strict, sub-simple, glabrous at base, sparsely pilose above, stem-leaves attenuate at base, oblong, acuminate, serrate towards apex; involucral scales erect, lir r, acuminate. Victoria; Q. Charlotte Is. 3. G. collina s. n. Stems her slender, 3-7 dm. high, pubescent through- out, arachnoid-pubescent ab' the margins of the upper leaves often short- woolly; upper leaves oblong-o^^ianceolate, with broad, but not dilated, bases, 2-3 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, mostly serrate ; basal leaves narrowly oblanceo- late, C-16 cm. long, none of them 1 cm. broad, entire or usually more or less lightly -serrate, pubescent on the margin; heads small, involucres 7-10 mm. high ; limb of the light-yellow rays entire or 3-toothed, not 1 cm. long; involucre pubescent, glutinous, the rather short tips of the outer, linear-lanceolate bracts more or less recurving or spreading; achenes 3 angled, 3-4 mm. long, slightly more than half as broad, oblong-obovate, the border toothed; awns 2-3. Dry hillside, Thetis Lake; Victoria; flowers and ripe fruit July 20th. Resembling G. nana Nutt. in general appearance. 4. G. nana Nutt. Rather slender, 2-7 dm. high; glabrous throughout, leaves narrowly oblanceolate, spinulose serrate, the teeth small, slightly spreading, heads about 2.5 cm. broad, rays entire, the limb scarcely 1 cm. long, involucral bracts with short, strongly recurving tips, achenes narrow; awns 2-3. Dry hills, V. I. (?); Spokane. Var. discoidea Gray. Heads ray less; same range. 5. G. squarrosa Duval. Entirely glabrous, about 3 dm. high; leaves rigid, serrate or laciniately-serrate, oblong, somewhat obtuse, clasping, the cauline rather small, at mid.stem less than 4 cm. long; heads medium, 3-3.8 cm. broad; achenes short, the outer thicker; involucral bracts very strongly recurving; pappus of 2 or 3 awns. Dry plains extending into B. C. from Alberta; Chilcoten River; Golden, where it is apparently introd.; a stray specimen on the E. & N. Ry., V. I. 4. ASTER Summer- or autumn-flowering perennials; heads 1-many, usually on leafy peduncles or branches, rays never yellow, in 1 series, fertile; bracts of involucre imbricated in 2-G (usually 3 or 4) series, mostly green tipped, often entirely green and passing into the leaves; receptacle flat, alveolate; achenes flattish, mostly pubescent; pappus of rougii tajjiilary bristles; stigma tips lanceolate. (Greek aster, a star). Related sijecics of this genOs are often not weil marked and grade into each other. i 292 COMPOSlTiE rii M M'' Bracts broad, chartaceous, slightly keeled, often purplish (£ucr/>/ii]{us). 1. A. Engelmannii. Bracts rather narrow, green or green-tipped, not keeled. Involucre or peiluncles glandular. Plants canescent 2. A. canescens. Plants not canescent. Outer bracts obtuse, di^'nctly shorter than the '.iiner. Bracts with spreading tips, peduncles long . . . . 3. A. conspicuus. Bracts appressed, peduncles short 4. A. radulinus. Bracts subequal, attenuate or acute. '-'.aves linear 5. A. campestris. leaves lanceolate 6. A. modestus. Involucre and peduncles not glandular. Heads less than 1 cm. broad, rays mostly white. Plants nearly glabrous 7, A. oreganus. Plants rough-pubescent. Bracts very unequal, heads nearly sessile . . 8. A. multmorus. Bracts almost equal, heads paniculate. Bracts thick with spreading tips 9. A. commiitatuj. Bracts thin, appressed 10. A. falcatus. Heads larger. Heads solitary; plants more or less canescent ilonadii). Involucres 13-10 mm. high 11. A. stenomerca. Involucres 8-10 mm. hish 12. A. alpinus. • Heads several to miny. Whole plant canescent 2. A. canescens. Only the involucie canescent-tomentose . . 13. A. Richardsonii. Plants not canescent nor with canescent involucres. Leaves ample, 2-4 cm. broad, the lowest long-petioled in Nos. 14 and 15. Lower leaves cordate or rounded at base .14. A. Lmdleyana, Lower leaves tapering to the petiole Bracts closely imbricated, white-coriaceous below, green-tipped, the outer much shorter than the inner. Plants not glabrous, upper leaves not clasping 15. A. MacCallse, Plants glabrous, upper leaves clasping .16. A. laevia. Bracts loose often with spreading tips, the outeroften foliaceous and passing into bracts, upper leaves more or less clasping in Nos. 18 and 23. Bracts Unear-lanceolate, large stem-leaves 4-6 17. A. foliaccus. Bracts broader. Stem-leaves few, plants 2-3 dm. high . .18. A. apricus. Stems leafy, plants taller. Bracts subequal 23. A. Eatoni. Bracts in several uneciual series, typically not so foliaceous 21. A, chilensis. Leaves narrow, mostly less than 1.5 cm. broad, the lower often not long-petioled. Bracts of involucre subulate to linear lanceolate (not at all or only obscurely narrowed below the middle) ; heads often few. Main stem-leaves linear none petioled. Main stem-leaves usually 1 dm. Ions or more, bracts subequal, the outer often wholly herbaceous Main stem-leaves usual'y less than 1 dm. long, bracts unequal, not wholly herbaceous . Main stem-leaves lanceolate, often petioled. Heads few in a flattish corymb Heads usually many, panided Bracts of involucre spatulate or oblanceolate (more or less narrowed at or below the middle) often foliace- ous and passing into small leaves, heads usually many. Leaves scaberulous on the upper surface. Rays le.ss than 1 cm. long Rays more than 1 cm. long Leaves smooth on the upper surface. Leaves linear, bracts slightly narrowed below tlie middle Leaves lanceolate, bracts clearly narrowed below the niidtllc. Leaves thick, the lower persistent, often more than 1 cm. broad 23. A. Eatoni. Leaves thin to firm, usually le.=s than 1 cm. broad, the lower often wanting at flowering . . 22, A. Douglasii. 19. A. lunceus. 20. A. occidentalis. 21. A. Fremontii. 22. A. Douglasii. 25. A. microlonchus. 22. A. Douglasii. 20. A. occidentalis. '^^ MMIIII COMPOSITE 298 1. A. Engelmannii Gray. Stem 2.5-9 dm. high, rather stout, puberulent to glabrous ; lea\ es thin, broadly lanceolate, sessile, entire or serrate, pubescent beneath, obscurely scaberulojs above; heads rathei few, in a corymb, on naked peduncles; bracts tomentose or pubescent on the margins, puberulent on the back, often purple-tipped, in 3 or 4 very unequal series, rays light-purple, about 15 mm. long; lower [lappus-bristles sometimes enlarged at tip. Mts., Cascades to Rockies; Colwood, Victoria. Somewhat resembling A. conspicuus, but the leaves are not scabrous and smaller. (/I macounii (ireene). 2. A. canescens Pursh. Branching from the base, 3-5 dm. high, cane- scent throughout ; leaves linear or narrowly oblanceolate, entire; bracts usually somewhat glandular, erect or often with spreading tips; heads mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, 3-4 cm. broad. Dry plains; Summerland. 3. A. conspicuus Ltndl. Tall, 6-12 dm. high ; leaves large, coarse, scabrous on both sides, serrate, ovate to obovate, often slightly narrowed below the middle to a broad, round base, sessile; bracts thick, lanceolate, well imbricated with slightly spreading tips, very unequal, glandular; heads corymbose, on nearly naked branches; rays violet; involucre campanulate. Princeton and Spc iCe's Bridge, eastward to Alberta. 4. A. radulinus Gray. Similar, leaves narrower, oblong (or the lower obovate-spatulate) tapcrin, a narrow base; peduncles short; bracts little, if at all glandular; involucie obconical; rays purple or white. D. I.; Valley of Fraser. 5. A. campestris Nutt. Stem rather slender, 2-4 dm. high; often purple; leaves broadly linear, indistinctly 3-nervcd, smooth or pubescent, minutely glandular, entire; bracts lanceolate, usually glandular; peduncles glandular; heads racemose, paniculate, rays dark-blue, about 15 mm. long. Kootenay. 6. A. modestus Lindl. Stems simple, 4-6 dm. high, rather slender, villous with a more or less ample corymbose glandular panicle; leaves lanceo- late, 1-2 cm. wide, barely clasping, pubescent below, glabrous or nearly so above, entire or with a few sharp teeth; bracts linear, acuminate, often purp- lish, somewhat spreading, subequal; rays light-purple, sometimes white, often 2 cm. long; disk flowers often purplish. Duncai., V. I., Elgin; Dewdney Trail and eastward. 7. A. oreganus Nutt. Nearly glabrous, about 6 dm. high; leaves linear- lanceolatCj entire; heads several to many paniculate, about 6 mm. high; bracts of involucre loose, the outer herbaceous, lanceolate; acuic rays about 4 mm. lung, white or purplish. Valley of Kicking Horse; Bear Creek, Sel- kirks. 8. A. multiflorus Ait. Bushy, 6-12 dm. high; stems somewhat strigose; leaves sessile, 1-2 cm. long, linear-oblong, greyish-canescent, small and crowded on the branches; heads 6-8 mm. broad, crowded, nearly sessile; the short, green tips of the bracts spreading; rays 3-4 mm. long, white. Princeton; Okanagan; the Rockies and eastward. 9. A. comtnutatus Gray. Similar, 3-6 dm. high; pubescent, stem- leaves 2-7 cm. long; heads 12-16 mm. broad, rays about 6 mm. long, inflores- cence paniculate, the heads often on long, slender, leafy branches. Range of the last. 10. A. falcatus Lindl. Distinguished from the preceding species >v the sparingly strigose leaves, in age often glabrate. MacKcnzie and Alaska southw. in Rockies to Colorado. 11. A. stenomeres Gray. Stem 1.5-3 dm. high, voody at base, densely clothed with narrowly oblong, scabrous, entire ' about 2 cm. long, acute, mucronatc-tipped; bracts erect, 1 'iceola- tiinate, in 2 ^''''es; rays violet, about 18 mm. long; pappus double. . uvelly hills; R< ' ' -s; Kootenay. ill ■ )t if M: ir r 294 COMPOSITyE 12. A. alpinus L. Atjout 1 dm. high, rough-pubescent throughout; I-avcs entire, the cauline linear-oblong, the basal mostly obtu?e and ternii- natingina short macro; heads solitary, about 3 cm. broad; bracts oblong in 2-3 series, acute, nearly 1 cm. long; rays violet; pappus double; Rockies. 13. A. Richardsonii Spreng. Slender, leafy to the bas?, branching, 1-5 dm. high, pubescent throughout except on the upper surface of the leaves; leaves oblong-oblanceolate or the lower spatulate, about 1 cm. broad, sub- entire to serrate; heads few to several in corymbs, 2-3 cm. broad, bracts often purplish, obtuse or acute; pappus tawny. Trout Lake City; Golden; northward in the Rockies. 14. A. Lindleyana T. .4 G. Stem slightly pubescent above, 3-15 dm. high; leaves glabrous or nearly so, except on margins, coarsely or finely serrate, the basal broadly lanceolate, cordate or rounded at base, abruptly contract- ing to a winged petiole; those of the inflorescence lanceolate; panicle often large, heads 2.5-3 cm. broad, involucre 6-8 mm. long, bracts subulate, glabrous or ciliolate, coriaceous except on green midrib and acute green apex, unequal, in several series; rays blue-violet, about 10 mm. long, disk-flowers usually reddish-purple, achenes glabrous. Common east of the Cascades; Arm- strong; Summerland, northward and eastward. Very closely allied are: A. Wilsonii Rydb. Peiiolcs and midribs and often stems pubescent with long, white hairs, rays 8-10 mm. long; and A. Butleri Rydb. Lower leaves lanceolate, tapering at base, achenes hispidulous-strigose; distinguished from A. MacCallae bv the numerous smaller heads with involucres 5-6 mm. high, and rays 8-10 mm. long. Both common in the Okanagan Valley; Armstrong. 15. A. MacCallae Rydb. Stems 3-6 dm. high, glabrous to the inflores- cence, the branches of which are pubescent in lines; lower leaves tapering to winged slightly ciliate petioles, blades broadly lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, (those of the inflorescence lance-linear), usually nre or less serrate, glabrous except on margins, rather thick; heads few, acemed; involucre 8-9 mm. high; rays about 15 mm. long, disk-flowers red-purplish; achenes glabrous; bracts subulrte, appressed, green at linear-lanceolate tip and on midrib. (A. pracox L'ndl. not Willd.) Hope to Alberta. Allied to A. Lindleyana. 16. A. laevis L. var. Geyeri Rather stout, 6-9 dm. high, glabrous, leaves thick, entire or serrate, the upper strongly clasping, broadest near the base, oblong-lanceolate, the lower narrowing to winged petioles; heads solitary at ends of branches or 2-3 together; rayo blue, about 12 mm. long, bracts white-coriaceous with green, slightly dilated tips, clearly in several series; achenes glabrous. Rockies eastward; Creston. 17. A. foliaceus Lindl. Stems smooth below, slightly pubescent above, 3-9 dm. high, leaves few, large, glabrous, entire or denticulate, some of the stem-leaves 2 dm. long including the long fjetiolc; inflorescence sparingly leafy, the heads mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; bracts linear-oblong, glabrous or glabrate, the outer equaling the head and often entirely green; rays purple, 12-20 mm. long. Cascades to Rockies; Armstrong. 18. A. apricus (Gray) Howell, ilathcr low, 1.5-3 dm. high, stem pubes- cent below the heads, otherwise glabrous except in lines; leaves ample, firm, entire, glabrous except on the margins, the upper oblong, mostly clasp- ing, often strongly so, the lower oblanceolate-obovate or broadly spatulate, often obtuse; heads 1-few, about 3.3 cm. broad, bracts green, broadly ob- long or oblanceolate, pubescent on the margins, the lower often leafy. Mts. Coast to Rockies; Mt. Cheam. 19. A. junceus Ait. Slender, 3-9 dm. high, heads rather few, terminating the branches; leaves linear, the principal stem-leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, entire, or the lower sparingly denticulate, smooth or the margin scabrous; inflorescence simple or little branched, heads about 2.5 cm. broad; bracts small, narrow, green-tipped, the outer usually somewhat shorter; rays purple cr white, 1 cm. long. Chilcoten River, and northward. COMPOSITE 296 20 A. ocddentaHs Nutt. Stem slender, nearly glabrous or pubescent in linos, 3-6 dm. high, often simple; leaves narrow, linear to narrowly lanceolate entire or slightly serrate along the middle, 5-9 cm. long, not pet.oled : heads few to many, often solitary at ends of branches, of medium size, rays »:15 "\"»- long, mauve or bluish; bracts linear. Kootenay. Here are also inc uded coast forms with slightly broader bracts, forms which may very likely be assignable to A. Doiiglasii with which they grow, and from which they are distinguished by their narrow leaves, simple habit, and mauve rays. Low lands. Crescent. 21 A. Fremontii Gray. Stems slendgr, 2-5 dm. high, glabrous or pubes- cent above; 'eaves thin, margins smooth or obscurely ciliate, the lower oblong to oblanceolatc. 3-7 cm. long, tapering into a margined petiole, the cauline somewhat clasping; heads few in a Hat-topped corymb, on nearly naked peduncles; bracts linear, the outer obtuse; rays 8-12 mm. long. Mt. meadows, Rockies. 22 A. Uouttlasii Lindl. Stems green or purple, rather slender, rather uniformly pubescent to nearly glabrous, 5-10 dm. high; leaves dark green, mostly very numerous, narrowly lanceolate, to lance-oblong, entire or slightly toothed along the middle, very scabrous to moderately so on or towards the margin, sometimes scabrous on the whole upper surface; thin to hrm, hardly i^tioled, the lower often withered at flowering; panicle usually large, much branched; rays blue-purple or pink; heads medium, 3-3.5 cm br^d; involucre usually campanulate. Includes much diverse material. 1 he first reference in the key is to Kamloops plants, which, except for the narrow bracts look much like A. Eatoni. The other references are to the very com- mon coast Aster with broader, sometimes foliaceous, bracts, and more leaty steins. On V. I. the leaves are sometimes scabrous on the upper surtace. 23 A. Eatoni (Gray). Howell. Branching and leafy, 5-9 dm. high; pubescence somewhat in lines above; leaves lanceolate, but not narrowly so, entire or serrate, thick, glabrous, or sometimes scabrous on the upper lace, slightly clasping above; petioles short below; involucral bracts acute, ciliate. subequal, loosclv imbricated, more or less foliaceous; heads 3-4 cm. broad, rays blue. V.I.; New We'-.i minster; Montana. 24 A. chilensis (Nees) DC. Brandling, not so closely leafy, the leaves reduced above, 5-14 dm. high; pubescence ol stem in lines; leaves thick dark-green, broadly lanceolate, the upper hardly clasping, the petiole of lower not long, entire or serrate, glabrous or scabrous on the upper surface, pubescent or glabrous beneath; involucral bracts oblong, acute or obtuse, ciliate, clearly uneciual, pale below with green tips; heads 3-4..^ cm broad ravs mauve. A. Chamiss.mis Gray. Chile; Cal.; Victoria; Crescent. A common and beautiful Aster at Crescent where, in shade, the bracts becoine foliaceous and the leaves thinner and broader. Often referred to No. 23 from which our plant may not he distinct. 25 A. microlonchus Greene. Stems rather slender about 0 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent above; leaves linear t,j lanceolate, all often under 6 mm. broad, slightly clasping at base, delicately rough on the upper surface, entire, thin, the basal withered at flowering; panicle narrow to Pyamidal. often large; heads subracemose or solitary at the ends of the branches, hard y 2 5 cm. broad, the ravs light violet, less than 1 cm long; bracts narrowly oblong-spatulate, acutish, or the outer obtuse, scaberulous. at least, mar- ginally. Victoria; Cascades; Armstrong. 5. ERIGERON (Fle.\bane) Annuals or perennials; heads 1-many, radiate or rayless; rays fertile, usually in more than 1 series, various in color, often narrow; bracts of the m- vlcre not much imbricated, usually in 1 series, usually not herbaceous; receptacle flat, punctate; achenes flattish, usually pubescent; pappus of rough 206 COMPOSITi€ if: '- V. Iff! capillafy bristles, often double, with a minute outer whorl ; stigma-tips ovate; differing from Aster chiefly in the very numerous, usually narrow rays, usu- ally in more than 1 series, and in the narrow, subequal, involucral bracts, which are little, if at all, imbricated, and never coriaceous or foliaceous. (Greek er, spring, and Reran, an old man; some spring species are hoary). Rays inronspicuous, hardly exceeding; the pappua, or wanting. Leaves dissected 7. E. compositu* var. Leaves not dissected. Heads 4 mm. wide 1. E. canadensis. Heads much wider. Bracts eglandutar. Hirsutuloiio; involucre 8-10 mm. high 2. E. elatus. Hairs bristly; involucre 6 S mm. high S. E. lonchophyllus. Bracts more or less glandular. Bracts glandular to ayiex 4. E. arrl« Bracts glandular only at base 6. E. Kindbergii. Rays conspicuous. Plants soon producing runners, or filitorm horixontal branches 0. E. liagellaris. Plann without runners. Leaves dissected . . . 7. E. compositui. Leaves entire c. merely dentate- Rays yellow. Leaves obovate 8. E. sureus. Leaves linear 9. E. fUifolius. Rays not yellow. Involucre woolly; plants strictly monoctphalous, low, alpine. Rays 1 cm. long, or more. Bracts tomentose 15. E. grandiflorua. Bracts canescently strigose 16. E. Macounii. Rays shorter. Stems scapose, achenes glabrous 17. E. lanatus. Stems with about 3 leaves, achenes pubescent . 18. E. uniflorus. Involucre not den?ely woolly, though often hirsute: stems mostly more than 2 dm. high. heati< 1 to Feveral. Stems usually solitary, or heads large (disk over 1 cm. broad V Rays broad (2.5 mm.) bracts of the involucre loose, pappus simple. Bracts of involucre tomentose or pilose, rays 20-30 . 19. E. peregrJnua. Bracts of involucre not tomentose or pilose, rays 40-70. I.eaves 12 mm. broad, or less, elongated .20. E. loratus. Leaves broader 21. E. callianthemua. Rays narrow, 1-1.5 mm. broad, bracts appressed. pap- pus often double. Annuals or biennials. Stem strigose, pappus of rays usually wanting 22. E. ramosus. Stems and leaves densely short-pubescent, pappus present 23. E. Bellidiastrum. Perennials. Leaves strongly 3-nerved beneath, pubescent . 25. E. corymboaua. Leaves not prominently nerved. Upper stem-leaves reduced, involucre eglandu- lar, leaves hirsute above. Leaves 1.5-3 cm. broad, clasping above . 24. E. philadelphicua. Leaves narrower, not clasping . . 26. E. glabellua. Upper stem-leaves not much reduced, leaves glabrous above Bracts of involucre glandular-puberulent. but not at all hirsute 27. E. macranthua. Bracts of involucre glandular and hirsute, rays 100 or more 28. E. speciosus. Stems tufted, heads small (disk 1 cm. or less in breadth). Stems simple, naked above. 7-15 cm. high .10. E. poliospermus. Stems usually branching, leafy above, taller. Stems hirsute with spreading hairs, pappus double. Rays white, 6-8 mm. long 11. E. pumilus. Rays blue. 8-12 mm. long 12. E. concirnus. Stems canescent or with short pubescence. Stem leaves filiform, pappus simple .13. E. linearis. Stem leaves linear-oblong, pappu? double 14. E. csspitosus. 1. E. canadensis L. (Horse- weed). Bristly-hairy, annual, 2-6 dm. high; stiffly erect; leaves linear, about 4 cm. long, bristly hairy, especially on the margins at the base, entire or rjearly so, the radical lobed; heads panicled; rays white, hardly exceeding the involucre. A common weed. COMPOSIT/E 207 2. E. elatus Greene. Stems several l.ri-4.5 dm. high, hirsutulous, spar- ing leafy ; except at base; ba?al leaves spatulatc to oblanceolatc, obtuse, entire, glabrous beneath, spar.^^ely sirigosc above; the rauline linear-lanceolate to linear, sessile; heads 1-5; involucre 8-10 mm. high, I'i mm. broad, the bracts short-hirsute, very unequal; rays elongated, bright pink-purple; pappus white, rather copious. (£. alpinus elata Hook). Rockies. 3. E. lonchophyllus Hook. Biennial, sparsely bristly-hairy; stems clustered, 1-3 dm. high; leaves of stem linear, 4-10 cm. long, glabrous above, hirsulely ciliatc below the middle; the basal narrowly spatulatc or oblanceolate; heads usually single, racemose with erect peduncles; involucre bracts G-3 mm. long, abruptly acute, equaling or shorter than the head; rays filiform, purplish or whitish, projecting 1-2 mm. beyond the whitish pappus. Field; Kamloops. 4. E. s^crls L. Stems usually clustered; more or less hirsute-pubescent, 1-5 dm. high, perennial or biennial; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, hirsute, especially towards the base; about 3-4 mm. broad, and 2.5-8 cm. long; the basal leaves spatulatc or oblanceolate; heads few or usually several to numerous, racemose or panicled, the branches ascending; pistillate, filiform flowers within the row of ravs; bracts of involucre attenuate, hirsute towards the base; rays purplish, equaling or a little exceetling the whitish or brownish pappus. Alaska to Col. var. Draebachlensis BIytt. Glabraie. 3-6 dm. high, basal leaves spatulatc; heads usually paniculate; involucre j;landular, but hardly hirsute. Var. debilis Gray. Low, 5-15 cm. high, perennial, basil leaves spatulatc, obtuse, sparsely hirsute-pubescent; heads few, riys a little exceed- ing the pappus. Rockies; Selkirks; Mt. Garibaldi. 4a. E. lapiluteus A. Nels. Stem usually solitary, 3-6 dm. high, leaves oblanceolate, the upper not much reduced, rays largely concealed by the pap- pur. Another segregate form A. acris; Laggan. (Miss Farr). 5. E. KindberftI Greene. Perennial 1.5 dm. high, stem pi' sc-pubes- cent, apparently Haccid; lowest leaves oblanceolate, acute, entire; the caulme narrowly linear, sessile by an abruptly dilated base; heads mostly solitary, small, the involucre barelv 6 mm. high, the bracts very unequal, glabrous and glandless except at the pilose-pubescent base; pappus rather scanty, dull white. Stump Lake. 6. E. flagellaris Gray. Appressed-pubescent, at length stoloniferous; stems slender, 1-2 dm. high, naked above; basal leaves oblong or spatulatc, entir", the upper reduced; peduncles elongated; heads solitary, 1.5-2 cm. broad; rays pink or white, very numerous; involucre hirsute; pappus double, the outer series of short bristles. Spence's Bridge; Ashcroft. 7. E. compositus Pursh. Low, 1 dm. high, with a woody base; tufted; hirsute to glabratc, densely leafy at base; leaves 1-3-ternately parted, wmg- pctioled, the lobes linear or spatulate; stems bearing solitary heads, 12-15 mm. broad; rays violet or white, 5 mm. long, not very narrow. Mt. Cheam; Princeton; Golden. Var. discoideus Gray. Rays wanting. Golden. Var. nudus (Rydb.) Almost entirely smooth, except on the involucre Rockies. Var. trifidus (Hook.) Gray. Leaves 3-cleft, the segments entire or the lateral 2-lobcd, radiate or discoid. Kootonay. Var. glabratus Macoun. Leaves viscous or glandular. Mts., Kicking Horse Lake. 8. E. aureus Greene. Canescent, less than 1 dm. high, stems solitary or several; basal leaves spatulate, entire, petioled; the caulinc narrower, sessile; heads solitary, including the rays 1.5-2 cm. broad ; involucre tomentoso; rays deep-yellow, not very narrow, obscurely 2-rankcd. Alpine, Coast Mts. to Rockies. {Aphpapput Brcindfgii Gray). 9. E. filifolius. Somewhat similar in general appearance to E. linearis; appressed-pubescent throughout, stems 1-2 dm. high, naked abjve, leaves narrowly or broadly linear, few; heads solitary or few, 1.5-2 cm. broad; involucral bracts scarious-margined with dark centre, hirsute; rays noarly 1 cm. long; pappus with shorter bristles intermixed. Ashcroft; Summerland. 398 COMPOSITiE lii Mi 311 IM!.' 10. E. poUospermus Gray. Tufted, stems many, short, leafy. f>"be9cent. leaves sp^ulate to lanceolate. 