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ICMH

Collection de
microfiches
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Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian da microreproductions historiques

1996

I

i
I

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456

MICROCOPY RESOIU7ION TEST CHART

ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2)

^ ^PLIED IKA^GE

'65 J East Uo^n Str(>et
^ochest^f, New Tork Ui^r.9
^^6) *.*-;' - 03O0 - Pho'^e
i7'6) iae - 59P9 Ta,

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' s^b^eti^^amMex.

a. ""■" j'-. -. .r*4 ■ vj*' :; - . *vi<

wf^^^^^km

L

il

WILD ri.OWKKS

NORTH AMLRICAN MOUNTAINS

^

^!

It

•r

» ■•"»' Jii-v'i»p-S..--A«FHK.'

F\i:ii Im,i\\ I' mm li,.rsii n'.-iti ■ ■ ■

WiiiTi: iMuw I'aim- |||,|^

I'.KAlmi NV'.~ l'\l.\T

" iCaslilL-ui pallut.})

'" f-ii' (CasttlL-ja a„-„slil,u,a :,n: linul!;,,;

I )

WILD FLOWERS

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN
MOUNTAINS

BY

JULIA W. HENSHAW

Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
Honorary SecreUry of the Alpine Club of Canada.

NEW YORK
ROBERT M. McBRIDE & COMPANY

<■

^■. ■)

Copyright, 1915, by
Ji I. lA W. Hknshaw

C(>pyri!,'ht, C'aTiada, 1915
BY Julia W. Hknsiiaw

Published November, 1915

:^wfi:sy^ms^^

TO
THEIR ROYAL HKJHNESSES

THE DUKi: AND DUCHKSS OF COXNAUGHT

this book is, by special permission,
gratefully dedicated in remembrance of days spent by

THKIR kOYAI. HICHNESSES

in the
ROCKY MOINTAINS

.^'^"

w '^^T'-'^^

PRHf-ACR

" When the book of life falls open at the i.ai,'e of sprin- "
the sn<.w-cro\vne(l mountains ml. ,,\er an eiuhantin^r d\
ot foliage, ferns and hnv^i, and the alpine mead. .us are
ablaze with brij,Hu-hued flowers that grow luxuriantlv be-
neath the broad blue tent of the sky.

Held close in the curved arms .,f the cliffs, the patches of
verdure, starred with these wondrous-tinted blo.M.nis are
a revelation to the traveller. Fro,„ the mountains of the
^nkon and Alaska to the hills of X„va Scotia and Xew
I-n^dand. m the Hockies. the Selkirks and the tnountain
ran-es of Montana. I)ak..ta. W'ashin^^ton. Orei^on Cali-
fornia and other States, you will find that the same miracle
has been wrou.i,dit. ,;n the lower levels white-tlowercd
scarlet-fruited shrubs nu-n^le with the Winter-reens 1 ark-
spurs. \,olets and Columbines; flaminj,' In.lian I'aint
Brushes, Gentians. Oueen-cui)s and purple \^etches cover
many a slope; here a valley is carpeted with yellow I ilies
Uaillardias, Arnicas and Golden-ro<ls - a .ijlorious ]-iel<l-
of-the-Cloth-of-Gold — and there some mossv plateau is
gay with arctic-alpine Androsaces. Stonecrops. Kverlastin-;
and the trailing vines of the sweet-scented Xorthern Twin-
flowers; while in the crannies among the r<;cks Moss Cam-
pions. Romanzoffias and Saxifrages find a foothol.l- and
down beside the ice-born streams grow beds of Wild }\r<.
ley. W ater Willow Herb. Musk blower. Lobelia and Ladies'
1 resses.

Preface

A. the traveller eliiiilK „pu,,nl the scene dian-es atn.Mijr
tlif harren n.cks an.] (P,u,n„- precipices, f.c here Xaturc
staii(l> reveale.l m iiMJestic uino.j. ,„i.l tin lines ..| the land-
scape are sketched nnt rn,;^,L;e.l and se-.ere. Then ernes ,l,e
sndden inrn n.un.l the cnuT nf some clilT. the oVrtuppinir
-I some steep st,,iu- ie.Ii^e. and helml,] ! la.f,,re ,,ne. in a hi'di
alpme n,ead..u. lie. a garden s„ch as kinj;> „,i^ht en^'^•
l.ut how de>cnl.e the ecstasy uf stan.lin- knee-deep in the
ini^^nmce ..t a thmisan.l tlM\ver>:^ After crossing, tju. hare
I'Icak rocks it IS like a triumphal entry into I'aradi-e I lere
arc I'.nk (iarlics. Harehells swaying i„ wild uavuardness
\cTon.cas an.l l-or-et-.ne-nots lookin.cr „p uiti, wide-open
eyes. Heathers red. rose and white, a.nethvst \sters
White (.erannin.s and .M.,ccaM-n Idouers. all n.ini^lin- with
the sh.nin- .i^reen leaves and waxen petals oi" the Rhododen-
drons and the s„,,wy chalices of the ( d..he-llouers and
Anemones.

It matters not at what hour (,ne -oes to the mountains
uhether ,n the amethyst (kiwn. when the -olden jjates of
sunrise tall ajar and the first faint rustle of the leaves stirs
ti, ■ dreamin.u world to consciou^nes.s. dispersing mists and
dew; in the hrilliant noontide, when life marches on with ad
IKT hanners unfurle.l. and every plant is Inuldini,^ and hluw-
"1.1^- as the sap runs freely, and the sun's ravs <r\\,\ hjn and
vale: <.r m the amher evenin- when purple shadows steal
••v.th phantom feet from cliff to cliff, au.l down in the dusk
<>t the tore.st dewdn.ps spantide leaf and bloom, as (;,)d
li.i^hts the star-lamps of Hi, h,oh heaven and p, out the
day.

F ven when we listen t.. the rhythm of the rain all is heau-
titul. for the tlowers that -reeled the dawn with opal hearts
\vi(k-l)lown: that at noontide were found with

m^-f -^afaRKa^-iMPf ■■>■

Pnfa

( t'

" i;.ii.'li al'lltuiit inl.il ciiil^lrclclu il .iiiil miiniilril
To tlic kI'Tv ;inil ^;I;iiliii--> .■iiul slijuc ni tlu- unrM,"

and that at fvciiinj,' ntYtTi-d up swirtcst l'ra.i,Taiu-i' in tlicir
ilialioi-iiips. arc j^iwn a new cliarni hy the ox.l .showers
from ahiive.

" I 1k' paths, tin- u.mkN. till' (r-I'U, till' hills,
An- iii'I a uiirM t^ day,
l!i;t jiisi a plai r ( iod ma<k' for iis
111 uhiili ti> play."

So we may wander in seareh of tlie nionntain wild dow-
ers, follow int,^ the trails uhieh lead to the alpine meadows
and wrapt in tlie perfect peace vi the hills retnemher that
we are walkiiiLf

with

"In till' frcirldiii (.f the garden wild"

" (",ocl (if tlu- (ipcn riir."

.\> this hook is intended for the use of the jjencral puhlic
rather than for thai of botanists, the llowers herein de-
scribed are class, iied acciirdin<,^ to colour, and without sjie-
cial reference to their scientific relationship; for the first
attrilmte of a plant which attracts the traveller's eve is in-
variably its colour, his first (|uestion usually bein;,"-: " What
is that red flower? " — or "blue tlower."' or " vcllow
llower,'" as the case may be. Of Order. Cenus and Species
he probably knows little, and therefore the descriptions
Si\en in this ,i,aiide to mountain wild llowers are so sim])ly
and -'-.a-ly worded, that any ])lants indexed niav be readily
located in one or other of the Colour Sections, to.i^ether with
its name and chief characteristics. The i^eneral Key at the
befjinnin,!.^- of the book will be of use to botanists.

The nomenclature followed throuf^^hout this work is

m*::^/-^\'F^-^y'SW''-^'

Prefaci

stncly i„ .co,nla..cc with the \icnna K„Ics. in so far -.s
thcc have heen u .rke.I out i„ Cma.la

;:;:;•",;:; r:'rr' ■"•■^'^- -■-■- ''•■-

V..i„dl >,,,,.,,,„ c-,,ia.>vc.c.l, Alpin/tai'w^
<.ras.,. P.r„«,„„„n. .\mlr..,ace S-,vifr-,,.,. f , ,

Sl.mcrron -ir,. nil ;„ ■ i ^.iMtr.ide. f.cniian and

h™:f}\ "":"" —••"---"• T.; Air. ,a,;.rr

Aiatoun 1 also offer niv heart v tli-.»i. ( \ ■

Siven a. all .„„os .1^/11^^:^':;; '"'^ ^■•^""' "">'-

Julia W. IIkxshaw.

A^„„ J'lnuarv, iqic

\ ancouver, ' -^ -'

British C'ohiinhia,

Canada.

Prcfa

It'

SiHM V.

Ilrili->h ('<iliinilii;i,

I ".in.Kla.

janu.irv },n\h. kji^.
Dear .Nfrs. Henshaw:

W Irmi y.iii lir>t told me of ■ our iutfiuiMU ti. writt- a pop-
ular iiinimtaiii Mora. I assurc-d ym th.it ^urli a work wmild
not only serve a spk-ndid purpose in aUractiiii,' attrntion i..
the nioiiniains. lint that nntil tlie traveller had in his hands
some surh hook that would enahle him to identify the many
flowers that ji,tow tliere in protusi,.ii. he inn>t feel lost
amon.ir the unnamed heanties which would surround him.
It was the one hook needed.

liiat the Work should ha\e heen done as von ha\e done
it. is more than 1 could have hoped. 'I'he hea.ttv of the
photo},rraphs, the correct ji:roui)in,-: of the flowers, the coii-
ci.se and yet complete descrijuions m.ike it easy for even the
visitor of a day to identify all the ])laiu> he is likelv to see.
^'()ur choice of I-jif^ni h names, when such had not hefore
heen i,nven to our alpine flowers, is excellent. Tliev are
themselves often sufficiently descriptive to enahle otie to
idntify the species.

I am glad to note. too. that the ,i,a>ncric names von have
used are strictly in acconlance with the X'ienna Rules, as
are aNo the specific names so far as lhe.se have heen W(.rke(l
out in Canada.

"S'ours sincerelv.

joiix M.\(Oi-\,

Domini m Xaturalist.

■f ♦.«^X!lv'i»^l!'-=-'>&«.«P«WIB5Jc*3BBeE

nar^jT^.

(■()\"ii:.\'is

I'a-.i

I.MIKK IKHM rKnl|.»iiN JnllV M\(,., s M, A., |', |„ S., I'

S. I

I.IST l)l- rNmi.ol'Klli I'l. \IKS

I.IM .11 ( ul.ul kKli I'l \l K-

tiKNtKM. KkV id nil. I' A M 1 1. 1 h.s

\l

, Nvii
I

s.

Si.
3

I. I'kkxs ami I'knn \|.1.IK> .

II. ^l<ll.^

III. U'kKIi.-. (JK\>>K>. SH)I :„> \Mi
I\'. W I ilK 1(> I iKKI.N \\|i I'iKllW

\'. I 'ink Ki Kill I'l.DW ^;l<.■^
\ I. I'l IK III I'l kl'I.K I"i.(i\\i;ks
\ II. S'Kl.l.dW I(l()|<\N(.l l"l,('\\ EK.-

(ll.OS.S.VkV

Iniii-.x to S( ik.mikk .\\\ik< .
Index to I'.m.i.isii X.xmes .

I\l >IIK^ .
N {"l.OAKKS

47
6 1

Hi

jo;

3;r

.'fttV!*!,,...' I'^iv -tr .-yr^- ■ :-f'

r*BS^MBi"Fr

■ ■..«Vi*i ■'.• •' -■■ .».:>•

3
I

I
I

LIST OK UNCOI.Ol RED PLATHS

*

s

V\ \TF

F
II.

rii.

IV'.
V.

vr.

VII.
VIII.

.\.

XI.

.MI.

Mil.

XIV.
\V.

XVI.

X\II.

X\III.

Oak Inn . . . .
S|iiimli)^c Sliitlil IVrii

I.-mIkc Pnlc Pine . .
I'.iiKdiiu'.in'- '^|)rtui-
MaNair I'ir ....
Mntintain lltml.K'k
Ki<l (V.lar ....
Hari'> Tail ....
(irctn I.ily ....
Indi.iH IKlMxpfi- . .
niuiii-Ciip ....
lalsf Snlfiiniin\ .Seal .
Slar-li<)v\frt<l Snl..-

inon's Seal
While Twi^ti'.l-stalk .
White .Mi.cia>iii

I'lowir ....
Whit'.- Keiii Orchid .

Smilaciiia sti-llaia
Shxfli't'us (im/'If.vifiilius

( yfith'tliuiii f'dssci Ilium
llal'ciiiiiia (liUilald
.\'.>rtliiiii kiin Oniii'. Ilalniuiiia chiiiSi-'d
llcxrli-.l L.i.lii'.s' Ircssis SpiraiitlhS h', maiicuffiitud

.XIX. Il.iriy C'liral Knot
X.X. .Mpiiic- Histort .

(ihitiiKiiis .Asphodt'l
Wind l-lcwcr
White (ilohe Muvver
Reii liaiulierry
.Alpine .Saxifrage .

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII

XXIV,

XXV.

Cdiiilloiliica ii ,'i,l,i
I'olxiioiiHm ztn/^aniin
'liifiiiidii iilu'liuisa
.Inciiimic inullifidii
1 lollius hixus :ar. nlhi/Ioiu
.litica rul'ia ....
^laxifraijii nnoLs

Xaiicy-ov.r-the-groiind Tian-lhi unifoUalu
XXyi. Oval-!"aved.\him K,„,i /l,urli:;a ,>zalif,,lu,

XXVII. iellinia

XXV'III. Hirch-leaved Spira-a

XXIX. Goat"', I'.enrd . .

XXX. Copim.Mi Serviceherry

XXXI. Capherry

XXXU. Wood Xyniph

Tcl/iiiui (/raiiiiiti.na
y/'iiu-,! luiida .
.-iruiKiis sykrsirr
.liiii'laiuliicr H.ouia
Rubus parriflitrus
Dryas oclopctala .

(/>((/

l'llc<li<(>lt-ris l>iy,'pt, rii
.hfitllUm Sf<llllil,.iliiii ;,;, ,/,/,,.

tiitum

I'mus coiil"rta ;,/»•. Muiiti
/'iii-ii liiti/, li'idinii

■ ll'ics lilsitHiirpd ,

I sui/a Mi-riciisi,tihi . .

ihuya fliiii'ti ....
i.ih'l<lioruin iiilliliix
y.ymuhuus flri/aiis
I I'liilriint ', ituli- .
I' I ill to II ill unitiora
Smihhiiia uiiifUxii aulis

t'Ac.r
4H

7<»
"•'
X4
'Ki
').S
')7
'«

too

1)14

>"7
tfi8
III
".S
I If)
ii(>
'-■7
i.V>
KU
141

'4.1

•45

147

1.1 1

I.S.?

I.ri

l.=;7

'59

!'1

J

-X.WJii

XXaIV.

XXXV.

xxxv/.
x.wvn.

XX.Wii,.
XX.\/\.

LIST OF UNCOLOURED PLATES

Iff I .. ._ "*

XL
XL/.
Xl.U.
XI.KI.
XI.IV
XLV,
XLV/.

x/.\-ii.

XIA//J.

Cow I'ar-Mii,,
"iinclil)irry
'"'lian f'ip^.

•■^'""""ain Kl,,,,!,,,!.',,
'Iron

-■^''■^1 .\lai,|,„s

'"ik(.arlic
'■■'y-spo,u.,i ()r,|,is'
-''"■•'S (-aiupi,,,,
He<l Wintc-rcn',
(-r.r„-,louav<l\\„„cr-

• ' ""'" <aiuuh;isis

■ '■>!».st,aun afUfoUun,

■ ll/racUun, /,„u„,nn

■ \"''>"s ia,u„/c„si,

rfl'odoUauh,,,, alhith,,,,,,,
Cass,otc Mcrtcusunu,

' pluularis cniorta
■Uliuiii ccniuuin
(-''■'/lis rotundifolia
■">'/'■"'■ acaulis . . ' '
I'yii'la as,ni/,,/i,, -■„,■ ' ■

''AfiE
. !()_•
. 105

. I f i(j

• '71

• ';,i

■ '77

'■^•-4
I ,SS

UK)

JoX
-I J

Ke<l HeariHrry
-^f-'-V K-i.M.mk.,. ,.,„,,.,.
J- Ko„oh iqcalKuie
^■'"l^ '■.'v.Tlastini;

•^'l"'H' .Milk Wuh
•^'P'lic Oxytnjp^.
I'-'ur-i.artol (;,.„„.„■

Kcl HeariHrry '' '''-y'-'thus ..nr^tnf.nnis

JJ.

L((.
L\U.
LIV.

LV.
LVI.

LVJII.

Call.

lirook Lolnlia
^\'cstcrii Skunk

^'X. Mountain Lily
LX. niad<icr-pocJ
L^Xf. Silverherry

LXIV. Alpine Arnica " ' T '"^'^ dccumbeus

• • • -Innca altina .

'■■iincron !,/„l,c/l„s
■I'ltcniari,, rosea

■'^""""/i<s adsun,r„s
■istniualus a/fi,i„s
Oxytrot^is risa,i^,

('r»t,<,ua prorbniua
i-omtanuh rolu,uUfol,a '
Lobelia Kalwii

jp^'nlon LnnlschaUcnsc
L'l'tn!, inontanum
I'I'ysana didyniocar/a
^I'cagnus arffc/ra

— /

■ ~.u

■ -A I

■ -5'

• -.S-'

• ^i<5

. 21/,
■ - X

• -277

• -'95

• 3o(<

■ .308

• J,35
345
.349
355

. 1(>J

■ i'>5
iftfj

177

I ,ss

.'((()

;o.X
• - 1 _'
' -'-7

LIST OF C'OLOL'RED PLATES

Rid Indian ['aim Jinisli
\Mmc Indian J'amt Mrn-
Hra.ll.try.s I'anited Ciiii

I'all l->i(iy.ininn

Chalice Cnp . .
I'nrplr I lr.l\>arnni
U'liitc lliilv-annn
^\''ioIiy I.aljr.i(l(jr Tia
Wild liflinir..|)c
Calypsi) . .
U'lstt-rn Giliiinliiic
Water Willuw-luTh
N''>rt!iern Iwii, Uh,\\\
Wild Flax .
•Miiinitain i'liacelia
^'cII()w Adder's Tdnyi
Dnmnnniid's Dryas
I'rown eyed Sn^nn
llairy llawkweed .

iKiiXTI-l'IFl K

C (ISlillt-jlI llllllitllil
CuslilL-i,! I^illli,/,,.

/';/;

/■:n\,,/.,nuiii iiiiilu-il.itiiin

niiii'is
.lih-iuoiir turiilriitiilis
Ilri/ysiiriiiii lunailc
llcdysaiiiiii siilf-/iiir,:u;-iis
/-fdiiiii unnilaiuli, uiii
I cli'ii, 111,1 sit.iuiisis

Calyf^si, I'lilhosa

■ l'!iiilc(/ia ionnnsti

/■til''hiiiiii l(i/ifiilii(iii

l.'uiihca h, oralis lar. aiiu-ri

l.inuiii l.riK-isii

I'lhUiiui snicca

liiythl-oiuuiu </r,lii,!ifI..nilil

/'ryus Ih-uiiniuiiidii

(I'lilliirdiii arisiaia
Hu'iiuium Siotilcri .

I \i iNi;
i'\(,r

1 11}

ux

I7S

I'M
J 1(1

-'"1
-■-'4
_'4S

-7-

J.S<)
\ln
•lU

(//(

ill]

§i

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1

r

n ■ i

"SSS

r

WILD FLOWERS

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN MOUNTAINS

|i

r

T^-'

* •

GENKRAL KEY TO THE EAiVIILIES

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA.

(I'kk.ns .\m) i'KKN Allies)

I'crn-likc. rusli-Iikt-. moss-like or a(|uatic i)1;mts, without true
flowers. Reproduction hy s])ores.

ORDER I. FILICALES

I. POLYPODIACE^. FERN FAMILY

I-eafy plants with creeping,' rhizome,;. Sjjores borne in sporan^'ia
collected in dots, lines or clusters on the hacks or nKir!,'ins of the
fronds or their divisions.

I. I'liKcoi'TKKis. (I'revl.) Fee.

1. P. pol>iH)dioide,>. I"ee. Loug Bcccli Peru.

2. P. alpestris. (Hoi)pe.) Mett. Tujtid Ihwh l-cni.

3. P. l)ryoi)teris. (L. ) I'ce. Oaklurii.
II. Adianti-m. (Tourn.) L.

I. A. pedatum. L. Maidcniuiir.

III. Pn-Kis. L.

I. P. aquilina var. lanuj^inosa. P.onij. C'linmnu Hruckcn.

IV. ClIEILAN i IIES. .^sw.

I. C. I'eei. Moore. Slender Lip Fern.
V. Pell.ta. Lin! .

I. P. atropurpurea. (L.) Link. I'lirplc Clitl Ihakc.
\l. C^KvrrocKAM M A. \i. P,r.

1. C". acrostichoides. R. Pr. Xootka Rock lU-akr.

2. (". .^telleri. ( ( iniel. ) i'rar.tl. Slender Rock Bnikc.

VII. Asi'LEMTM. L.

1. A. viri.le. Iluds. Green Spleen:eort.

2. A. cyclosorum. Rupr. La rye Lady Fern.

\'ni. POLYSTUIUM. Roth.

I. P. Lonchitis. (L.) Roth, llollx Fern.

•il

%

■i

m

General Key to the Families

IX.

X.

Asi-llilUM. Sw.

1. A. Filix-mas. (L.) Sw. Male Slucld F.rn.

2. A. si)miilo.sum var. dilatatum. (Hoffm.)

Spinulosc Shield 1-crn.
3- A. Oreoptcris. Sw. Scaly Shield Fern.
C Y.sroiTKRis. Hernh.

1. C. frasilis. (L.) Hernh. Brittle Pent.

2. C. montana. (Lam.) IJcrnh. Mcnnitain

lent.

Hook.

Bladd

er

II. OPHIOGLOSSACE^. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY

Leafy, fleshy plants; leaves simi.le or branched, fern-like erect
HI vernation, the hud placed either insi.le the base of the old sf,lk
or beside it; sporanj^ia borne in s,.ikes or panicles formed from the
main tissue of the fruiting branches.

I. BOTRYCIIIU.M. Sw.

1. B. Lunaria. (L.) Sw. Moottivort.

2. B. simi)lex. E. Small Moomeort.

3- B. virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern.
4. B. lanceolatum. (Gmel ) Angstroem. Sleitdcr
Mooit'a'ort.

ORDER 11. EQUISETALES

III. EQUISETACE.ffi. HORSETAIL FAMILY

Rush-like green plants with jointed usually hollow stems from
running rootstocks; the branches verticillate, with toothed sheaths
at the nodes, and when fertile bearing the sporangia beneath the
scales of the terminal cone-shaped spikes.

I. EyuisETUM. (Tourn.) L.

1. E. arvense. L. Field Horsetail.

2. E. pratense. Ehrh. Thicket Horsetail.

3. E. sylvaticum. L. Jl'ood Horsetail.

4. E. scirpoides. Michx. Rttsh Pipes.

5. E. fluviatile. L. Swatup Horsetail.

6. E. variegatum. Schleich. Variegated Horsetail.

7. E. hyemale. L. Scouring Rttsh.

General Ki'\ to the Ftimllii's

ORDER III. LYCOPODIALES

IV. LYCOPODIACE^. CLUB MOSS FAMILY

Low-fjrowiiifj moss-like ])l;mts with hrancliiii^'. trailing' or erect
stems: leaves small, lanceolate, persistenl, entire; sporan^^ia soli-
tary in the axils of the leaves, or on their uinier surface. Isopor-
oiis.

I. Lv'tofonirM. L.

1. L. annotiinim. L. St}fi Club Moss.

2. L. clavatuni. L. Crccpimj Club Moss.

3. L. Selaj,'o. L. Fir Club Moss.

4. L. alpiniim. L. .llpiiic Club .Mass.

5. L. sitchense. Rupr. .Irctic Club .Moss.

6. L. complanatum. L. Tniiliuy Cliristnias Grrcn.

V. SELAGINELLACE-ffi:. SELAGINELLA FAMILY

Small, leafy terrestial plants with branching stems; leaves -icalc-
like, many-ranked, uniform; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary
or hornc at the hasc of the upper surface of the '.''af. lleteros-
porous.

I. Selaginei.la. Beauv.

1. S. selaginoides. (L.) Link. Small .Schufinclla.

2. S. rupestris. (L.) Spring. Rock Sclayiiiclla.

DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA

(Seed-plants, Piianeroc.mia, or Flowerixg Plants)

Flowers with stamens, or pistils, or both. Normal reproduction by
seeds c .taining an embryo or minute plant.

SUBDIVISIOX I. GYMXOSPKRM/E
ORDER IV. CONIFERALES
VL TAXACEffi. YEW FAMILY

Trees or shrubs; sparingly resinous; leaves evergreen or de-
ciduous, linear, spreading in two ranks; flowers dicccious, or rarely

ii

li

ji'i

hi

. i

Irf

f.

i

I

1 '
11

\

;

H

l^:i

Orner,,! K,y /o tl,,- Families

::r ""'"^ -->-"."ai«„-c„a,. .„,,„,,,

I. Twis.

I. r

I I oiirii. ) I,.
VII. PINACE^. PINE FAMILY

TrcTs or slinil,^. iiK.^tlv tvcrLTccti- 1,..,, n .

'■ I'iMs. rroiirn.) f..

'• '• ■■'ll'icanlis. V.u^,\nx. U-hitc-bark Pine

-■ • """"H-ula. I),,,,;;!. .l/,„<„/,„„ /',,,,

3- '■• p'MKkrosa. Dnii-l. /,'„// /',„,•

4. I'. c.,M,<„-,a var. Murrayana. lin^dn,. Lo,U,c Pole

II. L.\ki\. (T.Hirii) Adaiis.

' '■>•'"'■'■ ''•"•I- l-xall's Lanh.
Ill- I'UK.\. Link.

'• ';• ""^"'^•"^is. (Mill., MSI-. U-kitc spruce

IV . 7 ' • ';"^^'"'"""'- '"a-Tv. /^.^.•/„„„nr..S>n.v.
IV. AiiiKs. ( JDMrn.) jljll. '

I. A. lasiocarpa. ,i|,H,k.) Xutt. /^.,/..,n» /wr
V- IsrcA. (I'.tull.) Carr.

^■;J:-J;— 'MWulla. ,Ral.) Nar^. //■../,■., //,;;,/„.^.

VI ,,:;, •''■'■'"'^'•■'■■'■•'- "■•■"•-» ^■■•'■•••. -v.'-,/,„w/..,/,Hi..

\ 1. I Ml iKiTsn.A. ( arr. •

. '■ ••■taxih.lia. I'.riti.M,. />oii,/las l-ir.

\ II. I IIIVA. I..

'• I'- I'i'^-ata. Donii. A',„' tV,/,/r.
\ 111. jr\ii'KNi>. ( ■{■(lurii.) I..

>. .1. >co,,nlnnnn. Sar^. h'orky .\fo,u,t<,in Juniper

-'. .1. l.unxn.ualis, .M,H-nch. C>.v^,„y y,;„y,,,

3- J. cniniunis var. inoniana. .\i,. ,//;,„„. y,,,„y,^.,.

(tin era/ Kry to the in mil us

sl;iji)I\ isiox II. AX .i()sri:KM.i-:

Class I. Moxoioi vij;im,m...i,;

ORDER V. PANDANALES

VIII. TYPHACE^. CAT-TAIL FAMILY

.\(|ii;itiv: (ir marsli lnrli> witli cni piiii; roDtstnrks ; K.ivi> lurvid.
linear. m.'>m1i-: lluutr> lUDiicfcious, nuimrdu- mi a ^palix ili^iitnti'
1)1 i>rr.pir lliiral iiuiluin' ; fruit luit like, uMially >|.Iiitm- on uiir
sidf.

I. Tvi'iiA. (Tniirn.) I..

I. T. latit'i.lia. I.. lUoiid-loiiwi Cat-tml.

IX. SPARGANIACE^. BUR-REED FAMILY

Marsh or aiiuatic luTh> with trcct or tloatiiiK Miin- ; liaM-s
ahirnati.-. linear, lessile. two-ranked; llowers nion<ecions with in-
Kl<>l)ular. se»ile or pedunculate heads; I'ruii nnt-Iike. ol>ovnid or
siiindle-sh;ii)ed.

I. Si'.\K(.\Nii-M. (Touru.) T..

I. .S. .siniple.x. Iluds. Simph-stcmmcii lUii-t\cd.

ORDER VI. NAJADALES

X. NAJADACE.ffi. PONDWEED FAMILY

Marsh or ininur>ed a(|uatic lurhs with slend-r, jointed. Iiaty
stems; leaves flat or fditorin. sheathini; at the ha>e; tl<nvers inrtict
or luiisexual with a j.erianth of four or six distinct valvate or
tuliular seuMUeuts; fruit an indehiscent JHri^

I. J'oT.\.\io(,i;id\. ' Tourn. ) I..

1. r. Kichardsouii. ( IJenn. ) Rydh. Richardson s I'oid-

2. p. fdiforniis. I'ers. I-ilijorm l'i>ndui-cd.

li ('

i ii '

II

d* ii

^^■•■"•"'11 K.y to II,.- r„mili,.,

XI. JUNCAOINACE*. ARROW GRASS FAMILY

i. 'I"ki(;i.()( iii.v. I,.

'• '■■ I'al"str>.. L. .,/,„,/, ,,,,^^,.^, ^^^^^^

ORDER VII. GRAMINALES
XII. GRAMINE^. GRASS FAMIL\

Herbs with culms closed at the no,l i
co..sis,i.,^ of a sheath a,'l - , ^^ ''' ^"^ Parallele.l-veine.l,
arran^^ed in sr.ikelets- r / '"■' ^'''''''' '''> ^'"a".

SL'BF.\.\fii V i'o.\roinp:,T:

TKII!!.; .\(;ROSTIDf.:.i.:
I- Pfrr.EiM. L.

'• I'. .nlpi,nnii. I.. ,//;./„,. n,,,^// ,
n. C.\i.a.ma(;k()sti.s. Adans

'•'••canadensis. (Miehx.) H.auv. W^c-joinl Grass.

TRIHR FKSTLTFF
HI. POA. L.

V. u^oJ^^T '■ ""'-''' '-'""^ ^'--■

'• ''•/i'^'^--'7l-"ii van paliidus. (Hook.) Shear
fringed Ihomc Grass.

TRIIU: UORDir.K
Vr. IIoRi.ErM. (Tourn.) L.

•• ". jul.atnm. 1.. S<j,urrcl-lail Gross.

Cn-ncrnl Kt\ In the I'tiniH

us

XIII. CYPERACE^. SEDGE FAMILY

(Jrassliki- or nish-liko lurl.s with lllln)ll^ r.H.i>. m,,-.t\\ v.,|i,l
cnlins aii.l cloM-d sluaths; tlowiTs .^piki.l in ilu' ,i\il. ,,i tli, inl.ii
cati'd liracts. dotitiitc of any luriaiitli : iriut an .1 hiiu'.

■ri<iiu: St luri; 1:

I. I'.KIOI'IMikfM. 1..

r. I'., calliinx. Cliniii. //,;». 'v Ln!.

2. !•;. aii^justifoliiim. K'l.tli. ( .iIIkii (,i,iss.

TRII'.I. ( AKK I V
IT. KflllHF.SI \. Willi].

I K. I(i|)arlita. (All.) I'-ritldii. .hili, K,ihi,si,i.
J. K. r.illardi. (.\ll.) c . Knell, .Inlic JJyih,.

III. ( AKKX. ( KllppillS. ) I..

I. ('. fcstiva. Dcwi-y Sill. 7 iissiuk .SV(/(/.\

-'. ('. pyrinaica. W ;ilil. Dwaij Sclijc.

3. (". .Mcrtnisii. I'. I'.miy:. M, r/ni's S,<l(/i\

4. (". iii;,^rican-i. < '. .\. .Mcyrr. hUuh S,il</i'.

5. i. nipotriv .\11. h','ik- SiJy,-.

t»<

!

i

i\

I

!!(

i h

ORDER VIII. ARALES

XIV. ARACE^flE. ARUM FAMILY

I'creiHiial IutIls uith pmii;tnt juice aii<l IuIktou-^ rontNtnck^ :
leaves larjje. veiny, simple i»r coinpnimd. .1111111(11111; tl(is\ers
crowded on a spadi.x which is usually siirnimi<led hv a sjiathe;
fruit usually a herry.

I. I.VSK UIKiN. Scliott.

I. I., kamtschatceuse. Schott. WiSlcni SLitnk Ciil>!>,i<j,-.

ORDER IX. LILIALES

XV. JUNCACE^. RUSH FAMILY

Rush-like or i,'rass-like herbs; leaves altorn.ite, sheathin-,'. chan-
nelled or terete; (lowers small, liliaceous in structure, l.ut sed<^'e-

in

Vt

4i,

! H

i

G,„,m! Kn lo the Fonnli.s

''l^'' '" ■•|^|.^•l•t .1.1.1 t. xliir,. ri,'i.l.r 1... ■

»M,yall,uMun. ■""'^ ^ "".no .mcW,! u mI.u, .Iu- Im.. ..

'• JiNd.s. (T.uirii.) [,.

If. I

-'■ .'• fii;!!!.!.!. I 77,,.,. -, , ■' ""'"•

■'• '--P.cata. ,1.,) ,„-. ,s^,,,,/,,. /^.^^^^

XVI. LILIACE^E. LILY FAMILY

"iTl.s „r rarily w,m„Iv plains- |, •,,.■. „ ,1 >

Tkiiii: xiikATRi: 1-:

f 'I'OFIKM.IA. Flii.Is.

-■ I- iMluMns |,,„U .SV„/n,v/,./..^/„„,,;, ■'^"'"''-

,V I • "CCl.liiit.ilis. \\ .itsnii I'r.w- n-
"• ^^---nn-M. ,<.rav.; K;„!,n • "-'•'" •'■^M.'./.V.
>. >. occ.lnual... (.ray. Ihoucc Ihll.

III. /V.,M.KN,S. Michx.

'■ :^- '■''-''"^- ''"r^l> l"I. Crcru Lily
'V. \iKMKru , T V ■ ''"■"'"""•^- (".v// /.,7v.

'• ^'^ viri.Ic. Ait. /„,/•„, //,.//,/,„,,.

T'^""'i; .M.I.IK.i:
\'. .Xi.i.ii-M. rToiin,,) [..

'■ -^^ ^•.^■••>n>nm. Rntli. /'/„/, CarlU:
-'. .\. Scli(i>i)()pr,isiim ,..,_ ,,i ■ •

(niurnl KfY to the iatiiilui

'1 Kii'.i. I. II. 11. i;

l.ii i.M. ( rotirii ) I,.

I. 1.. iiiiiiii.imiin A. N(N, Mmiiiliiiii l.ilw
_• I., i-ojuiiil.i.inuiii. Il.l^^^.ll. II \iltni l.tly.

I'ki i III \ki \. I..

I. I'. iiiKJiiM. ^ ;7/i'.\' l-ntilUuy.

I'.KVI IIKli.Nlt M. I..

I. I'.. ),'''ii"<li'l"i"imi. I'ur>ii. Villi'U- .lilJir's li'iuiti,-.
J. I'.. ur.iiiilitlorniM \.ir |v.irviiliirimi W.ii^oii. Siihil!

) < //ii.\' . Iilil, r's I I'lij/iw.
3. I". iiiDiil.iinmi. WatMiii. Monntam ././,/.» j- T,'iu/ui\
I M c" iiM(u !■', rur-li.

I. I', iiiacmcari.ii-. hoiiijl. (,').•. ;j A, /x,/,,/ l/,;r;/',),v.;.
J. ( . I.\,il!ii. ii.ikir. /'.;/, M.nif'Kui.

\ I.

\li

\ 111.

I\.

X.

XI.

XII.
XIII.
X I \ .

I Kll:i l'< »I.^ lii IN All 1,

C'l.INTnNl A. K'.it.

I. « '. uiiilliira. Kuiitli. (Jii, iiit tif.
."^Mll. \( i.\ \. I h-i.

I. .'^. aiiipit Mi'aniis. Xiitt. /'o/.v.- S(>h>iii,<ii's .St\il.
J. .S. stiiiata. I)i-,l. Shir-tl(>:ci)\il .ShIouk'h's Sitil.

DlM'uKIM. .<all^l).

1. i). tracliycarimin, 15. ami II. I'tiiry lulls.

2. 1). ..t-; ,^^-lllU1'^. I'., and 11. H'oi'ilx I i:s[^,iriiin.
SlUKIToi'l >. .Miclix.

1. .'^. .iiui.Iixifolins. (I,.) DC. iriiitr /'.\/,v/.-,/-.v/<///>'.
-'. .'^. r()>iti-<. .Miclix. I'iiik 7\\i.v/.-,/ .v/,;//,'.
Kniiim- \.

1. K. >trcpt()|i()i(K-,, (l.i(kl).) KiariKv. Slunt-shiiunul
Tz.'istCilsUilk.

XVII. IRIDACE^. IRIS FAMILY

llcrlis with nM)t>ti)ck>. tiiljcrs or curms; leaver i(|uit.iiit. --luatli-
iiip, liiR-ar, Iwn-rankcd ; tlowirs ri,!,'ular or imj^Miiar. pirtici. tnim
:i .'^iiatlic of two or more leaves or liracts; friiit tlir<.c-cclk<i. iiiaiiy-
sccdcd.

il :

■u r

'^air«iflinR^^y^::yi^^

ro

'• SlSVKI.S( KilM. \

^- S. i<lah.n,se. Hiek-K-ll. yvlV^/ \'' "-/T

I.

3-
4-

ORDER X. ORCHIDALES
XVIII. ORCHIDACE^. ORCHIS FAMILY

-'.i:r:;;;:r;;;;:;u'u.;:r::,:-;n'r r ''■"^■^""" -'^- -"-"--

al'-...u.: „.,;,,;, .:.,;;:;;; ,";!"^''''-"^-^-''- -'-tary or several,
■-n-l-ic. ^yna.,.InH,s with' ti,. nor I'm ul, '"■, '"""' "'''^''''- ^>«"'-

'IKMM-. c^i'Rii'i;i)i|.:i,:

C VI-k/i^KliUM. I,.

'• ( . piiliesciiis. ( \\in,| \ L- ■ I

/ 7 ■ 1**111(1.) Kiiisr It. / iirnr r.//-

- r^parviHornn.. Sa,.,,. s,.,U r.V/o. A./,, ^,^.
3. C-. pass.ri,u„„. R.ehanls. IHutc Moccasin flo.rr.

'rKiii|.; ()i-i I R VI ).].:.].■

'f. Ok. HIS. (Tnuni./ I

3- If. ol.tusatn. (Pursi,.) r.vi,.,.,. ,, „

Orchis. M^Hanls. \orthcni Rein

S. n trracilis \\J r^ ^-''^'fy f^rin Orchis.

Orchis. ^ ^^ '''■■'■• ^^'"'"^l-l^'o'^rd Rein

General Key to the J'tinii/ies

I I

TRii'.i'. .\i;()TTii;.i';

I\'. SriKANTiiKs. Ivichanls.

I. S. R()m;m/(.tri,iii,i (ham. //.).'(/,•,//.(/,//. .v" //.-.o,-..-.
\. I'JMi'AcTis. (llalkr. ) I'.orlim.

1. !•:. (k-cipicns. .iio:. ; Alius. .S/,.„/ /v',;///,-.v)i,;(-.'

I'liiiiliiiii.

2. I-;. rciH'iis. i., Crar.u. Small KullUsiuikc J'lan-

Idill.
\'I. I-i.>^rKk.\. K. I!r.

I. L. cc.nlata. (I..) K. |!r. UiiUtlrainl Twayhladc.
J. i-. coiivallarioidf.s. (.Sw.) 'lorr. Ihoadlit^t^cd 'ri,'it\-
bhidc.

Tkll!!". I".I"lI)K\I)Ri:,i':
\'II. (.'oKAi.i.oKiiizA. (Ilalkr. ^ I-:. I'.r.

1. C. tritula. Cliatclam, lutily Coral Root.

2. f. niaculata. Raf. Spotted Coral Root.

3. ('. .striata. I.iiidl. St rifled Coral Root.

4. (-". MiTtc'n iaiia. lioiif^r. Sf^urrcd Coral Root.
\III. Cai.vi'So. Sali^l).

I. C. biilho.sa. (L.) Oakos. Calvp.so.

Cla.s.s II. I)U()tvij:i)()m;.i.:

Subclass I. .hc/iiclilaiiiyilecc

ORDER XI. SALICALES

XIX. SALICACE.^. WILLOW FAMILY

Trees or .slinil.s, the wood soft and li-Iit. hark hitter; k-avcs
alternate iindivi(k'(l; flowers of l)oth kinds in catkins, one to each
bract, without perianth; fruit a pod l)earing numerous seeds fur-
nished with lonj.^ silky down.

I. S.\i,ix. Ci'ouni.) L.

1. S. Candida, I'hisse. Hoary IVilUm.

2. S. Barciayi. An(k>rs. Barclay's H'ilUnc.

3. S. Barrattiana. Barratt's H'illon.:

(

M

V

k

• If

jlj M

4^ ^

\ \

i

%

J2

It!!^Z!iUt!y_!lJ/'^- t''"uiius

'i<-l'l>iat)a.

iJ.

4- .^. iithbiana. Sarwut ii

r <. ■ .- • 'iij,*.!!!. Jir()7t.'ll U II,,' •

7- >. vcs,,ta. i,,r.,, //,„ ,/._^J>-
«• -^^ >.tcl,c„,s,s. Sanson. SiHu, If II

'" ' 'i^-^- ( lonrti.) f,.

• ■' '"^^>^- llrstcn, Balsam Potior.

t ottoiit^'ood.

4 r

acuminata, kvdl,.

ORDER XII. PAGALES
XX. BETULACE^. BiKCH PAM.I.Y

-'a"- appearing ..,,; '^l tZT:^^- ^^?'-'— ' ^ '^'-.-s
'- '-ile cluster.!, spik.d. oM c ir";^''' ^'^'^''^ ■" "'^i-,

^- f5KTri..\. (Tonrn.) I..

'• 'i- fontinalis. SarL-- ni,.i !,■ ,

P"Pn-B,;l '''■ '""^^"-- (Marsh.) Spach.
3. n. .Ian,IuIosa. ^fic,,. Z^,,,y ;,,,^.,

'■ -\- sinuata. { Rco--.! ^ ,.,. „

-V sitc,u.nsis. xu;::\.;:;t/::r''''--^''''-

ORDER XIII. URTICALES
XXI. URTICACE^. NETTLE FAMILY

lfcrl,,s raroly shrul.s. uith u-,„.r, • ■
amily: ieave.s alternate or „ " , ? f""'' '^^''-'.^-'.^ to a lar.e
"-vers a sn.all. Wi.cions, n,,^!^ ^^1"" '■ ^'""'^"^- -"!"':
tercel: fnu-t an achene. "' I'"lvga.nou.s, variously clu.s-

J- L'rtka. (Tourn.) L

,t'^'

'ri.kS'

J r-l?

>• ^^

w,.»#.

(iriu-ral Key to flu- I'rniii/irs

M

ORDER XIV. SANTALALES
XXII. SANTALACE^. SANDALWOOD FAMILY

I'l:'"'"' '''\ " '"" "■^■^"; '^■^'^•^■^ ^•"'i'-^'- ^vith..nt Mi,n,i,..: ,],.wct.

soluary or cl,.u.n..,. ax.nary .,r ..rnnnal, caKx vaivau. ,n „..
ul N u, ,,,^^ 'r„,.or„.,.,

tfK .sccl quinary. .Irstilutv ol any proper secd-coa
I. Tom \.\|)u.\. Xiitt.

'• t;. palhMa. A. IX'. irhitr Conunnlra.

-'• * . lui.la. Kidianl.. .V.-.v;///. („«„„„/,,,

3- C. Richar.lsiana. IVrnal.I. (;;v.„ c',.,;,,,,,,,,,,.

XXIIL LORANTHACE^. MISTLETOE FAMILY

rhiHb ^lm,M.y plan,, parasinc o„ trees; Laves coriaceo„s. „p.
posue regular, ^reen.sh, ydlow.sh or nine hr.nvn ; tlouers !n

axillary or terminal clusters or solitary;
tiiioiis pulp.

I. An

Iruit a herrv uuh oju-

eKtTnui;ii-M. i;ic-l).

I. A. aniericaiium. Xutt. iriuhS Ihoom.

ORP- XV. POLYGONALES
XXIV. POLi CE.E. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

Hcrhs shruhs or tr.es ui.h stipules i„ the for.u of sluaths ahove

lartcct. uuh a more or less persistent calyx; fruit au achene. '
I. Kkux.DsvM. Michx.

1. K. luuhellatum. ear. majus. Reuth. T,II linoc,onum

2. E. oval.lohum. Xutt. Silvery lino,,ouum '
TT „-^- '■- ''»";''::;-^-''<--^'">"- '''-nth. Ik^mf Enugonmn.

I. (). di^^vna. (L.) [liii. Mouutam Sorrel.
111. Rr.MEx. I,.

1. K. salicifolius. ll-ilhne-lcared Dock.

2. R. \cetosa. L. ^onunon S.nrcl. ( Introducer! )

3. R. Aceto.sella. L. Vicld Sorrd. ( Introduce,!. )'

M

1 i : \-\

^

i^

f.

• !
i I

i, ! »!

I

K

;i

I

<!!

J I

ill

s^

9^:m^^^mM

F-1M jr

'4

Gi'twral Ki'\ to the Faiiiilifs

1\'. J'<)I.V(i(iMM. ('I'oiiril.) I..

1. 1'. vi\ ipaniiii. I,, .llpiiic lUstnrt.

2. r. bistiirtoidcs. I'lirsh. I Icait-' iiicd lUstort.

3. r. Mil' kii!)crj,'ii. (Mcisn.j ■ ;its. .V:.'./;*//- J'crsi-

ORDER XVI. CHENOPODIALES

XXV CHENOPODIACEA. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY

Herbs or slir'.ibs i)i lioimly asiicct : luaws nmrc or li'.^s succu-
lent, alternate, without stipules; tlowers niiiuite, with the free calvx
iniliricated in t..e hud, usually in axillary and terminal [Mnicles or
racemes; fruit an achene or utricle.

I. CiiENOPoDiLM. Crourn.) I..

1. C album. L. Lunib's Ouartcrs. ( Introduced.)

2. C. capitatum. (L.) .\^ch. Stnti^'bcny lilitc.

ORDER XVII. CARYOPHYLLALES

XXVI. CARYOPHYLLACE^. PINK FAMILY

Herbs with blaml and ineit juice, the stems usually swollen at
tile nodes; leaves ojiposite, entire, often united at liie base; tlow-
ers symmetrical, with or without petals; fruit a cap>ule opening by
valves at liie summit.

I. Are.nari.\. L.

1. A. lateritlora. L. Blnvt-Uarcd Saiidxcori.

2. A. ca])illaris van iiardi folia. (Ledeb.) Kegel. A'l;;--

i\yw-lcavcd Siiniiwort.

3. .\. verna var. jji-opinqua. (Richards.) Fernald.

I'cnuil Sandwort.

4. .\. sajanensis. Willd. Onc-Iloiccrcd Sandicort.
H. Stk!.i.ari.\. L.

1. S. loiigi])es. Cloldie, Lonci-stalkcd Slilcln>.'ort.

2. S. borealis. liigel. Xortitcrn Stitcliwort.
HI. Cf.r.vstum. L.

1. t". arvense. L. Field Mouse-car C/i /cA-rivn/.

2. C. alpiiuim. L. Alpine Mouse-ear Chiekieeed.

m

OcnnjilKcy to the Families

15

1\'. I.VdiMs. (Iniirn.) I,.

'■ '•■ aiutala. I.. Xoddiiuj /'ink.

-• I- iJriini'iiuiidii. (Hook 1 w-,, . m

j,jiil. MiooK.) Wats. Ihummomrs

y- Sfl.K.VK. I..

-'■ ^- l-all.i. Wats. /,v„//-,vc „/./,/.
3. S. aca.ilis. |.. .1/,,,,, Ca,np,on.

XXVll. PORTULACACE^. PURSLANE FAMILY

I. Lewi.sia. l'iir>li

'.I- mliviva. I'ursh. lUltcr-root.
li. ()iu:oi;ro.m\. [IoucH. |.>vt},.

1- *■ > cotvK'doii. ilorti'll Strlh.i n, I
ni. C.^vo.s-,..- ...ronov.. , •^"'^'/ ^'-'■"'""-^

..r.Ia„o.olata. I'ur.h. /-..v-/..,..,.,/ .V^m, /,,„.,,

3. C. parv.folia. Do„.I. .V..;//-/..:.,/ .V/.n„,; /;,„„,,.
ORDER XVIII. RANUNCULALES
XXVIIL NYMPH^ACE^. WATER LILY FAMILY

•\q„afc perennial herhs u„l, horizontal rootstocks ■ U.,ves ,.el
ate or ,l..,,lv eonlate. involute front hoth n,ar J„s 'in , ,' ,"
""•"•-V- or in,merse,l: tlouers perfect ax.lla > "' '

l-h,ncles: fruu haccate. .ith a Hr,,; nnil '' '''''''''' ""'' '""«

J- Xv.MiMi.ic.x. (l-oiirn.) L

'■ X^Hv.epaIa. (H„,eln..) (ireene. JV//.:e Po„d

XXIX. RANUNCULACE^. CROWFOOT FAMILY

Yv

ffki

■•(..

ii!

M

i() Genernl Key to the Faniiiii's

times with stipiilc-likc aijpciulaircs, alti-rnatc or rarely opjHisiti';
tlnwcrs polypitalotis or apclaloiis witli tlic calyx ofti'ii cnlourcil like
a corolla, hypi)<,'yiioii.-, ; fruit arluiK-s or foljicks or haccatc.

TRiiM-: Axi-.MoM-.r:

I. Kantnc fi.fs. (Toiirn.) !,.

1. R. acris. I.. Mctulii:^' lUilli-imf'. (Introduced.)

2. R. Macoutiii. I'.ritton. Muct'iin's lUiltcicup.

3. R. I'lsclisclioitzii. Sclilect. Siinw lUittcrmf^.

4. R. ('Miilialaria. ^llr^ll. Ci\:pi\iii CfiH^'liuit.

5. R. aquatilis. (I..) var. capillaceus. 1 )(, . IWilcr

L rori'/ ()('/.

6. R. rejita-is. (1.) Mey. Cri-,piii(/ Spi-<n-:c,>i-t.

7. R. rejieiis. I,. yflliKy- Crin.-ioot. (Introduced.)
S. R. i)yj,Mii;eus. Wall). I'upny lUitlcrcup.

II. I'll AMI TRIM. ( Tnuru.) L.

1. r. occidentale. ( iray. U'cslrni Mcailo:^' Rnc.

2. r. nieijacariiuni. Torr. \'c\\\\ Ma.\doxc line.
III. Anemonk. ( Tourn.) I..

1. .\. occidentals. Wats. Clidlicc Cup.

2. A. nuiitilida. I'oir. //'/;/(/ /"/oa'cr.

3. A. nrumniondii. Wats. .11 pine Anemone.

4. .\. parvitlora. Micli.\. I-eze-thneered .Inenione.

5. .\. l)atens var. WoItj,'aii!.,Mana. (I'.ess.) Koch. Pas-

(]ue Floxeer.

TRir.i-: cLr.MATii)F..r:

I\'. Clematis. L.

1. f. ligusticifolia. Xutt. W'liite Clematis.

2. C. Columbiana. (Nutt.) 1". and G. Purple Clema-

tis.

TRIBE HKLF.IU)RF..K
\'. Caltha. (Rupp.) L.

1. C. leptosci)a!a. DC. Alpine Marsh-marigold.

2. C. palustris. L. Marsli-mariyold.
W. Troi.i.ii's. L.

J. T. laxus var. albiflorus. Salisb. ll'hite Globe Plox^'cr.

••■'Vflii»,f^ ",■

\ll. Aorii.H.iA. (Iniini. I I..

-■• A. l.nviM.vla. ||,.ok. Hlnc Columhnir
V A. Mavc-sccMs. Wats. Velio:, Cohunbuu:
\lll- DKi.niiMiM. (Toiirn.) I..

'• '> lin.unii. Rs.ll, .l/„m,/„/„ /.„,/,,y,„,
-'• I). Mrn-c'sii. DC. /,7„.. I,„rks[^ur.
,?. I), hn'iildf Viift HI,, • ~. .: I I I
IX. A(t.,.:a. I.. '^'"^-"nu-d l.arhs/^ur.

'• •)■ •■"'"■•''• '-^i') \\ill'l. A',-,/ />'.,;„7v/n.
-'• A. nihra lornia iicf;lccta. ((iill,,,;
// ////<■ Ihincbcrrx.

Ill- ) t\()|)iiis()ii.

XXX. BERBERIDACE^. BARBERRY FAMILY

Shrul.s or hcrh. ; I.avcs cn„„,.n„„I „r .livHol. ah.rna,. .lilu..!

5;::;f^:;:;l-r;;:;;:;:::'-!:;;;:::— ^

"H I-c.al. ar..I oppnsUc ,., ,!,.,„; fpu, a hn-.y or a ,„h1.

f- liERIlKKIS. ('i'oiiril.) L.

'• ';• r.pn,.. I.i„.ii. A>„,/,, .i/„,„,.„-„ ^^.,
-'• I.. a<|,nroliMn.. I'l.rsh. Qn-you (,><,/,,.

ORDER XIX. PAPAVERALES
XXXI. PAPAVERACE^. POPPY FAMILY

umerons seeds ' ' '"'-"■'"-"'■"-; ^""t a dry pod w.,h

a

or

mime

I- f'.\i'.\vi:K. (Totirii.) I..

'• '"• •■''pinum. I.. Antic Poppx.

XXXn. FUMARIACE^. FUMITORY FAMILY

Hclicate smooth lu-rhs with uaterv i„l i

="Cted. usually nltern-.r>. n ' "' ' '"*'"''' '^"'"pouml, dis-

se
tin

Mil!

1k(

! H

iifl

I.*

I

4

I

!

I

111

f8

Gftieral Key lo the luimi/i.-s

them spurml or saocatr at tlu- Ikim, tlir iniuT pair narn.u.r. iluir
calloHs-crcstr.l tii.s utMU.I ..vcr l\u- Mij-nia; fruit a |h,.1 ontaiiiiu);
one or more sieds,

I. Dkemha. lieiith.

I. I), foriiinsa. DC. ll'iLI lUccdnu, h,;i, ;.
2.1) iiiiillnra. Kell. ()iu--lhi:,rr,,l lil,,;li,i,/-luiiit.
II. (OKYIIMIS. (Dill.) Midic.

I. ( . aiiroa. Willd. d'oUni (\'ry,l,i!i.^.

XXXIII. CRUCIFER^. MUSTARD FAMILY

licrhs Willi pim.iiriu waitry jiiirc: leave- alternate: llnw^rs erii
df.irm. tetr.Klviiamnii.. re-iilar, in terminal racemes ,,r crvnih, ;
Irm't a Mlique or Mliele. v,.nielimes nut-like, the j.n.N au<l Me,!^
>;ive tile eiiief eli.ir.ieter nf the i^ener.i.

TRIill-: .\i.N ssi:.K
I. Dkaha. (Dili.) I..

I. D. inc.tna. [,. //■;((■/,• //7(/7/<>:e Cniss.

J. D. ionchocarpa. Kydh. Loiuj-poddcd Whitlow Cnixs.

3. D. pr.ealta. Sfriiif/ iriiillow (iiuss.

4- D. aurea. \alil. Cddiii Whitlow (Jrass.

5. D. alpiiia. I.. .Ilpinc llhitlow Crass.

(>. D. nivalis. I.iljl,. .Irctic llhitlow (iniss.

7. 1). Rlacialis. .\.lams. /'„/.• Vdlow llliitlow Grass.

TRiiii: iMns.\Rii:.i-:

II. I'iiv--.\Ri.\. (irav.

I. I', (lidynioc.irpa. (Honk.) Cray. Hladdcr-pod.

TRini: i.i:pii)ir.7-:

Til. Tiii,A.m'i. (Tourn.) I..

I. ■J\ arvcusc. L. I\;u,y Cress. (Introduced.)
I\'. Lei'idiu.m. (Tourn.) I..

I. L. apetaium. Willd. t'cppcr drass.

'I'RUW. C.\.Mi:i.I\F..E
\'. Capski.i.a. Medic.

I. (,;. Rursa-pastoris. (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse.
( Introduced.)

Gctwral Key to //,,■ /V/m/V/Vt

i<)

\i. Si.-'i.w. Dtsv.

■||<ii!i: r.K \ssin:.i-;

\ II. liKASSKA, Clonni.) I..

'• '!■ >."a,.,>,n.n>. |!.,.>s. //,./, „/ ,v/. /,.„/,„,„ ,„.
trudiict'l. )

TRIi.i: SIS\ MUkli: •,.;

^111. SiSVMMKii M. I ,,i,r, ) I

tdlil.

^. S al„.M„u„n. I.. /„// //,.,/,,, .,/,„,„/ ,,,„^„.
(Inciil. )

3. S caiusans. X„tt. /■„/,• 7„„,v .1/.,/,,,,/

4. S. .MciM.m. i:,„vlm. HcsUrn Tans, M us,„nl.
I A. I.i<.\v\. M.rnl.. .-,n,| ||ni.,,e.

'• I'- '".nulis. (ALv.^ ,,^,,„^.^„ ^^,^,^/^_.^^^ ^.^^^^

I ''('A'.S".

X. lluvsiMiM. ( r,,uri,,) I..

'• '■:• I'.Tvidnruni. .\,„l. y,v,„/,. .U,M/„n/.

TKini; AkAiiiDi;.].:

Xf. R.M.Kri.A. (Dill.) 11,11,

'• '^- ■'^'f "'■;i"">-a.|Matic,,„,. ,[.., I'.rittn, an,! Rnullc
.. „ " '"''>' <->■''■'■■''■ (Introduce,!.)

MI. Cari.amixe. (T(nirii.) I..

I. C. pcnnsylvan . M„l,l. //Vu/.- A',//,.;- (>..,
2. (. l.dluh.olia. L. .///.,;,.- /,•,//,, c>,,

A 111. ,\r\|;is. I..

i-SS.

:ss.

I. -\. I..lb.dl.i. Horn..m. Sto,n' Roclc Crss
^. A. nrsuta. (I..) Sep. llaux Roch Crcs,
3- A. I)rnmmon.lii. (iray. Dnunmond's Rock C res,
4. A. jrlal.ra. (I..) Henih. .Sm..//, AW O.^.v. "
5- A. LyailM. \\ ats. LyalVs Rock Cress

1 1^

2f)

(icttiiiil Ki\ t'j l/ir ftinii/irs

0RDP:R XX. SARRACENIALES

XXXIV. DROSERACE/E. SUNDEW FAMILY

llofr IhtIis. iiiii>tl\ vi>ci(| f^l.iiicliilar: Kavrs in Ini.l mll.d up finm
ilir apex t(i tlif '.avc a> in f. riis, alicrn.ilc ..r orowil. ,|, niiin-, ilnw
irx h>|M)s,'viiui;s. i.tnst.iiiuiMiis, c.il.w iinliricati.l, p. laN cuiuoliilc;
iniii a cip-ulr, s^■t■ll^ miiiKriiii>, aiLiiropini^.

1. l)Kn-Kl<\. I,.

I. i>. rdtiindit'olia. I.. h\iiiii(ll,;ivrilSiiiiili-u:
-'. I). loiiKiiolia. I., J.i'iu/ li;i:,;l Siiihli:,:

i

ORDER XXI. ROSALES

XXXV. CRASSULACE^. ORPINE FAMILY

.u-i'iilriu siiiiiiitli IutI.^, Ica\i'> Miii|,lf, allrniatc. hiumIv scvmIc;
tlnwiTs iiMi.illy i-yiius. Mii.ill. |ifri\'(ily s\ miiut ricil ; t'riiil a <lry
indfhi.scfiit ii.mI opiiiini; iluwii tin.' \iiitral sulun-. niany-Miilid.
I. Skdim. ( Toiirii.) L.

I. .'^. roMtiiu. i .) ."^cdp. J\'(\u"KOrt.
J. .*^. >ti.ll(ipri.-i, : ,. I'lirsli. .S/,-;;,', j ■i/',

XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACE^. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

llorhs or sliniljs of various aspect, with IiI.mkI or astrini,'cnt
jiii'-i'; Ic.-ivos nlii-rnatr. soiiictiiiu'-, oppo-itr. or iiion- tnipicutlv
l)a-.;il; tlowfrs portVct. rai-ritios,-. oyiiio..i. ..r paniculate, st.niuiis
.'iiul petals iie.irly always inserted on the calyx : fruit capsular,
iisu.illy he.'iked.

TRir.i: .sA.xiiR.'Gi-.r:

I. I.tl'TAKKHKN \. T.row II.

I. [.. aiuplexi folia, (.^ternl).) ser. DC. I.cptanJicna.

il. IJOVKINIA. Xutt.

1. li. occideiitalis. T. and ( i. H'cstcni lU' .kiuia.
III. Saxifkaca. Crourn.) I..

\. S. hronchialis. I.. Common Sa.vifr.ujc.

2. .S. cennia. L. Xoddimj Sa.vt/ni^c.

T^^

^'^

Crrthffi/ Kry If, if,,- h'n,uili,s

IV

\-,

\ I.

Ml.

\ III,

X.

.?■ S. I.v.liii. I n^l.r, / W///V A,,.,,/;,,,;.
5- ■^. I. a, ill,. 1.^ ./,'/'/</,■ >,;.r///,,',/, .

<;. >. a<Nan,K,,v I.. //.,/,/./.„:,,/ .s,..,,/.,,,;..
'"■ >• riMil.in,. |„ .///..,./;,,„,/, .s„,,„,,„^/
"• ■'^- "l'l"->'ii,.l,.,, I.. i/„„„,„„,, ,s„, ■,/,„:..•

..'-'■ -^^ -"'""'^v I.. )V//,..v,s„.n/, ,„/,..
I I \iu I I \. I..

,,'■ '• """"''•".'. Il,„,k. .V,„;„ ,.:■.,■-//;.„,„„„/
IlK! Ii I |( \. I..

'• ''■ "^■•''"■"''■■'. Xnt,. <>:„ll,;,l,,l .llun, N..,„
, -^^ "■ -'•'''•"•'• l-.m,|.,. /;,... ./v.//,„» A'.-,,/

I-I 1 U-'IIIK M,M \ \,|,,

'■ '•■ '^"'■ll''- ^nit. ;/■ //,„;,/ .s7,/r

I Ki.M\! \. K. l:r.

'• '■■ unuHluI,,,,, ,i',n-.|i , |.,„„i, •/,,/,„„„
•\"i' 1 I \. I I .i,irn. ) I..

'• M. r.r.u.n, (,r.iy. M ii ,,■:,;,, i.
-'• -^l- "11. 1,1. I.. /hsli.'pS C.ip.
?>■ M. l.riuaiwlr.i. jiuuk. /■/,■,■ ,,,,„;..,/„•,/ i/,/,,
4. .M. triliil... (.rah.un, .///.,„,■ \ln,,:.;nt
(. iii<VM>ri,K.\n \i. ( r,,iirn.) I..

'■ *• ""••'""IruMi, i-ri.... i...ld,n Saxnnn,,-
I AN.v v.-.~:.\. ( rotirii. ) I..

■/■/.

21

■••'"1 I'VrnaM. .l/,,;-.,/, („„,„ „,

'• I'. iii(>maiKii>is. Kvd

f ';• ''""'na.a. Hanks. />.,,;..,/(;,.„,,„,/,,,,„,,,„,

4. 1. Kot.dmu. (ham. - /'^ur (.n,,.,v . 7 /'„,-„„,,,,

XI. RiKis.

'iKiin: kini sii:.].:

I- K. .-ct..Mm,. Li„,I!. luuth Cooscbory

^- K. lacMs.r... ,lvr>.) i",„r, .V:.„«,/. (;,„„,/,,nv.

II

^'

*. !

It

i| ■'

i"-

f ■
J

I*

I ' 'PI

Ml ill';

•V \

(irthniJ KiY /o ///«• la mil its

1

.1 K' lill.l.Miii.unilll. Ki.li;,r.|>. lUn, k lunant.

XXXVII. ROSACEA. ROSE FAMILY

Tm-s, s|,n,l.> or lurl.,; Uav.s ,,!,. rna(.., sim,,!. or om.,..,,,.,.!.
-n-Mis ln|,.uH.nn> Nu.l. s,i,,„|..,, ,luv,.r> ,Mrt...-, .„■ n.„..xu,,l r.«-
•il-n- iM ryuu,. o.,M„l., ,,,„„.!.•> ,r .,,|i,.,rN, u„l, n„„un„„ ,|i,
ti.K-t s,.„„,„s nis.rinl o„ ,lu. c-aUx. .. p.-.N „„n.-.l at ilw l.aM- „n. „
••'l'l''.T.n, .1,,,,!,!. I. ,, ,„u ,.,■ I,ra.-.UN,„MM,I.; ,>„„ ....N ,„|li
CK-. aclKiK', or .ini|„ I.I,, urili lutK- or ii.. allnmun.

Tlvllll M'IIM:\
'• SiiK!:\, (Toiirii.) I..

-'. >. (liiiMll.ira. \iin. /'//,/,■ .s/^;/„,,.
"• Ai>'i N' I >. I I . ) A.laiix

' A- mKoIct. (I..) KarM. (/,.,//•., l'u„,;l.

III. I.I I KK \. lamir,

I. I- iHTliiiala, rl'iir-li.) Kiiiii/c. .//;.,„.• S[^i,;c,i.

'iRii'.i !'< ).Mi: i-:

W. i'vki-s, rrniini. ) !..

I. I'. sanilMu-iioha. ( . an,! S. Wc,tcn, Mount,,,,, Ash

\ . .\\IKI, V\< II IKK. .Medic.

r. A. tlori.Ia. I.iii.l (,/;;///,,.,; .V,"r /, ,7', vrv.
J. .\. ' Msickii. j-rrnal.l. Thnk-Laicd Sn-:u,hcn-x.

TRIIll- rOTFXTI! i.' 1
\'I. I'k\(,,\ui \. (Toiini.i I

I. I", .trlaiica. U'lhi .S/,,i:,-lu-ny
-•. I", l.raclrala. Ildlrr. // •,„.., Mra^Jur, y.
\ II. Siiai.xi.iii \. i..

I. S. prociimheiis. I.. Crrcfinq Sihha'.iio

\in. iNiTKNiii i,\. I..

I. I". Ansoriiia. I.. .V ;/:.»• //Vc,/.

J. I', (lissfcta. i'lir.sh. Common Cinqtu-i oil.

3- !'■ <li.vsrcta var. Klaucophylla. .V/;;„. //, C,iu,mfoil

•<'K

^-^ '\%3

S^j^s-A^L ^ *

2.^

t I I » .... I • '

I

' ' '■ uiiiiiMr.i. |.,,i, I

'.1 I ■ I'.lillMlll. ( I.. )

""'■ //.•.■>•,■»•.■,/ ( ill, in, I. .il.

IX. <.ll M I,

■■ • 1. irillorti

"!'■ /'"'y/. (///./;,./,,;/.

l:,Hs:

■'■k-n;| Kl|;|: ]
■^- '^I'iiiv (Toiirni I..

'• ^< I'.nMiluni.. x„n. („/./„.,,,.

''• ''■ N-nal„l,v i'„r,h S.,hn,.nh,-ny

■| K'li:i k. )si ].

XI- I)KV^^. I..

'; "■ "^-"n-ta!,-.. I.. //„,„/ A v;/,M..
-'■ I'. I 'riniiiiK.iKlii. I^i.-li n-.u /i
■Ml. K^.>^. , I. „„-„., I '''""•'" /'"""""""/. /;,v.,,v.

I. K.

• ^- acKular,. |.„„|1. /V,W/v A',,.,-.
- Iv- M.iomnii. .1/, „,.,.„•,>■ A',M-,-
.^ 1^. iryn,M,,.-ar,.a. \„M. 77,;v A-.m,-.

'I'kiMi I'Krxi: i:

XIII. I'kiM„. (T,,„r„. ) I.,

'■ 'Va"""- '^""■' "'^•'^-''- ^rrsu-n, r/,„/.,.

^}

1

i

I

•I'l

;,i: '1'

y|

24

(iftii-inl Key to the luimilics

XXXVIII. LKGUMINOS^. PULSE FAMILY

A very l.-.r^-, family -I shn.I.s, IutI.s .-uul vines; kavc-s alternate
with siipni.s. nsually conip.nnHl; ll„wors n.ainlv in racemes or
.-.Mllary. Urnnnal. solitary „r capita.e. papiliMnacenus or sometimes
n-^'Mlar. the sni^le simple free pi>til hecomin.i,' a legume in fruif
mm seeds solitary or several, withottt alhiimen.

SL-I!i-.\Mli,^ PAI'ILiOXOIDI-.l'

I. I.i-i'iNi-s. (ionrn.) |,.

I. I., stihali.inus. P. an.! R. Jlfiiu- Lupin.
U. TKiroinM. (Tonrn.) I,.

1. T. repeiis. L. iriiit,- Cl,.7rr. (Intro.jnce.i.)

2. T. hyl.ri.lum. L. .Us.,lu,n Clom. ( Intro.jnce.l)
3- I. l-ratense. L. h'r,l Clorn: ( Introduce.!. )

111. .Ml i.ii.orrs. (Toiirn.) Hi!!.

I. -M. oCticinalis. (I,.) j.am. )V//,w .1/Wi7.;/. (Intr
fluce.l. )
I\'. .\sTK.\i, Ai IS. ('I'oiirn. ) I..

1. A. al...ri,irin.,rum. l-Iichar.Is. /„,//„„ .1/,//. /•,,,,./._

2. .\. tenellus. !'„rsh. Loosc-thn.vrcd Milk i\-U-l,.

3- A. a.lsur-ens. I "all. .I.u,ii,liii<j Milk rctcli.

4- A. !iypo-i,,„is. !.. J'lirpL- Mi'lk l\-trl,.

5- A- alpinus. !.. .///./»;. .1/,//. ; -,,^,./,

^). .\. .Maonnii. Macdiiii's Milk l\-uli.

-. A. onvallarin.s. ( ireene. -S7./(,/./- .I////,- /V/./;
\ . l'll.\( A. !..

I. 1'. americana. (!!oo!<.) 1^,1!.. Lentil l\'tcl,

\ I. OXVTKOI'IS. !)('.

1. (). visci.la. Xutt. .Upinc O.vytropc.

2. (). splen.Iens. Dou.^I. Sluncy Oxytropc.
.1 < ). (Ictlexa. Droopinn-fruitcd Oxxtropc.

tro-

4- <>. po<l.)carpa. (iray. Inlhitcl Oxxlropc.

,s. O. r.aml.erti. ( I'ursh.) Kmitze. ' Locwccd.

'). n. m.Hitiola. Cray. M ountain OxMropc.

:i)VS\KiM. Cl'onrn.) I..

I. 11. horealc. .\ntt. PnrpIcHcdxsarnni.

-iJTSsar.:,?: .i»W'5i^

mmm^Si^'^^!^m': ^?^^Mm:"^

St^^^zaLJ^y ^'^ ^i'^- i^'imiuc

-'• 'I. SlllplnircSCcllS. Kv,|l) ll/nlr / 1 l. ■

6- "• -Mackc'iizii. kicliirrU 1/,./ •' , ,

Vni. \u,.x. i,,,,,,, ^'^"-'nK M'nkn„usJI,Jy.u,n,n,.

25

nil.

'• v. Cracca. I..

<^"a' /■././,, (Intrnducul.;

- '- IMluMns. J,. .1/,,,,/, r.uhhny.

ORDER XXII. GERANIALES

XXXIX. LINAGES. FLAX FAMILY

Hcrhs or more rardv l.,u- sliruhs- |,.-,v..
iltcTMato. opposite or suUv.J^f' T^'^'' '''''''■ '^-^^i'^''

-'-cate.. p..,. eo„;ol. ' t :;'!^V^^^^^^^^ aKx.n,„,K

'-•■'-^ u.ce as .a„, eel. as H. J:' ::;;:;;:• r"'"''^^^^^

'•Nt-.M. Cloiirn.) I
I- L. Lewis

■'■ ''"rsh. //•//,/ /7„.r.

sepals
arpels
SI vies

XL. GERANIACE^. GERANIUM FAMILY

i'"''nca,e.| i., U,e 1. :^ : „ :^; :"' '"''^'■'V '"""^•^""^•
tuo-ovnled o.,e-see,l.. 1 "''"'-■ '''■^■'''>- '"'•^•''- t"

"'. -.;/:::;:;!;:' *;;::::;;': *^''-">" «'•'■'■ ^

1- '■EMNHM. rroiini.} I,

3- <.. I..ck„.ll„. ]in,„„, /(,■,/,„,„■, o,„„,„„,
^.I. CALLITRICHACE^. WATER STARWORT KAMILV

.,":;:";:'":;;::,'■:■:,::;,::"•:''■"*-• --">■ "..u-.h ,..., .„„■„.

iiiii

"■y

i»'

1:

!ii

'!■

I-

1 .^

1 :

matammm^rM:'!

mmi'

26

Gi'tu-rol Key to the Fa nil /in

inenil.ranacc.ms l,r.-.cts; fruit nut-like, c.Mn,,rcssccl. scc.l. pcM.ln

I. C'aI.I.ITKK HE. I,.

I. C. palustris. L. Water Pcnnd.

ORDER XXIII. SAPINDALES
XLII. EMPETRACE^. CROWBERRY FAMILY

I ONv overj^rcn, shrul.s with tlie foliajrc aspect an,I cvm.pnun.i
poIIcMi of I kaths an.l .Irupaceous fruit. I 'rol.aI.lv just an aprtal..ns
and oc-cncrato form of Kricawu and comprising three genera
only one ol which is found within the limits of this hook.
I. Hmpetri-m. d'ourn.) L.

I. Iv. nij,'rum. L. Cro-idu^n-y.

XLIII. CELASTRACE^. STAFF TREE FAMILY

Shruhs and shruhhy cHml.ers or trees: leaves simple, ever.ijrecn •
flowers perfect, re-.^dar. small, the petals as manv as the sepals
and alternate with tiiem : fruit free from the cah x. emhrvo lar-^e
ni lleshy albumen, seeds arilled. ' "

I. r.MIUSTIM.X. Raf.

I. P. Myrsinites. Raf. Mountain Loz'cr.
XLIV, ACERACE^E. MAPLE FAMILY

Trees or shnd.s with watery often saccharine sap: leaves oppo-
site, sm.ple. i.almately h.hed or m<.re rarelv pinnatelv divided-
flowers axdiary, termin.al. cymose or racemose, small, re-ular'
mostly poh-amons or di-ecious. s<.metimes apetalous: fruit^ two
lon^'-win-red samaras joined at the base,

I. AiEu. (Tourn.) L.

I. A, f,dal.rum. Torr. Dwarf Maple.

XLV. HYPERICACE^. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs: leaves <

'Ppo'^ite, entire, with black dots or

lines, mostly sessile, p.mctate with resinous <^kuuh. no stii.ules;

"^f.

' ti^B^is^ .* 3r'ii i»afe^^i— w

t\

ol

t
a

£!:!!^Z!!Ul!lJtJ^^' /->'""■//>.

owtTs solitary (,r cv

' -L.iii.ii\ (,r cviiiosi' rt'Milir I,,,

^I'iiqno. conv..In,e i,; tl>. Inul n m h '""T"' "'^' '"'^"^ '""^^'>
-ve parietal ,,iaccnt v s.c.l ,' ' '"'' ""^-'-'^•"^•'1 «-tl, two-

^j,^^_^^^__ cuua. ..c.l. ,u,„HT.n,s. M„aII. anatropous. u.th „o

i- IIvi'KRiciM. (Tonrn.) I

ORDER XXIV. VIOLALES
XLVI. VIOLACE^. VIOLET FAMILY

Herbs i)ereiiiiial or aiintii' • I,-,, i

I. Vioi.x. ('|-,H,ni.) J..

3. \ . a.lunca. .s„,i„, j,,^ y.^,,^.-

4.\. Sek.rkM. l-nr.h. .S.//aW/.s- / •/././.
5. .palns.r.s. L. .1 A,.,/, / •„,/.•/

6- \. ..Leila. Xuu. )V//„v /•„,/,•/.

7- .orl„a,la,a. (ieyer. AV..,/./..„,,,/ j-,//.- ,

simple.

ir, oiie-

iriiit a

ORDER XXV. MYRTALES
XLV„. EL^AGNACE*. OLEASTER KAMILV

Siirui.s or stnall trees; leaves silv,>r.
^■"tire. oj.posite or alternate- iIou-.t ''■"''■' '"■ ■^^^■"•"^-P"''^'sce„t.
-■^- clustered ,„ .i.e ax.ls .V ^^^ " ' 7-!-|>"'.v..amo„s or ,l,.ec,
reason, rarely solitarv'; irnn 'iZ H' ","' T"^' "^ ^''^' ''"'^■■"-
coming thick and ptdpv stri t h ' I' "'' °' '^^' ''^^^ '--
T ^ '• ■ '"cIcMn- the achenc or nut

i. Li..i-.\,;.\i-.s. (Tonrn.) I

I. 1-:. ar^ontea. I'ursh. SiUrrbcrry
'• S. caiiadensi.s. (I i v. it- /

Ill

!l

t>i i

M'J.f

'ii

i.:'

i Ml

»'

11

^ms^y^ms^r

28

Gi-iurdl Key tn the l-diiiUics

XLVIII. ONAGRACE^, EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY

I Icrl)riCf()us or slinihhy plants; Icivcs (.iitiro or todtlu'cl. alternate
or o|)i)ositc ; llouirs axillary or in terminal s])ikc'S. iiirfccl. syni-
nu'trical, calyx-tnhc adnata to tiu- ovary, its iohcs valvate in tlic
IuhI or olisoli'ti', ])ttal- con\dhiti- in the hnd, soniiliincs wanting;
frnit a many s« ideil pod, xeds mostly silky-tutted.

I. I'.rii.onnM. I,.

1. I''., .aliiiiumi. L. Alpine Willo-^-hcrb.

2. v.. ant;u>tifolimn. 1.. C,'\iit Jl'illo^'-licrb.

3. !•:. i.atil'olium. 1.. U'littr irHlow-licili.

4. IC. ana;,,',illidi folium, l.am. Mniiiitiiiii U'illotK'-lu-rh.

5. I']. Ilornemanni. Reiclienh. Udniciiiaun's /l'/7/(i<i'-

lurh.

6. I^. ]>;iniculatum. Xutt. I'auichd ll"dli)w-hc>b.

7. v.. cl.av.itnm. Trel. l-ciK'-t'ci^'crcd ll'illiKc-luib.
H. I'", adenocaulon. Ilaus.^k. Xortlurn irHltKc-licrb.
9. !•". lutenm. I'ursli. Vcliow irHlozc-licrb.

II. (lC.\OTl!i;i<A. ].,

I ( ). biennis. L. Common Evening Primrose.
III. C ;:u .1: A. ( Toiirn.) L.

1. C. pacitica. Asch. and Mag. Pacific Enchanter's

Xijjlitsluhie.

2. C. alpina. L. Small Enchanter's Sightshade.

XLIX. HALORAGIDACE^. WATER MILFOIL FAMILY

.\(iuatic or marsh plants; leaves various, crowded, often whorled ;
llowers inconspicuous, symmetrical, sessile in the axils of the leaves
or hracts; fruit dry and indehiscent, with a single anatropous seed
suspended from the "ummit of e;ich c^ll.

I, Myriopiivi.i.im. (\"aill.) L,

I. M. s])icatum, L. Spiked Water Milfoil.

II. IIlPPL-RI.s. L.

1. II. vulgaris. L. Bottle Hrnsh.

2. II. niontana. Ledeb. Monntain Mare's Tail.

v,

;'^ifi^i&'~',*i^«is»&fi&

WS^i

3
i

i
i

I

ORDER XXVI. UMBELLALrs
L. ARALIACE.E. GINSENG FAMILY

llcrlis. sliriilis c.r triis- I,-,, ,.^ .,i,

-•"M.n„n.i. uuh.nu s,i, ,,;J ;' ir'^'r''""'^''" ^''"'•'^' "^

I. Ak.m.ia. Clnuril. ) I..

'• A- iitnlicaulis. 1 //■,/,/ i- .. . . ,,
''■ '-•-- lH.K..n.Il'i;.,.cl, '"'■^"^"'""■

'• '••'-rida. ,S,„,^ ,..,,„,,, /,.,,/•. c/„^.

LI. UMBELLIFER^. PARSLEY FAMILY

their inner face sen-.ruin. , ^ '"^'ncarps cherin,^ l,v

-isc, the tul.es ,e, " ; T\''\': ':'''' -n'^' nl-la-l len.th-

i- (-'SMdRllIZA. K;,f

'• <)• olitnsa. (( • ■,,,,1 i. I 1-

-• ( ). (h'varicata. Xmm ;;■..,, <■
H. Z.z.A. Koch. "'■^''"'.Srav/C.v/v,

'• y- conlata. (Walt i i - n , ;
111. I.i,,isT.,rM. I.. ■ ^""■'-/'■"■■v./ . //..n,;/,/.T.v.

^ 1^- apiifoliun,. (;ray. /vn./...v,/ /..,,,,
'\- l.'i.M.\TH-M. Rat. " ■■'

1- I- inacrocarpum. (.\-„tt.) c an.l K' /

2- I-. triternatum. (I'ur.sh.) (' .„„i u v,

3. L. .Martinrlalei var. an.i,M,s,atnm. C an,! R 1/ ,
'/"/c''.s- Parsley. ' ''' ■'/'"'"'-

f •
i -I

I

1»«

;!i i

I

30

V. IIekaci.elm. L.

General Key to the Families

I. II. lanaluni. Michx. Co\' I\irsiiip.
V'l. Lei'tot.enia. Xutt.

I. L. nuiltifula. Xutt. Ctit-Uaxcd Anydkn.

LII. CORNACE^. DOGWOOD FAMILY

Shrubs or trees with bitter tonic bark; leaves opposite or alter-
nate, simple, usually entire, pinnately veined, witlmut stipules:
flowers perfect, cymose or cai)it;ite, rarely solit.iry. with or with-
out an involucre, petals distinct, as many as the' calyx-lobes and
alternate with them, inserted on tiie margin of the ei)i'j,'ynous disk;
fruit drupelets covered with the remains of the calyx.

I. CoR.vus. (Tourn.) L.

1. C canadensis. L. lUmchhcrrw

2. C. stolonifera. Michx. Rcd-osicr Dogv.'ood.

Subclass II. MetachliWiydccc

ORDER XXVII. ERICALES
LIII. ERICACE.ffi. HEATH FAMILY

A larpe family of .shrubs and iierbs; leaves simple, oblong or
linear, deciduous or evergreen; flowers racemose, corymbose or
solitary, regular, mostly perfect, without stipules, sometimes from
scaly buds; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe.

SUBF.AMILY PVROI.OIDE.E

TRIHH PVROLE.E
CiliMAPiiii.A. Pursh.

1. C*. umbcllata. (L.) Xutt. Pipsissm'a.

2. C. Menziesii. Sprcng. Spotted Prince's Pine.
M0NE.SES. Salisb.

I. M. uniflora. (L.) Gray. One-floz,'ercd irintergrecn.
Pyrola. (Tourn.) L.

1. P. chlorantha. Svv. Grecn-flowcred U'intergreen.

2. P. secunda. L. One-sided U'intergreen.

3. P. minor. L. Small U'intergreen.

I.

II.
III.

I

'^^.';^^J7i-'M'^.;.

Sl!:!!^Z!!U^^2J:^J^ f'^''"i/irs

IV.
V.

VI.
VII.

VI JI.

IX.
X.

XI.

XH.

XIII.

— — — — IL

-I- I', asarifitlia. Mi,-|,v /. ,,.

J. 1. ..>.irit,.|,a var. mcaniaia < Fisd. > l.' i. ,.

•^^•I:i-.\.MII.V .Mc\()TN()|.,,l|„.:.i.
Ai.uiTKoi'A. T. an(|(;

,.-• •^'- ">I"'I"'yS. L. /V;u-.-.,/,.
I TKk(i.M'(»k.\. \„tt.

•■ I'. .\,„ln.„K.,k.a. Xn„. /.,;„, ;,

•NKWIiKKKVA. r„rr. '^

'• -N'. cou^vsui. Torr. A\..-./,.-,-;-.v„.

SURF.X.MILV KKICOIDK.E

TRIIil-: KllODODiixor^,.- ,,-
Lkdc.m. L.

