CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(l\/lonographs)

ICIVIH

Collection de
microfiches
(monographles)

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of
the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming are
checked below.

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Coloured covRrs /
Couverture de couleur

I I Covers damaged /

Couverture endommag^e

□ Covers restored and/or laminated /
Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e

Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque

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□ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) /
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleub ou noire)

□ Coloured plates anu/or illustrations /
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material /
Relie avbc d'autres documents

Only edition available /
Seule edition disponible

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along
interior margin / La reliure serr^e peut causer de
I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge
int§rieure.

Blank leaves added during restorations may appear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have been
omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages
blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration
apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait
possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t^ film^es.

Additional comments /
Commentaires suppl^mentaires:

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a
6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem-
plaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibli-
ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite,
ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^tho-
de normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous.

Coloured pages / Pages de couleur

I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag^es

n

n

Pages restored and/or laminated /
Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es

a Pages discoloured, stained or foxed /
Pages decolor^e ,, tachet^es ou piqu^es

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[•[ Showthrough / Transparence

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partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une
pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es k nouveau de fagon a
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

Opposing pages with varying colouration or
discolouratlons are filmed twice to ensure the best
possible Image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des
colorations variables ou des decolorations sont
film^es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image
possible.

D

This item is filmed at tlie reduction ratio checlced below /

Ce document eat ittmi au taux de rMuction !ndiqu6 ci-dessous.

lOx

14x

18x

22x

26x

30x

y

12x

16x

20x

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32x

^^nw^'sr-:sMi^¥m.

■^^mBm:':j''^^^M^-SLrj^± f^a^^jTWr-:

Th« copy filmtd h«r« has b«an raproducad thanks
to tha ganarosity of:

National Library of Canada

L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grica A la
g4nArosit* da:

Bibliotheque nationals du Canada

Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality
possibia considaring tha condition and lagibility
of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha
filming contract spacif icationa.

Las Imagas suivantas ont At* raproduitss avac la
plus grand soin. compta tanu da la condition at
da la nanat* d* l'axamplaira film*, at an
conformity avac las conditions du contrat da
filmaga.

Original copias in printad p«p«r covars ara filmad
baginning with tha frsnt covor and anding on
tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras-
sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All
othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha
first paga with a printad or illustratad impras-
sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad
or illustratad imprassion.

Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha
shall contain tha symbol —^ (maaning "CON-
TINUED"), or tha symbol V (maaning "END"),
whichavar applias.

Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at
diffarant raduciion ratios. Thosa too larga to ba
antiraiy includad in ona axposura ara filmad
baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to
right and top to bottom, as many framas as
raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha
mathod:

Las axampiairas originaux dont la couvartura en
papiar ast imprimia sont filmAs an commanpant
par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la
darniAra paga qui comporta una amprainte
d'imprassion ou d'illustration, soit par la second
plat, salon la cas. Tous las itutras examplalras
originaux sont filmis an commandant par la
pramitra paga qui jomf.orta una empreinte
d'imprassion ou J'illustration at an tarminant par
la darni*r« paga qui comporta una telle
•mprainta.

Un das symbolas suivants apparaitra sur la
darniira image da cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols •-i^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbola V signifie "FIN".

Las cartas, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre
filmis A des taux de reduction diff^rents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etrs
raproduit an un saul cliche, il est film* A partir
de Tangle supAriaur gauche, de gauche A droite.
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants
illustrant la m^thode.

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1

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Microcopy risoiution tkt chart

'ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2i

^ APPLIED \KMGE In

^S". '5^i East Uam Sir«i

—^ '^sclester. Ne* 'o'f '*6G9 u',A

.^a '■^6) *82 - 0)00 - P^one

^S ^''6^ 288 ■ 5989 - Fa.

- ■J . ^uZUCaUOH^

DEPAETMia^T OF THE TNTEIftOR, OANADXr/'"

Bon. W. J. Boon, Uiniftor; W. W. Cmr, j|>epn<j»'lliDMkTw<'' ou liuuvuNC tNT
FORESTRY BRANCH— Bl

B. K. (amtmli, Dtraetor of Fofwtry.

FOREST CONDITIONS

IN THB

ROCKY MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE

T. W. DWIGHT, MJ".

Ot'TAWA
♦ ' 19IS

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'■ " ' ' .1,.,...,.

FOREST CONDIT'ONS

ROCKY MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE

T. W. DVVIGH" M.F.

OTTAWA

tiOVI, KNM i:s-i- |.|, INTI N(;

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Sill. -I Milmiit li.rrwilli „ rM'"rt «lii.l, li;,, |,..,.,, ,,ri.|Mrr,l l..v Mr. I' \V. |)wlir!i!
-if III. iiiv.-tlciiti,,!!- ..f l.i-t Mil...,, i,| r.uiir.l I.. III.- nhili..,, ,,t ili,. .|„.. i,., ,,f ijinl.rr

III th.' I{..,k,v M iiiiii. K..r.-t I;, -. r\.-. ill.. .tr.Mi ,.r 111.. II .til..,!, ,,f I iMTiiiu

f.illi.wiMl i.ii thiir r>|.r...lii.ii..ii. iin.l tli.- .m.-mi i,, ul,i.|i luiiiiml r.iiri..liicti..M Iwi-
f.. III. Wei.

Till- \v..rlsl tliiil liiis Im..ii .I..III' l.y Mr uirlit in ilii- \\,i\ will I l i;riat

a-.i.fiiii.i. ill .l.t.Tiiiiiiiiit' llir iiHlli,„|. will. :, ar,. |,, |„. r,,l|,,«,'.,| i,, || ,iitiim ,,•

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till, kiiiil I'liiilili' II. I., pliin iiirtli.il. with KfiMlcr .•.rtiiinly tlint tl,.- r.-.iilt will l.r

flios.. thnt ttv iiiti.|i.l.'<| t,, ri'iK-li. It i> ;iiij,..rtiiiit tlml «,. .1 |,i Imv.. u tli..r..ii(rli

iiii.l.T.tiiiulintf ..f iiiituriil r. pr.Mlii.ti..ii jikI ,,f th,- liu.t,,r. whi.-li ii..v.rii it. ih wc imi.f
<lc|^'i:.i .'11 it viT.v liirpl.v t.ir tlir r.-|.r...lii.ti..ii ..!' ,,ur t'..ri-t., ». ri'|.r.»lii.'ii..ii }<\
nrtiti.iiil iiii-iiii. will li.. t.... .■.\|><-ii.i\.. t., U' ii.r.| .•xt.-ii-iv..|.v nt tlii. |.ri-..|il tiiiir, .ui.l
we sli.iiilij ri-..rl t.. it ..iil.v wln-n- niiliinil ri-|ir...lii.-ti..ii i. .-I.nrly ii..t .iitH.-init t..
iiri-.iiiipli.li till' w-..rU.

I W..11I.I ri-.-..ii iii.-ii.l tliiit tlii- r.-|...rt ..f Mr. Dwit'lit'- I..- |-riiiti-,| n, ;i l,iill,.|iii ,,f
tlii. liriiii.-li.

I{. -|.l-l-tlllll.V .|ll.lliittl-.|.

\V. \V. I '..in. K-,|.. C.M.C..

M.'piit.v Minister «.t tlio Iiitfri..r.

K. II. »AMI'l!i:i.l..

Ilirii lor of Fonstry.

l)|;i'MM\li;\T 111' IMI. I\ ll;llln|t.

Kniusnt^ I!in\< II.

Orivw \. April Ul lU\-2.

SiH.— I 1„.m; to -iihiiiit IhTfuiili :, ,v|„,rt ni, • K,,r,.<t (•..n.liliuii- i,, tli.^ U.M'kv

Mountain K.-rc^t Kc-.tv...- Tl,,. inlMriMafion ,-,,utai.i,M| in tli,. rcp-ri Wii< (.Mlli.r.M

l).v mvostifrations nnid.. .Inrinfr tlu' Mnr.mcr of I'.Ul on tlic ('row-n.-t iin.l linw Kiver

lor.'st-<. Tile r.-iilts incident to Iotoj,,,, .,^ mrri.d on ii(T,,r(liiiK to iir.vailinjr inoihod,

arc (lis.'iis,s„|, an,l urcncral n innicn.hition- a~ to the -ilvicnliMral treatment of the

»-arioiis types of forest ar.^ ^livcii. ( )l,>ervation- iiia.j.' .hirini.' a inontii's visit to
I nitcl States national for.-t- in Montana arc ,.nilM„|ic.l in a ,li>cnssi.,n of n..-tlio<|s
in use there, hotli i:eneral silvi.ailtiiral method, and ncthods of practi.'aj re;.'iilation
"t operations.

Th.. report lias hceii written will, a view lo -eiiiii;r f,,rt|, -peeitie inforiiialion
that w.Mild U' of ii,c to t.-chiiical (..n-ters and ..thers wli,, will Im> cn-af-'ed in the
I)lanninn and .-arryintr out of the mamiffpineiit of timU.r .-uttinfr o,,erations. particu-
larly on th." Kocky M.aintaiii, Fon-t Ke-crve. hut also on other forc-t-.

Your oheiliciit «crvant.

1{. If. Cami'iikm.. Ks(i.,

Direct'ir of Forestry.

Ottawa, (Int.

T. W. DWKIIIT.

/■'iirrsi Assislmit

PW^P-P^M

mmi^m:.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

<M'M..|,,| Slivilllltlir.ll (■|,Ill|lt!,,h>

Miinii,. Siaiiil-

Si'..M„l i;,„«ll, st.uHl- M.-Mltin^fi-um'tuvJ

■^-'■"'- ■\l"'t,„;, <n,„li,|„„ „, |„,„..,

I.iMiili.iiri:^

riiv

.Miliiir 1 1. nil, 1^',.,

''i^t of Spccii.^

I*f>i ri|iti„iis of .SiM'i j,.,

Mcthoil (,f Stiiilnim i;.'|ii.Ml.i,ti,,i,

MaliaK..l,i,.,it nf Timl„-l-C,i,, j „„ o,,,.,,,,,,,,,-
Silviciiltiiial M,.||i,„|,

Miiikiiii.' Iful,.« and .MiIIhmU

iiriKli |)i-.|M)>a|

<'ii-t (,r .sjhiciiituiv

<'"iitr,n-t^

Silvi.ultnral l',a,ti,„ <<i ' Mnut'.ln.,".'.'.'.'.',','.',]
Viiliiiii,.. i;m, villi, an, I Vi,.l,| ■l\,|;l,..

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I<ii;K>ll;v iiitANi II ill i.i.Ki I \ NO. .";:{

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

I'l>l» I- All \lv., I,lllllli,-li,| ,1. ,,,l,|lll- li, Mi.llrlll SlUl, mIIiii.iI M.. til, I.I- l'l:ilMISI'IKI.

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111 C.i-,. Ill I'ir,. jl

i;ifi'it lit I'll!' Ill l>i'ii-i' Stun, I j(

Mixnl Stiiml. of Sr. ,iriil--iiiH 1 1, A-inn .in.l l,,i,l;;..|.,,li. I'ii,,. I;, -iiltiii;; friiiii

Ui'liriiti'il Tir,. 21;

\Vitiir< brooiii nil I.iiiIki|mi1i- I'lin. 211

HI. I,'iiilii|- I'iiio :).-,

II. Wliitphnrk I'iiu' nlwiutVil l.v i'\|iii»ini' tn wiinl- ,iii.{ 1 1 u,t ■ ill

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II. Uni-li I'll..,} I'liipcily tin- llutiiiiiu' illi'iTJiiil^;,' N.itiiiii.il li.i.-t. Mnntatiii.

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'■">. <'Ii-Hriiit .^tnii iiftif Diii-li-liiniiiris; 1 l)ii-i liiil;;i' .N.itinihil I'luc-t (,s

•• Mi. Sii'il-tliT- Intt 111 Itjiii k- ,Vt

17. <'!i'iiriut .stii|i. I DiiTJciilui. Niitiiiiiiil I'nn-ti .Vl

■• l>>. niiuiiit Sllip,. ll llliilj;,. Nntilliuill'llli-t) .-,.->

!■'■ Srl.itiiin <'iitliiii; in a l.iiik'i'|iiili- riiir St. 111(1. 1 IIi-itIiuI^,. Natiini.il rmi-ti. .').">

LIST OF TABLES.

I'WlF.

'IMii.K I. I'iini|iiii i-iin i.t Sill- I iniii' -tiinil-i 1.-,

L'. ('oin|iiirUiin (if T.vpr I.-,

.). ('iini|i.iiwiiii (if 'l',v|ii'- ],-,

I. 'r.ilil(> (if Nnrinality ]s

.'i. Stiiniiliiti'il (iriiHtli (if S|ii ill.. j:)

li. Stiniiilatcil (iiiintli (if Siniui. .mii i'iiii' j:i

7. S|iiiiri> l'c|ii(Hlniti(in after I'irf .12

^. Spnii (. I'.'iirii.liii tiiin afti-r I'ii-,. ;{■.'

!>. S|iniii- i;c|iriiiliiiti(in afl Vnliiiiti'iT iir.,\\tl r.ii;;^!v'l-ii\ .-r Ana- :iL'

III. S|irii,.,. Ki.pnuliiitiiiii :):|

II. I'ini- li'ipriiiliirtinn :j7

IL'. Viiliiinc 'r.ililr fur Kiifjclniann Sninii' ."i7

1:). Vol nine Table for I.oilKi-poIr I'm,. ,-,s

It. Diainetei-Hiiiwfli iif lOnnelniaiin S|inii e. T.mljiep.ije I'ine am! I»iiiij;la- I'ir .W

l.'i. llei);lit-(;riiKtli iif Dnjjelinann Spnne. I,iiilnepiile I'ine anil niiiijjla- I'ir GO

III. Seeilliiijr Ilei;;lit-j;i(i»tli fur I inj;el!na II n Spnne. r,iiil};epiile I'ilie anil Dolixla-
lir (il

17. Nnrnial Viel.l Talile fiii i:n;;eliniinn Sprni e an.l I.n.lijepdle I'ine (ii

^'i !•'£'• n*>^srx

roinxr coxditioxs

IN Till

ROCKY MorXTAINS FOKKST PJvSERVK

GENERAL SILVICULTURAL CONDITIONS.

MAIIUh: STANDS.

slTl:s AMI [S |'i;s.

Ab-un ,,„„|. i., ,,,., K, u M ,„;,.. ,„.„,, ,.„.„,, ^,^. ,^^ .^.^.^^

. Mw,.v,.r , I,,. ..,.,,.!,.,..■ H,.. n..io,,. Tin- . .,.11 ,, „„.' ,",,;.

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iiipn.-iiri- piT nrro. I'o.ini

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■f tllr -talal-. l-jl-cl

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"■ 1" •':'• i-.'ui..ri. I, lit .,]

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I'liitc H - KiiKflitumii Spriu-i' Typt's, witti Mi>a()nw in F^ircKroMiiil

J'f.i.T., .1. Kni.hht.

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loKKsTS u|. li.MKV M..I - , MVs H.KKM in>,uvy t;{

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r >it,.-. Til.. i-|..,\vii.
t "f th.. iii.liW.Iiial ,.r,.wn- ,.f ih,. -ha,!,.-

f,,vi'r is i.siinjly ratliiT .liMi>,.. an.l ,.ii a. iint .,

rn,l„riMM- spr„...> tm.. iH.inp als„ ,1,.,,,,, tlw f.n„n„l i- h,..,vilv ,|,.„l, I T. . ,

-Iit.o... n,o,st atul rarhor raw. an.l ,,ro t..s a rati,..,- lusuri-int .,•„.

form a .'arpft as flu'.-k a^ foi „r flv.. i,„.l, r i I r n" ri"n. a.- tl„.\ ,,ti,.„

n-..o„nt .,f t!„. .1,,,,!,. „.;. . ; :,;';'\' .""'!'" J ■"'••■■f-tl, ,- „M,ally li,M,t ,„

t..e .nevon si... of .^:.\r..^u:z■ s^-i'i..::..'' ,;:.:;,:,''' i^^^riii^ir' '■'■- ■ '■•"

of inidprfrrowfh aii.i v„!riit,..rHi.„utl,. ' " li"'li ......ur lt,,,,,,.

