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I'l I \li M- nil SlTviiT i Manitoba Agricultural College WlXMPrXi, CANADA Western Rye Grass in the cock at the Agricultural College n i» Hay and Pasture Crops in Manitoba ^^Pr V. .1. 11 AHUIX'N, 1', S. A. < FIELD HUSBANDRY DEPARTMEWZ/jy^^ %* 'c. wl.r.l liv aiill;i}rily nl' lloii. Vali'iiiinc Wiuklir, Mini.^tcr of Ai-'riciiliiin- ami IinnnKraliun Manitohn Afirirnltnral v oHcfri., Winnipeg, ''anadji. Juno, 19Jo To the HOX. VAIJlN'riXK WIXKIJ:|{, Minister of AKiiciilturc and Immigration. \\inni|)cg, Manitobjw Sir— 1 bog to proHont horowitli Hullotin No. 16 of tho Manitoba Agricultural Coilog,., .-ntitlod "Hay and Pasture Crops in ^ranitoi)a," b\ I'rof. T. .]. Har- ri.sci, of tho Field Husf)andry Hopartmont. This publication is being issu<'d in response (o enquiries for information on this subject. : h^ - doubt tliat it will pro\(. of great interest to ..rs of this province. Yours very truly, W. .J. lil.ACK, President. Hay and Pasture Crops in Manitoba III tlic early diiys in Miiiiitolia little or no nttcntiuii was tiiven to the cultivation of hay ami pasture (•roi)s. 'i'his was largely due to (he fact that only a small amount of stock was kept on the averaire farm anil the native meadows supplied all the hay and pasture recpiired. As tlie country hecann more thickly settled these meadows were broken u|i and put luider en' ' .ation. It lias, therefore, hecome necessary to seed down to cultivattd uriisses ami ch)vers. Another reason for the in- creased interest in these crops is that the jxTnicious results from all wheat rrowinn is hecomiiuc apparent. In the older districts it is now necess;. ..» to adopt methoils of cultivation and cro]) rotation that will at least hold tlii' we( ds in check and return vcfictaMe matter to the .soil. ThV' introduction of a y:ra>s cron into the rotation >eems to lie one of the mo: 'i ctTective methods of aeconijUishinfr this. PERENNIAL GRASSES act There are a preat nnmhor of cultivated grasses Imt th'ie seoms to he only five or six that are suited to \V(>stern condition^. .\monp these Western Kye, Timothy. Hroiui', llnyilish Hlu( and Ked Top are the most coinnion. \o one of these caji he recotumended for the whole province or for all i)uri)oses. Of them all Western Kye and Timothy are i)rol)al)ly better suited to a wider ranj!;e of conditions and uses than any of the others. WESTERN RYE GRASS Western Hye (irass is a native found on the jirairies of Western Canaila. The first record we have of it ' 'inj; ,u;rown under cultivation was in 1885 by Mr. K. Mcdvor. of Virt' n, Manitoba. It was later iiroven to hv. well adapted to cultivation by Mr. S. A. Bedford, Super- intendent of the Brandon Kxi)erimi'ntal Farm. Since then it has been recofrnized as one of the best frrasses in the West. It is a tufted or bunch Mjrass and is therefore betttT suited for the production of hay than i)asture. When used for hay it {rives a larj^e vield per acre and if cut before it becomes too mature makes hay of tir&t-cUissfjuality. ill Cutting Western Rye Orass on College Farm c'.'lll lH"i;i((Uili>Il!l l;lr;il v;iiiity ipf >()il>, liiil il is rollllil In tlil'Vc l)l'>t (inaiiiui>t -aiiil\- In.mi. It will iiui >tariil r\- (•('ssivc iMoisfiiri' !is in tlif native nicaiiuus it ua> nivf('(l to the drier and lieavier soils and can I.e u;rown Miiee--liiii\ where 'I'imutliy and Hed ( 'lover are killed liv droii!'ht. Place in Rotation Wcstcni I{ye is one of the ea-iest ura>s ero|»s to work into the nitatioii. If the M)il is hadly exhau>ted it -honhl only !«■ sown on a snnnner fallow l>tit if the soil is fertile and the season at all fav(..al)le miMHJ results can he ohtained on stnl)l)le laml. If sown on .-mnmer fallow a innse crop can he usrd l.nt if sown on stnl>l>le hetier results are ohtained hy seeding; alone. Preparation of the Seed Bed 'i'he seed of the Western l{ye is coniparatively small and does not contain a larj?'' amoinit of plant food and therefore, re(iuires a line seed hi'd so that the yoniif^ plant c; • Ijej^in to draw on tiie soil for its food in its early stages of growth. '1 na soil should lie firm underneath with a Knmular mulch ahout an inch or an in 'h and a half di ep on top. Tiiis allows the nioistni-e to rise close to th surface and the mulch i^'event-^ evaporation. Spring iili.winy;, if it is packed, harr(,,ved, and sei ded the same day as i)lowed will <;ive fair results. A well vorked sununer-fallow is the ideal preptiration; tlu' surface is fine, tiie suhsuiface firm, and the soil is moist and free from wcM'ds. X Time and Rate of Seeding ■|"lir -ccd of Wi-tcrii l{yi>l;()iil(l lit- sown alter tlir(l;mj.'crnt'fri>-.t is past anil litl'nrc tlii'.liiiH' rain kp^%¥-'»^ Drawing in a Ooo" Crop of H»y anil I Miiiif 1 11' •! 