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HKKKKMK |o I Mi s|i r.y (>► CANADIAN I'l.ANIS nv If. |{. SPiviTON, M.A., II..S.. lNSI'|.:r loH Ol IIIIMI ,M ||(M)|J4 Kll|| UN f UIIO THH VlJiRA op I KlXCir KmvAUl) ISLAMT) JO MX M u SWAIN" I'uiM H KnwAKii Island f OITION 117/// miiiif ///ii'i/r,i/i,„is hy //if A ii//iiir mill itlli, W. J. r.AOE & CO., I. iMrn;i) roUHNTO .-- J / Kntercd according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year 1H07. in the Oftiic of the Minister of Agriculture. by W, J. Gaok & Co., Limited. Toronto. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. i 1 The work, of which the present Htfle volume forms the trst part, has been undertaken, at the suggestion of se-eral eminent educationists, to supply a palpable want. The Z«r" ???"^' ™'"^ "^ *^"" "^ ^••'^* excellence, which have found their way into this country, have been p;epared w,th reference to climates differing, in some cases, very widely from our own. They consequently contain accounts of many plants which are entirely foreign to Canada, thus obstructmg t.,e search for descriptions of those which happen to be common to our own and other countne, , aad, on the o her hand, many of our Canadian species are not mentioned at all in some of the Classifications which have been in use. It IS believed thai the Classification which is to form the second part of this work will be found to contain all the commonly occurring species of the Provinces whose floras it .8 designed to illustrate, without being burdened with those which are either extremely rare or which do not occur in Canada at all. The present part is designed to teach the Elements of Mructural Botany in accordance with a method which is believed to be more rational than that commonly adopted- and It will be found to supply all that is requisite for pLiuo the examinations for Teachers' Certificates of all grades a« well as any others demanding an elome.itary knowledge of the subject. It contains familiar desoripfous of common plants. Illustrating the chief variations in plant-structure w.th a view to laying a foundation for the intelligent study of Systematic Botany with the aid of the second part ; then follow a few lesson, on Morphology ; and the Elements ol IV PRRFAri', TO FIUST KIHTIOX. Vf'-ctal)l.! irist,.>l.)::y aio tniitcd of in as simj)]!. amlbrief a rnaniuT as was tliou-ht to l,e ooimistoiit with the n.-ituro of tlio siihjoct. The Schedules, the use of which is very strongly recom- iiiended, were devised by the late Professor Henslow, of Cambridge University, to fix the attention of pupils upon the salient points of structure. They will be found invaluable to the teacher as tests of the accuracy of his pupils' knowl- adge. The cost of strikirg ofT a few hundred blanks of each 3ort would be very trifling, and not worth considering in view of the resulting advantages. The wood-cuts are from drawings from living specimens, except in two or three instances where assistance was derived from cuts of well-known excellence in standard works on Botany, It need hardly be said that the engravings are not in any sense intended to take the place of the living plants. They are designed chiefly to assist in the examination of the latter ; and whilst it is hoped that they may be of service to those who may desire to read the book in the winter season, it is strongly urged upon teachers and students not to bo satisfied with them as long as the plants themselves are available. The works most frequently consulted in the preparation of the text are those of Hooker, Gray, Bentley, and Oliver. Finally, the Author looks for indulgence at the hands of his fellow-teachers, and will be glad to receive suggestion.^ tending to increase the usefulness of the work, and to extend ft taste for what must ever be regarded as one of the nKwt refining as well as one of the most practically useful of studies. C/SN-Vy;^ ^M^' 'fiSO im^: ,J^. TAIMJ-: OF ('ONr.MoN PLANTS K.\ AMINKD l'll.\.\Ki;(»(iA.\IS. MlTTKHCI c, Mki'atka, Mausii ■^'•^""■'"■" ■ lV|,lr.r„lil|.J- UaMVCCI.a.K.I-; SiIKI'IIKKD's I'lKSlO '. ( lil ( II I I; !■ Km \i.-i,KAVi:i) Mai.i.ow (iAUUKN I'ka (lUKAT Wll.l.ow -IIKKII S\vi:i:t Hkikk, Sti; aw iii;i;i: v, (kai: An-t.K, ('nKi:i:v, Kasc- IlKUKV WaTKK I'AIiSMl' l>AM)KI,ION Cats II' Crc TMIlKIi Oak Wll.l.ow Mai'i.k DiH.-. luuTII \'|ip|.i;t Inis Oucilis l.NDIAN Tl UMP, Cm. l.A Timothy, Ki:ii i-or. .Mkalow • iUASS, ('lll;ss, ( 'olCII ( ; l; ASS. Ol.h WIK IK.uvss, Hausvaui. ( iliA.SS, i-'u\TAII Will I I. Mai.\ Ai i;.i:. I.I i:iMI\us K. < >N.Vi.li.V( K.K. liosAi K.K. l'Miii:i,i,iKi;u.K ( 'oMi'osrr.K. La 111 AT. K. <'i < riii:iTA( K.K ClITMIKI;.!.;. S.vi.icACK.i:. Sm'IM>a( l;.).;. I. II. I vcK.i;. 1kii>ai i:.i:. ' >i;(iiiiiA( K i;. • \U \IE v. < • li.\MINK.K. -I, t.iaiiMi III. Ml iiNiKKK i:. CONTENTS. , fAU*. iNTRODaariox , UiiAPTER I. - Examination of a Buttercup 2 Chapter II.— Functions of tlie Organs of tlic Flower H CilAPTEK III.— Examination of Hepatica and Marsh-Mari- gold—Resemblances between their Flowers and that of Buttercup ,. OrtAPTKB IV.— Examination of other Common Plants with Hypogynous Stamens — Shepherd's Purse — Kound- leaved Mallow 22 Chapter V.— Examination of Common Plants with Perigy- nous Stamens— Garden Pea— Great Willow-herb 29 CuAPTKR VI.— Examination of Common Rosaceous Plants— Sweet Brier — Strawberry — Cherry — Crab- Apple - Raspberry ok Chapter VII.— Examination of a Plant with Epigynous Stamens— Water Parsnip 41 Chapter VIII.— Examination ot Common Plants with Epi- petalous Stamens— Dandelion— Catnip 43 Chapter IX. — Examination of Plants with Monwcious Flowers — Cucumber— Oak Chapter X.- Examination of Plants with Di.ucious Flowers —Willow— Maple Chai'Tkr XI.— Characteristics possessed in common by all the Plants previously examined -Structure of the Seed in Dicotyledons go Chapter XII. — Examination of Common Plants continued --Dog's-Tooth Viobt— Trillium— Iria— Orchis. 61 48 54 ♦ ^"' ••'•NTKM.s. fy the long interval which must neces- sarily elapse before he is in a position to do any practical work for himself. In accordance with the usual plan, some months arc; sjKint in couniiitting to memory a niiiss of terms descrijitive of the various modifications which the organs of plants undergo ; and not until the student has maston'd these, and perhaps been initiated into the mysteries of the fibro-vascular system, is he permitted to examine a plant as a whole. In this little work, we purpose, following the example of some recent writers, to reverse this order (.f things, and at the outset' to put into the learner's liauds some common plants, and to load him, by hi.-^ own examination of these, to a know- ledge of their various organs— to cultivate, in short, not merely his memory, but also, and chiefly, his powers of ^ observation. 2 KLKMKNTS OK STRUCTURAL lurTANY. It is d.sintl,ln that the beginner should provide hin.- HHt with a .Magnifying glass of moderate power for exam.mng the „,„re n.inuto parts of speci.nens • a sharp I'enkn. e for dissecting ; and a couple of Hne needles, Nv nch he can himself insert in convenient handles, and whun w.U U, found of great service in separating delicate inirts and m in.paling fine port-ons for examination with the aid of the lens. ,^ CHAPTER I. EXAMINATION OP A liUTTERCUP. 2. To begin with, there is no plant .juite so suitable as our conunon B.Uercup. This plant, which has con- spicuous yellow tlovx.rs.n,ay bo found growing in almost every n.oist n.eac'.w. Having found one, take up the who 0 p ant, loosening the soil a little, so as to obtain as 'imch of tlie Root as possible. Wash away the earth adhering to the latter part, and then proceed to examine your specimen. Begin- ning with the Root (Fig. I), the first noticeable thing is that it is not of the same colour as the rest of the plant. It is Fiir. 1.— Fibrous Root of Buttercup. Fiff. 1 RXAMINATION OF A BCTTKRCDP. a nearly whiuv Th.-n it is not of th*. sauio form as thr part of the plant ahove ground. It is inado up of a nuni- »KM- of thread-Iik.» parts wl,i,,h spread f.ut in all directions, and if you exannno one of these threads through your magnifying glass, vou will Krd that from its surface ar.! given off many liner threads, called rui,tkU. Thes«! latter are of great importance to the j.lant ; it is largely by means of their tender extremities, and the parts adjacent .to tliese, that it imbilMJs the nutritious fluids contained in the soil. Whilst you are looking at these delicate rootlets, you I'lay perhaps wonder that tliey should he able to make their way through tlie soil, b,:t how they do this will l« apparent to you if you examine the tip of one of them with a microscope of considerable power. Fig. L' repre- sents such a tip highly magnified. It is to lie observed that the growth of the rootlet does not take place at the very extiemity, but immediately be.'und it. The extreme tip consists of harder '.nd firmer matter than that behind, and is in fact a sort of cap or thimble to protect the growing part underneath. As the rootlets grow, this little thimble is pushed on first through the crevices of the soil, and, as you may sup- pose, is soon worn away on the outside, but it is as rapidly renewed by thr rootlet itself on the inside. Another difference between the root and the part above ground you will scarcely have failed to discover : the root has no leaves, nor has it any buds. You may d' scribe the root of the Buttercup ks, fihrovs. . f^- 2.--Extrf mity of rootlet ; a, the harder tip ; fc. the growins x>c.xV>.,n bo- uiud toe tip. '^ V\%. 2. ELRMKNIn OF HTRUCTirRAL HOTANY. 3. L<-t US now I(Ktk at the Stem ( Kijr. ;{). it is upright, |'r»'tty tirin, coloured gn'.n. mid leiivfs spriiij; from it ut intervals. Ah tlicre is scarcely any appearance of wood in it, we may d«^scrilto it as herfHXCi'uHK. At several points along the main stc.ii branches are given off, and you will observe that inrinediately he low tlu^ point from whichevery branch springs there is a leaf on tlje stem. The angle fic tween the leaf and the stou?, on the uppir side is called the axil of the leaf (axilla, an armpit^, and it is a rule to J^'^ V which there are scarcely any ^ I exceptions, that branches can only spiing from the ax 'Is of leaves. The stem and all tho branches of our plant termi- ^''(^• 3. nato, at their upper extremi- ties, either in Howers or in flov">r-buds. 4. Let us now consider the Leaves. A glance wiU show you that the leaves of this plant are not all alike. Those at the lower end of the stem have long stalks (Fig. 4), which we shall henceforward speak oia&pe'Mles. Those a little higher up have petioles too, but they are not Fig. 8.-Stem of Buttercup. EXAMINATIOV Ol' A I TTRHCUP. (^iiit«' so long 118 tli.i lower oiips, su the liighest leaves li:iv« no p«)tiol«f8 at all, Tlwy api ar to Iw sitti ig on tlie stem, and hence aro said to \i -nwile. Tho i :>we.st ^^^s '^ l^^vt's of iill, iiH they ^ein to spring fiom ■^^ whilst tlw higher oi s may Iks called -auliw {ranlix, a stem). Tho liroad part of a loaf is its hlail'-. In the plant wo aro now tvamininj,, tlii blades of tin; V leaves .if pieces, w theso ayi Both pet' covered to !)e hair'4. *ost diviri- I into distimt *« called , and eacli of nior*^ OP le deeply cut. \ 1»U* 41*18 ot IV loaves aro muti' *iry lit 1 so aro said Fig. 4. Hold up OIK! of tlios. es U tit* light, au' you will f)l>serve that the vein> i» thr.v.jjj, jt J^ ^11 tiiroi tions, toi::>in^ a sort of net-v yrk, '1 =,. ; «vt.s j^rr tl refon) ii>-t-m'inf<1. The points along t.' .> st^ni n ,whj::h tho leaves arise are called nuii(6, uu th^ )«>f»»«a(ni^ '>* stem between the nodes are calktl 5. Let us next e^ me t» * ] our plant is at the . d eith« • ■ 'f the stem. Tin- upper \y branches, upon which the tli are called the pedunrlex of tK. Take now a Hower which li • Beginning at the outside, you little spreading leaves, somewhat yellow-h Fig. 4— Ra<1iral !?af of Buttv'- up. Fig. 5.— Flower of Buttercu|i, iroin the bacK. " irs. Each liowet in h» -.t*!!! .sr of a branch f the stem and its misetl. nsi, (i|M!iiPt|. ill tind i\ f Fig. 6. 6 ELK.MK.NTH oV STRUCTURAL ROTANY. ii. •••.Inur. ICul, of tiKso is cHll..d a srpa/, and tho five tofe't.tli.r tVriM thf calyx of tlir (lower. If y„u look at ■■< llowor wl.ici; is a littlo ol.l.-r, you will prol.uMy not »ind any 8q,als. Th.-y will l.avo full,.,! otY, and for this roason they are .said to ho d^ci,hio,u. So, in like nian.ior. the leaves of n.ost of our trees are deciduous, localise they fall at the apjiroach of winter. You will find that you can pnll oH' the sepals one a time, without dis- turbing those that remain. This shows that they arc, not connected together. They are theref.-rc said to !« free, and the calyx is descrilwd fx^ puly^oj.aloux. Inside the -irclo of sepals there is another circle of loaves, usually five in numlH,r, bright yellow in colour, and much larger than the sepals. Each of them i« callc.1 a petal, aad the five together form tho COFoUa of the tlowe.-. Oi)servo carefully that eacli petal is not in- 3ert.Kl in front of a se^.al, l,ut in front of the space he- tv/een two sepals. Tho petals can be removed one at u time like the sepals. They, too, are free, and the cor- olla is i>ol,i,„iah,us. If you compare the j^tals with one another, you will see *hat they arc, as nearly as possible, alike 111 si/.e and sli^ipe. Tl.e corolla is therefore regular. (.'. Wo have now examinei minutely enough for our present purp<«e, tiie c:lyx and corolla. Though their divisions are not coloured green, like the ordinary leaves of the plant, still, from their general form, you will have no difKculty in accepting the statement that the sepals and petals aie in reality /eaa-v. It will not be quite so apparent that the parts of the flower which still remain are also only modifications of the same structure. But there is g„.„i cvi.lcnce (hat this is tho case. Let us, h.r.vcv< !• r-xaiiiiii.- tl-so parts that remain. There is 1/ KXAMIN V riit\ (II A llTTlFIM'trp. n"Ht a liiryo luimlM'c ..r littl.- y<'ll'>\v l.ixlios. t-.uU ;it the /;; V t«)i» «»f !i litHr tlin'iul like stiilk. Ivuli of J^;\./ ♦''♦■*<•' iMxlit's, with its stulk, is ciillfil ;i "^i'.. stamen. Tin- little IwMly itwlf is till- I '"'///'/■, (uul till' stalk \n\tnliltiii' lit. Yolir fiff. ti. iiia£»iiityin^' -{l.isH will sliow ymi that ciu ii antluT consists of twooMonj; s;iis, uniied lorim'tliwisf, the (ikiiiiciit iK'iii^'a rontimiiitioiiot' the iiiic'of union (V"iit. 7). It' you look iit a st.'iincM of a tlowcr which a* hi»s Im'imi open soiiif ti you will find that i 1 1 wich .iiiMi»'rc«'ll has split open alont,' its X outer fdyf, an«l has thus allowfd a lino yellowish dust to escape froiu it (Kig. S). This dust is call<>d poli'ii. A powerful ina-,'nifier will show this pollen to consist of Fi.'. 7. n-.s. i,'rains havinj,' a distiix t form. As tho stamens are many in luimlx r, and free from each other, they ar.' sMJd to l.e i.ulijan.h-onx. 7. On removing 'lie stamens there is still left :a little raised mass (Kij;. !)), which, with the aid of your needle, you will l.e ahleto separate into a innnher of distinct pieces, all exactly alike, and looking somethiuij like uniipe seeds. Fig. I0 shows one of them very much nia<,'ni(ied, and cut through h'ni,'thwise. These little l.(,dics, taken separately, are called -vt/yW-v. Taken togeth.M they form the pistil. They are hollf.v,an.l '•"ij-Mo. each of tliem contains, as the <:gui;e >;ho.vs, a Vi\i. '1. -Section of a flower ot liutteiciip. V"\g. 7.- Stamen of liiitteroup. Fiif. S.-The same. Hli.mins? lonjfitudinpt oiM.finjr of the anther Fi?. y. — Ileaii uf cttr|iels of iiutter(ii|). *'»«. 10. -A single carpel cut throu^.t, lensfthwiae to show Oi rvdc. Fig. 9. I Fit;. 11. 8 RLEMRNTS OP RTIMtcTIRAL HOTA >f Y little grain-like sul..stance attarlKvl to the lower em? -.? its cauty. This sul.sta.ice, in its prrsent condition, is the oimhi, and later on liecoiiips the xt'ed You will notice that the carpel ends, at the top, in a little l>ent point, and that the convex ed^e is more or less rough and moist, so that in flowers whose anthers have burst open, a ([uantitv of pollen will be found sticking tluMv. Tliis lough upper part of the carpel is called the stvjma. Fig. ] 1 shows a stigma greatly magnified. In many plants the stigma is raised on a stalk above the ovary. Such a stalk is called a sf,,l^. In the T.uttercup the style is ^o short as to be almost suppressed. When the style i« -ntirely absent, the stigma is said to be sessile. The !iollow part of the carpel is the ovarj/. In our plant the pistil is not connected in any way with the calyx, and is consequently said to be free or mperin,, and, as the carpels are not united together, the pistil is said to be apncai-jmuif. 8. Remove no"- all the carpels, and there remains nothing hut the swollen top of the peduncle. This swollen top is the rerppiarh- of the flower. To it, in the case of the Butter- cup, all four parts, calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, are attached. When a flower has Y' all four of these parts it is said to be romplete. 9. Let us now return to our statement that Fig. 12. the structure of stamens and pistils is only a in(.(liticati()u of Icat-structwrc g.-iicrally. The .staincii i..;!"'nil','.7^"""'' "' "'""^^'■'■"'' "''I'^ili^nii^ l...ll..>.-irrains;'hiH,l> Vig. l-'.-l)i,i,uiMiut,jslK.»li.iif-siiiuiiii r,.| Htmiifii. KXAMINATION OT A ntJTTKItCUP. 3 iiX)ks less like a leaf than any other part of the flower. Fig. 12 will, however, serve to show us the plan upon wliicli the JMitaiiist considers a stamen to l>e formed. The .■»nther corresponds to the leaf-Made, and the fliaiiient to the petiole. The two cells of the anf'er correspond t(i the two halves of tlie leaf, and the cells burst open ■ilonv 10 RLFMKNTS OP STRIICTTTRAL HDTANY. Fig. 14. TiK. IS 1 -. You are now to try .and procuro a Buttercup whoso HoNvers, or sonu" of then,, have witherecj away, leaving only tlie head of carpels on the receptacle. Th.> carp(>ls will havn swollen considerably, and will now show themselves much n)ore dis- tinctly than in tlie flower which we have heen examining. This is owing to the growth of the ovules, which Jia\e now lM>,„i,ie seeds. Remove one of the carjiels, and .-arefully .-ut it through the middle lengthwi.se. You will find that the seed almost entirely fills the cavity. ( Kigs. i } and 1 f). ) This seed consists mainly of a liard substance called alhumni, enclosed in a thin covering. At the lower end of the all)umen is situated a very small body, which is the (nnhri/o. It is this which developes into a new plant when the .seed ^"^K- le. germinates. 13. We have seen, then, that our plant .consists of several parts : ( 1 ). The Root. This penetrates the soil, avoiding the light. It is nearly white, is made up of fibres, froin which numbers of nmch fi;. .• fibres are given off, and is entirely destitute of buds iu..d leaves. (•2). The Stem. This grows upward, is coloured bears fouage-|, ves at intervals, gives ofT branches from' the axils of these, and bears flowers uL its upper end. (3). The Leaves. These are of two sorts : Fnliage- lea,:, and Fhnc^r-have,. The former are sub-divided Ki»f. W- lijpe carpt-l of Buttercup. Hf. l;'i. Suctiun of same. Fig. W. -Sectiono, s™, sl.oui,,,. the «..«UI unbryo. All much i.mgnified. ''^^sf^^mf^m^^-i^^^n sSiiTi' ^?^v.. FUNCTIONS IIP THK (HIOANS OK TITK KI.OWKR. 11 into railiraf and ranlin,-, and t\w lattoc iiiak<' up tho Hower, the parts of which am four in nuinl.cr, viz.: cal3rx, corolla, stamens, and pistil. It is of great iinpoitanc-o that ynn should iiujke your- selves thoroughly familiar with thediflerent parts of the plant, as just described, before going furtlier, and to that end it will he desirable for you to review the pre- sent chapter carefully, giving special attention to those parts which were not perfectly plain to yon on your (irst reading. In tlie next chapter, we sliall give a very l)ricf account of the UHPK of the ditferent parts of tht flower, if found too dirticult, the study of it may be deferred until further progress has been made in plant-examination. ^ CHAPTER IT. FUNCTIONS OF THK ORGANS OP THE FLOWER. • 14. The chief use of the calyx and corolla, or fnral envelnpen, as they are collectively called, is to p-ofrrf Ihr other parts uf the Jfoirrr. Tliey enclose tlie stanieiis and pistil in the bud, and they usually wither away and dis- appear shortly after tlie anthers have slied their -v,!!,.,,, that is, as we shall presently oce, as soon as their s* vices as protectors are no longer re(|uired. l."). Tlie corollas of flowers are usually bright-coloured, and frequently sweet-scented. Tiiere is little doubt that these qualities serve to attract insects, which, in search ^; I- KI.EMKNTH OF STUtTOTlIRAL HOTANY. of honey, visit blossom aftPi- blossom, and, lii-inging theii liairy limbs and l)odies into contact with the open cells of the anthers, detach and carry away (jiiantities of pollen, some of which is sure to be rubbed oil" upon the stigmas of other flowers of the same kind, subsequently visited. IG. The essential part of the stamen is the anther, and the purpose of this organ is to produce the pollen, which, as yiju liave already leai-ned, consists of minute •jminx, having a definite structure. These little grains are usually alika in plants of the same kind. They are furnished with two coats the inner one extremely thin, and the outer one niucl thicker by compiirisun. The interior of the ^ollen-jjrain is filled with liquid matter. When a pollen-grain falls upon the moist stigma it be(jin.^ to ijrow \i\ a curious manner (Fig. 17). The inner coat pushes its way through thii outer one, at s^-'"" weak point in ihe latter, thus ."orming tlio beginnin, of a slender tube. This slowly penetrates the stigma, and then extends itself downwards through the; Fiff. 17. ^ty'p, until it comes to the cavity of the ovary. The liquid contents of the pollen-grain are carried down through this tube, which remains closed at its lower end, and the body of the grain on the stigma withers away. The ovary com. tins an ovule, which is attached by one end to the wall of the ovary. The ovule con- sists of a kernel, called the nucleus, wiiich is usually surrounded by two coats, through both of which there is a minute opening to tlie ixucleus, Tliis opening is called the mirrnpyle, and is Fig. 17.— Pollen-grain developing a tube. Fig. 18 —Section of an oviiU.uhuwing central nucl«>ua coats, and iuicropyj(, Pig l.\ I 'mMSt' ... .i7i* l|!\rHi)\s (II' I UK (tItilANS OK THK Kf.OWKIl 1:5 iiivvays lo Ix' f'.niml .it tluit (mhI of tlic oviilt' which is not, attiicliod to th(M)vary. (Fij,'. 18, ///.) -•- Ahoiit tho time the antlicrs (lis(hart,'e thoir pollen, a little eavity, called the oinhrijosar, appears inside the nucleus, near the miempyle. The polleM-tu])e, with iis li(iuid contents, enters tlio ovary, passes throiij,di the micropyle, penetrates tlie nucleus, and attaches itself to tlie outer surface of the enil)ryo-sac. Presently the tiihr hecomes enii)ty, and then withers away, and, in tlu; mean- while, a minute l)ody, which in tiinn developes into the embryo, nakes its appearance in llie embryo-sac, ami from that time the ovule may_ proixjrly be called a seed. 17. In order that ovules may become seeds, it is always essential that they should ha //'rtilizfd in the manner just descrilied. If we prevent pollen from reaching the stigma — by destroying the stamens, for instance — the ovules simply shrivel up and come to nothing. Now it is the liusiness of the (lower to produce seed, and Ave have seen that the production of seed (h^pends mainly upon the stamens and the pistil. These organs may conseipiently lie called the efinrmtial otyaii.-^ of the flower. As tlie calyx and coiolla do not play any r/irert \y.\vt in the in-odiiction of seed, l)ut only jjrotect the essential organs, and jierhaps attract insects, we can under- stand how it is that they, as a rule, disappear earlv Their work is done when fertilization has been accom- plished. Having noticed thus liriefly the part played l)y each set of f1(.ral organs, we shall now proceed t.. the exami- nation of two other plants, with a view to coinparing / their structure with that of the I'uttercup. *■ 14 Er-K.MlMS itF sTHtKJTl KAI. HnlAXV. ClIAI'TKR III. K.\ A Ml NATION (»|.- IIKPATK A AM) M AltSII-MAUIfior.P— RKSKM iii.AN'(;i;.s i!KT\vi:i:N- tiii:iii n.owDus and that ok i!LTTi;iu;ur. 18. Hepatica. You may procure sppc^imons of the llepatici almost aiiywlirrn in ricli dry woods, but yuu will not lind it in flower ('xnept in spring and curly •uiiuiner. It is very d.'sirahic that yon sli,,iiid l,;,vo tin- V'v^. ll>. plant itself, Ijut for those who arc unable lo obtain specimens, the annexed engravings niuy s.-rvc as a suljstitute. Fig. l!i. Aiieliioiie Hepatica. iSLM^K^Tir^erW: ■- HKHATICA. 15 Hej,''""i'i^', tli.'ii, ,.i til.' n.ot uf our ii.nv pliiiit, you sei! thai it.locs iiotdiirrrinaiiy j^'r.Ml nicasiin! from that of the Buttercup. It may, in like maimer, he deHcrihed as j'il)rif, that is, .sV^'wA'.w, hut it must be carefully liorno in min. nuTptacli!, they cannot }>c sepals, Tliuy aio simply siiiull foliayo loaves, to whicli, ;us they aro foiin.l 'oi;si,|e the tluwer, the li.Miie /)mrf,-< is given. Our llowor, then, is apparently without a calyx, and in this re- si^ect is diHerent from the I'nttercup. The whole four parts of the flower not IxMiig present, it is said to 1m) inrom/tHf. 20. It may Iw explained here that there is an under- .standin^' among l)otanist.s, that if the calyx and corolla are not both present it is always tlie corolla which is wanting, and so it happens that the colouicd i)art of tlie flower under consideration, though resemhling a corolla, must bo regarded as a calyx, ami the flower itself, therefore, as ajicfaliinti. 21. Remove now these coloured sepals, ami what is left of the {lower very much resembles what was left of our Huttercup, after tlie removal of the calyx and corolla. The stamens are very numerous, and are inserted on the receptacle. The carpels are also numer- ous (Fig. 21), are inserted on the recep- tacle, and are free .'rom each other {apni'ari.ous). And if you examine one of the carpels (Fig. 22) you will find Vig. 21. that it contains a single ovule. The flower, in short, so much resembles that of the lUittercup that you will bo prepared to leu ■ that the two belong to the same Order or Family of plants, and you will do well to observe and remember such resemblances as have just been brought to your notice, when you set out to examine plants tor your Fig. 20.— Flower of Hcpatica, with bracts oeiow. Fig. 2X. -Carpels of Ucpatica. Kiv 2^ -Sincle carpel, enlarged. Fig. 22. WSy^^^^V^l^S^'^'^'^ '■•^^ MARSII-MAHIfiOLn. 17 .?c!vi'.s, hc'Ciiusc il is (.Illy in this way, jiml 1)y slow steps, tliiit you ciiii iicijuiro u .satiafuctory Ioly- sepalous. The stamens arc very much like; those of the Buitorcup and Ilepatica. They arc numerous, they have l)oth anthers and filaments, and tlicy sh.3d their i)ollt'n throu;{h slits on tlo outer edges of t!i»' nnllit-rs. Tiiey ait; all separate from each other ^jojyandrous), and are all inserted on the receptacle. On this latter account they arc said to lnjpn(jij- nous (helow the pistil). 25. Remove tho stamens, ami you have left, as before, a head of carpels (Fig. *2t). Examine one : there is tiiu lower broad part, which you recognize a.s the ovary, the very short style, and the sticky stigma. To all appearance the carpels are pretty much the same as those of the two plants already examined. It will not do, however, to trust altogether to appearances Fig. 24. in this case. Cut open a carpel and you Knd that, instead of a .single ovule at the liottom of tho ovary, there arc several ovides in a row along that edge of the ovary which is turned towards the centro of the flower. The ovary is, in fact, a pod, and, when tho seeds ripen, splits open along its inner edge. If you can iind one which has split in this way, you can hardly fail to be struck with the resemblance which it ,i.,^5 bears to a common leaf. (Fig. 25.) Fijf. 24.— Hcud of carpels of Marsh-Marigold. Fi". 'Jli —Single carDel, onen»l tliat of th<' llepatira ai^ iUitt.-rcup is Hullicicntly -irat t.. justify us in placing it in th«i s:iMi(f family with them. Sfi. HaviiifT now mado y(.ur.sclve.s familiar with the • lillcront parts of thest! thn-o i)lant8, you an; to writo out .1 tabular di'scription of them acconliiij,' to the followiiij,' form ; and, in like manner, whenever you examine a new I)lant, do not cf.n.sidor your AV(.rk done nntil you have written out sucli a description of it. nUTTKIlUUI'. "HOAN on I'AKT <>F FLOWKR. No. COHKSION. I'olysepHloiis. AHHESION, Inferior. BEUARKM. Calyx. Sfpa !.i. • 1 " Corolla. Poly|ietal'>HH. "yp"Ky"<»'H Kat ii Petal Petals. •') with a (lit at tiif l>aKP inside Stiinii'iis. X. PolyaiidroiiH. HypogyiKiiis. FilamcntH. Anthers. Pistil. Apooariioii!*. Carpels Carpels. n 1 -needed. Ovary, - Siiperii)r. In the form the term roheHum relates to tiie union of tike parts ; for example, of sepals with sepals, or petals with petals ; while the term wf/wsiim relates to the union of unlih' ]Kn'i>i ; for example, of stamens \vith coroli ovary witli calyx. Neither cohesion ne Ihesion take place in any of the three flowers we have examim; 1 accordingly, under these headings in our schedule we write down the terms polysepalous, polypetalous, &c, to indicate this fact. * vflR^K^^T^^^ft^^ ?^^^*r •>. ■p* 20 KI.KMKVTJI (IK HTHUCTUIIAI, llul \N\ HEPATICA. 1 1 1 I ORUAN. Nil. lOHKHION. 1 MHIKMllN. 1 I'lilysi'paluiis. lufiriiir. 1 IlK.\IAHh>. Calyx. ('i)loiiied likr a Sepals. Corolla. 71:i i iitoIIh. Wanting Petals. Stamuux. 1 I'olyaiidroii.-^. ''y!'"Ky"oii>*. Filaments. Anthers. Pistil. Ap(K'aq)ouH. Carpels. Ovary. t. Superior. Carpi'ls l-seeded. 1 MAKSHMARIGOLU. cmOAN. No. COIIKSKIN. Polyaepaloua. AlJIIKSlON. REMARKK. Calyx. Inferior. Coloured like a Sepals. f)-9 corolla. Corolla. Wanting. Petals. ; — . 1 Hypogynous. Stamens. « Polyaudrous. Fiiuments. Anthers. Ciirpel.s contaiul several seeds. Pistil. Carpels. X Apocarpous . Ovary. ! ( 1 Supenui. 1 \m riUriACTKR.'S OK HAMNill.AiK.f. 91 III 'I'lirsyiiilinl /, iiic.iiis "iii.|.!(inii, uy 1)0 uscl when tlic |)artH of "P " iiiiiin ruii> :illi iHiiiiiM'r. ruder till- li(;ul " K ,('in n\k> any nv^mi exceed tea ii you miiy deMciiI,e aiiy- lliiii^' worthy of iiutiee, for whiel, provision is not mad elsewlieii! in tin,' .seliedule. If ynii use tlu! exereise-hoolv whi.di h.u* l.eeii pieiiared to iiiMV-inpiiiiy the toxt-buok, you will lind als,, >[,aec for •h-airiiaj siieli parts as are not easy to descrilie in words. '11. Tlic tlireo plants upon which we havo lieen en ^'Hv'eil up to this point uro rcpresentativos or ////>< .s- „f a wry liiryo j,'roup, called l»y Itotanists lia,niw„la,;.,, that is, Jftv/uiirii/,ir"oiis i.laiitx. All tlio niend.eis of it, wliilst they may differ in certain niiiinr eharaeteristics, agree in all the more important resf)t.,ts. The minor diHer.Mie's such as W(; have ohserved in our examination r' specimens, lead to tlu! sulMJivision of the grouj ' f> several smaller groups, hut any plant exhihitin.. ' peculiarities common to all throe may In; regarded a- typical of the r>/v/, ,-. which is tlu- name given to the group as 11 whole. These common peculiarities may he summeil up with sullicient accuracy for our present pur- pose, as follows : 1. The nrrhs nf jh.irpr-learrx, fhat /.>■ f,, naij, ihr .^rj,nlx, )i<-t((h, siainpiis, ami air,"'/s, arc entirely (lislinrt. awl nncvnn>!-tiil irith <'nrlt ,,fl,n: 2. The ^rrrral ),i",„b' rs nj ■ arr u/.aratc/r<' ■/, nf /,,■,■. o. It may fjc addi'.i il„it fhr .■.■/ai,ir„s „,•< atmus/ inrari- ahly 7iu)»er<>u.% ,u„l that tlie plants are acria *>, the taste ELEMKXTS OF MIUJCTUKAI, jlOTANY. CHAPTER IV. KV,\-.I|N .; ON ov „T||KI{ roMMOV IT.ANTS WITir MYPONV -N US STAMENS - MIIKPHEHd's fUKSE U<)UM>- LEAVED .MALLti'V. 28. We sliall now proceed to examine some plants, the riowers of which exhihit, in tlieir structure, impor- tant variations from the liuttercup, Hepatica, and Marsh-Marigold. Shepherd's Purse. This plant (Fig. 2(;) is one of tht; comiMonest of weeds. As iix the Butter.:up, tlie foliage-leaves are of two kinds, radical and cauli.ie', tiie former l)eing in a cluster around the base of the stem. The cauline leaves are all sessil.', and each of them, at its hase, pro.jects backward ou each side of the stem,' so that the leaf somewhat reseml.li;s the head of an arrow. Such leaves are, in fact, said to hr .'wiitint,; or arrow- shaped. The flowers grow in a cluster at tli,; top of the stem, and, as the .season advances, the peduncl.; gi-adu- ally elongates, until, at the close of the summer, it'forms perhaps half of tlie entire l.Migtii of the stem. You will observe in this plant, that each separate flower is raised on a little stalk of its own. Each of these little stalks is a ],f'fi;,ul, and when pedicels are present, the term peduncle is applied to the por- tion of stem which supports the whole cluster. 2!). The fl.wers (Kig. :>7) are rather .small, and so will rc.jnire more tlian ordinary ciro in their Gxamination^JL-|.e caly.x is polyscpalous, and of , Fig. 27.— Flower of Shepherd's Purse, enlarge(i ^ XMFHHliKD S I'VliBvl ^ Fiir, t:6.— Shepherd's Purse 21 ELKMKNTi* Ob .STUUCI b H « i, HnTA.N i'xu- s..,,als. TIm. corolla is puiyi.rfalun , aii.l of f,,,,) l"'lak Th.. staiih.iis (Ki- L,S) ar- sf-- h, unmUvv, an.l if .yn.i ...vm.in.. tlM>,„ atlciitivHy, y,,a will s,v tliat two (.f tlnMii arc shorter than tlic other fr.iir The stamens arcc,,usc,|,„,,My said to l,c^Vm,/,/,,r^wo,^.. r.ut if there had liceii only /o,u tainens, in two sets of two ca.di, they wouhl liavo been callongtlnvi.so on each si,le. Carefully cut or pull away the lobci, a,Kl t' is ri.l-(. mIH r-inain, pn- senling now the .appearance of a narr.nv 'M loop, with a very thin iMenibranous parti- tion stretched across it. Aroun.l the edge, on both sides of the i)artition, seeds are suspended from slender stalks (i^g. 30). Fii,'. 20. n. .JO. There are, then, f,ro mr/xi, united togdhcr, and ill.' pistil is, theref,jre, sijnmriuntx. ni. Shepherd's Purse is a type of a large an.l important Ord..r, the Vrnrl/ey,,., ,,,. (;„,,, YaunW. Other comm.,n •■xamph.s, which shoul.l be .studie.l and .'ompared with f^hepherd's Pur- best for e.\ •ir.i the gard.'ii Stocl^ (.v/,,,//,. fl„w,: rs arc unination). Water-Cress, the vellow Mu.st an ■ Fisf. 2?. -The same, witli cjyx nuH coro/la removed i-ifS. '-'!>. Uip,:Mc, of the flow^~ Fig. 33.— Flower with calyx and corolla reiuovud. Fijf. ^1.— A ripened pistil with the persistent calyx. '^■^^SMRi^afffiB^^-'^^^ KOUNI) I EAVEU MAU.OW. 'J? ac.iuainte.l witli all tlu- parts that iin y leaf Im.s, viz., />fa.fr, petiolt; an(i stipules. 34. Coniiii^r to thu tlov.er, olmervc first tliat tlic parts of the caly. are lu.t eiitirL-ly separates as in tli.; (lowers ynu have already examined. For al.oiit half tli.iir length tliey are united togetlier si> as to form a cup. The upper half of each sepal, however, is perfectly distinct, and ii'>viuH II tuuth of the calyx; and the fact that there are five of tliese teetii shows us unmistakably that the calyx is made up of live sepals. W't; therefore speak of it as a Uamosepalons calyx, to indicate that the parts of it are coherent. As the calyx does not fall away when the other jjarts of the flower disappear, it is said to W. jirrsistfut. Fi 31, a, shows a persistent caly \. 35. At the haso of the calyx there are three niii.iito leaf-like teeth, looking; almost like an outer calyx. A circle of bracts of this kind is called an inaihin-c. The three bracts under the (lower of the Hepafiea also consti- tute an involucre. Aa the bracts in the .\ialIow grow on the calyx, soTue botanists spi>ak of them as an >,nraitix. The corolla consists of live petals, separate from (>ach other, but united with tiie stamens at their base. ■ 3G. The stamens are numerous, and as their filaments an! united to form a tube, they are, said to be mntmblphom. This tube sprinys from f]i,< nrriifade, and the stamens i.n; therefore hupmjynou.^. Fig. W-l ..ill hel}) you to an under- standing of the relation between the petals and stamens. Having removed the petals, split the tube of the stam.^ns with the point of your needle, A little care will then suable you to remove tV* stiimens without injuring' the 28 KI.K.MINTS iiF' STlMiTI'IMI. ROTANY. ].i>til. Tlif latter <>rj,'(iii will tlicii ]»• fouml to cniisist ')f !i liii'^' (if ciilicii'iit (Mi|M'ls, :i rattiiT slniit slyle, ami luiiii- cMnis Iniii; stij^iiias (Ki;,'. .'?.")). It' you tako tho tioiihie to coiinl the ("iijicis aiul tin; sti;,'iiias, you sviil liitd tlm luiiu- licri iri^'/i^«.;. Hyiiof^iyiiouH. cc Moiiadcliilioiis Ilyii(i;,'yii()US. i ()i,(-f<'ll.d. A Syncar|ioiis. Su|icrior. Bemauks. Three hiact^ L;rowiiigoii tlie ;'alvx. I Carjicls a.s ii.aisy as the stigmas. 37. Compare now the .'structure of the llollyhoek (^single flowers .'iliouM he selected) with that of the Mallow, ami write out a description. ]\Iusk-Mallow and Almtilon (a eonimon green-liouse plant) may also be examined with advantage. 3^. TtV OrdCT (Modvacea) of which Mallow is a type is very distinctly ni,\i'ked by the following characteristics : 1. The sepals are alii-aijtt placed e.dije to edije (valvate) in fill.' bud, irln'le (lie jjetals t»:e.rla}i and are rolled tdijether (rorwuluti). 2. The stamens are nwiiermts and mmiadeljihons, and their anthers are 1-celled, Althutiyh united at '.lie ' ^r*^^'v^e.iiirv:.>..rV);3iE«i»P»8aiEffl»«< -fk. 'If S^^^\j. hasH iritli tlir r/u/r< of llir iii'tul.t^ ll,rti ari: iinnihr- less -/nfirrfri/, <,u (he rni'idwlo. (Iiinuiijijuon-i), fi. Tlip rarpcl.< nrr ahimxt ai'irai/s tim'tti/ in a riiiij, ntu'ri, breaks tip at iiiatnvUii. fi. It iiiaij hi' (vliJ.'il that flu: leaner am. fimiif^lcl irith tttli,ali'.<, awl th^jnio' of thr plants is innrilaniiK,,/.':. CHAPTER V. EXAMINATION OP COMMON PLANTS WITH PERIOYNOUS STAMEN.S (iARl)KN PEA — (ilUOAT WII.I.OW-MKKI!. 39. Garden Pea. In Ihe flower of this plant, tli(> calyx is coiistnictcd on the f' of t):.. ,„.lal- is I:,,-.', l.in,„l, m.mI ui«.n, wliilst, Iw.: sii.al]..)' ..iM-s, in i|„. f,,,Ml .4' tl.o iluw.T, am iiiiitwl into a kiii.l .,f 1„„m1. W,. .liall siM.ak of tl.is corolla, thoii, an.) all ntlnis i„ ,vlii.l, 11,,. jM.lals aio iiiiliko each ctlicr in si/c (ii- shape, as irmjniar. As tli(! Pea l.lossom lK>ars somo rcscrabhmco to a Inittcr- lly, it is said to \m jiuiiilidnacioiiti, 40. Kcinovo now tli.; calyx truth and the petals, Loin- Very caivfnl not to injure tlio stamens and the pistil, ei'- volopod l,y thoso two which form the liood. Count lli.> stamens, and notice their form (Kig. 37). You will (In.l ten, one l.y its.jlf, and the other nine with the lower halves of their liiameiits joiie.l to-eth.-r, or coher-.-nt. When stamens ..e.mr in this way, in t,vo distinct groups, they -ire said to he .lia.hlphmt, ■ if i„ three groups^ tli.-y wonl.'l r (; 1r!'i>l>li,hn>,s- if in several -roups, pnhjwhli.lmnx. In li.e Mallow, you will remember, they are nnite.l into un, group, and t!i..relo,e we jy7wus, ft term meaning "around th:. pistil." 41. J!ut the pistil (Fig?. 38, 39) is not attached to the calyx. It is f,-ee, oi ^nptrtor. If y„u cut the ovary across, you will observe there is hut one cell, and if you examine the stigma, you will iind th.it it shows no sign of division. You may therefore be certain tliat the pistil is a single carpel. ^^U.t'iitBL'il^fy ■€--i'JfX:K I Mr 'L'nj^^^m-- (iAi;i>r\ I'KA. 31 Veil ill!' now |>r('iMi(!il to lill ii]i thr, scln'ilnlf dt'sciiit live of tlii.'< HoWLT. (i.\m)j:N PKA. OBtiAN. NO. liillESION. AIIUKsroN, Itl:MAUKs. ! Calyx. Sepal a. 5 Giimosciiiiloiis Papilionace- ous. Irrigular. Diadelphous. Inferior. Thetwofrimt pl•tlll^^ united. Corolla. Fetah. 1 Perigyuous. StamoiiH. Filaments. Anthers. Puri^'yiioHH. Siipiriiir. Pistil. Carpels. Ovarij. Apocarpous. 42. The beginner will be very likely to think, from its tDppeai'ance, that the largest of the ptituls i.-, made np of two coherent ones, but the following considerations show clearly that this is not tlm case. In the ButtereU)), and other fiowei-s in wh-uh the number of sepals and petals is thf. same, the petals do not stand before the sepals, Init before the spaces between them. In the Pea-blossom this rule holds good if the large j)etal is considered as one, but not otherwise. Again, tlie veining of this petal is similar to that of aconunon leaf, there being a central rib from which the veins spring on each side ; and lastly, there are some flowers of the Pea kind— Cassia, for example — iu which tiiis particular petal is of nearly the fame size and shape as the other four. 43. The Pea is a typj of a highly important group of plants — the Urder Leguimnosob. To it belong many plants TS^m 32 i:i>:mk.\ IS ui' sritnirtiitAi. iiuiasv. .