Sito IT inHn,!.- tlio .lop,.s aluv Sit.. T. ..xt,.„,linfr a- l,|..l, „„ ,, ,),., . ;,,
.no,,,.rat..ly ,..p. TTor.. aro f,.„n,, .an,K .i„, .,rL tZ:£:^t :::X

II

i<'i;i >rit\ iiKANt II III 1.1

i.\ ,\<'. ;;;;

lirniM.rilniH. ,,r' purr >lMrhl- ..1 imU ,|,..ci.- in'cunliirl.v iiilmiiii'uli'il. ()?i -,,iiif ii-p.-rt*.
liirBf liiMli,-.. ,,f luji'i' |.iiM' iiiiiv l.f tniiMil. Wli.ri' -jifiirr pn'i|..i,i iiiati'«. IIoiil'Im- tir

is fnllllil ivcll tlinr.' frcillilllllv tllllll ill til.' -pi- t.ill.l. ..I' Sitr I, I. lit I'lllv to .1

mnxiiiiuiii ..t lixc per i-ciil 1., tr.|i p.r .■cut ..!' llic -tiiii.!. Alpln.^ tir i ..r • liiil-jnn' »

is of rcniiliii iirr.iic... inf.rii.r in ~i/i' :iiir| .|iiiililv tn llic ..tli.T tm- ..I' tin' s|ai.<l.

iMit. (.<'cnsi,,ii,ill.v ill Miuill (iPMip- I,,., liny till' .iMiiiiMiilit -jH'.'ii'-. SlMii,!- m. Sit,'

I! iiri' iicitalilv .'v.'ii-iiu,',| iiii.l iiiiitnriii in cliiini.t. r. uliirli iiiiik.'- liii' Im.|i'> sIcihIit

''"' pari.livciv fr.-i fn.iii l.riiM.'li.'-. Tli.' Iiirm-t pn,p,,rti f clear luiiil..'r I'liii

lie iniiiinfiictiircl iVnin tr,,'^ ,,l tlir.c -tiiinl-. Tlic cvi ii-iiircil clmniclcr nf iiiniiy •>(
the -liiiiil- sii(j;ic-t- tlic ciiiiicti.iii ,,t -oiiic (Ictiiiilc cvciii witli tlicir "rJL'iii, niiil in
Iliiiiiy ciist^s ilircci I'viilciii'c nniy lie I'l.iind tinit tlii- event wii'- ii tire.

The pure pine -tmnl.- ncirly iilunys liave .c.ittcrc,! -pn tree-. 'Pli.-e ^r.iw

-lowly ill y.intli, mil in cven-imcl >l,iii.U are for n Ion;; time -iippn— e.| 1,> the p'ne.
In .vciiint.' ^fllMlU. tlio sj/c .,f tile -pnice is sninller tlinn llint of tin- piiii'. Imt Infor the
spruce nvertaUe. tin nine, iiinl. at inatiirity ,.f the pine. iHcrauc- lar;.:cr in .lianieler

nt;(l is (.'n.wiiiK nt n n h iiiort' rupi.l nite. lus if, tnlerai ha- allowed it to keep n

eniiiparativcly ileep crown even in the ileii-e tiiiitiirc -taml.

In general, the tToiind is drier than on Site T. especiallv where pine, with it'*
-liort ojion crown, cnt.rs hirtrely info the coiiipo-ition and admit- liulil and air freely.
This prnnintcs n liettir de.-onipositio,i of f!ie hninns an. I re.lnc.s the thi.knc-s of thf
nio.-s laver.

.\- Sit.' IFI. mav h.' chiss;."e.| tlii' ari'ii ..ii the steiper -l.ipc^ aluive Site IF, whoro
th.' .Iryno-s ami tliinne- of tli.. ...il has ..hi.-ked the frnvth ..f the timl.i'r. ri'snltiiiL'

i" *'_ '- ivcraiiini; l.cl.iw iiier.-hantalde -iz.' ami at l...-t with ..iily the larr.'.-t of the

.lominant trees laruer than ten In.'hes in .lianict.T. These -tainls are iii'iirly all evi'ii-
atred pine stan.N. hut in soni,- .■as,.?. . sp,.cially ..ii imrtherii ami eastern ...Niio^nrcs.
mixed stan.ls ,,f pine. Ppriie.. and nlpin.' tir occur. Alpine fir C hnlsain ') is the .•..ni"
nionp^t associate .,f the |.in,', ami it- rcpr.i.lnetion usually forms a larpr proportion
of the volniitccr urowtli. Whitcdiark idn.' and T.yall's hir.-li are of scnttcr.'.l .i.-cnr-
rcnec near tiniher line Th.' nutnhiT of tre... per a. 're i- imr.'.i-indv hiirli, .•.inimi'n-
snrato with the -mailer .levelopni.'nt.

At thp tots of riducs. or in the Mt jii-t l,e|,„v th.. timhcrdiii.-. there mav l.o

toiiml stands ,,t -,.rnh tr.'c- wh.,se heiirlit-urowth i- -o limit, .,1 that ;i. f the tr-'c-

f-oiiip near ivaihimi mcrchantahlo size. Tn soinp onsps thpsp stands arc pnrp pin.' find
in otlwrs ar.' mixtures of pinp, spnicp and alpino fir. with the ex.'lii.-ivelv .I'lplne
species. Those areas miiiht he separately classified as an extra sit.', nr simplv in, 'In, led

in sitp nr.

i"i;i,>r> ,,i i:,M Kv m,,i \tai\. luiav, ki-ikv
TAIil.K I.

i:>

,.,.,-,,:;:;■ ■'''"■ "^"■■- •"•■■.„. „..,.,« , ,,i„„ , , ,„, ,„„. ,,.,„,_,

No.
(•••I All

I'rr . , M in. aii'l i.nr. _

. llir.

I'iarn.t.r. •■! t.. x ii, |> |

HI Trtr^

■|-tul. \ ,h,i;...

>|irilr

Sit,. I

II

I'm...

Sit.. I

II

III

V

IikImh. |,„|„.,, N'; N... N...

"'■■• -'^l l.t :i imp «.-,

lit.-.

If.

17

II ;t

12 R

!) Ii

IIHI

4liil

1 •.'.•!

nil
imi

.'Isll

»H" I.IIMI

■Jll,"l<lll
Im.iuhi

M.lisii
ll.'.i-.ll

'.MINI

TAiu.r: 2.

ri>MF'MII>ii\ ,i|.- TVI'IS.
lS..ri..s.,f „1„». ti.k,.„ i„ „ ||„„ , |,„„. „,„.,.,. iinxtui.. „t-|„.,„., ,.„„|,,„„.,

I" lirnli.T-liii,..)

I'M

Sit..

I'llle S|iriiri.. . . .
.Mixcil .S|,,|H.Tvp>

Nci. of Ttt...« aii'l ^

Av. Dial,,. ■^I"' • I'ni'

" N'uiiiU.r..

... , .\'. hiuiii

IIikIht I||,S|.,|». \ 1,.,. .

.\v. Ilialii.
" . Niiinli..f.. .

,,, Av. Kiaiii. ...

"I XiilnUr

,, .V^. lliaiii. . . .
Hi^riii-f u|rSlo|.,.. \iiml».r

Ai. Diaiii. . .
^ NiiinU.r

A\. jlialii.

■JJ2
117

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'! II
l:;4
(*-8
7-'
K 1

IXl

r K

IKI
III 6

All

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4

II II

K II

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I Hi

7 II

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112

7 I!

7 II

7~

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Ii II

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M
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TAIU.E n.

COMI'MjIsi.N (11 TVPFS.
<Sori.., ,l„nvi„. ,.|,„t,„. f,„,„ ,.„.,. H.n„ .. tv„.. .„ vall,.y t ,,. ,,i.„ ,, ,„ „„. ,,!«,..

K'"-)

T.V|»..

I'liii. S|iriiLi.

.S|)riioi. anil I'.al-ani
.Mi\..||.Slo|».Ty|«..

I'iiii Tv|».

.Si-nili I'ini- Ty|i.... .

No. ..f Trr.., an.l

.\v. Ilialii. .M'nicr

II

XitinU.r ..

A\. Ilialn.

i I. lii);liHr lip ylo|„.. , NiiinUr..

A\. Ilian,.

II. •• Nuilil,,!...

A I liiuiii.

Ill : \iii,iU.r..

,. .V\. I)ialii.

* Nllllll..! ..

I.\^. IlUllll. .

Illl

,50
K it

r I

2tlO
•11

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Ml

im- Kir

(!t

iNaliil.

HI

1 M

III

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!M)

7 "

W^SS& HI Mi I I I I Ii I fill I

«fcaKglC */i»-'l>>-?,'<-»QHH»tbi ,

Ifl

I ii«K>' in iiitwi II III I I I 1 1\ M,. ;j;;

Villi \THII l.lliiH Til.

'Ihi' iiiii.linil iiii|M.rtiiiirr ,,l \.,|iii,(,,r un.utli i- ii..| vrn tnnt. mi ji. ..mimI of
III.- .•vnintf.Ml ilmnict.r iiimI liiuli .1, ii-it.v ..f „\.n,ur -Inml-. In ^prii.'f .t,iii,i». it

.■oii»i.t« I.I -piir.-..|.v liiriiini -,„,„■,. ,,,• „|,.im. tir i ■ LuI-him ' i .inljiny.. Tl iitr.ii

"t J. nil- jiilo l[i,. .•i.niiH.,ilii,i, tiv,|ii,iiliy iiirr.'ii-r, til.' iiiip iitil ,,|' M.]iiiilnr -nml.i
I'll iicc.iiiii ,,t it- triviiit' ..|.|,.,i-iiii,ii> ihrmiuli ',:- ,,f».u <r<-\\u im- iii.nii-nl ii iiiili

I't Imlit li, ivili'll lllr LTi.llIlil. I'ill,' il-rlf „.|i|ii||l l.c.M .||||.- ilu i In |ii irllllll n.li.litMc.Ilt

..f ll... \„u\y ,,f v,.liii,ir..i- m-,.«t|i. „- it- „,.,|, ,),, „nt riiiijilv (.'..riiiiinilr mi ili, .,.•.!
I.f.1. f..iit„| ,,r.|iimiily iimli-r ii,;,ii,rr tr.i- m, aii,\ -it,-, iiml tji,' iii,i..iiiit i.f liulit .iv.iil
• bio ill Mii,.i -lamls i- ni.t -ntliiimii f.ir tlir ilrvrlnpni. iit ..f flu- -. ..,||iiiir«. ( i,.iiiill,v

»li.Tr (1 L'rmiii.j-lirr liiis run llir-'ti.jli pjir .|,iii,|.. v..l.iiil.., v L'n.uili nf luiir n.iis l„.

'"■'"'"' '" ' -lil'Tiil'l.' nil Ml-. Ill pin, .1^11,1 i|.|,.., .|,.|„., ,||,in, („■ ,. ;, ,

|im-»l.'lmil iis-..riiil.. of th.. pill., tliiii i- :.priln-; ,illi|. ;i^ i|. -, i.llin^- -l,.,i-| ,;,■„ iin.r.'
ira.lil.v thiiii ||„,„. „f ^prnc.' mi ih.. natnriil f..ri-i l|..m-. an iii.TiM-ini; prii...ii,|,iaii.-,.
nt iilpiiM' til- r.pr.Mliirtimi i- ,.ftmi. liimnili n,,i iiuarial.lv. I,, I,. ii,,ii,.,.,| uitli an
iiHTiii.^in;.' pi'i.pi.rtimi of plni. in ||„. maliiri' -tainl.

Qimntiiativr ..|,».Tvatimi. ..{ tli.- ai'liial niiinlur ..f -.•.■illiinj. Trn'miiii; thr hn.U
..t viilinil.TP trriiwlli >'ial n iul.l l,.rn; llir lia-i- ,.| a iiru -laii I al •.r iln- piv-mit ..|i.' i-

liHf«vi| i.tr iln n.,1. in niMiiTiil. Ki\,. ri-i.lt- vm-v n niiiii-. 'I li.-maral i'..im'Iiim..ii lliat

\* fnrriMl 1,11 mi,, i. that prnvi.i,,ii niii-t 1m' ma, I,- fur a -u.vU ..f -,,.lliiii;- t- -tart

■'•'"■'■ '• I'l '■'■"!' i-' rmniivc.l, if a «ati-fii,-l.,ry y.,iinL' -tan, I i- I.. I„. ,.l.laiiir.l. WIht,.

mil.V a pi.ni.in nt tlir t,.lal -tan, I i- f,, 1„. ■ .ii,,vr.l. a., in a .^1, rlim, -y.-t ||„. v,,),,,,-

tivr «r,.utli ma: I-' i-min!.-.| mi i.ftiai t.. till nn a lam,. pr..p..rli ( tl pi'IiItil:-

iiukI.v ill ..very ,.a-<.. mi ii.-,',.iitit ,.f tli.. ^Iiail.-.niliirint' .|iiiiiilii-> ami tli.. I'mi-iipimit

power of r viTv of a nonnal pat,, of irrouth after -nppr<."i..ii p,,--,.<-,.,l |,v tlir

^I ''■■" <""nninir llie lartri-t pr,.p,,rtimi. ,,f tl,, voliinl,. r ;.'r,,»tli. llii- f,,rin ,.( m.iiii-

L'r.nvtli i- valmil.l,. an, I -lioiiM liav,. all \.,..~ 1. 1,- pr.,t,...t i..n atf. i-.l,,| ii ,|; i-int; I.^M^^in...
opiralimi-.

1st i.i i.M , ,11 Ml I II in:.

''''"• i'l'li"'' '■ iiltitml,. ,,1, th,. tr,.,. i;i-..»||, ,,f til,. ,a-t -|..p,. ,,| tl,,. l,',„.l,v

.M,.iinlaiii- i> ,lii,. ■.. to t,,p,,^.|-aphy. i,, it- ,tr,.,.t .n lli,. ,|,.ptl, ami l-t,ii ( tlio

-oil. tliaii lo variation., of aliiio.pli,.ri,. .-..mlif i,,i,- ,.ith,r ot t,.| Tatiir,. ,.r ..I' r^iin-

lall. ul,i..|i ii.inilly are extnii„.|y important fai't..- in tr,,. ,li-trilmli,,n in nioiin-

tainon- r,-i;i,,n-. Tli,. Iatt..r fa,.t,.r- Iiit.. limit tli,. rani:,. ,.l only miia.r -| i,,; the

two mam .-jm <•!,.-, -pni,-,. ami iiiiie. may i-ommonly he fonml o,.,.iirrinL>- at aiiv |Mi-i!i,,n
l.,lw,.,.n tiipl...| lim. aial rh,. l,olt,,m-,f th,. h.uv-t vall,..v-. Th,. variation inaltilml.M-

II..I a- ;;ivat a- iii -mil,. n-Ln. n-. aial th,- hi,.:!, .iovathai- ar, nli niainlv t,. narr-.u'

riilp-i. 'Ih,. main viilli'V-. ,.veii within in,.,l,.ral,. ,li-tati,.e- ,.f th,. ,.,>iilin,.|ital ,livi,|,.

Ih- hetwe.-i. I.I10I) f,.et ami ,-,.,^(10 f.et. I timh,.r line is iiMially al».,it 7, t,.,.t hi-h

■|hi- i- a r,,niiiarativ,.ly mirn.w raiipe of ehvation to whii'li th,. tr,... j.'r.«th i- ,..~n-

tim'.l. Tli.i hi-her el.vatioii.-. wlii,.|i rim up to ll.OilO f.-et in extivi ,".,.., an.l !MV10

fe,.t ,,ii the aviTnire. are f,,iin,l ,,iily ,,ii the liinli. narr..w rhL-i-s. whi.h H,. n-nally in
Iiaralli.l ,lir,.,.tions. ami ah,,v<. timher lin,. have vi.ry -t,...p ami ro.-ky ,.\i„,.in.,.- 'riii-
hnre ro.'kv ar.'a is ,,nly a small pr..p,,rtimi of th,. i ,tal laial Mirfa.-,.. It i- th,. -i
npss an.l laek of soil, ,-oiip|,.,l wi'h .'xp .siir,- to -t..i!iis, that limits the
ami if siitli,.i,.nt ,,rote.-ti,,n ami s,,il j, atTor,l,.,l, pra.-ti.-allv all ..f th,. ninn -p,.,.„.s

will (jrnw t,. th,. hidie.M ehvati,,!,-. What the relative ,.tfe..t ,,f at .pl„.,.i,. .,,,,1 .,.\\

.•on,liti..|i- IS on the rat,. ,,f crn.wth i- hanl to say. hnt it i- prohahle that tl„. thin-
ness of the soil IS till- ehief faetor ritarilinir •.•rnwtl, at the hi-h.r ,.hvatl,.ns .,,-..! ]:„,|[
ir.fr the si™ of th,- tre... altliom:h the fr..,p„.nt o,.,.„rrene,."of frosj wmi'lV ....rta'inlv
have III. Mip-irtant efTpet.