1111' '.ii'i- 1 , - 1 r M 1 •iiv ..vcr. In this jM-ovincr Mimr tini.- l..'t\v.<-i tlir I-.th ..I Alay an.l tl.c l.-)tli nf .liinr will Jiiv l'<-t nsnlts. Thr .inanlit v ..f >.'..l imt a.T(| will .l.pinil nil tiic vitality. .f tlir m'cI an.l tli.' i.n parat i..n ..t tli.' >.■«•. h,..!. IJ- th.' vitality is up t.) stan.lar.l an.l tli.' m;..I Im.I w.^ll i)ivpanMl al)..iit twclv.' pounds piT atif will I"' t.i.iv.l siilHciint. Method of Seeding Tl,.. s,.,.,l ..i 111. W.M.rn lUv is Imo law l<> ""' -'«" 'l'r<>ii«li a ..rass s,.,-.l..r a la.lnn.nl -m tin- n...iii .'nil. It is suni.t.ni.s nux.^.l will, tli.. -ram ami m,u„ in t i.. .Irills. Tli.^ ..I.j.rti.m t.. tins ,. that if th.- ^iiain is put .Imum -.itti.M .tly .l.-^p tli.' tfiass >.-.l u.U !..■ t.... .l..'i) an.l iiiiiy a partial -t .,i.l w''' '>l;.iiir,i. H.tt.r r.Milt- \Mli ..litai,i.-l liv M.win^ l.r..a.l.M-t an.l ham.win!: in If a man lia- I. -1 - ■ -ri.'iif.' an.l a . aim .lay it -..l.<'t.'il ir.-.xl results will 1... ..l.taiiM.l i.x -.^- "S l.y li.in.i. Th.' m<.st ^=;''^'>;''"^>; ""■"""'• however, i- In ili^uil Th.' (|uaii'i:\ i"'!' :■' iriliiite.l 1 \ihl\ . T! cuvel'.'il. i • ii>.' of a wh.'.'l-liarr.iw see.ler. iiiil-.li'i accurately ami th.' se.'.l 'is- il.l then '■''■■ harrowcil until th«' s. . is 8.. ^quent Treatment If the se. tl is -ouii att.ntioii until the crop Hot to leav.' ill.' st.i.ik- t. to kill .>ut umler the st. !ii. necessary t > run the umi- .ir twic' (lurinii the sunniiei nia\ li.'.iiitaine.l in the fall. li ;i nur-e cro]i it will r."|uir.' no tiirllier !V. ' 1. < an ^hoiil.l th.n lie .'X.'r.'i-e.l ' on '!• liel.l ;is th.' ura-s has a t.'ml.'iicy t !- vn wi'lioul a iiurs.' crop it ipay • laii'i I I'lij) off tli.' w.'.'.ls once l:,:i.l i- .-lean a -iiial! I'Ut .if hay Harvesting the Crop the Subsequent Year .. Mm Imt.,,,..;. t,M, uuu.iv «l,i,|, V M Msnallv 1... ..„,... tin.- Ttw BROME GRASS starts rarly in tl.r ^prin^r. ^ums I h. '^ I '■ i '' """"'/ " • !.'• .Iry wrath,.,- i„ ,I,.|y ami An.u-t. '"""- ^'■""" ''"'"'" Soil Wl.ilr Hrun-r will M.rivc un h.^uy. , >,. „,!!>, it i. n,,! ...Ivi-.l.i.. o sow > n. sn,.h situations „nl... lor ,M.rM..n..nt iK.stur.. '..i ,1 i Usually a v.;ry prrMstcnt Kiovv.r an.l .lilH.ultv will l„. ,.v,„.r ,...,1 in i'rA.lu-Mmn It wl,..., tl,.. lan.l is !„„k..n mm J, nn.-l .,^1 ' w.ll Kiv.. ..x.vllrn. r..snlt> on >an.lv ., ils ,' . i '"'• 'V''"" '"'^ 'I'Mt will thriv,. on alkali lan.l ' ' ' "'^"- ""' ""'>' -'••'^^ Place in Rotation si,, nl ll'"'*'''i"i V'"'" "'" '"" '^ ''^''^ '^'"' >"''i'otliy in the nioi>ier dis- iil'iindanf and the soil lieavier ill the reo-iilar rotation iieeaiise it. 'I'hi- i- not ^o iioliccalile, ^:y^:^_,y^} \4.44 ^14^ ''-""'=./'r^t;..;n:?.°LSi;i {^^.--j: 'xr^h'^ti^^^i^---^^ Col'ege Herd on good najturs tier ili-liiit-. Iilllljii liicillilir- In t;iiui| ;i(|\ allt - 1. ;il |):i-l llff-. At'- mil liKMlril llidiTc- ul- wilhi- tliciiiuli. in till- III till iiiurt* it can Im Used iW in |iriiiia- proviili'il tlh \ (• lo M' to tin- l)n'ak>; its in th.— ili-trict- it \\:t- a trnd. :m\ l.i -piva'! ami wiil .•\.'nlu- ailv kill out the if ' -. Preparation of the Seed Bed If sown on -iiinim T-fallow i'>r mir oil in .liiiicas forsiiiiiiiH'r-fallow ami sow the -rc.l without a nMi~r > lop. It ihr soil is siihjcrt to clriflinv; ;i liu:li' ii'l' 'In— -inn "' niannn' will prove licnrflcial. Aiiotln'i- syst>'m that i- followr,! tu u, I a oiils one -ati-l'aetor\ ipelhoil of -owintr I'roiee ami lii:it i- with a wlieel-i. arrow -ee(ler. It can Ur -own l'\ Ikui'I IhU \\:<- - 1 i- so li^ht tiiat :in even -tami i- ilitliiMilt i.i secure. 9i Time and Rate of Seeding It shonl'l I"' -own in tiie >prinii- l.ei'ore liie .Inue rain- are n\e:- at the rateof fonrteeii poliml~ per aere. Treatment the First Year The -tock should not lie allowed to pa-ture on ■ nntil it I ei- -.ei-llri"! a u'ood hold on the soil, it i- preferable not to na-liire the tii-t t m June and packn.g jt w.th a surface ,,acker. Th,. n. .xt vear a J. d crop o hay can he cut If the fiel.l is to 1„. hroken up and j.u i « t >hou , he ,,l„wed early u. une an.l l,acks,.t deep „. Auirus or S..pt,en,- • and then wel,.ulfvatedl,ef„re frost sc.tsiu. Tin. svCteUM-f pi .wW • once will not .-radicate it hut will stin.ulate it to h.at. TIMOTHY r p-rowth. l)lowiii}i; districts where there is over twenty results. nches of rainfall it will ^nve its hcst Alfalfa, eight weeks after seeding, on College Farm U\\ AM) I'Asri HI. CHOI'S l\ MA\IT finiml In tliriv<' best on a mui-^t day loam with an open sul>-oi!. It >liniil(l never he sown alone on the lijrhter and eil to <;oo(l advaiitaiie in :t mixture. Place in Rotation Where Timothy can he jirown it i- one of the easic'^t crops to work into the rotation. If the soil is rich a .