■3«5> liHi'iiiii,' very wi.lfly in cxlcruul ;iii|ir;iniiii'" -liio Locust Treo uiul llic ('l;.Vff, for cxaiiiiilc! l.iil ••\-liil.it in;,' in (lie •itniituiv of tiicir tlowcis .so maikcd u siniiiaiily (iml Uumi ri'lalion.-liii. is hcyonil i|nc'.stion. Tlif dcimctf-rs liy wliicli tin- Oiilor is ilistingnislicd uro oliiclly (liosc : /. ■/'//'' rovolla U iHDV i,f /fss /Kifiilmiaet'oas, ami is inmrfi',1 nn tin.' InifH' i>/ tin ceriijt/n(i)i.i). J. Thf .ffdiiifHK, a/iiiiist uirnrialili/ Irn in uninlHr, an- alxo jirritji/iioiiK, ami neaihj alirai/s ffiadr/ji/iuiis. J. Tin' pixfif is nearli) ahrai/s a fn/nnir, that is f,t sai/. if is a sUnjIr carpi't irhifh sjifits info tim pier.rs at mafiiHti/, lilif the pod oj'th" I'ra or liian. 4. Tin' l''ai!''s hai'i' sfiinilrs, ami (in' tvarlij alwaijs ruin- pomxl, fliaf is, of seceral distinct Imllets. Plants wliicli may he coniparoil witli the Pea arc Kcil Clover, Wliilc Clover, Swoct Clover, Medick, Locnst-Treir, r.ean, Vetch, Lupine, Sweet P'>a, tV'c. •LL Great Willow-herb. Tins i>lant is extremely common in low grounds and newly-cleared laud, and you may ei.-ily recognize it by its tall stem and blight purple Mowers. Observe the position of the (lowers. In the three i)lants hrst examined wa found the flowers at the end of the stem, in the WilloW^hi-rli, as in the Mallow, they spring from the sides of the stem, and immi>diat(;ly below the point fiom which each llower kj^j. 40. springs you will find a small loaf ( .r bract ( Fig. 40). Flowers Fig. 40.— FVowerof Great Willow-herb. i^-ji!L:-M^m^sS!r^mar-<.m^'wmiai3saK.' — ?j^ ^i'4ii'>i> : tiUKAT WIM.DW-nERrj. iy.i which arise fr...„ th.- axils „f I.riuts „r...< >u. u. hv u.,-fNar>/, whilst thuso which aiv at Ihr ..m.Is „f stems .,..• cilK^.I l-nninal, a.i.l yoii may rememhei thai tluwers can only he |'r<"l'i.-e.l in the axils of leaves an.i it ll i.-ls .,i' stems iiiil liiaiiches. »r,. C'nii.in- to the llower itself, direct y-mr attention, tust of all, to the position of the ovary. You wjl| jin,! it ai-pan-ntly ini.i..r the flower, in the form of a tiil)e tiii-e.l with imrple. It is not in reality un,l,.r the (lower, because .ts purplish covering is th calyx, or, mure ac.M.rately, the rahjx-tuhe, which adheres to the whole surface of the ovary.ami expands ahove into f.nir Ion- teeth. The ovary, th.Mefore, is in/erior, ami the <,alyx, of course, mperior, \i this flower. As the sepals unite below to form the tul)c the calyx is gamoseiialous. The corolla (..usists of four petals, free from each other, md IS conseciueiitly polypetalous. It is also re-ular, the petals being alike in size and . shape. Kach petal is narrowed • at the base into what is called the claw of the petal, the broad part, as in the ordinary foliage- leaf, being the J,laiJ,'. The stamens are eight in nund)cr „ (octamlrous), four short and \\ JT *""'' ^°""' '"»'! are attached to lV>^ the calyx (porigynous). • 10. The pistil has its three parts— ovary, style, and stigma —very distinctly marked. Tlie stigma consists of four long "bes, which curl outwar.i.-, after the flower opens. The Fig. 41. -Ripened pistil of Willow herb. Fig. 42. -Cross sectioo ol th^^^. WfsS^^Suk^T^ 34 ELRMKMH (iK .srui (Ttirf \l HuTANT. styl(5 is Inii^r ;i,i,i sIciMlfr. Til.' t x^iiiiiiijiiioii of tlif. ovary rf(|uiiv.~i liiii.:!i .lie; you will ^'.l ll,(, iK^.st idc-a of ilH .■.tiiictiiro ljy takm;,'i.ii.! wlii.li h^ Just hnr.st oimn aiiy .-i slenilcr four-winded coluum (Fig. 41-'), in tho j,'i(M.vi's of which tlm .su^ds are compactly .11 ranged. Tho pistil thus consists of four carpels uniU'd t4)j,'etlit;r, ami is tlu'rcforo si/nrar/ioun. Kvcry seed i.- Curnished with a tuft of silky hairs, which yroatly fucUi- tates its transportation by tho wind. 17. The Willow-hcrl) furnishes an excellent example of what is called Hijinrndnj. Wo have seen that tlio calyx and (;orolhi are eat h niad(> up of four parts ; tho stiimens are in two sets of four eacii ; tho sligltiA is foui lobed, and the ovary lias four seed-cells. A flow(!r is .s,jminctriral when each sot of floral leaves contains eilher tho same nunil-er of parts or a nialUple of tho saiu(! number. ()l».serve that the leaves of our plant are net-veinod. The schedule will be filled up as follows : c;iti:A'l' WILL( iVV iiKHI',. ond.AN. No. J i s 4 1 e is the rrccp- tac/e of the fawir ; to it are at- tached the separate carpels which together constitute the pistil (Fig. 4r.), just as the carpels of the Buttercup are attached to the raised receptacle of that flower. We must remind you again that whenever the ovary is enclosed in the calyx-tube, and tlie calyx appears to spring from the summit of the ovary, the latter is said to be inferior, and the former superior. In the case of Sweet Hrier and similar form-, where the pistil U strictly apocarpous, and th.' other parts coiiere at their base so as to form a tube enclosing the really free carpels, the pistil may be described as half-infenor, and the calyx conseipiently as half-superior. 60. Strawberry. So far as calyx, corolla, and sta- mens are concerned, the flower of Strawberry very nearly resembles that of Sweet Brier. Alternating witii the five calyx-lobes, however, will be found five bractlets, Fig. 44.— Vertical section tlirouxh tlie pistil. — — Fig. 45.— Vertical wrtion through ripe fruit of .Sweet Brie?. Fig. 45. KUSACKOI'.S IT, A. M.S. '67 •vliKl, cMstiUiL.., as in Aidlou-, an rjn,-„/^^,,.. Tl.o pistil .UU.SI bo carefully oxa.nii,..,]. 1,, tlii« ca.su then, will bo fuurul a conical elevation in the centre of tli.; llower, on the surface of Mhich are inserted y many separate carpels, much in the .sune v/ay •• as in Buttercup. At maturity th's elevated receptacle will hav,; become great ly enl.irged and puli)y, with tiie real fruit, the ripened Fig. ic. c'ari)cl.<, dotted over its surface (Fig. 10). r>l. Cherry -r Plum. Ib-re al.so the calyx, corolla, ind .stamens are all adherent, and a holJowcup i^ formed' 111 tlie bottom of which (but entirely free from these parts) the pistil is ileveloped (Fig. 47). It consists of a single carpel, in which there are at first two ovules, thou'di <'en- erally but one .sred is ripened. The fruit is called a f//v//yr, the .seed luMiig surroiuidi'd by three distinct layers: (1) a hard shell (the /.«Cawe«), (-') a ma.^s of .soft pulp, and (;]) the outer skin. r)2. Orab-Apple. Hen-, as before, we have a ganio- sepalous calyx, the lower i)art fornnng a tub.;. The tivt; petals are .separate and inserted on the caly.v, as an! als,. the mimerous stamens. To understand the structure (,f the uistil, make a vertical section through the centre of the flower, and also a cross section. The cros,'-- section Fi','. 40.— Verticil section of Straw hcrrv. I'ifc'. 17.— Vertical boctioii throng:!! llower of Chorrj . (Gray.) Sd KLEMKNTS OK HTUUCTUEAL nOTANV. (Fiy. fiO) will .show you tliiit in tliis ca^o wo liuvc a ■iiiicariious pislil of five catpols, and tiio vertical .section (Kig. 4D) .sliows tliat the ovary is lierc truly hij'erior, tlie t, 'x-tubc Ijo- ing completely adherent or a hiafc to it. The. stylo i.s •^a«^ divided into live parts, cor- responding to the five car- pels. Fig. 48. Fij;. 40. •'>3. At maturity, whilst the j»istil or central organ ha.s enlarged con.siderahly, it will he found that tiie calyx- tube, which id adherent to it, has also grown very much. It is, in fact, the largely developed calyx-tube which con- stitutes the edible part of the apple, the true pistil forming the core. It is not very easy to distin- _ ^- guish the line which separates these two /^ ' _^ ,\ parts of the ripe fruit, but if a cross- 'Q^ section be made tiirough the apple a circle ; SS^^ of greenish dots may generally be made ^^j^gsTy out at the oiit<'r limit of the core. A fruit |^" of this sort is called a jntnu!. The wither- ed calyx-teeth may be found in the hollow v\s- 50. at the end opjiosite he stem, as also, generally, the remains of the live styles. Fig. 48.— Klowor of CratiApph'. Ki'j 4!).— Vjrtioal section of ova.-y. I'it-. &Q,-W.rnKi srctioii of fniit of Crab- Apple. RO«ACKOUS PLANTS. sy 54. Raspberry. Calyx, corolla, and stamens have the .same arrangement a.s in Strawberry, and the pistil is likewise apocarpons, the nnmorous carpels covering the surface of a raised receptacle. But here the carpels do not produce acheiies. Each of them at maturity forms a fruit lesembling a drupe, so that the raspberry is a mass of tirupes heaped u|ion a common receptacle. 55. Let us now sum up our observations upon the repre- sentatives of the great Order of Rosaceous plants. We have found them to possess the following characters in common: 1. TJie petals and the nwnerous stamens are inserted on the calyx {perigynoufi). 2. The pistil, except in the Apple, is apocarpous and j'^'eefnmi the calyx. 3. It may he added that the leaves are furnished mth stipules. 5G. The diflferencos (which lead to the sub-divi.sion of I lie ( >rder into subordinate groups) are chiefly in tlie fruit. In Sweet Ih-ier, with which may be compared any wild Rose, the achenes are enclo.sed in the caly.\-tube. In Straw- berry the receptacle is conical ; so also in Raspberry. In the Cherry the carpel is suigle, forming a drupe. In the Apple the ovary is syncarimus and combined witii the fleshy caly.\. Compare with the Apple lli.^ Hawthorn and the Mountain Ash or Rowan Tree. 57. The following are the schedules descriptive of .Sweet Brier and Crab-A[)ple. Tiiose relating to Cherr\, Strawberry, and Raspbcny should be carefully Idled up by the pupiL -fii tLEAlirNi.S i/K STHUlJlV./.AL IXjlAXV. SWEET UHIEK. On'JAN. Calyx. 1 No. 1 \ Cohesion. 1 1 AUUE.SION. liKM.iaivS. 1 Gnmosepaloiis Hulf svMorior. i Se/inls. •'' ! t Corolla. ' Polypetalous. Perigynous. "1 1 Petals. r> i — < 1 Stallions. Pistil. X Polyamlioiis. A|>opni]ions. Prrigynou.s. 1 Tilt! liollow re- Half-inferior. Carpels. x> ceptacle Hues the calyx-tube .. ___ — . 1 1 OuiiAN. CRAH- APPLE. No. Cohesion. ^ Adhesion Calyx. Sr/xth ConiUa. l''t,ih. I ,-; I Stamens. j ,^^ I'olyaudrous. , Perigyiioii.H I'istil. Carpels. (iaiiiosppa- ; Sujierior. lolls. I PolypctaloiN. I'crigyiioiis. Rkmauks. L I SyiiL'arpous. Inferior. Fruit consists <• (lie fly of a tiesliy enlaigc- iment of the Icalyx tube. EXAMINATION OP AS IIMKKLLIFKK. 41 CHAPTKR VII. KXAMINATION O'. A PI ANT WITH EPIGYNOUS STAMENS — WATER-PARSNir Fi«r. 53. 58. Water-Parsnip. This is a common swamp plant in Canada ; but if any difficulty be i^xperienced in procuring specimens, tlie flower of the con. , ion Carrot or Parsnip or of Parsley may be substituted for it, all these plants being closely related, and dif- fering but slightly in the structure of their flowers. Notice first the peculiar appearance of the flower cluster (Fig. 51), There areseveral pedicels, nearly of the same length, radiating from the end of the peduncle, and from the end of each pedicel radiate in like manner a num- ber of smaller ones, each with a flower at its extremity. Such a cluster is known as an umbel. If, as in th*' present case, there are groups of secondary pedicels, the umbel is compound. As the flowers are very small we shall be obliged to use the lens all throu^'h the examination. Kven with its aid you will have a little dilHciulty in making out the calyx, the tube of which, in this flower, adheres to tlie .surface of the ovary, as in Willow-herb, and is reduced aljove to a mere rim or border of five minute teeth. The jietals are five in number, and free from each other. Observe that each of them is incurved at its extremity i'"ig. ."il.— Cuiu(>oiiri(l iiiiibui of Waier-Parsnip. Fij. 52.— Single Hower of same. Fig. 53.— Vertical gcotion of the ontj. Fig. 62. Fig. 61. 42 ELRMKNTS OP STKU(VIIJHAL HOTAVY. Fig. 52). Tht^y II. ! iusurteil on a disk mhlrh n-ufuns the ovary, as are also the five stamens, wliidi art; honco said to 1)6 epu/;/nom. In the centre of the flower are two short styles j.rojecting above the disk, and a vertical section through the ovary (Kig. .'iS) shows it to be two-celled, with a single seed suspended from the top of eacli cell. WATER-PARSNIP. OBOAN. NO. COHESION. ADIIKSION. KEM.\nKS. Calyx. Sepals. Gamoaepaloup 1 Superior. ! ,Calyx-te('tli al- most olisiili'tc. 1 Corolla. Petals. Polysepalous. Epigynous. Petals in- curved. StampuR. PentandroUR. Epigyuons. Pistil. Carpels. Syiuarpolis. Iiiforior. 1 1 no. The Water-Parsnip is a ty|K! „f the large Order UmhelUfer -. which is well inarkc.l by the following characters : 1. The. flower.^ ar,' rinsli'rcd in nmhel.^, and these are [leuerallii comjjuuitd. 2. The calyx /s pp.rjWAly adhermt in tlw ovary, .w that almoKt mmc of it project,^ a/iovf. S. Tlie petals ajid siaiiHms (jive eari,) are epigynous. 4. The ovary U two-celled, and is surmounted by two styles. At maturity the pistil separates into two dry carpels. A COMrosiTK KLoWER 43 Fiif. 64. are all ruclical. CHAPTER VI ri. liAAMINATIUN OK COMMON PLANTS WITH EI'IPETALOUS STA- M ENS — DAN DEUON — < ATN IP. 60. DaJldelion. Tlie examination of this flower will be somewhat more difficult than that of any we have yet undertaken. Provide yourselves with specimens in flower and in seed. The root of tli'- plant, like that of the Mallow, is a tap-root The stem is almost suppressed, and, as in the case of the Hepatiea, the leaves They are also net-veined. The flowers are i"dised on scapes, which are hollow. At first sight the flower appears to have a calyx of many sepals, and a corolla of many petals. Both of these ap- pearances, however, are contrary to facts. With a sharp kn'T,' cut the flower throu<,di tlu; miildie from top to bottom (P\r. 54). it wJH then appear that the flower, or rather Jiower-hmd, is made up of a large number of distinct pieces. With the point of your needle detach one of these pieces. At the lower end of it you have a small Ixxly resembling m unripe seed (Fig. JSb). 1\, is, in fact, an ovary. Just above this tliere is a short bit of stalk, sur- ^^' ^' mounted by a circle of silky hairs, and above this a yellow tube with one si.^>T»-; 41 rrjAIRVTS OP STnUCTtTRAL ROTANT. :'H \U Ioiil; sid.. will show Mm .'xistoiu'.' of fivo niimito point.-;, or taoih, from wlii.I, wo inf.-r tli.it tho tuho is ina.lu up of live coherent ix'tals. As t\w corolla is on the ovary, it is said to ho Epiffi/tiom. Out of the corolla protrudes the long style, divided at its summit into two stigmas. To discern the stamens will require the greatest §/j nicety of observation. Kijr. 50 will help you in yow task. The stamens are five in number. They are inserted on the tube of tlie corolla {epipetalom) and Fiff.r.6. thnir authors cohere (Fig. 57), and form a ring about the -tyl.'. Wi.en the anthers are united in this way, the stamiMis are said to be syngenesious. CI. It appears, then, that thef Dandelion, instead of being a single flower, is in reality a compound of a great many flowers upon a common receptacle, and ii,V// . ^^h'lt seemed at first to be a calyx is, in reality, an involucre, made up of many ^s.f>^■ bracta But have the single flowers, or florets, as they are pronerly called, no calyx? 'he theory is ...... .„,ey have one, but that it is adherent to the surface of the ovary, and that the tuft of .s\f Kepiils is /.'(. l/rtTfi/ J I 1)711 ^iiiiahiiji/ U) U' Iflvp. SynKeiiesif)!!^. jEiiipctaloiis. Syncarj)ou I >nml)ei of Inferior. icarppis infor- jred fioiii num- Iber of stif.'nm-<. 62. Fiowors constructed on the plan of the Dandelion are called Vompodte flowers. The Order (Conijmita') oompri.se.s an innnen.se nuuilier of common plants, in some of whiclj all tlie corollas in the head are, as in the Dandelion, of one sort, namely, with one side prolonged into a strap, and lienee callt-fl strap shaped or iignlatr. In most oases, however, the ligulate corollas form a circle round tlie margin of the head only, as in Sunflower-, while the central di^lc is filled up with small regular gamopetalous corollas with a five-toothed border ( n- ii may happ(>ii, as in Thistle, that all tli.> (!,v,v,'rs .nre regu- lar, ligii'ite corollas lu'ingahsciit. These, however are I., .or p •■•Its, and, while serving to disfiiiguish sul.or tunpte .'oun.s, do not ititoif'.M',. ■.•itu . ].., ,, / .,. i v , cL«» icters whicJi mat i; t!ie Oid',:>j .• u a v/liole. So, also IG RI.KMKNTS np STRdiTUUAl, llOTANy. ni y' inste.ul of tlip tuft of silky hairs (t«!thnieally called the jia/>j)un) which surinounts tho ovary, there may lie, ns in Sunflower, .i few teeth-like projiNtions, or scales, <»r a mere rim hardly to l.e disfm^uished at all. G3. The Order is easily recognized l»y tlio following characters : /. T/i e faan-fi, or jJorefn, are in lipads on a common m- ceptacU\ avd surrounded by an. involucre. 2. The Htainens are iii.^frted on the corolla, and an- united Inj thnr nntlwrs (.•i;/enesioH»). <>'. The xti/le is 2-lol'ed at the aj>f.c. 64. Representatives of this Family are so numerous that it is needless to give a list. Specimens exhibiting all the variations in regard to the corollas, pappus, ic, should be gathered and notes made of their structure. In Part IT. will be found a very full account of all the .species likely to be met with, and the exercise book ha-, a number of blank schedules specially arranged for Com- posites. G') Catnip. Note carefully the appearance of the item. It is fijiiarc. The flowers are in axillary clusters. The calyx is a tulje (Fig. 59), tciminating in five sharp teeth, and you may olwerve that the iulje is a little longer on the upper side (that is, the side ti rards the stem) than on the lower, riie corolla is somewhat peculiar. It has somewhat the appearance of a wide-open mouth, and is known as a labiate or two-lipped Fis- 69. corolla. The upper lip is erect and notched at the apex. tig. 59.— Flower of C»tnlp. ».:'u jr'--t« ' v^'-A A LAOIATE FLOWER 47 Tim lo.v.T ii|i spif'.'uls outward, and consists of a l.uge (•••ntiiil IoIm! and two small latt-ral ones. Altogether, llicrrfnio, thftc -.iiv. tir, |,,l„.s constituting the ganioixital- ous corolla. Full out tli.^ corolla, and with tho ix)int of your needle split its tulH) in front. On laying it oihju, the staninns will he found to \m in.scrtcd ujjon it (opipet- alous). Tliey arc four in nunii)cr, two of them long'- than the other two. Jlence tJiey an; described as uu^. The anthers are peculiar in not having their lobes parallel (Fig. (10;, these being wide apart at the base, in con- secpiencc of the expansion of the r«(««*v7uv, the Fip 00. name given to that part of the anther which unites its t'vo lobes or cells. The pistil consists of a two-loUid sti-'nia. a long style, and an ovary which seems at first as if made up of four distinct carpels (Fig. Gl). IJut the two-loiied stigma will warn you a"ainst this supposition. The ovary really consists of tin) carpels, each of two deep lobes, and, as tlje seeds ripen, these Fiff. C2. lobes form four little nutlets (Fig. G2), each containing a single seed. (iO, Tlie Catnip is a type of the Order LahkiUtj (Mint i'iimily), so called because the corollas aro usually labiate. It is marked by the following cliaracters : 1. The stem /.•• .t>ptari, and the leaves are opposite ami ijenerallij awii/atir. 2. Tlic corolla is more or Ipsk lalnate. S. The ntuinn/s arc mostly didi/namoKs. F,?. 30.- !-W. virxv .~.f t,ho saMi.^; Fis. ei.-l^lU ol Catnip. Fig. 62.— Bipe ovary of four separate iiutlatg. Fi-'. 61. bS''?«!'u;,h. TE^ ji* iH KLEMKNTS OK .STKnrrt'RAL HOTANY. I Th>';„ar!i i.A f„„r-lnb.,l,a,i.l at nuitunhj Lrmlc up iiiht four niif/rfs. Other types ur., tl.c vatious Mints, Sa-,'.^ Tliymr, Summer Savory, Pennyroyal, |'H,r^anio1,' SHv.ho.i).' Iforphouml, .I'c, many of which are of very common occurrenco. CATNIP 1 OlKlAN. No. ! 0 ClIllESION. Gamoscpal.iiis .\li||KSl(,N. Iufi-rii)i-. Hr.MuiKs. Calyx. Ciilyx- tube uei-vt'd. 1 Corolla. IVtah. U>s StaiiKins. Ant km. I'istil. Ciirprh. Didviiaiuous. 1 1 1 Syii(ar(iinjs. ' )0|'i|>i'talt)U.. Siii)L'riur. 1 1 t H ;0 II Lolios of xu • li.ra not iitti-. llel. 1 T ii c ripe vary of four Itlrls. ^^^ t.'fl AFTER IX. E.XAMINATION Ol' I'LA.VTS Willi M< .N'ECIOU.S FI.OWEJIb CUCUMItKK- OAK. ^If wither awi»y ar '. aro fiii|»ar(!ritly i>»' no use. An uti'it livo in«{)outioii will ,show that sviiic ot' tlit3 Mossoiu.s liavo ohioiig l!.!sliy jirotulw c- aiiues l)fijoath fliciii, wliiUt i othen* are stituto of these ^ attathtmMits. Select a Howur itt" eatli kind, aiwl e\ uiiino tiist ii« om- Aith the fiiotul>oraiKc Piir. 63), which itte . fi-om ith appearand y. , will pro- imWy have n titly gueHsod to l>e tho ovary. Tlio situiixion of tho ovary here, iiiiloed, is tho same iis in tho Willow-horli. Tin; calyx-tube adheres to its .surfai,c, and - prol<,n^'ed to some little distance alx)ve it, exi)andiny h ,ally into live toeth. The corolla is g-iniopetalous, and is adherent to the calyx. Ileinove now the calyx and th. adherent corolla, and there is -ft in tlio centre --f the llower a •vliort column, terniiuitinj,' in throe stigmas, each two, 'obed. Tlh^'r arc 1111 xtaiii'- ^. 68. Now examine rhc other hlossem (Kij;. G | ,. Calyx , and corolla li;-ve Umost exactly j t) 3 same apjK-arance as hefoi^. Koniovt theiii ami you have left three stamens growing on the calyx-tuhe, and slight ly united hy their anthers <'sy .genesious). Pig. 64. Tficrr i.i no ))i.- flower of Cucunibir. Fig. 64. — Staminatc flower of Cluuunibtr ^sr 50 KLKMKNTS OF HIUL'UTUKAL HoTANY. *ij- You s.M- i.usv why some l)lossoi.i.s produce cucumbera and otl.crs do not. :\Iost ..f tlio l.lossoms liave no pistil, and aro tcnued tilaiinnat'' of .■ 5 3 CoHKKION. Gamusepalous (iiimin.i;Uilu,is 1 AiiiiKKro.v. j JtKMAKKS. ' .Superior. , I'erigyiiuim. i ^ Stamens. Syiigciicsioiis. I'eiiKyiioiis. i'wo an tilers' ttre2 celled and; one 1-ceHed. | (5 Pistil. Carpels. 9 Stamens. ? I'lstil. 1 Cur})iis. i •J Syncarpoiis. Inferior. i CUPULIFEROUR PLANTS. 51 71. OSik' The Oaks luo among our finest and most valuable forest-trees, and while evcryouf; is familiar with Fiif. 67. Kisr. 66. the appearance of the acorn, as tlie fruit of the Oak is Fig. 66. T«i^ of White Oak with sterile catkins. Fi(f. 67.— Sinffle staiiiiiiatc flowiT. h^u. 08.— Fruit and leaf of Oak. (Wood and Steele.) C2 ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BOTANT. 11. i' \\ i called, the fact that the flowers are not to he obtained without effort on account of their distance from the "round as well as the circumstance of tlieir being rather" incon! spicuous, may lead to their being overlooked unless special attention is directed to them. The White Oak is perhaps the best known species with us. It may be pretty well distinguished from other species by its leaves, the lobes of which (Fig. 65) are rounded. However, for the purposes of this lesson, any other species may be used, if the White Oak IS not at hand. The flowers are monoecious, the sterile ones forming long and slender drooping catkins, which are either single or, more generally, several in a cluster, from the same lateral bud (Fig. 66). Each sterile flower (Fig. 67) consists of a perianth or calyx of a vari- able number of sepals, mostly from four to six, and gen- erally eight stamens. The fertile flowers spring mostly from the axils of the leaves of new shoots, and they occur either singly or two or three in a cluster. Each flower consists of a syncarpous pistil of three carpels. The ovarv 18 three-celled, or nearly so, and two ovules are formed in each ceU. The flower is surrounded at the base by a scaly involucre, which, at maturiiy, has become quite woody, and forms in fact the euj^ in which the acorn rests If you dissect an acorn you will observe that there is but me sned in it. Although the ovary contains six ovules at starting, ,t always happens that all but one di.sappear before the fruit is matured. The White Oak ripens its acorns the first vear. The Red Oak, on the other hand, does not ripen its fruit till the autumn of the second year. 72. It will be a valuable exercise to compare flowers of the Beech with those just described They will be found OrjprUFKROUS PLANTS. 55 to be monopcious dso ; the sterile ones in small (i,>.o;,ing heads, with stamens and sepals variable in ntimbei, uuA the fertile ones from the axils of new leaves, usually two together, surrounded ])y an involucre of many hii.-tle- pointed scales. Tiiijsn dei-olopo into the familiar hristly iour-valved involucre which cnclo.ses the pair of three- cornered nuts at matuiily. Ka h nut is the product of one llower, and contains but one seed, altliough at first the ovary was (like that of the Oak) three-celled, with two ovules ill each cell. The.se resemblances lead us to the conclusion that the Oak and the Iteech are nearly relate^' ilaiits. They belong to the same Onler {Cupulifera'.), as u.; als(. the Ironwood, the Chestnut, and the Hazelnut, all of which should be examined and compared, if within reach. 73. The following are the disthiguishing characters of the Order : 1. The flowers are vinnn'cinus, the sti'rile ones being in mtkim (or, in Ilerh, in close heads), the fertile siwjlc or in small r/usters, irith an inrolurrr. form- inij af inaturitij a '-ujior coverin;//or the 1 scnied nut 2. The ovari/ is af first several-cc'led, but at maturitii is l-eclled and 1-seeded. The pupil will write out de.scri -tior of one or move representatives of the Order, taking . .e description of Cucumber for his model bi KLKMENTS OK STUUCTURAL JIOTaNY. i Kii;. ii8. CHAPTKK X. KXAMINATIUN OK r,,ANTS Will, I.KKCIOUS Fl.oHKRs- WIIJ.OW -MAI'Li;. 7f. Willow. The flowers of most kinds of WUUnv "I'I«'ar ill spiiiij,r ,„. eaiJy .siiiuiuor Ix'foro tli(! leaves. Tliey grow from tiio axils in lonj,', close dusters called '•a//,7H,s or aiur/tfs. Collect a few of these /roni fir?, aanic. tr>'o ,,r ifhruh. You will Jind them to Ix; exactly alike. If the first one you examine is covered with yellow stamens (Fig. r,8), all t^ie vest will likewise comsist oi stameiLs, and you will search , , . . in vain for any appearance of a pistil. If^ on the other hand, one of your catkins is evidently destitute of sta- mens, and consists of oblong pistils (Fig. »i9), then all tlic others will in like mauiier ^^-^^ ,.^ be foun^.; any p,tir of filaments down to -?jR..i8.-Sh«nl„atec.a,ki„ofW,l,„w. -KT^Zi^^^e^TtSiT i»lg. i(i:riors Fi "lUKIiS. 5fS H i«ir ins.MtiuM, and (.I.scrvi' Mi.it tl axil of xi-(il''s of the c.'itkiii. Tl ininiitf l.rnrt (Ki;_j. 70). Tl H'y Sl»ritlJ,' flnlll til. :al,vx or corolla, ami tli,- ll arhldiiiiiihnnx, that icso bracts arc tiic KTc is no ajjpcaranco of cither >\vcrs arc therefore said to l)c I's without a covcriti". look at the fertile spring' from the axil of ic stigma is two-Iobed, and fully opening the ovary, you observe tl tliou^di there is Iju^ oi 10 cell yet there are t fairs Viyr. 71. consists of t\ like the staniinate. <>/,-<,H;h. We therefore infer that lat ■ICO th le pistil wo carpels. Th.' ])istillate llower. re achlaniydenus. In dia-cious ol HEART-LEAVED WILLO plant.- Calyx. Corolla. i Staiuciis. { * Pistil. i Xo. 0 I < dllKSION. W. ADHKSI.iN. It; MAllKS. Hiandrons. Stamc ., I'i.stil. Carpels. Syurarpoiis. llie process of fertilization is assisted hy insects, especially ^;^»»^n_U^ ^,j. o.,„riterous and nect^f. Kii; 71.— Sincrle pi»«l|ite flnw.r r.f Willo^^^ 9 r i k t r>o i:r.i;Mi,.vTs oc stkitti uai. iiotanv. •.;:ir..,^; ,.(I„.nvis,. tl... win,l is M„. ,,,iu.i,ai a-ont lM «,Hn-L fJio lr..nsf..,. „l l"'ll<'H fn.M, 11,., anth.r to Uh, st>>,a an, sai.l t„ 1,„ nifu- ■'"np/u/o... Th„s„ whi.h .Inpni.l u,..m tl... wi.Ml arc 'n»',,n,,/n7nns. Tl.o Willow l,olo,.gs to tlu> for,,,..,- ..lass. '■"■^ Maple. 1.1 oarly sprintr, wliil.. tl... hmndies an- as yet ),an- <.f l,.avos, our K-l Mapl.-s are ,<.,v..i.mI witl, •U.n.fns,,,,, .,f H.:a.l..l a.ul y.V.nw blossoms, an.l the air a -Mt tiM-n, is alive ^vith ),„sy insects .^..tln.rin- honey for ""•"'•^•■ives, an,l i,erf..rn.in,. at th.- sa.ae time an in'ipor- la>.t s.Tv.co for tlu. tre..s i,, ...-tMrri ; for it will 1... f„„n.l "" exanuning a few of the tr,...s that, like the Willow. . th.>y (1(. nt.t all l)oar the same kin. I of flowers. Jn some, the einls of the re. 1.1 ish twigs will present the appear- ance shown in Fi- 72.withnnnierous stamens protruding from the scaly lateral buds. On l.)okiiig into one of these buds it will be f.)und that there are several flowt>rs on sliort pedicels, each Jike that shown in Fig. 73, except that the nundier of stamens will prol)ably bo fouii.l to bo somewhat variable. Observe the fleshy disk in th., bott..ni of til., calyx, upon which the stamens are inserte.l. These flowers with the projecting stamens are without pi'*l'l'-5. Th.-y produce nothing but pollen, and the tree upon which you find them produces no otiier kind. fig. 72. Fisr. 73. ■■'I Kitf. 7J, T« i^. of I<,-d Mnplo Ixarii.^r ^ta.ni,i,Uo flower. I'.;r .-•S-fei.!!;l,-t:i>uimit*ri„v,,-r. (Woca i, ;si.-,.!.-). THK MAPLEa 57 In other trees, tlin twiga will Iw Unuid to resemble Fig. 74. Tho scaly hiuls are present, and the clusters of flow- ers witiiin th.Mu as before, but the projecting .stamens are wanting. If .stamens are present at all, they are short and almost conciealed in the calyx, as shown in Fig. 75, where two anthers are just visible over tho edge of the calyx. The t.fntre of the flower is occupied by a syncarpous pistil, having a two celled ovary and two long styles, as shown in the figure. The flowers of the Maple, there- fore, being sterile or staminate upon one tree, and fertile or pistillate upon another, are, as in "Willow, said to be dia'cious; or, if we take into account the fact that some of the flowers have stamens as well as pistils, we shall more accurately describe the whole inflorescence ( ur mode of flowering) as polij.ara of Mapic. Fig. 75. 58 ■: < ■1^ 1 KI-KMRNTS OF STlcviUlt U, I.oTaNT. The Red Mit|,I., np,.„x its .s.-cls ....Iv i„ «i •'"'tumn of the sa.uo year a vigorous vn,,,,.' tiv.. l f.i -.jnho^h,i«p....e.a. \he .;:;;;;-•;.: ^ "ate If kopt over till the following s,.,in.r ^ eav san.l tlow,.r,s app..anng ahout tho .a,„o ti.no a.ul the seeds do not ripen till tlie fall If k,.,.f i; . ' '";°f "" 8'von i„ tl„,p.„,,„ p,„,, j„ j,„j jI" ^'■'"-'"'- lHo Jlojiloa foriu a siib.>r(li„ato cruun ..f fl,„ „ . , -"fe .» «,„.;, ,.,./,, ,„„, „„, „, •,,„„,," npened. 'c'n>i,i,, i.s 3. The. fruit /.. a double mmam. 4- The leaves are oftpomh: 77. F,„,u this type th.-.o aro important deviation, in other repr...s«ntativ.s of Ih. Dr.ler. H..rse-chesb JV ■ instance, while its finvu.., " >'->t cntstnut, fur whaf ,• J . '■"''' ""^yu'U'^trical and som.- ^ hat irregular, as n. the Maples, produces a thr..-rZl ovary, with two ovules in each cell R,.f ""^';''^^'^"' again, only one o.ule in 11.7 ''' '" ^^'^J''^'' CTIAI'TKR XI IN- Kicoryi.Kfxjxs. 78. JJofore i)i'oc(>Hclin' - « «e„- wore in fo>, f V T '"" "' ^"'" "'^t'^"^'^" ""^v w^m .,«.„, that .s_four sepals, four petals, and .so on. tO. Now. in addition to those rcsoni- I'l.u.ces, there are others whieh do not ••". unn.ediately strike theeye.but which ■"^vertheless, are jnst .s constant. ( )n,' ,,., ._ , - - "^f ^^''''' '^ t" te found i.i the structure ^>^;■ '•■ t>s. 78. Ki«. 79. of the enihrvo Tike -, r„ , i I'limiiL-,-,. 1 , , ^ ^ Cii(iinil)er or a 1 '"npk.n seed, and having; soaked it for some ti„,e i„ water, remove the outer coat The bodv of t tu f, '^ ooiiy or the Seed will 'i±:5!!:'';»"». The „„i„i,,a c.„a „!,,„ .,; :::,;,"t;: GO ;l,K.MI\IS 1.1 sTIMcniiAt, IIOTAW. aiT: att;i( iit'il, ,iiiii will Ijn-l a iiiimite upwanl prnjoctinii. 'liiis is a Im 1, vliicli is kiidwnas the phinnUe. It. ll(!Vcl01MiS illt'l tlic stem. 80. If yun treat a ?<• i ..r a I lean (Fi^s. SO, 81) in thn same tnaiiiicr a- l!ic ('ii.tiiiilicr sccil, you will lind it to he v\ii.si\. ci.iistiii(i<.il (111 tho same i)Ian. The em- lnyo of the I'ltMri i-< ilicotylndoiious also. lint you ^vill oliscrve that in these castis the eiiihryo occupies the whole of the in- icii ]• of the seed. In dcsciihing the seed of the lliittcrcu|), it was pointed out that the eirihiyo occupies ]mt a very .small space in the seed, tho l)ulk of the latter consisting of (ilhnim)i. Seeds like tliose of the lluttercup are therefore called aUnnnltiniitt seeds, while those of the Bean and Pea are <:ralOu/ni/i(»i'<. llut, notwithstanding this ditference in the .structure of the seeil, the fmbryo of tho Butteriuip, when examined under a strong magnifier, is found to lie dicotyledonous like the others. In .short, the dicotyledonous emhryo is a churaiiter common to all the plants wo havt; examined — comiuon, as a rule, to all jilants possessing the other characters enumerated above. From the general constancy of all the.se charac ters, plants po.ssessing them are grouped together in a vasi Class, called I)icotyledonous plants, or, shortly, '~^'COty- ledons. KlK- M. Figfl. 80 ami 81. -Seed of ttic Beau. r.lUACKUIH I't.ANTS. r.i ^l. lUisiilus till' rliiHiit'U'r-i jii-t, iiiciitioiiril, tlici-i- is still iiiiotlior niiu of yreiit iniiinrliiiicc \vlii
  • ,/ ijniiitk n/ llf xti III. Ill tln> Willow, :tiii| all (iiir tifcs and shnii)s with- out cxoeplidii, tlii'ie is an oilier lavd- of haik on tlin stem, and th»! .sU-m incrt'u.ses in thicknt'ss, year hy year, liy fnrin- iiij< a new laycr.JMst insi.In tli<^ liark and »*//'/-■ Ihr ,,lil irijot/. Tli(!st! Httuiis arc, tiitanfort! called ryoifiioiis, tliati-, iiutxiilii uroinTK. Now, in ail Dicotyledonous plants, whctlicr licilis. shrubs, or trees, the stem thickens in this manner, so that Dicotyledons arc, also Exogens. :1 CIIAl'TKH XII. KXAMIXATION OT' COMMON I'LANTS CONTINUKD — DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLKT — I'HILULM — IFtlH OR( Ills. «2. Dog's-tooth Violet. This plant (Kiy.M2),which (lowers in spring, may l)e pretty easily recoirnizcd by its jHiculiar blotched Ieave.s, It niuy bo found in rich, moist pasture lands and low copses. The name "Violet" is somewhat unfortunate, becaus(! the plant is not in any ■way related to the true V cts. To oI)tain a comj)lete specimen recpiires some trouble, owing to the fact that the root is commonly six inches or so below the surface of the ground ; you must therefore insert a .spade or strong trowel sufficiently deep to avoid cutting or breaking tbc! tender stem. Having dcnvd away the adhering earth, you will Mud that the root 4 pnx;eed from Vvliat apj'2 KI.KMKNTS Ml- JSTIMK iriiVI, |!,.|\\Y. t 11 sivull..ii ,..hl ,,f II,.. ^t...„. Tl.iH suuli,.,, nus. i. <-out...| on fhn ..iitsi.l,, will, tliii, .s,-al..s. A s..■>:] 1 I \x'i;v.i;' it i.u-rges ;!,ii,hyll»H.-<, but if they cohere we shall deseribe it ;i.s ■ifit,inf,h,iU(nix. (Stripping ott" tlw! leaves of the |«.riantli, wo find six tamens with Ion" uprif^ht anthers which ()(wn along their outer ed<'e!% If 'he anthers he pulled oti, tlie tilauients will l^j found to '^Tminate in long, sharp 2ioint.s. The pistil (Fig. S:\) has its three parts— ovary, style, and stigma- -well marked. The stigma is evidently formed hy the union of three into one. The ovary, when cut across, is seen to be three-celled (Kig. ^^-i, and is therefore, syncarpous. ^ Kii:. Hi. Fiff. 83.— Pistil of Dou'stootli Viotet. Fig. ?4. — CfOas section ai Uio piod. 64 i i ''^ ELEMKNTS OK 8TKUCTUKAL bOTANY. POf'T'S-TOOTH VIOLET. OllliAN. No. t'ollKSlDN. Adhesion. Remarks Perianth. PolyphylU)us. Inferior. Leaves. t> Hexaudroiis. llypugyiiouH. Superior. StaiiieuH, t) Filaments u r III i 11 at i u^' III sliarp pointM. | PiBtil. SyucarpouH. Carpels. ;i «o. Trillium. This plant (Fig. 85) may be found in flower about the same time as the one just descril)ed. Th«? perianth of Trillium consists of six pieces in two sets, but m this case the three outer loaves arc green, like a corii- nion calyx. The stamens arc .six in number. There an; three styles, curving outwai-ds, the whole of the inner side of each being stigmatic. Tiic ovary (Fig. 86) is six-angl«il, and on Iieing cut across is seen to be three-eel lecL Fitf. 85. Fig. 8,5.— TrilliMin Fi;;. Sfl. Cross nection o( the pistil. Fig. ^7> — Net-veiiiiHl leaf of Trilliunt. 11 i noeuLV' .iflku: w .iviiEA^ tMAtsv r A^iTi^tf iir ^AUivL VTU . i:4a»si - LILIACEOUS PLAirre. 65 86. Comparing this flower with that of Dog's-tooth Violet, we find the two to exhibit a striking reseniJv lance in structure. But in one respect the plants are strikingly unlike : the leav.,s of the Trillium are net- vmml (Fig. 87), as in the Exogens. From this circum- stance we learn that we cannot altogether rel> on the veining of the leaves as a comta7it characteristic of plants whose parts are not in fives. TRILLIUM. 1 Organ. No. Cohesion. ADHIglON. Remabkk. rerianth. Sepals, Petals. 3 3 PolyphyllouB. Inferior. Sepals perbist- eut. Stamens. 6 ;{ Hexandrous. HypogynouH. Pistil. Carpels, Syncarpoua. Superior. The iuuer face of each style stigmatic. Leaves net- veined. 87. The two plants just examined are types of the natural Order Liliacefv. The distinguishing characters are as follows : 1. The parts of the jhior are almost invanahhj in sets of three, the penanth beimj of two such sets, awl also the stamens. The flowers are therefore sym- metrical ; they are also regular. 2. The stamens are opposite the divisions of the perianth, 3. The ovary is nearly always S-celled, and is superior. wmm% n« KI.KMKNTS OP STRUCTURAL liOTANY. ■1 ' !! I lb'' ' * I' il -k -is 1 i 'riie representatives of this largo Order are very nu- merous. From the gardens may lu! had lilies of various sorts, Asparagus, Star-of-Bethlehem, Tulip, Onion, Hya- cinth, (fee, whilst the fields and woods supply the Uell- wort, riintonia, Solomon's Seal, Snii- lacina, and others. As a rule the plants dower in spring and efirly sununer. 88, Iris. For tills lesson any variety of the common g rden Flag will answer very well. In our marshes in early summer abundant specimens of a wild species may be obtained without much trouble, but the cultivated plants will probably lie moie accessible. Note fii'st the fleshy underground stem or root- stock, with the fibrous roots below (Fig. 88). If you have a sufficient length of this root- stock you will notice the scars upon the older portions, show- ing where the leaves of forrior seasons have boon sent up. The new I>uds ex- pand into a crowd" J ^jr. ««. cluNti^r of leaves, tlie sli;ii.i« and aiiMii.^vniciit of wliidi ■slumld b(5 eaiffiilly ubscrvid. Cut tlie wlioU; chisicr across near tlie bast-, and the seutioii will be as repiv- sented in Fig. 80, the .section of each leaf l)eing V-shapetl, Pl;r. 8S.—r{(-K.t-sli)ck i,;i(lle.\vis 1)1' Iris. (Gray.) Fitf. «).— Cross aoctioa of cluster of cquitant leaves. (Gray.) 1 • mis. 67 and aslrnh'. the next one within. Leaves disposed in this manner are consequently .aid U^ l.e e.iultant {eqim, a liorsetuan). As the leaf rises upward it alte.s in shl^, becoming Hat and sword-like. Jk'sides heing equitant,' these leaves, on .iccount of their direction, are described as rrrfical. You will observe, also, thi.t they are straight- veined. From the.entrt) of the .lusuii of leaves rises the scajje which bears the tlower. If your specimen has -i Hower- bud upon it, as is most likely, you will notice the way In which its leaves are folded. The mode of folding here exhibited is common to a groat '^^'"— ^^"^ —^^ rnany Howerg, uiid is described as rini:<>hdi'. In the full-blown flower the perianth will lie found to consist of six pieces, in two di.ttinct sets of three each ; th«! outer three are considerably larp >' tlian the othei-s, and are beni 'i jkwardsor rfi////j-^Y/; the * inner ones are erect. There are three stamens, each of tlinni beneath md close against an over-arching body, the nature of which is not at Hrst quite manifest. Cut away the perianth and the stamens, and you will then have left the three radiating colourwl arches (Fig. 00), which will l.e seen to unite l)elow intr? a slender colunm. You have also left what is apparently the swollen top of the scape. This, when cut a<.ross, is found to be a three-.-elled ovary, which is tlius, of couree, infei-ior. T!ie slender column above is the style, and the Fijf. ao.-fistil of Iris. (Wood and Steele.) 68 BLEHENTS OP STRUCTURAL BOTANY, t 'ii three pettil-liko arches are its tranche?. Iimnediatelj' beneath the tip of each arch will be found a thin lip or plate, which is the stigma. The anthers open outwards to discharge the pollen, and this fact, in addition to the peculiar situation of the anther as regards the stigma, makes it almost impossible tliat self-fertilization should take place in this liower. As was the case with other flowers already examined, the Iris is honey-bearing, and, besHes, exceedingly showy. The nectar is situated in a cavity , t the bottom of the flower, and cross-fertilization is accomplished by the aid of insects. It will be remembered that flowers thus fertilized are said to be entomophilous. 89. The Crocus and Gladiolus of the gardens and the Blue-eyed Grass of our low meadows may be examined and compared with the Iris. They are all types of the natural Order Indace(r,vfhichyou will observe difFei-s from Liliaccic chiefly in having flowers with only three stamens and an inferior ovary. mis. '^^ »;^f OUOAN. No. Cohesion. Adhesion. Poriauth. Leaves. Oamopbyllous Superior. StameuH. 3 Triandroua. Syncarpous. Perigynous. Pistil. Carpels. ;j Inferior. Kemauks. 2 seta. Outer, large and re- flexed ; inner, erect. Opposite the Mtigmas. Stigmas pet- al-like,archiug over tlie ex- trorse anthers. iftiTliiW"iT^rr'''Tiiii^iT'W^rrir'Tii!WiirrttT ■aiiiii i ii iii ii \ ni ii 1 1 » yt m oncHis. Ci9 90. Showy Orchis. The llower of this plant ( Figs. n, JL) IS provided with (loral envelopes, all coloured lik- a corolla. As in Dog'.s-toth Violet, we shall call th ,,. collectively the perianth, although they are not all alike. One of then, projects forward in front of the flower Ki','. 1)1. fi>rnnng the //y-, and l..-ars underneath it a long, holing ^mr which, like the spurs of Colun.l.ine, f.s honey -I, can n-^ ihe ren.ammg live converge together, forming a kina " ot Fi(f. 91.— Showy Orchig. TO KLEMKNTS OF HTRUCTTDRAr. nOTANV. k^' i ! I, f arch over the centre of the Hower. Eadi flower spring* from the axil of a leaf-like bract, ami is apparently raised on a pedicel. What seems to he a pedicel, how ever, will, if cut across, prove to be the ovary, which in this case is inferior. ' Its situation is similar to the situationof the ovary in Willow- herb, and, as in that tlowei-, so in this the calyx-tube adheres to the whole surface of the ovary, and the three outer