-t,.,.p-
tr,.,. growth.

I l>l(l N|.

IM I I I SCl: (IK AXPfi r.

Tllf inllilrl ,,r ,i-|icrt 1,11 ill,' I',,,-,

In inaii.v [iliii'm i,ul\ iiiiri. r .iinl

iM'i' ■■.111 l,r tlM...| Mlil\ ,11 .iTtllin l.M"ll|l

.,„.,,. . , t ■ ■ "•'■■•uular .litr.r... ,.;,„ I.,- ,,U,n,..| |„.r„,-,M ,

HtiiM.ls on ■.|.i|..- f.i.-iiiy II, ( ri.Mi. ,|in..ii. ,,.. ||, ,»,.»,

r. in;Mk.-.| .■mIiIim.U Irciii, til.

„1 ■ ' ..''"' I.I' iMir 11^ n|,,,.,.iti iliri.'h.n-. :„u\ inrrii.nr .on fro-

'''",'".';' ".'""■' "■'■"•"• "f'- - I- -'r'U.u..l ,., ,1„. Urrur^i

_M.ni oi,.„.,. fn,i„ ,1,.. .,„.,„... K,„. ,.f ,i,„ ,,ii,,, ,„ „i,„. „„ i,„ ., ., I ;;'';,;

lir, with uliiir.h:irk pin,. :iii.| r.viill".

i'll"'. .Ii|i)||. lir- I ■ l.;|!,:i

-f stMiMl-tn ,1,.. p,.,.vi,„„|v .iv,.„ t„ .!,„„ H„. .Itifu.Iinai va,i;,li.

on,,, „.,„,,,„„„ ,.,„, „..., ,„„,.„,,„. ,„., ,|,;,„i....|',.,

H-p.;-K III.- south ,,.,.! ,vr.t ,.vp„.„n,. aro 1, ,|„. .|,i, ., ,,.t on

o t t I . I'. 11 _ . . .^ il. 1 .- ■ ■ . ■! M "III

i"ii III tvpf ilhi.<lrnt(>

"!":'';^' .v.i,r,.,.tK aii.l l..ral„i,.,.rtii, a-h ,|av. I.u,

^UM<^^ from the -mith an. I u,-t. vvhi.li

pa--iii-r .-t' th,' air .■iirn-iitj

.L„ ,., • , . ., . ■, " •"■'' i'-^l'"'iall\ warm aii>l .|rx

'"« < li" k liillm -i.-P iiu-i,|,.|,t In III..

nontnl .livj,!.- to - clpvMli,,ii.

Thp iiiaiin.M- in wl'uh th;^ infh,, .,„.,. ,,f
(..r..-, i, lianl I., ,.,„|,i„. -n, ,,,,, , ,,^^,^,_^ ^^^^_ .

in oon-i.lornhli- iniinhoiv ,,,, Loin a^i.,

i-l t .liivflv alT.'.-l

'llllllV Ir,.,. ,,f |„.||;

!•■■ '• |-n-ln.l,^ th-- ■ l,.a that ih,. ir

rocs H li,,,|,.ro.I M,fli,.i,.,itK t„ .,.a,|„allv ^iv,. ono ., i,., ,| i,

■"■:'■:■ ""■""l'.'- r 'I- .-I-. It I,ara,.,..r„. ,1,,. ^h |

■ ";•'"'•'":" •■" •■ - »l'i-l. ^"^.n, 1 Iiara,..,.r ,.| r,,.,,,),'

' I--"''- -'"- vv.aiM 1„. „,.,v apt t., ]r,^,■ ,i,l.,i-,. ,;,•,. -I 1 i

i:::;..^:;l::.r::;';i:r.;ir;:;; ::,,:;":: ;;:;■"" '-" •' ^

■•' pllll- 14

•■ ' 1 .*!

'i(r 'Se

to tll.»

ant ---t

i-,,,r "

•>f tl„

•* pill.

■liilt

. ■ ■.■lii.

> ilir .HI-.

r i-x-ar 'It'.

sKcovDciKiwni sT.wns I i;i:.<ri.Ti\,, |.|;,,.

Th(-o ,„.,-iipy thiv,. ,|nail, !■- iif th,. |-,, ,.,.,, .,,.,.., ,,,,,1 ,|„
Iier (-cnt pin... th.- r, iiiainil, r I,. In;; mainly -prii,..- ,„■_ i,, t]„.

iPM.^oiis for thi- (h.iiiiiian.-o of pino ov.t M-nio.. ar.. .^splain.

r l^ , ; ^

!!-. pop,. = r ff,

.•■'."-, '" '" I"""' '"'T "priic.. an. .^splaiiio,! - tlio fli

tli.3 inllm-n.-e ,.t lir.-, Th.^r,. .joo., not ■ .-m l„ 1„. ,,iiv limi, ,., il,„ ,„.ri,

whu-h lire. Iiavp , „,T,.,l. All ...Nt..|, = ivo tiro oo,-iirr..,i in fhn f;h„.t Kivor .

hiinilro,! an,] eit-lity-tliive yoais at'o. ami tho rcsiiltinir stnn.l is now I.,-!,... ! aii

or -tiiml~ ami the irom-ral .-von-aL'e.l ru >T.:.-tf.,
' "f pa-t til-,. ..ii Iho proifiit roi

Kvi.|on<-i.- ,if liio aiv fmiml in still

of th,. r.ir...-t in,lioat.-< iho .-xti-nsiv,. inllii- ih

of til.. f,„T..t. ■ '■" ^ '■" ""■ I'"-'"' ">' "'in

Witlii., the pn^t .iNfy y,.ai-.. Hr... hnvo imToas,.,] irr.Mtly i„ mmil., r, jial^i,,.

he a...s of imvt ol , !,p .o,.„ii,i .ro.- ,1, tnials. whirh li,. helou- that a«o. An oytensivp
tiro ,„.,-,„-r,.,i in tli,; vi,.,in,y „, th,. S|„...p |;iv,.r f.-rty-livo yoars a;:,,. a,„l wi,l..-,.,....„l

'"■'".'''"".' " I'f>r,.Mli,.al ,..„„t- ihor, ,l„rii,- m,,r.. n-oiit tini,-. Tho .pl..ml„I ■ -ro

.hiotion ..t pmo. ,.v,.n affr v.-ry .,.v,.,v Hr... ha- |. ■,.. a hoon to ,l,o for,..t. sino.- prn-

!"•'"">■ "" ''"' l'"n""l-nv..r ar.-as liav,. |,.,| „,, ,,, m,.|.,.haii,ahl,. -pooi.., i,„t..a,l ,'f ,«

>n many rofrion^ .,f Cana.ia.,- m.- t„ I .„pi,„| hy ,.„mparat iv..|y »„rthl,.s, spo,.'i..s

'"•'■ """■"'; '"^^=iv,..irahU. :.: .-pr..!o,.-..,, ,,,:,., ,,■ ,;,, i„„,,„.,j ' ^,,,.,, !

Ii.v jfrass takes place; and that i-^ tho worst nv-nlf than .'aii o.mK. of a fire or of

repeat,.,! ti,-,.-. Of oonr^... on nio-l natural f,,r,..t aroa^. exoopt i„ ,nni>t vnllrvs the

L'!»r.-.:! —■! ■ ■

1^

I 'lia » I 11^ llli \ Vl II 111 I I M I N Ml, .1.1

yrii«'-l:iii.l i» M r\ |iiii.r iii ijunlitN .-itul ifiiit r.iiii|ii i.n !• (n.i r.iii. Im I.i- ri-i-Mi'ili ■! wry
t'uMiiir.il'K . Iii'inii^i till' hiiiililiiijiini ipt iri<' (jiipuili H.i'.M k"'< |i till [.lmIhiIhi- ..iipn
filv i.f tlic I, 111, I (fniili r.

|M I I I M I "t |1» \>li V .

Till iliici' i|i-.iii|mii fi' 1.1 llii- |.ri.«iil iiiiii|ili..|i 1 r -iiciiilitriiulli •liilnl- in llii-lr
1..1. m<-.ii iliii-it\. Tin.- 1- .1 .irii.ii- iji.iiilvniil.iui-. i-|iii lull.v in tin jiiiii' -.l.iii.l., I'iiii-
»<ii|- up \irv tliii'kly iilti r tin- an. I it- ti.li r.iii' !■ i- -iitHi'ifiil t.. ini.Miit u r.iiml
ili'1'iiiiiili..n 111 till- yiMltiy Iri'ii-. :ili'l -.. iri,iii\ trri'-* riliuiili ;ilivi. Ih ' ii..|ir uri. al.|r
til i|i.m|ii|i rii|iiill.\ iiilii liirirf--i/i'i| nuili ri.il. i'liintniii,' "nM lir nn I'tTiiiiM ri'iiifil,\ ;

.lliil wlirl'i riliri- |i...t-. fill'!, ,\.-., nil- ill ili'Iiiillnl. it lllltfllt 111. i-nrrii'i| Mill "tl .1 .III, ill

iiiiili': liiit uitli till \.i.-t iiiiii.iritv 111' Ti'iiiul j.'riiH til -tiiinl-. it «ill 1 i -«ar> t"

ttuit till txliii Iriiytli III liiiif liiM'i'Hsiiry tn th|. i|i'Vi'|ii|iiiii'iit nt ii^rlul in.iti li.il.

The iiiiriiiiil iiiiiiilnT 111 trl'l^• in j«i'rimi|-).'rii\\tli sIiuhU viiriri. •.!' ri.ur-i . \\!tli -iti.
anil ■\if. On Sit.. I hihI II. wlurr llir -nil iniKiiliui; • iiri- tairly uihmI. ilitTi n ihi'- ii
ratts lit' unmlli i|i. tmt Ihtuiiii' iiiarkfij until after tiftv voiir*. «ii that aviTai!>' tiuiiro
laii III' n'niti fiif till t«ii -iti'. up ;•. that ufc-i . Alimil I.immi tni- pi r a.Tr. "lU' iiii'li
nnil iiviT. i- ni.niiiil at tit't.v year-, aiiil at that at'i' tlii. ilniiiiiianl tn-i- ari. iilnmt I'lirlit
iiii-lii.- ill iliaiiirli r, ami furly In til'ly iVit hi^.'li. .\l tHcnty-tivf yi'iit'*. tin- .-aiiii 'taiul
wuulil haM haij almul l..'iKi tri'i'.*. In lirri^i' «tai;iU. a larifiT prnpurtiiiii nf tin tr.i'-

iirr i/i till' .iippri' I il.!-- tliiiM uliiri' tin ti.tal iiutiil.i'r pir aiTr i.* .^iMallii'. In a

pji.t uith .'..IIIMI ti'i'i'- |ii r .ii-ii'. tliiTi' uiTi' l.|i"l ilr.nl -iippriv.-iil tni-. That iii.liiat.il
II viry liitfh ilfli-ity in larl" youth.

Till' liilliiwilii; tiiMi' lit iinriiialitv i- ii-i-.| l.y n ri'niiai>«a'ii.i' p.irtii- in li'.k'ipnl..
pini' t'lirr-t- i i Miiiitana. It aim- t.. (rivr i|iiaiititativi' rxpfi't'-iun tn tin' itfri't nf
o\i.r-*I.M-l. '1.1; .'1. till' > ii'M. -ini''... t.i th.it i.f un.|ri---t.ii'kinL'.

T.MU.K 1.
TMii t; lit Miini \t Hv.

lii'ii-ilv Hj. I., till >..ir".

N..iiiiiilii\

!HNI I'jmi
l-.IK) I'lll"
ITuKI ■Jiiim
LMHIil :ilNiil
;<ll*HI:iliil t:\iT

Ni' iii.il.

.) 'I

11 7

II .'l

II :i

In praili.i' a |ilu. -i«n (f.'l.. I'.'.l • • i- plai-nl aftir tin- tiiriin- nf nnrunnity to
iinlii-atf iivi'i'--tiii'l<ini;, i-.ithir than uiiiIit- ■i..rklni:.

Ill uialur.' -laiiil-. tlu' variali.'n in iliaiiiit.r ri'-ii!i inL! Ir.uii .lill.r.'iit .Ini.-il ii'-
ij iiiarkcil. Aiiiiiiiy tnurliiii jilnl-. tlii'M- tliri'r haviiiii trir^ nt tin iaryr^t avoriiiri'
iliain 'tt.T^ hail thr ~iiiallr-t tntal niinihi'r if tn.-. Tin- ri'iiiainiiiu- pl.ilr-. when
arranui'il ai'i-nniinu tn i|in.-itv. •.Innvi'il -inrc- -iv iK ilii'ria-iiii.' ilLina-tcr-. Siin-c the
ralK-'r I't' UMTatic iliaini'ttT-! wa-' milv fvnin I'iuht iin-hr- t.. twi'lvi' iiiclii.- an.l the
iiiiniinuin .i/i' nl nii'r«'lianlal.li' tni- lir- li.lw.i'ii liiihi ini-h<- ami tin in.-'in -. it
i> apparent that a ■^luall \iiriali..n in tin- nvi-raL'. iliaimtrr inaki-- a M'r\ un-at
(iilTcreiK'O in thr nniiilKT nf tree- iiiprchantahlr. Al-n. tin' Mii-rchaiitahli. I'lmtinl- of
trees and the value nf the material nltaineil iurrca-c ruLitivelx mi-v rapiilly with
inereasc in diameter.

Fr(;m a ror.siderati.-.n of ;aniple j.'..!.-. It \v.'iii.l .ippiai lli.il liii- nia.xiiiiiiin itensity
of mature ■^tand-; eonsi'^tcnt witli prripei- development lie-; hitueeii liiii and tiOO trees
[ler aero, three inehe- and over, of whieh only 200 to ^r.f) tree~ would In- over eiffht
im-lieu. The optimum lio.~ in the neiphhourhood of WO to 4(M1 tree.< per aire.

V .!X2f£^te;r:^ :mtm

I "Id -l^ i(K Km. KV M

"I ^ I M - 1 in -

I i;l-fi;vi

lit

I.^tlLMIIt.' .

AGENTS AFFECTING CONDITION OF FOREST

I i'\ri!i;i;i\<i

Ml riinii^ ,.\ ,,,; inriiis.
"■■-.-.M.. ..,„, ..n. ,.,;,rl.v all „ |..,| ,„ ,„nl„.r U rili- |.,..„-.,| ,V,/,.. ,

'■>- '■!■• '■ '•...,„... ;,;, „;";,„.';U"t,', .,"■:, ";i;:" ;,""■",;■'

""""""";■■" I'""!-. "111.!, Us ,. ,li„f,...f,.r limit ..t t..,, ii,.-l,... .,, ,|„ .,„„ I ,,.

lil„|..T. ' "" "■' "" ■"•■•'■•■"■.I. ..I ^.„„.:

,1;;': s;!"''."' ''T7 ;"■" •'■'7'"'' "• " ■" — - N-' n „u

,.ii

,,,„ ,„,, . . , ':,''• '-"•'"■' -■•■•"'■■ ^",.1 Ih.l',,, tl„- l.lhni: ..I t,,„l.. r

111!::;. ;:r ■'■■;;:'■:''■' '•'■ ^^■"'" --.1 ,.„„,,.;.„„ .„

iiHMo. "li.il rli,- arriviil ,,f .utli.l.
Ill' vImt- iir

<'iiin|.. ;,n. I„iilf „ir|, 1,,^, „„||- „.„| r,M,|-- ,,f Innilr

•11 • '., '"""' '■■■'"'■"• ''"' '■'*'■''' ■"■'■ iilili'iil t.. triiii-i».rt till- I.M'. I,, tl,..

mill, ii.in.riiri,-. fifty mil,.- .,r ,„„rr. ' "'

IT iir. ..Ill,, I

illM-. jMill-^. ;|

■it..,.: , i '' 'T t; '■^-•'-•'"^ ''I "'• .M.r.-i,ii...,.i.i.. .!,.,.