-land may l)e oi)taineil liy ~owinu; with a nurse crop, hut on the ])oorer soils hcttcr results are ohtained l>y sowinfi alone. Preparation of the Seed Bed Tlie seed of the Tin'othy is very sn'all and requires an extra tine sced-hed. A well worked sununer-fallow is the ideal iireparatioii. Selection of Seed Like Western Hye and Hrome there have up to the present heeii no varieties of Timothy isolated so that all there is to select from i> the commercial seed. In selectinji seed, therefore, the only jioinls to he considered are t)urity and viahility. The purity is very iniportant hecause Thnothy is one of the worst crops to introduce weed seeds. .\ lary;e amount of tiie seed is nnported and numy new weeds are hrou<.';lil into the couutrv in this way. The seeds are so small that they cannot Sowing Alfalfa on corn land in Central Manitoba 10 li.W AM) I'Asn Ui; CHOI'S IN MANITOBA i'.; rciidilv (Ict.-ct.'d with tlic naked .ye. Wl,,,, \,uv\w^ s.rd it will i.c WIS,, to l,:,v.. It jmalyzcd f.,r iinpuritics and tested ior ^erniination or MiM-t on j:<'ltinK .No. 1 ( luveriunent, inspected seed. Method of Seeding Tlie l.est ivMilts are ol-tained l.v sowinir tlie seed with a ttra-s s,m',1 .•ittaelnnent on llie urain .Irili. Tin- se<.l in this wav is sraltered evenlv on the enlace and ean l,e harrowed in to the ri^ht d^'pth Time and Rate of Seeding In Manitoba the seed should he s(,wn in the sprini; some time •-tw.rn ti,e l.-„h of .^ray and the l.^th of June. The anu.unt of seed Ml depend on the vitality of the se..,l an-l'the preparation of the seed- iK'd. If the see,l is vial.le and the soil firm and fine al-ont eifrht tmirnds of see.l will }.,. sulh.aent. ITowevr. under averaiic eonditions nine or ten pound* will mive better results. Treatment First Year If the seed is sown with a nurse erop th.^re is praeticallv no care that can l.e Kiven except to have the stooks off the fiel.l as soon' as possible in the tall. If sown vitho-it a nurse crop the mower should he run over the held durum- the simuner to cut, the w<.eds and if the season is verv taxorahle a small cut of hay may he taken in the fall. Subsequent Treatment The Mcond year a croi) of hay can he cut. The vield will ,hp..nd on the (Ttihty of the soil an.l the amouni of rainfall. It is sel.jom prohtal>le to leave Timothy down for more than two years. ENGLISH BLUE GRASS (Meadow Fescue) Knjjiish Blue (Irass lias not heen jjrown verv extensivelv in th.> West Jt. like limothy, is i)etter adai)tel>t;iiiic(l tlir >('((1 >li(Hilii lif sown on !i well worked siiiiimcr-l'iillow. It will, hov'cvi r. jiivf ;i l';(ir >t;ii!tl on stiililtlc liirid if the soil is fertile and the se:is(,,i !a\ oralile. The stMi)l>le should lie plowed al)oiit four inches deep eail\' in .Iniie. packeil, harrowed and seeded the same da>' a~ plowed. Method of Seeding As the "-eed i-- ver>' similar to the Western H\c or Brume the wiieei- harrow seeder will lie found to y:i\'e l>est results. Time and Rate of Seeding It should l)e sown in the sjirinn hefore the June rains are over at aliout fourteen or fifteen pounds per acre. 1 Treatment the First Year Tlie stock should iii.t he allowed to i)asture on it the first season. If the weeds are trouhlesoiiu! they vim be cut with a mower similar to Western live when sown without a nurse crop. ^ RED TOP Red Top is not extensively jirown in the West. While it in-oiluces a fair quantity of hay it is not nearly so palatable as the other j?rasses. The only jilaces wherc^ it can he jj;rown to S"'><1 ailvantase are the water runs and sloiijrhs wliere it is covered with water for a period in the sprinp. 11 HAV AND I'ASTI |{|.; (•\{(t\:< \s MAMK.UA II -sc |) a.-,.s »s»a ly |,r...luc,. nativ,. f-rass hut if in.nvn ..r past„n.,l mtnually th.-y I...,..,,,,,. i„f,.st..,l with skunk Rrass a.,.l o h.T uu- I alatal.1,- w..,., s. s„ that it Uvr.uw. nrc-ssary t.. hr-ak th,.,n up and ., ' I ll'Jpurpl,;,'." ■"'*''' *''■"""" '^"'' ''''" ^""'"^ •"' '"■ •"-• '" '••'■•»''' '-' Preparation of the Soil The land should !).■ plowed ass , as it is dry ..nou-h to vvo:k wlu.l. will usually !)<> sonir tmij. ni .July or August. Hr.'akinjr sIk.uI.I Im" .Ion., four or hv.. inches ,|,...p h.raus.. th.T.- is n... time cnou}.!. t.. I.'t th.. .,,,1 rot ami l.acksot. A hn.- s,-,.,|-l„..l may l,,- work..l up with tl... .lis,, and (Iran harrows an.l th.' s.'.-.l s..wn l...|or.. the soil dri..s .,ut. Tl... s,.,.d sh<.ul.l Ix" s<>wn without a nurs.- ..r..p. As tl... S.....1 is small l...st result^ ar<. ohtain.'d hy usiuk ;, firass scmI.t atta..hm..nt on tl... Krain drill \. the soil is n..t usually in tl... I,..st .......lition it is a.lvisal.l,. to sow th.. s..,.d tln..k..r than won l.l o;h..rwis.. 1... n......ssary. Al.out t..n p.,ui..ls to tl... a..,-., will Kiv.. the l.(.sl_. ivsults. Tl... s....,l is v..rv small a'-.l sl..,„ld not I... ,.ov..r,.d too 11 l!i: < l!