-'■ I" ?hn:'l!;i,"'"""'v""'"- "■"""■'• '•"»™''"- T.-a

M,!. ';.;."':'"'.";;."■ ""*■ ■"""""'"■ «"""»".-«.'™„.

- -M. fcrn,<rn,va. .Smith. J,V„/v l/.v,-,>nV,

Km. .MIA. L.

'■ ^- '"''■*"''■•''• ^^■••'"S-- -S-:...,/, /,,„,/.
'ihii:k A.VDRomkij,.-^..
Hrvantiks. (iniol.

'• H. fnii)etrif()rmis. (irav A'^,/ ir

- 1!. .Ia,uInIiHor„.s. (ir"" ,r • " '?"''''''/^'''''''--

3. n. in.crmeciiu.s. (Ho^u ' p/V T;""" '''"""'••

l<':i;

i '

1' • I

^ykirik^^^rih^Hi-

^i^tfff'IPUl* .v2«^"':h9fl

32

(it'tifrnl Kc\ to tin- I'tiinilits

XIV. C .\s>i(iiK. I). Don.

I. ('. MiTtiiisiana. (I'.oiiir.) Don. llliitr ILalli.
-'. C. i(.tr;ij,'oii;i. Don. hoiii-tiiujUd Hiutli.
X\'. (i.Mi.TirKuiA. ( Kalin. ) I..

I. < i. ovatilolia. dray, h'td hrnicil Ganllluiid.
-'. (i. luinnliisa. ((iraliam.) Kydb. Licipiiuj iiaul-
lliiiiii.

TRII'.I': .\RI!ITK.K
X\'I. .\K(TosrAi'ii Yi.os. .\(Ians.

1. A. I'va iirsi. (L. ) Sprcn^. RcJ ncarhcny.

2. .\. aljiina. ( L. ) Sprt'iij.,'. .Ilpiiir Hcnlhiiy.

3. A. t(jnu'ntosa. Douj,'!. Muiicdiiilii.

SL-|!F.\.\lh.V VACCIXOIUK.K

X\'II. X'ACCI.NtHM. I..

1. \'. ovali folium. Sni. Orul-h-incil Bhichrnv.

2. y. mcml)ranaccnirn. Dont'I. JiUnk- lilncbcrry.

3. \'. c;L'Si)ito.snni. Miclix. Dwaij lUlh.-iry.

4. \'. \ itis-l(la-a. I.. Moiinlitiii Hilbcrr\.

5. \'. crytlirococciini. .Michx. .11 pine lJilbcir\.

6. v. Uxycocciis. L. Small Cnuibcrry.

ORDER XXVIII. PRIMULALES
LIV. PRIMULACE^. PRIMROSE FAMILY

Hcrhs; leaves sinipk'. o|)iK)site or altirnate. hasal or wiiorlcd on
the stem: (lowers racemose or verticillate. .sometimes axillary, reg-
ular, perfect, calyx free from the ovary, the stamens as many as
the lobes of the j^aniopetalmis corolla; fruit a capsule, dehiscent.

I. I'kimii.a. L.

1. I', farinosa. L. Bint's Eye Primrose.

2. V. Maccaliiana. Weigand. Dxearj Canada Primrose.
II. .Andkosaie. (Tourn.) L.

I. A. cham.-fjasme. Sxeeet Atidrosace.

p.. .\. septeiitrionalis. I.. Alpine .indrosaee.

3. .\. diffusa, .^mall. Spreaitin(j . Indrosaee.

n

^^w

'K

^W^

W^

iifninil Kty to the l-dniilint

n

III. I'kik.ntai.is. I,.

I. I", arctica. l-iscli. StarlLicn:

l\ . DoDECATIlKliV. 1..

'. I). I.aucin..rum. (Di.raiul.) (,r..c„c. Shootuuj Su,r.

ORDER XXIX. GENTIANALES
LV. GENTIANACE^. GENTIAN FAMILY

Smooth hcTl.s wuh a ln„.r cn!o„rkss j^.c; i.av... oppo.,,.
sc-ss.Ic-. nu.re. sunplc. w„I,..„t s.ipuks; ,1.,..,, n.,nl,-.r. .ktUh-,
." c uMcrs. axMIary or solitary a, tlu- n.,I. of th. stems; fnrt
usually a tun-valvcl sq.iio.lal i.iany-Mc.lcl capMilf.
I. (iEMIAN A. (Toiirn.) I..

I. 'i. Macoiiiiii. Miuoun's CiUli,,,!.

-•• <;. Amarilla L. var. acuta. M.cli.x. .V,.r//,.r„ (;.;,.

3- <.. I-ropinqiia. Rid.anis. l'ou,-i^att,d Cuiian.

4- <'. arct..pliila. .///>/;,.• (;.-iiti,ni.

5- <i. prostrata. Ilar„ko. /).-.•„;/(;.■;//,„«.
<>■ (.. atliin.. (irisih. /,,„•,/,. (,..,;/;,//,.

"■ <i. Rlaiica. /',;/i- Gentian.
H. IIai.kma. Morkli.

'• II. <I<tUxa. (Sm.) (iri.d,. .ST-um,/ (;.•„/„,„.
-^L-m-.\.MILV MKXVA.MIIUIDK.I.:
in. Mf.nva.miiks. (Toiirii.) L.

'• M. trifoliata. I,. .1/,,;-,-/, Buckbam.

LVI. APOCYNACE^. DOGBANE "

IVrennial IktI.s or shrubs, mostly u„h nulkv acn,' jni-x- k-avcs
entire, opposite or alternate, without stipules ;'.loue.s regular the
ohes of the corolla convolute an,l often tuiste.l in th- l,u.l calvv
tree from the two ovaries which are distinct; fruit s en.Ier elo'u'-
,i,'ate<l terete see.l-po.ls. seeds often coniose.

I. Ai'OcYNi-M. (Tourn.) I..

I. .\. an.lros.eniif.,Iiuni. I.. .S>r.-,„/(;;y Doybanc.

h

1^ it

\u

I

!

ri

^fl

f I

u

Cii'nernl Kr\ to the Fnmilus

ORDER XXX. POLEMONIALES
LVII. POLEMONIACE^. POLEMONIUM FAMILY

1 |iir-
cilkd
t frc
nads.

Herbs; U-avis altirnati' or oiipoMtc, ii'^iilar ; tluwcrs will
sistcnt calyx, corolla lohcs coiivoliiti' in ilu l.ii.l. a flirro
ovary, thrvf-lolu'd st\k-: fruit Muds ainphitropotis. tlir co.
(|itintly miicilaKiiioiis whtii iiioiMiiud jnwl unittinij spiral tli

I. I'llK.X. F..

I. I'. Doiiulasii. n<K)k. .llfiiu- Phlox.
II. (.ii.iA. Rill/ aii.l Pav.

I. <i. a},';,'ri-,ijata. SpriMij;. .S. ,;;/,•/ (,,/,„.
ni. I'or.KMoNiiM. ( Toiin.) I,.

1. I', con ff r til 111. Cray. IHttc lirah ralcrinii.

2. r. humile. \\il|,|. Purple Greek rale, uni.

LVIII. HYDROPHYLLACE^. WATERLEAF FAMILY

Hcrhs commonly rouK'li-liairy, with colonrkss insipid jnicc;
leaves mostly allernate. .sometimes opposite or hasal, round reni-
form or cordate: (lowers re^Milar in spikes, fal.se racemes or scorpi-
oid cymes, curled when in hud and uncoilintj a. thev IIowit; fruit
a two-valved many-seeded cai>sulc, the .seeds mostlv' reticulated or
pitted.

I. I'ii.\eEi.i.\. Jnss.

1. 1'. sericea. (Craham. ) Cr.iy. Mountaii, Pluieelia.

2. I'. hetero])hylla. I'ursh. Pl„e I'liueelin.
II. RoM.\.\zoKFi.\. Cham.

I. R. sitchensis. Ilonj,'. Mist Maiileiis.

LIX. BORAGINACE^. BORAGE FAMILY

Chiefly mucilaginous herhs with h.iiry stems; loaves arccrna'e.
rarely opposite, entire, without stipul's;' (lowers perfect. .s\minet-
rical. mostly on one side of the branches in a reduced cyme, occa-
sionally leafv-hracted. in.itatinjr a racen: . rolle.l up from ilu> tip
and .straiKhteniuff out as it flowers; fruit four nutlets, sometimes
armed with barbed prickles, o i drupe.

, 4f

General Key to the F am Hies

%<^

Tkll'.l, I;()K\(;|M.- K
r. I.Ai'Ptr.A. (K'iviiiins. ) Mociich.

'• '- "'•riluin.la. (I.cl.n. ) (ironic. False I-onict-mc
nut.

2. |.. (IilTtisn. ([.dim.) timno. A',..^ .S/,Wnv./
V I., cchinata. (.il.kTt. /(,ro,v./. ( Inir.Mlua .1 )
II. -Mvi.MMis. ( K,i|,|, , i_

>. M. alpcs.ris. .Sdnni.h. .l/..»/,/.,m /.W^,/.,„,.„,„.
III. Mkrikn^ia. l-tr.th.

'• ■^l. I.anin,lata. (.\i,.) (;, Hon. T.,ll L,„„,u:„t.
-v M. <.l.l..n^,Ml.>lia, l)n„. lUuc Lunyx.wt.
I\. I.niioM.KKMrM. (Toiirn.) I..

•• i- anKM.stii,,!,,,,,,. M.ch.x. .V./m.:,-/,.,;,,/ /•„,,■..„«
2. I-. nuKralc. lJou«l. l.dun. //,„rv /'/uv.h.,,.

LX. LABIAT-ffi. MINT FAMILY

Onrdy IutIks with s(,„aro stnns: l..-..vos simple. op,K.si,o
mat.c. mostly .lottd with sn.all ^la.-.N cuntai.m,,^ a v..latil
llou.rs ,rr.^M,lar. p.rtVct, a.xillary. chiulv i„ cvm,.sc ch,st.r>
often a,l,^^;rc■K'at.<l i„ tcrmmal >pikcs or racemes ; fruit four'
smooth s.-e.l-l,ke mule.s or achenes, each co,„ai,n,.,^ a MMt;le
.seed. -^

Tf^nu' .sT.\ciivi:.K

I. nR.\co( Ei'itAi.rM. (loiirii.) I,.

I. I>. parvillonim. Xntt. lh;i,io,i //.-./</
II. I'kinei.i.a. L.

I. I', vnl-aris. L. Ilcayt-of-ilu-caith.
ill. .SiAiiivs. (Toiirii.) L.

I. .^. l>aliistris. 1.. IWmwiwoyt.

\y. Mo.VANDA. I,.

I. .\I. Cistulosa. L. [[7/,/ lUniamot.
V. .Mh.ntiia. ('roiirn.) I..

1. M. cana.leiisis. I.. C.nuuia Mint.

2. Ar. cana.lensis var. lanata. I'.per. ILury MuU.

. aro-
e oil ;
these
small

(feet

I,

I' i:

A'

'S'j

III

• t

^1

T

I

f

!

'^

^

u

:Ali

.^^>

(i,n,r(il Ki-\ to tin- I'dmilit's

LXI. SCROPHUL/ lACEJE. FIGWORT F/ MILY

H.rl,^. shrnl.s .,r rarciv : ..s. |„„..ri,h, ,K-.-.,si..n,.IIv ..arcu.i.
I'ois.mons; l.av.s aitrrna!,. , , .,|„,s„.., H.ll.Mut st,|M,l.■.^ , rv ^ar.
oMs; tl.uN.rs iK-rlVrt. in..-.ly „>,|.Utr. irn^-nlar. curnlla tu ., hpi-. ,|
indnrrsccMCi' v.ry var,ou>; „ a tuncdU,! an.l „Miallv many-
siiilcd calsiilc.

SfP.f\MII

I'lK'lliNi iini;.!-;
ONI. v;

■-(■Vi"(/ i/i/rv.

'I'. /'/'f/i- I'lirflr

IK

I. (nlllNsiA, \iitl.

I. «'. tiiulla. I'l '.

11. rKSMKMdS. ( Mit ;,

I. I'. IruticiiMis

I't (Ulf lillKJ

.V IV prccoriis. I ), ,^-1. ,,,/ to,,,,,,,'.

4. I'. Iniiinlis, \, ,. .,;,„,,, , , ,,„,/-/,.„',/„.■.

5. I', oiiiirtiis, ihnv^]. Yrll, :, H,ard'loi„i,„:

I'Kiiw: <iK.\Ti()i.i:.]-;

HI. Ml-... IIS. [..

1. .\I. laui^ii. I'ursli. A',-,/ .l/„„/.vv lUowcr.

J. .M. laiiL;Ml„rtn Dnnn. )-.7..:>' 1 /,.„/.■, y /7,-:.v>-.

X .M. iiio>eliatii>. Dnii-l. I/,,,,/,. ri,,:,,T.

4- -M. .-ill'imis. (,ray. .///>,„■ I/,-;//;, v I'tnu;-,-.

sriij- amii.n; riiix.w tiioidi:.!.;

TKIIll', DKil TAl.!:.!.;
I\'. \'ERONir.\. (Tniini.) I..

1. \'. ali)iiia I., var. iiiiala^clRii.sis. C. and ^ llfinc

2. \-. luimifusa. Dicks,,,). Tl,y,„c-lr.,:r,l .S>.v,/r.r//.

3. \'. anuTicana. .Sclnvcin Water Sfrr,{:,;-ll.

Ctftinal Ki\ I', thf r,tmili,s

.?7

i lillii. I.l J'llKAMI.J.
^ • • ^-111 I I j \ Mutis,

.^ < . pnr[M,ra^c,,w. ..r.TMina.i. r^r'n l,„lu,„ l\unt
/'rii.\li ,

4. r. Iannh,l,a kv,|i, /„..,/.„;.,/ /„,/,„. /'„.„

5. r anv;„-;,tnl,a ^ar Kroll-urn , .\mu , lu-iiaM.

Ii),i,ll'\t>\\s /\iiiil,;l ( /,/..

'-. I , nipu-nla. I'i|,vr. /.', (,;/,/ /'„,)//,•,/ ( „;.

/. C. onupala. ( .miunan. M,„j,nl.i r.nnt„H nf
\ ■• ' 'lii 11(11 \i<i'i <. \ntt.

\ II. I'H.K I 1 \k'|>. ( Inlini ) I..

'■ I". r.a-nn..>a. I),,„^|. // /„/.. /.„„,,.,■,.„,/.
- I', contnrla. Ilnith. C -n/,,//.',/ l.o„,,:.o>i
.V !■ i-racl.nsa. lU,,,!,, //v.,/.-,/, //■„,„/ /;, ,,„,^,
4. I', ur.inlan.lica. i:l,/^lu,„rs Head.
\ 111. Ki; I.N \\ I ni>, I

I. K. ( riMa--;,!!, 1.. )-,.//„,.^ /,.,„//,.

LXII. LENTIBULARIACE/E. BLADDERWORT FAMILY

S„.mu,.:-I,,v,„,,,H..u,n.n.,l;l,,..-.,,a.al...nt,u.,,„,:.,l.,iu.
up,,., >ur.acvo,v.n,i.nl, a ^,.-,.1 ...,.„„„ ..1, nil,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.

;^^ P^.h,ncK.. o.rolla .!..,.,, ,„,al„a,.. „„ „,,,.r I„. .,.,allv .Jc,

Ma,, spurn.,! a, ,.,.1... ,„ rn,„,, ,„. palau- ,: -.k.Ik' ,,.anl..l •
tnn. a caj-M,!.. ,.„.„ ,rr.,nlarK In.rs,,,,, ,.r .Mn.c.„, l,y vah.. '

I. I'lKh II. SKI A. I..

'• ^'- vul-aris. I.. var. aiiu ri

/>7i((/i/i/\\.,)j7

-^. r. int.T„u-.i,a. ilavnr. )•.•//,-:../;/,„/,/..,:.,,,/
^J- I !" '.I'll ri..\. I I ,„„-,,, ) I.

1. r. vul.^ari^. I.. Ilittcrwi.rt.

'■ ''ra\. Grc.ili-:

i«

.!<

{•i

i I
1 1

ilU

3«

General Key to the Fnmilie.

LXIII. OROBANCHACE^. BROOM-RABE FAMILY

Herbs (root parasites) destitute of green foliaj,'e: (lowers soli-

ary or sp.kecl. corolla t.,ln,lar. more or less tuo-lippcd. the lower

three- .bed; fnut a capsule one-celle.l, two-valved. seeds numerous,

minute. '

I. Oroiiancme. (Tourn.) L.

1. (). unillora. I.. Onc-thK.'ncd Omccr-root.

2. (). fasciculata. Xutt. Xakcd Cauccr-root.
11. P.osciiMAKiA. (Jray.

I. 15. strobilacea. (,ray. Bosclniiahia.

ORDER XXXI. PLANTAGINALES
LXIV. PLANTAGINACE^. PLANTAIN FAMILY

Chiefly stemless aquatic or terrestrial iicri.s ; leaves ra.lical
si)readnM;-. (u:,i;: or linear, entire; flowers small, regular in hracted'
sinkes or heads, rarely solitary on scapes or scape-like pe.luncles;
iruit a i)yxis or an indehiscent nutlet.

I. I'i.ANT.u;o. (Tourn.) ]..

1. P. major. L. Common Plaiilain.

2. V. major var. asiatica. (L.) IX'ne. .Isialic Plan-

tain. (Introduced.)

ORDER XXXII. RUBIALES
LXV. RUBIACE.ffi. MADDER FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves oi.posite. entire cnnnecte<l bv in-
terpose,! stipules or in whorls without apparent stipules- flowers
pertect. rej,ndar. but often dimorphous; fruit drv or fleshy sep-
arating-into two cari)els.

I. (iAIIl-.M. L.

1. Ci. Iwrealc. L. Northern ncdstniw.

2. (;. triflorum. Mich.v. Swcct-sccntcd Bcdstnn.'.
3- (J. tritidum. L. Small Brdstraw.

General Key to the lunuilies

39

LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Shml.s. vi.K-s nr rarely IutI,. ; k.^vs nppoM.c- slnucrs „,..s,K

the ovary. ,,,. corolla ud.lar or rouu. ; f run a ...rr:. .,r:,,;; :;;;:;:

TKii!!'; i.uxici;ri:.i.:

I. LoNK KKA. I,.

^ I-. ;;lanc.>coMs. Ky,|l, .V,.„.,//,-/,„,.,,/ Ilonrxsmklc
- 1-. mvoncra.a. (RicharcK) llanks. /„;.„/...,:/

/•/v i/oiuysKck-lr.
3- I-. nta'icnsis. Wats. />,a/, /-/v //-.;„-v.wu /,/.•

11. SYMl-lK.KUAKl.lS. N)!!!.) l.u.Iui-

'. Sracnnosns Mid.x. var/ ,.auci.l..rus. Rol.l.,,.,
■iiidU'Oi-ny.
111. LiN.N.KA. ((iroiiov. )

M-.l™iis I var a„u.ricana. O'orl.s.) Rdul.r.

TRii!!-: s.\.Mi!L-ti:.i-:

I\'. \'nirR\i-M. rroiirii.) I..

I. \. pauc/l) .riiiu. Rat. .hrow-,,-ood
V. .SA.Miir.rs. (Toiini.) I

1. S. raccmosa. L. h\ .i-hcr; icnUd.r

2. S. mdanocari.a. (,ray. nUnk-bcnu lUdcr.

LXVH. VALERIANACE^. V/LERIAN FAMILY

Herbs uiti, sonu'tinu-s n,lnrous an.l a.ui-.,,as„„„li. n.,.,.- l...,...-
oppoMto. s,:nplc or divi.!.!. without Mtp,,,.- .!;";„,;
l-uclcs or ..ichoto„,o„s cy,„.s. corolla \.U,.r .; ,, : " i,-,
-•ten ,rro,.,Iar. the !,.,,c> i,„l,rica...,l in ti.c l,n 1; ,>,•„ „, , ,
ous or corriaccoiis. iiuidiisccnt. nKinl.ran.ice-

I. \'.\I.KRIA.\A. (Tourii.) I,.

'■ y. scptcMitrionalis. Xoythcvu ffcfiotropc
2. \. s.tchcnsis. WuuiT. irUdlLliotrot^c
3- \ . .Scoi.Icri. Rydh. CmuHia Heliotrope

lii

i 'U

Ai

"•'ii

r'ifJ

iW

4

' j

I

! ^

1 :
li •

40

General Key to the FamUies

il

ORDER XXXIII. CAMPANULALES

LXVIII. CAMPANULACE^. BLUEBELL FAMILY

Ilcrhs usually with milky jiiicc; leaves alternate, siini)le. with-
out stipules; tlowers scattered, ]KTi'ect. the re^'ular five-lohed
corolla !)ell-shai)e(l. valvate or induplicatc in the hud; fruit a small
nia-iy-seeded capsule or herry.

I. C".\Mi'.\NL-i.A. (Tourn.) L.

1. C. rotuiuli folia. L. llnrchcll.

2. C. lasiocarpa. Arctic Harebell.

LXIX. LOBELIACE^. LOBELIA FAMILY

Ilerhs usually with acrid milky juice; leaves alternate, without
-stipules; Mowers j.erfecl. .scattered in loose hracted racemes, corolla
irrei^ular, ,t,oiiuopetalous, five-lol)ed, somewhat two-lipped; fruit a
many-seeded ])od.

I. LoiiEi.iA. (I'lumier.) I,.

I. I-. Kalmii. L. Broolc Lol-clin.

LXX. COMPOSITE. COMPOSITE FAMILY

The lar^'est family of |)h;eno<,'amoiis plants; herhs. .shruhs or
small trees; leaves various, alternate, oj posite or hasal ; flowers in
a dense closely involucratc head on a common receptacle, the head
often resenihlinj,-- a single flower, surrounded hy an involucre of
few to many hracts in one or more series, the p.-ipjuis crown-like
or wantini,^ heads with ray-flowers are radiate, when without ray-
flowers are diso id ; fruit an achene containin.<? a sinj^le erect
anatropous seed.

SI-RII'.S [. TUI'.UMFI.DR.T-:

TRii'.F. .\sti;ri:.k

I. ("lIRVSOPSIS. Xutt.

I.e. villosa. Xutt. Golden .Istrr.

2. C. hispida. (Hook.) H^iiry Cohlcn Aster.

■W.Sfc'

kwimcmm'

^^\x,'m^M''':>^-yF^^.im!^

a
f
i

Gi-iiifdl Kc\ to the l-ninH'us

41

II. S(ii.ii).\(,(). I..

1. S. caiiadi'iisis. L. Ctiihuin Ciohhii-nul.

2. S. (k'Ciiiiil)iiis. (iriciic. I'lcld {iol,lcn ,„d.

3. S. niiihiradiata. Cray. Xinthcni (,../,/,;; nul.

4. S. misM)iirici)sis. Xmt. Mountuiu Liold.n-tod.

5. S. iK'iiioralis. Ait. (.my Coldcnrod.

(k S. clontjata. .\utt. SIrihh-r CJoliL-ii-n„l.

III. AsiEK. (Toiirn.) L.

1. A. conrmitatiis. ( T. and ( ;. ) Cray, iriiit,- .Islcr.

2. \. alpiinis. Alpine Aster.

3. A. consiiicuoiis. I.itidl. Large I'lirph- Aster.

4. A. I'rcnioiiti. ( T. and ( i. ( (,ray. I'reiinnifs .Ister.

5. A. frondfiis. ((iray.) l.rcciie. Leu/vhracteJ As-

ter.

6. A. Knsolmaniii. Hiif/leiimiiii't Aster.

7. A. I.indlcyamis. T. and ( i. J.iiiciley's Aster.
H. A. l;uvis. I.. .Smootli Aster.

9. A. Kichard.sonii. Sprcnij, h'iehardson's .Ister.

10. A. major. (Hook.) |',,rtcr. Great .Wntlieni .l.<!tcr.

11. .\. cilioinar^Mnatiis. Rydh. Ilairy-utanjined .Ister.

12. A. .sil)iricii.s. I'iolet .Isler.

IV. I'1ki(;i.K().\. L.

1. !■:. aureus. C.rccno. VelliKe Fleiilxiiie.

2. E. compositiis. I'ursh. I- em-leaved I'leahaiie.

3. K. niultifidiis. Rydh. Daisy I'leahaiie.

4. K. melaiioccphahis. Xelson. HlaeL--ze,iollv J'leabaiic.

5. E. c;csi)itosiis. Xmt. Tutted l-'leahaiie.

6. E. j,dal)clliis. Xmt. h'ain/h lleahaiie.

7. I-;. acri.>^. I.. />'/((,■ I'leahaiie.

8. !•:. pliiladi'lidiicus. !.. Lavender L'leahanc.

9. i-:. miinonis. L. Aretie Lleahane.

10. !•■.. lanatiis. Hook, .llf'iue Lleahane.

11. K. salsiij^dnosiis. (Richards.) Cray. Laiye Purple

1' lea ha lie.

TRHU'. ixui.i;.!-:

y. A.VTENNAKiA. ( laortn.

I. A. raccmosa. Hook, ll'iiite Lverlasting.

-p

.1

i i't

5

\'i

ilr

' III

I

I .!

Ill

. f s

42

General Key to the I' a mi lies

J. A. iluucllii. (.nriK'. Moiisc-ciir I'.icrlastm.^.

3- A. parvilolia. .Vmt. Muinituin Evcrhisttiuj.'

4- A. lai.ata. (Il.mk. i (,ricMK>. .hrtic lircriaslin^.

5- A. ]),ilclicrrinia. (tctiic. Tall lixcyhistiiuj.
(i. A. ,J,.iiia. (,,ay. .l/fiiw J:;rrli,sliii_^.

/. A. iiK-dia. (irciie. Silk-y Ir.rrtaslnl:;.

>^- \. .' M-a. (Jririic. /'//;/.• J::rrUisliii^.
\'l. A.\ Ai i.\i >>. DC.

1. A. niaiKaritacca. (1..) ]:. andll. I\a,lx Ezcrlast-

IIUJ.

T\U\\V. II!:!.I.\XTIIi:.K

\'l .L-I)HErKI.\. I,.

I. K. hirta. I.. Bhuk-cxcd Susan.

\ III. Ill 1.1 Willi s. I..

I. 11. gigaiitcoiis. L. (;/„;,/ SKiifhnccr.

TRiiiK iii-lkxixi:k

IX. CiAII.l.AKDIA. l'"oU};.

1. C. aristata. I'ursii. /',•,;:,.;;-.■;•.•</ .S";(.fa«.

TRIIIK AXTlIK.MIDi:.!.;
X. Adiii.LEA. (\aili.) L.

1. A. lamilosa. Xiitt. U-oolly )'(/;Torv'.
-'. A. I.ortalis. IJonsr. Day'c-manjwcd Yan-ow.
XI. C'llRVSANTIli;.\HM. ( Totini. ) [,.

^. , '• <■ lAi.camlK'nium. ],. Ox-cyc Daisx. (Intru.hicod. )

All. Akte.misia. J..

1. A. friKida. Willd. I\,slurc ]ronnwoo.t.

2. A. discolor. Domini. Grcni H'orntwoo,!.
3- A. biennis. W illd. Biennial ll'urmwuod.

TRir.R skxfxioxe.t:

XIII. Pktasitks. d'onrn.) niJi.

■■ I', palmat.is. (.\it.) CJray. Palm-lcavcd Coltsfoot
2. I', sa^nlatus. (I'ursh.) (,ray. Ayrox.-lcavca Lolts-
foot.

3- I', fri-idus. (L.) I-ries. Arctic Coltsfoot.

—/'

Gi-ncral Key to the Familiis

4.1

1. A. C()r(lif„li;i. II, .„k. llcait-l.aicd Arnica.

2. A. latifnlia. i'...ii.y:. Ihoad lanrd .limai.
3 A. alpina. (L.) 01i„. ..;//,,„., ./,„/,,,.

4- A. Chainissonis. l,t.-,s. Cl:,imts.u>'s .Uniai.

5- A. I'arryi. (iray. J\iny\< .hiiiai.

(>. A. loiiisi.ana. l-arr. S\ I ui, ■/};-, S .hiiica.
7- A. fiil-fiis. I'lirsh. Xi'li.'i,;! .Uuiiii.
•'<. A. .irracilis. Rydl,. Slciuhr .Iniioi.
XV. Skn-kcii.. (r,,iirn.) I..

1. S. Maisamit.iv Mnhl. Golden Raijwoit.

2. S. triaiiKularis. ||,;,,k. Chiut RiUjwoit.

3- >• caiuis. Hook. Sih\y\ Groundsel.

4- S. luj,a-ns. Richanls. />'/,/. A--//>/<r,/ Gnmnd.ul.

5- N. I>sou(laiirous. Rydl). Cnnada km/icort.

6. S. .liscoiclciis. (Hook.) liritton. Xorthcrn .S\ina:.-

7- S. Ilavovirc^ns. Ry,ll,. ll\slern Jlalsom Groundsel.

TRH!!-; CVXARK.!.;

XX'I. SvrssrREA.

I. S. (Iciisa. Hook. /'urrU- Snnssurca.
X\ II. C'.\h!i)!i s. ( Tourii. I I,.

1. C. KoKtyi. Uliitc '/liisllc.

2. (". foliosiis. Hook. Lrafx Tliis/lr.

3- <-■. iindulatii... Xiitt. ir'ary-learal riiistlc.

SERIES II. I.KiUI.IFI.ORA

trh;!-. cicii()Rii:.i:

XN'III. Ci( HOKUM, rroiirn.) I..

'•<-'• Intyhiis. I.. Cliiiorv.
XIX. TARA.xAtiM. ( HallcrA I.tuKviff.

1. T. otricinalo. \\\],vr. Common Dandelion.

2. T. nipestrc. .llpine Dandelion.
XX. S(i.\(iirs. (Toiirn.) I..

I. S. arreiLsis. L. Soic Thistle.

11

*

ki:im

■■ ■' I

J',

■

'^i\

nKr^ii'^i^

44

Cii'iurnl Kt\ I'j tin- I-\inii/ii'.s

XXI. Ai.osKKis. kaf.

1. A. fjlaiica. (I'ursli.) Stni.l. l.<in/i--llii:,;r,;l

Idlsi- Pdlltli-litiil.

2. A. 1,'racilfiis. Cray. SDuill-tlown;! /■ulsc nundc-

liiin.
.^. A. auraiitiaca. (Hook.) ( ini-m'. t «/'/'. r luls,-
I >iiiiiLli<iii.

XXI I. ( KKIMS. I..

1. ('. i'!i,y:ans. Honk, Mniy-llou'rrcl I f,i:,'hsh,<inl.

2. ('. nana. Ividiards. .llpim- lldicksluai;!.
X.XIII. lliKUAcHM. (Tourn.) I.,

1. II. Sc'inliri. Hook. Ihiiry lla:,'kwi-cti.

2. II. Kracili-. Hook. Siiuill I lawk-.'ccd.

3. H. iinibcllaiiiiu. L. Winou'-lcavcd llnwkwccJ.

.':.|'»Fi'.*..^v^.^;:''«PW'l.,:A*^''(^>.i» ' tv ^»-* '^5*ij

p

m

;'
1

Mi

WILD ri.ClWI'RS ()!• TIIK XORTII
AAJI'kKAX MOIXTAIXS

SIXTIo.V I

FF.RXS AXD l-l'kX ALLIES

r H

i I

*

1

*l

♦1

-V"^*5^1e

^^

il!

WILD FLOWERS OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN

MOUNTAINS

SIXTH ).\ I
FKRXS AND FHRX ALLIHS

LONG BEECH FERN

l'lic,i.<i^lcris folyfoiiioidc.^. I'lrii Family
Rootstock: slon-kr. crccpinK. Leaves: triangular, thin, mostly
I'.ngcr than wuk.. a.nn.inat. at the aprx. pnlusccnt; pinn.-. lancc-
oatc. sc»ik-. p.nnaidy part.,1 very nearly to the rachi> into
oblong, entire segnunis. Sori: Mnall, borne near the niarRm.

A conim..n fern .,n the hillsides, and in moist woods. The
fronds ar- fmni six to nine inches lonj,'. and the two l.nvest
pmn.-e are hent downwards and stand forward, a trait which
gives the i-lant a most distinctive ai)i)earancc. and by which
It .nay always he readily recognized.

Phcijoptcris alf^cstris, or Tutted IJeecli I-ern. has ol)long
leaves which taj/er towards the top.

Phcjrf^tcvh; Dryoptcris, or Oak Fern, is e.xtreniclv attrac-
tive, and grows very thickly in shady woods. The leaves
are delicate and broadly triangular, the three primarv divi-
sions being stalked, and the terminal one slightlv the largest.
In Shakespeare's day " fern-seed " as they called the spores

47

,1.

\yMki.

pr.ATi: r

??;

• 'aK I'HK.N

(I'lu'g''{^t,-iis Dryol^tciis)
48

i
.1

'. ^Uj' .1

Ferns and i\rn .llluf

V)

uiTi- sni)|i<»<.-(| t.i r..iitaii) iiiir;nii|. ii- as \\r!l a- nir<!n-mal
|ir.>])CTtii'>, an<l (iaiUhill iii "lli-iiry !\ " -ax^: ~ " W c
ll.'lM' tin- ii-ti'ipt i>l ttTn--rf.l, ui' walk iti\ i^ilik','" \\\n \\\~.
faitli ua> -|im-kl\ <ii-iifll(il liy tlic aii-uiT: ■■\.i\. I

tliiiik railirr \<<\\ an- iiiMn luli^ldcii tc \W- iiiuHl tli.m to
UTii->c<.'i|. I'l If \M;ir w.ilkiiii- iii\ i^iliU."

i};^

MAIDENHAIR

.hli'inliiiii f,il:tiiiii. I'l'in l-.iiiiily

Rootstock: ^Iriiihr, iTt(|>ini;. ili,iiT\. Stems: 1ir..\vn. ih'Ii-Im.!
I'.rkcil :il till -niiiinit Leaves: ■ liii(nul\ ..rl.icuK-ir in ..nilmr, llu-

I'llllllll. - .i1i|.i1;l;. Illr lr|-mill.l! ..in- MM -llalir(|; ihr i.,\\,-| iii.iruiii

1 iilin . till ii|i|ur iii;iiK;in cli It. l-ln'l ..r il, iil.in . In .iMtik; tin- iim.ir-
i.liliillU «nri.

I Iii> .i^rari'fiil frrn. win. 'i is t, ,m u dl-kiic i\ ii t'^ iuh'<1 miioli
(k'scriptiiiii, (iv\i'> ii- spfcjiu- namo t" llii- I'ai i thai ilic ri'ul-
stiii-k n.(il> al'Mii,^ its \\\\,,\c IniL^th, llu' Maidc-iiliair i>
Usually ImuikI in ilcl't-- aiiinii;,- tin- r'H-ks lu-ar riinnniL,'^ uatcf,
wIkti- it> fra.Lrilc, ffatlicrv i'i-.^ikU ainl i^liMciiiiiL; lip>\\n nr
Mack stalks arc al\\a\s ttcasurc trii\(.'.

H^'

COMMON BRACKEN

I'lnis ,i,iiiiliuii, :,ir. L:in(.,iih'Sii. I"crn I'aini'y

Rootstock: -i"iit, wd.ly, liMn/nma!. Leaves: ii-.n.ill\ .'lalirniis.
tnaiaic; tlic upper pimniii's uiKliviilfil ; tlic |..\\ii- ..m uhmi ..r K--
piinialirid.

The nid-t Cdiiiniiiu of all I'cnis. this I'.rackcn is rathc-r a
coar.sc plant, usually found v^rouiu"- in open \\o,m1s and stnmv
places, in till' \ alleys it .attains a heit,dit of live to six feet,
hut at hif,di altitudes is much smaller and more delicate. In
the spriniL,'-tinie the fionds are always an e\<|nisite jKile i^reeii,
hut ,ijr:i(lually turn darker and duller of asjxct as the sf.isou
advances. What the orit,Mn of the .scientilic name is. no on

|i

|]

lo

turns fin J l-.rn .lilies

Hcms o .cninudy know. S.me >ay it i. .Icrunl h..,,, a
fanncl r.sc.nl.lana- I,.tu.n, ,l,c .n.n.l an.l a„ c:.,-lcs v^,„,,
^^ Ink- ntl.crs ,„,aK,„c ,1,.. , ;,„ „aa- .hc ..ullinc of ,1,, hcr.J.l.c"
I'aKic Ml a cn.»-!,cttiuii .,|" tlif stalk.

SLENDER LIPFERN

(lu-lunilh,-s /,,/, IVrn lainilv

Stems:

till
ly

Roomock: rnuT.-.l unh l.n-wn m.I.s |„„,| with 1,1 uk Stem

. cMM-lv ,u.u..I. Leave.: ....u..!,,.,, .,,...,, i„ .„ .., „,.,;,,, f*'^

tlH- P.nnnl.-s ,„„„a,..i.l. ,1,.. up,,.,- M,r,-..a. ..,„,. ,|,, | , ' ,'• .

•"■'ttr.l «„|, wiMiish-l.ruwn u,..,|ly |,,,irv '

u tlw.,„dMlu,,M leaves. an.l,l..^nmd,.,s,.h^^^^^
fiKis lit the vi'iiis.

PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE

A nH-.Iiu.n-si.c,I fen, ul.osc .listin^nishin^ f.at„ros are
•^ Pt"l>I^' stem. an.l a., undui.k.l leaf hunlcml hv hn-Mu
iTovvn sp.,ran,.a. It is usually foun.l .^rouin,. on lime-
>tone rocks. an.I. unfortiniatcly for the fern-huuter. in very
macress.hle places, where the hushy tufts of its j^revish'-
green .oha,i(e ilourish in the crannies anionj^ the cliffs'

Rootstock

NOOTKA ROCK BRAKE

Crypt,u/ri,,n,i„i airostiihoul.-s. Rri, Family

Kootstock: stout, chafTv short <5»-.,„». i
Leaves: ovate in o„tli„.. thi,,.; ,.''",; t^^t /"'"'' ''''''V'
f-tiU.. the .nar^ins involute ,o he n.i.l i V. f .^c an ' I 'I '" ""'
and exposing the sporanKcs. * '•'''•""'^■■' ^'^ '"atnr.ty.

lu'rns <nul I- ,rn .Illl,s

?I

I Ik- Iv\.. kinds of \v;\\v< ,>i tln^ |i.ilc '^r^iu ;iI|miu- ft-rn an-
\«Ty <listiiu-t. the >i'j,MiK-tits uf till- .tt-rili- ..tics Uvuv^ iimh
nit aixl imicli hmaiU-r than tli. -m- "i tlic tVrlil.- .iu-,. whirh
latter have aliimst strai,uiit tiiari,'iiK tliat are r. llcl in;., the
i-eiitre when the |)lant i> \..iitij,, and llalten ..nt ;,- it itiatiirts.
expusint,' the lij^rht l.n.uii spnn- (;,-e> with uhiih these ter-
tile iea\es ..re o.vered. The .\m,.iL, |<nek I'-raUf u;i> |ir>t
f.-nnd I.y Dr. Arehih.dd Meii/ii > when lie eani.- t-. \aii-
ei.n\er Island with Caiitain \aiu. .iiver in \-in)

Cryf^t.t.jiiiiinii,! St,-ll,-ii. ..r Si.-iider I ' .. k Urake, ha- a
thread-like ereepnii,' rn,,t. fr..in uhuli tiie seattered MeiiK
^n.w np at ejose inter\..l>.

11^

!i

i^i •

1
I

GREEN SPLEF.NWORT

.tsf-l.lliuill TIM,/.'. I"r Tl !• lllllly

Rootstock: s|. lilt, iTi. pin;;, .ImiTv. Stems; nnv. ., ii«. lU-n-. K iiin.ci,
l.r..w,ii>li l.cl.iw. KnciiiNli .iliuMv Leaves; iim ,! . . ..I.,!,-, h, rli:,co,.i ;
l.iiiiia' n\;u,', (Kxply ir.iiat.'. iiiKM,ti,[l m.!. .1 Sun; ,,|,! - iitii. r.m,!

The aneient Creek name ..f this lerii hi. n f-i.nre {<, the
faet that it was supposed to he a reiiie.ly t"..r eertain diseasi-
<>i tlie sjileen. The leaves are pale ;4reen and soft, the upper
edges (if the i)inn:e narn.win.t,' suddenly at the l.ase, the
lower oti'-s heinj4- ..hlicpiely trnneate. that is ha\inj,r the ap-
jiearanec of heiiif,-- ent off at the t..p.

.Is/^li-ninni cyclosoniin. or I.ar,t,a' I.ady I'ern. has nnieli
I)ij,',t;er and more (laecid leaves than the ( Ireen Spleeiiwort.
It is fre(piently eon fused with .Istlciiiniu Jilix-fnniina.
the trne I^idy hVm, from which, h<.wever, it is really <|iiite
<hstinet. the c-verinj,' of the fruit dots heint,^ diCferentlv
cnrvetl. Jili.v-funiiiui does n(.t oecnr in the Roekv Moun-
tains. Of all the ferns whieh have inspired poets, prohahly
the Lady I'ern takes first place, and thoujih the following,'

4 '!!

52

Ferns and Fern Allies

'-it ■■:.'

"K-s In- h.uni I.ecs were rc;.lly ,.enno.l t-. the true Ladv
•cm. still they are s., very ,|i,aint an.l reminiseent of nml-

\ .ctonan ver.e. that [ cannot refrain Iron. a,,|,en.h.ij,. then.

to this .short note .m the I.a.-.ije J.ady J-ern.

-Wlun i„ .,,l.„,ln,„- an.l iK.nUy all „,„nre is cn.wne.l
iH' l-.ri, .> M,n nnliMK hall In.l i„ tlu «ru,„,.l
lint ot all the «riTi) Kraduns thai ri-,. l,v tin- b„n,
CinmciKl i.K al.-iic t., ti,c suca Lady lirn.

l'"lyp-'iimii iii.kiiti'.l stands stilY ,,i, tlu- r,,ck

\\..h i„s ,,,,-i ,,,„„,,, ,,, „,^. ,,,„,„,^,.^ ,.,„;„|^ ^i^^^j^

On the uHlc, cinlly lua.h .\,|nil,na Man,K s,,n,
^"t ",ur t,. W ,K,nK,l uul, il„. ,,,,,,., 1,..,^. ,.;^„

Hlix-Mias in a cink- IJUs up hi. j,,-,,,,, ,>,„„,,

An.l th. I K-ath Fun .Mights l.y ,1... |.,„. ami tl,c,,„„,ls-
1 In-n, h ,lu.„- .l,a,l„uy tun. tlu.n.h w,tl, pl.asn.v 1 .„n,.
ilit l.ahn must >i,|| ,-,..t ,,,ii, ,,,,. ,-.,j,. ,_^,i_^ ,,^,^^^

\\hcTf thf waUT is ]„,uriuir i-,„vmt sl^. sii,
An.l l,osi,le i„.r ,1,^ Ou/d. the Kini;t,slRT I'lits ■

he-v, s,,p,i,„,- in hvr heanty. l,.si,l,. ,lu- full ,;ni
1'. llic shade of the P.ek .s,a,„ls the tall Lady Fern'.

Xoon hums up the nmuntain : b'.t here hv the tall
'he l.ady I'ern llourislu., yraeelul and tall
Jlnurs speed as thuuol,,, y,^,.^ ,,i,|,„„^ .,,,^ ^.^^^^.^ _.^
An.l lluat like the spray ^li.linK past the ,«reeu IVrt,'."

HOLLY FERN

Polysluiiiui! I..'iu!iilis. l\ru 1-auiily
Rootstock: sh..rt. s.,-.ut. .len^ely chaffy, hearing, lar^e l.rown scnies
Leaves: n..d leathery linear-laneeolate .n .uln.e: ou^fn™ hi
I .adly lancenla,, scy.h.-shape.l, ac,;te. >,r,„„,y auru-I.d ,.„ U, up "
sule, sp.utdnse.len.a.e. Sori: hiseriate. a, length SHhcHUlnent.

The Holly I-Vrn has rioid c-ver-reen le.n es. each of the
l"nn;e emhno- i„ a sharp ,,.,i,u. and havin^^r a ronnded lohe

Ferns find Firn .lllirs

53

(HI the ui)|)cr side at the base, tlie lower side ha\ iiii^ an ahii«>>t
straii^lit edge. This fern is densely spinex -ti.utlied.

MALE SHIELD FERN

.Isf'tiliidit rili.v-iiuis. l'"irn l'"amily

Rootstock: >t'.iit, a^i-i-iulins,', i-liaffy. Leaves: rirni. lin.adly-iiMdnu,
laiuoilati.', acute at tliv ajux. Son: lar^t'. Im'Tiu- mat tlic iiihlviin.

'riii> fern iLjrows in the woods to a hei<,dit of three iVet.
It is a handsome i)laiit. s])rin^in,i;- from an a^eendinij^ root,
and has rather coarse leaves.

Asp'uliuiu spinitlosHin lor. ililatntiiiii, (T Si)iinilo>e ."^Ihield
I'ern. has a stout root, and loni,'. rather thin Iea\e-, the
lower ])air of which are trianijnlar in outline.

Aspidii 11} OrcDplcris, or .'^caly Shield i'ern, h;i> \crv
scaly, stniw-coloured stems and rachis. The leases ate one
to tx.o feet lonj,'. and taper from near the middle to both
ends.

BRITTLE FERN

Cystofli-iis fiir^ilis. Ihtii Family

Rootstock: short. Leaves: thin, ol)1<mi,'-laiu-colato, slichtly faperiiiR
licluw; piiiiia' irrtynlarly iiiiinatilid, witii a hroail ciiilr.il spacr ;m(l
tootlicd -eRiiiciUs dcciirrciU along the niargint-d or winged rachis, with-
out l)ull)lcts.

.\ delicate, wct-lnvin.cf fern, which uncurls early in the
sprinj^, and soon dies away. It receives its distiMi,misliino-
name from the stalks, which are slender and verv brittle.

Cystof'tcris iiioiidnni. or Mountain P.ladder l-'ern, has a
slender, widely creepin,^; root, and leaves which are dee])lv
ttiothed.

I**

*r-

I

BB

PLATE 11

r

!■*■ ■ ;

Sl'IMI.dSK SlIIKI.Ii l-KKS

(.Ispidium s/^iiitilosmii jur, dilalatum)

.f^'

54

i

Ferns ami Fern .lilies

; i

LARGE MOONWORT

liotiyihitim l.uuarui. Addir's 'I'Miimii' l:imily

Very llcshy. Leaves: iIr- vti-rik' iMirtidii Imrnc ;it, or aln.vo tlu'
middle of tlit- >tiiii, |>inii;i!i-. with iwn to cii;!]! ii.iir> i.t Imiait- lolir-,
creiiatc or ciiliri', iVrtili- porlinn (Khm-; \nu\ fir the |. dlowiim \iar tii-
doM-d ill the ha>e of tlie >tem.

'V\\c Mooiuvorts are cxtrcindy curimis plants .L^n-wiiii,'
from short, erect npotstccks, and tliHtcred iK-Iiv rnMt,.
The name rel'ers t<> tlie nuimTdiis Iialf-ni<M.n-sha|ie(l ^.l)e^
wln'ch grow near the middle of the stem on the sirrile por-
tion of tlie plant. Once n])on a time, the Moninvort was
supiKjsed to possess ma,i,Mc properties, and accordinj,'- to
Coles, an old writer on hotany, \\otild cnahle the fortunate
owner of tiie plant to " o])en the lock> wherewith dwellin.-,^-
lionses are made fast, if it he put into the keyhole."' Drav-
ton called it " Lunary,"' and thu> refers to its wouder-
workin.t; p-uuer :

" I lien sprinkled --he the iiiice of me
With nine drlll.^ of tiie iiiiilinj^hl dew
From I.iinary distiliin).;."

Bofrycliiiim siiiif^Irx. or Small Moonwort, is also called
Little Grape Fern, in allusion to its <:]^rapedike clusters of
spore ca.ses. It is a graceful, variahle plant, and has ;i single
lohe on the stem, the fertile portion heing a spike with spore
cases in rows on either side of its hranches.

Botrycliiitni virginiamtin. or Rattlesnake I-'ern. is a much
larger, and more rohust plant, with a nmch-divided sterile
portion, like a fern leaf, its segments more or Ic-s toothed.

Botrycliiinn lanceolatimi. or Slender MiM^nwnrt. ha- sm.ill
fronds, and the sterile segment, which is clo-.-lv sessile at
the top of the long sletuler stalk, is tri.ingtilar, ternately

i

ml

«^l<

f^i

56

Ferns and hem Allies

twice |)iniiatifi(l. witl, acuti- lance. .late ln|,c-s that are iiui.e-l
..r toutl,e<l. The veinlet> fork fruin a a.ntimmns mi.lNein.

FIELD HORSETAIL

liiltli-islll

III (iirriisr.

"■"'■tail l-'amilv

Stems: am,„.-,l. I„,ll,nv, .,.,int.-.l, ,,r.,.i,K.,| with ..ait.-n,! .,„n,ata the
fcT„k- appc-an-.K in early .prin,- hefn,-. the s,.,,!.. Leaves: n.Uu;':] ,„
slicaths at tiif jniiit-.

This is a ni^h-hke plant of a verv rank coarse nattn-e

which -rows in .jitches and al..n- the san.lv wavsi.Ics Thc'

fert.le stems, which appear in the earlv spring'. ir,,.u- tr,,n,

_t..nr to ten inches hi.^h a,ul are li.^ht l.r.,un*in clnnr

I hey are n..t hranche.i. l.ni tenninate in a ,s,,li,;,rv cme-like

spike. I he sterile steins, which appear later n„ i„ ,1,,. sc-,-

M.n. are ^^reen and rather slen.jer. a^er;,i^i,,^• .i^hleen inches

in hei^dit. I hey have mnnerous verticillate I.ranches. the

sheaths ..f whicli are f.uir-t.Mithed.

luiiiisctHm tratcnsc. ,,r Thicket I ior>etail. has inanv ni..re
cup-shape<l sheaths ..„ the fertile stems 1 which hecome
l.ranchin- when ..Id) than the prece.lin,i.,r species; also its
hranches are more or less irori/ontal, th..se of the I-iel.l
Horsetail sj^n.win.s^- npuards.

Riiuisctum yhaticnn. ..r Wo,,d Horsetail, has lurn.ue.l
stems, and compound hranches: the tiny hranchlels cnr\ in-r
downwards. '""

Jupnsrtnm sch'toides, or Knsh Pipes, has e\er-reen per-
ennial, slender, furrowed stems, uhich -n-w in tnfts from
the suhterranean rc.otstock.

lujiiLu-tiim fJiiriatilc. or Swamp Horsetail, is a lar-c
coarse plant f..und. as its name deip.tes. in \ erv wet places"
It has a hi- central cavity in the stem, hollow l.'ranches, an.l
a holk.w ro.Jt stock.

1]

1

/•frns nuil I'crn . I Hies

^7

li<jiii.s\-tiiiii rariri/iiliiiii, <>r N'arij^alcd 1 lorM-tail, has
rimi^h. ];cT(.'iiiiiaI, cwri^n'on stcni^, f^ndwiiiL; in tufts, and rc-
sfinliliN Uii^li !'i|n.'v, licini^'. luiwi'vcr. a imu-li talk-r plant.

]i(/iiisi-liiiii /,'\'('',7(//(\ <>r Si-Miirini,'' l\u>li. has >titt. slender
stems, and pointed -.pikes. It> name dennte> that it is nsed
liy l'".uriipe;m pea>ant^ l^r >eiiurinf4; llnur.^.

I'

i

t:

n

4

STIFF CLUB MOSS

I.Vi ■'p:'ifiinii anih'iiiiiiiJi. I'Inl) Mnv- |-",iiriil_v

Stems: mnih lir.nu-lud, vIcn.kT. |iio>ir,iti- Mini orifiiiiii;, ratluT stitT,
tin- lir.mclu- .1-11 inluiL;, ^parinuly I'urkiil Leaves: uiiiii irni. ^liri'ri.liiij,'.
ti\ r-ranki (1, iiL:iil, liiu-ar-l.imi'i'l,ili', mimitils -iTnilalo, iitTVi-d lii-lnw ;
-])ikr> -iilitar\ at tlic cniK ni tlii- iiraiii-ln'-, i .lilMn^-,-yliii(lrio, niinim-cil
111 ov.itr lirait-, iMcli witli a -|i"raii).;c in it- axil; ..<iMirfS ^-iinintli on tlu'
liasal -iirlacc.

.\ nii>s.~-ljl<f herl). with numennis tinv le;i\es completelv
coveritit; the >hiirt l)ran^•ln•-^. which termin.ate in dense, oh-
Inn.n;' spikes (iimpii-ed i<\ ■-mall Iitaet^. eaeh one with a sae
cuiitainini; >p"i-ev in jt-, axil.

I.ycof'iiiiiiiiii cl(i:'iihiiii. nf Creepint;' ("luh Moss, has exten-
sixely creepin,i,f -terns and >lmrt. irregular, densely leafy
hranehes. The lea\es are much emwded, incurved, and
tipped with tiny hri-tles. and the spike> j^'nnv in clusters of
from one to four on loui^- peduncles.

Lycof'ixlinin Scldi/a, or j'ir Cluh Moss, has thick. ri»jid.
erect --tein-, the forked luanchcs forminy level-topped clus-
ters.

/.ycdf^iufiiiiii alp'nunn. or .\lpine Cluh Mos<, has elon-
i;ated, creejiim; -tcm>, from which the den-eh' chi-tered
hrauches ri-e. Ihe lea\e- are closeK' imhricated, and
four-ranked. an(l the --pike-^ >o]itary at the to[) of the
hranehes.

Lycopiidimn siuhcnsc. or Arctic Cluh Moss, is found at

«^l<

5.;,

I'

i!

i

58

_ Ferns and Fern Allies

''i^'li ahitiulo. like Alpine Cl.,1, M TT

l-ycopodium amphmatim, or Traihnrr r. •
's a n„..st fascinati.u. plant uifh f ^ ^ Christmas Green.
•TC forked, .-nul eve l" vi • "" '''''^' '^''•'^"^h^^- ^vHich

^'•'•-•'".tips:,:.;:;::':,: ;--^,;^-^^^

'"•■'^ ^'reen lies in the clnst.-r r '■^'''"^' ^^''''^^-

SMALL SELAGINELLA

•^ nioss-iiki' plant Leaves- i it

Si'hK/inclla nihcstrh or p^.i c i •

iV

A

i

If:

W'llJ) FIJJWERS OF THE XORTII
AMERICAN MOUXTAIXS

SECTION II
TREES

if

^

iSi^T'i.

7^^^*

h

Sl'.c Tl< t\ I!

'ri<i:i:s

'■US

I

,1

YEW

■/■/ w/.v l'i;--ih'lia. \ i 'A l":ii-,iily

A tivr tw>,iy I,, liny hi-t hmli. uilh -l<n,Ur, M-rrnlin.^ ..r .InM-pini;
l.ran.lu-. Leaves: il,-.t. nmcn niair. .uuminal.', nNpi.laic. t!ic nia.mn,
uv-lllU-. al.Mipily nair..u,.l at -li, l.a-i^ i,:|,, a -Im.I pcti-li'. Fruit:
scciU lir.'a(!l_\ n\atc. >Miin\\hal tlatlciicl.

A hcamilnl tree with t!,.,) I.ark. aii.l dark m I.- 1 m q .k-
scik's, \\h,,^c i,„i- I)ranJu'- arv i^ially horizontal. Tlic
li-avfs a:o l.ri-lit \ c!!o\\ -;^^:.,,^,„ .j|„,^.^,_ ^-..v^rfd willi a wliilt-
I'l'M'iii hnicatli. and arc pi-rsJM ;iii for four or t'lw \c-ars.
I 1k' trnit is a lovrly red, \k--hy ciii>. i-oiita-'uiiii,^ a hlack.
lion\ -v.-oati'd >c'<.ik

WHITE-BARK PINE

/'iiiiis (;/7v,-,;/(/m. I'liu- |-aniily

An c\iTi;ricii itcf with lailuT .niiM.ili. liulu->-. .lonn',! I)ark. Leaves:
-K-ii.liT, rii;i.l. uiih a Ku p,u^ mI ,1,,,-al -,l..,i,ata u,, tlu inM.lc. enlirr!
nr iii-arly ., . Flowers: >o,rl,i. Fruit: o.n.- maiurinu U\v mo.ii.1
year, sf-il.'. l..,ri -i;tal. >ul,iu-mina!. oval m >.l,,l,nlar, pnrpli.h-hniwn ;
seeds ..\al, aniti.', tiiriiid.

'I'liis tree -ro\v> from twenty to fifty feet hi-Ii, usually at
altitudes hetween 5,<)()() and y.^oo feet, anil is distin.unishe.l
hy the ereaniy-uhite. plate-like .>eales of the I)ark : very
llexihle stout hranrhe-: slightly ineurved leaves, -n.win'i;
in Inindles of live; and horizontal ])ur|)iisli-l)r -\.n cues

Hm

I ii

ff^k

62

Tnu

•s

I' I. rx.. s>v„, stoN are ...,„•„ I,, ,],>■ l,„li;,„- m ,,,,,

MOUNTAIN PINE

/'/;/,<,

/"■ I'nic 1 .iiiiily

Fruit: ,.„,,,,,,,,.,,•,;;:,;;••;,, •:-;'-^ ■>■'-.>.....,...,,.,.,.

'I lit' Miiimt.iiii I

'"^- ''^ 'all and !i,„. uitl, s,.n,,l,..u an,!

soinruli-if Ir ■ 1 I -^l-'^.i'imj,' aiK

M)inc\\nat .ln„,,i,|M- I.raiK' ht-s. I I|.. l,,.!. ,.„ ,.

■ . I ■-■ • 1 111 IMFK Mil \(H|n<r fr,.,.>;

Platos o,«™n,, „„..,,l, „.„. „„r„lc ,cak.s. 1 1,.. „ '
-HH,l™.-,.r„.„.a„Wvnc™l„i,|,,-,l,,v,.|v;,l,,.,,,, ,,.. I

>tl)r<l
"I'lll. prickly pro-

I

t'.uanis the tnp. an.l tcrnnnatc in
tubcrance.

BULL PINE

Piiius f'i'ilcos.,. Pint. V:uw\y

■-I'n": S'; ';;;'■•;;:: ::-;;. '■?""; ';■"•■' '■ "•'■ ••' «ie.i

."■»••»■. ."-"-;. .1';..;. ,;':rt: ,':■"■ , "'t'" -■"' ^■

'■■ .1- -■.^•-.■.":i :l;rx;!:,::7;:,iL' •'-• '- ^ -''">"-

Tlu. l:„ll I'ine „,,,„. fr,„„ „„, |„„„!,,,| ,„„, ,;,.,^
«" u,„.lml fee, hi,.i, a„,| has ,|,„„ ,„„.|< ,„a„v- ,1

larly ,l,v„lc,l nu,, Wa,c.s. and ,se,„ra,c,i nu! ,,,iA ..i;,-:;,

(I

T

rcis

fn

sralcs. Till- Ivavcs arc .lark >*ll..u-;,TiTn. and m nknl li.,
rows of stoiiiata <mi llictlirLT tait-N. I l.iy aic r'rum hvi' u,
eight imhcs lung.

LODGE POLE PINE

flmis i-i>iili'il,i :ar. ^'iiii\i\.iiui. i'iiic I"iinil\

A Mnall. •.irniltr tnc, with vtiv titin l>.irk Leaves: clilio.iitly -t-r-
nil.iif, Fiui»; . n.-. olilunK-oUiulii.,,!, hlixlitly ..I.li.jiti- at Of I^m',
t.i|)»TiiiK tiuvariN iIk i ex.

I lie L .(1-r I'nlr I'liR-. ,,fnii r;,iu.,l |;i;,ik > <v Ja-k I'iiu-.
is very al)iiii<i,iiit ani.mg tlu- iiioinii lin-. and inav al\vav> l>o
rcrogni/cd !)y its liglit ..rai!gi-l)r<.\vn Nark, 'ijie hrainlivs
arc spreading holow. growing uiivwirds near the top, and
forming a pyramidal head; uhilo flu- loaves are light green.
and the small, yellowish-hrown cones ;ire ova! and shining,

LYALL'S LARCH

/.(j//.r Lynllii. J'liif I'.iniily

A -mall trii.'; In,. k-Ius luiri/njit.il an<l a-cfU.JitiL,', tln' tiraiulilfts
aiKJ hiid-sc.il. - densely piiln^ciiit with whitish liairs. Leaves: iiar
niwly liiii'ar. without shtatlis, in t.isciiU-s ,,ii short, latiT.il. s.:il> hn.l-
like hr.-iiu-hlcts, ck-iiilu. > - Flowers: in aiiU'nis, short, lateral, nmnn-
oioiis, statniii.-.tr from Km -, hii.ls, tlic fertile hnd- .oiiiinoiily lealy at
the h.ise, red. Fruit: eoms ohiont;, pr.iin|)tly dnidiioii.s.

Lyall's Larch is a \ery lo\eIy tree It is not an e\er-
.green. Iji Se|)teni1ier. if yon look u\) to where the conifers
greet the edge of the great white tti'ri's. yon will see a zone
of glorious flaming yellow folia.ge adonn'ng the crags ;uid
cliffs, and s-parating tlu- rich green Hemlock. Sprnce, I'ine.
and l-"ir from the purity of the perjietiial snows. This yel-
low slieen is the autumn (hcss of the Lwill's L.irches: for
when the hrief al|)ine suutmer is past the leave> of the.se
beautiful trees, which gn ^ in clusters out of woodv cujjs.

4S

If;

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TSST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2)

^ APPLIED IM/IGE Jr

^^. '653 East Mam "Stfee?

5r,S ''ocheslc'-, Ne* "oru "4603 ^3A

'-SS ;^i6^ 482 - 030G - Pr^o-.e

^^^ '^16; 288 - =■-98-^ - Vo,

'v-ms^w3c-waF=~:is'. ■-gwa^^M'Bji a-vm piiu.hiiji ■■.»- ^'aaivtH.-.s.'. •

PLATE III

Lpy:

I-(||k;e Poi.k pixE

il'iitHS cuiitoria r,;r. Murniy.uia)

64

''^r^±''iwi *■ ■^«i'?vsswsi;ir'.

Trees

(>;

and in July ;iri- a tiMuk-r pale j^rt'en, turn .Ljiildcn-lnud lict'on.'
llicy fall.

TIk' coiifs are small and daintv and -iinn drup ,itY, It i>
very pleasant to pan^e awhile anmn^rst a i;rip\e <i\ tlu-i' e\-
fpiisite feathery apple-^aeen Larehe.s, and recall the w^rds
lit line will) >aid :

" I'.fliird iiu' lay llii' force's hii>lu'l uil!i slcrp ;
\'"'\c nu' in it> nr.niiU' inau' ly.

rpliiii\ liki'. tlic peak llirn' -iU iit ci iitiirii-
Mel !!:c liiTiial (pii'^ti'iii ni' tlu' ^ky.

XiclMf at la^t — tliroiH'il nn tlie iTaHijiil lu-ii:lit
I scan till' Kricn ^tii'ii> i>f tlu' nii.mitaiii ^i(U
WIktc late I ti'ik'd. TIr' tMrcsl lan(K -trttrli wide,

And in lifip \alk'.\s farms ji't-'ani far ,-,nd uliiic,

Vistas nf di->t;uux- lircak niion my >iiiht.

riu' piiii)lcd plain cri-cp> lo tlio -ky's Mnc rim,
W'luTc new l)cak^ j^atlicr stili-tanrfle--- and ■nni,

As lialt-rfnH'!nl)eri,'<l dreams at nountinu- li^lil.

" lietween two silences my sotd llnats ^till

As any white clinid in iliis vnnn\ air.

,\'n sonnd I if li\in^' lireaks npnti my I'ar,
No strain of thought — no re>tle-> Imman will —

Oidy the virgin (piiet, e\eryuhire —

I''artll never seemed --o far, or Heaven -o near.
In the awed silence of this dim high place

One keeping vigil might not tear, indeed,

If it hefel! hint as th.at man of nld,
\\'\U) in the motmt.iin met (lod face to face."

WHITE SPRUCE

r'uwi iaiiiulriisis. Pine I'amily

A tnll tree. Leaves: incnr\ed, acme, terminating in rigid cillons
tips. Flowers: staminate jiale red, >onn ajipiariiig yellow from the
thick covering of pollen. Fruit: cones nearly ^es-ile, pendiiloti-, ohloiig-
cylindrical, ohtnse at the apex.

The White Siinice has im])lcasant-sinellin,cf fnlia^e. 'I''ie
branches sweep nut in .i,Taceful eiir\es, and the tree is \) ■ -

, y

t ■ i

^%4

k

i i

PLATE IV

Iff"

Engelmann's Si-rice
(Picca Engelmatini)

66

Trees

67

iiiidal in outline. The sharp pointed needles, which are
inserted sin^dy, are crowded on the upper side of the
hraiiches I)y tlie twistinj^f of those on the under side, and
are hglit hhie-j;reen or hhiish in colour. The pendulous
cones are ohlonj; and j^reen tinj^ed with red, becoming pale
hrown and lustrous at maturity.

HI ' -^

ENGELMANN'S SPRUCE

I'icca liiii^i'Iiiianni. Pine Family

.'\ii evergreen tree, fifty to one luuulred and tilty feet liigli, two to
five feet in diameter, vvitli spreading branches in regular wliorls and
piil)escent Ijranchlets. Leaves: keeled above and beneath, tretrai-VMial,
acute. Flowers: staminate ones dark purple, axillary and terminal
on the pres ions year's branchlets, oblong-cylindrical ; pistillate aments
bright scarlet, borne at the ends of the branchlets. Fruit: "-ones pen-
dulous, seeds imbedded in the membranous base of the wing.

Mngelmann'.s Spruce grows between 5,000 and 7,000 feet
in the mountains, and is a very disagreea])le-smelling tree.
It is widely distributed, and has rich cinnamon-coloured
bark, and sharp pointed blue-green leaves which are in-
serted singly and stand out in all directions from the vigor-
ous branches, that grow in whorls round the stem. Many
tiny branchlets hang from the main branches. When you
take hold of a branch of this tree the leaves feel harsh, and
the ends of them will hurt your hnnd. The drooping cones
mature the first year, they are green tinged with reddish-
purple, and when mature become a light chestnut brown.

BALSAM FIR

Abii'S lasiocarf^a. Pine Family

An evergreen tree fifty to seventy-five feet high. Leaves: those of
the main branches linear, rounded or notched at the apex, those of
the branchlets flattened, and with long rigid points. Flowers: the
staminate indigo-blue, from tiie a.xils of the previous year's leaves ; the

I

llff'

i

(.1 bit's /(/.v(()^(I.■•,^,7)
68

',

I!

il

gr/iiJ^mt -T'Ki-^lttjaM'i -&rau

Tri'dt

fn)

lii^tilliite with vink-t, uliuvati- mmIi-s, latiT.iI, rrert. Fruit: (.•nc^ trrit,
c\ lindric.il tn dvni"!, tlii-ir liniad nlittisc scalis fli'iidiKni-- lri>in tlu- pcr-
>ist<.'iit ciiitral a\i^.

This small conifer has sniDoth Iiark (h\i(k<l hv ^hallow
fissure's soiiK-what rniijrlKMicd hy ciiiiianicii-ri'il si-.iK-;. and
droopinj,' lower hraiK-lu-s. the upper ones t'onniiiL;- ^pire like
heads. If ynn take hold of a hraneh it feeK <|iiite ^^ft in
the hand. The nee(lle> which are rounded or -hallow -
notched at the apex, are whiti>h lielow with a i;rei'n niiilrih
and the two resin-ducts are iinhedded in ihem. The hud-
are -mall, round and .j^iiininv.

WESTERN HEMLOCK

Tsioni lu-liTi'i hxiui. I'iiu- I amily

A t;'.ll, i'\iT'4rccii tret' Leaves: llat or -■iiicwli.it anyliNl, linear,
aliruptly pftinKil, iiiliro <>r .siiiiuiIuM'-srrratt- tuvvard^ tlu' iMnndcd afix.
Flowers: the -taininatc <<uvs yi-llow, a ^ulpuhihuse chi^tcr ni -t.nni'ii^
ill the axil> nt la-I year'> leaves: the pistillate imes terniiii.il ir,\ the
I)re\iiins year's liraiielilet-. Fruit: eoius pendnlnu^, very sm.ill, (ililoiiK-
eylindrieal, acute, >li^htly pnt)e>ceiit.

This tree has reddish-hrown hark ami conspicuouslv
fjrooved leaves, which are rounded at the apex, dark ^reen,
and very lustrous on the top, and marked I)elow hv hroad
white hands. The folias,^' has a i^eneraily feathery appear-
ance, and the cones are \erv small.

M

!

MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK

Tsi(:^ti M cririisiana. I'iiie I'^aniily

A larifc, everi:reen tree, with >lender ixiliesant hranchlets, .Mid dark
^recii foliaiie. Leaves: aii.mdar, aeiiti>h, ;ittennate ,it tiie li,i>e, often
curved, tumat()>e and kee]e<l un Imth sides, niKi|nal. .ippe.ariii).; as if in
fascicles. Flowers: the staniin.ite ones nn very •-lendci (lriiu])in,L; stems;
the pi-till.ite ones erect. Fruit: cones oljlonK-cylindrie il, l.irge.

It 4

PLATE VI

Eh .

Mountain Hemlock
(Tsuna Mcrti-iisuina)

TO

J

:e ;

Trees

I

\\i

Tliis Hciiiloik lias lc.-ivf», u liicli arc liriiilit unoii Imlli
alj()vc and hclow, standiti},' out iroiii all sides of tin- hraiulu-.
a!id cones which are erect \\he:i yoiiiii,'. and iici\du!o\is at
maturity.

DOUGLAS FIR

I'scuJotsuiiii tiixihiliii, I'liu Family

A \cry larm' trii. I'lniii niic liiiiulrfil ti> ilirti- Immlnil lii't liiuli, tu"
lo til'tccii fi'ct ill (li.iiiuttr. Leaves: lunar, oIiIum', uitli t\M) laiiral
roin-ihicls cIum- tu tlie ciiiilerir.is I'f tlii' li>\vir nuIc. Flowers: iii"iiii-
cioiis, fmin the axiK of tlu- prcviniis yi-ar'> kave^ ; tlit; -l innnati nms
an oliloiiK column Mirromifkil ami partly tiul .,t'(l l.y nmmrnii-, imh-
spicuon.s l)ii(l-scalcs : tla- jH'-tillati' uni'^ willi scales miuii sii^irtir lli an tlu-
iini-ar, ari>tate lirafis. Fruit: tlu' i-oiics maturing tlit- lirsi year, witii
persistent scak-s aiul cxscrted kracts.

'I'his j,'rand tree is one of the glories of the forest, with
its j^lossy, crowded leaves, which are rounded at the apex,
yelhnvish-green on the top and have a j.,Meen niidnerve he-
neath. Its enormous tnnik. covered with rou.i.;h, brown
bark, stands up tall and straij^ht like a |.,n.iiantic shijj's nia>t,
while the cones are pendant on lonj,' stout .stems, and have
fident-shaped bracts below the scales.

RED CEDAR

Thuya /'/iki/cJ. I'iiic I'nmily

' tree, with thin, tikrons k;irk-, .and scattered kraiulu-.. Leaves:
site, ovate, acuminate, snk|)nn>»eiit. adnate, iiukricatid in l"nr
rows Flowers: terminal, ikc staminau (nie^ numerous, very ^umII.
Fruit: cones maturing tlie first season, small, soon strongly rellexed

A tree which grows as hifjh as two hundred and fifty feet,
and has very beautiful, shininp; everjjreen foli;ij^e. The
cones are cinnamon-coloured, and thickly clustered at the
ends of the branchlets, the seeds being compressed, and

^

'

PI.ATK MI

n

f

L

I\'kii C"kiiah
( ■/'Aim,, />//,,,/,; )

72

7

ties

lU'.'irK n|ii;ill\ \\inu:iil. I lu' lliiii li;irk i> lMii,'lit iiini;im'>n
rc<l. .iinl liriikcii I III ilu' Mtrtair mtn IhHl; ii.irr"U , m.^i- ,iri|t>.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER

Jiiiiip, I ii.s M •■[III I mil. I'liu' I- .mill)

A III' uii I'l I'.i'iv iiiiliiLili. Leaves: ■.|i|i">itf 111 p'l'''-. -piiii > I'Pin'iI,
iln-iK .ijijiii -•(•cl. inil.ri' .(.1. 1. i!ir 1 ii'kr.l, uiiu. Fruit: luirj like
I'liiii--, i;l.iiu'"ii-, Ip.iiiii- 1.11 -IV,, milt inili!iu-Ir like liraiiililcl ^.

riii> i^ lilt' luiiiprr \'r^\' <<i \\\v \\\'-t. \\lii>-f Iiraiu'lu'^
aii|nar i|!Milraiii,nlai "U iii^ 1' i llic tlatliiii'cl iiiauiuT in wlncli
tlu- t'l lur-raiikril k'a\i'> •j.r<>\\ mi tlu- twiu- I ln' ln-rrv -like
iiiiii-. ari' iirij^lit liliu', ^wi-rt, ami (.'in crcd with a uliitixli

llll icilll.

Jtinipcnis lu>ri:ontalis. '>r ( ri'i'i'int; luniiKT. is a (lr|in.'s>«(.'il.
ami ii-tia11\ ]iri>rniiilRiit -liriili, -.(.•Idnin ,L;ri)U iii<,f nmrr than
thrt.'c tcft hi.^h. It> Kmm^ an- similar tc. tlmsc ut' tlu' Ki'iky
Moiiinain Jiuiiiiir, ami it^ fruit is a hhic hcrry-liki' i mk.-.
niiilainiii;^ mu' to t'lHir sfids, whc-rcas iho prci'CMlini; species
is 1 inl\ c piu- t'l t\\i ' si'dlcd.

junil'cnis iniiiniiinis :ar. tiwutana. nr Alpmc Juiiiprr, is
a \cr\ (k pressed, aliiinst pnistrati- spoi-ies of Inniprr, which
fiTiUs (ill tln' i;iiiti"i| lar;4e lircular iiaulu's that sdnu'tiiiK's
extiiul til t(.i; Iret in iliainetii . It ,L;ni\\s at extreiiifl} hii^li
altitmks, ami i^ > iiu' of the last sii^ns <if ve.u'etatinii em-niin-
tered mar the tree-line. The !ea\es, which densely cmer
the liramlies, are channelled, and s, niiftinies whitened mi the
surface: the\ are >(.•! in \i.'rticils ot three mi the twi^^s. 'ihe
emies are herrx-like, heiiu' munded. siiKioth. an<l dark hlne.

,^'

HOARY xLLOW

.V(;/(.r Candida. Willow l''ainily

All (Tci't -Iinil). .T ,aves: iiii'-i-A-iiilv w liitc-t"mriit"M.- In'iu-atli, urt-i'ti
iii.l liii.-iK .(.iiHiit. '-1 ali'iM', ..IiImhi; kiiuiulati-. thick, -pariiiiily ilfiitate

\ ^

74

I'viU

$

^^_^^ O "..IrK. Fru.t. a .ars.K, ...„„| ,.„,,. ,,„„_ ,,^.,„^,,^, ,„,,,^.^^

TiK- ,.Mi,„c.,| |,,vc.s of ,|H. II.,,,., xvii,,,,, ,,^. ,„,,,„^,,^.

;;;''--;'''^-l--aII>I.nK.a,l.an.|,!u.n,|.tvloi.tluvc
2;- '•'--;''- >'iKnK.s. Tl.c..I.k.r.ui^s..f,|,is.I,n,l,

an. t K- yonn;;cT ...ks arc- u h,tcMv....||v I.kc- tl.c loaves
JaUs /u,nlayi, or DardaVs WiHou. ha. .lark i.rown

jjsa,u .nalU-avc.. winch arc a pale, rcnH.n^
<larkc. o„ ,h, top. Son.ct.nH-s yo„ will fm.l o„ ,his Willow
a nnn.kT of curions rosc-l.kc arra„ronu-nts .mninati,,,. the
l>ram,..s.,hcscarcMla.rc.suh..fthcuorkofa^^^^^^^^^^
Kan u.sm an.l look exactly like re.Mish-.reen roses.

.S„/u l.rrattnnu, or narratt's Willow, is a s.nail tree

andTlT. '•; ■;■" *" '''' '''•' '■•■^^"- -^" '-^"^^ ^-v hark.
. oh .,.. . ark ^ree„ leaves, uhich heco.ne rusty heneath

. n^ tl T": "■' ^"'■^' ''^"^<^'>-'l"-^recl. the scales

' n.' i.lack or red at the apex, an.l woolly with Ion, white

.y.,/M- nchhiana, or I'.rown Willow, is sometimes a shrnh
a".l son,etnnes a hushy tree twenty-five feet hi,h. It has
^•"•l;-'l. l><>."t.-.l. ,ray-,reen leaves, often tinned with red
<"' the npper surface, and w.,ollv underneath

.S.///.r mralis. or Alpine Willow, is a small species ,r.-w-
in, very high up on the m..untains

.SWm- f,ctn>f^i,iia, or Dwarf Willow, is a low creeping
s K w.th narnnv leaves al..>.,t an inch Ion,, which Lve

Saliv rcstita, or Hairy Willo„. .s a low shruh with four-
.s..led green tw,,s, and thick. e„-shaped leaves, which have

mm.'^

^y-iM'^'.

iJIL^'

Trt'fs

•?

>lij4hti .i\ V iii.ir^iiH dark ^n-tn ami ".mmilli t.ti tlu' t<i|».
and silky timlrnuMlli. Tlii' amiT.ts arc stalked, aiil tin-
capsuU's arc drii^tly silky-li.iir\ .

.V(;//.r sitiliiiisis. <>r Sitka \\ ■" <\\ , \> a stra^jj^Iiiiij -hrnl).
or a iiunli-'iramlu'il trvc, iili n-ddisli-lirnuti liark. -'■ ndcr,
(li-wiiy Itraiulu's, and Iravi's wliirli arr dark L^rtrti alimc.
and tliiikly tii\ci»(| lii-iifiili uilli ln~u i«. ».itiin 1, iir>.

Salix iiritiiii, nr Antii' \\ dl^w. j, a l^u liraiu limi,' slirtil>.
with cjl:,l,'— liapitl Iia\i's narrowed at tlii' iia--i'. and L;ro\\in.L;
on lon}4 lial'-stalks.

ASPCN POPLAR

l\<['\ilus III iinil,iiil,-<. l'"iM,ir l'";imily

A sicivler tm- wiili ■ . >fll"\vi>li Itmssii cir |>.i!c I'.irk. Leaves:
ovnti-, slinrt-licnmiiKitc at ilic :iiii\, liiu'lv (Ttiiiilalr, numili-'l '.r >iili-
i >r<latf at tlif l)a^i'. Flowers: Amint^ (IroLpim,'. iliii^t-. Fruit: cap-
sule iniiic, aiMitr, |iaiiilli-c.

Tlie Aspen Toplar i> '>m- of the prettiest trees aniniii; the
monntains. and when the wind hlows its tiny heart-shaped
leaves, j^rowiny; <in very slender little stalks, treinMt with :r
soft rattliiii,' sonnd. The i^)wers jjrow in rather stont cat-
kins.

Popuhis Intlsaiiiifrrd. or I'.aliii of (iilead as leaves
rounded at the hase and pointed at the ;ipex. lif • toothed,
and with slij^htly revolnte inarj,nns, that are dark j^reen aho\e
and pale j,Teen and soniewh.at riisty hclow. This tree ijrows
to a hundred feet in heii^ht, has stout erect l)ranches. more
or less contorted towards the ends, and hmw ii hark tini,H'd
with red. which on older trunks hecoincs .L,'reyish and divided
into l)roa(l ridf^cs covered with closely appressed scales.

Popiilus trkhiH-arpii, or Western I'alsani Toplar. has
smooth ashy-tjrcy hark, ami stout ui)ri,i;ht s])readinj;
branches. The large buds are very fragrant and resinous,

W'

i

'■■n

'ill

U

ii«

76_

and the !c;i\cs, which ir
liiicly todtlicd, (lark

ri'i's

row on Ion<r stalks, arc

c<,rj,'-sh;i

I ted.

io..tnc(l. (lark <,^rccn on tlic top and (,nite pale hcneath.
I lie catknis arc slender.

/'oM".s' ocumimtta, or Cottonwood, is a nnicl, smaller
tree than the precedin- species. It has stout spreadin-^ as-
a-n(hn,i;- hranches forniin- a nmnded head, verv pointed
leaves winch are toothed except near the apex and'ha^c and
pale j,rrey-hr.nvn hark divided into l.road Hat ridges. The
I'ark on the yonn- stems and the branches is s.nooth and
nearly white.

BLACK BIRCH

HcIhLi foHliiuilis. Ilircli I'ainily
A tree with sn)n,„h l,n.,uo W.vk. Leaves: l.ma.lly ..vatc. acute

Flowers >ta,n.Ma,e a-nents cInMere.l ui,l, l,,lu l,n,wn .caks. ,„.>illat
..nens .h,„t-.talke.l. ui,l, ..ate anUe .ree„ .-al.. Fruit truh.
cylMHincal. ,,ul.erul,.„s, erect ..r ,e,u'„l„„s .,„ slen,ler stalks.

Tlu' lilack I'.irch is a small tree with slender spreading
1)cndtd..ns branches and Instnms copper or hronxe hark
Hie leaves are l.n.ad. and pointed at the apex, pale -reen
aI.ove. and yellowish with minute -landular d..ts below
t KMr short stems often sli<,d,tly reddened, and thev turn com-
pletely yellow m the autunni before fallins,'.

Bctula alba var. M/^yrifrra. or I'aper "liirch. is a lar-e
forest tree, with outer lustrous white bark peclin^r off ?„
thin layers, and <hscl,.sin- the inner oran-e stir face The
leaves are ovate, very pointed, also carselv double-toothed
all round, and rounded at the base.

_ Bcfula fjlamhilosa, or 1 )warf I'.irch. is a stnall shrub -row-
in,^^ from one to live feet hi-h. or procumbent at hish alti-
tudes, with Glandular, warty twigs, and rounded leaves
bluntly toothed.

fl'CS

//

MOUNTAIN ALDER

.llinis siiiiiiitt!. I'.in-li i'amilv

A sni;ill iri'i- <<r -Iinil). Leaves: cwitc. :icimiiiirilc, mI,iii-i- or i-rrnati-
at tlif lia-i'. Flowers: ameut- ..f lu'lli kiiicN on loiii;, -IciuIit ih'iIiiikIi'-.

'I'lic Mniint.iin AIiUt has ratluT dark bark, and Iiri^lu
s,M-crn U'a\cs, \\ln\li arc dotihly tontlu-d, thin, and \ctv
.i;un!niy whni yinini^-. 'IIk' staniin.alf aniriits ;iro ]n'n(hilnus,
hkc r;itkin'-. .and the pistillate i>iU'> arc nmndcd .and vvvvi.

.Ihiii.s- siliiu-ii.sis. i>y Siic'ckU'd AIcUt. has hmun l).ark. .and
broack'r k'axrs lli.in the prcrtvhni;- -pri-ies. these k'.aves are
acntely di nihly-tnMthed h.i^ht .i^reen on h. ith -ides, and
speckled with white. iliis tree .urows in wet pkiccs.

WESTERN MOUNTAIN ASH

Pynis s<'iii!'iicif,'liu. Ro-c l^iinily

Leaves: alli'rnato, iiinnati-; Icalli-t^ m.'\(.'1i to tittron. laiu'i'olali'. sliort-
l>oititi il at till' a]if\, sharply si'iTatt'. iilalnons ami daik yrci'ii ,il)o\c, pale
.-md iiiorr or K -- piiln-rrnt iiciuatli. P'lowers: uliilr. iii tiriiiiiial com-
poiiiid I'viiivs : calv \-tiil)r nrn--liapi-i!, t"i\ t'-lolird, not Kraitcol.itc : pftaN
five, sprcadiiiL;, -liort-clawid. Fruit: a >niall, n-d, iicrry-IiUi- poini-, liiitiT.

This is the Rdwan 'l>ec of the nionnt.ain reqinns, and a
very haiKNoiiH- shrtih or tree it is. soinetinics attainini,^ ;i
hci!.;ht of twenty feet, hut nsn.ally i;n)wint( onlv from six
to llfteen feet hii;h.

'i'he k-a\es ;irc (kark i^recn on the top .and a much p.ak'r
hue ^eiieatli. The llower-hnds ;ire a (k'hcate sh.ide of
creain\- pink, and ttirn whitr when thi'v CNp.and in the sun-
shine, the \\ide-o])en lilo--, ,!ns havini,^ a (kirkened appear-
ance in their centres, caused by tlie numerous stamens.
This sliriil) is found at ^rcat altituik-s. j^rowinj^ ck)se to the
edije of ])erpetu;il >now ;md ijcarinj.,'' (piantities of splctichd
f(jha,::,'e and huq;e chistcred cymes of soft-tinted flowers,
which (h'ffu'e an extremely puniLTent odour.