Ii.t. i,,.,|- ,irr rMr.-tiillv r.„Hlr,i,-r,..|. ,in.l Inn- fiiirh ,.„v ..,..„|,, :„,,,. .,

'"•'■ -•>"' I •■• -I- M.ll-y- nml ,| , ],,„. ,., ,.|iml. t li^^ 1 I " >"-""^^'. :, "' '"^>-

;;::Zz:t' ■'^"■,;i ■•"--- ^''''''i^':..M::;;;ri;i-:,..J:;;,';:;;^

■^" »lint ir I r>Ku\- ;,r,. n,|„ir..,|. " '' ''""" "" "i"-""-'-

Felli,,^. ,- ,|.,n.. l,v 1„„|, ,„„ ,.,„| ,l,„,,.,„„„ ,,.,.„ ^ , ^1^

'". :'"■•'" '"•"■ ■•' !- "■^"n- it. l.-nvv .pr Tl,.. I -m r..||,., "I i '

;:r;it:;::--;;':c.::':;rr:--::---::^;r:.;-^^^^

■^11. \|. I ITI ItVI. riAllir!i.\ .iK ^TW

li~ 111 T.

II". ..niv n..n,l;,ti,„i ;,- ,„ „1,„ „„„. ;„ ,,,„ , . , „ , , ,

''H'li.- :.-..l «l„.n tlio... l,nv.. I,P,.„ l,.f, nftiT 1 i,„. ,1 . ' i"" "'"" '■"

f^.11. ....I ..Mi.ii, .,„.,, „„., .,,,1. Kv,.„ iV,i:; :r, ■,;',;" " ' ■'^'""■'- ■' -'■■>-

mimhrr t., ..ffr.tivnly .,.,>,! „p tho nro.., nr f. L. i. '"j , ,'■ '. "■" "l'' ^""i'-i""' in

!!.-• i.'iTniiM:„,r,„ ,,(■ ,l„. „,,-.,] J .,,,,,,1/ / „ ■•■'•■■'■'=■':- i .■..ii.hlio,, |-,,r

inch limi, ,..vo. „,.. ...„ i„ „ ":..,.:;::,,,■';,;,■::;•;:'':■•' ''"••-• .••'■■ -■■'.-

.a=rs^^,n .,pr,,oo .ian.h i, allow. ,h. n.„nv..,l „f ,'„ „•,;,:,;;;,""■ ^'^'^^ ""'J"'"-^' "^

■ tn-rM- llkirifin^ '.i£M^. •>ihVi'r:r' ' li ~ 1.^

.:«■.•-*««• v^S

lM)

iiiuKsriiv iili.wc ii III I.1.1-. il .\ .\u. :!■">

In piiio stiiiid-;, wliiTr the iiVi'iMtii' cli.iiiii'tcr i- ii-iially ^iiiiillor tliiin in .-pnice
stiiiicls. tliiTc is (iriliTiiirily Irt'l :i 1iii'i;.t iniinlicr of trees. TTowevcr. n imiform
rtt-iilt (ivi'i- tlio wliiilf ;in':i •,( :> piiii- -t;inil i- ijsi;:illv iiMfiivnnraMi'. tin niattor uliiil
jirop(]rtioM of till- trees are left, I'iiir repr."liietinii is nlitaiiie.l luo-t favoiiralily oti
yToiiiid entirely eloareil, \vlii1e iiti.ler tin' -li^ide el' a fairly cli>ii-e e.iver of tree- it is
(lillieiilt for tlie s,.,.,||i,|os to <le\,|.,p. aii.l sm-fae,. e.,11, lit lens are tint i:sMally favonraMi"
to tile nt'rininalion of the -e(>.l.-, Wlii'i-e l.iy-inL' opens np tile staml siitlieieiitly to
make eonilitiotis favonrahle to ri.pro,lnei i,,n, if the area opeiie.l up is a lartre one,
tlioro will !,(> otTeetiyo distrilnitioti of s,.,..l only at tlie oi\'^,<. [n ijio nulrp of tlie
aren itself, wliieli is out of reaeli of tlie -ee.l tliat may l.o suiiplie.l l,y the tree at
the eili^e, the tn-es l,.ft ;i|.o f,,„ feu- t.. furnish the reipil-ite anioiint of >i-e.l, and they

IM:ltr

■il ••\'i- Mii'.i .--liowiiii; Spniie Mild I'iiii- Slid to-

/'hnln T. ir, l)ir„ilif.

aro exiHisml to win,i-fail ami siiii-.sealil. When eiioniih trees are left to make sure of
plenty of soimI heinir ilistrihiiteil over the entire area ami to avoid any serious wind-
fall, there is loo nineh .sliade 011 the yrouml for proper development of youncr growth,
.iml the Kroiind enver is too lillle dislnrhed liy the loyijitm- operations to frive opjior-
tiinity for the .i;erniiiiatioii of a siiUleieiit iiuiiiImm' of feeds. The only favourable
middle jrrnnnd is \vher(> fairly dense {rronps or .small stands are left distributed

in heavily eleared areas. This result niav I hiaiiied in -lamU where the averafie

dianiel.T varies eonsiderably from one pai-l of the slaiid to another, lait aetii.illy
is proriired on mdy a small propfirlion uf the cut-over areas,

'Pile nffeet of lo^innir ott llie oonditioi) of the surf.aeo of the ground is i:;!Ti,'^rtaTit
Of advantage to both spniee and pine is the exposure of bare soil resultinjr from the
nprootin^r of trees and dry stubs durintr I'ellin;;. from the skiddiufj of the lops and
from the eonslruetion of roads and trails. Of more partieiilar intere.st to sprueo,
.-inee pine seeds irerminate with ditlleiilly on any kind of eoyerinir over the soil, is

I'dl.'Ksrs OK i;ip( kv \i()i \ |- \i.\^ i(ii;i>r i;i.>i:i;vi

•J\

till' IxMliiifr .[own or sciillcriiii; ol' hki • ,.||i,r uroiin.l-cnvri-. uliii'li teii.!> t..

rodiuv the tliii'Uii.'--^ iirid .■nutiiiiiltv -I tlinl rnvrrinu \vitli..!it iictunlly lii\ inir Lure
the soil. Tho .Iniu-iiiLT ol ],.:-< to tlic -ki.iuM.v ,il-o -pi-.M.I.- or wiu'ov.rs coiiM.h'nil.lo

■■""••" "■ I- "I' "I'i''!' '?ru,-r „.,.,U o,.i\ ucrniinji,-. Tl,,. ,|,.ii-iiv ol ilio nvo- l,.||

also iitTo.'ts tlif siirt';ii'(- -othlition^. In -pni.'c -Mn.l.-. or.liiuiry jo-trin- m'lirlv nluMv<

opni:^ up III,. <t:iii.l lo., i„„,.li. l,,,vliiu' oiilv -raildv,! - |-tro.-. uitli iho rr^iijt tiuil

nialfri;.! <ucli a- iiio-- on \hr .-nrl^.c ol' ihr -ronn.l 1 in.- .Ir.v aii.l form- a ]..o-r.

<lry .■ouiiiiL', or il,,. -rowlh ol' i;r;i" ..r ..tli. r iinliivouraMc plant- i- . n.'oiirai;.'.!,
ill -lainU uli.'i-.' lli.-iv i- a li.-;n> i' loini.l-.'. mt. mi,I: if -iitii.-icnl trc- ,iiv 1,-fl to

partially ^lia.l.' tli.' -roiii„l .■■m ,ir.-,-iiv,. ivpro.luct i.ni 1.,- .■xp,.,.|,.,l. In pi tan.l-

a .-I'Vi'iv op,.|iini; 1.,. of tl rouii-,-,,v,i- i- fa\ ..uraLlo. not ,,n!y li.-.-an-,- llio -..■.lllu"-

rcpiiro a irivat .l.^al of li^lii (,„■ r;iv,.,iial.|, ,l,.\,.l,.|,i,„.|ii. Km ilio nnioval •■( a l.ii-,.

l'i'"||"i'lioii of III.' Ir.T- iinr.'a-.- ili.. an iil •■( -l^!Min-, ,V,- . on i;i\,.n area-, an. I

tli.T.'t'..n' lay- l.aro nioiv -.,il. an.l in. iva-. - lli.' ana .ai u]ii,-li -,•.•.!- aiv likolv t.i
freriiiinat<>.

mti sit.

Tlie rlii.f int..i-..-i in lli.. .-..n.liti.iii of il„. I,r,,-|, afior lo^^i,,^ ||,., |,, i,, rrlatLai
to fire, rii.lor or.linary l..i;t:inL' .-..inlil i..n<. lli.. I„,|,. ..( il„. tr.. i- .ail int.. 1..^;.; until
a ilianii'tor ..f ali.uit -ix iii.'li.-.- in ili.> i,,n i- r. n. •!!.'.!. Th.- to;: v.;.!: It, hr ;.•..!..- ;.
nsiially l,.f| lyin;. a- it f..||. ]],.(,„■.. -UM.lin- tli.' 1..^-, l,..u,v..,-. <«ainp<.rs niu-t
remov.. all tl... l,ran.-li(V from tli.m ainl tin-.' I.ian.'li. - aiv tliro«n a-i.l.' t.. cli.ar out
^ki.l.linf,' fraiN. Tn tlii- wav, rouirli pi!,-; ar.- ma. I.-. F,« .,f tlio-, pil,.- ar.' in ^u.'li
fliapo a.^ t.. allow tli, m I.. 1... I.nrn.d < n.'mi.'allv an. I a lar;;,. pr..iiortion of tlio

lirusli i-i
over till'
it Ijecdiiu

■^lliwlv ill!

tlic riici-r
l..ii,-li ih,
ln'iictif<.
imII.v m-
'ioc- rii.t
the litliT

ioiir:sTi!Y iii!.\N,ii nii.i.KTiN NO. :!,']

'ntiri;:::.""!',''; """ '"'ti '^ ""^- ""■••""' ""- ""-■ '--^

■. V II . i .n.l 7' i' '''""! '''"' "•■ '' '' '"■''• ^^ ""■ »■--""' -' that

,1 !•.'"''' ""■'■'" "■'""•'■ ""' '^'f !■* v.Tv tnni.st. tl>o l.rush ,l,.,.uv3 ven-

/^;-t,i':;;::^r:;-;:t;r:;.-.:';;:i:i!;;;:;--

STIMI l,\Tl:l> CUilWill.

This pl,..„„„K.„„„ 1h...,„m,.s i,np,„-fa„t in tl„. ,.o„-i,l,...ti..„ „f tl,.. ,Vn,..-t l,..n,.Ht
o 1... ,l..nv..,l tr,„„ ,1„. ,.r„„,l, „f ,n,,. ,,.f, ,•„, .i,,;,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,.„„. ;„ ,,,,„!: I "n,

:r:^':;:;;l::r^i::;:;j';,;:,'-- '^ -^ '^ n:.,,,,..: ::x

.Town provHlos the nw,..l,i„.n- for in,.r..,.o.] vo|„,„e pro.lu-tio,,. Spr,,.. for to
oaso„s „. 1 tako a.lvant,,,.. „f any op,«,rt,nmios f.r inoron..,! frrow 1, offoro, t

Mt than tn.,s w,th w,,!,. nuMV .pn.a,li„«. ,•.,«„-. Kir i .l,,, ,,.., ZLut

Ian sprn.-o a,„l has ,„,.ro honVontal l,ra>„.h.s a,„l .proa,|i„. .rown ; tiaToforo it
rospon.ls loss to opportan.tios that n.ay l,o otToro.l to it for niaki,,,. ...or,: ra i,UrrLl
P..0. l,o,„,. a vory „,tolora„t troo. losos its lowor l„-a-„.hos ,.„.,.. ,,,,1 who , ' ro n n
■l<-ns.. sta.als has only a sn,„„ ...wn at tho top of tho troo. If s,„.,> ro r^ 1 "v d

:.:;:- ;™:k:JfL:;ti,,:r '-'"'• - --• "--'-^ - " '-" '^-^ ''^-

••"•"■'-'■; hf-7''- ,^-- ti.-^ loft ., i„. on a„ a,;, i'" p ' t; "^o-rT

Ihroo pl,,ts wore takoi, in standi loo-..,.,] twontv -,■■>,■ ,r, 1 • rt

j.-iro,i troo. oi.,,t inohos t oivo n,o,,, J ;;::;;;:,,,:;; ^^a:^^:";;y:;ow ;"i T

A

lOliKsrs ul- KdCKV MOIN lAI.Ns lOKKsl I; l-sllIiV I.

TAI'.I.K .-,.

STIMI I.ATKI) i.liuwrn i>K SI'lll ( K.

■2:\

S|,..,-i,.,,

I;. i..,v !,.«

\tl. r l.irk-iTit.'.

Tiv.. I, .ft
t" r Ai rt-.

10 ,\.i.r-. In V.

■Jl) M.II-

Sprncf .

no 0 Kl

50 O 73

70 0 .12

(I ;p|
0 i;'.i
0 to

i :;i

I VJ

I 10

In an iinsi nf |,ini' type l(.i:i;c,l i.-ri yisirs atr... with l..]tli >|iniri> an^l jjinr left.
tlie fiillowiny datii ucr-i' (ilitiun>'<l ;-

TAni.K r,.

STIill I.ATKn (JltdUTIl OK sl'lil IK AND PINK.

11. fi.ii- LowiiiK'.

■I'd.- l.-lt
I'ti Acrt*.

Aft.r

L*o \>-;ir^. nt vcar^. lo

S|.riict

40

ao

o in
0 7(i

OICJ

I u

'I ll'.l
■J 71

Tlio pine -licuvs littli' inc-rra-c over it- trn.utli )ircvi..n< t" tin' iMMM-inu, uliil.'

tlu' spriK'p <li(,„s niM-kiMl inipruvc t. altlinnirh its tii--t rate \\a- vapiil. owini; ir,

flip foniparativcly larfiv a uiif of liulit tiiat it fcr,-iv,..i in llir pine -tan. I. unilcr

the lii;lit (Town-mver of ilu> latti-f.

'I'licso pefccntiii-'cs iinlicatr in.Tca-r in t..lai \n|iiinc in fiil.ir tVrt. A- lli.' tiv,>
arp .jnsf rpafliiiijr ini'i'i-liantal.lo si/p tin- in.-iva-r in l.nani-t'c.t ...nnnt- i, -till nmrr
rapiil. anil in tlip valu(> nf tin. material. n-|-,.af,.r y,.t.

Mptho.l nf Stii.jy,

Althoufili nl.scrvatiiiiw ..f tlii- iiliPiKunpnon fn'.incntly uitc ina.lr on iinliviilnal
trpp-. for (|nantitativi. r,~ulf,-. ^fmiip- wciv ina.lp .m pl,,t- ,„,,. .■liain -pian- -., as

to ol.tain avpi-a.iic iv<nlf>. T1ip-p uciv l,..'atp.l in ^fan.U 1 1,civ,l approxiniat.'ly

twpnry years ayo. Faoh trpp wa- rli<.ppp,l into far piioum-Ii t.. ^-ll..w forty year-' frnnvtii
and the wiiitii of ea.li .ieeade- .i.'rn\Mii niea-nre.i. Tiie iorafion of the tree- on the
plots was n:ark.'.l ,,n a .liaiJi-ain to fnrni-h a .letinile „uan- ..( eheei<ii,y the intluenee
of tlip rplative location i,, the stand of very fa>t or -l..u irrowinir tree? oi: their rate
of proutli. Thp volume in .-uhi.' feet at tlip present and at the hpffinninir of eaeh

>\o.A.l- ua- r;,|,.„l;it,.,| u,u\ tl„. ,„.,■ ,.,.,„ ^.rnuil, ,l„n„i, ,.„-h .I.T,„I,. .■, .t,.,| l,v t:,e

luriiiiilii

r ,■
Tlir .liairictcr trn.utlj wn- al~., plnue.l ,,ti ,■,■,.— ..■rti,,M ;,;, •.

FIltK.