«>l'S IN MAM|.>IV\ t()l)a. 'I'lic most iinpurtaiit nf the |irniiiii:il> ami liifiiiiial- aic tin Alfalfa, Hid Cliivir, AUikc Clnvcr, Wliitr Diitrli Clovtr and Suv.t ( 'l(i\('r ALFALFA Alfalfa ir- our of tlic oldot i)Iants in the world luit lia^ oiil> icciiitlv Itfcn introduced into the Nortliwcst. It lia> licfii known for soiuf time ill till' Pacific stato hut was n(\(r. nntil rcccntlw con^iilcr('- have been disco\ere(l, or originated, nntil at the present time we iiave strains that can lie jirowii any ))lace in .Manitoha. Alfalfa can lie used for either hay or pasture crop. It make- ;i ver> valuable hay when cut at the riy;ht stay;e and well cured. Due to the lar^e amount of protein or mu-ile makiiiji fooil it is exceiv'innail\' valuahle for Ln'owins stock. 1 Jl Place in Rotation Alfalfa should have a jjlace in every rotation. While it li;i- nut heen p-own loiif cnouy;li in Manitoba to detei-mine its fertilizing; effect on the soil we know from the experience of farmers where it has been Urowii. that it adds considerable jjlaiit food to the land. .\ rotation includiny .Vlfalfa will, of iieces-ity. be a loni' one as it does not come to its best until about the third or fourth year. The rotation that ci.uld be modified to suit the averajre mixed farmer is as follow-: I'ield No. 1 Summerfallow. Field \(.. 2 Wh.'at. Field Xo. :f- Wheat. Field No. I Hats, seeded down with Western Rye (Ira-- and Hed Clover. Field No. .■) Hay. I'ield Xo. () — Ha\' oi' pa-ture. Fiehl Xo. 7 Alfalfa. Thi- re(|uires that the farm be divided into -even e(|Ual sized fields. \\ the end of six \('ar's tinie the rotation will ha\(' made one com!)lete circle of the first six lield.-. The se\ - elith field will, therefore, be six years in .Mf.-ilfa. .\t th( end of that time the .Xiialta Held is summer- fallowed and the regular summer-fallow sccmIcmI ilown with .\lfalfa. This Sheep in Rape: a cheap and eiceUent pasture latter lil'ld will then in its ■ M MAY AM) I'ASTi lii: (K-.I'S I.\ MAMTcIU tuni ^t;ly in Alfiiifa for Soil -"N il will ll.riv,.iH,l;„,ari,l ■■ ■ ' "" '"' "" <""''""'"y ""y plimt will not cnMlicatctlicsf.iH.st. llnXKIlls \VI'('( ;is this Preparation of the Soil Alf:ilfa i> vciv tciiclir Wowtli so that. ili("' soH ;m,"'-'-^ ^l"al<'rs for th,.sc. hardv st,-ainr It s (liffia it .o distniKuish l.etw<.(.n them so that sw-d should not ho J c<.i.t.ed imless ,t is guaranteed by a reliable firm. '^''' AIf..r^."''*'"''' 1','"'^' ^" ''•'.''" ^''•' ''■'^<<''' f"'- '« ""■'^ioi.s weed seeds Tlie Alfalfa IS usunllv jrrowa n the older distriets to fhr r..„l i- . to eotxtaiti seeds that are both noxiotL and nc-^vt tt '^"st'. " ''"'''' ^\'^ "i^'i"-'' :i good stun.l the s<.ed should bo tested for germination If it does not test our 7,) per eent a larger c,ua.Uity of^Tould be iiw \\i) i'\>iri!i I UMi's i\ M\\!r<>ii\ i:. sdWii. A »iitV liiii.li' to lulldu ill |itirili:i-iiiu, till- -11(1 ;iti( r inc \;iriil> li;is lici'ii j;\i:ir!iiit('i'(l li\ a rclialilc liiin i- lu laki nhl;, Nd. 1 ( l(i\iTiiiii(iit ili-.|icct(il -ceil. Inoculation .^olIIC (if till- !'ailuir> ill ;it(iuinti Altalta ill llli- |il(i\illir air illlr In till- tact that tlir -oil (,r -ccd \\a- imt innculatnl with iiiinnirii li\iiii: liactcria. If thi-c -iiial! nri:aiii>iii- aii- imt fniiii'l in iiixhili- t> of till' ))laiit oiil\ a pnur -land w ill lie ol it aim 1 1. 1mi-;iu->c th<' a\ iiairc imiiric soil (iocs not i-outaiii -iilliciciil. iiitroj-'iii to ihikIiii'c a uood i;i-o\\th of Alfalfa. Thoc jicnns in the imdulo liavi' the pnuii of c-nir. rriiiiLi I he air nitrojifu into a form that crm lie ii>rd liy the plant. It i- tiicnforc nccissarv to have tlu-r prc-cnt in thr -oil it -wci-- i- to !ir in-und. 'I'licv arc found in the -oil in \riy few district- on the prairie-. It i>. Therefore, necessary to intnidiice them in some form. Thi- imii lie done ill two ways, eitliei' li\' aiiplyinii liacteria to the soil or to the seed. The former method is known a- soil inoculation and con-ists of -])readiiii;. at the rale of KIO to liOtl |Miiinils per acre, the -oil ttikeii from a thrifty Kidwiiiir .Mfalfa field on the land intended to lie seeded down. To olitaiii the liest results the soil -hould lie spreati as soon .after diji-iinji a?< p.is-ihle and jircferalily on a cloin'v da> . harrowiny; it in at once. The apiilication can he made most easily at the tinu' of plaiitini; the seed. 'I'his soil is supplied in one or two hundred pound lots li\- the I'ield Husliamlry Department. .Maiiitoiia .\micult ural ( iilley;e, Winnipeg, to appliiaiits in Maiiitolia who remit sutlicient to prepa,\' the fieijiht charges and co-t of sack. The seed inoculation consi-t- in applying the liacleria that has heen fUrown artificially hy the liacterioloLnst to the seed. The Haderioloiiical Department. Manitolia .