  • . Showy < )rchis is a representative of the vast ()r(lcr ()Hi!(htr most ivmarkable charactfimtics oi tlio Order are tlin gyiiaiidrous arrangement of the stamen or Ktamens, and the coliosion of the pollen-grains, though this latter peculiarity is exhibited also l.y other groups — notably, tho Alilk weeds. CHAPTER XTTT. F.XAMINATIOX OF SPADICKOU.S PLANTS — INDIAN TURNIP CALLA. 94. Indian Turnip. This plant may be easily met with in our woods in early sunnner. ff you are not familiar with its appearance, the annexed cut (Fig. <)4^ will help you to recogni/.e it. Procure several speci- mens : these will probably at first seem to you to bo alike in every re.spect, but out of a number some are pietty .sure to diflcr from the rest. Notice thc> bulb from whicli the st(>i/i springs. Jt diffei;. from that of the ])og's-tooth Violet, and Lilies generally, in having a much larger .solid part. It is called a i-udii. Between the pair of leaves you observe a curious striped sheath, having an archiiiy, hood-like top, and rndosing an up- right .stalk, th»> lop of which almost touches the hood (Fig. ().'»). Can this b.> a llowt-i'/ It is certainly the oMJy thing about the plant which at ail resembhis a llower, II nd yet how (litU>rcnt it is from any we liave hitherto examined ! Carefully cut away tlic sheaths ^ \ rWDtAV TURNIP. 73 ' ^ from all your spflciii.ons. Most, and perhnns all. of them will then prest'nt an appeamnoe liko tliat in Fig. 96. If none of them l)e like Fig. 97 it will Iw wpII to gather a few more plants. We shall suppose, however, i'ijr. 94. t!> it you have heen fortunate in obtaining both kinds and will .roooed with our exaniiuHtion. Take first a ^|-< '-iu . c respotuiing with Fig. !»0. Around the base •jf tli«f (;oU:;:i)! ar«.' onipactly arranged many spherical green l>o thoso ot' Willow, itn{wrfoct and dinviouH, tl... .lustf^rH .liir.M- in having hut. a single hract instoarl of a hra.-t under owh flow.'i. 06. Wo must iioNv oxaniino ono of tlip othor spo.inons • and «.- shall hav, n.. dimculty in deU-nniniag the natnr.^ of the (jodies which, in this ..ine, cover tl,.* has.- of tl..- column. They are evi.le.itly stanw-ns, and your ma-Mii- fying-glass will sh..w y,.,, that tl.,.y .x.nsist n.ostly of",,, thers, tlie (llan.ents hein- ,vvtr..me|y short, an.l that some of the anth.'rs are two-i.,.||..,| a„.l .some four-cell..,! all discharging their pollen through little holes at th,^ top of the cells. INDIAN TUHNIP. Ok(ian N. CllMKBION. ' Mllllrlll.lrol Ai,.., J'"r U-|iiill< ^ Staiufiis. O I'lstil. Carpel-i. FK.wer. crowded o„ a s,.«,?ix. ,u,d H,rr„„nd,.,l by ,a spatl,... Lpaveg npt-vpiiied. AtHIKMION. -U. The CO umn upon win,.]., in plants liko India,, lurnip, the flowers are c.owded, is known as a ./.a,//. and the surrounding hract as a spufh, You will oh.serve that the leaves of this plant are n,-t- oetned, as we found theiu in the Trilliuui. !* W- "-- L;. _._,..«:'.' :'lix .iii.l spathe of Marsh Calla. Fiif. 09. -Leaf of the same. mak-ii < Ar.i.A. n case, l„!ai'.s t.oth staiii.Mis and pistils, and most of <1„ ^ lower Mowers, if net all, are //'/•/;,•/ '■^ ~F. ■'^'^'"•'*'""'« the upper ones L-onsisf, <,f sti iiifiis only. Fii,'. KlQ siiow.s ■ •• of Mie I iu'. ino PU'-fiJt-t tl<>w««twTlti.h ('nlaiged. I'lie sta- mens, it will })c ol)scrved, liavo two-celled anthers, opening lengthwise. MARSH CALLA. 1 Olli.AN. I'< riantli. X... St:iiiit'!is. fl I'iail. Carprl'f. I ('(inr.siiiN. Adiiksi.in. Wniitiii:,'. Iltxaiiiiruus. I JIypof,'yii()iis. AiiiJciiriKiiis. Siijicridr. 99. Tl.e.-.n two plants, jn.lian Tinnip and Miusli Calla, repn'.sentatives ,.f tl„) Oid.T Arar,-,,'. The ('haracter' which .listingui.sh it are very veil displayed in th.; two types we have .selected fur e.-.ann'nation. The great feat are IS the aggregation of the flowers on a spa \\x. (Jenci .,lly, though not invarial.Iy, a spatlu; is also pres.mt. Aniu,,! wild i.lanfs th.. Skunk ("ahhi.ge and Sweet Flag (the laU-i" without a. spaihi.) are en;, iiDon Arar(.,,„s tyixJ, ^vhil,. tli-. familiar gre.Mi h.uw,. ;„id wiiidnw ).lant, known as the Caila-Lily.wili .serve very well fnr examir.atinn i,, wiut-r, Ifc may be added tiiat the plants of this Ord-r have a very acrid juice. I'V. 100 — r.rfcc;, I'owcr of '-•all-^. U\i 7S Kl.hilliNTti OP arUlICJUKAL UOTANy. CHAPTER XIV. i4|i . KXAMINATION OP Gl.UMACEOUH I'LANTS — TIMOTHY AND OTHKH GRASSES. 100. Timothy. The top of a stalk of this well- known grass is cylindrical in shape, and upon examina- tion will be found to consist of a vast number of similar pieces compactly arranged on very short pedicels about the stalk jus antaxis. Carefully separate one of \mM these pieces from the rest, and if the grass has ITI not yet come into flower the piece will present wi the Appearance shown in Fig. 101. In this Fig. the three points in the middle are the pro- Fi({. 101. . ^ trading ends of stamens. The piece which you have separated is, in fact, a flower enclosed in a pair of bracts, and all the other pieces which go to make up the top are flowers also, and, except perhaps a few at the very sum- mit of the spike, precisely similar to this one in their structure. 101. Fig. 102 is designed to help you in dissecting a flower wliich has attained a greater degree of development than the one shown in Fig. 101. Here the two bracts which enclose the flower have been drawn asunder. To these bracts the name glumes is applied. They are present in all plants of the Grass Family, .and are often Figr. 101.— Closed flower of Timothy. FifiT- 102.— Expanded flower of the stun*. (iRA.«<.SE.S. 79 found eiulosin.,' scv il H.iwcrs instead of one as in l^iniothy. Inside the glumes will he found a second pair of minute chatl-like braets, which ivie known a.s paHs or pa/rs. Tliese enclose tlje flower proper. 102. The stamens are three in number, witii the anthor^ fixed by the middle to the h.ny slender filament. The anthers are therefore vermfi/e. The styles arc two in number, Iwaring long, feathery stigmas. The ovary contaii a single ovul.;, and whei. ripe forms a seed-like f/raiu, technically known as a caryopsis. V / 1 TIMOTHY. Oroan. No. 2 0 COHKSION. Adhesion. Glumes. Palets. Stamens. ;j Triaudroiis. '^M'ogynous. Pistil. Carpeh. 1 Aiiocarpcni.s. Superior. 103. It will be observed that the stolk of Timothy is hollow except at certain swollen knot-like joints. Tliis peculiar stem of the Grasses is called a culm. Occasionally, however, it is not hollow. The leaves are long and narrow and straight-veined, and each of them at its base surrounds the culm with a split sheath. Observe also that at the 80 ELEMKNTS OK .STKUCTUKAL lioTANV, .i'"i'liu,i „f tli.i I.l.ule a.Ml tl„, .i.,.„th there is a thin apiieini;ij,'e wliich is caUwl a /i>ju/". . 101. In many LMas.-tlow.Ms, besides the parts described ab..vr Uuno will be fouiidonoor Uro minute .scah,..s below th,- pistil. These are kn(jwn as /()i//nihv, and are analogims to the periantli in ordinary llowers. They are, on ac- count of their niinutencHs, very liable to be overlooked in a superficial examination. 105. The immense Order Gmminccc (Grass Family) includes all our valuable grains, and is, on the whole, the must important and useful of all tlie Orders. Its representatives are to be found in every part of the world, and tlicy vary in size from tiio stunted growths of the polar regions to the tree-like Bamboo of the tropics. AVheat, Indian Corn, Barley, Oats, By,', Siigar-cane, Rice, are ail Orasscs, as well as the plants wliich' make the verdure of our meadows and j)asturc.s. Tla; flowers of all are very similar, but the ( )rder is sub-divideil on tlie basis of Kig. 104. Fijf. 103. Fitr 10:!.— Panicle of Red-top. Fig. 104.— Single flower. (Orey.) /^ fSHAaSES. 81 niorlificatinns which will l)e >jest uiid.u'stoo.l Ijy stiulyiii- a few exaiiijiles. U){j. Procure specimens of the common Kcd-toj), and first comjiare the general aspect of the flower-chister (Vi<^. 10:?) with that of Timothy. Instead of a dense ^ spike we liave hero a loose, open inHor- hi^ 4^ '^^^-^ escence ; it is technically known as a 'V l*^-* *^, . pamc/f. You will see that it is an irregular branched . raceme. As in Timothy, ^ ic^ each j)air of glumes enclosf.^ Fi«. 106. hut onejioicfr (Fig. 1 04), and we must oliserve that tl.'o term splkelet, so far as Grasses are concerned, is applied to the pair of glumes and whatever is contained in them, whether one flower, or many, a- is often the case. In Ked-iop and Timothy, thr. sjnkt'Ms are. l-flowprnl. Oli- serve the very thin texture of the oalet)^, and also that one of them (ihe lower, i.e., the one farthest from the stalk) is nearly twice as large as the other, and is marked with three nerves. Fig. 10&. Fig. 105. — Common Meadow-UrasK. Fiff. 106.— Spikelet enlarsjed, sho\i \ng the glumes at the base ¥ig. 107. — Single flower of same. 82 i:iJ MKNIS OK HTKrcnURAL HoTANY. 107. >,-«;xt lot us iii.siH.i:t a spfuiinfii of the Commor, .M.'iul.uv-CJniss. Tho inH(,resceiR-e of this very common -r!iss(Fij,'. JUa) is agm'nish pimiclp. The! .si.ikelets(Fiy. lOG) contain frr.rn three to five fl.,wer.s, and urn lateraily iun.pr<..ss« (1. Tlio .jhimr., are the loxv-st pair of scales, aiul they are generally .shorter th,.r»^bli% How.ms within them. • Ohservo the delicate whiC ;h margin of the lower palet of each Hower (Kig. 107), fCxA the-tiiiu t^ctureof the upper- one. Count also, if you can, ' he f i ve nerves on tlie low cr palet, and ol.serve the two teeth at the apex of the upper one. Jn this Grass the principal thing to notice is that thre arc sen-mlf;>ce,'s within earh pair o/ glumes. 108. A common pest in wheat-fields is the Grass known as Chesa It is comparatively easy of examination on account of the size of the spikelcts (Fig. 108) and flow- ers. The spikelets form a spreading panicle, eachof them being on a long, slender, nod- ding pedicpl, and containing from eight to ten floweis. ( )f the two flumes at the base of ^ _ each spikol i one is consider- At;. i. V n^ 33 a,' 84 RLKMKNT8 Of 8TKCni»KAL IIOTAXT. u I! ifi p1 piant the brixll-'^^re in ciustt-rs ami are bariieu upwatxts, The »i>ikeg am ton)iii-yi-llow in rntour. 113. These examples, if conscientiously studi«Nl with the aid of the plants thf;nis«'lv«'s, will give you a good general idea of tho kinds of variation wjiich may l)o loolced for .n the Grasses. They may be said, roughly, to consist in tlie presence or absence of glumes, of awns, and of the upper palet ; in the general aspect of tho whole flower- cluster ; in the number of flowers in the spikelets ; and in the varying relative size of the glumes and of the paleta. lU. The Order as a whole is distinguished by the following characters : J. The sheafhs of the Isaves are split on the side of the culm opposite the blade. 2. The separate flowers are enclosed in glumaeeous bracts called palet s 3. The perianth is represented by the lodiniles. 4- The stamens are three in numlier, and tie pistil iue relied ovar/j j/roducinfj a tingle seed, which is al' ays albunt 'nous loith the embryo on one side. CHAPTER XV COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANTS JUST EXAIT STRUCTURE OF THE SEED IN MONOCOTYLEDONfe 115. It is now to be pointed out that the pia ta examined in the last three chapters, though differi-g various particulars, yet have some characters commcm all of them, just as the group enduig with Maple wa. I'llARACTRHS (oM.MdN In M' Vi .< oTriEnoN.M. STl fomiU ru i,e inalk.Ml l.y .•|,,n..r|, ,s i.u..s.-s^r,l by ,,11 Hh im'Mii....... ri,,. tl..w.-is ..f Diruiyl.Ml.rns xvn, f.Hui.l to liavo tl.i-ir p.irts, as a nil.-, in four; „r tiv.-^ : tlios.. ..f .,iir socon.l i,'i..in) Ikivc thrill 111 ////•/•/>• or >•/>/>-, iw-v.-r in (iv.'s. IIG. A^'iiin, Uii- luav. s of tlasc plants air .strai;,'Iit- veined, except in Trilliiiiii and Imlian Turnip, nhi<-h imu:4 Ijc regardi-a as exc.-ptional, and tli,.y ,1.) .h,t as u rule exhibit the division into jjetiole ind ],hu\v wi.' 'Ii was found to charaetiTi^e thf K.\(jgeiis. 117. We .shall now I'O'iipari' tht; struct lire of a j,'rain of Indian iJorn witli that of the Cucumber or '^'' I'uinpkin seed whicli wi; have already examined (i)age 59). It will facilitate our task if we select a grain from an ear which has l)een boiled. And, lirst of all, let us observe that tl'.; grain consists of something niur • than the seed. The grain is very much like the ache.io of the lUittenup, but dift'eis ill this resi)eet, that Liie outer covering of the former is completely united with the s(.-d-coat underneath it, whilst in the latter the true seed easily separates from its covering, llemove the coats of the grain, and what is left is a v/hiti , starchy-looking substance, liavinrr a yellowish body inserted in a h. Uow (Fig. 110) in tlu^ middle oi one side. This latter boli;M>i ">K .M,.Li 1 1 liAl, Km I ANY. Ulllbivu I'ullrtifit.s of il fdni/fr i-nliflfilai, Tin l.i id . JS ^WT) iK'iir tln' base, ami tlio i»liiiimlo al><)Vt!. Com; ,ir<' an Oil ( V'v^. 1 1.'») will) tlio strain of Corn and iniikr out tliK corn- .si)oniliiig paiLs. [n all e.ssontial i»aii''(!ulars tlicy arc alike. IIH. Coni|iiiin^ tl:" ri -ult nf durolistTvations with what \vi! havi' ahoaily Ic.i d aliuin tin; (."ncuni}>er scud, wo fiiul tiiat wliilst in f' ' vi-r thiTu arc /,n> cotyledon , iii the present caj^o thu. , hut tmc, and this peculiarity is common to all the plants just ('xaniiiK^d, and to a vast niindjcr of others h(.'.>idcH, widcii arc consei|Uently designated MonOCOtj ledon- y OUS plants, or shortly MonocotyledOUS. The seeds of this great group may ililJier as to J',^ the presence or ahsence of albumen, just ah iji' the seeds of hicotyledoiis do, but in the num- hlvr.riMi\^ u,f. ''tifrrnii.^, illlil 'In- |il;lllt-' i ii||||i irinil iJndogens, as w. ii .,. Monocotyledons. I'ln' 1. 1 m KihIoj;.!!, liMW.-vn, U ih.'.I in ,iiiit.- a .lillciviit sens.. I,\ sum.. i,.,.,.|,t Ix.timi-ts, and is di^.anl.il ).y thi'iii as a syiionyuif.)riii..iin(:utyl('il(,ii,,i ,h;,viii;.'lMvriKiv<'nuii;^'iii,.llv uiiilir a mi.-r iiHcption as t^itlic tnii' ino.In of -(rowtli <.f i\w W(kk1 in stems of this kin.l. Wo shall .-xplaiii ni.>i.; fully tho atnietnre of exo<,'eii.,us and riido^'oiiwus .stem- when w.« come to sjmak of the minute structure of plants in a sii)se;-i„r. In the spadiceous plants the perianth is suppre.ssed, and in theGiiissea there may 1..- suppression in all the wiioris. CHAPTKR XVI. EXAMINATION OF CGMIKKKol's n.ANTS — WfriTK PIXR liHOU.NI>-llK.MU>('K. '.21. laecone-bcailngti-eeearesostrikingandiiTipf tant a feature in Canadian vegetation that even an elementdn work like the present would be incomplete wither i a notioe of them. They fono. Uaides, a very listinct group «8 ei-f;mi:nts ok stklotikal botwy. titai I*.,- ;■#- oi" plants, inU;Miu;(li;itu in stru.tun., as wo sliall sco between the groups upon wlncii we havo so lai uwu Fit,'. 115. Fig. 114. enyaL;(;!• STIJlUTtrKAf, HOTANV. ' I bright rp{ wliat is called an an'/. 127. W(! find, tlion, that although there is at first sight little in ((iiiininn, aiiparcnlly, hetwcen tlie cone of tin- Pine and the hi-rry-likc fruit of th<' (Irouiid Hendock {7'(i.iiis liit.-rafa), yet they hoth have the characteristic 12S. Among our cone-bearing trees will readily be recf)giii/cd the Arbor Vit.T (cominoidy called Cedar), the Larch or Tamarack, which, however, is not evergreen, and the various kinds of S;)ruco or Fir. The Juniper, idso, belongs to this group, but is marked by the peculiarity that the few scales of the cone cohere together in ripening and become succulent, thus forming what looks like a berry. 129. To sum up the results of our observations upon plant-structure, we have found (1) That all the plants to which our attention has so far l)een directed ])ri^ li>MA(;K I.KAVKS. 03 These conclusions nuiy Ix; coiivenieutly shown in a tabular form as follows : I'HANKKOCAMS. AMilOSI'F.KMS. .^ MMisJCtRMS. WCCTVI.EDon;. I Mu.Nurn rvij. iioVH. CIIAPTKK XVIT. MORPHOLOfiY Ol' ROOTS, ,STKM8, AM) IDI.IAOE-LEAVErS OF PHANEflOOAMS. 130. Beforo proceeding with the examination of otlier selected plants illustrative of other divisions of the vegetable kingdom, we shall present in a systematic way the more important tucts in connection with the Phanero- gams, dealing in turn with the organs of vegetation — tJie root, the stem, and the foliage-leaves— and then with the organs of reproduction as displayed in tlie Jower. The various forms assumed by these organs, whether in dirterent plants or in difierent parts of the same plant, will liave our attention, as iiiso their various modes of arrangement. We shall considei-, also, rather more minutely than we have hitherto been able to do, the development of the seed from the ovule, the process of pollination and of fertilization, and the subseciuent germination of the seed and development of the new plant. To this study of forms the name Morplndixjij has been given. It need liardly be said that etfective morphological work can only be accomplished by actual 'if 91 KI.I'.MKMS or STIM'ril'IiAt, llurAVV. r i I 14; iii f coiitiift with iiiid inspoction nf the i'onn^< wliiili arc, fof lh»; time lioin^, tlic olijccts of study. Tlir.-ai-.' boiiie (•xcepUoiiH tu the yfii.-iul stiifri.i.'iit thiit roots do not prodiiv'.! I.u.ls. It is w.-ll knowi, tliat new stems an- sent up by tlu; routs of J'opla.s :md of Apple treses, for • •xaiiiple, esptxially il tiif roots have It.-rn injured. These cases must be re;farded as abnormal. 132. You will rememljer tliat in our examination f)f sonic rominon seeds, such as tliose of the I'umpkinand i!ean(Fi^s. 77 .^1 ).\v(. found ;it the junction of tlie cotyledons a small ]j'| pointed projection called the rwlicl'\ \ow, when such a seed is jut into the <,'round, tinder favoi'ablo circumstances of warnith ind moisture, it begins to grow or >/i) fhn .svV/^.sof the radicle at an early period of growth. fu other plants the primary root either assumes Ki- i-jj. the form of a distinct central axis larger than any of its branches, and called a f a/ >- root (Vig. I'l'-i), examples of which are furnished by the Mallow, tne (jarrot, and the Fit,'. 122.— Mattnifieil tip of H.vaciiith root ; a, the root-cap. (Hookef ' Figr. 123.— Tap-root of Ptmdelion. 9i w KI.KMKNTS iiK f form a lilirdiis rooi, as in ISiittcrcnii. I'.V.S. Tap-loots rcit'ivf (lilli-nMit names aiiit, a turnip). These fleshy, tap-roots belong, as a rule, to liiennial plants, and are designed >as storehouses of food for the plant's u.se during its second year's growth. Occasionally fihrous riots also thicken in the same manner, as in the Peony, and then they are said to he /(v^rirlpd or <-luHteri''L (Fig. 125). / 134. But you must have \,M L oliserved that plants .some- times put forth roots in addition to those develop- ed from the embryo of tht; seed. The V^erbena of our gardens, for example, will take root at every joint if the stem be laid upon the ginund (Fig. 1 _'*)). The runners of the Strawberry take root at 'heii e.vtremiti'js; and nothing is more familiar than that cuttings f.'om various plants will mako roots for them.selves if piU into propt-v soil, and supplied with warmth and moisture. 121. Taproot of Carr 1 :,'. r: . — Fa-sciclcd roots of Peony. R«M)TN. 97 Ail such coots, not ilevolopi'd from throiid of tho radicle iiul ill ii straiglit lint- with it, iiro f.ilU'd fovni/i/nri/ or (vli-fittitinux roots, ruder this lu-iid sliould, of coiirso, Im" placed tlu! fibrous roots of ail Moiio«-otyl<t" tlio send, is iiniited to one seuHon. It is Idonnial ^f it Mowers and ripens its s('er care, some annuals may l»e indu-ied to live for two years; and, • >n the other hand, soiao plants, as the iCadish, which are projwrly liiennial if the seed is sown in the fall, will (lower .ind produce seed in one sejwon if sown in the spring'. Something, also, depends upon the climate in sviiicli the plant is grown, its life, in sonib vases, lieing prolonged in a more favourable situati(m. Perennials live on year aftei- year, as is the case with all our shrubs and trees, und also with some lierbaceous plants, as Peony .md Dahlia, which only die down to the surface of the ground in the autumn. 137. The Stem. As the root is developed from the low(!r end of the radicle of the embryo, o the stem is developed from the upper end, but with this important difference, that a bud always precedes the formation of the stem or any jiart of it or its branches. If a bud, .such as that of the lilac, be picked to pieces, it will bo found til consist mostly of minule leaves clo.sely packed together on a short bit of stem. A bud, in fai t, is only a cpecia/ condition of the extremity of the stem, and is not to he regarded as an organ distinct from it. As the bud mifolds, the stem may lengthen so as to exhibit the int.ernodee, or ..TKMH. 99 it mar ri'inaiii slmrf, in wliiili i-X'n- Uii- i-ximii 1<".| Inave.s f'jrm ••luster or iu-iMI.-, ,i-; ill DiunldiDn. Tl .; tniul*-!- ieiivcH f tlio liii'l iiin 11.. I nin niiiMiniiIy jnotocttMl from the Wfiillicr liy «nv. -lilies ill llir j'.»irii of tt>iij,'li s.alfs, with tin" adilitioual ,s,ift'^'iiai(l Momolimca of u wax-likf coutinj,' on tho s'Tfa< ,' of tint latter, as soeii in the eon-spicuoii-i hiitls 'f the H -m-Chestinit, anil the -like coveiinj^s of those 'f th<* Sf« •"*. l.'ix. iJf'tv en the cotyledons of the iiean (Fi},', 81), at ''" t. I) of ! ni.liile, we fonml a miniiU; liiicl called the /'fuih . Oui f this bud tiie first l)it of .-^tem is ileveloiHjd (kaviiu MWt oi '-oiisi. eration tiio rudiele itself), an I during th>"- Hiiitwe ^uent i,T<'vvth of the i»lant, wherever a branch is to )e formed • i jii in stem to In: piolon^'ed, tlmro a bud W: i: iihlv U) f' ,md. Thi! Immch buds are always in ''i' ixii tf leaves, and so are called axillarn, and it not uir tiifii .ah' Ijuppea-i that weveral buds are found together in tbi* i»Ru;iiii)n. 13«* A.h !,fih'iiHx buds, however, are sometimes produced If ts iiko the Willow, particularly if tiie stem ha.- b ^B wmui :i'd. As already mentioned, they are alsn =* 'Sillily profluced upon roots, as, for examfile, upon ^ i the Poplars. Tho b'.'.d from whicli the main stem is developed, I branch < ontinued, is of course at the end of the stem c branch, ,i '1 so is tmnliial. 141. Bn.nching or Ramification. Uy a branch is mfNuit a. U'-sliiHit similar in stnieliire to tlie member fiuui wliicii it springs. Ilence the side-slmots of roots are root-brunches ; so, also, the Jaieral out-growths of the ^tem which resemble the stem itself in Rtnicturc nre 100 KLKMKM.S (IK HTHlMmmAI- llol'ANY. f'-,» 1 dtem-braiiclu'w. It i> fduiiil that Uu; lirHiicliiti^; uf Htnmn procuinls u|H>n two well dctiiicd ip|;iurt. 14'J. MonD/iix/in/ lifniiihimj. This s^stfin is liistii, ^(niKlifd \>y llio (•iri:timstaiic(f that all tln' In iinlii's ai«' tlic result tlu! ilcvi'lupiuniit of htrii tly lalcial lanls. In other wouis, there is iuviiriabiy a teiimiial liuil at the ttjMjx of the stem distijilt from the Interiil buds produced lM;}iitid the ajHiX. Of this system there i"t> sevonU Kig. 130. KiB. 127. Fig. 128. modifications. If the temiinal bud develops ref,'ularly, as well as the lateral one.«, it is clear that we shall have a i^traight and well-defined trunk, easily distinguished by its vigorous growth from the branches. The Pine or the Spruce is an excellent example of this effect. Figs. 127, 128, 130.- Diagrams of various terms of nionopodtal liraiiching. (Sactu.) Mi'.Sm|'(iI,| m. (((( •NClllNrt. lOl I5ut ,1 ill.- t.lllllli.ll 1.11,1, ti..MlJl ,,liM|ur.-M, -•,..ir,i.^ tn^^KHv, v.l.ilr th,. l;,t.M ,1 l.u.Ujiiv vi-ni,.ii.!y ,!.v.!..|M.,:, i's i.s \v..ll <.xlii!.il.,| II, tin- sjMin^. I.y i he ai.iiii.i! <\ |. "I lin- l.ihic, tlini it is . Ifiir til.; til. i'lMII. lir.< will - VlTti.li ''"■ ""i.l^ilMl -trl:), .'II. I til-' Litter will liii.illv III ((iin.. iiiirui;!!-'- iii>..ihl('. » 1 to. Tlir I'iiK- ami tilt! S|irii(i! aii-l ."'iinilar fnims nc .;aiil [,,, \„- ,-'f'niu<> m /'i-fti/i).ii .»f the latt.-r iiuhIc. Her*! 1 i-; tlio (;\tr.:iiity of tin; in.iiti .striii, l.iit the iL-i'iiiiiial Inul at that )ioiiit has failft! Lo grow, while two vig'U'- oiis hfaiich ; havo iiccii pioiliicfd. Thi- tciiiiiiial buds of ih.^o hraii>hi'.> (2 and 2), iiavi- in tilt ir turn l;iili(i, md the latt-ials ininiodiiitcdy behiiul tlitin have, as bi-ftn,-, ;-'ivres(.iiti'.l in Fig. 128. This is known as a ltrlir,,i,l eyine. ||. however, the strong !iuds aie ilevulofd alteriiat'-iy on lioth sides of the 8t<.'ni, we get the ft^rm shown in Kig. 120, whieli is then called a snir/n'i.ifl eyme. Not im- Fisr. l^f. - Dia!,'ram to illustrate. M.ornioid cviiic. (Sachs.) Ki'.;. 1-.1>. ■Pi 102 KI.KMKNTS OF STIlL'CTUIiAL ISoTAN'V. :H' ^r cuiiiiiioiily tliis latter I'oriii berimes .straiglitciu'd out, ;i:, in J'iy. l;50, so tliat tlio suici'>sivu brancli<'.s an; in tlie sanii line, ami look liki^ u stem duvelopcil from tlic teriiiiiial bud. As ihe j'oof oi .su[ipoit is not in tliis ease the continuatimi of a single axis, ])ut is made u]) of a num- ber of successive branches superposed, these forms are said to be ttipiqiodial, the prefix in this term having the same sig- nificance as in " syn- carp()us"and the like, and implying that the foot is conqiosed of several coherent parts. In these cases, then, we have a sijmpuiUal vioHdpodium. 14"). Dirhi)f(i)))()us li ranch in;/. In tliis system the growing point at the upcx of the stem dlmde^ into tiro 7i<;ir groiriwj points, both (jf whicli are, therefore, tfrnnnal and not lateral, as in the first mode. The growing points of the branches, in their turn, are each converted into two new ones, as shown in Fig. 131. As in the monopodia! mode, there may be helicoid and scorpioid dichotomy, due to the superior development of tiie growing points on Fiffs. 131, 132, and 133.— Diagram!* to illuatrate dichotomous branching, (isachs.) Viu- isa Fiir. l;f.>. mCllDTiiMolTH liKWiIIINfi. lo:', Olio side, or on iiltHiinitc sides of tlic stem, as slrnvn in Fij^s. l.'Viiiiid l;').'!. 'I'lif'se t'uriiis arc, of (•oiirsc, syrii|iodi;u. 1 IG. A (M)iiiiiarison of FiLjs. 127 and l.'li will show lliat t.lnM'i' is a siiiHM'ticiai n'scmblanri! Im'Iwccm the foiiiis. Oil this account tlw forked ryiin' is solnetilll(^s ri'forri'd to as a lUrliafimii or /h/s'/ al)oV(! ground ar,' vnn'i'icrous, and they are described miwtly by terms in common usi;. l-'or iiistanci>, if a stem is weak and truiU JOi i:i,i;.\ii;nts m- stkli im'i:ai. hotanv. H^ >t . I'ij;. l:!4. aliii:;4 til.' i^nniiid, it is frai/i/i;/ or pnistralr : .iihI iI, ;is m tliti iiiiiiiers of the StniwIii'iTV, i' liiko r<>ui on ihc Iowit >idf, tln'ii i! is rri'f/iti/'j. Such a shoot ii> i\n'. run iicr of tlu' Stniw- Ix.'iiy, wliich takes ^\ root ;it .1 distiincf from tlic [lai't'iit plant, is coiiiiiioiilv oallcil !i .ii.dn'lt< (Fi;^. 134), which j,'rasp tlie sujiiiort, a-; in the Vir>;inia Creeper and tins (irape. In tlio J\'a, the end of the extendeil mid-r-b of the leaf is transformed into a tendril (Fig. l.Sf)). Sometimes the leaf- stalks themselves serve the sann! purpose, as in fhc (.'lematis or VirLjin's IJower. In th(;sc cases the stom- are saii;iHiKiU]M) SI IMS. lOf) mfiiis. Thny :in' JMiiilcil, miuI usually linllnw cxci'iil at till' joints, 151. Besides the stems wliifii gmw ahove ^toiiik], tiicrc are varieties t(i 1>e fntiml lielow tlic surface, l^ull u]) a Potato ])liint, and examine the under,'r(Uind portion (Ki^'. l.'ifi). It is not inii)rooahle that y a will reganl the whole as a mass of roots, but a very little trouble will undeceive you. Many of the fibres are niiipiestionably Fiir. 13G. roots, but an inspection of those ]iaviii<^ potatoes at the ends of them v'H show you that they are quite different from tliose whii .. Iiave not. The former will be fouml to lie furnished with little scales, answering to leaves, each with a nnnutc bud in the axil; and the jiotatoes them- selves exhibit buds of the same kind. The potato, in short, is oidy f/f swollen pii'I of ait uiuh'r[p-oiui. nf tlltl jl -lill /'(IS' s (,/ II,,- lr,,,;<, |!iit vnll will nhsdV; that at the hoU.ni! tiicic is .i nithcr il;it, soliil pail -<; /W**v III'"" \vlii<'li tliisf cdiits (ir li'avt's ari' /^/f lll^ ill""'''!"*!, :iii'l wliiili must (:oii.^.'i|iiciitlv 'ic :i sti'iii. Sucii a stem as this, with it- Hi'shy leaves, is called a hulh. If tin- leaves fdiiii euat<, as 111 th(> Onion, tin- liiilh is raatril or Iniiirntiit ■ if they ilo ni>t, as in the Lilies {V\>^. l.'J9), it is .sv,^///. 1/).'J. Tuhers and ItiiUis, then, consist chiefly of masses of nourishing matter; imt there is this ditlerence, tliat in the hitter the nourishment is contained in the tieshv leaves themselves, whilst in the former it forms a mass more or less distinct from the luids. 154. The thickened mass at the hase of the stem of our Indian Turnip (Kig. 94) is more like a tuher than !i liull) in its construction. It is called a m,-,,! or solid hull). The Crocus and C.ladiolus of the gardens :iie other examples. The chief dillerem-e I>etween the ci.rm and the ordinary hull) is in the relative space occupied by tlie stem or solid part. In the former it is very much greater than in the latter. The student should dissect specimens of Indian Turnip, (Jrocus, Tulip, Hyacinth, Si2., when tlies(» d i fieri i ices will lie readily apprehended. in.'). In t\w axils of the leaves of the Tiger Lily are produced small. Mack, roundeil hodies, which, on examination, prove to he of l)ull«ous structure. They are, in fact, hitlhhh, and new plants may In- grown from them. 150. Foliage-Leaves. Tliese organs are usuall) more or less flat, and of a green colour. In some plants, Kiif. i:i» Uull. of 14 l.il.v. lOH Kt.KMKNTS UK .STmcTIHA t, HuTANV. H i.u'vover, tiicy -.ut' r\tipuw\y tliick iind smriiliiii ; imd in th*^ case of parasitfs aiul sapropliytcs, such as Indian J'ipe ami JU-fdi-diops, they an" usually oitjnr white or lin>wn, or of soniiJ(»'itH. If, as in Mint iind Maple, each pair of op[)Osile leaves stands at right angles to the next pair above, then the arrangement is ih'cuitmt''. iSoinetimes there are several leaves at the same node.in whichcase they -cv^irhiirled or i;erhV7//a/^(Fig. 140). Kijf. 140.— WhorleU leaves of Galium. I'HVI.I-OTAMS. lOi) !•')•». Kvciiif (li.'lcu cs .-ire l>l.i( -ilit;l(';iii(l ;ij(]).ui'M( \y inc,-,'iil;u-ly ;it, iiitcis.ilsalutii;- llicslciii, it will l.r t'oiiiid i>m I'xainiiiHtioii tliiil 1 licii- ;ii-i;iiii;<'iiii lit is i^ovcriicd hv'lt'H- iiitf I.iws. Tiikc, till- iriNtiiiK-f, ;i Idjiin'h nf I'njilai' with .1 imiiilM'rof Iciivfs U|iiiii it. Fix iijmiii aiiv uiit! leaf iic.-ir l!ir Idu-oi- end <>t' the lirandi, and tiicii t'nuii us j.oiiit of .I'll loll draw a line, A// l/n' ii'un.^t iidii to tl le itisfi't ion lit I ill' iii'\ t hi-l icr Ifat', and frnm this to the next, and 1)11 t ill yon rcacli a Icat' wliich is cxai tly over tin; lii-'t, inu: it the biaiicii itscil' has not Ixcii twisted out of its normal shape, it will bi; found that tlie si.it/i leaf is alw.n s jire ciscly over tho liist, th(! sevcnlii over the seeoiM eiiral 10 stem. It will also 1)0 found that this spiral rouiK Itl joes tince round the stem before {tassing tnroui,di the sixtii leal'. The si.xth loaf, a.s stand uv' exac first, be;4ins a new .sot, which lasts tiy over th ni a similar mannr]' lill we reaih the (•leventli. The loave.s are therefore in sets or cyeles of live each, and tlie jjliyllotaxis in this case i> ■niently de.scril)ed by the fracliiiu i", tho d enoniiiialor of whi.jli c,'ives the number of leaves in the; cycle, and the numerator the number of turns in the spiral. IGO. Xow,if throuirli theinsertionsof t U(! leaves wliic . are vc rtieally over each other — that is, tlirou;,'h thoso mmiliered 1, C>, II, 10, etc., and then tlirouLrh those nuinlKMcd l', 7 and so on — 1 ines Ix- d rawn, it is evnicnt wc sliaj liave five such vertical 1 mark the ran/:.-: of leaves of orthostichies in an/ ( me: or on -ii'iii. '|io|ll- III till' I'.lni, till' |>liyil'il:i\i ; is iiiiirli siiii|ilci i It'll', .stalling,' witli iiiiy t^ivni |.:;|, ii will h.. I'oiiii.l tli.il l\w next, (iiic is exactly half way luiiii I iIh- . inaiiiil't'ii'iiir of till' sti'iii, ami tlio tliinl uiii'.rxaflly omt tin- !iisl, ami sii on. So that tin" s|iiial coiii|iii||.s tlm circuit in one turn, iiiiil till" ihiiiiIhm' of ortiiosticliii'a is .mly two, tin* phyllotaxis licin^' liicicfini' ili scrilicil as .',. Tin; .', arraii^'i'- iiH'iit is also common. Tlic Poplar, as wc sec, lias a - aiTaiigiMiicnt ; this in cxlicnii'ly coiiinion. 16'J. if wc set iluwn thi'si- fradiinis in onlcr, thus: .',, ', ■-;, it will lie nolici««l that the sum of the liist two numcratiir- ,L;i\es the tliinl niiimTitor ; so also with the (h'lioiainatois. If ue piiiceeil to make other fractions in this way, the series would lea.l I, \, i, ,:;•, ,'' , ,,■*, , \-', and these arc, as it happens, the actual casi^suf pli\l|otaxy which wc commonly meet with. The cone of the \Vhite I'iue furnishes a very ^'ood exi'n ise. In this case the scales (which, of course, are leaf-form-) liave a {]■ arraiij^emeiit,. l(i.'5 The conclusion come to fnun a cIom- cxaininatioii of the incipient luids is, that the newer h'avcs are |irodnccd over the. widest intervals hetweeii thosi; next IhjIow. In short, the arramjenicnt is that which secures to the leaves the most advaniaL;eous conditions for (>xpn>(ire to the li,i,'ht, and at the same t inie economizes space. ,\s has Iwen aptly said, the trvowtli nf the new leave-; Inllows the "lines of least resistance." It) I. When leaves are in whorls instiMil of in spirals, the niemliers of any whorl stand over the sjiaces nf tlie whorl lielow, as nii,>,dit he expected. As to leaves which are clustered or fascicled, like tho>e of the Pine and Larch, it may he jiointed mat- that the clntitering is duo '^iniply to l^^; iitiiMH or 1 1)1.1 \(,i: i,i,.\vi:s. I I I tllf lH»IMli'Vi'l."|. As hr.iiiclics arc ihhIihm'iI in the axil- nf li.'avi's, it, is deal lliat tln' iiriaii.;riii(iil nl' l)iaiic'lii',> will Ih! the ,aini' lis tlial i(f tli'5 l(!.ivi.'s. Il, iMitly 1ui|>|m;ii-!, Imwrvc r, lliii iill tlic liiitls (Icvoldpf iiitii liraiichf's. Many oi tlicin \',u\, so tliiit ^'('iicriilly lir';mcli refcit'iice to tho iiiod«! in which the iiiw I'mvcs arc foldcij ill tlinJmd. Very commonly tlu; leaf is simply duuhkMl lenj,'thwiso, the ui)pcr side of the loif within ; then its vernation is said to Iw roii'/n/ilirafi'. In the MapN^ and Malhtw tlic folding,' is faiidikc, and is d.vcrilic.l as /./aif't/. In the Cherry tiie jiaf is ('oihid in a sin;,de coil licL;innin:^' witli one oi]'^i' : tiiis is rnnrohttr vernation ; ii if the eoiliii;^' is from I)oth udj,'cs to th(.' mill rih, it is saiil to h,i inviilnt*' ; if hoth cd.t^'s arc lulled liackwurd, it is rmilnii: The vernation is clrrinate wlicn tlic loiif is coiled from the tip, as in Fc-rns. 1 07. Forms of Foliage-Leaves. Leaves present an almost endless variety in their forms, and atruracy in desurihing any given leaf depends a ijood deal upon the ingenuity of the student in selectini; and conihinin^ terms. The chief terms in ust; will Ix? given her(\ Compare a leaf of the Kound-lcaved Mallow witli one of Red (Clover (Kigs. Ill, W'l). ivuh „f tli..ni is furnished with a long petiole and a pair of stipules. In the blade, however, there is a diilerence. The blade of the former consists of a ,si/lr and till- coiiiiioiiikI Conn tlicrc is cvtry possiMc shatlo of gradation. In llir .Mallow loaf tin- A'/.,s arc not vcrv clciuly defined. 1 . tliu Miiplo (Ki^. You will leineinher that in our e.vaniination.s of dicotyledonous plants, wo found ; Ik; lca,ves to Ik- invari.iMy net-veined. I!uf. though they have this general character in common, they diti'er consideraMy in the details of their veining. or venation, hs it is called. The two leaves employed as illustrations in the last section will Kiy. 141. - Simple paliimtcly veined leaf of .Mallow. I"!L- 14J, - C---ii!iwiii.1 knf of Clover. m% KOnMS ()l' KOI.IAi.KLrAVES. 113 (■■/ '/,' / terv** to illustrato our iiuMiiin;,' lure In the Mi'llow. th«!n' iiie several rilw (d' alxMit llie saiiu" si/.e, nuliat- '\\\^ tniiii the eml ot' llm potirde, soiiiethiii;,' like tlu^ spread-ilut litij;ersof ;i li.iiiil. 'J'lu' \finiiiy in this liise is therefore (leserilMul as iHTullein, and ^ Willow supply familiar instances. /// The Mallow, Maple, (Jrape, Cnr- v.^ [ !{ rant, and (looseherry have simple radiate - veined leaves. S w e e t- Brier (Fig. i;{), M ■ *ain Ash, and K' have compou-.d pinnate; leaves, whilst thf vr Virginia- Creeper (Fig. li+), Horse-Chest iiut, and Hemp are compound digitate. liL'. 141. Kin. H;;.~Palinatelj-lol«;il leaf of Maiilc. It i.i.i:mk.nis uk >Tuiir(U.\t iioianv. A> has iiliiiiily Urn poiiitt'd out, (lii; loiivest (if Mono- iotyUHioiKdis plants ail' iiliiiust iiivaiial)!y stniiglit-vpiiicd. 170. hi ailtliliuii to iIk; vt'imtion, lliu ddstriptiun cif u Uiiaar OliluMt; Oral Orbicular Kit;. Wa. y\K uti. siiii|ili' It'll!" inclutles |.:ii'ti(ulais ninci'iiiiii^' : (1) tlir gen- eral outline, (-) tl,. edge "i margin, (3) tlio point or apex, (l) tlif base. 171. Outline. A> tuMUiluif, il will lie :oiivnniciit t(; coiisiilvr lirst tlif fonus assiuucd 1 y U avos without Jpb^s, I'M- lt7 Via. 148. Laarcniate 0\at<. iijid who.s(! inHr<,'iiis iwv, therefore inori; or hns^s coutiiiuoii.-. Sucli leaves are oi three sorts, viz.: thi>>i> in wh?ch both ends of the leaf an; alike, tliose v\ which the apex is i"iC6. 11.T to lis. Various forms .-.f f oliajfc-lcav es. Kill, I Mil; I lAVKS. iir. iiaiKiwcr tliaii tin- 1km«, uiul thitHc in wliicli llic a]M'x is brooilcr than flu- liasf. 17-. Ill till- liist of thi'sc tliicc dasst's it is nvidmit tliat any variation in tho outline wil «li'|H.!nil altogctlu'v na ih^ •Hi. I'.l. Kk'. I'll Ki.'. ir.i. relation Iftweei. • • .,' . mul tlu^ Im-adtli of thf ioif. When the leaf isexi'-r i iiarmw in coiii|iaiisoii with iti» length, as ill fhr I'iiif, it is wirn/d,- or nwilh-xhapiil {Y'v^. I t"»). As the wiillh increases, we jjass tlironi^h the fcniii-; known as limnr, ithlmnj, nml, and finally tirhicidar, in whidi tlie width and len^'th are nearly ur i|iiitf i'ljual (Fig. 146). 173. In the second class the dill'creiit forms arise from the varying widlli of ' '^' '''■ the base of the leaf, and we tlnis have sulmltilp or dnl- shap'il (Fig. 117), lancenlatf, oval'', and '/e/finil leaves (Fig. US). Fi;;-^. 149 *•- !'4. Vari'TsiS forms of foiuigi- kavc lir, ELEMEXT.S OF HTRl CTCriAF. fioTAN" 171. In tlic thinl class, as llio a|icx cxpaii'is, we have tlie forms Hi>atliitl(it<' (Fi^. 1 {0), nJ,J,wr,',,latf—i\vAi is, tli(^ reverso i.f Imiceolate (Fij,'. 150*. and nigral,' (Vv^. I'A). 17"). In icavos of the sct;on) forms are moditicationsuf the second clas.s, and will he readily understood from the annexed figures. / If the petiole is attached to any part of the under surface of the leaf, in.stead of to the edge, the leaf is /ifftate (shield-shaped) FiB. 16S. (I^'ig- 1^)8). 170. Leaves which are lobed are u.suaily do.-;eribe(l by stating whether they are palmatelyor pinnately veined; and Fig:8. 155 to 158.— Various forms of foliage-leaves. roi lAdlM.KAVES. 11" iftliffoni).;), IIi.Miimiburof lolifsi.s^'cii(.T,ilIyj,'iv.'ii. If ilw Iravc^s aiv very dct-piy cut, they arc sai^l \<, !„ inilmaliii'l ui7//«//a////'/, aoimlingtotlK^ veiiiiug (Fl^. l.'.l); Ifil,,' Int /I -7 is iiiiuiatitul and the IcjIjcs iidinl liackwanls towards the Itasc, as in iJandeliun, the Kat is said to 1,L' nnti-inaii: If tlieJcaf is [laliiuitely lobod, and llie lubos at the base are thrm selves lobed, tlie leaf is i, .iat- (Kig. KJO;, because it i.x-ks something like a bird's f.,nt. If the lulxis of a pinnatitid leaf are them- Q;-VX^'7^^ ■''^'^'^'•'^ ^^^"'''' ^'"' '''''*" '-^ f'ii'iiniatijhl. If the '~^l^v'/' li^'iif i'^ (;ut up into fine segments, as in \ Diceutra, it is said t(j be imUfifv'. t 177. Apex. The princiiiul forms of the Fi-. 