;h'

Id

^■\u

4'i

pn

• 'I

78

T

rees

|;:

The Kowan Tree is famed in verse and lejj^end. hut surely
no tenderer poem was ever penned in its honour than the
old immortal sonjj;:

"() R,.\v,-m tree! O K..\van tree! tlmu "It aye he dear to me;
I'".titw!tie<l tlioii art wi' numy ties o' liaiiic and infancy.
Illy leaves were aye the f.rst n' sprinn, thy llowers the "simmer's pride;
1 liere w.is nae sic a honnie tree in a' the cunntrie side,

O Rowan tree!

"Hew fair wert thou in simmer time, wi" a' thy clusters white!
How rich and ^ay thy aiitmnn dress, wi" herries red and hrisht!
We sat aneath thy sprea.linK shade ; the hairnies round thee ran ;
They pu'd thy honnie herries re.l. and necklaces they Strang,

I) R<>wan tree ! "

WESTERN CHOKE CHERRY

J'lunus driiiissd. Rose Family
A small tree ..r shrni). attaiiniijr ;, heijj:ht of thirty feet, hut usually
smaller. Leaves: ohovate, thick, acute at the apex, short-serrate.
Flowers: racemes densely-tlowered, terminating leatly hranches. Fruit:
a drupe, glolmse, stone ^lohular.

This Cherry has lonj^-shaped clusters of small white
flowers at the etuis of the leafy hranches. and the edihle
frtiit is tleshy, dark purple, and sweet, hut slightly astringent,
the seed containing pnissic acid.

DWARF MAPLE

-•/<■<•;- i^labnim. Maple Family

A small tree or shrnh, with a maximum height of thirty-five feet.
Leaves: opposite, simple, palmately lohcd, the lohes acute, sharply ser-
rate. Flowers: in numerous small, lateral and terminal sessile, corymb-
like racemes. Fruit: of two long- winged samaras, joined at the base,
one seeded, glabrous, shining, little diverging.

This is the Maple of the mountains, and has lovely foliage,
greenish-yellow flowers, and quantities of long-winged
fruit.

"""nliBiaiiu

i

llr

WILD FI.OWRRS OF TIIR XORTII
AxMKRICAX MOUXTAIXS

SI<:CTIOX III
REEDS. GRASSES. SEDGES AXD RL'SHES

' ;'

!

mer^\mf^'m['jiki^'r'i - ->'^''"ie-

ti

si-:c"ii( ).\ III

REEDS, CRASSI'S. Si:i)(,i:s AXI) RL'Slll-.s

BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL

lyrlui lali!,'ii,:. Cn-t.-nl I'.niiily
Stems: stout. Leaves: nearly c,|nai;i„« ,,r c-xaH.!in- thf <tfm.
Inu'ar, Hat, cnMfnriii. will. slii-ailnn« l,a>,.. Flowers: vorv i.MnRT..n. in
• Irnsc, tunnnal s'iU-. Fruit: nnt likr. .small, mm,.,,:, ^plntin.n ,,n uir.

A oniniiK.ii niarsli plant, with hm- ril.l..m-likc k-avcs, and
a tall >lc'in Minno'intnl l.y a (kiiM-. .lark-l,rMun i1..\vit spike.
'I'lic .)!(! Italian .Makers fiv.|unitly jKiintul the Cat-tail in
flic hand ui the Savieur as a ni(,d<-sccpti-c in tlu-ir pirtnrcs
of tile Cnmiiin^r oi the Christ with 'Ihonis. It is ottcn
(.■oiituscd with the lltilrush (Srirpns).

SIMPLE-STEMMED BUR-REED

Stari^aiiiniii siiii/^hw. I'.nr-Rcivl I'amily
Stems: cm-t or lloatins. Leaves: nior,. or Ics- tri,nu-tron.. lin.ar al-
ternate Flowers: cKn^K cruu,!c.l in l,l,,l.,„c. lua.ls a. tar n|,|„-r pari
of till- stem. Fruit: nni-like. onc-cilU'il.

I;i h".i:-. .ind at the c<Iov of nmnntain ponds and streams,
this common I'.ur-reed is very ahnndant. It mav readily he
re.-o^niized. .so perfectly does its name desrrihe it^ two chief
characteristics, namely its hnrdike hn.wnish tlower-heads,
and reed-like stems.

81

82

^1

i ''

Ri^s. Grasses. Sedtjcs and Rush

es

;•?-*-'
-■•K

MARSH ARROW GRASS

r>i:;l,ulmi t<,iliistns. Arrow-Ki >^ Family
Ju!rte^: Rootstock: .hort. ..Mi.,,,, .i„, sl.ukT, f„«,.ui„us
jnn...,t,. neH.ace....s, ..f three o.ncavc ...a.s a.ui .... petal. Fruit:

A marsh plant, with narrow loaves tapc-rini,' to a point
and j,n-c-cn,>h-ycIIou- llowcr.> nrouin.t,' in a lon-shapcc! hcacl.'

ALPINE TIMOTHY

I'hlcuin iil/'iiiiim. (iiass l-"amilv
Clum: Rla1,ro,,s. erect, .i.nple. sheaths .,f,en u.nU shorter ,han ,he
mt rn .1,, s,„„ei,„u., 1„„,,,. Leaves: sn,....,h hc.a.h. scahn.t.s al.-ve
S>pike: sliort. ovoi.l to <.l,l<,„p. cylin.lric.

A pm-nnial -rass, with Hat leaves, and numerous dense
one-dowered .spikelets.

CaUwnu/roslis ca,mhv,sis, or Bhie-foint Grass, has Hat
leaves, and open panicles of a purplish colour. It ijrows
principall in wet meadows.

Poa alpina, or Alpine Spear Grass, has short, pointed
iii^xy^^, and panicles from one to three inches in Ici-t!-.

1-cstuca ovina. or Sheep's I-escne Grass, .i^rows in a tiifted
fashion, and has thread-hke leaves growing, fron, the hase
of the i.lant. its panicles heincr often one-sided and tlattened.
It :s ahundant in dry meadows, and rockv places

Bronius Rkhardsonii, or Frin-ed P.rome Grass, resem-
bles oats, and has wide leaves which are sm, ih beneath
a"<I rouj^h on the top. The panicle is composed of nianv
branches, each one terminating in spreading or drooping
spikelets, with tiny awns.

Ilordcum jubatum. or Squirrel-tail Grass, is one of the
bandsomest and most remarkable grasses in mountain re-

£~«e^ -iv**,)^"^-

Reeds, Grasses, SeJt/es and Rushes 83

gions. The spikelets with their slender, nm-rh awns fmiii
an inch to two and a half inches loni,'. re>^clnllle harhs. and
these awns turn to a warm, rich red(h>h hue as tlie stiniiiicr
advances, and present a heautit'nl appearance as lhe\ swiiij,'
and s\vay in the wind.

" In the snniiiKT of the sumniiT, when the h.i/y air is swcit
With the hreaih of ■•rinisoii vlover. ami the ilay's a-^hiiie witli lieat,
When the sky is hhie ami htiniiiiij and tiic ilmuK a (l'n\n_\ ina>s.
When the bree-^e is idly <lawdlinf<, tlitri' i^ inii-ic in lije y,r;\<,-

"jti'>t a tliistly, wliistly -ound
In the laiiHk-. near the Kninnd ;
And the tiittinK fairies often >tu|) to li>ter. as iliey |m>> ;
Just a lisping, whisp'rini; inne,
Like a imnihleliee's ha.s-oon.
In a far-away fantasia, is the inii>ic in the yrass.

"Would you know wiiat make-- tlie innsic? On each slender, (|uivering
Made
There art notes and chords and phra-es hy the he<s and crickets

played ;
And the gra-shoppcrs and locusts strive each other to surpa--;>
In their hrav intcrpietalii'U of the niu>ic in ilic .uras-..

" Hy the roi,'uish hree/es tost
^'ou might think it would ^ct Inst,
But the careful fairies guard it, watciiing closely as they pass.
So on every sunmier day.
Sounding faint ami far away.
Is the mystic, murmuring marvel of the nui-ic in the grass."

I

\\

HARE'S TAIL

Erioplionan callitrix. Sedge Family

Perennial by rooistock. Culm: obtusely triangular, stiff, smooth, slen-
der. Leaves: filiform, clianneled ; spikelet terminal, solitarv, erect;
involucre none: scales spirally iml)ricate<l, ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, purplish-brown, membranous; bristles numerous, white or slightly
yellowish, weak.

■ai

PLATK VIII

li.\KK'> T.\:i.

(hiii'fltonii! caUitnx)

84

fi

"WHHJ <*-

Reeds, Grasses, Sedtjes and Riishct Hj;

Close lic'sidf till- iii;iry;iiis nf tlic alpiiu' I.ikcs ami ^I^^.lln•^
may this >< iti tltilV) IicaiU'd Svilj^v \k- lumi'l. It lia> a I. ill
culm, tun I If tliri'i- >Kii(Ut c'lianiiclk-il k'.i\r>. .uul a >iiij;k-
terminal white ur eream-eitlcure'l head (.••'iiiiin-ed i>\ line
silky bristles.

liriophonnn (iii/iislifuliiiiii. or ("nttun ( iras>. ha^ \ery
iiarruw lea\e-.. and i> a mailer, ni<>re delicate jilant than the
p'ecedinj; >liecies.

ARCTIC KOBHESIA

Kiil'ii'.uii I'if'iirhl.i. Sfclu.- l'.imil\

Culms: quinary dP tni'icil, ^iii."iili. Leaves: iini'ililfl, -Iii.ihr ili.m
tile cnlni. Spike: I'diiipuMil i.i -i'M.ral limar. .iiipii'^-iil "r a-.iinliiiK
siiikclit-'. Fruit: aclu'us >t^-ili'.

This slender moniitain Sedi^'e has ;> nnniher >'\ short, nar-
row leaves, .and (lowers .^rowini,' in ;i ter-'iinal spike. A
\erv comiui m plant.

Kiihn-sid lu'lliirdi. or Ari'tic h'.lxtia, is more drn-^ely tnfied
than the precedin;.,^ specie^, .md the m.iM;in> <>i i\\v li;i\es
are rcM 'lute.

TUSSOCK SEDGE

('ijr(M- fcsli;,!. Si'<1l;c I'"aii;il\

Stems: triansn, ar. Leaves: tin- iqiinr ImiLji^t, i-niiniKiiily -linricr Miaii
till" strin. Heads: ilark. kiriiyindns, ^;)ikl■^ ovoid, i-oiiiij^iiou, in an ol)-
loii^j or crowded si>luTic,d ilii'-tiT.

These q'rass-likc Sed<jes arc extremely nnineroiis. The
Tussock Sedi^c has hroun-pnrple spikes, and rouj^di-m.ir-
j^ined leaves.

L\irr.i- f^yroiaica, or Dwarf Sedtj:c. is a sm.all species, very
leafy at the base, and densely-llowe'-ed. It ^tows at IiiLjh
altitudes.

Carcx Mcrtcnsii, or Merten's Sed,t,a', has slemler, erect

< ill

\. "-iT i^/w^r-'kr-

86

Ri'ftis, Grmu's. Snh/i's nnd Rnsfies

<nns. ul.Hl, arc. n>„,h on .lu- vny .harp an.los, The
^:n- a,^ hrna.l an.| ,lat. ;m.I ,hc. spik,. .h...,.p,„. ,,, ,,i„^
stalks. I, ;;rnus at the v,h^, „| hij,^, ,n.,nntai s.rca.ns

( <»r.y ,n,ru„ns. .,r lll.uk S.,I«c-. i. |.,,fv at the I.a.ethe
|-au-sU.rMnn;.tM.^„Mc.ry sharp pom^ Th.spikcsar.nl-
"•-tl.l.uk. ",rou.,nu.tnK-a.lousathi,^hck.vat..,ns
(>'rrr ^/^ •./,-,., ..r R.,,,, Sc-,l,v. ha. leaves which often
nii\( and enil. an.! a s.-htarv. tenninal spike.

IH

ALPINE BOG RUSH

J nil, IIS M.il,-iisi,niiis. K'livl, |-.T,„ily
Stems: wc.iK fn.ii, in,-,it,,| |.|,„.|, L*av«. i; i

.••I'ln.lati- ;it iMcli i-ii.l. t«nm. ni,my-Mr.l,..l,

A swa.np plam. with lo„. .rass-like leaves, and a single.

M. -unt.n^ ''-P'tl. 'ronMhe stems ..f the Fnncns
ua.,Jonnerly used as w.eks f..r the old-fashiuned ^ rush-

J>nuus Iri.iUnni., or Three-llowered Hoj, R„sh. has all
'.>a caves vv H, Hasping sheaths, the l.lades short and blunt.
I IH three-llouere.] hea.l f^nuws at the t.,p „f ,he stem

slen l"'";" '!;'"""""""'■ '- l)nnn,n..nd-s H... Rnsh. ha's very
^".Icr tall sten.s. and si,eathinj, leaves. The panicle i^
j,'reenish-l)r()\vn.

Junius I'an-yi. ..r Parry's Ho. Rush, .rows from three to
Un n.ches h,oh. an.l has inner leaf-heann- sheaths The
leaves are ^rooved at the l.ase. an.l „n,cl, shorter than the
stems ; wlule the panicle of inconspienntis l,losson,s is loosely-
Houered. the tloral leaves hein,. ti.i-ed with hrown

Ri'fds, Grant's, Sfilfft'i iiml Rushes H7

SMALL-FLOWERED WOOD RUSH

l.uzuLi f'iK I itl>\i. Un^li I'.iinily

Stems: ■.innU' or ffw in a tni'i >t..|MiiiiiTi.ii», cir.t Leaves: uli'inm-i.
Flowers: 1" ■■ sjnylj nr ^niiu'tinu^ tun nr thnr t'^vntlur mi ilir
liraiK'lii'- (if tin- iiitliri'-ii'iKH" on ■^llnlUT pulicil^. Fruit: -lul- i irr.iwly

A |KTi'tiiii;il pl.iiit, willi k';i\(.'< f;ii»friiii,^ to ,1 sli,ir|i puiiu,
and a ii'xldinj,', (ItcoiiiiK im , ^rri'iiisli-hfiu ti |i;iiiii!f. I In-
W'ootI Uii-lir-. arc rat'uT dfi^fiuTatt.', a> llir -milk'^-, 1imiu-v-
k"^'^. roldiirk'ss cdiiditifin of thrir tiiu' li1o>m.:iis i'\ idi-in'cs,
and ihry (k-prncl altoj^vtluT nitoti w iiid-firtiIis;ition.

l.ii'iilii .</'('(■(»/(/, or S|iil<i'd Wood Ku^h. Iia> from oiu- to
thrtT irrass-likc leaves on the stems, and a noddin;,' spike-
Iinc i)anick'.

ill

hi 11

Hi

c

t

""'^^^S

^

• l.mL . <l k

ta^a« i.a>3Ui^£ivi<i*> %

W ILI) I'l.oW I:KS ( )!• Ill|-. .\( )U III
AMl'.KICAX MolXTAlXS

mi

I

! I,

si:cTi()\ !\-
WHITE TO (iui-:i:x axd hrowx i'i.owi-.ks

< 1*1

HI]

•-^■*j«f- .— '5»i-_' ir-i • "_'« ...

1

r
I- 'f

SI-lTK )\- IV

wiiiTi-. TO (;ri:i-.\ wd i-.rowx m.ow !;rs

RICHARDSON'S PONDWEED

!'i>t<iiiii':^rt:>il h'irluir(ls,ii:ii, ri.ii(hvi.i'<l l-"amily

A marsh lu-rli. Stems: -li'iidir, miu-li l.raiu-lRd. Leaves: ciliiii-.c lo
:iciitc, ciirvcl inward a! tlu' ■A],^■\. l,r..a(lly .-..nlalr an.l cla-inny at llu-
l)aso. Flowers: small, spiratr. -rtx'ii ..r rarely rvddi-li. Fruit: chM]n--
Ifts, ii|ili(|iu'ly nIjM\,iiiI, <il)^i-nrt'ly ilirix' -cariii.ilL- on ihu liaik, llic tacc
curved luitwarcljy tciuards the 1m|i.

Tliis I'oiKlwiT'd, whicli lldiiri-lu's in lakes and strcaitis.
tr<.'(|iKMUly llowcrs and frnits under water; its lar-v leaves,
heart-shaped at tlie liase. Iiein- praetieally ail siihineri^ed.

Potatiuuicion fdiformis, or l-"ilif(>nn I'oiiilweiMJ, lias nii-
nicrons \ery narrow leaxes, and tlower^ wliieii L;ro\v in tiny
whorls near the top of the- >lender stems.

Ill

GLUTINOUS ASPHODEL

Tcfithlut iilutinosa. I.ily {•'ainily

Stems: visi-id-imhi'-rent with lilack i;hind-, iKarini; tun to f^iir Ica\f<
near the ha-c. Leaves: hasal one' tnlted. Flowers: termnia! rarenu-^
oI)l()n^r. the upper llowers o|ieninH: hrM, hedminL' Ioniser in frnit ; iii\..-
hii-ral liraet- mimite. united at the apices. Ii .rue inst lielou ilu^ iL.uer'
l)crianth--e>.nnent- ol.joni;, ohtn-^e, nieniliranMti.-.. Fruit: -eed- t.uK-d ,it
each end.

.\ traveller cantiot piek tiie lont;- spikes of tinv white Mo^-
sonis which heloiii; to (his plant w ithont at oiiee reco^mzini,'-
its name hy the e\ceediii^d\- sticky and hairy nature of the
stems. The Latin designation glutinosa exactly de-crihes

91

i

92 iriiiti' to Green and Broiin Flo^^cri

It. Ihc- Asphodel grows along the banks of streams and in
wet places.

'I'cfiiidiii pdliistris, or Scottish .Xsphodel. has lealless
stfiii> and tutted leaxes. 'i he ,i;reeni>h-\\ Iiite tlo\ver> -n.\v
in a dense oMoni;- chister.

lofu'lilia inailcHtalis. ..r Western Asphodel, has a stout
Mem our L- three leet hi-li and l.,ii- i^^ve.s. Jt i> found in
mar>hy pLues.

BRONZE BELLS

Stcihiiilhiiiin iUiuli'iihili-. Lily I'.iiiiily
Bulb: nl,l.,ni;.,,v,.i,l. o.aii'.l. Stems: -Irn.kr, cm-t, i:lalM-,.iis.
Leaves: u-u. lnuMr, lance. .l.nc', aamiiiiatc. Flowers: racfiiic Minplo,
ll-u.rs >am],annlaU', iiodiliim, -i-i,K'ni. ..f iIr- ,„riamh l.vnsuu^h-'^y.^-u-
I'l-a.-is niruhal -.r.,ri..iH ; polj. ■, -.Kti.kr, ..inca.lni- l,m^,-r than ihc
lir.Kiv Fruit: mkN liiicar, ilai, uin.uol.

IIn> plant -rows only in shady places and is tall, with
many hrowni-h-reen hells nodding ,,n its slender >talks.
It has very narrow rihhon-like leaves growing from the
l)a>e and ;d>o up the stems.

gri:en lily

Zy:^dilriiiis ,'li-:^aiis. I.ily I'amilv
Bulb: ..\ni,|. tiuMiiliranniis, o>atol. Stems: ^UwU-r. Leaves: very
ylanoin^, narmw ; bract- lMnL:-kcclc-,l, lanrclali-. rather laryc. Flowers.
ni a sui-K' r.K-ciiif, ,.r a laryc paiiiclc, ii, l.r.anchcs -Irndcr. asa'.i.liim'
the perianth a.lnate f. the hase u| ,Iie ,,vary. it- >eu,nent- hr.^adly
"v.il, the inner ahniptly CMntraele.! to a -h..rt cl.iw, t;laii.l ..ho.r.jate
Fruit: -ee.l- cihl..]]-, .ni^nlar.

A t;dl atlracnc plant whose hranching stems are covered
l)y many rour,., creamy tlowers splashed with green. These
tlcwers are six-parted and have a numhcr of brown-tipped
stamens clustered about the large green base of the pistil.
The capsule, or dry fruit, which develops as the tloral leaves

PI. A I i: ix

ll

• ii

(iKi;i:\ l.ii.-i-

93

94 Jf'liite to Green and Broun Flou^

ers

(lie ami (In.p ,,fi, is thrcc-Iched and very larjre. The leaves
(.f the r;reeii Lily are lung and narrow and are covered with
a whitish hlooni.

Zxiliidcnus vcncnosus, or Poisonous Crcen Lily, is a
slij,ditly shorter, smaller species of this f^a-nus. also fre-
quently f(.nn(l in the uKumtain rej-ions. Its vellowish-jrreen
flowers <,rrow cl-.^tly to.;,'cther and it has rons,diish leaves.
So poisonous is this plant thai animals fre(|ucntlv die fr
the effects of eatinj/ it.

oni

INDIAN HELLEBORE

Vcrtitruin 7 hide. Lily Family
Stems: :.tn„t. tall, very leafy. Leaves: acute, strongly veined, slmrt-
pctiole.l. sluatlunir, the n^.r ".us stK-ce>Mvely narrower, tliose of the
mflnrescence small. Flowers: ,,a,mles long, pubescent, densely many-
Howcred, its lower hramlie- spreading

This is hy far the largest and handsomest green-flowered
plant which grows in the mountains. Its foliage is im-
mense in size, hright green, and the leaves have a peculiar
plaited appearance. In the early spring the stout .solid
-spears of the Indian Ilcllehore push their wav up through
the soil and s..on hegin to unf<,id with the increasing
warmth of the sun's rays. Then the long stifT spikes and
graceful pendent tassels of flowers commence to lengthen
and unfold, yellowish at first, and later on hecoming greiner.
'I'he flowers are comi.o.scd of six petals and have .si.x whitish
stamens.

linrton in his .Imitoiiiic of Mclamiioly refers to the al-
leged curative properties of the Hclleborc'as an antid.jte for
madness.

" I'.oratje and helleiiore fdl two scenes,
Snvereiirn plants to purge the veins
Of nicl.nicholy, and cheer the heart
Of those hlack fumes which nwke it smart."

ri.ATi'; X

.-.4-k f

Imji.w Hki.i.kiidkk
( I'craiium viridc)

95

i . i'

96 White to (iiti'n an J Ihfjicn Flourn

\\[ aanr(lin,i,^ v, the prim-ipk- that those hcTh> whiih aire
may als., kill, du- I k'Udioic is lK>t kii..\\ii to us as a very
ltiiisnii(ni> plant.

MOUNTAIN ADDERS TONGUE

/;.'.\ //;/(>/;/(/;)( iih'iif.iiiiiiii. l.ily l'".iniily
Stems: -calc sKmlcr, ,i\ to t'i,L;litri'n iiu-lu-. lii-h. Leaves: l.rM.i.lly
l.nuv,.|,,tr I., ,,s:av. Flowers: iKri.nilh ln^..,.lly inundh.nn, ,,t -ix .|k-
Inu-I l.,-...„lly l.h'.-rulati- -lynicnl-, -lo.diTly .■..■ninin.ilc. llu' iiMcr mhc-
with Mii.ii; i.rlli Mt Imm'. Fruit: ^-apMik' tin nil.r;Mt;,>v..ns, <,\<\u-ch tri-
.•.ii..:Mlar. mt.K in f/.- r..«s in v.,ch cell, a -rin.lin.LT, ui,i, !„■,,„,, ,,r M:u\-
rn^iilii-r lt>ta MiiiU'wliat l..i.^c at tl.c a|ir\.

'I his Adder's T-.n-tie lias Imely white tlouers. the >e--
nieiits of tlie i.eriaiuh heiu-- m-ire or ie^s revohite, and
oran-e at the hase. The leaves are i)ale -reen. and not
mottled, tliey are oval and ahrnptly eontraeted at liie hasc
into a uin-ed petiole. One to three llower- -ruvv un the
slender stalks that are six to twelve inches hi-h.

GREEN-BANDED MARIPOSA

(■(//. '.7;,'///(.v iiiacr.H-iirtiis. l.ily I'.amily
Stems: M.mt. cfc<-t. ri^;i,i. Leaves: ra.lir.al, M,litarv. .I.rnlv diani.clrd
o:iiili„r -.lain.w. oMunlntr. Flowers: ^imK laiu-o.la!,-.' .lounn.atc.'
IKlals onuMi, uocvate. Fruit: c.qiMiic laiiccohitc, attcmiate. ni.vvard.
M't'ils miiiii.Ti)iis.

'I he ( ireen-handed Mariposa is a very heautiftil i)erennial
lily, with one or more tlovvers qrowinj,^ on a stiff erect stem,
and the sin-le ion- hasal leaf hein,-,^ deeply channeled. The
three narrow pointed sepals are inirplish-.^reen with a dark
hase in-ide. sometimes spotted and hairy, and the three
hro;id, more or less concave petals are pale lilac with a .t^reen-
iMi line down the centre, 'idle .inland is ohlon:;' and densely
hairy. 'I his lily -^rovvs in very dry places. Its lar<^e hiilhs

PI.AI 1 M

a

Oi Ki;\-Ci !■
{t'ltiih'iiia uiiith'id I

mm

AA

9^ Jriiiti- to Green and /?rou« Floiiers

III

arc- cnnM-.k.rc<l a jjrcat dclican hy the l.i.lians. uliu call ,!„
iHxiiias.

Cahnharfus f.yallii. or Pak- Marip-.a. .r..u> ,„, ,1, •
j^rassy slopes ,,t In-r), ni..iintains. It has a slni.l.r Mnn
iK-arm- tliur to liw tlouns in an nnilu'l. cad. l,l,,s.o,n o.n,
l...>ni oi tl.rcr .^rm.ish-pnrpk .rpal. .tron^K ardu.l I,do<.v
<lH- p.t tin,. f,,n,K.,l !,aM,,r ,la.k purplr inM.k-. anW tli. tlinr

^vlntc'..,rpal.-.vdl,.u pc-tal..I,avin;^- a purplish |,a>can.ll.nn.^
also ardic-d hdo-,,. '^

QUEEN-CUP

Clint, .ui, „iatl,,r„. I.,K I.'a„,ily

Stems: villous ,,„l,...n,t. Leaves: .Vu, I:„ ..■,,l.-„.. .u-nf, .u.nnat.

^low ,., a .Iu..,„n« ,..,i,.l... Flowers: .,l„..n. ,„..i,„K.U. ...„Jl U

s |r,.., ,I,a„ ,IK. 1...-...: ,,.n,u.,l, .-.nnpan,,!.,.., „f .,. ..,,u.:n.\un'

>fvlffMnalIinKil,c.taimn>. Fruit: lIir. InTry. . nm'U .

An cxr,nisitc- six-partc.l uhitc- Howct uith a heart of ..,,i,i
^nnul ^n.uinj^ in the sha.ly woo.Is. I,, leaves tairlv carpet
the jrround in the localities uhere it al.onnWs; thev are lar-e
aiKl f,^l..ssy and resenil.le those of the i.ilv .l-tlie-\-alle"i-
1 he stems, which usually hear onlv a sin^de ilower. are verv
hairy. I horean has complained hitterlv that tin's heautifnl
(hvdier of the forest should he calle<rafter so prosaic an
iiKlnidual as the Covernor of Xeu N'ork. and soundly he-
rates (.ray for the fault : hut nuy no, (li,,,,.,,. t„e man of
affairs, statecraft, and f.n.ance. haNe li.ad an anistic side to
his character .^ May he no, have been a true lover .,f Vature
a.Kl an ardent admirer of the splendi.l heauties tlr.t euridi
with the perfume ..f thdr presence the land of ,he ali.ine
(lower-fields?

I fed that a srreat honour has been conferred upon me in
that I have been permitted to name this lovelv plant —
Oueen-cu]). Hitherto it !,as been nameless in the iMKdish

Pi.ATF xn

FaI.SK S'lLnMciN's SkaI.

( Smi/ihiiui aiiifliAiiuulis)
99

h

.-! I

PLATF. xrrr

STAK-l.U)\VEkKI) Soi.OM<,.v-s Si;.M.

(Smilaiina strllata)

fOO

:*•<■ "■•!;

1

irkite to Green anJ Hroiin Flowers

!OI

anguajrc. an.l it sccnvs t.. uw tl,:,t „.. n,.,re f.ttin^ title omi.l
be hc.stouc<l ,rH,n tl,o ( //„/.,„/<, umlh,ra. u ill, its ^^rcat .lm,-
"ijr leaves. a.n.,n;.,st u!,irh arc set the pure white ehahees .,|
'ts MossoMis. than ( h,een-e..,..- the .,„een nf all the snuuv
llnwcr-aips of the alpiiu forest-

FALSE SOLOMONS SEAL

Smiliiiiihi nmtlcxutiulis. j.ily I.-;„„iiy
Stems: stout. .isa-iidiiiK. Uafy Leaves- ,„ ,I -i , . ■

The lonj,' leafy wan<ls of the I'alse Snjn.non-s Se.-I are
excee.hMKly .ttractivc. with their han.lsonu- tennina! clus-
ters of imie ereann- hlossonis that ionk like feathery phinu-s
as they wave jjently to .ui.l fro in the soft smnnuT hreeze
iind cast their faint fra,i,'rance aen..s the woo.ls W-rv
liandso.ne. too. are the leaves of this lar-e plant Whv it
IS hanned with such a hase na.),e as Iv.lse .Solomon's Seal
1 <l<> "<'t know. There is nothin- " f.-.Ise " al.out it except
.ts name; and while its luxuriant hn.ad folia^a« resnnhles
that of hoth the True Solomon's Seal and the Twisted-sfi'k
still ,ts llowers are entirely different. K-rowin^' in dose ter-
ni.nal panicles, whereas those <.f the other plants mentione.l
f,'nnv in small individual l.dls fro„, the axils of the le'ues
irowever. I'alse Solomon's Seal is its name, aiul hv such
It IS known all over the world.

Smilacina stcllala. or Star-tlowered Solomou's Seal looks
to ordinary eyes very lile a wild Lilv-of-the-N/allev and
grows near the hanks of mountain streams and in the moist
meadows. It is a lovely plant, stands u,. verv stifi" and

Ki

^5S

102 Jf'hit,- to (ircn fin J liroiin FIrju;-

rs

•1

>lra,j^ht ..lit Ml the- ^ro.ni.I. ;ui,l ha> st..„t m,ii,s whirl, arc
It-aly all the- way fr,.,,! the I.a.r t.. the >In..Kr tlnwi-r
ra.cim-s. 'riu-^i. raanu- ,nv o.in|M,sHl ..| tn.ni live t,, \\i.
im. httU- Marry 1.1...-,, „is. t-a.!. .„h' haviii- a wl.itf six-
l-arti-.! iRTiaiiih. TIu' Uavc. arc nt a wl„t,.|, .;uTn hue.
aiul the I nut is a l.ri-ht n.j l.iiry rlMihr.l uiili |.iir|.l..

FAIRY hVA.l.S

Ih.^r-'iiim l',i,liy,,iifiiiii. I.ilj I .Hiiil)
Leaves: ,,I„ri,.-.ti-. ,.v„„ ..r .n,,l, ,„•„.,. .„ ,i,, ,,,,,. „,„„,,,.., ^., „,^.
..^.•. hu-,u..|,.w„ „.ru.|, M-il... Flowers: i.tm,,,,;,!. .„„■ t.. ,hr.x -„

l..nK,.o.lKd>.Ku-,,,,.h „ln,.-, .run,., ,i-h >..ll,,u ; ,...n;,n.lM,,-.m.uIv .;„..-
I'.mnl..U-. It, MX M-uniinu „,,rn,.ly .,I,1,,„k, .unt... litil., si.tva.linK • .ta-
"h:.^ s.v. hy,..,Ku,.,„s: s,yl,. .K.p.Ur. three lol,c.l. Fruit: L.rry umgU-
find, <lt|.ri-.H'(l-);!.,|.,ive.

'I'Ik- I'airy IVI1> liavi- a l.i-rry with a r..ii;^.h cat: it is
api-arnnly k-atliery ratluT than pulpv. an.l (-..mains fr..ni
'••iir tu cij^htm, smis, Thi. plant is ,i..t a real shrnh. hnt
IS a shnih-likc IktI) with >Ini(lcT r....tst.,cks. and hramhinK'
stt-nis that art« scaly |,d..w and leafy almve. It nsnally
J^n.us ni the dense w.....is and attains an averaj^e liei-ht of
tu.. feet. The leaves, which s..niewhat rescni,!^ ,,..se oi
Slrctt,>pusnmth:yif,>lius. are ..\al and stn.n-lv nerve.I. very
pointed at the apex and n.nn.Jed at the l.ase.' The iL.wers
nsnally -n.w in tw..s ..r threes at the en.ls <.f the slender
uand-like hranches, where they han- pendent on their
thready stalks. They are creamy ,,r -reenish-yell..w in
Ime. an.l have a fL.ral cnp that is cut int.. six e(|ual narrow
se,!,nnents and h.>l<ls six l..ujr stamens, tipped hv lar.i,a' ohl..n}r
anthers, and a three-Iohcd stvle.

Disf^orinii orcnamnu. or \\-(...lly Disporum. is diffusely
Ijraiiched. the stems hcinj^^ wi...lly alM.ve. 'Jhe leaves are

ti'

^r;-

I'l.ATI \IV

WlIITK TwiSTFn-STAI.K

( S'/r,-/'/. ./>(/,(• tlilifli-xifolius)

lOJ

m^ .*- ^ ^«f mmsm.mmm^

^^mLM^r^^^^ m

IM.A I F. W

^4

WllllK MniVA.MX |-|,,UKK

( ( y/'ii/^,;/iiii,i f^iissri Ilium )
104

^JV^

< A

m..:4t

While to (incii and lirox.n /-V^K.-rv

">,';

-■III"!!- i...imnl aii.I lK-art->Ii;ipnl at tin- l,.,,r. tlu' rrvam-
o.l.miv.I ll,,urr> arc luiiiuli.,nii aii.l \\w Ihtpicv arc c;^--
sliapcd.

WKITE TWISTED-STALK

Sf.,!-, ,M, , ^ , ^/,.|

l> iMIIlllN

Ki"it-i(H-K -!,

_ ''• '■'■"'• • '•""ntal, >■.->, I,.! uiil, tiiir', lil.p.us n,.,t.

Stems: ^lal, ■ :- '„.„.!, in. h,I,,u th.. n,„l,ll,. Leaves: ,„ „nn,;a„ ;u
titr .-M'.N. runlatt-.-la^p,,,^' ,., iIk- l.a^. , uI,,,,. , „,. i„„....ti,. Flowers" ,„„.
tn tu,., .vncn.h-ulntc-. Fruit: icl nxal lurry. niany-M olr.l.

'i'liis 'lui.inl-Malk i. a lai-v plant with inaiiv rl:,spin-
IKMiiIc-d k'avr. -TMuin- all the uay iii. .,ii l„,il, m.K.. ,,,■ j^
li.n- hramhiii- Mnii-. with mu- >,~huuy lr;it at the apex.
Tho^f leaves are liaii.Isnnie. -reeii an,r,-l,,>sv , „, the t.,p.
with sti-on-ly iiLuked vem.. aiul are mvered with a uhiti.li
l'l""iii on the ini(Ier>ide. I..M,kin- at the plant iV,,,,, aln.ve
It appear, in hear u>> flower, at ;dl. Init turn ..ver it. stems
and y..ii ^\ ill (ii„l heneath eaeh le;il' ,me -r tu^ linv -reeiiish-
uhite hells, han-in.ii "H sharply hem lhre;i.l like Malks that
spriti- l-n.ni the axils ni the leaves; tlu-e H.-uers in time
turn into hri-ht nd n\al iierries.

The name Tu isted-stalk is derued IrMin its ahniptiv hent
llower stems.

ii

•f:

m

WHITE MOCCASIN FLOWER

I'yf: it>'/'iiiii p.i.^.uri.iitiil. <in-|ii,l l'".!inily
Stems: -tnnt, !raly. Leaves: n.,,,tc. -.u-imw^av. Flowers: >..lii,-,ry nr
tun; |„.,al^ an.l -r,.aN pal. yrru, ; 1„, ,1„11 uhilo. mmiu-cI. an.l wul, l.ri^.l.t
rc,\ .,,n.s: aiillKT nvau-trian,L,r,,Iaie, ycl!,,w with ml s,„,ts. Fruit:
capsule (Inxipinjj:.

This is the small white I.adv's Slipper, anrl its diso.vcrv
111 the ni..untains is ni" suftleientlv rare <HTiirrenee tn he
(juitc an event in the history nf the dav to the ordinary

i !

\lk:..

i()6

fr/,Hr to Green and Broun Flouers

n

' ■ i

n.vdlcr It 's usually i„ shady places, where the soil is
'"St an,! nd,. that these little velvety orchids are fn„„d
lie (hdl uh.te sacs, hairy inside and spotted with hri^ht
ml. are ,,n,te unnnstakahle : the stalks are leafv an.l nsn.-dlv
1-ar only a single ternnnal .lower, though occasionallv twr
slK 1-hke l.loon.s adorn the fat jnicv stem, one at its' apex
a>id the other a couple of inches lower down

I licre is a rich tn.pical beauty al.out orchitis stron-lv suir-
Kcstue of the Orient. They do not seem to he at home m
tlie northern monnta.n fastnesses, hut rather to helon-^ to a
world ot cloudless skies an<l riotous folia,n-. where exotic
l"wcrs are set like jewels in the lavish luxuriance of the
torrid zone.

WHITE REIN ORCHIS

Ihibcnaria ,lilu!^:.„. OrJii,! Family

To walk throu.t^h the ^.oods. deep and dark, where the
trees and shrubs ,^tow densely side l,v side and (lowers are
h'^^ and tar between ; .-uul then to suddenlv emer.^e into the
open, where the sun's li.^ht is tloo.lin,. a'cross the marsh-
'-•nuls. carpete.l by myria<ls of tall White Rein Ordus is -,
pleas,u-e so da.zlin.i,^ that, once experienced, it will never be
tor_^otten.

l-Va.i^Tant as hyacinths, these* exquisite snowv orchids
J^Tow to a o^reat hei.^ht in the mountain marshe;. and so
I.caut,ful and wonderfully .k-licate are their blossoms that
travellers lon-^ to transplant them to .some lowland .warden
"1 order to see their vdvety spikes c^row and ^race civiliza-
tion with a woodland loveliness. But as a rule this e.xperi-

m

1

i'i.\ 1 1- \vr

WlllTK KlIN ()K( HIS

ijlalh-iuiiij (liliitiila)
107

♦

ill

n

n

K^: ^^,.^.i53i^.

I'l-ATK XVF[

ifc*!i-?-'

i

XdKTlIEK.N- Reix Ukclll^

(llabc)iaria obtusata)
io8

'k "^Mw

// ////<' /rj Grct'ii and Broun I'/rjuw

rs

109

nicnt is tried in vain, for tVw of the ..rclii(l> will llonrisli
so far from tiieir native soil.

\\onl> fail to truly desorihe thc<e plants of almost un-
earthly heauty. h'roni their daintv petals

" O'loiirs ;i<i'(.'ni|,
Spmidin^; tliciiiM'lvc^ throimli •.„■ sfnniT :iir
\\lirri- jzcntli- lirci/cs strive t.i lik-^.
And all (\n,\\ \\(,rM k;ii.\v~ li;iii|iiiR'-s."

Thnsc who hn.l ilu.n, will always l..ve and treasure them.

//uhcnarlci An;, /,■,;/„, or Lonj^-hraeted Reii; Orchis, is one
<'t the conspicuous -reen orchids which -row in ,i,Teat pn-
liNinu in the niountaui re-ion>. It lia> a stout juicv stem.
l)road leaves, and many Ion- pointed l.racts 0,1 its tlower-
spike. I 'sually found in wet jilaces, this ( )rchis mav ahvavs
I'c distin,^ui>he<l l.y the Ion- hracts. from which it derives
its name.

//ahnniriii ohtnsata, or Xorther, Rein Drchis is a deli-
cate ,^reen and white ()rchi> that may alwavs he ...town l.y
it> sin-le hasal leaf. It is very like a white'and ,!,m'en I.ilv-
of-theA'allev. and its flowers -row widely separate.l on the
slender stalks.

llahciHvia Itypcrborca. or Leafy Rein Orchis, .somewhat
reseml.les //. obtusata. hut may easily he distinguished hy
tlic fact that it has several leaves -rowin- up on and cla>p-
nig its stem, which is also decidedly stouter than the
stem of the i.recedin- species. The Leafy Rein Orchis
grows in the open woods, preferring a moi^t spot. It ha>
many tlowers on each stalk, and they grow closely set
together.

Ifahaiaria (/racilis. or Graceful Rein Orchis, has a tall
slender stem and long narrow leaves which are gradually
reduced as they grow upwards and eventually pass into the

♦ <

.■...•^^I

,-..*■»•■■

MO White to Green and liroun r/r,,,rr.

I'racts of tiK. narrow sparsdy-.luu.rcl spike. The .lower,
arc sn,all. .^rcc-nish-ydlow. an.I have a short .p„r

rcachl^ he eco.n,.e.l hy us two very lar^e ,Ii.,eni,K, orhic^
r I ves that .prea.I out nat upon the ,ron„,I. ami which

K lar.;e ,M-een,sh-whue llouers of this han.I.'onu. plant

.- „, a lo..se n.ceu,e on the slen.ier ..ape-lil<e .ten. a
■uc a s,...n>un.,ed„,,H.r.epal an., spreading ^

t"t cntne ohtuse uhue hp hein,Mon,,a.r than the petal..
HOODED LADIES' TRESSES

Sr^-ant/irs Komauroffiaua. Ordii.l Family

Ro'lt IiiIkTuUs. Stems- ..l-|l,r,,n I .- < ,

I.CR:m> 1.. «■,■„,.. 1, ,s a lH..„„,if„, ir „„„

.. .Icnse s„,„v, spikes, an,l has 1,„„ „,,-„,„ i,,,;,^" " ,^
s..lern„j ,I,a, or.hi.ls .to rccl<„„c,l as a,„„„,s, ,„;. „r ,
.•.n.i.-,cl,cs, treasures .„• X„„„,, i, is s,ra„;. I,,; [ ,
spcc,cs„f,,e„,on,„ „i,.lin ,l,e„„„„„ai„: n e
hoy are al! ,erres,r,ai „,„■<; we have „„„e of ,|,e k J
"Ineh gr„„ „„ ,rees a,„l .level,,,, false l„,ll,s.

STOUT RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN

lltih-lis J,;ifi.„s. Ordii.l Family

■ir-T"

iM.\rK win

I (i.

.1.1

IfiionKi) I,\iiiKs' Tkk.~>ks
I -^r-'f utiles Kumanzofftana )

III

■ if

fl

112

IV kite *o Green and Brown Flowers

Ih.s plant Ims a cluster of leaves at the l>ase only; these
are covere.l with a network of white veins and frequently
also have white blotches on then. The Howers grow in a
Imicted spike, are greenish-white, and have a very hairy

Epipactis repcns, or Small Rattlesnake Plantain, has also
pecuhar wh.te-veined leaves, hut in this species they .^n.w
"1> 'c stalk as well as at its base. The whole plant is
smaller than E. dccipicns. and its insi^niHcant .lowers ijrow
only on one side of the stem, which is much hracted and
ha.ry. 1 he name " Rattlesnake " applies to the resem-
blance between the airiously veined leaves and the body of
a snake. This plant frequently grows in decaying wm^d.

HEART-LEAVED TWAYBLADE

Listera cordata. Orchiil Family
Root: fleshy-fihrons. Stems: very slen.ler. Leaves: sessile cord.te
ov.-.,e, „„,cronate. Flowers: in racemes. n,in„te pedice K bra tl laU
and petals oblong-linear, -ip narrow, the segments'setaceou; i-lnd dliXe

A small orchid with two large leaves growing midwav up
.ts slender sten. by which it n,ay always be readily recog-
n.^ed. 1 he flowers are purplish-green, very tinv. and are
set m a small raceme at the top of the stalk. It grows in
the cool woods. ^

Listera convaUarioidcs. or Broad-lipped Twavblade. also
has the same two distinguishing stem-leaves, which, how-
ever, are rounder than in the foregoing species, while its
flowers are yellowish-green, fairly large, and possess a
broad lip with two lobes at the delicate apex.

The Twayblades present a strong contrast to the Coral
Koots. fhey are conspicuously groen and hcalthv of leaf

frhite to Green and Broun F I on-

ers

"3

EARLY CORAL ROOT

Corallorhha trifida. Orchid Family
Root: coralloid, l.ranclMiiK. Stems: Rlal.roiis. clothed with closdv
^hcathiiiK scales. Flowers: in I.mir racemes on short minutely hracted
pedicels ; sepals and petals narrow, lip short ; spur a sac adnate to the
summit of the ovary. Fruit: capsule ..j.Iomr.

A plant ijiipossihlc to mistake, for its roots arc exactly
like hr.nciies of coral, cotnposefl of thick, white, hhint f-hres.
and ina> he found in moist shady places. The (lowers jjrow
in a raceme on sinj-le. thick, fleshy stems, that are clothed
with closely sheathed hracts and are of a queer ptirplish-
^M-een colour. fre(|iiently marked with white. It has no
leaves.

The Coral Root is a sa/^ro/y/iytc: that is to say. it lives
upon the dead and decomposing^ forms of other plants, and
this explains why it is such a vejjetahle dej;enerate of the
beautiful fam.ly of orchids. It has lost its leaves, also its
chlorophyll, or honest ^aeen colourinjj matter. throuj,di its
had habits, and to-day belongs to that pirate tribe which
feeds upon food already a.ssimilated by another, and thereby
incurs the displeasure of Xature. whose laws demand hone.st
conduct in her kinj,'dom as sternly as do those of man: and
so. wheii he Coral Root refused to manufacture its own
upbuilding materials out of the carbon dio.xide of the atmos-
phere, and proceeded to prey upon decaying matter. Xature
took away its leaves and chlorophyll and only left it suffi-
cient branching extensions at the base to secure it in the soil.

Corallorhha maculata. or Large Coral Root, grows as
high as twenty inches and has purplish-green flower-.stalks
clothed with scales. The numerous flowers are purplish-
brown, and the lip white-spotted and lined with purple, the

ii '
?!

it

1 '

i

1

1 ii

•.laL^a^- .isr ..

•>

*, L -1 i

tiirvtd. I Ik- >|,ur is \ tll,.u jsh,

CoraMica sIru.U,'. .„• Stnpo.l C.ral K„.„. 1,,, ,.,rV

rnnj.^^^^^^^ ^_,,_^__-;;

C-.r<,//.rA/,r<, .l/.-,-/r„.v/.,„.,, or Spnrrc! C.ral l^,.„ 1,..

m»ner..ns r.Idi.i.,r..n n.u.rs n.-allv :M.onJ ,, \^^
•••^vc.i to a clau an.I a utv n,arkc-l .pnr.

COMMON NETTLE

f''li.,i /.y,ilui, Wtil

atnilv

Flowers- in I . ^"^«s. M\;,(c. u-iito. o.;ir-(lv sor.-;itc

^. VU.i.hu^. ,U.,„1.., panirlr.. Fruit: ;n, arlur.r,

'""-■ ^■""1111. .11 \,.,,K. j, „ 1

... 1 v.iii Kill. Wit ji. rrniiirf .•iiiv

'''■"^", ' """ "^ I-K-l- .'f -mall „v,.„i,„' „„„

WHITE COMANDRA

C..;«„;/,/,„ /,„//„/„ S.ni,|;,lu,„„| |-,n„ily

.c'r'Fiorr;.:,';;:'"' ~"'r';- "■'""'" ■-""- 1™»- ^ -■

»n„„i,.,!;z"::i;;:;, ""■"'" ""■ '■'■'■™' ••■ "■'""■•> ■ .■

The C„M,an,lra is parasMic ,.„ ,hc r„„,s „f „il,,,. ph,,,,

1 1- P-cuy ii„.c „i,i,is,,-,a.,„ „„„„, „i,i,,,;,,;™' ,

.su-rs a,„l arc l,„lh-shapul a, ,l,e Lasc. spn.a.HnJ,,,, „
t ve l„l,cs a, ,l,c ,„p. The loaves are verv „arr„„ ^...l ,. "

J..sc.o.a„,,,all,he„ay,,p,|,es,afca,,;i,lK.fn,i,isa™-
lilse^herry. „|„eh re.ai,. a. i,s tip ,|,e ,,„„ sh„r, par, of

Cmmuln, Ihhla. or Swan.p G.,„a„,lra. .iiffers frn„, ,he

orcg,„„(r ,pec,e., i„ ,l,a, i, has wi.lcr leaves, eael, „„e -ro !

"W "n „s ,.„„ „„y slalk a„aehe,l ,„ ,|,e ,„.„„ s,e,„ Zl

;-!3«Njra.2.

ri.MK \\K

Maki.y Coral Rikit
(Ctirallorlu-ii tiifidnj

ij. j

m

>i

Il6 ir/iitr to Grrrn ami lir'n.n llouc

rs

wiurt-as iIk' !l..\vtrs i.f tliv W liitf ('..m;m<lra k'"^\ m iln^-
tfis at thr inp of tin- stfin>. tliMsf ,,f till- Swamp ( omaiidra
k'r"u ill till- a\ils ..t tin- U-.u,., l.^it ,|,,\\ii ,,n \\w sirtiis.
and its iViiii i^ a r.iiiii(||,h rnl and r.lil.Ir Lcrrv. It i>. a
|)arasitf on tin- r.H.ts ..f ( oruiis anuhlnisis.

L oiiiiiiiiira h'uliiirilsiiiiiii. nr (iiv.ii (■..maiidia. Iia> vt-rv
li-afy hraiu-liol slniis. ..|,I,,ii- pMinlcd lia\f> and -rtrnisli-
wlntc or pinplish iloutr, -rouin-,' in llal-topind iln^tcrrd
hi-ads and aNo in flu- a\iK of tin. Umvi-s. Tli,. f,,,,, j. ..,
nmnd Irmtv o.niainin- a sionc. Ihis plant is nMiallv
I'nnnd in dry opin plaiis.

WITCH'S BROOM

Jit.-ulli.'l'iuiii ■mil li, ,1111(111. Mi^lktMi- I'.,inil\

Stems: ^U-n.l.r, imuli ImmiuIk-.I, Flowers: i!i, -timn.ai.- .,n.l pis.
I'll.nr .>n sciMralc plain,. |„,nic ,.■ i.Tiniiia! poImh. I,- l,k,. |,„i,t.. Fruit:
a n(-|,\. ilaiui.ol lii-rry l.-nn' <m a ~1im,i r.viiivoi poIiiikK-.

ir.

'Ilii^ lU'-liy plant i> parasitic on /V///(.v c,>nt,n-ta ;■<
Miinayoua. It has t.mr-an-lrd niiKli-jointnl l.randu-s. an
small srak-s in the pKirc o| Uavcs. Mu- imv llou^rs arc
ydlouish-rccn and tin- Irnit is a pnriijish Iiroun I-i-rrv.

TALL ERIOGONUM

liri,uio,unn uwh.ll,ilin„ ,-,;/■. iiuiw I'.iirkulual |-amily
Stems: .|fpri--o| and sL- ;,l,y Ini.-w. mmk-Ii l,r., ., 1k-.1. Leaves: ..!,-
Innu. wliili' tnnu-nP.M- Ld- u . khvii ai.-l Jain..,,- al> -v : p,,lniu-lr" mx
t.. tifu-1,1 iiulu's IhkIi. naki.l. I.iariim a >nni.li- iimlui ,,f tlircr p, umi
rays, sulii ended i)y a wiiorl df Icaxo.

A MMm'what rare ami most cnrions plant. In dry sfnny
places and on rocky slopes y, will fin.l the lon-stalkcd
l)lns.^()ms of the Tall l-.rioL;' .num. with its h;m,iM.me llat-
topped clii.ster. of cream-ououred lloweis, tijiiKd and tin.i,a<l

^^wnki^^tPMiP. ym. j^mmtmmt

t ' *j

ri ■,,.ij;;(;;- iiii.r, i.i'uui ; /r. r:,;/(..)

M

4

h !

E

C- rnXMHtU: .*'

k=f V M

J J' hilt' to Grciii and liroun Fl'jui-rs Wj

with vivid n.-^e pitik, that have a iKvnliar Imiuli <>i' tiiiv
iiarmw Icaxcs set just uIhtc tlif littk- stems of the indi-
\i(hial tloucr-innhcls spring,' from the top t^i the main stalk.

It is also a iiKKt faseinatiiii,'- plant, hoth hv reason 'if the
laet that its fine eream and rose hl(»s<.nK L,n<i\\ in barren
localities, and also because its lea\es ( which are ;^reen ;iIio\e
and siKery beneath) ,t;ro\v near to the j^round, on slender,
branchinj,', wnody stems, while the l1o\ver-stalks ;ire ex-
tremely lo^L,^ often reachinj,' a height of over tuehe inches.

I:n(>(/()uiiiii oralifuliiiiii or Silverv I'Tio^onnm, is n
densely woolly and silvery plant with very short stems and
oval lea\es crowded on the ninnerous branches. The flow-
ers are yellowish-white, tinj^^'d with rose-colotn-, and .qrow
in a sinj^de head on e.acli stalk.

Iinix/niiiiiii audrosacctnii. or Dwarf l'>io<r, iniiin, is the
alpine species, and almost an exact reproduction in mima-
ture of its " Tall " relation. The chief difference between
the two plants is th;it the Dwarf I'.rio-.i'oinim is more hairy
;tnd woolly, and i^enerally has cre.am-c.iloured dowers with-
out any tin.i^eint,^ of pink. It only j^rows about three inches
hii,di. and is found at 7,500 feet.

MOUNTAIN SORREL

Oxyria di:J.\ihi. Biickw luat I'.iniily

.\ Ii)\v fli'shy Iiert). Stems: >lcn<lir. cicot, siniplc. Leaves: rfnifunn,
iiiiclul.itc, till' l)asril lims-ptiiiikMl. Flowers: in torniin.il i.,ini^-'c.l ra-
cciiic-.. Fruit: an achcnc, [xiintcd, smootli, siirronn(K(l liy a hmail nuni-
branous winjj.

A perennial herb with mostly basal kidney-shaped leaxes
on lont^- stalks and clusters of small green tluwers. The
leaves are acid.

i|

Ii8 White to Green and Broun Flowers

WILLOW-LEAVED DOCK

Rumex salkifolius. Buckwheat Family

A large coarse plant growing several feet high with a
-ronely grooved stem, huge long-shaped bluish-gr nT te^
that are po.nted at both ends, and panicles of green flowers
set ,n loose whorls near the apex of ,he stalks. These flmv
rs have no petals, bu, only a green si.x-parted "he
three outer d,v,s,ons of which remain unchanged in fruit
wh,,e^.he^.hree inner sepals develop into wings' Vhe t:!^

Plam'alidht'""''' °;'=°™"'™ Sorrel, is a much smaller
wUh n? '■7 77-^''=l«J >^«ves, and green flowers tinged
».th red wh,ch dce,>en in colour to a purple-red as The
sea on advances. The leaves and juicy stems are sligtai;

rea d>e. Ihis is an introduced plant

Rumex Acetosella, or Field Sorrel, has a creeping root-
tock. and halberd-shaped leaves which are pointed 'at X

raceme Th'T T""' "'' ^'"^ ^"^' ^"■^^ '" ^ ^o^se
TTlu I P''"' ^^""'^^^ '" '^' P°°'-^^t soil, and to-
wards the end of the summer turns a rich red colour. TWs
IS an introduced plant.

ALPINE BISTORT

Polygonum z-izifarum. Buckwheat Family

dense, «„.„e<,, ...j^r^^ j':7:-/— x,rL^. 21'r-

'^ in—trwwf •i^inrrr timuti • ii"TriiT-"r ^n ^iC'

PLATE XX

Alpine Bistort {Polygonum zivifarum)
Glutinous Asphodel ( Tofieldia glutinosa)

iig

m

^.-j?»^^,=fi'^;*4^X^ A^

'f

I20 White to Green and lirrmn Flouu-rs

The „anK" roly.jonum oo.nes fn.n, the (Jrcek. its nicaninir
.e.n,. .nany-kncc.,1.- a.ul refns t.. the nilar.e.l joints ui
t a- stems, uh.ch are >heathecl hy the stalks of the lo.u.-
shape,l leaves. The flowers are verv .nunerons in the
""••'"tarns, are white to rose colo„r. a.nl .^row in dense nar-
rnu- sp.kes. which have several little hulhs below the full-
l.lown hlossonis. The seeds are red.

roly<io,wm historloulcs, or Heart-leaved P.istort is ccn-
eml with a white l.looni throu-diot.t. The root leaves are
o ''"".^ and the sten, ,>nes narrow and son,ewhat heart-
shaped, a w.th rolled-hack nvar^ins an<l conspicuouslv
"cTvcl. I he don,^-ae.l tlower-clnsters are nsnallv nhite
rarely pnik ; they are very dense a.ul are not l.nlhlet-hearins

_ t J - 'I

LAMB'S QUARTERS

ChiVio/'otliuw album, r.oo.cfnnt Rmiily
Stems: sle.uKr, erect, cn,„mnnly „„kI> I,ra,ul,c.l. Leaves- rlmmhic-
ovate the upper ones lancenlate. ol.tu.e or acute. Flowers 1 " t s
k^Z ' 't:^' ■" Y"";.-n.l paniclcl ,.i.e; cah. seine's :^;:^^
Keeled. Fruit: sce.i hnnly attached t,. the pericarp.

A weed that abounds near habitation, even in the nionn-
ta.n re.t,nons. A commonplace plant, and vet one that is not
altogether witlmut beauty, since its foliage is of an ,m-
iisiially dehcate tender green. The white tlowers which
.£jrow m dense spikes, are inconspicuous. This is an intro-
tliiced plant.

ChcnoMunn capitatiiw, or Strawberry Blite is a very
appropriate name for this plant, which "flourishes best in
newly up-turned or half-cultivated soil, where its pale green
foliage and bright red fruit render it con.spicuous >he
leaves are halbert-.shaped. thin, and pointed both at the apex
and at the ends of the basal lobes, the margins being more

wm

If /lift' to Green nntl Hroun f lowers \Z\

or less indented. 'I'lie tlowcrs ire small and t,aeenisli. hut
the (le\el<)|)ed fruit is extremely attractive in appearance,
rcsemhlimj a strawherry and coiisistini,' m' a hrilhant red
pulpy herry, which has numerous -^eeds emhedded in its
wrinkled >urface. siniilar to those which cover the exterior
of the Garden Strawberry.

BLUNT-LEAVED SANDWORT

.hi-iuiriii Ui!,-rithi),i. I'iiik I'';miily

Stems: tTi'ct, >I(.ii(1it, sinii>lc ..r hr.unlnd. Leaves: thin, oMdhij,
nlitiise, piiiu-tatc, li.iiry mi tlif iii.iri,'iii ami iiiidnli. Flowers: |>t.tals
()l)li>ni;. cilitn^c, twite lc>;ij,Hr tlian tin- ^i'|ial>. Fruit: a capsule.

The S;uid worts are rather insi,!,Miiticant plants with more
or less riii'u] leaves and small white llowers j.rrowin<j[ in com-
pound clusters or llat heads. The I'liuit-leaved Sandwort
is rather hairy and has ohloni,' dotted leaxes w hich terminate
in a rounded apex, and a si)herical capsule containinj,^ larj^^e
smooth seeds.

.Irciiariii ail^illaris ivr. iwrdifolia, or Xarrowdeaved
Sandwort, has sharp-poimed leaves s,^rouped in dense clus-
ters at the base of the plant, the few stem leaxes heint;- mtich
reduced.

.Ircihtria I'crua xar. propUujiia, or X'ernal San<hvort, has
densely-tufted li. "j: stems i)earin,!.,f pairs of tinv leaves

all the w;iy up them.

Arcnaria sajanouis. or One-nf)wcre(l Sandwort, has
slender one-tloucred stems and narrow lea\es.

LONG-STALKED STITCHWORT

Stcllavia loiif^ifcs. Fink Family

Stems: stnontli. Leaves: asccii<liiii;, liiie.ir-lanceolatc. Flowers:
few. (Ill Iniix slender pedieeU; petals tuo-clet't; sepaK o\ati.. Fruit:
capsule ovoid. Seeds smooth.

I m

n

122 It'll it I' to Green and Hroun Floiiers

,)l

m^'

erv

A pretly little plant, with uhili^h-irrccn leaves v
Po-nted at the ends, and tiny while ll-.wers jjrowin-'at 7hc
apex of the Ion-,' slender stalks. ""

Strlhiria Ixnralis. ur Xorthern Stitchwcrt. has weak
nnich-hranched stems and a terminal leafy lluwcr-head.

FIELD MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED

Ccrastium ancnsc. I'ink r.-miily

-n^li- h.Kh. Leaves: Um-.n-nhUnv^, acute. claspi„„: l.r.K't. Muall
Flowers: cymo... fcw-lluwcrd ; pcals fu ., nl.cor.Lc

This is qnite the prettiest and most attractive of all the
(hukueeds. an.I will he found ^mwinj^^ in profusion on
many a sunny hank and dry meadow durin- the months of
l""e and Ji,Iy. U is frerp.ently called "Star of P.ethle-
iH'm. and has hve snow-ulute petals, each of which is
^ >v.<ied at the edf,^.. All the C'hickweeds are white. Like
the meek they certai.ily inherit the earth. In almost every
part of the world their varyin- metho.js of cross and self-
fertd.sation have resulted in these little plants followinj;
closely m th^ footsteps of man's civilization. The follow-
in,!,^ story ,s told l.y Sir Joseph Hooker; he ,savs : " L'pon
<.ne occasion landin- on a small uninhahited island nearlv
at the .Antipodes, the first evidence I met with of its havin-
heen i.rev.ously visited l.y man was the Kn-lish Chickweed"
and this I traced to a mound that marked the i,^rave of a
Bnt.sh sador. and that was covered with the plant, douhtless
tiie offsprmg of seed that had adhered to the spade or mat-
tock with which the grave had heen iUvr/'

Ccrastium alf^lnum. or Alpine Mouse-ear duckweed is
a silky-haire.l species. \n ith whitish leaves, and large white
tlowers. When Dr. Sutherland went to Baffin's Bay in

»jftS^'

ff'liiti- to Green atul Broun Flouers 12^

1S51 to search f..r Sir J..|,n I>anklin. he foiiii.I this tinv
plant j^nmini,' close to the iceherj;s. Ik- says in his J..ur-
nal: " liiitton Pc^int looked as j^reen as any Kn-lisli
meadow, and the <-rass iiix.n it was not one whit less liix-
nriant. Tlie hoxtail Cra.s and the Chickweed {Ccrastium
iill^imim), and hcsts of other f,'rasses and herl)aceous plants.
,i(row anion.t; the hones of animals, and are stimulated hy
the oil and animal matter which they contain, and hy the
filth which is inseparahle fn.in Ks<piimanx hahitations. t(. a
de.t,'ree of luxuriance which no one would he willin^r to
assi-n t,i the .-^rd de,i,'ree ..f north latitude." The suen-
tihc name is derived from (eras, a horn, in reference to
the shape of the seed-pods of some of the species.

NODDING PINK

Lychnis iifilala. Tiiik F.iinily
Stems: oiu-tlowi-rcl. Leaves: linear, sc.silc. Flowers: n<.<l.linK
IK'tals n.-.rr.nv. t«.. -cleft. i„clii.lc,l i„ tin- calyx, calyx intlatc.l, its tcclli
triaiiKtilar-ovafe. acute. Fruit: a capsule.

J his I'ink is an arctic-alpine [)lant with very narrow
leaves growing j,, pairs up the stem, and nodding white
ilowers which hecome erect in fruit. The five petals are
enclosed and almost hidden within the green inflated calyx
wiiich is strongly purple-veined, tuhular. and sharjily
toothed.

Lychnis Dniininoi.dii, or Drummond's Pink, is a hairy,
sticky, tall plant with numerous erect white, or rarely pur-
plish flowers.

WHITE CAMPION

Silcnc Macouini. Pink Family

Stems: slender, fn.ni a hranchin« root>t()ck, minutely pubescent
Leaves: linear-oblanceolate. Flowers: feu, on pedicels; caly.x intlated,

"■ f

124 If lute to Green and liroun I'loicrrs

witli >linrt nlituM- tci'th; \,vU\U little cxmtUmI, with a l.ma.ll\ -.-mrirl. .1
i-law, aixl lar^;i'. thin .|iia<lratf appciidaKi-, the llai.illatc l.itid liladi- with
a liinar ti"ith on i^aili side.

I.iisc ni.'itiy i>f the Caiiipiims. ilii> om- is \ it\ >tickv. and
is iharartcrizod. in omim. .n with ntluT iiifiiilitTs of tlic Pink
l-ainily. Iiy its sk-tnliT sti-nis ln-iiii^^ juintetl and iIk- loaves set
in pairs at tlie joints. It ;,n\es imt a laiiil sweet -xlour. and
IS usually found t,'ro\vin},' ainonjn the stunes on steep hill-
sides.

.S7/<'»<- l.ynllii, ur Lyall's Catehlly. has >po(.n-haped ha^al
leaves and loiii; narn.w stein leaves. 'Ilie while llowers
j^Tow on si rt stalks in loo»e terminal heads; the inHated
calyx has pnrple-tii)ped teeth and the petals arc sj) read in;.,'
and two-kihed. The tlowers are soinelinies i)nrpli>h.

LANCE-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY

Cliytov.ui ltini\-,<hihi. Pnr-I.nii' l-'.-iniily

Stems: w-.ik, I'lMin a tnlnr. Leaves; tew. opposite, ol>lon>r.

Flowers: in ;i I e raceme in -Kiider pedieeN. nodding, white or pale

pink; veins rose: eal\ \ of two i.v.il. vep.iK ; pii;ils ti\e; style tliree-
eleft at apex.

Close to the snow, in warm wet valleys, when the |nne
sunshine has awakened the alpine world from its winter
sleep, yon will find the .Sprin.o; lieanty, and as \on stoop to
j^ather it the whole plant ( consist ini^' of a tuherons root and
one stalk with two leaves upon it and a clnstcr of hlossonis
at the to])) will inevitably come nj) in your hand, so ca>ilv
does it leave the ,!.,fronnd. Xo sooner does this happen than
the petals he.oin to close, the leaves to droop, and the stem
to .ij^row limp. Ten mintites afterwards the tlower is hope-
lessly wilted. Whether white or delicate pink, the Sprint,'
r.eanty is always veined with hritjjht rose colonr. There
are few tnore exquisite wild blossoms on this continent than

<^.- I!.

// /iitr to (imn /in J lir'mn I'/oiim 12;

1 lii'^i- littli' ilrr.iiii iliWifs fi'iiitil ill S|iriiiu,"
of uliiili I...ii-lVI!..\\ umtc in " I liauatli.'i " :

"While till- tin- li.id miimK,-,! ,,ii,| -in..nl(ltri'i|,
S.iw tlU' latlii-t iImuii- ,,[ Spiiiiu Iiiiu,
Saw llic I'.r.inty i<\ the Sprii i: itiiu-,
Saw till- .Misk..(l,-c,| ill l,l,,.s.,iii."

.l//.s7,('(/('i-(/ i^ t!ir liiili.iii ii;iiiH- I'l .r ilu' Siniiii;- I'.r.intv.

ilaytnnia iih-'ninlii ::,i. .,r \I]m'iu' Sprnii; I'-iantv, ha^
iiiiiiKT'iiN \W(l!4\-.-Ii,i|)C(l lia>al li-a\i'> r. miikUmI at the aprx
and willi a dilatfd Iia-c: tlic ^tfiii- in.t cM-iT.liii- tlusi. Umm's
in Ifiit^tli. 'Ilic sti'iii It.'a\(.s aic iiarn.u and tlu- white t<>
|iiiil<i-Ii and wlln\vi>li llnuriv ^rn\\ in a onr-sidcd cluster,
and haw iMiivpii-n, m, !)raits. I'hi^ plant ha> a \rr\ larj^c
tap-riMit wliirh iiciii'trati's to a ^reat depth in the ere\ iees
anion- the roek> at hi-h altitude-.

Cluytdiiia piirujol'hi. ><v Sinalldcaved Spriti,-; I'.eautv, has
tiny llesliy (.\al leaves, and white to pinl<i>h looselv-lldwered
clusters III liliissi.nis at the ends ..f the numerous steins. It
propa-ates freel\- hy hulhlets in the axils of the stem leaves,
as well as hv seed.

WESTERN MEADOW RUE

Tluiliclnan .■(,((/,•/;/,;/,•. ('v\\i"i,\ I'aniiiv
Stems: -Ifniltr. oin- 1m time i\>t liivh Leaves: irrn.iH'. tlu- lowc
ones iRlink'il. Flowers: niHliliiii; <in ■ ..'icr i.cdii-el-. in an ainplf

oiicn iianiile: tilanu-nts inupli-li-urci n . .i.itlKT linear, en^iiiil.ite; calvN
of fuur 1(1 eJKlit sepals that fall early. F.uit: achcne.-, one to ten \n each
head, rihhed, lanceolate.

.\ dainty plant, with delicate fohatre closelv resemhlin"
rohust -Maidenhair hern. The eye of the traveller is at once
cau<.,dit hy its pretty tas.sels. which hani,^ in clusters and are
of a pale j^reen colour, tipped with reddish-purple. It is

I .

I

126 U'hiti- to (Jrcrr. and lirrjun I'loia-

rs

frnim-iitly fotiiui ;il..n;,' the mar;,'iiis of .ilpinc Mrraiiis. I>cm«
iiiiRli adinind in fruit, wlini it ^liow^ miiikrnii, >cc(l-lKai-
in;^' stars, tipped uitli tlin .id-likc points.

'J'luilictniin nic(nuarf>uin. or \ c-iiiy Meadow I>:iu'. lias
[utrplish stems, tcrnati- Um\cs. imrplisli-t-rmi tlowi-rs and
\\cd,i,T-sI<ai)fd aclinu-s tapcrini: int.. a sl„,rt Leak. 'Ilir lil.i-
incnts arc not s., \i,\Y^ .is in tlic prrocdiiii,' -pt-ries.

M>

L^

CHALICE CUP

.hhiih'iir luiiilriiliilis. Cn.uf,,(,t I'.nnily

Stems: ir.it, m\ i.. i-inlilii-ii iiu-l,/^ lilt;!). Leaves: lar-c, I^uk-
prlinli-,1, l,iiirii;.tr ainl piim.iti-. Flowers: larur. M,lit:,ry; ).it,^|s ii.,iu-;
sqcils li\f t.. Mvi'ii. Fruit: cirpiK with Inii^ filii,,rm >t.vlcs that hc-
coiiie plumusf talk to the achiiu ^.

The {halice Clip is one of the most heautifnl of the early
.sprin<,r monntain Mowers. Its liandsome white blossoms.
inirple-shaded on the ontside. may he found },'rowinf,' dose
to the retreatinjj line of snow dnrin.i,' the months of May
and June, and later on in the season its hij,r tlnffy seed-heads
are cajj^erly j^'athered hy those who deli,t,dit in artistic thin,;,'s.
This i)lant. like many oth-rs of the Crowfoot I'amily, has
no petals, only a lovely caly.x fashioned into aho six sepals,
which do duty instead.

Anemone muUifida, or Wind Flower. ;is thi delicate little
Anemone is called, appears on the dry meadows in the
si)rini,'time in a vast \ariety of hues, with many blossoms
and much fruit. Its colours rant;e from white to red. witii
many intermediate shades of yellow, pink, and purplc-hhie.
It is to Pliny, the fan ous ancient philosopher, that it owes
its name, for he declared that only the wind would cause
Anemones 1 open; while a later poet has sun.tj how \'enus
in her grief <ner the death of Adonis " poured out tears

I'l.Aii: N\i

-1

: '.J IJ

Wind I'uiw i:r
(.liuinuiu- muitifida)

jB. i

¥

12S If hi/i n (Jri'i-n ami /iroii'4 I' lowers

amain." and hmx " ^rt.,,t|(. (1,,\vits " won- Ix-ni (• liloum at
every (Imp ihat - ' from her h,\vW cm-s:

"Will 'f sin. UK 1,1, Mu.kI, tin re lilii>liiiiK ^itriiiK, flic rii>{:,
Aii-1 wIrtc .1 I. u lias .Imppcd. ;, Wind M(,NMr Mnw,/*

TIicv art,' shi
and wafts t.
tiiiinl>lc-lil<e li
lain many wli;
ck'ir.

.hitiiKiiir 1 1)
llowiT and til , .
hi^dicr np on tiu i.icui

r . .

.iW .1"

tlfiwiTs; tlu- winrl Muu-, tluin ..pen
Uapidly the fruit is f.»rmeil in a
• ill h presently hur-ts and is seen U, emi
see(l>. The lt-a\es are very deepK

Ui "

/; ///

petnal snow.

'I !

lea

about two inehi ^ below the

' , ,.ie AnemcMe. has a lar,v:iT
m ./. iiiiillifuhi; it alxo j^rows
may be fotind close to j)er-
set in a circle round thi >talk,
lossoin, and also ;;row up ironi
the base of tlu plant. They are not so delicate or deepb.
cut as those of . /. iiiiiltifhhi. '|"he tlower is rather like a
white buttercup, and is tisuallv sh.ided with pale bine on the
outside. The centre i> yellow and ^reen.

.hu'iiioiii' p.iriitlora, or b"ew-tlowered .\nemone, the
smallest and most delicate of all the nionntain .\nemones.
i.s usually found {^'rowin- in the thick forests, sin.yle and
•solitary. The tlowers are white, veine<l and shaded with
l)lue at the base of the sepals.

WHITE CLEMATIS

Cli'iihitis li<;iisliiif,'!iii. Crowfoot I'.iniily

Stems: somcwlKit ptthesccnt. Leaves: (niiint.' m (Hiinatc-tcrn.it<-
Icallcts ohloMK. acute, iiK-i.sciy lohcl ami triful. Flowers: in p.niail.itc
corymbs. Fruit: acliencs pulicscciit.

The White Clematis has open clusters of rather small
flowers composed of live thin .ilky petaloid sepals, oblong
lobed leaves, and handsome plumose seed-heads. This

< li \i :i I 1

p

¥

J-

i.

J:

■i^^K^^m^mm^^^ ^:

White to Green and Broun Flouers

I2Q

climhin- plant is usually l-mnd alon- the hanks ,,t tiic alpine
streams.

ALPINE MARSH-MARIGOLD

C\}ltlla Icflosi-Cjl,,. frowl'w.a I';„„ily

FllTrl: ""7- Leaves: nI,I.,„R-conIa,c. irrc.nh.rly cTu,atc-,o,.,h...l.
Mowers: >q,als i>ctal,.i(l, lanceolate, acute.

This plant is f.niml chieny in moist l-.calities. and often
^Tows ahundantly in the wet alpine meadows at hij,di eleva-
tions nhere its white flowers, whose petaloid sepals are
deeply tni-ed with inirple-l.lue on the outside, a-e extremely
heautitul set amon^r their rich large-leaved f..liai,^e The
stems hear one or two llowers. the lower of which is sub-
tended by a noticeable leaf-like bract.

WHITE GLOBE FLOWER

Trollius !a.rus zar. albitJorus. Crowfoot Family
Stems: weak, ascen.li;,^. Leaves: palmately .livi.le.l. the seRments
"J.ny-cleft. Flowers: litary; sepals five ,o six, white w-M, a ^r e
.^h n,«e outsule; petal> fifteen to twenty-five, hriRht ellow n'in
much shorter than the mnncrons stamen '

The White Globe Flower is one of the most conspicuous
ot all the early spring mountain plants that grow at verv
lii«h altitudes. Close to the borders of alj-ine lakes and
streams, and m marshy places where the snow has recently
melted, beds of this beautind la.-e white flower may be
found. ,ts brilliant gol.le.. centre gleaming in the sunshine
and ,ts rich, glossy foliage fonmng a superb settmg for its
perfect purity.

Do not confuse it with one of the .Anemones. Note that
Its centre is far larger and more golden in hue: also that the
fohage ,s coarser and thicker. There is a bushy circle of
leaves set on the stalk about one inch below the blossom

it]

im

PLATE XXII

!U

4)

White Globe Flowkr

(Trollius laxus var. albifiorus)

130

IVhite to Green and Broun Floiiers i^i

The White G|„he Flower is frer|ucntly f.miul ifr.nvinir

throu^'h the snow.

iig up

RED BANEBERRY

./rtoj rubra. Crowfoot Family

L,!*T';""' '^ t ^f"!'^'"' '^""' '-^ ^••'^^■i^-'^- «f simrt I.ranchinR roots.
Leaves, tcrnate. the ,lu,s.o„. pi„„.,te. with the lower ultimate lea.lets

toi'I r'V'"" "'.'"■";""■'• -•■''^•' -'-H'tinu-. „l„ct.rely three-loi.e.l.
oo he, Flowers: ,n ohl,,,.^ ter„,i„al ra.enus. >,.,netinH.s divicle.l to-

m^litecded"' ' ''''''' """""' "'''''''■ ^™"= ''^^^^ -'• "-'•

The Red Baneherry is a perennial herh. not a shrul) and
arrows to the height of six feet, heing a very lari,^o hitshv
plant. 1 he f()haj,re is abundant and coarsely ycincd. and
the tiny flowers, which -row in ..hlon-. dose-set. terminal
racemes, are feathery and delicate in appearance. Thi.
plant iisnally tl<nirishes in the dense forest glades, where the
damty white blos.soms and clusters of bright red berries
adorning its slender stalks render it b..th attractive and con-
spicuous.

Actcca rubra forma mujlccta. or White P.anebern- is
rather difficult to distinguish from the iireceding species
until the fruit ripens, when its berries will be found to be
uuich larger than those of Actcca rubra, a pure. waxv. china-
white tinged with purple at the end. and growing ,.n lon<--
slender green pedicels: whereas th.-se of the Red P.aneberr.v
are, as its name denotes, a bright scarlet. The leaves of the
W Inte P.aneberry are more pointed and more deeply cut than
those of Its sister plant, the white petals are square at the
ends, and the flowers grow in long-shaped clusters. This
plant is the Actcca churvca o{ Rydberg.

mm-

PI.ATF. XX in

•11

1^'

1^

Red n.iNEIiERRY

(./r/a\; rtil'ia)
132

^.■^'^m^^-d^m^^:

JVIiite to GtiU-n and Broun Floucrs

'--^S

WHITE WHITLOW GRASS

Pi\iba iihiiiui. Mii^i.ird l-.nuily

Stems: lioary. pulH-ciMit. Leaves: nl,lun«-I,i,u-t.'..I;itc. iK-.irIy cntiri'
Flowers: iHt.-.l^nMuiir.l; Myk- tninuir. Fruit: ix..!- aciito. tvvKU.l wIkm
ripi', on -liMrt irirt pnlittls.

A plant partakiii;^' of tlic a])poaraiuT of a weed, and
closely rfsc'nil)lin<( a white mustard. It has lance-shaped,
tootlied leaves, and the i)etals are notched at the apex.

Druhii l(>ihluH\tr[^a. or l.onj^^-podded Whitlow Crass, may
he recojrnized hy its lon.s,^ smooth pods, uhieh are very nar-
row, and more or les. twisted. It is a hairy plant and -row-
on rock led.i^es at {(reat altitudes.

Ihaba f^ra-alla. or Spruij,' Whitlow Crass, is a common
species which <.(rows ahundantly hetwecn four and six thou-
sand feet.

I

PENNY CRESS

Tltlasti arxi-iisi-. .Mustard Family

Stems: erect. Klabnnis. Leaves: petioleil, ulilaiu-f.late. dentate;
sten,-leave.s ohL.ns. Flowers: uliitc, pedia-ls >|,rea,liiiK ..r curved up-
ward. Fruit: pi.ds nearly orl.icular when ripe, hroad. very ll.it. notched
at the ai)eN. in Iomr raceme-: seed- rngose. N'ot iudiijenou-.

I'enny Cress very nearly resemhies Shepherd's Purse, and
the easiest way to distinj^uish hetween the two plants is t(»
note that while the seed-pods of the l.ittcr arc trianf,M ■ r in
shape, those of the I'enny Cress are nearly round, hotli in.t;
notched at the top. Then. also, the leaves differ: tho,>e of
the Shepherd's Purse are deeply eut, and those of the Penny
Cress are only sli,i;htly toothed. This is an inlnxluced
plant.

EJ»n^:^'

134 White to Green and Broun Flow

ers

¥

PEPPER GRASS

Lepidium apctalum. Mustard Family

Stems: glabrous, wiry^ Leaves: the basal ,.„cs pinnatifid. the upper

Urv inT r* T"'"\ f'""'"'' '" '""« """^"- F'uit: seeds ol -
tary m each cell, pendulous.

This plant is nearly scentless, and has compound basal
leaves and small-toothed upper ones. The white flowers
grow m long-shaped clusters, and the .seed-pods are circular
and mmutely wing-margined at the top.

SHEPHERD'S PURSE

Capsella Bursa-pastoris. Mustard Family

JiT'"'' '''f f '"?• L*«J"= '"^^''y runcinate-pinnatifid. cauline. lan-
ceolate, aur.cled at base. Flowers: small, white. i„ long loose racemes •
petals four: sepals four. Fruit: pods cuneate-triangular. trunca e
above; seeds ten or twelve in each cell. Not indigenous.

This common little white-flowered plant grows all over'
the world in temperate zones and at various altitudes. Its
tmy heart-shaped seed-purses have amused the children of
many countries. It is closely related to Candvtuft. to
which It bears a strong resemblance. Sir Joseph Hooker
once stated that in his opinion of all the weeds which cling
to the skirts of husbandry. Shepherd's Purse would be the
first to disappear if the soil were suddenly to be left unfilled
and deserted by man and beast. The quaint name of
" Pickpocket " frequently applied to this plant betokens the
suspicion that it steals the nutriment the farmer distributes
to his crops. Shepherd's Purse has no scent or honey, and
It fertilizes itself. This is an introduced plant.

White to Green and Broun Floue

rs

'35

NORTHERN ROCK CRESS

Braya liuiiiilis. Mustard lamily
Stems: erect, l.ranclii.iK I.elow. Leaves: si-atulate. tlie 1,.w.t ..1,-
tuse, shari.ly ,lcntat<, the iii-per Miialler an.l narruuir. acute Flowers-
on asceiKling pedicels. Fruit: i-.mK terete. Klal.n.us. linear.

This plant closely rcsciiihk's the T.iiisy Mn-tanls. It has
white, rarely i)inkisli flowers, and a l.a>;il rosette of coarsely
toothed leaves, the upper leaves hein- narrow and even-
margined.

WATER CRESS

RiUiicula Xasturtiiim-ai]uatituiii. Mustard Family
Aquatic. Klal.rous; root fil.rous. Stems: sio„t. hull.nv. moiipn -.t the
decumbent base. Leaves: pinnate, kalleis rounded or el.m.^aie.l the
ternunal ones larRest. Flowers: petals white: sepals f.-ur. early- .-.diniK' •
stamei.s six; style slu.rt, thick. Fruit: p„ds divaricately spr.admK
seeds in two rows. Not indigenous.

Surely it is a libel to call this plant Xashirtiitin. which
.si«nities " twisted nose."" and is given to Water Cress simply
because we are supposed to turn up our noses when we eat
Its acrid leaves. Tho.se who go out to gather flowers will
seldoiu pause to pick this insignificant plant, who.se clusters
of .small white flowers grow cl.>se beside. ..r actuallv in, the
streams and ponds, and whose only claim upon our attention
lies in the pleasant pungent flavour of its leaves. This is
an introduced plant.

WHITE BITTER CRESS

Cardaminc f'i-iinsyliaitua. Mustard Family
Stems: gKibrous, erect, ratiier stout. Leaves: pinnatcly divide.l the
terminal segment oval and narrowed at the base, all toothed Flowers-
in corymbose racemes. Fruit: pods narrowly linear, erect when ma-
ture.

¥

12^ JVhite to Green and Broun Flowers

llus White I'.itter Cress grows in wet places, and some-
tunes attains a height of two feet. It is a coarse plant with
coniiKHind leaves, small white (lowers, and very long narrow
seed-pods which hecome erect at maturity.

Cardaminc hcllidifolia, or .Alpine Hitter Cross, is a small
plant two to five inches in height, which is found on the
alpine summits. It has fihn.us roots, little oval leaves
growing on long slender stalks which branch out from the
main stems, and terminal clusters of inconspicuous white
flowers.

STONY ROCK CRESS

Arabis IJolbwllii. Mustard Family

Stems: erect, simple. Leaves: spatulatc. petiokd. entire or spari.iRly
toothed: stcm-lcavcs erect. daspiuK. Flowers: white or pinki^h
Fruit: pods linear, drooping.

Crowing out of a cluster of long-shaped leaves, the Stonv
Rock Cress has a tall stalk, ui) which manv tinv narrow
leaves cling. The flo.vers are small white, mauve', or pink-
ish hells, growing in a raceme. This plant, as its name
indicates, is generally found in very drv stonv places. It
grows from eight to eighteen inches 'high', and has very long
narrow .seed-pods, which droop downwards.

Arabis hirsuta, or Hairy Rock Cress, is easily distin-
guished from the other Rock Cresses hy its hairy stalks and
leaves.

Arabis Driimviondii, or Drurimond's Rock Cress, is a
handsome leafy species, with erect tlat seed-pods.