\jiricultural Collesie. i)r(pare- this siilistance and send it out to the farmers at cost, 'i'his is a nuicli easier metliod of inoculation than ai)i)l\iiin the soil. Moth plans have y;i^"i> y;i»od satis- faction wiiere care has lieeii exercised. The latter has the advantaj;e where a lari;e acriauc is to lie sown and where there are no .\!faHa fields in till' vicinity as the cost of shipiiiiuj; -oil yreatly incica-e- the expense of KottinKa statid. Method of Seeding .\lfalfa should never lie sown with a nurse crop. If the soil drifts a bushel or two of oats may be .-own to prevent driftin;;; and Iheso clipped with the mower as siion as they form a cover for the ifround. The best results aie obtained wiien tli(( scvd is sown with a f^rain drill setting; the discs or shoes to run one inch deej). This allows the seed to be covirod to a uniform dcplh so that it coiiies in C'ont;irt "itii the moisture. To sow tiie seed by this metiiod it slunild be mixed with twice its quantity of cracked wheat or barley from which all the fine flour has been blown with the fanning; mill. If the seeder is set to sow from one half to three {|uarters bushels of wheat ]ie.- acre it will jiut the I«( MAY AM) I'AVII l{|; CHOI'S I\ MWHoma seed (III approximati-ly 10 ur 12 |Miiin, any place in Manifolia. I> per atr.' uliich is suffici.nt f,,r <> that it l")tli of .luiir so that it Time of Planting Alfalfa slw.uM imt l.c s.mn .'arliei than th.' l.-,th of \\n \vill iiHss tl„. sprinfi frosts ami not lat.r than thr l.-,th of Jiiii. may j;ct the. Iiiiic rain-. Treatment First Year The fields should !.(. clipped with the nunvvv wh..n the Alfalfa and seeds are ahoM ., oM niches hi«h and the clippings left on th.: - , o fonn a nn.l.-h. ' l„s kills the weeds an.l does L harm the A It IS XMM'. h.mev.T. o hav.. the .•uttins I'ar of th,. n,„wer set fo ,.„t jn. l^nnUKh so that no injury to the .Town of the plant mav tak ,1 .. Ih- .•l.pi.niK s ,,,„| 1 ,„, r,.,„,at,.,| xvl„.|iever the ^L,\s a^^ain n.ak. li; a|.|>.aran.r I h,. last clipping sHould not he lat.T tlwin t . ntl , An«ust so that, there may he considerate jrrowth o op I h ."l t Subsequent Treatment Th.. second y..ar th.. fi.l.i ;vil| I,,. ,,.a,ly for croppi„.. To ....f ,|„, i...st .piahty of hay th,. citfin- should 1... ,lo,i.. iu't uhen h.. , ■, t .St part ..t ,]n\y. 1 h.. s<...ond ..uttmK will 1... ah.>ut th.. first ..r s,.,.,,,,,! N ....k in AuRust If th, plants are t., h.. i„sur...I ajrainst wint,.r ki .t sh.iuld n..v..r I... ...it later than th.. loth of AuKast. Wlih it i' oT adv,sal.h. to pastur.. Alfalfa go..,! n.sults are soni.^^ii.H; rep ' ..1.!;, ! alh If It has „.,.u stan.hnfi for a'.out thr,... s,.as,M,s. Kv-n then,. 'Aray.uvr shoul.l not 1„. too .-los,. or too lat,. in th,. fall. a • i t . ::uir:;liXT'' ^^""'^ •"' "- •— - ^^ •- =• t,.n.i..n..y ;:; noI;; If th.. w,...,|s lurome troui.i,.so,n,. a .lis,- harrow or Alfalfa r..nov,tor <-an I... run uvw th,. f...Kl stirrinjr up th,. surfa.',. an.l killi,,.- th,. w, ..;k RED CLOVER K. 1 (•|ov(.r i> l„.st adapted to a t,.n.p,.rat,. cliniat.. It r..(.uir..s mor.. m.,istur,. tha.i alfalfa an.l for this r,.ason is not rovi /-n n quail, ,.,sti..,.,.s in th.. W..st^ In most pla,...s in this pro^^i^-i l^i Mil 1,.. ,|,,.|,l,.dly sup,.rior. An.,th,.r point that n,ilit,..t..s a-ii.,,.ar ami on y a po.,r on., th.- s.von.l aiul nothing at all th.- tl, r I'or this misou it ,s .s,,ld.,m s.nvn ahm.. hut nsuallv some of th." Krass.^s. Tim.)tliv is a favorit, thrive He,l ( 'lovt.r will "row. " ni a imxtur,. w ith jirass l),',.ause where it will HAY \M) i'\>rnii; cimi's in mwiioun Pi;:ce in dotation Wlicrr Hfil Cldvcr (-111 I" uniwii it -lutiiM li.iv.' a place in the nitalion. It is cxccijliniially w.il ailaptcd to «lcirt mtati m- linaux' of it> lii.iiiiial Ti'ttiiri'. Soil l{i(l (*li»vcr will fjniw on n. ail' II ■•(iil> provided tiny ai-r iVitilr. It will nivf its iarfjcst yiiUN. liowcvci. on nioi-t day loam that coiitaiii- ail atuindaiit sn))plv of vcKoil Preparation of the Seed Bed If tiie s 1 hed is prei)ared -iniilar to that oiitrmed for alfalfa it will jiive jjood results with clover. It >ho'ild lie tirin underneath, have a >i«)()d supply of inoi-tiiri' and he level on top. Method of Seeding Where C'lo\er is -own alone it i» not advi-al>le to u><' a niir-e crop aiK. it. can he sown similar to alfalfa. When sown in a mixture with tim(,t!iy or other small jrrass -eeds a nurse crop is -oinetimi-. n-ed. Where this ])laii i-^ ailoi)ti(l the >eed may he sown with the siras> vn-der attachment. Time and Rate of Seeding The seed >hoiild lie -own aliout the time of oat -eedinfi. Tlie amuum of seed ])er acre will vary acconiiiifi to the preparation of the -oil and amount of rainfall. I'mler ordinary condition- from S to 10 