8-15 mm. long, hirsute; If '""^'" ."f.H*^ or with r filiform bract; rays 20.30. violet to almost wh.te; heads .nclud.ng the rays. 20-25 cm. broad, involucre hirsute; pappus double. North Koot- enay Pass; Mon. 11 E. pumllua T. & G. Tufted, slender, 1-2 5 dm high, leafy; pubes- cence rough, spreading: basal leaves 2-10 cm. long, 1-nerved, spaculate- "near, with i petiole as long as the blade: the cauline erect, ''"ear; mvolucres 8-10 mm broid: hirsute, rays white, 50-80, 0-8 mm. long, at length dcflexed, iheout^r fJappus of shirt bristles. Dry hills. Alberta to Wn.; perhaps in B C 12 E. concinnus Nutt. Stems tufted, slender, simple or branched, branches erect. 1.5-2.5 dm. high; pubescence bristly hirsute, long, spreading: lower leaves entire, hirsute, linear to very narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, st*m leaves linear erect; involucres 10-12 mm. broad, bristly-hirsute; rays SOISO blue, some imes White. 8-12 mm. long;, pappus double, the outer ^Tnsi^cuous, slightly scaly. Dry hills and plains. Princeton; Summerland; Cranbrook. . . , , . ^ _ 13. E. linearis (Hook; i .per. Canescent without loose hairs; f^ms tufted, slender, from a woody base; simple or branching; leaves flUform or linear. 2-5 cm. long; involucre 4 5 mm. high, -ays about 50. 5-8 ^ttiAong violet or sometimes white; pappus simple. Very common east of Cascades 14 E. csespitosus Nutt. Tufted, 2-3 dm. high; hardly canescent with short rather dense, more or less appressed pubescence ; lower leaves spatulate or obianccolate 2-5 cm. long, sf >m-leavcs narrowly oblong, ascending; stems e'mple or branc^^^^^^^ dm. high; involucre 4-5 m?- «o"B. .^^^ bracts noTacurJlinate. lan«olate-oblong; rays about 50. white, pink or violet. 40-10 mm. long; pappus double. Diy plains. Summerland. ^. ^ ^ , 15 F grandiflorus. Hook. Stem stout, about 1.5 dm. high, densely putesc cT basal leaves short-petioled. 3-5 cm. long, oblanceolate-spatulate the cauline several, narrowly lanceolate; involucre not very densely woolly; brlcttwUh Lse tips; heads large; achenes pubescent. Rock.es northward. 16 E. Macounil Greene. Stems stout, canescent. about 1.5 dm. high, usuailv several, with solitary heads; basal leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, "he petiole ablit as long as the blade or short: stem-leaves ''"ear 4 or more; heaJTvery large, the disk 2-3 cm. broad, rays 1.5-2 cm. long, about 50 2.5 mm broad, blue-purple; involucral bracts unequal with spreading tips, slightly tomentose; achenes pubescent. Crow s Nest 1 ass. 17 E. lanatus Hook. Similar, stems 0.5-1.5 dm high tufted, or soli- tary, scapiform or with a single leaf; leaves hirsute, oblanceolate or sf«tu late iT cm. long, sometimes 3-lobcd; involucre densely soft-lanate; the bracts rather close or merely the tips spreading. Rockies, northward. 18 E. uniflorus L. One dm. h^^h, or less; stems solitary or severa in a small tuft, clothed with whitish yellowish or purplish woolly hairs. eaves Wrsute he basal spatulate to oblanceolate-oblong. 1-4 cm long, stem- leaves severa . narrowly oLlong; heads usually solitary, about 1 cm. high; nvolucre dark-purple w^th dense '.anate pubescence, similar to that of the stem, or h rsute as well as lanate: the bracts erect, loose; rays whitish or purplish, not much exceeoing the involucre. Mts. above 2000 m. Coast to Rockies; 19 E oerearinus (Pursh.) Greene. Tomentose-pubcsccnt or glabrate; stems slender!! "dm. hi^h, usually solitary, from a slender .rootstock; b.-jsal lelves 5-8 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate to a petiole, the cauline anceolatn, em re! or denticulate; head usually solitary; bracts of involucre linear acuminate 10-14 mm. long not at all 7"^ or glandular^ ray^ 10- 15 mni long, purplish. Wet meadows, Alaska to VVashington. Var. Uaw sonTclreene Differs from the species in having its leaves gradually reduced COMPOSITE 2M from the middle upwarcls. and i,, havU^ '^jf ^^I^S'ilX' "°" ^'"' der involucral bracts and about 50 rays. U- unarioiiL isia. . . ^^_ „ streams in coast region. o <• i , t,;„h- nt»w>r densely SSr°'5U;'?Va"vcr."i., ai,"W:'l£ i?.S .,.» b,oad .. ba« a.d cla>pin|; head. .„.allcr Mkrt. ^_^^ ^^ „, den.aic. the lowc.t oblonj or •.P»'"'"«-J*° "^^^te Se the length 3- !:? t:^t^S^!Si 'Se■:T"r^-i(h! ta>, 30^00. ptttpiuh, aboit i mm. long: pappus simple. Kootc't's; R«t».^ ste^- il;,,7t?»^S«lSfesL-^^^^ Common. c.„ms •? =5 dm hich. with the leaves hispid- 25. E. corymbosus Nutt. Stems •*■"',„ ,'i ^,im lone stronely 3-nerved lo„ecr. Dry plains east of the C ascades Kc b^ 5 dm hgh leaves Rlabrous stem-leaves oblong to l'"^^.^-,y'='^";-';f^,^°„,^;^„'^escentrra^^^ or more, very raS\Tu;"'vi"^t^r whSb'o':^^^ Fot^Tappus doulj the outer row ^f minuteb'ristles. (E.asper Nutt). ^Jj-^ ^.^^spSly sAgUlose above. 27. E. macranthus Nutt Stem. K'^^rous or parrn^^ s^^^t^^^ the upper oblong-lanceolate bruaJc=i 3"=^ ''"^^^i;;,;^ heads solitary or base; all ciliate-marRmed .^1^'^"'°'^'^^"^^^^^^ ?oS'CX'."ri;rlt^'o!ires'r'dr^g.ai outer pappus minute. Common east of the Cascades. 300 COMPOSIT/E 11- p....„ 6. CHRYSOPSIS (OoLDEN Aster) Hairy perennials 2.. '5-3 dm. hi|fh, with solitary or corymbose rather large heads; r.i>s pistillate, yellow; involucral bracts linear, unequal; achenes hairy; pappus tlouWe, the outer of small scales or bristles, the inner capil- lary. (Greek chrysos, golden, opsis, aspect). 1. C. viUoaa Nutt. IIoar>', stems many, tufted, ascending, with plen- tiful, spreading pubescence; leaves mucronatc, oblong to oblanceolate, acute at both ends, the lower pctiolcd, the dense pubescence appresscd. Dry plains, Interior. 2. C. hUpida (Hook.) Nutt. Green, stems and leaves more sparingly hirsute, the pubescence spreading; leaves oblanceolate, very acute. Dry plains. Interior. 7. BELLIS (Daisy) Tufted perennial, acaulescent herbs; heads solitary on scapes; bracts herbaceous, dark-green, nearly equal, receptacle convex, naked: rays white or pink, the disk yellow; pappus wanting or represented by a few short bristles on the base of the corolla. (Latin bellus, pretty). 1. B. perennis L. Leaves spatulate, obovate, crenately dentate, achenes obovate, compressed. A common garden escape. 8. APLOPAPPUS Low herbs with a woody base, alternate leaves and yellow flowers; in- volucre of rather broad bracts; receptacle flat, honeycombed; pappus of many white or brown bristles, achenes glabrous or pubescent. (Greek aplous simple; the pappus is simple). \. A. Lyallli Gray. Stem I dm. high, leafy, simple, terminated by a single head; plant glandular-puberalent; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, entire; bracts foliaceous; rays conspicuous, pappus of white, rough bristles; achenes smooth or nearly so. (For A. Brandegii v. Erigeron aureus). Al- pine, Mt. Cheam to Rockies. 9. SOLIDAGO (Golden- Rod) Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, entire or serrate; heads small, withsmall rays; involucral bracts in several series; receptacle honeycombed or fringed; pappus of capillary bristles; achenes usually pubescent. (Latin solidare, to make whole, in allusion to medicinal properties). Inflorescence spicate or itJ br.inchci nit mccTniform. Inflorescence short, involucrtl bracts aciitc 1. S. corymbosa. Inflorescence 8-'.'0 cm. lonR, bracts moitly obtuse (acute in 5. lepida). Lower leaves obovate, obtuse 2. S. decunibens. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute. Stems glabrous, resinous above 3. S. glutinosa. Stems slightly pubescent, at least above, not resinous 7. S. lepida var. Inflorescence broail, with raceme-like branches. Branches of the inflorescence curving outwards and more or less secund. . . Plants Blabrou5, or nearly so, throughout 4. S. missouriensls. Plants not K'abrous throuRhout. Headi less than 3 mm. long 5. S. canadensis. Heads more than M mm. long Stems Rlabrou", heids 4 mm. long 6, S. serotina. Stems pubescent, heads ,'> mm. long 7. S. lepida var. Branches of the inflorescence erect, slightly or not at all secund . 7. S. lepida. 1. S. corymbosa Nutt. -Stems 1-3 dm. high, ascending pubescent, especially the inflorescence, glabrous bol.iw, leafy thmn^hnut; le.ives thick, entire or serrate, spatulate-obovate, the basal short, obtuse or acute, ciliaie at base; inflorescence not elongated; heads 7-9 mm. high, in 1 or more rounded clusters; rays large, 4-5 mm. long, bracts of involucre mostly acute, resinous, ciliate. (5. multiradiata scopulorum) Common in the rats. >' ly COMPOSITE Ml 9 S decumbent Creene. Stem. as-endinR. 2-4 dm. hi«h. pubescent: ravs large. (S. fc«m.7ii nana Cray). (.oUlcn. 1 S Sut no.a Nutt. Stem simple 3-9 d.v high, leafy to the pan.cle ^t s! ^^::^.U L. stem rather «'-d. leave. U>i.^arr^^ la r..^^^^ ;^„^SL loTer su'rf^ce-'st^em so^n^ewh^t pu^efcent. OUanagan and nonWard. _ „ , , .„ nr Stem strict often tall, puberulent, at I'Mst .i,)ove, dense, erect, terminal, almost overtopped b> the nt^ N„.,tka; long. Blabn,us or pubescent the bract^m^ar-.ubula^^^ iLceolate; panicle Alaska. Var. elongata (^""•>. ,,;""?,';:.,_^,ate cvlindrical to rhombic, rather definitely term.na . -^o-^l^"' ^"^ "lo ^J onga^^^^^^^^ bv numerous iransi- The common form V^ 1 Co^t -^l^; ^ubt'el^ded'^y long leaves, pyra- tions into var. laliax i trnaiu. ■. branch iig. the branches tnidal or corymbiform more or less leafv 1;3 dm- ''^ { Rvdb ) Panirle more may be referable to S. caurlna Piper. 10. SERIOCARPUS Perennial herb, .i.h aUerno.e loj, an.l Mmpl. ««-';„»:,?;*■; S^j' a.pcct or a .mall, whiM.h GoM«"'?'^-, "f '", -^'^",i»„', ,i,h „,»., tips; 'Ts tiari'Sl'"**™ «'"din>,, .5.2 .in,. l,i=h verv loa,. leave. hillsides, Victoria. is^i^^m^^^iiemm^ 302 COMPOSIT/E I "' 4 11. BIGELOVIA (Rabbit Bush) Somewhat shrubby; leaves linear, involute; hcrbase white tomentose; heads about S-dowereil, discoid, vclknv; involucre in 4 series; receptacle honey- combed ; achcnes villous; pappus capillary, white. (Bigelow was an American botanist). , , , l 1. B. graveolens Nntt. Plants 4-15 dm. hr^h, the branches erect, pubes- cent or short-tomentose, leaves revolute; corolla glabrous; bracts of involucre tonu-ntose, oblong. (l'>. var. alhicautis). Plains, U. I. 2. B. viscidiflora (Hook.) DC. Plants 5-20 dm. high; stems glabrous; leavcsllat.linear, often viscid, the margins mure or less distmctly serrulate- scabrous; branches glabrous; heads many, the bracts linear-oblong. Columbia Valley. 12. IVA Leaves undivided; heads rayless, nodding; greenish; cither solitary in the axils or in spikes, the outer flowers fertile, corolla tubular or none; the inner sterile; achenes ilattish, obovoid, glabrous; pappus none; receptacle chaffy. 1. I. axillaris Pursh. Stems nearly simple, 1-4 dm. high; leaves obovate to oblong or linear, entire, 1-3 cm. long; heads usually solitary in the axils; bracts of the involucre united. Vernon. li. AMBROSIA (Ragweed) Herbs with parted leaves, heads small, monircious, the staminate in .spikes, the pistillate 1-llowercd, clustered in the a.\ils; the sterile heads with 7-12 united bracts and aiulicrs almost separate; the pistillate involucre (fruit) reseml-'-.ng an achenc, spines in 1 series; style undivided, penicillate. (The anciei.L name). 1. A. trifida L. Stout, 1 m. or more tall, hairy; leaves thick, deeply 3- lobed, scabrous beneath, opposite; sterile involucre 3-ribbcd on one side; receptacle naked, fruit obovoid, 5-tj-ribbcd and tubercled. Inlrod., Victoria; Rcvclst okc. 2. A. artemisitefolia L. Stout, 0.3 in. or more high, hairy; leaves 1-2- pinnatifid, often alternate, thin, hoarv; receptacle chaffy, fruiting involucre not ribbed, a-med with 5-0 acute teeth. Atlantic to Pacific. 14. FRANSERIA (Sand-Bur) Leaves and heads much as in Ambrosia; pistillate involucres 1-4-flowercd, armed with spines in more than 1 series, forming a small burr in fruit; style divided. (Franseri was a Spanish botanist). 1. F. bipinnatifida Nutt. A prostrate sea-shore perennial; the stems 6-12 dm. long; leaves 3-parted, the segments 2-piiinatirid, hoary; pistillate heads ovate. Beaches along the Coast. (F. iicaiilhocarpa Brit, hrcct, spines thin, Hat, may extend into British Columbia from Albciia). 2. F. cuneifolia Nutt. Procumbent, 0-9 dm. high ; leaves cuncate-obovatc or oblong-ovate with a cuneate base; 3-5-nerved, obtusely serrate, the lower often laciniately incised. Ucluelet. l.S. XANTHIUM iC(KKLic-BuR) Coarse annuals with broad, undivided, alternate leaves; the sterile flowers above, the fertile below, much as in Ambrosia, but the sterile, invohicral bracts separate; fen lie involucre 2-llowvred, becoming a large burr clothed with long, hooked prickles. (Greek xanthos, yellow, one species furnished the Greeks with hair-dye). 1 X. candunse Mill. Stem scabrous. 3 4 dm. high; leaves deltoid- ovate, dentate; body of fruit about 2 cm. long, ellipsoidal, glandular, the 2 beaks slightly incurved or straight; prickles hooked, about 100, spiculate- glandular on the lower half. Sand-hills, Penticton. COMPOSIT.'E 303 M. ^ .d...'<..-'i. M. . below, s 16. MADIA (Tarweei)) Glandular, heavy-scented herbs; leaves entire or toothed at least some alternate; heads 1-many-llowered, radiate (rarely discoid); rays >cllow, involucral bracts in a single series, each enclosing an achene; r'-cci.tac.e chaffy; pappus none or scaly; achenes compressed laterjlly or 4 angl-a, glabrous. (Madi, the name in Chili). Pappus of scales; perennials Pappus none; annuals. Disk flowir 1, heads on filiform naked peduncles Disk floAirs several. Heads consested. pubescence of leaves ai>pressed Heads racemosely disposed pubescen. e ot leaves not appresscd. Disk aihenes with a prominent latcrnl vein ■ ■ Disk achenes v itho;it a prominent lateral vein .... 1. M. madioidcs Nutt. Tall, 3-0 dm. high; leaves opposite the lower 4-8 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire, pubescent; hcaas rnostly solitary at the ends of bracted branches; rays 8-12, often brownish. Woods, V. I. {M. Nultallii). 2. M. exigua (Smith). Greene. Slender, 1-4 dm. !i.-ih; leaves linear, hirsute, 1-3 cm. long; heads small, rays 3-8; involucral bracts strongly lunate. Open woods \'. I., Vancouver. 3 M. sativa Mol. Stem usually robust, 3-15 dm. high, glandular; leaves entire, linear to lanceolate; heads peduncled or s'^m^'l''"^* '^•"?*^'"*'-7,;-''k the ends of the branches; rays 5-12 broad, 3-toothed, 4-8 mm lo,.di.k achenes falcate, somewhat 4-angled by a strong rib. {M. co„i>..ta). Common, V. I. also in interior. 4 M. racemosa T. & G. Similar, not so stout, glandular above; leaves lanceolate, the heads racemosely disposed on short ped mcles along the branches; achenes flattish, not strongly veined. Same ran^e. 5 M. ftlomerata Hook. Malodorous, glandular only at top, 3-6 dm. high, leaves linear to lanceolate; heads small in close glomerulcs; rays usually not more than 5; achenes narrow, those of the disk 4-5-angled, the outer flat, 1 nerved on each side. \ . 1. and interior. 17. LAYIA Low Dubescent glandular annuals or biennials; leaves mostly opposite; heads aC 2 cnV. broad, rays white or yellow; involucral bracts enclosing an achene; receptacle chaffy ; pappus of 10-20 bristly or hairy awns. 1 L. (ilandulosa H. & A, Stems 1-3 dm. high with black glands above; leaves linear-lanceolate, or the lower pinnatifid; heads solitary at ends of branches; rays white. 1 cm. long. Dry ground. U.l. (.) 18. BLEPHARIPAPPUS low annuals; leaves alternate; rays white or purplish; involucral bracts in i series, about equal: receptacle convex, chaffy; achenes villous; pappus of 10-' linear, mostly lacerate-fimbriate scales. (Greek btepheron, an eye-lash). 1 B. scaber Hook. Puberulent, 1-3 dm. high; leaves linear, 1-3 cm. long, entire, revolute; rays 3-G, inroUing in the sun; anthers brown. Dry plains. Kootenay. 19. HEMIZONELLA Annual, leaves mostly opposite; heads much as in Madia, rays smalK 4-5. very short, disk flowers 1-2; invoh.cral_bracts enclosing an "^'>'^^''f • cj?^' of the receptacle forming an herbaceous 3-.)-toothca cup; ,-.■■.•.■■"•■■• s-"." -vn-it Obcomjressed (Greek hemi, half, zone, a girdle, in allusion to the achenes). 304 COMPOS I T/E I 1. H. Durandii Gray. White-hirsulc, glandular above, 3-10 cm. high, diffusely branched; leaves linear, about 1 cm. long; heads in the forks or race- mose, 2 bractcd; achenes slightly pubescent, the outer with a short, inflexed beak. Dry hills, Sproat, southern B. C. to Cal. 20. RUDBECKIA (Cone-flower) Perennial or biennial, with alternate leaves and showy heads; rays neutral; involucral bracts foliaceous, spreading; receptacle conical, chaffv; achenes 4-angled, pappus none. (Rudbecki, father and son, Swedish botanists). 1. R. hirta L. (Bi^ack-eyet) StTS.\N). Biennial, bristly hairy, leaves nearly entire; rays orange. Introd.; Cowichan Valley. 21. COREOPSIS (TiCKSEED) Glabrous biennials, with more or less lobed leaves; heads radiate, long- -eduncled; involucre in 2 series, united at base, receptacle flat, chaffy, achenes flat; pappus of 2 teeth. (Greek koris, a bag, opsis, aspect. In allusion to the achenes). 1. C. Atkinsonia Dougl. Stems 3-9 dm. high, branching; leaves op- posite, the lower bipinnately parted, the upper trifoliate; bracts scarious margined, the inner much longer; rays 1.,') cm. long, yellow with a brown bai-e^ disk-flowers brown; achenes elliptical, winged. Along streams, eastern B. C. to Oregon; Osoyoos. 22. IIELIANTHELLA Characteristics of Helianthus; but the receptacle convex, the involucre in 2 series of narrow bracts, the achenes flat, more or less winged, and the pap- pus less deciduous, (dim. o{ Helianthus). 1. H. Douglas!! T. & G. Stem hirsute; 3-9 dm. high; leaves oblon^- lanccolato, nearly or quite sessile, 3 nerved, rough-pubescent; rays 2. .5 cm. long; achenes ohovate, more or less ciliate-fringcd. Dry ground, Snence's Bridge and southw. 23. HELIANTHUS (Sunflower) Coarse annuals or perennials; leaves opposite or alternate, heads large, ra>s neutral; involucre green in several series; rays yellow, disk-flowers brown or y(>ilow, pappus of 2 awns or scales, sometimes with intermediate ones, deciduous; receptacle chaffy; achenes somewhat flattened or 4-anglcd, embraced by the chaffy scales. (Greek helios, the sun, anthos, a flower). .■\nniials; Itavi-s mostly alternatf, disk brown; receptacle flat. Disk 15 cm. hroaJ 1. H petiolaris. Disk d.rt cm. broad or more 2. II. annuus. Perennials; lower leaves usually opposite; disk yellow; receptacle convex. Leaves mostly opposite; roots not thickened 3. H. pumilus. Leaves mo.tly alternate; roots fusiform 4. H. NuttalUi. 1. II. pet!olaris Nutt. Stem simple or branched, 3-9 dm. high, more slender than the next; leaves rough, 2.5-8 cm. long, mostly entire, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Eastward. 2. II. annuus L. (Common S.) Coarser, 6-lS dm. high; leaves 3-ribbed, broadly <)\;ite, tiie lower cordate, serrate, involucral bracts ciliate. Waste ground; introd. 3. II. pumilus Null. Stems simple, 3-ii dm high, hispid, bearing 5-7 pairs of leaves and a few head<;; leaves ovate-1 mceolate entire or nearly so, 4 10 cm. long: involucre about 12 mm. high, wliilo hirsute, or hispid; bracts oblong-lanceolate. Reaching Field from the plains of the N. W. COMPOSIT.E 305 4. H. Nuttallii T. & G. Stems simple below, br :iched above, about 1 m. high, glabrous, bearing numerous bonds often ., ith lont; peduncles: leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, the lower T-IT) cm. lone;; involucre 10-15 mm. high, whitc-ciliatc on the margins, the tips often reflexed. Golden. 24. BVLSAMORHIZA (Balsam-Rootj Low perennials, with thick roots and large basal leaves; heads very large, radiate, mostly solitary on a scape-like stem with a few small leaves; in- volucre foliaceous; achenes flattened parallel to the bracts, oblong, or the inner 4-anglcd; pappus none. (Greek rhiza, a root; the root is aromatic). Leaves pinnately cleft 1- B. hirsuta. Leaves entire or dentate. Plant cancscent 2. B. saRittata. Plants green 3. B. deltoidea. 1. B. hirsuta Nutt. Rough hirsute, 2-3 dm. high; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the segments toothed or pinnatifid; the bracts of the mvolucre with ovate bases and lon:.;-attenuate tips. Dry plains. South Kootenay. 2. B. sagittata Nutt. White tomentose, 3-G dm. high; stems numerous, usually 2-leaved; basal leaves twice as long as broad; involucre tomentose less foliaceous; rays 3-4 cm. long. Dry plains. Interior. 3. B. deltoidea Nutt. Green, pubescent, 3-6 dm. high, the numerous stems with a small leaf or two; basal leaves cordate, very broadly ovate, crenate-serrate or entire, the blade becoming 1-2 dm. broad, often almost as broad as long; involucre green; rays 3 or 4 cm. long. Victoria; Idaho. 25. WYETHIA Perennial from a stout root; leaves alternate, mostly basal, large and entire; heads radiate, large; involucral bracts in 1-3 series, the outer often foliaceous; receptacle slightly convex, chaflfy; pappus a crown with short teeth. 1. VV. amplcxicaulis Nutt. Glabrous, stems stout, ? high; basal leaves ample, the stem-leaves partly clasping; rays yell cm. long. Wet places on the Boundary, Kootenay. 26. BIDENS (Bur Marigold) Leaves opposite, often divided; heads solitary or in corymbs; rays, when present, few, neutral; receptacle chaffy; involucre double, the outer folia- ceous; achenes flattened parallel with the bracts of tiie involucre; pappus of 2-4 barbed awns. (Whence the name; bi, two, dens, a tooth). Achenes 4-anKlcd. 4 awned. heads soon nodding !■ B. cernua. Achenes flat, heads erect. „ o . . Leaves petioled; barbs of awns erect on lower half ... J. B. vulgata. Leaves sessile; barbs of awns rotrorsc or a few at very base erect. , Outer involucral bracts 3-8 cm. long, awns of disk flowers 0-2 .'1. B. amplissima. .Outer involucral bracts shorter; awns of disk flowers 3-4 4. B. deutata. 1. B. cernua L. Smooth or hispldulous, 2-7 dm. high; leaves lance- olate acuminate, unequally serrate, connate at base; heads erect in flower- ing, soon nodding; outer involucre mostly longer than the head, rays, when E resent, one-half exceeding the disk; achenes 4-awncd, 4-angle(l, retrorsely arbed, tubercutate on the angles; achenes !i-6 mm. long, twice as long as the 4 awns. Throughout North America, in many forms. Variable, a coast form is — la. B. Macounii Greene. Leaves not connate but sessile by an auri- culate base; the outer involucral bracts hardly equaling the inner; rays neither numerous nor large; disk corollas with a short subglobose limb, one-third as long as the tube; achene compressed, but 4-angled, 3 times as long as the awns. New Westminster; Vancouver, in wet places. 306 COMPOSIT/E i*''T7 2. B. vulgata Greene. Tall, branching, glabrous; leaves pinnately 3-5 divided; slender-petioled, coarsely serr.ite; outer involucral bracts 10-16, unequal, sometimes exceeding the disk, coarsely ciliate-hispid; rays usually present, pale-yellow, equaling the disk; tube of disk flowers shorter than the 4-5 toothed limb; achenes flat, 1-nerved on each face, 7.5-9mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. broad, brown or olivaceous, awns 2, half the length of the achene. (The western form of B. frondosa). Kootenay. 3. B. amplissima Greene. Stem stout, obtusely angled, 9 dm. high, leaves except uppermost pinnately 3-parted, the segments incised, the floral simple, somewhat hispid-ciliate at base; bracts of outer involucre 3-8 cm. long, incised; rays 10 or more, comparaiivc'y small; disk corollas very short, surpassed by the awns, the limb longer than the tube; achenes compressed, 2-angled, some 3-angled; pappus of 1-2 awns or none; awns and olive-green achene retrorscly barbed. Somes River, V. I. 4. B. dentata (Nutt.) Wicgand. Stout, 4-1'^ dm. high, (depauperate forms low and slender, hardly showing rays, or rayless) ; leaves lanceolate, sessile (or in small forms more or less petioled) very coarsely and irregu- larly serrate, often 3-parted; rays pale or rich yellow, J^ longer than the disk; disk-flowers deep yellow, the limb equaling the tube, the 5 teeth often with an intramarginal purple line running down the limb from the sinuses, bracts unequal, some of them usually exceeding the head, ciliate at base, scabrous at apex, as are also the uppe- leaves; achenes about 1 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, the outer shorter, flat, 1 ribbed on each side, awns retrorsely barbed, a few erect spicules at base, dark-brown. 4, 2 shorter, one small or obsolete, about \^ the length of the achene. Low land, Lower Fraser; Elgin. 27. GAILLARDIA Pubescei't perennials; leaves alternate, entire to pinnately lobed; heads large, showy; disk-flowers brown or yellow, becoming brownish; bracts of involucre short-awned, broad, green, in 2-3 scries; receptacle fimbriate; achenes 5-ribbed, villous; pappus of scales. (Gaillard was a French bot- anist). 1. G. aristata Pursh. About 4 dm. high; rays 1.5 cm. long, bn.aJ. deeply 3-lobed, yellow, usually purplish at base; disk-corollas pubescu .; pappus-scales aristate. Dry places. Interior. 28. BAERIA Low, leaves opposite, sessile; heads slender-peduncled, many-flowered, rays yellow, 5-15 conspicuous, yellow; bracts of involucre separate; recep- tacle subulate to conical; disk-corollas with a slender tube equaling the campanulate limb; achenes clavate-linear; pappus a few scales, or wanting. (Baer was a Russian botanist). 