Arabis glabra, or Smooth Rock Cress, has long tMothed
basal leaves, and even-margined stem leaves whi ' are
arrow-shaped at the base. The flowers are deej) c. im-
colour.

White to Gri'i-n and liroiiti Flouwrs

'.^7

ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW

Ihoscra r,ilniidif,<li,i. Siiinlcw l'';iiiiily
Stems: slin.lir, nl.il.niii>. Leaves: .irtpivul.n, sprtMiliiiK "ii tlu-
Kn.iin.l. Flowers: in :, ..,R-.i.U,l r.unm-, f,.ur u, iw.lvi- tluwi-rcl.
Fruit: stnK fn-ifcirin, poinii'd at Ih.iIi imkU.

'I'his lM.j,r-lu.rl) lias a (|iKmtity nf siii;,II p.tin.l k-a\c-s that
.irrou on Hat stalks, and arc n.vciid with rc-ddisli j,'lan(Inlar
liairs wliicli sirrt'tc a llm'd that entraps insirts. rhi> thiid
is cxudi'd in tiny (hops at thi- tii)s ..t tin- hairs, so that tlic
I)Iant always appears t(. he covered with dew and is very
sticky. The white flowers ijrow in a one-sided duster, and
open nsually in sunshine, luit only dnriiiLr a very few honrs
of the day. sometimes not openinj,' at all for several days in
succession. The Sundews ,i,rr(nv chietly in wet places, pref-
erahly in sphaj,Mn)m !)<)},'>.

" \\li;it'> tlii.s I Iic.-ir
Almiit till- new carniviira .^
Can link- |)lallt^
I'.at ltnK> and ants
.\n<l Knats and tlics?
.\ siirt I if rfinp^radin^ ;
Surely llii' fare
Of tlnwers is ;iir.
Or snnsliine ■-wect ;
They sliDuldnt eat,
Or do anxlit so degradinK."

It is perfectly true that the Sundew not only catches in-
sects with its sticky fluid, so like a liquid <.,rum, hut also
actually digests and ahsorhs the nutriment thus derived
from the soft parts of its victims. When a fly caufjht hy
the i,dutinous .t;lo)iiiles touches one of the glandular hairs,
or we might almost call them tentacles, an irritation is set
up communicahle through the leaf substance to the other

¥

i.^H if/lite to Grvi'n and liroun Fioice

rs

hairs .)r tcntailcs. which at (.ncc hi-^nn t.. bend in over tlie
nil fortunate insirt and inipriv.n it within a notwork from
which escape is iniposMl.Ie. 'Ilien the -lands hej^'in to exnde
an acid (h^estive llnid. and the Sundew proceeds to hatten
and fatten upon the meat in its larder Inorj,Mnic sub-
stances (with the exception of those which are re(|uired hv
plants for their sustenance, siich as phosph;,ie of ammom.i.
carbonate of ammonia and nitrate of ammonia) do not
affect the Sundew, which p(.sse'^sc.s such extremely delicate
.sensibilities that it instantly reco-nizes the difference be-
tween orj,'anic and inor<janic matter. Darwin's esperi-
ments with this jjlant have shown us tli.it inlinitesimal
particles of ve^'etable or animal substanc-e will cause the
hairs to bend o\er. while a j,'rain of sand leaves them unin-
fluencecl.

Droscra loti(/ifolia. or Loiifj-Ieaved Sundew, has erect
elonj^'ated spatulate leaves narrowed into a lonjr stalk, which
are covered with {,dandular hairs like the precedinj; species.
The white llowers ^'ruw in a terminal cluster.

LEPTARRHENA

Lcftiinlu-na lunfli-xifoUa. SaxifraRc Family

Stems: six to fifU'i-n iiulics IhkIi. riRid. with one or two sniail leaves
with sheatliiiiK petioles. Leaves: oliovate coarsely serrate almve the
niidillc, attenuate below to a short-winRed petiole, which is dilated and
sheathing at the hase. Flowers: nitnurons, in hr.icted paniculate ra-
cemes: petals (he. entire, linear, white; calyx canipanulate. Fruit: car-
pels iinrple-red, diver^jent.

A very handsome plant, with closely clustered tlowcr-
heads and thick jjlossy leaves. In seed it is remarkable for
its rich purple-red appearance. It grows in quantities near
many alpine streams.

wm^

IW'

JThite to Gr,rn and liroun F/ou,rs

'.^9

WESTERN BOYKINIA

/'.'v/i'»ii,/ .', .(./.•)i/.(/i.s. S.ixifraKi' Family
Stem.: .I.iHl.r. cr.rt .,r .l.vlinni fr.m, a ,rf.-,.in« s,.„H-w!,al w.^nly
can.U.v Leaves: r.n,n,l-.-..r.|.m, „. isdy I.,l..,l. .,„ .Un.kr ,u.,i,.K., ...h
.I.I.m.l l.,.sc. Flower,: ,„ .|.-„Ka...| ,...nin.latc cyrao. Fruit: a ca,>.

I Ins plant has a cmi in- uoo.ly rctstork. and altfrnatc
liaves ulnVh an- roun.lnl and lK-art->lia|K-.| -.t the msc
rhc flowers prow in hranchin^ tlat-toppcl chiMors. have a
l.c-n-shaiK-d calyx. an<l f.vc white earlv decidnous ,a'tals
which narrow below to a lun<r claw.

COMMON SAXIFRAGE

Saxifrojia hronchialis. Saxifrage Family
Stems: one to >ix :.,cIms h.^'l,. asccn.IinK. slc.ulcr. pro.l.innK .I.ort
branchcts. Leaves: onaccnns. lanculatc. n,„crn„ate. sessile. «i.l, a
b oa.l l,ase f.ncly al>ate. Flowers: f.w. in an .,„cn a.ryn,b ..„ ,U.„,ler
pctlKfls; petals ol)lonK. wl.ilc, nvirkcd with red spots.

I-re(|uently the traveller will f.nd immense rocky slopes
literally covered with the pretty little l.lossoms of th'is Saxi-
frajre. which may easily he recoc:ni/c,l I)v the hri^'ht red
spots that mark its the white petals. It is a low-prowinjj
species, the flower-stalks seld<.m exceeding six inches in
iK-ijrht, and being much branched and re.ldish in colour.
I he tiny narrow leaves are very stifY.— indeed, a noticea-
l>!e characteristic of the whole plant is its rigid nature.
The name is derived from saxwn, " a rock." and franqo,
" I break." and the Germans call it StcUihrcch. because it
grows so thickly in the crevices of the rocks '" t it is sup-
ixjsed to disintegrate them by its growth. .\\\ the Saxi-
frages are much visited by flies and bees, and

!

rb

140 fi'fiilt' t'j (iti'in (inJ lit'txin ihriit-rs

i't'

"Scatic t«'»s llic- cKll lii.rii wild llri\v,r -tints Im iiij.iy
I''\i-lr.l-i . ill. Ill till' willj,'iMl lijlllldtTlT

1 ii.it Mil k- it" "wril'.."

Scxifnuni (rninti, ..r Xnddini,' S.ixifrat^i-, is a iTfainy-
wliili- lloutr. more rait- (liati iiian\- -if il«. sistcT Sa\irra;;«'s,
ail. I .i^Towitit,' If. .Ill f.iiir I., fi-lii iiicIuN In-i, iin. tra\i-IUT
will al ..nil- I.V sfrti. k l.y tlu- liillc I.ri-^Iit rnl Imllw iliat -n.u-
ill tlu- a\il>. ulu'iv i.nli iippcT li-af i> atlarlinl 1., thr -talk;
and l.y lliis rliara 'liTisfic. as ui-ll a> l.v its 1..u«.t p liiii-liki'
leaves, ilie \...Miiii,' Sa\il'raj;i' may l.e rea<li!y kiMuii. It
Kn.v\s am. .111; the miks a! \ify hiv'Ii altitudes.

Sd.vif 1(1^/11 l.yallii, ..r Lyall's Sa\itia-e. lias a rreei.iiiij
caiideN aiid is spariii.i,dy hraiulied. Tliere are tw,. tall \erv
l.ram-liiii',' while Sa\ifra,t,'^es wliicli 1.. the ..nliiian oye
eL.sely resemhle oik- aiu.ther, namelv. l.yalTs Sa\itrai;e ami
Tall Saxit'raL'e. and a careful refen-iue t.i the de-tripti..ns
(»t ea. li sli. .:ild lie made in determiiiiivr a partienlar plant.

I.vall's Sa.xifraure is the smaller <'t the two jilants, ami is
less hr ineliiiii,': its leaves <^Ti\\\ in a elnster at the hase. are
nmnded. deeply toothed, and often tiiii^ed and streakol with
red. 'llu' (lowers, wliieli are very niinieroiis, are white
.\ special distin,iniisliini,' feature is the seed-jiods, three or
four in num'ier, whiih dexeioi) in the eeiitre of each (lower
in a cluster, and are red, with very pointed ere'.t heaks.

Sa.vifnuia niitkana, or Tall .Saxifra.tjc. j,tows erect from
a (lesliy candex. The Tall Saxifra<.;e is a larger and hand
soiner |)lant than L\ all's species. It is also more !)ranchin,i,^
{,'rowinj,' from six t.. ei,!L,diteen inches h.ijjjh. and covered with
many tiny white hlossoms. each with a liriirht oranj^^e or reel
spot at the hase of the lih.de. The leaves .l;iow in a cluster
at the hase. fr..m the centre of which the (lower-stalks

^t^tjluv -.-.I*** *r»'

■■ni£r«s»AB

#«^

Vl.MV \W

Vll'IVK S \XII l(\' F

( Sa.vifr.ii:,! iiizvlis)
141

"9.9i^»x& imi'SiXmMvr.r'M.ixwmtnar -T

^: mT. lar^'jmBttf'jfM'mjr if,»?*r'KiB^^.-»fK.T^'-'

142 Jf'liitc to Green and Broun Flowers

m.

r

spriiif,- they are hairy, l()n--shai)e(I. and sharply toothed.
Noil can hest (hstinguisli tlie Tall Saxifrage from Lyall's
species hy the leaves, which in the former are spatulate and
Ionf,-shaped and in the latter rounded. The Tall Saxifra^'e
also f,a-nerally has small hulhlcts growinj,' helow the Houcns.
Saxifraija niiMlis, or .Alpine Saxifra^t. is a plant which
grows at extremely high altitudes, as well as on the lower
motmtain slopes. It, too, has a cluster of leaves at the hase,
rounded and toothed at the top and narrowing down sharply
towards the ro(,t. The Howers grow in handsome compact
heads, and the stalks, usually quite hare of leaves, are red-
dish and n<.t straight. The seed-pods are purple-red and
spreading.

Sa.xifra(/aMcrtcnsitma, or Spotted Saxifrage, has a hulb-
like rootstuck. and jmipagates hy hulhlets in the axils of
the leaves which latter are rounded, heart-shaped at the
hase. lohed and toothed, being very large and broad. The
white petals of the (lowers have two yell.nv spots near the
base and the capsule is oval and inflated.

Saxifraya ccstivalis, or Purple-bract ed Saxifrage, has
kulney-shaped leaves which are deepK cordate at the base
and coarsely toothed. The white flowers grow in a l(>ose
open panicle, and the bracts on the stalks are .|uite purplish.

Saxifnuja acsfilosa. or Tufted Saxifrage, has slender
running stems and short branchlcts. It f.,nns den^e tufts
as large as eighteen inches in diameter on the ground. The
leaves are pale yellowish-green, thin, fan-shapcl and deeply
tliree-to-five cleft. The white (lowers are large in compari-
son with the sixe of the plant and the narrow entire bracts
and three-lobed leaves grow on the (lowering stalks.

Saxifnuja adscciulcns, or Wedge-leaved Saxifrage, has
wedge-shai)ed three-toothed leaves growing in basal rosettes,

ri.ATK XXV

X.\.\( ^ -(i\KK-TllK-(,K(U\D

( 1 Htrclla uiiifoliiit,,)
1-13

V,

'I

: ' I

■. . :.^'^V

[f

144 Jl'hiti' to Green atifi liroun Flouers

and Ijranchini^ stalks. 'Ilic wliitc petals are also wcdj^e-
shaped.

Sii.vifnu/a rhiilnris. or Alpine I'rook Sa\ifra!j:e, has kid-
ney-shaped hasal leaves which are three-lo-five lohed, and
narrow upper leaves. The llouers which term nate the
slender stalk., are erect. This plant is found on the alpine
suniniil> and near rnnniiiL; water.

NANCY-OVER-THE-GROUND

liiiicUa iiiiiloluita. S,i\ifr:ij,'i' I-'.miily

Stems: ^UiuKr, >i)ri;iiIiiiK frnni rnnniiiK n '(it--t"ok>, Leaves: -impk-,
cord.iti', .K-iiti-, iili^curtlv hM,-tc>->o\tii IdIjoI un lim^ tine pcliuli-^.
Flowers: iimiR'mns, in .i n.-irmu panicle; calyx cleft t(i near the l>a>e;
petals five, tilil'drni; stanteii^ ten.

The tiny feathery flowers of this ])lant are fotnid in ^'reat
(piantities in the mountains. Their lar.^e heart-shaped
leaves appear to carpet the f,'roiind ahout three inches alio\e
the soil in the localities where they ahound. and their white
masses of delicate hloom have earned for then; the name of
" l'\irun-ITower." The Latin name Tiarclhi means "a lit-
tle tiara," and refers to the shape of the capstile, while
unifoliaia refers to the one leaf on the llower-stalk.

OVAL-LEAVED ALUM ROOT

llcuihtia o:tilif(iliii. S.-ixitra^c l";iinily

Stems: six to ei^liteen inclii^ liiuli, liMlle^s. Leaves: ii\ate, cordate,
crenaie. Flowers: a Kr<-'i""i-l'-i^'ii';iiii, >ni,ill, in terniinai panicle-, spike-
like, cylinilricil, two to t(nir inches lonj^ ; calyx cainpaiuilate ; petals
tiliforin or none. Fruit: seeds hi-pid.

This plant is usually found in very dry stony ])laces,
among the rocks or on gravelly slopes. It is remarkahle for
its tall stiff stalks, which are leafless and end in a dense
spike of closely-set creamy flowers. The leaves are green

ri.ATi: xxvr

OVAI -1 KAVKII Ar I M KiNiT

(He III- In- ra oialiioHa )

145

?''5?^5^^^!^^^^

146 White to Green and Broun Floucrs

r

\iL.
w

and reddish, round, and with wavy inarf;in> It is a pc-
cuhar but not an attractive plant.

UcHchcra glabra, or Smooth Ahini Root, has roundish
lotted leaves which are douhly toothed; the cream-coloured
Howers f,'row in a loose hranchinj,' cluster and the style is
much exserted.

Hciichcra (jlq^h-lla, or P.ristly Alum Root, differs from
the fore.ijoinjj species in havint,' leathery round-toothed
leaves, the teeth of which are bristly at the apex and have
marginal hairs. The white Mowers are small and -row in
a loose branching,' spike, each branch beiny subtended by a
hairy bristly bract.

TELLIMA

Tcllima iirandill,iia. .'^axitrriKc I'aniily

Stems: liispid-piihc-sccnt, fmin >liiin tiiftiil nmtstdcks. Leaves:
romul-cdrdate, tlircf-to-iiinc lohed, cnarsi'ly tn(.tlic<l. on li.nu in'tiolc^.
Flowers: crcain-colonr, with ro^c-piiik margins, on very slmrt nlKxcd
pi'diccls; calyx thick, cyhndracfoiis, with tiirliinali- lulic and shurt,
trianKtilnr, erect 1<iI)l's, iiillattd; petals laciiiiately cut into tilif(7rni seg-
ments, narrowed helow to a short claw.

\ plant that is easily recoj^nized i)y means of its lon.^-
stalks, bearinjj numerous nmnd cream-coloured or <,'reen
blossoms, which are set closely ajjainst it, their edt^es rose
colour and deeply frinj^ed. It throws from one to two feel
hif,di and has (piantities of folia,i;e, the leaves beini^- larjje,
rounded, and lobed, with fine white hairs standini; up all
over them.

MITREWORT

MitcUii Brci^'cii. SaxifrnRe Family

Stems: pnhcscent with hrownisli hairs. Leaves: ronnd-oordate,
ihree-to-fivo lohed, toothed. Flowers: small, .urocn, in simple spic.ite
racemes; calyx short, campanulate ; petals pectinately i)innatc, with lili-
forni pinn.i'a.

ri.Ari-: xw n

Teli.ima

( TcUima graiidiriora )

M7

If I

^f'*

148 IVhite to Green and Brown Flouers

The Mitrewort is one of the few absoUitcly green flowers
that grow in the mountains; it derives its name of Mitclla.
or P>ishop's Cap, fnjni the form of the seed-ixul. It (hffers
from \aney-(ner-the-groun(l. first, in that its Ijlossoms are
much more fragile and green, and secondly, in that it is
more leafy and is covered with tiny hairs.

Mitclla Hilda, or Bishop's Cap, has a stolonifernus stem.
The leaves are circular and deeply cordate at the base, bluntly
toothed at the edi^e, and covered on both sides with scat-
tered hairs. The greenish flowers are similar to those of
the preceding species.

M it Ala pcntaiulra, or Fivc-stamencd Mitrewort, has
leaves which are circular in outline, but usually thrce-to-five
lobed and unecpially toothed at the ii<\^Q. The flowers have
a bell-shaped calyx with very short lobes and compound
petals. The five stamens are placed opposite the petals.

Mitclla trifnia, or Alpine Mitrewort. is sparingly covered
with coarse white hairs, and the flowers grow in a one-sided
cluster, each tiny stalk being subtended by a white bract.
Both the bell-shaped calyx and the three-toothed petals are
white.

li

MARSH GRASS OF PARNASSUS

Paniassiii montancu. is. Saxifrage Family

Stems: l)eariiiR one claspinj; ovate leaf. Leaves: ovate, petioled.
olitnse at the apex, cordate at the base. Flowers: elliptic, few-veiiied ;
petrds five ; stamens mmieroiis, in clusters at the base of each petal.

Why "Grass," and why "of Parnassus"? Assuredly
the traveller will be surprised when he finds what kind of
flower bears this exceedingly unstutable name, for the (irass
of Parnassus is like a delicate while buttercup, the veins in
its petals being .strongly marked, and numerous stamens

ir/ilti' to Green and Hro-un llo\icrs 149

j,a()\vin}j^ at the ha'^c <>f t-vory Made. ICacli -talk i> i-laspe<l
In a sins^ie little rmind leaf, and a in.'i-- i>l" smnotli <jlii>sv
foliaj^e ,i,'r()\\s close tn the i^ronnd. Tlie-e ha-al leaves are
much curled up. and in I(p\\-1\ iut,^ niar-lus and other wn
|ilaees yon will tind iheni in |.r<>fn-.inn dnrini; the nionth ot
jnly. Perhaps it was the vehety petals i)\ the (lra~- of
Parnassus that cau-ed Pnierson to ask:

■■ W'liy N'ltnre Ii'M'S tlio nuinln'r five.
And why till' >lar-tiiriii ^hc ic';iial> ? "

I'or in this ])artic)ilar nicuntain wild tlnwer tlie (ne petals
and the star-torni are h.ith cspeciallv C()nsi)icunu>.

I'anuissin fniihriiihi. or i-'rin^ed ( lras> of i'aina>sus. is
also very cnniinon in nmist ])laces aiunni;" die mountain-. It
closely resemhlcs the plant already descrihed, hut may he
clearly distin.i;uished t'roin it, hecau-e the petal- are con-
spicuously t'rinj^red toward- the lia-e and h;i\e tiin' marginal
hairs.

Pdrmissia parritlnra, or Small (Ira-s ot' Parna-stis, re-
semhles the mountain species, hut has sm.aller tlowcrs, and
may always he di-tin,miislu'(l hy the tact that the ha-al leave-
are oval, and iu>l heart--haped, luit narrowed into a slen<ler
stalk.

/'(inia.s'sia Kot'^ebiwi. or Aipine (ira-s of Parna^sn-, is a
tiny species, only a few iiiclio hi,i;h, and i> found at j.;reat
altitudes.

BRISTLY GOOSEBERRY

h'ihrs srtiisiiiii. S.ixitra'-;*.' I'aniily

Stems: with iiifra-axillary >iiiiu-. -KihIim, ^pri^ailiiiL;, -nnu'timfs
none; 'iri^tk-s n>!ial1> ninnirnns. scaitcn ■!. Leaves: -IcikKt |ifti"li<l,
t)ri>;i<lly (uatr in niithiii.'. t'i\ r-lnin'il, tlie I. .In- inci-i-il-ili-nlalf. Flowers:
>4rtcni>h-wliitt ; i-;ily\-lii!.c i>Iin.lrif. I^'iiucr tli.in tlie hMmIij; l.ilic-;

iii'l

r^

'J?" White to Green rnu/ liroun Flouers

ii;i

st.-.n.rns „.,t cxs.rtol. Fruit: a kI,,I,.,.c- pnr,,U. l,.r,v. ,M,l,,y, the .alyx
piTMstfiit ..n lis Minimii, >|,.,riii^;Iy l,ristly ,,r miii, Kl;,l,rMi.^.

'i'hc Inish on wliiih this P.ri.tly (iMosclK-rry ^nou > i. found
m the shady \v..ods. and attains an avcra,i(f hci,i,dit of three
left. The tlouer> are ,i,'reenish-uhite and verv inM^r„j(K.;i„t.
and the frnit consists of a Mnall purple pulpy herrv. which is
sweet to the taste.

Kibes hatstre. or Swamp Cooschorry. has l.ranclies cov-
ered with slender spines. The leaves are nearlv eireular in
'-ntline. hear. !iai.ed. (leei)ly five-to-scven lol,i,l.';uid toothed
at the e<l,ue>: while the -reen or purplisj, Unwers -row in
l<.<.se raeeines. The fruit is a pnrpu.li-hlaek I.errv covered
with weak hristles.

Kibes hutlsonimmw. or IMark Currant, has sino.,th erect
l.ranches. and leaves which ;ire ronnd-cordate, tliree-to-(ive
lohed. coarsely toothed, and resinous-dotted heneath. '{"Ik-
racemes of white llowers are dense, and the fruit is a smooth
hlack herrv.

• i^~- T-i"i'

BIRCH-LEAVED SPIR^ffiA

Sfira-ii lihidii. Kdsc F.imilv
Stems: erect, rcd.lisli. \v,>,„|y. nne i„ two t\r, |)ii.|,. Leaves: lower
ones small, obnvale; upper .mcs „val, .•icuti-li. nnc(|iKil!v >erratc en ^Imrt
pitK.Ks. Flowers: crcani-o.|,,nr in coinpoini.l o.rvnil)- petals f.v.-
rounded.

.\ small hushy shruh with woody stems hcarin,;,^ lari^e
showy, tluffy llower-heads. llattened on the lop and formed
of numerous tiny cream-coloured blossoms tin<;ed with pink.

It frequently jjrows hy the side of mountain roads rmd at
the edge of trails, where the hri-ht sunshine hrin-s i; out to
perfection. The red woody stems hreak off with a sharp
snap, and the scent of the llowers is extremely sweet.

S<S^*i^

ri.ATi Nwni

I'ikril-I KWr:) Sl'IW 1 \

( >/•//(.■(; Ill, ilia )

HJ

i

1^1

.^.'

r I

i>

152 Jriiile to Green and Hroun Flouers

GOATS BEARD

.Ini-hiis syliisti-r, Kd^t [•'aiiiiiy

Stems: cn-ct, l.raiiMl. Leaves: l..nK-pcti<>k'(l. pinn.iti'. tliroc-tn-
scvctl foli"l;.li-; lialli'l> <ivati', laiH\i!aU'. I,iin. aiiitc at tlii' apex.
n.iiiKlid at i!i>- h.isc, sliarply .|.., i.ly siTr.,tc. Flowers: in Iouk, -IciKk-r.
paiiirlcd spikc^, <Tii-l (jr ■-piiailins^.

'I'liis tall, slirul)-likc'. piTcitiiial herh i^ (|iiitc niimi-lal<al)K
a^ It ;^r()\\s t'n.ni three t<. i-ii foot hii^'Ii iti the rich «^n,| ..f
tho Wit vaUcvs. and hear^ lUI^kMl.tl•^ 1>U'^ >ho\\ \ |ihiiiifs of
closely iliistercd. niintitf, creamy llowers n'Miij,' aI)o\e its
masses of hixiiriaiit strongly veined folia-e. Thus the
float's I'.eaid is both decorative aii(' conspici .uis The tinv
llo\ver> arc formed of a fne-Iohed i al.\ \ and live i)etal-, atid
tile seeds are \ cry small and shiniiifj;.

ALPINE SPIR^A

Lulkcii f>i'itiiiiit(i. Ro-c Family

Stems: ccspito-o. crupiiiK, M-ry leafy; llowcriiiR •^tcins crctt.
Leaves: ttifolinlatc, ptr-i-itnt : liailrts dirply |mI,i-,1. Flowers: m
slxirt tiTiiiiiial rati'iiU"- ; caly\-Inl)i~ ovale, aiMitc, oinallini; the inhc:
petals oiiovate.

A lovely trailin.i;- pl.aiit, it- llowers .tjrouinj^r to an a\eraro
heijL^ht of four inches, in cloii-ated hcuK, each individual
tiny Iilossoin havinjj six white petals ;ind ;i ninnhcr of vellow
stamens. The leaves .t,To\v close to the .ijround. resemhlinfj
a larL;e moss, and arc (leei)ly frin.^cd and fern-like. The
shoots of the plant run aloni,' the "ground: the stems of ilie
llowers .arc hritlle an<l woodv.

COMMON SERVICEBERRx

.'nu-hiihliii-r fJ.>ri,lii. U,i>t- I'amily

A slirnli tliree to six feet liiyii, mnre or K^s tonientosc-piihcsceiit when
yotniK, at len,i;!h Klalir.ite tliiniigltoMi and sonu'uli | i^lancous. Leaves:

ri.ATK XX f\

Goat's Beaku

[.h-uncus s\I:rsti'i)

153

il

W!FT<

MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART

ANSI and ISO TEST CHAP^ No 2i

A APPLIED irvMGE Ir

^^ '653 Tist Ma.r^ Street

'— ■■^'6) -■■^^' - 0300 - Phone

^SS ■ ?16) 288 ~ 5989 - Fo»

154 Ifhite to Green and liroiin Flowers

.1

thick. I.rna.ly elliptic ..r orl.icniar, very ol.t„.se. an.l ..f.en truncate at tl.e
apex, rounded or subcordate at tl.e i.ase. coarsely .letUate al.uve the ntid-
<llf Flowers: white, in short racemes, rather den>e ; petals f^ve. ohlan-
ccolate, cuneate. Fruit: a glohose i.ome, purple with a hloo.n. >weet.

This is the low pcarly-fl.nvtTc'd shnih which -n.ws on the
sandy I.anks and Hats, an.l w!iidi the huh-ans call Sas/catoon
for Its sweet pnrple berries form a staple article ..f foo.I
with them during the months of Julv and Augnst. It >.- ne-
what resembles the Western Choke Cherrv. but Us -r-enish-
white blossoms arc larj-er and have long narrou petals ; also
Its leaves are oval, with flattened ends, and are very coarsely
toothed above the middle, wh.ereas those of the Western
Choke Cherry are oblong, pointed, and finelv totalled all
round the edges. The bark of the little branches of the
Serviceberry is reddish, and the young leaves are ,,uile pale
and downy underneath.

Amelaiichicr Ciisic/cii, or Thick-leaved Scrviceberrv
grows on stony hillsides, and has. as its name denotes!
thicker leaves than the preceding species.

WILD STRAWBERRY

Fragaria 'ghnua. Rose Family
Stems: running, and forming new plants. Leaves: tuftcl from the
root v.llous-p.ihescent «ith spreading hairs. ln„g-pe,ioled, pahuately-
tnfohate: leallets oval, ol.tuse. .lentate, the ter.ninal one cnneate
Flowers: of five petals, cytuose; scape with apprised pnl.escent and
generally glaucous lea\es. Fruit: red. ovoi.i.

Nearly every one will easily recognize the blossoms of the
W'dd Strawberry plant. " Doubtless God could have made
a better berry, but doubtless God never did." This is
equally true of the fragrant scarlet fnnts on the mountain
side as of their cultivated cousins in the garden.

Fragaria bractcata, or Wood Strawberrv. is a small

>-f'\

■Ar . ikMmn "^ >«! :

PLATI-. \\X

CoMM SeRVK EIJERRV

(Aiiuiaih icr Horida)
155

liii

11 "

s|n'cii'>, iiiarkvil liy C'iiis|)ituiui-« l)r;ift>, wliicli jj^rnu^ i.n i!ic
forested hillsides.

t

TALL CINQUEFOIL

/'(>!i-n!il!,i ari^iihi. l\">f l-'.'iniity

Stems: nn-i, -tuni, -iniiilt.- lnh.w. Leaves: ■-i.M.n-t'i-clc\cn luIinLiti-;
lc'.ilkl> Mvati', .ilitii-i.' at lilt' ,i|K'\, -iIr' trrniiii,;! um iiiiK-alf, llic otlicr--
roiiiuliMl al tlio liasc. Flowers: c.Mnc .-trict. cln^c ; calyx dcn-cly
inihi'^i'iiu.

t iii(|iK-l()i!s an- \t'n- minieroiiN in the mountain rc'j:[ions.
and somewhat rescniljic hnttercups. I'lic 'I'al! l'in(|ucfoil is
a line >lio\\ y plant, its white ilowers L;ro\vint,;' in a elu>ter
and liaxini;' i"i\e jjctals: the stalks are hairy and ha\e many
leaves j^^nowini^- up them. All the other ("in(|uefoil> have
yellow llower^ exeept /'. f^aliisfris whieh has purple ones.

CAPBERRY

l\'ul'us fiii;itlitis. R<i-r I'.iniily

I-'rt-it, hraiK-licil, very sli^liily lui^tly. Leaves: |)(.tii>li'il. si.nplc, cor-
(lati.- at ilk- i).iM', iliruf-tii-tui.' l(il)i'(l. tlic li.ln- acute, ilif inidilk- one
■-lii^litly |(in,m.-r than tliu ntluTS. ;ill coarsely and inRM|ii.illy scrr.'ite.
Flowers: uiiitc. feu, corymlid-o, terminal; caly\-li)!if> lipjicd with a
l^n'-: -k'nder aiipcnda.nc. Fruit: (kiJre-sed-lieini^plKric, edililc, red
wlieii ripe.

The ii\e snow-white crinkled petals of the Capherry
look very trail and prettv when seen amid the den^e coarse
foliai.;e of this lar<;e bushy shruh. The tlower is formed
like ;i miniature white rose, and has numerous tinv stamens
set around the convex receptacle in which arc inserted the
car])els th.it ultimately ripen into drupelets an 'rn an
at;',L;ret;ate red fruit.

Ihe Capherry throws abundantly in the

" Hitrh-wooded hollows, where serenely rc=t
The lazy cl'Uids, like giants in repose."

m^mi^mrm

XXXl

1

(_".\l'l!KkK

157

158 Jl'liite to Green and liroun I'loiiers

i ,3

Ktibus strit/nsus, or Red Raspberry, has slirubhy stems
usually densely covered with weak glandular bristles, the
older ones bearing small hooked prickles. The leaves are
three-to-five lobcd, rounded at the base and sharply toothed.
The white flowers grow in a loose raceme and the fruit is
sweet, red and very juicy.

Riihiis triflonts, or Dwarf Rasi)bcrry. has spineless stems
growing from six to eighteen inches high, and trifoliate
leaves the segments of which are nearly smooth and
pointed, the terminal one being wedge-shaped. The white
tlowers usually grow in clusters of three on a slender stalk
and the fruit is a purplish-red berry.

Riibiis pcdattis, or Creeping Raspberry, is a charming
little vine that trails over the rocks and creeps along the
ground, gemming the moss with its starry five-petalled white
flowers, in the centre of each of which grow many fine yel-
low-tipped stamens. The leaves are divided into three (or
very rarely five) leaflets, which are coarsely toothed at the
edges. The fruit consists of a cluster of from three to six
red juicy globules, pressed together and held in a cup of
tiny green leaves. The long lithe strands of this pretty,
delicate vine are most decorative, as many white flowers and
scarlet fruits may be gathered at the same time upon a single
trailing branch.

WOOD NYMPH

Pryas ocl^'tctala. Rose Family

Stems: prostrate, woody at the base, branched. Leaves: obiong-
ovate, coarsely creiiate-toothed, obtuse at each end, green and glabrous
.ibove, densely vvhite-canescent beneath, the veins prominent. F'owers:
white. Fruit: plumose, conspicuous.

These beautiful white-cupped flowers grow close to the
ground, generally in dry sandy or rocky places. They do

\sati^ i.'asiL

FM.MK WXFI

159

:£Mm -..,-..-

Jtli.-^'-^Tjt

f I

i6(^ n/iitr to Green and liroun Flouers

not always have ci^ht petals, as tlu-ir ti;inie would indicate,
bnt m.'iy lie foinid with from six t-. tweKe on a sinj^de
flower. The name Pryas is from the Latin, sipiifyinj; "a
wood-nvnipii," and certainly the velvety petals of this
dainty plant, j^rowinf,' amid a mass of silver-hacked leaves,
are surficiently extpiisite to warrant the appellation.

WHITE CLOVER

Tiift'liiiiit ii/'iiis. I'ci I'

PtTcmiiril,

. v.x ...,,,.,, liraiH-Iiiiin at tlif lia-c, ruuijnji at the imdo. Leaves:
loiiK-pftinlfcl ; stipiik's narrow, laiu-i'<il;iti' : IcalU-ts iibotnlati', ilfiiticiilatf.
Flowers: wliitr or I'.inl.i^li, in loost>, j.;! iliosc lon« pfiliiiukil licacl^;
calyx tci'tli aciiniiiiatc. Fruit: pods foiir-sccilcd. Not iniliKctioii^.

This Common or honeysuckle Clover is widely dis-
trihnted. It may he (piickly reco<,'nized hy the fact that the
leaves all t^^row on long stalks directly fro!n the root. This
is an introduced plant.

Trifolium hxhridum, or Alsatian Clover, is much taller
and has ininierous leaves growing up on its tlower-stalks.
The latter species is frtHpiently pinkish in hue.

Clovers have a very close association with our childhood,
those ha])py hygone days when we plucked out si''gle Howers
from the rounded heads and sucked the sic ?s of

nectar; and always the sweet scent of the C' •\<
recalls to us the well-remenihered fields wher.

" South winds jcstli- them,
Runililc-hct's come.
Hover, liesitate.
Drink, and are koiic."

This is an introduced plant.

'ssorns

"ir*.k.i.' ti Jc"

n 4d^jcwj(yiM

I'lKli I I il M- \Kr\! I //,-i/v.> '. mil I'.T, iL- I
\\'lllli. lli:Mi~\i;i M i ll,'tl\..,iri,iii Mi!;-lntrcsr, IIS )

r

H'/ii'i- to (itiun tinJ Ht'iwn /'loxit'ts i^i

INDIAN MILK VETCH

. litiii^iiliif '••'! i^iiii'i iiiit. I'lM |-.iiiiily

Stems: t'lnclv i;l.,lir,it«-. <f.-.-i ' cuulu'l Leaves: li.iilrt^ Imc.ir, i.li
ti'M ; -tiimlo ii\.ih .iiiiti-. tiili,inii:i«. Flowcrs: uiiiti-. tinm. with
iii.tnw 111 !.•.-(■ r.i.niu-. '.t iImh. 'is 1.. • r tli.ni llu- lent--, im1_\ \ hlafk-
i-h IMiln -..III. it- iii'ii Mil."! ill. Fruit; i—'N -i'iiiiilli|itii-.

< )iic Ml' the Ira-t atir.utiu' i>i' tl:r W'tilu ■^ ll lias ,1 \iiu-^
U'lliiu ri M .1 \\li,ili is t ..lliiii'd ill till- NjjfiiiL; liv tlir St'iiiy
ami ('lai' lii(liaii> a> an articU' <>i i'>i<A. Mir U'a\f> an-
uiiitisli aii«I ratiur silUy, ainl tlir llnurr-. arr rliifth ii^tici'-
alilc li\- rrasiiii oi' tlirir (lark-lnuti hairy r;iiyx.

. Istrtii/iiliis Inii'lhis, or I.imim.- tlnwiTi'd Milk W-iili, lias
asci'tidiiii^ sti'iiis and thin olilcnj^r |,;di i^wlu Irallrts, uliiili
arc lilniit at llu' aprx and iiarr^iwcd ;tt l!u- liasc. TIk- llnu-
iTs arc \cllii\\ ish-uhitc, sKinctimcs tinned with |iinl<, and
^mw in liHisf >j)ikc-lik( rarciiKs. The pod i> >t;ilkc(l,
papery and puintcij at Imth ends.

! ,

i
I ,

I'

LENTIL VETCH

/'liih ll tiiii,-i I, iiii.i I'c.i I'.iinily

Stems: vrvct, iu';irl> simiilr. 1.1II. Kmi">. »nlii;!,i'ir.iM.. Leaves: Ii-i'"
lets -(•vfii-tii-niiH' liaiicil, ii\.ilf, .nicl i'lli;itii--i>l.|i iiii;; |ni|iiiMli> c'CKi'i-
liHH till' IraMs. Flowers: wliiti-. in ;i liM.^c- r,K-i-iin-. Fruit: \tn,\-. .|i
Idiivr, ariiti' ;it cacli I'lul, hlai-k-liairy.

A handxdiic plant, L;r()\\inL[ mx' m tun fed hiL;h. wit'
many lca\es, ;nid Ini;' uhite-tloucred licads. It has ni. ten-
drils, hilt j.,Tii\\s \ery stil'lly with thi^'k iiprit;ht stalks.

WHITE HEDYSARUM

I Irily.i'iniiii M(l,>-!n(r,'s,\-ii.';. pea I'".iinily

This is a white species nf //. Juircalc, a I'lill descriiitiMH
I'f wliieh will he found in the lUuc In I'lrplc Section.

1;

rsm:^ww\i^

PIATK xxxiir

45' PI

IMC* In

■

MS !

Lentil Vetch
(PItaca americatia)

162

. -JK^;.--: imfi;^i^PC»ii]iKiir'-£^~irjPr4

Il'hite to Grci'n <in<J liroun /*7o«, rj i6^

WiliTE VETCHLINO

l.iithyms luliruli-iiiui. IVa Fa"iily

Stemi: -Uiulrr, ir.nlitiK. Leaves: UatlctN m thrto ■ lunr p ir-,
I'V.ilf, lll^IilK■ll> iii-ii"il(i! sii;iiilc> >fmi innl.ilf, ciiiirr Flc^cri: t \ i-
l>'-tuii li'>v\frii|, ."iliruliiirii^ ; ttinlriU liraiu lii<l. Fruit: |'"<is .ii.hi',
linear. m-xIU', kI-iIiiiiii--.

Nil oiic .xaiKliTiiij,' ill t!if suniiiU'r wimuU van inisiaki- tlii>
dainty, dt-liiatc W Into \ i-trliliii},'. ulmli tr:iiK aloii- tlir
<4ntim(l, olinili^ omt lallcii trtT>, I twiiu^ it < imy hranih-
mj,' ti-ndnls almut tin- >liriil)s 1 .1 which it .L;r'>\\>. | lie
li<)Ufr> rcscnihlc those of the i« ..i.noii j,'ardeii ^jririi pea.

WHITE GERANIUM

(icranium Ruhiirdsonii. {Kraniiiin I'aniily

Stems: erect w.ili ".IcikIit lirataliis, i>ii>- to tlirtc ftet l)iv;li. Leaves:
<I»',i)l> tuc-to-,evfii-cli-ft. I()l.ts Jiarply iiici>c<l. Flowers: pitals intiri,
liirsiite at liase; Mpals glandular, pilii,e.

This (icraiiium is ahiiost iiuarial)ly N\hitc. !)iit viry oioa-
sionally it is ptirplc-rcd. The plant is a li;iiidsonie one. tall,
with rich tolia}.^e and line tlowcrs.

WATEk FENNEL

Ciillilriilie f>aluslris. Water Starwurt I'.imily

An aquatic herb. Stems: snbnierKeil ones linear, liitid at tlie apex ;
tloatinjf ones ()l)osate, ..lituse, <luttcil witli stellate scales. Fruit: cmmi-
pressed, lohed, wiiiRed ■iily towards the apex, separated \>y a .kep
groove.

This plant is found chiefly in running,' water, or j^rowini;
in the mud. It Ik'.s minute (lowers and a lohet' winijed
fruit.

:£M&k\.

^%~^-'>lLW-

'^M^miKf..m'mk'i\i^hS&

164 Jr/iite to Green nnd Broun Flowers

ft

'-\i

MOUNTAIN LOVER

railiisliuia Myrsiiiilcs. Staff Tree Family

Stems: (Icnsely braiu-licd. Leaves: ()pi)(i>iif, ovate or lanceolate,
ciineate at the liase, the tipper half >errate. Flowers: in axillary cymes.

A low evergreen shrub with niinieroiis branches and verv
pretty ti)ha,yt'. The leaves are smooth and oblon-j;, and tlie
tiny greenisli-brown flowers j,'row in the axils o\ the leaves.

CANADA VIOLET

I'idla liiiiiidi-nsis. \'i<ikt l'"amily

Stems: Rlahrous, six inches to two feet liinli. Leaves: cordate,
pointed, serrate; stipules entire. Flowers: pet.iis white, tinned and
veined with purple, sometimes nearly manve-pirk ; si)iir very slmrt :
stigma heakless.

One of the most beautiful of the many violets which ^row
in the mountains, its lovely w ' 'te petals, ])urple-sha(le(l on
the back, givinjj forth a delicate frai^rancc, and its tall leafy
stems bearing aloft many blossoms. L'sually it is found in
the moist mossy woods, where it llourishes luxuriantly: but
it also grows on the open al])ine meadows, though here its
stalks are not so tall, nor its flowers so large, as thev are in
the shade of the pines and firs. The Canada X'iolet con-
tinues to bloom from June until September.

ALPINE WILLOW-HERB

IlpiloJ'lum iilf^iiiuin. I'lveniiiR Primo-e Family

Stems: erect with elongated internodes. Leaves: ellii>ical. petioled,
slightly repand-denticnlate, ohtnse. Flowers: terminal in the ni)per
axils. Fruit: a slender many-seeded capsule.

This small Willow-herb, which grows at the high alti-
tudes, is almost invarial)ly white, though very rarely it has
pinkish flowers. The leaves are pale green and the green

PLATF. XXXIV

Canada X'hukt
( J "u<hi rnihidi'iisis)

165

i6d White to Green and Brown Flowers

seed-pixls arc tinged with red, while the smooth seeds are
tufted with long hairs at the ends.

PACIFIC ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE

Circfca pacifica. EvcniiiR Primrose Family

Stems: Rlahrous, simple. Leaves: ovate, rounded or cordate at the
base, acute, repandly-denticnlatc. Flowers: calyx vvitli a very short
tube. Fruit: capsule obovate, wo-va!ved, with a simple erect seed in
each cell.

This Pacific Coast species of Circ.xa is a perennial herb,
and grows from six to twelve inches high from a .small
tuber. It has thin, broad leaves, and the small white flow-
ers grow in racemes without bracts. The seeds are hispid
with hooked hairs.

Ciraca aipitia, or Small Enchanter's Nightshade, has
weak, branching stems, and small white or reddish flowers
growing in a slender raceme subtended by minute bracts.
The leaves are heart-shaped, shining and coarsely toothed,
and the bur-like fruit is covered with weak hooked hairs.
The names of these plants are somewhat misleading; they
neither resemble the Nightshades, nor do they suggest en-
chantment. Many hundred years ago Dioscorides de-
scribed a plant named after Circe, the enchantress so skilled
in the use of poisonous herbs, and that name was accidentally
transferred to the.se rather insignificant little flowers which
grow in the dense forests.

SPIKED WATER MILFOIL

Myriol^liylliiin s/'icatiun. Water Milfoil Family

Submerged leaves: in whorls of fours and fives, dissected into capil-
lary divisions. Floral leaves: ovate, entire or serrate, usually shorter
than the flowers, or sometimes none. F'owers: white, in spikes; petals
four; stamens eight. Fruit: splitt.iig at maturity into four bony, one-

IJliite to Green and Broun F loiters \f)j

sec'dc.I, iiululiisiTtit carptls, wliicli are rounded on tlic liack. with a diep
wide groove between thcin, smootli. «r very rarely slightly ruKo^e.

This is an aquatic hcrl). with siibnicrj,'C(' sprcadin^ij.
thready leaves set in wlmrls of four or five round the thick
stems. Sometimes it has floral leaves that are verv small
and usually shorter than the blossoms. The name Myrin-
phyllum is from the Creek and means "myriad-leaved."
The Mowers are minute and white-petalled and grow in tiny
interrupted spikes.

BOTTLE BRUSH

Hitt<iiiis ztiluaris. Water Milfoil Family

Stems: slender, glabrous. Leaves: linear or lanceolate, acute, ses-
sile, in crowded verlicks of si.\ to twelve, more or Kss >|)liacilate at tlie
apex. Flowers: small, a.xillary; calyx-limb minute, entire: petals none ;
stamen one, with a sbort tliick fdament and comparatively large two-
celled anther dehiscent by lateral slits. Fruit: a small, one-celled, one-
seeded drupe.

This is also an aquatic herb, with slender erect stems,
bearing circles of from six to twelve narrow leaves in the
axils, and curious tiny flowers which liave no petals and only
one stamen inserted on the mart,nn of the calyx. The plant
grows from "ight to twenty inches high.

mppuris montana, or Mountain ^f are's Tail, is a tiny
species growing only two to four inches high, and has nar-
row pointed leaves in whorls and an oval fruit.

WILD SARSAPARILLA

AraVhi iiudl.auUs. Ginseng Family

Stems: scarcely ri-ing out of the ground, smooth. Leaves: com-
pound, leatlets ohloiig-ovate, pointed, -errate. Flowers: in uml)els.

The somewhat woody stems of this plant arc extremely
short and have a single long-stalked compound leaf, and a

, «*-

» i

ifi

ii

l68 Jf'hite to Gri-t'fi and Broun Flouers

shorter naked tlower-stalk I)earin^' usually three itmhels of
numerous little {greenish flowers. The lonj^^ horizontal root
is \ery aromatic, and is often sold as a suhstitnte for the
{.genuine Sarsaparilla ; while the fruit is dark jnirple and
herry-like.

DEVIL'S CLUB

Fdlsiii lunrida. r,insi'nj,' Family

Stems: stout, two tn t,vclve ft-i't liit;li, (lii-uml>cm at the ha^e,
k-aly at the Mininiit, \ iry prickly tliroiislunit. Leaves: paliiiately lnhed.
Flowers: the Krecni^li-w liitc capitate lunliels in a l>'n^ diii-f raceme;
calyx-teetli (ibsulele: ])eta]^ live, vaKate in the liud : stanKii> five, alter-
nate with the petals; lilameiits filifi)rm. Fruit: drupaceutis.

A tall shrul) cciusistinj^ of a sin.tjle stout stem covered, with
lonj^ sharp spines, which are extremely jioisonous. It
usually t,'rows ahout six or ei;.,dn feet hifjh, and has hus^e
palm-like leaves, which are also prickly. 'I'iic tlowers !j;ro\v
in a dense cluster at the top of the stem, and in time turn
into hrij^ht red herries.

This jjlant should he carefully avoided in the forests. It
has heen rij,ditly named " Devil's Chih," since no human
beinj,' may touch it with impunity.

CRISP-LEAVED SWEET CICELY

Osmoyliiza ohtusa. Parsley I-'amily

Stems: frlalirniis. Leaves: ternately compound, leatlets ovate, acumi-
nate, tlie teeth mucronate. Flowers: in few-rayed umhels. Fruit:
with prominent caudate attenuatiim at l)ase, rihs e(Hial.

This plant has pretty fern-like leaves, thick am'sc-scented
roots which are edible, and very e])hemeral tlowers, whose
white wistful faces look up at one from the flat-topped
clusters.

Osiiiorhisa dizvricata, or Western Sweet Cicelv, is a

I'LATI-: WW

4

IP^^.,

^

^K^/'^I^^HHI

'M

mm ;4^^

1

■J'

.•r

1

iV-

^1

^HJt- . ^ Jr'*^-k - f -.J^ "i

^^^^^Hh ^^^HIK«S]s\C34iHi^^^^^^H

i^^B

" ^ ^^^-'^ ..^•;-

■#

Hi'

I'kkn-i.kwkh I.iiv \(,f.
( Li^iislittiiii a('itfoHniH )

170 ll'hitc to Grii'ti (inti Proun F/oin-

rs

» :|

'i*

1 ?

ii

F

I

5

! I

taller plant with more spreadinj,' mnhcls. i5otli ut" tlic.«'
Sweet Cicelys jjrow in the cnnifemus forests.

se

FERN-LEAVED LOVAGE

I.i^iistiitiiii iif^iif, ilium. Tar^liy I'amily

Roots larRo. aromatic. Stems: tliick. Leaves: ra.lual, tcrnate, or
l.itcriiafo, tlun once or twici' pinnate, the segments <.\ate, lanniauly
pinnat.txl. Flowers: in umbels uf numerous rays, witii involucre o"f
Imea.- hracts; calyx-lolies obsolete.

A heautifiil plant, havino- fine white llowcr-heads and
decorative fern-like foliage

Liyusticmn Gmyi, or Gray's I.ovage, has leaves which
are nearly all radical, and umbels of numerous rays with
involucels of several narrow elongated hractlets. The fruit
is ohh.njr, with short conical stylopodia, and narrow promi-
nent almost winged ribs.

LARGE-SEEDED PARSLEY

Lomatium iiiacnicarpuiii. Parsley Family
Stems: nearly Memless. Leaves: compound, leallets i)innately in-
cised, on rather short petioles. Flowers: in a .somewhat uncnually
Ihree-to-ten-rayed umbel. Fruit: tlattened dorsally, oblong, laterally-
winged.

A hairy Parsley much branched at the base from a thick-
elongated root. The leaves are compound, and the short
stalks of the leaflets are purplish at the base. The white
flowers grow 1 flat umbels.

COW PARSNIP

UcracU-um lanatum. Parsley Family

Stems: very stout, tomentose-pubcscent, rigid Leaves: pctioled, tcr-
nately divided, the .scgnv.-nts broadly ovate, cordate, stalked, lobed' and
sharply serrate; petioles much inilated. Flowers: umbels many-
rayed.

PLATE X\XVI

!lta«»-.-;-!'

Cow r'.VKSNIl'

(llcnicliuin Iciialtiin)
171

il

»■» - "■naa"^ *<»oir

oe^Pii

172

H'/iitc to (ht-rn (inJ liroi^n Floufts

Ifcnuli'iiiii. fr..tn the (Imk name of llorcuk's, is an e\-
eellnit deHKuati-.n fnr this hu.ue C'v V:\-^u\\k wliii'h amnn-
plants is certainly a verital.le hen. f..r stren-th and size.
IreMuentlv -n.win.i,' t«. :. hei.ulit of ei.s^ht feet, its hnue
leave> and threat clusters ..I white tluwers. ofien measuring'
a f.H.t acn.>>. are very sh.-uy. and -mce seen will :dways he
reniemhered. The plant has an extremely na>ty smell.

' :j

BUNCHBERRY

M

Ci'i-iiiis i;}ihhln:si.s. Douw.mhI I'.unily
,rtct. Lea js: virluill.Uc at the snnnnit <.f tin- stem,

Stems

si-mU', oval, piiiiiati'ly \ciiici!.
\i)liKral, wliil

!, Hi c at i.u'li 111(1, iiitirf; hrait- m-
Flowers: ^imui-Ii, cai.itatc. Fruit: r. .1, Kln|)<)si'.

A slender t..UK'^i stem hearin- a circle of f-.ur .-r five oval.
,,ointe<l leaves at its summit, ont of the midst of which
j,rn.ws a duster of inc..n>i)iciions tiny .^reen llowers, sur-
rounded hv f<.ur heautiful white hracts — such is the I'.unch-
herry. or ' I'i-eonherry. whicli we tmd everywhere in the
forests. It will surprise many travellers t<. learn that the
l„vely white leaves are not the i.etals. hut only the bracts
cncirclinj,' the wee tureen llowers in the centre.

When these white bracts have '.alien off. each tL-wer-head
develops int.. a bunch of smrdl scarlet berries, from which
the species derives its common name.

Conius slolomfcra, .-r Ked-osier Do^^nvood. is a han<l-
some shrub, with bri.nht red stems and numerous ilat-topped
clusters of prettv little -reemsh-white iLwers. wluch have
a vcrv fragrant odour. The Western In.liaus call it Kwm-
h-i„ic' an.l d.-v and use the inner bark in place ot tobacco;
uhile the haif-bree,ls of the plains call it Ifannujc. s,|,Mn-
fyin- " a red switch." The fruit is a cluster of round dark
blue berries.

'.W-Jt ^BSKJTB^CSSUri

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>^s»«Li;::ji«jSMk^"«iaK:,&x3SBC^:t:}.: %^t

PI. All; WWII

IUnciiukrkv
(C I'liius iiiiuidrnsis )

'73

*

&asEirfVjap?'.k:'

174 White to Green and liroun Flowers

; -^

iV 1

ONE-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN

M mil's, .< uniriiiiii. Heath Family

Stemi: luarinR thnc vli<>rl> nf kaves at tlic liasc, coiitimi'-l above
into a hraitfil scape. Leaves: orliicular, petiuled, serrulate. Flowers:
solitary, (Ironpiii^; ; petal-, five, widely ^preailinn, sessile; style straiglit;
stiKiiw peltate, larsje, conspicuous with five narrow lobes.

Asa Ciray has called tliis frajjraiit flower a " sin^l*-* <lc-
li},'hl," aiul certainly it is a joy to the traveller to find its
solitary droopinjj blossoms bent close down tipon the soft
jjrrcn carpet of the July woods In the deep shade of the
coniiers beds of these e.\(|iiisite wa.<cn Winterjjreens prow
in profusion, each flower hanj^iiijj its head and reseinblinjj^ a
shininj; star. 'I'lirn its face upwards, however, and you
will find its white petals have tvti yellow-tipped stamens
placed at their ba.se, and that the style, which is veiy larjje
and lo.ifj, projecting froni a conspicuous round green ovary,
is crowned by a flve-lobed stigma. The Uaves are set in
three circles on the stem, close to the ground, and are dark
green, smooth-surfaced, and liave serrated margins.

The ( )ne-tlowered Wintergrcen is a dweller in the dark-
est corners of the woods, where

' That delicate forest flower,
With scented breath, and look so like a smile.
Seems, as it issues from the shapeless mould,
An emanation from the indw-.-lling life."

I

GREEN-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN

Pyrola cliloraiitlia. Heath Family

Stems: three-to-ten flowered. Leaves: small, orbicular, coriaceous,
not shininR. Flowers: noddinp;; calyx-lohos short, ovate, acute: petals
very obtuse; stamens declined; anthers distinctly contracted beli>\v the
openings, with beaked tips ; style declined, and curved upwards to-
wards the apex, longer than the petals.

: fs^^ -I •^j^imae::i«s.jf;nK^s^:ixc'- ix-fAd. jri^f. '^^m^xw::amLi^<s^iiB^i^^^^iinximi^ ~ij£^.:!n

ff'/tite to Green and liroun Flowers

'7';

I his IJIy-(.f-thc-Vallcy-Iikc plant is f.>un.| in the dry
wcmhIs am..n^' the nioss. an.l always in the shade. On a tall,
slender, sin^'le-hrancl stalk ^'n.w nunitr.nts little n.xldinfj
greenish-white k-lls. r.ve-lol,e,l. with vellow-l.n.wn stamens
and a lon^'. pn.tnulinj,'. green style that is curved ui.war.ls
at the aiK'x and tipped hy a large five-parted >tigina. The
leaves, n.und and small, grow in a cluster at the hase of the
plant, which springs from running nH)ts. It has a slight
sweet odour, and. in common with all the Pyrolas. is an
evergreen.

Pyrola sccunda, or One-sided 'Vintergre;-n. has erect
.-■tenis when young, hut as the days pa^s and the little Inids
open, the weight of the secund raceme hends it over until it
droops gracefully downwards. The flowers, vviiidi all
grow on one side of tiie stem, arc greenish-white in hue. and
the long style protrudes far l)eyond the petals. T!- leaves
grow- at the hase of the plant and are oval, their m..rgii,.;
heing serrated ; they e.xtend a short way up the stem, which
is frequently hracted ahove.

Pyrola minor, or Small Wintcrgrecn, is a smaller, more
delicate species found i)rincii)a!ly near running water, and
which has whiter Iwlls than either of the two jjreceding
forms. It may always be distinguished from other P-rolas.
even in hud. by the fact that it has a short style, which does
not protrude beyond the petals of the globular blossoms. A
slight fragrant scent emanates from its waxen bells. The
leaves are oval with small rounded teeth and the flowers are
nodding.

STRIPED ALLOTROPA

AUolro(<a -irgata. Heath Family
Stems: several from a deep-seated perennial rootstnck. Leaves*
none, bracts scaly. Flowers: corolla none, calyx of five rounded sepals,

II III I i" III III I III ^IIH llll|i||lllllll|i|lllllii|i III III! (Ill

, ri> »lV-1* Vf*

lj(t iriiili- lo (iti'i'ti nnil liroun il'tuvn

vriix'l) ili'iitaic. Fruit: i';i|iMtlc' kIoImi^i-, ^<•('lU iiiiiiiitt', kci>)>ilifiiriii, lliv
lijONf coat |>riHlttrttt at Ixitli cDtU. '

'I'Irtc is Diily otic ktiown sptrics of this curious parasitic
plant, wliiili i^ (Uip cri.'aiii-*"l«>urc»l with r«'<l ^triiK.^. TIic
miUK'tiius tiny llnu'.is j^rnu in a \\,in(l-^ha|)i'(l spike, an- 1
the ovate, sialy bracts arc closely set at the liaM' of the thick
stents. Iiecoinin^j I'euer ahove. and ^'r.idually passing into
the n.irrow lir.icts ot the ni.my-tlouered spike. The lit'le
Iieilicels are erect or sprea<Iinj,'. and two-hracted, while tho
several steni> j,'ro\v fmni six to twelve -Mches high from a
(lecp-scated, !>ereiinial root>tock.

J t

' i

f H

INDIAN PIPE

Moiiiiiofii ui'ilhii'ii. llcitli I'iiinily

Stems: ^iiiuotli, ilt-li>. sc.il. . Leaves: tiunc. Howers: mIiI.mik, Ik-II-
sh,'i|ici|, iinddiii^;, i\\ii lo ii«\r ^■■\niU.
Fruit: c.ipsiilc crci'i, many si'i-i'rt!.

ir 111 t'lM- >i;ile-liki' petals.

This waxy, cold and clammy plant is white throughout —
stalks, scales, and llowers — only the eight or ten yellowish
stamens gi\ing a faint touch of colour to its ghost-like ap-
pearance. \'er\ rarely the Itidian I'ipe is rose-colour, and
alw.iys it tiirn> blackish ulien <lying. < )f all ghoulish i)ara-
sites the Monotropas are among the worst, their matted,
brittle, fibrous roots preying on the juices of other plants, or
on dead and decaying matter. Tlie single, bell-sha|)ed
flower hangs its head at the toj) of each scaly stalk, but when
the numerous seeds begin to form it raises its head erect.

Mouotrupa llypof^itys. or I'inesap, has while, tawny or
rose-coloured tlowers that arc very fragrant, and oblong-
bell shapvd, borne in a one-sided, terminal, drooping raceme.
anil, like the Indian I'ipe. becoming erect at maturity. The
scalv-bracted scapes rise in clusters from a mass of fleshy,

i

4

Pi.ATr: \\N\ HI

Imiian I'ii'k
(.U.>)/,i//-i./i,; uiiit!,:iun

177

I

§.

i

ill

_-

lyS White to Green and Brown Flowers

fibrous roots, the bracts very densely imbricated at the base
of the peduncles, and, together with the preceding species,
the Pinesap is branded as a parasite by the loaS of all leaves
and chlorophyll.

PINE DROPS

Ptcrospora Andromedca. Heath Family

Stems: scape bracted, grooved, densely covered with viscid hairs.
Leaves: none, hracts lanceolate or linear, very numerous, crowded at
the base. Flowers: numerous, racemose. Fruit: capsule globose-
ovoid, tapering, with a reticulated broad wing.

The roots of this parasitic plant are extremely astringent
and form a thick fibrous mass, often two feet in diauieter.
The scape is brownish or purplish, grooved, and thickly
covered with sticky hairs. It stands from six inches to two
feet high, and the white, bell-shaiied, nodding flowers grow
in a long, terminal, bracted raceme. The narrow bracts
are very crowded at the base of the scapes, and the whole
plant is clammy and glutinous.

-Y^

n

NEWBERRYA

Nnvbcnya coiij ^sta. Heath Family

Stems: scapes four to eight inches high. Leaves: none, scales
crowded or loosely imbricated, obtuse. Flowers: greenish, brownish,
reddish, in a terminal cluster. Fruit: ovary ovate, contracted at the
apex into a long style, stigma depressed-capitate, umbilicate.

An erect, low, fleshy, parasitic plant, with greenish,
brownish or reddish flowers growing in a terminal raceme.
The calyx is incomplete, of two bract-like, entire sepals, and
the corolla is tubular-urceolate. four to five lobeu and per-
sistent. The whole plant is brownish and stands four to
eight inches high. The scales are thin, with slightly erose

Hii*— r:"

ill

. jl

i V,

ill

Ei '.':..

i» ■■■•■i;l«'-
ft '-'■■'

iii;

ffhite to Green and Ihoun Flouers

'79

niarj,Mns the nppor ..no iurnmv^ the bracts ot the <le.,selv-
crowded. eoniiiact tlouer-clusters.

f I

WOOLLY LABRADOR TEA

l.idum ./raiilatuiinim. Heath Family
Stems: erc.t or ascuulinK. the l.ractl.t, r.,.tv-,„„K.,n.,se Leaves^

h ;:;f^ ';;:■;:• r-- r" '•^""^' ^-"- ■•'"'-■■ "->^'> .■--"

lowers. nniLdlatc nr o,ry,„|„„^. „„ni,-n,us, ter.nin .1 ■ ,.•,•,!. .Iv,.

This l..vely tl„uerin^r shn.h thrives chielK ..„ Inu-lvi„,^
flats and „, uct n.arshy places, where its lar-a- terunt.al chts'-
ters „t snou-uhite hl„.s.„„s ,n.u- al.n„dantlv fn.n, stiekv
scaly Inuls on ;I,e lew hushes. The tolia^e nf the W.„.lh-
Lahrador lea is strictly characteristic, tor the leaves arc
lonj^-s^lKipcd. with revolnte n,ar;,i,ts. ;,reen an,l sli^htlv
wnnkle,! o„ the top and densely woolly nnderneath. the wool
"Uhe developed foha.oe heino- the colour of inm rn<t This
thick woolly ..rrowth is prohal.Iy des,p,e.I for the express
purpose of protectin,^^ the pores of the leaNes fr.,n, heconnn.r
cl..f,rged 1. the moist vapours that ,nu>t nece..arilv rise
round ahont them, nwin,,- to the extremelv wet .^nmnd in
which the shrubs tl.ntri.h. Plants that ,i;row in verv .lamp
locates are specially .lepen.lent ttpon the free perspiration
of the.r leaves to throw oflf the vast c.uantities of u,oisture
they absorb thn.u.uh their roots an.l stems; conse.n,entlv
such marsh shntbs as the Labra.lor Teas are force.l to adopt
a regular system m order to prevent the p..rcs of their leaves
from becomitig so congeste.l with m..isture from ..utside
that they cannot perf..rm their legitimate function of thn.a-
ing ofY the moisture from within. The small branches are
alsoc.vere.l with re.l. rusty, wool-like hairs

ifi;

;i

i8o If /lite to Green n^d Broim Flowers

The ncjwcr-clustcrs are very heaulifiil, each in(H\i(hial
l)Ioss(jni consistinj,' of five pure white petals, with a larjje
green ovary set in the centre; the style and numerous long
stamens are very conspicuous. I'.oth the llowers and leaves
have a strong aromatic fragrance.

Ledum (/hnuliilostint, or SnioDth-leaved Labrador Tea,
has also long-sliaped, thick, leathery leaves of a hrownish-
green hue, hut they are not woolly underneath, heing (|uite
smooth on both sides, though slightly white and resinous
helow. The llower-dusters closely reseinhle those <>f /..
(/nnihuuliciiiii.

The name Labrador Tea is derived from the fact that
many old settlers, and also mjjcrs and lumbermen in the
backwoods, fi)rmerly used in place of tea a decoction brewed
from the aromatic leaves of this shrub.

MOUNTAIN RHODODENDRON

Rhodinicndron ulbidonim. Heath I'aniily

Leaves: memhranaci'ous, dbldiiji. (iliscurdy uiKlulati-. Flowers: from
separate oTie-t<i-tliree lldwercd, lateral, scaly, cone-like Imds helow tlie
leaves; caly.x five-parted, the divisions more or le'-> foliaceons; corolla
fi\e-lohed; filaments hearded at the l)asc, opeii-camiiaiiulate ; stamens
ten ; style peltate, five-lohed.

This is one of the most beautiful tlowcring shrubs foimd
grow.ng on the highest mountains.

"Oh, the windinRS up ami down
That the diz/y i)ath\vay took I
N'ow along the craggy hed
Of a sun-dried mountain hrorik ;
Now along a ledge tliat led
I?y a ch.a-^m's crumhiing hrink.
Dropping deep and sheer away
Througii tlic gf)l<len Syrian day
To the dreamy blur of pink

n.ATF. XXXIX

1

.\1(jLNT.\I.\ Rh()Ik)IiKMiRO\
( Rhodudiiidron iill>t/ii>ruiii )

I

I

I

i8i

'J , !

M

»^»

182 fFhite to Green and Brown Flowers

That the oleanders made-
Here in sun, and there in shade.
Up, and up, and up we went,
While, a spacious azure tent,
Arabesqued with morn, the sky
Hung above us radiantly."

Had the poet who penned these lovely lines referred to

... the creatny hUir of white
That the rhododendrons made,

his verses would as fitly have described the findinfj of the
exquisite waxen bells of the Mountain Rhododendron as
that of

"The dreamy blur of pink
That the oleanders made,"

for it is on the most inaccessible ledfjes, and close to the
great slopes of eternal snow, that the oblong glossy green
leaves of this alpine shrub gleam brightly iti the sunshine of
the July days, and the slim, stiff, brown stems bear aloft
clustering circLr. of pure white flowers, holding within their
chalice-cups the ten pale yellow stamens and the style. The
edges of the foliage are slightly wavy, the calyx is five-
parted, each division resembling a small leaf, and the corolla
is bell-shaped and cut into five rounded lobes. The buds
are scaly and cone-like.

WHITE MOUNTAIN HEATHER

Bryanihus glanduli/Jorus. Heath Family
Stems: rigid, fastigiately branched. Leaves: numerous, crowded, but
somewha<: spreading, linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base to a
short petiole. Flowers: corolla short-iobed, glabrous.

The flowers of the White Mountain Heather are like little
fat cream-coloured bulbs, with a tiny opening that is lobed.

White to Green nnd Broun Flowers 183

Its leaves are lonj^^er and more spreadiii}; than those of the
Heath, near which it usually j,'ro\vs.

i

WHITE HEATH

Cassiopc Mt-rli-nsiaihi. Hcatli Fatnily

Stems: ratlicr stout, risid, ascending with fastini.itc l.raiulic-, low-
grnwiiiK. Leaves: ulaljnuis. cariiiati', and not iiirn)wod mi tlic luck,
fmbricated in four ranks; c(.rolla tivc-lolicd.

Tlie beautiful white mountain Heath .throws ahinulantly at
high altitudes and is much prized hy travellers. Its
branches appear four-sided by reason of the manner in
which the tiny leaves j,tow on them, and from these
branches slender stalks are sent for<h bearint,' at their ns
waxen mxhiinj,' bells, each composed of a five-lobed coi-.i.i
with a small green calyx.

"Meek dwcllirs mid yon terror-stricken clitTs,
Witli brows so pure, and inifn^o-hrcatliin^' lips,
Wlifnci' arc ye? Did some wliitc-winntd nii'^sinKt-r,
On Mercy's missions, (rust your timid jjiTin.
To tile cold cradle of eternal snows;
Or, hreatiiinjf oti the callous icicles,
Bid them with tear-drojjs mirse ye?"

Cassiopc tctragona, or Four-angled Heath, is a ver>' rare
plant. It has a.scending branches, and the leaves which are
closely appressed and channeled on the back arc imbricated
in four rows which makes the branches ajjpear four-sided.
The flowers greatly resemble those of the preceding species.

RED-BERRIED GAULTHERIA

Gaulthi'iia ovutifolui. Heath Family

Stems: depressed, trailing, with ascending brandies. Leaves:
broadly ovate, serrulate. Flowers: on sho'-t solitary pedicels in the
a.xils of the leaves. Fruit: a berry.

: III

ti:

I'l.A IK XL

fM

.*

White Heath

(Cassiof'c Mcrti'nsiana)
184

■i

a

f
I

I

ff'hitc to Green and liroun Floxurs iS?

TIic* hriKlit scarlc't licrrii-s t>i tiii^ plant. (". iiuk')! "i \hv
calyx, are extremely attractive ami aromatic. The v;iii-
shaped leaves are every;reeti. dark atid slniiins; aliove ;ind a
lif^diter culoiir lieneath, and lia\e lilunt-tMntln-d inari;iii->.
The white or pale pink llouers are campanulate with re-
curved lohes.

Cuiiilllwria Iniiiiifiisii. nr (reepiiii; (iaultlu'ria, is a tnl'ted
species with tldweriiij^ hraiiches mie tc live iiulu'> luii.i; and
small ova! leaves. The ])inkish-uhite t1('Wer> .ire dt]ire»ed-
catnpamilate. little exceeding' the calyx in kii>;th. .nul the
fruit resemhles tli.it of the preie<lin;; >|)ecies. 'i"lie>e plants
;ire named .after 1 Intones (i;inltier. a natur.alist and CMiirt-
l)hvsician at < 'uehec in the middle of tiie iSth centiirv.

SWEET ANDROSACE

.hidrnsih !• i liiiiiiifiiisiiir. i'rimrn-t' I'';miily

Stems: sli'tulcr. Leaves: in nmrr nr lc~> diumi T'imiImic tnit^, nnf-
lUTM'il. (i\,itc. Flowers: in i-.ipitatc iimiiel'-.

The sweet smell of these delicate little clustered hlo^^ums,
that },'row from one to three inches ;iho\(.' the ■^oil ,in<l fill the
air with fr;i},'rance, is most attractive. Their primro>(.'-like
petals, of creamy or |)inkish hue. look up with yellow eyes
to i^rt'ci each p;isser-l>y, while rosnlate tufts of tiny narrow
leaves are set .ahout the slender stems.

Amlrosacc scpti-iitrioialis. or Alpine .Xndrosace. is a very
different s])ecies from the fore.i^'oin^ one, haxin.i,'' murh-
hranched thread-like stems hearint,' mimcrous tiny white
tlowcrs. The leaves are lance-shaped and rosnlate.

Androsacc diffiisn. or Si)readin<^ .\ndro-ace, is more or
less hairv and has narrow msulate le.ives which are sp;ir-
ingly toothed. The scapes are erect, s])readinj:;^ ;ind ofte;i
diffusely branched, and the pinkish-white llouers have a

I

i

^ s

'cr, - v-

1 86 ff'hitt' to Crri'vn and liroiin Flouers

ciirull.i which e(|nals the tips ^>{ tlie calyx segments in
length.

STAR-FLOWER

Tricttttilis ariiim. IViniro-^c Family

R(K>tsti)ck crt'cpinn, sciulinK ii|i ni.iiiy vtitn lil.c l)r.'inc!ics, wliiili arc
naked hftow, tlu- U'avfs all in a vtTticii of five to tin at the simimit.
Leaves: intiiiliraiions, lamiolatc, acuminate at lioth ends, sissiie.
Flowers: solitary or few; lalyx usually of seven sepals; corolla wheel-
shaped, of seven iietal-like seRmcnts,

T'le pretty blossoms of this Star-flower arc jjenerally
white, thoii/,'h soinetimcs tinj^'cd with tnatnish-pink, and so
•jfraccfiilly are they poised on slender stalks al.ove a whorl of
pointed leaves that every pufT of wind blows them {gently t<i
and fro. The numher seven recurs with marked freqiienc)
in this particular plant, — the caly.: is seven-parted, the
corolla sej,mients are seven, and the stamens seven, while the
leaves of the whorl also are usually seven in number, some
being large and some small.

Bryant writes of the alpine meadows,

"Where star-flowers, strew the rivulet's side,"

but as a matter of fact it is generally in the shady woods,
near the foot of some large forest tree, that these dainty
little flowers are found.

MARSH BUCKBEAN

^[t•llyaltlllcs trifoliata. (ietitian Family

Rootstock: thick, scaly, marked l)y the scars of hascs of former peti-
oles. Leaves: trifoliate, leaflets obloiiR. entire, ohtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed to the sessile liase. Flowers: in a raceme home on a long,
scape-like, naked peduncle; calyx short; corolla funnel-form, five-cleft,
its lobes bearded within.

This is a perennial swamp herb whose lovely white flow-
ers and triple leaves are the glory of many a secluded moun-

ff'hitt- to Green and Broun Fl-jicers 187

tain marsh. The face <.f the five white ..r i)tiri)hsh-i)ink
divisions of the c.rolla are covered with soft liairs, which
K'ive the (lowers a .lainty feathery apiK-arancc. an<l inside
til" tulK.' are placed the five stamens, while the style is lonj;
and projects la-yond tlu-m.

MIST MAIDENS

RomanzoMa silili.n.iis. Wattr k-af F'.imily
Stemi: slciidir. >. i|K-likc. a>o.n.li. ; „r sprca.linK. Leaves: rotincl-
remform. thria-to-tvtn lul.c! .,,1 sic \r pitinks. Flowera: in a
loose terminal ract-nu' ; o-rolla ftmiul-fcrni, tlie l.roa.l lul.,>s m.in.lf.l.

One of the most extiuisite fra^'rant alpine i)lants. that

" Where the stinliKlit fills the hours,
Dissolves till- cnist, ili>|>I.iy> the tlowers."

At hij^h altitudes, when the warmth of July has melted
the snow and set the flowers free, yon will find the creamy
blossoms of these Mist Maidens in many a nook anionj^st
the forbiddin},' rocks, their corollas shimmerin-,' like pearls
in the green settinjj of their round scalloped leaves. The
texture of these tlowers is simply marvellous, for they have
a bloom upon them so beautiful that it resembles noth-
ing less than richest white velvet, while in their centres a
few pale yelh.w stamens give to each blossom a heart of
gold.

Mist Maidens are seldom fomid Mow an altitude of
fxxx) feet, and where the cliffs rise bleak and barren, where
the ways arc ice hound and the rocks are bare, there it is a
joy to find this lovely plant snugly ensconced in some tiny
cleft that is watered by the melting snows. Only those who
have toiled and climbed in search of it can know the full
delight of its discovery.

0.

1:

IM.AIK \l.l

a I

1

. %. J-;.. ;

V, M

,i<^.- "■.-;■';"»■

188

' ■..'fl.

iriiitf ft (

ir,,n iiiiil liffjun I' I

'iu,'r\

i««;

WHITE LOUSEWORT

Stem.: L;l,,l,r.M,,. i,.,,,-y f. il„- ,,,,, Le«v«: .,11 >,.ul.i,r. I.m,v,,l.„. „„.
■UM, „.ul> >.rrnl.,t.-. Flowers: i,u. „, s|„,r, 1,,.^ r.,,.,,,.- .'.Kx
-l'..|nr. .|.r,..T . I. It !,..-,,r,- ,l,.,„ MnuA. ,1„. |.,|,,, „,,p,,„K ,,,„;„„„,,.

«al... ,,n..|,u-.-. m., an ,.K„r...| Lck. luarly .., 1,,,,^' ,,, ,1,. | .,| |,,,,;

li|i, li.itn.(tt-i|(iU-M-l.

Tlif .lull ulnir or vfiv |.;,1,- vdl..u h^aknl llnurr> nf the
Wlntc I..m«ru..rt ;iic set j,, a .•!,,„• dtistrr at li.r t,,,, .,t tla-
stalks. aii.I arc I'nik-.l.lnl am..,,;;., Miiall .Urplv ti„,Knl
Ii"a\('s.

'IIk- ri-piIIiMit o.min..!i iiaim- ..f tliis |,Iai,t i> <lrri\c.l <li-
rtrtly tn.in tin- Latin nw, uhid, was I.c^t.-unl „|h.„ i, Ik-
cause ..tuv upm, a time farmer-* Lelievi-.l that ul,e,i their
ll.-i-ks ted i,p.„, these tl.-uers the sheep were hal.le to l,c
attacked hy certain tiny hee. called />, lunliix.

/VdiciiUiris lontortii. or (■..iit-.rted l...useu..rt. is very like
the White Lotisewort hut has cream-col. .nred Il..uers set
siii;(Iy all the way up on the slender stalks. Its t,.liaj:e is
fern-like and often tin.-^^d with reddish-hn.wn : l.,,,- u.^^es
^row out from the hase. and small ..nes arc interspersed
with the inimerous l)l..-s. .ms ..n the stems.

The Coinorte.I l.ousewort j^rous at very hij^di altitudes,
heinj,' usually foi,,id at -fyn^ feet.

COMMON PLANTAIN

I'liiiil,!,::,! moj,',. I'l.int.im l'',-miily

Root. took .lu.rt. ilnVk. (Ti-.t. Leaves: -pn^."li"K. ..v.itc, iritirr : -pikt-
<li>nsf. ..l-tiisc at apex. Flowers: ptriVct. iir.,tiT..i;yn..iis ; >,pal- I .-..a.lly
ovate. sr.-,ri.,iis on the margins. Fruit: pyxis seeded, circmiiM „le near
the middle.

.Hit

^

•It',

^'3^

j^^'^^^^wm.

IH

I ■ i-

w^^ ^ k

i*

r^

OlNTdKTEI) LOUSF.WOKT
{ f'ciliiiiliiris i-(>iiti>rtii)

100

;" :.Y

-m':m^v '^<^\mm

■ ■:y:<:..

m '■'-:r-*^

rrfiitc to Green and Broiin Fiouwrs 191

The C\.,iimnn I'lantain is so familiar t<» travellers that it
cal s for n.) special .lescription. It I,as -recnish tluucr-
spikes and reddish seeds.

Phintcu/o major var. asintka, or Asiatic Plantain has
oval several-rihhed leaves, the I.ase al.ru,. Iv contracted' into
a petiole, and loni^a-r less dense spikes of j^reenish (lowers
tlian the precedni- species. Kaln, savs that in the I'nited
States Plantams were formerlv called " luKdishman's
Foot." because it was helieve.l that wherever a^'.ritisher
went these plants always followed in his steps. This is an
introduced j.Iant.

I

1
I i

NORTHERN BEDSTRAW

CiiHum borcah-. .Madder Family
Stems: s.noo.h, l.ranchd. leafy. Leaves: in f.,urs li.u-ar. .u-„te

The Northern Hedstraw may he distin.i,Miished hv the fact
that Its tmy narrow leaves grow in circles of fo'ur roun.l
the .stems. It is a plant hearin- „,a„v small white flowers
m clusters, and the seeds are twin burs, covered with numer-
ous hooked bristles, by means of which thev clin- to the
clothmj,' of the passer-by and the fur of anin'ials.

Sir J..hn I-ranklin in his book The I'olar Seas describes
this plant as being used by the Indi.uis as a vej-etable dye.
They call it Sa7<oyan. and after boiliiifr the roots they mi.x
the licjuid with the juice ..f strawberries and cranberries,
and thus obtain a beautiful scarlet dye.

Galitaii trifJorum. or Sweet-scented Hedstraw. always
grows in threes, or on three-branched stems, as might be
inferred from the name triflorum. The leaves are a trifle
broader than those ..f Q. boreale, but the flowers of lK.th

1

'.J ^1

1 11

i

-^Mt^

^>: .mmmsm^. wp^

ii

« !l

192 iriiite to Green and Broun Flowers

have a four-lubcd white corolla. At all times, but esi)e-
cially when dried, this plant has a sweet odour resi nbling
that of vanilla. Its seeds are two-lohed and are covered
with tiny hooked hairs, which have earned for '• the de-
scriptive name of " Cleaver, for verily its burs cleave fast
to anythin;^ with which hey come in contact.

Galiitm trifiduui, or Small Ik'dstraw, has slender weak
four-ans,ded stems, very freely intertanj^ded, and forms dense
mats on the ground. The narrow spatulate primary leaves
are usually in fours and the pale flowers are solitary on
lonjij stalks and grow in pairs at the nodes. It is a wet-
loving plant.

SNOWBERRY

Symfhor'uart'us raccmosus lar. fmiciHorus. Honeysuckle Family-
Leaves: oiipo-ite, broadly oval, entire, softly pubescent. Flowers:
solitary in the upper axils, and two or three in the terminal spike;
corolla cami)anulate, five-lobcd, bearded within; stamens and style in-
cluded. Fruit: a white berry.

When in flower this low- spreading shrub bears its small
white or jjinkish bells in tiny clusters at the ends f
numerous upright branches, and also singly in the t
axils of the leaves. When in fruit the pretty, white, wa.\en
berries render the Sywphoricarpus both conspicuous and at-
tractive. These berries are oval in the early stages of de-
velopment, when with their .snowy weight they l)end down
the flexible branches, and become rounded at maturity.
Thev contain two brown bony seeds, embedded in the granu-
lar cellular pulp. The tlark green leaves are broadly oval
in shape and have smooth margins.

The Snowberry is frequently cultivated in gardens as an
ornamental shrub.

^i

W:smif^^'^tsW\^L::

JVhite to Green and Broun Floicers

'03

ARROW-WOOD

riburnum l>aucifl.num. I lomysticklr F.iniily
Leaves: broadly oval. ol,ovato. with three rath.r .hall..w 1,,1ks ah<.\c
the niKhlle. coarsely an<l iitie-mally dentate, ulal.roiis al.nve ni-r.^ or
less piihesccnt l.enealh. Flowers: white, in eoni|.onn,l cyme.. .-,11 ,Krt\et
and small: c.roila campaniilate. fue-lokd. Fruit: <lrni,e. Klnl.use
brig)- h1, acid.

A straj,'j,^linnr shnih <,rrn\viti<:;^ from two to six tVct lii«,'Ii
and hearing many small clusters of tiny wliitc and pinkish
flowers, whoso hcll-shaiied corollas are divided into five
lol)es above the middle and are pointed and coarsely tuotlied.

RED-BERRIED ELDER

Samhiuus ruccmosa. I buKyMukle F'aniily
Stems: woody. Leaves: pinnately c..inp,,un,l ; Kail.t^ l.iiu-. ..late .lou-
minate at the apex, sharply >errate. Flowers: in thyr.,.i,l c\nies. white
to yellowish. Fruit: small, scarlet.

This shrill), which j^^rows from ten to thirty feet hi,-,di and
has spreadinij branches and ample foliaj,^', is widely dis-
tributed over the continent. In ilelds and forests, by the
roadsides and in ne.t,dected gardens, yon will find it sp'riii}^-
ing up and thrivinjj with undaunted hardihood amid the
most barren surroundin.tjs. It also <,'rows at many eleva-
tions. I)eing seen in cpiantities at the .sea level and also
flourishing abundantly at an altitude of 6000 and 7000
feet. The leaves are divided into from five to seven leaf-
lets, and the creamy fragrant flowers grow in elongated
clusters at the ends of the branches. The fruit is a bright
scarlet drupe, with a pungent acid flavour.

Samhnciu mchmocarpa, or P.lack-berried Elder, does not
grow quite .so luxuriantly as the preceding species, yet its
sweet-scented misty clusters adorn manv -\ patch and thicket.

i U

,i f

•1

'i

Hi

m^i^EA^mmm^^ - m^miSid^me: ^'^ ^maewmm

194 White to Grten and Bro-un Flouers

The fruit, as the name denotes, is a rich hhie-hlaik (.ohnir
and very juicy. It is fruni this shrulj that KIderl)erry wine
is made.

NORTHERN HELIOTROPE

Valeriana St't'tciitrionalis. Valerian Family

Stems: erect from crccpiiiR root^tdck'^. Leaves: l>asal, olilong, entire;
stcm-lcavcs pctinlol, tliree-t<)-.se\ en fnlinlatc, tlie divisions entire. Flow-
ers: eyinnse, i)aniciilate, more or less iliniorphotis ; corolla funnel-form,
fne-lohed.

So sweet is the smell of the Northern Ileh'otropc that few
can mistake it. The flowers are very handsome, white
tini,a'd with mauve or pink, and ^^row in his,' clusters on the
top of juicy sta'ks from eij,dit to eit,Hifeen inches hii;h, and
in two .small axillary clusters a few inches helow the termi-
nal cyme. 'J"he f iliaj^e of this plant is handsome, the leaves
l)einfj strongly veined, glossy, and of a beautiful bright
green colour.