150. jipf.x are tijc „iiirn,uate (Fig. 157), whcu the leaf is tipi)ed with a. sharp point, as though the niid-rih were projeeting beyond the blade; cut^pidatc, when the leaf ends abruptly in a very short, but distinctly tapering, j)oint (Fi.r. 161) ; aciiti', or .sharp ; I \ and t>f)/nsr', ,,v blunt. Fifr. i60. I ' I It may happen tliat the apex does not end in \ V / a point of any kind. If it lo.^ks as though the end had been cut Oa square, it is trum-af X,; 1 If Fis.ici tlir end is .slightly m.t.hrd, l,ut not sufHcicutly so to warrant the d<'.senpliou obeordate, it is finanjitiat': 178. Margin. If tlie margin is n,,t indented in any way, it i.s sai.l to be nifit-r. Jf it l,a,s .sliarp U'.f^^Jh, pointiri'j Figs. 159 to 161.— Various forms of foliage-leavos. m. lis i;ij;mkm« ui- sinucri'iiAL imhany. ^'=y fm^'fr: ,. .. ^. ^ i I'r,. KW. »■/' .'//> f/i'-rcftnii iif Ihr (l/ir.i; it, is «rrilh; ami will 1h! Coarsely oi' iiiK'lv scri'Mlf, arcordiiiL; In i\n\ size of tin; tci'tii Soiiiclimcs tlic l'lI^'('s of lai'^'o ti'rtli arc lln'insolvcs < liiicly scrnilfd, ami in that case tlic ,y;/ Iraf 1.^ '/-//% .sv;-/7,/r(lMU. 102). If tlic tcctli point tn/f/nt.nf", that is, if the two cd^'cs of each tooth arc of Af \ \/^7 the same lciij,'th, tjic leaf is. '/<'«/«/'■; ' vL__ ''<' '"'t if 1^'"' teeth, instead of bcin^ sliarp, are roinufi'f, the leaf is rn >iaf>- (I'v^. KKi)- The term irar;/ explains itself. 17'.t. Base. Then; arc two or thrc(^ pcLMiliar niodiiiea^ lions of tlic bases of simple .scssil(! leaves whiidi are of con>idcral)lo imi)ortaiic(; in dislinguishini,' plants. Sonic- times a pair of lolics pioject backwards and cohere on the other side of the sti'in, so that the ' k stem ap[)cars to pass throu;.;h tin' leaf. This is ,1 \ / t the case in our common I I'll wort, tin; leaves uf ( \/ s which arc arcordini^'ly de(ril)cd as //fi-fufiii/r \ \/ J (l"i;4. ir>l). SiiMietinics two opiKtsilt; ^^ ^ sessile leaves Lirow lo''ether at the base it'? V and clasp the stem, as in IIk; upper /'_,' ' leaves of Honeysuckle, in the Triosleum, and in "i^y one of our species of J'.uiiatorium. Sueh leaves are said to bo roiniaii' i.^v I'dnuafe-jwrfolial'' (l*"i;;. ItJo). In one of our I''vcrlaslinL;s the maigin I'i'.;. Kii. ,,f (li,. ],.;(|' js continued on eaih side Ih'Iow tli(, point of insertioTi, and the lobes ;_'iow fast to tlu! siilc-- (>f the stem, giving rise to what is v^allod the decurrod form (FigJ«<'). .^ _ l'ii;.s. Iiij to liil. — VariMU.s forms of foliage-leaves. I nil \i:i; M v\ i:s \\i) Tlic Ici'iii . |py winch siiii|.li- ii;i\iv, ,111' (ii->ci I iMil Mro :i]>|ilic,i)(lc ,iNi. lo til,, li' ill:.|> i.r i-Miii| ml |(.iv>-^, ti. Ihi- 'U'lllljs unci jifl:i| i.r lldW'T., ,iinl, in .- ImmI, In MIlV till I'.lln , J f 11-. k;'. Fi'_'. If.:. I'^n. \\'(. Ji.lVf illrcinlv <'XlllMillri| lll,llcnI|||i(iUl|(| |i;|V"< .'111' III two fiiiiii,, inini'ifi' .■iimI iKilniiili: \\\ 1lii. I'liriiii'i liif icillli'ls ;nv ;in':ill;^('il (ill (Mrji si Ic iii tlic llljil-l ill. Tlu'd' lii.lV Ilea li'.illi'l ;il tlic <"llci, ill wlliill r.i-c Die I.mI' j ; < //A /-///// ,/^//,',- orllic tf'iiniii.'!! li'.illi't may 1m. waiiliii',;, anJ tln'ii tlic Iml' it; I •V Fi-. V-. ahrnpihj plnvid,. In tlic I',:i, (lie l^-if ,•.< iiinnalc aii^l I.Titiinatr's in a /. »-7,77 (Fi- l."..'). Vny fiv,|ii.iitlv (h, iiriiiiary .livisiuns uf a jiinii.ili' leaf aiv tli.'iiischrs piinialc and tho wlinlc leaf is llicn tin'ff-innvati- {V\.;. \Cu\. jj Kii,"*. HI", to lc,7. Variiiiw liiriiis I.r fi>liatfe-lciy»«. I'O l.l.liMlIN 1-i UF .•ilia CI L'ltAI, li(;J \.\t. H tl> -iilMlivisinii is cKiilihUi'.l tliioii^jli .iriotlitT st,i"o, Ui Ih. •■-ininiiili\ ,(Mil M) (111 Niiiiiciiii ;is III tin ItMVc^; cif tlic Toiiialo, Very small Icatlcts arc found Iwt tlu! litri^'cr mirs ami lliis I'm Wil'll III I till! li-aflcts spread out from tin; end of the jx'tiolc, and, in duscriliiiii,' tliciii, it, is usual to iiK'iitiim the iiuinhfr o f .1 IViSIOIlS. If tl itM'c an- tliPL-c, tiic loaf is lri-fi)liiii(itt> ; if tliorc :iii! livi>, it is qiiiiiqiir-j'dlliilatH. 181. In tli(! oxaniiiiution of the j\Iallo\v \v(! fciiml a couple of small leaf liki' attafliments on the petiole of eacii leaf, jii-l at the junction with tlie stem. To these tlie name es wli icl: nave IK ■t tl lese appendages an tfi/llllat: \S'l. iJesides the characters of ive, there re- )!' noticed leaves mentioneil ah main a few others to I With rcf^ard to their surface, loaves i)reseiit every jjradat ion fr 'om perfect smoothness, as in Wiiiter- f^reen, to extrenn' rou;;liness or Kig:. 1C!> woolliness, as in tiK; .uulleiii. If hairs are entirely ahseni FiiJ. 103. Iiitfrniptedly |)imi;itf leaf. I-'ig. ICO. —Leaf o: i'itthtr I'iatit. a«?- '.!'• KOfTAOR-LEAVM. tsi the leaf is tjldhmn^- ; if |iv<'-ciit, tin' ilc^'icf of liairiness is ilcscrilitH' by an ii|»{Hyfij;(;>tr,;^rrrl) ; if tin! leaf is iniii- l>lctr'ly ('.viT'il, it i-< li'.'ii'is 111' /afi'^c: ;,uyJ^it-Urfr'4»j^^aiv nil till margin niil\, ,is in cmr Cliiitmiia, it is rilidh'. So.'k; '( avrs, liiic thu-r' ol tin' Cabiiaj^i', have a kiiii' i,f iiinoiii on Uh! siirt'acc, wliidi may im iuMmmI oil with tin) hngcrs ; this ooivlitioii is ilcsciihcd a-; (/fawoH<. i^'o. iV few jilaiits hive am^paalOlig le^.es. Those of tilt' Onioii aiv jili/nnu. The I'itcher-i'lant of our nortliern swamps has vciy nuious leaves (i''ii^ Ifi!*), ai>|)areiitly formed hy the turuiii;^ in iinl cohesion of the outer eilyes of an onliiiarv leaf so r.s tc form a tube, closed I'Xcept at the ♦•) armed on the inner surface with bristles pointing' ' '\ .ids the base of the leaf. 184. FiuijJly, as Icavi's {j^spnt an aluiiist infinite vaLj>lfrfu*«l>i*^)Vi) For instance, ;t leaf may not be exactly linear, nor exactly lance-shaped, Imt may apjiioximate to both forms. In such a ca-e the If^if i« (1*»i<^^^«!d as Jc(^<'^^neal^, and so wilii other forms. The following; form of schedul#).*fti> b«yw««ii/-with advantaj,'e in writing ont descriptions of leave.<. Two leaves — one of .Majjle and one of Sweet iJrier — are desciibed by way of illustration. If a leaf is compoinu'., the particulars as to outline, margin, apex, base, anil surface will have referoi.ce to the leadets. The exercise-book jireparei" vo accoraiiany this work contains a supply of blank schedules for leaf-description, with space for drawings. I m ITi iLEHLSm OF STRL'elUKAL liOTAKX. T.KA)' SCIlEDrj.M I: I . liHU- 111 M *n I.. Su I I r Buiiii 1. l'(inili(jii. Caiiliiic !i. ArraiiKeiiifiil- ( aiiiiiii'. ( Ij'pDHitc. 3. Insertion. • I'ctinl^iti-. I 4. Stijiiilation. I i> 'ti|niliiti I 5. I'ivisiiiii. I Snri|il('. Alti iiiiilc. ■'I'liiilatf. ! Sliiiiiliitc I (lild luiiriat. , 7 li-;dl. 1 10. Base. Ciii-ilati' Hardly indpnted. 11. Siirfact- (ilalivniis a wliitisli Mtvo ; >i'ii(>ath. Dciwiiy above; rovered with ^'land8 bi-iiealli. iNKiuRKSorsii: 123 ciiArTi.i; xvui MOKHnoi,(U;V OF ILdWKl; IJOAVI S INKI.dHKHCKNCi; — TIIK CALVX -Tlii; ( nUKlJ.A |l|i; ^IWIKNs TIIKl'ISTII, THE KUUIT- Tin; SIKD (iKIlMIVVTlON 18;'>. FroMi an (>\aiiiiii.it,ioii of tlie \arioiis t'ocins presPiiti'd 1)y * )iiai;(' leaves, we pcocccd now to tliosc ot tin* tloral Olios, .'uul wi; sliall lii'->t consider tlic cliirt' inodificaiions in the arrai>iu-«' typ<' or after the cijinoac tyjie. So iidloroscence is found to pioceed upon ore or other of these two plans. 186. To undtirstand these let us recui' to our specimens of Shepherd's Purse and I'.uttercup. Vou wiH rememlier that in the former the peduncle contiinies to leiii,'then as lony as the sunniier lasts, and new (lowers continue to be produced at the upper end. Ohserve. howevi'i-, that every one fif tlu; Mowers is produced on the si(l(M(f the stem, that as the stem lengthens now lateral huds appear, and tliat tlnre i.< un Jlitirci' on tin' etui uf ihi' fttrm. The production of the tlowering hranches (pedicels) aiul the continuation of the main a.\is are, in fact, exactly analogous to the growth of the Spruce, as explained in section 11- 124 rr.FMKNT- 111' NTIU I 11 IIAI, liolANY. K- w ;i Von will (•;i>^ily uii(l.'is(,iri top downwa ds, the growth of the liiaiiches is checked l.y tlu> production of flowers at their extremities. Tlu^ mode of inlloi'csccMice here displayed is definite, or determinate, or terminal, it is .also called nut rijiuial, l.ecanse the developnu-nt of the llowei-s is the reverse of that exhil.ited in the (list mofle. Tlu> upper, or, in the case of (do.so clusters, tin; ccufraf, llowers open (irst. 1 ^^S. I n either modo the flowers are said to ho .■^oJifari/, if (1) single flowers are produced in the axils of the ordinary foli.age-leaves (botryo.se), or (2) if a single flower terminates the stem, as in Tulip (terminal). 189. Of indeterminate or botryose inflores- cence there are several varieties. In Shepherd's Purse we have an instance of the rivfiiic, which may Ihj described as a cluster in which each flower is supported on a lateral pedicel of its own, usually in tiie axil of a bract, it the pedicels are absent and the Howers consequently i.JII.nHK.MKN' ..('ssilo ill tliP :i\il,, iln' duster Iioconics (i >i>il:'\ of wliidi t)i«' cfjiiimoii l'l,iiit:iiii .'iikI till- Mullein t'iiiiii>li >^{»u\ nxaiiiple.s. Tlie rdZ/.i/i.-; of tlie Willow ( Kj^^ ,. CS ;ui(| ("I'.li iiiid IJireli (iiid the vy ,«(//./• of fiie lii'Ii:iii 'riniii|) (Kiijs. IMi and !t7) are also spikes, the fonm t liiu iiij^ s.alv liructs and the latter a (leshy axis. If yon suppose the fiji. 1,0 Fif,'. 171 internodes of a spike to bo suppressed so tliat the llowei s urn densely crowded, you will have a i>'U'>, of wiiirh Clover and lUitton-Wush supply instances. If tlic! lowei' pedicels of a raceme are considerably longer than the Kij;. 170. P!aii of the simple corj iiiii. Kij;. 171.— Comiiound rai'eme. (Gray) I-'C, I I.I Ml \ I: or , riM ( I I I:M |:n| a \ i||i|i(|' > :llr !i('.lllv nil lllf '^:imi' l<'\c|, (III- cIll-^f'T Is ;i i-iniiii'i, I.V\[l. li'l'l It' llii' lloWMsi ill :i iii'inl ,\.|i> f|i\,ilc(l (III i'|i;ii;ilc |.f I i iirc .xiiiniilrs. .\ r.icciiic will 1.1! ,o/,/y/. .///,'/ ( Fii;, 171) it. ill^ltMli in ,,irl, a.ril, iuid .x siiiiihr fi'iiiiirk will api'lv 'ii tii"- imsc ot' the 'oiiii(| form, mikI is ■ « \ \ I- V / . r f'~--»'3r*,"' 't CJ / 1 v\i i: usually a kind of rafcnn' ii:i\ini,' if-; pi-imarv divisions; iir.iiii'iii'd in soiiir irii'i^iil.ii' niaiini'i-. I'M. Of determinate inflorescence ili<- iii|i(iiii!il fiii-VMili, liiit fiisilv
  • tin:'iii>lic structure. b'ii;. 17l' shows a loo>,(', o|icn i-ynif. I[ilir.,i-I and Sriir/iinii/ cynifs havi; aliu'iidy liccii dcscrilM'd in section I I L l'.i'_'. lU'siilcs the two distinct modes of inlloresceiice just descr'ilied, forms are met witli which e\liilfit the jM'tndiaritics of itoth modes. Kor examjile, the llovver- ciustei' of tlie Ijilac i.s liotryose or raccmo.>-e as to the pi'oduction of its |)rimaiy hranches, i)ut tlie developuMfiit of the llowers on the lir.uiclies is ai'cor-din;; to the cynios.e type. On the otiiei- lianil it sonu^tinies happens, in many of tlie (Jomposites for example, that the primary luanches are cymose while the .secondaiy irc liotryosc. In till' Lilac and tin- I lor.sc ( jhest nut I he compact mixed chisttsr is called a /A'/;'.s'. Panicles, also, instead oi lieini.' alto^f'thci' l)Otiy()se, may he of a similar mixed character. l!(-"i. In many plants of the Mint Kamily tlie (lowers appear to form deiisi? whorls at intervals al.out thf two cymose clustei'S on oppositt; sides of (Ik- steni. Such whorls are, therefore, mixed, and are oftisii sj)oken of as ri'iiii-illdf'h ;X l'J4. It lias already het-ii pointed out that oauliiie lea\ 3s tend to diminish in size towards tlie u|)per part of thj steo" where the (lowers are found. Such reduced •i l'2i< KLHMKNT8 OK s I lacTniiA 1, lIoTANV. X,. lojivcs, .niitjiiiiiujr (lowers ill flicir .t\il,,, . • ciHihI />mH<. Ill the t;;i.st! of coiiipuuiiU lli»\v.T-iHisfiTs iliis term is limited to the leaven on the piiliiiule or iiiiiti St •Mil, the term ///vi./A/ Immh;,' tliei; aiiplieil to those o.< m riii" on tlie jM'dieels or siiltordiimte steins. in tlie case of llie >nii/»'l and the /i';(,f, it i,'enerally happens tli.it a .•/,•./.■ of bracts surrounds tin- liase of the tiust. i-. They are iheii called, collectively, an inni/rrn; and in the case of coiii[)ound clusters a circle of l.r.Mtlets is oallcil an iinnliii-rl, I'.racts arc often so niiimuj as to he reduced to mere .sva/'.<. On the other hand tiiey are occasioiiallv very conspicuous and showy, as, for instance, in the four white bracts resemhlin-^ ;i, Hower in the Itimchliei ry. From our definition it will U« evident, also, that tlw «//(!!///' surrounding thespadix in Indian Tunii{i i- men-ly a }>ract. 19.'), Floral ^ijuiinotrn. Before dealing with the mor- phology of th*; separate le if-forms which go to make up the llower, a few words are necessary in regard to the relations of the diHeient sets of tloral organs, both as to numU-r and as to position. The leaves which constitute the flower arc arranged about the axis either in w hoi Is, when the ilowers are said to be rijrli,- .■ or in spirals, after the manner of most foliage-leaves, in ^vhich case the Ilowers are wiji-llc. Occasionally the outer sets (the pori.inth) are \\\ whorls, while the stamens are spirally arranged : then the Ilowers are said to Im; lum'iriirll,-. The spiral arrangement prevails, as a ruh', where the lloral organs are very numerous, as, for instance, in the Water Lily and in Buttercup ; though Columbine, with very uuuierou.'s stamens, has cyclic ilowers. 1 ^-T!f ■ wm FLORA I, OlAGRAMH. 129 !'.»•;. Ill ,.y..|i,. ilowf.rs, whilst tli.T.. is usiinliy niw whoil (vuhof s.-piils, potals, and «-arp..is, then- ,.r.> ii..t unfnMiu.iiily tuo whorls of .st;uiM.ii.s. If <■;,. h wliuil is inatleupof tho saiii.' iiutiil..T of m.-mlMrs tin- flower is isnwr, ■<»,>,, nud Uill, at th«" HailM- ti.n.-, 1«. a>u„n,tl>rn,l., '/niH-roiis, /,■/,//- ,vy„x, f>tr,i,i>'roiis, or /» ///(/////'/v//.., act-onl ingasuach whr.; ,oiit,.iiisoii(', two, thr.-f, fou , or live iiieiiiliors. If til.' 1U111I..MS of the mciiilH-rs in I'v; vlvitla .lo not forrospoiid, the tlowi-rs arc li,t>'r„ntrri,u.. 197. Tho relations of the whorls to cauh other in any particular ease may be very conveniently exhil.ited l>y a diijrrani. V\. 17.!, for example, shows tho plan -jf a Lily. Tlio dot at the top of tiie li^^uie repre.sents the position of the axis of the plant, and should always l.e shown in a Honil dia;,'ram. Tho side of tho tlowi r ' i^' IT ! towards the stem is tlu; /jiisf"ri»r side, the opposite oiu; lieiui,' anirrinr, and a plane passiiii^ throiij^h the lentre of the Hower and also tlirou^di tin- stem or axis is .died the nu',liaii pfauc. We have in the tlowet of the Lily an outer whorl of three inemix-rs ; then alternately with these (and this is tho usual plan in eyclic flowers) a second whorl of three members ; tli.-n the outer whor' of stamens, also thr<>e in number ; then the three inner stam. iis ; and, finally, the three carpels. 198. The composition of this flower may also be expressed by a formula, a» follows: K,-;, (,',1, A;, ;, (i( >, wliere K stands for calyx, (! for corolla, A for anthers. <}^osite is true. Fig. 173 v^'\m'.- sents one of these regular flowers. A moment's reflection will show that any line whatever drawn across the centre of this diagram will divide it into two e.xactly similar halves. The term adinommphic, as well as "regular," is applied to all such flowers. Flowers, on the other hand, which can be cut symmetrically in one vertical plane only are ^ifijomoriildr. 204. In this book, as in most English book.s, the term "symmetrical "is employed to indicate that the whorls consist of the same number of members each, and it is, in fact, the same in meaning as " isomerous." The later German botanists define a symmetrical iloMcr as "one which can be divided vertically mlo two halves resembling each other like an object and' its reflected image." We shall now proceed to consider in detail tin; variations in form assumed by the floral organs individually. 205. The Caljrx. As you aie now well aware, this term is applied \o the outer circle of floral leaves. These are usually green, but not necessarily so : in some Exo<»ens and in nearly all Kndogens, they are of some other colour. Each divi-jion of a calyx is called a sepal, and if the sepaL 133 Rr-RMKNTS OF STnUOTURAri BOTANY. w mil - arc »Mitiivly ilistincfc frdiii oiuiU otlier, tlic iiilyx is pnfy- npf>a/>in.'< ; if tlicy mo uiiitcd in any di'^rco, it \^ ijaino- fir/i(il))U.-<. A calyx is r>'(/u/ar or irrc.t/nfar according as tlio jH'tais arc of the sanio or dittcrent sliape and size -OG. In gamusopalons calyx, if the atqials are not uniteil to th. very top, the free portions arc; kin)\vii as rill yx-tedh, or, taken collectively, as the I'lib of the calyx. The united portion, especially if long, as in WIUow-Ium o, is called the italijx-tiibn, and the entrance to the tuhe its Ihruat. In many plants, particularly those of the Com- posite Family, the limb of tlie caly.x: consists merely of a circle of bristles or soft liaiis, and is tlit-n described as pappose. In other case^ the limb ie quite inconspicuous, and so is said to be olMuleie. A calyx which remains after the corolla hius disappeared, as in Mallow (Fig. 31), is persisttnt. If it disappears when the flower opiius, as in our Bloodroot, it is caducous; and if it falls awwy with the corolla, it is dccidumis. We must repeat here, that when calyx and corolla are not both present, the circle which is present is considered to be the calyx, whether green or not, 207. The Oorolla. The calyx and corolla, taken together, are called the floral enrelopes. When both envelo{^)es are present, the corolla is the inner one ; it is usually, though not invariably, of some other colour than green. Each division of a corolla is called a petal, and the corolla is poli/pcfalotis when the petals are completely disconnected ; but gamopetalous if thiiy aie united in any degree, however slight. The teiins rerjular and irregular, applied to the calyx, are applicable also to the corolla, and ihft terms used iu the description of leaves are applicable THE C'onoLLA, ISU Fin- 17C. tr. pftals. Tf, Imwcvcr, a pclal is iiiirrowcil into a Ir.nc- and . Iciiilijf iioiti.iii lowaiils IIk; hu-v, llial jiortinn i.; known ^.--^ as tlio rfair, wliilst llic InuadtT upper part is "- callcl th.! /i))if, (Fig. ITC). The leaf-tenuH are then applicable to tjjo iinil>. 208. rfaniopetalnus curollas assume various forms, most of which ans (IcscrilieJ 1)y lorms easily luuh-rstood. Tlie forms assumed depend almost <;ntirely on the shape of the petal-i i \j»^ which, when unihid, make; up the corolla. If 4"W these, taken separately, are linear, ami are iinited to the top, or nearly so, the corolla will l)e tuliular (Fig. 177). If the petals are wedge-shapi'd, they will, hy their union, produce a fHniifl-.-r hU- .''kaprd fdiiii, the enlargement from base lo sum- mit is mon- gradual. If the petals are narrowed Ki;,'. 177. abruptly iuto long claws, the union of tlie claws into a tube and the spreading of the lind) at right angles to the tube will produce the mlrcr-^hai'id foiiii, as in Plilox (Fig. 179). The rotate corolla differs from this in having a rmj short tube. The corolla of the Potato is rotate. 209. The most important in-pr/ular ganiopetalous corollas are the lliinlate, which has been fully de.scril)ed in the examination of the Dandelion, and tlie lal>iafi\oi which wc found an example in Catnip (Hl'. •'>0). The corolla of Tiirtle-heail (Fig. I80) is another Kig. 176.-Single petal of a Pink. Fi»r. 177. -Tubular corolla of a Honeysuckle. Fig. J.7S.— FuDnel-8h»j)eiutc cornllii prrsclit,.- a wide oiM-niim l)('tw(,'cii till! uiipci ,111(1 IiiwiT lipr-, it is saiil (n Ix; r/ii'/ei/f : if tlic n[M>iiiiig is ddsrtl l)y an upward inojcctinii ol' tlir luwcr lip, as ill Tna.lll.i.x (Fi- |Sl), it is said tu !),• liiismiali; and tlio projc^clioii in tliis oisn is kiKiuii as tin; /ntlafi: A ;4ihmI many corollas, sucli as Mm-c of Toadllax, iMciiitra, SnaiMlia^'oii, Cuiiuiibinc, and Violet, liuvt' piululiciaiiits or .syy«/w ;it tlin liasc. Ill Violi't one jn'tal only is spurred : in Colunibiiii; the whole livu uru so. •''-• J'"- I'itr- iso. Fig. isi. -IC. ^Enllrafiuh Tliis is the t<>riii applied to the mode ill whirh the wi'pals iuid petals are folded in th( '>ud 111 jj;eiieral, the niemliers of a calyx or of a corolla overlap in the l»ud, or they do not. If they stand «Ml"e (O edge, as in the calyx of Mallow, the a-stivatioii is imlrah' If there is oxorlajipini:, and one or more of the niemliers have; h,)fh ed<,'es covered, the a'stivation is i)i>hi-i<-(ilf ; and if each memlier has one edge covered and the other uncovered, as in the corolla of Mallow, Evening Piimrose, Phlo.x, &c, it is then said to Ix; con- oolufr (Jainopetalous corollas are frequently i>laUrd in tiip bud, and tin; plaits luay Ijc convolute, as in Mornin," CMorv. lij; 17!).-Salv.rsii.ih,| oorolU of I'hiox. l-'ij;. 1*0.--I,;t;)iatt,- ™rvli:t of Turtle head I'ig. ISl.— I'ersoiiato corolla of Toadflax. ■rrfi' Mi\'ii.Ns. i;i;» -'11. The Stamens. As ..iiyx .m,] ror,,ii;i .m- r,iii,-.| f-olI('(;tivc|y till' lloiil ciivi-Imih's, so sciiiim-; and |ii~lil at<' S|Mi|i(.|| ol' collcrtivi'ly :iS tin- r^.-:(Mil, in winch i asi- tlir anllnT is siv.-^i/,-, .\s a Lfcncial tliiiiL;, the anllnT cnnsists of t WDohloni; ci-lis witli ii soli ol' lih Ik^Iwi-i'Ii tln'iii callcil the miin'r/ir/, ami lli.il siilc ^i'thi' aiilhci' wliicii ]>icsi'iils a uistiintly '//mm/v,/ apiicaninci' is Ml,' /iti'c, till' oiijiosilf -iil ■ hriiiL,' iln. /„ir/.\ \^. n,'. isi Pi',', is:; Fi'.r. IS I. The niamont is invariably attaclicil to tlii' cnnnntivi', ami may lulhcic thmii-^li tho cntiic lcn,L,'tli of the luDcr, in whicli rase the anther is whiafi- {V'v^. lS-_>); or )hi" ha.-c i.f till.' C'iniKH'tivc may I'fst on the cml i.f ih.. lilanicnt, a ciilnliliiin (Icsci'ilicil ;i,- iiiKiti' (l''iu'. is;;): oi iln- I'XtiTiiiii \ of the lilamcnt, may 1m- attai licil i,. the mi.hlii' nf ih,. |,:,ik of tho cunncctivi', 4. .stamens showinv; ii.IikiIc, intiate, ;iiiil v.-ruHtik- uttH'-h lllt'llts III till' UlitllLT li'f. iu,i;mi;nt,s oi' .sum ci tu vr- imianv. It- 1 || l< ii riie cells nf iiiiilicrs cMi uly opi'ii alon^' their (fntcr .•(l^.'s to .lis.li;irn;<> their |).,||..ii (M- is:>). Iu must of the Heaths, liKWfver, the p.illni i; .lis(:li:ir:,'e(l thmuxli u niimite :i|>eitiiit) ut the tojt of eM( h (cil (Fi^r. ISO), iuul ill our liliie Cohosh I'ach cell is jmtviih'd with a lid or valve near the top, \vlii(;h opens on a kind of liin^'e (Fig. 187). (Jccasioiially, examples of hainiii or abortive stamens arc met with, as the fifth stamen in Tnrtlo Head and I'entstomon. These are hlaments withont anthers, and an; known as titan/ iiio>/f.-<. '-'12 Stamens may Iw oitlier entirely distinct from <',ich other— in which eise they arc described as diaiu/ro/i.-', l)''ntawh-<>u-% nrtainlroiuf, itc, according' to their nmnbur f(or, if more than twenty, as indefinite) — or :• /."X i| they may Imj united in vario-..>- ways. If I I J I their anthen- are united in a circle, while tile filaments are separate (Vvj,. ;)7), they are .said to be Kiinijuiirsioiis ; l)ut if the \\ tilanients unite; to form a tube, while the I'iys. is,. i>7. ISC. anthers remain distinct, they are .said to be mova(h'lj>hvys (Fig. 32); if they are in two groups they are tUa/aJ(nns. 213. As to insertion, when stamen.s arc inserted on the receptacle they are Jii/j.ni/t/nnn.'i ; when borne on the caly.v, /K'rii/i/iioiis ; when borne on the ovary, pjn'i/i/nnn.-^ ,■ and if inserted on the corolhi, epijipfaloio^. They may, however, be borne even on the style, a.s in Orchis, ami tlien they are deserilM^d a.s gijnandnnis. ?14. If the stamens are four in number, and in tAvo Figs. 185, 180, 187.— Anth.^rs cxliiljifii i; different modes of dehi*-ence. IHfc; J-ISTII.. 137 I>airs of ia>nnii.^ ( I" IJ.J. 00) ; if six in imiiil»«!r, fuwr loiij,' and two slioit, tlicy all! ts also called the fjijimnmii. As in the case of the stamens, the, structure of the pistil must 1» regarded as a modifieation of the stnielun; oi leaves generally. The pistil may 1h- formed by the foMing of a single cariH^ilary i.'af, us in the Ilean (Tig. 188), in which ca.se it is M///y>/e / or it may consist of a numljer of ca.pels, either entirely separate from each other or united together in various ways, in which case it is coitijinmid. Hy .some l)otanists, however, the term compound i.s restricted to the case of Fi;;. iss. united carpels. If the carpel.s are entirely distinct, a.s in Buttercup, the pistil is apucarpoits ; if they are united in any d(!grce, it is si/}ioarpou.s. A pistil of oim; carpel is Dumocariidlarii ; of two, dimrin'Uary ; and so on, to pu1>jcarimllai-)j. 216. The terms inferior and mperior, as applied to the pistil, descril)e its situation upon the axis relative to that of the calyx, corolla, and stamens. It will i>c remembered that the end of the peduncle is usually enlarged, forming what is called the iorus or receptacle. Usually the riecptaclo is a little higher iu the centre K'^. lf!!( — L«tciitr«> of »^ Bu",;.- ■' I mn i:is i:i.(:Mi:Nrs or sri;i rn ij.m, nurANv. than at its iiiai;,Mii, and ,is tlic gyn.i-ciuni ocupios this cpntrai part, its position is aliove that of (iic oth.-r Horal hmvps, as shown in Ki-;. IS!). Hcmo tho pistil in sii/^rrior, ami tlie stamens and pptais hyjKjgynous. lint frwiuently tlic outer part of tlu; rcccptachi grows more vigorously than tho contro, fornung, in fact, a cup with the pistil in tile l)ottom of it, an.l tlie stamens and petals around Fiff. 189. Fig. ino. ..-i^. 191. its margin ( Fig. 190). Tn this case the pi.stil may be desfribod as lialf-inferior, and the stamens and petals as perigynous. f)ften tlie cup-sliaped reeeptacle grows fast to the ovary all round. In otlior cases, tlie carpels, instead of l)eing de\ loped from tlie liottom of the cup, spring from tho margin, tiius forming a roof-like disk, around tlie edge of wliich the stainens are attaciied (Fig. ini). Ifcre the stamens are epigynous, and the ovary is truly iithrior. Other cases of epigyny and perigyny aris(! from tlie adnatiou (growing togetiier) of the floral wliorls witliout e.xeeptional development of the T\gs. IS!), T.Ki, T.ll.--])iairraiU!) illu.-itratiii/ tivimgj nous (//), peri^'ynous (P), ant, t'piK,vnnim (A") Hcw.rs ; a, axin; *, calyx ; f, cofl'a- », Btamens; J carpc-ls; (I, btigiim; »i, ovuiu. (Praiiti., Tin: iivrii,. 13'. i'i-.'pt,idt\ Till' c.is.'s of tlic Itds.-, Cli.-iry, and .\|)i)l( have iilrriuly Ik-.mi retViTtid to (('liii|>t.M,\' I.). 217. In oiii-«xaininatiotiof till" M.usli Mmi i;,'ol(l ( Fit,'s(. 1.'4 arul 2r») w(> t'ouiid an afxMuipoiis pistil of scvt'ial carpols. Wo fouiul also that «'at;h caipel lojiiuiiicil a nunilwr of seeds, and that ill every case the seeds were attaciied to that edjjo of the (;aipel irl,ii-h inis lui-nxt tuwanlK tliH i-nitre of lltr jlmr-r, and that, as the earp.'l.-- ripened, they invarialtly split open ahni-,' tliat ed<,'e, luit not along the other, so that the carpel when opened out presented the apjMMran.e of a leaf with s U aU>o-l,,,l h, the. manjiiis. The iiin(!r ed!,'e of a simple (rarpel, to which the seeds are thus attached, is called the nnlml 8«/m/v', the opposite edi,'e, corresponding; to the nuti-ril) of a leaf, Imuiijj the ilnrmi xnfurr. 218. If we snp})oso a niiinlx-r of sinipj.' carpels te approach ei, h other and nnite in the centre of a llower, it is evident that the pistil so formed would contain as many cells as there v.-.-n; carpels, the ceils lieini; separated from each other I.y a, ' mill, and that t\w see(ls would he found arrani^'cd aU-cit tlie centni or avis of th,' pi.stil ; and this is the actual state <>f thini,'s in the Tulip, whose pistil is formed hy the union of three carpels. When the pistil rip<>ns, the douhle walls sepaiatini,' the ?ells split asunder. To thes(i separating,' walls tin- name disxephncnl or partition is <;i\en. 219. The cells an? technically known as h)i-iili. An Dvary with one cell is niiilunihu- : with two, hiln.-xhii- . with several, midtilornlur. JJetween the unilocular and Qiultilocular forms there are all shades of gradation. In some cases, !..s, for example, in .Saxifrage, the carpels »^i f I 1 * )i nit 1 : to Kr.r.MlVIS oK .slIil'fTI lIAf, Mill AW, Fi«. 191 rig. l;>.'. i t .■in- united l..l()vv l.iit s<.p.ir;itfi alK)vc. Soiiu-tiincs, also, fiilso |>,iititi.>iis iirr tnrin.-d juToss Hi.' lo.'iili in (|„. i.Mirs* <.f Krowtli. In (|„. Mj„ts, tor iiistmuc, tlicic an- M lirst l.ut two lociili : ..vriituiilly, Jiow.-vcr, tlicr.' uro four, which .•omplctcly sc|).iriito at th.' time of rijMMiin;,'. •2-20. I5ut it oftf.ii h ipiM'us that thon fh>- /ra/f., at the jun(!tion of the carpels (Ki;,'s. li)2 anti 19,3). It\ SOUK! plants the ovary is one .eljed, and the .seeds arc^ irranyod round a coluiini which ris.-s fr-.m the hottom of the cell (Fiirs. I!)4 and liC). This case is explained l)y the early ohliteration of the partitions, which must at lirst have met in the centre of the cell. Special casiis, Jiow- ever, are found in which no trace of parti- tions has heen ohserved, and these must conse(|uently he explained l.y tho actual '''°'''*^- '''° '^"' upward growth ot the axis into the centre of the ovary. 221, In all ca.ses the line or projection to which the seeds are attached is called the j>larnifa, and tl term placentation lias reference to the manner in which the placentas are arranged. In tin; simple pistil the placentation is manjinnl or mtuml. In the syncarpous Til.'-. 102. 193.-Co!n{«>.,nH r-.„p.,.e!!e,i uvar^ ui MiKi"^ttj; cenUtion?*' '*'^— '^^'^"""^ "' "^"i' of a I'ink, showing free central pla- I IIVf.ruMi: AMI Tllti lluMK. Ill pistil, if (li«Mlis.sc|)iiiiints mi-ct in tin- .rut ic u»' t lie ovary, tlms dividiii-,' it, ii.fo s(|.Mrif.> .•••lis, tli«« i.k.rntatinn is rrulral or ujih ; \i t|i.. ()\;u y is oiu'-.cII.mI hikI Iwars Mi<- Nry cxc'optional pistil is found in plants of tho I'ino Family. Hcr<» tlio ovules, instead of heini; nndoscd in an ovary, are / 1%, '"sually simply attached to ''>^\jDj MI^' r tli(! inner surface .,f an open „. ,,. larpeliary leaf or scale, the scales ro.tnnij,; wliat is known IS a ruw (Fif,'s. 196, 197, and 19S). The plants of this family are iieneo called [iijiunn^wi-nunix, or naked-seodful '-L> t. Nectaries. Tins natno is i^i von to that part of a (lower which ha.^ U«on specially formed for the secretion sf hon.'y. The nectaries ne(>d not, however, ho lookeil upon as separate or independent orjrans. Sometimes they am to he found at the hase of tht; petals, as in Duttei'cup; sometimes at the base of the sta ns, as in the ({rape. W-vy connnonly they are at the iiottom ot Jfiep spurn formed on one or more divisions of (Ik ^M-rianth, as in Viol.'t, many Orchids, and in Columi.ine -'i.'). Phyllome and Trichome. To all leaffonn-, whether ordinary foiia;.,'e- leaves or llio,e special nii.dilici ti^ons wlii.h make- up the tiouer -sepals, petals, stamens Ki'j. in*;. A CDiie. rr_-. l;i,-. Sin-Ir mmIi- siimi i'l.r jiositiori of thi-t.M l''iy. I'.'S.— (lilt; ot' till' will-'. I w(|.,|s iii,ii.i . tl. ■lis oil the iiiiiLT lace ( I»-. Kr.KMKNr-< uC ||;l , ; | |:\, |;,,| ^ <, ^ i4 h; ^ Iff iml Ciil-JM-I , -Mlc !,'fll.-l:il (.lln i>l,illlnn>.. is a|'|ilif;ll.lc. Tin- s. '-'■-'•'». TIk- tf'iifi //•/'•/„,///.. (HI III.' other liiinil, is ;iji|(li(- alilc t.) any Iiair-iiko !H)|i.'tit|a-< on tin- Miit'iuc of t||,. plant j,'oii(>riliy, wlictlitM- <>f ivi.it, .stt-ni, . I.mi. 'IIk- .■.>iiim..n<'st fciiii of tri, lioiri.- is tin; Imir 'I'l, rooi- ll.lirs wllirh i,'..Mcl;lll\ riof lir ( l|.' Slllfiicr ot uili; root, ,iro (if ;l,'ic.U, iliipoi'tali.i- ,is ul.suil.i .1-. 1 Ki,,-!, root lldif .-olisisls of ;i silil^'ic, d.-li,;,!,., . !M«.-|,|<,. ,.,.i| wit' oxtroinciy lliili u;ills. dl h.-r- linirs imiv .n ,,t, of s.-vr ,1 such cells pl;i. I cikI (o ,i„I. Otli.Ts, .i: .. . umv 1m - li oxUMisivtOy, It sometimes I»ap|--iis t.,.it lie tern il cell of a hair- pro.ln.es a i,Miininy iiiee ulii.li comes away with the si;i;lit..st toiiel. j „ tieky surface, of in.uiy common plants aro dii- to tn.- preseiico of such liairs, which am th-n (le.erii.e.l ms -ihtnlnhir. ({nmmy matters a IV also seeri'te.l I. y vAf //./-■ -lo e to the surface of the plant. ' Prltafp hairs are oe, ;,.si..nall v m<'i with, as in the leaves of Sliepher,lia. They ^,iv,. a senify app«-aranee to the surface u|)on wiii( h they j,'f"W. Thi'ii there are liairs which secrete i,.l.,ri;.< tini.is, as, for example, those up<.n tho surfaie of the Sweet Crier- Tliese prohal-ly servo to attract insects. Sti,„i:,oi Iiairs are also cf)mriion. They contain an irritalinu' tlaiil. When tlie point of the hair pierces the ski i it is l.rokeu oil; and the fluid then escapes into -he wound. 2'J7. Besides tho trichome fontis just mentioned, there .■!i'e aiso hn'stl'v, formed from hails hy the -radiial tiii.'k- ciiin^'aiul hardenim,' of their walls, and /•, sueli as Ihose ui Sweet jirier ( Fig. 19"J), wiiich consist of many Tin riMii u: ' ■^. "in'. Ii.iril-w.'illcil wimily < 1 11 ■ i Imni 1\ ]i;iikii| tm^i Hici. 'Ili.ii I'tuklts ill'- icilly till li. inc. i- liduii l>y llir l.ul iii;it wiicii ihc liiiil; i.s stripiM-il 1)11 ti,> y coiiir uuay ;il"ii'4 with il, S/i/i>. -^ uii till' otlliT ll.lli 1 (I'i'^. I'nO), ,iir l.lrnl I'Ut:,')-. ■\\til.-: < I tile .-(I'lll. I iicy :iri', ill faiiili V ' tlh' petiole of a li if i> »'trtivcrlt'il into a .-1)1] , wlu' h ilitii hon'Mic- ■' iiu.' pli\ll.iiii.'. <>vu, - an- „■ ifi-ally rcu'inl.-.t as tiirlitiiiifs since tln-v iii. fi'>iii \\n> iimei -'irtii'i' ot tie eail«'ls. •-'•-". The Fruit fa eninMii; t.. the roiisiileiatinu uf tlie unit, ynii miisl i.ir the iiM'>eni lay asiile any iHipnlar iilc yii I may iiive a' riih/x 1,1 i-iTi^tntl. ^ ir],i,-h. iiuiji in: iiilliirnit I,, il. Til :s drfinjt iiiii \vili. |M! haps, lie III.. re elearly undersl(),,d after a fi \v speci- mens liaM' hei II alleiitivcly ixamilied. 2:.*9. .r an e\ amp!.' i.f i he simi'li-l kii.d.f I'mitlcL FlC <0. rft Fijr. lUy,-r^riL-kIf3 of S\v*tt l^ritT. /i;?. -'JO.-Spinf^!- of tl.L Hftvvt,hOTn. in KLKMRNIH Ol .srUUfritniAL ItOTANy. :^' !■ f m n.^ rcvort to (.ur I'.ulteiciip. As tl.o ciiri.ols ripen, the style; iiiiil sti-ina an; ivhiwd to a m-.v, point. On ciittinj,' npcn on,, of tlicse caip.'ls wlioii fully ripo, wo find il contains u sin-1.3 seed, not rpiite filling the cavity, but iitta.died at oije point to the wall of the latt(!r. What you have to -uard a-ainst, in this instance, is 'le mistake of considering,' tlie entire carpel to hn merely a seed. It is a seed enveloped in an outer covering which we called the ovary in the early stages (,f the flower, but which, now that it is ripe, we shall call the j>rricar/>. This pericarp, witli the seed which it contains, is the fruit. The piincij)al diflerence Jietween the fruit of Marsh Marigold and that of Buttercup is that, in the f<,rmer, the pericarp envelopes .several .seeds, and, when ripe, splits opm down one side. The fruit of Buit.icui) Jc(-'« not thus split open. In the Pea, again, the pericarp encloses several seeds, but splits open along bot/i margin.s. The fruits just mentioned all result from the ripening of apocari^mx pistils, and they are consequently spoken of as apocarpous jndts. 230. In Willow-herb, you will recollect that the calyx- tube adheres to the whole surface of the ovary. Tiie fruit in this case, then, must include the calyx. When the ovary ripens, it splits longituilinally into four pieces (Fig. -11), and, as the pistil was s'jni^arpous, so also is the fruit. 231. In the I'each, Plum, Cherry, and stono-fniits or drnprs generally, the seed is enclosed in a hard shell called a putamen. Outside the puiamen is a thick layer of pulp, and outside this, enclosing the whol(>, is a skin- liko covering. In these fruits all outside the seeds is the pericarp. In one respect these stone-fruits resemble the :S' Tur; iKuiT. 14S fruit of flu- r.iiltr.iitii.: (li,.y ,]., ,„,t ^f,\\i to dischargi' their srcls. All fruits 1 I'lit open iti onlcr laviiif^ this peculiarity arc said to 1.o indehiscent, whilst these ill which ih. pericarp opens, or separat(!s into pieces, aru dehiscent- 232. In the Appl., (Ki-. r.O) ,uul Pear, tlie sce.ls an- t;»ntaiiiea :n five cells in the mi.Mle of the fruit, and these cells are surrounded by a linn fleshy mass, wliich is laainly an enlarj,'enient of the calyx. In fact, the remains of the five calyx-teeth may be readily detected at the end of the apple opjjosite the stem. As in Willow-herb, the calyx is adherent to the ovary, and ther.-f(jre caly.x and ovary together constitute the pericarp. These y^w//////-Mj7,,-. or poMw. as they are sometimes called, are of course iitdehii'cpnf. 233. In the Currant, as in the Apple, you will tin 1 the remains of a calyx at tlie top, so that this fruit, too, is infrriur, but the seeds, instead of being separated from tin; mass of the fruit 1)y tough cartilagiucus cell-walls, as in the Apple, lie imbedded in the soft, juicy iniln. Such a fruit as this is a berry. The (iooscberiy and the (uajie an; other examples. The I'umpkin and otlicr ijuiints are similar in structure to the berry ; but, besides the s(.ft inner pulp, they have also a tirm outer layer and a hard rind. The name lyepo is generally given to fruits of this sort. 234. A Raspberry or Blackberry (Fig. 201) proves, on examination, to be made up of a large number of juicy little drupes, aggregated upon a central axis. It cannot, therefore, be a true berry, but may he called an aii'p. farfr; s.. that this fruit, al.s,,, is ii(,t u true Ixiry. 2."}(1. The fruit of Sweet IJrier (Fi;^'. t.")) consists of a rc.l Ih.sl.y caly.x, liue.rwiih a h(,llo\v reeeptaclc whieh Iniars a iiiimln;r of aeheiies. This fruit is, therelore, luuih.-ous to that of th.; .Strawberry. In the latter the aeheues are on the outer surface of a rais,,f reeeptaele, while in the former they are on the "Hier surfiiee of a hnllnir receptacle. When other parts of the flower are comhine.l with the ovary in fruit, as i„ Apple, Kose, ami Strawberry, the Hisult IS sonetimes described as a r^nuinrarp, or .spuriou.s fruit, 237. The com, of tlm I'ine (Fig. 116) is a fruit which dUrers m a>i important resp,..-t from all those yet mentioned, inasmuch as a is the pro.lu,.|, not of a sin-le Mower, but of as many flowers as there are scales. It niav, therefore 1k> call.Ml a conrrtir.' or muHipl, fruit. The Pine Apple is another instance of the same thing. 238. Of dehiscent fruits there arc some varieties which receive special nan.es. The fruit of the Pea or Bean (Fig. 188), whose pericar]. splits op,.,i along A-.M margins, IS called a hynmn ; that of Marsh >rarig.,l,l (Fig. "25)1 which opens down one side only, is a fuUide. Both of these are apo{;ar|)ous. Kig. 202.— Section of a Stmwikarrv . THB MU;iT. U: 239. Any .. ,i'„,i„,„s fn,i h.vpig a ,lry ,hhUeenl pericarp i.ca!k.i a a^;.«/,, 'u . ■.hi.cenm of sy„carpou^ or polycarpelhuy fn.its is „f . v, ,1 kin-ls. If ll.o rupture takes ,.' -T ,,;,,i,u tlie partitions tlip fruii \\.!l (., ^piit iij. into its original cariK'i. , 'J.is form of (lehlsccuco is sq.frU,x: (Fig. 2();j). But Ww duliisr.; ;...h; may take place along tlin doi.-al stitiiro of each earpol, half- way Letween the partitions, so that the opening is into the loculus ; this I'iff. 203. inoile is known as luculicidoU (Kig. k9 04). Or again, the vn'vi.'s (separate pieces of the pericarp) may fall away, leaving tlio partitions standing ; thi.s dehiscence is se.pH/rwjal (Fig. 20.5). 240. A long and slender capsule having two cells separated hy a membranous partition hearing the seed, and from which, when ripe, Ki;;. 204. the valves fall away on eaidi side, is called a xil!,,nr (Fig. 200). Tf, as in Shepherd's Pur.f/nrc,f pericar,,. Su.:h a fruit is called a car.mpsu or ,,mi„. A 7int is usually syncarpous, with a h .r,|, dry pori.arp. A ,rhi,,rd fniit, such as that of the Maple (Fi^. 208), is called a namara or /i-e//. 242. A fruit which splits up when ripe into several on.'-seeded pieces is called a sr/nzacarj>. The samara of the Maple is a good example ; also the fruit of Catnip, which splits up at maturity into four one-seeded portions, v Fijr.sofi. Xhe fruit of Mallow is another eoinmon ''"'*''• ••2»7- instance. The separate portions in these causes are called mericarps. In some leguminous plants the pod breaks up transvcn^eli/ into one- ^ seeded portions, giving rise to the form called a loment. 243. A special schizocarp is that of Umbelliferous plants (Fig. 209). Here the K-sf. aos. fruit splits into two mericarps, ea,;h attache.!, however, by a iibre to the a.Kis. Such a fruit is called a cninucarp. 244. The Sped. The seed has already been described as the jWHIk ,mth'. During the formation of the carpels, the ovtuos arise as outgroVths from the inner surface of the ovary, mostly, as has been pointed out, upon the /««/v/i«softhecarpeIlary leaves, but occasion- '']^^:^\^'^^'^_^^ri^^^^n^r^^\t first the ovule Fig. 206._SiIicle of Stock. V\7~'>m^V^ir^rx, , Fig. 2as.