. , -^ M'l''ii.li.l opportunity !- -Iv,-,, in (!„■ i;,,.kx \l,„,„l:,in- |..f .tndvin- tl,..
intln. nr,. „l .„■,•. .-in,-,- n,n,-In~i,.n. .an 1„. ,lraun f,,,,,, rrcwnly l„unr.l an.an. .l,r,w-
.inr -•XMHly ,1„. ..„M,lilio„ „f tl„. .o..,|.l„..l; fr,.„, v„nn. >, .■„n,|-pn,u 1 1,, .h.,win. ,1„.
mat.-nal ln„n wlu.-l, tl,,. linal -tan,i will 1„. ;■,,,„„•,!; .,n.l lp,n n.a.nr,. -tan.U wlii,.;,
..itartr,! I., -n.u altn- .r.ni,. ainiriit liiv. an.l ulii.-l, .)„,» ,,„. ti,,;,] ,, -iilt ..f .•<,n.lili,,n<
n"li''i III llir carlii T |KTii"l-.

Tin. |-.,i-,.-t liiv- „r il;i, ,..-i,,„ aiv nnial.l,. \..y th.lr ini.n.-,lv an,l tl„. .•miiplrto-

'":■; "', ' l'-ln,rln„, wr,„i^|„ l,v ,l„.|n. S,,n„. ..f ,1„. rra-..n- f,.r tin- aiv .nnnPrt,.,!

"■"'' •'"• ' "■""""- '■■l"•^'•^M'li^. III. -t,.,.p -i„p,.- ai,l .!„. ,|a„i,.. i„ .all,,,-!,,.'

I'i.i'i' 7 KlFi ct lit l-'irf HI I). I1-. Sr m.l.

/■/...'.. ',- r,

h.M.iway an.l tlif nan-ow valU-y. wi,|, their hid. -i,|,.. ,■,■,.,!.■ a tiv,,,,.,,,!,.,- .Iraft

ihf continiioiis and drns. conif, mu- <tainU aiv aU,. n-, -iMr -^pnav |,„ the

lowest crown and tlie f1a'ne< easily ri.e tn the f,,p. I,„t pin. n.nallv i;rew~ with a
niorP uniform rrown-eover. with mor,. treis to th. a-r,. ami on drier sites and there-
fore ,s more snsceptihle to erown fire-. Roth speries are shallow-rootod and thin-
harked, and henoe easily killed. Spriiee root, are >o ne.ir the - -fae,. fl.n ,]

tires whieh do not .l.reelly kill or w,.al<en the trees. l,„rn otf enondi'rootlet's'to eu.so
then, to he wind-felled. In -..luTal. hnrned fraet. have verv few trees left livin-
idu,-li has an important effect on the ehara • f the siieepedina- stand.

I i'l!i:> IS (II' l;ii(K V \|(

>l \ I MN- I <il;l -r III ^1 |;\-

■ iiT ill-IP rci

lii.-.^ tl

II' iniHiiiiri-

ii v;ii r ll

H tiiiil'rr ..ll nil iiira ovi'i- «liii-li it

lias pn-r.l. cviii ll i;|i il„. ir,.,.- ;,iv iiiirM-i..| in ;i ,l,..,i ,;„,,.. A ilirct P'.lii.-ti

IS sc|,|,.ni LMiHi.l ii, ||„. vluiii,. ,.(■ „i:it.ri;,l \],-.,\ c-iiii I.. .,|.i,iiia..| fri.ni ll

I III' .hii
.'h.'i'k.,
I

l.lllr I- I'llll

-I'.l in I

11 lu.. ..llii-r \v,i\.

llliimls III il l:i|lUr|i:i-|| .III', .ll.,!;. ;|1|.| ilii.

Ill l.c .-MUli ..111 ;

liie f;ruili' ..f tlio liiiniir

111. Ill I u.. .,i' ihr.

i.'U. r- ill.'
■ ii|. »-...! -h

ir iii'.'.'.-itiiti'. nil .•iiiii'i. \sn-ti' ..l' ih.-

II' Staiiil.

■I 'In iiii; .lit, ilu' U...I.I
Hill.. mil 1.1 liiiiiU-r tli;il
nil- iii'i'ii;. 'vlii.'h i..\v. I'-
ll.u.

llosidc,', jiillini; III,. prcMiii -tiin,!, tin- l.iin, ,.ir tin liiiniu- mi. I litter mi ll

gri.iiiiil cNpi.-iiii; tin- l.iii'i' -..il. I,

|ili-lifil iiiil.\

pat. 'III'-. Ill', ir .•..|ii|iii,,|j- ;,i ill,. 1

-pn.ii- -t;iii.|- ..n iii.ii.-l lint- llii- mux l„

la.vi'i- ..| liiiuiii- limy l.r lilt ,,ii ill,. i:i',.iii I. (i,
uus loilouiii:; a it... lit lir.' in a Inirlv -nii-f

lllli' .ll'i' vcl'v ll|..|-l. .1 I'lllll IMIII.IH

1 all aii'.i uliri'i- -pill.',' r

|ii'...li;.ti

ii'l.ii'.v 'ii.'iiiiii.i', tlici'i |.,.iii;r al...iit I'.IIO

llHi;.- piT iii'i',.. il w:i- r..iiii,| that -isty p,i' .-. nt ..t' tlu- l,,li,| nri'ii liii.l tl

■ la.l .Hi.

ir irnniiKi-

ir".lii.'i I..1I : iiiti

Imiiih'.I ..ti' aii.l fa

nil. I iiiiir..riiily u 1 npi-...lii.'ii,,ii. Thi- innl.

p. 1-

11' r.pi ...liii-l I..1I. 1111,1 tuiiityti'

p.'i- .'lilt liiiil tl

I' I'.ii'i' -.11 I'M

'.1-1.,

n-iill- ih ill.' m

lisr I'lillllp,-. ill.-lc.i.i ..r till' tree- 1

.|-r..uili

-pi'i

.li.lltioii- In
. -1 ill -iiiiili.

a pill.' sliiii.l wli.'i'.' II lin^ liii.l 1„.,.|, ,,(•

fiiiy iiiiif..riiily -pa. '1.1 tlii'nii:;li..iii ih.. -imi,!. |,

trci'< v'.illiDiii lnii'iiiiiu ,.r -cdi'.'liiiii; tl

an iiih-ii-ily |ii-t -iitlirimtly ;;'r,.,it p, liiH tin

till- s..ii liiirihil l.ai'i'. Siii-li

a ('..iii|iti..ii pr.,.|iii

11' 'rvuii-. lilty pi'i- .'.'lit ,,( till' -iirl'a.'O -li.iuivi

■I- a y.iii

aulf (li'ii-ity t'lT ra|.i.| .li'Vi'l..pn t ilmn '.vlnii' a li,-av

Iil: -talnl of iini.'l

I nil. re favoiir-

•r..U(li-il .-taii.l. II

K'r liri' pr.niii.-(i- an

tfci-iiiinalc with ilitli.-nlt
'^ali-fa.'tot'ilv.

iiiT -..ll i<. pai-ti.'iiliii'ly i..r pin,., ih,. l.,..-t si>i-,1-1mi| ;

ami [line cc

'<t3

>■ I'll aii\ liiiniii-

i\. I'. I'M'ii wild', -pni.

ll- "ill -tart

Till' I'tfi'.'t I'll ill.- -li]iply i.f -ri.l

i.;n- ll,,

Wlll.'ll llirr.

'■"Ii".- ami Iw, t. t|„. ,•.„„..

ln'ilii'il- ami twiLi- a. '.|'..k('ii l.v ih.

i- imp.. 11. ml al-... Willi pirr, a lii^lit til'.

itl.-i ill.' -. .'.i -,

I'l'l.\

'I. Wlll'll III,.

'pin ami many fall t" llir Lii'miml a- tlit> .Ir

ll'i' t..''-. ill'

ir''.'ll\ ;ll;.|

fall

Ian iIh' lii'i' 1- lii't i'ii..i;:;li t.

imttini;' a l.'ir:;i' aiii.iuiit ..f -.•.', |
thp f
t.. tl

-h-i'l

I imi'. tliii- i llat.'lv

-ill"!! t" tii'rminai.'. Ii, ii-.'iii'ral. t

irp. till' iiHTi' ra|ii.l ami tln' il.n-. r tli.' ri'pr.'.liii't i.n. -in.'., il

'" f^r'.iiii'l 1 T ipii.'kly an. I ill,' -,,il i- 111. .11' .'..11 pl,t,lv ,'\p...<i'.|.

With -pi'i:.'|.. th.' lir-t i tlr.'t ,.f thr lir,. i- p. 1

>pi'm'(' 5 1- ari' -licl m a

i''iiiaiii in th n- . i, th.. n

-h.Tt p,Ti...l

nrn up i'xi-iihl;' -npi

II' lii'iu ht
iri' hr.'iiiijit

'Ii.'- of ...I'll.

imiiii''l'al.'ly atli-r 'ip.-nin:; ami .1.. not

pim

ll-. Tl

I'Oil- v'.illi till' li'iiiiii- aii.l al-.. all llir >..iin- -.'I'llliiii;-. If at tl

ti'ci'- ai'o killo'l. ihiTi

ii-ly 11" .1

how fav.'iiral.l.' aro -I'l'.hh.'.l ami ..tlhT .-..mli

lan.'i' |..r -

-mall

propoi'ti.n .'t -pr

11. 'I' 111 -.I'.'ii.l-vi'.n'.-ili -lam

a-lvaiitaui-oiK otfoi't ..f llio tin.. K'.'pr.'.lm'ti.ai ..f -

ll' til'.', llii'n'f.'rr. l.iH'ii- all lli.--..

!■ -aiiiP tiini' all tlio

piT''!' r.pi'.'.lii.'iion. m. maili'r

niailir ..f fih'l th.. m .t i,.pal'lv

.lii'i'i'tiv I'au-i'.l l.v thi. .li--

],!■■

tor a liro In

'"'" ' !iti"n<: «ir=t. ..n im.i.-t -in- whi'ro th,-' fin- ha- honi li-ht an,! -'.

Iri'o- haxo I'.'.'ii I. -ft ,il

1,1

ih.'i'.' tl

Uo 1.. -up] \\ -I'o.l, , r :,.||,'i.'.'||| p, ^1',

Ihi'i'.' iiia\'

'-lilt

at n ili-a.lvaiit

t1lO-:(' I'OlliHtioll'-

iisii.illy M'iittorf'd -

iiLi -laml .'f .1,

.1- ;.l iho ,'.|:j

-pni.

11-.'. 1 !11'.' -l.l'll.

luo .'11 a. '.'..lint .'I 'h.' lai'L

I' am. .Ill

■11.1.

t "f hii'iin- lofi on ll

-in.'.' pill.' 1-
I- L'r.. 1111.1 nil. lor

'11 aiva- w hoi'i. pm.' ropr,

n 1- pro.i.'iiiiiiani. thori

patclii"j of h

prill'.' -i',"I]in-'< '.vhii'h havo -tai't..! . ith..|' f;'.,,i, - ] ],.(t in •;i,h..rnr,|

iiiiiiu- or I'l.'Wii 111 tr.'iii a ili-tam-i

In puro -prii.',' -lamN whi'iv tiro l,.,ri.- all th" ovi-iin- -. o.l. kill- all tho ol,i

trpt'c. aii.l th,' al-

ii -on,'" '^l pin,' pi'i-vont- po--il.iiiiy ..f

•a-S whi.'h ti'inporarily .'o.-'ip;,.- pra.'li.'allv all hiii'ii.-.l-

pi'.'.hii'ti.'ii of ih

-pc.'li -. tllP

pnrniai

np.iiit ..f ll

lo l:i'..iii,i1 am! a nioa.l'.u

ii-trali'.| in I'

l'!\on uhor.' th.

I'o I- a -mall ani..iint ..t

tlio larye aiiioiiiii ..f hum:;- 1, ft iiiil.i,. >:,.,1 .,n th.

m.'i-t -prill',' -ito- mako- tln' .-oi'l-

I'l'il S" iinfa\..iirahli' |.. pino that th, -.,.1 f.iil- t.. -orniinat.'. .\Io-t .f t|

liioiintaiii

L'li

im.'i^rin i;i;\\( ii in ii.i ii\ no. ;!;;

iiii-:i.|.A\, nil- ihr rc-iilt 1. 1' liri', mid iiimiiv m'l- f^.i-iiiiil nl'tiT :i >iiiL:lf lii'c ir tlir iii.iiiii'r
• l<>-rril„Hl.

i;,|ir.M|N,'ti..ii ,,t' |M,|,l,ir l'..||..v\- lir. -. niiiiriK .>ii ih, i'c|;.r,,. ,,f tli. niiMildw-. wlii.li
ill-, .niiiinuiily l.i.r,|iTi-.| liv ilii- -|„.|'I,.. l'ii|ihir invlir- a iimi^t -icil-l,c,|. :iii.|. on
li'-r, lint ,,f ill,. i-ii|,i,| Mfwlli .il if- -.clliii--, ran i'.,iii|,i'm aL;aiii-t ur:i~.-. '\'\\i<f slaml-i
lire -cIiImim extensive. l'M|ilar al-n sei'.t^ in witli -priin- ..n iimi-t -iie- ariil i- found ii-
a iiiih..r e..tii|,..neiii ,.f tlie -land. 'I'lie lar^'e-t ai. a- .f poplar ar.^ found on soiiflarn
e\p..-iir,- uhcrr il- pn-eiMv i- duo mainlv to iho alijlilv ..| it- -oo.lliiiL'- Im develop
on -od.

HI i'i,\ II 0 I nil ~.

^^''"" ■' '''■' "'■- ill II -eoond -rouili pin,, .land, if tli, i-,. lia- l.e.n ,iii iiiPi-val

"' '"'11'.^ Ino ,,!• , ,. u.ar- -in,-e tl„. tire lr,,ni ulii,l, ili,. -, .■, nd^r..wlli .-tan, I

d.il,.- It- ,,ri.:iii, r..|,r.M|n,-ii..n will n-nallv I.,, d.ii-,, a- pin.. I„...;in- t.. i.ai .• - a'

an early ap'. In a -Ian. I ,v.,i:n.., r than tuc iilv-live years, tin- r.pr...|uel i.n may l.e
ni..n ..r le-.- -..airir,.!. an. I -r,:-- will ,„-,.apy ll». rvniainini;- area. ■|'lii. lm-ii-s will
a-iinie the .hmiinaiie... if |l„. .-taii.i h.- 1..., yiiny- t.. have an etTe.'tive st..,-k of m.,.,1.
..r if th,. -e,..,i„l lir.- i- f.,]!, .«,.,! |,y -lill .,th,r-. Tli,. iv-iill i- that tiie area- heeonie
mainly jjrassdan,!. with -,all,.|v,| y.nin- ir,.,-. When r,.|i,.al,.il tire^ ,M-,.iir in v..iin2
-tan, I- in whi.-h a-Peii f..rin- a part ..( ili,. -taiel aial in wlii.-h th,. an;. am; ..f -,.,..1 ..n

ihi' pine- i- limit,.,!, th,. a-peii i- at an a.lvantai;,. ,ai -.amt of it- -pr..iitint;- .MpaiMly,

\1,,-' ..( ;h.. .;-p.n -t.ile!- .•!: drier -lie- owe iia ir f.,rm,,; ;, ,1, in p,,ii. 1,1 i,.a-l. I,, liii-
fai-t.nv

When a tire runs thrniiijh repr...lu,'ti.,n iin.h-r ten to h'fteen years ohl. the .„.,.i,r-
renep ,if tiitnrr tree-jrrowth de|„.n.ls .m the exi-t.Mieo of a portion of the oritiinal

/''".^. r n: /),r,.iht.

I'lati- !l — ^\'ln■ll»•,■.' Kronin mi Liul^i-jKiIi- Pin.- (cii\l^f.| Ky ■l«alf .Ml,-tl.-ti.f, .trr,iilhiil,iiii,i '■imnlciifi i.