The margins of these leaves are entire. — that is, not cut
or toothed, — and herein lies the difference between this
plant and Valeriana sitehcmis, or Wild Heliotrope, which
can only be readily distinguished from it by the fact that
the latter's leaves are coarsely dentate, the ilowers of both
species being almost identical. A very noticeable feature of
the Valerians is their extremely long stamens, and their
roots have a very strong and disagreeable odour, which is
a curious contrast to the delicious fragrance of the flowers.

1?

WHITE ASTER

Aster commutatus. Composite Family

Stems: bushy, branched. Leaves: rigid, linear, entire, obtuse, sessile,
uppermost passing into involucral bracts. Flowers: in densely crowded
heads.

]pv;^p,^ff.

.^^

|ii

W'n i. I In i.iKc I'K
( / 'dlrrija.i .,,/, /j.-;;.v(.v )

^itvl-

>i*i2

rM

I i

Jl'hitc to Green and Broun Floiiers 191;

'I'licse chariuiiif,' little AnIcts, witli their white rays and
yellow centres, are quite uiiiuistakahle, and thim<^di eaili in-
dividual tlower is small, yet they },^ri>\v in such l.'ir},'e densely-
flowered wands that they present a very handsome appear-
ance. The stiff narrow leaves !,'row all the wav up the
stalks anion*,' the hlossctuis. The tlower is usually found in
very dry sandy places.

Aster alfinus. or Alpine .\ster, is another species very
ahundant in the mount.iins. It utows ;it ;L,neat .iltitudes and
has tluffy whitish le;i\es ;nid white or p.alc pink llo-.w-rs.

FERN-LEAVED FLEABANE

I'.ii^ciini coiiif'i'siliis. i'<><u\i'<^hi I'';i'nily

Stems: sliort. diiisi'ly leafy. Leaves: t".in---li.i|i(.i! in mitlim-, parti'd
into liiH-ar spatulati' loin-, mi Ihiijt ]ntinlc^; lu'rli,it;i' t,,i-ntc .iiii! railicr
viscidiiloiis. Flowers: rays forty tn sixty, wliitc; ilisk-lliiwcr.s yillnw.

This h'leahanc is very like a lar^je common daisv, for it
has many white rays and a hit,' yellow centre. Most of its
leaves grow out from the base, and ;ire much cut and (piite
fern-like. It is found at an altitude of -000 feet, and esjjc-
cially along the "dge of glacial streams, though it grows
also on the lower alpine meadows.

The most conspicuous difference between .\sters and
Fleahanes is that the latter have \ery nujnerotis narrow rays.
while the rays of the former are slightly broader and much
fewer in number.

Erigeron multifidiis, or Daisy Fleabane. has numerous
slender hairy stems and leaves crowded on the crowns of
the caudex, twice-ternately parted into narrow lobes. The
flowers are solitary at the ends of the nearly leatless stems;
thev are usually white, but occasionally violet.

Erigeron melanocephahis, or I'lack-woolly Fleabane, has

I

fi

I'!

wmk

mm

U)() ff'hitt' to Green an J Broxin FloxKcrs

.Ntc'ni-« covered with piirplish-bhuk hairs. I In- Inuir Ita\is
arc iinnRTdUs dhptio and nearly sinuoth. while the ^tenl
leaves are very hairy. The iii\nlnere is thickly cnvered w illi
I>iir|ilish-I)lack wonl and the til'tv to >i.\tv rays are white or
j)inkish.

l-.ri(icron cccsf^itosus, or Tinted hleahane, has \ ery tiiftetl
white-haired stems j^row injjf from a deep root. The leaves
are also whitediair\- narrow an<l ha\e even marj^in^. the
involuere is hemispheric, its hracts narrow pointed ai'd
white-hairy, and the forty to sixty rays are white or pinki-ii.

-:X -

%

fe

,j. •

*!!•

WHITE EVERLASTING

. hiliiiiuiiiii ;•(/, rofii.Mi. ((iin]Mi^iir l''ainily

Fri'fly ^urt'ttlosi' hy Inn;,', sUmuIit, >ii,ir>fl>-li-,ii'y -t'llmi^. lii:Iiily wi'miIIv.
Stems: ln-uriiiK tiitimTnus r:niMnii^cly-ili-.|)()si'(l lu■all^. Leaves: limadly
nv.il, ;k'iiI(.' at t-acli i-ml, <lcii--cly tniiu'iilfwi- l)i'in.'.illi, urccii ami yl.ilirons
aliiivt: involucre c.impaiuilatc; tracts grtcii. Flowers: slamiiiatc and
I>istillate iicads wIiitc-tiiiiRtl.

I-'very traveller will reco},mize the l-lverlastin.cjs at a
jijlance. with their dry, cracklin<j^ little tlowers and partially,
if not entirely, silky whitish leaves: the only difficulty lies
in decidint,'' to what species any ])articular iil.ant helon-j^s.

The easiest way to distinj^nn'sh the White l"~verlastin,<^ is
hy the loose separate fashion in which its tlower-hcads t^row
jnst a few on each little stalk and none uf them hunched to-
f,^ether.

Antcnnaria Iloii'cUii, or Mouse-ear Kvcrlastini:::, difTers
from the preccdinj,' species in havini,' very closely clustered
flower-heads and much more silky leaves. The leaves of
hoth these plants are woolly and white underneath and
smooth and jjreen on the to]). The fertile i)lants are talle--
tlian the sterile plants, and the little heads of fertile florets

3:.:^, -jt/^ nv

//'///'/«' to Ctftn (in<l Uroun Floxit-nt \q-j

arc- si-t j„ oit-t.,, i,,,,, tin.jr snow-wliiti- silky tiitts .i^'lcainiii^'
in the .sun^liiiK-. while the staminate llorets h;i\ en. under!
whiter scales.

.hiiniiuiria pan-tfolhi. or Moniitaiii l"\erla>liii-. has
leaves that are white and wor.lly on l^.tli .ides, and its
llorets arc perfectly ronnd in shape.

.lnlniii(iri<i Idiuitii. nr Arctic luerlastiiii,'. is a dwarf
spcries -rouin-,^ il,,.e tn perpetual snow, and is f,,iind at
the -real altitude of Sooo feet. It ha^ very white an-l
woolly >talks and many tiny leaves which are white and

\\()oll\- alsn.

.'his i)lant somewhat rcsenihlcs tlic /•(/.•/.w/.v,? of the Alps.
and is the nearest aj.proach to that fam..us ll.,wer to he
f.-'ind on this c-.-ntinent. The name .Intnuutr'ui refers to
the Im.i,' hrown anthers, which resemhle the antenn.e of .s.,me
insect.

.Intrnimrui pnhhcrn'nni. or Tall F.verlastiii-. is whito-
woolly throughout. The leaves are narn.w spatulate
pointed and nerve<l. while the flower heads are numen-us in
a close caiiitatc cluster, the outer hracts of the involucre
hein.t,' straw-o.loured n.unded and often iiotclu'd at the apex,
and the inner ones white.

Antctmarm alpina. or Alpine Evcrlastin^^ has woolly
stems, a numher of spatulate tufted hasal leaves which are
silvery-woolly on hoth sides and a ii-w small stem leaves.
The flower heads ^u^w in a terminal cluster and the hracts
of the fertile ones are hrowm'sh-green. those of the sterile
ones heinjf li<,diter and broader.

Anfoimvia media, or Silky Everlastin.q-. is a very silky-
woolly plant with stems from one to six inches hifjli. The
radical leaves are ohovate and the cauline o-ies narrow.
The (lower heads are few. the pistillate ones gnnv in a close

n

Hi

.. S{' .

198 tf'hitt' to Green an J Brown Flowers

cluster, while the staminatc ones are panicled and have
bracts with scarioiis white tips.

r

1!'

'1';

PEARLY EVERLASTING

Amaphahs marj^unltiitii. L'iim|Misiif I'amily

Stems: lloccosf, woolly, corymlMiNcly liraiulicd at {hv summit, li.ify.
Le&ves; linear, laiicfolate, nr«tii inil)CMciit alK>ve, \v'.x)lly UIow. FIow-
ert: in iitinurnus luads; invuliitre campaiuilaU-, its bracts ovate, obiiiM-,
fiiiel/ stricatc.

This is the finest (if ail the I'verlastiiiijs. and if picked and
carefidly kept in a \ase, will remain fre^h lodkinj,' for
inonths. Its flowers are larj^'c, slij,'litly sweet scented, and
])early white, and are often used for fnner.il wreaths; as if
to say:

" Tluy art" Icim's l.cst j;ift,
liriiig llowiTs pall' tlowcrs."

YARROW

/Icltillea lauulo.ui. t'omiMisitc Family

Stems: simple, or corymhosily brandieil ahove. Leaves: narrowly
ohIoiiK, bij'iiiiiately dissected into nnmerons small linear divi-ion-.
Flowers: in numerous heads crowded in a fastiniate cyme

A plant, or rather weed, so c on that every child
knows its larjje white and pinkish llower-heads and recopj-
nizes the disagreeable jumj^ent odour of its lace-like leaves.
It is often called " Milfoil " from the abundance of its
frinpfed foliage.

This species may readily be distinguished by its densely
woolly character, and the fact that none of its bracts are
dark-margined.

The Yarrow must unquestionably be of ancient origin,
for it derives its name Achillea from Achilles, who is sup-

•t1iL^!#^«<#.-.

:>'^-?.*-!.'

j

U'/iiti- I'j iirtcn tiiul lirrjun i'lfjiurs i

99

poH-d t(. have made an ..intinnii tr-.m it wlicn-uiili t.. lual
his wotindcil uarrii.rN aJUr the NirLji' ..f I'imv.

Aihilh'a l»',iitlis. nr I )ark matK-inni Narmu. i> ii,,t s,,
tall or s,, u.M.IIy ;,•> the pmnliii^r sinrirs. tlie otviuIk are
smaller and the bracts are all <lark margined.

OX-EYE DAISY

Chiysaiilhi-iitum l.,ii< .inllu'iniiiii. ( "(impo^itf Family

Stems: nl.il.mus, >i,n|,lf. iho l.ran.h., ii,,,rly .roi. Leaves: ..l,.,\-,u-

..l.l..,,^,, cuMr.dy .Umal. . s,.,,, I.,„ ,|. . ,,.,uK > la-i'MiK, l,n.,,r. ,„n '

iiaitly iii.isr.I, tilt ui.p.rinM.i mtv vmaH. ,u,,rlv mtirr. Flowers: ..,li-
tary. or fi-w, ,,ii Iupk i-ulinalcs ; n.>> twinty to' tliiriv. \,,t uhIiu, mmux.

How many jx.ets have >wv^ the <Tai>e m' the Dai^v, from
K..k'rt r.iirns, uh.. deM-nhed the little i:n.-li>li hlo^unt thai
jjruws cl<.>e to the tnrt a^ a

" U i'<', iiii'dot, trim-oil tiiipi'i! lldu.r,"

to Hliss Carman, the clever Canadian wnler. uh-. trl!-> h-.w

"Over tlif vlii.itl.liTs ami ^lupts ><•' tin dime

I ^.-iw thf ulutf il.ii if. KM ,l,,vvti t.. tin- -t-a —
A Ik'-i in tlif MMi-lr a Miou-ilnti -n Imif,

'I lie pinpli- (;,,(! M ^ „, ,,, .^., ,„|r lean-, fr.f."

and in dt.in,-,' so de-erihes the hi^^ uiM Ox-eye Dairies uhieh
mantle the alpine meadows with their >hou v white petals
and f,'()l(len hearts.

This is an inlrodnced plant.

PASTURE WORMWOOD

.Irti'iiiisiti fiiriil,!. G'liipMMU' I'.niiily
Stems: simple or l.raiKhinR, silky-caiRscitit aii.l mIvitv all ovi'r, lurl>a-
ccous from a sutTriitcsttiit l.a.c. Leaves: twuf t> rn, 'tlv .,r (p'lin.ittly
divitleij intt> linear cnuv-lftl lobes. Flowers- iHimtT.Mi- raccmo-.dy <lis-
posetl heads in an oi)en panicle, Klolinlar.

/«! t

It

U'

m^. ^m:j: i . lajprii ■iiiiMiiiai

;|-

i

i''

2nn ffhilf to Green ami Droitn Flowers

All the \\'(iriinv< Mills possess a vcrv stPmj; udmir. by
means of whiih they may he easily reio^'tiized. This s|)ecies
has tiny j^reenish-yelluw flowers jjrowinj,' profusely on its
leafy, silky stems, while the whole plant is silvery white and
cuvere<l with softest <lown.

.Irti'iiiisia discolor, or (ireeti W'oriinvood, h.as j^reen foli-
a^o ''iiid hrownisli-^reen llorets. haviii;^ the same piiiij,'ent
aromatic smell as the silvery siKrics.

.Irleniisia hii'tiiiis. or lliemiial Wormwood, has also jjreen
foliage, a!id its nnmerovis .i[reeiiivh llorets j^row in ihi>ters
in the a.\il>, where the Iea\i's join the main tlower-stalk.

PALM-LEAVED COLTSFOOT

/'('/uji'/i'j /"(i/o/ii/K.r. Cninpiisitc Family

Stems: scaly, stmit. Leaves: nrliiciilar in niitliiie, ilic|ily seven ti>-
clc'vt'ti ili'ft, urci'n and Klahnm^ uImim", ili'n--i'ly white timicntosc bcncatli.
Flowers: ii\ a fa>tiniatt' jianiik-.

The chief distinction he' ween the dilTereiit species of
Coltsfoot lies in the shape of their respective leaves. Those
of the ]*alm-leaf Coltsfoot are exactly like a larj^'c palm leaf,
while its l)lo>soms are white and very fragrant. The flower-
.stalks are thick and jnicy ami covered with .'■•mall narrow
leaves. It has silky-haired seeds like a dandelion.

Pctasitcs stu/ittatiis. or .\rrow-leavcd Coltsfoot, has huge
leaves uith two very marked pointed IoIk's at the base. Its
flower-lieads gr^.w c(Miipactly at the top of stout stalks, and
are white and fr.igrant.

Pctasitcs frif/itlus, or Arctic Coltsfoot, has few blossoms.
a scalv stem, .md very irregidarly lobed leaves. The foliage
of all the Coltsfoots is green and >mooth on the top, and
while and woollv utnlerneath. Thev arc coarse iminterest-

ing plants.

L^-#.^£f

White /'/ (Jn-tn iinJ liroun i/fju,

rs

2<)l

WHITE THISTLE

iiHiluus ki-l.uyi, (.•miiM'^iU I'.iiinly.

Stems: tall, viri.u,. Leaves: .ilitriMii-, liiu'.ir, -itm.it.Iy i....ilu-.|.
Flowers: lu-.i.K iu ;i UmI> s|,ikf Mihcrii-lol l.\ Imi.ir. , u». I.ri>il> iiiiivicl,
i-(.l.«cl.-li;iir> k;ivis. Fruit: |M|.i.n> ..i |,,|in pluincM^ l.risiK-.

Tlie sk'ni-> i>i this 'I'all TliiNtU- an- \tr\ .■-liuil.-u.M.lly.
and tiic leaves arr lotitlicil ami irm-^nl uiili w.ak -|llIu•^,
l>fiii},' j,TtTii alx.vc and iMl.uil,diair\ liriKMtii. Ilu- mam
ci.l(»urfd tlowcr lica«U j^mw scscral tnj^a'tlur in a li-atv spike.

tardus foliosHS. or l.eafy 'IhiMle. Ii:i> erect n.l.iiq -ums.
mid is very leafy u|) t.. the lew M,nK\vhat wnoliv iL.wer
heads, which have a pale lorolla with I. .Iks iipialhii^ tin-
throat. The leave- are eloti-ated, toothed with rijjid
prickles and cobwcb-wuullv beneath.

/<

)i!

' 4*-
« ■ ^

4^

3^

K

WILD FLOWERS OF THE NORTH
A.\H<.RICAX MOUXTALXS

SECTION V
PL\K TO RED FLOWERS

Ti

til

W¥^

SI-XTIOX \-

PINK lu Ki:i) 1 L()\vi:ks

.!"

PINK GARLIC

" rcniuuiii. l.ilv Family

Bulbs clustered on a i.li..rt rn()t>t()ck, narrowly cvoi-l. witli a long
neck. Stems: scape slender. Leaves: linear, cliannek i, ,>r marly tlat.
Flowers: unil.el niany-ll,uvered, n.M.lin.i;, Mil.t.m.ed l.y tw., .li,.rt dccid-
iiuus bracts; i)eriantli >eKnient> ovate, acute; >tanien. and style exserted.

These du.ster.s of tiny pink tlowcrs. wliich t,'n)\v on lonjj
•slender stalks that heiul over ahniptly at the to|) are charac-
teristically odorous, as may he readily understood, since
alliit,.. IS the Latin for " .i^arlic." I-Voni ten to fortv llowers
form the timhel npor, each stalk, and hoth the awl-shaped
stamens and the style pnjtrude far heyond the se},Mnents of
the perianth.

I he leaves are loMj,' and extremely narrow, in fact. .s,Tass-
like, hein.t,' channeled (.r Hat an<l terminating' either in a
hlunt or a fine point.

PINK TWISTED-STALK

Strcftof^us idscus. Lily I'aniily

Stems: from a >liort >tout rooist.vk co\ered witli tibron^ root^, simple
or sparingly branched. Leaves: lanceolate to ovatr. abruptly .icnnnnate,
•sessile by a broad, rounded, clasping' base, the tnar,i.;n> tinely ciliate."
Flowers: |)eduncled, segments of tbe perianth lanceolite. the tips spnad-
ing. Fruit: a red oval berry.

This plant is a near relation of S. amplcxif,<Uus descrihcd
in :he White to Green Section. It differs from the fore-

aos

mm&m

PI.ATK \ I.I 1 1

f

Uk

I'lNK ("i AKI.H
(.lliui))l it'lllHltDt )

206

^

Pink lo Red rionns

.^uin-r. Iiowc'vcr, in h^nct.iI l•>^l■lltI.•ll p.irtirulars. I,, the lir-.t
l''.ux'. il is a smalkT plant. Iia. dull i)tiri)lc -pink pcndnit IhIN,
and is m-arly alwavs MiK'-llnwrml. 'IIhmi. to,., the tiny
IK'diindc. arc- n.>t sharply tui>n-d a> in .V, a>n '^Irxifoliiis. hut
bund douiiwards in a .i^racvful rurviv TIu' rM.y-hunl hdls
arc <niitc hid(k'n hmcath tlic Icavf> and mav he- >mi mily
when the Ion-- st^■ln-^ are turned (,\er. 'I"he>e Ik-IIs are
streaked .nit>ide and hn.- ' nsi(k- witli (kvp ruse o.knir.

SHORT-STEMMED TWISTED-STALK

l\ni!is,;i str,-r!''t<'i>li-^. I.ily l"aniily
Stems: -mn..il,. ,„„|,lc, ir..,,, an vMvu-h,U >rivi.iim rlii/,,ii.e with
a tiw lil.ruus nM,i> at v.nh iin.li-. Leaves: n^ati-laiu-colaic, aoutc, the
iiI'iHT -i-Mk-, ilu- k.wir da^i-iiiK at tlu' l.a^c- Flowers: M.llaii- ...luiry
on cv.v^,;\ Malk. in tlif axil, at tiic Imcks of tla. npi.iT K-av.. Fruit:
a K^''i"^i.' ri-(l lurry.

i he stems .,i' thi> plant .t^n.w I'nur to ei.-^du iiu'he- hi,i,'h
fr.mi a n-eepin- rhi/.,un'. lIu' leave^ are narmwlv e---;-
siiaped, hri-ht -reen and dniiint,-- "U h.iih -ides, and the little
dark ru>e-o .loured ll..uer> -row ,n\ eurved thread like >talks
at the hark, of the upjier leaves. The tiny sepals an.l petals
are hoth u ine-coloured at the hase. the petals ha\iu<,r vel-
lo\vish--reen rellexed lips. The ])erries are rounded and
hri.trht red. The Sh..rt-steniuied Twiste.l-stalk elosdv re-
semhles the Pink T\\ iste<l-stalk. hut differs fn-m it in havin.t,-
a iinieh more slender root stock and shorter stems.

FLY-SPOTTED ORCHIS

()i\lii.s- r,'tiiihlih\'iii. Orchid I-';iniilv

Stems: -Icndtr. Leaves: Icat M.Iit.iry. orhicnlar {<> .)\al, with ..no or
tUM .>hf,ithint; -oak'-. IkImw it. Flowers: spikv t\vn-t,,-ii.n tluui-rcl, .nh-
tondod l.y -i!iall hr.ari.; ~v\<:\\^ lateral oni- siirfadin- : pm.al- -iniikar tn
th.c -i-pal-; lip lonticr than the iictaK, tlirn-dMl.f.i, the nnddlc ]nl,e l.irj^'or,
(liiatcd, Hutched at the apex ; spur ?knder, shorter than the lip.

'^

PLATE XLIV

L •

"*«

If

^i^ ;
^fa i

Flv-spottf.i) Ok( ins
( 0 rch is rolu n di folia )

208

]

Pink t'j Rid FlfJiit'rs

209

A liivc'ly |)ale pink orchid, with ;i single niiiiidish leaf
growinj^ al tlit- liasc and ri"'t> (.nnipM^fil df ilc>h\ Tiliros.
'IIic chi>ti'rs (it tlo\\or> aiv -li.t,'litly fraf^rant. l-".acli l)Ii>s-
Nini lias a lars^c. pn'trndm.^;'. tlat lij) nI palc>t pink, spotted
with rose or purple, and dixided into three lohcs. the centre
one heiui,' notelied. A w in^^-hke sepal stands out on either
side, atul the small petals and sepals are .ill pink, the ;irched
l)etal that is heiit down o\er the st.unens hein;,^ spotted with
rose-purple like the lip. It is found in moist places and
,i,'r<iws to full perfection where ver\ wet i^'round comhined
with a full e.\])osure to the sun is possible.

CALYPSO

Ciilyf.io !'iilh,'s,i. ( )ivliicl I'.iinily

Stems: willi two nr ilircr im-mlir.in.n-iinis sli(Mtli>, and .1 liiicir IiracI
at till.' Niiiniiiit. Leaves: Kat ^nlii.iry. lirnaiHi. nxatt-, pi'tiMlcil. Flowers:
(Irooping, pi'ilioi'lliMl ; ^opal^ aini ptlals laiii-cclati-, acuiniiiatf, loiiK 1>1>
iiitlatfd. >aooat<.'. uitli iwn >hnrt -i)ur> liil(pu' tlif apex.

A solid bull) and cor.alloid roots, a sincjle stetn sheathed
hy two or three loose hrownish-ijreen scales and sun iOiinted
hy a sinjjle narrow hr.ict. a solitary hro.ad leaf at the base,
and a sinj.,de lovely niau\ ish-piiik orchid bloominj:;^ at the
summit. — such is the Calypso.

The sepals and petals of this dainty llower are like fairy
wintijs. its lar,i,^e sac. striped and mottled with deep ro^i-
colour and variep^ated with yellow spots, tufted bv fine white
hairs, resembling' the body of some i;ay insect : thus the blos-
som appears to be ])oised lij^htly upon its stem like a beautiful
butterfly ready to tlutter away at our approach. This effect
is heightened by the fact thai it grows in the deep cool
forests, where its exf|uisite fragrant flowers form the only
sjjots of vi\i<l colour and where it is sheltered by tlie \ ines

I'.

2IO

Pink to Red Flow en

and mosses that cluster t<)f,'ether in tliose damp shady places
that are the favourite haunts of this orchid.
When Mrs. llemans wrote

" There's not a flower Imt slinwi some touch,
111 freckle, freck, nr st.iiii,
Of His unrivalled pencil,"

she must have Iiad in mind the marvellous painted slijiper of
the Calypso, for its delicate veinin-^s in finely pencilled pat-
tern are surely the wonderful work of the Great Master-
hand.

The name Calypso denotes that the jilant is dedicated to
the ancient goddess of that name.

^^

SWAMP PERSICARIA

Polygonum Multh-iil>i'i}^ii. Huckwlieat I'aniily.

An aquatic herli, perennial liy lonv; oreipiiip or Iiori/ontal rootstock-*.
Stems: erect, coiiinionly simple, channelleil, enlarged at tlie nodes.
Leaves: oMonR-lanceolate, acute or acuniinate at the apex, rnciuled or
cordate at the hase, (K-re;e cylindric. Flowers: sin.ill, in .i tirniinal
raceme, calyx ri'se-coloiir. Fruit: achenes lenticular, broadly obo.'oid,
very convex, hlack, smooth, shining.

The dense rose-colouied spikes of the Swamp Persicaria
may frequently he .seen risinij above the surface of some
forest pool, or fringing its borders. As lunerson has .so
aptly described it,

" Rosy Polygonum, lake-margin's pride,"

is one of the prettiest aquatic plants amongst the mountains.
The stems are channeled and enlarged at the points from
which the leaves grow; sometimes they tloat, and sometimes
thev are immersed beneath the waters. Tlse leaves are
long-shaped and smooth.

i'

m

I Al.S I'-l)

I

I,

■ 1 1

Pink to Rn/ I'l'.Ui-rs

21 1

MOSS CAMPION

Siliii,' iiitiulis. I'liilv l.miily

riosily cTspit..,,'. f.iu- t.. iwu iiK-li.> liii;li. Leaves: liiuvtr. vr..«.!..|.
Flowers: Mnall, s..lit.iry, >uI.vi.sm1i. „r ^linhtly raiM-d on imkf.l cnr\f.|
pidiiiults : taKv narn.wly campamilatc; pital, j.iiik. purple ..r v.UtU-
oljcordatc.

The Moss Campion will ho fn,iii,| l,y tlinsc ul,,, diml,
to K'cat altitu(U-s. tor it k^ous n.-ar the hij,'hfst sum-
iiiits ot the tnountaiii. and has hern diso-vcrnl at the ini-
nii-nsc elevation of lo.fx,,, fcrt. It is a dwarf aretic-alpine
plant. The tiny leaves, which are very lunnerous and ex-
tremely narrow and p'.inted. distin.ynish it front .Sa.i //>,;,/„
otr»sitifolhi, or Monntain Saxifraj^'e, which has >innlar
llowers hnt distinctly hroader leaves.

(lose to the eternal snows, where the la^t line of vcj,'c-
tation jrrows prostrate ni)on the earth, so rare the air. so
scarce and jxior the soil,

1 litTf. cKa\iit|,; t'l llic Kroniid, it Iu'>
With miiliitiKk- of puipk- t_\f,
S|i.i!iKliiijr ,-i cn-hion yict-ii like llln^.s.■■

Snrely Wordsworth must Itave found the Moss Campion
ainon<(st his heluved (irasinerc llilK, otherwise he could
not have penned .so i)crfect a description of its starry (low-
ers with their five pink, purple or very occasionally white
petals wide-hlown hy the mountain hreeze.

1 he Mos.s Campion has a very lar^e tap-root, and sprinjj-
in.s,^ from it are the slender hranchin;; stems, which form
dense tufts from s'.< to twenty inches in diameter and re-
semhle a coarse mo.ss. Down ii.to the.se tuft> the llowers
are closely set.

\

;*■-

¥f, j^m

PLATK XLV

■ J-~

^

2i:

-4

4fii L

Pink to Ri ' I'loin-n

2'."?

BITTER-ROOT

/.(•M.ii'iJ (ii/i.i.ii. I'lir^l.iiif I'.iiiuly

Stems: ^c.iik- Am'TX. \'<\\\uA. lir.nu-il.iii' m ir tin miililU-. Leaves:
linr.ir M|i|..n^', ^iililiiiif. «iii'"iili, nl.iiii<in-, Fluwers: mimU -i\ t" iiclit,
ili-liiu'l, tilii.nll> !■ ,^li, iiiU'i|M,il. |i:irtl> >iMriiin-. int. lis n«ht to vivticii.
n,iii>iv\t\ iilil.iin;. Fruit: iMpMilc <irciiiii-t~^ilf at tlic Iki-i, ilu-ii luir'tin^
irriKiiI irly. ^«fi|> iinmiT"n-, liT ^ k, «liiiiiiiK.

I Ir' lar,L;r >lin\v\' n'^r-piiik iImuiT'^ i.i' tin's I ri^isiii arc
\rr\ li>\cl\ Tin.' 1 )lili>ii;4. narr< lU lia\ i--. w liii'li arr iT' p\\ i|r<|
at tiic iTKUii (it tlu' tiiuk c-aii(U-\. arc -iiiMutli iinl invcri'tl
uilli a \\lliti^ll hliHitii; uliik' in mi a tli-liy init L;rM\\ iln-
"iR'-tlnwiTcil lilt -(.I ill iiirt'd >r;iiics that are juiiitfd and have
liuff hractlcts lu-ar the middle.

STRIPED OREOBROMA

(hi-fhi ■'itui I ■■lyliil''ii. I'lir-uiii. r':iniil>

Stems: sciik.m', vt,,in, tr.nn a tl>-liy ri'ni. L«? ■ es: il.ii, .p:itnl.iii- t"

■ 'lilaiKi-tilati-. Flowers: in a ^liurt ■>'"""' I'luiii, .il- i\\". )iiT>i-iriit,

|iiial> liM- !'■ till. '■litaiK'i."l.itc. Fnait: c.i, -iilc tmly t\\> tu i' iir
valvcd, many-Mi-ili'il.

The tliiwers nf this Oe"l)ri)nia, whiili are deep rese-
ll iloiir with an oraiij^e stripe it! ilie eeiiire k\ eaeh petal,
f^rdW ill short cynidsc ])aiiieles, teriiiinatiiiu; the r.ither stmn
stems, which latter are six to tweKe iiu hi> h'^di. jointed at
the hase, and nsnally h.ave two pair> ■ ' hracts below the
intloreseeii'-e. 'I'lic leaves, which ;ire tiat atul spatiilate or
ul 'lanceolate, arc in;'.. Ic.ied in a dense rw-iilate tnft. The
roots of tiiis ptrennia! plant are thick and lle^hy.

WESTERN COLUMBINE

, /./i.'i/.-.'/i'./ fiomosil. t'ni'.v fcH.t I aniily

Stems: lir-i-.icliinu fnmi a -inipK-. llf~1iy. t\i-if"rm rn.,t. Leaves: l.'.^tT
ones trili-riiati' on Iniit; jjcii' >U'-, iippiT <iik'- >f~-i!c i>r rtihut-il i.i -iiiiplc

214

Pink to Red Flowers

iU

?) ^

bracts ; leatlcts broadly ciineatc, thrce-clcft. Flowers: red, i)endiiloii> in
anthesis; sepals spreading or rcflexcd, abruptly narrowed to a short
claw ; spurs same length as sepals.

A large gaudy flower of which it has l)cen said:

" 'I'lu- graceful coliunbine, all blushing reil,
TJends to the earth her crown
<j{ honey-laden bells."

The Western CoUimhine does not seek the light dry soil
amongst the rocks, as do its sisters, the Yellow rnd the I'.liie
Coluinhines, Init prefers a moist habitat, where its brilliant
pendulous blossoms make the valleys gay.

It has bright red and gold petals, growing alternately
with its five red sei)als. The-e petals, shaped like inverted
cornucopias, are usually edged a., well as lined with yellow,
their upper ends being narrowed to terminal tubular spurs.
Linn.-eus gave this plant its ge.ieric name, derived from the
Latin aquila, owing to the fancied resemblance of its spurs
to the claws of an eagle; while Columbine is taken from
coluniba, " a dove." and refers to the resemblance of its
nectaries to a circle of doves in a ring around a dish, which
was a favourite device amongst sculj^ors and painters in
ancient times. The numerous stamens and long slender
styles of the pistils protrude like pretty golden tassels from
each flower. The foliage of this tall plant, which usually
grows from two to three feet high, is very abundant and
fern-like ; dark green on *he top, and pale and whitish under-
neath. The larger leaves grow on long foot-stalks and are
divided into three leaflets, which in their turn are three-to-
five lobed and have unequally toothed edges.

There are not very many really red mountain wild flow-
ers, and therefore the traveller takes an especial delight in
finding the Western Columbine, since, like Eugene Field, he

li.

\\"r.-in:N Ti.i 1 Mi:i\K

U: t

{

Pink to Red Flowers

21 j;

Idvts a blossom of "any colour at all so lonj; as it's red."
It is a plant extremely attractive to bees. Inittertlies, and
birds, which cume tu sip its sweets.

WILD BLEEDING-HEART

Piccntra formosd. Fiimitcry Family

Stems: from tlie apex "f tliick, aliiiust naked, cn-cpinR rootstocks.
Leaves: twice <ir thrice ternately coiiiikiuikI, tlie ultimate ilivisions iiaf'
r<i\v and incisely pinnalit'id. Flowers: pale iiiaKcnt.i, in comiHiiind ra-
cemes at summit of scapes; cornlia ovate-curilate, with connivent spurs;
petals imiled up to and al>o\e the middle.

This plant resembles, in miniature, the lovely jjink and
white IMeedint^-heart so i)o])ular in old-fashioned ,t,'ardens:
but its dull ma,tjenta-j)ink tlowers are not nearly so attrac-
tive in appearance as those of its beautiful cultivated cousin,
riie only charm of the wild species lies in the j;race of its
slender stems, which bear numerous ])endent heart-shaped
blossoms alon<,f their droo])inf( len.^ths, and its finely dis-
.sected foliaji^e.

Dkcntra uniflora, or One-flowered Bleedin^'-heart, has
soft green leaves which are ternately divided, the three to
seven divisions pinnatiful into a few spatulate lobes. The
scapes jjrow only three to five inches hij,'h from a close bun-
dle of spindle-shaped and ])erpendicular fleshy tubers ; they
are bracted. and one, or rarely two-flowered. The creamy
pink flowers have two small scale-like sepals, and the two
outer petals are j^jii.'bous-saccate at the base, their recurving
tips much longer than the body, while the small hollowed
tips of the two inner sp(jon-shapcd petals are united at the
apex, and form the cavity containing the anthers and stigma.

-m

2l6

Pink to Red Flouers

:|N

LYALL'S ROCK CRESS

.Irahis Lyallii. Mustard I'aniily

Stems: siinpli-, more nr li^s stfllaU'-|)iilH~cint, from n liraiulicil ficrcn-
tiial caudcx. Leaves: tlie low it sj)atulatf, the stem lua\t's laiu<oIatc.
Flowers: in ro-c-maiive raccnics. Fruit: sccck orMcular, narrowly
\vinj!e(l in one row.

The several stems grow from the same root and tlie lower
leaves are spatulate, those on the stems heino- narrow and
slij^htiy lohed at the i)ase. The rose-mauve (lowers are very
j)retty growinjf in an elonj,'ated scattered cluster, and the
pods are erect, slender and straight. This plant is found
at high altitudes.

ROSEWORT

Scdum li'scunt. ()ri)ini' ramily

Stems: cnct, sini|)k', Klahrniis. Leaves: <i\al, ol'tii^c at tin- ■.\\w\. den-
tate. Flowers: cyme terminal den>e; petals longer tlian the ohloiin nar-
row se|)als; stamiiiate tluwers with eight stamens, the pistillate ones with
four carpels.

The small purplish-red flowers of this short thick ])lant
are set in a cluster at the toj) of the stems, which are covered
with many small leaves. It grows in the cramiies between
the rocks and on stony slopes.

WOODLAND STAR

Lilliof>hia^iiia Iciu-lla. Sa-xifra^e Family

Stems: slightly glandular-puhescent. Leaves: trit'oliolate. Katlets
two to three parted, two to three lohed segnunts cuneiiorm. Flowers:
few in a capitate hulhlct-hearing raceme. Fruit: seeils diort-ohlont;,
rongli-tuberculatc.

The slender stems of this Lithophragma which branch
from the base are slightly roughened by minute hairs. The
leaves are trifoliolate, and the pale pink flowers grow in a

Pink to Red rioixcn

17

capitate "r Mnnculiat clonsj^atcd cluster which is frc(|ucntly
hulblct-hcariiig.

SKUNK CURRANT

A'lVuw laxiH'TiDii. S;i\ilr.me I'aniily

Stems: i-,T-)iitt»i', inct •<r .i^cciuliiiL;. Leaves: triaiiKulMr. truiKatc or
C'lril.iti- at till' lja-c, (liT|i'y thc-lMhiil, iliKilily sirritc. Flowers: ti\c tn
fit'tiiu tliiwirnl, raicnu' IhrIv imlKMiiit, calyx rutaii', \"\n:> hripailly .spat-
iilau. Fruit: a In rry.

Tlic Stems I if tliis (.'urraiit are s])iiieless, and the lea\es are
deeply live-lohed. douhlv tnoihed and tre<|iieiul_v resinous-
dotted beneath, they iirow on loiiij stalks abruptly dilated at
the base. The dull pinkish-red dowers have a rotate calyx
with liroad spatulate lobes and narrow spatulate ])etals, and
the fruit is a purple-black berrv covered with a whitish
bloom. .Mtoj^ctbex this plant, which j^'rows in wet shady
places, is a handMiuie species, and i« is, moreover, well
named, because if you brui>e the st'.ns or leaves they emit
a stroni,'^ >kunk-like odour, while the berries themselves are
also e.xtrenielv na^tv lu the taste.

PINK SPIR-EA

Spirica (loisit] >r,i. Rose I'atliily

Stems: rciMisli-lirown. Leaves: ovate to elliptic, serrulate at the
apex, entire below, narrowed to a \ ery ^liort [letioje. Flowers: >niall
ill dense leafy-hracted eorymlw terminating^ the liranche^. Fruit: five
earpel> distinct, not inllatcd. Is small Imear uith tliin memhran.iCLoUs
testa.

The reddish-brown stems iif this Spiraea, which are ex-
tremelv brittle, shed their thin bark annually. The elliptical
leaves are dark "rcen on both sides, minutely tootlied at the
apex and even-margined towards the base which is nar-
rowed into a short stalk. The tiny rose-red tlowers are

!^

2l8

Pink to Red Flowers

closely crowded in roundish leafy-hracted tlal-topped clus-
ters at the ends of the manv branches.

f

'i

i ,

.1

i;

1

LONG-PLUMED AVENS

GcHin trilidruiii. Rose I'";imily

Seems: scape simple, three-llnwcrcd at tlic siinimit. Leaves: hasnl
ones tufted, petioled, iiitcrriipte<lly pinnate, with ni;niy -.iii.ill leallets
interspersed among the numerous oho\,ite Larger one^ ; leaves of the
scape two opiHjsite, small, sessile pairs. Flowers: of tUe pale pnriilish-
|)ink petals surrounded hy a persistent red c.iiyx, f'lve-hracteol.-ile and live
lohed ; hractlels linear, slightly louKer than the lanceolate, .iciiti', erect
lobes. Fruit: he.id sessile; style filiform an<l strongly i)lumi)se.

A very curious jjlant. Its j,'encral appearance is that of
hearing three lar,i,'e dull red Inids on a three-liranchcd red
stem, with a number of little red I)racts clustered at the
fork ; for the pale pink or yellowish petals are st» snu.t,dy hid-
den away within the calyx that you do not observe them at a
casual glance. The closed calyx forms these fat buds, which
have five slender retlexed bracts set between their lobes, and
from their pointed tips protrude a number of yellow stamens.

When the petals and sepals fall off the long jjlumose tails
that adorn the ripened heads of the .\vens are exceedingly
attractive. Many long finely cut leaves grow at the base of
this plant.

ARCTIC RASPBERRY

Rtibus arcticus. Rose Family

Stems: erect, branclied at base. Leaves: trifoliolate; leaflets sessile,
rhombic-ovate, nnecptally serrate. Flowers: solitary; sepals ac\ite,
equalling the obovate entire petals. Fruit: light red, )f several drupe-
lets, edible.

A dwarf alpine Raspberry, about six inches high, that
grows at an altitude of 8000 feet. It has a few large three-
parted leaves and one or two rose-pink flowers composed of

Pink to Ri'i/ Flout'rs

219

six l<>n,i^. uiildy separated petals. The loiit,' lliiii roots
strike straiiilu down iiiti. the earth, and therefore when ywn
attempt to ])ick one of tlie-^e h'ttle jilants it nsnallv comes
up aUoj^'ether ont of tlie ,i,'ronn(l in your liand. The Arctic
Ras])herrv has no prickle>.

h'lihiis sl^i'cttthilis. or Sahnonhei rv, has sliruhhv hranch-
inj^ stems, yellowish >hred(l\- hark, and is copiously armed
when younj,'' with strai<;ht stout prickle^. The leave- are
usually trifoliolate. the leallet- heini,' deeply toothed, ami
the pinki>h-re(l llowers are nearly always solitary, larije and
showy. The Indians are very fund uf the sweet juicy red
or yellow herries.

PRICKLY ROSE

h'listi lu it iiLtris, ki>-i- l-'.im iy

Stems: <I(ii-ily pri.klx. Leaves: I'iiiii.iti' : Icillit- I.irm-, t'lvr to cvi^u,

oval-lamcul.iic, ni.ir>cly tnwilu'(l. Flowers: -Mlit.io : ikI il> pink,

lirciadly nljdv.iti' ; -cp.iK iiitirc, ai-iiniinaU', i)irsi-li-iit .nid iH'cl tii)()ii
the fiiiit. Fruit: i;!"!"'^'. slaliroiis.

The hush on which this Rose <;rows is ahout three feet
high and hears lovely, fra-rant, pale ])inl tlowers. The
leaves are larj^e and very dark ,!,M-een. and tiic steUH are cov-
ered with many tiny, tine. strai<,dit i)rickles. All the wild
Roses display a preference for the numher live, lia\in,L[ five
petals and five sc])als.

Xo flower in the wurld has heen so famou> in poctrv and
son f,' as the Rose. Its heauty .and fraijrance have W( i ■■; t
an honoured place in the annals of hi>torv, in clas; k-rc,
and in the <;lo\\in,L;' pap;es of romance.

" \\';is ever bliis-nni Icndicr than the rnvc?"

Surely not. Xor can we agree with fuliet when she savs:

220

Pink to Rid Flfjucrs

i.

w

i -4

J. i

i

"Tli.it wliiili \vc oall u rn>i'
I5> any ntlicr iiaini- woulil siir'U as >\vccl."'

I'ur to lis the Ur>se symlx'li/cs those thin},'s which arc tcink-r
and c\(|uisite in hfc. and the >\veet \vil<l dweller in the forest
is the fairest tlowt"- of them all.

"If JniR- were niiiii-, I'd weave fur you —
Of ri'M's red ami -kio <>f liliic.
Of K'nldun >iiii ami nrrtianl -Ihiii,
Of |]Iiiss(.ni-fri'tii<l <laiiiasccm.' —
A veil iif iviTy iiotal-tihic.

"And from tlic ni<irnin« mists of dew
Di-til a fairy sinani. that tlinniuli

'I'lic woiids >liiinld wi'nd a way >er '•?,
if Jniic were mine.

" Anil, ire tlie iMiri)le dnsk anew

I tie lurtain- <if tlie snii^t drew,

A<li>wn tlie river- dreani demesne,

I'd iiaint a i>atli incarnadine,

And drift into the dawn with yw,

If Jnne were mine."

Rosa Macotiiiii, ..r Maconn's Ko>e. is another species
which .t,'rows anion?.,' the mountains. Note th-t it has small
leaves, and that on its stems j,'row a few larire, widely sei)a-
rated. hooked thorns. Otherwise it reseml)k> A', aciciihiris.
and the tlowers of the two hushes are almost identically

alike. When

"The last n»e n' ^nmmcr.
Left hldominK a!oi,i-,"

hrn.i^s on the hush surrounded hy the fallen iietals of her
comi)anions. then

"Scarlet lurries t. " wliere l)l(inmed the s^\elt wild ro-e,"

and Nature spreads i ast of ripe red fruit for the hirds of
the air.

{ ■ r

Pink to Rid Flouns

221

I canm.t refrain tnun closing,' this brief nicnii<.n nf ihc
Rose with a <|ii(»tation fn.m a poem by Isabella \ a la i icy
Crawfc.rd, the sweetest sinj;er t.f xin^^'s Canada ever knew:

I he m-c w;is ni\iii to Man fur this:
Ik-, Miililni ■-I'liiiK it ill lattr \iar^
Should s\\\h rinn-mhiT I.ovi-'s lir-t hiiKfriiii; ki-s,
And (irii'l\ la-t linf-crinn Har>.

"Or. liiiiiK lihnd, >,hoiiI<l fri 1 it. MMrninj; -.,,\\\
Knit all it- (lii-n nin inTfiinii- riMiml lii- .nsn,
I ill he should si-i- (111 Mcinor\'> aiiiiilc scroll
All roses he had kiunvn,"

Rosa uynnuH-arpa, or Tiny Rose, has ratlier weak stems
with straij^ht. slender, scattered .spines on a prickly rachis.
and (Ive to nine toothed leaflets. The pale pink Howers are
very tiny and sweet-smelling, and the fruit is oblong and
smooth.

RED CLOVFR

Trifoliuin fynitcusc. Tea F.iinily

Stems: ascending, s..iiK-\vhat hairy: pistiiles hroadly lanceolate, iiiem-
branaceous. nerve<l. setaceonsly acimiiiiate. Leaves:' leaflets ol.o.rdate.
nearly entire. Flowers: heads ovate, dense. lUMrly s.-ssile. I.racteate;
teeth of the caly.\ setaceous, hairy, the lower one iniuh lonj-er than the
other four; petals pnrple-red. all united into a tube at the base. .\ot
indigenous.

Thoreau speaks of the fields lihishint; with Red (lover
" as the western sky at evening." ICvery one knows the
Clover. luery one has walked ankle-deep in meadows rich
with its red llowers. Some of us are even fortunate enough
to " live in clover."— but not all ! It is a (piaint conceit of
the Red Clover to fold its leaves in sleep each night, the two
side leaflets drooping downwards together and the terminal
one bowed over them.

. t.

222

Pink to Rid Floiii'rs

P'

F! \

The name Clovt-r pmliably conios from the Latin cltwo,
meaning "cliih." and rt-fcrs {>> the possible resemhlancc
l)et\veen the trefoil leaf and tiie three-headed cUth of Hercu-
les. 'i"he " cliil)s " on plaxint,' cards are, no dotiht. also an
imitation of the clo\er leaf.

The Clover is helieved l>y many people to he the ancient
" shamra;,' " of Ireland, thoii,i;li others — with perhaps njual
authoritv — claim that the National hlower of the I'.merald
Isle, cho^en hy St. Patrick to illustrate the doctrine of the
Trinity, was ori.!,dnally the Woml-sorrel ( O.nilis .Icitosclla )
who.se ([uaint name of .Mlelnjah refers to the relit,dous sij,'-
nilicance of its triple leaf. This is an introduced i)laiU.

MACKENZIE'S HEDYSARUM

//,•(/v.^./'ll*)/ \!,hL;ii:ii. IVa I' iniily
Stems: siihcrcit, >imi)k- or lir.nulud, inimitcly pnliisi-iiit. Leaves:
five to linlit i>airs. (ihliiM«. Flowers: -i.-\cii to thirty, loo-cly tlo\st.ri(l;
br.-icts subulate; teetli of the calyx as Imi'k as the tulie.

A l)ri},dit ro>e-maj,'enta wild Tea that ,urows to a hei<i;ht of
two feet in the mountain meadows. It is a latj^je, spreading,
handsome plant.

CAROLINA CRANES BILL

Cii-i\iiiiiiin nil fliiiiiiiiiiiii. (iei.;iiiiun I'aiiiily
Stems: erect, niikh hraiiched frtMii tin h.ise. Leaves: petiolcd, reiii-
forni-orhicular in outline, .leeply delt into five to nine ..hloii^, cuiieate,
lohed sc^nient-. Flowers: in coinpact clusters: petals pink, ohcordate,
eciualliiiK the awned sepals.

This wild (ieranium is very like the 1 lerh Rohert. and has
the same dull iiink tlowers veined with deep rose. The
Creek name of the i)lant means " a crane,"' and the common
name Crane's T.ill denotes the long .t^rooved l)eak composed
of five styles that cohere at the top. The calyx is formed of

Pink t'j KiJ Jlfjiars

i^.-?

five i)<>iiiti-,I -f|i;iK, ;iii(| tlic .npill.-i ,,r live iiidfiitr! ni'i.ils.
Till' wIi'pIc |)1;iiii i^ i-i i\cri'<l with tiiic .i,'r;i\ hair- ami lii^ an
«'\lri'iiii-!y ^sr-iiiL; -iiicll. i.iii-cd Ii\ a rr^ini>ii^ >mflii(ii. It^
k-avi'^ arr rmitiih-h in I'.irni an<l ilrcpl) rk-lt ; tin- Ii.iil; stalks
arc liriiilf and >\\\\{k: red w lirrc c\ini->vd ti> the >nnh^dit.
St 'iiKti'i !(.■■> th ll'iucr^ arc white.

(iii;iiitiiiii KltLiitllii. nr I tii knell's ( liTaninni. rc^cnihlci
tlic prci fd 1 1 u, pciio. hut is a taller, in^re slcndii- iilant.
The leave- are an.Ljnlate n outline, the -.e.t,'nient> !iein«,> nar-
rowly .iIiIduj,' and deeply eleft. The pale pmki-h flowers
i,'ni\v in I(in>e eht-ter>i. atid the heak- arc not so loUL^-iJointed
a> those of the C aroljna Crane's Hill.

GREAT WILLOW-HERB

l:['il:''>'!\iin iiii.iislili'liiiiii. l-'.\i-niiii; i'rimr'^-f l-",iiiiily

Stems: cnit, -im]ili' ..r hraiu iici!, Kl.ilirun,. Leaves: alti rii;itp. lan-
i-ei.latc. .ntirc. paii 1.. iicatli, aciitf at the .ipiA, nan. .\m-.1 .at thv lia>i'.
tliiii. Flowers: i: .r^cnla. in iirniina! -pike-liki- r.iiinic- : pi't.ils lonr.
••ntirc, --prtM'linK

The tall stront; stems of this strikinj; plant rise to ;in
a\cra.«,'e height of three feet, thou-h finpiently taller, and
terminate in lon<,' raciincs of l.ri.t^lit purplish tlowers. in
whieli tile luni'Ser four i- eonspu uous. each one haviiv a
very lou;,^ calyx-tuhe divided into four sci,niicTits and four
larj^e, rounded, widc-oi)en petals. The four-eleft sti,i,Mna
at the apex of the lonu"^ -t\Ie is e\lrenu'l\- prominent. The
initl-rihs ^i the leaxis, the stems, the huds, and the calyx-
tuhcs are ;dl ,i dull red; an 1 when the seed rii)cns the lon.i;
narrow vessels Imrst open K 'i-tiav isc and send afloat in the
nir clouds of \'' •(• silky tufts, t' each of which is attached
a seed that ulf ii.ilcIv fall- to eartii scekini,' some new spot
fa\our;d>lc to its dcvelopmetit.

224

Pink to Rt'ii Iloiki'ts

¥

•' -d

riic iiaiiu- I'.pUiibiuiii >i;4iiif'Ks "u|)i>ii a |i>-<l." aiul prol)-
ahly icKtn t'> llic latl that tlii' tlnurr^ ;4rinv mi \\w vwU ><\
till' Iniiy |i< )(!>,. Willi. u IutIi rl'l^.•r^ i" iIk- l;n t tliit the
Ica\i-> ri'siiiiMc tli<'>c t»i tlu' \\ ill<>\v.

Willi liri', i>r I'iri' WiimI, i> aimtlKT iniiiiii' m name fur
this plant, aiul a \it\ aii]>rii|iriate miu-. Iihi. \,,t it i> mar-
vc'IIi>it> liiiu ((uiikly llu-^c >tati'l\. lianiKiPine ll>i\\cr> will
»ii\er ii\er ami lieantiiy tlii's^ tiaii- i.| iiniiitiy that lia\c
hiTM eharrec! and de^'ilatrtl hy ture-t llies.

" Str.mni' iImwit, iliy jtiirplf iii.ikii'y haste
To nl'iriiy I'.al: Maiktiud «,i-Il-

( )f lin ^\\i.\<\ 1.111"!
Is with a iiir -t'l! imaiiiin; lr,nic;Iit,
Ami \\f — uluii (lain Iiatli fully wruii^lii —
Shall iiiiilii>taiiil."

Ilf^ihihimii lalifoliiDii. or Water Willi i\v-herli, is a very
haiuNonie spceies which },'ni\\s in wet places anil niar>hes,
or near water. It may always he recopiized hv its larj^e
hrij^dit niaiienta tlowers and the s^lanci'iis appearatue i>f the
stems and leaves, — that is tn say. hy the whiti-h hluom
whicii covers them. The ka\es .are also thi'k .ind very
.soft, entire, sessile and narrow.

I'.piU>bhim aihif/allidifdliiini. or Mountain Willow-herh,
is a tiny dwarf plant, from two to six inches hi^h, .i,'ro\\ inij
on lofty summits. It has >mall ma^ent.i or sometimes white
tlouers, which noci at the top of the slender sin,L,de stems,
nj) which a few pairs of little ohlotiL; leaves <^row. It has
heen found at the immense altitude of io.(X3o feet.

lit'Uolnuui Uoniciiiaiuii. or I lornemnnn's Willow-hcrh,
is a common species which 54 rows ahout ei^ht inches hii;h,
l)€ars small purplish-pink or wliite flowers that are ^trouj^ly
veined, and has very lont; slender cai)sules, or seed vessels,

I

\\ mm; \\ • ; . A HI i I;
1 1 ni' 111: '.cr UtiD!

' I

j^-u.

ftn-^^

■i.' : .'■: '■■■:■:

■'^^^:^'.: : v&>!.::-':vr-^:.:v:. r:.:-..:

Pink to Red FloMeri

22s;

<m its mldish stalks. 'IIic nrcttv littl,. 1.1

, , , "- l''<^''\ little hlossoms are siir-

rotuKled hy a ,ree„ calyx and s.nn..„n the ,^^^^^
- es uh,cl, arc usually fmn. an inch to two inches lo„^.
Ihe leaves are short-stalked, ovate, hlunt at the apex, na^
roued at the base, and nearlv even-,nar^Mned

hr>lol>nnn panicuhUuni, or I'anicle.l Willuw-herh has
s CMns loosely forked in pairs, and the leaves ar. chietlv
alternate, narrow, clustered in the axils. sparin,dv toothed.
P'-nted and taperin,^, into a slender uin,,a-d stalk. Thev
are tre<,uently folde.l alon.i,^ the niidrih. The mauve flow-
ens are scattered towards the e.„ls of the erect stems

hhlohnm chvaUun, or Few-tlowered Will<nv-herh. is
ta.ler tnan the prece.linc, species, an.l the leaves are hroadlv
ovate, very hh„u at the apex an.l roun<led at the base The
rose-coloured flowers ,row nearly erect and the capst.les
are an nich lonj: '

Ilpilobium adcnocaulon. or X.-rthern Willow-herh is
nn,ch .ranched an.l bushy and has lance-shaped, sparin.dv
t""t H-d. leaves, both the sten,s and leaves frec.uentlv beh.;,
inirpbsh. Ihe somewhat no,ldin<,^ pinkish (lowers are nu-
merous and j,^row in the axils <•( the leaves.

PIPSISSEWA

Leaves:

rym-

Chhutalfhih u,nh,-/h,la. Hc.itli F.uiiily
Stems, extensively tr.iilii,,,,. hnri.ontallv s„l„,rruu-ui I e.
spa,ulate. . ar„ly .ernue. Flowers: .everai. nn.l.d a \„t^
I'o.se. Fruit: an .nvl Rluh.we capMile.

The trailinj,^ sten,s of ,he Pip.issewa. or Prince's Pi„e
run hon.untally under the earth and have tinv roots The
In-,j,nt sinninj, evergreen lea^es are .patula.e and verv
shari.ly toothed, wlnle the pinki.>h flowers, which j,^row in

'., '(■:'

226

Pink to Red Flowers

I

\

a spreading cluster, are small and marked with a deep pink
ring. The filaments are fringed with marginal hairs.

Chimaphila Mcnzicsii, or Spotted Prince's Pine, is not
quite so tall as the preceiling species. It has sm.'ill ohlong
leaves, pointed at both ends, and sharply toothed, the upper
surface l)eing usually spotted or mottled with white. The
peduncle l)ears one to three tlowers, which latter are a dull
pinkish creamy-white.

BOo WINTERGREEN

Pyrola asari folia. Heath I'amily

Stems: scape six-to-twelve flowered. Leaves: coriaceous, sliiiiing
above, reniform, wider tlian long, crcnnlate. Flowers: racemose, nod-
ding : i:etals five, obtuse ; calyx five-parted, persistent, the Iol)es tri-
angular-lanceolate : stamens declined ; style declined and exsertcd.

The tall red stalk of this Wintergreen, with its numerous
nodding rosy blossoms, is exceedingly attractive, especially
as it grows in the deep moist woods, where few ilcnvers
flourish owing to the absence of ?11 sunlight. Very fra-
grant also is this quaint plant, to which the name of \\' inter-
green has been given on account of its evergreen foliage.
The long out-curved style, which protrudes far beyond the
floral cup, is green, and has a dull red stigma, while the ten
stamens are tipped by dark, slightly beaked anther-sacs.
The calyx is entirely of a deep red hue, and the petals are
bright-coloured at the outer edges, shading into palest pink
in the centre. The leaves grow in a cluster at the base and
are thick, tough, and glossy. A few narrow little bracts
cling to the flower-stalks.

Sheltered from the wind and the sun. half hidden by
mosses and tangled undergrowth, but always p'-eferring a

MSW^,

PLATE XLVI

.

mm^

iVli^K*~ ^

\ ^^***^*i^^H

*■

■i!T';^

,

U^^^Bn^t ;'^H

^s

0

^p^ ■ ^al

0.

^■'

ft

■ / ■

#

*

>i.

0^^

^

-J^ ;

^^^Z^fivKJ^'^^^^H^^H

4

f

^ • ■■■'I- -.

s

' -Jk

*

ij

f?^.

^^sT* - .

§

f
>

^^^Bi^^^K-lll:!—.

Red WiNTERiiKEEN (Pyrola asarijolia var. incarnata)
Green -FLOWERED W^intergreen (Pyrola clilorantha)

227

228

Pink to Red Flowers

(t

damp spot to a dry one. the Bog Wintergreen grows in close
companionship with ihe lovely One-flowered Wintergreen.
the Long-bracted Orchis, and the Butterwort; and if you
know the

" Secret paths that thread the forest land,"

you may find them in profusion, mingled at your feet by
happy chances, — a gay holiday throng.

Pyrola asarifolia var. iticarnata, or Red Wintergreen.
has broatlly oval leaves, rounded at the base, which are dull,
thick and blunt at both ends. The rose-red flowers nod in
a slender raceme and the style and stamens are declined.
The chief difference between this species and Pyrola asari-
folia is that its leaves are quite dull, almost leathery, while
those of the Red Wintergreen are polished and shining.

I ■Jf* J '

i

^f I

C Y

SMOOTH MENZIESIA

Mcnziesia glabella. Heath Family

Leaves: alternate, obovate, obtuse and glandiilar-mucronate at the
apex, pale glaucous and glabrous beneath, sparingly pubescent above,
the margins entire, crenulate, ciliolate. Flowers: one to five in um-
bels, cream and pink, spreading, becoming erect; calyx fiv.-lobed;
corolla urn-shaped, four toothed; stamens eight, included. Fruit: seeds
long-appendaged at each end.

If you wish to be quite certain that the shrub before you
is really Mcnziesia glabella, just break off a branch and
smell it, and you will at once perceive the peculiar pungent
odour of the skunk emanating from its stems and foliage.
The bush grows erect to the height of six feet and bears
abundant foliage. The leaves are small, oval, and pale
green, and have even wavy hairy margins. The flowers are
little roundish pink and creamy urn-shaped bells, which ter-
minate the long slender stalks, and are four-lobed, having

Pink to Red Flowers

229

eight stamens within tlieir cups. They grow in unilK.'ls at
the ends of the twigs, and also encircle the stems just below
the topmost clusters of leaves. When in fruit the seeds are
characterized by long api)endages at each end.

Mcnzicsia fcrruginca. or Scaly Menziesia, difTers from
the preceding species in having strigose chaffy ferruginous
scales on the young parts of the straggling branches, while
the somewhat egg-shaped leaves are thickly covered with
rusty appressed straight .stiff hairs above, and are pale
green and smooth l)eneath. The flowers are very like those
of the Smooth Menziesia. Archibald Menzies, after whom
the plants are named, brought the original species from the
North West Pacific Coast when he sailed there with Captain
Vancouver on his famous voyage of discovery in 1790.

TRAILING ALPINE AZALEA

Loiseleuria procumbcits. Heath Family

Stems: tufted, much branched, (Hffuse. Leaves: mostly opposite,
linear-oblong, crowded, entire, the margins strongly revolute. Flow-
ers: one to five from terminal coriaceous l)uds. Fruit: a capsule, sub-
globose.

The Trailing .Alpine .\zalea is a very attractive though
rather rare plant among the mountains. It has lovely little
pink bells with purplish sepals growing on erect stalks at
the ends of the branches, and crowded dark green leaves
which are a paler colour beneath, and have rolled back mar-
gins and a very prominent midrib on the imder side.
There are many botanical romances and interesting geo-
graphical suppositions connected with the history of the
Heath I'amily. the presence of some of whose members in
Ireland, Cornwall, the Spanish Peninsula and the .Azores
point to a confirmation of the belief of ancient chroniclers

.S3

230

Pink to Re J Flowers

i\

r

\i

m

in the existence of Atlantis and Lyonesse. those great suh-
merpjed continents which were perhaps the original home of
the Heaths.

SWAMP LAUREL

Kalinia /^olifoliii. Ilcatli Family

Branches glaljrons, asccndinB. Leaves: opposite, nearly sessile,
liiiear-oMoiiK, niarKins strnnKly rcvohite. Flowers: in sinipk- terminal
umbels; bracts larRc; sepals ovate, much imbricated, persistent.

Growing usually alH)ut a foot hij^h. thou,i,di frequently
only a few inches tall, it boars at the ends of its slender
branches large clusters of bright rose-red or magenta flow-
ers, which have a five-lobed corolla and ten stamens, whose
filaments are slightly curved, by reason of the red-brown
anthers being caught in the ten pouches which are placed
below the limbs, or expanded lobes of the corolla. If vou
flip the outer edge of the Swamp Laurel gently with your
finger, you will see the little stamens spring ujiright. sending
forth a shower of jjollen from tlieir anthers in the process.
The heart of the flower is usually pale green. Its ever-
green foliage is dark green above and covered with a white
bloom beneath. The Swamp Laurel, as its common naiue
implies, grows in marshy ground.

RED MOUNTAIN HEATHER

BryunthiiS t'ttifctriftinnis. Heath I'amily

Densely much branched from the base. Leaves: strongly revolute,
thickened and rough margins. Flowers: umi)ill.iio, subtended by folia-
ceous and rigid bracts; corolla deep rose colour, campanuiatc, five-
lobcd.

The Mountain Heathers — there are no true Heathers
indigenous to this continent — are low branching shrubs.
Bryantluis cmpctriformis grows abundantly in the moun-

A

M

I'l.ATi: XI. VII

KkI) MdlNTAIN IIkVTHKK

( Bryanthus cinfctrifnymis)
231

232

Pink to Red Flowers

tains, and at very high altitudes. It is a wonderful sij,'ht
to see acre upon acre covered with its heautiful hells, until
the slojies of the hills and the alpine meadows seem to he
literally clothed with a glorious robe of rose-red I leather,
whose horder is emhnjidered with the White Mimntain
Heather and White Heath, the blue Speedwi II and the yel-
low Arnica.

Many a traveller knows hcnv true are the lines:

" When summer comes, tlie lieatlier ln-ll
Shall tempt thy feet to rove";

and many a man has echoed in his heart :

"Here's to the heath, the hill, and the heather.
The l)onnet, the plaidie, the kilt, and the feather;
Here's to the heroes that Scotland can hoast,
May their names never die — that's a Highlandman's toast!"

Truly a love for the Heath and the Heather is common
to all nations, and is the especial trait of all mountain
climl)ers.

Bryanthiis intermedins, or Pink Mountain Heather, is a
much rarer plant and is found in comparatively few locali-
ties. I first reported it from the Selkirk Mountains in
1901, thf.igh it had previously been reported fn^ni the
Rockies by Macoun, Drummond. and Dawson.

It is easily known to travellers by meins of its lovely pale
pink bells. The foliaije i" precisely similar to that of B.
empctriformis. but the Hower differs in a few very minor
particulars. This plant is probably a hybrid.

RED BEARBERRY

Arctosta(<hy\os I'va-ursi. Heath Family

DiflTusely much hranched, and rooting at the nodes. Leaves: olilong-
spatulate, obtuse, tapering into a short petiole. Flowers: few, in siiort

PLATE XLVIII

Kei) Hearderky

(.■lrctostiit>hylos l.'ia ur,i^

^33

2U

Pink to Rtil i lowers

%

\

r.•l(•(•lIK•^ ; corolla dmiji!, i i«ii-trutf<l ;it tin- tliri it. Fruit: ^IhIxim-, ilrii|)c
rod. RlaltriiiH, fiiiit.mmiK ti\o i(i:ilt'>it m iiiUi-.

A tr.'iilinir sliriil) uliuh i> cxanliiw^Iv IiainNMinc ; it j,'r(iu>^
in <l«.-|)rf>«M'(l jKitclu ~ cM-ral feet in (lianiftiT, fn.ii. a sin}:;k'
main nmt. It is usually found rrcrpiuL,' over (Ir\ j,'ia\elly
pl.ices. and eoverinj^j the I'Kk^ uilli its hriylit littli' cNer-
f^freen leaves. In the autumn i, I'se leases turn Iiion/e. and
lo\ely scarlet, «lry, iK-rry-I ke fruits ,!,'eni the spreadm^
hranclies.

White tlushed with rose colour arc these tiny rounded
ll'uer-., constricted at the throat, and },'ivin:,' f ath a faint
sweet odour.

" - )|i ! to In friiiiiU witli till' lii-Iu'iLs, ihc \i<\\, iTcfiiiii^; vines
ainl llie 111' ^c-,

I liiTc ciii-e to lii' ;
(ia^inn al'ift at each |>iiii.'-i>l>ii"c that airilv, | 'lyfiilly l"Sst"S
'Ncatli ilir hliic >Ivy."

Oouhtless the name liearhcrry is (Uii\ed froui the fact
that l>niin is very foiid of the fruit of the .lnt(>.\!iiph\U<s,
thoujjh with small j,'anie hirds. and c>|iecially t;iouse, it i
also a favourite article of food. This is the \vv- Kinni-
hiitic of the Indians who ])ri. it for its astrin,i,'eii .iroper-
ties. usinjj; it as a me<licii:c and also in the " cui ini^ " of
animal skins.

.Irctostaf'hyhis alpina, or .\lpine P.c.irl'crry. i- a \ery tiny
species, from two to fotir inches Ion,!,', and i- fomi.! .L;rowinj^
on mountain summits as hitjh as 7000 feet. Ii i usually
prostrate, with thin' con-pictioiislv \eined leaxes. a few pale
pink or whit^ tlow ors, and Ijri^ht red iuicy herries. This
is also a .*• 'ih and in spite of its small size lias shreddy
bark.

Arctostapliylos totucntosa, or Manzanita. is toiiientose

Pink to Ri'd I' lowers

^7^^

and <etnsf-hi-|)i(l thnni's'lmnt. Thi- dcnsc'ly-wn llv k-avc'*
are nlilini},' and tipped with a >liarp pnint. and the liracts
arc Icaflikc. 'Ilic tl<'\\l•r^ j,'rM\v in ^liort iliisiiTcd racemes.

OVAL-LEAVED BLUEBERRY

r,ii\ iiiiiim (>;'i'it"liiini. 1 Ini kKlicrry I''.ii;iilv

Leaves: iltirnatc, n\.il, -liiirl iiftii.lnl. (.'I.iliron^ on l.'iih ■iidcs,
riiiiiiilid at liiitli I'lnl'. or soini'wliat iiarrmvcil nt tlif \,.,^v, tliin, < iitirc
Flowers: wliitr ami iiiiik, »Mniiiiciiil> -'litary in tlic axiU mt ratluT -IhtI
rci"iir\ f(l jH'diti'K; ca!\ \ Innli slitjlitl) t'lntlicil; cornll.-i hIiiIkivc muii!,
tcHitlu-il; stallKiiN ten. Fruit: a iii.iny -cfcliil lilni- iKtrv vmiIi a lil'xini,
acid.

'I here are in the inniintain reL^'iniis nianv sp<'eie> <<\ I'lic-
ciiiiiiin tlial heare(hh' herrie-. Init \\w ( )\al-lea>. ed liliielwrry
and the lllaek I'.hieheiry aie the nii>st eonsjiieunus in frtiit.
the former havini^ I ihie herries tip", ered with a ridi sott hlmtm
and possessini; an aeid thnn^;!! n<>t unpahit-ihle llav<mr. and
the latter haviiij; |)iirphsh-llack herries tliat are (jinte sweet
and pleasant to the taste.

'I'lie ( )\al-le;ived r.liielH.'rry i> a hranthini,' shrnh. ^'rnwitii;
from three to ten feet hi,t.;h. and has snuh.th tuij.^'-^ that are
sharply anL;led at the joints. I la- leaves are o\al, i,'reen
alxive and co\ ered uilh a wlnish hlooni l)eneath. 'i'he
sntall pink and whi' • tlouiTS are formed like tinv toothed
hells, and j^row sin^dy at the ends of liie slender reenrved
stalks, which causes them to droop downwards. The her-
ries also are ])endent.

I'acciniitin iiiriiihraiiiiccKiii. or i'.lack I'lneherry. is I'of so
tall as the preceding;' species, seldom attaining; a heii;ht of
si.\ feet. The leaves are lar}.;er than those of the Ov.d-
leaved Tilueherry, and are j^reen on hoth sitles and finely
edj,'ed with very tiny teeth. 1 he powers are i,dolitilar. and
from their rounded corollas the louj.> st; le protrudes. The

MICROCOfY RESOIUTION TEST CHART

ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2|

A -APPLIED irvMGE

'^-^l fQSl Mam Str-p-

''6, 482 0300 - Phone

JJ'

'■6; 288 - 5989 - rg.

mrmaBS-^asFmm'^t^iSsaEsi^sMmwT. ' •" " tar-TmrTrrTTT

236

Pink to Red Flowers

I

it.)

w

recurved axillary stalks, which hear the hlnssnnis, heconie
uprij^'ht in fruit and thus hold erect the lar},'e, sweet, purple-
black berries, which have no bloom.

Vaccininm c(CSpitosnm, or Dwarf I'ilberry. grows only
from three to seven inches hij^jh. and has many little fine
branches thickly covered with leaves, wliich are obovate,
blunt, thickly serrulate and bri},dit j,'reen on both sides.
The stem-branches bear numerous tiny. l)ell-sha])ed. pinkish
or white flowers, with the calyx five-toothed and about ten
stamens. These in time turn to sweet blue berries, co\cred
with a rich bloom, and so larjje as to be out of all propor-
tion to the plant.

Wxccinium Viiis-hi(ca, or Mountain P.ilberry. has crowded
oval emarginate leaves. The most remarkable feature of
this low, creeping'', everjjreen shrub is that it has numerous
black bristly dots beneath the leaves. The clusters of tiny,
waxen, pink bells grow on erect branches, which spring
from the creeping stems and attain to a height of alxjut
eight inches. The berries are dark red and very acid.

I'accinium erythrococcum, or Alpine Bilberry, has erect
stems with numerous slender strict branches and branchlets.
The leaves are ovate or oval and a lovely bright green, while
the pink five-lobed flowers are solitary in the axils of the
leaves. The berries are small and bright red. Vaccininm
is the name by which classical writers have referred to some
plant whose identity is lost to us, and even when it was
given to the present genus of this name there is reason to
believe that it was originally spelt Baccinium, meaning a
plant which produces berries. Bilberry was no doubt for-
merly Bellberry or llillberry. just as Blaeberry is only the
Scottish pronunciation of Blueberry.

Vaccininm Oxycoccns, or Small Cranberry, is a creeping

«r

Pink to Red Floucrs

2.1:

shrill), w ith altiTiiato ovate ftitiri' Ifa\i'> that arc dark i^rcrn
al)()\c and white hciicath and ha\c' rcxolnti- mari,Mti>^. It is
very delicately tnrnied and resembles a slemler trailini^ vine
far more than a shnil), which latter word we are accnstomccl
Dy common u>at,a' to apply only to fall, stout, or lui^hy
plants. The four or five tiny, narrow, pink division-, of
the noddint,^ corolla are spread wide open and re\eal the
antlie.-,; converj.Mn.!.; into a cone, which is extremely promi-
■nt V. hen the tlower is expandeil. The frm't is a round
red juicy aci<l many-seeded berry. This Cranherry throws
chiefly iri marsh v pl.aces and swamps, also alon^; the marj^ins
of lakes and pools.

BIRD'S EYE PRIMROSE

rriiiiiilii fiiriiinsii. I'rinir"~c f'aiiiily

Leaves: olilmit;, dI'Iiinc .it llic .iiicx. narmwcil ;it the li.i^c. tapcrinj?
into iK'tink'N, the mar)jiii> cr(.-iinl;iti'. Flowers: unilicll.itf ; l)raci-- of tlic
iiuiifiKTc .ictitf : ca]yx-|o|)is acute, oftiii iiu-al\ ; loroll.i ^.tUfr-iorm. tuc-
clcft; ^tami'ii> tivf inclii(k-(l tllamcnts; anthers \ ery >li<irt. olilon^', oliiusi-.

A tall species of Primrose, with pink, lilac, or very occa-
sionally white flowers, which ijrow in a cluster at the top
of the loii}.^ stalks and are salver-sh.'iped ; that is to say, the
divisions of the corolla spread out flat at the to]) of the
tube and disclose a yellow eye with five stamens forming
a dark " pu|)il " in the centre of it. Hence the name of
I'ird's Eye. The leaves are lonj^-shaped, beint,' usually
mealy white beneath, as denoted in the term fiiriniKui. and
all ji^row in a tuft at the base of the plant, surroinidin<,' the
Ions '*''^''*-' flower-stalk, on the top of which a few small
bracts will be found just below the blossoms.

Primula Maccalliana, or Dwarf Canada rrimrosc. is sim-
ilar to the precedinji^ species, but much smaller, j^^rowinj; only
to an averaj^e height of four inches, whereas /'. fariitnsa is

:, !"f'i^7^^?siF^.

238

Pink to Red Flowers

usually about ten inches tall. The tiny leaves are all set in
a tuft close to the ground, and are rarely mealy underneath ;
while the flowers are pale mauvish-pink in colour. Both
these Primroses grow in very wet places. The generic
name, Primula, refers to their early season of blossoming,
for, as the poet says :

" Primroses, the spring may love them,
Summer knows but little of them."

1''

|r

1 '

1

■ ■

■

1 ■

I;

1 ^1

SHOOTING STAR

Dodccathcou pauciHiirum. Primrose Family

Stems: scape Riahrous. Leaves: lance> late, entire. Flowers: seg-
ments of the corolla rich pnrple-pink, tlie undivided part yellow, with
a scalloped ring of deep purple midway between the base of the seg-
ments and the stamen-tube; stamen-tube yellow; anthers purple.

From two to eight of these quaint purple-pink flowers,
each one on its own individual tiny stem, grow at the ends
of the stout main stalks of the plant. Several of these
stalks grow up from every root. With their reflexed
petals resembling those of the Cyclamen (which also be-
longs to the Primrose Family), and their queer little
pointed noses, the Shooting Stars are rather remarkable-
looking flowers. They remind one of some bright-winged
butterfly poised on the apex of a scape. The leaves all
grow in a cluster at the foot of the plant and are long-
shaped and tapering towards the base. Very occasionally
the flowers are white. The scientific name is derived from
the Greek dodeka, " twelve," and theos, " god," thus signi-
fying " twelve gods." Its application is not very clear,
though Linnreus imagined he saw in its umbels of bright
crowned flowers a little congress of divinities, and hence
named it for an Olympian gathering of the gods.

i'^-^tm^^^-'^mm^m^.

'iim\^a^^mmf^mm^^mm.^f^^:mm

Pink to Red Floiiers

239

f

SPREADING DOGBANE

.Ipocyiiuin iindrnsirmifi'lium. I)(i>{l>aiK' I-';imily

Stems: one tn three feet \\\^h, branches hro.ully spreading, smooth.
Leaves: o\,ite or ov.il, oI)po^ite, cntiie. Miiontli ahove, uMially hairy l>e-
neath. Flowers: open-campaniilate, five-parted, lohes revolute. Fruit:
-slender elongated terete see., pods, nsually in pairs.

A plant with quantities of little sprcadinj,' branches iK-ar-
ing f)val spine-tipped leaves and numerous pink llowers,
veined with a deeper red. in loose terminal and axillary
convex clusters. The plant is full uf a milky juice.

ALPINE PHLOX

Phlox Dnujiliuii. Polemoniiitn Family

Stems: rather slender, ascending or erect. Leaves: accrose to lincar-
siibulate, pubescent to nearly glabrous, often ciliate near the base,
loosely imbricated. Flowers: sessile or short-peduncled. Fruit: cap-
sule ovoid, three valved.

The plants of the Alpine Phlox form cushion-like tufts
on the rocky slopes of the mountains, where their pretty
little pink, lilac or white flowers, that terminate the branch-
lets, are usually .sessile. The corolla is salver- form with
a five-lobed l)order. and there are five stamens on its tube.
The leaves are needle-like, rigid, loosely imbricated, and
often clu.stered at the nodes.

SCARLET GILIA

Gilia aggrcgata. Polemonium Family

r s: '.rect, leafy, simple nr sometimes loosely branched. Leaves:
piiiii,.iely parted into narrowly linear segments, mucronulate. Flowers:
calyx glandular, tube campanulate, as long as the subuiat. teeth, corolla
tubular-funnel form, the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acuminate. Fruit:
seeds developing mucilage and spiral threads when wetted.

'^ r^^:»Mmi^mimA m^^:^^--:^\

240

Pink to Red Flowers

The scarlet flowers of this jjlant are spotted with white,
and j,'row in a narrow, loose, cylindrical panicle, they are
sessile in small short-stalked clusters, and the tuhiilar-
funneliforni corolla has ovate, pointed lohes that are widely
spreadinj,' and soon recurved. The stamens are inserted
in the throat or below the sinuses of the corolla. The
thickish leases of this tall biennial Gilia are compound and
mostly i)etiole(l, beinfj ])innately i)arted into narrow, pointed
scjjments. The seeds develop mucilajie and spiral threads
when wetted. The plant has a very disagreeable smell.

WILD BERGAMOT

I

Monardii fislulosa.

Mill' Tiir-'y

Stems: hr.im-lud, roiij,'li-liairy. Leaves: ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
pubescent, i-iiccialiy beneath. Flowers: calyx >'iKlitly curvc'l, very
hairy in tlic tliroat, corolla eloiiRatcd, two lipped, lips linear, soniewha'
eijf.al, the upper erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading,
three lohed at the aiiex, its lateral lobes ovate, obtuse, the middle one
narrowed and sliRlitly notched.

The Wild Ik'rgamot is an aromatic plant with thin, ovate-
lanceolate, pointed leaves, toothed at the edjjes and rounded
at the base. The dense flower clusters which are matjenta,
inirplish, lavender, whitish or yellow, are all terminal and
solitary, and have oficn purplish bracts that are quite con-
si)icuous. The tubular calyx is erect, and hairy in the
throat, and the two lipped corolla has two protruding
anther-bearing stamens. A few flowers only open at a
time, which leaves much of the rounded bends of the hairy
calyces exposed.

RED MONKEY FLOWER

Miiiniliis I.cu'isii. Figwnrt l-'amily
Stems: numerous, pubescent, viscid. Leaves: oblong-ovate to lanceo-
late, denticulate, acute. Flowers: peduncles longer than the leaves;

#■ I 'r

wr^xrfr-^r^:.

ri.ATK XI.IX

p'^Jt

Red Monkey Fuiwek

{Mimulus Lcziisii)

241

# -.'i^-r'^-T^'^sfem -l-^tf«CT?«K!»-'-'--

■^KS*^ *«5!;i^^»Plc.*?'

242

Pink to Red Flowers

t

i

4

• ■

I f

■

'I ■

'^ i

-2 I

calyx IniiK, campaniilalf, its triaiiKnlar teeth very acute ; corf»lla with
hroad throat and hilahiati- liml), lola-s of the iiiiper lip obcordatc, of the
lower lip olwvate.

A tall handsome plant, with ample foliaj^'e. The leaves
are sharply toothed at the edges and very i)ointed at the
apex; they grow in pairs, clasping the stem, and from their
axils spring the slender flower-stalks hearing hrilliant ma-
genta hI(jssoni>. Each of these blossoms has a long green
calyx, from out of which comes the richly coloured tube,
that spreads open into two lips, the \\\)]wr one being retlex^d
and two-lobed and the lower one spreading and three-lol)ed.
The throat has two yellow patches inside and is covere;!
with white hairs ; indeed, the whole plant is extremely hairy
and sticky, and has a sweet sickly smell.

The favourite haunt of the Red Monkey Flower is some
damp hollow, either in marshy ground or on the banks of
an alpine stream. Though never actually growing in the
water, it may frequently be found flourishing luxuriantly
on those little islands so common in the midst of mountain
rivers, where, sheltered by other large moisture-loving
herbs, it attains a hei'^ht of from one to two feet.

Mimuliis is the diminutive of the Latin mimiis. meaning
" a mimic actor," and alludes to the laughing face of the
flower, which appears to shoot out its ripe red lips in mock-
ery at the traveller as he passes by, opening its mouth in a
droll grimace that displays its yellow throat. Hence also
the common name Monkey Flower, given in allusion to the
ape-like pertness of the plant's appearance. Thus man has
set a " cap and bells " upon the Mimuliis and appointed it
bufTc '1 to the Court of Nature.

W'^

4'..'. .>

Pink to Red F lowers

24.1

RED INDIAN PAINT BRUSH

Caslillcja minialn. FiRwort Family

Stems: ntmicrous ami tuftt-d 011 .1 slmrt nxit^tock, mostly simple ami
strict. Leaves: laiiifnlatc or uvati-laiuitilaic, aiiitc, entire. Flowers:
spikes short ami detise; comlla \i>\\n; jjaka exscrtid, limber than the
ttil)c, the short lower lip protuberant and callous with short, ovate,
involut ,' teeth.

This flower, though actually of a pale cfrccnish-yellow
colour, is almost entirely enfolded in a lonj,'. tulnilar. ,<,'reen-
ish calyx, so that it is chielly conspicuous liy reason of its
larj,'e gorgeously coloured bracts of pink. rose, scarlet,
crimson, or orange (and sometimes white), and therefore
I have placed it in the I'ink to Red Sectirm. f..r it is here
that most people will look for it, as only IwUanists arc ever
likely to guess that it is not in reality a gaudy tlower.

The Red Indian Paint IJrush is the only alpine wild
flower which really rivals the scarlet geranium of our culti-
vated gardens, and no grander sight may he .seen hy travel-
lers than where from " tree-line," close to the edge of the
eternal snows, down into the deej) green heart of the valleys,
the slopes and steeps are clothed with a marvellous mantle
v' . lilion and golden Castillcjas. As the sunliglit
(-.a'v I OSS these royal-roljed hills every blossom blooms
; ul '< with effulgent glory, until

"Earth's crammed with Heaven,
And every common hush atire with God."

No words can describe the brilliant beauty of such a
scene, far from uncommon at the higher altitudes, where
many species of Castillcja thrive abundantly, and vou may
walk for miles across mead(jws and banks whereon the
Paint Brushes and Painted Cups (or Flame-flowers, as they

f-3Ffe^L ^^^

244

Pink to Red Flrju^n

W

%

fr f

art- sninctimcs callfd) run riot in in;i;,'nirKi-nt |)rMtii>i.in.
!",vfry colour, every shade frotii coral pink to cardinal, from
canary tint to tan>,'erine. is fjrowiiif,' ;md hlouint; on either
hand, with here and there a sinj^de snowy ^pike to enipliasize
the splendid conn,if,'ration of colour.

It is wonderful to note that all this carmine and .i,'old is
not lavished on the corolla i the (lov.er. hut chiellv on the
hracts. wiiich are set l)elow each insij^'iiificant hIo<;sont. from
whose cleft tuhe the lonj; pistil protrudes. The plant i^row s
from six inches t(» two feet hi-;]! and the leaves are pointed
and have e\ en margins.

The C'astillrjas are jjarasitic oi, the roots of f)tiier plants;
that is t<t say, they sometimes fasten their roots ui)on those
of their nei^dihours ;md thus prey upf.-n juices already i)ar-
tially assimilated. Thev have not. howe\cr. as vet hecome
hardened thieves; if they had. they would have lost their
leaves and <,'reen colonrin.tj matter (chlorophyll), for everv
plant that turns pirate is punished ')y X.iture, and hrandcd
for all the world to see, hy heinjj j^radually deprived of its
foliajje and its honest hue. P.ut the Castillcja is only truilty
of petty larceny, heing hut a partial parasite, and so far it
is the hotanist, and not Nature, who has denounced its hack-
slidinfj.