1. B. inaritima Gray. Rather succulent, 1-2 dm. high; plants slightly arachnoid; leaves narrowly oblong or spatulate, entire or irregularly toothed or lobed; rays few and short or exceeding the bracts which are few, oblong- elliptical, obtuse, ciliate; heads phort-peduncled, 12-15 mm. broad, pappus of erose chaff and bristly awns; disk-flowers glandular on the tube; achenes hirsute. Barclay Sound; Triangle Is. (Dr. Newcombc). Only other known stati' n the Fallarone Is. off San Francisco. 29. ERIOPHYLLUM (Woolly Sunflower) Perennial, floccose; leaves alternate or partly opposite; heads peduncled; rays yellow or none; involucral bracts obtuse, woolly, united below; disk- flowers with a short tube; pappus a few scales. (Greek erion, wool, phyllon a leaf). 1. E. lanatum (Pursh.) Forbes. Tufted, 1.5-0 dm. high; leaves lobed or pinnately parted, the upper surface becoming green; rays 10-15 mm. long; achenes glabrous. (£. ccaspUosum Dougl.) Common, open places, Coast Region. -;km. COMPOSITiE 307 30. CH.«NACTIS Low perennials; leaves pinnately dissected; heads peduncled, rayless, solitary or cymose; receptacle flat, involucral bracts subequal, linear; pappus, of erose scales; achenes pulKscent. (Greek chainein, to yawn, aktis, a ray, in allusion to the broad rays). 1. C. Douglasii H. & A. Canescent, 1-4 dm. high; leaves alternate, bipinnate, oblong in outline; heads about 1.5 cm. long; disk-corollas whitish or flesh-colored; stamens exserted. Plains, Princeton, eastward. 31. HELENIUM (Sneezeweed) Leaves alternate, resinous, entire or dentate; heads large, peduncled; involucral bracts linear to subulate reflexed; receptacle globose; ray-and disk- flowers yellow; pappus chaffy, pointed; achenes hairy on the ribs. (Greek Helenus, son of Priam). 1. H. autumnale L. Perennial, 4-9 dm. high; leaves usually entire lanceolate, strongly decurrent; rays reflexed, 1 cm. long, pubescent above; disk-Power', pubescent. Wet ground, common; V. L; Cloverdale and eastw. 32. ACHILLEA (Yarrow) Perennials; the small corymbose heads many-flowered, the rays few, white (or rose), fertile; bracts of involucre scarious- margined, in several series; receptacle chaffy ; achenes flattened, margined ; pappus none. (Achilles is said to have discovered its virtues). Leaves pinnatifid 1. A. multiflora. Leaves bi-, or tri-pinnate. Rays 10 or more, heads 6-7 mm. high 2. A. borealis. Rays 5-10. heads 4-5 mm. high. Leaves green, with short hairs, the segments spreading, the rachis wing-margined 3. A. millefolium. Leaves somewhat hoary with longer hairs, the segments ascend- ing, the rachis not wing-margined 4. A. lanulosa. 1. A. multiflora Hook. Leaves long-lanceolate, sharply pinnatifid- serrate with serrulate teeth, becoming glabrous; corymbs dense, compressed, rays very short. Northern B. C. 2. A. borealis Bong. Rarely exceeding 4 dm., stem and leaves usually more or less lanate; leaves bipinnate, the rachis hardly wing-margined, the segments crowded, the alternate divisions minute; rays white or pink, 3-5 mm. long; involucral bracts with a conspicuous dark margin, the inner acute. Alaska to Mexico; Ucluelet. Easily distinguished by its remarkably hand- some heads, in very convex corymbs, 2-6 cm. broad. 3. A. millefolium L. Stem simple to the inflorescence, 3-12 dm. high; cobwebby or nearly smooth; stem-leaves numerous, smooth or pubescent, thin, bipinnatifid, the segments flatter, not so crowded as in the next, and more spreading; corymb white or red, generally flat-topped; rays roundish, 2-3 mm. long, bracts pale, or the upper brown-margined; achenes scarcely margined. Common. _ 4. A. lanulosa Nutt. Frequently regarded as a var. of the above; leaves silky-lanate, the segments more crowded, and shorter, ascending; bracts stramineous with greenish keels and brown margins; rays 2.5-4 mm. long; achenes elliptical, more broadly margined. Common. 33. ANTHEMIS (Chamomile) Annuals or i.'^.rennials with alternate, dissected leaves, and large, peduncled heads; rays white or yellow; involucral bracts scarious, in several series; receptacle conical, chaffy; pappus none, or a small crown; achenes glabrous, terete or ribbed. (The ancient Greek name). ■ r U 't-"\ 3 308 COMPOSIT/E 1 A. cotula L. (Mayweed). Ill-scented annual; leaves 3-pinnate, usually glabrous; rays white, neutral; receptacle without chaff near the marein; achenes roughened. Introd.; common. 2 a! arvensis L. (Field C.) Similar; not ill-scented; the ultimate divisions of the leaves broader; whole receptacle chaffy; rays white, fertile; achenes smooth on the sides. Introd., coast cities. 3 A. tinctoria L. (Yellow C.) Canescent perennial, rays yellow; leaves pinnate; heads long-peduncled; pappus a crown. Introd., not com- mon; Okanagan. 34. CHRYSANT.IEMUM Perennial, rays white, fertile; involucral bracts scarious-niargined, in 2-3 series, the outer shorter; receptacle flat or convex, naked; disk-coroUas with a flattened tube; heads solitary and iong-peduncled, or corymbose. (Greek chrysos, golden, an'hos, a flower). „. . , , ■ . ■ 1 C leucanthemum L. (Ox-Eye Daisy). Simple or forking; basal leaves spatulate-obovate. crenate dentate, tapering to a P«;t«°'e; "^^ds solitary, long-pedunclcd; involucral bracts oblong, aj^''^*'" .^V^^^^YTl the scarious margin and the fereen centre. Introd. Var. pinnatifidum L. & L. Basal leaves pinnatifid or coarsely toothed; appar^ently the co"imon orm at the coast. C. arcticum L. Similar; leaves rather fleshy, cuneate-spatulate. irregularly toothed. Occurs as far south as Observatory Inlet. 2 C. parthenlum (L.) Bernh. (Feverfew). Branchmg; leaves bipin- nately divided; heads small in corymbs. An occasional garden escape. 35. ARTEMISIA (SAOEBRrsH) Aromatic herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate; heads rayless, niany-howered; the outer flowers pistillate, and the inner perfect, or. more usually, all the flowers perfect, but not all fertile; involucral bracts in several series; recepta- cle naked or pubescent; pappus none. Shrubs, flowers all alike, perfect. . » .fidentata Leaves S-toothfd at apex 2 A trifida Leaves with 3 long, linear lobes . •.-..;,_ • . ■, ^- "' >•"""•»• H.^tareous. of ten with a shrubby base, flowers of 2 kinds, the marpnal pistillate, the inner perfect. Leaves green on both sides, glabrous or nearly so. longepeduncu- Heads 8-10 mm. broad '• ■^■,a,a Heads smaller. o a biennis Leaf divisions serrate , ^ ^- ^ Dienms. Leaves enUre, or with enure lobes. ^ ^ canadensis. Leaves dissected .• •,,;. aa Hraeuncu'oidet I.eaves entire, or the lower 3-lobed 4. A. dracuncu.oiae.. Leaves pubescent, often silky or silvery. longepeduncu- Heads 8-10 mm. broad '• '^ 4°" "^ Heads 2-5 mm. broad. Receptacle woolly or pubescent. „ , friiida Leaf-segments filiform, leaves small »• A. •"«'j'i^L , Uafsegments oblong, leaves large . . • . - 10. A. Absintmum. Receptacle naked, leaf segments linear to filiform. canadensis. Bracts of involucre green , ^ . f^rtaUa Bracts of involucre brownish 6. A. boreaiis. Leaves tomentose. at least beneath. Leaves green or glabrate on the upper surface. Leaves pinnatifid, or bipinnate. ^ ludoviciana. Leaves oblanceolate Leaves broader. « a discolor Leaf-segments narrow »• ^- °'f "'J^;' I^f-sesmenta broad ■ • •, . ■ ■ 12- A. vulgaris. Leaves entire at least above, or merely toothed. Involucre broadly campanulate. , , . y,,.,:-. Plants about 1 m. high, involucre green . . • .Jo- A. ' '*J ;• Plants 3-6 dm. high, involucre slightly fuscous. . . «; A- Lmdleyana.^ Involucre cylindrical Leaves tomentose on both surfaces. 14 A snaDhalodes. Leaves entire orthc lower merely toothed •• • ; ^i ^ fuXri^iSSa Lower leaves lobed COMPOSITiE 309 1. A. tridentata Nutt. Shrub, 0.5-3 m. high; leaves cuneate, 3-4 cm. long, silky-canescent ; heads in large, loose panicles, small, 5-8-flowered; in- volucre tomentose, the bracts ovate, obtuse. Common, dry plains of the interior. 2. A. trifida Nutt. Shrub, 2-15 dm. high; leaves 3-cleft towards the apex, or 3-parted, the lobes spatuiate-linear, or the upper entire; panicle dense, leafy; involucre 5-9-flowered, the outer bracts linear-lanceolate. Dry plains of the interior. 3. A. biennis Willd. .'\nnual or biennial, 3-9 dm. hi?h, glabrous; lower leaves 2-pinnatcly parted, the upper pinnatifid, 2.5-6 cm. long; heads 3 mm. broad, in short axillary spikes or clusters; flowers all fertile. Introd., along railways; native northw. 4. A. dracunculoides Pursh. Tall, 1 m. high glabrous or somewhat pubescent, leaves narrowly linear, entire or the lower 3-cleft; heads nodding, 2-3 mm. broad, in a large, leafy panicle; receptacle smooth, disk-flowers perfect, sterile. Okanagan. 5. A. canadensis Michx. Glabrous or silky, 3-6 dm. high; the lower leaves bipinnatc, the upper 3-7 divided, the divisions linear; heads 4-5 mm. broad, in panicles, involucre green; receptacle smooth, the central perfect, sterile. Atlantic to Pacific. 6. A. borealis Pall. Similar, usually silky, 1-3 dm. high; lower leaves 1-2 ternately or pinnately divided into linear lobes, the upper linear entire or 3-parted; heads 4 mm. broad, fewer in a narrow panicle; involucre brown- ish, (a. spithamcea). Alaska to Colorado in the mts. 7. A. longepedunculata Rud. Rather stout, 1-5 dm. high; pubescent to glabrate; leaves bipinnatifid the sogments oblong to linear or lanceolate; heaf's large, loosely racemose or racemose paniculate, nearly sessile to pedun- culate, nodding; bracts of involucre brown-margined; inner flowers fertile. (A, saxicola Rydb., A. norvegica Gray., A. layigala Standley). Arctic and subalpine, southward in the Rockies; Mt. Garibaldi. 8. A fri^ida Willd. (Pasture Wormwood). Stout, tufted, silky-canes- cent, 2-4 dm. high; simple or branching; leaves 1-2 cm. long, disscc'ed into filiform crowded segments with usually stipule-like divi.sioiis at the base of the petiole; heads nodding, 3-4 mm. broad; involucre cancsccnt, the outer bracts narrow; inner flowers fertile. Dry hills, Rockies. 9. A. discolor Dougl. (Green W.) Slender, tutted, 2-5 dm. high; leaves 3-4 cm. long, 1-2 pinnately divided into oblong segments, tomentose beneath, green or somewhat cancscent above; heads erect, pcdunclcd, in a long, narrow panicle; involucre lightly tomentose, but gfcnish, campanulate, 4 mm. broad; all the flowers fertile. Lytton, eastw. 10. A. Absinthium L. (Wormwood). Rather shrubby, 6 dm. high; silky, leaves 5-12 cm. long, ovate in outline, 2-3 pinnately parted into oblong, not at all crowded, segments; heads short-peduncled, nodding, panicled; all flowers fertile. Introd. Moodyville. 11. A. heterophylla Nutt. Stout, 1-1.5 m. high, simple; leaves broadly oblanceolate, coarsely toothed, tomentose beneath, green above, heads erect in large, naked panicles; involucre pubescent, but green, the lower bracts obtuse; all flowers fertile. Clay cliffs. Coast. {A. vulgaris Californua). 12. A. vulgaris L. (Mugwort). Tall, leaves green, glabrate above, to- mentose beneath; pinnatifid, the segments broad, entire or toothed, a pair of small, stipule-like divisions at the base of the petiole; heads small, in open paniclvis; receptacle smooth, all flowers fertile. Introd., Victoria. 13. A. ludoviciana Nutt. Stem stout, 3-5 dm. high, glabrate to tomen- tose; leaves 6-8 cm. long, tomentose beneath, more sparingly tomentose and greenish above, deeply 3-7 lobed, the lobes sharp and somewhat spreading, of the upper leaves entire; heads 3-4 mm. wide, glomerately paniculate 310 COMPOSIT/E Isll or spicate; involucre thinly tomcntose; receptacle smooth, all the flowers fertile. Widely distributed. Coast Mts.; plains of interior; eastward to Manitoba. Very variable; o: many forms the following is most marked. 14. A. ^naphalodes Nutt. Stems white, tomentose, usually much- branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually less than 1 cm. wide, entire, or the lower somewhat toothed, tomentose on both sides; involucre densely tomentose; inflorescence often interrupted. V. I. eastward; Agassiz, and interior. 16. A. Tilesii Ledeb. About 1 m. high; leaves persistently tomentose beneath, smooth above, lanceolate-oblong, entire or more or less lanciniately cleft: inflorescence panicled, the heads short-peduncled; involucre campanu- late, green, smooth or nearly so, bracts scarious-margined; receptacle glab- rous. Alaska to Oregon. 16. A. Lindleyana Bess. Slender, 3-6 dm. high; the thin flocculent to- mentum soon deciduous except on the lower surface of the leaves; leaves 2-4 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, entire or the lower occasionally with 2 or 3 small lobes, slightly silky or glabrous above, thinly tomentose beneath; heads 4-5 mm. long, spicate on the usually simple stem ; involucre campanulate, green, glabrate, pale-fuscous. Chilcoten to Oregon. 36. MATRICARIA Glabrous annuals or biennials, heads in ours rayless, bracts scarious; receptacle conical in fruit, naked; achenes wingless, ribbed; pappus a mem- branaceous crown or none; {Mater, mother, carus, dear, from medicinal virtues). 1. M. suaveolens (Pursh.) Buch. (Fine-Apple Weed). Low, leaves much dissected, their odor when bruised that of pineapple; heads short- peduncled, with several rows of bracts much shorter than the disk; achenes terete, pappus none. (M. discoidea). In:rod., common. 37. TANACETUM (Tansy) Aromatic, perennial; leaves broad, alternate, dissected; heads rayless, many-flowered in a broad, flat corymb; the marginal flowers chiefly pistillate, terete; involucre scarious; receptacle convex, naked; achenes ribbed, with a large, flat'top; pappus a short crown. 1. T. vulgare L. Glabrous, 6-9 dm. high; leaflets and wings of the rachis cut-toothed; heads numerous, hardly 1 cm. wide; pappus 5-lobed. Introd. Var. crispum DC. Leaves more cut and crisped. Introd. Moodyville. 2. T. huronense Hook. Woolly when young, 3-9 dm. hi ; heads fewer, 1-8, and larger, 12-18 mm. wide; pistillate flowers flattened; ppus toothed. Uduelet. 38. COTULA (Mud-disk) Low marsh plants; heads 1 cm. broad, solitary, discoid; with a row of marginal pistillate, broader flowers; receptacle naked; achenes raised on short pedicles from which they are deciduous; involucral bracts ovate, green. (Greek cotula, a small cup). 1. C. coronopifolia L. Decumbent or slightly fleshy, glabrous; leaves with oblong-linear lobes, or entire above; heads about 8 pm. broad, on long, slender peduncles; achenes smooth on the convex, white-papillose on the somewhat concave, surface. Tidal flats. Mud Bay; V. I. 39. PETASITES (Colt's Foot) Perennial, stemless, woolly herbs; the broad leaves (tomentose beneath) and scaly scapes from rootstocks; heads many-flowered, white or purplish, corymbose, the sub-sterile with a row of fertile ray-flowers and many tubular sterile ones; the flowers appearing in early spring before the leaves. (Greek petasos, a broad-brimmed hat, in allusion to the large leaves). COMPOSIT/E 311 Leaves orbicular, deeply 7-1 l-lobed 1. P. speclon. Leaves triangular-ovate. 5-7-lobed 2. P. frigida. Leavei oblong-hastate, sinuate-denticulate to coarsely toothed or shullowly lobed 3. P. Ciiittata. 1. P. speciosa (Xutt.) Piper. Stout, 2-6 dm. high, l)racts of stem broad or narrow; leaves reniform- rbicular, cleft beyond the middle, cordate, O.S-3 dm. broad; heads many, brn-is of involucre entire or crose-ciliate. Flowering early, along streams and damp banks, Coast; Selkirks. Var. frigida (Ma- coun). Leaves without a sinus at the base. Near perpetual snow. Rockies and Selkirks. 2. P. frigida (L.) Fries. (Alpine C.) Stem 1-3 dm. high; bracts of scape broad; leaves triangular-ovate to oblong, 5-10 cm. long, usually longer than wide, 5-7-lobed, the lobes angularly lobed, extending J.^-?^ the distance to midrib, the basal sinus open; heads few, 13 mm. long, b. nets, of involucre erose-ciliate, acute. Alpine; Nit. Cheam; Rockies; Alaska. 3. P. sagittata Gray. About 3 dm. high, bracts of stem many, usually long or narrow, sometimes foliaceous; leaves longer than wide, deltoid-oblong, hastate, very coarsely toothed to repand-dentatc, 0 8-1.5 dm. broad; heads many about 11 mm. long. E^st of Cascades; Field. 1. A. Parryl. 2. A. dlKc dea. 3. A. cordifoUa. 4. A. pumila. 16. A. mollia. 5. A. gracilis. 40. ARNICA Perennial herbs, usually with opposite leaves; heads radiate or rayless, rays fertile; bracts of involucre in 1-2 scries, subequal, herbaceous; receptacle flat, villous or fringed; achenes slender 5-10 ribbed or angled; pappus bristles rather rigid, in 1 whorl, barbillate. Heads rayless. Pappus tawny Pappus white Hteds radiate. Pappus white or sordid. Lower stem or basal leaves cordate or ovate. Achenes more or less pubescent. Stems pubescent below. Pappus white, rays large. Leaves thin, the lower mostly strongly cordate and dentate Leaves firm or thickish, the lower not cordate, mostly entire Pappus sordid to nearly brown Stems glabrous below, rays medium Achenes glabrous. Leaves more or less pubescent. Rays 15-18 mm. long deeply toothed Rays 12-mm. long slightly toothed Leaves glabrous Lower leaves oblong or lanceolate. Stem-leaves not much reduced above. Low, 1-2 dm. high. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, except on the margins Leaves glandular-hairy on both sides .... Taller. Leaves densely pubescent, mostly entire Leaves slightly pubescent, dentate .... Stems with few or reduced leaves above; the heads on long peduncles. Lower leaves gradually tapering to petiole, 5-15 mm. wide Lcavsj mostly entire Leaves mostly denticulate .... Lower leaves abruptly tapering to a petiole, 2-3 cm. wide Pappus tawny. Stem-leaves ovate Stem-leaves oblong to lanceolate. UpL^er leaves few or reduced .... Stem leafy, upper leaves little reduced. Lower leaves long-petioled .... Lower leaves sessile or short-petioled. Heads 3, involucre glandular Heads many, involucre not glandular . 6. A. latlfolia. 8. A. aprica. 7. A. laevigaa. 9. A. aurantlaca. 10. A. louiseana. n. A. foliosa. 12. A. Columbiana. 13. A. fulgens. 14. A. 15. A. alpina. 16. A. mollis. IS- A alpioa. 17. A. Chamissouls, 18. A. amplexicaulls. 19. A. Macounii. IT"*? •r^rr ■?r "TT «"»-:.-' t- 812 COMPOSIT/E 1. A. Parry! Gray. Simple, slender, 2-5 dm. high, hirsute and glandular above; leaves usually denticulate ovate-oblong, rather abruptly contracted at base into a short, margined petiole; the cauline remote, narrower; achenes glabrous or nearly so. Rockies; Mt. Garibaldi. 2. A. discoidea Benth. Soft-pubescent, 3-5 dm. high; lower cauline leaves from ovate with truncate or abruptly cuneatc base to cordate, pejioled, the upper oblong-lanceolate; pappus white, achenes pubescent; allied to A. cordifolia and A. pumila. Kast of the Cascades. 3. A. cordifolia Hook. Pubescent, 3-6 dm. high (lower in alpine forms) stem leaves usually 2 pairs, petioled, or upper sessile, the lower pair strongly cordate, all rather thin; puberulent, coarsely dentate to entire, peduncles naked or with a few small bracts; heads 3 or the long peduncles naked or with small bracts, involucre pubescent, glandular, rays 3 cm. long; the bar- bcllate pappus white, achenes 0-7 mm. long, pubescent. Common east of the Cascades. 4. A. pumila Rydb. Like a low form o[ the preceding, 1-2 dm. hi^h, but sometimes much taller, with similar large heads; leaves thick, entire or denticulate, thL- blades shorte- "sually under 4.5 cm., ovate, lightly cordate to subcdrdatc, truncate, or evi... ...pering. Crow's Nest Pass; at Armstrong flowering two weeks later than A. cordijolia, and with a longer flowering season. (E. Wilson). 5. A. gracilis Rydb. Stem slender, glabrous to the slightly glandular- pubescent inflorescence; basal leaves ovate, truncate or tapering at base, dentate, vis: (l-j;laiidular above, glabrous or with a fe"' scattered hairs; stem-leaves '. or 2 pairs, similar; heads 1-sevcral, of sma • medium size, involucre about 6 mm. high, bracts glandular, not pubcL.'c ' .. :hene glabrous on the lower half, pubescent and glandular above, or neirly glabrous; Mt. Revelstoke, Rockies. Dr. Greene considers the Rcvelstoke plant from which this description is mostly drawn, a distinct sp>ecics. 6. A. latifolia Bong. More or less pubescent, 2-5 dm. high; basal sterile leaves sometimes sub-cordate, the blades 4-7 cm. long, long-petioled; cauline 2-4 pairs, (ran ly in 3's), broad sessile, serrate, or the lowest petioled, heads usually 3 on long peduncles; bracts of involucre glandular, hairy; disk-corol- las abruptly dilated at middle; pappus white, achenes glabrous. Alaska southward, in mts. and mt. valleys. 7. A. laevigata Greene. Very similar; kaves thin, glabrous, except on margins; involucral bracts more or less ciliate; disk corollas funnel-form. A common form; Mt. Cheam. 8. A. aprica. Greene. Similar to No. 6, more or less pubescent, smaller in all parts, heads more numerous, bracts of the turbinate involucre few, thin, oblanceolate, often purple-tipped; cauline leaves sessile, teeth callous- tipped; rays few, rather deep yellow, with 3 short, broad teeth, limb of disk corollas abruptly dilated; achenes glabrous except for a few hairs and glands about the summit. Mts., Chilliwack River. {A. latifolia in part). Glacier, Rockies. 9. A. aurantiaca Greene. Forming patches, 0.5-1.5 dm. high; leaves about three pairs, the lowest oblong, obtuse, the others broadly lanceolate, acute, entire, glabrous or nearly so, except the ciliate margins; peduncle minutely glandular, sparingly villous, bracts woolly at base; rays orange, pappus white, achenes silky-villous. Subalpine. 10. A. louiseana Farr. Slender, 1-2 dm. high- leaves entire or denticu- late, glandular-hairy on both surfaces and on margins, the ba^l ellip- tical or obovate; heads 1-3, long-peduncled, nodding, rays 8-10, light yel- low, about 12 mm. long, involucre densely glandular-hairy at base, brownish; pappus white. Loose stones, Mt. Fairview; Lake Louise. iaali COMPOSITE 313 11. A. foiiosa Nutt. Stems 3-4 dm. high, leafy, leaves grayish or densely villous, mostly narrowly lanceolate, entire, or dentici-late, not much re- duced upwards, all but the upper much exceeding the short intcrnodes; petioles slender, dilitcd at base and connate, the lowest forming a sheath; heads 1-scvcral, if mote than 3, somewhat racemose; bracts of involucre obtusish; rays 1 cm. long; achenes nearly glabrous. Rockies. 12. A. Columbiana ('■reene. Similar; heads more numerous; leaves 8-12 cm. long, lanceolate, exceeding the nodes, more or less tapering to the base, and excepting the uppermost and somewhat spatulate pairs, short- p.'tiolatc; pubescence fine, the margins saiicntly dentate; bracts of involucre cuneate-oblanceolate; disk corollas slender, the elongated teeth slightly bristly; pappus dull white. Maclennan River. 13. A. fulgens Pursh. Stem densely pubescent to villous above, 2-4, dm. high, from a horizontal rootstock, leaves few and reduced above, the lower narrowly lanceolate to spatulate or oblanccolate, mostly less than 1 cm. wide, strongly 3-nerved, tapering to a long petiole, usually entire; heads usually solitary, sometimes 3, long-[jeduncied, involucre campanulate, hirsute and glandular, rays orange, tube of disk corolla hirsute, sometimes glandular, the limb more or less pubescent, pappus dull white, achcr.es glandu- lar with hirsute and soft pubescence mingled. Common, D.I. and Rockies. 14. A. . Stem with 2-3 pairs of lanceolate leaves, the upper pair distant and smaller, all more or less denticulate, the lower mostly more than 1 cm. broad, tapering gradually to the petiole; stem rather slightly pubescent, glandular above, heads 1-3, on long peduncles, turbinate-campanu- late, rays 5-7 mm. broad, 3-toothed; disk-flowers pubescent; bracts glandu- lar under the rather sparing pubescence, ciliate at apex; achenes glandu- lar under th( pubescence. Considered by Dr. Greene a new species, but his final report has not been received. Perhaps an extreme form of the preceding, known only from a single collection on Mt. Stephen. 15. A. aipina (L.) 01m. Similar in general appearance; stems from an enlarged rootstock; leaves oblong, lanceolate or the lower spatulate, 2 cm. wide or more, not 3-nervcd from base, the lower tapering somewhat abruptly to a long petiole, rays pale yellow, pappus almost brown, achenes slightly glandular and hirsute; *-*^" of disk-corolla pilose and glandular, limb naked. Cascades, Rockie be?n referred to A. pedunculata Rydb, which has the base of the stem co. .^d with red tomentum. 16. A. mollis Hook. Stems about 2-6 dm. high; glandular and crisp- fjubescent; stem leaves 3-5 pairs, the upper ovate sessile, denticulate, the owcst obovate or oblanccolate on petioles, nearly as long as the blades; heads 1-5, the rays 2 cm. long, 6 mm. wide; achenes slightly hispid nearly as long as the subpiumose. slightly brownish or sordid pappus. Mt. Cheam. A. crocina Greene. Heads not at all glandular, pappus fuscous, lower leaves short-petiolate, is apparently related to this indefinite species. Chil- liwack Mts. 17. A. Chamlssonis Less. Stem lightly or densely pubescent, to nearly smooth, 3-6 dm. high; leaves rather thin, hairy, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate, acute or obtuse, the lowest tapering into a margmed petiole, the upper broad, and somewhat clasping at base, heads 1-seveial on hairy peduncles, bracts 8-10 mm. long, acuminate, glandular-hairy; rays 2-toothed, 12-15 mm. long; achenes with a few scattered hairs. Lower slopes of Selkirks and Rockies. 