-8a.nar.. of .Maple. ''" ^^ ^^ "' °' P"""'""^- to ufef::?r*^S;;T '" •■"' '""""""" = "■ '*'^ '»'- '^"--•'■"•S the mericarp Fig. 209. 5* THE SBKU. '40 i'^ .-» .siiii|,J,., soft lua.- tl will I II 11! covcriiiLT s„ iiiaiiifi'st ii "•'11, however, after th.j apj 1 i"> indication whaluvor i.t I'o seods of ail kiiiiis. V,.r-.- H'ar , . •• '"'<■" of tll(! Ilodv of till' -u e, a nn:nl.r n.l,. i. dcvdoped upon i,, a,.,! tl.i. g-lally.xt.n.ls„,wanlsovortl.s,„Wsoastof.,,,,. u coat, winch at length entirely cover, it except at the very apex, whore a n.inute opening,, in left. Verv -nnuonly. l,ut not always, a seconri>nt». (generally, though not always apph.,pl.e..ter)andtho..W,„,,:,,_ DOily IS the mir/fUK. -Mo If the. ovule appears to arise .lirectlv from the placenta wi hout the intervention of a stalk, i\ is .....7,- • but ,f a stalk is present, this is known as the /.«,.,/,; In the accompanying diagram (Fig. 210) which represents a section of the compile ovule, /. is the nucleus ■ ai the Pnnnne; ^, the secundine ; .., the mieropvle /tie funiculus. The point frj where the two d.ats J^ 1, nucleus are l>Ie„ded together is c.lled the .Aa/a:.. Tho -tion of the nucleus marked n. is the cavity ealJd the emhryo-suc, alrea.ly referred to in Chapter 1 1. ji46. It must now he pointed out that though the ovules at the commencement of their growth are straight, as in he diagrani just descri.>ed, yet tliey do not commonlv remain so. Very often the ovule hci.ds over so as to appea^r ompletely inverted, in whieh case the funiculus grow, fast to one side of the primine, l.co„,ingeompletely fused 150 ^:L^;MENr.s ok sthuctural ijotant. f Mil''' ivitli It, anr<;.sonted, as in Fig. 212. m u ^/^/i;\\\ //Tnl))) ";l Fi;-' 210. Fig. 211. If the ov'ile remains .c^traight it is said to be nrfhnfro- ponx; if eoniplctely inverted, anatropou-^ ; if half Ijcnt over, raiDpiildirnitoitx. 247. Pollination. The pn-icss of fertilization, l)y which tlie ovule i.s eonvculed into the seed, ha.s heen brielly descril)ed in Chapter II. A few words may h.- added liere ui)on po//ma/io?i~ihe proees.s of supplying I'ollen to the stigma. In very many flowers which have both stamens and pistil (and hence called //*" ri>:.ra,fit>'), the process is very simpkn Either tlu ant']u .-s an.l stigma are so close together that the pollen cimvl fail to be deposited upon the stigma immediately upon tlu "poning uf the anther, or the stigma is upon a lower level, s.. that tlie2»nllen jrops^pon it, or, in special eases, a.s iii POLLINATION 151 Tuipaticiis III). I Won.l Sorrol, Iwsidos tli.f or.liriaiy lariio ♦lowers, tluTo are sin-eial small ones (known as r/l,sfn;,a- "•y^us flowers) whose floral envelopes <1,) not opiMi, thus "omprllimj self-fertiliaition. But it is well .'staljljsli..,! that in a vast number of cases th(! ovules in any givi .1 nower have to lU -.end for fertilization upon the pollen of some otiier flower. Nature seems to have provideil iiyaiust seif-feitiiizatioii by various contrivances. Some- limes the relative positions of the antli.-rs annty, the conveyance of the pollen from one flower to another is ensured in various wa2-\ When the flowers are inconsjii<:uou.s, as in Grasses, the wind is the great agent, and flowers so tertilivd are said to be ani'inn/i/ii/oiis. In other cases the flowers, either by their brighlne.ss or their odour, attract in.sects in (luest of honey, and the.se tiien become tii.^ carriers of the pollen. Flowers of this sort are said to be >mti,nii>i,l,il,m^, and are usually so construcUfd as to the .-ituation of their honey receptac;les and the relative p isition of anthers and stigma, as to en.-ure the transfer of the pollen from the anther of one flower to its destination upim the stigma of another. The ease of th- Orchids has already been ref(!rred to in .=-ection 92. 348. After ft-rtilization, the embryo, or young plantlet, as exhibiti^.l in the .seed, begins its growth in that encl uf I'j2 FM'MKVTN OF SriSUCTT'tlAr, ItOTANV thoomhrycKs-KMviii.h is next tlip miciopyl,', uikI nlvinf, the siimo tiiii... in tl,,. oth-r (mkI of tlio omhiyo-sac, th.-ro iM'-ins ii .lc.po.sit of matter irit..ii.l..,i»iiti»tts. Rarely this nourishinp material h .l.'posited outsi.l.! the ,.mbryo. wic, in the body of the ovule. It is then known as 249. Tl.o ripened seed presents very different asjwcts in .lifferent ,.!ants. It may be resolved, however, into th,' vnr/euH and the mff',,in,„',/f (the >f'n,>o,h>,-m of som.- botanists). The former is ma.le up of tlie embry.), t.if,'ethcr with the endospeim or perisperm, if pres<.at,' while the latter consists of two layers: an outer, knowii as the ^'.s7a, and an iiuier, the f<',j)t>pn. l\w s.Mr showin- when- the seed has l)eon atta.li.Hl to the placenta is calle,] the hihiin; it is very distinct in the Bean. 2r)0. Besides the integument just mentioned, o.^casionally an additional outer eoiit is formed, to which the term aril is applied. The fleshy red covering of the seed in our ('•round Hemlock is a good example. •2.')1. The seeds of Will.)w-h.Ml), Milkweed, and manv uthor plants ar.^ lurnishc.l witli tufts of hair-Iik.i biistiey liKIIMINATKlN. 15:5 which facilitatt' tlicir ilispursioii by the wind. Thowe tufts glow from the testa of the seed, and are not to lie etinfounded witli the papims ,>i the Thistle, Dandelion, itc.; tlie latter, it will Ui r"iaemhered, is an outgrowth of tho calyx. "2ry2. Tho tinibryo, aa already explained, generally consists of an axis or stem called the rculide (or, more properly, the '•aiilirlc, IxH'ause it is in all respects a triK! Hti'm anil not a root), and one or more leaves called i'itiijU-ilimx, with sometimes, aiso, a hiid known as tho liluiinui: As to tin' numher of cotyli'dous, it may Ik; repeated licie that seeds are, as a rule, either dicotyle- donous or mouocotyli'doMous. Some plants of the Pine Family, hqwever, have six cotyledons, whilst, on the other hand, in the Orchids and a few other plants, these organs are altogether wanting. 2.").1 The cotyledons vary greatly in thickness. In the Maple, for example, they are very thin, while in the .".fa, the liean, and the Oak they are extremely thick and lleshy. 2.')4. Gtermination. If a seed is supplied with pnjper wani;tli and moisture it .soiewhat according to the stiiielure of tho seed, fn 'licotyledons, if the seeddeaves are thin and leaf-like, containing within themselves but scanty store of nourish- ment, the radicle will grow throughout its length so as to raise the cotyledons above the soil, where they at once •■il- i :r)4 Kr-KMIM'H OK HTItl'(,Tl.'HAr. IIUTANY. .••«i expaiid and iMCdnio tlic earliest leaves of the new plant; and during tlii-t upwanl extension of the radiile a root uImo is beinj,' rapidly developed from its lower end. It is iinportjint, also, to notiie hero that th« mode of growtli of t.'ie root portion is at variance with that of the radicle or stem i>ro[H3t, for whih? tlm latter grows f/iriiwjhouf Hx Icmjth, tlu" form, r grows hy tlie ailditionof snecesaivo new portions to its (.rtrnni'tii. (The protection of the growing root hy a root-mj) has already heen referred to.) As soon as the root is jm-pared to ahsorb nourishment from the noil, then, and not till then, the development of the next hit of stein (iommonees between the first pair of leaves. 25.'>. But when the cotyledons tvre loaded with nour- ishment, as in the Bean, it will generally Ihj found that the elements of additional bits of stem (the plunude) are alreiuly present in the «'nd.ryo, and although the radicle may lengthen so as to lift the cotyledons above the surface, yet thest do not, n«s in the thin-leaved eml>ryos, fully perform the otfice of foliage-le.ives ; their true function is to supply tlio new iy develf)ping parts witli noiu ishment, and when this duty is performed they usually drop oft'. In fact, it is not unconnnon for such extreme!/ Heshy cotyledons to remain under the surface altogether, as in the case of the I'ea and the Acorn. In these ca-ses the growth of the radicle is but slicht. The plumule and the end of the radicle are liberated from the seed, and tlie former at once grows vigorously upwainl, Iv^ing Practically indepc dent of the rfM)t as long as the stock v(( nourishment in the cotyledons holds oat. Simultaneously with the development of the stem, the root i* Strongly developed from the end of the short rauicie. (iKUMINAIl-iV. 1W 2nG. In the monocolylfdoiistlie procossof goiiiiiniitkm is imirlj thf> saino as tliiit Just dt'srrilx'd, witli tlie important diUereuce, l'ow«*vi'r, tlmt tlio priiniiry root from *}\pi end of tin- nidide uiiu starri'ly l»e said to devi-Iojx' at all, a dustier of lilti-ous nxjts Imrsting out aimost at once from its sides. Indian Corn answers very well as an illustration. Ifero the se«'d, largely made up of •'iidospenii or allnunen, roinains in the ground. Tin' single cotyledon is wrapjM'd round the plumule and adheres l)y its hack to the endosj)erm, acting thus as a medium through which nourishmfMit is aI»sorl»ed, and of course not l>eing carried up to the surface. The plumule is rapidly carried upward, developing alternate leaves, and the numerous fibrous roots are given oil' from the sides of the short radicle. 257. The young student is strongly recommended to investigate for himself the phenomena of germination as exhibited in common .seeds. For this purjwse he muy place a few Windsor Ikuius and grains of Indian Corn l)etween layers of moist flannel or coarse pajx-r in a shallow dish. If kept damp, ^germination will begin in a day or tw•. /•'iiiiifi -. ..;•»■ s/nri till! .Mil ll|>l|> pillMMll'. ISII. .\liHii|itiuri \i\ lour-, .'. \i ,iiiU'«iiil : iippari'iitl) Hili mil II -It'iM, IS. \«oi<(llu. 71. Aririilur, Ki(f. H.'i. Aiiirii, 71. .\i tiiiiiiniirpliii' tluwci-. _1i;t. Ariiiiiiiiiitr: witli a Iouk i i .i iii^ IHiiiil. .\< nil': xhiirpiHiiiiii"! IT '. .\< yi lii- tl()vvei>. lii Ailhciciit : a tciii; i. .;■:.• ■! |., i ( union of iinllkr > ,i«, , ., , -• iiK'iis with cori I . .«. r. . ■'•:. Ailnatc. .VJ, 'Jll. .VilM'titltioiis: o> fi ■■ i!.; 'M .' ■■' till- lial lll'itl |>o I ,i;: . .\ilvciililioim 7'iK.u, 1 .i. .\il vent it iuus buds, IXI •Vi'iiiil !■• (Its, 13t. -K-tivatioii: the folding oi in lloiat cnvcloin'- in llielnid. -.Mii. •\KiftiKiUod fruits, i^. • Air plants (epiphytes), .S7. Albiiiiun (of the scfdi: solid niiui'isliint; niattor distinct from the embryo. 12. Mil. 117, -.'is. ■Vlbiiniinous seeds, Sii, vjis. Allern.ilo(k'aves). l.W. Aiiinit or Catkin. Kijrs. (is. »ai. Amplexieatil: cJa-piiiK- a -ii'in. irxj j .Amitmim- . fnu aiiplicl n. I oviilt- :■.:,. in\*'rtepllepljed eliietly to weak stem-. IMl»-.\ \Mi i.i.iis-; \|{\ fl A«<'l»rtM,|r ,X1- II,. ,|,.„| ,,f , IliilllT \«. llll.MH .k|>II.|l.T-llll|.<.,l I.., I, \ilii"iil,,:«- wtiiM' ii-, ourirh-il liiHiii^j r'lmmli'it loltc-i III li. Iiiix': i(|>t>lin| iii()- to |(ii\ •■«. A «l -U..(M-,|. t.-\,,_ 117 A« ri .1 I.I i.|l,., -lie I, I,, j, f,,iit,(| iiiillici;li,ui(-(iif iii.iii> (iiii— . -, H.n li< ii.r ■■xaniiilc. |ii«. AMi.f \\ili' : i-.-latii«|f III the iixi.. m, \\ill,ii' i.ii»c.i||iijf f|,,|,, .,, it\ii. 11. i:«. Axilluij l)iMl-i, i;i«. A tlllin\ flow. I,. \it\, \\l- : 'III -lii.i iinti ,„,,| |;|| SiW'riili- : like a Ih 1 1 \ . iwi>i'> iif li'iix !■,. 17!). l««-(«r(l«-il : riiniUlii'il uitli Uaii iikr Ihc pilul .il ...Mil- \ iiili'iN U«-ll -!i.i|i,.|l.Llw. Hcii> . -'.K. Hii-iiiiiiil: a i.laiii which j.'i<)»~ liiMii -I'lil ih nil.' M/iiMiii, |„|| |i|.mIii,,.s Its ,,.,.,1- ,M\,\ ,li,.> ,,, III.- li)ll..\vjiiK ,(-,„iii. l.!;t. l.'oi. Hii»i|jol,i||.: ha\ iiiK I -Ml li.tljil-. itiliibialf: I wo li|i|n-.|. |. ,«■. |sii. I(ii..iiilar. -.'lil. It;- . rit. HiiMiiiiatllld iwj.i. , ,iii;,| Hl.iili' : thf hniail |iai i i.i ,t leal' Hi |i.-tal, 1. i;.. Holivii-,-, 11.!. Mil! voxf iiitloii'-.! niiT, 1^1. 1n!i. I!ia.!>. 19. II. nil. HiMiicaU-: ^iilii.iicliil In :, Ilia. I. Jtr.i.-I l.-i s: „coii.lai\ hra.l- Kill" MIK oil piilii'. U. I'll. Mian, hcs, X Hf. 1 1|. Hianrliliitr. .M.Ml.-H ol' III Hii-t I'-. ■-'.': iiiiil: an iinili\ i|ii|ii.,| .,|,.,,| ,,, !iliilli :h, I.i; liii.l- on iiMil-, l.ll. j.ci. M'uli. N.', !l|. I ,-J. UiiHiiffiiiii- ; I t...|u. iiik' liiitli, llilIM N. I.V.. IIm|I..iii.: lil^i a hull, i,, .||,i|.... ( ailia llll^-. •.'at;. " al^ \. 1. I.I. JijV " •il\ \ I. .III. •JIKi, ' al) >( lull. . Jini. i •'aiiipaiiiil,.li . .HW. \ < •lll|i.\liillo|ii.;i.. .'|(i. ' ..;pill.il.\ : lin.'an.l hail iikr. ' .M'ilnliiiii: -.iiiii' ii, /,,,„/ (,., • ili'llli-. L'i.ri. I ..rllia or ki, I: . |„. lu ,, , ,,h|.,,.,„ I'I't lis III III. ||,,,,| ,,| , ||,|„, , j ol I 111' I'la kiiiil. |. in .k; j •■ai-|Ml, 7. < .>i|M llarv. iflaiiiiu: i a . i>!»..|. • !/.. unit /Htldrii lini .\, < aitil.n.'iiii.n- : loiijfh. I 11 Vii|i-i,, llr.', Jii , < arkin. 71. 71. Ii'l. |S!i. j (•.iiihM.iii : VI j, I, „,, ,., j,|,,,|, -!flll. < anli.!..; iihollni- naii.r !,.■ ||,,- la.ll. !.•, 7!l, .'..J. <>iiliii.-: filaiiim |o ihi. !..„, I .u-.oiiiiil oi( 'oi iposjicilowci-, CoiiipoiiiHl Iraf. CJ, lli7. < imip I pi^lil, JI.'i. ('oiiipoiiiiil spike, coiMiili. .V, .. IS!». ('oiiiliipliralc vcMialioii. Iiili. <'oiic. \>\,T.a. (oliiial. IXt. ( oiiircioiis : buariiit; cniui^. ('oiiiijiic: j;i-i)wii loKillii I. ('oiiiialc-prrlolialc. Kit;. Km. (diiiu'c livo, («.">. 'Jll. Coiivoliilr: rollrd in waul from one •■(Ih'c. ;W, ss, kmj. jiii. Conlati'. IT.j. Coihi. !t|. I.-.I. <'oi(illii. .'). l;i. I"p. -.IIT. Coiviiili, IX!». I 111 \ iiiliosc: likra i-oiyiiil). Cut;, lc(lnn~. TS, 117. •<:fi. I iri'piiiK. Il!l. < icilioi al p. -.'I.;. I in— rcilili/.alioii. '.'IT. <'l IK ifoiiii : cross sliapi'il, ,is Ihc llowcis of Shcpliciir, I'ui-v,.. fiiliii, liCi, I.Vi. • iMiralc : wcdtcr sh.ipcd. < iispidati-. Ki;r. Mil. <■), jr. i:.n. Cjilii- tliiWi'i-, |;i;i. t 'miic. 1111. < > iiiosc : like a 1) inc. Il.'i. |s;,. llccaiiilioii, : w iili icii scparalc slaiiiciis. i)cciiliioii~. .1, jiiCi. llccoiiipoiiiKl : applied in leaves «lio~i' liliidcs arc dividi'd and sill) divided. ltd iiinhciit : apiilicd to st(!iiis wliich li I the (rroiiiid liiit turn iiiiward at llie cxtieiiiily. Mccuirent. Fit^. lH(i. Itcciissate : aiiplicil to tl'.e ar- raiij;eiiient of leaves, wlieii sue- cessivc pairs of nppoNit<- leaves are at i IkIiI aiijflcs. as in I lie plant" of the .Mint Kaniil.v. l.VS. Ketliiilc inlloiesceiicc. 1^7. ]!ll. Metlcxed : lieiit down. Ilehisicnee of anthers, KIl's. Is,"i l>«i. is:. Iiiiiisci III, ■.';ii. Deliiiiiesi lilt : applieil to ^lenis which dissolve iiiln liianclic-. lultoid, KiR. Uri. Dentate, I7S. l)cpaii|icratc: iinii.il iirallvstnall. Itepresscd : (lattt I down. DesceiKliiiK axis : the riclioRaiiioii~. :il7. Dii'hotoinoiis liraiiehiiif;. Il.'i. Hicot yledonoiis. 7S. Iheot.vledons. ,M||. hidynainiMi" i-lainei.si. -.".i. (I'l, JU. I'iKitalc. 1IW. Diiiieroiis llowcr^. IlKi. Itiiecioiis, 71. IMsk: in Mowers nf ihc (oinpo- sili' Kaiiiil,\. tia ceiilrc of t he head a- di-tiiit;iii~hcd Iroiii Ihc hordcr. (iJ: a Meshy cidaiirc lliciit of the I'cceplacic of a (lower. .'kS. 7."i. I'.fi. Dissccied : lliiely ciil. IMsscpiincnt. '.'!■<. IM>i;.\ ANK <;|.(>SNV|(\ mo IM^tiiicI : hoi c iilii'i'i'itl I -If ( II lllTIMll 1. !M\ iinciil : -I'liiHMl iiiu 1111111 1)111 iiliolhi'i . Miiili'iMiiiliiiii- : wiih IJi|i~iiii. ■ ~i:iiiiiii>. Iliii>:il Mil iiir. JI7. hlllllllf lliiwti-: all lll;ll lliiw I r-> ill V '. ii h ~|iiiii<'ii~ Miiil 1 ill- |lrl> liiiM- |m r,i liMli^riilllli'll ililii pi'liiU. I>iiwiiy : riiMTril wilh -nfl liair-. Drill"', "'l. -'1. I>ni|ii-li't : 1 lilllr ih M|n\ Klli|i| ii'iil : -iiiiir .1 - ii\ ,il. ^ it;. I Iti. Kiiiiiiuitiiili-. I,:. Kiiilirvii. I:.' 7s, 117. Kiiiliijii -ill . Hi. -.'I.i. Kiiiii -cij : r.ii~ii| mImi\ i- llir ~iii I'iiii; III WiiuT. Kii(liMiii|): ■■ Wlifii ijii- wal o(;i IMiii-Mi |i fiiiiii t « II III- nil,, !• liiy I'l-s of ili~^iiiiiliir li-x'iii-f. tlu' oiitiT In J IT i> lullcil I III' Kpi- riir/i. I lie iiiiiiiilc iiii|. Mi .■;iM-or/>. illlll (III' illlH rillO>t J-:!!!!!)!'!!!-//." drill/. Kinliir"-ii, I III. Ijiilouiiiiiiiv iriiiwlli. li:i. Kinli)-.|iiiiii. -Jlv. l'jiiiiMiii|iiiii>. : \\ il li iiiiii'i|i-i iiii'i ■■liiiiii'ii-. 1-iiil ill-, I7'<. I'iiiliiiiiiipliiliiil~, 71, 7.1, s."<. _'I7. K|ilii'liK'|-al : hi^l in;; iiiir ihi\ tml.v . K|iiifil.\ \, Xi. .Vl. Kpii-iirii: .-ii'i' Kiiiloiiiip, '••pit.' .villi II s : iiiM'ilcil nil 1 1||. iivMi-,v. .ks, mi, -ji:!. -.'Hi. Kpipi-!:iliill- : ill-cl-lill III, till- nil 111!. I, (il. Ui. -.'1:1. I-!pipli,vli's. i:i,'i. Ki|iiiliiiii (li-aM-~i. H.*. I.i7. K>M-iil liil iiiil 111 iii.iiii -U-iii- wliirh ail- liNlin.l .inil \v,.|| iii:ii-KmI Ici ilii- inp ,,, ill 111, I'illl' illlll III . I III- ll'\ I'l M- of ili'li(|M<'.ii-iil. Kmiuiii, SI. K\in;riiiiii> liimv 1 1 . s|, K\-iiliil : piiili iiijiii^. -Jl I. l!\-ii|iillali'. |s|. KMiiir, |-j:t, Kxlini-i-. Jll, l-'aUi- ilirlioliiiii.\ . lln, l-a-i-i(-|r : a iln-r liiniiHr. iiihrr of lra\ r^ iii llowci--.. I'"a-rii|l'il 11-111 lU), IXI; ili.u ,~\. |(i|. h i-allii-i- X liiiril : ^.iiiu- a.^ pin ii.itrl.\ \ I'iiicil, HW. I'll I ill- Minvi I-. ti>. l-i-itili/atiiiii. 17. l-'iliiiiii-: lliirail jil.i . J, is. _'_'. h'ili.iMiiil, (i, •Jll. hilifiu-tii, l\'t. Kiiiiliriali- : fi iiinril. I'li^h.v fiiiit-, j:f.'. Klfira : a ili-M-Hpl inn of ilii> plaiil^ of a ili^li-iit : a i-olliiliM. nainc for I lie wliiilc of I lir ,|iiM-ii« of a ili-lrir!. l-'liii-.il ili.i(.'iaiii. I'.C. KIni.il inv I'liip).-.. 1 1. L'M7. Klnl ,il Till llilli.i. |!IK. I'liii al ~\ tiinnli ,\ . I'l i. l-'|iiirl.(il. l-'liuMi- : t III- ji.irl 111' a plj •.. uaiiioii- plant in wliiili i In ->.i nil ii>aiiil pisiil an- >itii iii il l-'lii\V( I liiail. till. l-"|ii\Mi lca\ !•». 11. l-iiliai-ciiii» : liki a li-.if ill .ijipi ai anil'. KoliaKi- li-.ivi- . 11 I iii. Kolailali' : li.i\ iii^^ Irallil-. Kollii-li-. -.'.►s. I nut. 111. l-'ni-ki i| 1 \ nil', 1 1.:. Kill-, .1, 7. II. Ki-t'i' mil lal plari-iilat inn, .'-.'1. KiniL-.-.'S. Kiiu'.i' inn- : l.illin^' .i\\.i,\ i-.nii I' niiii-nlii , '.'1.1. IfiO INDKX ANIt .s.\l;\ N^'i !* Kiiiiricl >liii|Hil. KJK. ITn. I'liii .iti' : I'oiUi (I. l-'ii-ifiiiiii : >iitiii' ji^ ~|ii fill Ir -iKipcil, I.Ct. O.ilcji : jiii iinliinu' |)ct.il oi-scpiil il-i llH' I wo l||l|l<'l' lllll-^ ill ( ;|| nip. h JK. ."ill. lillllllipctillllll-., -.iiT. . s|. (illlllO^I'PillDII-, .'II. ■JIP."). •■iiilnyii. • Jcniiinati ri'. J.'il. (iililiiiiis: .suollcM on one -id... < iLiliiiiii- : JJ, Isj. • il.Mliali': swdiilshiipcil. (i|jiiHl>: iippliiil ir.ii.t,illvt()ii.|| oi h.iiis on tin- siiirrucs ol pliiiils ill wliicli i'i'siiioii4oi' oil> Miiilli'is aic Nc.i-..|<.i| : 1,111 III,, tfiiii is also ii><.(l to (IcM i-jhc ill,) pio.jcilioii. I he Use of « hi, 1, IS iiol i-lfar. ■J-.l). •iliiiKliilar: liiariiiK KlaniK. •.►.'li. •llilllCOIls. is-J. (ilnliosc: like a k1<'I>i' nr s|ilui-,'. iioMiiiiii. i!»ii, JI.-,, 'M'lliiiMl .' a ti Mil iipplii.l lo 111 nmoii most favoialil,' i,, n,, (JloWtl wh 1,1 a I'liiiil : till' plai i:r«' It Kiows nut Ilia lly 1 1,1 lis. '.'Ji. Maiiy. I. Ilalluiil shaped, Klj.'. I ,|. Iliilf-iiiferior, 111, L'lii. H.ilf siipeiioi, I!), Hastate, Kijf. l.'il, I lend, I.Sii. Heart -hapnl. 17,. ; Helieoiil •■\, me. I II Hemiiyelie llou, Is, III,,, Heplaiidioiis ; with seMii di, tiiKi stamens. Herb, I IK, Meiliaeeoiis, :}, H<), fw, 1|H. Heiiiiaphn«li|e, -.'I", i Helei'oiiieioiis Ihiwers. liKi. Hexiindioiis: with six distinct, stjiiiieiis, Hiliim.-.'l!!. Hirsute: roiiKh ailh hairs. Hispid: eoxered " It h st iir haiiv. Hoar,\ : deiisel.v i o\ end with lino (fiayish hairs. Hoitiis sii-iiis .1 l,oiaiii-l - lol It'etioii of dri< ,1 pi. I Ills. H,vhiids: phiiits result iiiir ii„i,i the i-rossiii^ o! iieai|\ r, |,,io(l speeies. H,\ pojjynoiis, ■_'), ;.'ii, j|,{, Iniliiieate: m ertapi iiijf |i|<, the sliiiiKlcs on a lo.ii Jill. liMineised : wliollx under \\ atei'. Iinperfeel, tix. Included. -.Ml. Iiieninplete. Ill liuiirxed (pei,i|., l-'i^. ■,-j_ Inili'tinite. '.'<>. JIJ, liidellnite inlloies liidel liidet Iiiiliue simie. isi;, \ni^ ilseent. JM, frmiii.u ini!,,i,,s,.,.|„.,,, i^.^,;^ lions : n.-iiniajly urnuiiiK III a eoiintiy liifei ior: nnd<>ri,ea!li ; farthest II' eal,\ X ai from th ffiior wlun tin to it thniny-lioiii : |||, inferioi whin ov.nj , l.'i. III, .")■.', 11- o\ ary is ii il.\ X adheii il le eal\ X is ■ from I he .'Iti. hilloreseeiiee, 7.'i. IS,i. Innate, JIl, Inserted: attnehed to. Insertio'i: the point oi m, inner of atla,h Int lilt lllelll, M, Jlj I'KilIiii'lit, L'J!», eriiiHl 1. ;\i>KX WD l.|,(».s,s \|;v. id I Tiitiii ii|i!i(llv liiiiii.ilr, hiy. |(i^. Ililiiif. IfX liili-oj>.c. -Jll. Iiivnliii I'l, |!»|. Iiivolii. H-. ;i., CI 71 7_. |.,| liivoliilf: lollcl ill w, II, I fioiii both iMltfc, Kit;. Irrt'jf'ihii-, :«>. 2r,,.,.l|, M,. ( ),|„n,|,|,\l| l.«;iflfiiMiin.iii-: pi.i.|ii,ni-ni r..|,,i iiiif III Ic^riiiiii- l.iKiiriMi- : HiM)i|\ . I.imilatf, (ii'. Lim. l.iKiilc: a ~ii„|, ^|,i,|„.,| ,.„|.,,|i., . IN (.ni.-.>.->. a v,„l,..|ik.- |ii-„i,.,- lOll Ill'tWll'll III,. l,l,„|,.s ,if „ , leal ami tin- .-liuatli, lo.i. I.iliili. -.ii;. I.iiaar, hi^f. l\r,. \ l-"l><'. I, I(i7. I l-oiiiliiiilal (ili'lii>iiiiir)- .,,,|jt. liiijr iiiiil\va.\ lu.l«irii llir i.ai I It ions. •.'.«). ' I l.iiciiliis. 'JlH. I.ixliiiilc. KK. Loiiiciit: ii.jiiiiitid U(.iiiim . I'lJ. I'M. Ill': liliiiialiK IoIh-,1. vmiIi I !"■ Iil-iiiitial lull.' iiiiii li lair,., Iliaii the iillii'i ... , Mati(s,.,.|i| : vvilhciiiiu |i<-i-i.|. (•III. Margin of l|.a\ !•». I7s. .Maixiiial: i.laliii;; t,, | |ir iiiai »:iii. •-'■-'I. Mivliaii iilaiii'. I!i7. .Mciiihiaiioiis: thill, liki ., iiin,, tilaiic. Mrrji aiii, JJ-J. .Mi'so.-iii|.: >.|. KiiiliMniii. .Mli-iop.vlr. IH. JII. Mill til,. Kix. .Mi\((l iiillor<-.(.<.|i(i.. |:r.'. .M<)iiaili.||ihiiii». :r,. Ill, -.'i-j. .Mi'iiaii(lii(ii~ : Willi a ,iiiir|,. ^,., tiii'ii. •^I'li arpi'llaiv. Jl.".. •Miiiioclilaiiiyiliiiii-: nj||, „„|j M- Mill riuloxil^ IN an luai \ . r.'7 .Va|iifi,riii, rc;. .\ii'iil-ali;'.ii .iiIioiliiii.il f|.,„„ othir <-oi!.,lji,.-. lull ffi„wi,,.. >l>oiitaiK.oii>|\ fiiiiii ,,.,.,1 NKtaiy: that in vvlii.l, iR.,t,,i i, -•■lll-tl'il. ,\S. L*-.'!- Vfcillr-haiU'il. l£> N't V liiicil. I. 18. Nfiilial Hi.Hir- : 1 1|„„. ha\iiiK iK'ithii- -laiiii'ii., nor |iivlil. i n h; iNllKV .»M» f.l.ONMAKV NfMldiim: hiiimiiiir with I lir t(i|i flow iix\,if(l, liUi Ihc lliiwci ill l-'iu. >•.'. \.hI.'. I. \lillll.ll: icylll^il ; ilic(irilili>; Id rule. N'llcleii- (or ,111 (U nil). It;, -.'I I. Jl'.t. Nut, -'11. Viitlfl : M >iiiall mil ni- imlliki' IhmIv, (u. • •Ill (iiclalc. 17,1. • •Miiiiiiiiiiilf. 171. iili-. nil <'||ImI. niililriiil ion (111' |i,irliliiiii>i. ■^^>. ' IlilnllH. I'ij,'. I Hi. «'1m>>:i1c, 171. < Mi^iiltlc. JlHi. • 11)1 iisi'. 177. Ocliix'ii: M tiilir foinifd 1>.\ ilir union of liolli uiltfo of a |>aii- of . < >. I.'. <)il(l-|iinnati'. Imi. •MfsiM : a -^lloil. |iio>tia1c )i|-.iiii li. iDotinir al t\\v fiul. < l|)|io>-ilc. l.W. < hliiiiilar. Kitr. 1 Hi. < li>raii> : till' part -or nil III I ni> 111' a iiviii^r ImhIv. Organs of I'l'iiroilucl ion : llu' pall of Ilir lliiwi'i'. l>r>raii-of Vi'tftiatioii: root. -.tcin. .111(1 leave-. tililho-tieliii-. Hill. ' Irlliolropou- : appliecl ioo\iile- wlieii -tuiulit, Ml I lial llie ini- <-|ii|i\le i- a- far a- |io— ililu from tlie point of ntlaeliuienl. ■.'Mi. I Hit line of leave'-. 171. <)\al, l"l«. nil. < t\ ary, 7. i'l, ••vale. Fi«, IIS. "v oiil : i't;K -liapeil. < l\ ule. 7. 111. I 'a la I e, JlfX I'alel. |li|. Palmate. \n\ I'alniatel.v lolieil. I7li. Calm. It Hill, I7: ii eirele of liri.-.lles or Imirs represent ill).' the liinh of llu'eiilvv III Mov. er-of llieCom po.-ii|c K.iiiiil.x , ly. Parallel veined: -ame.i-slraiwlll veined. .S.'!. Parasites. l.Ti, |.i»!. Parietal: on tlie walls, •.►.'I. Parted: almo-l eoniplelely enl lliroiitfli. Peeliiiale: pinualiMd «illi 'obe-. like the leeth of a eonib. Pedate, Kij;. I'iil. Pidieel. -JS, .iS. Ped.liiele. a. -JM. Peltate, lai. H... Pentainerous llower-. llHI. Penlaiidroiis: with five distinet slalllelis. Pepo. -.'.a Perennial : a plant wliieli eon I iinie- to mow year ,ifler \ear. I.if!. Perfect: liavinu liolh stam:'ii- anil pistil. Perfoliate. I7!t. Peiiaiitli, Hl.tm. Pericarp, ±i!l. PcriKynoii-. (II. \s. Ji;). -.'ii;. Pcrispei in, -JIS. I'ersistent. SI, ■-IKi. Pcisdiialc, •.IKI. Pel.il, ,"). ■.117. Petiolalc : liaviiijf petioles. Petiole, I. Plianero)riimiiiis en- I'lnenoKa- IIIOMs, 1-.>!I. Pliyllomc. J".'.'!. Pli.N liotaxi-. I.Vs. Pilo-e: lia\in>; lon^,', -oft Imii-. :^jik-'ib»'<«.b~ '■'aidE. 'VtfV." INOKX AM> f.l.itssAUV. icr? r*inim: ii iiriiiiiuy (livi.-inn oi n I)innatcly-. I'lillcii.ti, 16. I'olU'iiiiiasses. iCJ. I'olliiitiibo, 1«. I'ollliiatioii. IJI. '217. I'ollinia: pollen iiiasso. Kin. '■•:!. I'olyadelplioiis, 40, ii.'. rolyandrons: with nninffou-di-- tini-l ■.tanii'ii". ti, 21. riil.Nc.iiprllaiy. 21,'). l'ol>>:i«ini)Us: having |HTfril ,1- WL'Il as iinpcifuct tlowcis. I'olytrnino ilioM-ions. 7"). l'ol,\ pctaloiis : ha\inir separate piliN. ,5, 2IP7. Pii'yi'liylloiis, HI. I'olysepalons : liaviri); separate sepals, .\ -.ILi, I'oine, Xi, 2.(2. I'osterior: next the axis, 1!I7. I'lietloration, si'e .Kslivation. I'lii'fullatioii : llie disposition of lea Ms in the hiid, IWi. IViekles. -227, I'riniary i-oots. I.i2. I 'limine, 211. I'loeutn be n I Ki'ound. I'lostiate. lilt. I'-eudoeai p. 2:it!. I'lilx'seent : eo\ eied lIllH II. lyiiiK on ilie Willi till liiiKlate: lia\ ini; tian-pHient dots, like flic leaves of st. .lolin's Wort. I'litaiiien. it. SM. I'yxis, 2KI. Uniiiiiiiefuliolati ■ iniiiiieh leatiel.s. INO. liavinjf live UrtCfliic, 1M», Uaeeniose: like a laeeine. Il.'l. Radiate, l*iH. Hadleal : pertaining; to lliu riH»l. I. i:t, IS. m. Hadieal leaves, 1, 2s. Kadiele. 7H, 117, 132. Zti. Kainillealion. Ill, Haiihe. 2l', '1, 2iP.'i. ■2n7. Keniforin. Hk. 1.t*>. Itetiise: slitfhtlj iiolelinl at Uio iipex. Hevolille: tolled baek. IW. Kliizonie. I il. Kiiitcent, 2l)!». Koot, 2, l.J, l.il. Koot-cap, i:tl. Itool-liairs, |:tl, jeii. Koot let. 2. Koot stock, SH, |,,|. Kotate. 2ilh. Kiiiliinentary : iniixsrfcctly do- \elo|ied, KiiKose: wrinkled. KllIKinale: Willi leelli poiiitillK baek«.ii(ls, (IS in the loaf of the Ilandelion, 17(1, Kiinner, V.U. Sajrittate. 2S. 17.'>. .'"ah e'l- s||;ipei|, Kitr. 17!i. f'atliara, Figs. 7(1. Jii^ ■MIK-il V f A VadEM lAjf Tiir-i"'n^T'finiiinTt^Trr^w*irT r rmr Ifit l\r>K.\ AM) (;|,l(SSAl!V. SiipropliyUvs, l,V>, i.')(i. SnrciMiU'ii ; I lie (li-li of ;i clrn|)«.'. Si'iddiius : riiiiKli. S,iiU.s, 71. IJI, i:C. I!M Sciindciil : rliiiihiiii^ S«H|X', l», «i. ss. S<-HI-. HS. Si'hiziwiiip, 'jrj. Sciim : ;i yoiiiij; Khoot, s< iii'piiiiil fjinr. It). Sccciiidiiry riMils, \M. Scciinditu', 'JH. Scfil. VZ. 214. Sccd-hMives, 7S. Seed Vfrincl, see Ovary, S»!lfkrtili»iti()ii. ««. ' ■•^cpiil, .■>, 'Jtl-i. Sfpiii idiilidchiM'ciU't'): split lint; o|KMi aloriK tlu! piirtitioiis, 'Jlfit. Sept if rami 1. i«t. Septum : ii partiliiHi. Semite, ITS. Sessile, I. JH. •Jll. Setticeoiis : like ii brislle. Shentli ; a tube sumiiiiidiiit; '> stem. |ia Sheall)iiiK: surKiiiiKiiiii; 1>I^<' <' slieatli. Shlel(l-sha|H'd, see Peltate, Shi<. Soliliii-y. l.s^. Spadix. !17, !»<, IS!i. Spathe. 'l.MtS, l!M. Spathulale. 171. Speniiodeiiii. 2(!t. S|iike, 1(1*1, l«l. Spikolel, a seeoiidary spike, lOfi. Spiiidlesha|)ed. im. SpiiH', 227. Spur. ".M, 2I)!». Stamen, «, l.t. 211. Stjtmjiiale iliowiii: liii\lMt; no pistil, hill only -lament. liK. 7i'. .Slaininnde. 211. Staiidai'il : tlieliiiuMl iiiper pilal of a |iapiliiinai'e(Mi> rnrolla. Stem.:', l.t. i:i7. .stemleKH, is. Sterile (Howerc lia\ iiiK no pistil, tw Stifcina. 7. Sti(;malie : bearing; the stigma. ^tineiiiK bail's, 2211. Stipulate : having stipule^. Stipule, ;t:j, ISl. .stolon: a sborl luaiiib vvliieli droops to the trroimd and takes root. 1 1!». .St ; llesli\. Sucker: an uiiilii'^ronnd luaneh. at leiiKlli emei'KiiiK and form iiiK a stem. Siiiieiior, 7, (I. ».>, 1!), 21K. Su|ipie-sion : al). |m2. .Sus|K!iided : Iiiiiik trr)ni above. Suture, 217. Symmetrical. 17, 2iil. SymiMxlial. Hi 1 l.i. SyncartMiiis. ;iii. 21."), 2:10. SyntfeiiesKMi,. H<), m. 212. Tap rix)t,,t2. I*.', Teelhlof calyx), :M. Teamen, 24!t. Tendril, 1.tO. Terete : eylindri'-al. Teriiiinal: at the end of a stem orbmnch, H. 1-22. IM. IS". Teriiatc : in I liiie-. INDKX ANr< r;|,o,ss.\|{V. I or, Tislii. -.'l!!. 'rciiiui\ iiiiiiiiiii^, jii. ji I. 'rcirniiicnius (low CI-, I!*;. I'lliiiiKlriiii- : tiininn foiii- ili- I iiii't stMliirri^. '11 1'l III mi Dull II I- : liii\ inu- iIm- -.ui MII'll- illM'lIld III! I III III I'll lii.lf. 'I'liiil.iiiiii-: till- III i|ilai|i-, 'I'liii ■il-lmi«'il. -II I'ilifoiiM. 'I'lllliill (of cuIn m. jinp. riimii, .-!■.■ S|i|iii-. ■rii.\ I -c. lit' 'riiiiii'iilii-i' : wiiiiIIn. 'I'oothfd, sec Iti'hlitti', ll.'. TfinN : siiiiif lis riiTpiiii i,.. -.'k;. 'i'l'iiilitiK. Il!i. I loe, lis. 'I'l iii(|('||i|i(iiis, Jii. •Jl-.'. Tiiaiiili'iiiis: liavint; llnii' ili- liiiil -tiiiiii'ii-. ■rrirlioiiics. i:t|. •_'•.'<;. 'I'liiiiiiiiil : lii-liiiK lliiif M ai-. 'riifoliolalc: lia\iii(,' ilmi' ],-^,{ III-, IMI. I I iiiiiTim- IIiiHii-, I!*;, 'riiliirali', 177, 'rniiik : tlir liialii -liin. Tiiiii-. :u. \:\ 'rilhrr. I'll. 'riibL-iiiii- : liki- ii I iiliri. Tiilmlar, 'Jlw. 'rii'iicatnl, !i-J. 'I'wiiiiiijf. I.Vi. Twii lipiH'il, sec l.aliiiilc. 'lyiHs. •.':. liiiliil, .iS, IMI. riiilH-lli'l : a -niiiiilai .\ iiiiiImI. I'liUilii'itlali-; tiii\ ill); a i law. I'liiliirillai', Jl'l. \'al\ III': filtfi- 111 iilt'i . Iiiii Mill in rl'la|i|ilii).'. 'W. '.'III. Vahr, III. Val\ 111 : ha\ iiii; \ al\ i - Vi'iii-: i)ii' liiii'i' )iii|, 1,1 111,. fliiliii-VMiik III' ,1 li al. Vriial iiiii. Iti-. Villi lal -111 nil', ■_'I7. Vriiialiiiii. -aiiir a- I 'i alolialjuii, lOi. Vii-alili', 111-.', Jll. Viillcal IraM-, >s, l.,7. Viiliiillal. , l>i. N'liliiilla-liT. V.\X Villii-c. [Kl \\av>: Willi alliTiialr roiimlfil liiilliiw- ,iiiil iiiiiji Ml iiiii-. 17s. Wiiltc -hajMil : liUia wiil^r. I In.' Iiiiiiul pail lii'ihi; llii- ajii A. Wlifi'l -liajM'il, -IT l.'iilali W'Ikii! : a liiilr of I Ini-r nr iiinii' liavfs al llii' -aiiir iiiHlc,i'i, |_1(, WiiiK, 7.1, IJI, Jll. W'iMHIv -IllH-, 1 1»'. X.>Kiiiiiiii |.|iii lluwci-, Jtl. ^l\ TUK C'OMMOXLV 0('(TRRIX(; ilowkkim; i»i.ants oi- v\<\\(\i HDWAKI) ISLAM) FOK TIIK rsK i>|- l!i:r. IWKKS JOHN MacSWATX rNslKIl lOK OK DKAWIM. ASM SAM UAI. IIISIHKN IN |HK II I V sriliHII.S, I IIAKl.OI I I.U>\VN \^l I m pRrr-ACE rm, rat,.!.,-,.,. .W,N| i„ t|„, «,.,k «;,s .•..„.|.il.-.l fn„„ fl,. '•|-i«l of IV.M.f i:.l«anl M.in.l I'lahts l,v .1. \l;„ Sv, mm ;n..| T H.li.., |MlMis|„.,| l.v fho Xaluinl Ilisl.M, Sm.Hv n| |' K.l«,.i.| Islan,l. .I.,U IS'll •; a.i.l (,.„„ hit... I„l< |... ,«.n.,| \., at.w v»l...ar.«.l| kii..w., us h<.tai,„t,, w 1... ,„||, .-t. .1 ,,lai,|. »>'«l r.lH.iU-■" •^■""'"«" '" '•"• l«"t.iny ot rl.r NortlR.n I'mt.-.i Slar.-Ntaki..>r,.,|K.,.j,.,|, ..,,,. ,),,„ il„.i,o,n.iMlaturi-ofUier.-viM-.l idiHon ot that |H)piilai aii.l Mamlard Work -hoiiM 1,,. ^nv.-ii m this. I havir also, n, Miniiirou, ruxw. avail. .l..i,l,( ..,,,„, ,,f oiiiis,i.,„ an.l iM.rha|.s oth.-r iin|K.rl.-.t.ons, lor wlo.h iii.tytl..weiiii{;i.lant,«ithth.-.A.-,pti„nsstat.H|. at.- iiHlu.lf.1 h.r... miU.ssa f.^w « hi.-h ar.- .-xtr.Mii.'lv rar.- an.l I.H-al. It is ,„,„ snl.i,Mile.| uith tlu- h..|H- that it will ,-on.lin... to a ^'ivat.r inl,.|..s| ,n Botany, ai.l in a inoi.' .......al kno« 1.'.IK*' "f our plants an.l pr.miol.. ih.. st.i.K .,f this valnal.l,. l'i;iiii-h in oiii s. h.ioU. •loiiN M \( S\\ \i\ fh •'<. «i!SMK3?-«^sri««^r MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ >1PPLIED \MA\3E '653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax CONTENTS. Abhrcviiitions of the Xmiies of BoUinists .-» Key to the Orders. . . . / g Flora: — I 'haneroirams or Flowering TMiintN 15 Kxogens or Dicotyledons 15 Aniriospernis jg Poiyjietiilous l)i\ision 15 (iiiinopetalous " 39 Apetalous " . . (54 (Tyiniios[)eriiuv 73 Moiioeotyledonoiis or KiidogenouH I'luiits 7") C;ry[>togamous or Floweiless Pluiits H4 ( i lossjiry j^jj Index ,,- #f. ABBREVIATIONS OF THK NAMES OF BOTANISTS. (Jilid iiM millioritiis in /hi- Jh//utri,i>/ F/oru ; Ait. for Alton. L. or Lin. tor Linna-us. Bernli. " Heriihiir.Ii. bun. " I^iinurck. BiKtl. " Bigelow. Less. " Ltssing. \X\ " De CitiKloUe. Lflim. Li'liin.'iini. Desf. " Ue.sfoiit.'iiiic. Micl.x. " -Micluiux. Elirli. " Ehrhurt. Mill. " Miller. Ell. " Elliott. Muhl. " .Mnhlen))erj.'. Eiijrelin " Engelinimn. Null. " Xuttiill. (iit-rt. " rVlS|()X I. POLYPETALors PLANTS. Calyx anil corollii liotli piesfiit, flie latter of seiKir.ito petals. A. .siniiiriiM iMor4> than l«. * StamniK hiffiOi/yiiDitx, thut m, iiixn-terl on thi rn-fpliiili . +- PiMlh npwnrftoiiM, that U, xf/itirnti- or th< nirjiffK />i/ifiiri/f. Herhs. I^eaves geiieially dec.iiniKiiind or much ,,/„„„.., thid /.v, n,sn-f<,{ on //„ ,■„/,/.,; U-avos alten,."U., with stipules. Fi.iit a|K)curp<.us, „i' a tlinii 10. * S/nm.,<.J„./ „. ,„„„!/ ,is the p,f„/s, on. ./,n,uu u, front „f,n,h jHtnl. Stamens* 5, opfwsite the petals. Seiwls 2 ; leiives flesli y. - PDKTII.ACAI i;.K ' .,.. ffeil.s, with iej,'ular pentjuneroiis flowers, n stamens op- IJOsite the petals of the corolbs, and 1 -relied, 1-seeded ovaries. ^Pr.rMUA(;i\A(K.t; -j; Sometimes j.oly|)et^ilous. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes, the {wtals sprinkled with purplish dots.— Lysimachia in pKrMri,A( k.*: r,^. * * ^tmwHH .,s ma,,,/ r,W/tP ^«./„^ ,n,4 1. Caivx sii — Corolla r,'i/„l„r. or lonrh/ .^o. ipoi-ior, or wlidlly or partly .•idlierent to tli o\ ;ir ('0 Sfnm. Shrulis. Stamens nccasionallv fi J">i, inxerM on lh> ,ahj., L.-a Ill's, stamens .Mcasionally from 5 to 10 onh . Lcavo Mifrnate, with stipules. Fruit drupe like, .-ontain 111- 1 .". Iiony nutlets. -Crataoii^ in R(.sa( k.k vrsopposit,.,,,. alternate, with stipul.-v Stvh-sor stiffni.i' St :imens "> or l(». S \\\\ U >':A( t:.K Hi 8 KKV TO Tin: OKDKIiS. .\.,IU(i,.h,.,l.s. SM.u-l.s4 S. Sti;r,„as-|. llM.M.ix^K.i:. ;t4 Fh.wc.s sy.i.iuet.ical. Stai..c..s •_>, 4, ... M. Si ij.r,„..,.s •_>, 4, oiciipiti.tt'. n.ACKAIK.K ^ ' .{- (/') Shimn,.. ,,.i;„,,„„>.s; on thp nmr,/, or <„, „ >i;4- „-h!. F.-.iit -' seede.!. " Umi.ki.i i- ''■'''■ ;m Uml.elsi,„t co..i,M)u..(l. St^uiRns -,. Stylos ..si.ally n.n.e tl.au •_'. Ali.M.I.MK.K ' .^^ Flowers ill ,. vines <,(■ lu'ads. Stamens 4. Style I. Fruit il 1-;? seeded d.iijM'. Ciikn \( k.K ' Hf^ '2. Calyx inf.-iior, tl.at is, tVec tVi.iii the ..vary. ('0 S/nmois hii)m,i!/m>,is, th, Styles 2 .-). Stamens no more than twiee as many as the sepals. Stems swollen at the joints. LeavJs oppo- site or whorled, <'ntire. -Cakvoiiivi.i.a. K.+: ._)| Anthers o|.e..i.ig l.y j.oies at th.' top, or a.'ross the top. Leaves mostly green, sometimes l.iown, sometimes white or tawny. Some polyjietttlons. -p:Hr.A(K.K ,5.-, (/') Sffimms /M-ni/i/iions, thnt i», „ltnrh,,l lo tht ml Herbs or shrnl.s. Leaves op,K)sit.e or altern:ite, without stipules. Styles ■_>, St.imens and fK-tals o.i the .•.dyx. — iSaxikkaijackk .... KKV TO TIIK oliDKIts. Su.r„|e„l l.e,l.s wjtj. syn.ineliu.al H.-u-tT.. S,.,«il,, ,k.,„U ■•"' . Trees ,„■ slu ul,s, with simple ... .-omiKJun.l k-avcs. Fruit .1 (l()ul)lo samara. .Sliru»)s or trees. Slaineh.s H |(>. _ , S.AI'IND.VrK.K [d) Si„m,,i.-<„ltn,li.,li„ ihr l.„s, of th,' p^toU Shrubs with axillary tlowers. The stamens as n.anv as the divisions ot the almost or .,uite 4 S [MJtalle.l corolla and alternate with thein.-Ii.niNK.K •M ih DIVISION II. GAMOPETALors PT.ANTS. Calyx an.l eorolla present, th,. latter ot ui.ite<'llh-H»S>»v4yl*(J""'>'- falptls ilia rill};. M.xi.vxiKK. -14 Ovais I celled, with I |Kirietal plaeeiitn. Slaint-iis iimstly iliadelplioiis. Lkiiimimisk ^fi ♦ * Slii,iini.-< j ixl ii*-tiHniU.>i^ tl„ l,,l„, ,,/ III, ,;„;,lhi^ ,1111 in /,•«;// (;/' , ,(,•// l,,h, . Slaineiis on tlie corolla. Style). Ovary I eelle.l, witli a I'ico ctMitrai [ilacciita. I'm M i lack. 1-: ."i(i Styles .■>. Stamens ,"i. Ovary I celled and I -ceded. l'l.r.MI!A(ilNA( K.i; .-,(5 ♦ ♦ ♦ ShiilliK--' '/.•< Ill'lill/ '(.s //,/ A,/,, « <;/'//(, ,;„;,ll,i, iii^,rl,,l (11, Its liibt, nil, ruiil, 1 1) ,rllli il.1 loll, y. I'laiits with milky juice. Anthers coiivcn^in^r nimid the stifjinas, liiit not adherent to them. Fiiaincnts dis- tinct.— Al'o»'YNA( i:,K -,7 -I- ■¥- 0,-n,i/ ',-loli,. Leaves ulternate. — Bokk.mjin.mk.k ,')H -i- -^ -H Oniri/ iri/li J III- iiiiii; rill.-,, (.'orolhi almost if not (piite [jolyiiotalous. P^uit a reKH.S. jl <»-.., 4-lol,e.l .,...„„,. ,I.e .,,,... St,..uen.4..li,lvnamou.s, ';-'..n,t,n,.., •_'«,, I. ant Imts. Lu>,..tk ' -•, (o,..lI„n.on...,. „.ssi...v^,,,.,, S,..n«ns5or4;;i;dy: .mM.,.„s. „,..„,, . S,Ku,.,M,.AHrUK.K... ^ ,„ ' '"'t^''"""^' "'^'"'"■- '•" •'— ".tennin:.ls,.ke": Veil,a>o.mi MiScuonii i.wii.vK.K .i9 invrsrox m. apetalous plants. <'oiolla, U...1 sometimo .•ulyx, wanting.. Small Mnooih 1,,.,,,., ,,iu, ^.......,i,,,.,ell„w ,Iow...s. s.u- A.iUHtics. Leaves finely dissects! "....■,i;.;.ai: ' ' S,' in.;. '' I H. Ovary .< 4.IoI,e,l or l-eell..,l.- H.M.nKA.K ,: S4 Ho..,s u.th syn„nct,i,.al flowers, the ,.„„s i,. ,,-. .,, ^-V 3.-> ♦ * Culyc i„jh-ior, thnt is, free from th. .,-nnj - <>f^i^^ mor, ,hnu on. ,nul s.p,t>-,u, fro,, ..„;, o,,,,,- tulyx present, colored and I.et.tl.like.-R.vv, N,r,.ArK.*, . 15 - - 0,;o-y only one, hnt .nth ,nor. than on. all, ,.,;;.j„ in ' S«ccnde..t herbs fn wot placer" Flowers symn-ohioal. 1 od 5.celled, o-horned. (•KAssri.u k.K. ,. He..i.s. Ovary S-celled, ;Mol^l and protruded on' a'lo,i,: l.ed,cel. Ju.ce milky. -ErP„oRB,A«K..:. - r. Trees. Ovary •2-celled and 2 loW Fruit 2 V-seede,! «^'narasjomedtoirether.-S.xP,.v,M,K^. ... Trees, with simple leaves. Fruit a samara win^od all round and 1 .ceded. Stigmas 2. -Ukt.c., k ; .^ m 'Si!' '- KKY TO TIIK OUDKIW. r-..« sl.r.ihl.y eveiKreens wifl, liemh-liku Ie..vts. Km- I'KI'HArK.K ^_ H,.|l,>. ()x.n3 l-cellod. Uh- ,,l,»*,.ucentml. A m,,,,,!, pliuib.— (Jliiux in J'HrMii.A) K.K gy -t- ■*- -h- Omry oiihj ont, I velh.d nml tHridnl. JointH swollen. Sheaths inenihrunous. Calyx 4 6 iNirt.,-1. Lt'.ives altei n.itc, entire. —Pot v,;„x, ck.k ,j,j Herhs, urinecl with .stinj^inK Jmi's. Flowers in spikes o, rmenies, Sluniens as many as the se|wls. St vie I. Fruit an aeliene.— Urtk .u k.k. 4%t Herhs, with mostly oppo>,to and entin. leaves a 4 .-. |>arte. Sta- nien.H perigynous. — Iu.kc khka( K.t: ". ' ..... ^ Homely herbs, tue flowers mostly imbricated will. ,lrv and Sf-arious bn.fts, which are commonlv 3 and <„i- ore«l. — Amaka.vtac K.*; ' ^^ Chiefly homely herbs, with alternate leaves, no stipi-'-s minute . reenish flouer,; the I eelle.! ovarv beeon.- 'riKH l-see.)e.rile. and /,rtile. flow^-x in catklm Leave, simple, alternate. Seeds with a downy tuft at one end. -Sai.k A( K/^: -„ Fertile flowers, 2 or .3 afc each .scale of the catkin - ClITI.rKKR.*; ^^m^i^ KKV Id Tin: •'IIOKKS. F'llilr II, "'•is, ^111- 1, MM\\ ((Hltcc '""''•'■'■•"••' >'"il<'. .V..tl.ts„ak...l l'i'|«' liki'. Mm:i, V, ,j: I'istjl '^riM'I^AS.s J I. (;v M.VOSI'KHM/K. fill "jKill M.ilf, (,| .•,|t,|,.,| IcMt, I 1)11 Hs t„; C.iN IKKK.K "S.'"'. "1 ill Tmxus ontirel "•••irinj,' ii;|<,.,| ,,v„|, y Willll !l|i_r. (.i.Ass II. i:v I>!>(;KN()rs l.t l-'uvrs (Kiiall.l vcin,.,l, l„it •ill.l .Mcdfola ; tl iJ'IDO.NOrs I'l.AN'l <'i( MON'OCOTY' IK'I Veined in .\ 1" lives. \V(„„i ,,t fi 'Ik' felliilar tissue. II' |..tlts ot tlle III li^ii'iuu, Trillinii '"•T rniisflv ill tl If "^Uiii in se I'l'i*-, nevei piiiate liiinill, s tl iiouglioiil i4 Jii lowers nut on liert ihaeeoiis |.eiiaiitli PKTALOIMKors Dnisiov. •*|Mulix, lint fMinisheil uitli a lorolliilike F! iiueis iii(.;.rnl, I im>\( |;,|.; . I ■• St.iinens I ()!■ 'J {^ynaiiilious. - ()i Htaineiis .-{. .\iitl leis evlnir. ■•■^iv^'-illar. - Iuil.\. K. >|)oiiinjrl,,„jrtlmjsp PI, Pistils /'' riinitli iiif, He iiiiiiierdiis or tew, in a Iiead naiitli (it similar div Lii (ir riii< -Ai.i- M M-K i.\i i;.K "-ions, or lolies mosijs .•.,|,,rwl. Perianth of 3 mill ill [jir.i.M K.K giicii s..|al.s an,' 3 colored petals. -Tril- Perianth <.'Iii,iim Bor.'i St vie I. -^.J Ills, i.f (i similar di I >IACK.K isions. StameiKs Spadickoi.s ])|v Fl isinv. owers (in I spudi.x, w ,th or willi(jut Little tloatiiisr •<|iattie. foliasre. — • iif? aciuaties, with no distinction „t ige. — Lk.mnai K.'K ..em and ,s-» M(» 82 14 KI,Y TO I in; (HdiKlls. I iiiiiu'i ■..•. l.iamliiii^; iiiul lialv. N \l \|. \. k >;. s.J ItutJil lik»l llll.oll 111! lis, w I I, IJIMIII, M>sl|i I, I, v.'.. Klowcr- without lloriil on-.ttl .|h-s. ji, N|.ikr> .>■ Ii.iul- ; liliillii'rioiis. Tvi'll \( K.V: n\ Flow.TH |Mr(,' I, 'Ml 11 liit.iiil >|Ni(|ix. Sc|niIh H. AcoriiH ill Ak.m;; K j^l TiTifHtiiiil or iiiursli |)|,iiil>. [^jivps ino-iK wit)i .1 distinct iH)t.veini>(l l.lade. I'etiolod.—AKAi k.k HI DFVlsroN IV. CKYPTonAMur.S PLANTS PtKKIIMII'IIVTKH. S|i(Mf>. of one kind, in s|K)ianriii liivalviiiiiv, frond mt^v.t in vorniition, mil circiimte.— Oi'Hiot:i,osis.\i K.K vs Tin: COMMONIA' H.>KK r. RANL ..ULACE.E. (Ckowk-ot Famm.v.) H,rl,s with au u...i,l, eolourles. jui,...; s„u,.e„,s nun.e.ons. I avos ex,s„,u.late u.ul gcKn.lly dis.se,.to.l. Tl.e .s,.,....K, p,.uN stumensancl pistils f,™ or .separate. Petals so.ncti.nes wantin;,; ri...lh-.r„M. Sc,.aN . .