2S

iiiin - 1 in 111; \ \< M 111 I II I I \ \ii. :,:i

Hiip|il,v III' -I'cil lliiil uii- li't'l iiliir ill.' lii>t lir. . -iiiiM' ii-ii:ill\ :i i'i.iiiplili> .|i-- 1 rin'l inn
■ ■I itlr li'iifMlni'l ii.ll 1- ■■UlHi'il li\ llic .1 ci.liil liif. (Hill- lll:l\" miUlill ulliill «lTi' ll"l
»'|Hlici| liy tile li|--l lire :iliil IkiVc lurli Ivilii; ■•n llic uihihiI kccpillL' -iriU i l|i'|ii..ci|

in :i pTiiiiiinlili' ■■(piiiliiiiiii. 'I'lir -cciiiil till' 'ipiii- llii-( iic-> iiiui. altliniii.-li ''<,■ |ir-t

rpprocliicliiin i« killed, it i- fnllnuril liv a s;iii-l'iiitnr,v <U<'-\< nf sooillitiL'-. In fivt,
ill .-nrnc I'lisc^. tlic nrcn lia- lirrn i.vi'i>t..rk,i| uitli -inllint;.! jftor (hi' lir-t tin' ninl
till' rc'pri'ilucl iim fullouiiiir the -ii'mul tivf i- ■•!' nn'rc ;ii|viintMi;(>'ins iji'ii-liy. In tlii'
I 'Muvsiit'st Viijic'v. 11 tire (ii'i'iirri ij Hflirn vi:ir~ ml'h mikI «;i- fi)lli)W(Ml l.v luu- niti»'
vciirs liUtT; mill llii' rrprmliiriidn uftir ilii' -I'lv.ml tiif uii-; of jll^t almit thv rii-'lil
(Iriisity.

MINOi; DAMAdKS.

All till' spi.'1-ic's ill tin.- rruii'ii iirr vi-ry Imrilv. -.. tliMl liinil fr'i-t .|;ini;i;;i' is
o\tri'iiiil,\ liniitnl. I'lipliir ri'priMiiirti..ii \\a^ I'miml to It killi''l liv frost in -oiiio
pkircs. 'I'lii' (liinooks. liowovrr, iniTi ;i-o tlir liiiniri'r from frost, li\ (■iiU'«in'; very
riipid llni'tinif ions in ti'inpi'nitiiri'. «liii-li niiiy inu-i' i|:ini;ii;i' to fvon Inirily ailiilt
trees. Xo instimeos of pxten.-lve iliiiiKii-'e in tlie Ciiinuliiin Koekii- nre ut liainl. In
-Miilitanil. Ileiir llie eontinelilMl iliviile. loilppole pine IkuI tlie li:iv( s and, in :-iMur
cases, tile IpiiiU killed. Tn llie latter instanee. the tree (neiitually died a- no new

foliaco eoiild develop. This iirred dnrinn a perioil of \ery warni <'liii k winds,

alternatinjf with severe eold. The atfrefeil tree- wen; eontined to iiiarki d Imri/ontal
lielts, and on aeeniiiit of the reddeninsr id' the dead leaves, thf name ' rpd-helt di^ea-e'
was apiilied.

The most exten-ive dani:i4;e done hy simu is in -now--lide-. The- or on

praelieally all nioinitain- ri-ini: o\er l.Odn feet ahove tiinher-liiie uliieli have steep
wooded slopes liel.iw. The -lid'- are n-iially reeurrent. and follow diliiiile paths,
heillfr uilided hy small ijiillie- and . learinu a -trip on eaeh -ide of tlie i;idl> ~o that
an area of IIIO feet wiile i- laid hare. The -lides ap]iear to -tart generally in a l.asin
on the hare inonniain side where the -now enn eollei-t and where the .-nil ean shine
with full streiiirth and -tart the snciw meltiiej-. '{'he areas swept over hy the -now
have a charaeteristie appearanee. with the trees hrokeii otf at varyinu hriuhts up to
fifteen fiet, or uproiited riiliril>. and lyinir in parallel pM-ition- with their lop- jioint-
iiifr down hill, lipprodnet'on n.-ually oeenjiies the area, as the -eed supply i- irood from
the ad.iai'ent stands. The aL;i s and di^trihiitioii of the y..niiir tree- is irre^jnlar,
espeeially where the -li'le- have heeii reeiirreiit.

Siiow --lido- liaM' a I'lii'-l ieal heariim nn the iiiana:;em. lit of many -land*, -ineo
the dani;er fri.in them will, in m.iii> ea.-e-. predi'Mte very eonservalive eottiiiL'.
Openiiiir ni) the staial too miieh and allo\\im.' the -iiiiliiihl in too sirom^ly niiiiht
start slides in new idaei-, or allow the pn-ent eonr-es ,,f slide.s lo he exiemled inueh
further down the slopi.s. Where a strip sy-ti m ,,f eullim; i- heiiej t'"ll"'.\ed daiiL'er
from .siiowslides slnaild iiitliienee the direeti'Hi In «hieli strip- are laid out.

i;ll\Zl\i

The damaL'e due to L'razim; is at iJi-e-ent rather limited. (iraziiiL' is lione on two
types of land ill the mountain-: tirsf. on area- in the foot-hills, wliieli are partially
-toeked with yoiimr tree frrowth, n-iially of a-peii and jiino mixed, with sumo willow
slirnhs; .-eeond. on meadows, ii-ually entirely !;'\cn over to yrass, in the main valleys
farther up in the mountains, ("ira^ini; iloi- praitieal damage mainly on tlie first

I i>lll ■ I ^ 111 i;iH N V Mill \ I M \» I iii;i - I i;

'.".•

t.V|io. 'I'lio s ml Ivpi liii-, in iim-t r.i-r . n-iilii,| t'l'mii .m.i. lit tin li;il liiivr

killril n piiri' -iiri.r ,-ImimI mh |i,« L'roiiiiil. :iri.| hnU ol' .,i-.i-, r, , . urt.i tin- tirr, nr
ropciitcil tin-i, iunr it,iiI|i'.1 in la, i.r,Miti:iii.-\ ,,f ihc ari'.i iiv t'rn--. 'I'lu -i- ihimiI-.^-
iirr ;i-ii;i'l,\ I'Miiiiilnl l.y i'..iM!iiiiMf iii'lv di'ii-f -laii.i-, ,.|' -r.-, iinl ;:r"\vlli |.iiu'. "r, imiih
tilin'.-. popliir. mill llir I'licr.iarliiiii'iil ..I' tin- livi-i;rMM ih ,,ii thi' i.'ra---l:iii.| i- ^l..\\.
At llu" ■'niiic liiiii'. i;r,i/iim iniinial- an- ii..- aMi tn imii-i' iiiU'-li ilamaji' l.i llii' drii-i'
^cff.nil-trrnwth slaiul^. <>r In cnlnrLT tli(> nr.'n ..f tln' t.'r:i--'lMii.|.

Thp dtlirr tv|i(., \(li, ri' llir L'la-- laii.l i- in pal.'lu'^ an. I tin' v, - i;r..\illi i-

irri'iiiilinly ili.triliiili-,1 an. I iml in .Icn-r si.Ji.l -tan.l-i, i- niiii'li i ■.• -iil.ji.'t In ilaiii

lipi' fr..i'i LTiizintr iiiiiin;\l-. It i-; al-.. in a iiiuili 1.. Itir iH,-it'..n I.. I n.. <■<, .■nl 'lallv

fiillv ^loi'j^i'.l uilh trrp trr.iwtli, vin.'i- tin- aiia- i.. 1.. ^..'.ir,! u|. an i^ t in -iicji laru'..
iiiiit^i mill lliP pinr an.! piiplar. uliifh l,i,ih l,i-.-.,ih. |.r..Jii.'l im' -• ■■.) IM's at an larh
line, iiri' ui-ll i|i-tril.iilr.| i.. that tliey fnii si.. .1 ii|. t|,,- t'i;i-» aiTa> li.ttir \vliia-i' tlirx
lire ronliiii'il t.. tli, |..|-i.. Tln' L-ra/iiii.' animal- in tiii- tv\„- prni-iiati' iiM tlin.uiili
till" iimi iiiTiii.iiil l.v Ti'ii'- ami Iri'ak Lranrln -i ami t.ip- ..f y.-iiiiL' in-.-i. ami tniiniili'
iliUMi tlu' yi.iiiiu- ^iin.iit- an. I -. ...llin--. Arra.- h1iii-i. ihi. valii. ..!' tlii' pra/intr i-i
siimll. mill wIktc a valiial.lr >tan.l i.t' liv.- may l.i> rxpi.tnl it thr arra hi' iilLiunl

111 -ll.l ii ItSI'll' fully uitll trpi'. :.|l..u|.| I |...|.,l l., CIM/inL'. At pIT-ltlt. Iilwimt.

im.-t lanil- .,! tlii- .'la" at all attra.-i 1\ , I., ^ra/.i-. li.i\.- l. . ii .a.-1n.|. .1 In. in tlir |-'. r.-l
rti'scrvo. am!, in many rasr?, ar.' Inl.l nmlii- ura/ini' lia-i-.

Otlior fiirins .,f ilaninyi> uri' raii-iil l.\ m-. .1-. p..iTnpini'-, fiinL'i, ami .Iwaif mi-ili'-
li.i', lull tlicy Hill l.f ,!i>i-ii<-i',l in ri-lati.iii i.. imliviilmil -i ir-.

SILVICS.

l.l^T ill ■-l'l(ll>.

Till. {..llouiiiL' -|ii.-i.- an. f.i.iii.l in ih,. ^,,nlli.a-n half ••( lla' i;.K-ky .\[..uiitaiiiM
Foi«'-t 1!i-(r\:':

riiiiis tir.iilis l.iininT iiiiii-.

•' iilhiraiitis White liark pim>.

" Munmiaha I.nilj.'priiilo ..r jni-k pini..

I.arir Lwil'il..^ '•.vail'- ..r al|.in. iar li, ..r tan.arark.

Pirrn lanaili'iisi.'i Whifi' spriifc.

Enni'imnniii KiiL'rlinaiin uprur-o.

Pf^riiihilsiinn miiriovnia Douiiliis tir.

.\hti-< laxiocarjia \lpim" tir ( • hal-ain ").

Pnpiilii.i bahamifirn riaUnm [loplar.

h-, ii)!ihii,/f .1 \-piMi ( iMiiihir).

l!,/i(l,i .ill.,,, var. p<ii"iiii'-ni. . ., I'npiT hirph.

DFScRIl'noX OF Sl'FCfFS.

i:n'i:i;i.\ia\\ spui n:.

With the exi-epti.in i>l' P.inirla- tir. wliirh i.i-rur- in imi.-li «imilli>r iiiiml.or^ than
it. Fiiffelmiinn <pniiT i- the hirsre^r tree of the reiri.iii. an.' T.r that rea-a.n i< ni..-t
-oiiplit after hy the Inmhermon. Liimlier i'rnni it ha.< niiim -mnll, n^nally smin.l

knots on ;ifrn;;nr .'.f tru' ':irL-c' n;;ir,!.( r .'.f hr.iii.-r.. - utii.i. i.a.ani •.•n-.^n I.'.i li.iwn .,n
the trunk. The erown i- eylimirii-al with li.w. r l.ram-lii- ilnmnini; -..niruhat. 'I'lic
ileep crown is also respniisihli' for the nipi.i taper <■( tti, tree .■..rniian'.l <Aifh other
species, sim-e the .liainster pr.-.wth in thr l..ui.r part ..f th.- trunk i- Litter m.iin-

:m

I-OIIKIIIO 111! \ Mil lUMMIs N"i,

fiiinoil lliiiii ill pliH'. fur ixiiiiiplt', uhirr tin- rupiil ifri'«ili Ihihiih'- iiiori' bihI more
liiiiili'il |i. till' top iif till' iri'i- iinic till' -Ih.rt ithhii. !■ I.iriiitr ot' tlii- butt i)> pro-
iiiiiuM III, .-pci'hill.v «n liirn"' tr»i-. Tlu' l>iirk i- iiiui|it.iIi>1> tliiii »'■'• ii" li tn •' .'i Im'li,

ri.ldi.-ili lirown ii Imir mid llakiiiif ntF in .>iilc. 1 iiicli i.. .' imli.T. in iliiimc ur. Tliu

plot >ysteiii liii." ill)' hciiv.v iiniiii r^uii- rinliiitinu in :in :ilni...-i li..ri unt.il phmi , f-piH-iiilly
ill Wfl •I'il. iiiiil fiiniiintr ii ili-k -ix in ri«lii Ini Hi ili.iim li r. ninl lr..ni tlnir.
srnnilcr iiiii'linr rnolo ili'sfoiirl vortionlly. 'I'lii-i iimkiM tin' lii'c ii'iiipl<>"l \<> ifr"«fh in
il-. fiivriiirili' iiini^i *\u-<, wlii'i'i- .irr:iti"n ill till' .|(i|i.r hiMT- i.l' -Mil i- |»i.ir. Iiiit
r.'ndrr-< it lial.l.' t.. wiii.lt'nll it' l.'lt .-tiin.liiiL' i-"l.il.'.| ..r it' tin' l.niii- otT th.- utwhor
HKit^. to ilo which iiiilv II lii-'iit upuiimI till' i- rf.|iiir..l. On swll .Iruiti.Ml ..il tlic

Irn' i- l;iirl> «inil tirni. Iln- in.isiiiinin -i/. ,.| -|ini.', i- m I'l.' i" luhlmiir-h I <>!

■■W inch.- ill liiiiiiirl.r ill l.ri-i-tliri«hl mii.I IJn I'm in li.iuhl. Ax.iMir.' ni/r^ w<Te

iri\cii ill ihr «t;iii.| l.il.h-. Sprini' i- thi' lnnp-lii\'''l tr if ih.' nuion. pxi'opt

lliiii^'his tir. Fiiiir hniiilr.'.l vciirt i- nhmit lin' iinisiliiuin iijji . Thrifty yr..«th i" tlliiin-
Iniiiiil lip to frniii inii In I7r> viiir^ imii in i|in.-i; -iiiml-. l.ui iiflcr ihiil :ii:i- thoro in
iicinilly II ili'i'linr In ii »lnu niln "f «rn"lli.

Aliiiii-phiTii' r.in'lilmii- la\niiriiMc lo -|irii. . ip.lu.li niii-l iiir. -Ii^nln. lupl prnli'i'-
tinii fr"iii ihn pirinilii-. ilrv. Imi uincN. Allh..!,^!, ih,- r.-ir.n iin.lii- i-ii-iiliTMl imi IliH
II rather dr., <-liiiiiit.'. -priiiT i- nrMTllnli— uMi t.. ^r..« iiidrr nil .•..ndilirnH. and
ihi' I'lTii'l nf .•liiinitin ititTiii-lM'i- i- -hiiuii niil> indiii-.'lK in iIh' rnti- nf .-.umIi whore

it,- extent i- ini|'n--ilile tn t'illlL'e. nwillL' I" the i'^illl inilllellee ..1 .illlei' fae|..r-. ^Iieh

11^ the eharaeter .,f the ...II. Tlie frequent fm-i- iit ihe l,it;hrr ;ihitiide-. I'Ven diiriiiif
ihe ^rrnwini.' -ij-nii. hiHe :i \er> iiii|i..rhinl inlliien.. in . In ekini; ihr rale ..f iri'.wth
on tlie hiiiher >ln|H'-.

A iiini-t, uiil-dnnned. i!ee|. -nil i- .,|,tiniiiiii. Tim- the lu-t deMhilnd .-prnee j.^
f.iniid in the vallevr ..f small streiiin^. On the |.r..ad riwr ihit-, the -iriiep i- treiier-
ally -mall, nwiiu.' either tn imnr drainai.'.- ••<■ i.. the -..II I., ii.ij gravelly nnd therefore

rnw. A-i .-^h.pe-i are aseeinlod. and the - 11 I'l ne- -liall..\\er an.l drier, the si/e nf

the -nri Ihi'i.nie- prnirrei-ijvely le-f.

Ill tolerance, -priieo excopiU all its a--.'eiate-. The .-..nUM-l 'aIiIi pine, uith which
il i- >n often a-M.ciated. i- reninrkahle. The , tTe.-t nf li- l,.leraiic,- i^ to l'ivc the
tree a verv .le.'p e-nun. to eiiahle it tn niainlaln llirifly i;r.mlli In a liiuh -MSO. rveii
in deli-e stands, -ince the crnwtl dec- n.it ten, I t,. I.e icliiccd t.i a few hrniielies after
the heiirhl-i.'r..Hili falU .ifT. It al-. niak. - a very .leii ■ crnwn-c.ver. checkinir the
devolnpineiit nf \.>hintrer nTnwth. and tiiakini;' the i^r. iiinl -iirfac,. nmi-t. On tho
nther hand, sepdiinas and ynniiir tree, can |ier.-i-t and develn|i in elder stands,
especially in »':.nds with larire prnpnrtimis nf pine; and altli.umli their (rrnwtli at
times niav he ncL'liirililc i ihe result nf tnn irreat shadinir) yet they are aide tn prnfit
at nii.-e hy ail' !;icrea-e in the ninniint nf liuht reachiinr fhem.