18. A. amplexicaul'iS Ntitt. Glabrate to densely pubescent, about 3 dm. high; leaves in 4-7 sub-equal pairs, lanceolate (occasionally spatu- late) denticulate, sessile by a more or less clasping base, the lower taper- ing to a short petiole; involucre and peduncles glandular, sometimes with gland-tipped hairs; heads 1-5. usually 3, rays medium, entire or toothed, disk-flowers with a hairy tube about equaling the glabrous limb, teeth some- 814 COMPOSITiB times slightly bristly; pappus brown, achcnc more or less pubescent, mti. and mt. valleys; Captlano; Clanwilliam. The leaves are sometimes much longer than the intcrnodes, sometimes about equaling them, or shorter. 19. A. Macounli Greene. Taller, 6-9 dm. high, involucre not at all glandu- lar, heads many, corolla tube shorter. Grading into the preceding. Comox, Chilliwack River, Revelstoke. 41. CROCIDIUM Small annuals with yellow ray-flowers on scape-like stems; leaves al- ternate; bracts thin, hcrl-aceous, receptacle conical; pappus-bristles very deciduous, in one row; achenes fusiform, rough, 3-5 ribbed. (Greek krokis, the nap of cloth, in allusion to the woolly axils). 1. C. multlcaule Hook. Stems numerous, about 1 dm. high, plant woolly when young, becoming glabratc, but with woolly tufts in the axils of the spatulate-otx)vate few- toothed leaves. Grassy places, near Victoria. 43. SENECIO (Groundsel, Ragwort) Perennial (sometimes annual) usually with a simple stem, leaves alter- nate; flowers yellow, rayless or radiate; involucre cylindrical or campanulate, simple or with a few bractlets at base; receptacle flat, naked; pappus of soft capillary bristles. (L. senex, an old man, m allusion to the white pappus). Annuals, common weed^. rays short or none. Outer Involucral bracta black-tipped; low 1. S. vulgaris. Outer bracts wanting, or if present not black-tlDpcd; tall 2. S. sylvaticus. Perennials. Heads discoid. Heads few, usually 1-4. often subseadle 3. S. pauciflorus. Heads many, pcduncled. Basal leaves obovate *■ 3. IdahoCnsU. Basal leaves ovate 8. S. discoideut. Heads radiate. Heads 15-25 mm high. Lower (outer) bracts of Involucre long 0- S. megacephalus. Lower bracts of involucre short 7. S. pseudo-arnica. Heads 6-12 mm. high. Heads mostly solitary at ends of stem; plants low. Basal leaves round-cordate 8. S. Newcombel. Basal leaves not cordate. Stems rather leafy ; root much developed . 9. S. FremontU. Stems scapose or with much reduced leaves Leaves entire or .1-7- crenate toothed . 10. S. petrocalUs. Leaves coarsely dentate. Bracts linear, acute; rays 8-12 11. S. subnudus. Bracts lanceolate, tapering from the middle, rays 12- 15 12. S. ovin.u. Heads few to many; plants mostly tall. Plants permanently white-tomento=e 13. S. canus. Plants glabrous or becoming glabrous or glabrate. None of the leaves pinnatifid. Stem very leafy, the leaves large, not much reduced upwards 14. S. triangularis. Stem-leaves few or reduced above. Bracts of involucre dark-tipped; tall plants. Involucre 6-8 mm. long. Inflorescence rather dense 15. S. lugens. Inflorescence open 16. S. ezaltatus. Involucre 10 mm. long 17. S. atriapicuUtus. Bracts of involucre not black-tipped; or low plants. Low. less than 2 dm. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. long 18. S. Elmerl. Leaves 7-14 mm. long 10. S. petrocallis. Taller, leave:) large. Plant quite glabrous 19. S. hydrcphilus. Plants becoming glabrate. Heads few. leaves 2-3 cm. broad . . . . 20. S. integerrimus. Heads many, leaves 1 cm. broad . . . 21. S. fastigiatus. z~ ^M. *K4jyilb^tia,i< COMPOSITE, 315 22. S. rremophilus. 23. 24 S. cymbaUrioldet. S. pseudaurcut. 21. 25a. S. (aftlRiatuf. S. Bnlnmitz var. Thomsoniensia. 2.-) 26 S. Balra-nlue. S. multnomeiuli. Some of the Iravn i>innjtlfion becoming io. Headi 6-8 mm. high Heads lU-13 mm. high 1. S. vulgaris L. (Common Groundsel). Low, 1-4 dm. high, corym- bosely branching, glabrate; leaves pinnatifid, toothed, 2-8 cm. long, usually woolly in the axils, the lower involucral bracts black-tipped, about 8 mm. long; rays none; achene pubescent. A common weed. 2. S. sylvaticus L. Tall, stout, leafy, 6-8 dm. high, viscid, pubescent, leaves pinnatifid, the segments toothed, those of the middle stem 1 dm. long; inflorescence ample, corymbose, naked; rays obscure, involucre about 6 mm. long, lower involucral bracts nearly absent, achene pubescent. A rapid- ly spreading weed, Vancouver. 3. S. pauciflorus Pursh. Glabrous or floccose in the axils; stem rather stout, 1-3 dm. high; basal leaves ovate to oblong, often with a few basal lobes, crenate; stem leaves few, pinnatifid; involucre ti-lO mm. long, the bracts oblong, purple or purplish, usually with some short, basal ones; heads rayless, or rays short. Labrador; Alaska southward to \Vn. in the Rockies; Mt. Garibaldi. Hardly distinct from No. 5. 4. S. idahoensis Rydb. Stout, becoming glabrate, 4-5 dm. high, branch- ing, purplish; basal leaves obovate, serrate, lower stem leaves oblanccolate in outline, about 1 dm. long, long petioled, the upper sessile, all bluish green, pinnatcly divided into incised segments; heads numerous, about I cm. high, bracts very narrowly linear, achenes striate. Glabrous. Chilliwack River. 5. S. discoideus (Hook.) Brit. Stems 2-.S dm. high; lower leaves broadly ovate, often purplish beneath, 1.5-8 cm. long, obtuse, crenate to dentate, abruptly contracted to the petiole; stem-leaves pinnatifid; heads discoid (or rays very short), often sub-umbellate; bracts of involucre 7 mm. long, linear often purple or purple-tipped, achenes glabrous; a discoid form al- lied to 5. pseudaurens. Field; Bonnington Falls; Skeena Valley. 6. S. tne^acephalus Nutt. About 3 dm. high, loosely floccose, tardily glabrate, leafy; lower leaves entire, thickish, lanceolate, or the radical spatu- late-lanceolate, tapering to the petiole; heads 1-3, short-peduncled, 15-25 mm. high; involucre with elongated basal bracts; rays 12 mm. or more long. Mts., Kootenay. 7. S. pseudo-arnica Less. Stout, 1-10 dm. high; loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming glabrous, leafy above, often nearly naked below, leaves oblong-lanceolate to subovate, 6-15 cm. long, repand to entire: leaves large, 1.5-2 cm. high, 1-many, involucre subulate-bracted at base. Gravelly beaches, Alaska southward; West Coast, V. L 8. S. Newcombei Greene. Low, 1.5 dm. high; leaves reniform-orbicular, cordate, with about 6 coarse mucronate teeth, or lobes, the blades 1.2-2.5 cm. broad, glabrous at maturity, the long petioles more or less pubescent; stem leaves sessile, cuneate, reduced above; head solitary, 1 cm. high, involucre glabrous or lanate at very base; calyculate bracts wanting; rays 1.5 cm. long, achenes glabrous. Queen Charlotte Islands. 313 COMPOSIT.^ m: m % i 9 S. Fremontll T. & G. Stems few to many, ascendmg, slender from a woody base, and large woody root, 0.8-2 dm. high; more or less leafy, exceot on the upper third; the whole plant glabrous; except at the very base of the campanulate involucre; bracts glabrous, darker at base, leaves obo- vate irregularly toothed, 2 cm. long; involucre darker at base, mostly pur- p'e-tipped, heads usually 1, 10-14 mm. high, rays hght-yellow. Rockies; Mt. Garibaldi. 10 S. petrocalHs Greene. Glabrous, or nearly glabrate; leaves orbi- cular'-obovate to oval, or cuneate-oblong, 7-14 mm. long, entire or 3-7-crenate- toothed at the broad apex, abruptly petioled; scapes 3-10 cm. high, bearing solitary or several clusu red heads, 8-10 mm. high; rays 6-10, 5-6 mm. long (S. petraus) Alpine, Rockies. 11 S. subnudus DC. Glabrous; stems often decumbent at base, simple, 1-2 5 dm. high; from slender rootstocks, usually bearing one head; radical leaves obovate, slender-petioled, coarsely dentate; the cauline pinnatifid or bractlike; involucre turbinate, the bracts linear acute; rays 8-12; achenes glabrous, striate. (5. aureus subnudus). Wet ground. Mts., British Columbia to Wyoming (Macoun). 12 S. ovlnus Greene. Tufted, dwarf, leaves 2.5 cm. high, the scapi- form stem 5-10 cm. high; leaves thickish, suborbicular and petiolate to sub-spatulate, coarsely dentate, the petioles flocculent, ait least when young; cauline leaves, when present, clasping, pectmate; head solitary at end of stem 8 mm. long, rays showy, 12-15, brr.cts of involucre laa-eolate, tapenng from near the middle. Sheep Mt.; Alberta to Washington. 13 S. canus Hook. Stems solitary or few in a tuft; white -tomentose, 1-3 dm. high; lower leaves ovate or oval petioled entire; upper leaves sessile entire or sometimes toothed; heads few to many, rays orange, about 1 cm. long, bracts sparingly tomentose to glabrate, no small lower ones present, ach»nes glabrous at least below. Spence's Bridge eastward. Field. Var. Purehianus (Nutt.) A. Nels. Tufted; leaves narrower, spatulate to linear. Rockies, Banff. « „ . u- u 14 S. trlanftularis Hook. Glabrate, leafy to the top, 6-9 dm. high; lower stem leaves broadly triangular-lanceolate, cordate to truncate at base, 1 dm. long, sharply dentate, petiole 1.5-3 cm. long the upper a^ceob^, sessile; heads many, rarely solitary on peduncles 2-3 cm long, 10-15 mm. long rays 6-12, 10-12 mm. long. Mts. throughout; Revelstoke. 15 S. luftens Rich. Stout 1.5-6 dm. high, stem and leaves usually still pubescent at flowering, lower leaves oblong-oblanceolate to ovate, acute SentSterthe petiole nearly as long as the blade; stem leaves soon much reduced; heads in a close corymb, rays 1 cm. long, o^ »e««^ "»^o>"<=;«^ '^•Xol,"; late black-tipped, 6-8 mm. long; achenes black, pubescent or glabrous. Mts.; Alaska to Wn., Rockies; Boston Bar. 16 S. exaltatus Nutt. Similar, at length glabrous; leaves with a petiole equaling or longer than the blade, repand-denticulate obtuse or acute; stem-leaves few. reduced; heads many in an open umbel, or corymb, the middle peduncle short; rays yellow, (or in var. ochroleucus {Gray). Howell Jale) 8-10 mm. long. Spence's Bridge eastward to Rockies; Arrowhead; Crow's Nest Pass. 17 S. atriapiculatus Rydb. Similar; stem more leafy on the lower half; pubescence becoming scanty, heads longer. (5. columbtanus, Greene). Southern border, east of the Cascades. 18 S. Elmeri Piper. Tufted, 1.5 dm. high; the basal leaves short-petioled, obovate to broadly oblanceolate, rounded or Poi"t«=d, denticulate to sharply dentate, sorrx of them almost as long .is the stems, floccose becoming gla- brous; stem-leaves 2-3, not pi.nnatifid; stem terminatmg in 1-4 heads, 10-13 mm high,Tnvolucre dark anS floccose at base, t^e bracts lanceolate scanous- margined 7-12 in number, slightly or not at all black-tipped; rays light- ji mxi COMPOSITE 317 yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long; young achenes brown, apparently glabrous, but finely villous under a glass. Mt. Cheam. , . , . .. . ,, 18 S hvdroDhilus Nutt. Glabrous, 5-15 dm. high; leaves thick, often glku?ous t^Jadical oblanceolate, petioled 1.5-3 dm. long, the upper reduced lanceolate sessile, all entire to denticulate; heads numerous rays 3-6, small, sometimes wanting. In wet places, B. C. to Cal. (Howeii;. "a)"°S intefterrimuB Nutt. Stout, 3-9 dm. high, becoming glabrate; leaves usually endrTor sometimes sparingly denticulate th.ck.sh the basal aree short-betioled. heads raany in an ample panicle; involucre nearly cylfndricaTsKm: high, rays 8-12, linear-oblong, achenes nearly glabrous. Kootenay. ,„ , ,, c»„^ ■21 S faati«iatu8 Nutt. Var. Macounil (Greene) Grecnman. btem 3 5 dm high in clusters, smple; more or less floccose throughout, becoming Sabr^te lough tardily so on the under surface of the leaves; basal leaves 'narrowlVoblS-oblanc'eolate, 1-1.2 dm, long, -^ire to repand or denticu- late; stem leaves small, linear and entire or pmnat fid; heads 1 cm. high, n small, rather compact to large loose, cymose ^"''brnwr aneled" D^ involucral bracts about 12; achenes glabrous, hght-brown, angled, ury hills, V. I. , o /» J w.^u. 22 S. eremophilus Rich. Branching, lea y to the top. 3-6 dm. Ingh, fflahrate- leaves laree. thin, irregularly pinnatifid; heads many in an ample fnflS^nce 8-10 mm high; involucre "^freelv bractate at base, the proper bractrbrown or purple-tipped; rays 7-9, 4-6 mm. long; achenes hispid or glabrous. Dry interior to Sask. 23 S. cymbalarioides Nutt. Stems and leaves glabrous or "early so, 2-3 dm hSh lower leaves thiclc. obovate, tapering to narrow petioles, longer than The blade crenate-serrate kbove the middle to few toothed and entire^ stem lefves small more or less pinnatifid; heads several to many in a close corym^^racTs oMnvolucre rather broad, often peniciUate, obtuse ray^ 'sCmCmcs orange: achenes angled glabrous. (5 aureus boreah^l;^A^'^ Ti^ji Iro^eL^; ^^ra^MatLSngSdlrom tl^^ ^fi^TJf.- heads close and few to many. Crow's Nest Pass; Cariboo Road. 24 S oseudaureus Rydb. Glabrous except the tips of the bracts and th^i«s;s*^f the Slesf 5-8 dm. high, from a creeping rootstock;basa leaves o-ate-oblong. subcordate, truncate, or tapering at base, serrate- Senate, the blades^ 2-5 cm. long, long petioled; stem- eaves more or less D^nnatifid bracts 6-8 mm. long; heads about 8-11 mm. high, in a Aaftopped cTrJmb^ bracu gr^en or purpll-tipped, 5-6 mm long; rays orange, about 8-9 £-tJL^^= tXvlltTuh/limi:^^^^^^^ Sngspatulate tapering to a winged petiole. (S. aunus obovatus T.&G.) Chilcoten. 25 S Balsamitse Muhl. Yellowish-green; 4-6 dm. high; becoming dabrous or remS floccose in the axils; basal leave, obovate to oblong fanceoLte the blades^renate or serrate. 2-6 cm. long., usually tapering to a onet? pet ole: lower stem-leaves pinnatifid-lyrate. petioled, upper P nnatifid. SL^nfloresJence cymose-corymbo^; rays (sometimes wanting) 8 mm^ A «?her morTlender plant, often with more reduced stem leaves; more floccose, Urdily glabrate. Thompson River; Penticton. 318 COMPOSITiC Pill 1^; 26. S. multnomenste Greenm. Similar, stem more or less flexuous, 3-7 dm. high, floccose at base and in leaf axils or glabrous, stem-leaves much as in S. Bahamitce, the lobes more remote, heads larger, 10-13 mm. high, involucre campanulate, glabrous or floccose, tip penicillate; rays 8-9 mm. long. Armstrong; Banff. 43. TETRADYMIA Low shrubs with alternate or fascicled narrow leaves, and yellow, dis- coid, cymose heads, receptacle flat; involucral bracts 4-6; achenes terete; pappus copious, white, capillary; style-branches minutely penicillate. (Greek, tetradymos, fourfold; some species have four flowers). 1. T. canescens DC. Hoary, 3-6 dm. high; leaves linear to spatulate- lanceolate, about 1.5 cm. long; longer and broader below the inflorescence; heads 18 mm. high, mostly short-peduncled; achenes short, villous. Re- sembling Bigelovia with which it occurs. Kamloops; Okanagan. 44. LUINA Leaves alternate, entire, heads rayless, creamy; involu e a single series of dry bracts; pappus of white bristles; achenes pubescent, striate; receptacle flat. (An anagram of Inula). 1. L. hypoleuca Benth. In clumps 3-6 dm. high; stems and under sur- face of leaves white-tomentose, leaves oval, sessile, green above, flowers 10-20, in corymbose heads. A beautiful mt. plant. Cascades; Coast Range; and V. I. 45. ADENOCAULON Stem not tomentose, glandular above, leaves broadly deltoid, green above, white-tomentose beneath ; heads small, in a large, very open panicle; involucral bracts few, green; corolla white; the fertile flowers marginal, the central flowers perfect, but sterile; style not lobed; cchenes large, glandular at apex. (Greek aden, a gland, kaulos, a stem). 1. A. bicolor Hook. (Silver-Green). Stems 3-9 dm. high, lea\'es mostly near the base; the few mature achenes clavate, glandular at apex, extending radially. Open woods; common. 46. PSILOCARPHUS Low, woolly annuals with mostly opposite leaves; heads with few small involucral bracts, many pistillate flowers each enclosed in an inflated hairy bract, and a few central, peifect, but sterile flowers in the centre; pappus none; the terminal heads subtended by a whorl of leafy bracts. (Greek psilos, naked, karphos, a small dry body, in allusion to the naked achene). 1. P. elatior Gray. Erect, 1-1.5 dm. high, slender, the stem sparingly woolly; leaves oblong-spatulate 1-2 cm. long; achene smooth, cylindrical. Damp ground, with Gnaphalium palustre, Sidney, V. I. 47. ANTENNARIA (Everlasting) Perennial, woolly white herbs with dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, whit- ish flowers, which are all tubular and small; the inflorescence dry and scarious, white, brownish or rose, the most striking part of the head; the pistillate corolla very slender, style 2-clef t ; the staminate with a tubular corolla, style with undivided apex, and the pappus usually dilated at the apex; pappus, a single series of capillary bristles, in the fertile flowers slender and united at base; the staminate plants are smallt., often not so abundant as the pistil- late or even wanting. (The white sterile pappus suggests the antennx of ceftain insects). Bur- mSSBF !WIW COMPOSIT^E 319 Heads loUtary. hardly q^fed above the tufted foliage; pappus of the staminate bend not Enlarged at tip 1. A. dimorpba. Heads several, pappus of the staminate beads more or less dilated at tip. Plants producing leafy stolons, and thus more or less matted. Leaves at length green and glabrous above. Bracts pinkish 3. A. erigeroides. Bracts not pinliish. Heads few in a dense cluster. Lower leaves less than 2 cm. long. Bracts brown-tipped 4. A. Macounii. Bracts green-tipped 5. A. chlorantha. Lower leaves usually more than 2.5 cm. long, bracts white-tipped 2. A. Howellii. Heads several to many in an open inflorescence. Stem sparsely leafy, inflorescence glandular. . . A. A. racemosa. Stem leafy, inflorescence not glandular ... 7. A. eximia. Leaves white-tomentose on both sides. Pappus of staminate heads enlarged about the middle, not at all davate at the tip 10. A. pulvinata. Pappus of staminate beads enlarged at the tip. Bracts blaclcish-green at tip, the inner acute on pistillate heads 8. A. media. Bracts brown at tip, the inner obtuse 0. A. umbrinella. Bracts whitish at tip 11. A. parvifolia. Bracts pinic 12. A. rosea. Plants not producing stolons and thus not matted. Heads 4-5 mm. high. Loves oblanceolate or spatulate; the inner bracts of pistillate heads acutish 13. A. oblanceolata. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate; inner bracts of the pistillate heads obtuse 14. A. luzuloides. Heads 6-10 mm. high. Basal leaves 6 cm. long or less, not nerved; plants alpine . . 15. A. lanata. Basal leavesldm. long or more, nerved ; plants not distinctively alpine. Bracts with a large dark spot, those of the pistillate heads acute 16. A. pulcherrima. Bracts with a small brown spot or none, those of the pistillate beads obtuse 17. A. anaphalloides. 1. A. dlmorpha T. & G. Tufted, 2-5 cm. high, leaves narrowly oblanceo- late and acute to spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, tomentose on both sides; heads solitary; outer bracts of the staminate ovate, obtuse, the inner acute; of the Bistiliate lanceolate acuminate; pappus not dilated in the staminate flowers, •ry plains, Lytton eastward. 2. A. Howellii Greene. Stems slender, 1.5-4 dm. high, leafy, with reduced erect linear-oblong leaves, producing of sets very freely ; basal leaves spatulate- obovate, obtuse narrowed to a short petiole, soon becoming glabrous above; inflorescence capitate, heads 6 mm. long, bracts tomentose at base, with white, obtuse acute tips. Dry plains, V. I. and Coast to Kootenay; Bowen Is. 3. A. erigeroides Greene. Slender, but rather rigid and wiry, the flower- ing stems 2-3 dm. high ; stolons with small foliage narrowly spatulate-oblancco- late, compactly silky-lanate on both faces, tne upper glabrate only on age; stem-leaves narrowly linear-falcate, sharply acuminate, all but the upper cur\'ing away from the stem; heads distinctly racemose,^ a few at the very summit only more crowded and subcymose; lower pedicels filiform,^ 12-25 cm. long, subercct; scarious tips of the involucral bracts all obtuse, pinkish; staminate plant not known. Skagit Valley. 4. A. Macounii Greene. Low and slender, stolons 4 cm. long; the obovate- spatulate thinnish leaves white-tomentose when growing and equally so_ on both faces, but the second year green and glabrate; stems 6-8 cm. high, wit'i a few narrow acuminate leaves; heads 2-5 subsessile; bracts few, woolly at base, their naked tips brownish, oblong-linear, obtuse or acutish. Revel- stoke. Somewhat similar speciments from Mt. Cheam are doubtfully referred to A. tomentiUa E. Nels. About 1 dm. high, bracts more or leas erase, with a dark spot in the centre, brownish-green tipped. ''I 1u AM 320 COMPOSITiE 5. A. chlorantha Greene. Loosely tufted, about 1 dm. high, the short stolons not densfily leafy; basal leaves cuneate-obovate to obovate-spatu- late, acutish and mucronulate, green above in the second year, glabrate below the largest abcu 2-5 cm. long; the subsessile heads about 5; bracts of the involucre of the pistillate heads with long, deep-green scarious . ps elongated and mostly acute, the innermost acuminate. Chilliwack Mts.; Mt. Benson and Strathcona Park, V. I. 6 A. racemosa Hook. Stem slender, pubescent, 1-4 dm. high, its 4-6 leaves oblong-lanceolate; stolons not densely leafy; the lower leaves elliptical or obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, mucrorate, minutely whitish- puncticulate, glabrous above, loosely tomentose beneath, becoming glabrate the second year, 2-5 cm. long; heads 8 mm. long, more or less racemose, mostly on long peduncles; the bracts of pistillate head greenish, tinged with brown, or sometimes with pink, arachnoid, the lower obtuse, the upper acute. Plains and di v woods, Lyttoij, eastward. 7 A. ezimla Grf ?. Stems stoutish, 3 dm. high, more or less; basal stolons short, densely leafy, their leaves about 2.5 cm long, narrowly obo- vate-cuneiform, otherwise much as in i4. racemosa; stem-leaves many, approxi- mate; heads many and large, forming an ample compound corymb, 4-5 cm. broad; outer bracts of involucre arachnoid-woolly, greenish with short, scanous obtuse tips or none; the inner acute or acuminate; male plant unknown. Dry wocds, Skagit Valley; Mt. Benson, V. I. 8 A. media Greene. Tufted, £ '■) cm. high, stolons 1-3 cm. long; basal leaves obovate or spatulate, 8-20 ex long, densely tomentose; stem-leaves several, narrow; pistillate heads den;c'y clustered 5-6 mm. high, their inner bracts lanceolate; staminate heads looser, their bracts obtuse. Mts., Cheam to Rockies. A. acuta Rydb. is very similar; basal leaves narrower (3-4 mm. broad), greenish white, glabrate in age. Lake O'Hara, Rockies. 9. A. umbriaella Rydb. Similar, 8-20 cm. high, stolons 1-4 cm. long, often erect; bracts of both kinds of heads oblong or oval and obtuse; brown or lighter at the tips. {A. mucronata E. Nels.) Common, Spence s Bridge eastward. 10. A. puivlnata Greene. Differs in the darker brown bracts and in the pappus of the staminate-head enlarged at the middle, not at the tip. Kick- ing Horse Lake, Rockies. 11 A. parvifolia Nutt. Slender, densely maUed, 1-3.5 dm. high, stolons short, spreading, leaves spatr'ite-oblanceolate, to obovate, 1-2 cm. long, often acutish, sometimes show ng green on the upper surface through the pubescence; heads 6-8 mm. high, in a dense cluster, or rather loose, bracts of pistillate heads mostly narrow at tip, obtuse or acute, sometimes with a brown spot in the middle; the staminate oblong obtuse, all dull- white or yellowish. {A. aprica Greene). Common, D. L 12 A. rosea Greene. Slender, 2-4 dm. high, stolons ascending or erect, foliage slightly viscid, lower leaves spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 2 cm. long, stem-leaves longer, heads in compact clusters, tips of the involucral bracts obovate obtuse: staminate plant unknown. Very common in D. 1. and on mts. 13 A. oblanceolata Rydb. Slender, simple, 1-2.5 dm. high, lower leaves oblanceolate-spatulate, 3-nerved, tomentose, 5-10 cm. long, heads 4-5 mm. high, in a small corymb, bracts scarious to base, tomentose at very base, brownish or greenish, only the inner with white tips, obtuse in the staminate, acute in the pistillate heads: pappus much dilated. Dry plains, Kootenay; Rockies. 14 A. luiuloides T. & G. Slender, 2-3 dm. high, leaves very narrowly lanceolate to linear; heads 4-5 mm. long, involucre glabrous nearly or quite to the base; achenes glandular, pappus almost petaloid. D. I.; Spence s Bridge; Columbia Valley. P COMPOSIT/E 321 15. A. lanata Greene. Densely white-woolly, 0.5-1.5 dm. high; the lower leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, the upper, linear-oblong with small scarious tips; inflorescence close; involucral bracts woolly, on lower half, the inner with white, the outer with green or yellowish lips, the stamin- ate bracts much broader than the pistillate; achenes glabrous; [lappus of staminate flowers moderately dilated. Alpine; Cascades; Rockies. 