l)onnds will he sufHcient Inoculation On the jirairie -oil- in Manitoha it i- alway- advi-ahle to inoculate .ither the soil or the seed hefore -owint!; Red (lover, liven if the liactcria are jiri'sent in tlii^ soil hettrr :ind tiuicker re-ult< are oiitaineil hv treatinsi'. For -oil inocnialion the same rules may he followed a- were previouslv outlined for alfalfa only the -oil mu-t he taken from :i Hed Clovir li('ld. Nilro-- •ilture for treatiny; the -(cd i- also prepared lor Hed Clover ami niay lie -ectu'ed from the i-!acteiiolou;ical Depart- ment. Manitoha .Vjiricul'ur.al Colleiie. Treatixient First Year If no mirse crop is n-ed clippiim- with a mower i> nc'cs-ary to control the wee(ls. The clippiniis -hould not he raked off hut left to form a mulch. Stock and e-pecially hor-es and -lieep -hould not he allowed to yr.a.'e on the lield in fall a< they aie liahle to in.iuie the youny; ])lants. ■ IS U\\ AM) I .vSTi Ki; ( |{.)|'.> |\ M\\Hun\ ALSIKE CLOVER Alsik.- is .s,„„,.wl,iit Nimilar in ar)|)raraii •. pr..,iu,tum of hay. I, is. |.„u-,.v..r, ,H.n.nnial i„ h.al.if w I ' ,,. k. t j..-tt,.r lulapfd f., pastun. ,M,.a.lnws. Mv,.,, ul,..„ s.,um for , , , .^ .s usually in a nuxtun- ,a whi.-h s,„u.. of t.l,. -..s... ,,r...|o,Min .. M •„ , .ri.li) .•nous to a rool uvt ,.|imato it ,ar..,o. .k- Lm, v,. so .,.....:.•„.'.■: the South and West atiiioi iM- jrrowii .so succc^-fiilK ill ot Place in Rotation iKHMsc, It Will hll thf same place in the rotation. Soil Alsik. A sik,. n;., Hires a moist >oil. an.l whi:,. ii niav I,.- Kn.wn on •, ..in-lv I im. In no eas-. howrver, must ,i l„. sown on sour lan-l a~ Msjk.. like other le{;umes \v»|l „„t, thrive in aei.l soils. ' The preparation of se,.,l l„.,i and method of srcdins will he sin.ilu to that oil lined lor red clover. Inoculation It is as ncMssary t.. iiio, ulate l.,r .\lsikc .■,. for other Icsiimrs •i,„| can .e dom. similar to the method adoptd for red clover ^n.l alf. ' usinjr Alsike mtro-culture or .\isike soil. aii.nia, Time and Rate of Seeding The seed should l,e sown aLoiit the time timotliv an.l .,tl,er ..ri. . pi; --:;• I' ='l"- 't should he sown at the rate of h. or seven plund: WHITE DUTCH CLOVER Whit.. Dutch ( lov.T is a very hardy, small, civepinir ,,|,„„ |, j. sometimes sown m pasture m.-adow. hut it is not vrv s iit,.d,|,. ..,, „ ^.r i.asture. I „e ,o ,r. acrid flavor none of ,he farm stock ■ .id • "" I'l^"- t'-r tl- WlHte Dutch Clover is on the lawn or in he . ' P: SWEET CLOVER ,. ^ . '"'ver will j-row anv plac( some districts it mo.vs wild aloiiji the roads' and eonsidere.l a wwA. < ■..iisi.hTahle .•ontroversv h,-,. The White .-iixeet ( ' ''"iiitoha. In t lots aiiil is .1 in reuard to II\^ wit l'\>ll Ifl < |!U1'- IN M\\! '\\\ V* its \ ilur a> ;i fixl.lf r pluiit, M;iii\ of mil- lutt.-r miu iitn » rl.nin th.if it is useless as such and slmlilil lie ri>ll.-l, l.owever, a k'xmI jjatlierer nl' nitmir 'ii aiui ran In- iisni 'juuij .•iti\ ;ititaui' a.' a preen inainire. It i^ a liiemiial in lialiit >ii tin it laii lir -own with a Jiurse crop ami pluwid iluwii tiic -i ml \i:ir ' "fkmi: tin- laml as a siiminer-faliow. GRASS AND CLOVER MIXTURES Ti) obtain larncr \i('lils per acre ami Ix'ttir halanci i foililer it i^ sometimes advisab'e to sow (grasses m following mixtures mitrlit lie useil to y Tor liav in the drv districts: I'm Alfalfa, S poiinds \V"stern Hye, S poumU Tor lia,\' in the inoister district*; To. Western Hye, H poumls Red ("lover, t) i)ound- 'I'Mnothy, t poiiml- l<'\ir- ill III. -turi'-. The lllltile: ill •111 di«triif»; ** pi^ ,iid- 1{\ J [«ii. pi. id- III tlh I i«li li^trji-ts: liiiie ' '.I's. s .ii:mU ■ i\-r, t» jH-iind- .ili\ . ' p Mir -. ANNUAL HAY AND PA TURE IW^S In the averaj^e >earaml under n- na! cuii and (lasture will lie iirodiiced on the jira-- ind cl"\ ■ hai)i)ens, however, that through wini't liiiu ' stand of gra.ss is injured, or the inm • r of In increased, so that it hccoiiii's neci to -up! meadows with soiiie annual crop. ;i re can lie used for this ])urpose in M uli.a. are fodder corn. oat> and pea», wihi i\e. i;i ■ -' Df I lie iiay !■ rr'Tpiiiifly > lli- iiu-e the '. lie greatly ■' ■"•rniaiient • t criip^ that 11 -I' I- miinoii CORN On every farm \\hiTe li\e stock is l.ciii. ■ a-i li\i- arii ~ of Corn slioiild he virowii. It furnishes the cIh -u. ■ ulcn feed that can be ])ri>duceil and at the same tiipe li',a\e» \\ oil in id' cniidition for a ero|) of wheal . Informatioii in I'cjiard in it- ultiire le-i in ubtain- ed from the field Hu-baiidry nepartiiniit . M:iTiitiili;i "\'zrifiiltiiral ( 'oUejie. OATS AND PEAS .\ mixture of ()ats and Peas can be used 'n irmid aihaiii aii'e either for winter iiiut!;ha'j;e or pasture. ()ats li;i\e been u~ed extensively in till' West for the ])roductiiin of oat lia>" and have jirovi n to be one of the cheajiest and easiest t'or.aiie la-ojis to hiindie thai can be <>rown on the farm. Wi hout sreatly increasini«; the co-i. the i|ualit\ can improveil eon-iderabiy by ,addinj£ a leiruiiie. >uili ;i- Pea-. 