Castillcja pallida, or White Indian Paint Brush, much
resemhies the precedinj,' species, hut its tlowcrs and hracts
are always greenish-white, cream colour, or palest yellow.
It is a small, short plant, with slender stems and tiny nar-
row leaves, and it only <:yrows at very high altitudes.

Though this species properly helongs in the White to
Green Section, it is ])laced here for greiter convenience.

Castillcja pnrpurasccns, or Purple Indian Paint Prush, is
more or less dark purplish-red throughout, and has narrow

ri « :

A.. 'i i ;

"leSJ

^ i^ifiijefe

Pink to Rid r/'ji,,n

24'?

cla>i)iii;,' lc.ivc> with sni«tutli oxcii i'«!j,h«. Tin- iiitlMri'^triuc
is hairs, tin- hrait-. hciiiL; larcly ».li't't aii<l n>iiall\ i«i' a • r«-|i
rriiiisDii hue or MiiuctiMn-s rrd to n >>!•-(■( .!. .ur. wliilr thr
tl'iuiT^ ail' j4rcoiii->h-\tllii\v w illi rrd iiiar^iii>. Thi> plant
is ti>ini'l in ahiiinlaiui' in thi- h>\\iv \..IIi\s.

(■<;.v//7/<7(/ /(//)<•//,'//,/. (I- !.aiK«.'-k'a\c(l liKhati I'.niit I'lrush.

has niiintTuns \i>U'^ naini\k k-axcs tiTniinaiitii; in ^liai'ii

points. 'I lic>i' K-avt.^ arc rather stiff ami tlirtc-v tuii-d.

Nk' ll<iuii> ha\r a crini-Mn tal\\ unli a '^nxu hasc. a

yclli)\\ ish-;;n.<.'n mrdlla and hri^ht iimI hra(t>.

i'ttstilli-ia (tiii/iislifdlia itir. Hnhlhnrii. ov Ihailhurv's
I'aintcd ("n]i. nia\ hi- r<viii;ni/c'd h\ its k'a\i'-. which an-
lari;c and ck-lt ahnvc the iniddU- intn three ^r live nnei|nal
lohcs. the centrt- one heinj,' olilonj,' and rounded at the apex,
and the hiteral unes narrower.

"[■"li'wir- ill. It willi iiiH' -i-.-irlct ulc.im
('ci\<r ;i liiiinlrcil IcintH'^. .iinl -ii ill
'I I . -I't tlic lull- (111 ti'i'."

Thoreau spe.iks thus of the prairie sjjecies :

" Tlie F'aititcrl ("up i. in it> i>riTiu'. It rriMiMi- ilti> tiua'Inw. — Painted
Cup nioadovv. It i> a -pKudid -.Ik.w i lirilli.int Markt, ilic clour '<i
the Cardinal IHowcr-, ;ind surp.issiiij.; it in nla^^ and protuvinn. I d"
not like tlif iiaiiii;. It due- not remind iiie of ;i inp, r.iihcr of ,i ilaiiic
when it tir-t appe.ir-. Ii iiiiKJit lie called Maine I'lower. or Searlef-
tip. Here i- .1 lar^'e nie.idow full of it, and yet very feu in the town
have ever seen it. It is -taitliiij; to -ee ;i leaf thn- hrilliaiitly painted,
as if its tip uere dippeil iiuo some scrirlet tincture -urpas-iiiK most
flowers ill iiiteii>ity of colour."

These worrls arc tf|ually appii^..i)le to the mountain Cas-
f 'He jus. 'iVuIy the .glorious tlouer-spikes of the I'aint
brushes and I'ainte C"u])s are like lono;ues of llanie that
run hurning through the lierhagc of the hi'lsides.

'^M^ti^.'^m^m^^^m^^m^^mm

246

Pink to Red Flouers

ir I

" SiarUf iiilt-.
Arc kIowiiik ill the Rrctn like llako of fire."

And when \vc sec them in thoir r..yril r.uhanoc we rcmein-

l)cr how thf ancients once worshipped the Cd of I-'ire

and understand.

Caslillcja nif>ic,>la. or Bright Painted Cup. is a hairy
plant with tufted stems f,'rr.win}; from a multicipital caudex.
The herliaye is often purphsh and the leaves are narrow-
deeply cleft into three to seven lohes. while the hroad-lolwd
hract> are tinj,'ed with hrij,dit scarlet and the flowers, grow-
ing' in a short raceme, are of the same vivid hue.

CastiUcja orcopuh. or Mafjenta I'ainted Cu|). has erect
stems which are somewhat furrowed hy the inconspicuous
decurrence of the narrow .sessile lea\es that have one or
two pairs of spreadi'V' l«>l)es. The hr.icts are three-deft to
the nnddle and their IoIh-s. as well as the calyx, arc usually
a rich majj^enta or rose-purple hue. rarely crim.son or white.
This plant {,'ruws at very hijih altitudes.

WESTERN WOOD BETONY

Pcdkularis I'ruilt'osa. Figwort Family

Stems: stout, high, cect. simple. Leaves: linear in outline, the
radical ones petiokd, pinnatt, the ohUmn leatlcts pinnatcly p.ii !, the
seRments incisely dentate, cauline broader in outline; braci ovate,
shorter than the flowers. Flowers: spike cylindrical, very dense;
calyx sparsely pilose; corolla ochrolcucous, the tube equalliiig the
calyx : galea longer and larger than the lov\er lip, its cucullate summit
slightly produced at the entire endcntulate orifice, but not beaked.

A tall coarse plant, with handsome, green, fern-like foli-
age, hut clumsy uninteresting flowers. On the top of the
stout reddish stems grow large, haii*. .jracted spikes, with
many small dull red flowers, which resemhle a parrot's heak,
with their raisf J hooded upper lips and small lower ones.

7*1/1 a; t'j Rid l-htUtrs

247

These i1(.".vTs ari- ^iiliiciulcd 1)\ i"ii>iiini"ii^ lir.nt-. luiui-
the name hi-iUtt-Dsii.

The Kiiinatis iia«I a |tr'i\trli, " Srll \<>ur oiat and Imy
r»etitny." and anuther .ild saviti-^ was. " Mav vmi ha\e more
virtues than lictunx ," \iit'ui:uH Mii-a. plu-ician to '.lie
I'jnperor .\n,t,'n>tiis. urnte in hii^h |irai-r ni il^ |MP<V(r~, -tat-
in^' that it would cure ti)rty--i.\ en nf the ili in which hntnan
rte>h is heir.

l''ran/ins, in his lUstniy of HniliW. alhides to it> healiiiL,'
virtues f(;r ainnials. lie says nf ,io sta;^. "When iu' is
wounded with a dart, tlie unl. (WW hi- halli is to f.itr s^nie
of the herl)e called i'.etony, which lieliHtl; lioth to draw out
the dart and to hcalc (Ik mnd."

Sir William Hooker i^ onr anihoiity for sayint,' that the
common nainc is a c<trru|ilion of /),•»/,»«/(, hm nieanin).^
' head." and ton " t,'ood "' or " tonic."

Pcdicularis i/r(Viihinilica. or I'.lepliant's Head, is so-calIeil
from the close resemhlance of its hlossnnis to ;i miniature
elephant's head, the tiat forehead, lom; dronpinj,' cars .and
curvinj,' trunk heiui,' all perfectly outlined.

This I'l'dictiL-'-is has slender, r.ilher hrittle, rei' stalks,
which are clothed with m.iny sm.ill, fern-Iikc. ddish
leaves, and a j^roup (jf tall ftin.t,'ed foliage tirous i ,, ,diout
it froin the {.ground. It is a t.all ])l;im. often .attainini,' a
height of eifjhtcen inches, and its terminal spikes are I'Iilj
and densely flowered with tiny dull red hlossoins, \vhi> h
have a toothed calyx »h;it is tiearly as Idnt,' as the tooth of
the corolla. The corolla is twodipped. the np|)er lip. or
galea, heinjj concave and haxint,^ a lonj^ tlireaddike beak,
while the lower one is three-lohed.

'"%K\m.7^:L-^^^^m^ Ml.

248

Pink to Red Flowers

fl

i I'

\

SMOOTH-LEAVED HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera (jlaucesccns. lliuicysuckle Family

Twining, the ijranches glabrous. Leaves: cliartaccous-margined, not
ciliatf, only tiie npi)er pair coiniatc-perfoliaic. Flowers: vcrticillate in
a short, terminal, interrupted spike; cormla yellow ihanging to red, the
tulie strongly gilihons at the hase, the two-lipped limb shorter than the
tube ; stamens and style exserted.

A cliinhinj,' vine, with pairs of smooth leaves covered
with a delicate hhujin. j^rowinji^ alorif^ its branches, only the
upi)er ones joined tofj^ethcr round the stem, which hears at
its apex a cluster of red and ^old dowers. These blossoms
are trumpet-shaped, and (he five stamens and style project
beyond the curolla. which is vermilion outside and yellow
within. The berry is soft and juicy. Sometimes this vine
is called Woodbine, and Shakespeare in his exquisite ro-
mance (if ./ Midsininiicr Xit/ht's Drrani refers to this fact
when he makes Oueen Titania say to Bottom the Weaver,
with whom the Fairy Kinij ( )beron has caused her by means
of a love ])hilter to fall in love:

" Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms.
So doth the woodbine the sweet honeysuckle
Gently entwist."

• Milton in fA'cidas speaks of " the well-attir'd woodbine."
and truly, for no " .ijaddinj,' vine " was ever graced with
finer or more fra.tjrant flowers.

Spenser calls it by the older name of Caprifole, or Goat-
leaf, because, like the mountain goat, it climbs over almost
inaccessible crags; the French and Italian names are also
similar, being respectively Chczre-fcuillc and Caprifoglio.

wm

Pink to Red Flouers

249

NORTHERN TWIN FLOWER

Linnera burcalis rar. amcricaua. Hnm-ysiukle Family

Branches slender, trailing. Leaves: obM-nnly cniiaie, tliick, some-
times wider than lonj;. Flowers: twn-tlowcred, iit.ddinu; pt-duncles
slender, erect, two-hracted a< tlie summit: calyx-tube five-Iohed; corolla
tubular-campanulate, fivc-lobcd.

This lovely frajjrnnt plant, called after the jjrcat Lin-
naeus, the I\'ither of liotany, is a

"Monument of the Man of Flowers,"

who loved its exquisite pink hells ahove all else in Xature,
and who sealed his preference by adoptinj,^ it as his crest.

There is no more charniin^^ spot in the mountains than
some sequestered nook or shady hank carpeted and adorned
by the delicate trailing branches of the Xorthern Twin
Flower, its j,dossy jjreen leaves min.i,dinjj with the moss, and
its pale pink pairs of bells, veined and lined with rose col-
our, growing in lavish profusion and " gently to the passing
breeze dififusing fragrance." The slender stalks of this
vine stand up erect, and, forking near the summit, l)ear on
either side twin-born pendent blossoms of rare loveliness.

Seeking the shade and moisture, this plant avoids exposed
or sunny places, for

" Beneath dim aisles, in odorous beds.
The sliglit I.inn.ea haniis its twiii-lxirn heads,"

and reminds us as we gather its graceful perfumed bells
that " sweetest of all things is wild-Hower air."

It is widely distributed throughout most northern coun-
tries, and is found even within the limits of the Arctic
Circle.

11

250

Pink to Red Flowers

CANADA HELIOTROPE

l\tliriiiihi Siinilcri. N'alcrian Family

Stems: stout. Leaves: thv l)asal <.u Innjr petiole*, oblong, three-
lo!)e(l, tapcrint; lo I), .tli imkIs, tjit- la!( ral laiKcolatc ; -tem leaves two to
four pairs, pinnatcly iiaittd in tivc to ~e\i'ii scKim-nts, lanceolate, acute,
entire or undulate. Flowers: corulla lung, funnel-form, stamens and
style exsirted.

A smooth plant with nl)lon.tj three-lol)c(l basal leaves
^rowinj.,' on lonjj stalk.s, the centre lohe heintj ven tnnch the
lar!.,'est of the three. The .stem leaves are pinnately parted,
narrow and pointed, and have entire f)r rarely undulated
niar<;;ins, while the i)ink (lowers j^row in a flat cytnose pani-
cle and have a fiinnel-fonn corolla. The roots have a most
disagreeable and very stron,!.,' odour.

k

ROUGH FLEABANE

r.ii:^ci;)ii ^liibc !'!S. Composite Family

Perennial liy a wnody root. Stems: sinii)le or hranched .ilinvc, some-
times hirsute. Leaves: pubescent, entire, tbe basal ones spatulate;
stem-liaves oblonK-lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Flowers: heads sev-
eral or siilit.iry, involucre hemispheric, hirsute; rays very narrow,
about one Inuidred or mure.

This cli.'irming Fleahane grows in dry soil and hears flow-
ers of many hues, — pink, mauve, cream, and white. It has
long narrow leaves, which, together with the stalks, are
hairy.

PINK EVERLASTING

.■Inlcinuuhi rosi'd. Composite Family

Floccose- woolly, surculo^c, forming broad patches. Leaves: basal
rues spatulate nr o]io\ate, white-caiusceiU on both sides; stem-leaves
linear, sessile. Flowers: heads in a terminal capitate or corymbose
cluster.

li

PLATF. L

R(ii-i,it Fi.F.Mi \ N i:
{liiigrrmi gitil'i'.tus)

■,1

I'l.A'l E 1.1

■A

\

PiXK I'".VF.KI..\STINT,

(.. Intriimiria r<>sia)

rii

J

Pink to Ri',1 hloxcrrs

^f;.!

Ihc I'iiik l''.\iTl;i>tin!^ i> •-i > r<iii>])iiui>iis liy riMsnn t>i its
rosv crarkliii},' tlowtTs, with tlioir white -ilky icntrt's .iinl
white wiKillv stciii'^ aiKl Ira\c->, that it roiuiirs httli" ik'tinitf
(k'scriptinii fur idctititii-atioii. It has a tut't nf iiri>i-uir.ht.'nt
t'(ih'a:;e at the Iia>o, ami all tlio way up tht- --Xnu thfit- ihn^'
inanv ti'tv narrow kavcs. ( irow iiii^' t'ruin tv," t" twi-Kc
iiiclics hi.u;h. ihi^ plant will he I'ouiid in the siine ltn.ahtie>
as the white species.

ii '

1 ,

j

WILD FLOWICRS OF Till- XORTll
AMERICAN' MOUXTAIXS

SRCTIOX \-I
BLUE TO I'L'RPLE FL0\VI-:RS

i^^

lit

j.

\H

1^

't

1

</

I i

\:

■ a

^ i

si'.t I h >\ \i
I'.i.ri'. TO I'lKi'i.i'. ii.ow i.ks

PURPLE «rtRLIC

Allium Sillivili'f<r,isi,iii tiir, .■iii'irt, lull. I.tly I'.itiiily

I'ullis narrowly uvojd. cln^itrnl. Stems: j.i:i|ii' r:iilicr Ninnt, lnMriiip
l>fl< w till- iiiidilU' niic i)r tsM) rli.iiuitccl, liiu.ir, linii'. Ii..l!,av K isc;
other leaves lla^;ll ; hracis of tlic mii|]»l tun, lir.Mi||\ .^aU- Flowers:
in umhcls, caiiitatc; pcriaiilh of six ciinal, <li«tiiKi, la.u f. .|,ii, , .,iic
nerved seKinents.

This handsome Purple Tiarlic with its Iari,'c (U-nsf tli.uiT-
hcads and lonj,' hollow lca\cs is \m>{ at all inimti. m in tin-
mountains, hut is fre«|ue!itly cultivated ii; ootta,i,a'-^ar<len>
for the sake of its beautifully t(»li.uri'(l hlossums. Like all
the (iarlics, it has a very puns^ent odour.

STIFF BLUE-EYED GRASS

Sisy>iiuliiuin inii^uslifoHuin. Iris |-".itiiily

Stems: t\vo-iili;e<l, slender, erect, rii;iil. Leaves: n.niinonly all liasal,
linear, rigid, almost setaceous, liraets two, \it> ;iiici|i'al. crict. tin-
lower one twice as Inn^j as the npiier one. Flowers: six sennieiits (jf
the jierianth spreadniK, aristiilate.

" I-'or the sini is no sooner risen wiili a IniriiiMii lie. •,
I'tit it withered the ur.iss,
.And the tlower thereof f.dleth.
And the K^acc of the fashion of it peri-helli."

Was it of this tiny yet brilliant purple-bine flower that
the AiM)StIe Saint James wrote the alnixe verse? Did he
espy it, as he walked abroad, nestlin!.,^ anioUi^st the sedi,'es

257

258

lilue to Purple Flowers

I

tliut frin)(C(l the streams? It is a very fr;ij,'ilc little blos-
som, ami as it resents heinj; picked to tht extent of imme-
diately slirivelliii;^' tip and dyitif,'. travillers had Inrtter Ixr
content ti» adnnrc it where it llonrishes in the moi>t low-
lyin^j mead«)\vs. and cfrain frmn all attempts to ^'ather it.
This "little sister of the stately hlne I'laj; " only lilooms
for a sinj^de day, and each morninjj new hiids open to re-
place the fallen petals of yesterday. Its llowers consist
of six translutvnt i)ur|)lish-l»hie sejjments. veined with a
darker line and tipped liy a hristk from a notch. These
jjn»\\ "ti thread-like stalks U-tween two very Innjj narrow-
bract ic lower one of which is usually twice as loniLj as
the upper one. In the centre of each blossom is a s,na!l
patch of yellow, and the style, which is lonj,' and protrudinjj,
is tipped by a conspicuous three-cleft stij,'ma.

The name I'lue-eyed Crass is most ap])rnpriate to this
plant, for its leaves are certainly rpiite j,'rass-like. beinj^ long
and slender, and nearly all sprinjj up from the densely
tufted base, tojjether with the stems, which latter are flat-
tened on both sides. The flowers are very like soft pur-
plish-blue eyes with their dilated yellow " pujjils." as they

'■ Cictitly Kaze tow.ird the sky.
AiisvviriiiK the azure l)Iue on hiRli."

Another poet sin^s thus of the r.hu-eyed Grass:

" Bluc-cyed Rr;i>s in the meadow.
And yarrow hloonis on the hill.
Cat-tails that rustle and whisper.
And winds that are never still ;

"Blue-ey^d grass in the meadow,
A liiiiiet"'s nest near l»y,
Blackbirds carolling clearly
Somewhere between earth and sky.

niue to Purple Flowers

250

" lUiic-ryed urass iit ttir niCiiilttNt ,
Ami tlic l;i<li'ii liif'n low hum,
MilkMt'c<|« all liy llif ri«.n!-iil'.,
T"> Irll ti* MitiiiiUT ii ciiiiie. '

Sisyr inch ill III itlaliocnsr. <ir 'I'\vi»tc«l nini'-cvf<| (Ira^^. li.is
erect .stems which are usually twisted. The leaves are thin
and somewhat lax and the spathes are nfti-n del1e\«'il li'ti;,'
and narrow, the outer oiu- lon;jfr than the inn » one. The
flowers j,'row on erect stalks and are deep \ lolct-hlue wi'
n .small yellow eye. The capsule is ^1. .liosf.

Sisyritu Ilium srhcntriniuili'. or Small I'.liie-eyed (Irass.
i.s a low plant ^rowin^j in small tufts and the leaves are
stiff erect and mostly setaceous. The rose-vioU-t llowers
are very small and arise from hetwcen the >iiort. partly
(iouhle. spathes and the cli.sily-suhtendin;,' Irnderly pro-
lon^'ed outer l)ract. The sej^nenls of the jieriatuh are
acuminate and short-aristaic, not retuse.

PASQUE FLOWER

.Ini-mdiw />c//i-ii.t I'lC. l^lllf^;inl^;iil>ul. I'mwffMit I-"amily

Stems: erect, viltnus with Imiy ^ilky hair^ Leaves: tirii.itcly <Ii-
vitU-il, the lateral divivinns t\\<)-|)arteil, the niiilille mie st;ilke i .iml thr.e-
partetl, the sediments (Ieei>ly elet't iiitn liiu.ir a> le jnhi -, Flowers:
<leveli>[)e(l liefnre the leaves; sei)als the to .seven, (.et.il- iioi Fruit:
achetie.s Cdiniiresseil, puiuted, eiuliiiii; in Idiik fe.itlify t 'iK.

The most remarkable feature of this lirt^'e purple
Anemone is that it l)loss(Mns l)efore its foliajje is developed.
I'Vetjuently you will find Itjvely spccitnens of these llowers
in full hloom, standinj^ up very strai<,du on their thick
downv stalks, while the leaves, which are finely dissected,
are still folded up in soft silkiness .about the base of the
plant. The five to seven .sep.ils are pale |)uri)le outside, but
almost white inside, and are extreiiielv soft and silky, while

26o

Blue to Purple Flowers

¥

V

behnv them <ni the stalk f,'r()\vs a tirde of xcrv haw v leaflets.
Inside the tloral cu]) are niinieri)us yellow stamens clustered
close toj^ether round the j,'reen carpels.

As time passes the stalks elonj.(ate, the purple tlowers fall
ofif, and tlie .seeds are formed. Then the heads present a
lo\ely ])lutr.ose api)earance, for to each seed is attached
a long silky tail, the whole forming a pretty feathery tuft.

PURPLE CLEMATIS

Clciiuilis iclitiiihitiiiii. t'rowfiHit |-,'miil_v

\ irailitifi and partly i-Iiinliinu; \'u\c. Leaves: triiOlinlati- ; loalU't^
tliiii, iivatf, acute, iiinrf <ir li->.s cordate, sli^litlx tuotliiMl or fiitiii':
pilink-s slcndiT. Flowers: military: ^v\k\]> tliin and translmint,
strongly veint-d, silky along thv margins and the \cin>; pttaN spatnlati' ;
styles persistent, phunose tlirongliont.

The large lovely tlowers of the Purple Cletnatis are at-
tractive hy reason of their four or tive hig ptirple-blue
sepals, for their petals are very small and inconspicuous,
surrounding the numerous yellow stamens. When in fruit
this plant is also interesting, as the Tine feathery styles form
silvery heads, the long plumes of which are delicately en-
twined.

Its slender leaf-stalks are the means hv which the
Clematis climbs and clings to bushes, trees, and rocks, fes-
tooning with graceful garlands everything that comes in it^
way and delighting the traveller's eye with its wide-spread,
semi-transparent, ])rominently veined flowers. The leaves
are formed of three small, deeply veined leaflets, which
grow on slim, rather woodv stems.

This plant is a constant (jrnament to the alpine woods
during the summer months, for when its true flowering
season is past the pretty green foliage and large tufts of
featherv .seeds still render it an object of admiration.

/?///(• to Purple Flo'ut'fs

;6i

BLUE COLUMBINE

Stems: sK'mliT, iri-it. liramliint:. Leaves: li,i-,il ■mi./- l.iiiTn.iti-. l-lnd
:iii<l iiiii.iti- : -tiMii l(.M\c- i(.\\, lu-ariy ■-i'--ilc. Flowers: -iiiall, ii"iMiiik,
liliii! and uliitc ; vpnr- sin Tt.

TIk' sniallc-t lit" tlir nii nintaiti ( 'i ilnni1iinc>, it iii:i\' rasily
1)0 rc'fii,i^iii/t'(l Ii\ it> inatu i-li-I)hK' and (.rcamy lilii>>, .m^ and
its vrrv slmrt st\K's. It i^ a mure (■diniirut and tluTolnrc
los j^raccful tlnwcr than . /. fi'nih'Sti > if . /. iIj: tsit'iis.

'I'Ik- ("i ilnniliino \\a> lir-t intrMdnci'd iiit^' I'.n'^Iand I'runi
tlu' Virginia (.'nlntu in ilu' rvv^u <>( ( liarli- I. uhtii ;i ynnLj
botanist -cnt it a^ a ^ii't to tlu- ^rcat Tradf^rant, i;ardcn(.T
and licrljalist I' > tin.' Kin^;.

MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR

Pi'lfliiniuiii l!i,'\i)ii. ('r"wl'"ti; l''.imily

Stems: tnll t'r'.m a I'a^cicK- I'l' tliirk V'<"l~. Leaves: iumii. ron-., tn.i^tly
(irliK'iilar ill ■'Uliiln-. Ii\ f I"-~i.\cii liaru-il. tli" io\\,r u\Ui riincalf ami
iIk' ii|ipcr intii tiari' iwn- <-K-lt aticl laMiiiati' ili\ i-p iii-, ]Kli(ikil. Flow-
ers: raci-iiK'^ niany-lli 'WtTi'l i 'ii ^liort i.Ti-ci [nilici N.

'I'he tall Mountain Lark-imr i> a \rrv handsome ])lant.
It i- iK'arl\- al\\ay> a rich pnrjilc hue. hut \ itv occasii inallv
it hcar-^ white or ])inki-h-nirunr lilo--oin-. StandiiiiL,' I'roin
one to four tret ln'i;h, tlu'^e I \-lf'liiiiiiinis ( ^o railed from
their fancied re-einhlance to a dolphin i mav he found in
iniinen>e i|Uantilie> in the liii^h al]iine meadows, their loni^
llower racemes to\\ erini; u|> aho\e a ma-- of dec'pK' cleft
dark j^reen foliai^e. [•'.ach llower l;to\\> on a tinx- nprit;iit
stalk attached to tlu' main >tem, and ha- four small whitish
jietals. the njiper ]iair smooth and dexeloped iiackuards. and
enclosed in the spui ot the calyx, and tln' two lower ones
deeiilv notched and \ery hairy. The sepals are five in tuini-

262

Blue to Purple Flowers

m
t

l)cr and of a lovely intense blue colour; the top one is pro-
lonjjed at the back int<j a IkjIIow spur, and the others are
plain.

This jilant is also called Monkshood, the reason wherefor
may readily be seen.

Dclphiniuui Mcncicsii, or IJlue Larks;)ur, is a smaller
species g^rcnvinjij only from six to eij^hteen inches hifjh and
havini,' few leaves and fewer llowers on its hairy stems.
Thouj^di usually

" I'liic .ns tlic Iicavcii it H'l^es at,"

this Larkspur has sometimes white blossoms marked witli,
purple veins.

Delphinium bicolor, or Blue-veined Larkspur, is a small
species which ji^rows six to ten inches \\\^\\ from fasicled
and deep descendinjj roots. It is a stout, ])ubescent , ''\nt.
with thickish leaves, the lower ones orbicular in outline, and
all deeply cleft into narrow, obtuse segments. The flow-
ers j^row in scanty racemes, and have jiale yellowish or
whitish ])etals, which are conspicuously blue-veined. This
species is found in dry places among the mountains.

MOUNTAIN SAXIFRAGE

Saxifrima nf'f'osilifoliii. Saxifrage Family

Stems: prostrate, densely Kafy. Leaves: sessile, ovate, nearly or-
bicular, persistent, kctlcd, tlesl'.y, opposite or imbricated in four rows,
the margins ciliate. Flowers: solitary, nearly sessile; calyx-lobes
obtuse, iniicli shorter than the obo\ate purple petals.

The simple descrii .ion of Silcnc acanlis, or Moss Cam-
pion, given on page 211. is applicable in several particulars
to this Mountain Saxifrage, which is also a dwarf arctic-
alpine flower and only grows at great altitudes. The chief
difference between the two plants lies in the leaves, which

Blue to Pnryle Flrjucrs

263

in the Campion art- cxtii'im-Iy fini- and narrow an<I in the
Saxifrajje rirc ei,',i,'-slia]K'(l and thitkJNli. witii a >trnn^K-
marked keel and hairy inariiins. The ^leni^ of tin- Saxi-
fra,!,'e are prostrate and very leafw and the llnuers are pur-
l)Ie and ^n^w ahnost Hat ui)nn the i^mnnd.

It was Jolin Kehle wliu tir^l drew «nir attention to tiie
fact tliat thev are

Tlu

fi-lif-l tliiwcrs lliat rln-c-t cljii!^' in car:!!

It was also evidently to some sneh prustratc alpine plan! as
the .\h)nntain Saxit'r.a.iL,^' that he referred when he wrote:

"Bloom on tla-n in yo\ir sliadc, cnntfi'tcd .ili.oni,
'■wcct tlowir-, nor (k't'in yoursi'lvc^ |o all nnlsn^an.

Iiaviii knows yon, liy ulm^c j^ali - ami iliu-- yr thrive:
Tlii-y know, who one d.iy for tluir altircd <lM,ni
Shall thank y'Ui, tauyht hv von to ;ilia-c ll!tni-<d\c> and live"

PURPLE CINQUEFOIL

Potriitilhi /'i(/ir,v/;i,v. Ko-c l"aniil\-

Stems: stont, a-condinf; from ri drcinnln-nt r^otin',^ iHTfiniial ha<c.
Leaves: i)innati'. ohloni;, -irrati-. Flowers: few in ;in o|Hn cymo.
Fruit: aclu'tu'^ ;-;l;ilirons, h.iiry rfccptaeli- hceoinint,' larue ,ind -|ionj,;y.

This Purple CiiKpiefoil is a marsh plant wit 11 a deeuni-
bent root and a somewhat woody liase. The '• ,.\(.-s are live
to seven foliolate, the Inwer niie-. l in,L;-stalked ,oid the up])er
ones nearly sessile, the leallit^ heinc; olihmo. toothed, hinnt
at the ai)e.\ and narrowed at the I)a>e. The sliouv llnwers,
which .i^Tow in an open cyme. lia\e a lar^e calyx whitn is
dark purple within and nuich exceeds the small ptirple
petals. The mnuerons st.amens are inserted on the pu-
bescent receptacle which becomes spunj^y in fnn'l.

264

Blue to Purple Flowers

iH

I

m

ALPINE LUPIN

Lut^inus subaiciiitis. PiiUc Family

Stems: simple, leafy. Leaves: palmatily divided, leaflets spatulate-
ol)laiiceolate, ohtii^e, villous hcneatli, Klal)ri)u> alxive. Flowers: in a
terminal rateTiie, keel K'alinnis. Fruit: pod hnear-ublong, obli(inely
piiiiited, seven to nine seetied.

'I'he slidwv blue hlossonis of the Alpine Lupin, which are
found at hi.ijh altitudes, j^jniw in many-llouered terminal
racemes home on a stouti>h stalk. 'I'he inchvidual tlower-
.stalks are slender, the leallets are broad at the base and
somewhat rounded ;,t the top.

ASCENDING MILK VETCH

Astiu^iilus ailsHii^rits. Tea ''"amily

Stems: rather stout, ascending or decumlient. Leaves: odd-pinnate;
leallets oval to linear-ohlont;, obtuse, tiftten to twenty-tive, peduncles
exceeding the leaves. Flowers: erect, in short dense spikes; tube of
the calyx long-camp.nnilate, twice as long as the setaceous teeth, sub-
villous with partly black hairs; i)et;ils clawed; star.dard erect, ovate;
wings oblong: keel obtuse. Fruit: pods er -t, sessile, coriaceous.

This is a common species of purple Vetch in the tnoun-
tain rei,non.s. It has much foliat,^'. composed of from fif-
teen to twenty-tlve tiny oblon.i,^ leallets borne on each of the
leaf-stalks, which branch from the main stems. Tlie flow-
ers grow in dense roundish heads, and the little leaflets are
rounded and entire at the a])ex.

Each individual flower, like many of those of the Pea
Family, is composed of five irres.mlar petals, the larj^e upper
one. called the standard, beinj,^ turned backwards when in
full I)loom, and the two side ones formin-,^ w-njjs. while the
two lower ones are united to form a kind of pouch, called
the keel, which encloses the stamens and stvle.

The traveller will note that an easy way to distinjj^iish

ri A n- Lii

ASCF-N1)IM. MlI.K \'kT( 11

_><>;

PLATE LI II

Al.I'lNE AIlLK VeTIII

(Astivgnlits al/^iiius)
j66

t[

nittt' to Purple Flou't'rs

267

,1

Astnujalus adsunicns from Oxytropis -risciila ( uliicli it
nnich resemhk's) is by dliscrvinj,' two thini^s. In the first
place, the tlouer-stalks of the .lstni</iiliis l)raiK-l- out from
all parts of the main stems of the i)Iant. to},a-tlier \vit!i tlie
leaf-stalks; whereas the iLtwer-stalks of the Oxxtrof'is are
naked and grow direvtly up from the h;ise of the plant. In
the second place, the keel of the .■stroi/tiliis tlower is
rounded, whereas that of the ().rv//'( >/'/,<• is \erv pointed.

AstraijaUts hypoiilottis, or Purple Milk \'etch, very
closely resembles the preccdinLr species, hut may be di>tin-
guished from it by the fact that its leaflets are indented or
notched at the tips, whereas those of the AscendiuLj Milk
\'etch are slii^ditly rounded and perfectly entire.

Astragalus alpinus, or .\lpine Milk X'etch, is a d;iinty
pale mauve species, with small loosely tlowered he;ids and
delicate fo!iaj.,'e. It is frecpiently found at very hit,di alti-
tudes.

Astragalus Macouuii, or Macoun's Milk \'etch. is a tall
plant with sparse fo'ia,!.,'e ;m(l :i few lont^ loo^elv Howered
heads of pale mauve, or white tiuijed and ed,t,a'd with mauve.
The stems grow very erect and are quite slender. It usu-
ally is found in rocky places.

Astragalus comallariiis. or .Slender Milk X'etch. is a

lovely fra.t^ile species, fpiite unmistakable by reason of its

very fine grass-like stems, tiny, narrow, .silky le;illets, and

little, scant^" pinkish-mauve blossoms, that grow far a])art

in long slender racemes, giving the plant a beautiful feathery

api)earance.

ALPINE OXYTROPE

Oxylml'is zisciili). IVm I'.iinily

Stems: vi^cid-piilicsniit. Leaves: nild-pinn.-itt-; k-aili'ts in nmiurntis
pairs, oliKmii-laiK-colalc, snnicwbat acute. Flowers: iicilniiclc^ loiimr

PLXTE LIV

luwaMt

I t%

mM>

^^^' *jt0^

r.^

'<* ^!^Q|

M'

'j^fSI

R|

^HM^^F^M.

"Bi^^w^^

f^'

^■Pf^^^^ "^kvt

^^L . -^-i-^

pitoL ^1.

^r

^^^mAIi

. Nt.

/

^ ,^

1

^^^K '- «A ^

k^. i^^n

1

^Br ^ V ^ Ap^^Jk^

/

t- ■•■St, ^^m k

1

m^f "' '^%A "-^Br' HI

1 '^^

1

^^^^^^^^dH \ ^k B^' . I^f^

i

BSMr

,

^^B \ m iH

^QU^^ >^JL

^^\ ^^\H

Hr'b

^

1^^ wP

3h

1

^^^^^^Vl

H

Hb 1

■

^^^^^^^^B '*" .^J^iLj^^H^^^I

■ 1

1

Al.l'IXE Ox^TKorK

IHur I'i Pur pit' I'/'jiLiff

l(>()

tli.'iii till' IciiM''' ; ^|)lkl•' ^IllK■\litl<lrl^ ,il ; tiilli nf tlif f.il>\ NiiliiiLiif, .ili'nit
tilt' k'liylh III till' tulic; U'K'iiiiii^ >liMrl, I'TiIc, ;h iniiiiMtf.

As rcmarki'd hofurt-, C.rv/ri'/^/.v dilTcr^ I'mm .lstra<niliis
in li.'uiiiL,' tliiurts with \t'rv ji. lintcd InitU and Iniij; naki'd
tlo\vLT->talk> that Ljriiu up directly from tlir lia-c "f iIk'
plant : also \t> llMwcr-spikcs aro more eli 'tit^'.iif<l than \h<>'C
of thf .\>criidiiij; and I'urplc Milk \\-trlK'>, whirli arc
riiutidi>h. 'lilt.' Alpine ().\\tr>ijio i-, a hairy, ratluT sticky
plant, and l»rar> iiln-sums nf main shadi's i>\ j^ray-Mne.
\ inlet, man\e, jmrple, and ereamy white.

(Krytii'f'ls sf'li'iiilciis. i>r Slu'wy nNytrojK', is ri;;litl\
named, for its Ii.andsome l)rii,dit purple-hlue i>r purple pink
lliiwers, j;rci\\ iui,'' in dense spikes i>n the t^p nf the ]i>Uii
strai^dil stalks, and its (|uantity nf sihery silky fnliai^e
render it a remarkably handsome member of the I'ea h'am
ily. The whole plant, iiuludinLj the st;dks, lea\es. and
calvN. is extremely woolly.

(hvytrof'is drthWii. or I )roopini,"-frt!ite(] Owtrripe, is ;i
soft pubescent or silkv ])lant with leaves IieariuL; twehe to
sixteen pairs of narrow jiointcd Kallets. The sm.all pale
purple llouers i^rou in slender spikes on stalks wiiicli far
exceed the lea\es in lenj.;th. The calyx is nearlv as loiii,'
as the Corolla an<l is covered with short bl;u k and lonL,'er
white hairs. The fruit is the most remark.ible feature of
this plant, it is verv strongly di'llexed.

C).vv/r"/"-'>" pthlitcarpa. or Inllated (Kytrope, is an arctic
and alpine plant, which qmu , onl\ '■oui one to four inches
hi}.jli and has \ iolet tlowers and tiny \ery hairy st.ilks and
leaves. The main stems .i4:row ])artly unders^round and are
imbricated. — that is to say. they are covered with numer-
ous small overlapjiini,'' leaves; liut the pod~ ;ire the most
noticeable feature, beinj,' abnormally lar,^e and inllated.

270

/Hue to Pur pit' I'lo'ii'i-rs

?t'

i!

This plant is frc<|iKiitly fouml j,'ro\vin^' flat u|win the
jjround.

PURPLE HEDYSARUM

llcdysarutii borciilc. IVa I-'.niiily

Stems: erect, Klabmns, Ki'i'iTally sitn|>If. Leaves: ipiM-fiinnatc, shnrt-
pi'iinlfil ; liMilt'ts (ililoiiK, nl)tii^i-, and often nuicronatc at the a|>cx.
Flowers: in lonj; loo-c raceiiu>, lUllexed.

This is a tall handsome plant very common amonjj the
mountains. The leaves are short-stalked and have elc\en
to twenty-one tthlonjj leaflets which are r«)und<-d r.t the base.
The stiff erect racemes of detkNed \ iolet-piirple flowers are
lonj;er than the leaves and the pnds are droo])ing and have
three to five o\al strongly reticnlited joints.

The white or cream-coloiired species. Ilcdysantm sul-
phurum, is descrik'd in the W hite to (Jreen Section.

COW VETCH

/ iViii CiiicCiU I'ea Family

Stems: tufted, slender, weak, clinibin^^ or tr.iiliii>;. Leaves: pinnate,
tendril-bearinK, nearly >cs>ile ; lealletN einliteiii to tweiity-fonr, linear,
()l)tu>e, nin.ronate: peduncles axillary. Flowers: in spike-like dense
racemes, retle.xed. Not indigenous.

A lovely dimhinfj or trailinj,' Vetch, with dense spike-like
racemes or deep purple-blue flowers and (piantities of deli-
cate foliaj^e; the leaves, which are pinnately divided into
numerous tiny leaflets, having,' thread-like tendrils at their
tips.

I'icia amcrkaua, or American Vetch, has the same
nearly sessile piimate leaves and slender weak stems as the
preceding,' species. It also climbs and trails over every bush
and shrub in its vicinity, clinging to them by means of its
tiny tendrils; but it dififers entirely from V. Cracca in its

/i/ui- lo Purpli- I'l'iucri

27'

llowcrs. which aro larj^cr, iiiun- maii\i' in hm-. .md i^r. iw
ill a Maiity, vcr\ l< .■>».• ta^hion, a> (t|)|i<i>i(l to the ik'ii''C
spikf-Iikc raii'mi> nf the I'nu \'ctrli.

lo sri' thi- iiiiiiiiiiain U'"n!> Mind !(\ thi'>i- i\\.i ^'rari'fiil
plant-, raall^ I'iiht-.m'-. rrtfriinf tn h..A-

" riif tiiillinii ImihIi-iI I'lintir p'.ur-.
< '|mI 1iiu'>. .iii'l iiiiri'lc .|\i- "

'(111 ii|)(.n t!u- lloucr'- nf thf idrc^t.

TIk' .Islnij/iiliis. O.vylri-f^is, 1 1,-ifySiiniiii . and I'iiitt all
U'loni^: Ii' thf I'ca hamily. and tluTctCrr tlu'ir iliur'> :in-
all iiapiliDnaic'i.n- : that is to say. tlit-y haw irri<,MiIar InittiT-
lly-shap(.'(| lilussouis.

r:ARSH VETCHLING

/.,i!h\iiL\ f'.iliislri.i. I'l'.i |''aiiiil_v

Stems: .myUil. uinmil. -IcmliT. Leaves: Ic.iilci- tun m four |),iir-,
laiu i'dI.iIc, i.|i|.)1i)^, |Hiliiii'(l at tlic :\\>f\, r.annlcil ai iIh' ha-r. Flowers:
^\\\v ililatc^! and ilaiii-iuil alnive, hairy al"iiK tlic inner ^nli-. Fruit:
pMil Mat, -iTiU ^;lM!inlar.

'I'lu- purplf tiouiTs of this pLint ■j,rt>\\ i.i Iri. i^c-hcadi-d
ract-'iUfs wluTf the- i^roniid i> nioi^t. The >k'nd'r •-tviiis arr
unfiled and win-vd. the three or four ]lail■^ of leaflets arc
ohioni,' and ixiinted, and the tendrils ternnnatini; the stalks
are hranehed

WILD FLAX

l.iintin /.iWij/V. IHa.v I'"atnily

Stems: -ItMulrr. t-ri'i-t. Leaves: irM\v<lcil, -vsmIi-, innl-1i?uMr, a'.-ntf.
Flowers: ^n lent; inMiccK: -cpaK .nal, olitUM-; |iflal> ti\c. Im'^i-, Mim-,
fuK.icii.n-..

A slender dainty plant, uhieh Ixnds and Iw.us to exerv
passin,;,^ hreeze. and hears terminal rluster^ as well as
racemes oi Io\elv cerulean llouers.

3

272

lilut' to Purple FloiviTi

U:

" Itltlf Wfti- lur r>f> ;i» tllf f.iiry ll:i\,"

wnitc Knti^fclliiw. aii<l if y<>u ni!«i- mt tin- wonderful Itlno
of tlu'sc hlossntns you will wi'll uiuliT'taml tin- loinpliiiu'iit
ititcii(U'(l, for tlu-y are a mar\i'll(His fuli.ur. ami -'• frail and
transhuont that tlu-y witlu-r at a •"inj^lf tomli. uliilf the deli-
eatelv veined petals fall almost a> so<in a^ the\ develop into
the perfect flowers: the stems, on the eontrary, thonj;h slim,
are remarkahly toiij,di. A really Mne tlowi-r i-> a rarity in
the 1 .ountains. There are many maiue>, lulioirope'>. vio-
lets, purples, and lilacs, hut few true hlues.

The word liuniii eomes from the ( eltic word liu. mean-*
inj,' " thread," and from it also is deri\ed the I'lv^lish word
" linen," tofjether with all its variations. The seeds of the
I'Max contain o\\.

CROWBERRY
liiv.pi-lium iii^niin. ('riiuli«rr\ I'.iinily

Miicl) liraiichiil, tin- Nraiulic^ vpriMiliiiv;. diii-ily Icify. Leaves:
'iiU'ar-nMnnK. cruwilnl, thick, dIiIum', llii' -tninijly ri'Miliitc margins
ri>iinlii>li. Flowers: \cry ^iiiall, imriili^li, -dlilary in tlic niiiicr asils;
sepals and petals nidstly tlirir. Fruit: a black ilrnpe, containiiiK -i\ tD
nine nutlets.

This hlack-herried herhaceous shruh resemhles a Heath,

and }.jrows in lart^^e dense mats on the nioiuitaiti sides at

hij,di altitudes. The numerous short branches are thickly

covered with tiny narrow leaves: the piupli>h tlowers are

inc()nsi)icuous, and the herries. which are lartre, round, and

of a dull black colour, are a favourite fruit with the alpine

birds.

EARLY VIOLET

\'i«la itcplttof'hylhi. \'i(ilet Family

.•Xcaiilescent. Rnntstncks sliort and thick. Leaves: l(>nK-t>etioIed,
cordate, with a broad sinus, the early ones reniforni, the latter ones

^- ,

W ;■ I. I 1 ■.
( /.Ji',-;.'.'; /.. ■- I- .' I

■Jjc ;

b

%''^ ■^^

.■;.i^;

>v-

^iS!^

kt

I

"■<^,rr:^-

IL

liluf to Purple Fhjiicrs

273

acme (,r .uunimatc, crcnatcly to'itlieil. Flowers: larKc ; pitab \i!l,.its
at l»a>c ; >|)iir >aci-atf.

This larjre Karly \'i(,!t't is really of a true violet clour:
it ,i;rou> most luxurian \y m very iii..ist j,'roun<l. usually on
the low l)aiik> ol" .- • a'li.v 1 ;■ ir, -'u
that

K' marshes, tor it is there

"Til ,,.,rMl,. vi.K-t. lurk.
With all tiie Iovimv dv drcn of tiie shaile."

I'oets have ever Icved aii.l jiraised the Videt. The Hard
ot A\<)ii >anj4 uf how

" X'iiilti- liiiic,
And ladv-vmocks all silvtr white.
And cuckoo-hiidv (jf ydhiw hue
l>" paint the incad.iws with .|<1ik1ii";

later eausinj^^ Oheron to relate:

"I know a hank whiTccm tiie wild thyme iili.us,
When .ix-lips and the iiiMldin^r \i,,Iet un.us."

Miltoii told r)f the

■' X'idlet emhniidered vale " ;

and Sc<jtt claimed that

1 he violet in iier Kreenwoixl hnwer,

U lure hirehen houghs with lia/H niiii)-le.
May hoast iierself tlie fairest tliuver
III forest Klade or ajjiscwood dingle."

Loti- hefore Shakespeare's day. I„,uc\er. the aneient
Arahians san- its praise. It was the favotirite flower of
Mahomet, just as it was that of Xapoleon i.i modern time.,
and has since hecome the emhlem of the Boiiapartists, wh)
still wear it as a token of their devotion to a lost cause,
rememhering, perhaps. Shake>peare's proverh that

" Violet is for faithfulness."

Xo legitimist in France will ever wear these flowers.

■^

274

liluf to Purple Flout'rs

'llic luirlv X'iok't has li

the 1

)ase.

tlu

vciiR'd yellowisli-wliiic patoli
the hack- into a small roui

live lari^v petals that are hairv at
wer one heint^ marked with a tiny, dark-
teh on its t'aee, and protnidin.t,'' at
inded sjjnr. The leases are broad
ami conspicuously veined, many of them hein- folded in-
wards when younf,'.

I'iola adunca. or I)o<,^ X'iolet. is a smaller dark purple or
white species which s,^rows on dry j^round and sends out
runners tliat hear many hlos^onis. The low stems hrancli
out from the ha^e. the leaves are o\ate ami >ome\\hat cor-
date, and the spur is rather slender and curved.

/'/('/(; Sclkirkii. or Selkirk's X'iolet. has dark i^reen or-
hicular, deeply cordate, crenate lea\es. whose upper surface
is si)arin,<,dy heset with short hairs near the mari^in. The
pale violet tlowers ha\e an ohtnse si)ur and are beard-
less.

I'iohi pahistris. or Marsh Violet, lias leaf and flower
stalks arisinj^- from a very slender cree])in«,' rootstock. The
flower stalks are hmj^er than the 'caf stalks. The leaves
are thin cordate, broadly ovate and crenulate. the petals are
])ale lilac streaked with darker \eins or sometimes nearlv
white, the flower is slightly bearded, the spur is -hort and
the stit;ni;i not bearded but somewhat beaked. This is not
a common sjjccies.

CUT-LEAVED ANGELICA

I.i'ftotuviiii iinillitidii. Parsley I'':!iiiily

Stems: from a large fiisitorm ri)()t>tocl<. Leaves: iiiimatcly decom-
Iiouiuf. Flowers: in large iiniliels. Fruit: olifong-ellipticaf, carpel
Vvitli dorsal and interniedialc rilis.

The steins of this handsome .Xnjjelica urow from one to
three feet hit^h and are very leafy at the base. 'i"he seg-

'■• .li

rj-m^xm^-^^w.

.z.^r^.m.

I

Blur 1o Purple Floucrs

■/>

lucnts of the tcniatc- auil pinnate Icaxe^ arc finely ent. and
the small 1 iounish-pnrplc tlouers ;,n(.u in round umbels
three to tour inche- in diameter, u^iiallv without an iu\oIu-
ere. 'I'll lateral uin,L;s of the fnut are hroad, verv thiek
and cork\, and the <ee(K are llat, the --eed-faee heinj; con-
ca\e. The oil-tuIie^ are ol'^olete.

MACOUN'S GENTIAN

(ii'iituiiui .\[<u,>iiini. (icnliaii I'amily

Stems: slt-niKr, simiiK-. Leaves: liiu.ir. I'lowers: -.c.liiary at tlic
eti<l> <if ficpiijzatfil criil inMlmulfs ; ral> \-1iJk-^ laiuc'lau', aiamiiiKiti .
tlicir iiii(l-ril)-~ (k-i-iirniil ..n tlu- tnlu-; lor.^ila iiarri.ul\ laiiipaiiMlaii-. il~
1<iIkn s|)atiilati--iililMiii;, frini4cil >n\ Im.iIi >i'' ^. and aliii"-! t'^'tliol aiiuaid
the :\]K'\.

A lo\ely deep hlue (ientian. found in moist jjlaees, hut iMt
very comtnon. When t!ie days iiiq;in to sji.uten and the
earth is flooded with the final ,L;Iorv of tho-e scarlets ,ui<l
\cllo\vs that precede and presa.L,'e decay, then like a heantifiil
henediction the (ientiaus, " coloured willi lleaxen's own
hlue," are spi' ' ihro.-id, opeuiiii,^ their petals to the sun-
shine at mid, 1 clo>inLi; them ai, lin -uddeiilv ;it the
first touch of tl v.nll wind> that hlow off the ice-lields.

In the e.arly fall of the year.

" Tlicn ifiifh tli\ ^weet ninl f|iiict cvc
I.oiik tlirmiyli [{•. trinm'^ tn the vkv,
I'.lui-, i)hu-, a^ if tliat sky Itt I'.ill
A lldwir from its ccnilcan uall."

There lies at all times a curious siKerv tinq'e upon the
exterior of the four lar!j:e frin_i(ed lohes of the corolla, which
are delicately and darkly veined. The two ouu-r calvx-
1o1k-s are lonj^^er and n.irrower than the two inner ones, and
the hmls are very long and pointed. \\'hene\er you try to

fc

,gm.

276

B/iii' to Pur pi I' Floiii'rs

<i=t

piok oiK' of these (Icntians, you will fmd that llie whole
pl.Mit conies up out of the .Ljrouiid at the sli.Lrhtest pull. Thev
are extremely elusive tlowers, seldom -^ 'apijearitip; in the
same place for t\\ > consecutive years, si.ice. heinj^ animals,
and therefore peri)etu,'(led hy seed alone, tlieir reapiiearance
the follouinjj^ season dei)ends alt(.^a'ther u])on the direction
of the wind which hlows the 'ittlt hair\- scales hither ;md
thither and !)y i^ood fortuiu' deposits a few where the moist
eartli enahles tiiem to t^a-rminate.

Ccntiana .\"iarcHa rar. acuta, or Xorthern r.entian, mav
readily he disiin.^ihshed hy the friiiLjed crown set within
the throat of the corolla-tuhe. The t1o\ver•^ are (piite numer-
ous. <,'rowiii^- in clusters on sliort stiff stalks diat Nprint,'' ou.
of the main stem; they are usually pinkivli-puri)1e. hut some-
times white. The traveller should >peci;dly note that the
corolla is divided into five lohes at the top. and that the
tiny roots ,L;row close to the surface <»f the soil and are very
easilv jiulled up.

(Jrntiana propimjua. or l^^our-parted Gentian, is some-
what like tlie jirecedini;- species, hu.t has larj^er. hrii,diter hluc
flowers, whicli are not nearly so closely clustered toc^ether;
and it is a much more .q;raccfiil plant. The corolla is four-
parted, or cut into four hhes. as the iiiune implies, and the
calyx is also four-cleft. These (lentians are occasionally
white.

Ccntiana arcfophila. or Alpine Gentian, is a tiny dwarf
species resenihling 6". , ropinquo. It is found at i'.nmense
altitudes.

Gcntlana prostrata, or Dwarf Cientian, has very weak and
often procumhent stems. The leaves are covered with a
soft white bloom and have white hairy mar<,nns, while the
flowers are solitary and of a loxelv a/ure-hlue colour, also

u

K I

Mw..-

T'L\ri-. l.V

I'olk-l'AkrKli f iKNTIAN

278

,j.i

I

? .

i!

Nl

~\ — ".' • •

Blue to Purple FIfjuers

very occasionally white. It is an exceeding,'! v tinv plant,
and has hecn found at an elevation of lo.ooo feet. '

Cciitiana afUnis, or Larf,'e Clentian. has ohlon;,' obtuse
leaves. In this tall handsome Gentian there is a very beau-
tiful contrast between the rich jjreen folia-e and the azure-
blue flowers, 'i'hese tlowers -nnv in (Ien>c clusters anionij
the leaves on the top of the stems; each one has a larj^rj^
K'-ay, j,aeenish-blue corolla, divided into five spreadinj^r
lobes, which are of a wonderful cerulean hue inside, marked
and spotted with white. The tips of these lobes are very
pointed, and sometimes the crnrn calyx-lobes equal them in
lenf,^lli. showin- between their divisions, while at other times
they are (juite minute.

C.cntiunaiiliiiua. or I'alc Centian, is a small lo\v--rowinif
plant with tiny o\ al ba^d leaves f..rmin- a rosette, and a
few ^^recn-blue flowers, subtended by a pair of bracts, at the
top of the short stalks whidi are only two to f,.ur inches
hish. The calyx is campanulate. and the corolla tube i.s
cylindrical with ovate obtuse lobes.

SPURRED GENTIAN

Ihih'iiid dcflcxa. Gon.iaii I'aniily
Stems: siiiK-fe <.r hrandicl. slender, erect. Leaves: tl.e ba.al ones
ohovate or s,.atnlate. ol.ttise, narroue(t into i.etioles tl.e stem ones
.n:ite. acute sessile, the uppermost smaller. Flowers: terminal and
axillary. Fruit: capsule narrowly ohlon^. two-valved, seeds globose-
ovoid, smooth.

A plant much resemblinjr a Gentian, with tall erect stifif
stems bearing pairs of ovate leaves up them, and having a
tuft of larger ones at the base. The dull greenish-purple,
rarely white, terminal and axillary flowers are most curi-
ously shai)e(l, having a campanulate corolla four to five cleft

'^mL

HI II I' to Purple riouers

27<>

witli till- luhfs ruiuoIiUo in tlio hud. and cadi uitli a hollow
(Ictk'xcd sjjur or |)rojcction hdow.

BLUE GREEK VALERIAN

I't'li-nh'ittuni ii'iit,-iluin. riiliiiM'inmn iMtiiily

Stems: trom a tiiiic<l nint^'juk. Leaves: altcmati'. l^•.•llU■t^ mnsiiy
tun iM thrci- (li\'!iMl, ilu' ilivi-i'iii- tr"tii r>iiiiiil nv ,il tn nMiPiii; iiiuMr.
Flowers: ilin-c, lurolla witli roinuli''! Inlics. Fruit: (uuk's ilirci- m
t'ai'li ^'cll.

This sjitrios of (Irock Wilcrian <,to\vs at hii,'h ahitiKk-s,
the hri.ulit liluc tlowt-rs hoitii; t-rcct. traj^'ratit. :uid irrowiiit,'
in dcn>cl\ con.i,a->tc'd heads. The plant i> hairy, tht- pctiolt-N
of tlic raihcal leaves are consiiieuously seariou^-dilated and
>heathin<,' at the hase. and the leaflets are very small, and so
irowded that they appear to he growing in fascicles or
whorls.

I'dli-iiioiiiniii liiiiiiili-. (>«• furple Greek \'alerian. h.as
■^horter. stouter stems than the jjreceding species, and is
iinK'n branched. The leatlets arc mostly ohlong. and the
purplish llowers grow in tlal-topped clusters, the a.nple.
rounded lohes of the corolla I)eing nuich luni.;cr than the
tuhe. The seeds ;ire one or two in each cell. This is almost
an arctic-alpine plant.

MOUNTAIN PHACELIA

riniiiliii .Villi (•(/. Water-lea t I'"aiiiily

Stems: Niiniile. vir^'atc. caiit'^cint. leafy to the tup. Leaves: pinnately
p;irteil into ninneroiis liiiea, and .iKain [liniiatitid ili\i>inns. >;ilky-c,iiies-
ceiit. Flowers: in -Imrt spike>. crowded in a naked spike-like thyrsns;
calyx-lolie- linear; corolla very open-cainpanulate, cleft to the middle;
stamens I'ln^^ e\>erted.

A glorious plant, with rich purple-blue flowers clustered
in huge long spike-like panicles, and handsome (leejjly cleft

28o

aim' to Purple Flouwrs

%

UAkv^v, wiiich is covfud with a soft wliitc (l..\vn. TIk-
lonjf piotnidin^-- stamens ^\\v a fcatlu-ry aiipoaraiicc to the
iipeii hell-shaped hji^soiiis. and as it ^Tous at extrenidv lii^di
altitudes, where tlowers of any kind arc rather rare and
larj^e showy <.nes ahnc.st unknown, the Mountain I'hacelia
is a real treasure-trove to the traveller. It has ;i very stronj,'
disaj^'reeahle odour.

I'hacelia lirterof^liylla. c.r I Hue I'h;.celia. has stout muyh-
hairy .stems, and lanceolate entire |)ointe(! silkv white-hairv
leaves, pinnately and o|)|i(|iio|y veined, the lower one taper-
inj,' into a stalk and usually havinj,' a jiair of lateral leatlets.
I he l)lui.sh-pur|)le llowers i^mw in a short dense terminal
spike and sm.dlcr axillaiy spikes, and the filaments are
nv.ich exscrtcd and sparin.ijly lieardcd.

FALSE FORGET-ME-NOT

I (itt'ilii tlfiil'iiinlti. I!nr,ii>i' I';miily

Stems: sofi-liirsnte, r.itluT -triit. Leaves: i'li|..nu; \n liiuTir I'litirc,
sfssilc. Flowers: in ihiiiutimis raci'iiu-. iuarl> tiwt. (Iciisily lldwircd ;
o.rnlla ftiiiiifl-form, tive-l.iliccl. Fruit: mitk'ts Kitk.l. iJ.ipillo^c-tnl.iTcu-
l.ili' nil tlu' h.u-k. the iii.iif^iiis armed willi a >iiij;l(.- row of llal .siilmlalc
prickk-s.

i here have pn.hahly heen more ;>rt,aiments hctween travel-
lers over these tlowers than over any other plant that <jro\vs
in the mountain rci^ions. Xinety-nine persons out of every
hundred will ,<,rathcr the lovelv skv-hlue blossoms, deli<rhtin<'-
m their beauty and inhalinj,^ with joy the delicate fr;i,t;rance
of their perfume, under tl;e firm conviction that it is the
true F()ri,'et-nie-not they are pickin,^ : whereas — alas for
the shattering- of a pretty romance! — it is onlv the sweet-
scented blossoms of the 1%-dse lM)r.i,a»t-me-not thev are ,qath-
erinjj:, which have as usual practi.sed a successful deception
upon the unwary.

M . i I \ 1 \ . \ 1 ' i I \ . I !

i! I

:^^:.MJ.

^^ r

M^

..^^'r^^^j^^^-f

* ' «i

'w:i

lilUi' to Purple I'/ou,r,

28 r

^"uml w.th ,.,Hkk-s ,n fact tiny l.nrs. uhid, ,..• u tlu-

-"-..n .KUMc. of StickscnI. a,,.l certainly the.. ,M,U. .....U ,,^

stuk an,I Mu-k very fast in.iee.l. t. tl.e cl..,|„n,r .,f „,,..„„

;;;;;• ;;:;--pa>sin.ani...a.. T.,e tn.e C Jn-e-.:

■Il>c- ..e,n. an.I Ion. ,,,rrow loaves ,,f the /.,/./.»/« //,../-
'-''/'' are onere-Iuuh a slight soft .Iou„. It ^n.us verv
-• -n.ler tavo„rahIe nrcnManu.s. ...oh as near ua.er an.I

:••• ^--IK-n sunshiny sl„,..s. an,! its tlouers. I.h„ as heaven
t-Ht. or very oaas.onally white, are funnel-forn,. the tnl.e

-n, very short an.I having i,s throat nearlv do...I ,,. ,ive
"at I"l'C's. uhKh ,onn a cirenlar archinj,^ crest in the centre
iK' tnu- stan,ens. an.l the style with its nnnnte capitate
>ti.i:n.a. are set m,s,.I, ,l,is hri-ht vellow circle or " eve -
't 'natters little, after all. whether these llower^ are
false or trne; they are heantitul to look upon, and verv
fraj^rant. as tliey hold their

I'i^h up in sonie alpine n.eadow. where the air is fresh an<I

-^-eson..n,d where the whole world seen, full of won-
(lerful possihdities.

iMtMa diffusa, or Rock Stickseed. is sonunvhat like the
J.recedmj,^ species, hut not so tall, and has wider and more
pointed leaves. The hlue (lowers, too. are larger, though
fewer u, nunikT. and the extrenu-Iy pricklv nutlets have
stalKs more than a (juarter of an inch lon<r.

LiJtti'Ut cchinata. or Burseed. has much stnaller leaves

282

li/ui- to Purple I'loutrs

\\

\

and very tiny l.rij,'|jt blue llowtT^. t-ach indivi.lnal l)l..ssoni
IwitiK' little larj-cr than a pin's lu-ad 'llu'Si- tlowcrs ^tou in
cl..M- leaCy-hraitcd ramncs. wliiili an- more o" less one-
sided, and when in fruit the plant k-ars innumerable tiny
Inirs. This is an ininjdnced plant.

MOUNTAIN FCRGET-ME-NOT

MyiKfotis „lf,-sliis. Itnr.iKc I'aiiiily
Stems: t-riTt. tnfte.l. Leaves: uI,1„„k. ij,„,„ Flowers: in ,l.-n,t-
r.ii-.-m,s; c.dyx five imric.l. l„rM,u- n,r.,II,, s.,K..r-iur,„, iIk il„.,.t «.il,
small lilimt crcMs at llu' I.mm' ..f tin- mnmU-.l l,,|,i„.

This is the real true F..rj,'et-nie-n..t. It -row . ,r..ni
about four to six imhes h,i,rh and is f.nnid .mK at hij,ri,
altitudes. Its tiny luniuoise IIowcts ate vit\ Ira-rant.
I'niike the prickly burs of the " balse " species, llie nutlets of
the true l"orjrft-nie-not ;ire (nute smooth.

There are imuimerable stories told conceruin-,^ the^e blue-
eyed llouers, which are the emblems ot nndyin- love and
are identified with our most roinantir sentiments. One of
the most charmin<.,r Ic;.ri.,„|^ ;i|„,„t ,i,^.,„ ^,„^^ ^]^^^^.

" U'Ikii Io ihf tl<i\v<.T> M. hiatititiil
'i Ik- Father nave a naiiu-.
'Iliere caiiu- a little liliie-eyed ime
(.Ml timidly it came).
And. standiiii.; ;ii the I'ailier - fe<t,
And RaziiiK in !Iis f.ice.
It s.iid. ill low and trciiiMini.; ll.ne•^,
^■et with a gentle «race :
' Dear Lord, the name Thoti v vf>t me.
Alas ! I have forRot ' :
Kindly the leather Icnkid llim duuii
.And said, ' horget Me not.'"

.^'^ffs^tmh.^^A

lilui' i'j I* HI pit l/fju,rs

:H.;

TALL LUNGWORT

.1/.'/, // 1/ . f'llll :il,i!a. I.'l.tk'i I'':ill,'U

l<iiiii;li-[iiilu»i rtii Stems: lU't. Iir.iiii lu-.l .il.i".f, ilif Iir.ii.lu-- ■.li-ii
tk-r. Leaves: ilim, innii.ii' 1> •.tiiinl. ili ■ • i ii,. -tiin ■■k.iti Lm. cLiii
ai'tiniiii.ii' . '. i ,il Ic.i.i-- '■\,,iti-, r.'inilt'l Flowers: ^cM-r.i! tlnwirril i.i
liHi»c trriiiiii.il iMi.i'U- ' ,il> \ I'll'!- .iiulc. ("I'lll.i liiiiiul [■■nil, ^ri'-tcil
ill till- i!iii..it.

'I lie T.ill I.iini^uiiri Liriiu- I'rum '<ur \<i tlirco tVfl lii.L;li.
aii'l i> I'lK' lit till- li.iinl-i iinf>t iiit'iiilur- •>! a l.iiiiil\ i.| ci.ir^f
;iii<l liairs i)laiit> it li.i- >.r> -li'i\\\ liliic ll^wiT-, llu'ir
tnliv> crt'-tnl iii I lie thi' 'a! ami llir lulir- mil) -li^lillv -prrail-
ilt^'. Ilir~ri^!ii\\ i!i |. '1 i-r tiiiiiiiia! ilu-trr>.

I'rnlialiK 11 !•< liiiauH' ilure art' -i i uu nallv lilnc iiniun-
taiii wild tli'UiT> thai uc -]n« iall\ \>v\/\ tlii^ -tnkiiii; plant.
< >ii i'\iT\ liaiitl wc -(.•«.• sariMii^ -liaiK - nl' |iiir|iK'. tiiaiuo. \i'>-
k'l. and lK-l!iitrii|ic, hut \t.r_\ laials ^l lilm-.

■• i'.iin ' ■ I I - till till' "I h' .iwr, till- iI'MiLiiii
( l| < vnllii.i. tlii' u I'U' jmI..' I "l' till -1111,
riu- !. HI ..[■ I li -lnTll-, .ill'l .ill lll^ II .1111,
I 1,1 I.I. ..|i,,r i.t <l.iit(U. •^•■\'\, ui.iv. all. I

r.llU ' I 1- l!n hlf .t W.lKt -, ■.. (Mil

Ai.il .il! II- li:i-.tl -II. .mi-.

I'.'iu ' (i.ntli- .'■ii-lh ..1 llii' |..ri-t L'Miii,

.\l.iiiiiil I.I '.^ncii III .ill till- -\M>'t-t 'Liwir-."

MiTtiiisiii i'hliiiiijif(iliii. I If r.liir I .nn:;\\i iri. i> tint mi tall
a^ till' jironiliiiL; >iK'(it>, ^inwiiiL; I'lih li.itii tniir ti> v\ii\\[
iiiclic's lii,t;li, tlu- >tciii- ii-ii.ilK -nlitarx Irmii tin- ^li'irt. tliirk,
I'oni-likf riMit. IIk' Kmm'^ aic tililmiL;. ,!tnl fiMii'lnl .it llii-
apfx. till- li'Wvr iiiH'^ ''ciir,; ^iiialKr than ilir-t- at the itinMle
<if ihc stiMii. 'Ilir \rr\ liiiLiht ilt-ar hhu- tlnwciN .in- iniiinT-
ciis in a (.lii^c Krniinal i lii^'a-r. the narn'U l.iln'> nt the I'mir-
parti'il calvx arc iiiiiiiiti.K liairv, ait'l tin- iiiimcliUrm cnnilla
lia> an ahruiitly ililatcil thru it uiili iiuhv^cml tif^t^ at it>

284

liliie to Purple Floicers

\ 1

k

\^

base on a line \\ iili the stamens. The nutlets arc (lull and
with oil! use anj^les. they are wrinkled at maturity. This
plant grows in moist i)laces.

DRAGON HEAD

Dracoirf'luiluiii f'liriirioniiii. Mitu F:;niily

Stems: erect, leafy. Leaves: ovate-lanceolate, sliariily cm-iootlied.
Flowers: in \vlior!>, crowded in a terminal si)ike.

The leafy erect stems of this plant are crowned with dense
whorle<l spikes (,f small purple-hlue (lowers, the ui)per lip of
the small slender corolla is arched and notched, the lower
one heinj,^ three-cleft, with the lar-e middle luhe again two-
deft or notched at the end. The leaves are long-shaped and
very sharply toothed, the hnver ones being petioled and tlie
upper .sessile.

HEART OF THE EARTH

PniiuUa xuliiiuis. Mint I'amily

Stems: mnneron.s slen.ler, erect or procunii.ent, nsnalK Mniple.
Leaves: iliin. ovate or oidunR. ol.tuse. entire or creiiate. Flowers: in
den^e. l.racted, terminal and a.sillary spikes; calvx cylin.lraceous with
lursute teeth; corolla-tnhe inilated. l.ilahiate. the upper lip entire,
arched, the lower lip siireadinj,', three-li.hed.

The dense purple spikes of the I'niiicUa are \ery common
beside ali)ine streams and in the grassy meadows. This
plant, which was called I'niiuila by Linn;i'us. is more sig-
nihcantly named Bninclh}. because it is suppo.sed to contain
a remedy for die Ihaunc, or the (|uinsy, and hence some
ancient German botanist originally called it Hnincllcn.

It is not an attractive flower, for its elongated spikes, cov-
ered with dark reddish bracts, have usually only a few scat-
tered blossoms on them, and e\en these are insignificant.

.ly'i

liltie to Piirplt' Fhjucn

>S5

The leaves j^^niu in pairs up the stems, and are fieciuently
marked with reddish patches.

WOUNDWORT

Sliulixs piiliisliis. Mint l-'aniily

Stems: croct, >iiiii. >imi)l(.-, n.-irrir-i--liisi'i(l on ilic anulc--. Leaves:
firm, l.iiut-iilati'. (ililipiii;, ,ilnin~t -cs-ik-, .Kiitr at tin- ■a\<v\. siilK<i|ilatt- at
the l)aM', (k'ntatc. Flowers: in cln-tir-, lorniini; an i-!iint;ati-(l iutir-
riiiitfd sjiikc.

The Winindwnri ha> fmrn six to ten rrddi-Ii -purple (low-
ers in each .>f the \vlinrl> tliat encirele its stem at inter\als,
and also hears a terminal cluster at the top. Staclixs means
"a spike," and refers to its elon<j^;itevl llower-spikes, while
f'aliistris si<,mifies '" j^n'owini^ in swamps." and is therefore
])eciiliarly appropriate to this plant, which freipient> verv
moist place>. Pruhai)ly it is sometimes called I ledj^e Xeltle
hecanse the leaves resemhle those of the true .Xettle, hut
without the stin-^inj,-- properties of tlie latter. Staclivs is a
very hairy plant, its leaver and stems hein^^ a|i covered with
i|nantities nf fme hairs, and (ierade claims to ha\e cured
wounds I)\ hindini^ it owr the cuts, and in olden da\> these
plants were fre(|uently employed to stoj) hleediiii;. jicnce the
name of Woundwort.

ti'

CANADA MINT

Mentha ciiiuuli-usis. .Mint I'aniily

Stems: trcit, simpk' cr liraiiclK d. Leaves: (ililunK, acnii'. sliarply
scrratf. Flowers: all in -liort ami litii-v, -c-silc, axillary «I.Miu'nik's ;
calyx <il)l(inK'-fain|)ainilate, pnkc-cciit, tivc-tudtlicd ; corolla irre^nlarly
fuiir-cjeft.

The traveller has only to pick a spray of this i)lant to
know its name, >'int, from Minthe. a lovely nymph whom

286

Blue to Purple Flowers

the jealous Proserpine chanj^ed into a flower so that she
niijj^lit not win the a(hniration of I'hito, her lord and master.
At least the memory of tlie ill-fated beauty is kept forever
green and fragrant, for the leaves of the Mint contain
numerous tiny glands in which is secreted a volatile oil that
has an excessively strong odour and flavour.

The llowers. which are either pinkish-purple or ])urplish-
pink, and very occasionally white, gnnv in dense little clus-
ters in the axils of the leaves.

Mentha canadensis var. hmata. or Hairy Mint, closely re-
sembles the j)rcce(ling species, but has densely tomentose or
lanate stems and untler surfaces of leaves.

f '

f^;

BLUE-EYED MARY

Colliiisia tcnclhi. I'igwort Family

Stems: viry sk'tiilcr ami weak. Leaves: oMonjr or laiiccnlate, mostly
obtiisc at the apex ami narrowed at tiie base, entire or sparingly tootlied,
the lower ones op|)o.siie, the upper ones in whorls. Flowers: on long
pedicels; corolla variegated blue and white, ti)e throat longer than the
limb, which is two-lipped, the tipper lip two-cleft, its lobes recurved, the
lower lip larger ami three-lnbed.

A pretty, fragile, little plant, with numerous variegated
blue and white bhjssoms. It grows thickly in moist places,
seldom attaining more than eight inches in height. It is not
unlike a verv tinv Lobelia.

\ »

LARGE PURPLE BEARD-TONGUE

I'riistcnioit fiuticosus. Figwort Family

Stems: diHTumient, defiisely spreading, woody at the base. Leaves:
ovate or lanceolate, serrulate or entire. Flowers: in glandular hairy
terminal racemes, calyx five-parted, corolla tubular, moderately bilabiate,
the upper lip two-lobed, the lower lip three-lobed and bearded within.
Fruit: seeds numerous, angled but not winged.

liliic to Purple I-hjucrs

2^7

TIk'm.' li;ni(I><)tiic i)ur|)It' and |)iiiki>h iIduit- arc an iiuh
or niorc in k-n.i^tli and inrin lari,'c inat> i-f lirilliant ciildtir
upon the rocks at wry Ih.ljIi c1c\ atiims. 'I lie jilant yn.us
low n])on tlk- ^riiund and lia> nninorun-- slmrt erect sliii.its.
hcarinj,^ the lilos-oins, wliicli are tul)nlar in slia])e and have
two h"i)s. the lower one hein;,^ thicklv liearded with s, .ft white
hairs, t'custciiuni conie^ from tJic ( ireek pcntc. " ti\e."' and
slriiion, "a stamen." and refers to the lari;e tilth stcril'-
slanien, uhicli i> simply a tilanient uilhont an anther and i-<
densely haiiy iike the lower li]). It i^ to this pert little
hearded ton.Li'ne, which ])roiects far hc-omd iIk' other fi >ur
lertile st.amens, that the tlower owes its coiumon name.

ri'iisti'iiiiin Mcii.riisii. or SnialMea\ed l'>eard-ton<riie, is
a densely matted prostrate shrnh with lateral leafv hranches
which hear erect ilouerim;' shoots two to -ix inche- hiiL,di.
The leaxes are small thick oval more or le-.. dentate, most
of the i)etioles and the tlowcrin^^ >tems hearin^^ >cveral ])airs
of ohlont,'' leaf-like hract^. The pnr])le corolla is tnhnlar-
fiinnel-form and hilahiate. the lower lip I)ein,t,' hearded
within, and the sterile filament is den•^ely hearded.

rcnsti'iiidii f^r<>ci'nis. or I'.hie l!eard-ton_mie. has sinooih.
slender stems and lanceolate, entire lea\es. The iIowcts are
l)ri<,dit hlne or \ioIet, and are set in dense \erticill;ite cln^ters
ronnd the stem, and in a more or less elonq;ated head. The
calyx is <^lan(lnlardiairy ami deeply cleft, and the fnnnel-
lorm corolia is half to three quarters of an inch in length
and slightly hairy, the lower lip heinj^^ hearded within.

J'ciistciiiou liKiiiilis. or Sletider l'.eard-ton<,nie, has nuincr-
ons stems ,l;tow in<:[ from a woody h.ise. The hasal lea\es
are spatnlate or ohlanceolale and short-petioleil. and the
npper ones are linear and .sessile, also ^ niewhat clasping,

288

Blue to Purple Flowers

i

if 1

I y

i' 3;

h

in

they are all entire or occasionally serrulate. The blue flow-
ers ^row in an upri^'ht, loose panicle, the corolla is tubular-
funnel form and bilabiate within. The inflorescence is
slightly visci(l-i)ul)escent.

ALPINE SPEEDWELL

rcroiiica al/'iihi i'<ir. iinahtsclwiisis. [•"igwfyrt Family

Stems: erect, slender, usually simple. Leaves: (iMouj^, ovate, ses-
sile, mostly rounded at liotli ends, nearly entiri.'. Flowers: in ,i short
narrow raceme; corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply four-lobed,
the lower lohe the narrowest.

These small azure-blue blossoms win the love of many a
traveller by reason of the fact that they are amonjr the last
flowers he sees growinj; in the crevices of the fjjreat moraines
below the j^laciers, and are frcf|uently the flrst ones to
Tueet his eyes as he comes off the snowy ice-fields after mak-
ing some arduous ascent.

"The little speedwell's darling blue"

renders it conspicuous. thoug;h its flowers are very stnall
indeed, being clustered together at the tops of the stems.
One marked peculiarity of the Speedwells is that the blos-
soms, which are cleft into four lobes, usually have the lower
segment narrower than the rest. The Dutch call this plant
" Honour and Praise." Inr-cause it was once upon a time
believed to contain valuable medicinal pro])erties. Many
claimed it to be an excellent remedy for scrofula, and it was
the great Liimicus himself who grouped it. together with
all its relatives, under the family name of Scrophiilariacccc,
or Figwort.

The term J^cronica suggests far more beautiful associ-
ations. Here the plant is named after Saint V^eronica, who
in her turn was thus canonized because, according to an an-

Blue to Purple Flouers

289

cicni tradition, slic wiped tlie drops of aj^'onv tmni our

S,

ivioiir s tace when on His wav to C"

irv. and c\cr at'tcr-

wards her kerchief hore the vera iconica, " tlie true hkeness,"
of His sacred features.

reronica hnmifiisa. or 'I'hymc-leaved Speedwell, niav l)e
recoj,niized l)y its decumlient I)ranchin<,' stems; that is to say.
the stems are curved near the ha>e ami he partly on the
j^^nnind, r(jotin<,' where the joints touch the earth. Tsually
these steins },tow in i)airs and hear at their ujijjer ends spikes
of pale ,i(ray-hlue hlossoms striped with dark hlue. the tiny
tlowers also j^rowini,' at dose interv:ds lower down on the
stalks. The small (ihlon;,' leaves j^^rmv in opposite pairs.
Occasionally the flowers are white.

I '. rotiicii aiiuricaiia, or Water Speedwell, is perennial hy
stolons, or leafy shoots developed in the autumn. The
stems are stout, often rootinj^ at the nodes, and usually
hranclu'd. The leaves are l.'inceolate. acute, serrulate or
entire and short-petioled. The iieduncled raceme^ are ixirne
in the axils of the leaves, and the tluwers are pale hlue with
pur|)lish stripes.

BUTTERWORT

/ '1 ;/.!,' !((', i(/ii Z'liliidiis. l!l:i(|(UTWiTt F.itiiily

Stems: >ca|)c i,'l''i')roti-, trill T, eaves: i'r>im tlinc t" -(\cii in ;i ro-rttc
at the rase of ■liu >^■:i\>t■, ciiiin,, .htM-e. Flowers: DiU'-llnwcri d :

calyx tUc-iiartt'il : Cdrnlla Iiilalii.itr, iit- iipinr lip two-ilcft, tia- lower
line tlire<.-clcit, lia-e ol ilie cordlla saccate and contracted intu a nectar-
iferous, acute, nearly straight spur.

At first si,i,dit the lUitterwort looks like a lovely larji^e pur-
ple violet, hut a second j^lance reveals its rosette of verv
pale ji^reen leaves, with their iinolute niar-^ins. and the
traveller at once reco<,mizes the riiu/iiiiiiln. its name heing
derived from the Latin l^imjuis. " fat," and referring to the

(i'

zgo

Blue to Purple Floicers

A

S ':

horrible slimy f,'rcasy secretion with which its leaves are
Coated, and which renders them most repulsive to the touch.

The liutterwort is carnivorous like the Sundew, and hy
means of the colourless fluid secreted hy the .tjlandular hairs
ccnerin^' tlie leaves it catches insects and the irritation
thereby set up causes the glands to exude an increased su])-
ply which becomes very acid and capable of di.i,a\sting the
animal matter entrapped. Later tiie dissolved nitrot,enous
matter is absorbed and assimilated by tiie plant. The 15ut-
terwort resorts to these evil insectivorous practices in order
to obtain sufficient nitrofjen for its nutriment, as it usually
gnnvs in ])laces where the soil is deficient in this respect.

The flowers are of a rich purple colour, and are two-lipped,
the upper lip beinj,' cleft into two and the lower lip into three
lobes. These lobes are delicately veined and the lower ones
are covered with white hairs. The ct)roIla terminates be-
hind in a lonj,' .straight spur. The liutterwort always grows
near water, and usually in swamps or other very niuist places.

ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT

Oiiibanchc uiiiHura. Rrooni-raiie I'aniiiy

Stems: one indi long, snlnerranc.in or nearlv so. Leaves: none.
Flowers: solitary, without bracts, corolla with a lunti curved tube
spreading into two lips, five lohed, yellow bearded within. Fruit:
capsidc elongated, egg-shaped, seeds numerons.

The Orobanchcs are beautiful root-parasites, whom Na-
ture has rendered destitute of green foliage as a punishment
for their thievish ways of imbedding their roots in those of
honest plants, and thereby drawing nourishment from their
neighbours, instead of manufacturing it for themselves.
The One-flowered Cancer-root is stamped as a pirate by its
short scaly subterranean stem and brownish scape-like

Mk

S%:^

Blue to Purple Flowers

291

jKiduncIes, on which the solitary \ iulct tlnutTs are lM)rnc.
(Jrolninclw fascicnlalii. or Naked taiicer-root. has scalv
stems which are tliickeiied and knotty ')cio\v, and hear on
their summits one or more chistered pc(hnKles. and at the
end of each of the latter is a soHtary. imrph^h or vellowi^h
(lower. Tlie calyx is live-toothed, and the corolla tiihnlar.
over an inch Ion-,', with live spreadinj,' lohes and somewhat
hilahiate. This ("ancer-root is parasitic on tlie root-, of
.\rtemisia, I*>io<jonum and other plants i^rowini^ in sandy
soil.

BOSCHNIAKIA

Boschtuakia slii'hihu iti. lliMi>tii-r.i|)(.' I'.iiiiily

Stems: four to twelve inclu--. Iiinli. Leaves: 111 .m.'. Flowers: r.ilyx
short willi two sct.iCfous l)r;iitk'ts ,it l>.i>i-, irrcKulai, the lulli snlml.itc
from a liro.id l)ave. coroll.i venlricoii, uppiT liji t-riit. Fruit: c.ipsulc
rIoIiosc, seeds liglit-coloured, witli ;i >|K>iiKy coat.

Boschniakia is a parasitic herl), and has stnut. thick, pnr-
plish-hrown clustered stems, the dense scales heinj; much
imhricated. It flowers from near the tjround in conedike
spikes, and the hilahiate corolla has an entire upper lip. its
mar<,nns involute, and a naked twodol)ed lower li]). the sta-
mens heiu",' densely woolly at the hase. Its cuniinun lK)St
plants are (laultheria and Arctostaphylus.

lU

HAREBELL

Camfanuhi rotundif, 'a. C'amiiaiinla I'aiiiily
Stems: slender, ereet. simple or liraiiched. Leaves: lias.d ones orliic-
iilar or hroadly ov.ite to cordate; cmliiie ones sessile, linear. Flowers:
buds erect on slender pedicels, tlowers drooping or siireading; corolla
campanulatc, five-lobed.

These hells of hrilliant purplc-1)lue are familiar to every
traveller in the temperate zone, for from " P>onnie .Scot-

292

Blue to Purple Flowers

;ii

land " to the Pacific Slope tlic IIarel)dI j,'race.s many a hill
and dale.

I'oets in every aj,'e have sunjj of this llouer, which is the
real lilueliell of Scotland, the favonrile tloial emhleni of the
" l-and o" cakes and hrither Scots," for, as the old >onj,'
says :

" I.i't till- prdtnl Iiwlian hoa^t nf his ji ssatr.iiic ImuiTs,
\\\> pastiirts (if iK'rfmiif. and rMsc-ci>l(iiiri-(l dells,
Wliili' Imnilily I sinK <>{ iIium- wild littK. ilcwir-,
'I'lif liliu'lii'lls (if Scdilaiid. tlic St-.itiisli lilmlulls."

The name r»tinhlif,>lla refers to the round, sii heart-
shaped hasal leave ..f tlie i)lant which uitlicr - 'Hv, while
the stem-leaves, which are numerous, narrow and pointed,
remain. .\ marked characteristic of these llowers is that,
althou},di the Inids i,'row erect on their slender stalks, the full-
blown hlossoms droo]) or are horizontal in order to protect
their pollen fn .m the rain. The name 1 larehell refers to the
hair-like stems of the plant, and the common term Uluehell
is usually reserved for the Wild Hyacinth, which is a very
(lifTerent flower, havin,-.; thick juicy stalks and resemhlin.i,'
the ijarden sjjecies.