16. A. pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene. Simple 1.5-4 dm. high ; lower leaves oblanceolate, about 10 cm. long, 3-nerved, tomentose; heads 6-8 mm. long in a dense or open cluster; bracts brownish, oi whitish, in 6-7 series, the inner ones of the pistillate heads narrow, acute. Rockies; Field; Roger's Pass. 17. A. anaphaloides Rydb. Similar; basal leaves more than 1 dm- long, strongly 3-5-nerved, lightly tomentose; bracts sometimes slightjy pinkish, usually white and papery above the middle, in 3-5 rows, obtuse in both the staminate and the pistillate heads. Common, D. I.; Summerland. 48. ANAPHALIS (Pearly Everlasting) Much as in Antennaria, but the pappus of the sterile flowers is not thick- ened at the summit, and that of the fertile Powers not at all united at the base; heads small in a corymbose cluster; styie not lobed. 1. A. mar^aritacea Beuth. Stem white-silky, 3-9 dm. high; leaves alternate, tomentose beneath, green above, lanceolate, 3-nerved. Common, Alaska to Cal. Var. subalpina Gray. Leaves more lanose, heads fewer in a more contracted corymb. Rockies. 49. GNAPHALIUM (Cudweed) Woolly herbs with alternate leaves, heads all alike, the outer pistillate slender, the central perfect; involucre bracts dry, scarious; pappus a single row of rough bristles. (Greek knaphalon, a lock of wool). G. Macounii. G. decurreni. Pappui united at base, leaves becoming green on the upper lide 1. G. purpureum. Pappus distinct. Leaves green and glandular above. Stems densely white-wooUy-pubescent above .... 3. Stems not densely white-wooUy-pubescent above .... 2. Leaves tomentose not glandular. Involucral bracts brown or brown-tipped with white, plants low. Branches spreading 4. Branches erect 5. Involucral bracts white or yellowish ; plants taller. Inflorescence open 6. Infloresrence dense, or heads in dense clusters ... 7. G. uliginosum. G. palustre. G. microcephalum. G. chilense. 1. G. purpureum L. Rather stout, erect, 1.5-4 dm. high; leaves broadly spatulate, 2-8 cm. long, becoming green above; inflorescence spicate; pappus united at base, and deciduous together from the hispid achene. Common. 2. G. decurrens Ives. Stout, 5-8 dm. high, annual or biennial, very leafy, corymbosely branched at the top and bearing cymulosely disposed clusters of rather broad heads; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent above; bracts yellowish- white, acutish; the inner linear-lanceolate, achene glabrous. Kootenay. 3. G. Macounii Greene. Rigidly erect, about 6 dm. high, rather loosely leafy and clothed with a somewhat hirsute and viscid-glandular pubescence; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 8 cm. long, the upper decurrent, all white-wooly beneath, light green and merely glandular-pubescent above branches of the sub-pyradmidal close panicle and the mam stem for some distance below it dcnsc'j white-woolly, invohiercs of midi^Ie 8i7.e, their pearly bracts all ovate, acute. Revelstoke; Chilliwack Valley. 4. G. uligfnosum L. Diffusely branched, 0.5-2.5 dm. high, appressed woolly; leaves narrowly spatulate or linear; heads very small, in dense, terminal, leafy-bracted clusters. Common, Roadsides. 322 COMPOSITiE 5. G. palustre Nutt. Ix)w, 0.5-2 dm. high loosely woolly. bra«»<*»ng from the base, the branches ascending or erect. >eay",7^™*''y "Pf^"^!!,?; oblong; 1-2 cm. long; heads very smallm dense, term ma . '^afy-bracted woolly clusters, bracts linear, brown with white tips, achenes glabrous. Low ground. V. I.; Kootenay. 6 G. microcephalum Nutt. White tomentose throughout, slender 3-8 dm. high; with slender branches above, leaves linear. 3-5 cm. long. sUfehtly decurrent. heads yellowish-white or white, m a long, open inflorescence, bracts ovate, acute. Dry fields. V. I. and east of Cascades. V. G. chllense Spring. Rather stouter. 3-6 dm. high, with stout branches above, densely tomentose throughout: leaves obong to ''"^ar, broad based somewhat auricled; flower clusters terminal, involucral bracts white or yellowish, oval-oblong, obtuse. Coast to Rockies. 50. ARCTIUM (Burdock) Coarse perennials with broad leaves; heads large; 'n^olucre globose with hooked bracts; receptacle bristly; flowers purple or white, all P«/fect' la- ments glabrous, distinct; pappus of short, rough bristles. (Greek arktos. a bear, an allusion to the rough bur). 1 A. Lappa L. (Gfe-iT B.) Heads sub-corymbose. 3-5 cm. broad, mostly on long peduncles; involucre glabrous; leaves white-tomentose beneath. Introd. New Westminster; not so common at the Coast as the next. 2. A. minus Bernh. (Common B.) Heads racemose on the branch". 1.5-3 cm. broad, on short peduncles; involucre glabrous or arachnoid, leaves ■lightly less tomentose beneath. Introd.; Common. 51. SAUSSUREA (Saw-wort) Perennials with large heads of purplish flowers which are all perfect; bracts of involucre not appendaged ; receptacle bristly: corolla tut^ "nflated. 5-cleft: filaments glabrous, anther-tails ciliate; pappus double, (de Saussure was a Swiss botanist). .... 1 S. densa (Hook.) Rydb. Nearly smooth below, 1-3 dm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate dentate or entire; ^eads several in a compact corymb; involucre 2 cm. high; bracts acummate, nearly equal. Mt. Benson, V. I.; Rockies; Lake Louise. 52. CENTAUREA (Star Thistle) Annual or perennial; flowers all tubular, the margined often much en- larged, lobed. and sterile; receptacle bristly; achenes flattish or 4-angled, involucral brkcts margined or bristle-tipped. Introduced herbs, 3-6 dm. high. Involucral bracts tipped with a spine. j ^ Caldtrapa. Leaves prickly '. ! 2! c! melitensis. Leaves not pnckly . . Involucral bracts not spine-tipped. _ „ cvmnus Pappus bristles about as long as the achene, annual . ' 1 r' TacS Pappus none, or short, perennial '• "-• J*"-"*- 1 C. Calcitrapa L. (Star Thistle). Stems wingless; heads sessile, all but' the upper bracts tipped with a yellow spine which is solitary, naked or with smaller ones at its base; corolla purplish. Nanaimo. 2 C. melitensis L. (Tocalote). Stems winged; heads subsessile or short-peduncled. middle and lower involucral bracts tipped with a purplish spine. 6-9 mm. long; corolla yellow. Nanaimo; Esquimalt. 3 C. Cyanus L. (Corn Flower. Bachelor's Button). Tomentose when young; involucral bracts greenish-yellow, or with darker margins fim- briate with i:arious teeth; flowers blue, purplish or white, the marginal ones lobed. A common garden escape. '^fi ^ A' ' COMPOSURE 323 fimhrS P ,hf n!;;iMi 1 ""^' *'u^'^*' ''™'^"- "'■ ^''*' •"■o^" backs, the outer rn^ r^f I ^''f. '"'.'^'l''^ 'accratc. the inner entire or nearly so, marginal flowera rose- purple, the large limb deeply lobed. Victoria. ""wc™ 53. SILYBUM (Milk Thistle) Thistle-like; involucral bracts long and stout, very strongly spine-tinned- Snt GreeLTJnfeT'"' °' '''''"'^' ''^''"^'^ '"^''^^ "niteVatZ^.'^^An or hjfn'n^,^''/^""'" ''H '^'^r'"- (>'^''^'^ T.) Stout, nearly glabrous, annual or biennial; leaves mottled, broad, prickly, clasping. Introd.; Nanaimo. 54. CARDUUS (Thistle) all^tuhlr'''Tl'v Pk''''''''= flowers usually. purplish, sometimes whitish, flattish nlAn^c^f ^ ^'^'''' of_ involucre bristle-pointed; achenes oblong aeciauniis ( 1 ne Latin name). deciduous. Perennial, heads small. 2 cm. high or I Biennial, heads larger. Th.'?„'J''^°'"'^P' '"Pf" spine-tipped, leaves markedly decurrent The innerinvolucral bracts unarmed » ucvu.icui Involucral bracts with a dark glanaular spot on the back: plants white-tomentose "av». atwve ''™'^" °°' *' ^" *•*"'*"'=''■ '<»v «"*"• at least Tips of inner bracts dilated or twisted Tips of inner bracts not dilated or twisted Involucre not conspicuously woolly, flowers pale Involucre conspicuously woolly. Flowers red . . « p Flowers pale j q I.e. arvensis. 2. C. lanceolatui. 3. C. undulatui. 4. C. foliosus. 5. C. Drummondll. . edulis. . Hookerianus. ohL^'if ^*'?'f' (L.) Scop. (Canada T.) Perennial, from rootstocks; leaves £Z.•!n'::^^?l^^^; .^'i^.L°".^ ?L^'l«ij*l>LX'h^ beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid; high, corymbose. Introd. widely; heads imperfectly dioecious, about 2 cm. Lulu Is. r,in;=.?:fii f I "' ^•- /.Common Thistle). Stem woolly, leaves deeply ?i^^t 1 • -,f ™"R'y uP"?^'^ •'''^ .*'*^* long-decurrent on the stem, rough 8Wr^£S"^dei^ "nvolucral bracts prickly, the outer successively hAiS^" •"'**l"i5?', ^"-'- (Woolly T.) White-tomentose, leaves rather deeply pinnatifid below, merely undulate above, with strong prickles; bracts of involucre with a blackish glandular spot on the back; heads solitary at ends ol branches; corollas rose to white, the lobes equaling the throat. Dry plains east of Cascades. -• o 7 s,A'.R: 5?"?'"'"?°,'':, Somewhat woolly, 3-4 dm. high; heads clustered; at least the terminal 3-4 cm. wide, leaves linear-lanceolate, laciniately den- tate with rather rigid prickles, woolly beneath; involucral bracts tnin-coria- ce«us, some of the inner with conspicuous erose scarious tips; corollas pale, lobes equaling or longer than the throat. Rockies. 5. C. Drummondll (T. & G.) Cov. Stem simple, 6-9 dm. high or less, more or less woolly with axillary or clustered heads; leaves deeply sinuate pnnatifid to nearly entire, somewhat woolly, especially beneath; bracts ol involucre chartaceous arachnoid on the margins, the inner with weak scarious. acute or crose tips, the outer broad-based, shorter with a stiff bristle 3 mm. long; corollas white the lobes shorter than the throat; pappus slightly broader at tip. Rockies. Var. acaulescens Cov. Almost or quite stemless, the heads congested. With the species. 6. C- edulis Greene. (Edible Thistle). Stem lightly pubescent-arach- noid, i-Z m. high; leaves green above, white-tomentose beneath, slightly to deeply smuate-pinnatifid. weakly prickly; heads scattered or clustered; m^ if'' 324 COMPOSIT/E involucres arachnoid, at 'ea^^t when young^^^the b«cU^ loose, acuminate; corollas "^"f')y„P"^P'^' h^rtawnV- Common west of thl'SsSdeTal^^^VikaX": '^Tr^oolfJereUten^y the Indians. 7 C Htwerlanus (Nutt.) Heller. S«- 6-12 dm h^ .^^^^^^^^^^^ cobwebby-woolly; leaves P'""aufid .-Jj^d^f^ly ly Uaf/-^^ Bessile and what floccose abdve cot onylteneath heads most ^5^^ y^^^^^^^.^^^ ^^^ most bristle-tipped. Rockies; Field; Golden. 55 ONOPORDUM (Scotch Thistle) Nanaimo. 56. LAPSANA (Nipplewokt) 57. CICHORIUM (Chicory) Tall, erect, branching ^^^^tllTt Ja^^us'of nVr^e^o"u^s Sly 's^T^^ 1 C In^bu, L. (BLCE SMLO.S). Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, the lowest runcinate. Introd. 58. MICROSERIS 'T M. Bi^elovi. Gray, ^le;;^, J^^^r^l^SUX.^^ f Lrtnf rairrpa'Jpu-ru'^^ ^a. nearly eauahng the IXousb^i'stle. Grassy places. Victoria. . ,:„,,r to 2 M. nutans Gray. Slender. 1-3 d-^j^h; leaves entea^ pinna^f^d; involucre with a f^-'J^^'^^^^^.^'^^'^S h.se one-third as fel^um- ^br^' ' ffimbl%"Il.ey ; Arrowhead. 59. STEPHANOMERIA Glabrous herb, with rigid stems; the ca.UneU^^^^^^^ 1 S minor Nutt. Radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; plant 3-5 dm. high; hea"sa°t!Lut 5-flowered. D. I.; Princeton. -^■\me^'mk--fi-»j ''-'-.J!^ ■■-j^ COMPOSITiC 325 60. HYPOCH/€RlS (Cat's Ear) Similar to Leonlodon, but at least some of the achenes are produced into long beaks bearing the pappus at their summit; scapes simple or sometimes branching; receptacle chaffy. (An ancient name). „,^i,». 1. H. radlcata L. Scape 2-4 dm. hlg^; leaves hirsute oblanceolate, pinnatiPd or sinuate-dentate; heads 3 cm. broad; achenes all beaked. Com- mon wred, roadsides and lawns. „li„„„ 2. H. glabra L. More slender, 1-2.5 dm. high; leaves glabrous, oblong- obovate, dentate; heads 2 cm. broad; the outer achenes not beaked. Introd., V. I.; Nanaimo. „ ^ . 61. LEONTODON (Fall Dandelion) Perennial, the scape often branching; heads solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre with small basal bracts; pappus brownish, plumose, flattened at base, achenes fusiform, striate, not beaked; receptacle not chafiy. (Greek leon, a lion, odous, a tooth, descriptive of the leaves). 1 L. autumnalis L. Scape simple or branching, scaly-bracteate above, the peduncles thickened at the summit; leaves toothed or pinnatihd. slightly pubescent; involucre glabrous or pubescent, pappus tawny, of equal bristles. Introd.; not common. , . , 2 L. hastills L. var. vulgaris Koch. Leaves, scapes and involucre hispid; scape simple, naked; pappus of 2 kinds, t^*: outer of a few short seta!, the inner of plumose bristles with dilated bases. (L. htsptdum). introd., Victoria. ^^ TRAGOPOGON (Go\t's Beard) Stout, glabrous biennials or perennials with long, narrow, grass-like leaves, and solitary many-flowered heads; involucre simple, of equal bracts, 5 cm. long; pappus tawny; achenes fusiform, long-beaked rough below, 5-10 ribbed. Two introduced species. T. porrifoUus L. (Oyster Plant). Flowers purple. Victoria. T. pratensis L. Flowers yellow. Spence s Bridge. 63. APARGIDIUM Low; roots fusiform; heads yellow, solitary scapose; involucre narrowly turbinate, its bracts in 2-3 series, receptacle naked; pappus tawny, of barbel- late bristles. Slightly distinct from Microsens in the capillary pappus. 1 A boreale T. & G. Scape 1.5-2 dm. high; leaves linear-lanccolate, entire or Su!ate; involucre 1.5 cm. high. Alaska to Washington; Ucluelet. 64. TARAXACUM (Dandelion) Heads many-flowered, solitary, on a hollow scape; involucre double, the oufer or lower of short bracts, the inner of long bracts, in a single series; the alternate ones scarious-margined ; achenes r"""'="'\t^.!,* ^^^^P^*' X usually roughened on the 10 ribs; pappus with a beak 1-3 timesas 'ong a^ the achene at maturity; leaves dentate to Ppn^tiPd. After flowering the^a^^^ become decumbent, but are erect again when the fruit matures. (Greek tarassein, to disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties). „ . . 1. T. erythrospennum. Fruit red . Fruit olive-green or light-brown. „ - .(.ooulorum Dwarf, less than 5 cm. high, outer bracts appressed . . . Z. »• "=["^"^1^150. 9). Beak of pappus 2-3 times as long as the mature achene. Outer bracts strongly reflexed from base . . • „ • ^ Outer bracts appressed at base but with spreadmg or reflexed Outer bracts pale. Ji as long as the inner Outer bracts green or dark green, shorter . . . • ^tlLveTwrt'lln^fo'/narrawIy falcate lobes, outer bract, % as long as the inner . • . : ^ • Leaves otherwise, outer bracts much shorter - . Beak of pappus less than twice as long as the mature achene . Slender. l-1.5dm.high;invoIucredarkgreen . Dwarf, 5-8 cm. high ; involucre not dark green 3. T. officinale. T. dtimetorum. T. latilobum. T. lacerum. T. montanum. T. rupestre. T. uvinum. s^.'iJw:- 326 COMPOSITiC r £ i9 ii h .. i 1 1 1. T. erythrcpermum Ande«. (Red-Frvited D.) Similar to No. 3. with which it marbe associated, rather smaller, leaves usually much cut. become common at the Coast. _ 2 T scoDulorum (Gray) Rydb. (Dwarf D.) A dimmutive alpme nIaAt leases and saipe 5 cm. long or less; involucre 6-8 mm. high, few flower- S outer involucr^rbractsTanceoUte, rather loose, the inner somewhat corn.- culate. Rockies. , ^ T officinale Weber. (Common D.) Scape and leaves more or less arfchLid: leaves dentate to coarsely pinnatifid and runcinate, the term.na kb^ usually laree; heads large, 3-5 cm. broad, orange-yellow; myolucral brTcts more or iIm glaucous, the outer elonijated. lanceolate, conspicuously SexedTXe Tnnerlnvolucre reflexed at maturity; pappus wh.t.sh. Common. "? T. dumetorum Greene. Urge, the crown of the root or each of its branches bearing mostly one stout scape; the margms of the often large leTves not dJ^Sfy. but very unevenly and laciniateTy cut; outer bracts in about 3 series very large, pale, thin, before flowering almost equaling the fnner obSanceolate.wiS dilated tips; the inner linear-lanceolate with Tated and comicutate bifid tips; achenes distinctly compressed, spinulose at apex, smooth or tuberculate below. Rockies to Assin. 6 T. latilobum DC. Often less than 1 dm. high; leaves runcinate, the lo^s broadly triangular, the whole plant in western forms glabrous; involucral bn^% not at all or^nly slightly coVniculate, often dark >'v>d-green. the outer wSeiy "flexed; achenes sometimes muricate all over. Mt. summits. Coast to Rockies and northw. 6 T. lacenim Greene. Rather slender, scapes 1-1.5 dm. high, notably .uroassing the leaves, flocculent. all other parts glabrous; leaves consisting J a iCfrar rachis-like body and a few pairs of divaricate or retror«; finiL or falcate lobesSr bracts of involucre lanceolate the tips dilated thelonjest^ as long as the corniculate inner; achenes ?harply spinulose at the verf apex, the siJes smooth; stipe of pappus only twice the length of the achene. Caflon of the Upper Liard. „ - n j„ 7 T montanum Nutt. Smooth or pubescent, the scapes 0.5-i dm. high; i;a"s?romdenticulate to not very deeply lobed; the outer .nvoucra bracts ovate wholly appressed, not dark-green, H as long as the i...ier or lew- theTnner corniculate. Ro;:kies. on lower slopes; Crow's Nest Pass and % T. rupestre Greene. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, runcinate-toothed to runcinatVpinnatifid; involucre of very few bracts, the outer ovate, erect, the"nner lance-linear, more or less corniculate; achenes notably cun. .form lfun. aav. r. 1. S. arventts L. (Field S.) Perennial; leaves runcirite-i i ii n Id to spinulose-denticulate, clasping; heads large, closing at nigh', flo»c.- : Iden. Common. 2. S. oleraceua L. (Common S.) Annual, leaves runt:ii>- • n'matitid. clasping, very soft-prickly, the basal auricles acute; in- i n i . .-tiu when young, often somewhat glandular; flowers pale-yelL* v-o ; ^ 3. S. aaper (L.) Hill. (Spiny S.) Stem-leaves toothed, r noi-- <.r i.;'i curled and lobed, more harshly prickly than the preceding, c , ^ping ii n /• the auricles rounded; involucre glabrous; flowers yellow. jmmor.. 67. LACrrUCA (Lettuce) Tall, leafy-stemmed herbs; heads mostly many -flowered: involucre cylin- drical, or in fruit conical; bracts in 2-3 series; achenes mostly long-beaked, the beak dilated at the insertion of th.- soft-bristly pappus. (L. lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice). Achenes very short-beaked, pappus brown 1- L. spicaU. *LSJ»pric"k^'''^' '"''•'." *.'^"' 2. L..cariola. '^"^elS'veuS!^''' 3. L. canadensis. 1. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitch. (Tall L.) Biennial, nearly glabrous, 1^ m. high; leaves large, runcinate-pinnatifid or coarsely toothed; heads in a large, compound panicle; flowers small, bluish or whitish; achenes tlat, ribbed, contracted into a short, stout beak. A common weed. 2 L. Bcariola L. (Pkickly L.) Stems and branches whitish, 6-9 dm. high; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid (or merely denticulate to entire in var. tntegrala T & G ) Prickly on the margins and midribs; the blade of the leaf generally vertical- flowers small, yellow; panicle open with long branches; seeds olive, flat, ribbed, the beak longer than the body. Introd. throughout. 3. L. canadensis L. (Wild L.) Glabrous and glaucous, 1-3 m. tall; leaves large, uinnatifid, pale beneath; heads many in an elongated panicle; flowers small, pale yellow; achenes thin, white, the slender beak half as long as the body. Introd. east of the Cascades. 4. L. pulchella (Pursh.) D. C. (Blue L.) Puberulent; stem simple, 6-9 dm. high; leaves linear-oblong, entire or the lower sometimes runcinate; flowers large, showy; heads corymbose; the beak of the flat achene shorter than the body. East of the Cascades. 68. PRENANTHES (Rattlesnake Root) Leafy-stemmed herbs with spindle-shaped roots and nodding heads J whitish or pale purplish flowers; involucre cylindrical, of 5;14 linear bracts in 1 series, with small basal ones; pappus of copious rough bristles. 1. P. alata (Hook.) Gray. Nearly glabrous, 3-6 dm. high; leaves hastate- deltoid, 4-6 cm. broad, dentate, abruptly (or cuneately above) contracted to a winged petiole; heads few-15panicled. Alaska to Oregon. Vancouver. ■^H^WWBN^W^P^ mi COMPOSIT.€ 329 69. CREPIS (ItAWK's Beard) Perennials or annuals; leaves enlire, toothed, or pinnatifid; involucral bracts in 1 series with smaller basal unqs; often thickened on base or midrib: achenes tapering upwards; pappus white; receptacle naked or short fim- briate. Achenn tlighUy dilated at the insertion o( the pappus; plants atx>ut 1-1.5 dm. high, leaves mostly entire or repand. From root,itocka. leaves mostly basal . .1. C. luna. From a tap-root steams le:>fy 2- C elegant. Achenes not dilated at the maertion of the i>appui; plants taller, leaves usually pinnatifid. Foliaiie glahroiH to slightly pubescent. Leaves mainly basal 3. C runcinata. Stems leafy. , Heads medium, involucre 7-9 mm. high 4. C. capillarls. Hiadslarge. involucre 10-12 mm. high 5. C. biennis. Foliagt, pubescent to toraentose or canescent. Involacre Klabrous. or glabrate. 5-7-flo"/ered 8. C. acuminata. Involucre canescent. flowers S-.'W. Involucres with some black hairs; priiicipal bracts 8-12 o. C. rvcidentalis. Involucres without black hairs: principal bracts 5-S. 7, C. ntermedia. 1. C. nana Rich. In low, often stemless tufts, the short peduncles often springing from the base; glabrous; leaves orbicular-obovate to spatulate, entire, repand-dentate or lyrate, commonly equaling the short stems; in- volucre very dark green, cylindrical, of 8-10 smooth bracts, about 12 mm. high; achenes linear, hardly narrowing above, minutely roughened. Alaska southward in mts. ; Rockies. 2. C. eleftans Hook, ^.any-stemmed, glabrous, 1-2 dm. high; leaves entire or nearly so, the basal spatulate, the cauline lance-linear; heads smaller, achenes linear-fusiform, minutely scabrous on the ribs; involucre 8 mm. high, dark-green, glabrous. Rockies; Golden; north w. 3. C. runcinata T. & G. Stem 3-9 dm. high, glabrous or somewhat glandular-hispid, with 1-2 leaves or s:aposc; leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire, repand or runcinate-dentate, 5-15 cm. long; glabrous or hairy at base; heads loosely corymbose, 2 cm. broad; involucre pubescent -hirsute, 1 cm. high; achenes linear, smoo,'i, slightly narrowed upwards. Damp soil, Revelstoke; Laggan. 4. C. capiUariB (L.) Walle. Slightly pubescent annual, 3-8 dm. hi^h, leaves oblanceolate, mostly laciniate-pinnatif d, with spreading or ascendmg segments, or merely dentate; the cauline sagittatc-auriculate; achenes 10- nerved, slightly fusiform. Becoming a common weed. 5. C. biennis L. Slightly pubescent 6-8 dm. high; leaves runcinate- pinnatifid; heads large, 2-4 cm. broad, achenes 13-nerved, smooth, alternate above. Introd., Victoria. 6. C. occidentalis Nutt. Stems 1-2 dm. high, leafy, usually several, from the strong perennial root; pubescent leaves pinnatifid, pubescent, or the upper entire; involucre slightly tomentose with some stiff black hairs intermixed with the white tomentum, 11-14 mm. hi^'h, 10-30-flowered ; achenes brown, smooth or indistinctly ncr\ed, long-tapenng. Mt. slopes; Spence's Bridge; Kamloops. 7. C. intermedia Gray. Rather slender, perennial, 3-8 dm. high; soft- pubescent to slightly tomentose or glabrate throughout, leaves pmnatifid with a long, entire tip. a few "n the stetr., involucre tomentnlo^- about \2 mm. high, 8-15-flowered; achenes black or dark-brown, distinctly 10-ribbed. Dry slopes, Spence's Bridge to Golden. 8. C. acuminata Nutt. Similar; the inflorescence nearly glabrous; involucre 10-12 mm. high, narrow, the outer bracts canescent, the inner, 6-8, glabrate, bright-green; flowers 5-10. Same range. ikfii 8S0 COMPOSITiC 70. HIERACIUM (Hawkweed) Hispid perennials oUe" Ja d ^ar ^^^^1)^^;^^!?^,^,^^^- leafy; leaves entire or denticulate .the cniei in ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ roir^ati^fupS^Sl-Sr^^^^^^^^ -ny; receptacle naked or fringed. ^ ^ albiforum. 2. H. triite. 3. H. gracUe. 4. H. canadenac 5. H. umbeUatuBL 8. H. cynogIos«oides. 7. H. Scouleri. Flowers white ■^ITem'^sfenTer. few-leaved; head, .maU, involucre 8 mm. high. Involucre not at all glanduUr Involucre somewhat glandular Stems stout, leafy. , . ^ • o i ..ri« InvolucraJ bracts glabrate, in 2-3 series. Heads many, leaves broadly lanctc'ste . . . • In^ofuffb^T.^^ ?r «"^SVme .maU basai one.) £lS»V"?loth«S^long white hairs. " ■. 1. H. albiaorum Hook. Stems. 5-9 d- ^lig^ ,^fy and ^i^u^e below. nearly naked and glabrous .above leaver °b^°"«' 'j^^ heads many in an to Rockies; Alaska. „!,«..» 4. H. canaden-e Mich. Tall 5-9 d-. high pub^^^^^^^^^ throughout, leaves lanceolate to oblong or oblanceolate. the lower ^^^^^ '^^J^r^^^-^i^rA^'^y in f raE broad panicle; pappus tawny. Okanagan Valley. ward. Revelstoke. . i _, 6. H. cynoftlos.v,.de, f -t. f-ut 3 6 d h.gh^ s^^^^^^^ an^_^.eaves hirsute or «>fP'^times nearly smooth lea^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ;„^^,„„^ rbori%r{Irgh:i^ bSnlTut'l'^'r^^^ glandular, black-hairy, some- times stellate. Rossland; Okanagan. hairs. Kootenay; Arrowhead. 