-.. pHallike .„■ ,.,-..enish. IV.al. no,l Kcuvus Hltenmlf. •.' :t t,.r.,aiely .ornp.Mnul. i s' J". '*°'y«^'^""'"' -^'"'''- (TAi... Mkmm.u H, ,.., S,n..<,tl.. * N It. lugh, .stLMu leuves sessile. LatLis ,o„n.|,sl. to ,.1,lu„.. n.u.ronatc. Flowers white in o«,„,«un,i ,.u.icles, ler.ile o„;; with (■ .some stamens.— A lonj,' rivulets. U ^!i 16 WIIJi PLANTS OF I'HIVCK KOWAUI) ISLAM). KiiliiiirriilMK. Sopi.ls ,5: pt,t,ils iisimlly .i with a little pit or muIo at tilt? lia-i() inside, aclienos iiiiiiiei'Oii>, in a head. Klnwers Keiienilly yellow. •2. R. aquatiliS, L., var. tPleophyl'lUS, C.) Branohing H-24 in. high. I'itals .shorter than the reflexed calyx. Radical leaves round and iK3tioled ; «tem leaves 3-5 jKirted, sosile. Stem slender, .smooth. eduncles furrowed. Stem haiiv, I'i inches high. 0. R. aePiS, L. (Tai.f, HiTTKRcrr.) No l.ulK, no furrowed t>eduiicles. Petids nmch longer than calyx. Stem hairy, erect, 2 ;{ feet high.— Fields. Very (!ommon. i'nillia. Sepals 5-9, petal-like. 1 Vials none. I'oils i lolliclesl eoin- piessed. H». C. palu'StPis, r>. {Maksii .Makicoli,.) Stem hollow, fun owed ; leaves i-oiind or kidney-shaped, crenate or dentate. Sepjds hroadly oval, golden -yellow.— Early .spring in wet ineadou s, along streams. Peduncles fur- NYMI'M.KXCr.K I:T(! . ;V7. ,H.|;,1 i,U... ,|....i,lM..us |..'l;.ls;V7 „„ t 17 II arnl rliili 11. C trifO-lia, Sulis),. (TmukK-MOAVK., (iaM-TMUM, ) IxsUlots .{, ..iK.Valo «0.1j,,..,o,n,, sl.,„.,,|y t.H,tl.e.l. S,.,UK3 I .finw. emi. n.M.t l.njrl.t ydlow, l.itui. • •oinp.Mi,,,!. KIow.Ts. while. '»'--.l. I.iii.u.lj 1-'. A. spicata, L., v,,,. rubra, Ait. (i{,,i. Bandp.kkkv ) Ru<-e,n,., „va.c, ,K,.tals short,..- than the Ma-nrns. J'.,, rirs ,...1 l.S A. alba Rijrol. (W.nrK I5.vvk...k,u:v.) Ra..e„.e 1,.,,...., than iHoa.l, ,„.,lu.c.ls ichlish ; ],ovvws whit... Om,K.iII. NYMPH^A'CE^. ,U-.vn:,.Ln v F.v„,v.) A.p.ati.. herhs with pdute ..r sotnctimes o„lv oonl:,,.. l-avrs float M,;,r „, t.,ne.-se.I. Flowot-s a.xillary a„.l soli"t,„y. N. advena. Ait. f. (VKt.i.nw n..M. li.,v.) s,.,.:.1s <; ,„,. e(iual : ,K.tals sh.,,,,.,- tha„ th. sb.n.ons, sn.all. |„ s.a^inat.t <>""':" HI. SARRACENIA CE^. , iVn ,„,k |', ,s.,. |.-., Bo- phmts with hollow pit<.h..||o,.i. lo;i\(.>. Sappaee'nia purpu 'I' tiuiiipcl shajK-d hollow, with a wing on one si,l Flower deep purple. rea, L. (I'rniiKu I'i.ANT. ) I, f, piliple V( ineii, I'ln \(.|| <»ui)i;it IV. FUMARIA'CEiE. (Fl'MITOKV FaMII Smooth liitlis, with luittk nrejfiilar flowers. SejKils 2, eaves and tlattene. ■v t p. 1. Dlcentra cucuUapla, 1m '. (Di r. umans i?uKi:niKs.) T^-avcs r.uliral, (iiicly cut. Hiiccinc, few llowtrod, corolla witli •J iiiplisli, iip|M'(! with yellow. Corolla 1 -spiiited. Oui.Kk V. CRUCIF'ERiC. {MrsTAui. Famii.v.) ITcriK with a pim<.'ciit w:itory juice, ahernatc leaves without stipules, and rei^iilar Howcrs in racemes or nory ml is. Fiuit ii siliipie or .silicic. Flowers cruciform, tetradyiiainous. " I'lxf if .lilillllc. 1. Cardam'ine hirsu'ta, I.. (Smai.i. \Urr\:\i Ckkss.) T.oaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11, terminal one laitfust. I'ods linear. Floweis white, small.— Wet places. ■i. Nasturtium' officinale, R. Mr. (Watku Ckkss.) Stems spreading; and rootiufr ; leaves, pinnate.'} II, ohlonj,', neaily entire leaflets. Petnls white, twice tlie leni^th of the calyx. •'<• N. ArmOPa'cia, Fries. (Hokskkadish.) Flowers white. Root leiives very hu;;e, ohlonjr, and generally erena'e ; stem- leaves lanceolate. Roots verv lartre. t. Bapbare'a vulga'pis, R. Br., var. stpicta. iCommon \Vi\tkk('kks.s.) Lower leaves lyrate, I "> p,iiis of later.it ones sometimes ahsiMit, po. Bpas'sica Sinapi'stpum, Hois. (Cuakumk.) With knotty and heaktMl |kv1s, flowers yellow ; lower leaves lyriite, incised or jMunatifid ; up|H>r, harely toothed. —Often in "rain fields. 7. B. nigpa, Koch. (l!i,A(K MisTAUD.) 1'ikIs smooth, h.ilf inch long, 4-coriiered, tiie valves 1 -nerved, erect on ap pressed iH.>dieols, forming a slen. Lepldium Vlpgi'nlcum, L. (Wiu, I'K.iKKciRAss.) Seed mimiuly margined ; |kk1 marsrinless or ol)scurel3' nmrKiried at the top. Flowers small, white or greenish. Stamens, '2. I'.mI •-'. seeded. Common al.out tlie wharves in (^mrlottetown. i<». Caki'le Americana, Xi.tt. (Ska Ro<.kkt.) p.mI -i, jointeil aeross, fleshy ; flowers purijiish ; leuxes ohovate,' sinuate and toothed.— Seacoast. Oki.kk VI. CISTA'CEiE. (Ro'K-UosE Fa.mii.v.) Low .shrubs or horl.s, with simple entire leaves and re-ular (lowers. SejKils o, 2 mnio(rt of much sl.uly for sonic years. \ •,,,.>,„"■■, r •"^" ""• ^NiMirci, or mucn s ndy for sonic voars ^ .. h fh '': ' '"' ^'.''"'•^ subject is still u.isellled. In the inean- linic the foll(.wmK species constituto a representative list of ii. specirt^Hrm/urifir'iJ^I'?^"''"'- •^IthouVh tt'dist .KUisi, ^ r.'i; ii ii.iiactersof tlK- V lolets are most markeddurinir the siniin .... in^rui "it 'Is'nA'f'rH'.el'.r. ^T'''^ 1'"^ « '^P-P-^'y" '-.vnk...l W..I ,.|., Plant M.wtll. Iluxv..,i„., willy. Damp iiioaduus. *" -'■ V. alsophlla. . V. nesiotica, «ireene. (Thk Isi.am. Vioi.Kr ) Tnfted low, sparsHy ,.„l,eseent. Lea ves eorda.e, nnder.urfaee pale' Mowers deep violet; spnrre.l ,H.tal l.earde.l. Woo, Is and roadsides. •i- V. Selkipkii, I'nish. (SKi.K.uKsVioi.KT.) I'lant stolo- ...tcrons, sinall. delieate. Leaves l.ioa.lly o^a,e, erenate, dark frreen. Hower lijrht.l.lue pnrpl.-. PotaU heardless. Spur large, thfkened at en.l. Damp shady plaees. (•-•) l..Mf.v.si.., »|„|rls. F/n,rrrs„.rill»r„. (' ) KI.OWKKS \ KIJ.OW. T. V. pubescens, Ait. riant downv, t; IJ in hi-h I .-ives .roadly eorda.e, ..oaisely serrate. Stipules ..aire." Near Al- Itertoii. (I') II.OWKIIS I.I.Jir l-.l.l IM.fKl'I.K. S. V. LabPadcrica, Sehr. (Amkukan Do,, V.omt ) stems t^tte,i, j,lal.rons, leaty. L.af l,la,l..s ,.or,late ; p,., .oK-s slen,ler ht.pules entire or serrate. Lateral (K-tnls sli-rht ly heardcl. (K) FI.,I\VKKS V.M;I , ()|,,1UK|.. 9. V. tricolor, L. (Mk..,;tskask.) Steml„an,he,|. Stipules '«§■** '^ (;.\nvi>nivi,i,\(|.:.+:. 21 ;:-:^v;::;::;,:::::i::;:;r'-''- .-■. ^v^"M: ■n:':;:;;;:;';S:V""- ^'"i" - ••> ^"- '- ^^ ''-i^nni^'r::;;;;.!;;;:;:;;:::-- ■ ->.■„..„.,.. "•"■•-VII,. CARYOPHYLLACEyE. ,I',^k F..n.^ llerLs «,.l. o|,,..,.i,, enliro l..,.,v,.s. sv.n.n..., ,.,,1 l|uw,.,s xn.h Sr,„i/.s iniilnl i„ti,„ l„l„„,r„,, I. Silenecueubalus. \Vii...|. (I!mm„kkc.,m,.,us., v..,v .no,. i.:,,.„v..s... „..,,.„.....,,„., ..,,^^,„,,^_ J> l""|.le v..,ne,l. ,«,,,.]« 2-ol..|i ; s.vi.s '.^. A loot \u^U. J^ Lychnis GithagO.I.a,n. ,C.,kx .■..k,.,.;,) i.|.,.m.u,...,i .>t\ Irs ,, ,„• 4. In wheat fieMs. ■ >^' /"lis s,,,„)-ulelotl,. i; -,.,„,., inH> "■""•■ Slyl-s :5, 4 or ,^ opposite as hmm,- sI,.;. ""'"""<'> 'J- S media, Smitl.. ((•„.m.m„x Cm.kwkk,,! Ma,k,.,| lon,M,u,!,nally l,y | ,... , ,.„,,,„,,„ ,,„„^, ,,.,^.,^ ^,^^^_.^;,^, ^^^^^^ Jt Fffrl 0-) wii.M Pi.WTs OK puivci; i;i)\v\i(i» is(,avi). i 7. S. lOngifOlia, M.ll.l. (I.us,; Lkuk.. Si.t. iinvmkt.) i^U-ws l,r.in.l,i,.;_r, su,,,h.i»«m| „„ oil,,.,. |,|..,„N. |,,,.ves linear P«li.cls„f tiK. rtmv,.,- l„n;.MM,| sleii.l.T. Wluie .Kt.ils •>.,Ki,t.f(l loiiu'ii flmi, the ;( iierveil He|Mil.H. ' X- S. lOngrlpeS, (inl.lie. (L..V,;.Stv..kKI. K.) The , i,ri,l U-.HV..S lan,.e..l,.te .umI ...•ute. l.„„.,|..„ ,, ,1.^ |„„,, -,.,„. ,„„., t-M .Healy-l.nH.,e,l. |.e,,.l-: l.,M;.er tl.an fhe se,«.ls. SecIs SlIKMltll. '•• S. ifPamin ea. f. M.se,,. ,n..jr tl,o las,. Leave, line.ir- ^.'""■'■"''■'"■' ' "'••^' -'•"^'' ""• '«•>-. |K-.li..els ui.lelv sprea.lin.. Nifils stii.iijrly ,ii;;i.se. ' "' Hopal,amln„,„,s.teIh..,M. Klmvo.s white i>, lenninal '•>....■. !<»• C. Viseo'sum. L. (M..,sk-kak Cim. kwkk...)" Stcn. Im-.y and elan.n.y, as.-en.lin;:. Leaves ovate or o»u.val.. .. .iMse Flowers s,„dl in close ..lusters. J-e,li,.els not lon.re," than the se|wls ; petals shorter than ealyx, 4 !J in. high. " 11. C. VUlgra'tum, L. (Lau.;i;k Mo.s,.:.k.vk C.r Stems imiry v.soHl ; leaves lar..-eolate.ol,l.,nK, ue.Ue. IV.Ii.els lon-e, than the sepals. Petals .■,,..allinjr the ealyx. -f 'onnnon. " 12. C. aPVen'Se, L. (F.ki.oC.) Stems aseendin- or oroet tufted, nearly sMiooth, slender, 4 8 in.rhes hi-h ; leaves line,,' "f liiiear-laiineolate, often fasei.-led in the axils. Petals oh- • ••mhite, more than twice as long as the ealyx. Murmi. Sepftlst or .I; petals i or :,. ,.nthe : styh'.. as many as ,he sepals and alternate will, fhe.n. Little n.atte.l h.il.s with Ihrea-l- like or awl-shapod lea ves. i-'i. S. proeumbens, L. (1'k.aki.\v(.kt. i Matted with nariowly-linear leaves. Flowers .small, ,Kirts mostly in 4-s I eta' shorter than the oval*, olituse se|>als ( ■ mne.' Top of (jedmiele often hent into a liook. - Damp plu, es. U. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Low and tufted. Stems aseendinfr .i .. inches hi^rl, ; lower leiives thread-foi m ; up,H'r uwl-,hape,.i.,i - '••"'••^- '--.'nnr;.,.,::::.;:,.,;;:/;;;:::;:;;" -•—... > of the i.nMi-it." or ,. 1- ' '^"-^'"'''l^) IlK-Miinriiit nprntiilll. ShiTiiciis 5 (11- in utii,,.- L-- "i- Spergrula apven'sis. L. (Cu,;s Sitkukv ) . OK..KK,x. PORTULACACE^. ,.•.,.,....; F.mm.v, HeH.su.rl. su..c.,..ent Ws an.l re^..,.,. u.t nn.vn. „...- ""«M-„ ^„.., „e,«ils fewer than the jK.tak S,.,„.U '•' ,„,,i -' somefmesnone. Stamens .', ,X,. P..,! ,.,,,,,.,1 -'"'■''^••• ' '"d: • . ir-'^rs'"' "'""*'^- ^ -- -' --"•■" OH..K.: X. HYPERICA'CE^. ,s.. .T.....v-s...okt F.m„.v , Herhs or shrubs, Miih «p,H,sJte, e.,fi„. ,lott..,l I...,. ' , '" -o ...nnei., at the hase, s i"-[.tlv •> ^itrt,,] r l'.-r.hIon, .ith transparent ..ots = ,:.;,!; ^^^:, :-- ^ ^. H. mu-tilum. L. St.... Haoci.l, wi,lely hrandnn. «'•>„ "• l"J^h. leaves .,va,e .,r nar.owly ..h|o„. ,.|„„,, 7,„,7 lasj.i — Low frroiuid.-. J*o ^'.-.' I..;,.. :; •"••"••••••■^'•- H.nv..rssm,.,||. W.t s.„,.lv ,.l,,....s ». Elojles campanulata. I',m>i,. ,m,,.„ s, .,,„„•, -.SM,...,,.,, .,,,„,, i..:n..s..i....,vs,...i,....,,,..,„.,:,:: '""'""'"- -•"•- ..>i.tus..,,,,...,,„y,.. :::,,; 111 ^Wiiiiiii-.. *" omiiioil '»""^': \l MALVACEiE. ,MM.i..m Ku„,.v , , '''■''•^' "'"' ' '"f^-lvvMn...l.al.,..n.-..c. l,..v..s u i. 1, s,i„„|,.. How,.,sn.;r„|.„. „,,,.„„, .,,,1, -, , "'■>t,,,„|,s. ' -'"'1" S'.y,.'.y. - An,.:;;l.,e.M ^" ^■ _Marvamoscha'^a L. ,.m,sk m. .,...,, «,.„., , ,o.., Ul'. I,,.,n,.s ..-!«,, t,., |.^^,„ v ) na„,s wi,,. ,...,„.„ ,„, ^,„,,^.„^. ,^,,.,.,^„..,.^,, ._^^^^^^ -» -. .st.-.u... as .nanyo,. t wi.-o as ...any. ,,n.| ,1... I. l.os ..,• "'" --y as ,„,.„,. as ,1... s,.,...U r,..av..s n.,t ,..,„Ha.,. "'"•>». II. s.M„.wa...,.,.,„i,.,.;,..„„„„f., ,,., ,,„;;„,,r '• • 0. acetoseria, L. ,c.,m„.,s w sukk,,.., soh.h,. I \ai \. Ill nil a t.iineiis us inaiiv 0 mif, Mcailv sessile. J.'] eriiate with (I, Hex. Petals „\ ■'■ssiin|.le, inoMlvaltcrtijil. lowers while V"h i'l 'II' iit><)\ati kMIIIUIl.- IX'ilieels elii^lerecj i,i„sth llowei I I. verticillata A .shriih With tho jfreunisli t| •• ••Mi.v. (l;i.A( K Am >t.H. INTKKIIKI'UV. fertile ones Noi^arv. Fruit I Ixwers in s»>ssi|e ejust oljovate, ovul ''light red ; I Swi 'UIII[)>. or vvedjre.lanceolate. |K)inte«|, ers or the It< iLvves alternal veiny, serrate. I'll III si iilidr; /ml in Is sol it, V\ -' No/nopan thes fascicula pis, ■'TV. vers |H»lyganio-(l Hat. (.MoiN lo'Clolls. iniiMilo (leeiduous teeth Cal TAIN Moi.l.Y. Lark hlonjr-l linear, disiiuet. in the feitil .vx m sterile flower- of \ !e ones ohsolete. I'etaU allernat o and ol.lon'-- I Hranehinf; shrul, with as| !<'aves 01 slentli i.v trrav JM'I ioli »3ftri«uA LtA. (Sri,rl , i Petals lineur-spatuiate. ^"^'"' '^""*^- if n^ rl^ '2i\ NMI.n ri.WIS UK IMllNlK l.|i\V\l(|i IM.WIi. ■'(. A. saccharl num, Wim-;, (Sm.xkoi it.H k M.) a lar;;i! (ri-f willi .'< ."i lulicil Iciivrs, liiniillli iiihI Icii'^tli llif saiiir wild roiindi-tl .siiiiiNCH, IoIh's H|Nii'iM^'l\ tmiilicil. h'liiwti^ mi ill'(Mi|iiii);, mIcikI)'!' |M>«'avi's (If ply ')-!ol)«»i()iis iiarriiw, Nliaiply liHitlit!<|, silvorv wliit* undi'iiioatli. FliiUfrs in i-vt-rt tri'oeiii.sn-vellow clilstiTs ; [K'laU iione. .">. A. ru'bPUm, fi. (I!ki> or S\\ vmi- M.) lA;aves .H "i IoImiI, •.111! ?«ii very sliort |K'diceN ; |m;UiI.s linear oltlon^. Twi'.'s roddisli , leaves tiii'nin. Negundo acero'ides, MmimIi. (Ashlkavki. M. K«>x- Fl.OKK. ) Leaves |iinnute of .'{ .'ileallels, ovale, |Hiinled, toollied. Stuineiis 4 5. Sterile flowers in e eluslurs ; ilio pistillate ones in droojiinj; raeenius. ((KitKK XV. ANACARDIA'CEiE. (Cashkw Kwm.v.) Trees or shrulis willi milky, acrid juiee, allermite leaves, and small, reijular |)entanier'ous, often iMtlyj^amons, llowers with .'{ styles or stijxmas. Stipules none. KliiK. < al.y.'C small. iVparlcd : stamens .'> nniliu' tln^ eiijfi! er Ik'I ween tlie IoIh's u( a tlatteriuil disk. Iic.ves comiimiuimI. 1. R. typh'ina, L. (Stauhokn Scmach. ) Hrandies and stalks 10 iikIujs liijrh; UaHclsol.laiic.ilalr. Flow, i^ w liilr, ^ilky iiiKl *.ll. Ciilyx I. •.Ill liiiijr«'«l with silky Imirs. -'. T. praten'se, L. (Hr.u <;.) .m.-ms imiry ; I.ati.is wm, II iNilo N|M.| oil tilt- ii|>|Hr xi.l.-. iiiid ofton iidhlnxl. KLiwcin |iiii|ilij.|i ill s<>'si||. jicuds. ■<• T. medium, L. C/au/.ah C.) SUniH/.i^r/.i^:, shumiiIiisIi; l.i.H.'tH ol.l.mj;, eiltiro, m|m.||css ; li.u.ls mostly slalk.il ; tloweix ileojK^r piiiplf tlmn iinilfiiM". 4. T. repens, L. (Whitk C.) stems crmi.in^' ; lu.ill.ls ..lM.)i. T. hy'brldum, L (Ai-sikku.) l.ike t. ie|Kiis, imt, the HU-niH elect or uMcendinjr, not lootiiitr iit the iHKles. Flowers roNO-tinled. <«. T. agrrarlum, L. (V; i..wor froi- C.) Fhiwcrs yellow. ieflexe 12 iiirhes hijrh. 7. T. prOCUmbenS, L. (Low Hor t;.) Flowers yellow; leaHels wedj,'eol.ovate, the lateral ones a short distanee from the terminal leaflet ; ."{ H in. |iijr|,. h'loinrs rovrvinl ,■ hiijlrts trinirntf uiul toothnl. of tlinJtetH ; lioils ii-rinklnl. S. MelilO'tUS alba, Um. (Wuitk M km lot.) Corolla white ; the standard longer than the other jietiils. F/oirrrs rtirenii ,/ or spi/cn/ ; potl.i riirrril. ». Medica'go lupullna, h. (Bi.ack Mki.k k.) I'romm- liont, piilieHCcnt, leaflets wedge-ohovate, toothed at the a|iex ; yellow flowers in short spikes ; [hxIs kidney-form. LriifiH piniuitf. .>/ iiutny leajtits. 10. Robin'ia pseudaca'cla, L (Com.mon Lckist.) Trees. U-aves ofld-pinnate with spines for stipules. Racemes slender, loose. White flowers fruirrant. •>M WrU» I'LANTH OK I'UINCK KliWAKIt ISI.ANII. II. R. viSCO'sa, Vent. (('r,AMM^ I. uliiii' \\,[\i a UMJdi^li tiir_'o. Lint stalks rlainniv. \'ti_v laif. HrrhH. inth Irorrs tlil iihitiiitr, tnminaliil vith ii t.inhil or lirislli. l'^- V'tcla Sati Va, F,. (CuMMon \ktmi.i l^all.t, lO 14. VHiyiiij.' tiiiin ()l..(vato to liiivar. KloweiH lauplc. niir or two loj.'('tlnr, MNsili- in tin' nwU. !•'<. V. Cracca, L. ( I'rrrKi. Viii II. ) Lcall.ts -Jii .'I, laiico olatc aiifl miKioimte. l'fe- duiu'les 'A ."> rtowcrccl IT. L. prate n Sis, L. 'FrKi.i. Vkt('IIi,in.:.) Lcatletsa single (Kiir. laniuolale, sti(.iiles l.uvi'. I'tdunolcs several flowered, flowers yellow. Hare. Oki.kk XVir. ROSA'CEif;. (Kmsi: Family.) Hcrhs, slirulis or trees with idteriiatc, stipulate leaves and rojrular flowers. The i>etals mostly 5 iii..! the M.-.-nfns mostly more than Id, on a disk which lines the calyx-tul.e. I. Ornrii sii,iri-ior iiiiil not ':nr!oxiil in thr ralyx-tiih, til iiidhirili/. PruiiHN. Kloweis i>erft!ct, lobt-s of calyx and cornlla .'.. ( :alyx dei^iii- nous after flowering. F"ruit a drupi . 1 P. Pennsylva'nica, L. t. (Wnn Ki.:i> Cikkky.) Tree •io-.ltt feet high. Leaves ol.loii-r. lanceolate, jwiiitefl, sharply IIoh.\«:k.K. 29 •teii)it«!. Fh )Wt i> clusicied till |. Ill;; |iCM Ik-Ii Finn li''lii icfl. •-'. P. Vlrtflnla na. I.. ^(•>,n,.,^■,n.u•.A.^ si„„i.:{ lufrot Ml «.,l. K'-.ivi.l. l,.Mk: l..n., ..,,1. ..i.i,,,,^, ,.,, ..,„„,.,„ "l-uplU ,K,n,„«l! hI„.i,,K, uM.m ,|,„.I,Iv, Ml , ui.h Hi,.,,.!,., Ui.tl.. Fl..w,.,>, i„ rnnuu:. .1...... Flint turmnt, I" .lark ?riiiiMiii. Axti jinrcfit. 3. P. serotlna. Kh.l,. (Wu,,. u,,^. k cmkuuv.) i^ult.. with i.Ml.liHl.l.n.wi. l,ia,.,.h,.H, |..,,.,s ol,l..ii;r „,. |H,K...olat,..' <- .loiiK. U|HT ,K.iiit,.,l, s,.,nito will, ii,,.urv,.,I .(,.., t tc..ih H.mcrs ,„ I„„t,M«.v„.,.., ,H..,.l. ol„,v,.t.-; fruit pinplisl, l.ln.-k. Npinrn. Klnxvrrs |,,.,f,.rt or .li.f.i.Mi, ; |„m1s f.,lll.l.., ; |,.,n-, ,i,„n|.. or pim.ul,- , alyx .V,.|..ft ; ,..MaK •,. .,l,..va.... Shru r ....roiiniul ». S. salicifolla, L. (('..mm,,n Mkai-.m Swkkt.) Sl.mli •-'a ft. liiKli, ...uilv siMuntl,. |^,„vi.H «,..|^.,. Ia,„...„lal,.. .loul.ly. sernito. FIowith in a riowdo.l i^uiicl,., whit., or lloh .ohj,, — Wet jfi-iMii. Is. Kubu>. I'i.llN „mm....,us U.-liy in frnil ; r,„su\ „ a -ponKy r. •.•|,ia, 1... Calyx ,Vp.nh-,l withoul l,rar.l,.u, |.,.,.,u;, 'i,.,.!,! UOIIH. SlallKMIs llllliD^toUs. 5. R. triflorus, Kichanlsoii. (l>WAK^•H^«l■|l^;KK^ ) .Stems .•tMf,-o...ln.j; u, trail. uj;, l-rt. hi^rh. not pri.kjy. FA'alirls :\ r, -mooth, r,...inl.ir ..vate, acute at holh fii.U, ,|„„|,|v sririt,-' l'.-.lu..ol, - I ;Ulow.r 1 IVtaU white. : s-fuis re,lexe.|. Fruit ietiaijrht l,ri,tles. LoatJK. A ,-,, nblon-'- ovate, serrate, wfiilj,!, hcnrnth, cut serrate. Petals as 1,.,,., as the .sciKils Fruit lijjlit red. 7. R. VIUOSUS, Ait. (Hi.;u Bi..MK|..KKRY.) Shrul) I (I feet high, furrow..!, upri-hl or reelinin^r, „,,n,Ml yyitl, >,„ut ,.urv«l pru-kles. Leaflets li .;, u.„«,ually .serrate, the terminal one with u long stalk. Flowers in racemes, white. Fruit oI.Ioi.l' hlack. s. R, Canadensis, J., (i^.w Hi.a. kbkkkv, Dknvhfrry ) Stei,, shrul,I,y. trailing, slightly prickly. Lo.ificLs chiefly 3 30 WM.I, '•MNTsoK..KIXCK,,„UAU.,s,.\v, (or ,H..dHteIy .-,-7), oval or o-utc.!,.,, ',.,.h,„. n-nl. , ,, Loaves i.iriiiiiloorlyriite. •>< left , pclal- ,.. s«:; t "w,r'!'";'r; """"'■ ''• "■«™ ->'■>-' 1 , "«»'. ^■ctrii-lcavt's with snia atci-il 1f...fl.,. '"• G. StrietUm, Ait. .So,„,Hlm. ha„v st,.,n •> -i t. 1 • . roofc-leavos inter. m,„.,||v „!„„,,„. , " ' " •' "• '"^'''• ol..natc or ovate. I'etal.s yellou, longer ,l.an ,l,e eahx ' FriiKarla. .Styles lutpri! i.,.t..i.- no...van.n.nip;^'::::;;.;:,'i:!^;;;:"^'"-"''---^ '•-'■ F. Vipginia'na, Mill. (STuvwri-Ki.v i v. ■ . •ifter flouennK. Loaves ra,l„.al, of :i leaflets. ' '••i- F. vesca, L. Achenes not en,l.e.i.|,.,| i,, ,i « , :: «»' '"■«■'."- s »,..■:„:,:;„; ',,.t;,r'^ ■"";r;:";„:r;;u3r":-;;:»,;;;':v'" '«' 'I 'Iry rc-eprarl-.. "' '" '"'"^"^ Minuen.us on i-f. P. Nopvegiea, L. ,\okw,v f.N,,,-,- ko„ , ^. . ereet, hirsute, I. 2 feet hi.rl,. 1 . '^'." I -K'H,. ) .Stout, • • - iLi.L niLTii ; le.ues ternitf k.it1..f i nrol,lon.,r.lan,.eolate serr.re (' 1 , ^'' ''''"'"^^ "'"ovate - — « :;.:;:s,i:^::z;';r"-"*'-^""- longer th.iii the sepals. }elIou, HUHACK.K. 31 l«i. P. fruticosa. L. (SMurr.r.v C.) Sl,n.|,l„,, ,,, In.^l, ^2^nu.... hit..,.,...,,..,,., .,..,.,,,,.,,,. .,,,,,. F,....;:;;:;;: 17 p. tridentata. A,,. rr-.K,:,: t,,,:,. c.) s„„, , ,; at tlieaiK^.x : |R.t„,s wlijte. i.s. P.anserina,L. (.s„.v,.;k.w,..k,o s,.,,.,.,, i,v,i..,„i,.,. i-Has 9 ,.,, ,,,,,t,. ^,^„„ ,.,,,^.^,^ ^.,^.^,_,^. ,^^__^^^^^^ Ji^^^^^^^^^ noweis ),.ll„w. Ill ]oiijr,.,i,-,.„n..., ' '^'*^'- "!'• A. Eupato'ria, L. (C,.mm..n a.;kim„vv.) l.,.,,,.,. -, - |>c, .Us twice t,ie Iiiijrtl, ,,f ,1,^. ,..,]^.^. K«M, I'H<.klj.sl„„bswi,h...l,l.pi„„„„,.u,,,,,. ,,^,,„^, i;;:;^:;tMr;::.r;;:;;::,;-;::,r' -------- •-'<'. R. blanda, Air. ,Kak,.v \V„,. h.,s,:.) S,..,n 1 .S„.e, ' '-.t(i t. ., ., „v;,l ,., „,,,„„,,, ,,.,.,,.-,. ,.,,,^^,^^^^^ .V.l.a,sont„e;,....,„,...l,., ,«.....,...,,. St v,es separate •-'I. R. Carolina, L. (Sw.vm,. ,i„s,.,) s,e,„ i 7 ,, ,,„„,, e , o'. . r ^'"'1 ^'•-". ^ '■> o, .... el,i,,ti,.al, H,...,v z:;:;.!::;:;;;i: '-'-.'-'«">'.■■ •.-i..,. n........ >'■-'. R. lucida, E,.,.,.. (lhvvuK\V„,MR,.s,,., S,..„. , ,i,t 1...,. g,oe ,, M,.,.o„. a,„, .,„..,. ,,„,„„., al.,.v.., |.'i,„,.,,. ,.„,,„,. LcAe or s.,,„a,y. .„.,.u- se,«.,s ..,te„ wi„ ,> ,„,„ ,„,,,, ' -'3. R. pubigrino'sa. L. {Sukkt,„,,kk. ,;.,,, wx, v. , Rc uro.nat,c and dout.ly .ernUe. l....,i,.,,s a,.,, ..,.,. ,„■,,„, '"'• m W' \Sl\Al I'l.ANTS OK J'UINCK KUWAKI) I.sLANl). if V Crlls Dj' till- ovary an mniii/as tin- : :■ sti/lrs. Vyrnn, I'elalsminKiisluii-Dlioviilc. sliiiiiciis rmmLious; ikhih-, tlohy or IxTiy like, cells of a piipi'iy oi- oirtilaKinoiis Icxliiic: (lowirs ill corytnlH'd cyiiifs. •-'♦. P. apbutifolia, L. t. (CmokkHkkky.) si.miii .-uVct liiL,'li; lcav(:s siiii|)lt;, ohloiij,' or olilanceolate, tiiiely sunato. Flowers white in cyinus. Fruit dark-red or l>luc'k. 'i-'). P. Americana, !).»'. (AMKiurw Mm \T\fN Asn.) Tree with pinnate leaves of i:? I,-, leaflets, leaflets lanceolate, taj)er-|)oi in cvmes 0 , ited, serrate, hrijjcht lii-i|li,s or small trees. '-'•). C. oxyacan'tha, L. <<:i.isir FfAWTiioKN.) Smootli, lca\es oliovate, cnt-lohcd and toothed, wcothed, sometimes cut lohed. Fruit hright red, ovoid, scarcely edihle. Flowers '. inch liroad. tlli4-liiiirlili>r. I'etalsobloiiK, eloiiKated. Shonens mnneroiis, short. Styles .i. united below. The berry like ixmie Hr-eelled with one seed in each. Small trees or shrubs. •2H. A. Canadensis, Tor. and (Jr. (.Iink-Hkhkv.) Tree 10 .soft, hijrh, nearly ghdtrous. Leaves ovate to ovate-olilong, usually coidate at the base ; ^)ointed, serntte. Flowers large, ni drooping racemes ; pedicels long. Var. oblongifolia. Tor. and (!r. Leaves hro.idcr and rounded at the base. Flowers in shorter r.-uemes ; pedicels .shorter. S)irul> (i lit ft. In'idi. 'Jn. A. ainifo'lia, Xutt. Shi nh :< ,S ft. high. Leaves glau- cous and thiekish, liroadly elliptical or roundisli, ohtuse, rarely acute, coarsely toothed towards summit. Raceme short and rather dense. Fruit putplc. s\\ii'I!.\i;a(i:.k. ;j;j OKI. KK Will. SAXIFRAGACEiE. iSamkk.m^i: Famii.y.) Her))s or slirui)>, liavinv' (iiijHJsite mid alii-i iialr leaves anil no sli|iiilfs. Slaiii(jii-i as many or.tw ice as many as tlic pi'tals, usually 'i. HtaiiKMis ami jil-* iN inseilcd on tlic i-al\x. Ifnhs irith o/iiMiyit( or riiiliriil /cares. Vlllrl'In. Ciilyx sliinl.."> ili'l't.cDlii'rcnt witli base of tlu! («vai-,\ ; petals .'■.slender-, pinnal iriil ; style's ^'. \ cry short. 1. M. nuda, L. (X.\kki> .st.\i.ki;i« .MiTiii'.woKT. ) Stem leatlcss, sm.ill and delie.ii.>. Le.ives k ii I ney slia|)ed : jlonlijv cioiiatc. Flowers^^reenisli, tow, laeonied ; J liin. liiirji. Stamens 1(1. <'lir)Mis|ileii iiim. ( alyxtulie ciihrfont with ovary. IVt.iN none. Stamen^ III, iii^erteil on a ilUk, .Styles J. "2. C. America num. Siliwein. ((iiii.i>K\ S.A.xnn.Act:. l Stem slender, deenrnlient and foikinjr. Io,i\es mosth opposite, iiiundisli, somewhat In-art shaped ; olisemely eren.ite lolied : tloweis distant, nearly sessile, yieenish, tinjjed with yellow or purple. I>nrnak»lii. Sepals, petals arrrt proper stunioris 5. I'f'diinelo scaiie- like, I tiowcreil. I'etals white uil h (greenish oiyellowisli veins. 3. P. palUStPiS, I.. (<;u.\.ss oFl'.viiNASSts.) petals sessile, loiicrer than the e.ily.x, tlower nearly I in. Iii.i.id, i» l.l sterile tihiine..',... at the ! ise of eaeir pet.il. Sea|H'd ;{ !(• in. hiyh. ii.':riihs. Ii'iirrn (illfriiiilr mill si'in/ilr. KlliPk. Calyx. 5-loheil, often eolor-eil, tnhe coherent with the ovary. Petals a, small, stairrens ">, aller-riale with thi' petal>. Kerry crowned with the lemains of the calyx. 4. R. oxyacanthoi'des, L. (Smihith KiiiiTi;i)(;oosKi:Ki:i:v. ) Pedurreles very short, Howers i^'reenish or- ilirll purplish, | -J Howercd. Stamens shorter than e.ilyv. Stems with short thorns or' none. •">. R. flo'ridum. L'TIcr. (Wn.i. Hi.m k ("r-RRAM-. ) Leaves witli resinous dots, sliirhtly heart shaped, loiios .S .">, douMv serrate; raeeines droopiri'^; liraets loo'^'er- th.in the pedicels; flowers larire, whitish; fruit iiiund-ovoid, lilaek, smooth. Stems rrot I hiiiri\ . :l- m i ';» :u Ull.l) I'l.ANTS UK I'KINCI.; |.;|.WM(|, |,s|,a\I., \y. It <.. R. rubrum. L. v,.,-. sMi,^H.m.iui.,'>,.,n. .\i..xi,„. (Rk,. IKRANT.) Kh.M.s stn.fr^.li,,^. „, ,v,lin..,l: |..,.,v..s su,„,.w|,a,, i.'M.t s .,,,„.,I, ol.n.M.ly .'{ .-, |,.1„.,|, .„,,,„., ,,,,,,„,, ,,,„„ ,,,t,,,,,,, IllKis, (llUOptlll,'. Fl nil, Smoulll, 1V.I. OKI.,;.: xrx. CRASSULACE/E. (Ok,.,nk Famm.v.) SufTul,.nH.cMl,swi(l,s.v,„„K.rn,.:.lHowers: tiio s.,,:.ls, ,,.,,. ,1s an.l.-.Mr,K.|stl.cs;,n.c.ian„rnlK..: tl.-. stamens as many .„■ twi,c as iiiaiiy. TllluM.. Sopals. potuls staiM..>,> an.l „is, ils :{ ..,. ,. L„av..s .,p„„.it,. I'liliic; tlowcis axillary. I'I'omu , I- T. SJMplex, Xut(. Rootinj^r at. ti.e l.aso, I •_> in. l.i.rl, . oavos lmca,-oi,i„„^: flower^ solitary, nearly sessile. (^Mvx halt the lonjjTth of tin- ;Lrrooniv,. „ Lite |)etals. H.'.lllll.. .Sepals ami petals 1 r,; „,auuM>s.S |,.; folllWes, ,„anv.se,.,Ie.i >ni«M)tliaM< < etinu.s5. .loeply 2.part,... m, ,ha, „„.,. are taken for (i„r 10;,..., psiilo .-{„,. ;v^.,,,^,,,, " ■' O. rotundifo'lia, L. (RorN.,-,.,,xv,.:., SrNnKw) Lomvcs nrl.,e„l;,r, eove.ed with re.l.lisi. f^landnlar hairs. Flowers white, small, in a I -si.led raeeme. -Roirs. O.n.Kii XXT. HALORA'GEii:. ( Watkk Mu.yoil Famii.v.) A.,natie or marsh pl.,„ts with perfe-^t or nnisexnal svm- metn,.al Howrs sessile in the axils of leaves or l,r;,..ts < );.u.y ol -2 4 more or less united earj-els. IVtals small or none; stamens 1-s. ' yi->'?^'^ Wr;.«^JP^2SP!S^\'«^M^- 0\A(iI!ArKyF,. Sf) M,rl«„l,yll„„.. Klow..,. ,nnn...,iou.s or ,,ol.^ ^n,„o„>. ll,.- ,mm- in lours with or will i ,„.,hK stain.Ms I ,,r s. |,„m ... ofl,.„ " horl.d, til.. ifiiiM,:-,,! pimmlclv n.,.„.„ss l.ra.t. ov.,,., .Mdre, sl,.,r,..,. ,|„„ ,,,.. ll„vvor>. l.-.^v.-s i„ u|,..rl. .„ ;! •'I 4. H.jwt;rs -rtcnisl, j,, toi iiiiii.il spike-. "'''''"nl.^nr''"''' ■■'''■'''*■'■' "'^ -^ H. vulgaris, 1. (Ma.;i s Tam.) si,,, , . , , . - ' • ■-•Ills siniplf, I •_' ti. ("till : leuvcs .„ whorls of s .m I- Ii,„.,,r. |' s ..,„,| spr.M.-s '""o\'n"!".'' ■■;!""*■'■".',""' •'"'""■ '■•''>>'^""'I"'^'1> e. SUiMu.i^I. Ox..>> )..-,.ll,.l, w >,„.„i,,i|. l...,.VLs,.„tir..,.,|,|,ositt. •'»• C. verna, 1. (Watku SrAiavoKT.) Flouti...^ Icav^.s <'l.ov,tt,c an.l :i nervf-l, n.rr.,w,.,l i„,o u (..tiole. S„).,nerso.l linear. Loaves l.es.-t willi stellate scales. Or..kk.\.\I1. ONAGRACE^. (Kvkn.s.. IYmikosk Famm.v.) Herhs wi(U ,H,,tVct a.Hl sv.n.netri.Ml How, ,„1„. .ullierent. to the .nary; ^-tals an.l stamens insetfe.. n (h.- ealyx. Leaves opposite or .iller ii.ite. »:pll«M..n. .s„,.,„ .i,,., ^„f„.,,^ „„„.„,.^ ^__^^^,, _^_^^ l-MWsoKcn opposite. Petals I. slanieiis ,S. I- E. angustifo'lium, L. HinKvr \Vii...„w IfKii,, ) Sten, snnple, tail, 4 7 feet; leaves sea,ter...l, ample, lanceolate, nearly ,.,.t„e. h l.)wers latere, purple, in a ion^. raeen.e .■:: ^- fflOratUm. Muhl. stem l •_> tt. hi,.h, nea.Iy .s,nooth, with L 4 hairy lines .l,;..urrent lr,.m the h-aves. Leaves lin.-e ..late or ovate-laneeo!..,e, s.-r.ate, petiole.l. Klowe.s small • |«tal.s pale, ,lee,.ly n„t,.;he,l. .See.ls with l.rownisl, -on.a ' 'i. E. palUStre. L. Slen.ler, I to,.t hi-h, otten i„an.-he.l hnely puh..s..enf .eaves ere-t. ah.nit e.p.allin^ ,!,.. interno.les; sessih, ln„.ar to linear lan.volate, ol.tuse with revoh.te ni.ii-ins. Capsules mostly shorter than the slen.ler (....lunele. >M.,Is n.iU.uI. Leaves alternate. Klovv.'rs yellow 4. (E. biennis. L. ,(,'.,mmun Evkmn.; P.:.mk..sk.) Rather stout 2 I It. hijrh, hauy. L.-aves ovate-lanoeolate. Flowers • n a lealy sp.ke. I'o.ls oMong, narrowint,^ towar.ls the top 'f . •"• wri.i. i-i.vvTs (.K |.|(i\(;k ki.wmm. islam,. r, (E puma, F (SMu... KvKv.s. ,.Kn,u..sK., s. • - -n. Mgl,. s,„o..tl.. L....... ,„„...„,,, „M,u...c...I...„.. I ...Is neu.ly soss.l,., .■1.,I..s|.,.,,k..,I, 4-ui.-k..l. «. C. alpi'na, L. (En.mantkr's \„.,n..sMA.,K.l Stom-{-, ;^i^mn^.-..,u.se., „.,.,.„;,,.,..„., ,^. W,i,e ,1.. •e.!; ■; OK>.Kn XXFI, UMBELLI FERyE. (Pars,,,;v Famuv.) "a.sc ot do two stvl,.s. l-Vui. ....nsistinj, „f 2 see-Miko ,l,v I".. n,l. n.o I,a... „t M,o sfyl... i. „e<|uentlv fl.i..ken;,l -tM.l ••"sln..„-l,ko .UMl is ,.alle,l ,1,,. wy.^W/vi " •-'. A. atpopuppurea, h. «;k.:at Avcjika ) Sroi.f .,i i """r;:;;,:iE::;:i;L;t:-ir^r;;;;-r,: -» 3. H. lanatum, Mi.hx. ((•„«.,..„«%„•) Wo„ih.. sf. i'Miii:i,i,rKi;i(«. 37 I'UHllMa'ra. Calyx tectholKnlct,.. hn.itnv.l , ... . . 4. P. satl'va, h. (l'AK.sNr,..) Stem .rr,Kivo,l t « . ovate tooMong, c.ut.t.K.thc... yio..r.:!ljC "''''' tt- ii.V'l' : lc.av,.s l„.terimfe. K.atk.|s ..v.Uo | •' ;„ 7. C. Ca'rul, L, (C'AKAWAv.) Leaj»»«i»i«.,^..,. acumiiiiito, coarsely sen lite.— Suuinps side':: .^rf' ^'- ('^'•^>-'lW^^-*'-^-:.) Hath... Mei'der, 1 .{ tt. l.,yh ; leaves 2 -S i.in.mte, le.H.-ts li,u,,r • u,.,K3r '^«'I« »^ear.nj.H«W«lKTH*«frhHs. I„ .svvan.j.s. ' " r,H,er/,we oj .sm/s /,o//„»v.,/ Ic„!ilh,risf ONniorrhi'za. Calyx-teetl, obsolete, fruit li«,...r .„ l' :S!' '^'"'r:;'" •• -<' -- ui::Lt';;;e'L.':.' ::;:r',;; ^i;'^ «ithc(|iialiih-.. Flowers white. ""stlj, 10. 0. bpevistylis, D.c. (Ha.kv SwKKTCm, v , R-uhe,- stout. villo«s.„ul,esee.,t. I v.. ; : ' '.. '^•'""-' inche.s I^eax luiiK. i>oiiite.l. St.vI.ijMKli •J .■{ ternate, leatiels mi and style >< line I, I S8 Wll.n I'l.ANTs OK |.|,IN.K KDWAUI. ISI.AM) V % Onm.v. wrv. ARALIA'CE/E. «;.nskv.. Kamm.v.) rf..,lH sl.rul.s ,„ ,,.....s „i,l. nn.,.h tl... samo .■l...M,u.ter .s Uml.dhf.ru.. I.nt w,.l. usually mo.v than -J stvlfs, au.l ,l.o fruit, afoH-^.ovoral....||...i .Iruja,. Tl,. u.nLcl.s Mn^ile. .-orv ...1 or JMllllollll. .4n,l|«. Calyx-tub.- ,.„l„.,.,.„l will, tl„. ovary ; petals 5 ..piRMmu. or Vr". nisi.. '■ ' '" "''"'" ""^•'^^- '•'""^'^ ^^''"" I- A. racemo'sa, l. (.s,.,kknak>..) i;,ni.eis ,„ a hm^o ';'""•"" ''■""'•'^■- «••■'" •-• ••' ft. Inj,!.. Loaves very lar... an,l •'•■'■"•■'Ik.u.mI, I^.aH..ts .,vat.o, ...r.lat... .loul.ly senate " •-'• A. hisplda, V.ht. (Hristi.v S.AK.sArA.:i,.,,.v.) Ston. I •' H. I..;.!., l-ristly. leafy. I'u.h.U 2-7, eorvu.l.e.l. Leaves •- pn.uaf : leaHetH .)l.|„n;r.„vi,t.'. a-Mite. serrate. ■•«. nudlcaU'Us. L. ,\Vn.,. Saksa.ak„...a.) Sten. seareely nsm^out .,ftl,e j,r..un,|. s,.„,li,,. ,.,. „ nal<..,| sea,., l-earn.:. - - ^ nhels, ,i„,| a sinj^le lou-stalk,.,l leaf i„ .{ .|ivi.i„„s, }. leutlets to each division. Oki.kk .\X\-. CORNA'CEiE. (l)u.iw„oi, Fam.i.v.) Shruljs or trees, rarely herhs. with o,.,«s,te or alternate simple leaves, the ealyx-tuhe coherent with the 1 2-,elle,l "vury, .ts l„nl. .ninuto. the ix.-tals .au.l stamens on the ovary Style i. oUouK. spreadM.K. Stauums |. tiianu. ts sl..M.l..r. Leaves o „k' site ex.epf in one speeies, entire. " Floirrrs (irrriiisli. in a hroil or cluslir 1. C. Canad'ensis, L. (B,n, M-iiKH.a Dwauf CotiNF, ) Flowers _^surroun.lc.I I.y a larjfe 4.1eave Ww^mwmmmwm^ ^wm'-l^. I i"j' <'.»I'I(I|M|,|.\,.|;^.; St ""^"•'^.^'•""«-'':tn,iU,|„o..„,..l.l,sl.. stalks. n. GAMOPBTALOUS DIVISION. Plfints witli |„,t|i ,.,,|vv in. I II 1 , ""•...•^■.l ■ I,,:,- ,■„:;: ""•"■'■'-'■■■-* On™HX,xv,.eAPR,P0UACE^. „■„....,.„,, K ,, , nliiiilis 1! 1,. I... I , . ■' i.'iivh lioil ov.iiN ; (I -III !•• 'oiolla ,„, tJ 'i'i''>, Willi tlio ,..il n; roio il.i. I 'o ov.iiv anil (I VXIlllw .llillllCill to tl "• si„i„eiis, (III tlie (iiIn ic Miiiiiiii ,.„,, ^1 l'IIIIJ|II|||||,| ,.y„, '■ S. racemosa, L ''''';"s as ii.anj a. lol.,.s of , |... ,„,,„ Mi|»o 7 |,..iHt.t> li'a\ I Nilal-,-,.|l,,|.,.,L.,.,,,.,l,, • ^iiii|ilc. (low(i> wl ^- V. cassino'ides, 'litf in cDiiipoiiiid, II ''iip(!wiiha.<)ii,|,r,.ss(.(ls| oi«iiilaraii(| n «--s entire, flowers often si ♦• L. cilia ta, .Muhi. ^^^ ire or less in low \. ■c.'t'Ular. Stain H'lis :'). straj,'jr|i„jr, ;{ .-, „ ,,j,,,^ ^ l-'-olo.l, thin. Filitorin pe.luneles Tl 'v HoNKv.sr.Ki.K.) |!,a;,el rf':ivev uhl ICs "nj.-ovale, ufleii eur.late, ""•tff than the leaves' i ■f I: li! ri!*. 40 »VII.|» li.AM's ,,;.■ n{|\( K |.;|(U \|{|i ISI, vso Coiollji fuTiml t.iiiii, .•iliii..s| s|.iiri(«l, Lrrr.iH>l. \. ||,,w. |!,.,ii«-; M'IKIIati'. \v<\. Ulrrvllln. Slaiiicn-. :>. coroll,! ftinnil-fonh. Mcinly ii'Kiilar. I'(m1 oxoiil (ilddii),'. -'Mihcd, iiiany-M«'c. D. triflda, .M..ii.Ni loiiv twakcil. FI.w.th li<.iif\ .miIoi-. \y 'W Oki.kk XWII. RUBIACEiE. (Mm„.,.u Famii.v.) .Shiiil.soil.irl,, Willi ..|,|K.>il,., .iitiiv lrav.> uill, iMf.i|,.Kc,l ••.til.uk.s or in «||,„ls MiliiuMl .sti|,illr>. Calyx nil,. rent will. Ilic'2 » .•.•II...I .,\,,,y, slami'ii->as many as tlm I, ■!,,■, ,,| ihu n-u lar cnidlla I ."> and iiwottd on it- inlic. Ualliiiii. Canlla wl Isliapcl, | ,., r,.nl) :t pail.Ml. Kniil twin -.■panning' inlo ■_' in.l|i()i t. ••<• G. triflorum, Mlei.x. (Swki;t s. kntki. M.) Slem I ;{ ft. lon^r, ronjrhened l»tek wards on tlie anj,dis ; le.ives ellipl -eal- ianeeolate, l.ristle.iM)iiite.l I ■_'{„. lonj;. I'e.lnnelos ;Miowere called the |.a|".pns, crowninj,' its summit in the form of Kristles, awns, scales, teeth or euj" ii ( uM (><»>• IT, K. 41 >.1i.i|mm|, ..I fls.. .Mliiviv iili^riii. ( ,,ii.||;i MiaiisliaiK.I ..r tiil.u- lal. Si !,.-> J ilrtl ,it tJif j|K'\. Til. tl.mct> uilli „ ,sti.i|.-sli;i|M. i';.„i'-ifi , .■,,!. .!!.•. :„■(■ rvi||,H| ni,/-, ,,v roifjli,!,;,-. : the liod.i with si„l, )!,,« ,i , ,.jr|„i llirnii^rl,. oiK. ..I- .-It thoiimiym i, m-/-,/, . Tli.^ IiiImiImI' tlou.i, r..in|«.so tlio
  • k: mill ji Iirajii(| ti. l.o (li>c(iiil. The IciVf, ..nil.- iii\,i|iiri'ai.l to !>«• iiakc'l, Tl III l.iri.» K K. < ■.111)11;. I ul.iilMf ill i.ll ihcp. rf,.,i Mowers ic»fiilarly .Vlob.ll. liiriUal. .piily in 111.- iimiKiiiul or ray (I.av.ts wliii-h aic |ii-lill.il.' ..Illy. .11- ilral. t:n fill I o rill III. IiivoIuiri<.f imr.' than I -..al. ,. flow.rs f.w or niaii.y. ir.M.N ili.r..i.l, till' fl.iw.i-. all iM'rf.-.l aii.l liil.ular. .\.li.ii.'^ a aiiul.'.l. Till' |iit|i|iiis a >iii«li! row of slfiiil.r .■apillar.\ l.iMI.-,. I- E. purpureum, L. (.Iok I'vk Wkki.. Tkimikt \v.) Stems stout aii.l tall, -J 10 ft. Umvcs .S K mi ;. wli.irl, .ilij.in;:. oval.' ..r liiiccol.itc. |«>iiitf.I, roii'.'liisli, f.M.flifd; «nryml» .Jrii^u aii.l .•.ini|Mniii.i. Flowers |nir|)lisli. •-'. E. perfoliatum, I.. (Tii..ki>i .hiw.ikt. li.iM:.sKT. ) St.in stout. •> \ ft., liaiiN ; leaves laii.-eolato coiiu.ifeiHM f.iliat.', |«.iiiteil, senate, wriiikl..!, downy lieiieatli, 5 S in. loic,r. Heads III I,-) ll.iw.'ie.l. White. .Hollilnxo. (Hiiiirii IttMl. He.'uls feu- t.i many (l..w.ri-(l, ra.lial.-. the lays 1 l»i. pi^tilliil.-: ><-al.-^ .if tin- ol.lont' iii\ oln.-r.- .■.pi)re:,si-,l . I!e.-epla.l.'. small, not .IliIIv. .\cIi.ii.-s iiiaiiy i-ilil.ei|. nenrly terel.-. H.-ails rae.-in.-.l or . lu-Ier.il. tl.iwer- of disk ami ray yellow, ex.-eptiii;,' tin- lir-l. •<• S. bicolor, L. (Wiiii-k k.wki. (i.ii.i.KNltoi..) Mojiry ^vitll soft hails; lejivcs oMciim or elli|.ti.-al l.-iii.-eolal.-. a.-iiteiit Loth ends, slia mj, i>i. wh. m f/<'ililn ill I ,Ml.' (.i liiiini'lic-«l) ami ihhimIc iiiiiiutciy lioarv. s|,t,i |,.:i\ , iaiHcitlal.'. Hciil.-. Ia|«liliyl,. til.' liasc, siik.uI lii-li ; tlic IdW.i Ucilp- lali.c.)- lalr and s|iai iiiifly t..i»l licil ; lirails iiiiiiifi<»ii> aii\V(Iciict sliiir I laccini's ruinnii;: n dtiiv, iiaiinw cd. Kays al.i.ilt lU. <•• S. Uliginosa, N'utt. SukhiiIi nratly tlniMi^rlidiit ; >ltin simple, Hiriil 2 'A It. liij,di ; iiavts hifictolatf. jwiiitcd, tlio Ikuci la|)eiin;r into u inured iM-tiuks, |aitly sjn-atliiinr at lio 1)a>i>, sparsely siTrtdiit^; or flit iir; iar<>nies niiiili rri.\»dcd .uid approved ill a v.and likf |uiii.|.'; mmKh liiH-ai-olilonir ; ,,,vh 5 (5, .small; rtxit leaves 0 Id in. lonjf. Peat liujrs. I''|m\\,.|h eiirly. 7. S. rugOSa, Mill. Knii..ri,.|,aiiy, f^pecially tlic l.aly stem, I (i It. liii.di; leaves uvatclaiicfolate, elllplieal or ol.l.tii^r, otleii lliiekisli and very iu<_'o>o: raeeines -preadin;.' ; scales linear; rays (i !l ; tliedi>k Moueis 4 7. Holders df lidds and cojiNes; iiKini ■ ii. Hiirniiis tsiilnl iiml ririirri'l, hiiris .: rihhril. H. S. serotlna. Ait. (S. glgantea, Ton-, and (;r.) stem stout, 17 ft. lii.udi, siiiDolli, otten frlaiicons ; leaves ipiiio sin(K)tli liotli sides, laneeojate, taper |Kiinted, very simrplv serratt', except Mie n.irrowed tiase, rou<;li-ciliate. Uay.s 7 14, loiijr. ^ ("opses . I nd fence lows. !•. S. Canadensis, f>. Stem rou-h, liairy. tall .ind stout, ."{ H It. Iiiyli ; leaves laiu-eolale, |K)iiiled, more or less sliarpiv serrate and pulie-seent lieiieatli, n>iii.di aliove ; lieads small; rays very short. -I'.orders of tliiekels and fields. Common. '" fiit/onsrinci- (I Ihitfoppiil rori/iiih. Kl. S. lanceola'ta, l-. Leaves lanceolate liiie.ir,;{") nerved: nerves, margins and angle- of the luaiielies minutclv rou'di- coMi'ONiT.r 43 |.tlU's,..|il, Im„.N III .leiiM- .UIVII.I..-.I .liisUMs. Ha>s I.-, JO. 'I.in-.' ;{|f. hiirl. : Ir.n,., :< .-, ,11. luM-. C.iiiiiioii. **"••■• *'"•'»»••«. ri ,„,a„j ll..»,.,..,l.,..,li,.„. ,|M n.) (l.,„..,.iM .. M,.„l.. -.,,..-, ,.M|||„„, s...,l,., „r III., inw.hi.r,. i,Ml.n,,.l...l. UM... I.v will, l,.H„H. ,||.>, nr..„ia.|,. ||,„. .\. Ii..,.., m.,i,. ,„. l.-ll„ll,.,M.,l:|,„,,,,„..,r,.,,,i||.,,> l.ri-tl..,,.ii..,tlvii. a-ii,tf|..|.,« ► ..»■,■,- |„ . .,, v.nl,,, iK.nirl, , „r ni.x-i.M.. It„ys whif. |.m,|,I,.»,. liliM': ili-k mIIciw. I.inrn- liin-is h,'irl si,,!/,, ,1 ,ni,l /x/inl,;' !!• A. macrophyllus, I,. st.i„ M..ut .im.i ,i-„i, •.» ;{ t, hi)fh: If.n.s thi.kisl,. ,„„^,|,, «,.MatL-: the low.i, limit ,1i,,|n.I 4 10 ill. |„„jr, luiiv jHtiolt.l ; the ii|,,Kir ..viit,. „r „l,|.„|,r, ^..^^jj,'. "r on iimi-iiie,-:-h„v,ssrsx,horri.,H,,i„,,l<,n, ,„nl„t,lms,'; /o,r,r on, s not loriliilr. l.-l. A. IfflVis. L. Stout •_' 4 It. lii^d. : r,iv> skv hhiu, la. heads III ariose |.aiii,l,.. Ltavs h.iw.olateor ova'te laiweol;?.,. •Iiiefly entile; upiH^r elaspin- l.y an aiiri.led hase. A.h. „es SIIKKltll. Xun, oniir /,„r,:s nmlaf,. thos, oflh. stnn ses.^i/,. I,,,.,, lo/Hriiiii U. A. multlflorus, Au. Kays while, or rarely hhiish. HI ■-'(»: sffiii hoary with niiniite piiheseenee, I ft. hi-h"; hiish.v.' U-ave.s hnear, ri-id, small, with ro.isrh margins; up|K;r partly eliispintr. Heads small, erowde.l, raeeined. ■\ A. dlffu'SUS, Ait. More or less pnl.es.ent ; haves Ian eeolato or ol.lo.i- laiieeolate. taperinj; at ea.^li end, sharply serrate ill the middle ; sralesof the iiivoliieir linear, imhrieate.l 111 ••< or 4 rows, [.eaves 2 .1 i„. loii^r. Kay.s mostly short, white or jKile liliiishpiirple. Hi. A. SalieifO lius. Ait. Kays lar^^e, l.liiish, purplish or almost while. Stem smooth or the hianehes roii^d. an.i l.uhe.scent. F-caves somewhal |K3inteering intoa slenilcr [wtiole ; rays white, twice the length of the minii Iv hairy involucre. -Fields, common. Aniriiiin rill. Ifeads many flowered, diceeious, flnweis nil tubular, pistillate corollas, very slender. Involucre dry and S('arioMs! white or colored, inil.ricated. Kecept«iciil.' I hick, IIMI'IX'.I K'll ill! I !!■ >lllllllll I. Wl •111(1 Mllll lll|l,..l ill-. Wl.nlh. lil|lC(l aiiil '■i-'. A. plantagini'olia, ii.m.u. (I'i.anta.ni.kam,, f.\kk- I.ASTIN,;.) Spivadinjr |,y „tlMt, .uhI n.nn.rs, :i \s , h„/l, • leaves silky woolly «hen. vol, M^.,,,t |..„jr,l, ^,,,,,.„ ;,,,„,.,. j,,;?^^,^: Leneath, ti.ose of t|„. simpl.. tl.,w,., ,„^- st.-ni., small ; lan-eolate ap,.resse,l ; tlie ,a.|i,.al oKovat,. or oval-spat ulute. (i.tioie.!' .i-nerve.l. S.-al,.s of .i.o mostly white involiine olitus,. i„ ,1.,' sterile, and aeiitisl, mikI iiario\v,.r ii, tli.. f.Tlil.- |,l,mt. *""noM'l!i\ '"T •'"."""^"■'■^'' '"" ""■ "•"'>'"^ i" >•'.■ st.nl.. Mowers no tl,„.k..M...l a, , 1„. SIMIUMU .„■ s,.,ur,.l.v m. 1 , |,;a ,„■ , i,„ f,,,, i,,. not u>a„.,la, tl„...as,.. Ke, t ile heaiN „-, y «i,l,. f.w „..,.f..,, flowers 111 thccnlrc. •-'.s. A. margaritaeea, Hentli and Mo,,k (I'kmiv Fvik t-AST.N,;.) Stem I -.'ft. I,i-h, eorymliose a. . lie sium.nt, wi'tli n.any lieads, leaty : leaves l.roadly to !„„.ar laii..eolate taper- l«>inte.i, sessile, soon jrreen ahove : uivolueral sea[.>, pearlv white, very luinicioiis, ol.tuse or roiiiidod. <;i.<.|>l.'<.ll...... Uea.ls,i,aii,vtlow,.r..,l:ll,nvc.rsall,ul,„lnr.tl,eo,.,or P.slillai,. aiHl sl,.|i.l,-r. .•...itral perfe.-t. Sraks of the invohiere wki:„.1 |.i(r,is..|v l.ianeh- od, appiessed, woolly ailiin.ii, li (i in. Iii^r), ; 1,,,,.,., Jp,,,,,],,,,.. "I'l.'ineeolate or linear, not deenrrent, hea.ls small in termiii.-.l sessile eapilate,.lust,.rs. .s„l,tende,l hy leaves, s.ale, hiownish. Low jrioiuids: eominoii. '■i«. G. purpureum, L. (Putins,, Cowkki.. i Annual simple or l.ranehed from the has,.. (1 l>,) i,,. h,.J,, I,..-, v, s ohlonir! spatulat.., uhtUM., not decurreiil, -reeu ahove, ...iveiv.l witli f- $! 1 lw^■l^^dMml 4r, WIM) PLANTS OK I'lMNCIO i:i)\V\|;|> ISLAND s. . wliife wiKil iiiKleiiio.iili : liciiils in ses^iK. oIii-Uts in tlic ;ixil,> of tlie ii|.|H)r Ii'.ivt's mill spiktil at tlic suiiiinil, of tl,,' -tem ; sriiles tawny, imior oflci: niaikcil willi j.iiri'le. Aniltro!.lH. Stciili' :.'i«I fertile Moweis occupying fiilleieiit lieads on the same plant |i e tVilile 1 H loKelliei- and sessile in the axils of leaxesoi-liraels. at the l.asc of the lacenu's or spikes of sterile heads. Sterih' iiivolncres flatti-h or t op-shaped, of 7 l> scales united into a eup, eonMiJiinK'A-'.ttfinnielforin staniiniite tlowcMs- Kertile involiu re oblong or top-shaped, elosed, |)ointed. reseni hiinff iin aeheiic and enclosintf a sinj;],. ilovver wliicli consists of a l)istil only, f'appus none. •27. A. artemisisefolla, L (Roman WoitMwooi). Ho.;. WKKI.. HlTTKlt-UKKh. ) .Mucli hraiiolicd, I 3 ft. liij.'ti, liairvor rougli-|)ul)esoeiit, leaves thin, twioe-pinnatitid, sinootli al.m-.., [Miler heiieatli ; fruit jrlol.iilar, aitiied wit.ii iil.oiit (i short a.Mite tcelli. Kn«llir<- kill. Heads iniiny. flowered, radiate, the ray- neutral. Scales of the involuci<. IciiMiUc in about .' rows. Iteceptacle conical. .