The Harebell is extremely hardy and m.iy he found in the
crevices of the cliffs, defyinj,' the fierce alpine storms or
j,'-rowin.t,f on dry wind-swept meadows, or strikin^j its roots
into the tim'est patch of soil, .so as to jjain a foothold on the
ed!i:e of some terrific precipice, where its delicate hells, so
" darkly, deejily, beautifully blue." bend but never break be-
fore the blusterinfj jj^ale. This wonderful vitality of tiie
Campanula is commemorated by Sir Walter Scott when, de-
scribint,' I'.llen in The Lady of the Lake, he savs:

"E'en llic liclit linrcbill raided its head
I'"Iastic fmiii her airv tread."

IM Mil VI

i

re

1

f

I =^

I I \i;l i;i I I.
( I aiiij'dnuld 1 1 liindil'Uui )

-"'3

294

lilui' to Pur pit' Floii'crs

1^

.1

\\i'

'I

Caiiif>aniila lasionirf'a. or Antic I larcltfll, is a low-grow-
injj spccii's with lint-ar acntt- ^t-ssik-, tonally entire u])\)vr
leavo>^. the lower ones heint; spatitlate and narrowed into
petioles, while the hrij^ht hlue llowcrs are nearly erect an<l
solitary ..n the short stalks. This Harebell },'rows on the
alpine siinunits.

BROOK LOBELIA

/.oh, Ha Kiiliiiii. l.ulidi.i I'.imily

Stems: K;ify, Kl.iltrMu-., |i,iiii( nlatilv liram lied. Leaves: Iowt om-i
".liiiliil.-ili-. olitiiM', alnicis. iniirr; ii])|.ir cut,., si-s,ili-. linear, .•iciile. Flow-
ers: in louse raci'iiics ; lalyx-liiln- tiirliiiialf. licmis|iliiTif. loin's lamc-
ol.ili'; i-orolia-tiilic sl.ainhl. oMiiiiif, ilniijid to I'lf li.i-c on one side.
tvvo-li|i|)eil, irrcfjularly ti\i'-lolic<l.

Those who are familiar with the cultivated fjarden species
of Lobelia will easily reco.!,Miize tlie mountain l'>rook Lobelia,
which usually j^rows at the extreme ed!.,^e of a stream, or
half immersed in some warm wet swamp, where its j,'rass-
like stems bearin<,f their racemes of sky-blue blossoms, spring,'
up in little companies anionjjst the water-weeds, the P.utter-
worts. and the I'ly-sputted Orchis.

LARGE PURPLE ASTER

Aster iiiiispiiuus. Coiuposite I-aniily

Stems: stout, ri^'id. Leaves: ov.ite, oMon.t,', acute, serrate, ly.

Flowers: in innnvrons coryniliosely eyniose heads; involucre 1 idly

canii)annlatc, its liracts in several seriis ; rays in a single ser. ,, not
very numerous; disk-dowcrs tnlndar, perfect.

In August or September the mountain incac'ows and for-
ests teem with many of these Howers, for then

" Kverywliere llie purple asters n k1,
And head, ;ind w.ne, and Hit."

They are the pret'- heralds of .\utumn, some of them tall,
handsome, and statt.y, like the Large Purple Aster; some

5 '

r

i

PLATK LVII

I'.KcuiK I.Mr.ll 1 \

( /.••1',-liii Kdlinii)

296

f^ltie fr, Purple Flowers

%

, I

b' i

Minte small, s.mmc I.i^r at„l I.tamhin;,'. and ntlu-rs ai^ain
sirai^'IU and slcndi-r. but a!', i.ndinjr t.. ^lorifv ih, earth.
'Ilu- .Istrr co„stia,„s is tlie !., -est and hand-onu-^t ni all
Its tnlHT. as its name su^^j^ests. I' is verv branching' .n<l has
lar^'c k-avcs that arc sharply .<.'hcd: whik- the invohurc
or ^rmi cni, which IrnKK the |1,.um. is nirionslv fumied l.v
several series of tiny narriiw-(v)i- i
horizontally and jjive it a »rii ;< '
this Aster are a Ir.vely iiriy ,r),
the centre are polden yello\

.Ister I'remotili. or I'reni t '.-
species. It also has purple r.\ '
disk-tlowers. All the Aster-
tubular disk-tlowers crowdei. t ^'.i
surn.unded by the rays, or r.\-:l,.
.shai)ed. the wlidc bi-infr held ojyrf'

involucre, of bracts. The leaves ,,f I n :no,n-s .\ster are
quite suK.oth at the edj^'es.

The .\sters ar.' niuch-pri/.e,l Hovvers. because they conn-
to us at .. .se.iM.n when the whole world is ualkiu- in russet
j,'arl) al..r,- u penitential pathwav th.ii K-ads to u inter's
pri.son. Only the (;..l,len-r. -ds aixl .\sters are left to
linf,'er throu^di the soft -ray days of late autumn, an.l u hat
could be more beautiful than these M„ssoins of purple
and },'old. which, where the s,„i strikes li^dit with his rnddv
lances, bejewel the burnished lustre of bare braiahes anil
brown fallen leaves?

Aster fromicHs. or T.eafy-bracted .\ster. is a slout-
steninied erect sfjccies. with violet, purple, or white rays.
It has many flowers .^rowin- on short stalks, which spring
out at intervals from the axils oi the claspin- smooth-
edged leaves, all the way tip the long main stems; and the

bracts, which -land out
I, learance. The ravs of
' . and the disk-flowers in

'•r, K p \ery c 'iiimon

tiler ' >r •■ ni^h-veltow

. iicr'>u>, tiii>.

• '■' 'sc cluster aiKJ

oh are straj)-

'1 I green cu]). or

lUm- t'i Piirpii llout'fs

297

lir;Kt> of ilif -rcin mvi.liKre arc very ooii>|(icu.>iis. cs|»c-
iialK till- outer aiul lower >crifs. wliuli spn-atl lortli lioii-
zoiitally and arc almost like tiny leaves. This \>ter iiMially
yrows near water.

.Istc /:nt/i-liiunuii. or I-.nj^'eltnatitrs Aster, is a r.iilur tall
rolnist plant, of n.ar-e .ipiiearanie. with eln-^lers of pmple
(lowers, eaiii one },'"'^^"iK ""i it'> own induulnal axillary
.stalk, or el>e in ;i lernim.il i\nie.

A coniin..n laii^Iidi name for .\>ter> i- Mieliadnias
Daisir,. I)vean>e they l.looni at the feast of Saint Mieh.iel,
aceordin},' to

" riu- 1 .iltiiil.ir,
I'aitlifiil tlir •null .i ilidiisaiiil yi;ir>.
()t till' |i;iifiiii| r.iii- 111 iln«iT-,

I'.S.Ht fii ll.lj^. tX.nt In liiinr>."

./.s7<T Linilhxiinits. or Lnidley's .\Mer, has tall stout
ste(n> liranehed alM.ve. thick f,'laI)roiis leaves, the lower ones
crdato at the hase. -harply ■^errate and iicnfc, and the upper
ones ovate, nearly entire and sessile. The violetdilue flow •
CIS are i i ininiepn,s, .md the ten to twenty rays are n
(|iiarter to |]alf an imh loni.^-.

.Liter la-ris. or Smooth \>Ier, lia> thick, n^nallv entire,
ronj^di-inarf^'incd leaves, the upper ones sessile and stronjily
cordatc-cl;lspin;,^ the l.asal and lower ones -.jraduallv nar-
rowed int(. \\'\w^v<\ petioles. The pttrple-I.hie flower heads
are nmnerous, the involucre heini,' canipainilate. its hracls
ni,'id ;i(Ute a|)pres>ed and iinhricated in se\er;d series. The
rays niimher fifteen to thirty.

.Istrr h'irliardxoiiii, or Kichardsou's .\ster. is h.nrv and
much hraiK hed from the hase. The leaves are oMonjj spatii-
late and serrate. The violet-purple tlower heads are soli-
tary. terminatin<,^ the hranches. and the involucre is broadly

>ii

« '
III

'Si

298

Blue to Purple Flowers

♦ »

i I

canipanulate, the bracts being narrowly lanceolate.with acute
loose herbaceous tips.

Aster major, or Great Northern Aster, has tall stems
which are leafy to the summit and very hairy. The leaves
are lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate
at the apex, sharply serrate, dark green above and rather
paler l)eneath. The purjile flower heads are usually solitary
at the ends of short branches. The rays number thirty to
forty-five.

Aster c Hi o mar (J i not us, or Hairy-margined .\ster, has tall
round stems tinged with red. The basal leaves are smooth
with hairy-fringed margins, .serrate, and ta])ering into wing-
margined petioles, the upper leaves are oblong and sessile.
The light blue flower heads are few in an open panicle, and
the linear in\olucral bracts are fringed with hairs on the
margins.

Aster sibiricus, or Violet Aster, has broadly lanceolate
leaves, and .solitary violet flowers terminating th»' coryinbi-
form branches. The involucre is short, its bracts narrowly
lanceolate with acute loose herbaceous tips.

I'l

1^

if-

BLUE FLEABANE

Erigcron acris. Conipositi. I-'amily

Stems: liirsitte-pnhescent, slender, simple or hrancheil. Leaves:
pnhescent, entire, the lower ones spatulatc, the upper ones ()l)lon;.», ses-
sile; involucre hemispheric, its hracts linear, hirsute. Flowers: rays
numerous, tubular; pistillate flowers filiform; pappus simple, copious.

A very common species of Fleabane, which has numerous
small flowers growing in a cluster at the top of each slender
stem, and also a few solitary axillary blossoms lower down.
The whole plant is hairy, the lower leaves being spatulate
and the upper ones oblong, all with smooth perfect margins.

1 i

W

Blue to Purple Flowers

299

The I'lcabanes differ tn.in the Asters in one very essen-
tial particular, namely, that the rays of the former are nuuh
narrower and very much more mimen.us than those of the
latter, forminj,' a thick fine frin-e nmnd the ed^a- of the
flowers. Also the I'leahaues hloom earlier in the season.
They are extremely prolific.

lirujcron f^lilhuirlf^liicus, or Lavender I'leal.ane. has a
thick, finely cut lavender frin,i,^e encirclinj,' its vellow disk of
tiny tubular florets. The leaves are very ' claspinj,' and
toothed, and the ray.; often nuniher one hundred an<l twenty.

Eriiicron iinitJonis, or Arctic Meahane. is a tinv dwarf
plant. j,'rowinj,r from one to six inches hi<,di, and found
only on the loftiest mountain sumnu'ts. It has a sin.s^le
.slender stem, which is clothed at the ha-e hv a small cluster
i-i ;.:iiooth-marji,nned hairy leaves; a few little narrow leaves
also gnnv hi-her u]). At the top is a solitary purpli.sh
flower. The whole plant is very hairy and woolly.

Eriyeron laiiaftis. ..r .\lpine I'leahane. is also a sjjecies
which p^rows at .threat elevation- It has Ix.th jnirple and
white flowers, and is covered u iih :i s.ift. whitish, woolly
coatinj,'.

Eriijeron salsit(/iih>siis. or Lar-^a- Purjile I'leahane. is the
kinj,' of its trihe. It has very lar;.,re ai 1 lovely purple flow-
ers, with hi-,' yellow disks and a few small, thick, smooth
leaves clin.i^'injr to its stout downy stems. The ra_\ s number
from fifty t.. seventy, and the bracts of the involucre are
narrow and spreadin,!.,'. This i)articular rica').me is (piite
unmistakable, for it is much lari,H'r and handsomer than any
of the other mountain species, and makes the aljjine meadows
and slopes quite <^ay during its flowering season, which is
in the early autumn.

300

Blue to Purple Flouers

ti

U'l

PURPLE SAUSSUREA

Saussurcii di-iisu. Composite Family

Stems: luarly smniitli with a (icctimheni i,;;-e. Leaves: thin, ohlong,
lanceolate, acuminate, siiuiate-deut.Uc. Flowers: several w a corynib.

'Ihis plant fjrows chielly on stony slopes and in other dry
places anionj^ the mountains. The dark ])ur|)le (lower heads
are (piite haiulsunie and '^rvw in a coni])act terminal eorymb.

WAVY-LEAVED THISTLE

Ciirduus uiuhiiitit.i. Composite l'"amily

Persistently wliite-tiimentose t'nroui;lio'.it. Stems: stout, leafy.
Leaves: l.mciol.ite in outline, acnte, sessile, nndul.ite, lohed, tiie lolies
dentate, tri,-in).;ular, very prickly. Flowers: solitary at tiie ends of the
branches.

This reddish-purple Thistle s^rows from one to three feet
hij:[h and is a fine handsome plant with large Ion*,' leaves,
whose edi^es are wavy and triangularly lol)e(l. the lohes lxMnj]f
sharply toothed and very prickly. The big flower-heads
j;;row at the ends of the branches and are surrounded by
larfje in\c)lucres of prickly bracts.

Every traveller knows that the Thistle is the national
floral emblem of Scotland, and has been ever since that day
when a barefoot Danish soldier, steppintj^ inadvertently upon
its spines, jj^ave i cry of ])ain which aroused the sleeping
Scottish camp and saved Scotlard. The motto which Scots-
men afl'ix to this flower is " Xciiio iiic impunc laccssit " (No
one touches me with imptim'ty), or in the vernacular, "Ye
maun't meddle wi' me." .\nd assuredly we are quite con-
tent to leave it alone in its prickly glory, only pausing a
moment in passing to admire its fine richly coloured flowers.

:. I

1.1

i„iri'*# f*f^

Jf<f

siwrB??5M5{srfiK§(?sm^

Wfi'W-.

BIui' to Purple Fl'juers

3<'i

CHICORY

Ciihoriuir liit\hu.i. Giin|H)sitc l-'amily
Stems: l.raiK-l.i..K. Leaves: sicn-lvavc-s .,1,|,,„« ..^ la.ueulau-, rartlv
cla.p.nK tlR. InvMT spatnlatr Flowers: ^..siK-. axillary ur tvnHi,>ai
i<nut: achciH's Mnatc, ,.a,,,Mis nf nunicn,,,, Miiall cl.atTv Males h.rininK
a short cnnvn. X.it indiis'tiiiais.

'I Ik- Chicory, or Succory, is a common H,,\vcr. wliosc
lon^. ,Ieei) tap-root is dried, roasted. ^ro„nd and used so
mucli as an adulterant .,f cffee. The name Chicrv is nf
Arahian origin, the Frcncli call a salad made of its blanched
leaves " Harhe de Capucin." and children lo..k f..r the " lUne
Sailors " hy the roadside, while I'.merson has written of

"Smoiry ti) match the sky."

The j^rey-hlue. and S(.metimes pinkish or white flowers,
ijrow dose a.t(ainst the tall hranchin- stalks, sometime siti-
jjly and sometimes in clusters, and are composed onlv of
ray flowers, fnc-toothed at the edj,'e and set in a flat j^reen
receptacle. The base lea\es are snatulate and usuallv
strongly incised, the upper (.nes bein.i,' reduced to oblong'
bracts. Tliis is an introduced plant.

1 .; ■

m

ii::

ix'^^^^mt^mii^smw

MM

III 'V

i**' I

P3

'■: •

I; •

f '•

ymmmst,mmm?TB^<mi

WILD FLOWERS OF THE XORTII
AMERICAN MOUXTALXS

SFXTIOX \'II
YELLOW TO ORAXGE FLOWERS

'^^%

Ar^'Tf K

< * !

'«

\i I '

SFXTIOX VII
YELLOW TO OKAX(;i": JLOWF.RS

WESTERN SKUNK CABBAGE

Lysuliitiin kamtscluitcciisc. Arum I'.imily

Rootstock: hori-ontal, thick. Leaves: dlilnnj,', acuic. Flowers: per-
fect, cri)W(k(l, covering the spadix. >pathc- willi a hroad aciiti- hlailc nar-
rowed to a sheathing petiole. Fruit: lle^hy herrie^ iiiimersti! in the
spongy a.xis of the spadis, seedN large.

This evil-.snK'lIinj; tnarsli herli has such liaiidsomt' foliajje
and gh^rious Ifiiion-ycllow spathcs finclopiii!,' tht- tlcshy
sjjikes of tiny tl(»\vcrs, that it ahvays attracts the c\c of tlic
traveller. It rescinhlcs a hu.i,'e .\riini Lily, with the differ-
ence that in the Western Skunk Cabhaj,^' the s])athe is erect
and pointed, extends somewhat over the tlower spike, and
is not curled back at the top, as in the case of the wliite
Arum Lily.

MOUNTAIN LILY

Lilium moiitaiiHiii. l.ily Family

Bulb composed of narrow, jointed, floiiy scales. Stems: t.iil, leafy.
Leaves: lanceolate, acute at both en(l>, all verticillate, the margins
finely roughened. Flowers: erect, perianth red<li>li-()range. <<( six
spreading segments, each one gradually narrowed into a claw, purple-
spotted below.

Lilies grow in many climes and are of divers hues.
White and yellow, orange and red, tall and stately, they
flourish conspicuously in the valleys and on the mmintain
tops, beneath blazing tropical suns and close beside the eter-
nal snows.

305

'!

i i

PLATE LVIII

1 1 1

B

VI

I

k

V

u ^

u .s

306

Yellow to Oranije Flouers

307

The Muuntaiti Lily is one <tf tlie handsomest of the al-
l)ine flowers, and early in Jn'y its red-tinted tawny hells
render the woods attractively jjay. As if conscious of their
j,d(»ry. the larj,'e hrifjht blossoms j^row erect on tall stems,
round which circlinpf clusters of dark {,'reen narrow-pointed
leaves are set at intervals; the outer surface of the sef,nnv'nts
is pale oranjje. while the open hells are of a vivid reddish
hue within, and spotted with purplish-l)r(jwn. Lartje an-
thers crown the six lonj; stamens, and the stigma is thrce-
lohed.

This Lily does not fear the drought of long summer days,
hut grows in stately splendour in the driest thickets. It has
assumed a gorgeous garh of flaming orange in order to at-
tract those Msects that pollenize its Howers : for while the
brilliant colour quickly attracts the hees. the purplish spots
and lines unerriigly point out to them the most direct route
to their desired goal, namely, those nectar grooves which lie
at the hase of each segment.

Truly was it said that " even Solomon in all his glory was
not arrayed like one of these"; for the wild orange-red
Mountain Lilies shine with a beauty unequalled in the alpine
forests.

WESTERN LILY

I.ilium columhianum. I.ily F;imily

Btilb. with lanceol.ntc, acute, closely apprcsscd scales. Stems: slender.
Leaves: in whorls. sc.i.ttcre<i above ;in(l helow, narrowly lancc'()late,
sharply acuniiniite, thisi Rlahrous. Flowers: ractmo'^c, or in whorls on
stout pedicels, six servients of the perianth rcvoliitc.

This \\ estern Lily somewhat resembles the Turk's-cap
Lily, for it>^ head is drooped and its floral leaves are revo-
lute. or rolled backwards, being bright orange in colour and
thickly spotted with purple on the inside. It has six very

'1
If

;i

PLATE LIX

1)

\i^

If" »:

Mountain Lily
(Lilium inoiitauum)

308

Yellow to Or<in(fi' hloavrs

3<K)

1(111,1,' st;mioti>, which tcnniiiato in Iar;,'t', .iMi.tii:. yellow an-
IIkts ; llir scj^Miictits of the piriaiith arc not ilauod. as in the
Mountain Lily, hut are joined toj,'ethcr at the l)a>i'. tonnin^'
a perfect hell.

.\s ill all the sjiecies of f.iliiiiii. the hulh consists of a In^f
nunilier of overlappiiij,' scales, which are merely thickiiictl.
un(lc\c1oiic(l leaves. ser\ iii},' as storciiouses for the starchy
wealth of the iiiant. Any one of these scales, if separate*!
from the mass, will develoi* into a tiny hulh.

\'er\ r.idiaiit are these clustere<l W est< ni Lilies, which
Inirti like torches in the jjreeii alpuie meadoWs at

"Till- tiiiu- wlii'ii lilii'~ Mow.
.\ii(l ili'uds .irc lii«lii--t ill till' :iir."

YELLOW FklTILLARY

Stems: simpk-. Ic.ify, Leaves: li'u.ir. st miutimI or viTiiiillate.
Flowers: usually s<ilit.ir>. in'ililiui;, n.irrow-c.iiniiaiinlalr. Fruit: c.ip-
sitle ineml)ran;K'c'ni>. nlildiij; in siilinl<)l)i)sc. >cc<l- miiiicrnii--, linri/.intal,
Il;it. in two rows in <-.'irli coll.

The I'ritillarv is too well known to re(|uire much descrip-
tion, and this mountain species is particularly .atractivc w ith
its lari,'e oraiijj;e-yellow, iioddinjj flowers, that are sometimes
purplish, jjrowinj,' solitary at the top of the leafy stems,
which sprinjj from a scaly hulh. The leaves are llat. lon^'
and narrow, and the sei,nnents of the narnnv-campaiuilate
perianth are ohlou.i^^-spatulate. ohtusc and somewhat spread-
injj. This is one of the earliest flowers to hlooiii in the
spring.

YELLOW ADDER'S TONGUE
l:i ylliiduium ^ruiHliUi'ruiii. Lily F.imily

Stems: scape ^totit. Leaves: broadly lamcolato, aiiiii-, |)alc Rrecn.
Flowers: one to sovcral in a terminal raceme; perianth liroadly funnel-

3IO

Yeliow t'j Orantfe Flouers

'#

v. :

k is

iorm, of six ili>tiiit"t >cKiiU'iits; 'nittT onri l.inrf'>l:ilf, •)liiii>f, iiiiitr
<)lll■^ iiarrumr, aciiininair, with ti.ir siunt lijaliiu- tvcUi at l>a«c, all
strmiKly rfvulntc.

A lovely yellow flower. fre(|iieiitly called " Siiow I.ily."
from llie tact that it f^rows in such dose proximity to the
j^reat alpine tti^cs. "Do^-toDth \'iolet " is yet another
name for this plant, and refers more partictilarly to the
while Ijiill). which is supposed to re>emhle the canine teeth
of a d«)j(.

Adder's Tonjjue prohahly refers to the pointed anthers,
which are six in mimhcr and extremely conspicuous; hut
" Snow Lily " is by far the more appropriate desij^nation for
a blossom which appears at the edj^e of the avalanches ;ind
follows the retreatint,' line of the snow when the warm
spring' sunshine melt> the j,'reat white masses in the valleys
and sets the flowers free. At hij,di altitudes you will (tften
stc numbers of pale j^reen pointed leaves forcing; their way
up through the soft covering, and myriads of bright yellow
blossoms rising Init a few inches alxjve the thin ca'^pet of
frozen crystals, b'rom l)etween two or three of these large
leaves (somewhat like those of the Lily-of-the-\'alley )
springs the slender stalk, which terminates in a single bud,
or occasionally in a small rnceme of drooping golden Ik'IIs.
Soon the six jiointed segments of the perianth unfold and
expand, gradually n/lling backwards until they liecome com-
pletely recurved, leaving the whole length of the stamens
exjMJsed. These segments, or floral leaves, are an exquisite
shade of yellow, softening to cream colour at the base in the
centre. The style bears at its summit a deejily three-cleft
stigma, each division thereof being also recurved.

Great colonies of Yellow Adder's Toi.gues grow in the
mountains, where their faint fragrance .scents the air with a

leti

#S.:

'm

1 1 .1 \ lliyfiiniii: ,^i iiiiilitlt>riiiii

! t

N

Yellow to Orange Flowers

311

delicious perfume. Late at evening, when beneath the star-
sown purple of the sky you return from making some alpine
ascent, the pure flames of these wild Lilies gleam in their
leafy setting with a pale golden light, and illuminate the
green brink of your path; and when the noonday is glori-
fied, and the flag of the sun floats top-masted in' the skies.
then

" You see gems in yellow
Nodding, each one, to his fellow,
Strewing all the country lanes
With divinely huilded fanes.
Where the benisons are breathed but ne\ er spoken."

Erythronium grandHlorum var. parvHlornm, or Small Yel-
low Adder's Tongue, is not so tall as the preceding species.
and has rather narrower leaves and smaller flowers.

YELLOW BLUE-EYED GRASS

Sisyrinchium californicum. Iris Family
Stems: scapes broadly winged. Leaves: much shorter than the
scapes, bracts of the spathe more or less unequal, the longer atout
equalhng the ped.cels. Flowers: bright yellow, segments of the per-
ianth obtuse or acutish, style cleft to below the middle. Fruit: capsule
obovate-oblong. i-apsuit

This plant has a name which is rather an anomaly. The
tall, broadly-winged scapes are two-edged, and have a soli-
tary, sessile spathe. while the leaves are shortish and nar-
row. The bright yellow flowers are extremely attractive.

LARGE YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER

Cyfiripedium pubcscens. Orchid Family
Stems: leafy. Leaves: oval or elliptic, acute. Flowers: sepals
ovate-lanceolate, longer than the lip. yellowish-greeu striped with purple ■
petals very narrow and twisted, lip much infl.^te.l. bright y.-lbw witii
green.sh-purple lines, a tuft of white jointed hairs at the ton of the
mterior; stamen sterile, triangula. , stigma thick, incurved '

312

Yellow to Orange Flowers

^S

ll
11

,11

[I »«

11 ^»' c>

In the dry sun-warmed forests, where the birds trill their
sweet antiphons and the smooth surface f)f the pools reflects
with steadfast truth the cone-laden branches of fir and pine
and the fleecy clouds that float across the azure sky. — there,
unafraid, rejoicinjj in its weird, almost unearthly l)eauty. the
Larf,'e Yellow Lady's Shpper flaunts its p^audy flowers.

At the first sis,dit of these exquisite orchids, which also
j,'row on the open arid moraines close t<) the glacier-, you
catch your breath, and a thrill runs throu<,'h all your veins;
there thev stand, fjolden-brij^ht, surrounded by a halo of
romance and mystery

There is little need to describe this Cypripaiimn, for its
showy inflated sac. flanked by long spiral petals and purplish-
green sepals, distinguishes it ;it once, even to the unprac-
tised eye. The leaves of the Large Yellow Lady's Slipper
grow alternately on the slender hairy stems, and are large,
long-shaped, pointed, many-nerved, and plaited. The name
C\pripcdium is derived from the Greek. an<l means Venus's
sock or buskin.

Cxpripcdium paniflorum, or Small Yellow Lady's Slip-
per, much resembles the preceding species, but may be easily
distinguished by means of its smaller flowers, the inflated
sacs of which are of a much deeper, richer shade of yellow,
and are often marked with reddish-purple spots and lines,
and also by its wider oval-shaped leaves and thicker stems.

In July, that ex(iuisite month which lies within the very
heart of summer, should you wander amid the mountains
when dawn trumpets forth the glittering rise of day. then
pause beside some sluggish alpine stream, which lies coiled
in sleepy curves, for there, far removed from the haunts of
men. you may be fortunate enough to f^nd the fragrant little
Cypripcd'um parMorum.

Yellow to Ornnye Flouers

3'3

Unlike tiic Large species, this Small \'ell(»\v Lady's Slip-
per usually seeks the seclusion of the hazy hollows and the
moist misty woods. Rightly have these lovely sweet-
scented (lowers been proclaimed

" Goiden slii)iKTs mt'ct f'T fairies' ftet."

YELLOW POND LILY

Nymt<hcra f^clyscfaln. Water-I.ily I-"aniily

Leaves: all floatiiin, cinlu to fmirteen inches in diameter, l)roa<I-ovatc,
thick, fleciily cordati-, on stont lialf-cylindrical pctinlcs. Flowers: tw<>
to five inche'< in diameter; seiials eiglit tn tweUo. inie(iiial. concave ami
roundish; petals eleven to eighteen, dilated, truncate, siiorcer than the
stamens. Fruit: Rlohose, indeltiscenl.

This Pond Lily has numerous rounded concave sepals,
which are of a dee|) orange-yellow colour inside and usually
streaked and blotched with jnirple-rcd on the outside, and
assume the function of petals; for the real petals of this
plant, though very numerous, are inconspicuous and resem-
ble the stamens, being thick, short, and fleshy.

Tie Yellow Pond Lily is not so beautiful as its cousin,
the White Water-lily, yet the golden-hued mountain speucs
is very fragrant ; it has handsome floating foliage, and flow-
ers which i)oets have not disdained to praise.

Longfellow described Hiawatha's canoe as floating

" Upon the river
Like a yellow leaf in autinni',
Like a yellow water-lily."

This Pond Lily grows in still waters and 'ow streams,
where, springing from thick, horizontal, (leci)ly subinerged
rootstocks, the long stalks, which are flattened on tiie inner
side and rounded on the outer side, uphold th j^Icaining
floral cups. In many an alpine lake

'li

I

314

Yelloiv to Orantje Flowers

f* m

V.

II

"^ K :.

■i ■

" The brislit Symphmi loves to lave,
And spreads her golden orbs along the dimpling wave."

Nvmpluca signifies " a water-nymph,"' and the l)<)tanical
family to which this Vellcnv Pond Lily belongs is called in
the Latin Symphicaccic, or Water-lily Family.

MEADOW BUTTERCUP

l\\iiiuiuuliis acrts. Crowfoot Faniiiy

Stems: erect, liairy, branched al)Ove, roots fibrous. Leaves: basal

.mes tnftcd. iKtmlod. tlircc-to-sevcn parted, the divisions sessile and

cleft into innnerous narrow acute lobes; upper leaves three-parted.

Flowers: unnK-rous; petals five, yellow, conspicuous. Not indisenous.

lucry child knows and loves the hright yellow flowers of
the common Duttercup. Kvery child has sung of

" Buttercups and daisies.

And all the pretty flowers,
GruNsing in the sunshine
To tell of happy hours."

Vet the Ranunculus acris is the enemy of the farmer.
Cattle will not eat of its acrid leaves, and even the hands of
man are fre(|uently scarred and blistered hy the caustic
juices contained in t'^^ stalks and leaves of this plant. High
up in the mountains, however, where the

" Buds of yellow hue
Do paint the meadows with delight,"

we welcome these brilliant Buttercups ; there they can harm
no one, but only please the eye with their finely dissected
foliage and tall-stemed golden flowers.

If you cut vertically through the middle of this Ranuncu-
lus, you will find that its receptacle is a long cone, from
which the five green sepals, the five yellow petals, the numer-
ous stamens, and the carpels all spread out successively.

Yellow to Ornnqe Flowers

31S

Care must he taken not to co^fu^e the Ranumiili with the
Potcntillas, which latter Ijelonjj to the Rose I'amilv and are
also descrihed in this Section, for the hlossoms of the two
plants Somewhat resemhle each other, though a close inspec-
ti(jn and comparis(jn of them, tofjether with their stetns and
leaves, will always serve to plainly demonstrate at once the
differences which exist hetween them. One point of vari-
ance which may he specially noted is that the h'atimicttlus
usually has simple lohed, or divided or dissected leaves,
whereas the Potcntilla usually has compound leaves; that is
to say, the Raniinciilits has, in most cases, leaves that are
much cut up and lohed. hut the rotcntilla, as a rule, has
leaves formed of several entirelv separate leaflets. Tliis
distinction is, however, not arhitrary. thoufjh it exists in the
majority of cases. Also each petal of the Ranunciilits has
a tiny pit. or si)ot. covered hy a scale, on the inside of the
claw, near the hase. This spot is al)sent in all the Potcn-
tillas. The Meadow Buttercup has tihrous roots. This is
an introduced plant.

Ranunciilits Macoiinii, or Macoun's Buttercup, is an erect,
very hairy plant, growing from one to two feet high, and has
yellow^ tlowers.

Ranunculus Eschscholtaii, or Snow Buttercup, grows at
very high altitudes, close to the snow and always near water.
A cluster of much-divided leave- grows up from the hase
of the plant on long slender stems, and half-wav up the
flower-stalk there is a circle of narrowly lohed leaves, and
also, frequently, a single hud. The large yellowish caly.x.
which is covered with hrown hairs on the outside, gives the
flower almost a douhle appearance. The head of the fruit
is oblong.

Ranunculus Cymbalaria, or Creeping Crowfoot, as its

3i6

Yellou- to Orantfe Flowers

V- %

',

name denotes, is a •^niall creepinj,' plant, havinj,' minienms
runners which root at the joints, whence sprinj,' up little
clusters of leaves. The flowers are yellow and very tiny.

Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaccus. or Water Crow-
foot, has tiny white and yellow llowers. 'I"he fine thread-
like leaves are entirely suhmerjijed under the surface of the
alpine lakes and pools, where the plant j^rows abundantly,
while the broader three-lohed leaves float \\\vm the face of
the waters. Tliese thread-like leaves are common to several
kinds of acjuatic plants, and such minute division enables
them without a larj^'e expenditure of material to exi)ose a
larj,'e surf.ice to the carbonic acid fjas dissolved in the water.

h'anumiilus rcf^tans, or Creepint; Spearwort. has small
yellow llowers with from four to seven petals, trailinpf stems
that root at the joints, and extremely narrow jjrass-like
leaves. The flowers are borne in the axils of the prostrate
creeiiinj;; stems.

Ranunculus rcf'cns. or N'ellow Crowfoot, is a hairy plant,
which s|)reads by means of its runners and forms larj,'e
l)atches upon the f;round ; it has leaves which are divided
into three parts, each one of which is lobed and toothed.
The flower-stalk is grooved, the sepals are widely spread,
and the petals are half-erect. This is an introduced i)lant.

Ranunculus pynniuus, or Pij^my P.uttercup. is a very tiny
|)lant fj^rowing onl , i v- to three inches hi.qh on the alpine
summits. It has deeply three to five lobed basal leaves with
slender stalks, and similar sessile stem leaves. The jjctals
of the wee yellow flowers slightly exceed the sei)als and the
fruit heads are short-oblong.

Yi'llow to Orfinf/c Floivers

V7

MARSH-MARIGOLD

Ciilllhi t'aliislris. C'rnwf,,nt I'"amily
Stems: cmt n,K.-,..-,wn H„wc.c-.l, tin |,,ucr ,1..w.r s„Mn„l..,l In a
petal.M.l la.Kn.latc l,ra... Leaves: ruun.lM, .„ .,l,l„„„ ...r.latc-, l.^n^.r
than w,.k. nrcKularly croatc-i,., „1h-.1. Flowers: xdinu; sc,.al> p.tal
oi.l, laiUHulaic. act.; ,.ciaK nunc; stamn,. an.I ,„sti|s nnniemus.

'I'his is a >|)Ion(li(I-|,M,kin- mar.sli pl;mt. with lar-c- nmn.I-
ish «l...ssy k.a\c.s ..f a .krp l,ri-lit .i^rcTn. a.,.1 fmc vclluw
I)I-.ssunis that arc tin^a-d with piirpk- ..n the- o„t>i,k-. ' It ro-
sc-mhlcs a Iarj,a- liiittcrcup. Tlic name Mari-nl,l is ;, o.r-
nipti.m ni •• Mary's -,,i,i," f„r thi.» ik.wor was (k-<hoatr,l t..
the H,.ly \ir-i,i in the Mi.klle .\j,n-s. a fact to which Sliake-
speare refers in Cynilnlinc. when he causes the imisicians
to sing:

"Hark, Iiarlv! tlif lark ;it lu'avcn^ ^atc sinj^-s,
And rii,;Iin- Kin-- arise,
His >tifiK In water at tlmse springs

On clialic'd tloucrs tliat lif> ;
And uinkinj,' MarylnKN l)ft;in
I () dpi' llu'ir gulden cyt-s."

The Marsh-inari<,n.l.l has no petals, hut its five or more
petaloid sepals do ,hity instead. The k-a\es of this ex-
tremely succulent plant are mostly Iieart-shaped at the hase.
and just helow the tlower is l)..rne a petal-like lon--sh;,i)ed
hract.

Ofttintes amid the mountains you will sf^- (l;,( „„,j.t
meadows literally ahla/.e with these showy l)lo.„,.ns. which
turn the marshes into a veritable I'iekl of ihf ci,.th of (inld.

YELLOW COLUMBINE

. /i/»(/,'.i,'i<; /hiri-Siriis. C'rf>\vi'i.>t l\miily
Stems: v,n,,„tl,. Leaves: tcrnate: Icailrt^ rn„n,l-o,r.lai>- tlir.e-
partcl. tlH- -..-MR.nts car^dy tuo-lK-i. Flowers: >d).>u, pendnl..„s;

3i8

Yellow to Orange Flowers

:i

petals five, with short spreaciiiiK lips, and prmluccd backwards into lung
tubular spurs; sepals rellexed, longer than the spurs.

This Columbine grows at great altitudes, atid may be
found amongst the rocks at a height of 8000 feet, where
the soil is so hght and sparse that there seems to he no foot-
hold for any vegetation at all. much less for such tall and
graceful plants as these Aquilcfjias. which stand from one
to three feet high and bear alxmdant blossoms of pale yel-
low, pendent on their brittle stalks.

The foliage of the ^'ellow Columbine is much smaller and
more delicate than that of A. formosa; but it is equally dark
green alK)ve and pale green iK'ncath. Xo prettier sight can
be seen than clusters of the-.e wild elfin flowers growing at
the edge of some barren cliff, their fragile loveliness r.hining
against a sombre background of stony walls, from the height
of whose overhanging ledges the blossoms nod down at
the traveller, as they sway ..iid swing at the bidding of the
breeze.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN GRAPE

Ucrbcris rcpcns. Barberry Family

A low Kl.il)rous shrub. Leaves: petiok-d, pinnate, the leallets three to
se\en. oviite, obtuse, truncate at the ba>e, sissile, thick, finely retriculated,
dentate with spine-bcariuK teeth. Flowers: in short racemes, the ch's-
ters terminal and a.xillary, niany-tlowereil, yellow. Fruit: a glob se
dark lilue berry.

This shrub, which is exceedingly ornamental, has yellow
wood and bright green fdliage, which turns to a lovely red-
dish colour in the autumn. The tiny vivid yellow flowers
grow in short thick clusters : they have six bracted sepals,
with six petals opposite them, also six stamens.

Bcrbcris aquifolium, or Oregon Grape, is a taller shrub
than the preceding species, Vvith five to nine oblong-ovate,

Yf/low to Ornnf/e Flowers

V9

pointed, pinnate leaves, which are spiny-f.othed and verv
green and shiniiifr ,,n the npiR-r Mirface. The Inid >iales are
trian^nhir. and the tiny yell..\v (lowers grow in terminal and
axillary clusters.

ARCTIC POPPY

/'i//'(/rrr iilf^inum. I'-ippy I'amily
Sterna: sc-.p^ crt-ct, l,ir»ue. Leaves: all l,as.,|, p|„„.ntdv Inhcl ..r
ceft, the IuIk-, linear, aa.te. Flowers: SMi.tarv. Fruit: cai.Milc
ohovoiil, (IciiMly l.fsct with iTfct liri.ily hair..

This is .piite an alpine-arctic plant and gr..ws onlv ..n the
high summits. It has a iL.wer varying in colour fm-n
yellow to reddish-orange, which grows on the t-.p ,,f a
slender, very erect stalk, and is tormed like a coin.n..n
Poppy, hut has onl> tour petals. All the leaves grow at the
base of the plant and are long-.liaped and l.-hed.

GOLDEN CORYDALIS

C tiryJiilis uiiirti. I'iimit"ry I'.itiiily
Commonly l.nv and -,,rea.lin«. Leaves: llndv .lissertcl ini„ ..MnnR-
ol)ovatf si'KnKMits. Flowers: in .i,<.rt >i.icatc r.uenic. ; cur-lla tnl.ular.
irregular; petals four, ono of tin- onti.-r pair ~piirrf<l at tlic hasf tliJ
i.Ucrior ones narmw. ludc.l on the l.avk; si>ur half the length of the
body of the corolla. Fruit: |)0(!> spreading;.

This plant generally grows low upon the ground, the very
finely dissected lolia^T si)rea(ling out into large patches that
are gemmed hy the clusters of golden-yellow flowers, whose
form at once .suggests that of the Wild P.leeding-hcart.
When the ripe pods split oi)en they di.sclose and scatter nu-
merous bright shining .seeds.

I

.1^"

Yi'Uoic 10 Or/intft' h'l.ut'rs

t

GOLDEN WHITLOW GRASS

I hiilui iiuini. Mii^l.inl ! .imily

Stems: l.r.nuliiiik'. jmiIm v, ,.|ii. If.ifv i.. tlic inll'ircM-ciKf. Leavrs:
l>a-.il 'tH- in tiit'ls, s|),itul,iti', olitUM. -li^'liily ili-iitatf; stiin-lea\i-^ uli-
l"tik'. I'litc. Flowers: ytll.tw, piials twiix- llic k-i.Kth of tlic c;.l> \. i-ii-
tiri'. Fruit; \u>i\- ai nii-, at Unutli .IJKlitlj twisted.

A plant that roM-mhU^ a licacU Mustard, luit is imich
snialk'i- and has a n.-nlati- tnt't nf U'a\cs at I lie liasc. Tiny
sinj^k- k-axcN alx. j,'r<.\\ u|i nn ilu- lirancliiii' stnns, and the
littk' deep yellnw tlip\\cr> j^rnw in cluse clusters.

/'/-(//'i; alpitui. (ir Alpine Whitlow flrass, is a tinv spocio
found at extremely hi.^h altitudes, 'i'ho k'a\es are all l>a>al
and j,'ro\v in a dense tuft, v. Iiile the tiny dusters of little
.\ello\v llowers are svt on the top .,f short naked stalks.
The whole plant is hairy and seldom exceeds four inches
in hei^^ht.

niabii tinvlis. or Arctic Whitlow (Irass. has numerous
slender matted branches. an<l lance-shaped hairv leaves
which ha>e a stmnjrly marked mid-nerve. The llowers are
yellow and inconspicuous. ;uul the whole plant is covered
with tiny hairs and a whitish hlooin. it j^row s at hi<,di
altitudes.

Prahd i/huialis. or Pale N'ellow Whitlow (Jr.iss. ^rows on
the summits of many moutitains. It has stroni^Iy keeled
le,i\es .and the petals are pale yellow, hccoming darker at
the base.

■I,

%

BLADDER-POD

I'hysaiit! c//i/ 1 i/iiik^/'ii. .Mu--tar(l Family

Stems: liicmiiln'iit >ir a-cciuliiiK, sltiuk-i. simpk'. Leaves: spatulau,
tiu' lia>al iiiK> iiliiii-f. entire, n.irrowcil into niar^'iiiid pctiok-^ ; sicni-
liMMs nc.irly M-^ik'. .icntc, nuicli Mnalk-r. Flowers: yellow, in ter-

PF.AM- IS.

321

MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2|

in IIS

1112.0

|40

1:25 i 1.4

1.8

1.6

^ APPLIED IM/1GE Ir

'653 East Main street

Rochester, Ne* ycv t4609 fSA

(716) 482 - OMO - Phone

(716) 288 - 5989 - Fa»

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Yellow to Orange Flowers

minal raciincs. Fruit: pods didyni. is, variable, with large, strongly
inflated cavities, eniarginale at base and summit.

A most curious and interesting plant, which grows on
high rocky slopes and forms patches upon the ground hy
means of its rosettes of pale green leaves and decumbent
stems. The little yellow flowers are cruciform and incon-
spicuous, and grow in clusters at the ends of the long
slender stalks which spring out from below the c^n^ral
rosettes of leaves, wbile an irregular circle of c .cr Iea\es
grows beyond them again. It is the large inflated pods,
of a delicate gray-green hue. which give this plant its com-
mon name and constitute its greatest attraction. They are
really exquisitely cpiaint, and so unusual as to always attract
the notice of the passing traveller. The leaves are spatu-
late and small. The name Physaria is derived from the
Greek, signifying " bellows," and refers to the inflated fruit.

^i

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NESLIA

Neslia pankulata. Mustard Family

Stems: slender, branched above. Leaves: lanceolate, acute, entire,
sagittate-clasping at the base. Flowers: racemose. Fruit: silicles
small, globose, wingless, reticulated, indehiscent. Not indigenous.

This herb is usually one to two feet high and has lance-
shaped leaves with even margins, which are arrow-head-
shaped and clasping at the base, and grow all up the slender
stems. The small ascending yellow flowers form elongated
racemes. This is an introduced plant.

HERB OF ST. BARBARA

Brassica Sinat'islrum. Mustard Family

Stems: erect, hispid, with scattered stiff hairs. Leaves: oval, coarsely
dentate, the basal ones pinnatifid. Flowers: showy, yellow, in elongated

U l.

:v_;K:.iP'2tH;^i««iL .

Yelloii' to Orange Flowers

323

racemes. Fruit: the >ili(iues elongated, ses>ile, tipped with a tiaitencd
conic beak. Not indigenous.

A handsome species l)earing showy yellow flowers in ter-
minal racemes, and having large oval leaves that are very
coarsely toothed, rough to the touch, and conspicuously
veined. The basal leaves are lohed. Like all the Mus-
tards, it has four cruciform petals. This is an introduced
plant.

HARTWEG'S TANSY MUSTARD
Sisyiiihrium IlarUcegianum. Mustard Family

Stems: slender. Leaves: pinnate: leaflets lanceolate, obtuse and
acutely tootiied. Flowers: small, yellow. Fruit: the siliques erect on
ascending pedicels, linear, i 'ongated.

A coarse uninteresting plant, with pinnately cut leaves,
the tiny leaflets being sharply toothed. The flowers are
small and yellow and the pods long and narrow.

Sisymbrium altissimiim, or Tall Hedge Mustard, has tall
freely-branching stems and lower leaves which are runci-
nate-pinnatifid, the narrow lobes often auriculate, and
smaller, very deeply cut ujjper leaves. The pale yellow
flowers are inconspicuous. The pods are rigid, very long,
divergent and hardly thicker than the short pedicels. This
is an introduced plant.

Sisymbrium cancsccns, or Pale Tansy Mustard, is a soft-
hairy species with long deeply cut leaves growing out almf)st
at right angles from the stem; very small yellowish floAcrs
and pods in long racemes.

Sisymbrium incisum, or Western Tansy Mustard, is a
similar plant to the Pale Tansy ^hlstard, but is greener and
less hairy, and has longer nice slender pods and one-ranked
seeds. The leaves have n* • auh a fringed appearance as
those of Sis\mbrium cancsccns.

3^4

Yi'llou^ to Orange Flowers

if,'

TREACLE MUSTARD

lirysiiiiuiii parz-iflorum. .Mu>tar(l Family

Stems: erect, siinple. Leaves: olilanceolatc or liiuar, ol)tiisc, entire
or dentate, tlie npijcr >e--sile, tlie lower sleii(ler-|)eti<ile<l. Flowers:
pale yellow. Fruit: tlic silitiues eloiig.iteil, linear, four-angled, valves
strongly keeled hy a prominent mid-vein.

'Phis common Treacle Mustard has very small pale yellow
flowers and rather whitish leaves, which latter jjrow in a
tuft at the base of the ])lant and alsf) alternately all the way
up the stif/ -rect stems. The flowers have four tin\ gteen
.sepals and four yellow petals, which latter are cruciate, or
set i'- the form of a cross. The Treacle Mustard helonfjs
to the Cntcifcrcc. or Mustard Family, all of whose members
have four cruciform petals.

STONECROP

Si'dunt stfiit>[>i'lalum. Orpine Family

Flowering branches erect. Leaves: alternate, crowded, but scarcely
imbricated except on the sterile shoots, sessile, linear, entire. Flowers:
in a tbree-to-seven forked cyme, compact; petals narrowly lanceolate,
very acute, much exceeding the calyx-lobes.

This plant is well named Scditm, from scdcrc " to sit."
for it sits very happily, and in lowly fashion, upon th'^ bleak
bald hills at hij;;h altitudes. It is a most uncanny plant.
The tiny, pale green, juicy leaves, crowded on the thick-
short stems, are, like human flesh, easily bruised ; and each
of the brij^ht yellow flowers, which s^row in dense clusters,
has four or five narrow poin'.ed petals. There are ten
stamens, the alternate ones beini,' attached to the petals.
The five erect carpels are tipped with lons^ conspicuoi ;d
diver<;^ent styles, crowned by fat stij^finas.

The smooth clammy foliage of the Stonecrop reminds the

Yt'i'lou- to Orange Floivers

'?2.<;

travfller foRihly i)f the narrow j^ap which Hc> hctu .ic

Animal and the \'e,i,'etahle Kinijdotns, for the icnuh i-t it-;
tleshy leaves is most repulsive, resemhiinf^f tliat of some I'oM
nioist ho<ly. I'ortnnately, however, it is redeemed from
bcin},' entirely ohjectionahle hv the twinkhn^^ httle <,'olden
blossoms, which are as heaUhy and nattnal in their appear-
ance as the fohajLje is the verv reverse.

" I'luwtT ill tlu' iraiuiicd wall,
I pliK'k ynu out <if the craiiiiii'^.
I hold yon here, root and ,'ill, in my liaiid,
Little tlowcr — hut if 1 conld undt-rstand
What yon are, root and all. ;ind .all in all.
1 should know what (iod and ni ui is."

" No deeper thout^ht was ever uttered hy jioet." says John
Fiske, in his beautiful work. Throuiih Xaturc to God: " for
in this world of plants, which, with its maj;ician, chloro-
phyll, conjurinjj with sunbeams, is ceaselessly at work
brinjj;in^f life out of death — in this quiet vef,'etable world
we may find the elementary principles of all life in almost
visible operation."

Care must be taken not to confuse the Yellow Saxifrajje
with the Stonecrop. The former has tiny, thin, ordinary
leaves, while the latter has leaves that are thick, fleshy, and
very juicy. This i)eculiar foliaj^e of the Stotiecrop enables
it to retain a quantity of moisture durinj^ the di\- season,
an attribute which proves extremely useful, since it j:^njws
in crevices and crannies between the rocks, where the sparse
dry soil affords little or no sustenance to the roots; hence
its ability to imbibe and retain moisture throufjh its leaves
renders it fit to tlourish (jn these .sandv and stony slopes.

i»i

326

Yellow to Orange Flowers

'^t^

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YELLOW SAXIFRAGE

Saxiftat^ii aizoidt-s. Saxifrage Family

Stems: leafy. Leaves: alternate, linear, tliick, fleshy, inucroiiate-
tipped, narrowed at the base, sessile, tiie margins sparingly ciliate.
Flowers: several, corymhose; i)etals f've, oldoiig, yellow, usually spotted
with orange; calyx fi\e-lolH.'d, hase of the capsule adnatc to the calyx;
stamens ten, inserted with the petals. Fruit: ovary two-celled, two-
lohcd at the sunnnit ; styles short ; stigmas capitate.

Thi.s Yellow Saxifrajjc j^rows amotifj the wet rocks at
hijjli altitudes. It has slender stems, adorned with al-
ternate leaves, which are long and narrow and edged with
a few fine hairs. The ilowers grow erect and (jpen out very
wide, their petals being usually spotted with orange. The
ten stamens are conspicuous, and so is the large two-celled
ovary, while the styles are short and tipped with roundish
stigmas. This plant grows in dense tufted clusters from
two to six inches high, and may be found in the most sun-
forsal<en crannies, where the icy breezes blow across the
snow-fields.

GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE
Chrysosflenimn tctiandnim. Saxifrage Family

Stems: erect, branched above. Leaves: alternate, reniform-cordate,
doubly crenatc or somewhat lobed. F'owers: corymbose, axillary
Fruit: capsule membranous, short, inversely cordate.

A marsh plant, or growing in the moist shade, from two
to six inches high with alternate rounded blunt-toothed
leaves, and orange-yellow flowers that usually have four
calyx lol)es, coloured within, the four to eight stamens being
inserted on the margin of a disk.

Yelloix' to Ornnfft' Flowers

327

CREEPING SIBBALDIA

SibbalJia f<ioctiml'ciis. SaxifruKC F-'.-miily

Stems: woody, decumlKiit ur crceiiitii;. Leaves: tliri't-inliohitc,
leaflets obovate, cuneatc at tlie base, tlirce to five tonthfil at tlic aptx.
Flowers: nunieroiis, {)t'tals oblong, very small, calyx-lobes o1)1oiik-
ovatc, longer and broader than tlie bractlets.

Tliis depressed shrubby plant is found as hi,i,Mi as ten
thousand feet. It has tliree-foliolate leaves, the sepiicnts
of which are \vedj:je-shaped and three-toothed at the apex.
The fjreenish-yellow flowers have \cry small petals and
larf^e broad calyx lobes with pointed tii)s.

SILVER WEED

Potentilla Auscriua. Rose Family

Stems: tufted, spreading by slender runners. Leaves: pctioled, pin-
nate, leallets se.en to twenty-five, oblong, ohlanceolato, obtiuse, tlie lower
generally smaller, sharply serrate, smooth above, silky-pubescent below.
Flowers: petals broadly oval, entire, exceeding the ovate i-.cutc calyx-
lobes and oval bractlets. Fruit: receptacle villous, achenes glabrous.

The Silver Weed is a tufted plant, with elont^fated jiinnate
leaves composed of from seven to seventeen leaflets, which
are sharply toothed, green, and smooth on the toj), and very
silky and whiti.sh underneath. A characteristic feature of
the Silver Weed is the minute pairs of leaflets which gnnv
between the real leaflets, l)Ut are merely tiny pointed
growths. The yellow Howers, which are typical of the
whole genus and have five bracts, five sepals, five petals, and
numerous stamens, grow on slender naked stalks that spring
from the axils of the leaves. The flowers are very pretty
and velvety, and commonly grow in the moist meadows, for
there

"The Silver Weed with yellow flowers.
Half hidden by tiie leaf of gray,

i

■f^^-*^-.

32«

Yellow to Orange Flowers

f I

''Hi

!Mc>oms on the bank of that clear brook
\\'hf><ie mnsic I'heiTs my lonely way."

The Silver Weed creeps alcMij; the f^Tonml by nieans of
slender iiiaiiy-joiiited ruimers, and its stems are usually
curved and winding'. When the fruit ripens it consists of
a head formed of several little achenes. or nutlets. The
Potcntillas are very numerous in the mountain regions.

Potentilla dissccta, or C'lMumon Cincpiefoil, is a low al-
pine plant, more or less silky and hairy, and has a yellow
flower with a hve-hjhed caly.x and five roundish petals. It
resembles a miniature rose. The foliage consists of from
five to seven toothed leaflets on each stem, the terminal
leaflet being three-lobed at the apex.

There are several varieties of this sj)ecies: Potentilla
(Ussecta var. yhuicopUylla, or Smooth CitK|uefoil, has
siuooth green leaves; Potentilla ilissecta var. multisecta. or
Dissected Cinquefoil, has whitish silky foliage, each leaflet
being long and narrow; and Potentilla tlissecta var. pinuati-
secta, or I.eafy Cinquefoil. has more numerous leaflets and
a one-flowered steiu, which grows only about three inches
high, the whole plant being smooth, with the exception of
the hairy calyx and tufted apices of the leaves.

Many of the Cimpiefoils (cinque, "five"; feuilles.
"leaves") have five-parted leaves, hence their -^ ; = s ■
name.

Potentilla nonrgica, or Rough Cinquefoil, is . <
weed-like plant, with leaves that are divided into three leaf-
lets, and yellow flowers that grow in rather close leafy
clusters.

Potentilla Hippiana. or Woolly Cinquefoil, is a stout
plant, with quantities of densely floccose and silky foliage.
The leaflets are whitish and woolly on both sides, and deeply

Wi

Yi'llou to Ontnt/i' iloiurs

.129

(lentatfd. 'I he lloucrs are bright ycllwA. and khav in
f^racefiil tcnninal clusters.

i\>tcntillii finiiilis. or Small Cimim-foil. ha- vory ^niall
leavvs. heart-shapcil in outlitio an<l composed of from three
to seveti leaflets, which are white and W(M)lly beneath and
green and silky on the top. The Tttlc flowers are yellow.

I'otnitilla nhi\i. or Alpine CiiKiiiefoil. grows at great
altitudes and is found at S500 feet. It is a tiny i)lant. with
small trifoliate white and woollv leaves ami wee terminal
yellow flowers.

In studying the Potcntillas it is wi^e to refer to the
Kanunculi, also recorded in diis Section, at"! note the close
resemblance yet distinct variations which exist l)etween the
two genera. The differences between the foliage of the
Potcntilhis and that of the RauuncnU have already l>een
referred to in the description of the latter plants, but it may
be further noted here that the stamens of the Rattitnciili are
hypog>nous. or borne at the base or below the ovary, while
those of the Potcntilhis are pcrigynous, or bon <«n the
perianth around the ovary.

Potcntilla unithmi. or One-flowered C'in(|Ucfoil. is densely
Ci'espitose. from a woody base, and has small closely tufted
leaves jjahnately divided, the leatiets being deeply cut and
very white-woollv on both sides. The bright yellow flow-
ers are solitary on short stalks and the petals are broad,
notched at the ape.x, and nuich longer than the narrow,
dense y hairy sepals.

Potcntilla fruticosa. or Shrubby Cincptefoil, renders the
dry sunny alpine meadows very gay in July and .\ugust
with its lovelv bright yellow flowers, which resemble large
buttercups and grow on low bushy shrubs, amid nuich
silvery foliage, composed of tiny compound leaves covered

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33"

Yellow to Oranifc Flouers

with a soft silky down. The hark on the slender steins is
txtremcly shreddy.

YELLOW AVENS

(,V»»>i .t/riV/i(»i. Rose Family

Stems: .TMi-ndinK, ixitH-scfut, branched above. Leaves: basal ones
lyratc-i'ini'^'le; K'alKts live to seven. olK.vate. cnncalc, dentate, witli a
few smaller ones interspcrsiMl. tlie terminal one l,ir«e-t; stem-leaves
M'>,ile, with tlir.e to five ovate acnte seKments. Flowers: several, ter-
minal, of five petals.

This is a common plant, with hrij^ht yellow five-pctalled
flowers and lariLje foliajje. ICach leaf is pinnately divided
ami has one hijj terminal se},'ment and from four to six
s.naller leaflets, interspersed with sonic very tiiiy ones.
The n^ost noticeable feature is the fr-tit. which consists of
a hali of see<ls. each one termi lating in an elon^'ated l)arl)€d

style.

(iciiiu macrophyllum. or Lar^e-leaved Avens. is very like
the preceding species, hut it has much lar,t,'er, coarser foli-
age It also has bright yelli>w llowirs and a bur-like head
of seeds, each one of which terminates in the same slender,
jointed, hooked style which is a distinguishing character-
istic of this genus of plants.

P.olh the ^■ellow■ .\\ens and the Large-leaved Avens have
lobcd and toothed leaves and smal 'ove-scented flowers.
They are rough hairy plants and resemble weeds.

I'nattractive as is the coarse foliage of the Gcnms. yet
their jirimrose-tintcd blossoms gleam like jewels of pale
gold amidst the dark green leaves, and these redeem the
plants frotii utter ugliness.

^1

■ f0

Yfllou- to Ornn/fi' I'lo-uirs

^^^

DRUMMOND'S DRYAS

/'rvd.v Ihiiinmiiitdii. Ui>>.c l'";iiiiily

Liw. tiifK-i!, lurliaic'iiis »lir !». Stems: wixidy at the li;i>tv Leave*:
oval. iTfiiatf (li'iiiate. urecii aii<l j'ilir'>ii> al)nvi', wliiti- laiu'-rfiit 1>« -
math. Floweri: yfllmv, Milii.;:,. ial\\ iicrsi^iciit. it* tiiln- cuinavf.
hirsute lulu'd; pt'taK iinnuTiPiis ; -.tNlr <■!• nigalfd and pliinwisc in unit.

Ihis insifinifuant littU' yellow tlowcr, whiili meekly
<lnH>|)s its head as if vi'tiseimis <if its laek nf j^ihkI l(Mik><.
has the most lovely plutiiose seed-lieads i;iia,!.,'itial)le ; and
there are few prettier Mj^hts in the niouiUaitis than that of
sutne lovv-lyiii},' alpine meadow literally eovefd with these
frail feathery tufts, risin;.,' up on their Ion},', slender, woody
stems several inches alnne the prostrate foliaj,'e, half of
which is curled over to show its silvery lining,'; for all the
leaves of Drunimond's Dryas are f,'reen and siiininfj on the
top and white and silky luiderneath. The llower consists
of numerous small yellow petals enclosed in a short, hairy,
green calyx; hut as soon a> these die and fall off. the stalk
elongates and the seed-head fpiickly develops. This plant
will grow in tht poorest soil, and is most frecpiently found
on arid gravel heds and in the gravelly I)attnres of the alpi'ie
streams.

YELLOW MELILOT

Melilotits officinalis. I\ a I'aniily

Stems: ascending, oce to four fiet liiyh, hranciiitiR. Leaves: tn
foliolatc, petiolcd, rallier distant: Icallcls oblniiK, serrate, narrowed .A
tlie liase, rounded at the apex. Flowers: in slender racemes; standard
equalling the wings and 1 eel. Not indigenous.

' he Yellow Melilot, or Sweet Clover, closely reseuiMes
ttie W'iMte Sweet Clover. It has spike-like racemes of tiny
clustered flowers, which are fragrant and extremely deli-

|tii^_ ^ _

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Yfllou to Ortint/i' I'loin'rs

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rate Ixitli in >lia|»<.' and hue, ami aw iMirno im lall l)rat»'h-
iii^' >ti-ins, wlicli frn|ucntly attain a height «if three c r • .en
fitnr feet, 'llie leaves are trifnhnlate and NUiell very sweet
when dried. They dr<M)|) m a pe- nhar fasliion at ni^^Iit-
tinie. tlu- upper leatlei and one side leaflet ilnsiii}; tnjjether,
tmtil the vertical surface of each eoines in contact with thai
of the other, while the third leaflet is K-ft alone. cxiMised
to the chills and rains of the hours of darkness. This is
an introduced plant.

LOCOWEED

l).vylri'f'is I.amhcrli. IVa Famify

Silk>-|iiit>fNC«."it witli nppresst'd li.iirs, ai-iili'>i'iMii, tnftcil. Leaves:
• m|(1 piiiiiati.' ; Iralli'ts fiiu'.ir, otiloiiK, acute; |ii'tiiiiuf<'s jiniyir tliaii llii'
loa'fs. Flowers: in far^i' (fcii><c licaif^, or >|iitvi's. Fruit: pint-, iinnm-
pfflfly two-ccilcd, ciiriai'voits, si-ssifc, tTtvt, (ivoiil-cjfiiulric, fonK-aciim-
iiiatc.

A handsome rich cream-coloured or yellowish species of
O.vytrof'is. with soft whitish silky foliajuje and very fine
lar},'e l1ower-s|)ikes. It usually jjrous on the dry alpine
meadows.

Oxyliof'is month ola, or Mountain Oxytrope. is silvery-
puhescent throujjhout with very hue hairs. The leaflets are
ohlonj,' and jiointed, sometimes rather Munt at the apex, and
the flowers '' pale yellow and ^'row in dense heads on
lonj; stalks. The cal}x is covered with lonj^ white and
short black hairs. This species j^rows in the hij;h alpine
meadows.

SCOULER'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT

Hypericum Scoulcri. St. John's-vort Family

Stems: >impl<.' or sparingly titanclied alxive, often witli small hraiicli-
k'ts nmwing from running ri'otstocks. Leaves: opposite, ohtusc, dasp-

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Yellow to Orange Flowers

333

ing. entire. Flowers: in panicle.l cymes stamens mnnerm.s i„ tl.ree
fascicles. Fruit: capsule conical to glol.osc, one to five celle.l.

\ handsome plant growing from one to two feet high,
having clasping entire leaves which are usually black-dotted
along the margins, and bright yellow rosin-scented flowers
•growing in an open branched cluster. There are many
quaint superstitions connected with this plant. It was for-
merly believed to be a safeguard against the evil sp.nts who
walked abroad on St. John's Eve. and was gathered by the
country people with great ceremony, and httng up over their
door, io avert thunder and lightning: while its ancent n.nme
.,f I',a1m-of-thc-\Varrior's-\Vound denotes that Us healing
properties were much prized. It was also called buga
D^MUonum because it was believed to be a sovereign remedy
to cure melancholia, a fact Iluxford refers to:

" So then about her brow
They bound Hypericum, whose potent leaves
Have sovereign power o'er all the sullen hts
And cheerless fancies that besiege the mind;
Banishing ever, to their native night.
Dark thoughts, and causing to spring up withm
The heart distressed, a glow of gla.kkning hope,
And rainbow visions of kind destiny."

YELLOW VIOLET

Viola iihibclla. Violet Family
Stems: glabrous, slender, from a short fleshy horizontal rhizome.
Leaves: radical ones on long petioles, the upper short-pet.ole<l, reniform-
cordate, crenately toothed. Flowers: bright yellow.

This is a small plant which bl.wms close to he ground,
and is found chiefly at high altitudes.

"When beechen buds t)eRin to swell,

.\nd woods the bluebird's warble know,
The yellow violet's modest bell

Peeps from the last year's leaves below."

^

r

•1,1 I

1 f

11?

^'l§v

334

Yelhu^ to OrntKic Floucrs

Its l.riK'hl golden tlowers are finely pencilled in the centre
Nvith black lines, and grow on short slender stalks annd a
mass of small roundish leaves.

riola orbknlahu or Kound-leaved Yellow Vn.let. has a
thick rontstock with a few fihrous rootlets, mostly rounded.
heart-shai>ed. crenulate basal leaves, slightly hairy <.n the
upper surface: and yellow petals, the lower one bemg
purple-veined. The spurs are short an<l saccate.

{■U,la scmpcrvvcns, or Tra, ing Yellow Violet, has weak,
decumbent stems. an<l spreads by means of long, slender
rootstocks. The leaves are mostly basal, and are rounded,
cordate at the base and finely round-toothed at the" edges.
The vellow dowers grow on long stalks, and the.r petals
are sparinglv veine.l with brown near the base, the spur
being short and hke a sac. This species grows chieily m
burnt woods.

SILVERBERRY
EUcagnus avgcnica. Oleaster Family
Sto1o„ifcrou<. .ilvcry-scaly. much branched. Leaves: alternate oV
l,,,!^^ oatc. densely silvery-scurfy on l.-.h sides, acute or ohtuse^
F owers: one to three in the axils. ,edicel!ed. fragrant; per.anth s,K.ry
without, vellow xvi.hin, tubular below, the upper part campanulate. four-
lobed, the lobes ovate. Fruit: oval, silvery.

\ most extraordinary and attractive shrtib. growing
from two to twelve feet high and entirely covered with a
lovelv silver coating. The leaves are small and very
crinkled and wavv. and the fi.nvers (,uite tiny, thetr bell-
shaped four-lobe<l corollas being silvery on the outside and
pale vellow within. The stems, branches, leaves, and frmt
are completely silvered over and thus may be readily dis-
tinguished.

!

nl^«TaijH«.KKjnc^ ■

I'LAIK LXI

i

SiLVERBERRY

{Elcragitus argentca)
335

-'-^'MV-O''^ ' ■.t.'-VIIl^i*

<

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1^

:!'i

k'

336

Yellow to Oran(je Flowers

CANADA BUFFALOBERRY

Shcpherdia canadensis. Oleaster Family

Leaves- ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at

the inle RrTen and sparingly stellate-scurfy above, densely s.lvery ^tel-

te "urfy 1 e eath. some cVftl.. scurf brown. Flowers: m short sp.ke.

at the noac: of the twigs, yellowish, buds globose; per.anth four-l-bed.

Fruit: oval, drupe-like, red or yellow.

This shrub somewhat resembles Elccagms anjcntca, but
is not nearly so silvery in api^earance. the stems bemg cov-
ered with a brown scurf and the leaves being .green atul
slightly brown-scurfv on the top and silver-coated only
underneath. The yellow flowers are small and grow m
short spikes at the joitits of the twigs; the fru.t J-""^'^ ^ ;J
a bright scarlet or yellow berry, the flesh of which ts e.hble,
though very insipid, and contains a tiny smooth nut.

The Canada Bufifaloberry grows from four to eight feet
high, usually near water, and when in fruit is extremely
ornamental.

YELLOW WILLOW-HERB

Efilobium lutettm. Evening Primrose Family

Stems- slender, nearly simple. Leaves: ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed

sesT Flowers from the axils of the upper somewhat c-wded leaves

coToUa funnel-form, rarely expanding, the lobes deeply notched, calyx

short and deeply cleft.

The pale lemon-coloured flowers of the Yellow Willow-
herb grow in quantities near running water, or in the deep
moist vallevs where the rushes whisper in their husky
throats and the moss weaves lace-like patterns to cover the
ground The plant stands from six inches to two feet high,
and has large, conspicuously veined leaves, with wavy mar-
gins, which are very sharply toothed. The flowers are
extremely pretty and delicate in hue; their four petals,

>2sriai*-"f7': f.^i0-isiMmif.

Yellow to Orantfe Flowers

337

folded in fuimcl-fnnn. rarely expand, and are held up in
green calyx-cups, which in their turn are cleft int(. f.nir
narrow slender divisions.

COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE

(r.iiolhcni biennis. I'.vcniiig I'riiiiro-c Family
Stems: erect >,o„t. ua.ul-Iik.. Leaves: l.,Hc-,latc-, acute. narr.,we.l
I«.al>-I,racte.i; caly.x-tul.f slen.U-r. the l..l.e> li.uar. rellexcd.

The Kvenin- IVinirose. whose l.ri.i^ht vellow l.I..ss<.nis
open in the twilight, somewhat resenihles the ^'eIlow Wil-
low-herh. whose paler iL.wers 1,1, mmu at the hiddinj; of the
sunshine. Se.:i in the daytime, the I'venin,t,' Primrose a])-
pears faded and unintercstin-: hut viewed at m\dit. its
fragrant dowers are exceedingly attractive. The jilant
j,'rows to an average height of three feet, and has alternate
lance-shaped leaves and erect huds. \o so.,ncr has the sun
set than the Inids hegin to expand, the closelv closed calyx
suddenly hursting open with a loud pop, and then one In-
one the petals slowly unfold, until the whole sulphur-col-
oured flower is wide-hlown and sends forth its sweet fra-
grance to scent the eveninjr air

" A ttift of cvcniui; priinroses
O'er which the niiiul iiiJKht iinvcr till it dozes,
Rut tli.it it's ever startled I)y the leap
Of buds into ripe flowers."

A single summer night suffices to consume the vitality
and heauty of this flower, which a ?ning is fresh and
fair and newly hlown. and hy noon . A-s faded and most
dejected. It is strange how very fragrant and lovelv are
many of these " flowers that hlow when the heat of the day
is o'er," such, for instance, as the Xij,dit-hlooming Jessamine,

! i|

WW '".. ak: ' ■.. .f ;_.*ft»

'mBssmB?:

Yflloiv to Ornnt/e Flowers

4

M

^t: rl

>]l

i, -

338

the Ni^'ht-l.l.-oming Cereus. and the Xi.^ht-bloeniing Cactus.
The vellow petals of the R veninj,' Primrose shine so luini-
nouslv in the dusk that they easily attract the crepuscular
moth;, which fertilise the plants by carrying the abundant
sticky pollen from <me flower to another. The number
four'is conspicuous in this tlower. which has four petals, a
four-parted calvx. eight stamens, a f,.ur-celled ovary, and
a four-cleft stig-ua. XNhen the cor<.lla f: les. after ,ts sm-
de nieht of revelrv. it soon shrivels and drops off. and then
the oblong capsule containing the seeds quickly matures
HEART-LEAVED ALEXANDERS
Zicia cordata. Parsley Family
Stems: erect, br.inche.l. Leaves: upper stc<n-lcaves compound. sl,ort-

peS.;ernaK. the segments ovate. --^'^-''-'^^^^ ' '"1 U lo^w ';
petioled. somet.n.es un.Hvicled. Flowers: m umbels. e.ght-to-tNvelve

rayed. Fruit: globose-ovoid.

The bright sinning green leaves of this Parsnip and its
brilliant golden umbels of minute flowers combme to render
it one of the manv handsome plants that deck the camp
alpine meadows. It has stout hollow stalks and very glossy
f„liage. the leaves being ternate. or arranged in threes with
broad, wavy-margined, sharply toothed leaflets. It has a
most disagreeable odour.

NARROW-LEAVED PARSLEY
Lomathim tnlcnwtum. Parsley Family
Stems- from a deep-seated elongated fusiform root. Leaves: biter-
nate Ttriternate. the leaflets n.rrow. linear. Flowers: m an unequal
umbel of five to eighteen rays with slender bracts.

The vellow flowers of this tall Parsley have no involucre.
The stems are purplish at the base and the leaves are deeply
cut into narrow leaflets. The fruit is narrowly oblong with

yfci3>ifajd

fTT^EiWirW* 1 1 ll'I'IB I il'i'Mlf I I II ii -S

Yi'llo'u- to Or/in f/r i i jiccrs

.119

narrow wings, and the oil tula-s an- vi-ry lar,i;c and <..litary
in the intervals between the dorsal and intermediate rihv.

Loinatiiiin Martiiulalci :ar. (iii;/iistatiiin. or Martiniiale's
Parsley, is caulescent and liranchini,' witii elotit^Mted pe-
dnndes. The leaves are pinnate or Iiijiinnato with lonihcd
segments. The flowers are yellow, and the frnit has hn.ad
nings and prominent dorsal and intermediate rihs: the oil
tiihcs are .solitary in the intervals, and the seed- face is con-
cave with a central longitndinal rid.^e.

NARROW-LEAVED PUCCOON

Litluisfi-niiiini >i>it;iislifi'liiiiit. IInraKc I'aiiiily
Stems: l.raiu-lud, cnrt <>v avci'n.lin«. Leaves: limar, sessile, .ncntf.
Flowers: of tun kinds. i„ terminal Icaiy rao nus ; cnrolla of the'i-arlii-r
ones snlvcT-fonn, l.riKln ydlow, livr-lohcl. tin- |,,Ih.s iTo-i.-di-niiculaf.
the throat crested; later flowers mneli smaller and |,ah- vellou. elei^toi;-
amoiis. ahundantly fertile, tlieir i)edieels reeurve.l in fruit. Fruit:
nntlets white, smooth, shining:, ovoid, more or h-s piiti'd, keeled on tlie
inner side.

The French call this Tncco.m /'/./;/,',• aiix Pc/hs. because
of the hard stony seeds that matme in the calyx, and which,
though at first soft and green, gradnally become hard,
white, and shining. It i.s on account of these nntlets that
the plant is named from the (}reek Vthos, "a stone." and
sl>crm, "a seed." The flowers .-.re a pretty lemon colour,
the earlier ones being of a much deeper shade and larger in
size than those which appea- later in the summer. They
grow in close leafy clusters, nd h;ive a long, salver-form.
five-cleft corolla. The stems and leaves are quite downy.
This Tuccoon grows in small tufts or mats, from six to ten
inches high, and is usually found on the dry open lands,
where its

" Leaves and branches, crossed and linked,
Cling like children and embrace."

Yellow to Orange Flowers

*it

\:\

ih

t

-^40

lithostcnnum nuicralc, or Hairy Pucccon. has numer-
ous soft-hairv. very leafy stems Krowin^ from a cn.wn of
thick roots. The leaves are narn.w and tapcnij,'. and the
vellow tlowers are densely c'oNvded in a leafy thyrsus.
The narrow sepals are hairy, and the campanu ate-.unnel-
form corolla is twice as lonjj as the calyx, and sdky outsule
The white hony nutlets are ovate, pointed and polished.
Both these Puccoons have a sweet smell.

YELLOW BEARD-TONGUE

rcnstcmon i. •fcrtus. I'lKwort Family

Stems: sWn.ler. Leaves: lower on.- 1 '-'='»- ^^^^t.^lT^^
n-irrow t.cti.-lcs. mostly entire, tl.e cauli..c ses^le M a '"^^^''^ \

F owers thyrsus spiciform. interrnpte.l, .lensc. many-tlowere.l dusters.
S" very narrow, lo-.er lip conspicu.ntsly l.ear.le.l wUlnn.

The Yellow Reard-tonj^uc grows high up on the moun-
tains. The llowers. which vary in hue ^rom yel ow^ t..
cream colour, are set in several dense clusters round ahout
the stem, encircling it at intervals.

YELLOW MONKEY-FLOWER

Mimulus Langsdorfii. Figwort Family
Stems- ertet Leaves: ovate, sessile, denticulate. Flowers: terminal;
ca?yxT.mria'e-can,panulate; coroUa-tube cylindric. its lm„, n .^nate.
the upper lip erect, two-lobed, the lower lip spreadtng. three-lobed.

\ small plant bearing abnormally large quaint flowers,
bright yellow in colour and usually spotted with browmsh-
red in .id. the corolla. The lower three-cleft lip is heaydy
I arded within by soft fine hairs, and so tiny are the iittle
roundish leaves, and so slim the short stems, that the big
bright blossoms appear rather top-heavy for so small a
plant. Not actually growing in the water, but rather on

ll-

^jfl»r'jy

Yellow to Orange Flowers

.14'

those low marshy islands s<> frt'(|ucntl\ set in the middle of
the alpine streams, you will find myriads of these \'ell(>\v
Monkcy-llowers nestlinj; amid the mosses and reeds whieh
sprinjj up so luxuriantly between the sttnies hy the river's
brink.

Mimulus ninschattis, or Musk Flower, is liairy and very
sweet-smellinj,'. The stiMis are creepinj,' or ascendinj^. and
the sltMider !)ranches are six to twelve inches lii},'h. The
ovate pointed toothed short-stalked leaves are rounded at the
base, and the brij^ht yellow (lowers, },'rowin!,' on a short stalk,
have a funnel- form corolla with a spreadinj; limb.

Mimulus alf>inus, or Alpine Monkey h'lower. is a detise'y
matted i)lant. perennial by stolons, atid '' )und j^Towinj,' at
high altitudes. The leaves are oval, ami the solitary yellow
tlovvers terminate the short stems.

PELICAN FLOWER

Orthocarl>us luttus. Figwort Family

Stems: strict, erect, hr.niiched .ilmvc, tlensely leafy. Leaves: ascend-
ing, linear, entire or sometimes tlirce-dift, sosilo, lon^j-.icuiniiia*'-;
bracts of the dense spike lanceolate. Flowers: in dinse spikes, ycllo.v;
calyx tubular, with acute teeth; corolla-tube slender, the limb two-lipped,
the upper lip ovate, obtuse, the lower lip saccate, thrcc-tootlied.

An uninteresting member of the numerous Figwort Fam-
ily. It has dense, slender, erect spikes, covered with tiny
leaves and bracts, and numerous bright vellow flowers.
These flower.^ have a single upper lip and a three-toothed
lower lip; they are very fragrant, and the large pouch and
queer slender l)eak suggest the name of Pelican Flower.
This plant is usually found in dry soil.

I

a

tii

342

Yt'lloxc to Onfrtfjf Floiurs

1^

U !

jf '^!.' ■>,

rM

^ ELLOW RATTLE

Nliiihinlliiis C'»i.>/./A.'//i. FiKworl Family
Stems: >UMitUr. Leaves: laminate, ^c^j-ili'. i(iar«ily MTratf-ilcnIatc,
aciitf, bracts n\ati-, iiu i>v<l-<U ntaii', 'lii' tii'tli :u-intiiiiaic. Flowers: in
liTiiiiiial, (iiif--.i(li-(l, lialy-liraitfd -pikes, ami -nliiary in tlir ni>licr axils;
ealy\ nim-li inllatiil, i-Mn-iiii-imusly viiiiy in frnit ; corolla very irri'i!«-
lar. Iwo-lipped; tlie ^alea conii>res>e(l. arlud, iniinitely two-tootlicd
lielow llie eiilire aiie\, liie lower li|> tlireeloheil, >iireailinK.

Tilt' tiaiiif \clIo\v Kattli- has hirn ;,Mvni In this plant on
account of the way in which the ripcncl seeds, \vl ich he
loose ii^ the ( apsules. rattle whenever the wind shakes them
to and fro. It is a linn erect plant, ns.ially {^rouinj; from
six to ten inches hij^Mi, and chietly conspicuous hy reas ,n of
its inflated ,i,'reen llower-cups and hri^dit yellow hlossonis.
the lips of which frefpiently are spotted with iniqjle.

GREATER BLADDERWORT

(I'-'uuhiiia xulijivis rur. (imiriinint. lllaiMerwort Family

Stems: immersed, M-ai)e stont, nakeil, iliree to four inclies liinli. witli a
few siales. Leaves: two to three jiiimately many-parted, capillary,
hearing many hladilers. Flowers: three to twenty in a raceme on siiort
pedicels, the sides of the lip- retlexed, spur conical, slender, rather acute.
Fruit: capsule many seedetl.

The (ircater Hladderwort '. a very curious plant which
grows in shallow pools and ponds, and has yellow llovvers
similar in structure to those of the P.uttei wort. The leaves,
usually much crowded on the floating hranches, are divided
into thread-like segments bearing the numerous, velvety-
looking, little air bladders. In the autumn, buds termi-
nating the stems fall ofif. and are buried in the mud at the
bottom of pools until si»ringtime, when Uvy root, and the
new bladders, at first filled with water, soon fill with air.
and the plant, leaving the mud. rises to the surface of the

V.I

wsm^:?BOivfrxfsj^TJi>sgwi^ir^xjL3yu»mrwi^7^

Yi'Hou- to Ortirnh' Ilourrs

n^

pool and flowers, the hl.iddiTs fef<liii;,' it liy iiu'aiis '>\ tlirir
trapinii)^. The pale ^nvn hladilir^ are. howi^ir. its nio^i
interestiiij; feature, for lia\ iiij^ no roots the plant \]<k\\^ snh-
nierjred hy nieaiH of thiNe tiny intlated l)a!lo. in^. wh'ise
hristle-hke appenda.L;es ^M\e thein the appearaiue of crtts-
taceaiis. These Madders lia\e an opeiiinj; elo^rd h\ a \al\e
...id fiirni-lied with a few projeotini: hri'^tles ihat u'uide in-
sects to tlie aperture, whieh thev enter hy pre^^ini,' aJ;ain^t
tlie hd. ln>ide the li!ad<Ier is covered with ^'laiuhilar proc-
esses that seem to ahsorh tlie lluid ]>ro(hu-ts of decay, hut do
not. hke tlie I'.utlerwoit and Sundew. (h,i;est tlie trappeil
victim and ahsctrh the anitn.d matter. '"he yellow dowers
grow In racemes of three to twenty pt i... top oi the stalUs
on pe(hccls which are recurved in fruit. 'I'hey ha\e ;i tw<>-
hpped c<»roIIa with an erect, entiri- upper lip. and a hroad
threodohed lower lij) that has a lar-^e p.date. and :i conic
spur nearly as lonjj as 'he li]> to which it is apprcssi-d.

['triciilaria Intcruwiiin. or ^'^'lIow■ lil.adderwort, has also
a naked scape hearinj,' one to I'inc yellow tlowers. the upper
lip of whose corolla is much lon,i.',er th;in the palate, the
acute spur heinjj a])pressed to. and as Ioul; as the very hroad
lower li]). The slender pedicels are erect in fruit. The
hranchcs are tloatini,'. and the leaves more or less scattered,
with linear, Hat sejjjments and luistle-toothed m.-irijins.
The hladders are. with rare excei)tions. home on leat^LSs
hranches.

1

i

INVOLUCRED FLY HONEYSUCKLE

Loiiici-ia iiixiihurala. !)■ iKV-ucklr I'aniily

Leaves: ovate or o\a'. acutf or acuininati' at the apex, ttarmweil at
the base; iiediiiirles axillary: liracts fuliaccous, o\ate: hractUt^ also
larKe. at length stirroiiii<lin)? tlie fruit. Flowers: in ii.iirs, yellow;
corolla piibeseent, fmiiiel-forni. the linih five-l"l.e<l, tlie loUes sliort. little

^v-1

'a'j.i-Q» 'I )•>•■"•»■.

..*i:" iP^ \ 7ftV

"■:vAiiii««k' "■

344

YcllfiM lo Ornmif ll'tucrs

\h

Minailing; staim-ii» and nI)1c ■*liKhtly cxsertiil. Fruit: lurries luarU
t.la.k.

'litis is ofic of tJK- sm.ill-tlnwcrrd I loticysiukk'^ \\\w\\
^fMu in tlu" fnnii cif a hiisliy >liruh. It in-ars yt'lluu fmiiid-
foriii twin lilnssDiiis. tcriiiiiiatiii)^' tlu- loiij,' :U'n<!cr pcdmuk's
wliirli spriii)^' from the a\iis of the k-avt-s. 'riifsc lilossulns
art' conspicuously itivolucrcd ( licncc the coinnion uanic) l)y
larj,'f hroad Icaf-iikc hracts. which arc (,'ri'cti in the llower-
iivr season and turn a warm re<lihsh colour in autumn, when
surroundin;^' the fruit. The live stamens protrude sli,i;htl>'
heyond the corolla, hut the style is much e\seried. and is
tip] led hy a larj^e ant'ier.