4"-ji5't;fcr>« GLOSSARY in s. « u- es >1. ed d- :re I. it. se. ES- >us (rly lat ist- ves )ng icre ne- ves to tish Abortive. Defective or barren. Acaulescent. Stemless, or the stem subter- ranean. Accumbent (Cotyledon). The edges against the radicle. Achene. A small, dry, 1-seeded, mdehiscent fruit. Adcular. Needle-slraped. Acuminate. Tapering at apex. Acute. Terminating in a sharp angle. Adnate. United with. e.g.. calyx and ovary. Adnate anther. Atuched for its whole length to the filament. Albumen. Nutritive material accompanymg the embryo. Alveolate. Honeycombed. Ament. Catkin, a short, dense, scaly spike. Androgynous (inflorescence). Having both itaminate and TiistUlate flowers: of sedges, spikes staminate at apex, pistillate at base. ■ndrous. Having stamens, e.g. poly- androus, with many stamens. Anftiosperm. A plant with seeds enclosed m an ovary. . . „„ ^ Annual. Of one year s duration. Winter Annual, germinating one season and matur- ing the next season. Annular. Ring-like. . , „ , Anterior. The side of the flower remote from the axis of the inflorescence. Anther. The pollen-bearing cell or cells of the stamen. AntheaU. Time of flowering. Apetalous. Without petals. Apiculate. Ending in a short point. ApocarCNDUS (pistil). With separate carpels. as in Buttercup. ... Appreased (of leaves or hairs). Lying close against. Arachnoid. With cobwebby hairs. Arcuate. Slightly curved. Aril. A growth about the hilum of a seed. Aristate. Awnrd. Armed. Having spines or prickles. Articulate. Jointed. Ascendinft. Curving upwards. Attenuate. Tapering to a narrow point. Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage. Awl-shaped. Tapering from base to a slender apex. Awn. Bristle. . , Axil. The angle between stem and petiole or branch. Axillary. Situated in an axil. Axil. The central line of flowers, etc. B Barbed. Furnished with rigid, usually re- flexed, sharp points. Barbellate. Finely barbed. Bearded. Furnished with a bunch of hairs; bearing sn awn. Berry. A fruit with fleshy pericarp in wuich the seeds are embedded. HI- or Bis- Two or twice; e.a.. bidentate, having 3 teeth; blBd. 2 cleft; bilabiate, 2- Upped. Bract. A small modified leaf, subtending a flower or branch of an inflorescence; some- times on stems. Bracteate. With bracts. Bractlet. A small or secondary bract. Bud. A rudimentary branch or flower. Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with flethy coats or scales. Bulbiferous. Bulb-bearing. Bulboua. Like a bulb. Caducoua. Falling early. CsFspitoee. Tufted. Calcarate. Having a spur. Callosity. A firm, thickened part. Callus. Callosity; in grasses a hard point at base of lemma. Calyculate. Having bracts resembhng a calyx. Calyx. The outer floral envelope. Campanulate. Bell-shaped. Caneacent. Hoary. Capillary. air-like. Capitate, ir. a close head or cluster. Capsule. A dry, dehiscent fruit of more than one carpel. Carinate. Keeled. Carpel. A simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil. . ,.., , Caruncle. An appendage at the hilum of a Castaneous. Chestnut-colored; red-brown. Catkin. Ament. Caudate. Tailed. Caudex. The woody perennial base of an annual stem. Caulescent. Having a stem above the ground. Cauline. Belonging to tlie stem. Caspitose. Tufted. Chaff. A thin, dry scale. Chartaceous. With the texture of paper or parchment. , . ... Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter in the cells of plants. . Ciliate. Fringed with marginal hairs. Cillolate. Minutely ciliate. Cinereous. Ash-colored. . , . Circlnate. Coiled from the tip, as the frond of a young fern. Circumscissile. Opening by a transverse circular line. Clavate. Club-shaped; thickened upward. Claw. The narrow base of some petals. Cleft. Deeply lobed, especially sharply lobed; the depth of lobing is indicated by the order lobed. cleft, parted, divided. Clelstoftamous (flowers). Fertiliied in the bud. which does not open. Coalescent. Uniting. Cohesion. The union of organs of like Commissure. The surface by which the car- pels join, as iu tlie t'mLcHlfcra. Comose. Furnished with a tuft of hairs. Compound. Composed of two or more similar parts united into a whole; a P«til of two or more carpels; a leaf of separate leaOeU. 331 -,j«pSH 332 GLOSSARY w h 1 p m i ■'■ >' S^«»e^"Th^ePart of the anther Joining C^Snuint. Coming together, but not unit- Convolute. Rolled up lengthwise. . cS?dlate. Heart-shaped, with the point up- ward. Coriaceous. Leathery in texture. Corm. A solid hulb. Cornlculate. With a .■artitions. Septum. A partition. Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing for- ward. Serrulate. Finely serrate. Seaalle. Without pedicel, peduncle, or petiole. Seta. A bristle. Setaceous. Bristle-like. Sheath. A tubular envelope, as the lower part of the leaf in grasses. Shrub. A small, woody perennial, often with several stems. Slllcle. A short silique. Slllque. The pod of Crudfer*. Simple. In one piece, not compound. Sinuate. Wavy. Sinus. The cleft between two lobes. Smooth. Not pubescent. Soros. The fruit-dot of Ferns. Spadlz. A fleshy spilce. Spathe. A large bract or pair of bracts In- closing an inflorescence. Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit. Splcate. Resembling a spike. Spike. An indeterminate inflorescence with the flowers sessile or nearly so on an elongated axis. Spindle-shaped. Swollen in the middle and tapering at both ends. Spine. A sharp, woody outgrowth of the stem. Splnose. Having spines, spine-like. Sporangium. A spore case. Spore. The reproductive organ in Crypto- ftam* corresponding to a seed, but without an embryo. Spur. A tubular expansion of sepal or petal, usually nectariferous. Squarrose. Spreading or recurved (of bra"^). Stamen. The pollen-bearing organ. Stamlnode. A sterile stamen, a stamen re- duced to a filament. Standard. The upper petal in Legumlnoea. Stellate. Starlike (of branching hairs) . Sterile. Barren ; as a flower without pistil. Stiftma. The part of the pistil receptive to the pollen. .. .^ Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil; the leaf-stalk of a~ero. Stipltate. Having a stipe. Stipular. Belonging to stipules. Stipulate. Having stipules. Stipule. An appendage at the base of the petiole. Stolon. A basal branch disposed to root. Stolunlferous. Producing stolons. Stoma (pi. stomata). An opening in the epidermis of the leaf or stem communicating with internal air-cavities. Stramineous. Straw-colored. Striate. Marked with fine, longitudinal lines. Strict. Straight and erect; nnrrnw. Striftoae. Beset with sharp. Ptift hairs. Style. The part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma. Stylopodlum. A disk-like expansion at the base of a style, as in Umbclllfene. Sub-. Somewhat, siishtly. nearly, i-i., sub- cordate, slightly cordate. Subulate. Awl-shaped, Surculant. Juicy, Sulfruteacent. Slightly shrubby. Sulcata. Grooved. Superior (ovary). Free from the calyx. Surculose. Producing suckers. Suture. Line of dehiscence; line of juncture. Symmetrical (flower). Kegiilar in the num- oer of its parts; having the same number of parts in each circle. Syngenesious (stamens). United by their anther. Tawny. Dull yellow. Tendril. A threadlike process used for climbing. Terete. Having a circular. transv"se section. Temate. In threes, or the divisions in threes. Tetradynamous. Having 4 long and 2 short stamens. Tetragonal. Four-angled. Throat. The top of the tube in a gamo- petalous corolla. Thyrse, Thyrsus. An ovoid, pyramidal or cylindrical compact panicle. Tomentose. Clothed with matted hairs. Torulose. Cylindrical with contractions at intervals. Tri- Three. Trifld. Three-deft. Trigonous. Three-angled. Triquetrous. Three-angled, the sides con- cave. Truncate. Cut oB abruptly. Tuber. A thickened, short, subterranean stem with buds or eyes. Tubercle. A small excrescence. Tuberous. Having small swellings or excres- cences. Turbinate. Top-shaped, inversely conical. Turgid. Swollen. V Umbel. An inflorescence in which the peduncles or pedicels spring from the same point. Umbellate. Like an umbel. Unarmed. Without spurs or prickles. Undulate. Wavy. Unl. One; unisexual, having one kind of sex organs. Urceolate. Um-Iike. Utricle. A small, bladdery, 1-seeded fruit; a small bladder-like body. Vallecular. Near a groove. Valvate. Openi.ng by valves. Valve. One of the parts into which a cap- sule splits. Vascular. Furnished with vessels or ducts. Veins. Fibro-vascular threads in a leaf or other organ. Ventral. Opposite o> dorsal; belonging to the anterior face. Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the bud. ... Versatile (anther). Attached near the middle. Verticel. A whorl. Verticillate. Arranged in a whorl. Vesicle. A small bladder. Villous. Bearing long, soft hairs. Vlrgate. Wand-shaped; straight and blender. Viscid. Sticky. W Whorl. Wing. A circle of leaves at a node. A thin, membranous expansion. ADDENDA On page 23, after Agrostis alrata, insert: — A. Thurberiana Hitchc. Tufted, 2-5 dm. high, ligule 5-6 mm. long; panicle narrow, nodding, 5-15 cm. long, spikelets 2-3 mm. long; glumes purplish, obtuse; palea nearly as long; prolonged rachilla short. Prince Rupert; Wyoming. On page 40, after Poa Lettermanni, insert: — P. vaseychloa Scribn. Tufted, 1.5 dm. high, leaves involute, narrow, smooth; panicle 2-4 cm. long, narrow (at flowering); purplish; spikelets 2-4- flowered, 4-6 mm. long; glumes broad; lemmas strongly nerved, scabrous. Victoria; Oregon. On page 45, after Melica aristata, insert: — M. purpurascens (Torr.) Hitchc. Glabrous throughout; leaves rouehish; panicle narrow; elumes purple; lemmas usually purple, smooth, glabrous except for ring of nairs at base; usually purplish; awn 10-13 mm. long. Com- mon about Hazelton. On page 48, after Agropyron repeni, insert: — A. csesium Presl. Like A.repens, from which it may not be distinct; but with lemmas indistinctly nerved, and awns 6-10 mm. long. Well established near Victoria. (Plants determined by Mrs. Chase). On page 63, after Carex rigida, insert: — C. interrupta Boeckl. Stems 3 dm. high, slender, sharply angled above; leaves rough, usually exceeding the stem, about 4 mm. broad, bracts shorter than the inflorescence; pistillate spikes 3-5, 12-40 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, interrupted at base, sessile or the lower one short-peduncled; scales brown, with a pale midrib and margin, nearly as long as the perigynia, broadly lanceolate, acute, appressed; perigynia small, green, elliptical, short-beaked. Gravel, Duncan; Oregon. The Duncan plant has rather spreading scales, a little longer than the grayish, almost reticulated, nearly nerveless perigynia. On page 66, after Carex leptalea, insert:— C. circinata Meyer. Tufted; culms slender, rough, 1.5-2 dm. high, slightly exceeding the leaves; leaves narrow, sub-triquetrous, channelled, very rough on the margin, more or less circinatcly curving; spikes solitary, 12-25 mm. long, 8-10 male flowers at apex, 8-12 temale below; scales oblong, obtuse, reddish; perigynia yellow, 3-nerved, erect, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, the margins inflcxed and hispid, orifice truncate, surpassing; the scale; stigmas 2 or 3. Among rocks; Unalaschka; Olympic Mts., Wn. (Piper). C. leptalea has straight, narrower leaves, and blunter perigynia. C. anthoxantha Presl. Stems solitary, slender, 2 dm. high, exceeding the leaves; leaves 1.5-2 mm. wide; spikes reddish-brown, 2 cm. long, cylindrical or clavate, 3 mm. thick; perigynia green, striate, lanceolate, entire, a little longer than the obtuse or cuspidate brownish scales. Q. C. Is. to Alaska; Swamps, Prince Rupert. On page 69, after Carex misandra, insert- — C. macrochaeta Meyer. Tufted; culms 3-4.5 dm. high, rough on angles; leaves 2-5 mm. wide, smooth except on margins, the longest equaling the culm, a pair sometimes apparently opposite; bracts leafy, not sheathing, the iowest exceeding the culm; male spike peduncled; female spikes 2, oblong or sub- ovate, distant, the upper subsessile, erect, the lower nodding, on a peduncle 12-37 mm. long, all three 12-37 mm. long; scales oblong, acute at both ends, 336 ADDENDA 337 entire, nerves obsolete, yellow at base, black at apex, smooth, 2-4 mm. long, not exceeding the tip of the scale; stigmas 3, rarely 2; allied to C. salina, but with fewer spikes and 3 stigmas. Unalaschka; Mts., Chiliiwack River. On page 70, after C. rostrata, insert; — A form of this species with drooping pistillate spikes, very rare in America, occurs at Burnaby Lake. (Spec. det. by Mr. K. K. Mac- kenzie). On page 98, after Salix Scouleriana, insert: — S. alazensis (Anders) Coviiie. Shrub or small tree, 1-9 m. high; twigs stout, smooth or hairy, often with bluish bloom; leaves oblanceolate to elliptical-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, glabrous above, densely clothed beneath with a very white tomentum of curled hairs, 4-14 cm. long; stipules linear; fertile catkins sessile, reaching 10 or even 14 cm. in Icntth, and a diameter of 1.8 cm.; capsule tomentose, stigmas linear, nearly J^ as long as the long style. Alaska; Northern Rockies; Metlakahtla, where possibly introd. On page 115, after A triplex, insert: — SARCOBATUS (Greasewood) Subspinescent shrubs with alternate fleshy leaves, and small green bract- less monoecious or dioecious flowers; staminate flowers without calyx; in close terminal spikes, stamens 2-.5, irreguiarly arranged under a stipitate peltate scale; pistillate flowers solitary, axillary, the fruiting calyx with a broad, horizontal lateral wing; embryo sp-ri', with little or no albumen. (Gk. sarkos, flesh, balos, a bramble; the leaves are fleshy and the stem thorny). S. vermicuiatua (Iteok) Torr. Stems 5-25 dm. high, with smooth white bark; leaves linear, entire, 1.5-5 cm. long; lateral wing of calyx 7-12 mm. broad. Moist saline flats; Sask. to VVn.; southern Okanagan. On page 130, after Anemone narcissiflora, insert: — A. Richardsonil Hook. Slender, 8-20 cm. high, from long rootstocks; pubescent; basal leaves round-reniform, 3-lobed, the lobes broadly obovate, dentate or rrenate; involucral leaves sessile, similar; flower solitary; sepals usually 6, about 1 cm. long, yellow (or white?), oblong-elliptical; achenes glabrous or nearly so, with a hooked style. Alaska southward in mts. to the Skeena; Roche de Boule Mts. On page 175, in the descr. of R. Engelmannii, for "leaflets thin, coarsely," read "leaflets tljjn, sharply." On page 193, after Oxytropis monticola, insert: — O. villosus (Rydb.) Tufted, 1-3 dm. high; pubescence silky-villous, more or less appressed; leaflets lanceolate, acute, 11-25, 10-15 mm. long; inflores- cence dense, 1.5-3 cm. long; corolla yellowish, about 1.5 cm. long; calyx densely short-hirsute with black and white hairs intermingled, the teeth short, lance- olate; pod about twice as long as the calyx Skeena to Col. Distinguished from O. monticola by the smaller, lanceolate, more acute leaflets; and by the shorter pod. On page 229, after Vaccinium uliginosum, insert: — y. occidentale Gray. Glabrous shrub, 3-9 dm. high; leaves rather thin, entire, glaucescent, obscurely veiny, oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 12-18 mm. long; flowers iiiu^lly solitary, 4-inerous; corolla oblong-ovoid; berries dark blue, small, 4-ft mm. in diameter. Mt. Mark, V.I.; Wn. Distinguished from V. uliginosum by the thinner, obscurely veiny leaves. The last line page 225 should read: — "petals 0; the 5 stamens alternate with the soon-deflexed sepals; style very short;" etc. INDLX Synonyms and names of plants merely mentioned are in italics. 'tt )l ■H PAGE Abies 15 amabilis 16 grandis 15 nobilis 15 lasiocarpa 16 Abronia 117 latifolia 117 umbellata 117 Acacia False 197 AceracesB ..... 202 Acer 202 circinatum 202 Douglasii. . . 202 glabrum 202 Macounii 202 macrophyllum. .. 202 AcbiUea 307 borealis 307 lanulosa 307 millefolium 307 multiflora 307 Achlyt 139 triphylla 139 Aconitum 138 columbianum. . . . 138 Actsea 137 arguta 137 eburnea 137 Adder's Tongue Family 1 Adenocaulon 318 bicolor 318 Adiantum 4 pedatum 4 Adoxa 279 moschatellina . . . 279 Aftastache 257 anethiodora 258 FcEniculum 258 urticifolia 258 Agoseris 326 aurantiaca 327 carnea 327 cuspidata 327 elata 327 glauca 327 gracUens 327 gracilenta 327 erandiflora 327 heterophylla . . . . 327 laciniata 327 PAGE purpurea 327 villosum 327 Agrimonia 182 gryposcpala 182 striata 1S2 Agrimony 182 Agropyron 48 biflorum 49 caninum 49 divergens 49 occidentale 49 repens. . .P 48 Rtchardsonii . ... 49 spicatum 49 tenerum 49 violaceum 49 Agrostemma 125 Githago 125 Agrostidese 24 Agrostis. 32 aequivalvis 33 alba 33 atrata 33 caesium 331 canina 33 exarata 34 hyemalis 34 huAiilis 33 inflata 33 microphylla 33 oregonensis 34 Rossse 34 scabra 33 Thurberiana 331 verticillata 33 Aira 34 caryophyl'ea .... 34 praecox 34 Alchemilla 175 arvensi: 175 macroscpala 175 Alder 103 green 104 red..... 104 mountain 104 white 104 Alexanders 219 Alfalfa 188 Alisma 23 Plantago- aquatica 23 Allsmacese 23 338 PAGE AUium. 86 acuminatum .... 87 cernuum 87 falcifolium 87 Geycri 86 reticulatum 86 SchcEnoprasum . . 86 stellatum 87 vancouverense. . . 87 AUocaria 254 californica 254 chorisiana 254 plebia 254 Scouleri 254 AUotropa 234 virgata 234 Alnus 103 incana virescens. . 104 Oregona 104 rhombifolia 104 rubra 104 sitchensis 104 tenuifolia 104 viridis sinuta .... 104 Alopecurus 29 californicus 30 geniculatus 30 Macounii 30 pratensis 30 saccatus 30 Alpine Anemone 130 Avens 180 Azalea 233 Brook saxifrage. . 167 Fir 16 Forget-me-not... 252 Saxifrage 167 Speedwell 267 Alsilte Clover 186 Alum Root 163 Alyssum 144 alyssoides 144 Sweet 144 Yellow 144 Amariiathacese.. . 116 Amaranthus 116 aibus 117 blitoitJes 117 graecizans 117 paniculatus 117 retroflexus 116 INDEX 330 Amaranth. Green Purple. . . Ambrosia. . PAGE .. 116 .. 116 .. 117 .. 302 artemisiaefolia . . . 302 trifida 302 Amelanchier 183 florida. 183 Cusickii 183 American Cowslip 236 Elm 105 Laurel 233 Ammodenia 119 Amsinckia 252 barbata 262 intermedia 252 lycopsoides 252 Anacardlacese 201 Ana^llis 238 arvensis 238 Anaphalis 321 margaritaceae. . . . 321 Andromeda 233 polifolia 233 Androsace 237 carinata 237 chamaejasme . . . . 237 diffusa 237 septentrionalis. . . 237 simplex 237 Anemone 129 canadensis 130 deltoidea 130 dichotoma 130 Drummondii .... 130 tlobosa 130 Hudsoniana 130 Lyallii 130 multifida 130 narcissiflora 130 occidentalis 130 patens 130 Mrviflora 130 Richardsonii ... 332 Anemone 130 Alpine 130 Northern. . 130 Angelica 221 Dawsoni 222 fenuflexa 221 yallii 222 Antelope Bush. . 176 Antennaria 318 acuta 320 aprica 320 anaphalloides. . . . 321 chlorantha 320 PAGE dimorpha 319 erigeroides 319 cximia 320 Howellii 319 lanata 321 luzuloides 320 Macounii 319 Media 320 mucronala 320 oblanceolata .... 320 parviflora 320 pulcherrima 321 pulvinata 320 racemosa 320 rosea 320 tomentilla 319 umbrinella 320 Anthemideae 286 Anthemis 307 arvensis 308 cotula 308 tinctoria 308 Anthoianthum. . 27 odoratum 27 Anthrlscus 217 vulgaris 217 Antirrhinum 263 Orontium 263 Apargldium 325 boreale 325 Aphyllon 275 Apocynacese 242 Apocynum 242 androsaemifolium. 242 caniiabinum. . . . 242 Aplopappus 300 Drandegii 297 Ly.illii 300 Apple 182 Crab 183 Aquilegia 136 brcvistylis 137 formosa 130 Arabia 149 alberlina 150 cancsccns 149 Columbiana 149 Drummondii .... 150 glabra 149 hirsuta 150 Holboellii 149 Hookeri 150 humifusa 149 Lemmoni 149 Lyallii 150 lyrata 149 Nuttaliii 150 Atacete 74 PAGE ^raliacese 225 Aralla 225 nudicaulis 225 Arbutus 231 Menzicsii 231 Arceuthobium . . . 116 amcricanum 116 campylopodum. . 116 Douglasii 116 Arctium 322 Lappa 322 minus 322 Arctostaphylos. . . 231 alpina 232 media 232 tomentosa 232 Uva-ursi 232 Arenaria 119 capillaris II9 glabrescens II9 lateriflora II9 macrophylla 119 Nuttaliii 120 peploides II9 sajanensis 120 serpyllifolia 119 striata 120 tenella 120 verna 120 Aristida 28 purpurea 28 Aristolochiaceae. . 106 Armeria 235 vulgaris 235 Arnica 3H alpina 313 amplexicaulis. . . . 313 aprica 312 aurantiaca 312 Chamissonis 313 Columbiana 313 cordifolia 123 crocina 313 discoidea 312 foliosa 313 fulgens 313 gracilis 312 laevigata 312 latifolia 312 louiseana 312 Macounii 314 mollis 313 Parryi 312 Pedunculata 313 pumila 312 Arrhenatberum. . 35 elatius 35 340 INDEX If PAGE Arrow-Gra«8 Family 22 Arrow-head 23 Arrow- wood 280 Artemisia 308 absinthium 309 biennis 309 borealis 309 discolor 309 dracunculoides.. . 309 canadensis 309 frigida 309 enaphalodes 310 neterophylla . . . . 309 lavigata 309 Lindlcyana 310 longepedunculata 309 iudoviciana 309 ncTvegica 309 sasicola 309 spithamcea 309 Tilesii 310 tridentata 309 trifida. 309 vulgaris 309 Arum 74 Family 74 water 74 yellow 74 Aruncus 180 Sylvester 180 Atarum 106 caudatum 106 Asclepiadaceie. . . 242 Asclepias 242 speciosa 242 Ash, Mountain... 183 Asparagus 80 officinalis 80 Aspen 101 Asperugo 253 procumbens 253 Asphodel, False. . 83 Aspldium 6 cristatum 6 Fitix-mas 7 oreopteris 6 rigidum 7 spinulosum 7 Asplenium 5 cyclosorum 5 Felix-fcemina 5 Trichomanes. ... 5 viride 5 Aster 292 alpinus 294 apricus 294 Butleri 294 PAGE campestris 293 canescens 293 chilensis 295 commutatus 293 conspicuus 293 Douglasii 295 Eatoni. ........ 295 Engelmannii .... 293 falcatus 293 foliaceus 294 Fremontii 295 iunceus 294 ixvis 294 Lindleyana 294 Mac Calls 294 Macounii 293 microlonchus. . . . 295 modestus 293 multiflorus 293 occidcntalis 295 oreganus 293 prctcox 294 radulinus 293 Richardsonii 294 stenomcres 293 Wilsonii 294 Asterese 285 Astragalus 193 adsurgens 194 alpinus 194 americanus 194 Beckwithit 194 Bourgovii 195 campestris 195 collinus 194 decumbens 195 clegans 195 frigidus 194 goniatus 194 hypoglottis 194 lentiginosus 193 lotiflorus 195 Lyallii 193 Macounii 194 Mortoni 193 multiflorus 194 oroboides 195 pauciflorus 195 Purshii 194 Robbinsii 194 speirocarpus . . . . 195 stenophyllus. . . . 194 tenellus 194 Athysanus 144 pusillus 144 Atriplez 115 argentea 115 Nuttallii 115 FAGB patula.... 116 zosteraefolia 116 Avena 36 fatua 36 oricntalis 37 sativa 37 Avenese 25 Avens 181 Alpine 180 Lanre-leaved yel- low 181 Plumed 182 Purple 181 Yellow 181 Awlwort 144 Azalea 233 Alpine 233 False 233 Bachelor's Button 322 Bseria.. 306 maritima 306 Baked Apple 170 Ball Mustard 144 Balm 260 Balm of Gilead .. . 101 Balsam 15 Family 203 Balsaminacese . 203 Balsamorhiza. . . . 305 deltoidca 305 hirsuta 305 sagittata 305 Balsam-root 305 Baneberry 137 Barbarea 154 americana 154 stricta 154 vulgaris 164 Barberry 139 Barley 51 Barnyard grass. . . 27 Basil 2G0 Bastard Toad Flax 106 Batrachium 132 Beach Pea 196 Bearberry 231 Bear Grass 83 Beardtongue 264 Beard Grass 30 Beckmannia 28 erucaeformis 28 Bedstraw 277 Beech Fern 4 Family 104 Beggars-Ticks... 305 BeUls 300 ... 300 perennis . INDEX 341 PAGE Bent GraM 32 Berberidacese 139 Berberis 139 aquifolium 139 nervosa 139 repens 139 Bergamot Mint . 259 Bermuda Grass . . '2H Berula 225 ererta 225 Betula 102 alaskana 103 alba 103 fontinalis 103 glandulosa 103 Hallii 103 occidentalis 103 subcordata 103 Betulacese 102 Bidens 305 amplissima 306 cernua 305 dentata 306 frondosa 306 Macounii 305 BigeloTia 302 graveolens 302 viscidiflora 302 Bilberry 228 Bog 229 Dwarf 229 Mountain 229 Mountain 228 Red 228 Tall Blue 228 Bindweed 110 Birch 102 Paper 102 Canoe 102 White 102 Mountain 102 Western 102 Bird Cherry 169 Birthwort Family 106 Bitter Cress 150 Dock 108 Root 125 Bittersweet 261 Blackberry... 170,172 Trailing 172 Evergreen 172 Black Cottonwood 101 Currant 158 Hawthorn 182 Medic 188 Mustard 152 PACK Raspberry 171 Spruce 17 Twin- Berry 279 Black-eyed Susan 304 Bladder Fern .... 7 Bladder-pod 142 Bladderwort 275 Bleeding Heart. 140 Blepharipappus. 303 scaber 303 Blinks 127 Blite Sea 113 Strawberry 114 Blitum 114 Bluebell 283 Family 283 Blueberry 227 Canada 228 Red Alpine 228 Blue-Eyed Grass 88 Mary 263 Blue Currant 158 Fly Honeysuckle. 279 Huckleberry 228 -Joint 32 Lettuce 326 Sailors 324 Bog Bilberry 229 Boisduvalia 215 Douglasii 215 glabella 215 Boneset. 290 Borage Family 249 Boraginacese 249 Boschnlakia 274 strobiliacea 274 Bottle Brusn 211 Botrychium 1 lanceolatum 2 lunaria 1 negUctum 2 occidentale 1 ramosum 2 silaifolium 1 simplex 1 virginianum 1 Bouncing Bet 125 Box, False 202 Boykinia 164 circinata 164 elata 164 occidentalis 164 vancouverensis . . 164 PACE Brake 4 Cliff 5 RcK-k 2 Braken 4 Brasenia 128 Schreberi 128 Brassica 152 alba... 152 arvensis 152 campestris 152 juncea 152 nigra 152 Rapa 152 Braya 152 humilis 152 Brickeljia 290 grandiflora 290 oblongifolia 290 Brier, sweec 174 Brodisea 86 Douglasii 86 grandiflora 86 lactea 86 Brome Grass 42 Bromus 42 brizaeformis 44 carinatus 44 ciliatus 45 commutatus. ... 44 erectus 44 eximius 44 Hookerianus .... 44 hordeaceus 44 inermis 45 mar^inatus 43 maximus 43 mollis 44 Orcuttianus. .... 44 pacificus 45 Pumpellianus. ... 44 racemosus 44 Richardsonii .... 45 rubens 43 secalinus 44 sitchensis 44 sterilis 43 subvelutinus .... 43 tectorum 43 vulgaris 45 Brooklime 267 Brook-weed 238 Broom 184 Broom-rape 275 Family 274 Brunella v. Prun- ella 258 Bryanthus 233 Buckbean 241 u \r MS FACB Buckthorn 203 Buckwheat Fainily 106 Buftbane 137 False 131 Buftie-Weed 260 But-aeed 114 Bulrush 72 Bunchberry 226 Bunchftraas 49 Bupleurum 219 Americanum .... 219 Buraover 188 Burdock 322 Common 322 Great 322 BurMarlftold... 305 Burnet 176 Bur-reed 18 Family 17 Butter and Eftgs . 263 Buttercup 134 Arctic 134 Bulbous 135 Creeping 135 Cursed 134 Mountain 134 Tall 135 Western 13.') Butterwort 276 Cabbage 241 Deer 241 Skunk 74 Cactacese 210 Cactus Family. . . 210 Cakile 152 edentula 152 Calamogrostis. ... 31 aleutica 32 breviaristata 32 canadensis 32 crassiglumis 32 hyperborea 32 inexpansa. 32 Langsdorfii 32 neglecta 32 purpurascens. ... 31 rubescens 32 Scribneri 32 Suksdorfii 32 sylvatica 31 Vaseyi 32 Galandrinia 126 caulescens 126 California Poppy. 140 Calla palustris. . . 74 CaiUtrichacese. . . 200 INDEX PAGE CaUitriche 200 autumnalis 200 Beiandtri 201 hamulata 201 heterophylla .... 