The chief damaL'es tn =pniee are caused hy funni. wind and fire. Insect dam-
age appears to he rare. The attacks nf funL'i are limited. Only a siuall prnportinn
of the sawn liitnher fr.'in spriiee lous has to he enlled for ret. Scattered trees can.
howe\er. lie fnund in niiv spriiee stand, killed l.y fiin-rus attacks. Thi^ suseeptihility
nf spruce tn windfall was mentioned in de-erihiiiL: it- ront-.sy=tem. Tn case of fire,
spriiee trees are very easily damaired. hntli nn accnunt nf their thin hark and their
(^hallow roots. SpriK'c stands f.re, however, less suhjected tn .lestnutive tires than
nther tyiies. due t.i the cliaracteristieally moist ennditi..n .if the -ite.

Ill or. 'dud i.iii.

Seed Production. — Spruce hetrins to i>rn.liice seed ,it almiit thirty-tive years of
ago and hears heavy crops everv three or four year-. The cones ,irr hnriie mainly
near the top of the ernwii and ripi'ii in the -uiiimer. The seed- are .-lied in a short
period after riiH-ninir. The rniH>-i fall durini:' the uinlcr. The seeds are eonipara-

I llllt-x |H III IJ(MK\ \|lll\l\l\^ MUII-I i:i-ii!\i

:tl

tivcl> lit'lil, mill 111 .i-il> lii.-i I il.Ml.Ml l.y till « 111.1, I liri'i IniiMln.l t'l'i'l i» .ilmiit

tlir iiiii)(iiiiiiiii .liitiili"- t'.r I >'. Im' iliilril.iiti'.l .111. 1 I''" !• < 1 lln' liiiiil .if rlT>i'tiv«

-iiiliiiif I'll ii liiviiiiriil)li' iKM'fl-bcd.

I h' I- ih) fill III I nf .>.../;.),.,, \Vli4'ti ll* -..-il.. u'l riliiii^iti . .iliiiiil liM' to .■nfht
lolylnloli. ll|i|i.ar. f..ll..«i.| l.\ tlir tir-l M-iir'^ l.;n.-. mi. I nt tli.' .lul .•!' tin' mmt (Iii<
-ii.lliiii; i> iiiii- iiii li liiuli "itii a r.H.t uliDUt thrrr iinlu'-i ln\U- 1'"' -'■"■•lliiiif at lir>l
t,'ro«s very "Imvly, ami at tin yi'af'S i* .mly a I... it liiuli. M..i-liiii' i- in-.. --iii> , m.l
that i- till' main t'a.-t'ir (T'lMTliitiif iIh' fa\i'iiralil.ii. -- "I" vaii'ii- -. . .ll...!.-. Ilu'

tliii'kti.'i- an.) t.'Nliiri' uf tln' <iirt'a'-i' mat. rial ar.' al-n iiii|.i.rtaiit t.i' lur- -iii.'i' llirv

liiltiii'l till' I'ii'ii' uiili wliii'h till' r.inl- .an n 11.11 lli.- -nil aii.l al-" ili.' . a^o with

uliii'li till- r.M.t.- ran a\ail llii'iii-fl\ i'- ..t' tlir u.ilcr pn-.tit in tli.' -hI.

In \ infill -prii.'P Htati.U. r.|ir.Mliii'ti.'n i- f.iun.l nialnl\ in .i|.iiiiiit;-, an. I i- tlii'ti
ilr|.i'ii.|i-iii 'II till' hiiriiii-. liilnir ".II .|.'.-"ni|"'-..| :ih.| |. -- 'li.in tn.. in. li. - thi. U,
mill "M till' i:r..iini| r.ivrr hiiiitf tliiii ami . .ini'a.-t rii..iiuli li. all..w tlw -.•.■•IliiiL'- I."
tnki' rii.'t. 'Mil' •siirfai'i' nii.i-tiiri« i- ii.-iially Mitli.'iriit ..n ai'."unl ..I l.'ili lli.' -I;a.li'
iitTnr'li'.l liy spni.'i' -taml- atnl thr iiioi-it -nil- ii-ualK a--", iat.'.l »iili ihai im"- 'I
f.'ri-t. Th l.i-f ri'i'r.i.liii'tiiin ua-. lU'fiially f..iin.| ..ii I'ari'. m'1\ nl..i^t ,-"il. in "in-
I'a-i' |.r...|iiii'i| l.y tin' urailiiiL'' "I a I'.'a.l ..n n liill-i.lr an. I in an..llii'r I'li-f hy «|ii'iiiir
flu. Ills Hii'iliinc lilt a hIi'i|. .■ri.'li-l.aiiK. Tli.' iiin'n.'linL' "f Ir.i'- al-.i pr.>vii|.'-i l'a\..iir
al'Io -ip.'t- fi>r .-I'i'.l.- t.i iriTininati'. 'I'll.' iii'vt l..--t -.'..I I'. .I i- that atT.inli'.l l.\ a
('"Vi'I'Iiil; "f .■(iin|ia.'t. vvi'll .|.'.'i.|ii|i"-.'.l linniii- np I., "ii.' iii.'li ami a halt' ihi.K. "M'T
ulii.-li li. ■ M iliin .■.'iiii'arl Imm r nf ni"-- "f "I' lilt.r .'aiip"-.il "I iir.il!.- "i- luii;-.

Till' ■'lin.'-l .■la--i.-al iiiTi'ln-i' "f -pvii.'.- -ri'illiiii;.- .111 r.itti'ii h'L'- i- ipiili'

.'liai'iH't.Ti-ti.' in llii- ri'u'i.m. nn.l i- r.-a.liK .'Xplain.'.l l'\ th.' .'apa.'itv ..f tlii' .|"'aM'.l

wiioil I. r 1 1' 111 ill L' iii"i-lnr. an. I ,it ili. -am.' t iin. pr"\ !.|: i'l' li tirni . ii"Ui.'li l"r

till' uppilliiiir-' ti. talii' r.'i'l in.

In I'luiiip- ..f liiilif l"..lia:;.'i| Mill.'W -linil- ^^lli.•ll u.-ually L'r"« "li 111. 'i-t ^r.'.inil
\(lir'rp thi'To is r.'ii-iili inl.li' ltim--. .'V.'i'll.nt -prii.'.' r.'pr"ilii.'l i"ii v>m- ..I'tm t'"iiii.l. 'I'lii'

liulit <lia<l.' "f till' -hnil'- .li.i'k.'il tli.' L'r"\wli "l" th,' era-- ami llii' .1 iw,| Ii'nvi'S

t'onratli iIhth l"'.rnii'.| an i'\i'. Ili'iil -.■."ll..'.|,

I'll.' .hi. -I' .li-l.-n'' nl- I" r.|ir".lm-li..ii ar.' tlii.'k, .Iry liltiT. ulii.'h may l..- f.'iiml
in MTy ili'iKP y.iiinir -tami-, i.r a tlii.'k. l""-i' i:r"«lh "l' •iphaffiuiiii ni"--. uliii-li i-
iinfi.rluiiatrly thr pri'Miiliiisr ."nilili'ii in -prii.'.' -taii.l-. I'lu' favmiral'li' I'.imlilinns
al.ovi' I'iti'il arc f.'iiii.l iiMially .ai milv .1 .-mall [n'ri-iiitaL'-i' "f tlii> Intal nr.iiin.l -urfm-i'
nf n vlrL'in fnri'-;. ainl n-iill in th.' |ir.'-.ni'.' ..f -ni'li a -mall aini'iinl ..f \ .iliiiiti'i-r
i..rnwth that ri'p'".ii|iii'tii'n lii'L'inainL' al'lrr riittiiiL' "p.rati'.ii- ma-t in im.-f i;i-i"< hi-
till' inniii -.iiir.'i- ..t' a m'» -lan.l. In nii\.'.i -taii'l-. th.' Inimu- i- iiMialK hi'ttiT
.l..'.aiipi'-i"l. an.l llii' i|iiantily ..I' m..— in tlm L-r. nml i-lmt i- 1.'-- than in piir.' ■^prm'i'
tvpo; an.l ihii- .ifli'ii tin \ -li.iw th.' .hn-.t-i aii.l nn-t iinifnrni ri-pri'.lnrti.in nf
sprm-i'.

Firp i; with -prm'p. the -amp ,'i< with jiiiiP. tli.' in-triim.'nt that nm-t otT.'.'livi ly
pmiliipps f'li a hroa.l sralp >;iirfai'.' rnmlitinli-' fa\"iiralil.' I" rpprmlm'tinn. Thp miHt
important pffppt '.f tiro, Imwi'ViT, i- "n thr siip|.ly nf -rp.l. an.l whi'i-p that is ilpstr.iyp.I
rpprniluptinn will hp pnnr. pvpii tlmiicli tlip -I'l.l-lp.l .'..n.liti' ih arp -atisfactnry.

Qimntitativp nhsprvnti'pns wprp m.i.l.' h.'th nf avprai'.' ai'.l rxtrinip .'nmlition-.
iniilpr whipli rrprodiii'linu tnok |ila.'p ami -Imw tlip ri'liiliv.' imp' rtnm'i' nf -pvcr
fa.'tnrs piitprin:.'' info thp prnMi'in.

To ill"strnt:^ tliP rffppt of .listatiPi' from spi->.)-tr.'Ps ..n -[.nifp rpprmlm'tion in
lairiii'1-nvpr .irp.if^. two .strips wprr run from thp eilcp nf a prnn-n spnii'i' sljuid into
an ari'a wh.pri' rpproiliiption wa- taking plai'p affpr 11 firo. I Iip oriirinal staml had
I'onsj.li'r.ihli' pini' in its i'.'m|"'sition iinil th.' majority of tho rpprn<lm'tinn is of that
sppPipa.

•'- ' '"••1 -1 1•^ i;i; ^^' n in Mills so. :',:\

TAC.r.K T.

«i'iii 1 1 Ml I'li'hi . if>\ M 1 1 II 1 iiir.

-

«,

.•II.Mrf. 1

. . \. 1.

I'.-, t Ir.rii

1

\m-,i. «t|,lMi-.

-*( 1.

S|..

'l».f.

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1

1 |.«, „„ ^, ,,

...•.Kl

:r.,.ii»i

1 'IMI ,, ,, 1^^^^

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77.|i«'

1 :■.«.,..,..

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■I'll.- l'..||..»iMu tu„ -irip- ».r>' riih ii, „r.;,. nrn. .<,.,! (,■ ., t-i..

I'll -I'I'I'

.1' •Iflll.l

)■> ll.r .ii^hiih',- M^,,„^ Tl.,. ,,,.( .!„,„. .ati-f:ir|,,rv ,-,.,„-.„|,„.t i..„ -.,(

U-r tiri'

ill piiri'

■'"■ -'iin.l-. 'Ill,' .,■,■,.,,.1 .|,..u. ^,,rv , r n |..'...li„-n,,i, ,„ ;,,,■..,, in

ni til.-

l|l-lllllr|.

from «.>...| tiv.-, nii.l ill. f,.r-iii,,r',.n ,,f ,, ,,i,;i.l,.u uill 1.. lli, pr..!,,,!,!,

• r,.-ii!l

TMII.K X.

^I'li' ' :i I'lU'Hi . 1 1,.\ 11 1 1 11 1 iin .

S..r

.Hint., p,

1 A.i.

Area. S|.rN. .'

Stall.!.

S|.,i

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I'm..

1 1(1 :iil.- ._,,l„

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'1 l)«» f..ll..uiiii; tliriM. -iri|i- iilintr;ii.. ilitf.Tc.h! , ..i,,lit i.m.- oi, !.,,ri,,

■.1 ..MT

P.rcil.':.

•r.\i;i.K 11.

M'lll n ni I'K.'I" iTIiA \M) \i.|INTI|;li CIII.UTM ii\ I.oi;(.| |i-i iV| |i

ARI AS.

S...,!!,,,;.- |...l

~

\ ..iillit. . 1 lir jHlli ,.. r A.M-. \i II-.

'

Il'-iii.irk*

S|.i'M-f. r.aUiiii]. .Sprii.c,

- -

i"Il.

"-''" "" ^'■|lr \..lnnt.-iT t'l-.iHih «illi upr.-lii.t
l-'L"; i l).«..l v..liinl....rKr..«ttiMl..ii.-.
-'" •■"' ■ \..liiiit.-.ri;i-..Hll, al , Hith l»il«iiii

1.

. _

Tlie fiprurf's trivcn l)ol(i» witc iil.tnliic.I mi iiM:ill p!.,i^ .".v r:!L'i!;-

ill :iri-;

! 1 jnn

ivrr. 'I'lii. (ii-MTipliMii- .,1 .•.,ii.|iti..li- ..11 111,. pl,,|, ,ipp|i,.,| i, ,, ,.

:l-i - t.i

1.11 1\ a

-iiiiill iircii. iiiiil ihrnl.'i-f ihi- liyiiiv- .1.. ii..t r, pn-.iii :i\rr;iyi. n -iil

t-. I.lll

llirrrlv

show the relative imiKirtniico ..f thi- viiri'.i!- hutur.- nifiitii.iio.I.

|-iiia> IN III |;iM K \ Mill \ I u \- I ii|;l - I i:i -1 i;v I

I \|;| I |n

M'lll . I l.-l I l;.i|il t ||,is.

>...|lllifc>.

I'l.l. ..

I'll .. h'lllk' lll.lMltl

\

.'. Il«i

•.till

|l, INNI
.'tH.IMKI

\| .1.1 -K,. ; .|.)„,i,.|,M •.' ||„ I,. . ,„.| I,,,,,..,. 1 ,„ (,. . ll.i' k

I". II.. .t, I, I, I "iili irr.uh.l i-..». 1 ..t .|n l.ii. r

\i. 1 I iirii. .1 rii , ,irl\ .|,|ipn.. , Mm l,.ii, . „| ,.,|„,„ ,|

' ■ l"|..l' ' : liUllHI. •_• MM li. . Ihli k

"I'l Iil>l. I.ii, ..,,1 ; I Ml. I, I., r iTiih. -. ... II .|, ,,„H|...-.|

!■ ""'" ""I '"" ""!' I.i> ■'■li' I I".!; -■" I f ..t.,.. , . ,,,,|..| V. ,11, 1,11. I

I. I «ill, lh,ii III.,.. ; I, ill, ,,. , ,11, I, il,„ k
"l V I" 'iit'i'i •'.111,1 ; .. i.l U.I ,.... I..' V, ,tl, .1,,,, I,,,,., ,,,„| II, . I,, I

L' ,1,1 I,. .11,,, 1 , >.ill.| , I

[..-■III I.II. Ii ,1,,.- -. ..I li... .,,.| , ,|.,-,,,.. ,,,,,,,,1. ,,,1,1. .,.,1
I;. ,.| • II I iiiki,.. Ill ; ...,l 1 .,., in.i 41 |, , „ ,.||, ,| 1,,,,

III L'l iiii-.il. .[,ni,.,. i. ,1 ri'ii t,. 1„ M|.\ f,,v,.iir„l,h ,.,.,,.i,|,.r,.,;. ..^"■'•iallv v\l„.iv
1' mImm.K |,„tM- .1 p.iit , r -i;,ii,|. „|,i,-ii ,1 ,- ,|,..,,v.| 1,1 n |,r,.i|,ii.|. liv „,,f,r,il rr!.'<-iiira-
"""■ '' iilluiii- ,1 .■,.|ii|.,iniliv..l,\ laiur -i/i. un.l |ir.,.iii.v.. u-..fi,| LiniLiT. It ,..,i,

'"'•'I'' "-'"■ «" ""-' -i"'-- It I'^l- H l:U.-.r.ll.|i IMli ,.| LTi.ulh »lli,.|, 1,... ||„. ,-|i,.,.,.,|

iiiKiiiil.iL'i i.f l„.i„M a,-.iliT.,|..| uhrni-Mi- ;,ii iiii-n,!-,. ill il,,. ,|„„.,. „r..MMi| ||„. tr,...