2l> II W AM) I'VSII |{|; (HOI'S |\ MAMDHA Mixture III iiiiikiiin ii|) a inixtiiri' of tin' Oiil-i :iiiil Pens it is rircosarv to havi' two varittirs that will niaturi' in aliniit tlir >aiiif liiiif. Haninr Oats anil (nildcn Nine P«as niakr a iri'od cuinhinatiun. TIkv should lie snwii at till' ratr <(f Ino liiishcls i»f Oats ati>l >,iv, hest results on snnuner-fallow, it is nut pMid practice to sow it on land prepand in this manner since fair yields can lie ohtained on spring |)lowin^^ The soil should he j)acked. har- rowed and seedeil as soon after plowinn -"'^ piwsilih to |)revent the soil dr,\in« out, the hest results will lie ohtained if it is done tiie same dav as plowed. Date of Seeding \\ hi'n urowii for fodder the seed should l)e sown some time hetween the l.'jtli of ilay and the l.")th of .Iniie. 'I'his will lie late enough to escape 'hesprinu frosts and will l)eea:l> enough toolitain the June rains. If it is to he used for pasture the seeding should he done (I sncceeilinu dated to nive continuous jjasture tliroufiliont tiie season. The following dates have siven yood s-itisfaction: .Mav l.')tli. .M;'V :}Oth. .June l.')lli, .lune :{(lt}i ami .luly ir)tli. Harvesting Tlie i)rop( r time to harvest Oats and I'eas to ohiain tli< iii(i,liest (juality of fodiier is when the top portion of tin; Oat i'lnicle i> turnina; yellow. The cheaiiest and easiest, method of harve-ijuK is w ' the fjraiii hinder. The sheaves must he made small and onlv ;ih.,iit >i\ put in a stook so that they may cure without -noilinji. .\fter it ha^ liecome th(>rout!;lily dried it can i»e either stacked outside or ;)\it in the me cut at ahout (lie .same sta^e of maturity as for cun'd fodder and put in the silo as soon as cut. lAtra trampinjr in the silo is Mec« s»arv to exclude the air from the hollow stems. Where this precaution is taken the en-ilay;e will remain sweet and jjive nearly .-is ^ooil results as that made from corn. WINTER RYE Winter Rye has ))roven to he hardy in .Manitoha and wIktc late fail and (;.riy ,-prinK ],a>riirc i- d(.~ii.(l il uill l.e fouml lo unc <;ood satisfaction. Hecause of its .-diility to remain j^reen after lieiiij: frozen it alTords a lar^e amount of pasture from the last w , !< in September until freeze-up. Tiider norm.sl weather c(niditioiis it will live; over winter and renew its ^rrowth the followinji sjjriiiL': pro\ idini: y;ood Kraziny; hefore the grasses start into jjrowtli. II\N \\|> I'XSTIMU: rUtil'S l\ \I\MMM'.\ IM Soil Winter Myr'ts licttiT a.liipttd tniMM.r. wnrii nut -oiK. lli.m ;iii\ nih. i • •.nul, aii.l it," tli.nf...r, ..flni m.wm nii ll.r i n-t hn-i ;.i..l |.n"lu..> fiiir piisliiiT. Wliilf lliis i> tiiir. it \Nili n-|"""l '■'■•"''l> '"' -'""' ^"'' •""' .•iiltiviitii.ii. M«'is1 <-l:iy or >:m.l.v ln;uii ^'i\'- tli-' l"-t i.-ull-.. Preparat ion of Seed Bed Since Winter Hveciiii !»■ nse.j t.. ^ I .•iiiv;iiil;ii;e in the eniilieiilinn ..f wii.l ..at.s it is nMiiiilv M.«n ..n llie iuu>l «..m1v ti.|,i. W h.iv ihi- i- I,ni.lice.l ill.- iM>t nuHuMl is tn uu.k the land a^ Mimni. i-ta Inu u.iiil S.M)tenil.er an.l tiieii >.r.l. The Mnnn-.r .ullualh.n i,ul- Ihe -ml ,n i,|.,,| enn.liliun tn prn.hlee a H ! e.n|.. lair en.|.> ll.a> !"■ nl.laih..l l.y snwinj- ..n fail plnxve.l >tul.l.le lan.l, l.ut ll- dilli.nil> i- in -.1 il,. ernp otT in time tn >nu tlie r\ e. Time and Rate of Seeding I'nr fall pa>t\n'e tli(! seed >linuM lie >n\vn alMiiit the last wnl 11, \n«n>t nr the lirst w.^ek in Sepleinlier. Al.nut mir and a hall In lun Im^hels nf sei.l per acre i< re.,.liled. 'I'iie >eed >hnilld \'v m.um with the main .hill .h'po^i'ii't-' ""• ^'■'"' ''"■'^^'■'" '^^"' =""' ,""''''' '"''T '"'"; the Mirfaee nf the >nil. If snWll >h;.ilnw..r. there .^ cjaiej. r n the -In.k ininrin^r it In siieh an extent that it will !"■ hkelv tn \viiit>r kill. Pasturing The field is iisiiallv readv for pasture al.niit th<' la>t we.k in >ep- t,,,il.er ..r the lirst week in ( ).-t..l..T. If it is tn I- n>ed ,='> p";"if l'^';" tutv eareshnllld he exereise.l nut tn ^a/e it tnn elnsely 11. lie lall li this preeanlinn is taken it ean he ,.ast.ired in the >prmt. simrtly alter the frnst is on' nf tlie lirst six mrlies nf snil. II it inake> 'A 1 umnth whih- heintr pastured and the >tn.k are taken nil ay a^ the p. re.i.n:, pastures are rea.lv, a small er..p nf u.aui may Im; li..r\v.t..l. 1 his will u-iially he iva.iy 't.. harv.'st ahnut tin- la>t we.k 111 .luly. RAPE Amnni: the annual f..ratie emps there is n.m.' that will j.rn.hi.e a ,.l,eap.T nr Ixlter pastiir.' than Hap.'. It ."in !..