201 palustris 200 verna 201 Calochortus 84 apiculatus 84 elegans 84 macrocarpus. ... 84 Caltba 136 asariflora 136 biflora 136 chelidonii 130 leptosepala 136 Macounii 136 Calypso 91 bulbosa 91 Camas.. 85 Camassia 85 Leichtlinnii 85 quamish 85 Susksdorfu 85 Camelina 145 microcarpa 145 sativa 145 Campanula 283 aurita 284 lasiocarpa 284 rotunditolia 283 Scouleri 283 uniflora 283 Carex abidita 67 ablata 66 acutina 64 adusta 60 aenea 60 albicans 67 alma 62 alpina 68 amplifolia 69 anthoxantha .... 331 aperta 64 aquatilis 64 arcta 60 athrostachya. ... 59 atrata 68 aurea 63 Backii 65 Barbarae 63 bicolor 63 Bont^andii 60 brevicaulis 66 Brongntartii 61 brucnescens 61 Buxbaumii 68 PACS camporum 62 canescens 60 capillaris 09 capitata 58 circinata 331 rommunis 67 comosa 70 concinna 67 concinnoides . ... 67 Crawfordii 89 cristata 59 cryptocarpa 63 decidua 64 deflexa 66 densa 61 Deweyana 61 diandra . 62 Douglasii 62 ebbrnea 68 exsiccata 70 festiva 78 festucacea 59 filifolia 65 filiformis 66 flava 67 foenea 60 Gayana 62 Geyeri 65 globosa 67 Gmelini 68 Goodenovii 65 Grahami 70 gynocrates. 58 Halleri 68 heleonastes 61 Hendersoni 68 heteroneura 69 Hoodii 62 Hookeriana 6'..' hormathodes. . . 59 Howellii 63 hystericina 70 illota 60 incurva 62 interrupta. ..'.... 331 invisa 64 Kelloggii 64 Lachenalii 61 laeviculmis 61 lanuginosa 66 lasiocarpa 66 Leersii. 60 ieiorhyncha 62 leporina 59 leptalea 66 Liddonii 69 limosa 69 livida 69 INDEX S«S PACE 62 60 69 58 331 67 70 67 67 . 59 . 59 . 63 . 64 . 66 . 61 . 61 . 62 . 62 . 68 70 . 78 , 59 . 65 . 66 . 67 . 60 . 62 . 65 . 67 . 68 . 65 . 70 . 58 . 68 61 . 68 . 69 . 62 . 6'J . 59 . 63 . 70 . 60 62 . 331 . 64 . 64 . 61 . 61 . 66 . 66 . 60 . 62 . . 69 . 66 . 69 . 69 . 69 PAGE Cakbx — Con. machrochxta 331 macrcM'ephala.. . . (>i marcida 62 MtTtensii 05 microjjI'Khin. . . 05 misandra 69 nardiiia 58 nebraskcnsiii . ... 64 nigricans 65 nudata 64 obtusata 66 Oedcri 08 Parryana OH paucitlura 05 paupcrcula 09 petasata 59 phxocephala .... 59 physocarpa 70 polygama 08 pdytrichokdes . ... 06 Pratensis 59 reslii 59 pyrenaica 4^ retrorsa 70 Rcynoldsii 09 Ricltardionii .... 07 rigida 03 rostrata 70,331 Rossii rupestris 60 salina 69 Sartwellii 02 saxatilis 70 scirpiformis 65 scirpoidea 65 scirpoides 60 siccata 63 sitchcnsis 63 sUUulata 60 stenochlxna 65 stipata 01 straminea 59 stylosa 68 sychnocephala. . . 68 tenella 62 tenera 59 tennirostris 60 teretiuscula 62 Tolmiei 63 umbellata 67 vaginata 68 VariahiUs 04 vesicaria 70 vespcrtina 67 (.ampion 123,125 Bladder 124 Moss 124 PAGE Canada Hlucgrass 40 Mint 2m Thistle .323 Violet 208 Canadian Fly- Honeysuckle. 279 Canary Grass ... 27 Cancer- Root 275 Caper Family 155 Capillaire 227 Cappuridacea. . . 155 Caprlfuliacete ... 278 Capsella 143 Bursa-pastoris. . . 143 divaricata 143 Caraway 224 Cardamine 1,50 angi'.lata 151 beliidifotia 150 Breweri 151 hirsuta 151 intermedia 151 Kamtschatica . . . 151 l.yallii 151 pennsylvanica. . . 151 pratensis 151 occidentalis 151 oligosperma 151 umbellata 151 CarduiM 323 arvensi'* 323 Drummondii. . . . 323 odulis 323 < .)liosus 323 Hooker lanus. . . . 324 lanccuiatus 323 undulatus 323 Carnation 123 Carrot 218 Carum 224 carvi 224 Gairdneri 224 oreganum 224 Caryophyllacese. . 117 Cascara 203 Cassiope 232 Mertensiana . 232 Stelleriana 232 tetragona 232 Castllleja 269 angustifolia 271 brauhyantha. . . . 270 breviflora 270 camporum 270 lanccifolia 271 levisccta 270 lutescens 270 PAGE magrna 271 minial.i 271 ort'ophila 271 pallida 270 purpiirascens. . . . 271 rhexifi)lia 271 rupiciila 271 Suksdorfii 271 sulphtirea 270 Catchfly 123 Night-rtowcring. . 124 Sleepy 124 Sweet William. . . 124 Catnip 257 Cat'a-ear 325 Cat- tail Family. . 17 Catmint 257 Caucalis 21 S microcarpa. . . . 21 K Ceanothus 20.3 sanguineus 20.> velutinas 203 Cedar 14 Celastracese 202 Centaurea 322 Calcitrapa 322 Cyanus 322 Jacca 322 mclitensis 322 Centaurium 239 Muhlcnbergii 239 Centaury 239 Cenrunculus 238 minimus 238 Cerastium 120 alpinum 121 arvensc 121 Beeringianum . . . 121 campestre 211 effusum 121 graminifolium. . . 121 nutans 121 semidecandrum. . 120 viscosum 120 vulgatum 121 Chtenactis 307 Douglasii 307 Chaff-weed 238 Chamaecyparis. . 14 nootkatensis 14 Chamanerion 212 Chamomile 307 Field za& Yr'low 308 Charlock 162 jointed 152 Cheeses 205 Chelone 265 344 INDEX PAGE Gheilanthea 4 gracillima 4 Feci 4 lanuginosa 4 Chenopodiacese . . 113 Chenopodium. . . 114 album 115 Botrys 115 capitatum ^14 Fremontii il5 elaucum 115 humile 114 hybridum 115 leptophyllum 115 murale 115 rubrum 114 urbicum 115 Cherry 169 Bird 169 Choke 169 Ground 261 Wild 170 Chervil 217 Chess 44 Soft 44 Chlckweed ...120,121 C— men 122 Mouse-ear 120 Shining 122 Wintergreen 238 Chicory 324 Chimaphila 231 Menziesii 231 umbfllata 231 Chiogenes 227 hispidula 227 Chlorides 24 Cholte-cherry 169 Chrysanthemum. 308 arcticum 308 leucanthemum. . . 308 parthenium 308 Chry«opls 300 hispida 300 villosa 3'K) Chrysoplenium . It.O glechomacfoliuni. \M tetrandrum It'O Cichorium 324 Intybus 324 Cicuta... 224 Douglasii 224 occidenialis 224 vagans 224 Cimicif uga 137 clata 137 Cinna 31 penduia 31 PAGE latifolia 31 Cinquefoil 177 marsh 178 shrubby 178 Circsea 212 alpina 212 paciiica 212 Clodothamnus. . . 231 pyrolaeftorus 231 Clarkia 215 pulche'.la 215 Claytonia 126 lanccolata 126 megarrhiza 126 mullicaulis 126 Cleavers 277 Clematis 129 Columbiana 129 Douglasii 129 ligusticifolia 129 verticillaris 129 Cleome 155 serrulata 155 Clintonia 81 unitlora 81 Clifl BraJte 5 Cloud Berry 170 Clover 185 Alsike 186 Birdfoot 185 Bur 188 Crimson 186 Cup 186 Fringed 187 Few-flowered . . . . 187 Hop 186 Lance 187 Low 187 Low Yellow 186 Low Hop 186 Perennial 187 Red 186 Saucer 1^7 Spanish 185 Stinking 155 Sweet 187 Variegated 187 White 186 Zig-zag 186 Clubmoss II Family H Common 12 Club-rush 72 Cochlearia 146 anglica 146 Coclile 125 Bur 302 Corn 125 PAGE Coelopleurum 223 Ginelini 223 longipes 223 Collinsia 263 grandiflora 263 parviflora 263 CoUomia 244 Colfs-foot 310 Columbine 136 Comandra 106 livida 106 palida 106 Richardsiana. . . . 106 Comfrey 251 Compositse 284 Coneflower 304 Coniferse 13 Coniosellnum — 223 Dawsoni 223 Gmclini 223 scopulorum 223 Conium 224 maculatum 224 Qfenvallariacese. . 79 Convolvulacese. . . 243 Convolvulus 243 arvensis 243 sepium 243 Soldanella 243 Copper Bush 231 Coptis...... 137 asplenifolia 137 trifoliata 137 Coral Root 90 Corallorrhiza 90 innata 90 Mertensiana. ... 90 multiflora 90 striata 91 Coreopsis 304 Atkinsonia 304 Cord Grass 27 Corispermum 114 hyssopifolium. . . 114 Cornaceae 226 Corncockle 125 Flower 322 Salad 281 Spurrey 118 Cornus. . 226 canadensis 226 intermedia 226 Nuttallii 226 puliescens 226 stolonifera 226 suecica 226 Coronopus 142 didymus 142 INDEX 345 PAGE I Corydalis 140 | aurea 140 glauca. 140 sempcrvirens. . . . 140 Coryius 102 californica 102 rostrata 102 Cotton-grass 71 Cottonwood 101 Cotula... 310 coronopifolia . . . . 310 Couch-grass 48 Cow-herb 12.5 Cow Parsnip 221 Vetch 196 Wheat 273 Cowslip 236 Crab-apple 183 Crab-grass 21 Cranberry. .227,228 Rock 220 High Bush 280 Cranesbill 198 Crantzia 219 Crassulaceae 156 Crataegus 182 brevispina 182 Columbiana 182 Douglasii 182 Creeping Charlie 257 Buttercup 135 Crepis 329 acuminata 329 biennis 329 capillaris 329 elegans 329 intermedia 329 nana 329 occidentalis 329 runcinata 329 Cress Alpine 150 Bitter 150 Garden 143 Field 142 Marsh 145 Penny 143 Rock 149 Wart 142 Water 145 Winter 151 Crimson Clover IHO Crocidium 314 multicaulc 314 Crowfoot 132 Water 133 Seaside 133 PAGE Crowberry 201 Cruciferse 141 Cryptanthe 255 affinis 255 flaccida "^-^ Cryptogramma acrostichoides. . . '.i Stelleri 3 Cuckoo-flower. .. . 151 Cucurbitaceae . . . 282 Cudweed 321 Cup Clover 186 Currant 157 Black 158 I Blue 159 ; Red 159 Red-flowered.. . . 159 ] Skunk 158 1 Stickv 159 Squaw 159 Cuscuta 243 arvensis 243 salina 243 Cymopterus 223 terebinthus 223 Cynarese 287 Cynodon 28 Dactylon 28 Cynoglossum .... 250 boreale 250 grande 250 Cynosurus 37 cristatus 37 echinatus 37 Cyperaceae 52 Cyperus 71 arista'us 71 infle.us 71 Cypress 14 Cypripedium 90 montanum 90 parviflorum 90 passcrinum 90 Cystopteris 7 (ragilis 7 rr.ontana 7 Cytisus 184 scopanus . 184 Dactyils 38 glomerata 38 Daisy 300 Garden 300 Ox-eye 308 Dame's Violet. . 154 Dandelion 325 Common 326 Dwarf 326 PACE Fall 325 False... 326 Mountain 326 Red-fruited 326 Danthonia 36 amcricana 36 californica 36 intermedia 36 spicata 36 unispicata 36 Darnel 48 Datura 261 Stramonium. . . . 261 Daucus 218 Carota 218 pusillus 218 Deer Cabbage 241 Fern 3 Delphinium 137 ajacis 138 bicolor 138 Brownii 138 columbianum.. . . 138 glaucum 138 Menziesii 138 simplex 138 Dentaria 146 gemmala 146 macrocarpa 146 tenella 146 Deschampsia 34 alpicola 34 atropurpurea. ... 35 caespitosa 34 calycina 35 elongata 35 lalifolia 35 DeptfordPlnk... . 35 Devil's Club 225 Dianthus 123 Armeria 123 dcltoides 123 Dicentra 140 f ormosa 140 uniflora 140 Dicotyledons viii Digitalis 269 purpurea 269 Disporum 82 Hookeri 82 oreganum 82 Smithii 82 trachycarpum. . . 82 Distichlis 37 spicata 37 Ditch-grass 21 846 INDEX PAGE Dock 108 Bitter 108 Curled 109 Golden 108 Patience 109 Tufted 109 Western 109 Dodecatheon 236 conjugens 236 dentatum 236 Jeflfreyi 237 latifolium 236 pauciflorum 236 puberulum 236 tetrandrum 236 Dodder 243 Dogbane 242 Family 242 Dogwood 226 Family 226 Flowering 226 Red-osier 226 Dog's-tail Grass. . 37 Dog's tooth Violet 84 Douglasia 238 montana 238 nivalis 238 Douglas Fir 16 Draba 146 albertina 147 alpina 148 andina 148 androsacca 148 aurea 148 cana 148 crassifolia 147 Columbiana 148 Fladnizensis 148 incana 14S lonchocarpa 148 lutea 147 Macouniana 147 McCalls 148 nemorosa 147 nitida 147 nivalis 148 oligospcrma 147 prxalta 147 stenoloba 147 vcrna 147 Dracocephalum . 251 parviflorum 257 Dragon-head 257 False 259 Drop-seed 30 Sand 31 Rough 31 PAGE Drosera 155 anglica 155 longifoiia 155 rotundifolia 155 Droseraceae 155 Dryas 180 Urummondii. . . . 181 integrifolia 181 octopetala 181 tomentosa 181 DrupacecB 169 Drymocallis 177 Ducliweed 75 Family 74 Dulichium 71 arundinaceum. . . 71 spathaceum 71 Ea'":iia 35 Echinochloa 27 crusgalli 27 Echinocystis 282 lobata 282 oregana 282 Echinospermum .... 250 Edible Thistle... 323 Eel-grass 21 Elaeagnacese 210 Elseagnus 210 argentea 210 Elder 280 Black-fruited.... 280 Red-fruited 280 Tree 280 Eleocharis 72 acicularis 72 obtusa 73 palustris 73 pygmaa 72 rostellata 72 Elfphanldla 274 Elephant, Little. . 274 Elm 104 English 104 American 105 Elmera 162 Elymus. 49 arenarius 50 borealiB 50 canadensis 50 condensatus 50 dasystachys 50 gluucus 49 innovatus 50 Macounii 49 . nitidus 49 vancouverensis. . 50 viUeflorus 50 PAGE Empetracese 201 Empetrum 201 nigrum 201 Enchanter's Night Shade 212 English ivy... 225, 332 Epilobium 212 adenocaulon 213 alpinum 213 anagallidifolium.. 213 angustifolium.. . . 212 brevistylum 213 clavatum 214 Davuricum 214 Halleanum 213 Hornemanni 214 latifolium 213 leptocarpum 214 lineare 213 luteum 213 minutum 213 paniculatum. . . . 213 palustre TilS Pringleanum .... 213 Epipactis 94 gigantea 94 Equisetaceie 8 Equisetum 8 arvense 8 fluviatile 9 hyemale 9 Ixvigatum 10 liitorale 9 palustre 9 pratense 8 ramosissimum. . . 9 robustum 10 scirpoidcs 9 sylvaticum 9 telmateia 8 varicgatum 9 Ericaceae 226 Ericoidese 226 Eriganum 260 Erigeron 295 acris 297 alpinus 297 aureus 297 asper 299 Bellcdiastrum ... 299 cjespitosus 298 callianthemus. . . 299 canadensis 296 comix)sitU3 297 concinnus 298 corymbosus 299 elatus 297 hlitolius 297 W^ ':'' ^. INDEX 347 298 299 298 298 299 299 299 PAGE Erigeren — Con. flagellaris 297 glabellas 299 grandiflorus 298 hesperocallis 299 Kindbergii 297 lanatus 298 lapiluteus 297 linearis 298 lonchophyllus. . . 297 loratus 299 macranthus 299 Macounii 298 membranaceum. . 299 peregrinus philadelphicus. . poliospermus. . putnilus ramosus salsuginosus. speciosus. . strigosus 299 uniflorus 298 Eriofionum 107 androsaceum. . 107 flavum 107 heracleoides 107 multiceps 108 niveum 107 ochroleucum 107 ovalifolium 107 subaipinum 107 umbellatum 107 Eriophorum 71 alpinum 71,72 callitrix. 71 Chaniissonis. ... 71 gracile 71 polystachion . . 71 vaginatum 71 Eriophyllum 306 caespitosum 306 lanatum 306 Erodlum 199 cicutarium 19\> Eryn(tium 217 articulatum 217 Eryngo 217 EryBimutn 154 aspcrum 154 cheiranthoidcs 154 elatum 154 parvirtorum 154 Erythroniuia .... 84 gtganleum 85 grandiflorum .... 85 Howellii 85 montar.um 85 PAGE Eschscholtzia... 140 californica 140 Eucarex 55 Bucephalus 292 Eupatories 285 Eupatorium 290 cannabinum 290 maculatum 290 Rydbergii 290 Euphorbia 200 glyptospcrma. . . . 200 Lathyrus 20C peplus 200 serpyllifolia 200 Euphorbiacese. ... 200 Euphrasia 273 arctica 273 latifolia 273 Evening Primrose 214 Family 211 Evergreen Blackberry 172 Huckleberry 229 Snowbrush 203 Everlasting Pearly 321 Eyebright 273 Fairy-bells 82 Fall Dandelion... 325 False Asphodel 83 Azalea 233 Box 202 Bugbane 137 Dragf .Htad . 257 Fxl Giass 21 FUx 145 Forget-me-not... 250 Heather 233 Hellebore H3 Mallow 204 Mitrewort 162 Oat 37 Pimpernel 266 Solomon's Seal . 81 Fatsia 225 horrida 225 Feather Grass. 28 Fennel 222 Common 222 Hog 220 Fern 2 Beech 4 Bladder 7 Deer 3 Grape 1 Holfv:,, 6 Lace Lady Lip Maidenhair . Male Oak. Ostrich. PAGE 4 5 . 4 4 . 7 . 4 . 3 Rattlesnake 1 Silver-back 3 Shield 6 Sword 6 Fescue Grass 46 Fall Meadow.... 48 Festuca 46 bromoides 47 elatior 48 Hallii 47 megalura 47 myuros 47 occidentalis 47 octoflora 46 ovina 47 pacihca 47 reflexa 47 rubra 47 subulata 48 subuliflora 48 Festucese 25 Feverfew 308 Figwort Family 262 Filices 2 Fir 15 Alpine 16 Douglas 16 I lively 16 White 15 Fireweed 212 Flag 88 Flax 197 Common 197 False 145 Family 197 Toad 106 Fleabane 295 Flcur-de-Lis 88 Flower Monkey 268 Pasque 130 Twin 278 Flowering Currant 159 Dogwood 226 Raspberry 170 Foeniculum . 222 vulgarc 222 Fool's Onion 86 848 INDEX H« PACE Forftet-me-not. . . 252 Alpine 252 False 250 Field 252 Water 252 White 252 Four O'clock Family 117 Foxglove 269 Fox Tall 29 Brisliy 26 Grass 29 Green 26 Meadow 30 Fragaria 172 bracteata 173 chiloensis 173 cuneifolia 173 glauca 173 grandiflora 173 Helleri 173 pauciflora 173 platypetala 173 vesca 173 Franseria 302 bipinnatifida .... 302 cuneifolia 302 Fringe Cup 162 FritiUary 87 Fritillaria 87 Kamtschatcensis. 88 lanceolata 87 pudica 88 Fumariacese 140 Furze 184 Galeopais 2.58 Tcirahit 258 G&iUardUi 306 aristata 306 Gale, Sw«i€t 102 Galingale 71 Gaiiun 277 aparinc 278 biflorum 278 boreale 277 cymosum 27S kamtschaticum 278 trifidum 277 triflorum 27x Garden Cress 143 Aspaiagus 80 Gaultheria 232 myrsinites 232 ovalifolia 232 shallon 232 PAGE Gayapbytum .... 214 ramosissimum. . . 214 Gentian 240 Douglas's 241 Dwarf 240 Four-parted 240 Glaucous 240 Large 241 Northern 240 Spurred 239 Swamp 241 Yellow 241 Gentiana 240 acuta 240 aflfinis 241 americana 240 calycosa 241 Douglasiana 241 Forwoodii 241 fn'gida '. . . . 241 glauca 240 oregana 241 propinqua 240 prostrata 240 Romanzovii 241 sceptrum 241 tenella 240 stricta 241 Gentianacese 239 Geraniaces 198 Geranium 198 Bicknellii 199 carolinianum. . . . 199 dissectum 199 erianthum 198 incisum 198 molle 199 pusillum 198 Richardsonii . . . . 198 Robertianum 1G8 viscossimum. . . . 198 Carolina 199 Cut-leaved 199 Dove's-foot 199 Northern 198 Small-flowered... 198 White 198 Germander 256 Geum 181 aurantiaium 181 calthifolium 181 huinilis 182 inacrophyllum. . . 181 oregonense 181 rivale 181 Rossii 182 strictum 181 triflorum 182 PAGE Giant Hyssop 257 Gilia 244 achillexfolia 245 aggregata 245 capitata 245 gracilis 245 grandiflora 244 heterophylla . . . . 244 humilis 245 inconspicua 245 intertexta 244 linearis 244 minutiflora 245 pharnaceoides . . . 245 squarrosa 244 tenella 245 Ginger. Wild 106 Ginseng Family . 225 Glasawort 113 Glaux 239 maritima 239 Glehnia 223 littoralis 223 Globe-flower 136 Globe Mallow. ... 204 Glyceria 38 borealis 38 fluilans 38 grandis 38 nervata 38 pauciflora 38 septentrionalis. . . 38 Glycorrhiza 191 lepidota 191 Gnaphalium 321 chilense 322 decurrens 321 Macounii 321 microcephalum . . 322 palustre 322 purpureum 321 uliginosum 321 Goat's Beard. . 180, 325 Godetia 215 caurina 215 epilobioides 215 Gold Thread 137 Golden Aster . . 300 Corydalis 140 DcK-k 108 Saxifrage 160 Golden Rod 300 Goodyenra 94 Menztesn 94 Gooseberry 157 Common 159 Smooth 159 INDEX 349 PAGE Gooseberry — Con. Swamp 159 Red-flowered... 159 Goosefoot 114,115 Family 113 Gormania . oreganum 156 Gorse 184 Gourd Family . 282 Gum Weed 290 GramincsB 23 Grape Fern 1 Oregon 139 Grass Family 23 Grass Alkali 37 Arrow 22 Barnyard. ...... 27 Bear 83 Beard 30 Bent 32 Bermuda 28 Black 78 Blue-eyed 88 Blue-joint 32 Bristly Foxtail... 26 Brome 42 Bunch 49 Canada Blue 40 Canary 27 Cord 27 Cotton 71 Couch 48 Crab 21 Cut 27 Ditch 21 Dog's-tail 37 Dropseed 30 Early Hair 34 Eel 21 False Eel 21 False Oat 37 Feather 28 Fescue 46 Fowl Meadow.. 38. 40 Foxtail 29 Hair 34.35 Holy 27 Hungarian Brome 45 Indian Reed ... 31 June 41 Low Spear 40 Manna 38 Meadow 39 Mf^adow I'oxTail 30 Melic 45 Millet 26 Moitnt.iin Hair. . 35 PAGE Needle 29 Northern Buffalo 29 Oat 3.5.36 of Parnassas. . . . 160 Orchard 38 Panic 26 Pigeon 26 Red Top 33 Reed Bent 31 Reed Canary .... 27 Reed Meadow. . . 38 Rib 26 Ribbon 27 Rice Cut 27 Rough Meadow.. 40 Rye 49,50 Salt 37 Shining Spike ... 36 Slender Hair. ... 35 Silvery Hair. ... 34 Slough 27.28 Spear .38,39 Squirrel Tail .... 51 Sweet Vernal 27 Timothy 30 Triplc-awned .... 28 Tufted Hair 34 Velvet 35 Wheat 48 Wild Oat 36 Wild Timothy... 28 Witch 26 Gratiola 266 ebracteata 266 virginiana 266 Greasewood 332 Green Alder 104 Grindelia 290 collina 291 integrifolia 290 lanata 290 macrophylla 291 nana 291 squarrosa 291 Gromwell 251 Ground Cherry 261 Ground Ivy 2.57 Groundsel 314 Grove-l.ovcr 247 Gum- weed 290 Gymnoftramme. . 3 triangularis 3 Habenaria 91 borealis 93 bracteata 91 dilatata 93 clegansi, , , , 92 PAGE gracilis 92 graminifolia 92 hyperborea 92 Icptoccratitis. ... 92 leucostachvs. ... 93 Michaeli..' 92 multiflora 92 obtusata 91 orbiculata 92 stricta 92 unalaschensis 92 viridiflora 92 Hairgrass 34 Halenia 239 deflexa 239 Haloragidaceae . .211 Hardback 177 Harebell 283 Hare's Tail 71 Hawksbeard 329 Hawkweed 330 Hawthorn 182 Hazel 102 Heal-all 258 Heath Family... 226 Heather Alaska 232 False 233 Moss 232 Hedera helix. 225, 332 Hedge Hyssop 266 Mustard 153 Nettle 258 Parsley 218 Hedysarum 191 boreale 192 Mackenzie 192 sulphurescens... . 191 Helenieae 286 Helenium 307 autumi\ale 307 Helianthex 285 Helianthella 304 Douglasii 304 Helianthus 304 annu'i 304 Nuttallii 305 petiolari^ 301 pumilus 304 Hellebore, False S3 Hemic. a . IM ranunculifolia . . 164 viohicea 164 Hemizonclla 303 Durandii 303 f I 880 INDEX PAGE Hemlock 16 Parsley 222 Poison 224 Water 224 Hemp Nettle 258 Hen-bit 259 Heracleum 221 lanatum 221 Herb Robert 108 Hesperus 154 matronalis 154 Heterocodon 283 rariflorum 283 Heuchera 1(13 Columbiana 163 cylindrica 103 glabella 1()3 glabra 1()3 micrantha I(i3 ovalifolia 1('3 parvifoiia 103 racemosa 162 Hieracium 330 albiflorum 330 canadensis 330 cynoglossoides. . . 330 gracile 330 Scouleri 330 triste 330 umbellatum 330 Hierochloe 27 borealis 27 odorata 27 High Bush Cran- berry 280 Hlppuris 211 montana 211 tetraphylla 211 vulgaris 211 Hog-fennel 220 Holcus 35 lanatus. .... 35 Holdiscus 177 Holly Fern fi Hollyhock 205 Holy-grass 27 Honjsty 144 Honeysuckle 279 Blue Fly 279 Canadian Fly. . 279 Orange 279 Purple 279 Rod 279 Honeysuckle Family 278 Hop 105 Clover 186 buriie)*; 20 PAGE Hordeum 51 boreale 51 caespitosum 51 geniculatum 52 jubatum 51 maritimum 52 murinum 51 nodosum 51 pusillum 52 llorehound 257 water 259 Homed Pondweed 22 Horsemint 259 Horse-radish 145 Horse Tail Family 8 Tail 8 Weed 296 llosackia 185 amcricana. ..... 185 bicolor 185 decumbens 185 denticulata 185 gracilis 185 parviflora 185 Hound's Tongue. 250 Huckleberry 228 Evergreen 229 Humulus 105 Lupulus 105 Hutchcnsia 143 procumbens 143 Hyacinth, Wild.. 86 Hydastylus 88 Hydrocotyle 219 ranunculoides. . . 219 vulgare 219 Hydrophyllacese. 247 Hydrophyllum. . . 248 albifrons 248 capitatum 24S Fcndleri 248 tenuipes 448 Hypericaceae 205 Hypericum 205 anagalloidcs 205 bryophytum .... 205 perforatum 205 Scouleri 205 Hypoch> ris 325 glabra 325 radirata 325 Hypopites 235 (inibriata 235 Hypopites 235 muiiifiora 235 PAGE Hyssop Giant 257 Hedge 266 llysanthis 266 dubia 266 gratioloides 266 Impatiens 203 aurella 204 biflora 204 ecalcarata 204 occidentalis 204 pallida 204 Indian Consumption Plant 220 Hemp 242 Paint-brush 269 Pipe 234 Reed 31 Inuleae 287 lonactis 292 Iridaceae 88 Iris.. 88 missouriensis. ... 88 versicolor 88 Isoetacese 11 Isoetes 11 Bolanderi 11 Dodgei 11 echinospora 11 Nuttallii 11 maritima 11 Iva 302 axillaris 302 Ivy Hnglish 225 Ground 257 Kenilworth 263 Poison 201 Jewelweed 203 Juncacese 75 Juncnides 75 Juncaginaceae . . 22 Juncus 76 acuniinatus 77 aipinus 78 Balticus 77 Bolanderi 78 bufonius 78 castaneus 78 Covillci. ...... 79 Drummondii. ... 77 eflFusus 77 ensifolius 77 falcatus 79 'm.W'iM.. % INDEX 351 PAGE JUNCus — Con. filiformis 77 Gcrardi 78 latifolius 79 Lescurii 77 , longistylis 79 | Mertensianus. ... 77 ncvadcnsis 78 nodosus 78 occidentalis 78 oreganus 78 orthophyllus. ... 79 oxynicris 77 Parryi 76 subtrirtorus 76 supiniformis 77 tenuis 78 Torrcyi 78 triglumis 79 ziphioides 77 June Berry 183 June Grass 41 Juniper 13 Juniperus 13 communis 13 prostrata 13 sabina 13 scopulorum, , , , . 14 Kalmia 233 glaiica 233 poiifolia 233 Kinnikinnick ... 232 Knot-weed 109 Kobresia 52 Bcllardi 52 bipartita 52 caricina 52 scirpina 52 Koeleria 36 crislata 36 Labiatae Labrador Tea . Lace-Pod Fern Lactuca canadensis. . . pulchella . . . scariola spicata Ladies' Tresses. Lady Fern Lady's Mantle Siip[)er Thumb Lamb's Quarter 256 231 141 4 326 326 326 326 326 94 5 175 90 112 115 PAGE Lamium 259 aniplcxicaule. . . . 259 Lapsana 324 communis 324 Lappula 250 cupulata 251 diffusa 251 echinata 251 floribunda 250 hispida 250 occidentalis 251 texana 251 Lappula 251 Larch 15 Larix. 15 Laricina 15 Lyallii... 15 occi Lousewort 273 Lovage 223 Ludvigia 212 palustris 212 Luina 318 hypoleuca 318 Lunaria 144 annua 144 Lunftwort 253 Lupine 188 Lupinus 188 arborcus 189 arcticus 190 argcntens 189 aridus 190 bicolor 189 Burkii... 190 grandifolius 180 hirsutulus 189 laxiflorus 190 lepidus 191 Icucophyllus 191 littoralis 191 Lyallii 190 micranthus 189 microcarpus 189 minimus 190 nootkatensis. . . . 190 ornatus 191 polyphyllus 189 rivularis 190 sericcrus 191 Luzula.. 75 campestris 75 comosa 75 divaricata 75 parviflora 75 pilosum 75 Piperi. 75 saltuensis 75 spicata 75 Lyclinis 125 apetata 125 coronaria 125 Drunimondii. . . 125 nodding 125 Lycopodiaceae. ... 1 1 Lycopodium 1 1 alpinum 12 annoiinum 12 ciavatun' 12 compianatum. . . 12 inundatum 12 iuridulum 12 ohsruruni 12 sabinx'folium. ... 12 FACE SclaRO 12 sitchense 12 Lycopus 260 americanus 259 luridus 260 sinualus 259 uniflorus 260 Lysias 91 Lysichiton 74 kamtschatcense. . 74 Lysimachia 239 thyrsiflora . . 239 Lysimachion 212 LytliraccsB 210 Lytlirum 210 alatum 210 Salicaria 210 Madder Family . . 277 Mad-dog Slcull- cap 2,57 Madia 303 congesta 303 exigua 303 glomerata 303 madioidcs 303 Nuttallii 303 racemosa 303 sativa 303 Madwort 253 Mahonia 139 Maianthemum... 81 bifolium 81 Maidenhair Fern. 4 Male Fern 7 Mallow 204 Common 205 False 204 Globe 204 Musk 205 Mallow Family. . 204 Malva 204 borealis 205 rotundifolia 205 moschatus 205 Malvaceae 204 Malvastrum 204 coccincum 204 Manna-grass 38 Maple 202 Broad-leaved... 202 RfK-ky Mt 202 Vine 202 Maple Family. ... 202 Marigold Bur 305 Marsh 138 INDEX 353 PAGE Marjoram Wild 260 Mariposa Lily. 84 Marrubium 257 vulgare 257 Marsh Cinquefoil 177 Cress 145 Hollyhock. 205 Marigold 130 Matricaria 310 discoidea 310 suavcolcns 310 May Leaves 139 .Viay Weed 308 Meadow Foxtail 30 Grass 39 Rue 131 Medic 188 black 188 spotted 188 Medicago 188 arabica 188 denticulata 188 hispida 188 lupulina 188 sativa 188 Megarrhiza 282 Melampyrum . . . 273 lineare 273 Melanthacea 79 Melic-grass 45 Melica 45 acuminata 46 aristata 45 bulbosa 46 Hartfordii 4.5 purpurascL-ns. . 3->l Smithii 4< spcctabilis 40 striata 45 subulata 46 Melilot 187 white 187 yellow 187 Melilotus 187 alba. 187 officinalis 187 Melissa 260 officinalis 260 Milkweed 242 Mentha. 260 canadensis 260 Cardiaca 260 citrata 2(50 piperita 260 PAGE sativa 260 spicata 260 Mentzelia 209 albicaulis 200 integrifolia "JOO liEvicaulis 20".) Menyanthes 241 crista-galli 241 trifoliata 241 Menziesia 233 ferruginea 233 glabella 233 Mertensia 253 ciliata 2.53 Horneri 253 laevigata 253 oblongifolia 253 paniculata 253 sibirua . . 253 Microtneria . 2.')7 Doufjlasii 257 Microseris 324 Bigelo\ ii 324 nutans 324 Mignonette Family 155 Milfoil 211 Milk Thistle 323 Vetch lv»3 Millet 26 Mimulus 268 al[)inus 269 alsinoides 269 caespitosus 2t)9 floribundus 269 grandiflo'rus 268 hirsutus 268 Lewisii . 268 Langsdorfii 268 luletis 268 Moschatus 26s nasutus 269 pcduncularis. . . 260 pilosus 268 Miner's Lettuce 126 Mint 200 Bergamot 259 Canada 260 Cat 2r)0 Horse 259 Mint Family 256 Mission Bell 88 Mistletoe 116 Mistletoe Family. 116 Mitella. 161 Rrewcri 161 cauloscons 161 nuda 161 PAG£ ovalis 161 pentandra 161 stauropetala . . . 16'i trifida 161 Mitrewort 161 False 162 Mock Orange .160 Mcehringia 119 Monarda 259 mollis 259 Moneses 230 reticulata 230 uniflcra 230 Monkey Flower. . 268 Monk's Hood 138 Monolepis 114 Xuttalliana 114 chf" >>odioidrs. . . 