'Ihe huolucred I'ly Honeysuckle is a stra;,'}j;lin;^' shruh.
}.jrow in^i from two to si\ feet hi,i,di : the leaves are loujj-
>li;i]ied and have hairy m.ir.^in^'. 'vA when in fruit the red-
dish-hlack livrries are joined toj^e'her in !>airs. it is not a
plant that is likely to attract the triveller's interest, for it is
noticerihle only hy reason of its rich luxuriant folia,u:e. since
the llowers are small and the herries (|uite dark in hue.

l.oiiiicra iitiilh'itsis. or r>u>h h'ly Honeysuckle. j;ri>ws
from three to five feet hiijli. .md is hnmchinjj^ and very
Inishy. Tlie leaves are cthlou;,' and hrii^dit freen and have
wavv smooth margins. 'Ihe pale yellow (lowers, whose
corollas are cleft into two lips, j^^row in pairs on lon^j slen-
der peduncles from the axils of the leaves, and are suh-
tendcd hy small hracts, in which latter respect they differ
materially from the Involucred IHy Honeysuckle, which has
very larjje hroad hracts. The fruit consists of e.titj-shapcd
herries, which are more or less joined together and arc (jf
a lovely translucciit scarlet colour. —

"Like a (li'ul)lc clRTry. seemiiiR iKirtcil."

i\

HrsH Fi.v H(i\Kvsfc'Ki.E
(Loiiiccia iitahciisis)

345

^1

\s--i^ujrarj'i

''H^sajj^nBk^^.wa' •f—'^^m^-wjca.jtmii.-jcz^m^uKrw

346

Y I' I low to Orange Flowers

r

t h

fit .^

GOLDEN ASTER

CItrysdf'sts rillosa. Composite Family

Stems: villdus. Leaves: alternate, oblong, obtuse, the iipppr ones
sessile, tlie Inwer ones narrnwed into a petiole, pale, canescent vvitli
appressed hairs. Flo\wers: heads few, tenninatinR the short branches;
rays oblong-linear; involucre hemispheric. Fruit: achenes obovate.

The yellow Aster is a very hairy plant, it affects dry or
.sandy soil, and ji^rows from six to ei,t;hteen inches hi_<;h. The
stems are simple, and near the summit short hranches spread
out, terminalinj; in the solitary heads, which are composed of
hoth tuhular and radiate ilowers. These brii^'ht golden
flowers are enclosed in an involucre, which is funned of
.several series of tiny green bracts. The name Chrysofsis,
from chrysos, " gold," and o/^sis, " aspect." is peculiarly ap-
plicable to these gay yellow blossoms, which glorify the dry
waste places with their shiuing splendour.

Chrysof^sis hispida. or Hairy Golden Aster, is a lower
plant than the preceding species and has numerous stems
growing from a woody rootsiock. It is hispid or rough-
hairy throughout. The leaves are spatulate entire and
s])reading. obtuse at the a])ex and narrowed at the base into
long petioles. The flower heads are numerous and bright
yellow, and the involucre iias lancec/.ate hirsute bracts.

CANADA GOLDEN-ROD

Scliiloi^o lanadciisis. Composite Family

Stems: stout, little branched, pnberulent. Leaves: alternate, lance-
olate, triple-nerved, acute at each end, tiie lower ones shari)ly serrate and
petioled, the upper ones smaller, entire, sessile. Flowers: heads numer-
ous, of both tubuhr and radiate flowers, on the spreading or recurving
branches of the large and dense panicles; involucre canipanulate, the
bracts linear, itnbricatul in several series; rays in one series, pistillate;
disk-flowers nearly all perfect; corolla tubular, five-cleft.

Ycllou- to Oraiu/c Floucrs

347

Tlie Golden-rods, many spocic.s of which jj[ri'\v ahiin-
dantly in the mountain (hstricts, are, toLjether with the
Asters, the handsomest of the late autumn tlowers. Re-
taining the rich glow of the summer sun in their rijie yellow
hlossoms. they brighten the slopes and border the trails with
a retlectetl glory, h'or the (lolden-rod is at home in all
kinds of jjlaces : hy the dusty wayside and in the deej) green
forests; close to the borders of the ice-I)orn streams, and
out in the open meadows, where the rays of liglit at noon-
tide shine strongest. In each of these localities the tall
wands, bearing their wealth of golden florets, wave gently
to and fro, and never can we mistake the feathery jjlumc^
of the larger species, or the straight woody stems of the
smaller ones, which are so thickly crowned by the tiny radi-
ant tlowers of this (|ueen of Nature's garden.

It is a more difficult matter, however, to dififerentiate
between the many species of ( iolden-rod tijat grow at high
altitudes. The Canada Clolden-rod is perhaps the easiest
one to recognize, since it is the largest as well as the h.ind-
somest of its tribe, and has big branching panicles of close-
clustered blossoms, very long, narrow, ])ointe(l leaves of a
dull grayish-green hue, and stout woody stems, which have
a cottony appearance and attain an average height of three
feet.

So numerous are the Golden-rods on this continent that
it is possible to note only a few of the more conspicuous
species which the traveller is likely to find and gather in the
course of his wanderings amid the great bills, where

"Along the roadside, like the tlowers of S"1<1
That tawny Iiicas for their gardens wrought.
Heavy with sunshine droops the Golden-rod."

1

t .

fll

.)i

Yelloiv to Oranf/e Flowers

348

.V,W/(/ar/o dccumbcns, or Field Gclclen-rod. has tall, stiff,
wand-like stems, which terminate in <lcnse cmpact panicles
of {lowers, and sparse, long, narrow leaves, with even mar-
jrins. It is very beautiful to walk across the alpme fields,
where

"The Golden-rod lights slowly
Its torch for the Autumn blaze,"

and where tlie other fall flowers unite to celebrate the pass-
in- of summer in a riotous splendour of scarlet, purple, and

"soli(ia,,o mnltinuliata, or Xortliern Golden-rod. is a
;oarser species with small loose clusters of rather IrirKe deep
yellow flowers, wliich terminate the leafy downy > -ms.

•'How deepening bright, like tnountV \-»me, doth burn
The C.oldcn-rod upon a thousand I '.
Tl-.is is the Autumn's flower, and to my soul
A token fresh of beauty and of life,
And life's supreme delight."

Solida<jo missonricnsis, or Mountain Golden-rod. has a
perfectly smooth slender stem and short, broad, branching
panicles of vellow flowers. The leaves are thick and lance-
shaped, wit'h entire rough margins. It grows in dry sod
and rears its clusters of gohlen bloom where the sunlight
an<l shade interlace at the edge of the forests.

Solhhvjo ucnwralis. or Gray Golden-rod. is so called on
account of its gray-green cottony stems and leaves. The
latter are lance-shaped and sharply toothed.

Thus we see that the Golden-rods grow everywhere.
from the high hill-crests to the deep sweet valleys; that
some species attain to a height of s,x feet under certain
very favourable conditions, while others grow in dwarf

??^T^

iMKi.n Gmi.den-roi)
(Sulidii};,! dccuiilhciis)

II

349

'! ■ ■

K'\

1.

.,

i ii

l

'■)

I

f * \

Yellow to Orange Flowers

350

alpine forms, well-nigh prostrate upon the ground ; some
are slen<ler-steniniecl. some have stout woody support; some
bear big branching panicles of abundant bloom, whde others
again have but few blossoms closely clustered about then-
erect stalks. Yet in spite of all these differences between
the Narious species, the Golden-rods are quite unmis-
takable as a genus.

SoluUujo clo,ujata, or Slender Golden-rod. has smooth
slender stems and lance.^late leaves pointed at both ends and
snaringlv toothed. The flowers grow in an elongated nar-
rmvlv pyramidal cluster, and the bracts of the involucre are
linear, 'the yellow rays being small and slender. The
achenes are pubescent.

YELLOW FLEABANE

Frigcrou aureus. Composite Family

This is a dwarf herbaceous plant, with a tuft of tmy
crreen leaves at the base and one or two minute ones clinging
to its stems. It grows only from three to six inches high
and is found on loftv summits at 8000 and 9000 feet.
The flowers resemble bright yellow daisies, and are rather
ragged looking. At times, as the traveller stands upon
some mountain top. where the earth seems very c ose to the
skv of perfect blue, the gamboge blossoms of the \: ellow
Fleabane. covering the ground with a torrent of bloom
seem to surge across the alpine plateaux in a succession of
golden waves.

Yellow to Orantje Flowers

35'

BLACK-EYED SUSAN

Rudbcckia liirla. Composite Family

Stems: simple or sparingly branched, often tufted. Leaves: tliick,
serrate with low teeth or entire, laiueolate. the lower and ha.vil ones
petioled, the upper ones narrow, sessile, acute. Flowers: heads few or
solitary. Fruit: achencs four-angled, obtuse or truncate at the ape.x,
pappus none.

This plant has many names, and amonjr them that of
Golden Jerusalem possibly fits it best, since it has truly
shining orange-yellcnv flowers. It is hairy throu<,diout.
with thick lance-shaped, almost entire leaves, strikinj,' tlower
heads of ten to twenty bright rays, and a dark purple-brown
globose disk that is extremely prominent.

GIANT SUNFLOWER

Jlcliaiillius f^igantcus. Compos' • '^■^.--'ly

Perennial by fleshy roots and creeping roolstoc^:,. ... ms: erect, his-
pid, branched near the summit. Leaves: lanceolate, veiy rough al)ove,
pubescent beneath, serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base.
Flowers: rays spreadinfe, entire; disk-tlowers perfect, fertile; corr)lla
tubular, the tube short, the limb five-lobed; involucre hemispheric,
hirsute.

What the cultivated Sunflower is to the other dwellers
in old-fashioned gardens the wild Giant Sunflower is to the
other dwellers in the woodlands. It is the gorgeous orna-
ment and lord of the locality, one of the most conspicuous
of the many flowers that might fairly be designated by
die term liclios. " the sun." and aiithos, " a flower " ; for the
yellow Asters, Gaillardias. Arnicas, and Ragworts are really
all equally amenable to this title.

The Giant Sunflower has large blossoms, composed of
numerous bright yeilow rays and a disk of perfect fertile

' I

K

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1 1

h-

I 'III'**'

3S2

Yclloi.' to OnifKfi- Floiii'ts

norcts. The leaves arc- lance- ^iKq.cd an.l very rou^h to the

^^The Irish i)..et. M.-re. referring,' to this llower as an
emhleni of constancy, has sun;< that

••The Sunll.nvcr fu.ns on lur ii'"\ \n1um be sct^ __
•| lie same I'nk xsliidi slie turn'.l ulieii he n.>e.

Hut fact, utuortunately. refuses to corroborate ^-^ '^'^^^^^^'^
fancy for ahis! the Hclianllws -l-.s not turn Us ^'.^ K''^^
nower-face fro.n east to we.t to follow the course of he su
.„„1 hut. on the contrary, remains in the same posUion all

clay Ions'. , . ,

In ol.len davs. in Peru and Mexico, this flower occupied
an important place hoth in the nntholo.i,n- and ,n the sculpture
of the country, and also was employed as a mystic an.l sacre.l
emblem hv the inhabitants. The maidens who waited upon
the sun god in the temi)le wore on their breasts representa-
tions of it executed in beaten '^nUl and it also was ex-
tensively cultivated in the gardens of the priests

The ancient (Greeks believed that the llcluwlhus was the
incarnation of the nymph Clytie. who by reason oi her great
love for Apollo sat for nine days upon the gronn.l intently
ga/ing at the orb of day. until at length she became rooted
to the earth and her face was transformed into the shining
disk of the Sunflower.

All these legends tend, perhai^s. to increase our interest '
this handsome plant, whose brilliant-hued blossoms bum
^vith a golden light in the mountain thickets ana whose
leaves make a waving of slight shadows across the land.

. i

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Yellow to Ornnfff Flowers

S'JS

BROWN-EYED SUSAN

Giulhndia aiisliild. (. onii."Mti' Faintly
Stems: Mm,>U-, ..r little l.ra.u-lu.!. lurM.tt- will. ]M h.i.rv Leaves:
,-,ru .k-nsdy n.l.c.ccnt. the Lvvcr ,m.l lual .,nc, pc.u.lcl. .LU-ng. la . -
r",inna.i^. ..r .mire; n,.,.cr h-avcs s.^mU., lan.c laU. ent.r. or .kn-
HU.' Flowers: larKC-,.c.lu,uk..l. lusuK of tul.ular an.l ra.ha.c tlowcr^.
rays cnncate. tl.rec-tcK.tlicd ; bracts .,f the ii.vulucre hirsute.

\ f,r,,r.a-nus radiant l)l..ss..iii. with minicr.ms l.rij,'ht j,'..Mon
ravs which arc ihrec-lohcd at the apex, and hax i.tj,' also a
hi.'r friti-cd. Kl..h..sc. rcd.hsl;-hr..wn centre, cinposcl of
„,anv n)inme disk-tlowcrs. 'i-he leaves are co.irse. tlie larger
ones' heing to<.the.l half-way in the middle.

There are meadows in the mountains ren.lered more
heautiful than any others hy reason of these great showy
C.aillardias.

Cai'lanlia Land! It lies far from the Imsy marts ot men
r.lue heavens ahove. and golden tlowers ahout your teet. and
all the w.rld full of a very ahand.m of colour. Here

•' .X thousaiid odours rise,
Breathed up from l.lossoms of a thou-an<l dscs."

Wavs of peace lead over the fields of rest, and whosnever
wanders therein finds fo..d for dreams. an<l gladness all the
way.

" Blue of a huniiiiR, houutUe-s sky,
Gohl of a l.oundli-s. spkMidid s.»l:
Prodiiial noontide, far and niKh,

Blue and Rold on the plains of God."

HEART-LEAVED ARNICA

Arnica cordlfoUa. Composite F.amily
Stems- simple, or cparinsly branched. Leaves: ba^al and lower ones
..vac lituse and deeply cordate at the base, dentate; stem-leaves ,n
I ir ' ovate, sessile, small. Flowers: lar.e long-pc'l'-nckd hea.is of

4

354

Yi'lloii to Orani/f Floucrs

iH '

\ *

lioili tulinlar an. I ra.li.iU- llnwiTs ; rirci.t.u-li- flat, ra>- ^Iik'iII.n I'mHIihI
at till' a|K\.

I his is till- in«>>t coiniiioii sptrics of \rnica in the innnn-
taitis, and is a haiulsoiiK- plant, staiulin;; from one to two
fcc-t liij;li. It has pale j^rccn hairy leaves, which are
niarkedlv heart-shaped at the base, and many attractive hlos-
soins composed of lijL;ht j^ol.k-ti rays, their <lee,) yellow cen-
tres idiisistiii}; of mimeroiis disk-llowcrs. 'riicsc lilo>>oius.
which are enclosed in a hairy involncre, formed hy a series
of narrow ;4;reen bracts, j^'row sin,i;ly or in pairs at the ends
of thi lonj,' slender staiks. The pappus is white.

Arnica Uitifulia. or limad-lcaved Arnica, has rather
slender stems and radical cordate petiol-d leaves, the njjper
OIK'S lieinj,' in twD or three pairs, oval, usually sharply
toothed, and closely sessile hy a hroad or contracted base.
The llower heads j,frow on lonj,; slender hairy stalks in the
axils of the upper leaves, the yellow rays have two notches
;it the apex, and the bracts of the involucre are oblontj with
a wide base and ])ointed apex. Th'? ])appus is white.

Aniica alpimu or .\lpine Arnica, is a graceful delicately
formed i)lant, w ith Ion},', narrow, toothed leaves, and a sin^de
llower with ten to fifteen rays, twive notched at the apex,
terminating,' each stem. It also frecpiently has two addi-
tional tlowers spriiifjinjj from the axils of the upper leaves.
Se\eral pairs of sessile leaves j,'r()W on the stems, and alto-
gether the plant presents a more slender, refined appearance
than do either of the two precedinj,' species.

Aniica Cluviiissonis, or Chamisso's Arnica, is an ex-
tremely hairy species usually found near water. The leaves
are ve'rv long, narrow and sliKluly toothed, the lower ones
tapering into a marginal stalk and the upper ones being
hroad at the base and somewhat clasping. The llowers are

ri.\! K I.XIV

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(.Iniii-a ulfiiui)

35^

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35<^

Yellow to Oranqe Flowers

smaller than those of tlic Heart -leaved Aniica. and the jwde
yellow rays have a siiij,de notch at the ai)ex. The pappus is
tawny.

Arnkii I'arryi. or i'arry's Arnica, U'ars a curious llower
with no rays at ail, hut oidy a receptacle <.f disk-llowers en-
closed in a };reen involucre. These llower-heads usually
^row in threes at the suniniit of the three short-l)ranched
steins. They appear to have sinii»ly lost iheir rays in the
earlv sta},'e of decomposition, hut such is not the case; they
never had any.

.Irnicaloiiiscanii, or SdiaelTer's .\rnica. is a slender hairy
plant with muldin;,' llower heads of eij^ht to ten uoticeahly
pale lemon-yellow rays, and usually three iiairs of leaves, the
lower ones at the hase of the stem heiii^' cllipiical. entire (-r
denticulate. The hracts (»f the campanulate hrownish-
puri)le involucre are lanceolate, acute and densely glandular-
hairy at the hase. The papi)us is tawny.

.Iniica fitUjCHS, or Notched .\rnica. has oblong lanceolate
pointed leaves, the lower ones bcinj; toothed and stalked,
and the upi)er ones st.vsile and entire. The flower heads
grow on long slender hairy stalks, and the involucre is cam-
p;inulate, its hracts heing pointed and covered with long
white hairs. The bright yellow rays are twice notched at
the apex and the pappus is white.

Arnica (jracilis, or Slender .\riiica. is a smooth slender
l)ranched plant with slightly hairy leaves, ihc basal ones be-
ing broadly ovate, stalked. to<.thed and thrcc-ribbed. as are
also the two pair of stem-leaves, but the top pair are .sessile.
The flower heads have long narrow bright yellow rays with
a single notch at the apex, and the twelve to fifteen invo-
lucral bracts are lanceolate acuminate and hairy, as are also
the seeds. The pappus is white.

Hi I

Yfllow to Onint/t' Flout'n

i^7

GOLDEN RAGWORT

.SVmim'k liaUiimilir. C<>ui;Misitc laniilj

PtTtniiial. ipliiii itiftid Stems: >lin.lfr, w<«>II) ai th.- I,a-r an. I in ih,
axik uf till' luNM-r lcMM>. Leavet: l.a>al ..tit. >lcn.l.i i.ttmlcl. .,1,1. my,
viry ,,l,tii>c, cri'iiati-; sicin-ka\t's iMnnatifi.l, mnnjIi-. small. Ploweri: in
cirymltosi- inaiiy-tlowiTnl Ium.I, of |H,tli iiilmlar an, I ra> iL^wiTs.

Il:is is a very o.mm..ii plant in tlu- ui.miitains, Ii has
l)ri;(lit yi-llou tl..\\irs, uliirli when in sicd resi-inhlc small
tlii>tles. 'Ilie liih I.«.se ilustt-rs ..f tlu- (i.-ldcn l\';ii;\\..rt
^'fow to an averaf,"' \w\^\\{ of cij^httrn imhes. I he hasil
leaves have lonj; stalks and are munded <>r .^lilf.n};, with
scalloped ed);es. while the stem-leaves are Ion-;, narrow, aii.l
slender, .and very deeply cut. The name Si-nccio is fmrn
sciti'x, "an old man," and refers to the h.iary-heade.l ap-
peanince f)f the plant when in seed, whieli is Mipposed t.) re-
semhle the silky while hair of the patriarch.

Different si)ceies of Rajjjworts are (piite mimerons at hi^li
altitudes. They all have yellow llowers (.f various luies.
shading from primrose to amher and oran^^e; hut the (iolden
Rajjwort is the most ahimdant ..f them .ill. It is principallv
hy their widely diverse foliaj,'e tliat the .SVh(-(/<<.v must he
distinfjmshed.

So hrij^dit and gay are these (lowers, and all their fellows
of golden mean, that we are compelled t-. wonder wh.it
caused Wordsworth, gentlest of poets and truest of Xature
lovers, to write :

" III liefall the yellow flowers.
Cliil.Iieii of tlie tlaring lionrs."

What would the meadows be without the Dandeli.Mv. the
Sunflowers, the Golden-rods, and the Arnicas? The laud
would lose much of its charm in Autumn did not these hril-

ii

m^iMm*^ . Xiu»: :Mm,^wmt^M^

Yellonx' to OratKje Floucrs

\\

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''I

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ff*

35«

liant hlcssonis 1.1a/.. .n back the l.c-anis ..t the .loclininj,' sun.

Scncdn triaiu/iilaris. (,r Ciant Kaiiwort. is a lar^'c coarse

species witli closely set tlower-heads and munerous loiik'

triangular leaves, stron-ly veined, and sharply tuothed at

the edges. , , •, i

Scncdo canns, or Silvery Groundsel, is exactly described
by its name, for it has white silky stems an<l leaves and j.ale
yellow tlowers. it is a small i.lant and j,m-..ws on the dry
open meadows. The basal leaves are oblon- and have even
marf^ins. while the tinv stem-leaves are sli.i,duly toothe.l.

Scmrio lu,jcns, or r.lack-tiiM.e.l C.roundsel. is so called ..n
account <.f the conspicuous little black tips distin-uishin-
the bracts of its involucres, or green cups, which hold up the
deep .-iinber-coloui-ed llowers. The basal leaves are very
l,,n- and toothed; the ui.per leaves cling closely to the stem,
and are small, bract-like, and smooth.

Snu'cio psciuhwrcus. or C-anada Ragwort, grows froni
one to two feet high fn)m a creej.ing ro..tstock. The basal
leaves are broadlv ovate, somewhat cordate and serrate, and
have long stalks.' while the lower stem leaves are more or
less lobed and the upper stem leaves are sessile. The rays
arc orange-yellow.

.SV)i<-(/<> (liscniilciis, or Xorthern Squaw-weed, is smooth
excei)t for small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower
leaves. The stem is .stout and the basal leaves are oval
..btuse, thin, .sharply toothed and abruptly narrowed into
stalks longer than the blade; the stem leaves are few, small
and more or less cut inio narrow lobes. The tlower heads
grow in a loose Hat-topped cluster and the rays arc very

short or none.

Scnccio flcnurdrnis. or Western Balsam Groundsel, is a
slender pale yellow-green plant with tufts of wool at the

^>i4it.-!^'4ifc.^li«.4.^v

Yellow to Or<in<it' /-"/ouitv

.1^9

base of the leaves, wliich arc lirnadly oval, ohtuM', eriiiato
and taiicr into the >talks. The lower stem leaves are
lanceolate in outline and the n])])er ones linear sessile and
dee])ly pinnatilid. The tlower luad^ ha\e linear acute lir.aets
vith brownish tips and the rays ;ire pale yel! <\\ or often
laekinj,,'.

COMMON DANDELION

TiiiiiMuii:ii I'ffiiiiiiil,-. l'iim|"i,itc lamily

Scapi"^ and Icincs iroiu tlu- crinvn of ,i tliii'k vcrtiivil mot. Leaves:
laiicciil;ite in (Hillini", .-iikI from irroLinlarly iloiitalc to nMuinali-i>innatit"i(l.
Flowers; in snlitary Ik'.kIs at the >iininiit of ilu' liollo.\ scapf^ : ra> s
nnnitTons; involucre a ^InKlc M'ries nf lu'arly (■(|iial narrow lirart^. am!
>cvfral calyculatc ones, tlic outer relk'xed, all acute. \ot inilijj;enou^.

" Common " as this Dan(lelii>n is named, and eomnion .as
it is in all the mountain re<^ions, yet it is far from liein,L; an
usj;lv or even an uuinterestin:^' plant. On the contrar\-, its
i^orj^eons golden blossoms render it extremely attractive.
These blossoms consist of from one to two hundred str.ap-
sli.'i])ed rays, their blunt tips notched into ii\e teeth, which
remind us that each ray-flower was once com])o>ed ot fi\e
petals. 1'he leaves are boldly cut into ja.^^ed lobes ( stip-
])ose(l to resemble the teeth of a lion, hence tlie common
name Dandelion, derived from the hVench Pciit-dc-lioii) .
and these lobes are as^^ain cut into secondary points.

As the Dandelion .t,Tows old the rays fall off, and it bemls
downwards until the seed matures; then, elevatinij; its hiad
once more, it expands into a beautiful, snow-vliile, airy
seed-ball, wiiose ])lumes blow .aw.ay at the sli<i;lUest putt
and float off to find a new restinf;;-place. This is an intro-
duced ])lant.

Taraxacum rupcstrc. or Alpine Dandelion, is a tiny
slender plant with finely cut leaves and small flowers, which

k

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•«*«:'

360

Yellow to Oranye Flou^^rs

>«r(,::.

m

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lil

seldom {rrows more than four or five inches hij;h. 1 mm th
lowlands to the hij,diest levels this

" Dear coiiinioii (lower 'liat Rrows l)i'si(k' tlie wa> ,
I'rinniiig tlie dusty road with lianiil(.» Rold,"

is to be f(Jiind.

SOW THISTLE

Soiuhus un'ciisis. Cniiipositc Family

Perennial liy deep routs and creepiiiK rootstock^. Stems: Kafy hilou
paniculately branched and nearly naked aI)o\e. Leaves: lower and lia^ii
nincinatc-i)innatifid, si)inidose-dentate. Flowers: heads several, coryni
hose-panicnlate, bright yellow, very showy. Fruit: achencs ohlonij. com
pressed, with aiiout ten rngose longitiulinal ribs. Not indigenons.

Every traveller will easily recoj^nize this common So\
Thistle, with its yellow or yellowish flowers and its ver
prickly leaves. Sometimes it is called Milk Thistle, on ac
count of the milky juices contained in the stems. Lik
nianv of the members of the great family of Composite;
the Sow Thistle has an involucre of jj^recn bracts, - '';i
naked receptacle, and numerous strap-sha])ed rays,
are truncate and finely toothed. It is a coarse sht)wy \ ..
and opens its flowers early in the day. closins? them aj^ai
soon after noon. This is an introduced plant.

LARGE-FLOWERED FALSE DANDELION

Agoscris glauca. Composite Family

Stems: scape naked, slender, pubescent. Leaves: all basal, linea
lanceolate, creindate, acuminate at the ape.x. Flowers: heads solit.ir
yellow; rays truncate, five-toothed.

A flower very like a real Dandelion, but with totally di
ferent foliage. The False Dandelion may always be distil
guished by its long ribbon-like leaves, which grow up froi
the base of the plant and have slightly wavy margins.

F//irf'i\'r

tl i^*

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Yi'llow to Orant/i- Flfmen

3^^'

Agoscris qnuilcns, or Sinall-ilnwered False Dandelion,
has lanceolate entire acute leaves and slender scapes ten to
eighteen inches hi^'h which are woolly at the summit. 1 he
l)racts of the involucre are narnnv and smooth with hairy-
fringed margins, and the llowers are a beautiful deei)

orange. ,

Ujoscris aurantiaca, or Copper 1-alse Dandelmn. has
deep copper-coloured llowers, which are occasionally pur-
plish, otherwise it closely resembles the preceding species.

MANY-FLOWERED HAWKSBEARD

Crefis clcgaiis. CompoMte I'amily
Stems: n,any fro.n a tap-root, difft.scly branched L"ves: entire or
nearly so. radical ones spatulate. caul.ne ones lanceola e to Inuar.
Flowers: in sn.all numerous-clustered heads. Fmt: --henes nua-
fusiform, n^inutcly scahrous on equal narrow r,hs. at.ennate n,to a short
slender beak; ,.appus copious of very slender white bnst.es.

The Hawksbeards are r'' yellow, and their rays are
squared and f^nelv toothed ai the tips, a characteristic which
enables the traveller to at once distinguish them from the
\rnicas. to which they l)ear a strong resemblance.

The Hawksbeards are not very pretty or very mtercsting
flowers, yet they contribute their share of golden strands to
Nature's summer carpet. .

Crcpis nana, or Alpine Ilawksbeard. is a small alpine
si^ecies that grows at an altitude of 8000 feet. 0.1 barren
r..cky ground. It is a tiny plant, forming tufts and bearing
many clusters of small flowers.

HAIRY HAWKW'^D

Hicracium Scoulcri. Composite Family
Pubescent with long crisp hairs, pale green. Stems: one to two feet
high very leafy. Leaves: lanceolate, sessile. Flowers: m a loose .r-

' I

1

i I

ll

?•!

'*

1^

362

Yi'Uou- to Oratujc Flouers

regular imi'ick-; iiisohicral tiracts imbricatol in two ur llircc M-riis ; rays
truncate, tivf-loutlicd at tiie apex.

A lovely plant! The pale <^recn steins, leaves, and buds,
thickly clotlied with line silvery hairs, and the brilliant
j,f(jlden flowers form an excpiisite contrast, delighting the
eye of the traveller. ihis tiawkweed is comparatively
rare in the moinitains.

llicnuiitiii (/nhilc, or Small llawkweed, has tiny yellow
or v.hite (lowers borne at the end of the long, slender,
branching stems. They resemble miniature Dandelions and
are verv abundant. Like the 1 lawksbeards. the rays of the
llawkweeds are truncate, or cut off s(|uarely at the ends,
and finely tootheil.

Ilicnuiuiii iiiiihrllatuw. or Xarmw-leaved llawkweed,
has a tall, simple leafy stem and lanceolate, acute, usually
entire, but occasionally toothed or lobed leaves narrowing
to a .sessile base, smooth above and hairy below, and fringed
with marginal liair>. The few yellow flower heads are
usuallv an inch broad and sul)-umbellate.

|]

J-

*9,

GLOSSARY

h

•u

ii

«

^

m^} l:

■■ i

-iT/V

'!

:^im^ -p.^^, ,i.^^- 1:

'■^;c-^

GLOSSARV

'I lu ibjrit (if llu-c (i;i^f^ is I., ^;ivl• ;i> hriilly as M>si!,li a mi,i[i1c
(.■\|il.iii.iti(in Ml ih,,,c' iMilanitMl term- ino-t I'rnincntly ii-t-.| in (k-MTihinn
Iilants.

nil". k(.;/T
l\'",itsl'>(l:: a crci'iiiiii,' -ttin tjriiuiii),' lulou the >iirf i.c of the nfiiinl,
Julh-r: a thick iHirtioii i.| a nnitstitck, usually |'.)v-c-siiiK oi- like a

potato.
Conn: the thick (U>hy hasc nf a >tein.
lUilli: ai: luuK rK'roiind >tiin civcrcil with ^,calcs.
Sloloii: a hasal hranch, rootiiip at the nodes.

THE STi:.M
liint: upright.
Siinflc: imt hraiiclied.

Ih'iiiiiihi'iil: linrizoiital on the ground, hut vertical at the end.
J'rociinihciit: llat on the Kfonnd.

Ovc/'i;;^'; nnniinK along the earth and rooting at the joints.
Si life the leaMess tlower-stalk of a >teniles> plant.

Xodc: the iiinction of two portions of tiie stem, often hard aiul swollen,
at which leaves are n-ii;illy home.

THh: I.KAF
Biiiit: a leaf -nhtending a thnver.

/iizoliur,-: a circle of hracts ronnd a tlower, as in the Sunflower.
Entile: one the edge of which is not cut or lohed.
Siinf'lc: one which i- not divided into leaflets.
Ci'iii found : one which is divided into leaflets.
Altcrnulc: when one leaf grows just ahovc the other on another -ide

of the stem.
Opfusilc: when two apjiear at each joint, having the semicircle of the

stem hetween them.
ll'liorlcd: when they grow in a circle round the stem.
Cordate: heart-shaped.
Obioidatc' inversely iieart-shaped.

365

..^^1

•jrjW

:j:?i-'?'l5*-

366

(ilossary

-I

I

' ii

Liiiiiir viry iiarruvv, like nr;iN^.

l.aiitiitltitr: iiariow, laiicriiiK tuwanl^ the t'i|i.

Dblaiui-oUiti- iiivcrM-ly lamtnlate.

0;'(j'i'. cKK-sliapcd, Iiruadir at the hnitum.

Uhniiilc: vnn-^\ni\Ki\, liroadcr at tlif top.

I:llif>ticiil: ohloiiK, iiarrossiil at tlic top and hdttniii.

OvitI: hroadly cIHptical.

Sfdtiihili' ruiiiidrd at llic tup and narmw at llie haM'.

Orhiiiilar: round.

Rcnifiirm: nearly nmnd, with a ikep indentaiiMU at tlie stalk.

.liiriciihitc: having two mtuided Inhes at ihi' base.

Sdiiilltiti': liavinn two poiiued lohe^ ;.t the lia^e.

i'liditliiti-: with wavy niarnin.

Crciiiilc: with rounded teeth <>n iiiarKin>.

Scrralc: with shar|) teetli on margins.

Incised: with (Kep janKt'd teeth.

l.obcd: with division?, cut to about tlie middle.

Ch-ft: with di\i>ions cut more than halfway into the leaf.

Piridid: cleft to the inidrih.

J'uhrsii-nl: covered with fine h.iirs.

Ghtbrous: wilhoiit any hairs, smooth.

GUiuciiHs: covered with a hloom, s on the plum.

Mniionatc: with a short sharp tip.

TIIK I' LOWER

C'i//.v.r.- the outer lower set of leaves at the h.ise of the tlower. Usually
Rreen, hut sometiiues hriKht coloured.

St'tals: the leaves of the calyx when it is divided t base.

Corolla: the iiuier set of leaves of the tlower.

Petals: the leaves of the corolla when it is divided to the base.

Perianth: said of a tlower having only one set of tloral leaves.

Pediicl. the small individual stalk of a flower borne in a cluster.

Peduncle: the main llower-stalk.

Sessile: said of tlowers that grow close to the stem and have no pedicels.

Raceme: a long-shaped flower-head formed by numerous flowers grow-
ing on pedicles along the sides of a common stalk.

Spike: a racc.ne with sessile flowers.

Head: a dense spike, globular in shape, like a Clover.

Corymb: a raceme with the lower flowers on longer stalks, so that the
cluster is almost flat on the top, as in the Yarrow,

Umbel: like a corymb, but with the pedicels all branching from a
central point.

/^•aIIIWP^

(ifossary

.l.rilhny. k^'Wu^k imuy tlu- umI ..r ..Hkilf. I..rm.,| |,^

tlif sicm.
Stamens iipin|MiMi| of

lilawriit tlu- -talk tu 111.I1..I.I tin. .iiitlur.

.Itillu-i a tjin l„,x iMiit.imiiit,' tin- |mi|Icii.

j'"lt>-»: 'lit' t<ti,li,iiij, ,„,w(|ir ,i the plant.
/'i'.i7i7. »-(im|HiMi| of

l>:a,x: .ontainiiiK tl.c mvii1< >. or iiiidiv t l.tpcl Nccds.
•SO'/tv a sIi'ihI.t >talk slIrnl^lllltill^ ilif o\ar>.
Slifiuia: a variously fornufl tip of tin- >ty|... wliicli has n
Mirfa.c to .at^li tliu poll,.,, ,l,,,t fiTtiii/,s tlif seed, I
niiMuti- ImI.cs thai ponnralc llic style an.l cuvcy the
tlu' stiKi,ia to the oviiU'v
Sfiidix: a lli-sliy sp,k<', as in thf Annii i.jly.
Stiillh-: the co,i,a\e hra.t eiu , lopi,,^; ., .|,iki..

^f>7

he leit ami

roiiKh
ly inea
pollen

tlKUSt
I1-. of

from

11 IF. j-in ir

.lificiw: a dry one-seeded fruit.

JUrry: a pulpy fruit.

Cupstih-: a <lry fruit uith two or more carpel-.

/>n,^..■ a siniile fr.nt, with a (leshy outer wall and a hony i,u,er ^^all

/ Iianosc: reseiuhhiiK a plume, like the Clematis i„ seed

SU-rilr: without seed.

»;*

»

r

fs^ ^

ixnnx TO scii-xTinc xamf.s

AiiT «l,il)ni!ii, ;S

Ailiillt.i li<iriali-. |i)n

Atliilli.i lauuK.-.i. \i^'<

Aii.f.i nibra, i.u

A>taM rul.ra f.iriiia mgliti,!, iji

Adiaiitnm luilatimi, 41)

AK"Mris anraiitiaiM, .('po

A^dsiTis k-laiKa, ,iN)

Ai;ii-fris iiraiiltii-, .;(<)

Allium criMitimi, .-(15

Alliiiiii Si.linlii>|iiaMliii \at. si-

liirii-imi, -'^7
Alliitrdpa uii;ala, 173
AImm-- siiiiiala, 77
.\lllll> MUhtiisn, 77
Aimlaiuliirr ( iiMikii. 1^4
AttirlaiuliitT llori'li. 15.'
Anaplialis iiiarK.iritai 1 a, pjX
Aiulrobace cliamaja'-iiK', hSj
Aiulrosacc <lit'fii-a, 1S5
Androsacf M'litiiitridii.ili,, iX^
Al.flliniK' l)rminii"ii,lit. jjS
Aiicmnrie iiHiltilida, i.-d
AiicinoiU' ocfidiMitali^, ]ji
Ancmoiu' parvillura, ijS
Aricmonc patens van W..lf!4an-

Kiana, j^ij
Aiitfiiiiaria alpiiia, ii)7
Anti'imaria iluwcllii, kKi
Aiitemiaria lanata, ]i,-
Antcnnaria im-dia, m;
Aiitcnnaria par\ilulia, i()7
Antennaria pidclurrima, (97
Aiitcnnaria raccnio-a, i'i(>
Antennaria nwta, 2;o
Apncynutn andro-a-niifolimn, 2.10
Aqnilegia !)r(.visty!a, 2(n

anil 1 1. aiiiiin.
'^ alpiiia, .'if

I -'I

I -'I

I M>

a ■ ;.inipi '.

f'^J

\'pidiei I da\('-i-tMi-, !i 7

A'piilitjia loruiMia, _'i(

Ai aliK I )rinniiii iniln. i.fi

A r lias liii -nia, \ \ii

Aral.). l|..l„.ll,i, 'i,,<,

Arala- uldaa, I i't

Aral.i^ lA.illii. j|(.

Alalia iiiidh anil-, 1' 7

Ari'fiilji. iliiPin

\^^■IM^tapll\'

All li'-lapli\ I.. . Iiiniiiit.'sa, J (J

\n-l.. I iplnl.,- 1 ^a i-r-i, j\j

\nnaria capillari- var. iia: I'll' ^lia,
I. 'I

\l rii.iria lati ril!' il a.
An iiai I 1 >ai men i^,
Aiinaiia vtrtia \ar.

IJI
Aniiia alpina, ^54
Anih a 1 liann--i aii^, _?; |
Anli^■a CMr'liPilia. .v^!
Arnica tnlm'ti-, ,?5'p
Arnica v;rai ili>, \^ii
Arnica latifolia, .<; }
Arnica I'Mii-tana, .^5(1
Arnica rarr>i. ^\z,i,
Art( niivia l.i, nni ■, ju)
ArtfiDNia diMnlur, jtny
Artcmi-ia fii.yiila. lu-j
Arunciis sylxotir, 1 ;_•
A>pidinin l''ili\-nias, 5^
A'pidiiim ( »rii.ptcri-,, ; ?
Aspaliinn ?pinulMMini \ar. dilatatn,

A-iilcninni cyclnMirum, 51
Asplcninni viridc, 51
A^tt■r alpinii-, ii^^
Aster cilii.mar^iinatiis, ji^^

1 1

370

Index to Scientific Names

J.

n,

14'

Hi

\

'»

Aster coninuitaUis, 194
Aster conspicuous, 294, 296
Aster Engclmanni, 297
Aster Frcnionti, 2*/)
Aster frondius, j(/)
Aster l.-evis, 2<)7
Aster LiiHlley.inns, 297
A^ter niajor, 2<)X
Aster RirlianNcMiii, 2<)7
A-.ter siliiriens, 2<j8
Astraiialus ahnriiiinoruiii, 161
Astr.iKalus a<lsiirneiis, 2O4
Astrauahis alpiinis, 267
Astratjalits cdiuallariiis, 267
AstraKahis hyixiiiluttis, jUy
Astragal lis Maconiiii, 2<>7
Astragalus teiielliis, idi

Rerl)eris aqiiifolinm, 31S

Herheris repeiis, ,^iS

IJetula alba. var. papyri fera, 76

Iktiila fniilinalis, 76

lletula Klai"liil"sa, 76

lioschiiiakia stroliilaeea, 2<)i

r.titrycliiinu laticei)latiiiii, 35

I'.otryciiium Lnnaria, 55

1)1)1 ryciiiniii simplex, 55

Fxitrycliiuni virKiiuanuni, 55

Roykiiiia oecidcntalis, i.vj

Brassica Siiiapistnini, ,^22

Braya Ininiilis, 1.^3

Bronuis Kicliardsonii var. palli-

(lus, 82
Bryantlnis enipctriformis, 2.^0
Bryautluis glaiuhiHlldrns, 182
Bryantlnis interniedius, 2,^2

CalamaRrostis canadensis, ^2
Callitriclie palustris, 16.^
Calocliortus l.yallii, oX
Calodiortus niacriK-ari)us, 96
Caltlia leptosepala, 129
Caltlia palustris, 317
Calypso hnlhosa, 20<)
Campanula lasiocarpa. 294

Campanula rotundi folia, 291

Cai)sella Bursa-pastoris, IJ4

Cardamine hellidifolia, 136

Cardaniine pennsylvanica, 135

Carduus foliosus, 201

Cardnus Kelseyi, 201

Cardials nndiilatus, 300

C:irex fe-tiva, 85

Carex Mertensii, 85

Carex iiiKricaiis, 8(>

Carex pyreiiaica, 85

Carex nipestris, 8(j

Cas^iope Mertensiana, 1S3

Cassiojjc tetr.'iRona, 183

Castilleja angustifolia var. Brad-

linrii, 245
Castilleja lancifolia, 245
Castilleja miniata, 243
Castilleja oreopala, 246
Castilleja pallida, 244
Castilleja piirpiirascens, 244
Castilleja rupicola, 246
Cerastium alpinuni, 122
Cerastiiim arvense, 122
Clieilaiitlies Feci, 50
Clieiiiipodiiim album, 120
Clieiiopodinni capitatum, 120
Cliiinapliila Meiizicsii, 22(1
Cbimapliila tinibellata, 225
Chrysanthennini Leucantheniuni,

Chrysopsis hispida, 346
Clirysopsis villosa, 340
Cbrysusplenium tetrandrum, 326
Cicborium Intybus, 301
Circaca alpina, 166
Circaea pacitica, 166
Claytonia lanccolata, 124
Claytonia mc^.'' 'dza, 125
Claytonia pai la, 125

Clematis coin.. na, 260
Clematis ligustici folia, 128
Clintonia unitlora, (j8
CoUinsia tenella, 286
Coniandra livida, 114
Comandra pallida, 114

■M

Coniaiulr.i Riiliar(l>i;ina, 116
Corallorhiza niaciilata, 11,1
Corallorhiza MiTteiisiaiia, 114
Corallorhiza striata, 114
Corallorhiza trifida, 1 13
CoriHis catiadi'iwis, ij2
Coriitis Ntoloiiifcra, 172
Coryilalis aiirea, ^ly
Crcpis elcKaiis. .^()i
Crc'pis nana, .?6i

CryploKramma aorosticlioiilcs, 50
Cryptoi-raninia St'-llcri, 51
Cypripciliuni parvi'loruni, ,^u
Cyi)ript.'(liiini iiassvrimint, 105
Cyiirij)C(linin puhcscens, 311
C\>topteri.s fragilis, 53
Cystopteris niontaiia, 53

Deli)Iiiniinn hicolor, 262
Deli)hiniiiin I'.rownii, jfii
Delpliiiiinin Mciiziesii, 2C>2
Dicentra forniosa, _M3
Dici'iitra miillora, J15
Uisporiini orouaMiini, ro_>
l)i>poruin trachycarpnn), loj
Dodt'catlu'on pancitlonmi, 2,58
Dralia alpina, ,?JO
Draha aiirea, ,^20
Draha gladalis. 3_>o
Draha intana. 1,?,?
Draha loncliocarjia, i,^,?
I)ral)a ni\alis, ,^jo
Draha pr.caita, 133
Dracoccpiiaiiiin par\itlonim, 284
Drosera Ioiii;i folia, 138
Drosera rotiindifolia. 137
Dryas Drnnimondii, 331
Dryas nctopetala, 158

Elncaunus ari;entca. 334
Enipctrnm nigrum, 272
EpilnhiiiiTi adcnocaulon, 22^
Epilohinm alpiinmi. U14
Epilohiimi anacallidifclinin, 224
Epiiohiuni angustifoliinii, 22J1
Epilohiuni clavatum, 225

I'.pih'hmni I ioriu-inanni, 2Jj
I'4iilohiiim latifoliinn, 224
J'"pi!cihiuni hitciiin. 33(1
Eliil'ihinin i)anionlatiim. 225
I'-pi|iactis (locipiLMis, no
I-'pilJacn^ rt-Dci!-, 1 12
Ecpiisi'iuin ar\tii^c, 56
E(|iiiscttnn lluviatilc, 56
h"(|nisftmn hy. iiiali-, 57
Eil'.n'sftnni pralcii~i-, si)
Equi--ftinM .scirpdidf-, 5!)
I^(|ui-ctiini >.\ivaticnin, ^(1
IvpiiM'tnm varicRalinii, ^7
I'.riKoniii acri-, 2')!<
h^rimn.!! a;irciis, 350
I->im'niii c.Tspitosiis, h/)
I".rii;i-ron conipnsitns, |()t
Eri^fnui Klal)i'lliis, 250
l->i,Hi'rnn lanaUH. 2<)<)
Eri.m'run mi'Linmrphahis, i()5
EriRcron Miulliri(hi>, m^
l'"rit;(.Tiin philadclphii-ns. 2i)i}
i',rit;iT()ii .sal-ii}iin(isii>, 2i/j
h'.ri.m'rnii niiillMrn>, jif)
I'.riiiyiiiiinn andro-aifiiin. 117
luii'K'iiinin n\alil.iliimi. 1 17
I-'riotjdiium i;iiihfll,il;iin. 1 l()
Erinphoniin aiij4n-ii(. .linni, 85
I'"rinphoriini calhtrix. S^
I'"ry^iiniini par\itl(irnni, ,!_'4
Erylliniiiiiiin .uraiidillnniin, 30<)
Erytiironinni i-'randill.iriini var.

par\ illnnini, 31 1
I'.rytliroiiinni ninntanniii, (/>

I'alsia horrida, 1I18
Ei"-tiK'a o\iiia, Sj
hVa.uaria hrai'Icata, 154
iVa^aria ^laiioa, 154
I'ritiliaria ptidica, 30}

Ciaillardia ari-tata. :^^;\
Galimii hn.caii'. i()i
(iaiiiitn tritidiini, 102
(ialinm tritlonini, kji
Gaulthcria iuimifusa, 185

4^

372

Indi'y to Scientific Xames

\>t \

i«^

*

mis.

(Jaultlicria ovatifnlia, 18,3
(iciitiaiia atVniis, 278
(;.Miti;ma Ainarell.i, var. acuta, J7C
(icntiana arctoiihila, 2/6
(icntiana K''iii<-"a, -7^
CiiiUiaiia Macouiiii, _'75
(iciitiana proiiiiuiua, 2J()
(icntiaua |irnstrata, 27')
(iLTaninni liickiu'llii, 22.^
(icraniuni carnlitiiainmi, 222
(kTaniuni Kichardsniiii. i(>i
{kniiu niacropliylltini, 330
Cicum ^trictum, 330
(ieniii trillnnim, 218
Ciilia agsu'^ata, 239

Ilalienaria hracteata, lOQ
llahciiaria dilatata, io()
Habcnaria gracilis, 109
Hahenaria liypcrhorea, lO)
llal)enaria obtusata. 109
Hal)Ciiaria orbiculata, 110
Hall-Ilia detlcxa, 27^
Ilcdysanini horcale, 270
Hcdysarnm Mackenzii. 222
Iledysarum sulpluircscens. 161
Heliantluis Ripanteii';. 351
Hcraclcum laiiatmi, 170
llcucliera glahdla, 146
lleiiclKTa glabra, 146
llciulifra ovalitolia. 144
llicraciiini gracile. ,361
tlieracium Scoulcri, 361
Hiei;iciiini umbellatum, 361
Hippuris nioiiuma, 167
Hippuris vulgaris, 167
Hordeum jubatum, 82
Hypericum Scouleri, ,1.32

Juncus Drunimoiidii, 86

J uncus MertL'usianus, 86

J uncus Parryi, 86

J uncus trigluiuis, 86

Junipcrus coninuuiis var. iiion-

tana, 73
Juniperus horizontalis, 7i

Juniperus scopuloruin, 73

Kalniia polifolia, 230
Kolircsia I'.cllardi, 85
Kiibrtsia bipartita, 85
Krulisca -itrcplnpoidcs, 207

I.ai)I)ula dittu^a, 281
I.appula ccbinata, 281
L.ippula lluribunda. 280
l.arix l.yallii, 03
Lathyrus (H-hrobncus, 163
I.atliyrus palustri-, 271
l.t'duni glandulosuni, 180
Ledum gnenlatulicum, 179
Lepidium apetalum, i.U
lA'ptarrlKua amplexifnlia, 128
Loptotaenia multifida, 274
Ligusticum apiifnlium, 170
Ligusticum (ira}i, 170
Liliuni columbianuni, 307
Lilium montanum, 305
Linnaca bnrealis var. americana,

Linum Lcwisii, 271
Listera convallarioides, 112
Listera cordata, 112
l.itbophragma tenella, 216
Litliospcrnuim ang^istitolium, 339
Litbospermum rudcrale, 340
Lobelia Kalnui, 294
Loiseleuria procumbens. 229
Lomatium macrocarpum, 170
Lomatium Martindalei var. an-

gustatum, 339
Lomatium triternatum. 338
Lonicera glaucescens, 248
Loniccra involucrata, 343
Lonicera utabeiisis, 344
Lupinus subalpinus, 264
Lutkea pcctinata, 152
Luzula parvillora, 87
Luzula spicata, 87
Lydinis apctala, 123
Lycliiiis Drummondii, T23
Lycopodium alpinum, 57

Itu]<-s

t, scicutificji;!^

7,7 ?>

wc..po.lium annntiuuni. ?7

Melil..tu> onKi.ialis. 33>
Mentha canaacnM>^^.^^^^^^^^^^_.j,(,
^U■nthacanaacl>t>^■'-
M,„yauthc> tnt'- '^ • :

M,rtcns.a paincnUa, .S

Mhnnlus mo^chaU s 34
MitcUa I'.rovcn 14"
MiU'lla inula. 14»

MucUa u.tida I4«
\l,„v.araa h^'nlo-a, -40

^^'-^^^ ritlM^i-. '-^

Mnnntmi-a inUtV;r..,^^i_.
Myr-ioplnUum >PKaUun.

Oenothera l'^!^;;:;^-!^-

orchu ---^ ; ; • j>;..

Or..hanchc ^,^,

Or.'hanche "' ">'

onh--vu. ;--;^ \,«

(),,n..rh)/a'h^-^^'^''\;^
CKvvia a,gyna^ .

osvtr.'V's --"'-^ ;:; ^^

Osytropis v.>ciaa, -"v

rachi^thnu Myv-mc. ."4
1-apavcr alpir.uu). 3"'
l',n,a^Ma.nnb.M:.'-'y

l-nrna^-ia uv .,.tan.-n-<^. '4'

■; na-Ma,.a-"l'-:'^;„
lv.lKulari~ hra.>o-.^'

..' ■ulav,-.va•ulan<h..,-4-
l^..Jav^racc.n..^a, IN,
IVlU.a air..l.uri.ur.a oo

rin.tcnon pru.c.ru.^^>

VtaMtc. pahnatu., -OO
VtaMtc. ^a.ua,us ^00
Phaca anioncana i
Phaccha hcKTophyU. , -^
Il,accliascrKca -/)

^ . A nrvniitc"-. 4/

pjieiioplcri- P"i>i
PbU-u.n alponnn. ^-
pKiox l)in'"^^aMi. -3>
li> <aria .luKn.^an'- 3^
PUn-a cara.lcnM>. "r
v. . ., Fntichivanni. <'/
(,.„,,ioaa vru^ar .
l>u,u- aUncauh;-. ^
P,nu^ o.U.a-ta Nar.

<'^' '"'" . , ( .
l>,„u^ n.-nUO.\a.<-
P.uu- p..nacn.^a, ^
Planla^.. n-aV^, ^
p\atuaii- i»a>|a n^i
Poa alph'a, ^- - .^„„^. ,->>

1-^--^"^^"", r;;:n:.i.u- >-
p,,',yi;cinun\ NUuiK-

}v\Mrrayaiia,

aMatua. I'Jl

!<», t..

374

Index to Scientific Names

I.

Jli

: 1^

1)

•hi i

I \\

fl

\

r!

Polygonum viviparum, ii8
I'olystichuin Lonchitis, 52
Populus acuminata, 70
Populus balsamifcra, 75
Populus tremuloides, 75
Populus trichocarpa, 75
Potamogcton filiforniis, 91
Potaniogc'tim Ricliar(ls(mii, 91
Potfutilla Anscrina, 3^7
Potcntilla arguta, ijf)
Potcntilla dissccta, .^JX
Potfutilla (lissecta var. glau-

cophylla, 328
Poteiitilla dissccta var. multisecta,

328
Potcntilla dissccta var. pinnati-
secta. 328

Potcntilla fruticosa, i2^}

Potcntilla gracilis, 329

Potcntilla Hippiana, 328

Potcntilla uivca, 3-29

Potcntilla uorvc-gica, 328

Potcntilla pahistris, 156, 263

Potcntilla unitlora, 329

Primula farinosa, 237

Primula Maccalliana, 237

Prunella vulgaris, 284

Prunus demissa, 78

Pscudotsuga taxifolia, 71

Pteris aquilina var. lanuginosa, 49

Pterospora andromcdea, 178

Pyrola asarifolia, 226

Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata,
228

Pyrola chlorantha, 174

Pyrola minor, 175

Pyrola secumda, 175

Pyrus sambucifolia, y7

Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum,

135
Ranunculus acris, 314
Ranunculus aquatilis, 316
Ranunculus Cymbalaria, 315
Ranunculus Eschscholtzii, 315
Ranunculus Macounii, 315

Ranunculus pygmxus, 316
Ranunculus rcpciis, 316
Ranunculus reptans, 316
Rliinantluis Crista-galli, 342
Rhododendron albillorum, 180
Rihes Inidsonianum, 150
Rihcs lacustrc, i.io
Rilics laxitlorum, 217
Ril)cs setosum, 149
Romanzoftia sitchcnsis, 187
Rosa acicularis, 219
Rosa gymnocarpa, 221
Rosa Macounii, 220
Rubus arcticus, 218
Rubus parvitlorus, 156
Rubns pedatus, 158
Rubus spcctabilis, 219
Rubus stngosus, 158
Rubus trirlorus, 158
Rudbeckia birta, 351
Rumex .\cctosa, 118
Rumex Acetosella, 118
Rumex salicifolius, 118

Salix arctica, 75
Salix Barclayi, 74
Salix Barrattiana, 74
Salix Bebbiana, 74
Salix Candida, 7i
Salix nivalis, 74
Salix petrophila, 74
Salix sitchcnsis, 75
Salix vcstita, 74
Sambucus mclanocarpa, 193
Sambucus racemosa, 193
Saussurca dcnsa, 300
Saxifraga adscendcns, 142
Saxifraga aestivalis, 142
Saxifraga aizoidcs, 326
Saxifraga bronchialis, 139
Saxifraga caespitosa, 142
Saxifraga cernua, 140
Saxifraga Lyallii, 140
Saxifraga Mertensiana, 142
Saxifraga nivalis, 142
Saxifraga nutkana, 140

mmmm

Index to Scientific Names

.^7';

'b2

Saxifraga oppositifolia, 211,
Saxif'-.tga rivularis, 144
Sp(!;im T'lsciini, jifi
Sedtiin stciiopcfaliiin, .?.'4
SclaKiiK'lla nipc>tris, 5K
SflaKiiK'lla sclagiiicii'lis, 58
Scnccio Balsaniiia-, .557
Senccio camis. .v=iX
St'iiecio (liscdiilt'iK. ,v^S
SfiK'cio tlav"vin.-n>, .^58
Sciiecio liiRi'iis, .?5.S
Seiucio pseudaiiri'iis. ,^58
Stiiecio triaiiKulari-, ,^38
Slu'phcrdia canadeiiMs, ,\^h
Sihhaldia prociiml)eiis, }i2j
Silciic acaulis, Jii, jiM
Silenc Lyallii, i.'4
Sileiie Macoiinii. 123
Sisymbrium altissimiim, .-,23
Sisymbrium cam-sccn^, •1,2^
Sisymbrium HartwcgiaTUim, .pj
Sisyinbrium incisum, 323
Sisyriiichimn aiigusti folium, 257
Sisyriucbium califoruicum, .511
Sisyrinchium idabocnsc, 250
Sisyrincliium scpteutrionalc,
Smilacina amplexicaulis, 101
Smilacina stellata, loi
Solidago canadensis, 346
Solidago dccumbcns, 348
Solidago elongata, 350
Solidago missouriensis, 348
Solidago multiradiata, 348
Solidago nemoralis, 348
Sonclnis arveiisis, 3O0
Sparganium simplex, 81
Spiraea dcnsiflora, 217
Spiraea lucida, 130
Spirantbes Romanzoffiana, iio
Stacbys pahistris, 285
Stellaria borcalis, 122
Stellaria longipcs, 121
Stenantbium ixcidentale, 02
Streptopus amplexifolius, 102, 10

207
Streptopus roseus, 205

-\sy

Sympboricirpus racemosus var.
paucitliirus, 1Q2

T.iraxacuin officinale, ;^~ci
'l.iraxaotuu rupe^tre, 351J
T,ixii-> i)re\ii<ilia, (n

Tillima g-- 1. .lura, i4()

'I lialietruu mcg.ic.irpum, 126

Tlialictrum occiikiitale, 125

I iila-ipi arvense, 133

riiuya iibcat.i, 71
'I'iarella unifoliata, 144
Totieblia glutiiKisa, i)\
Tdtieldia "icideiUaii--, iji
'l"i)tiel<lia p.■llustri^. (;i
Trientali-: arclica, iS<i
Trifoliuni byliridiun, Kio
Tritoliuni praten>e, 221
Trifoliuni repens, 160
Triglocbin palustri>, 82
Trollius laxus \ar. alliitlorus, \2f)
Tsiiga bet<.'r(.i>liylla, U)
TsMga Mertensiana, 6<>
Typba latifolia, 81

I'rtica Lyallii, 1 14
I'tricularia intermedia, 343
L'tricularia \ ulgari>, 342

Vaccinium c.Tspitnsum, 236
\'accinium erytbrococctun, 2ti/C>
\'acciniuni memhranaccum, 235
X'accinium ovalifolium, 235
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, 2^1^
Vaccinium Vitis-ida-a, 236
Valeriana Scoukri. 250
\'aleriana septentrionalis, 194
Valeriana sitcbensis, 194
\'cratrum viride, 94
Veronica alpina var. unalaschcn-

sis, 288
X'eronica americana, 28<^
Veronica bumitusa, 28<)
\'iburinini paucitiorum, 193
\'icia americana, 270
Vicia Cracca, 270

Mi

u

i)

f ■

^i Ik,

II

^- ft

i

376

/«</^x to Scientific Names

Viola adunca, 274
Viola canadensis, 164
Viola Klahella, 333
Viola ncphrophylla, 272
Viola orbicnlata, 334
Viola palubtris, 274

Viola Selkirkii, 274
Viola sempervirens, 334

ZJzia cordata, 338
ZyRadentis elcRans, g2
Zygadenus vencnosus, 94

INDEX TO HNGLISH NAMES

Adder's TonRiic, Mnmitain, (/<
Adder's TonRiie, Small Veil

Adder's ToriRiie, Vellow, 301),
Alder, Mountain, 77
Alder, Speckled, 77
Alexanders, He irt-leaved, ,y8
Allotropa, Striped, 175
Alum-root, Bristly, 146 .
Alum-root, Oval-leaved, 144
Alum-root, Smooth, 146
Androsace, Alpine, 185
Andros.-icc, SpreadiiiK. 185
Androsace, Sweet, 185
Anemone, Alpine, 128
Anemone, Few-tlovsered, ij8
Angelica. Cut-Icaved, 274
Arnica, Alpine, 354
Arnica, Broad-leaved, 354
Arnica, Cliamisso's, 334
Arnica, Heart-leaved, .353
Arnica, Notched, 357
Arnica, Parry's, 357
Arnica, SchaefTcr's, 357
Arnica, Slender, 357
Arrow-wood, 193
Asphodel, Glutinous, 91
Asphodel, Scottish, qi
Asphodel, Western, 91
Aster, Alpine, 195
Aster, Engelmann's, 297
Aster, Fremont's, 296
Aster, Golden, 346
Aster, Golden Hairy, 346
Aster, Great Northern, 298
Aster, Hairy-margined, 298
Aster, Large Purple, 294
Aster, Leafy-bracted, 296

Aster, Lindley's, ^17
iw. Aster, Kioliardson's, .'97

Aster, SmiHith, -h>7
310 Aster, \iolif, j(>8
Aster, U liite, ii>4
Avens, Large-leaved. 330
Avens, Lung-)»lume<l, .m8
Avens, Vellow, 330
Azalea. Trailing Alpine. .•."9

Balm of Gilead. 7-,
Baneherry. Red. 131
Baneherrj, White, 131
Bearherry, Alpine, J,^
Bearherry, Red, 131, ^^^2
Beard-tongue, Blue, 2^7
Beard-tongue, Large Purple, .Sli
Beard-tongue, Slender. 2X7
Beard-tongue. Small-leaved, .'87
Beard-tongue. Nellow, 340
Bedstraw, Xorthern. 191
Bedstraw, Small, kjj
Bedstraw, Sweet-scented, 191
Bergamot, Wilfl, 240
Betony, Western Wood, 246
Bilherry, Alpine, 2,^(>
Bilhcrry. Dwarf. 236
Bilberry, Mountain, 236
Birch, Black. 76
Birch, Dwarf, 76
Birch, Pai)er, 76
Bishop's Cap. 148
Bistort. Alpine. 118
Bistort. Heart-leaved. 120
Bitter-root. 213
Black-eyed Susan, 351
Bladder-pod, 320
Bladderwort, Greater, 342
377

378

InJex to Etifjlish Names

.i>

tflK i

i

jnadderwort. Yellow, 34.I
HlicilitiK-licart, Unc-tlowercd. J13
mfcaiiiK-lKart, Wild, J15
iSltu-larry, Mlack, 2J3
lUueiifrry, Uval-lcavfd, 2,15
liliie-eytd (irass, Small, -J5<;
I'.Itic-i-ycd dra^s. Stiff, 257, 2?K
I'.luc-i'yi'd (irass. Twisted, J5<>
I'.liic-iyid (irass, Yellow, 311
IMiie-eyeil Mary, .>8()
noM-lmiakia, nji
15.ilt!e Uriisli, i()7
Hoykinia, Western. i.?9
Uracken, ConniKiii, 4'^

Hrake, I'lirple Cliff, 50

Brake, Xi)otka Hock, so

Hrake, Slender Kock, i

Hron/.e lUlls, i)2

Hriiwn-eyed Susan, ,^^.^

Rnckbean, .Mar>li, ii^>

lUiffalolierry, Canada, X\()

r.mu-liherry, 172

lUir-reed, Siniple-steiiinied. 81

Hitrseed, 281

Hnttercup, Macoun's. 315
Buttercup, Meadow, .U4
Buttercup, I'igmy, ^i(>
Buttercup, Snow, ,115
Butterwort, 289, 2go

Calypso, 209
Campion, Moss, 211, 262
Campion, White, 123
Cancer-root, Naked, 201
Cancer-root, One-flowered, 290
Capberry, 156
Catchfly, Ly all's, 124
Cat-tail, Broad-leaved, 81
Cedar, Red, 71
Chalice Cup, 126
Cherry, Western Choke, 78, 154
Chickweed, Alpine Mouse-ear, 122
Chickweed, Field Mouse-ear, 122
Chicory, 301 .

Christmas Green, Trailing, 58
Cinqucfoil, Alpine, 3^9

Cimiuefiiil, Common, ji^X
Ciiuiuefoil, Dissected, 3-'^
Cin«|uefoil. (Iraceful. '-•<>
Ciiupiefoil, I-eafy, 3-^'"
CiiKpiefoil, One-tlowered, ^J()
Cin(inefnil. l'uri)le, Jt\\
CiiKiuefoil, RouKh. 32S
Ciiuiuefoil, Sliruliliy. 3-''»
Ciiuiuefoil, Smooth, 328
Ciiujuefoil, Tali, 13<)
Cinqucfoil. Woolly, .^jA
Clematis. Purple, 2(0
Clematis, White, 128
Clover, AKatian, 1(10
Clover, Ked. 221
Clover, White, 160
Chill Moss, Alpine, 57
Club Moss, Arctic, 57
Chih Moss. Creei)inK. 57
Cluh Mo>s, Fir, 57
Cluh Moss, Stiff, 57
Cohunhine. Blue. 2()i
Columliine, We>tern. 213. 214
Columhine. Yellow, ii7. 3^^
Coltsfoot, Arctic, 200
Coltsfoot, Arrow-leaved, 200
Coltsfoot, Palm-leaved, 200
C(miandra, (ireen, 116
Comaiidra, Swamp, 114
Comandra, White, 114
Coral Root, h'.arly, 113
Coral Root, Spotted, 114
Coral Root, Spurred, 114
Coral Root, Striped, 114
Corydalis, Golden, 319
Cottonwood, 76
Cranberry. Small, 236
Crane's Bill, Carolina, 222
Cress, Drummond's Rock, 136
Cress, Hairy Rock, 136
Cress, Lyall's Rock, 216
Cress, Northern Rock, 135
Cress, Smooth Rock, 136
Cress, Stony Rock, 136
Cress, Alpine Bitter, 136
Cress, Penny, 133

&

mmmm

Im/i'x to Entjlish \<nm's

:i70

Cros, \\ ittr, 1.15

Cri->». Whitf liittir, i.?5, i.Vi

Crowlicrry, J72

Crow fix it, CrfCi>iiiK. .?I5

CViiw foot, WatiT, ,ii'>

Cruwfniii, ^■cll"w, .}1()

Currant, Hlack, 150

Currant, Skni,k, JI7

I'lisy. ()x-i'>f, nw

Danik'liiui, AlpiiU', .^59

1 )an(U'lii)'i, Ciiinnioii, ,?.=;<)

I ),iii(Kliini, CiilMHT l'";ilsi', .V'l

I ),'iniK'li<in, l^irj;r llnuirid I'aUi",

Dandelion, Sina1l-nnwcr«.(l I'alM-,

Devil's Clnl), i'i8
Di>iinrinn, Wonily, 102
D(K-k, Wiilow-kMvcii, 118
Diinl)anc, Siircailinn, -'.(<>
J)nR\v<>()<i. Ui'il-'isicr, 17-'
DraK'Mi llea<l, J^A
Drya^, DrninninndV, .(,^i

F.lder, Rlack-herritd, \i).\

I'.ldir, Kc'(l-lpcrric(l, !<>,?

FJcpliant's llcatl, J47

Ivlyiia, Arctic, H-;

I-Jiclianter's NiKlitsliailc, Pacific,

Enchanter's N'iglit>lia(le, Small,

166
Eriogonuni, Dwarf, 117
Eriogonum, Silvery, 117
Eriogoii"'"^ Tall, iiO
Ever: . . ....»se, Comtnon, 3^7

Everla.tirg, Alpine, 197
Everlasi'ng, Arctic, i07
Evcrlasti.'g, Mountain, 197
Everlasting-, Mouse-ear. 196
Everlasting. Pearly, i(;8
Everlasting, Pink, 250
Everlasting, Silky, 197
F crla-ting. Tall, 197
L*(.ila>iing, White, 196

Fairy P.ells i.u
IVnnel, U .iter, id.j
F'erii, I'.riitle, ?.<
I'ern, liolly, 5.'
I''ern, l..irge l.iily, >!
{•'em, l.(ln^; Iki-cli, .47
I'ern, Male ShieM. .;.i
|-"eru, Mcnuitain Itl.nlilcr, 5.5
F'lrn, ();ik, 47
!"ern, KattUsnake, 55
i'ern. Scaly SliicM, ;,t
I'ern, Slender I ii>, 50
I'ern, Spinuln-r Shield, 5,?
I'ern, Tuftecl I'.iecli, 47
I'ir, I'aN.iin, (>7
lir. Douglas, 71
Flax, WiM -71
I'le.aliane, Alpine, jim)
h'leali.ane, Arctic, .'((i)
[■'leali.ine, l!l;ick-\\oolly, i()5
I'leal.aue, Mine, .'(>S
'•'liah.ane, Daisy, ic).;
F'lealiane, I'ern le.iveil, I<)5
I'"lialiane, Large Purple, _h><)
F'lealiane, Lavender, jif)
I'lealiane, Rough, j'o
J'"le;.liane, I lifted, nXi
I'leahane, ^'ellow, 350
I-'orget-ine-not, I'aNe. jSo
l'"orget-nie-not, Moiintaui, _'Sj
F'ritillary, Yellow, .^ixj

(larlic. Pink, J03
Garlic, Pur|)le, 257
f ianltluria, Creei)ing, iSs
( inltheria, Red-herried, i8j
Gentian, Alpine, 2~t)
Gentian, Dwarf, 27(1
Gentian, Tour-parted, 276
(ientian. Large, 27S
(icntian, Macoun's, J75
("lenti.m, Xorthern, _'7()
(ientian. Pale, J7S
(Ientian, Spurred, 278
Geranium, RickncH's, 22;^
Geranium, White, lO.?

n. ,

380

InJiX to Etujl'nh S'ami's

rfv'

I,

.uS

(iili.i. Si-arli't, .>,V»
(il..).c FluvM-r, White, l.x)
(ioat'^ I'uMril, 15J
(;.,l(|i-n-rn,l, l";in;iil;i. ,M'>, .W7
(i,,|.'.ii-r.Ml. I'iol'l, .mH
(l.il.Kn-rc.il. (Irny. .M^
Cnlck-ii-nMl, M(mitt:iin. .yH
(inl(Kn-r"(l. Nnrtla-rn, .yS
(iul.lcii-rciil, SlriKlt-r, .150
(idnsiliiriy, I5ri^tly, 14")
(i.in-dnTry, Swal"!'. '5"
(Iraiii.-, < trt'pin, .?|S
Grain-. K'K-ky M..iiniain.
(;rass. Aliiim- Svcar, 8-'
Grass, Hlnc-jniiit, S.-
Grass, Cotton, 85
Gra^s. Krii..,'e(l I'.romc. «2
Grass, Marsli Arrow, Sj
Grass, IVppcr, i.U
Gras;-. Sheep's l-V-ciu\ 8_>
Grass, Siiiiirrel-lail, 8j

Aliiine Whitlow, ,^20
Aniic Whitlow, .VJ
GoltKii Whitlow, ,i-'o
l.oiiK-p"<l'l^''l Whiilow.
Talc Yellow Whitlow,
Spring? Whitlow, i.U
White Whitlo'v, i,?.?
of I'arnassus Alpine,
of Parnassus, rrtitRed,
of Parnassus, Marsh,
of Parnassus, Snial'
Greek \'aleriar, Uhie, 27>)
Greek Valerian, Purple, j
Groundsel, lilack-tipped,
Gronnilsel. Silvery, 33.S
Gr.nuuUel, Western Balsam,

Hare's Tail. 8.?
llarehell, 2(JI, 292
Harehell, Arctic, 204
Hawksheard, Alpine, 361
Hawksheard. Many-tlowcred,
llawkweed. Hairy, .?6i
Hawkweed, Narrow leaved
llawkweed, Small, J)2

Gras

Grass,

Grass,

fjrass.

Grass,

Grass,

Grass,

(irass

Grass

G IS

Gr.ass

lliart-ofthe-earth. 2S4
lUalh. While. lH,\
Heath, I'our-aiiuled, iH?
Heather. I'ink .Moinit.ini, J.12
lleatiu- Ue.l Mountain. 2.?o
ilealher. While Mniuitain. l8J
Hedy-arnin. Maekeivie'-. JJ2
Heily-ariuu. i'uriile. 270
lledy-arutii. White, Ifn
Ij.liiitrope. Canada. 250, 2;,?
Heliotrope. Northern. \<^
lleliotrojie. Wihl. I'M
Hellehore. Indian. i)4
lleiulotk, Moiuitain. (»)
HeudcK-k. Westirn, (-)
Herh of St. I'.arhara, .U2
Honeysuckle. Snii>oth-Uaved
Honeysuckle, lUish lly. .U4
Honeysuckle. Involucred I'ly. .?4.^.

.144
Horsetail. I'ield, 5')
Horsetail, Swamp. 56
Horselail, Thicket. 5')
Horsetail. V'ariiKated, 57
Horsetail, W<Jod, 5(1

Indian Pii>e, I7^>

248

140 Juniiier. .\lpine. 7.\

I4(j Jimiper, Creei)inu. 7.?

14H Juniper, Rocky .Mountain, 7.I

'->■' ■ . . o

Kohresia, .\rctic, S5

l.ahrador Tia, Smooth-leaved, 180
Labrador Tea, Woolly, 17O
^58 Ladies Tresses, Hooded. 1 10

Lady's Slipper. Uirge Yellow. .^11.

.312
Lady's Sli:iper. Small Yellow, 312
LanJ)' Quarters. 120
I^irch. Lyall's, 63
361 I-arksinir, ISlue, 262

l-irkspur, Hlue-veined, 262
362 Larkspur, Mountain. An

Laurel, Swami), 230

'ST

:»*::¥%.

JnJi'X to Knijlish Sdtni'S

I.ilitarrlun.i, i.i.H
l.il), (in Til, i)J
l.ily, Mnimt.iin, ,Ui.=i
l.ily. l'oiM>ii()iis ( iicoii, <)4
l.iiy, WcsUTii, ,\o-
\.>\«.-\\:\. \\r<<i)'<, _"M

1.(11 I )U I III, .!.tJ

l.ciiixwurt, loiituili'l, iS")
l.Mti«i\\(irt, Wliili'. iS")
l.n\iiiii', I'lTH I'.MMiI, 170
l.dvaHi'. <ir;iy'^. •""
l.iin««<irl. Hill'. jM.i
l.nii«\\..rt, I'.iU, -'Xj
l.ii|iiii, AliiiiH', -'''4

Mauliiiiuiir, 4<;
M^in/anita, .'.^4
M.ipU-. Duarl. :»
Marc's Tail. Mmintain. 167
Mariii>>>a, ( ircfii-liaiulril, <>i
Marii><i-.a, I'ali', tii<
Marsli-iuariKoM, .^17
Marsh-maristilil, Alpine, l-'i)
MiaiUiw Kuo. Vfiiiy, l.")
Meadow Rue, Western, IJ3
Melilnt, Yellow, .ui
Mcii/ie>ia, Sealv, JJ<)
Meii/.iesia, Siiio<jth. .'J.S
Milfoil, Spiked Water, iW)
Mint, Canada, 2S5
Mint, Hairy, jS^)
Mi>t Maidens, 187
Mitrewurt, 14'>. 14^
Miirewort, Alpine, 148
Mitrewort, Five-staniened, 148
Moccasin Flower, White, lo.i
Monkey Flower, Alpine, ,MI
Monkey I'lowcr, Red. J40, ■^4-'
M..tikey I'lowcr, Nellow, 340
Moonwort, 55
Mooinvort, Slender, 55
Moonwort, Small, 55
Mountain Asli, Western, 77
Mountain Lover, 1(14
Musk Flower, .yi
Mustard. Tall Hedse, 323

Mu>tar(l, Uarfv\e«'> ' . .U.»

Mustard. Tall Tans>, u.i

Mustard. Ireade, .?J4

Mustard. \\ e>terii Tan^y, .UM

.\ancy-o\er tiie-Kri>unil, 144, 14S
Nc-lia, .U'-'
Nettle, t nnnnon, 1 14
Ncvslierry.i, 17.S

()rilii>, I lyspolted. .-o;
Orchis, Sracelul Rein, lo>)
Orchis, l.eit'y Rein. ii»)
Orchi-, l.oiiu lira.l.d Rein, irn;
Orchi-, .Northern Rem, M*)
Orchis. R.iiHid leaved Rein. 110
Orchi-, White Rein, ICKi
Oreoliniiii.i, .Stripid, Ji.}
0\> trope, Alpine. J(>-
Oxytrope. I >roopniK-lruited, .•'«)
()\\tropc. Intl. lied, J**)
• )\ytrope, Mountain, ,vu
Oxytrope, Showy, -•'')

I'.iint i'.rnsh, l.ancc kaved Indian,

^45

I'.iint I!ru~h. I'nrpK- Indian, .'44
Paint r.rnsli, Reil Imlian, .'4.^
i'aint I'.riish, White liidi.iu. J44
I'ainted Cup. I'.radhury's. J45
I'ainted' ("up, I'.rinhl. J4()
Fainted Cup, .\la^;enta, -'4(1
Parsley, LarKe--eeded, 170
Parsley, Martindale's. .^V)
Parsley, Narrow -lea\ed. ,?,?8
i'.irsnip, Cow, 170
Pasfpie Flower, 259
I'elican Flower, .Ui
Persicaria, Swamii. Jio
I'hacelia, I'lue, j8o
Phacclia, Mountain, 279
''h!ox, .Mpine. 2,\>)
Pine, Hull, 6j
Pine, l.odKe Pole. t<3
I'ine. Mountain, '12
Pine, Whitcd)ark, 61

% -'-il

1 1,

t i)

i
i !

%

i^

r.

i

.^«2

/«<y»x /o Entflish Sanies

I'iiu' I)ro|... 17K
l'ilu•^al>. 17(^1
I'iiik, 1 )rii!iinion»rs, i-',^
rink. N.xl.liiiK, lij

|'i|>^i•*^l•W.I. J.'i;
I'l:iiitaiii, Avialic, H)I
I'l.iiit.iiii, ("iiiitmiHi. iSij
ri;inl;iin, Stimt K;ittli->nako. lio
I'laiilain. Small Katlk-Miakc, lU
I'uml l.ily, Vtlli>w. .?!.<
r..iirlwir<l, l'"ilif'>nn. <)l
l'niMlwci-<l, UiiliardxHi's. (Jl
rnvv.c, A-(K'I1, 75
I'.ipl r, Wt^tirii Balsam, 75
"!>• . tic, .U<i

, ,c, liiMi', Eye. 2.^7
iirosc, Dwarf Canada. 237
i T'inc, SpottitI, -'*•'>

.11, Hairy, 340
I .ini«)ii, Narrow-leaved, .VV)

HaHwort, Canatla, 358

kaKwort, ("liaiit, 358

UauvNort. (loldeii, 357

Kaltle. Yellow. 34-2

K..>plKTty, Arctic, 218

Raspberry, Creei>inK, is8

Raspberry, Dwarf. 15H

Raspberry, Red, 138

RhododciKln 11, Mountain, 180

Rose, Macoun's, -'-o

Rose, Prickly, 2iy

Rose. Tiny. .'21

Roscwort. 216

Rusb, Drnmniond's Ror, 86

Rush, Merten's Wok. 86

Rush, Parry's I'.on, 8^)

Rush, Ihree-tlowered Bog, 86

Rn>h, Small-tlowered Wood, 87

Rush, Spiked Wood, 87

Rush, Scouring, 57

Rush Pipes, 56

St. John's-wort, Scouler's, 332

Salmonberry, JH)
Sandwort. Bliuit-le.ixeil, ui
Sandwort. Narrow-leaved. 121
Sandwort, One-llowen d. 121
Sanilwort. Vernal, 121
Sars.ii>arilla. Wild, I'i7
S.in-^\trea, Purple, .vm
SaMfraKe, .Mpine. 142
S.ivifraxe, .Mpine Brook. 144
Saxifrane, Common. i,Vt
Saxifrage, (iolden, .\J<>
Sa ilraKe. I.yall's. 140
Saxifrage. .Mountain. 211. Ji>.!
S.ixifraKe. Nodding. 14"
SaxifraKe, 1' ri)le-l)r;u-ted. 142
Saxifr.iye, Si>otted, 142
Saxifrage, I all, 140
Saxifr.ine, Tufted, 142
Saxifrage, Weilge leaved, 142
Saxifrauf. Yellow, ^2s, .<-•<'
Sedne, Black, Ht\
Sedne, Dwart. 85
SedRc, Mer'cn's, 85
S<dKC. Rock, 86
Sed>{f. Tussock, 83
SelaRinella. Rock. 38

SelaKinella. Small. jH

Servicebcrry. Conunon. 132

Servicebrrry. Thick-leaved, 154

Shepherd's Purse. i,U. '.U

SluKitiuK Star, 238

Sibbaldia, Creeping. 3-7

Silverherry. ,?34

Silver Weed. 327

Skunk Cabb.iKe, Western, 305

Snowberry, U)2

Solomon's Seal, False. loi

Solomon's Seal, Siar-tlowered, loi

Sorrel, Common. 118

Sorrel. Field, 1 18

Sorrel, Mountain, 117

Spearwort, Creeping. 316

Speedwell. Alpine. 288

Speedwell. Thyme-leaved. aSg

Speedwell, Water, 2^)
Spirtca, Alpine, 152

• l\

T^mn^m

iiru".

:^^M

Index to Eno'lh S'lmfs

^S.^

.Spir.et. Ilirrli Icivtil, 150
S,>ir;iM. I'iiik. -m;
Si Kiinvort. < Irtiii, 51
SpriuK Itcaiil), Alpiiu. IJ5
Spri'iK liiaiity, Laiuf-lcivol. i.m
SpriiiK HiMiiiy, Sinalllt I cil, l.'5
S|innc, I'.iiKi-liii.tnir-, 'T
Spriu f. W liilf, '>5
Si|ii:'w Win . N'^riluTii, .^5^
Star llowiT, iH<i
Stifk.ii.l. U'liO.. jXi
StililiHiTt, l.<inK--t:ilkiiI. IJI
Sliiilnvort, NurtluTii, UJ
Stniiirruii, .u'4. .U'5
Straw l.orry. Wilil, l?4
StrawUirry, Wnod, 154
Strawtii-rry I'.litv , i-'o
ShikIiw. I.niiv! kavctl. 1.^8
Siiiukw, K"inul-li;ivc<l, 1.1;
Siintli>\MT, (iiaiit, .<5i
SwiTt ("iiily. Crisp-IcaviMl, \(i<
Sweet Cicely, Western, l''S

Tellima, 146
'riiiKilliy. Alpitie, 8j
Thistle, l.eafy. Ml
Tliisile, Sow, .V«
Tliistle, Wavy-leaved, .ion
Thistle, White, j<)i
Twayhlatle. l!n)a<l-liin'e<l, IIJ
Twayhlade, Hcart-kave.l, 11 -•
Twin Mower, Northern, 241)
Twi-ted-stalk, I'ink, 205
Twisted-stalk, Short-stemnu-d, -'o;
Twisted-stalk, White, 105

Vetch, \merican, -'70
Vetch, Cow, 270
Vetch, Lentil, 161
Vetch, Alpiii'? Milk, 267
W-tch, Ascending Milk, ^'''4
Vetch, In<lian Milk, I'w
Vetch, Loose-tl< .vere'l Milk, 161
Vetch, Macoun's Milk, si'?
Vetch, Purple Milk, 2^.7
Vetch, Slender Milk, 2(17

\ etchliriK, Mar«h, 271

Wtchlinu, White. i"t

Violet, Canada. I<.4

Violet, l>ou. .'71

Violet. Ivirly, 272. 2: t. 27»

Vi..let. Mar-h, -71

\'ioUi, Uoiiiid If i^ed. .11J

X'iolit. Selkirk'-, 274

\ ioUt. I r.iilitiK Yellow, .tt4

Sic.l.t, Nellow, .vtt

Willi' '. Aipiiu, 71
Willow, ArciK-. 7^
Willow, ll.ircl.iv'-. r\
Willow, It.irr.itl - 74
Willow. Hrown. 74
Willow, Dwarf, 74
Willow. Hairy, 74
Willow, Iharv. -,\
Willow. Silka, 73
Willow lierli, Alpine, I'uj
Willow lierh. IVw-llow red.
Willow -her!.. (ir.:,l, 2J.\
Willow -lierl.. II niaiiil'v,

Willow -herl.. M in. 224

225
-•24

22^

■n.
n> .vl,
W .it«r, 224
Vcll..\v, x\<>. .?.C

Willow-hei'.. Noi
Wlllow-herh. I'ani
Willow 1 cri..
Willow -lurli.
WiiKl Mower. 12<.
Wiiiter«reen, \'-<K. --i'*
WiilterKreeli, ( Ireen-llowe! td. i;
W internreeii, One-ilowered. 174
WinterRreen. One-sicU i, 175
W interKreeti. Red. 22^
Wiiilernreeii, Sn^dl, 175

Witch's llrooin, iifi

W'<Hid Nymphs, 13X

W'oodland Star, 216

Wormwood, Hiennial, 200

Wormwood, Circen. 2<X}

W'Tinwooil, ra-:iiie, I<;<)

Woundwort, 2)<5

Yarrow, |)ark-mar^;ined, T99

Yarrow, Woolly, uji^

Yew, Western, ()i

t.V^.-v.m,.yuiM'w wwui^oj*

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