\chcueslanKular. smooth, not marsined. tlal at the top. with no pappus or ii minute crown like border. •2H. R. hiP'ta, L. (Com; Fl.owKK.) Hristl\ liairy. stems siniple or hriinched near till' liasc, stout, I 2 ft. 1m'>:1i, hearing single la r^re heiuls : leaves nearly entire; the u|.|ier ol.h lanceolate, sessile: the low(>r s|(,itulati', triple nerved, pel Rays ;il.out 14. Rays lon;_', yellow ; lisk, hiowii. HpIIiiii Ihiit. Hays ydlow. iicnlral. Involucre iiHbric„ii>d. ijeccp tacle flat or con\cN. ( hatr cmbra.inK Ihr I -Idd achenes. Pappus of I wo thin scales, dciiduous. •20. H. an'nUUS, Ii. (Commos Sinh.owf.k.) Tall, ronirli ; leaves :{-ril)lied, ovate or the lower eotdate, serr.ite: scales ovate, long (winled, eiliate.— Waste grounds. Kseaped from Lfardens. Rlileiifi. IJays. when present. :{-S. neutral. J^cales in '.'rows, the outer larse and leaf-like. .S.hcncs .-rowneil with '. or more awns which arc barbed downwards. Klowers .yellow. 30. B. fPOndO'Sa, L. (Common Hkiicaii-tk ks. ^ Tall, _' 0 ft, brjinching: leaves :{ .5 divided, leaflets stalked, lanceolate, pointetl. Achenes wedge-ol.ovatt;, -i awned. Xo ray.s. '-^' ^i^jr>-iMy!>r---, .■.,nnat,. . ,|,.. I,,,., Xo ,,,v>. Inualor J. B cernua. I., is. u.,.kk i;, km u.,...uo i;.vs.,,.„.,, ;'— ;--"'l- S,e,n s..„,„l, .-. ,0 „, ,,„,,, ,,,,,J,„ ,; ''"" '""••■^'■'■'••'U., },.-,r.ll.v,.i„„,i,..-\V,., |,1.„,., ' *''''!*u'"^,,-;';:";'"^''''^'''''''\ "-'■ - ,.. of „.„„ i,.„.,, >..>...•.,.:„■„,„- .,.,.,,,.,. ,1,,,,,,,, ,,,^,„ ,,,„ ^ :'^' ''"''"■;'•'" ^M,.,,,. ,.,•.. nU...,.,.UM. K.V. W, • ':;-,^^°'"'^'|''' '^'-"-'••- K->n,o>,lvn...,„al: •>-|""M.M.,.|y.hssee.,.,l. Sn„„....,.,.n,..,l. K,.a,Ki,l,.s « 1, >.,,.„,. ,„a,«,n,; ,v.-,.|>la,l.. .Iniry, ||,,„i-.|, \..|,..,„- i<>ryiiil)0-c, filial iiiiiiia!-. hcail- ) •U. A. Millefolium, l.. ,C,nn,os V.KKuu o, MH.H.n ) '''■"•'•■•""''•■''■ <■"'■.-•' k an.l ray similar, st.ial,.. wirhou, pappu- Sten. nak..l ah.ve, hearing ,„„ Ja,.., ,,,„,. K,„. . ,,„,J p I 11 . 'l^-^-ih. v^^;y^»?^'vJ!d!*ti, M^ ■IS \V|I,I> I'l.ANTS (iK I'lilN'CK IDWAIih ISLAM) ^^ V: >|>,ilMlfitc, I Iff idled, olliLTs |>iiilly cl.i^idii;.', all ciil iH' |)iiiii;il ilid- ludllifd. Scak's wilii ni>t_v lnowii iimi;_'iiiN. Fields uiid liieail(i« ~. TaiiiicPliiiii. KlDUers yellow, in iiiiiiicroux'oiyinlnd IicmiU. Scales of Ihe iii\ olilele (lr.\. iliilillial ed. Aelieiie-. angled, or lililied with a laigc! flat top. I{a.\s none. as. T. VUlgare, r>. (Cmmmon Tansv.i Slem -2 4 ft. high, ■r(ii»ilr«, (SwKKT Coi.TSKooT.) Uajs whitisli, lieaiN in a toiyiiili. sealcs ot tlie iii\ olucie in a sinfle low. Id aijs (lice< ioiis. -lamin- ate with oil! row of pistillate' riy flowers: iiistillalc willi ra,\-- powers ill tp my rows, leaves ,ill from tlie rool-loek ; llie scapo " il li sheatliiliKln'a'is. ■'{!•• P. palmata, <'ia\. Lea\-es toundKl, sdmcwhat ki(liie\- toeii), deeply palmatelx- o Tlolx^d, the lulies toothed and eiit, woolly undeiiioath. \la\. Near S <^oldeii yellow, the heail forming a spieadiiiir cot ytnl). Stem 2 ;>it. high, liraiichintr, glaliroiis or somewhat cottony, [.weaves iinmcrotis. lyiafe, liipinn.itifid, the lower with lirotid se.irmeiits, the iippei with linear ilivisioiis. Jk • MMi'iisir.v., Si *'■•■""•"• ll""'-'-.'lll.:l..,l.,r, IMTI-,.,., -i,„ilar: I !..■ i,,,!,, ir.,i,.,| M-,.l(-.nMnriH\(.lur,,-«i;|,-iitr|,.,:„l-;niaii ,okr,l i;,,,, ,\,l,ri,rs (lallfiicd aiitl liiiii-\c|-s(-;. uiiiikl.Ml ; i.ain.ii^ -Irdit. •*•'!. A. Lappa. I.. (Hi i: k.) Muiu, i ;; m. i,i.^i,. i,,,,vi.s l.-i!-.-, u^.,l,■ .-uiJ lno>tly conlal.., or lan.'udlalf will, rii,„-ale Iki-c, -MHii.lh alioxf, tloccosc l)iii,.alli. nHnts, li„w,.,-s all tulmla.', pcrfcrt an.l >iinilar. i-.ddUh.p.irpl,. laici; .l„.(i.ms;sciilusiial,ri,aludiri iiianv .-..ws. lipiM.l uiil, a' l.(.iiiloi-|,Mrkl,,.. Reci'pla.lcwithM.rtla: i. - ..r hair,. A.liciir^ tU>\. not liblHcl. Pai)pii> of imiiici'.iiis biislk-. ba-allj unil.il. .Scf//i.s' of 11,1' iiin/liicir nil t'/i/ti il irll/i prlckhs. 4t. C. lanCeOlatUS. Motr. (Common Tmisti.K.) Loaves ilL-.-,n,.nl. .,n lliotnn, fon.iinjr pi i.ljy l„l>f.l wioir^, i-irmal iH.;, >oM-h and l„i>tly al.oM., uoolh l.cnoath. jMiVkly. Flowuis |piir|iii. Sfti/iy. ii/iitroisnl, inn, r mit /in'rh/;/. ■»•"'. C. altiSSimU?. WilM. Vai. l»i-rol,.i, (;,ay. (|),,\VNV TiirsTii:.) St. Ill (louiiy, KiaiioliiiiL:, '-' tJ It. liiirh, ._r,,„,\,.|| L.av,s piiokly, -,..,.11 aKovi-, wiiitfw.ioily Koniatl..' Kl.meis \iii\ "• ''^•'-''- ' -••HT|,iii-; loavf^ ol,l.,Miiliiiiri-a. l-'low.-i.sallliilaiIai., iMai.KiMalIaifr.rari.lM..iil..T,.c.-p la..i..laisll> ;il„.ii„l„-ir.u..,l-,al.-ii,ai'trnM-,l. .\..li,.ii,.s an.-i.-lifil ol.li.|iii.l> M.ai llichaM'. l.i-a\(.salt.MMal... Ilua.ls -.jmhI,.. 17. C. nigra, r.. (Knu'\vi;i;i>.) Srvil..^ of tl,,. iovoinore witli;! lil-.ilv.'ilial.' tViii-f. L.'aves larireolatc, most jy .,ri( ire, i.>iil;Ii. Fliw.is |,iii|)lc. l.l<.IIJi-|.0 IC r. ( ,>roi!:, li^iulal.. in all 111,. (lc.'.v,.,s ,jC i(„. h,.a,| ^oi.l all ll,,. M.,u,.rs iM-r't..,!. II,., |„, „i,l, ,„ill;y jui,... |...avfs' .1 It.'l liat ; . I.ami.siii.a. Il...„l~,s IJ ll„u,.,-,.,l, .v,.|i„v>, s,.;,l.., s. i„ ,•, si„^.i,. ,,„,. .\,li,'iiL's oliloiio : pippiis ii,,iu-: il(i\\,.|-s \,.,„. •IX. L. communis, L. i.Vini.i;u,,i;i, , SI,.,..!.-,-, m..ailv ^"' ''• ' -'f- I"-!'- lou,il,-,.,v..so\,.,i,., s,„„c.t,„„.s|y,.,. s|,,.,,„.,i. Koadsi.lis. \', I \ laif. I! ■f ll 1; i- .Ill Ull.l' n.ANTS or I'laN.IO l|.\V\|;|, IS(,\M>, 11 u "'■••"'• I"^'.ln.-r..,l...il,l... ihriMM.., ois lUM-alr,; i1„...mut l S.i.MchMu. -\<'l.""..r>,lnalr:p,,|.|M,.,„iMa„.NMiiall,hiiltV-,,,lrs' '"'■' « ^' ''""■' <•'•""■"• ^■|"w,., . 1>|N... axillai) ,, sp,.,i,.- ' 4!i. C. Intybus, L. (Cmmukv.) St..,,, k.av.s „i,|..„^. .., anrculale, |.a. I ly ria^pin-, ll.e lowest rui.ciiiatc, tlio>c: „| tl.o liiaiuliL's iiiiniito. ''•■""' •'• '"^"1>'<'>'<' "'ili. hrartlcts at 11,,. Wa,.-. Arhent-s spin.llt- -■:... pi.l. sinalc: papiMis „f plu.uo-.. I„|^il,.,. (Iall,.nnl al the .a,r. >i..|Ml.'^s p,r,.MMlaN with piiinatiti.l icot leav.^ s.aPfs lieaniix one oi- imdic yellow h.ad-. .^><'. L. aUtUmnaliS. L. .Fau. Dasi.ki.Iun.) Leaves >oine- wl.aL ,M,l,e>,.,,„l : sea|.o l.ian.he,!, .", l.", i,,, l.i.J,. |>,.,hiMeles tliiekeiieil at till' smmiiit. Ill.-r«rli..... Hea.ls IJ ...anyllowete.!. Involuere i,„b, i..ate,l ; a.h.'iMs >hoit, .,l,l„„- or eohin.iwif. striate. I'appus a single n.w of taway. .oaKh biistl.s. |li.,,i,|. „f,.,, ^Waa.lalar plaals.' •">i. H. aurantiacum, L (Ouax.k Hawkwkki. ) !,,„ liasate : leaves at the l.ase. Hea.ls el„ste,e,l, ,iee,. ota..-,, ' •'>± H. SCabPUm, Miehx. (ll,,, ...t Hawkwkki,.) Heads small : sfoin sto.tt, I :{ it, l.ijrh, K.aly, n,,,..'!, Iiairv : pe.li.els a,..ltl,o4we,. umatish. white or yellowish : h,.a.ls ". 'ie lnue.e.1 ; i.m.hu ,e ..f.-, 1 llitteaPMales i,, a siMKl,. tow wi, 1, a lew hra.He|s. Aehenes short, striate .„• tf>-o„v,.,l : „ot .ontraeted at tlieapex. I'api'ns of straw-.ulor. or brownish rouKh hrist les. ">••!. P. alba, L. (WitiTi: Li:iTt.K. Kaiti.ksn \ki.; R,„.t ) S.MOoth a.,,1 .u^la.ieoas, 2 4 ft. hi-h. Leaves a„-alate or I..an,-ula.-hall.er lloweied. Bofdeis of woods. ■nir«xa.-i.ii, The taaay-IIowered head, larsre aacl solitary o„ a sleech.r hollow seape. Involucre doable. ll,f o.itei- of short srales. A. he„es oblon>,-ovate. exleiidt. T. Officinale, Wei. er. (Common DAVt-KLIov.) Stno..tii Of at first jHiLeseeiit; (.titer s.-alcs reHexed.— I'astures aii.l lields evervwliuio. ^Jli^^ifflS^I^^'r^iy.:^^^ -^^ ■^^jms:. II F.oliKt.l \('V.V.. ni l.iK'lii ra. Klowors (lulf mII \\t\u[. «faluK iinljiiiiilcil in t\v 111"- or |.iii|p|Uli. rioicts ill AcIrm ■s cornpresscd imrallil to n l>i>ill Jii in llir '> "I mine sets nf uikmiuiiI lengths. liiak, wliich is eiiliitcd at tl sciilc- <'oiitriii|i-il into |>H|ipus iipcx. beiirinj,' a -oft iind w| t>r). IiiK'' L. Canaden sis, L l^^'ii.i" Lktti ( K. ) Tail. 4 f) ■eiy k-afy, sinouth, glaucous ; leaves fi. I lite ft. itli, mostly sinuatepiniiatitid, tl in. 1 louir, pille iipl'*''' lanceolate and K n.l M-e Heads uLout 20 Howere.l, Houcs ,«,le vellow. Ad.en oval, longer than the Leak. r,H. L integriro'lia, Bigcl. Less lea.V, -A 4 tt. high. loosel V •"■'""■'"^'1 •tlM.ve: leaves un.livided. ohlong.lan,.eolate. ,K>M,te 1- . ••""'■...ate leaves clasping by a heart.sha.K.d hase Peduncles and invol- • ••. ' • ucres hri.stly. Oki»k Herlis witli i: -X.XI.K. LOBELIA'CEyE. (Lobkua Fa I a.'rid, milky juice and alternate h>,,ves MII.V. ) irregular, ri-lohed, the tuhe split d< ('oroUa svn wn one si' withre,!. • """"''■ ^^''''^' ''"^^-'- tinjrc.l SrB-(IKI)KK I. <'„/,/,-/>,l,. ,„ll„r.„, /„ ,/ '-'ttl'l' Inrr,/ „r h,r,y Ilk; ,r„;i ":!:™:;r/s;^i:-;;:-;:t:-:;— - • G resino'sa.T,.ir.aii.l<;,, (K,..wk H, . ki.kmkkuv ) Fruit ^■«'|^ W.t...i.t a ,.,.oiii. Kaeeiiies short, ..i.h.l'it Ua .sovaloiohha.. .i,,. shining ..sii.ous ^,ola les ;" ' '"'-''• '•'""••-"""te, tii,j:,.,lui.hpurple >""" '" the. a .r s" . r """ " ""'^■- "•"-'""'« "^y '^ .-ona..ii,eo!.;e;MSr^i::::;i-r;j- ••<■«-.-.. ;--^...^^n.ooth.,. .w;;;:t;L:'r;esir 1:;;:.:;.::;;::: -"■"^'■' --•■ -> --- -;■ !ix I2f^S^T''•'':^ *^'— -H—Kv.) Lou-, •<• V. oxyeo'ecus, L. (Smaj., (•..vnhvri.v i i slender plum, 4 9 in lon-r virh , '' ''"'■•^'*^ " * -'^ '•■eepnic,, t 111. lonjr uitli ovate, a<.,.tc, everirreei, leaves i:iii(\ci;.K r>;} l..l.-u.Hexc..l. IW.vs,«...U...|„h,,. V ''"'"'• ^. V macrocarpon. A,t. (Lvk.k (•Kv^.,KKK^., s,.,.,. o......e.,..ss, .volute, .3 '. -n. .,.„,: ,..n..eN,.,';.;:r "'"""^ '"z:::^,^'u:::^;r:;:;;:;nr'i.;''^^= -•'■••■ - r>. C. Sepphylllfolia. Sali.b. (Ckkkpiv. Svowmkukv . :::;r'^ t;;:;:- "-• ''-- -• • - ■■■ -: >(-tulato. entire. s.nooM.. F.uit ,',1. "^ ''"""''■ '" I", antheo ;,wiil,.s>, oiH-riiiijf IruL-lluvis,. r ,1. v .- "" " ' 7. E. repens. L. ,m,v f,.uukk. Tku,,,s., ak.m^t.s, and^aUe-nate leaves. A ,,....^,..0 .... , ,.„...,. .....ely iJ:;;,;' <«nltho>ia. Corolla ov.,1,1, vtootho. anthers 2 awncd, opeiiiiiK l>y a whe.irip,-bytluMM|yx. which «• G. ppoeum'bens, L. (Cki creeping on or l.tluw tl '1. nciirly white. .■-! t aniens |(i '"'""' P""'- <'aps.ile en,|„s,.,i onies a fleshy r,.,l berry. IN.: \V at the seriate. Flow ei hraotlets. -Cool wood summit, ;< .-) in. liifr),. j s nearly wliit. 'NTKK.JKKKN.) Stem .e surfa.-e. Flow.-rin-. Iiran..|,..s, l,..-,t, ives .)liovate or .>lit "val, scariily solitary. P.'.Jicels wiM, •_> t'iDtxan'ilrn. ( with a oroUa eyliiHlrieul. ■.•|...,lh.'.l. .sil ariex. awnl.'s.. ( alyx of pore, it the ini.uis ]n :!!hi If .IM'll iipping beiials I » I !■ 1^'^" 64 WK.II IM,A\TH Ity PIMVCK i:i.W\|<|» |SI,\\|». an.) •.' ,iinil.ii 1mu,iI.-i -. I'„.| with u .l.,u».l.( |„.rira,,.. il... ..„....■ of .1 \,il\ (•*, the i •! „f 1(1 Mihcs, »• C. calyculata, I)o„. (LkatukkLkaf.) FI..u<.,s uhiir in I si, If I I.Mty lacemiw. I^-avts ol,l„„>, ,„^,,, ^,.„,,^.' -Bojrs. Aliout 2 ft. lii;rh. rt. Calyx of I colorwl sepiilt.; ,„n,ii,i bell.«l,ftp„.l. 4 part ..I -_l.o,ter than Ihc calyx, both b.-'omintf -.-ariotiH. Hla.n.iis s' KvWfc.n shrub with .row,!,.,!. „pp„.i„.,i,id ri.itiiitf Imvrs with Itasc cxti'iidcd into aiiticlcs. K'. C. vulgaris, Sulisl,. (Hk.^tihu.) FIow,.,s for.ni,,,. nuso. n.osMy Isnl,.,! spikes or spiktlik.; .a.,.„ms, ,OMe.,..,|on..| or soinctinies white. Kulml,., Corolla b:„a.lly b.-ILshaped. 5-lobed, fnrnish.Ml with \i> )ogs. I.e in. i.n.jr, very ol.tuso! Capsule ohlong ; stamens ". 7. -In cold hogs. •;# KHI(V\ri..K. ,»•,(•, >>i i; OKI. IK III ''.(/,/, M«Hr,e». IV,„U .-,. ui.l..I,s s.n...l.uu. .-, l.i,.,ila, : Mntl,..-. .•o.,s„i,.„ '"''•-'""'"■'' • ^' "-'"'■' '^"^•"•■ l"li'l''. ».lh.-. ...» ...i.l KMll..:i,..- I- M. trrandlflora, Saii-i,. ((KkFiou, km. i-m;,„ , , b-.iM's i..un.l.,l, v,.iii.\ aiHl s..r,al.'; 1 1,. I Jl.ra.l,,! ,.a|,.- " \ '«■ liij-'l.. I...uin-a uJMt.. ,„ i,.„..,..,lo,,..l i.iminal ll,.«,-r. I'>l-..IH. •■alyx.V,.ai|..l; ,»laN 5, ,.„„. av „„„,. „, ,,,, ,„„ UTK'M^'. Mmiiuu. 1(1, lila„HM.sau|,l,a|...|. ..'; -tijniii. :. Inl..!...,(. ■> (han tl,.. ,„.t„,le ; ,s..a,M. t,.w Houtr,.,!, .". S i„ |,„.l, < :ilyx lolHsr„„,„li-|.„vat,., very slM.rf : tl.,. .Ihpti.vl ,^,^,.,,^1,- NVlllIC IK'tais, ,„nvf,-Hijr. Stylf litti.- v\>r,ti,i. 4. P. elllptiea. Xutt. (S.m.vI.ku., f..av,., ..lli,.,i..al or ....uvatt-cm,l.l„„j:,,.f|.antlH.,na,-i,..l,H.t„.|,.. Kar,.,„.. n.anv- t-".i--l: .•.■.lyx-l,.l,os ovat... a,ut.., . >, ,1,.. |,,,„.tl. ,,,• ,|'„, ;.'ri(iii'^li w hitf petals. .'. P. rOtUndifOlia. I,. i.eavo. ,.,l,i,.„la,, ,|,i,.k. sl,ini„.r UMially slMut.T than tla- ,...t •. ( al vx-l..l,.., lan-vulat.. ur '..lou-laneoolate, aeut,.!,. ■, .,, ., t he I,.,,;,, I. „, ,|,.. , ,„iii.lis|. ''l."v;,te, winte in-tals. S,.a,KJ inany.l,ra..tf.|, .1 |J i„ l.i.,],' liiceiiio many rti.ueieil. Si l: (iKI.KK IV. /'/.r„/« I,, rhivf hil, (if ijrini I'lil'iiiiji . nii.i. ni(i>-fHirii.>i/ir, . /,/,V, /,/,/, .v//. ' "'r'""'- ' '">^ "f - •' l^«n""lale. l.ia. Hike seales. (....olla „f I .-. separate, ,|.aI,ilalo nr we.l^.' >),a|„.,l. ..aleliUe pelaN .Ntan.eM..S..rl(i.anM,.,.Ki,|>.e.vsl,a,,e,l. .,,„.Mi„tr ;..■.,„. ,1,,. ,.,,, >^liKliia ili-k like, J nr.". i.,.. ,,1. ' I. M. uniflora, L. iI-.m.xs i-i,,.. c.k,..,, i.,.,,,^, , .s,„.,„ti, w.'.vy white. ;) H in. hj-h : tnrni,,:.r l,|..,ek in .Irvi,,- I„ ,|:.,k.' ricii wooik r I I I; iiMafi"'':BM«tf; lf.iL^, IwM I'.iMM ,.u..is) >..t„..„|,at .I,.unv, raw. a uImiisI, ,„ ,..1.1,-1,, » |_. ,,, |,|..|, .Styl.-l...i-.i ll,u.. lIuMn.i.y, l,..||,,«. ( i,.,k ,,,,,1 ,.,,... „,„,.lv" <),;i,m; X.WI. PLUMBAGINACE/E. i I..m.u,.k, Kvm,, v ., Maiit,!,,,- 1,0,1,,, „„l, ,. -ulai .-, ni.i.M.s ||,.„,.,,, ... ,,la,;,.,l ,.|} -pik.-.l a„.l I .i.|..,| ,„, ,|„. 1„ „„.|,.., ., •, l'|mte,l. (al.Nx .„,„hI f.., r„. ...,„||a ,.f r, ,,.,,1, .„■ .i',,*,; .hstinrt |Ml.il>. ll,L..-,-(,.Mi..M. alta.h...! I.. 1 1,.!, I.a„., -;|,|,., -, iMrcl>- .'!, ><|)iifiitc. ^ S. Limonium. L. is, x Lw ,a,„ ,;. .m.,km. i:...,mu:v) II"' \a,. ('a,..li„iu„a. ti.ay, is tl... ,,lant „| tl.,. IV.ammv »»u."l n„ ,„„. salt ,.:a,>t...s. I, l.as very ,u„t.., ,„■ .•,.„„„■„.,„'■ calyx. lol.,- l;,„.t tlii.k a„.l „„„.ly, v..,v asliinjr..,,,, 1,,.^,,.^ ol.lonji-, -i^.tulal,., „r .)lH.^at,■.Ia^^..,,la.,•, I ,il.l„,|, ,H.|i,,I..,| S,,-a|H.- I,mn.-hi-.i, 1 -J ft. l,i.irli. Spik.lH, I ;{ lU,^^vn■,{ ; lUnM-,. liivendcr <-(>l,,r. Oki.kk \.\XII. primula CEyE. ,I'u,wk.,sk |-ax,„,v.) II.tI.. «,il, s„„,,lo leaves a„.l ,..;,.„lar ,,e,l..,-t li„«.,x , |,o HUmens as .na„y as il.o lul.es „i li.e .n.,>,<.|.etai.,us. ra.els ,H,|y IK-lalous, e,.r.,lla. a,i,l i„s,.,.,.l ..pjK.si.e I l..n,, a„,l a l' .■,.|le,l i>^ iiy will, a eeiilial I,.e |.laieiita. ISlvIe I. 'Irl*-ulall«. Loaves i„ a wl.oil at th.. -,i„„„i| „f a .l.„,l,.,. ,,,.„, ' al>xa„,l,.„,.olIa, Mostly 7.|,a>h.l., I,., lane,. M..va,li„^'. «i,lM.,U a li,l>.\ \\ lute. I. T, Americana, I'.usl.. (Sta.: - Fi..,\m:u.i Leaves elon<.ate.l-la,i.-e„late ta|H-ri„ir to both ei,.|s ; ,,..,.,|, n,,,.),. jH)iiite(l. I.>.l......-I,l„. (-......lla .otal... ,.ahx ^r |,a,.|,:,l, ,.)„,,„,, ,,,„,.,^. a.\,llai'.\ oi' ill I i,ii|.|iie. •-'. L. thyrsiflora, I.. iT, i n.,. L.,.,s,:v,k.ki;.) Fi„«e,s P">pll'ite, se,,jl,.. ,|a,k ,|,,||,.,|. ^^' '4. 11/ <>l,i:\(,|. r, AI-nfVWCK.K. • I< *-'""V '''^^ '11^'' I. ...Mt; .■,.,-.,11,, v,,u,MMtr. ^,, „..■•„, .'. l'l'ln.,1.- U|i|, II, r |,,l,,.-,,l III,. ,.lll|.ll-l, . ,,|\ \. •■! G. maritlma. i. (S, v m,, ku.m.,' , l,...,v,.. „,,,h,mic "I'l.-n.^-. ..„t,i-, M.,,,1,, Fl.av..,, -,,|,iarv i„ il„ ,.x,U. s,-.-," ^I.iilr. *""«" ■'!>'' ■•>|.-nl.-.|; .-o,.,!!,, n.lal..; I„„::,.r ,|,.,„ (1„. .-.Ivk M.ltIK 11- ."l, lil.llMI'll! - In. nil. ■■I. ». A. arvensis. I. .(,,mm,,n |'.m..,,km.i > i....,.,., ,,v..i. , sfs,il,., ,|„„,,.,- ,1,,,,, ,|„. ,„..|„,„.|..,. |',.,.,K I,,,,,,., I „,,,j """Ml.-.,,il, ,,r-t.ilk.-.| ,1,11.1-. n,.«vr, MvirlH, ,.„n.l. . 1.1, ir 111 u lul . "" •' ""^ •..•II .Il..,...,l. ,,;„,..,1 „,„|, .-, ,,,.,11.. lil.,.,,..,,,.. ,11 1.1. ■ -111',-, .. H.nv.i-- M.iv -11, il!, lar.lii,.,!. ulm.. •"'. S. Valerandi, L. v.,,. .\„„i,..;„.„-, c,. (1{k,,„k Wl.,,-.) .-,.,,1 -I, ml,.,, ,|,|-i,,..|v l„:,M.I...,l. I„:m,- ,,l„„;,„. or -|«.t,ilatr. ,.,r,.M„ , |,ai,i,-|,.,|, ,,..,1,, ,), |„„,.' a,„l -,„,.a,| I. OKI.I.K XWlii OLEACEyE. oi.iv,: I-vmh.v.i Tiv,.^,„ -lin,li> «iili ,,|,,„„|,,. .,,,,1 |„,,|ial..or mi.i|,I,. i,-,-, \ ,„ . il 4 .-I, .ft ... -.iiiii.t,,,,, ^ ,,|,„,|,.,,. ,..,1^ ^ .^ r...-,,i,r I . I.M ,„■ I |M.tal,)ii> ,.,.|,,lla. -,.iii.l,iii,- .iiMlal,.!,-. Slain,,,--' |. ,,,.,|.^ ■-'.•,.|I,,|. l-rnMlllI,. l.,-,,v.., , i.il. ■: II,. u..,-|,„|v^,a.ii. .,-,„•, -i,,,, , „ „ l„.,it li.'.,l-..,Mliii..-,ly Willi,.., I ai-alyx. .<|. ii> i will, l;,,K'l■..l.l.,„^ .■lllll,,.|■-. I. F. Americana, i.. iWUm .\-ii , L,ai!,.K 7 ;» |«.t,. "il.'l: ,.^ ,,,., |.,„iii,..,|, iiiliicr >|.a!ii,._r|y MTialc. Mark ^-ray ami 1,11 1 iiwcil. •-'. F, sambucifo lia, I..,,,, iii \. k .\.>i.) i,,aii,.tv 7 n, "'iI-'iil: juineolati, ia|„.n,,i.' ,,. ., |„,i,ii, ,■,.■, 1,., -,.„ii,., .. Sw all)|l>. Oki.iu \X.\I\. AP0CYNACE>E. ,I).m.i-,.vm. Fvmm.v.) I'iants uil). milky, .uriil jui,,. anil iiitii,-, r-liietly opposite lo,-,vc.< Mitli.iiit >ti|„il,-s, nxjrnlai- |«.|itain.-,i„i- a,i,| in-Mt.iiidn.iw tl.-wcis; 111,. til,iiiic.iit.s (li-iinct an.l ,.„ tlir .■..lolla. Calyx i,ce 58 wir.n I'l.AXTs OF ntixrK kdwai.-d iskwd. 'A^ .tlMM-ynilili. Poiollii l..Il-sh;ii..il: .Vrlcfl, IxMriii;,' .-> tridnKubii iippiiiilM;,'.-^ below llicllirojit opixisilc lliulolx-; -cliiin«'ii> ,"1011 llu' bii.-o oC the I'oriilla. A. androssemi folium, L (Sikkai.im, ihxjiiAM.) Smootli, liraiicliod al)<)ve, lnuiiHies foikiiiii;;er tliari I lie liavcs. Corolla jialc lOSOfolof, Witll ll'Mlllltc IoIks. OKI. Kit WW. BORAGINA'CEiC. i iluKA..,; Famii.v.) Roiiirli, liaiiy Iiurhs, with a (l((|.ly Jiul.xl ovary, fc.niiiiit; 4 Mcd like iiiitlitN, liiit tlio forolhi is rejrularly ,")-lolic(l, willi ;") stamens on its tulic. .St\lc I. MytistiliK. ( iiidlla short, salver foriu, its lolics rouiidid, llic throat irestcd. M. laxa, Lctmi. (FoKcKT -MK-NOT.) Stems slLMiilur,(l(>fum liunt ; leaves laiiee<>late-ol)loiiKK XXXVII. SOLANA'CEiE. (Xkhithiiai.i; Familv.) Hcrlis, or rarely shiuhs, w ith colorless juice and alternate leaves. Hi-jjrulai i>enlamerous and peiitiindrous flowers. Fruit a many-seeded lieriy or pinl. SolaiMini. ^ .Vntlii'is oi)einiiK Ijy pores at the tip, oomiivciil. Corolla rotate. .Vlohcii oi' nearly entire. Slanieiis exserled. 1. S. nigrum, I.. (Common Nkmitshadk.) Mueli luanchefl a id .s[)rciif tlif Klohuhir, dry l.orry. Corolla with l.ordfi- nea.ly <'ntirc. ^. N. physaloi'deS, (iuertn. (Aim-i.k of I'kki.) Aiimiiil, -' :{fl. I.ijrl,, will, ovui... Miiuute-toothwl or aii-led leiives aii.l soliUuy pjilc l)liic tliiwtMs. DMnni. (i.lyx i.iisniHtir. ,ilootl.ud. Cnn.lla funnel fonn will, ;, liii-Ke a„d spii-adiiiK .■> 10 toothed iH.idi-i'. Slip,,,;, ■' lipi.e,! CHpsnlfKlolmlHrand pri.'kly. 3. D. Stramonium, F.. (Thohn Aii'i.k.) Leaves oyate, Mn.iate-t..„tl„..l „r a„-l...| ; ^t-eiii K'een ; (•orolla wl.ite, 3 in.' long, the holder witli .'> teell,. Oki.kk WXVIII. SCROPHULARIA'CEyE. (Ki^nvo KT FAMll.^, Cliiefly lierLs with (lidynamous >tainens (or |K;rfeft, stamens, often only 2, rarely .",), i„seite.l on the tnl.e of the ■_' l,p,M..I or more or less irrejr„lar .orolla. Fruit, a •J-eellwl capsule. Style I, stiyrmu entire or'i-lohed. Verba H<-,..... ( on.lla .■otale. Flowers raecn.(.>e ; slarnens ;-,. all wil h anthers ; and .i. or all with boarde I'LWTS UK I'KINCK KUWAKK ISLAND. "k-lll m^ i W M.h I'rnlM*- ■iiwii. CoioUii inlliil.d. hcllslmimil or L'-lipptMl. uppor lip '.'l(.l.c.l. I.iwci ;!-,lcft. Siaiiioiis I iiiid ii lillh Kteiili- Jiliinienl, Miikcil or Ixaiilcd. I P. pube'SCenS, Holiiiulei. (Hkakd-Tonci k.) Stum I 'J it. liijrii : luiives ohlong to liinct^olat.-, 2 4 in. loiiu^, the ladicul ovtiUi or olilc.iijr, coiolhi (lull violet or purplish or imrtly whitisli. Sterile filiiincnt yellow hcirded. Mi miiliiM. S|auiriis4. alliiiithcrlieiiriiiK. Calyx .>aiiKled, .Vtootlied. rpper lip of corolla eriMt. Iowit .'Molied. .stiKiiiu '.'-lobod. ">. M. Pingens, L. (Monkkv Flowkk.) Stem wjuare, l •_' ft. liigli ; leaves olilonj; or lanceolate, pointed, cljispiii},' l>v u liciirl sha|)t!(l l>ase. serrate ; |)eduncles lonjror than the violet- purple tlower, corolla person.ite. l.iniOM- till. ( al.\ X Moollied. corolla open liell-^liaped. 5-i-left. nearly regular. I-ca U-s allernale or fa.s.'icled, floliy. Marsh plant. •'. L. aquatica, L var. tennifo'lia, HoUni. (Midvvokt.) Leaves with no Made distinct from the petiole, iiwl-shajjed or thre.nd-form. Vf ro iiira. ( orolla rotate or salver-shaped, almost regular : .stamens •_': lea\ es opposite or whoiled ; flowers lacenied. 7. V. Anaga'llis, L. (\Vati-;k Sikki.wki.i.. ) Uaves sessile, mostly elas|.iiio- l,y a cordate V)a: e, ovate-laneeolate, acut«>, serrate or entire, 2 .Sin. lon^r. Corolla pal'' l.lue with purple striiK's. Capsule slij,ditly notched. f*. V. Americana, Schwein. (A.^ih;Kn.\s Hkookmmk.) Smooth, deeunihent, then ereet, 8 I'l in. high ; leaves mostlv ix'tioled, ovate or ohlong, .serrate, slightly cordato at base, slender |HMlicels spreading. !'. V. officinalis, I.. (Common Si'KKdwki.i,.) Fulie.scent, prusti.ite; leaves short petioled, ohovatc-elliptieal, ohtuse, serrati': racemes den>e, |)edieel shorter than the calyx, [kk] notched. Corolla hlne. 10. V. Serpylllfo'lia, L. (Tiivmi-m,kavf;i) Si'KKUwt;i.j..) Nearly smooth, hranclies ascending, simple, 2-4 in. high; leaves olilong or nv.ite, the lowest jietioled and rounded. Raceme loose ; corolla whitish or [wde hluo with die|)er stri|ies. pod olituscly notclic round or ovate, nciuit.-liM.ttiod. Flower Miiiill : pod nearly ()rl>icii lar, sliarjjly iiotelied, I 2 seeded. 1-*. V. BuxbaU'mii, Tenore. L.aves round or li.-arl oval.-, crenute, I in. long. Flower lanre, >, in. wide, l.lue, ealyx lobcH laiieeolate. Pod l)roadly i. hod, seeds Hi ^i. Riiphrn Hia. ( alyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of eorollii -.'-lobe.!, .s de.s folded baek : lower lip 3-eleft, lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens t. under the upper lip. I'od Hattened. 13. E. Offleina'Us, L (Rvki!KI<;|it.) Leaves ovate or lance- olate, lowest erenate. Lower lip of tlie whitish, yellowish or bluish corolfci with lobes notohed. Stamens 4. Ba'riHin. Calyx 4-<'left : upper lip of eorolla entire and sides not folded back. Stamens I. 14. B. Odontites, Huds. .V s|>an or two liiirli, l)riiiiehiM^' ; leaves ohlon laneeolato, coarsely and remotely serrate ; spikes loo.sely tlowere. R. Cpista'Sralli, L. (Vku.ow-Ratti.k.) Leaves nar- rowly ol.lonj,', coarsely serrate. Floral l.raels in.Hsed with bristle-tipj)ed teeth. Corolla ^ In. lonj?. The seeds when rijK3 rattle in the inflated ealyx. Mp|anip.vnini. Calyx 4-cleft, lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla enlartred above: upper lip ar.lied and compressed : the lower erect. :< lobed at the apex. Stamens t under the upper lip. 16. M. Americanum, Mi.hx. (Cow-Wukat.) reaves lance- olate, short-pet ioled. Corolla jrrecnisli yellow ; the small seed like a grain of wheat. M n Oki.kk .\.\XI.\. LABIATiE. (.Mint Family.) Chiefly herbs with stpiare steins, opjMjsite, aromatic leaves, more or less 2 lip|H'd eorolla, didynamousor din ndrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 .seed-like nutlets oi cheiies surrounding the base of the single style. Upper lip of the corolla '2 lobed, sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobcd, Style •2-lo})ed at the aiwx. r>2 WIM) I'l.ANTS >»■• |.|(IN<'K KDWAIM. Isl.AM,. • Flo,rrrs in ,„„rr or ,rss rro,n,r,l r/„sters. .,.rf'/,n; or .oirntr (oral,,, | .1 ,„,,,,,.,, havu.^ thc.„pp.Hobe bro.l.st, enti.-e o.- „..t. he... 'J^^::^l 1. M. Canadensis. L. (vv„.„ M.sr,, ^,..0 v.uvin.r from ovate oJ,Io„g to lufx-olaf, ta,M.rinj, at l,„th e,.,l.. Fiai," on the stem not conspic.ou.sly reflexed. Flowers i„ avillarv clusters, i>i,le purplish. *'^'"uTh%h?'t''"'^'''""^"'^='^°''"''''"'^*''>'''l"*»y*-lo''«'l- Nutlets withthiekcnudmargriiis. Klowefs white. ■>uiiets /" ^/!'*?'"*°"^'^^- ('^'•<'''^=-«^:^:") Stem ol.tuselv 4-aM^^led. h 20 ,n. high. Leaves ovate-lauceolate, tooth«i entire toward.s the l)a.se, acuminat.- at hoth e.: ! . 3. L Sinua'tui, Ell. stem 1 .S ft. hi^.h, aeutelv 4 an..le.I • oaves ohlong or lanceolate, n^-1 i,, long, acuminate, i,™' larly mciscd oi sinuate. Ser lip coHcr, re or an/,,;/. //„■ loirer spre„,ti„g '"' "wu'h H» ''■' "'^"''"'• •"'"" '"'•""■•■"• "^»'^'"^'>' -•""•I'e'l. » orolla ^^ ith the upper Up erect, rather <-on,.ive, notch,,! or •'■cleft . 4. N. Catapia, L. (Catn.,-.) IWny, erect, hran. l.e.l : l<^av..s eor.l.„,, „l,lo„g, d....,.ly...ronate, whitish-.lownv under- neath. Corolla whitish, dotted with purple. 5 N. Glecho'ma, Benth. (Okopn,, Iv,.) (Voeping and ra.ln.j, : leave.s petioled, rou.ul ki.luey-shajK^I. orenatc. green Loth sides : corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light Line. "Z"'"'/",.'-' "■""•'■'"''"" "'"' /""-xlM. Colujc UilahkiW. t/,c rou„de,l l,p. ,„tire. Corolln N/„l„at., „pp,r lip „rc/„.l 6- S. latePlflopa, L. (Mai.-,,,,.; Skiluap.) .Smooth- stem npnght, much branched, I 2 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate' ovate, pon.te,!, coarsely serrate, r.etioled. 2 3 in. long. Flow- ers blue. -Wet places. 7. S gralePieula'ta, L. (Sk.-llcap.) Flowers solitary in the ax.Is of the upt^er leave.s. Smooth or a little .lowny, I'I,.\\TA(;|N.\CK.*;. 1-- 11. lli^rl,. I coidiif( It I. voavcs Kvatc-lu >ioll I, VIO iiceolutc, aciitc, let-hl 6.S ^'■naie, sli^rhtlv Sf, IHirnlhl (iiiil ■o„r,n-r „,,,„,■ Zip, I,,, /„„.,,• /«,,> /, le- \V<'t. >ha^rr //,//„,/ „„ iiiiKli-il al lop preail petiolcii, the low. "MMoN .MirrilK|;Wol;T. ) T;,!l V '•""'•''te at liase, .-{..•iHr. the lol.fs 1 '■ "'<•<'. l';iliiiatelvlol)<.|| I lie II, |ial(^ imrpl e <'oioila <>alpo|Ml4. (iihx .Villi leiN I r. in It liitiiilui- liell-.sliaped; iiieeolate. L'ppcr lip of N-MI-elj i; II). G. Tetrahit, L. (( salved. 111,' small llie .iteetli spiny. poinied. ter \M\ I iliali swollen Kclow 1 1 N'Tlate ; edidll ie joinis, hiistlv-l '"MMON HlMI-XKni.!.. ) .St, lairv ; 1 tl piiiplisl leaves ovate, ( lie ealyx, ot'lcn will 1 or vaiicLrated, I :oai>o|\ 1 H |)iirplcsi«,t oil tlio l„u wiee tlie leiiirlli ot •rli *>la'rliys. < aly upper teeth X iiilmlar-lieJI-^l of iirolla oft united into one. .Vinjet li'Uied. e<|uallv ^Vtoolheil en arclied. ""•leilal top. Tpperl 3-Inlied. the middle lohe 1 entire or nearly so: the lo "i- the J i|i iIWsl. ei' lonjfe "• S. palustris, L. i.m anjrled, tl ■■< ft. Iii-h, j,j AliMI Hkix.k Xkt 'le aiijiles. I. isiit.' with lellexed I Ti.K. i Ste in I .eaves .sessile iiiirs, espeeiallv or ovate laneool *) 10 flowered. Fl iite, serrate, r i{cd at I >i the lower sliort-()etiole(l, :il)l< lowers pill pie /ase, downy. Whorls <>ki.i:k \\. PLANTAGINA CE/E. (I I WTMN Fa riiiefly steniless h Ml I. v.] tl with i-etri,|..i,. 4-iiierous spiked tlowen -e stamens inserte.1 on the tuhe of Ihe.lrvand eeous, vein! ""■ "" '"*^ """■"• "'t' es. ■1 i Is J :.Ti j 1 fi (U Ulll. n.\M> Ml n;|\( I. |.;|,um;|. IM„\m». HI>. 'r, I l»..i«u«. . .1, X „l i,,,,,.,. „..,..is„.,„ ,.. ., , „,„|,^^ ,„„„,. I"l,> >„• ,„U,ir. «i,|„.,iMi,' "11 IIm |„„|. ,|„, |„„,|,., ,.,,,,,.,,,1 )'lhlM-i|. I- p. ma.jor. I., m ,.mm,,n Pi.vmmv., s ..ih ..i ii.mv ; l..n.-...\;,l... .,l,|,.M-ur ux :,l. ,,l,n,|,t lv n:in,.«,..l i„t„ „ ,.|,,;„" "'•l"l I"H"I'-. N"l^" 'l.'Hv. ul.li,,,. ; s..,.als roMiHl ..vah. ,„• "''.ivalr. S.ril, ,ui-l,,|. ivlirnliil..!. |',m1 S IS m.,.,|,..|. -' P. lanceolata. L. ii.'Mi.mss. i;v,;,.rsii I'i.antain.) Unix. MM|.,. -i..nM.I .in.trl.il. |,,,,v,.s l,ii„-„..l,,t,., slrnd,.,, !» 24 '". l.-n- l!,.M( ,M„| m'ImU ,>,-.-,ri..us, I.n.wni.sl,. .S,..;il,H 2, lni||ii«,d ,111 llic laic. '■' P. decipiens. l!,-.!ii.,Hi.|. (Mausm I'i.xntmn., Annui.l M.nMlnn..., I,i..„„i^,|, ,vitli a M„„l n,„iM.„k, s„„«„| ■ ,,.„.^. l-.'lMs,.,.nt. I.v.v... tiatii,!, aii.l .•lian.,,.!,-.!, nrailv as lon;,^ as M.o ""''"■• •' '- '" • •"•I'lninal,- ; .spiko sLmkUt. loose" -- Salt 111.11 ^lu's. III. APBTALOUS DIVISION. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. I'lnxxris .Institute of ct.roll.-i and suincli s jils lit' ralvx. #: <"""i^ M.I ILLECEBRA CEvE. (Knotnvukt Vamua.) "'■''"' '*'" -"> -'IMKJsitr and entii.. U,av,.s, s.arious sliimlrs iir. ,S,U.r,,„ll,u. ,umv): a 4 :, t.M,rl.,..l or ,«„ti-.| liorluic,.. ....sor,o,,ar,.oirs (km sist^.i.t calx x ,K..aIs, sU.nei.s on the '•••'lyx ,,s n.ai.v as tl„. lol.,.s. and o,,|K,site (hem or f.-w.-r ■ s'.M.s •_'. otUM uint...l. Small .lilluse and tuft.-d l.crl.s, „itl. -iiiall j.'i,(nisii or xxliilisj, lioweis in cliisteis. Scleranthus annuus, L. ,K„a«,.|., s,.,Kd> .-., united '"'"" '" ■' E. (.\m m, vmm I , u.. n , \V.....ly liriLs will, ii.Mllv IIm- .I,;,! .irl -i s ,,1 ( |m (;,„,m| Family, l.iit Mm- II..w.t> iii..,ih iml., ..;.!. .I. h,iI, ,I,\ .,,,.1 srnri.ius |H.mis|,.nt l„:„.|s, ||„. I„,„.|s „tl,.„ r.,l„|r.|, , ,,„„ K .'» ill imniltcr : t-li." I .•(.|1,.,| ..x.ny I cimi|i,|. .IniiiriiiiiHM. Kl<)w.rKiii.iiHr(i..M>..i|,„lv»ii..oiK, .i i,nui,,i ( ,iv\ "f.-. ..r s.,iii,.Iinirs A ,..,ii.,l .•ml „.,„,|.. Kl;,|,r,M„. >,; .„, -, liirrl.v.'.,i;t. s.-|.,iian.; iinlli.rs ■.' .-..II...!. Sli^,,,.,^ ■_' ,.r .'i |.,„ii aii.a.M.l I-S...-.I.M1 ii|,.i,.|,.. •_' ;tl.r,.kr.l Ml llir^iHS. „„,.i|., |.„m, , ""'" ' ■"I>". "IX'iii.m lnii.sv<.|-,.l> ,.r- -.„„..|i„„- iMiiMinr iri't'Kiiliii'ly. I- Amaranthus retpoflexus, L. d'l.iui ii, , i;-.u...|,,,i,: li'Mvi-s .lull -•.,■,.„, I..n- |,.-ii..|...l. .,v;it.. ,„■ rli.MMl.,.- ..,.■, I,., iin.liihil.-: Il...fhi,.k spik.'s ,T..«.I..,I in ,, ^(iir |,,,i,i.|..: l„.nU awii|K>inf.Ml, vi-/,.\. ox.M.,..liMtr ll..' ...•i.l.. .., ,,l,i i.,.. ...,,.,!,. (,'iilfivntc.l jrr.iim.l. Ariiltlii. (•liiiii„i..,..s „f AiiianihUN .•xcc|it that tli.' Il.iu.j, ;,i,. .li.i.i.msmi.l tlic plstill,,:.' ..ii.'s wi:|„Mit .-al.w. l:i,„i.. I ;; „m '■c|ilal. Stiiiiii.in(.MMl.v>;.,i:,ll,in..l.l.,n(,Mnn.i-. t,' li|,,„,l ., |mU l<)nK.T tli.in til.' I,ia.l>; sl„i„..n> ;.. ,ti»riMa- J .,, ,,|ir, ,^r ;,|„| liliiiiios)- hjspiil. •-'. A. tuberculata, M.hi. V:,. subnuda, Wat..,,, (\V.\TKK Hkmi.) Kl..-t ..!■ ..H..|, |„<,,t,at.-. tl,.. |,,u,.,. .luM.i-. at l.'ast of |,isiii!i,t.' fl.,«.i,, m..ie.)r l.^.s cv „„,>,■ m,,,] ,,ti,ii i,,' V'loLose heads; l„;„.ts tl,i,i,icr, .iaii-.>« an. I !,ix. -l,.,ii,i i|,„n I.Ik* fiiiil. Oki.kk XfJII. CHENOPODIA CEVE. ((hi.iskk.miT I-'aMIIV. I Clilully horlis i,t' li.it, idy as|K-fl, witli Mic.iil,.,:t .nrl .1 jti, ,i,,t.. l.-av..sHii.l>niall -i....|ii,|, ri.,u,.,s. mostly in inl, 1,1.1,1.. I spik.,. SUiuons usually as m;,„yas the lolws.it il ,\\ \ nii.l ,,|,|M.,i,,. them. Ovary |..>cllc.| ; sii;jirias mosth i. *'»•"' •MllOlll. W.'.'.ls Mill, usually ni.Mly l.-av.-. aii.l tr,-, .„!.!, scssil,. |l.,w,.,.s. ( Mlxx :, ,l.!f| : .tai,i..,i, l,„,sliv .-,. I. Chenopodium album, L. (Lvmus (^,m:ti:i;.s. ) st.,,, I 'ih. hltrh. l,cavfst,om lh.i„,lii.-„\a|.>t..la„.iM,lat... tootlir.j, menly. as arc th.- Hnu-.-r flnstfrs. ( '.i-nnxi!! in ,,||,i-. j, .,| .,,,! Jt M »n.r. n.VVTs..,. ...mnv,,; ,,,.» m.,. ,s,.y^u. I* $ ;;;:^£rr:Lf-:r::,,:;;,;:t::: ,::;;;::'■ '•">' •'• ': -^pilu'v. Sta ,1 I. tlrl|t|cx. I''l"">is iiioiKici.iiis III- ,|ii,.,i,,>i II ;:-;■;;.::■;:,;::;£:;:•- '':■••::-;-• ^;::::ra^::::;^ ' A. patulum. I., v.,,.. littorale. .;,,,v, I....K ..„..,. ""'•1'. laivh ,si,l,h..,slMl.. .„■ t„„M„,|. *iill.-« riilH. Low saliii- plants will, (|...|,v 1...M.. i • i ■ '"^' iiu..„in.a„.,„ I „..,.„:[,;!::,;;;:'■■ • ^"vx m...,i ,.1.1 ••■ S. herbacea, I.. .Suu.m.kk.) n...... „ ,,,,„, j,. N'.... (:,h^ ..,,1. i„„„,^i„ ,,„., , ^,^^ -^'J M.\l.'s •_>. Salt nia.Oiiv "' • 7tv';"l:•^;:^,.;;';';•''■•''^'r^"^'l- ■■ •..■■--. lia-aMi.,... ■'•"•I- jMili.t, msmI,. Ill III' a\ils - '^'^ --- .-xJ;.;:!i :;::.x::: " •" -H,l.,.|,. I...av..>,.an„wal,h,.|.as.,a,.u,.. Kloral |--.-...u.nnia,... An,l...,s ..xs..,,...!. Si,|... ,..., „ „... "":;:::..>^:-;:;::t:::r'"'^^* -•---'••— •wu,.a„..,i •' iL^i'i !^*"' '; '•^■^'■■'i"""> »""'""<•- 1--'-'. --ill, „,th tlH-.l..,„.o>s.,lfn„,. Sta.m.n..-.. Samly s,.asl.,.,c. '»'<-KR XLIV. POLYGONA'CEyE. (Hn Kwr.K.vr Fvmm.v.) HorU uiii. alren,ato,n.Hr.. Laves, ami Mipi.l.s in .... fonn o.sl».atl.saI,ovo,l....«.olU.nj,.i,i,. of tl.c stem,; tl.o ll..u..s ■^m I'ul.MiiiN \( K.i; r>'i IllKslly |MTl.(t VMlliii iiM.li-.if lo, |KI^I>lrii| .iilyx, „ | ,.,.||..,| «>v.u \ IH-Miiii^' •_' ,„ .•( Ht,vl. x ni stl.rin.is iiikI a sil.jrl,. S.-.-.I, mmtufx. < Ml>x,.fil,r|MU:lh.:i.m|,.ri„.H»i.,„„s.s,M,..-liiM..ui.llo.l 111 Ihr liiisr, K|.r,,„li„»: in frtiil ; I ho A U„uv hum,: m.„„.w|i;iI .■..1..II..I, .■iil.iiKi.iK i.ri.T tl.,w.Ti.i« (in fr.iil n,ll.-.l v,.h.-,),m.l «otiv.M>r«'nl «.v.Tlli.-:i..iitfliMlu<0,rhr. nft.i. iKjiiliriK i. «i;,if, likr lill«T.I..,)„1l,rl»ii.-k. St„m..risll. Slyl.'s M; «| ij.,,,,.- Mifl.-,!. I. R. crispus, L. (CiKi.Ki. i).« K.) SriiiHitii. ;( jif.i.JL'li: l<-nv..s Willi ,slr.)iifrly uiny, .nil...! iimrvin>, hmr.clalr. acuir, III.- I..u.r tr.iiicalcm sran-.-ly IkuiI sl,a|Micii, .■ml.ia.iiij,' Ih.^ .t.iiiKl.Ml or tlalli.li initloi. Klowcis K'-iicrally i.> rHcciiics or spikes. ■>■ P. aviculare, L. (Knokjiass, (;oosi:..i!ass. ) .st.-m piostiate and s|l|■L^■l.lill^^ Staiiii'iis .hifHy o. A.lieii.- ;rsi.l,..l, iliill. I.oaves sessile, laiir;.!ola(; achene flat. -In inuildy pla.-.s. Flow ■I m r>8 WM.K IM.AM'S (II- (■••i\CK K.I)\V\|;|» |S|,\M». 7 P. Pennsylva'nicum, I-. siicnii^ 1...1 t.iiijftr|,„„|s. Staiiu'iisS. Ac-hen.' Hut. I.k»w (rroiiiHls. « P. amphibium, F-. (Watkk I'kh.hi. Styles 2, jieisistent on the .ichenc. Climhinii hi/ rijlr.ml /iiirklrs o„ t/,r „,i„l,:i of the stem. Si/miIs /Mile rose. 13. P. arifo'lium, L (Hai.iikki> i.kavki. Tkak-thi mh.) Stem grooved, leaves haU>erdsha|)ed. long |K'tiolcd. Flowers in short nieemes. St.inu lis (I, achene Hattish. 14. P. sagfitta'tum, L. (Akuow-i.kavkd TKAU-Ttn-Mii.) Stem 4-aiig!ed, angles l>eset wilJi rcHexed prickles, elimijinj:. U-aves :inow-sh:ij«.d Stamens S. Acliches .'^ an'rled. -■'u Kl'l'lldllltl ArK.K. ««.) I">. P. convolvulus, L. (Itl.Ai K Hl.M.xxHKi..) T\viiiiii;:«.r piiMumlH'iit, luw, loiiyliisli, llifjciiils ii.ik»'iiit('>l ; Hii\Mis ill niicnif*. Oiiui x .Vpuilr.l. |M-iiil-likf. Stnim-iw H with N yclldw JfliliHM.,-IWt<.|i. .Stylr.>;t, u,liiiH« Hi.iikIiiI. Klow.i, wliit.-, in IHUiiilos. l.oivfsti-iiiriKiilar hriiil sli,i|><' Old ti.l in. hi^h. 4. E. Pe'plus, 1-. Umlw^'l ;i rayed, then forking'. Mauds long-horned. Leave* |»t>tioled, iduiiil oho\;it( tloral o.ic- ovate. Stem ") 10 ill. high. Seeds ash-eolorcil, l»-grooved on the inner fai •'. I : 9. 1 : I 70 uii.M I'l.WTsoK ('iiivrt; Kiiu \i:r> ui.wn, 9,. -^ fe Oki.kk.\L\I. URTICACEiC. (Nun. Ywnx.s.) TJcil>->, olillltii nr I il'r« with liiiiiiM I Kills III iliiiriuiis HiiMirs, or in till' i-lins •.iiini't imcs |n'ilfct tli>«ir><, with ii re(fiilm ciilyx fill' liu.u tliu I "J scciltil (H.ii V, «liirli lici'dliifM 11 I «h>(I«h| flllit. Slimifiw n|i|M>>.it(' tlie Icl'i-i nl tin- cah \, sli ni vcllnwish. ill lalrlal clii-h r .. I. U.Americana. '.. iAmikk w mt w uni Kim.^ i.-avt'-. not lillljrii .iliiiM'; III. .V all' nliliiMU' 111- iival, a 1 .1 II | il I \ |iiMiilc(|, -li;il|i|y iiiiii iiUcii iliiiil.l\ ^ritalc. 'J 4 in. Imi'^. KIcimiih in riowo favicjr-. ( 'al\ \ willi 7 !l iiiiiiiili