114 Monutropa 234 uniflora 234 Monotropaceae . . 234 Montia. 126 asarifolia 127 Chamissoi 127 dichotoma 128 fontana 127 Howellii 128 linearis 128 parviflora 127 parvifolia 127 perfoliata 127 sarmentosa 127 sibirica 127 spathulata 127 Moonwort 1 Moachatel 279 Moss Heather. . !2 Moth Mullein. J62 Motherwort 258 Mountain Ash 183 Bells 84 Bl ulder l^od .... 142 Hollyhock 204 Lily 87 Rice 29 Sorrel 108 Spirxa 177 Mouse-ear Chickwced 120 Mouse-tail 131 Mud-disk 310 Mudwort 267 Mugwort 309 Muhlenbergia. . 28 glontfrata 28 ratemosa 28 354 INDEX ' -JiJii rtiifl ^ PACE Mullein 2G2 Common 202 Moth 202 Pink 125 Musk Flower 2f)8 mallow 20r) Mustard 152 Hall 144 Black IM Hedge 153 Tower 149 Treacle 154 Tumble 153 White 152 VVormseed 154 Mustard Family.. 141 Myosotis 252 alpestris 252 arvensis 252 laxa 252 macrosperma. . . . 252 versicolor 252 Myosurus 131 apetalus 31 minimus 131 Myrlophyllum .211 spicatum 211 verticellatum 211 Myrica 102 Gale 102 Myricaceae 102 Naiad 22 Najadacese IS Najas 22 flcxilis 22 Nasturtiuh: 145 Navaretlia 244 Neckweed 207 Needle Grass 29 Neillia 170 Nemophila 247 brevitlora 247 Menzicsii 247 micrantha 248 parviflora 247 pedunculata 248 pustulala 248 Nepeta 257 Cataria 257 Glechoma 257 hederacca 257 Nephropfnllidum.. . 241 Neslia . . ' 144 paniculatum. . . 144 Nesodraba 140 megalin;ari>a . . . . 146 PAGE Nettle 105 Dead 259 Hedge 258 Stinging 105 Nettle Family U>4 Newberrya 235 congesta 235 Nicotiana 261 attcnuata 201 Nightshade 261 Enchanter's 212 Nine-bark 170 Nipplewort 324 Nodding Lychnis. 125 None-such 188 Nothocalais 327 Northern Buffalo Grass. 29 Gentian 240 Geranium 198 Nuttallia 169 cerasiformis 169 Nyctaftinacea. . 117 Nymphaea 128 Dolyscpala 128 Nymphacea 128 Oak 104 Fern 4 Poison 201 Oat-grass 36 cultivated 37 False 37 Wild 36 Ocean Spray 177 Oenanthe 223 sarmentosa 223 Oenothera 214 biennis 215 grandiriora 215 Hookeri 215 muricata 215 pallida 214 pumila 214 strigulosa 214 Oleaster Family. . 210 Onagraceae 211 Onion 86 Fool's 80 Onobrychis 192 sativa 192 Onoclea 3 struthioptcris.. . . 3 Onopordum 324 Acanthium 324 Ophlogiossaceje . 1 PAGE Opuntia 210 fragilis 210 polycantha 210 Orach 115 Orchard grass — 38 Orchidacea 89 Orchid Family . . 89 Orchis 93 rotund if <4»i» ^ Oregon Grape... . 139 Oreocarya 254 glomerata 254 leucoph.ia 254 Origanum 260 vulgaro 260 Orobanche 275 Orobanchacea ... 274 Orpine Family. . . 156 Orthocarpus 272 attcnuaius 272 bracteosus 272 castillcoidcs 272 (aucibarbalus.. . . 272 hispidus 273 luteus 272 pusillus 272 tennifolius 273 Oryzopsis 29 asperifolia 29 Cungens 29 ymenoides 29 Osmorrhiza 218 divaricata 219 Leibergi 219 nuda 219 obtusa 219 occidentalis 219 purpurea . 218 Ostrich Fern 3 Ox-eye Daisy 308 Oxyrla 108 digyna 108 Oxytropls 192 deflexa 192 inflatus 192 Lamberti 192 monticola 193 podocarpa 192 Richardsonii 192 splemlens 192 viscida 192 villosus 332 Pachystlma 202 myrsmites. 202 Paonla 137 Brownii 137 Paint-brush ,270,272 ..-.■;>■«.- -?_ INDEX 355 PACE Paniceae 24 Panlcum 2C agrostoidcs 26 capillare 26 dichotomum 26 occidcntale 26 Sciberianum 26 Papaver 140 alpinum 140 nudicaule 140 pygmaeum 140 somniferum 140 Papaveracese 139 Parietarla 105 pcnnsylvanica. . . 105 Pamaasia 160 fimbriata 160 Kotzebuei. 161 montanensis 160 palustris 160 parviflora 161 Parnassus, Grass of 160 Parsley common 225 Fern 2 Hedge 218 Hemlock 222 Water 223 Parsley Family. . 216 Parsnip Common 221 Cow 221 Mountain 222 Poison 224 Water 225 Pasque- Flower. . . 130 Pastinaca 221 sativa 221 Patience Dock. . . 109 Pea 196 Beach 196 Marsh 197 Perennial 197 Purple 197 Shore 196 Yellow 197 Vine 196 Pea Family 184 Pear 182 Pear-leaf 164 Pearlwort 118 Pearly Everlasting 321 Pectocarya 251 penicillata 251 Pedicularis 273 contorta. , , , 274 I'AGE euphrasioidcs. . . . 274 grcenlandic.i 274 parviflora 274 racemosa 274 scopulorum 274 Peli»a 5 atropurpurea .... 5 densa 5 occidentalis 5 Pellitory 105 Pentstemon 264 confortus 265 deustus 265 diffusus 265 fruticosus 264 glaucus 265 humilis 265 Lyallii 264 Menziesii 264 ovatus 20"> procerus 265 pseudohumUis. . 265 Scouleri 264 triphyllus 265 Peony 137 Pepper Grass . 142 Peppermint. .260 Peramium 94 decipiens 94 repens 94 Periwinlcle 242 Petasites 310 frigida 311 sagittata 311 speciosa 311 Petroselinum . 225 hortense 225 Peucedanum 220 Phacelia 248 hetcrophylla . 249 leptoscpala 249 leucophylla 249 Menziesii 249 sericea 249 Phalaridese 24 Phalaris 27 arundinacea 27 canariensis 27 Phegopteris 4 alpestris 4 Dryopteris 4 phegopteris 4 polypodioides . ... 4 PhellopUris 223 Pliiladelphus 160 Gordonianus .... 160 Lewisii 160 PACE Phleum 30 ulpinum 30 pratcnsis 30 Phloi 246 diffusa 2 S'i Douglasii 24rt longifolia 246 rigida 246 speciosa 246 Phlox Fnmily ... 244 Pbragmitcs 37 communis 37 Phyllodoce 233 empetriformis. . . 233 glandulo I 233 Phyliospadix 21 Scoiilcri 21 Torreyi 21 Pbysalis 261 pubescens 261 Physaria 142 didymocarpa. . . . 142 Physocarpus 176 opulifolius 176 pauciflorus 176 Physostegia 259 parviflora 259 Picea 16 alberlina 17 canadensis 17 Engelmanni 17 Mariana 17 sitchensis 17 Pigweed 116 Pimpernel 238 False 266 Pine. 14 Family 13 Limber 15 Scrub 14 Western Yellow 14 Western White 15 White- Bark 15 Pineapple- Weed. 310 Pinedrops 234 Pinesap 235 Pinguicula 276 vulgaris 276 Pink Deptford 123 Mullein 125 Rock 126 Scouler's 124 Pink Family 117 Plnus albicaulis 15 contorta 14 flexilis. , , , 15 EiVTrJ ■-*j.";;z-' MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2| ■ 12 136 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 A APPLIED irvl^GE Ir ^^^ 1653 East "(otn Street F«— Roches'er. New York ueC'^ ■ SA '-^S (716} 482 - 0300 - Phone ^= (716) 288 - !)989 - Vq» 356 INDEX U ! > PAGE PiNUS-^-Con. monticola 15 Murrayana 14 ponderosa 14 Piperia 01 Pipsissewa 231 Piptocalyx 25r) circumscissa 255 Plagiobothrys.. 253 echinatus 253 tenellus 253 Plantaginacese . 270 Plantago 270 aristaCa 277 Bigelovii 277 lanceolata 27fi macrocarpa 276 major 276 maritima 277 Purshii 277 Plantain 276 Water 23 Platystigma 139 oreganum 139 Pleuropogon 46 refractum 46 Plumbaginacese.. 235 Poa 39 alpina 42 ampla 41 arctica 40 annua 40 Bolanderi 40 Buckleyana 42 casta 42 cnlifornica 42 cenisia 40 compressa 40 confinis 41 eminens 41 Fendleriana 42 flava 40 glauca 42 gracillima 42 Howellii 41 laxa 40 leptocoma 41 Lettermani 42 macrantha 41 nemoralis 41 nervosa 41 nevadensis 42 occidentalis 41 OlneytB 41 pratensis 41 purpurascens .... 42 serotina 40 eubpurpurea. ... 42 PAGE tennifolia 42 triflora 40 trivblis 40 vaseychloa 331 Poison Ivy 201 Oak 201 Polemoniacese.. . . 244 Polemonium 245 coeruleum 246 confertum 246 hutnile 245 micranthum 245 Polyftonaceae 106 Polygonum 109 acre 112 alpinum 112 amphibium 112 Austinae Ill aviculare 110 bistortoides Ill confertiflorum. . . Ill convolvulus 110 Douglasii 1.1 Engelmannii . ... 110 erectum 110 Fowleri 110 hydropiper... ... 112 hydropiperoides. . 112 intermedium Ill lapathifolium. . . . 112 minimum Ill Muhlenbergii. . . . 112 Nuttallii Ill paronychia 110 Persicaria 112 ramosissimum. . . Ill scandens 110 spergulariaeforme. Ill tomentosum 112 viviparum Ill Watsoni Ill Polypodiacese .... 2 Polypodium 3 falcatum 3 hesperium 3 Scouleri 3 vulgare 3 Polypody 3 Polypogon 30 littoralis. ...... . 30 Monspeliensis. . . 30 Polystichum 5 Andersoni 6 Braunii. 6 Lemmoni 6 lonchitis 6 PAGE munitum 6 scopulinum 6 Pomaceae 169 Pond Lily 128 Pond- weed 19 Family 18 Pontederiacese ... 19 Poplar 101 Lonbardy 101 Silver-Leaved. . . 101 Poppy 140 arctic 140 opium 140 Populus 101 alba 101 balsamifera 101 nigra Italica 101 tremuloides 101 trichocarpa. . . . . 101 vancouverensis . . 101 Poque 274 Portulaca 128 oleracea 128 Portulacaceae .... 1 25 Potamogeton .... 19 alpinus 20 americanus 20 amplifolius 19 angustifolius . ... 20 epihydrus 19 foliosus 21 filiformis 21 Friesii 20 heterophyllus. ... 20 louchites 20 lucens 20 marinus 21 natans 19 pauciflorus 21 pectinatus 21 praelongus 20 pusillus 20 Richardsonii . ... 20 Robbinsii 21 rufescens 20 zizii. . . . ._ 20 zostcrifolius 20 Potato Family . . . 261 PotentiUa 177 Anserina 178 arguta 179 biennis 179 Blaschkeana. . . . 179 corymbosa 179 dissccta.. ....... 179 Drummondii. . . . 180 flabellifotia 180 flabelliformis.,,. 179 INDEX 357 PAGE POTENTILLA — Cotl. fruticosa 178 gracilis 179 glandulosa 178 Hippiana 180 miilegrana 179 monspeliensis. . . . 179 mtdlisecta 180 nivea 179 Nuttallii 180 oregana 178 ovina 180 pacifica 178 palustris. . 178 pennsylvanica. . 180 quinquefolia 179 rivalis 179 uniflora 180 vallida 179 villosa 180 Poterium 176 Prenanthes 328 alata 328 Prickly Lettuce . 328 Primrose 237 Garden 237 Family 235 Primula 237 americana 237 auriculata 237 Maccalliana 237 officinalis 237 vulgaris 237 Primulacese 235 Prince's Pine . 231 Prunella 258 vulgaris 258 Prunus 169 demissa 169 emarginata 170 Pseudotsuga 16 Douglasii 16 mucronata 16 Psilocarpbus 318 elatior 318 Psoralea 184 physodes 184 Pteris aquilina ... 4 Pterospora 234 andromedca 234 Puccinellia 38 angustata 38 distans 39 Lemmoni 39 Marititna 39 Puccoon 251 Purshia 176 tridentata 176 PAGE Purslane 128 Faniilv 128 Pyrola 229 aphylia. 230 asarifolia 230 bractcata 230 chlorantha 230 elliptica 230 minor 229 picta 230 secunda 22'j Pyroloideae 226 Pyrus. 182 Aucuparia 183 diversifolia 183 Malus.... 183 occidentalis 183 rivularis 183 sitchensis 183 Quillwort 11 Queen's Cup 81 Quercus 104 Garryana 104 Rabbit Bush 302 Radicula 145 Armoracia 145 clavata 146 curvisiliqua 145 nasturtium- aquaticum. . . . 145 obtusa 145 pacifica 146 palustris 145 Radish 152 Ragweed 302 Ragwort 314 Ranunculacese. . . 129 Ranunculus 132 abortivus 134 acris 135 affinis 133 alismxfolius .... 133 alpeophilus 134 aquatilis 133 Bongardi 135 bulbosus 135 cardiophyllus. . . . 133 circinatus 133 cymbalaria 133 dclphinifolius . . . 133 Eschscholtzii. . . . 134 eximius 135 Flammula 133 glabcrrimus 133 Grayi 135 hyperboreus 134 PAGE inamopnus 134 Lobbii... 133 macounii 135 multifidus 133 occidentalis 135 orcganus 135 orthorhynchus. . . 135 ovalis 134 pcdatifidus 133 pcnnsylvanicus. . 135 Purshii 133 pygmaeus 134 repens 135 saxicola 134 sccleratus 134 Suksdorfii 134 Raphanus 152 raphanistrum.. . . 152 sativus 152 Raspberry 170 Black 171 led 171 Rattle-snake Plantain 91 Fern 1 Root 328 Rattle Yellow. . . . 273 Red Clover 186 Currant 159 Honeysuckle .... 279 Twinbcrry 280 Red-fruited Dandelion 326 Elder 280 Red-osier Dog- wood 226 Red-Top 33 Reed Canary-Grass. . . 27 Bent-Grass 31 Grass 37 Meadow-Grass . . 38 Reseda 155 alba 155 odorata 155 Resedacese 155 Rhamnaceae 203 Rhamnus 203 ainifolia 203 I'urshiana 203 Rhinanrhus 273 Crista-galli 273 Rhodiola 157 Rhododendron . . . 234 albiflorum 234 californicum . . , , 231 358 INDEX PAGE Rhus 201 diversiloba 201 glabra 201 Rydbergii 201 toxicodendron .... 20 Rib-grass 276 Ribbon-grass. ... 27 Ribes 157 acerifolium 158 bracteosum 158 cereum 159 divaricatum 159 elandulosum .... 158 Hudsonianum. . . 158 irriguum 159 lacustre 159 laxiflorum 158 lentum 159 Lobbii 159 oxyacanthoides. . 159 petiolare 158 sanguineum 159 triste 158 viscosissimum . . . 159 vulgare 158 Rice Mountain 29 Root 87 Robinia 197 Pseudo-Acacia. . . 197 Roclc-Brake 2 Cress 149 Roclcet, Sea 152 Rocky Mt. Maple 202 Romanzoffla 247 si'^chensis 247 unalaschensis. . . . 247 Roripa 145 Rosa 173 blanda 175 Engelmannti..l75, 332 Fendleri 175 gymnocarpa 174 Macounii 175 Rielina 175 nutkana 175 pisocarpa 174 rubi);inosa 174 Sayi 175 Woodsii 174 Roaacese 169 Rose Family 169 Sandhill 125 Rowan Tree 183 RubiaceflB 277 Rubus. 170 acaulis 171 arcticus 171 PAGE Chamxmorus. . . 170 Helleri 172 lariniatus 172 hsiococcus 171 'eucodermis 171 macropetalus 172 melanolasius . . . . 172 nutkanus 170 nivalis 172 parviflorus 170 pedatus 171 pubescens 171 suLarcticus 171 spectabilis 171 strigosus 171 transmontanus. . 170 Iriflorus 171 ursinus 172 vilurnifolia 171 Rudbeckia 304 hirta 304 Rue, Meadow. . . . 131 Rumex acetosa 108 acetosella 108 Britannica 109 conglomeratus. . . 109 crispus 109 elongatus 109 feneslratus 109 maritimus 108 mexicanus 109 obtusifolius 109 occidentalis 109 patientia 109 pauciflorus 108 penicarioidts . . . . 108 salicif alius 109 venosus 109 Ruppia 21 lacustris 21 occidentalis 21 maritima 21 Rush 76 Club 72 Common 77 Family 75 Scouring 9 Spike 73 Wood 75 Russian Thistle. . 113 Rye 50 Rye Grass 49 Rynchospora 74 alba 74 Sagebrush 308 PAGE Sagina 118 crassicaulis 118 nivalis 118 occidentalis 119 saginoides 118 stricta 118 Sagittaria 23 arifolia 23 latifolia 23 Sainfoin 192 Salad, Com 281 Salal 232 St. John's Wort.. 205 common 205 Salicacese 95 Sallcomia 113 ambigua 113 europuea 113 Sallx 95 albertana 100 alaxensis 332 amygdaloides . . . 96 arctica 97 argophylla 96 Barclayi 100 Barrattiana 99 Bebbiana 98 brachycarpa. ... 97 Candida 97 commutata 100 conjunct 100 cordata 100 desertorum 98 Drummondiana.. 99 Fendleriana 96 fluviatilis 97 Geyeriana 98 glaucops 99 Hookeriana 98,99 lasiandra 96 longifolia 97 Maccalliana 97 Mackenziana. . . . 100 macrostachya . . . 96 melanopsis 97 monticola 100 nivalis 97 NuttaUii 98 pedicellaris 100 petrophila 97 pellita 99 Piperi 99 prolixa ... . . . . . 100 pseudomyrsinites 101 pyrifolia 101 retictdata 97 saximontana .... 97 INDEX 359 PAGE Salix — Con. Scouleriana 9S sessilifolia (Xi sitchcnsis 9S subcoerulea 99 vestita 97 Saimonberry 171 Salsola 113 Kali 113 Salt-grass 37 Sambucus 2SI) glauca 2S0 melanocarpa. . . . 2S0 raccmosa 2S() Samolus 23S floribundus 238 Sandalwood Family 100 Sand Bur 302 Dropseed 31 Spurrey 117 Sandhill Rose. . . . 125 Sandwort 11!) Sanguisorba 17i°> annua 17!> Menziesii 176 microcephala. . . . 170 minor 176 occidentalis 176 sitchensis 176 Sanicle 217 Sanicula 217 arctopoides. . . . 217 bipinnatifida . ... 217 Howellii 218 Marylandica . . . . 218 Menziesii 217 septentrionalis. . . 218 Santalacese 106 Saponaria 125 officinalis "^5 vaccaria Sarcobatus vermiculatus. . . . 332 Sarsaparilla 225 Saskatoon 183 Satureja 260 vulgaris 260 Saussurea 322 densa 322 Saw-wort 322 Saxifraga 164 adsccndens 166 aslivalis 168 aizoides 166 arguta 168 bidcns 167 PAGE Bonj^ardi 167 bri)nchialis 106 ca'spitosa ItVi cernua 107 i debilis iii7 delicatula 107 exarata 107 ferruginea lt)7 flagellaris 105 Hirculus lot) intcgrifolia 108 lata 168 Lyaliii 168 Mertensiana. . . . 168 monticola 167 Nclsoniana 108 Newcombei 167 nivalis 107 notkana 107 occidentalis 167 odontophylla. . . . 168 oppositifolia 165 punctata 108 rhomboidca 167 rivularis 167 rufidula. 108 scrpyllifolia 100 spicata 108 stellaris 108 tricuspidata 106 Tolmici 106 \'an Bruntiae. . . . 106 Vreelandii 167 Sasifragacese .... 157 Saxifrage 157 Golden 160 Saxifrage Family. 157 ;»aw-wort 322 Scheuchzeria .... 22 palustris 22 Schizonotus 177 Scirpus 72 americanus 73 atrovirens 73 coespi*osus 72 hudsonianus. ... 72 microcarpus 73 nanus 72 nevad'jnsis 72 occidentalis 73 pauciflorus 72 riparius 72 robustus 73 subterminalis. ... 72 validus 73 Scotch Thistle. . . 324 Scrophularia 263 californica 264 PAGE marylandici 2t>4 ocridcntali.-^ ;'t>4 Scouring Rush. . . 9 Scruphulariacea; 260 Scrub Fine 14 Scutellaria 256 an^'usti'ijlia 257 galericulata 257 laitrillora 257 Sea Blite 113 Blush 281 Lavender 235 Milkwort 239 Rocket 152 Seaside Crowfoot. 133 Secalc cereale. ... 50 Sedge Family 52 Sedum 156 acre 157 alaskanum 157 divergcns 15(5 Douglasii 157 integrifolium 157 obtusatum 150 oreganum 156 Rhodiola 157 rosea 157 stenoiKHalum. . . . 15i) spathulifolium . . 156 Selaginella 10 densa 10 rupestris 10 selaginoides 10 struthi>loides. . . . 10 Wallacei 10 Selaginellaceie. . . 10 Selinmn Hookeri. . . 222 Self-heal 258 Senecio 314 atriapiculatus. . . 316 aureus 317 Bals.unit,-B 317 canus 316 cdumbianus 316 crocatus 317 cymbalarioidcs. . 317 disoideus 315 Elnieri 316 emerophilus 317 exaltatus 316 fastigiatris 317 Frcmontii 316 hydrophilus 317 idahoensis 315 integerrimus, . . . 317 lugens 316 megacephalus. . . 3i) multnomensis. . . 317 360 INDEX I PAGE Sbnecio — Con. inutabilis. ._ 317 Newcombei. ... 315 ovinus 316 paucirtorus 3' 5 petreBUS 316 petrocallis 316 pseudaureus 317 pseudo-arnica. . . 315 subnudus 316 Bylvaticus 315 triangularis 316 vulgaris 315 F xecioneae 287 Svriocarpus 301 rigidus 301 Setaria 26 flauo. 26 talica 26 viridis 26 Shepherdia 210 canadensis 210 Shepherd's Purse 143 Shield Fern 6 Shooting Star. ... 236 Shrubby Cinque- foU 178 Sibbaldia 182 procumbens 182 Sidalcea 205 Hendersoni 205 Sieversia 181 SUene 123 acaulis 124 antirrhina 124 Armeria 124 Douglasii 124 gallica 124 latifolia 124 Menziesii 124 noctiflora 124 Scouleri 124 Silver-back Fern. 3 Silverberry 210 Silvergreen 210 Silver-leaved Poplar 101 Silver- Weed 178 Silvery Hair Grass 34 SUybum 323 marianum 323 Sin^e Delight.. . 230 Sisymbrium 153 altissimum 153 canescens 153 incisum 153 linifolium 153 otticinale 153 PAGE Sophia 153 Thalianum 153 Sisyrinchium. ... 88 angustKolium. . . 89 birameum 89 boreale 88 brachypus 88 ^randinorum. ... 89 idahoense 89 littorale 89 Macounii 89 montanu n 89 septentrionale. . . 89 Slum 225 cicutsefolium .... 225 Skullcap 256 Mad-dog 257 Marsh 257 Narrow-leaved . . 257 Skunk Cabbage 74 Currant 158 Sleepy Catchfly . . 124 Slough Grass 27 Tall 28 Smart Weed 112 Water 112 Smelowskia 142 americana 142 Smilacina 81 amplexicaulis 81 brachypetala . ... 81 racemosa 81 sissilifolia 81 stellata 82 streplopoides .... 81 trifolia 82 Snakeroot 218 Snapdragon 263 Sneeze Weed 307 Sno wherry 227 Snowbrush 203 Soapwort 125 Solanaceae 261 Solanum 261 Dulcamara 261 nigrum 261 triflorum 261 Solidago.. 300 canadensis 301 corymbosa 301 decumbens 301 elongata 301 glutinosa 301 lepida... 301 missouriensis. . . . 301 multiradiaia 300 PAGE polyphylla 301 serotina 301 Solomon's Seal, False 81 Sonchus 328 arvensis 328 asper 328 oleraceus 328 Soopolallie ?10 Sorrel 108 Common 108 Garden 108 Mountain 108 Sow Thistle 328 Common 328 Field 328 Spiny 328 Spsetlum 126 Sparganie''««e. ... 17 Sparganium 18 afine 18 androcladum. ... 18 angustifolium . . . 18 eurycarpum 18 Greenei 18 minimum 18 multipeduncula- tum 18 simplex '8 Spartina 27 gracilis 28 cynosuroides. ... 28 Spear Grass 38,39 Spearmint 260 Specularia 283 perfoliata 283 SpeedweU 266 Alpine 267 Common 267 Corn 267 Field 267 Marsh 267 Thyme-leaved... 267 Spergula 118 arvensis 118 saliva 118 Spergularia 117 canadensis 118 rubra 118 marina 118 Sphscralcea 204 Munroana 204 rivularis 204 Sphacrosligma 214 Sphenopholis .... 35 obtusata 35 pallens 35 Spike Rush 73 INDEX »l { >, PAGE Spiraea 177 densiflora 177 discolor 177 Douglasii 177 lucida 177 pectinata 177 pyramidata 177 Spiranthes 94 Romanzoffiana . . 94 Spirodela 74 polyrhiza 74 Spleenwort 5 Sporobolus 30 asplcnifolius. ... 31 brevifolius 31 cryptandrus 31 cuspidatus 31 depauperatus 31 Richardsonii . ... 31 Spring Beauty . 126 Spruce 16 Black 17 Engelmann's. ... 17 Sitka 17 Tideland 17 White 17 Spurge 200 caper 200 petty 200 Spurred Gentian. 239 Spurless Touch- me-not 203 Spurrey 118 Sand 117 Corn 118 Squashberry 281 Squaw Currant . . 159 Squirrel- tail Barley 51 Stachys 258 ciliata 259 Cooleya 259 palustris 259 Staff- tree Family 202 Star Flower 238 Star Thistle 322 Starwort Water 201 Statice. 235 armeria 235 Steironema 239 ciliatum 239 SteUaria 122 aquatica 122 borealis 123 calycantha 122 crassif olia 123 crispa 123 PAGE graminea 123 nutnifusa 123 laeta 122 longifolia 123 longipes 122 media 122 neglecta 122 nitcns 122 obtusa 123 itricta 122 strictiflora 122 uliginosa 122 umbellata 122 Stenanthium .. . 84 occidcntalis 84 Stephanomeria . . 324 minor 324 Sticlcleaf 209 Stickseed 250 Stinking Clover.. 155 Stlpa 28 Columbiana 29 comata 29 Richardsonii .... 29 spartea 29 viridula 29 St. John's Wort.. 205 Family 205 Stonecrop 156 StorksbiU 199 Stramonium 261 Strawberry 172 Elite 114 Streptopus 82 amplexifolius .... 82 brevipes 82 curvipes 83 roseus 83 streptopoides 82 Strutbiopteris ... 3 spicant 3 Suseda 113 depressa 113 maritima 113 Subularia 144 aquatica 144 Sumach 201 Sundew 155 Family 155 Long-leaved 155 Round-leaved . . . 155 Sunflower 304 Common 304 Woolly 306 Sweet Alyssum. . . 144 Cicely 218 Brier 174 Clover 187 PACE Gale 102 Vernal Grass. ... 27 Swamp Goose- berry 159 Sword Fern 6 Symphoricarpus.. 280 raccHK sa 2S0 Symphytum 251 as|X'rrinium 251 Synthyrls 266 rubra 266 Talinum 126 spincscens 126 Tall Buttercup . . 135 Tanacetum 310 huronensc 310 vulgare 310 Tansy 310 Taraxacum 325 dumetorum 326 crythrospermum. 326 laccrum 326 latilobum 326 montanum 326 officinale 326 ovinum 326 rupestre 326 scopulorum 326 Tar-weed 303 Taxacete 13 Taxus 13 brevifolia 13 Teaberry. 232 Mountain 232 Western 232 Tellima 162 breviflora 162 grandiflora 162 odorata 162 parviflora 162 ractmosa 162 tenclla 162 Tetradymia 318 canescens 318 Tetragonanthus .... 240 Teucrium 256 occidentale 256 Thalictrum 131 alpinum 131 occidentale 131 sparsiflorum 131 venulosum 131 Thaspium aiireuni var 222 Thelypotlium 151 laciniatum 151 Thimbleberry. .. . 170 'I 362 PAGE Thistle Canada 323 Common 323 Edible 323 Lady's 323 Milk 323 Russian 113 Scotch 324 Sow 324 Star 322 Woolly 323 Tblaspi 143 alpestre 143 arvensis 143 Thorn-apple 261 Thorough-Wax. . 219 Thorough-wort. . 290 Three Spot 84 Thrift 235 Thuja 14 plicata 14 Thysanocarpus.. . 144 INDEX PAGE Trientalis 238 arctica 238 latifolia 238 Trifolium 185 agranum . 186 curvipes. 144 PAGE Typhacese 17 Tiarella 162 laciniata 163 trifoliata 163 unifoliata 163 Tick-seed 304 TiUsea 156 aquatica 156 Timothy 30 Common 30 Wild 28 Tissa 117 Toad-Fhix 263 Bastard 106 Tobacco 261 Indian 284 Tocalote 322 Tofleldia.. 83 intermedia 83 occidentalis 83 palustris 83 Tolmiea 162 Menziesii 162 Tomato 261 Toothwort 146 Touch-me-not. . . 203 Tow-head Baby... 130 Tower Mustard . . 149 Tragopogon 325 {Mrrifolius 325 pratensis 325 Trautvetteria .... 131 grandis 131 Treacle Mustard. 154 Trefoil 185 cyathiferum 187 depauperatum . . . 187 dianthum 187 dubium 186 fimbriatum 187 furcatum 187 gracilentum 186 helerodon 187 hybriduin 186 incarnatum 186 medium 186 microcepalum . . . 187 microdon 186 oliganthum 187 pauciflorum 187 pratense l'^^ procumbens IS6 repens 186 tndentatum 187 variegatum 187 Triglochin 22 maritinia 22 ptalustris 22 Triple-awned Grass 28 Trlsetum 37 canescens 37 cernuum 37 spicatum 37 subspicatum 37 Trillium 81 ovatum 81 TroUius 136 albiflorus 136 laxus 136 Troximon 326 Tsuga 16 heterophylla .... 16 Mertensiana. ... 16 Tubuliflorse 284 Tumble Mustard. 153 Weed 117 Turnip 152 Turtlehead 265 Tway-blade 93 Twin-berry Black 270 Red 280 Twin-flower 278 Twin-pod 142 Twisted Stalk... 82 Typha 17 latifoli'- 17 Ulex 184 europzus 184 Ulmus 104 americana 104 campestris 104 UmbellifersB 216 Urtica 105 holosericea 105 gracilis 105 Lyallii 105 urens 105 UrticacesB 104 Utricularia 275 intermedia 276 minor 276 oc 'identalis 276 vulgaris 275 Vaccinium 227 csespitosum 229 canadense 228 erylhrococcutn. . . . 228 globulare 228 membranaceum. . 228 oblatum 228 occidentale 332 oreophilum 228 ovalifolium 228 ovatum 229 oxycoccus 228 parviflorum 228 scoparium 228 uliginosum 229 Vitis-Idjea 229 Vaccinoidese 226 Valerianacese .... 281 Valeriana 282 ceratophylla 282 sitchensis 282 sylvatica 282 Valerianella 281 anomala 281 congesta 281 Locusta 281 macrocera 281 samolifoHa 281 Vancouveria 139 hexandra 139 Velvet-grass 35 Venus* Looklng- f lass 283 Veratrum 83 viride 83 Verbascum 262 Blattaria 262 Thapsus 262 INDEX 303 PAGE Verbena 255 bracteosa 255 hastata 255 •Verbenaceae 255 Vernal Grau 27 Veronica 2t>t5 agrcstis 2t>7 alpina 2t)7 amcricdna 2»)7 Anagallis- aquatica 267 an'cnsis 2fi7 officinalis 267 percgrina 2t)7 scutcllaia 2f')7 serpyllifolia 267 Tournfortii 267 Vervain 255 Vetch 195,106 milk 193 Viburnum 280 opulus 280 papciflorus 281 Vicia 195 amcricana 19 cracca 196 gigantca 196 hirsuta 196 lathyroides 1% sativa 196 villosa 196 Vigneae 53 Vinca 242 mr.jor 242 minor 242 Vine Maple 202 Viola 206 adunca 209 blanda... 207 canadensis 208 cuspidata 207 cyclophylla 207 glabella 208 Howellii 208 Langsdc Si 208 Macloskeyi 207 mistassinica '*06 montanensis. . . . ^09 ncphrophy'la . . . . 207 Nuttallii 208 PAGE orbiculata. . . 208 palU^ns 207 palustris 207 rcnifolia 29 ; selkirkii Jn? , sempervircns. . 20> ] scptcntrionalis.. . 207 i Violacese 20») Violet 2(X. Dame's 154 Dog Tooth 84 Wall Barley 51 Wall-Flowtf 154 Western 154 Wake Robin 81 Wapato 23 Wart-cress 142 Water Arum 74 Cress 145 Buttercup 133 Hemlock 224 HorehounH 259 Leaf Family. ... 247 I.iiy 128 Lobelia 284 Milfoil 211 Parsley 223 Parsnip 225 Pennywort 219 Pepper 112 Plantain 23 Plantain Family. 23 Purslane 212 Starwort 200 Star wort Family. 200 Shield 128 Smart weed 112 Wax Berry 280 Wheat 51 Grass 48 White Clover 186 Wild Cherry 170 Ginger 106 Hyacinth 86 Lily of the Valley 81 Marjoram 260 Iris 88 Oat Grass 36 PAGE Timothy 30 'i"ij.'er Lily H7 Tomato 201 Willow 95 Willow Family 95 Willow Herb 2.- Windflower 130 Winter Cress 154 Winterdreen 22<.) Chickweed 238 Wood Rush 75 Woodsia 7 ilvcnsis 7 orcgana 7 scopulina 7 Woodwardia 5 spinutosa o Woolly Sunflower 306 Thistle 323 Wormsccd Mustard 154 Wormwood 309 pasturi' 309 Woundwort 309 Wyethia 305 amplexicaulis — 305 Xantbium 302 canadense 302 Xerophyllum . . 83 lenax 83 Yarrow Yellow Arum . . . . Yellow Pond Lily. Yellow-rattle . . Verba Buena Yew Zanichellia. . palustris Zii;tzaS<^l<>ver. Zizia cordata Zostera marina Zygadene Zyg'.tdenus. . chloranthus. elegans paiiiculatus. venenosus. . . 307 74 128 273 257 131 22 22 186 219 219 21 21 83 83 84 , 84 . 84 . 84 ?Mjmtm;^