■ >nwn .m lan.l iiiten.l.;,! f.,r .uinmer-fall..w ami will pr...huv ......l paslinv aii.l hav.. tli,. -nil in n.'.arly :ls -nn.l .•..n.litinii fnr wli.at as .l..,'s th.' haiv talL-w. Soil Rape will «rnw ...» almost all ki.ul- ..f snil H thriv.- '..M. Imw- rvt-r, un soil that enntain- a laru;.' amnimt nf humu> nr v.-.t.al.l.' matter. Preparation of Seed Bed It nften liai.i)ens that a fi.'l.l whi.^h has Immi, M,wn t.. -ra- wlnt-r kills ami has tn !..• I.r..k.'n ud. If this i> ph.w.d in ,lim.. al..,ut h.ur iuflies deep and wU eultiva< 'd with tli.^ -hsc an.l dra- harr.iw an.l the 22 MAY AM) I'ASTl Ri; CRol'S |\ MAMTdUA smi sown before i\w soil dries out it will produce :i ^io.,.| croi) of limw W he., sown as a siil,.stitute for th.. hm- fallow tl... lan.l sl,„nld l,<. ,,|„„,,i U'fore the 30th ol .lime about six iuclies deep and the s.cl smui. i.nnw.l- Time of Seeding The seed ean be sown any time betwrrn Mav 1st. and .luiw .•[(Hh I nder average cnuditions llu- crop should be r.adv for i)a-tun' in about live weeks after seedinj;-. Method of Seeding Hapt> may be either sown broadcast or in drills. If the soil is free of weeds and moist, broadcastini^ will jrivc j-ood results, but, if the land is Wf'fdy or dry better results will be obtained bv planting in ro\v> about thirty inches apart and interlillini; similar to corn Tin'rc i- also h'ss waste of f.^ed when planted in row-, as the animals usually walk b<'tween the rows and therefore do not tramide as manv plants ll will re<|uire two to four iiounds of seed sown in drills and four to ^ix poHi.ds broadcasted. Pasturing To obtain the best results it should be pastured before it becomes too mature. If the stock aic allowed on the lidd when j|. j^ about twelve or fifteen inches liivh it will be foiunl to be more palalabh' than if it is allowed to j^nnv to eighteen to twenty inches hiuh. WiiJ, ,.a(tle and slieep care should be taken to prevent bloatinir. Th.y should never be allowed into a Hape pasture when Ihev are hiui^iry'or wIumi th(;re is dew on the ])lants. MILLETS Among the annual forage crops Mil|e(> havealwavs had a pronunent place. Tliey are usually j-rown as catch cn,|.s or ior the purpose of supplementing the usual suppl\ of hay. There are a larj;e number of difTerent varieties, but in the West the varieli.s most eomnioiily ^;rown for hay production arc the Conunon and llunf;ari,in (often called Hungarian (!rass) Soil While the Millets can be firown on the jioorer soils, they ihrive best on a rich, black loam. Preparation of the Soil Since they are useu\ T.i Time of Seeding The seed shniil.l i.nt Im- sown until thi- s(.il is wann. In >liiMilnl)ii the Ix'st n>s\ilts will !><■ (.I.taiiu'd ImIwccii .liim' l".t:i and .luly loth. Rate of Seeding Th.' rato of .sco.lin- will .I-imiuI s.m.what on iU<- inKho.l of sowiiiR. If sown broadcast, about tAwnty-fivo or ti.irty pounds of seed iht a.To will W n'(|uirL.d. It would m-uu l.owrv.r. t .at l.ctt.-r fsults aro ohf.inod where sown with thr ordinary «rani .IriU, jnittniK on about fifteen or twenty lu.und-. I'.v allowini; the ■ las furmed. Wh.n harvested in this manner and feheep. Cutting Common Millet, 1914. on College Farm MANITOBA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Any .if the lulluwinjr I{ullc(iii< „r ( 'irciihir-. mnv !..■ ..I.*..!.,, i .• , „ BULLETINS 1 Horses. ■J 'I'wclvc Xoxiuiis Weeds. ;! ( are 111' .Milk and Cream. \ IVoteetinn „f Fann I^uildinj-s In.ni Lijililniim •' I he larni (iarden. II Farm I'oiiltrv in ^ranitol)a. 7 Ifoy, Haisinji in Manitoba. "^ ( ow 'I'e.stinji-. 't IJepairins Farm K(|iiipment and IJoad- 111 Plans for F'arm I{nildinf;s. 1 1 ( 'anniny: and Preservinjt I-' 'I''h' Farm Fioek. l:i Harn Ventilation. 1 1 < 'are of Cream for Creameries l"> !'■ -s' and Cirls' CJnliv Itj Hay and Pastmv Crop-, in .^[anitoha 17 -Silo Conslruetion and laisila.ue IVoduetion IN I'ee-Keeiiiii»- in .Mailitolia. -'(I ('ollejve Ivxtension Service. CIRCULARS I I lie larmers' Beef l?in»;. •J ."^ome I'aets .\l)ont Sheep ;! .Manitolia's Hoy; Market. I lieef Cattle Situation. ") .\ Few Dairv Facts. •> .\ riea For Hinl Ilonses. 7 Onr I'riends, the P>irds. N Hints on Home Xnrsinj; !• IVactical Hints on I'onllry. HI .Meat and Its SnKstitntes' I I What I'A-ery (!irl Should Know I-' l\>ison Ivy and Other Poisonous Plants l-> ( 'ream for Creameries. I 1 Method in Dressmakiiif!;. I") I'atteniny; ( 'hickens for Market. Hi Pork .Making on the I'arm. 17 Servants in the House. IS Alfalfa in .Manitoba. I!' I'odder Corn in Manitoba. I'll .Mfalfa Inoculation. -\ Parley Cirowing. L'2 Xot(-s on Crowing 'Frees, Shrubs etc ■-'•! Improviny,- the Farm I'lfin. -I ( irowiny, Plums in M.initoba '-'■"i ' Irowinji ( 'herries in Manitoba •_'b ( 'ontrol of Insect Pests. ■-*7 Pruniny 'Frees for a ( 'old ( 'liinate 'JS Spniy Mixtures. :.!'- Tree pisis and Cutworm.-.