  • . IrllVll. I'liiwri', iiiiiiiii'i'iiiii-. Ill' iliii'rioii-. ilii'ti'lcil. llic ilii«ti'rs IlKwth ill laiciiii-.. -iiikf". (II- |iH>-f liriiil-. Sipal- I, ia linlli -Avy ill' aail fill ill' lliiwci-. Slinma a »iiiall -is-ilo tiifl. '.i liiiii' Hal . I'liiliiM'il Im'I wi'fii I III' I \Mi lai%'i'i x'lml-. l-lii\vii> (fii'cii.-li. I'laiil ai'iiii-it w illi '-I iiiK'i'>;r hails. •1. U. gracilis, .\ii. (Nkiti.k. i .stem slcniler, '2 K ft. liiu'li- Ia-'UVC^ ii\ all' lam riilati' |iiiint«'(i, si ilJltt', .'{ .'> nrlMil Fiotn tlir luisf, iK'ail\ siniiiilli. tilt' loiij.' |H'tiiili->. Willi a tow liiisilfs. Flowers ill s|iikis. Moist irroiinil. .'{. U. UrenS, I.. Liavcs dliiilical or oviitc, I'oarsely iiinl (lc'i'|ily siiiatf with loilj; s|iit'ailinf; troth. KlnwtT I'liisft'ls 'J ill I'aili .iNil, sinall ami luiisc, plant S VI in. Iii;.'h. Wiisto •'lOlllllls. m\ \ <)Ki.i:i: .\LViI. MYRICA'CE/E. (Swi:kt (; m.i. Famii.v.) Moiiu'ciiiiis or dill ■(•inns slu nips, with Imi li kiiaU ni' Huw i is in sialv I'.'ilkin-, and icsinuns, dcilli'd, iiftcii liaLTian' Icavrs. Krnit a l-soeiled lii ii|r' or mil. .U.vrl ra. Klowi-is siililury niiilcr a scalcliki- tiract anil with a paii ol' liiai-tli'ts, ill catkins, I'rnin axillar.\ liiids. Staiiiiiis -J s. Kiiii! t'Oiitctl with K'liiiis of wax. 1. M. Gale, L. (SwKKT (J.M.K. ) sill nil ;{ ."> ft. Iiijrl, ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrate towards the ;i|ie\, |i.ile. >i'uts in iinlirieated lieads, '2 win;_'ed liy the two thick ovate scale.s at the ha.su. Hon}cr> of jkhkIs. I 11-11. II t l; i;. I •-'. M. cei'il era, I.. 1 1: vm:i i:i;\ ..u w v\ \|m;ti i . i..mmv olil.iii'; I iifi'iiilati', entile, w.a\ Ii.hiIkiI hK^.m-, ^luiniij- .umI I I'M IK Ills, (lull I'll I Mill «|l|. . Ilimll,|.(. N III- ini'iusl, il H nil uliK,. \\.i.\. Slinili ;{ S II. lii-li. •■«. M. asplenlfo lla, Kn-ii. (Swmt Kh;\.) si,,iiIi1 ■_• h. Ili^'li Uith swi-rt *iiMts|i|.iil<'>. tlic^tiiili- Ilii«. I -.iiii ilkiiixui <'ll|)itiiti- clii-.n '111 III till- l.iiili ; 1|||. IVililc siilitMi V, clil-li'iril, ><|»ik«Ml, i»r ill xalv latkins ; l he I sccilcil nut wiih i,i \\|ili.,iii nil iiiN itliii-ro. Bfl Mill. Sli'iilcflDWiis land iMailli l^ ■_'. to laili iiiilir^h ,|.nl In 11/' till- 1 at kill. liiiK t-ai h of a calyx of oiii- ^cali- li.-uiiiiK I «ip •J IMiiti'il Ilia incuts, each ili\ i-^iiiii liciiiii:i; an anther cili. K.-iIilc llnwcis 'J or :i lo each :{-liil>cil hiact. withoill In u ilcl in cal\ \, hiH'Oiiilinfa hroadly wliiKcilniit. IMilcr liikik sf|ii«rjiiili' in >lii ■ -. I. B. lenta, I', (finuia Riw ii, Bi.ai k Rik< II I Uaik ii tniiik (lark IniiMii, cli^c, >\\cit, aroumlif. [,caM-. .ivatc or niiliin^ ihmIc Iroiii a iiicnc m k-ss ln>art'>>)ia|ici| lia-^c ai nniiiial. , ~liai|ily niiil iloiilily >ciiato uli louml, hiii;ht ;ri(co al.i.M'. W.kmI iDscitiloicil, line ^laiiiiil. •2. B. lu'tea, MiiKciv j-i.ix , clcf.olijni.' m tliiii tiliiu' lav CIS ; leaves ;< .") ill. loiii;, itai ou i~li lou.iiiU till tiase. .'i. B. populifolla. Ail. i.Xmiikiias WifiTi; Hiiu II.) I.i.ives tl iailirnl.ir "I ilehiml, f,i|M > jMinileil U iinrMle or iie.il l\ so at ■ lie liload liuse, sinoolti .mil shiniiiM liolh siile^. 4. B. papyrifera, M-: shall, (rvnu ou Cam.i: ;{iu,ii.i Ix'jives ovate, tajiii |Hiiiiteil, lieait -^liaiieil at liasi', siiioolli ;iiiii ;^'iecii al(o\e, sliai (ilv and unequally doulily .senate, 3-4 leiijrtli of tlie [letiole. AlliHK. .s"»crile cat kins elontrateil ami iliooiiiii^f, wilh t or a bract let -^ and :i. rarely li lloaci- iipoii each -liorl -talked shi«^ld-^lia|ii'd • ii i (2 Mil, I) I'l.ANIS OH" IMtlN'fK i;i»\v\i;i» isl.wri sciil<'. Ki'iiilc <-iitkiiis iivdiil or ol>liiiit(, tlic sihIcs c-u Ii _' ,{ tlowfi-i'd with a ral> X of I lillli' sc,ilc-i iiilliciriil to Ilic hiacti of tliu catkin. r>. A. ViridiS, DC Hilii<'idar, wiiiplc^ss. Hlirnli H'M ft. high. 4'or>iHH. .St«rile flowers iti drooping catkins. \o calyx. Stamens S, with l-ccUed aiitheis and '.J mnall bractlcts uiidi:r each liiiicl. Kach nut enveloped hj a leaflikc or tubular fringed involnci-e. Fertile flowers terminating; tiie new shoots. 7. C. rOStPata, Ait. (Bk.vkkd H.vzkl-mt.) Shruh. The involucre is prolonged into a narrow tnhe nuioh heyond the nut and is liristly hairy. I.ieaves ovate or ovate-ohlontj, ]K>int<.'d. QiirmiN. -Sterile flowers in slender, naked catkins, calyx -Jt-H parwHl. Stamens 3-12. Fertile flowers consisting of a nearly ^-celled ami B-ovulciistle-|«)intcd, turning dark red in iMituinn. Cup saucer-shti|)e4l, very nnidi shorter than the acorn. FaKUH. Sterile flower.* in small heads on droopinK pcdimdcs, with deciduous scale-line nraets ; calyx bell-sliaped, > 7 deft ; stamens H IH; filanient.s slender. Fertile flowers usually in |);urs at the apex of a short pedunchN invested by numerous awlsbaped bractlcts, the iiuicr coherent at "base to form the 4-lobed involucre. II. F. ferruginea, Ait. (Amkrican Bkkch.) Lea ve.sol. long ov;ito, ta|(C'r-|»ointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, sti.'iight veined. Branches horizontal. -M"*% Okiiku .XLIX. SALICACE/E. (Wii.i.ow Famij.v.) Diii-cious trees or shriihs with hoth kinds of Howers in trat- kins, one to each hrat^t, without [Nirianth ; the fruit a 1-celled KMPKTHACK.K. i: YMNoSPKItM.T,. 73 (iiid '2 4 valvfd |j(mI, liouriii^ nuinuruiis m-ciIs fiitiii^lit'd with long silky eaves sinootli and bright green uhove, soon smooth liencath, irregularly crenate serrate, closer towards the point, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate. Scales hrown, becoming Idaek, (•lotlied with long glossy hairs. '2. S. humiliS, Marsh. (I'kMKIK Wll.l.nw.) Loaves ob- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lowest obovate ; sti|)ules semi-ovate or moon-shape\\\i and small teeth, on long slender jietioles. Constantly in a stjite of agitation. 4. P. grandidenta'ta, Michx. (Lvkck-timithkk .Asi-kn.) Like the la.st, hut the leaves are muiidish ovate and with large siimato teeth. Okdkk L. EMPETRA CEiE. (Cuowr.KFiKV Family.) . Low slirubby evergreens with the foliage and as|Mct of Heaths. Eni'prlrnni. KIowcin polvifanioiis, sealtered and solitary in the axils of the leaves, scaly bracted. lalyx of 3 spread'OK and petal-like sepals. Stamens X Style short : stiKina ti It rayed. E. ni'grum, L. (Hi,A( k Ckowkckkv.) Procumbent ami spreading; leaves linear - oblong, seattere I'i.ANTS OK i'lMNCK KDW A |;|i |SI,A\h. Ori.kk FJ. CONIFERiE. (I'ink Kamm.v.i Trees m- .siiiiilps witli resin,, iw jiii.e, ni.otly .iw 1 s1,ji|h-.I „r neelia|)e(l leiives ; in.mieciouN ur rur. ly (iiieeioiis flowers, destitute of cjUyx or oorolLi. I'luit ti trill com : i,rulrx : diithr insiil, n/,;inli hciiIi: 1. PinUS StPObUS, L. (Whitk I'ink.) Leaves in .r-., slen- der, {riaitcuiis ; ei)iies narrow, eylindrieal. often cnrvcd, 1 ti in. lonjr. Cones suli-terininal. •-'. P. reslnOSa, Ait. (Ili;i. I'ini;.) Leave> in-Jsfron. lo.,- slieallis, 4 (I in. Ion-;. (' s terminal, aliout 2 in. lonj;. ••«. PI'eea ni'grra. Link. (Bl..uii Sfin-c!;.) |:ran. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Ofi vn.oc k.) Leaves |Kti- oled, flat, li<,'hter heneath. i)ointin.:,' in two directions, nj^ht and left, ohtuse. Cones li.tnj_'in;4, iiersistent. •i. Abies balsamea. Miller. (Balsam Fii;.) Leaves flat, the lower surface Mhitish and the midrih promiucnt, liiie.u' or neudle-sha|)ed, crowded, point in>r ri;.;ht and left. Cones citrl oil (he upper .side of the hranehes, violet. T. La'rix Americana, .Miehx. (.Vmkkk a\ Lakih.) Leaves slender, fascicled, falling off in autumn. A slender and gru.'e- ful tree. Fruit (I small Ioonc cone or o folse hcrrji. s. Thuja oeeidentalis, L. (WmitkCmdak. Ai;iiok \it.k.) Leaves, some awl-shaped, others .scale-like, iinhrieated on the Hat ''ranches.— Chiefly in Frinee Count v. ft. Junipepus communis, L. Var. Alpina,#i(KKtrttingnishey their |)ert'eet, irregular flowers, witli (inierous jjcrianth adnate to the l-celled uvaiy, and with I or •Jgynandrous stamens, the pollen eohering in ma.sses. I'eiianth in 2 si'ts, eaeli of li divisions, sepals and [tetals. One of the inner .set differs in figure and direetion fioni the others and is called the lip, the other two are known as |K't)ds. Before the lip, in tho axis of the flower, is tfie i-ohimn. with 1 or 2 stamens liorne on the .style oi thick Hesliy stigma, anther 2-celled. LipuriK. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear; lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tnberelesaliove the base. Low lierbs witli solid biilh>, producing 'i root-leaves ai-d a low soa|)e. 1. L. Loese'lil, Richard. (Twwiii.Am.. ) I^-avcs elliptic- lanceolate or olilong ; lip ohov.ite oroMnng, inncronatA,-, ycllou- ish-green, shorter than the linear, uneipial [letJils and se|jiils.— iiogs. <'onilliirlil /Ji. ((OKAi.KooT.) I.calless. witheeralloid roots ; plant brownish or .vellowi-h ; flowiTs racemose. The obloiiKor lani-eo- late sepals and |)etals nearly alike. I M nerved, the upper arching. 2. C. Odontorhi'za, Nutt. ITant ligl** hrown or |.uri)li.sh ; .11 p lit m /») WII.K PLANTS «IK I'HINCK KrW \ltl» 1SI,\\|I. Mini lilt licr sl.'iKlfr, liiillii)ii>. I lii.ki ncd al \,nsv, (i l(i mi. liijrl,, (> JOIl.m.i.d ; lip eiiliic or .lent iciiliito, iil.iii|(tly (■..iitriK-tud into a clawlikc li,isi>. •■». C. multiflora, Nmi. riiuil. |mr|.li>l,, latli.r stout, it IS in. l.ijrli, 1)1 :{(l llowoicl ; Ii|Ml(>.'|)iy :Mol.e(li«le.i(iu« fnsci• S. gracilis, Bijjel. KcMits clustered ; s<;a|H! H \H in. hi^rh, lieariiifr a .slender, many flowered twisted spike of I ranked llowers. UoaMLvf ra. Mp sac-shaiicd, .sessile, eiit ii e. heaves in a t uft . I liickish .iiiii iietifiled from a HMilst.K'k. usually letirulated with white veins, ."^eatie. spike and Kreeiiisli-while flowers usually Klandu lai', downy. «. G. re'pens, H. fir. (irvTTi.KsSAKK I'i.ant.mn.) Small, "> H in. high, slendt^r ; leaves ovate, more ir less whiteietieii- hitwl, I in. long. Flowers Ncveral in a I side lieaided, stalked, free; eoliinii' wiiiKed at the apex. Seape from a small, solid bulb, sheathed below by the leaf. 7. C. pulchellus, K. Br. S(a|>e al.out 1 ft. high, J (> HoweuHl, flowers 1 in. broad, pink purple. Lip l.earde iiii' iillnclMrl. iimUi'iI ,u\f\ srpiiniti>Tm.i> UkinOki ms. ) Stfin sI.'IhI.t <) !•_' III. Iii;.'li Willi ;i siii<.rl(. ,il.luiiir..i ..I.Linirol.il.' (>l>tllM- Icil llclllW IIIkI •_' or :i slll.lll (llll'S iltxiVf. SpiUl' () 12 tl(i»t!r<^(l, till' Niii.ill tliiwcis «liiii,li oi j.'r. ciijsli ; lj|i w itli .S sIkiiI tfctli at iIh- mim'x, I lie iipwMnl ciirvwl s|iiii l.ni^r,;,- than (In; ovary, lio^'*. 10. H. OrbiCUla'ta, Trm, Lcimn vrrv larjro, 4 S ill. wide, orliiciiliir, >|ii,.i(liiijr (lilt on I lit- >,'idiiii(l. sliiniii^r nl.ovc, silvorN l>fiieatli; s.M|«' l.tartftl I •_' f I . Injrli, I,.miiiij.' many jrreenisli whitt; flowfis in a i-.i(«!irif. ('oiiitciinis wdmU II- H. blephariglottlS, Toir. (Wmn hmnkid (tK« m-.i Stem I ft., Ii'MVc-. oliloiijr III iani-i-uliilr; tl(i\v,|, «lii|i-. >rn,-ill ; |.itals ,s|i.itiilatc, iisiiMlly loutlicii at, the a|M-\: li|> o\,ii. or laiKT'oliloii^f. thv inai;_'iii with iiii ieri-jrular capillary frin;:i-. I-'. H. leucophse'a, <;ray. (<;i;i:i:msii Fi:i\.;i:i. ()I!.mi>.| Stini 2 4 ft. hifrli ; Icuvos oiiloiiy Liik i-olatt-, l.i.-ii-t> siinilar ; -inkt; olon^'atcd ; |H-tal.-, ol.oviiti-, ininiitcly c-iit tootlic.l ; divi sions of the lip wcdge-shapfd or fan >1i;i|m-(I, cleft to the niiilille into a copious tlircaii like frini."- : llowcis ;.rioi'ni-li or vdlnwisli white. Moi>t inca(lo\v>. l.'{. H. psycodes, «;ray. (I'rKii.i, |-KiMii:i. ()K( MIS.) |jp 3-|(Hrt(Ml ahove the liase, division-, fi ingt-d. Flowers piirjile ; leaves ohlonjr or Uinoeolute, iipjieiniost line.-ir lanceolate ; II ceiiit- many Ho\V(;rc(l, lower sepals ■ .id iival, olituse ; jietals wedire-ohovate, denticulate aliove, -t ini^-idows and lio"s. 4 > liripi'iliiilii. rerfeet anl liii -i l'. tin- -tei i|, ,,ntlii-r loi-iiiiinfa t1<-~hv .•ili|M'ii(lii(,a' iilMiM- ilic l.iiiiiiiiil »liifma. .-^lein li-afv: lip an in (liitefl siie. 14. C. spectabile, Saiwi,. (Showv !. mivs si.,i'iKii. ) l)owny, •_' ft. liijjfh, leaves ovate, pointed, sep.iU round ovate or orliieulai, Ionizer fli.iii the ohhinjr |M'tals, lip inneli inflatefi, white, pink purple in ironl, ]>> in. lonj.'. 1.'). C. acaule. Ait. (Stkmi.iss LM,^'s .Si.ii-i'Kli. ) Sca|(e 5 I-' in. hi-rh, •_• lcaveovuj(l or oljldiig, iom |>iiij)li', iieaily 2 ii>. long, voiiiy. Ordkk LIII. IRIDA'CEiE. (Ims Famii.v.) HerliH with eiiuitiint 'J-raiiked leaves, and regular or irregular |)erfeet (lowers ; [)enaiitli (i-fleft, [Kital like. Staiiieiis 3, distinct or mimadelplious, alternate with inner divisions of tlie |)eriunth, anthers cxtrorse. Irlu. I'tMiaiilh «-cleft, outer divisions nciuvi-d ; ininrorecl, MiKMias |ie till-like. 1. I. VePSl'COlor, L. (LAK>lH.vrln>hliini. I'eriantli (i luirlcd, the sj)roiiilin»{ divisions alike. Stainetirt nioriadclplioiis ; sli(fnias tlireadi'kc. IVmI :i-aiiKli-d. 2. S. angUStifolium, .Mill. (Bi- k kvki> <;kass.) Seaiw 4 12 in. high, wingen ..r wingless, simple, the spathe solitwrv and terminal ; flowers delieate hlue, rhanging to purplish, the divisions of the |ierianth notchein ; inithers introrsr ; xtl/lf iiniliriilvil.fnnt a riifisuir nr ii liprrii. Mnillmrl iiH. stem simple, leafy ; tlowersK-parted, sproadiiiK, while, in a terminal raceme. 1. S. racemo'sa, Desf. (Fai>k Spikknaku.) Minutely down}', 1-3 ft. high; leaves numerous, oblong, or oval-lance- olate, taper-pointed ciliate ; l>erries jwle retl, sjieckled with purple. LILIACK^K. 7 It •2. S. Stella ta, l>o^t. I'l.uit l ft. lii.^'h, nemly sindotli. loavfs 7 I-, (ililoiiu'-litnccolatc, >lijrlitly cljispiiij.'. KiicilliL' siiniilf. H liliick. •i. S. trlfO'lia, iH'sf- Smootli-^lcin. 2 li in. Lriivt •< ii>uiill\ ;!, oblonjrliiiKTMiltit.', with a slicatliiiiL'' liaM. HacoiiR' |i«.'(liiii- rled. B<'irit>>< led. -Cold liojx-. YIhIh iilhrmuui. I'fiiaiilli I- partcil vvilli ii^iTiiiiiy >laiiirii*. Ovary ■.'■(•t'llt'd, >liKina 'J-lotx/d ; tlowoiw in a siiiipk; i'arfiiic. 4. M. Canadense, l>esf. l'ul«sciiit w :.;liilii(m>, ."{ ."i in. ln<;li ; leaves laneeolate to ovate, cordate, siuil.s narrow , so»ilc or >lioit (letiolwl.- Moist wootsti)ili. !<>lrr|>'lo|iui>. Stem leafy. Ho wcm> axillary on lienl pedieel-; anthers siijfiltale, acute, extrorse. Merry rcil. .'). S. POSeUS, Mi<'lix. (TwisTKii Stai.k.i I-oAcr Knivc-. jrreeii bolli sides, linel.\' ciliatcuid tlic lirancl.es s|tarin;.d>' liesci witli liristly liairs ; llowcr ro^cpnrplc, antliers •Jlioined. Stij.'nia '.i cleft. CllnlOlllu. 'I'lieti stamens in-erled at I lie li.i>e ilf I he ~e|>arale pel ills. .\nthei> linear or ohlonK- t). C. borea'liS, Haf. Sca |ie and leaves ,"» S in. ion;_' ; nnl'cl 'A ♦) flowered ; |R'rianlli i/rcenisli yellow , somewhat ilowny lul side, 'j in. lonj;. Berry liliie, ovnles -JO or more. Moist woods. Hriir'oU. I'eriantli recurved, the pah' frrccnish-yelhnv scfials and petals ohlonK aial alike. Stamens ti. anthers shorter than the filaments. Styles sti),'matic. 7. M. Virginia na, L. (Im>ia\ Cic imukh t;oor. ) stem coveted Willi loose wool 1 .'< ft. hiirh from a tnliercnis wliite root stock, Kearinjr "2 whorls of leaves. Flowers small, in an nmlK^l. Hi'iry darkpuriile, ."l (.elled. Tiillliini. Leaves .i. in a terminal whorl, net-veined. Se|)als ;{. liineeolate, herltacious ; petals 3, larger. Stamens K, anthers liiu ar, on short filaments. Berry 6-angled. pnr|)le or red. S. T. ei^ectum, L- Leaves Inoadly ihomliic, (5 in. or less wide, short acuminate ; jwdicel inclined I .S in. lonj.' ; [ic-als P' rv ii 80 WILII PLANTS OV PKtNCK KIUVAKI. rKLAM), ovate t., lancjolafce, l,r.,«„-,M„.,,lc, ,.f,..„ white, ^reeni.!, .„ IHhkisl. : stamens .•,|imllih>r .„• exwedinjr tlie stout iv. „ive.l stiynia>. Fruit I i„. lorij.-, ndHisl.. Ha,.-. !». T. CernUUm, L. rA-avs l.ma.llv rl..„nl,„..„vate "2 4 '"• '"..a.! : ,.,tals white o. pink, ovato to o(.I..„j, lanceola.,. wavy. .StamtMs with anthers shorter thai, the st.,ut recurve«i stii;iiia.s. I" T. epythPOCar'pum, Nrirhx. (Pmntk.. T ) Leaves "vat... a..u,ui..ate; ,K)tals ovate or oval-lan-oolate. ,.oi„t...l W.vy, wlnt.., ,Minto.l with purple stri,H..s at the l.ase, shorter ''":;' '!:'\';'' ■•'-'• ^'•"i^ J....a.l ovate, ohtuso. (•o„,.„o„est of the Tnlhuins. Oki.kk lV. JUNCACEiC. (Rrs.i Fa.m„.v.) (;rass.like or rush-like horl.s, with small flowers, a re-'ulir an.l hy,K,jru.ouM ^Hirianth of « sin.ilar, ^rh,„,a,..eous sei.als'fi or rarely 3 stHn.e..s ; a short style, :i Hliform hairy stigmas ami hi. ovary 'A or ! cellerl. J«i.r.,s. rnpsMl,. :,...eiied or in.perfe.tly so. many soe.Ie.l. I'la„t« iicN .•!• hauT. (,'ro« ij.gi.i moist gromi.l or waloi-. .><• ,m,.,.s v he.i •< opposite tile :t outer sepals. ' I. J. effu'SUS, L (C..MMoN„rSo»-rRrs„.) Sea,K.- soft ami pl.ai.t • 4 ft. h.-h, i..,.er sheaths awoe.! ; ,M..iele mud, l.ra..el.e; spikes 4-12, un. .^lled, ovoi.I, sL.aw- color, some lout? l.eduncle(l, others nearly sessile; sej^ls h. istlepointed, loufrer tha.. the obt.isc capsules. Seeds with a conical apiK>nda.'e at base.— Drv fields. ° TVPIIA«'K.f., ARACK,*:. HI 4. L. Spica'ta, Desvnux. L«"uves cliiimulleil, narrowly liiiciii- ; flowerM in m-ssile (^luntcr^ foriDiiig an iiitt^riii|)tol >|iikee Kt(>in; the upppio\is down. I. T. lalifO'lia, L. ^Common (,'at-taii.. ) Stout and tall, t (i ft. hiirh, the flat, sheathiny leaves .'{ 10 lines liroad. Stamiii- ate and pistillate |»arts of the spike 'A (i in. Idiiit, contijruous. — In inaislies. MparKii ■iliiin. Flowers colleed in the ceiido. — Borders of ponds. 3. S, simplex, Huds. Var. angUStifOlium, En-r. Veiy ^lender, leaves Hoatin^, lonj^; and narrow, 'i -'i lines wide, tlat ; nithiresceiiee sim|ile. Head nut a 'j in. hroad. Some- times nearly out of water. Okokk LVn. ARACEiE. (.Vkim Family.) I'lants with acrid jniee, simple or eoin[KMind, sometimes net veini d leaves and flowers crowded on a sp.idix whi<'h 's u-iialK snrroundi'd liy a spathe. Flotal envelopes noiu', or of 4 (i =p d- Fruit US»:dl\ ;i lici r\. h'5' i '; 82 WIU. PLANTS MK ni.NC..: KI.WAIil, I.S|,.XN„. a '":::'::,„;':::';•.;::;:;!,;;•;"':' '"-v- ^•'•— ".k.ho..s .... I A. triphyl'lum, T.Mr. (Im.hv Ti km.. > t ........ .w:,-',r.,,,:,:::„',,,;"'r„;:-f - - -• C. palustrls, L (Maksh Cvnv* vi . i ^- -•i«- 4 .1,.:; .;.ii„.* '■■;::,:" '"" I....W ),„„.,.. .,;„./,> „„ ,j, „■,,, ^,j, ^ .«?;.,^r!x':s,::::;r'' > ^•■- ^••— ' 0»..M I.VII,. LEMNACE^. (|„,K„„.;„ K„,„,,., L minor. L F, is ,„un,l ,„ cl!i,..io...I„nat.> 1 ... ,i„,, ^»h...:k LIN. ALISMA-CE^. (Wv-rKu-lYvsrus K.v„u ) .MU..1. I.c.,l.s Mith s,.ape.liko stems; shoathing l..,.v.s an.I . Zre o '•' " "^"">'-'''^- ''-'■'— 1-tHls: sfcam.ns « ■•"'■'.>I.f-....t,,.ean.,,,n,Mj,Iyne,v..,Jw,,l, ,nu.,svc.seveinlHs NAIAI>A(K«. »3 tlKiiiM. Hi)Wcr--i |i«'ifcuall.V')i-uticli'iiiiM, cmi piU tl 'Iti'iii-il, in iiiiii wlmil. Klowot - ^iiiiill, vvliil"' iir piilf lo"! . I. A. Plan ta go, '. OVvtkk F'i.antmn.) Liu\t>. \ot\n |ctiolfiiiiil, I 'J t't. loiijx, cariH'N (i)ilit|iiely oIkivmIc Klowfi-< jjiueiiisli. MtiKlllii rln. Klowi'iN nioiKHciiniH nrciicHcioii'', NtiiiiiciiH niiiiiriiiii-, rnjiwlK iiiiiii'i'o'i-, ill nioioor li;i«s);lo)iiiliil' lu-tiiN. I,l-ii\ <'•• arriiw- ahap^'d, noi\ nl and with cross-vrinlcis. •i. S. variabilis, En>fei. (Akkow mk\i>.) h* siiyittatc. -In .xliiillo\\ Matei. Okdkk LX. NAIADA'CEiC. (Pono-Vkki. Family.) Miirsh or mostly innner.siHl Mjuittic; heil»s, w itii stem- jointed and leafy, or in Troirloidiin, nakf< nnili-d until nmtiirity. l^caVcs radical. KlowciH biai'tlffi-s, ill a .spike-like raeeiiii; teiriiinatliiK a .joiiitless seaiiL- ; sepalH iiiid petals iieiuly alike ; slaineiis ;{(>. on very short lllHnieiil> : stijfiiia sessile. I. T. mari tima. l>. (.\Kiiow. stem simple : lloating leaves loiij^-|ietiiili''.iv(s jrncn, l.mctMiliiii., rliif«(iitij;, with ii Iwiut >liii|Mil iMvitx «t tlic t!Xtieinit.\. Spikf-* uitli lon^riieduiirleM. Pon.is. Stipiihx iinilrit irllli thr shrnthiiiu Ittmr of the Irnf. 4. P. peCtina'tUS, I-. .St«in Jilifi.nn, ic|Hiitt(lh dichoto- fiKiUM, Iciivcs imiK.wh linriii, iitUiiuato to tliunjit'X. I iutvmI, with H few tnnisvtiMO v«iiis; s|>ikeh iiiterriiptwl on Imij; (ilifoiin (KflmM-leM ; ti iiit ul)li(iufly IiicjikI ol.nvate, noiiijiiCN-icd, lilimtly ket'lwl. %. CKYPT<»(iAM()rs OK FLOVVKKLKSS Pf.A.VTS. Flanfs (icstitiWc of Mowims with Htiiim-ns hmiI pistils. pt»I)'P» Ilium. Sori round, in one or more row,, on eaeh »ido of I lie midi ill. iir of segments of the frond ; no irMlnsiiim. I- P. VUlga're, L. (Common I'oi.vfonv.) Frond ever<;reen, ohlung, smooth both sides, 4 10 in. high, simple, piniuitifid, veins once or twice forked ; fruit-dots large, midway iM-lweeii the midrib and the margin. -Hare. Found oidyal liuidx River. I'lerlH. S|Mira n^ia ill a eonthnious-ilender line, (MM-upyiiijf the margin of the fertile frond and covered by its reiU-xert cdsje wliicli forms an indusium. Kronds 1 ;» pinnate-. '-'- P. aqulli'na, L. (Cummkn Rkakk. l Frond dull green, tei iiate at the >ummit of an erect >ta!k or .sti|)e: tlie branch.- t wiee pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, the U[)i)er undivide|hm,iimmi .oil, i..I M H.,-ii"... « <>o«l«»arr lhu>nr. furniiiiK ii cliiiln lik« row till' ^lilu iiL'Xt llii' liiiilril). :! W. Vlrgi nlca, Hinitli. (Cumn Fkkn.) Fmii.ls -J :« tl liij:h. piiiimit' with imiiitToti^ hiiii-.oliit., pjiiiiiititiil piniiiv. Hc\:i ,tH ohlonir; fi"i' '"^'^ ••otiriiKMi wli.ii ri|H' -Swiitnp m M iiuii.'. V.ltlf iiMiiu. So:'i mil • 1.-^ tluMHiihfl. on llic iipiici— iil<- of M-in :.-|..>lill. .(• t" llio iiiullih, alla.li.'il mi one -iilf lo vriiilfl, fir.- 1... lilt) nil' - .le. Voliw fill'. 4 A- thelyptero Ides, Mi<»ix. (As.m.k kkiitki. Lm'v Fkks.) FioimIs -2 3 ft. high, iiiiiimtc ; |iiiiiim ■list-ply piiimii iti.l, I'ui iir,', oil! 11^"' luif"- fi uit ilol* liiu-iii liiiiceoliite 3 ."> ft. lung, thu loU niii>utH)the(l, Fronds I 'Aft. high; oviiieoliloii;, ■' |)hiimtf ; piiinu- lanceohite, niini' i ;■ doubly stiiaU; or elonj.Mted jind i.i n short, I'lirved, iit length conthlviil . Cm ,i •■■ l*hrKO|>l<-rl«. Knilt-itots Miiall. roiiiiil. win. . Ihiiiii'iiii ihf back of tin- veins In low llio ap- «. P. polypodioi des, F.f. (Hkkmi Fkkn.) Fronds tri iinguliir, hairy on tho veins; piniKu lineurliinceoli»te, the lowest [Miir det1ex(Ml iiiid stiinding forward. Fruit-dots neai tlie margins. 7. P. Dpyo'pteriS, Fee. (0.\k Fkkn.) Fronds simM)ih, l.rofidly triangular, 4-6 in. wide, tho three primary division^ widely ^ipreadirig, I '2 pinnate; se^'inents oblong, obtuse, en- lire or toothed. Fruit-dots near ihe margin.— In wclliilr ill tli.M'ciitrr. ori()iiii(l-r«'iiifoiiii and tlxi-il l»y tli,; ..•iilic or |||,' Kiiiiis, o|)oninK"i'h oMonjf, entire, or ii(jj)eariiij,' aonte when in fruit from the strongly revolute margins; fruit (hits near the mi.I.lle of the forking veins. r.Hlusinni minute. Sti|)e or stalk usually lou' .• than the frond. — Swamps. ». A. Noveborace'nse, SwiLt/.. (Nkw ^Okk S. f.) Fronds pinniite, lanceohite in outline, tnpering hoth ways from the mid.lle, piniue knceolate, the lowest 2 or more iK.i'rs dellexoiJ ; veins simple ; fruit-d.its separate, ne»ir the margin. Indusiunl minute. -Swamps and moist thickets. I»». A. Boo'ttii, Tuckerman. (Dr. Boott's Fkrn, or \V > SiiiKij) Fkkn). Scales of the stipe }»ale Krown ; fron.'s I -2i in. long, elongated laneeolate in outline, narrowelrn. SporauKia borne on clcvaluly lii|(iim.ili', llio pin null-" lolloil n|i iiiti) lienvliko limlius. —Moist liieiiilow> .iiul Lliicki'Is. 14. 0. StPUthioptePiS, Hort'm. (Ostkk n Fkk\.) FioikIs tall, M'\ fial fci't liiiij^, j^iowiiijr ill tult>; stciiU' oiie^. bmailly l.-iiii-uolato, Hill lowutl towards tin- liasi', |)iiiiiatti witli many lilical-luncc'iilati', |iiiiniit iliil iiiniia' ; vi-iiis t'lt'c, veiiilets siiiipli' ; fi It ile fiiiiid shorter, piiinatt^ with |il*«l''r. marginal, caili plact'il on the apt^x of a free vein or fork: llir spoiaii»fia . D. pilosiuscula, \\';lid. (H\v Fkun.) Frond- iniii iit'.K' ^d.indcilar and liaiiy J ;{ ft. hij^h, oviitt'lanct'olato and ,i(iiiiiinat,«; in outline, pale ;_-reen, thin, mostly liipinnale. Soil iiiiiuit(s taeli on a n curved tuothlrl, usually one on tlit; ujip-'f maruliii of each loKe. Sweet ^Tiited in drying. On li'ii.jeis f\i tivlds .iiid ~hady plaee- ; \iiy eonilnoii. 4ls|iiiill«la. Fertile fronds or fertile port ion ~ of the frond \ ery iiiucli eonlraited and Ileal iii»; on llie iiiaruiii~ of llie narrow ilivi.^ions ^liort pedii-elled anil iiaki'd sporaiinia : these are u'loliiilar, let ieii I. lied and larue, openiiiK hy a lon(;il iidinal ileft into t wo valves and lieariiiK near the apex tin' rndiineiit of a triiii'Veise riiiB. Hi. 0. rega'lis, I.. (Fiowkium: Fkkn. Kovm. Fkhs.i Very smooth, [Mile ^reen, 'i ."> ft. lii;;li ; liipiii'i.ile ; sterile piiiiiilles I.S 2'>, \al\insj; from oliloii>_' (i\ al to laiiee oliluii-, lini'ly si'ilillato, es|M>eiiill\- towalds th<' apex, entire towards the rounded ol>li(|in' and truiieale hi -i . 'I'lie feitili piiii.iiles panielt'd at the -iiinniil of the fmnd. ttaie. IT. 0. Claytoriana. I- i(i.v\imns Ki.kn , ( Lohed with loose w ooi u lien \ onoi:'. simii -innoi ii , !i i ; in li ..iid ■ 1 a Her .J : A H8 WIM) I'l.ANTS f»K VRINCK KliWAIil) ISI.Wh. .ri: F ^ r^r ttiiiii the sU-riit!, -J 4 If. Iiigli, |>iiin;i! oliloiif^ Ijun'eoliUe witli 111. lori^' ohtii^o (liviNir.ns ; some ot tlie iniddlo piiiiiii', ■_' ."i jmirs. ti'itilo, these eiitirf-ly pimiiite. .S|)or!miria >;reeni.sli, turning Ill-own. -Low grounds. IH. 0. Cinnamomea, L. (Cinnamon Fkkn.) (Jlothed witli rusty wool when yo ^, sterile fronds tallest, S It. or more high, smooth wheh full grown; fertile fronds si|»iiriite, coiitia.'ttd, twice piniiiite, covered willi the einiiiiinoii i-olored s|K>r.ingia. —Swamps and low copses. Oki.kk LXII. OPHIOGLOSS ACEit. Family.) (.\l>i>K.R's ToNdl'K Leafy and often .somewhat fleshy plants ; the leaves or fronds simple or liraiiciied, oflcn fern like in up^Hiarance, erei-L in vernation, develo|M,'d from underground huds formed eitiier inside the base of the old st.dk or hv the side of it, and hearini', in special spikes or i>iinicles, rather large hivalvular sporangia. A small order, s< |)jiratolilHiii. UiMitstock very sliort, erect, with clustered fleshy roots; tlie base of the naked stalk eoiit ail liiiK the bud for the next .\("ai's frond ; frond with fertile and sterile segments. The Klohu- lar s|ioraiiKia are sessile and open transvirsely into two valve.s. 1. B. terna'tum, Swartz. (Lkvtukky Moonwokt. ) Plant tlesliy, 4 !() in. high, slightly hairy. Stt-ilc .segment long |K'tioles cut toothed to^.nds tlie a|K;x ; veins forking from a midvuin ; fertile {Nirt 2 .1 pinnate. (ll.OSSAKY OF roMMON liOTANlCAL TEiniS. .4. tliorll^f. ilrlrrlivc Di' barren. .»f;uilr»r«'ii(. ^tiiiiU>~iir iippur cully so. Ai-lM'lif. a ^iiiiill. (iiy, 1 -odiil. iiKlehiscciit fruit. .tfhlani}«lr«ii». without riily\ and corolla. A»-iillillialP,tai)eriiiKiVt the a|)ox. IfUlr. torininatiiiff with a wcll- ilc'liiicd aLMilc aiiKle. .iiliiliK'. Krnw 11 fast lo. \lleriial«-. not oppositt;. iliKlosporiiumi*. with seeds en- closed in an ovary. .iMitiiiil. lasting one season. Aiillirr. the pollen • hearinu oi- H.II1 of the llower. t|»rliil olili'ine l.\ or slant ioK. Aiirlrlr, an ear-lil^e append. itre. Awl-Khnp«-il, narrowed u|) to a sharp iioiid. Am II. a bristle —liaped ajipen- daffe. A\ll. the aunle bet wei^n the liaf iiiLcl ^tei '. \\lllnr, , trrowiof,' in the axil. Axl-t. Iheeentral line of a plant oi' ofKiin. n. Kar«-iit<-. bei rylike. Harhvii. with rifid -.harii points. often retlexed. Rriik. a dl-linit tii>or |>oinl. Henrilnl, with loiiKOf^t''*" '>''" - Bi-rrv, a fruit wbieh i- |'uli>y with till- ~eed^ enilH'ddeil m I iie pulp. i\: «r BU. a prelix ineaniiiu t wool' t w iie. : llU-lllllal. laslinu two .years oi I M'a-on-. ! Killll. twoeleft. Hllaltlali-. twoli|i|l. a seeoiiilary braet, or one on the pedicel of a llower. Bri Willi rte-by scales or coals. Biillili-I. !< small liiilb. one e- ii.( iallv borne in the axil of a I leaf. I BlilbouK, like a hulli. talynilalr. haviiii; bracts a round the calyx. «ai.v\. the outer whorl of llower leave-. <'aiii|ianiilalr. bell ~ba|ied. iiip -h.ipcd with a broad base. raiillalc. like a bead, i-ollectcl iiild a deii«e clu-ter. 4'n|»Miilr, adr.\. debiscelit fruit. 4arllla|{iii*>ii«. I>l«' eartihiKc liiiM Hid liiiiub. 4'ar,to|t«i>. .1 i^ralii or fruit like thai i>\ Ui'i— ■ lalklii. a -pike-like . lust.r a^ that of willow-. Mil ~-'S:r'^-S-r*l--:f*^.ii- !)0 (iUlSSAIiV ((K r(»MM(»\ l!(»l WICAi, TKUMS. :t, - I St."!} il <'tiullli4-, iMloiitfiiij; lo 111,, ^leiii. Oil. our of 111., iiiiimlt' M'sicles of Wliirh |(laiit,> «!■(> fniiiii'd. Any stnirtuie rontiiiiiiiiK a cavity. Ollllliir li-^iit. is coiiipo^cil of '.^hoii. tiiuis|.aiTiit lliiii-wnlli.il »-ells. «'r»|illo»«s KiowiiiK in tufl-. 4 linir. a small I liiii snik- or liiaci . <'lliin>. iisi.|i:l,liMK(li,itr. <'I|UIIM<-||<>4|. .I<...|l|y )r,.,„,\,.,| IciiKlli" isi'. 4'lllwr»|til>ll. till. mr,\, ui-.iins ill I iic cclU of pliiiils. «'lll)i(o. with small hairs on the mai;iin. . wai'il. «l«'n. (Ill liialiont lln' iiiiililh'. (llmltlliK. asc.niliiiKl.v iimmm- ol Ifiicliils. I lUklrr. a Kioiip of doMly asso- lialiil llowcis. ■ : 4'oh('«loii, (Ik; iinion of similai- jiai Is. «««l. nallciifd. « oHi|iwiiiMl. compiist'il of two ,„• more similar parts nniti'd. Compoiiiul leaf, one (ii\i(|,.,| into separate hatU'ts. 4'oHi|ir<>>t«4>«l, flattened luteiall,\ 4'»Mirfr<>ii». cone -heariiiK. t'uHiitilo. Kiown tiw(.|hcr. <'oiiiM-«-||t<>, Ihc memliraiic join- iiiK anlhi.ri-.lls. j 4'oiiv»lulr, lolled inward lioin , one ed^re. <'wrroiilh<-Kronn(l. <'rciiHl«>. with rounded Ueth. «'llllll,l he hollow stem of a KIMS.-. <'iin<>Mlp. wedKe-shaped. 4 H«|tlillil<-. tipped with a sh.irp and rijfid point. <'.VIIH', a flat topped Ifoweieliis ter. the central (lowers hloom in»f first. <>'lllW!>r, like a eyine. ». itrrltiiioiiH, not persistent fall iiitf early. l>proiii| iHl, more than twice compound. iM-ciiliilN-nl, lower part i|.< lin iiiR. upper aseendinu. Urriirrpiil, havinjf the has,, of the It.at extending down I hi' sides of th,. st,.m. 0<-n<-\e«i. turiu.rl downward. IM'IiImm'iiI. spliti injf open. nviilnl)-. loolhed. with the l.-, th point ill),' out ward. I>l. t w i< 1' or two. l»lHl<>«|«ii«Mi«, hav iiiif twoi-o tyhdiins. l»ll«iil<'; nornHl. ri^lutiiiK t" i Ix' liack nt' nriipr.ii tli'^hy fruit will) a>li>iio oiK'lusint; I III' soft). K. Klliptlral, ill tlic I'nriii nf iiii eUipsf. KmnrKlnnlr. luilrlit'il at IIh- aptx. Knibryo, tlic iiiiilcvrlniii'il plant ill the s«;<-il. Kliil»Kmou». Iia\iii^ till' wiiiifl of thcstcill ill scalli'ird liiiiitili'^ ill the cclluliir ti-*-in'. KnIliT, without iudi'iitatious on tlie iiiiirKin. K|>lK.TnouM, KrowiiiK on t he ovary. Kplphylr. a iilaiit which t;riiws upon Hnotlici'. but ilerivc?; its nouriNliiuL'iit from the air. Ki|nlt«nl. applird to leav<'>< whirh cnfolil each other U'- in tlie Iri-. Ki^ri, iipriKhl. Kx«W*'noui». applied to stems with the waino|M-lNloilM, haxinK the pe- tals united. (Wabraie, beeoniinx siuooth. ha|M*ii. ilccply iodcnled at the base. Hrrb, a plant with little wopi n. InllitrrHrciirr, t he arrantremiiil of the tlowei-s. iiivolnrrli a secondary Iumi- lucre. Involnrri'. a circle of braeti* be- low a tlowcr or llower cluster. ln«oliile. rolled inwards. irrPKiilar. the parts ditTerint; in size or sha pe. H. Klflll<*.r«»bau<-(l. of a leaf liavin»r larKe rounded hibes at llie ba.se. Ijtblale, l\aviui; two iips. Lanceolalr. narrow ami laperinc from the l>a.se to the apex. IIB !)J f»M»S.SAI{Y (.K COMMON IIOTANIfAl, TKHMS. N: Mirral, on the >iilo. l.ruHel. Olio of thi- dlviNioiiK of a (■iiiii|)oiinct leaf. ■.rttniiir, ii dehiscent fruit open- ing !>}■ two seaiie^. MRulnlf. -.triip-sliiUHd. I.liipar, liiiitriiiid naii-ow. l,«lM'. a sejfnMjiit or diviKion of ail otviui. M. WMrllMluMciitral vein of a leaf. >loniH|p||thon«, Willi the Hlii- iiiciils united. n»ii«>r»t> lr4l«»ii»UN. havinit one '■ii|.\hrloii in Iheeintiiyo. fl«ii«-rloii<.. the staiiiiiiate and pistillate llouurs on ditterent parls of the .same plant. »lMrpoiinl.-.tippedWithHiiiiniitc sliaip point. '^"h'"*!.' .**'"'""'■ " eo\erin»fof limit, hiiiis. or withmif .-alvx and corolla. \vr\r, ,1 loiiKiliidinal line on eal.vx III- leaf. y«af, where the leaf arises from the sti'in, y»t. an iiiilehiseent fruit, of one seed. With a liardKhell. \iillel, a little nut. Ovalp, ejfK shaped wii h t he Iihkc end down. OlN-wiii|tpi>M<>l>ll<|ur, iineiinal sided, slant- in),'. OltloiiK. loiKferthan hroad, with sid( s nearly parallel. Olto«atf, iiivcrsel.\ ovate. 4»l>ni«e. hlinit or roinidcd. 0|in«|iie. dull; not sinonth and -iiiMin>r. Orltlciilar. circular. »val. almost elliptical. 'if Palalp, a projeclioii of the lower ipof a hilahiatecorollaeloslnK the throat. * Palmate, with veins or leaflets radiating from the end of the IH-'tlolo. I'anlrlp, an irieKularly com ixnind flower-cluster like a raceme. PaplllunarronH. havinjj a 'laud ard. Willis and keel, as in leguminous (lowers. I'niipiiH. the tuft of hairs or hrisilcs at the suiniiiit of the acheno in Coiiipositie. ParaHlilr. livinj^ upon other living plants. Parlrlul. on the walls of tho ovary. Par(f>4i, deeply deft. Pertlnatr, with narrow closely set scirments. Pedatr. palinafely .livlded. with the lateral scKinents two-deft. P«>«lir«>l. a secondary flower stalk. Ppiliiiirlr. the stalk of asolitarv (lowi I orof a fhiwercliister. Pellale. shield-shaped. Perrniiial. lasting more than two years. Porforj. with stamensand pistils in the same flower. PerrollatP. with the stem pass- iiiKthroutfh the leaf. Pfrtanlh. the calyx and .orolla when holh are present, or i he tloral ciiM'lopes. and not easih discriminated. IVrlrarp. the ripened ovary. P<-riK.riiiH(lllHlf. l..i\ iii>,' pi^t il- lull no stniMun.-i. I'lllril. iniiikcd willi >iniill dr prufwioii^ HI' pits. ■■lari'litil, I lie projection in tin' oviiry to wliii'li tlir ovules iiic ultiu'lii-d. I'luniOHr.willi tine liiiii-- on isiili side, like a feather. I*«mI, any dry deliiseeiit fruit. r»lli-ii. the triiilnH prodiieod in the itnther. r»ly|M>lHlwil«. havin»; separate IH'tals. r»llir, ii fruit with t lie adherent lleshy calyx, of which llicaiiple is tlie tyiH'. I'rnrniiibriit. lyiriK ll.it on the >;ioiind. ■■ro«lnil«>. ^anie a-, proi iinilieiit. Ptrrlte. l>ulHllii-ii. the bony part of i si one fruit. K. KHrrmr. a llow< r cln-ler with the llowers pedicelhd upon an elongated ,i\i>. Knot'llliiHr, reseinbliaua raceme. RmllHte.sprcadin^rfriiniaoentrc, with ray tlower-. KimIIimI. arisiiitc from Ihc root 111 base of the stem. KiHllclr. the mol of the embryo plant. Kiiyv the marginal llorcl- as di-linct riiini the di-k in the ( ompo-ita'. Kl-r<>|ltil<'lf. I be expanded end of a pedilMclc which bear- Ihe llower or tlowei-. H4-i'iir«<'ll, ciirved backu.ird. K<-llo\<-4l. belli liaikw.iid or i\u\\ iiw ard. Kt-Klllnr. "ilh all the pall- of each -eiie- ol a llower of the -allie si/.e and -hape. Krillforni. kidney -ha |>iil. Kr|mii«l, with a somuwhal -liiu ale malKtii. Kriifllllll*-. like network, iicl- \ clued. Kflu><-. ^^itll I -liKliI notch at the ape\. K<->»llll<-. riiUed backward. Kim-IiIk, the axi- of a frond. Klli/.oilio. the iiiideiKroiind stem, as of a fern. Itllt. one of the in.iiii \eins of a leaf. Kllisriil. uapitit:. a.s the open nioiilli of a bilaliialc llower. KiMil<>(«>roll«. liiiiKli. ^rH|i«-. a lealle-s peduncle ri.siiiK from the t'loiind or mar it. •>fiiriiiii«. thin. di.\. and mem liranaceou-. 94 lil.ONSAKV l>y COMMON ItoTAMCAl, rKUMS. MrHrf.t. wltli-iiiiiiU rir-lyloukliiK NrRMiciil, part of 11 (liviilcil Uuif. Mrpiil, II lt>ar 111' ilivixiori of a ctilyx. »«*rrMlr. with iIh- tuetli |iuiiitiiiK ii|iWiirils. HPHnllr, without a sUilk. SrlncpoiiH, liristli'like. MhrnlhliiR, itu-loHiiiK hh if liy a IllllC. Miariilt. a woiHly |ifreiiiiial sii;a(lcr than a tri'o. Mlllrli', a Hhoi't and liroiul silii|iu!. ^lili|U«*. tlxt iKH'iiIiai' |hhI of ('riR'ifcni'. ^Illlllllc, thu oiitliiu! ^t lonely wavy. 'tllinit. (hi! ilufl bftwfcn two h)lK-s. >ioni» <|»1. Morit, the fruit ilot of i a fciii. .<«|iil|Milhr. a brill t fiirlo^iiiff a spiulix. ^pnfnliilr, iiariowt'il down riiuii a roiiiii'cil apc*x. K|ilrnlr, liko a spiki'. | .■>|ilk<-. an cloiigutt-d ilustcr of ' ses»ilpoic' caM- MqlllirrUXV. liavihK' -MllMIl 111; lip.. KIniiirii. a polli'ii hearing; oiKan. .olilliilnrtl. till' iipiU'i pi.-lal of a paiiilioiiai I'OUK tloWL'l-. Kl«>lliil<>. ;, with apiirusMC'd. hharii, '-ti'iiijclil. stiir hall's. M|y|4>, the pint ol a pistil bclweuii stiginu and ovary. MIyloiHHilNni, an (txpaiiNioii at the LiLso of a St J Ir. NultHlHtr, awl-sha|M.'d. NHrrulfiil, iniiy. HhI«-mI«>, t;riMiv< iI or fiirrowrd. .Huprrior. hiivini; Ihr ovary fri't; from I hi! ralyx. Niiliirr, a line of ili-hi^ci'iirr. NyiilNI«'trlrHl, wilh set. h:ivinK the saiiic iiuiiilicr of pari : .irli. or a iiiulllplc of that iiiiiiiiitr. Ti'r«'l«', i-yliiidriial. TcrinlUMl. at thr a|H-x. Tfrutilp, ill lluvfs. Tt'lriMl.vniiniMHK. wilh foiirloiiK and two Khort staiiu'n>. Thront, the entranre to the tube of li lalyx oi' I'orolla. Th>rM', a loiiipart panicle. Toni<-ul»sf, vviiolly. Traiixvrr*!'. ai i'os.s. Trlfoliolalr. haviiiK three leiif- lits. Triiiinilf. as if ml oil sijiiare ai-iO!.s the end. Tulirr. the enlarKed end of an iindirifrouiiil >|eni. TillK-rclr. a small liiherllke body. Tulioroiit, haviim ilir appear am e of a tnbii-. Tiiiilralctl. h^u iiiK i'oal> one within anotlu r. Twinilie. winding spiially a- roiind a support. i liilirl, a flower cluster with .'.II the pedieels radiatiiitr from the same point. I llilN-IIrl, a .-erdiHlar) nmbel. Tte=Jr«.? <;l,t>,ss\HV H»^ roMMoN liiilANH \l. II,I(M- '.•."> I iHluliltr, Wiiv y. I Irlrlr. an imlfhi'i rut I -.ftMlcil frtiil. %nlVMl4*. >>|»'niinf liy valve-; iiif'-IiiiK l.y Ilif imIki- wilhiiMl uvi'i'la|>|>iii»;. Vnltr, oiir 1)1 llic iiiitc- iiilii j svliirh a iM|isul<' s|)lii>. »i-lll. a thirail of llt>ii> va-ciilii lis-iic ill a leaf, f-pcrially -mli as tiiaiK )i("-. t4-Htrnl, lifliiiiKiiit: to tin- an li rior.or inni'i- face of .in cn^aii. Vprnillloii. Ilir ai'ian);('iiii Ml of Icayfs ill a laid. trroiililr. .itlailiril w.it lln iiiiilillf. -CI ,1 - 1 .1 I III n in-ily. trrllriil, ii|>ii^'lil. ! tcrllrllliitf. whoi'lt'tl J tllloiiH. Iiiaiiii^ hum. -lilt liaii- tix'ltl. );Iiiliiiuu.-. -ti<'ky. Whorl,.iiiai lanjiiincnl iif IraX i - in a 'iii'lc alioiil I lie sliiii. MliiK, any iniinlirannii- or lliiii I'Xli'ii-iiin Imi'lrrin;; an iii'Uan. VltMilly, riiM'i'i'il vvitli 1(in^ liiattuil liai, -. mil l» t I ■ 'i •I INDFA' J'A(»K. r.AOK. Acer 25 AslihavfU Maple .... 2i Achiilcu r A^pt'ii ... TM Ai'iitila «• Axpiiliiiiii . . . m Ai'onis. «i A-'Pli'iiiiiiii Kt AftH'll.. . 17 A .'1 43 AKi'iiiioiiia M Atriplux . . l» AKi'iiiioiiV' :{| A vnm. .....•..•■... '£1 Aider -■j .Mistiiih. ............ Haiii'bt'iTy Kailiari'a 17 Aii-'HllU'OH' IH \ III.Ll'lLIlt ll ■ ■ ■ H'> HaiWia Hay berry r.i Aiii.intiitli Kiiiiiily HI 71 Aiiiiiruiitii^ ft") Ih-acli I'la !i7 AmaiiuitacTU' tt.') Heail)crr> 52 Anii'lniii liit'i. :« IJeerli "'.' AtiHTicaii Hiookliiiii'. till Heecli I)r"p>i — ;>( Anatfatlii< . .'>" Heech h'citi . 8a Aiiii|i|iali- !.■> Hiilslraw ... Vt AM>ti'li''a 3>i U< Klaililcr ('aiii|>itin.i( ca . 58 Allow llcM'l s:t ; Miiii\i liiuiii KS Ai inn Kaiiiilv HI Hi.\ Kill. 1 •-'<■> A-li . . . ;*i7 Iti.ulnl Miiiilwrid .">7 .u^^i%: MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANS! and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A APPLIED IIVMGE Inc ^^. 1653 East Main Street ~— Rochester. Ne* York 14609 USA i^S (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ass (716) 288 - 5989 - Fox ys INMH'.X. I'.Ui 'i Hracken . . Itlakc Uiaiiilikv Hias-iicii . Uii-tly SiirsaiiiU'illa. . . Hiookliiiii- . Hiookwccd... . liiUMilla Hiickwliiat HiK-k« liuat Family Hilda MuKlt'-vvcfd HurK;li-l)eiiy Umiloik Mur Mariffdld '<..... Kiir-iccd Hii-h II(mi',\ luklc liiitlt'i-and-liKK-^ Hultficnp Hulter-wcod I've Cakilc . lit Calla »■> \ CalliliichL' . 35 ; ( 'alopogon Tti Callha IB < 'aly-iti'tjia 57 ( iiiiipion . 21 ('aiiriColiaci'M' ."i'.t CapsoUa . Ill ( aiaway... . '.fi ('arii)t 3H Caiuiii 37 t 'aryiijiliyllarfa' 2(i Casliow I''afnily 2(i Cas>a iidia .iJ Catiiiiiit ,. ( at nip ... 02 Cat-Tail Family . 81 Cat-tail Klair 81 (Vdai- 71 Cciitaiirea . lit (ciastiuiii 22 ('hain-I'V'iii 8") Cliaiiioiiiih' l(i I'liarlock 18 tirloric. liciiDpiMliacili' hciiiipudiiiiii lifiiy hick weed. lliojJl'lH'S liokL'-bcrry li<)ke-( liuriy hi'y.-^aritlR'miiiii 'hry.^^osplfiiiuiii . .. . ii'lioriuiii iclioiy icuta innaiiioM Knii iiique foil ifcaM i-^taccn' laytniiia . layton's Fi'iii liritonia lovi'i- . iiious . . 'o<'klc ockspiir 'riiorn ollsfoot 'i)inp()>iia' 'oinpdsite Family. . . . oiictlower 'oinfcra' oiivoh idaiua' 'oiivolviilu^ 'oiivnlvulii.s Family. 'opt is 'niallorhi/a '(HJll-liXit 'oiiiacea' 'oiTi-Cockli' 'oiTiel 'oiii-Spuni'y 'ormis 'oipsi'lMant iirydalis niylus "owbaiie owparsiup 'ow-Whoat . . K. iiit (» 28 21 52 32 28 47 ;« 50 :*) 37 88 2!t a5 lit 22 87 79 27 4!) 21) 32 48 40 40 46 73 58 58 58 17 75 75 38 20 :« 2:1 38 iVt 18 72 3H 3ti «2 INDIA '.•'• ('l';llil»'liy ( ■iu>-llhiii'i<' Cnitii'Hiis ('ri'i-iiiiigSii"\vlni:,v I'lcss I'iimily. CiowliiiTy Ki.iiiily Crovvliciry . Crowl'oot Ciowfoot K:iiiiily t'ruril'('in> CryptoKimi' t'\iil\vec(l C'uiiulifi^ni' Currant t'ypripodiuin. Daisy Daisy Klcabaiif Damlolioii Datura DaiU'iis Dowboiry Diwntia Diiksoiiia Dicotyliilons. Diervilla I >ock Do(;baLio .. Dogbaiiu Family Dogwodd Dogwood Katiiily Dioscra Droscracca' Duoliwcid Duokwccd Kaiiiily. Dutchinan's Hiceolic l'v<;i;. 7:i l'A(i Kldcr Kliii . Klodos Kiiipctracoa' Knipi^'i'Miii luidogi'iis Kmhanii'i's N it;ht shade. . iMiit.-aa Kpilobiuiii l.'i 1.'. IS 81 i:> 71 :i:! 41 i .VI ! •.It I IS i S7 V> 111 t>7 5S KlC( 111 ills Ki iiuica' Kiijri'iDii Kupatoiiuni Knpboibia Ku|)ln>rl(iai(a' .. Kupbia>ia Kvi'iiinn I'riiiiicisi' Kvciiiiit; I'liiiifose FaiiiilN Kvcilastiiiu • • Kxojieiis Kyfbrigln ;is :;■! - I ! ,i>;opyii..ii l-'amis Kail Daiidi'lidii False SoloiiMiMs ."Seal Forri Fiuiiily Fci-iis Figwort F'igwoi't Family Filii-cs Fir Five-Fiiiger Fluabaiie Flo\vi'r-do-I-u((! FloworiiiK Fein Flowering Plants powerless Plants Fiirget-menot Fragaria Fraxiniis .. . Fmnariaeea' Fumitory Fumitory Family. 7:t 7.'> (JaU'opsis (ialium (iamopotalous K\t)gens (JaultluTia (jaylussaiia Oeraniaeeii' Ueiaiiiuni Family (ieuin . , (Jinseng Family (Jlaux K. Ill .'•1 44 41 tilt IKt til :t:i ij Ml 7S Ml S4 liU JU «4 74 •sa 43 77 H7 15 H4 :«» 57 17 17 17 . «3 in oil . ■'>■! . 24 . 24 . 3lt . :«< .">7 101) i\i)i;.\. i: I'aok. Gnu|iliiiliiiiii i.'i (ioldcnltoil 411 (idlil ■nncii.l 17 (ioiMljcia 7(j ( i()()si;b( Tiy xi (iooKcfool jj.-, (Jooscfoot Kaiirily ti.') (ioosc'Kiiis.s (j7 (iii'iil Angelica ;«; (iii)iiii(l ('hcri-y 32 < Hawtliuiii 32 Hay F"ei-ii 87 Hazel-nut 72 Heal-all «2 Heatiicr 38 Hf illi Kaiiiily 51 Hcdtce-Bindwecil 6<) Hcill^e-Xettle . 59 lI'ilge-Mustai-d is Hcliantheniuin 50 lit'lJantliUH 4fi Hcndock 74 Ilendock Spruic 7| Hemp Nettle (i:i Hieruciiiiu 50 Hippuris 35 Hodvveed lo Holly 2.5 Holly Family 2o Honeysuckle ;w Honcy>nckle Kainilj . ;(« Huekleberiy si Hudsonia I!) Huntsman's Cup 17 Hypericaceoe 23 Hypericum 23 ilyiiopitys ;-,•> I'AOK. Ilex ^/i Illcccliiaccic (it Ili<;inea- 2.5 Impatien--. 24 Indian ('ueumbei-n)ot . 79 Indian I'ipe 5,5 Indian Tobacco 52 Indian Turnip 82 Iri Leinna 82 LemMa«-ea' 82 l^>ont(Mtun 50 I INDKX. KM l>oviige. Uu/.ulii LychiiiH Lycopns I'AliE. l.cpiiliiiiii '■' l.oiiciiiitliomimi •" Lit,'\ilitlorii' '';J l.iK'u-^ticiiin •^' Lilia.eii' 'J^ Lily Family '^ laiiiosella "" Uinuiia ^' Litinciv •" IJparis Lobelia L(>lK'UaceH» Lolxlia Family •'[ Lc'iisl -' Loiiiii'i'a L(X)srstrife ''•' :iT Sll '",.... ■&) fi2 I'.M. ID 51 SI ir, •»■» Till 17 47 Lysimachia "*' Madder Family J" Maiaiitlu'iiium '" Malvacen' -^ Mallow -_| Maple Mare's-Tail Marsh Maiinold Marsh St. John's woil Marsh Uoscmary Manila Matriciiiia Mayflower ''f Mayweed J'. Meadow-llue '•» Meadow -Sweet "^ Medeola ''^ Mcledons. Monotropa Moonwort Motherwort Moinitain Ash Mountain Holly Mountain Maple Mouse-(Nir Chiekweed.. Muljfedium Mullein M\isi|uash Root Mustard Myosotis Myriea Myrieaieie Myriophyllum 27 27 47 N'alMilus Naiiulat^eie NeRundo \emopanth(>s Nepeta Nettle Nettle Family Xicandra Nitlhl shade Ninhlshade Family Nipph^-wort Nuphar NympH>a Nymi)ha'a!iliis K. til ;« ■Vi m 75 fWi 88 in :« 25 •At ti 61 •x IS 58 70 70 50 Ki 2.'> tiJ 7" ;V< ."►s III 17 17 17 71 35 t 1U-- IN'DI.X. Il'l \'\(iV.. Orchis Kiiiiiily '', OrpiiK' Kariiil.\ .'II • >>iiiiirrhi/„'i . :I7 (•siiiunihi «7 Ostrich Kcni M7 Oxiilis •_'( Ox-cyi! Daisy It! PiiriiasKus 33 I'arsluy Kaiiiily 35 I'iiisiiip :17 Piistiiiiica 37 I'oarl wort , 21 IV'iitstciiion (Kl Fci>i«TKrass 19 I'etasiles 48 I'haiici'OKaiiis i IS I'hcKopturis Ho I'icca 74 Pigweed H5 Piiiiliei'iiel ,'i7 Pine 74 Piru! Kaiiiily 71 I'iiilt Family 'Jf) Pimis 71 Piiiweed lit PitcluT-PIaiit 17 Pitclier-PIaril I'ainily 17 PlantaKinaeca- (13 Plant :i 28 Hose 31 Hose Family 28 Kubiacea' 40 Kubiis 2!( Undbcekia 48 Kiiniex K7 Hush 8(1 Knsh Family 80 Saeina 22 Satfittaria Ki HI. John s- wort 23 St. .Johns-wort Family. 2:1 Salicacea' 72 Salicornia 00 Salix 73 .Salsola OK Sambucus .'IS Samolus 57 Samphire lii I MUX. I'AliK. , Saini Spiiili'y -■' 1 Siimiwiiit ■-' ! •M Sfu lllitf •■•' Siipimlin'cii'. . -' SjUIMllMlill. '' Siiri'iU'i'hiiii'ru' '' SaxifniKi'i'" • •'- Saxiliiitri- h'aiiiily ■_''- i Scio|itiiil;iriii(in- ''»'*] SiMilflliiriii. *•- ! Sci.-KiM'krt . 1" St'ilmii •** Self M.mI '}- j Scnccio '^ I Sfii>ilivo Ki-ni **" StM\ icflKMiy . •'- ShW!p-K:nilL'l .>.? I Slieplicnrs riirsi- !'• Shii'lil Kuiii **• Shiiili'iif •'■' Side siiddli! Klowcr 1" .1 ''1 .SiU'iii- . -' Sih i'i-wi'('(l •'! Si~yiiitiiiiiiii '^ Si-iylinfliiiiiii ""^ Siiiiii ■'' Skullcap ';- Smart Weill ^ SinilaciMii.. . '** Siii't'/i'-worl "• Soaplfoliy I''aniil,\ -'•' Solaiiarua' ■'^ Solamiin ••'^ SoliiliiK') ^' SoiR'lius ■'' Som-l "' So\v-Tlii>tIc ■'' SpaiKaiiiilUl ^' Spccilwdl . '■"' .Spi'itfula '-•' Spikciianl '^ Hpirii'a Spiiaiillii- . ■'' SpliTiiuinl '' Spiuri- ' ' I'XI iiiiil.\ spmt'i' SpiiiHi- I' S|ml•l■l•^' . Siai-tiy> . Stai-KliiwiT Slatli-i' StiUaria Sliainoniiitii Str:^ ivtii'iiy Sir pliipii^ Sliiltliiopteiis Sii'.fila Siiiiiacli SimiU'w Siiiidi'W Kaiiiily Smilliiwi'r Ssvecl HriiM' Swi'i'lCii-fly SWI-I'I Colt -ill M It Swell Ki-rii Swi-el KluK SwL'it (ialc Swi'i't (;.ilc Kaiiiily Taiiaii'imii .. Tai,-y Tan-iy-iaKwoit Taiaxaiiiiii — Taxu> Ti-a-bcriy Teal tlimiili . . . Tlialii'truiii Thi.stlo Thorn Tlwija Tulu-a ToadI'lax 'liii'iituH-i. . 'rrifdliuiii ■| ri^;ll)i-lliM ■PiilliuiM. . 'I'liiinpi'. Will ■|--u-a . ... 'ruliulill'ir.r .. Tu iii-llii"i'i- ■(■■.•. i -!.■.! S!:!!k K. ii:i I'ii •j:! tci :r, :^i ■l\ Hi •3) 7!» S7 m i-> :ti Hi Ki : piiiicfH' <..,./ '..^:... SI I 'liims. : ' 7(1 I'riiliclliCorn' ;uj I'lti.a .....y:y.':....x: 7U ,-• / ''^'^- J ^^ ^ Viicciiifui.i w.'^. ... .W Vcit)ii-iiiiii .^ I. ...'...:,. . at Vc'iKiiiiii ..; .y. .^^. ... (io Vibiiiriiirii ^. . .(^^.... ;« Vetch ^ ^. . . . 28 Vi y. ithe-rod ;js Wocxl-Ferri sti Wood-Sort'ol z\ Wood wurdia k'i \Voriii\vood 4j Yarrow \{\ Yellow Pond-laly 17 Yellow Kttttle (il Yellow Kocket is Yew 7-, ft-^T h. . I':^-i-^C^--.