>■'"'■•' '' """■'• I''Iv.iiiim1.|i. ii|.|,..rl,nulN Im ,I,m l,,|.i,ii nl. S|i,- 1, ,,il| Ki.,.,i,iii,,t,.

niuk-r i,ii,n> n.imn.l i.oM.liii.n- ,.| -i r,|.|., .|. ,,11, 1 il„ ,-, |.,||i„L- uill ilov. li.p un.lir il„.
7""'f "' 'I '''"'• "•'■'■■ Tl"- '-lii'l iliii.iTit- 1.1 il.i- -iii-rii- ;,r(. iu -l.iu jinniil..

ll<-M.l..[iln|.|||. ,.M.|| III lull li-l,t. Illiil il- ll;il.iiit\ I., uill.l-f.ill.

I.I. I". I I'lii I, rivi;.

l..i'Mlly. tin,, j. ii,|iii„i,nly |.;illi.,| jai-K ,,lti,, l,iii tl,r ini.. i.i.-|. pin.. ( /Vm/.s llnnl-
.vKi'.ui ili„.,s ii(,t oiiiri' 111,, nrii.ii iii,.!, r , ,,iim,I, r;,i inn. I.,,il-.pi.l.. pin., i,- th.. Mm-t

iiliiiliiliint tr.... .f till- i-fuioii. Il, Mialiin -tMii.i-, il ,|ivli|i.- iiii. .iiva uilli =prn. i,I

iitii.T sp.'.'ii.s, but ill til.' uiili.,pr,„.l .,.ini„;-L'n.»tl, -tnml- it ^:l,t^ pri.il,i,Miii,if..s

mill so hii|,l- a ver.v iriipnrtniil pL in rrhitimi to ilir fiitiiri'. Il iii-n Ilh tlin .li.-

tin.-tiim fif pro,lu..ii,u- tlir r|, an-t ami liii;!,.-! i:ni,|,. ,,t' luinl.i r. altlmu-l. it i- -mall
Ml SI/... Tin- is .ill,. I,, til,, fi.nii of ll„- iivi. «|ii,.h ha- a l,,i,(.' i\ liii,|ri,-al l,i.|o u,.ll
.-loati.^.l of hniii.-lips. ami a -mall -li..rt i.|-..«,i in,i,„.,.,| l,v t!„. inli,|,.i-.,ii,v i,f tlir -,'.,..•!...
iin.i Its Iiniiit I.f crnwiiiff in ii..,i>,., ,i„ir,.|„,. n |.„ ai;,..! -laml-. ■|!i,. Lark i- m^i-v tlim
(••2 to 0.4 in. ..iimpnnitivi.iy .Mii.ntl,. uii], -i„al| -.-ali.- ,,|- -|,al|,,« ri.k'i-. :in,l .'-n ■^ i-li
in colour. 'I III. mail, roU i||..i.|.„.| ilia..,i,allv int., tl,,. i,r,.ui.ii ami for support i,,..

''"'■I -,''" ""' '"'■'" ■■' '■"•'■''■ "' "■'■■>■'■ <^'-"' t • '" liM- r.'i-t. an,!. ali|,.„|M|, ,|„,v .,,.,.

uill ai,i-l„.rr.| l.y -nalliT P.,.t-. ll,i. t r. „ u,.||-,|,.ai,i,.,| -,,,|. ,. |,,,1,. ,.,. vvi„.|

tirin than spruce. Its .ien,-,. Iial,it of izrowtli forl.iiU tli.- cxpoHiiL' ..f -ind.- >pi.,.;,ii,iii.
ur siinill srroiips to tli.. wIikIs. Tlic av.'niiri. .M;ixitnuiii .-iz,- i- al.o.it ■'« inrl,..- i„
dininetcr nt l>ren.<t liridit nmi II0 f.-ct in lioidit. In a-.' It -il.l,.i„ r,.a.-lii- ..v,^r l'.M-
vear*. ami nftnr 12."i .vpar= sliows nniy .-low >.'ro«il,.

.\lNii.-pli,.rii' .•uniiition- atT<»-l it mnro r, .„lily tli.m -prii.T. ami til."- rr,.,|,i,.nt
frosts at til., liitriior .'iovation.- aro nmioni.t, .lly a liii-i. fa. -tor in rlinkin.' ii- .-p.uti,
there. Tn Montana nn oxten=ivo killing' of foliai.'.- nn,] ev.n of ...itirr fr,.es \> a.q
obsen-e.i as a rpsnit of sovprr an.i muLI. n aitoratioiiv ,.f ' Cliinook- ' ami ..,,1,1 n.,vi'J
vhicii != niustrafiyr r.f tl.,- -,.h,-;i i^ ,.„. - „( (1„. 1,...,. .;„,,. ,„)„., ,,„„.„,, ,.,^^ ,|^^; \^^^_^-
|iart escan.^,1 appaivni injiirv. In.i,,-al i,,n- ..( a Mmikir .|ai,,a::o t., tlii-
Canaiia aiso liav.. l,(.i>ri noted.

-I" l'l.'- Ill

"Jm^^MM.H^^m:..

it\^*-.l?

.•u

'•"i;i>ri;v iii;an, ,1 HI i.r.i-.riN >„

:^:r::r;;::!;:t,,z:':r;:;:::r:;;:;l:i;y--:;t:'::i':^

l-l^^HM poplar, ;,.,„.„ .n,| „„,„r |,|,vh, ( ■,„„pa,v,l ,„ ,,. |„:,' ;. .'■>■'" ~ 1^'>-;'''.

-"',-'-■'• --"1 - n. i„.i„. „,i, i.,,:;;.:: ::„r"s, :•,;;■ •'"'.■^h'"^" ■"":^'"^ •'*•

'linel,,,, „.ith K.'eiU roa.lirH.s. i„ vir;:i„ „a,„ls -.Ul,,,,,' '. /■""'" " ■'""" ''"•'""

-'M-i'i.'n.M,. p„u,.r „r n.r„v,.,.v . I- „ \ Tl - -.■■•'ll,,,^., „r t,v,.- have
spru,.,.. an.l he Hp -, i '' ;""■■■ -'"''■'■'■-"■'- •!'-«•' — - ■■ h as

-o-i;^).t..n, h;i:.-:;;;:,rr;!L:,;''.'' --^ -'- • - - k ^ •

""l.v i-i a„ up,,,.,- p,,rti„„ ,,r |,„ I,, I,. ,, '■'>;■"•" ^'1 - l>nn ,,r ,.>tn,m.

""■",•'"•1 '1h' .^P.-I,. uav „„t ,l,.l,.n,m„.,|. I<"l„. „. ,1„. f„„^„„ ^„.„ ,„„.,,_,,_

""' '""-' -li-tn^tiv,' iiillih-n,',. ill niaiiv i,h„.,. ; ,|, i
■ ir,.„U,nl.nn,n. Tlii^ i^ , -,,,,,11 I ,..,„ " "\1"'" ' , '- 'I'" ;l"art ,„,-,i,.,,„. (.,,,„,

M,l-ll,t.„. ,lin..-tly ,|,|„.i,,.- ||„, ,,v,. ,,r .,„ ,• i, , '.',""■>""' '"''"; '"',■;,. Tl„-

tl.o l„„.„. „,ay ,i„alK- l,,-!,,. al„„„ , „ ZZ[ tC^ T' I""' ":"' "'" ^^'' "^

£:r't::;:;;:'r,,:;:;;::';::-:-r:;-r'"--

,,„„l', • " "'" """''■ ^^"'f'"- '" I'l-iii^'i,,::- about the

-i,I,.,-;,I,1p p,-,,port,on ,,t tl,o =tan,I mav 1,,. tlinnvn '

, i';oi::::m:.,;"n:i.it::;: ^'"^^ ^■"""'- ^""' '■'-■ '"^^ ^'"■' -''"' — - ^^ >'---

liiproiliK'tinn.
>,,,/V,„/,„ /;,„,. -Tl„^„,a,„„.r of .00,1 pro,I,„.,|o„ i. nn,. of ,1,.. ,uo.t i,„pnr,.,nt

i^ V-^^v^i

I'Lil. I" I.inili. r I'm-

/■',,./, .1, Kiu,i,t,i.

\r ■-' s- ..:.■ • ',•

;]6

l"l!I>Tj;v MIJANCII III 1,1,1

I IN .\(),

<'"iii- "rilMiriiiiL'- viTliiiihil.lc . ,.,■,!- u,. IV 1,1,-,. vw, I f I ,■ . 1

-I"-— 'i.iny 1 -iMy v,J. .,,,1 .....li .; ' : ' " ;;-' ;;-i;"-"- ':' '■■■"■-

"'■'I 'l-v..!.,,,,.,! ..rnwii. 1,„, UU otr in ,|,.|, ■ ■ ' i,. ,1 'i " "-'"""'■

;:.,;-:,:'",;r;;r ;'■ •■:"'- :''^- •• ' ' .''■.-- -■'::"::::i:::::^ ':::r:;rT ri

,0 nof-eal,l,v large n„ml„.|.s of .onos on li ,rco. .]„ „„t i„,li,.„„. an ox L , i ,

n ., , l,„. k;,... „l ,1„. -„.|„ „,.„■ ,1,.. ,.,,11... Tl„. ,.„„,.s will ,|„i- n.inain „ii ,1,. troe
l..r an iiHl<.hiii; ■ ,.,ti,hI. (vrtiuiil.v. ni ..xliviiic ,m.,>. a-; h^w.' iw tif(,v .vir-^

Nearly all the cones contain a con.<i,leral,le n.iml.or of seeds.' but' tlio averaire
i^ .. M.e si.xtli fo „i„. ,|i,„rt..r the ,„tal iiun her „f -..ih-. Th,. sfrile .rale,

are ino>tl.v at the ha.<e. v,th a smaller nu.nher at the apex also without see.l. The
-■ones have thu-k woo.ly scales with enhu-e,| api,.... which fit a.vuratelv tofrether
when he cone is cln«e,l ninl form a water-tipht snrfa.v. The h,-avv senie< are in
peneral slow t„ separate. Those at the apex separate fir-t. while those at the hase
.P.'^.'-n;-..l.v .Hvor ...paratr. hut th,.,v aUo -oMoi„ l„,,r -..,.,1-. Tho -h..,|,ii„^ „r .,.,1
IS variahle MM,-e ,t ,s rlepen.lenl upon the openinfr of the co„e-. whieh i. influence.)
..V several faetors The average a.nouut of seel shed naturally i- o„lv ituperfectlv
know,, It IS generally aj^re..,!, hr.wever. that enough cones open ,.verv v.'.ar to furtii.h
asati-ta.^tory supply of seed, ulthouyh tho annual distrihution is not as frreat ■■=
with ^pru,-e. I he openiiif: of the ,.o„es is not confined to the ,>.rio,l imn.ediatelv after
npeuinjr. hut u.ay o.vur at a later period or he repented at various times. The .»eeds
an. heavier than spruce seeds and are ..arried only ahout 150 feet hv the wind, and
effeettve seed,,,,, oxtends o„l,v ahout 100 feet. The fall of cones to the pround sup-
dements the d,re,. shedd,,,.. of seeds, and the transportation hy snnirrels &c.. of the
ialle,, oo„e.s and of co,„.s that they have cut off is a minor apent of distrihution

.\ factor oppo-,te ,n character and ahnost equal in importance to distribution is
the ^tom.*.' of seeds. Many coue.s do not open at all. and n.ost do not open s, f^
c.entl.v to al ow the escape of all the seels, so that o„ every tree there is a consi ler-
ahle .store of s.-eds. Most o these are eventually wast.l by the cones rotting on
ho g,.ound w,th seels st,ll in them, either after fn.li^ fro,n the tree durin^ Z
latter rears, or bcnfr brought to the ground by -.id-fall of the tree >he

remarka e pe,-s,stene,y of gern.inativc power in i. i„„.,taut since the

seeds soldo,,, loso thcr genuinativc capacity duri,,. .,eri„d that thev are held

m the -ones on the tree.s. Seeds fron. eones. in on, -e 4.. ,vears old. and. in another

.r. .vears. have been known to germinate ■■"o,u.r.

Drr.h.pn,r„f of the S.,;n;„„.-^'lho eotyle.lons are variahle in nuuiber and are

follouvd hy a o luster of whorled leaves. Later in the first ,vear h.aves nppcar whf h

have the no,.nial arran..-e,ue„t in bundles of two. The seedling is about H i„ li^h

a tl,e cud of the tirs, , At five years it has reached a luMght oiVnal^t

over n feet h,gh at ton ,vears. No op,.,rtu„ity was atTorded. on aeoount of the wet
.season, to d,.term,nc how „,„eh moisture was r.ecessarv for germination a n ,^1
It wns evhle,,, that the p,.senee of eouMderable moistulev' v ^^i; The

uuitoru, .l,str,hut,o„ of -eMllings on tra,-t.- .M.-d, d up i„ ,„. vt,r X', ,'

areas_ of mineral soil had been exposed, argues that .sufflcieut „,oist,i,.e ',o allow'the
lierminaliori of most seeds is seldon, lacking.

The vast ma,iorit,y of pine seeds actually germinat,- o„ bare soil, althon.d, thev
w,ll also -tar, o„ a hr,,:, ,.o,npact grouud-eover of h„,uu-. „,oss. o/t , Itt r i ,
ex.-eed,iig ouo ,„,•!, in lh,ckness. ■ ' '

Tn virgin stauds. cood reproduefinn of pine is sold.-.m f.-.,;.nd. The rcas^,,, i, ihal
even when, openings have been foriued that adn.it enough b>ht for th i^,, ,a l'
and devclop„,ent of seedhn... yet there has been lacking any influence v!^,[ch w,!„id

^.."M..k

i f)i;i:sis 111' i;(,(Kv \i,,i\i\i\^ ii>i;i:-i i;i.-i;i;\ i

iJi-turli till- (•(

romiM.-t m-„un,lT,,v,.r -,,ili,.,..|,ils. V.,:uMt, , ,■ ^n.wil, i-. il„-i-. i,„v -,,,i-.

... mvH .UuuU. an,l tl,i,.k,.-t „„ ,1„. ,„,,„,, ..|„,„., „|„.,„ ,,„, ^,,,„„„| ^ ;, ,l,i„„,.,t'

.•.M,l where, 0.1 aronunt „f the low avrrai;,. lu.i.h, „„| „n,,ll .■,■.,»„> of th, l,v,v th.
l.«IU llitoMMty l,o.,eiUl, tl„. tr.vs is ^^r,..t,.M. Kv,,. ul„.,v pine l„r>n.- :"l ,„,■ ,.,.„t ..,'
the s n.1,1 the iMnjurify ,,|- ,h,. vohnite,.,- ^ruurh i- .u,,,, i „,• .,,n,. |,,|,,,„

I'lie Viiriniis fori

• nils ..( (liiiiKi-e thnl iiiii.v all. rf the st^iml

1'
ii«iiall\ |ir.iiii.ti- n [iro-

,'■"""•;:" ,7';i" •"■'■ '- l-'ln..,iv,. ..,■ .,.,.,. r.-u:t- i„ ai.H,,:: the .tar,,,,^ of

■n,e -,.e,|h,>.s A h.ht .roM,„l lir,. uill u-ua!lv a.r,.r,l a„ o,,,„..,„„i, v for .ee.llinLM
|. star, ,„„ler the „l,| tn.-. a„.l the h.-avi,.- the tiro, „„. ,, , ,| „.,. re,„h approach

the f,.,„a„o„ o. a ,|,.n-e .,.,.,„„l-.r„wth Man.l. Th,. ,„.xt ,„..M ,.,f,.,.,i. „ L, i.

Me.u--I,,|,.. h,„,h,.ar,.ap.-...i,.v,.rhv,h..,„w,„„., .,,,.,1 ,„ „,„|iiv h^ -pru,-,.

:iii'l alpirio hr C haUam ) reprmhict inn. • ' '

^ lMaih.,1 ohsorvatio^. „f |,i,„. r,.pr..,lu,tl,., i,., ,^,1..,,- i;,i,,„- uen ,„a,h.

... he .atne way a. w,th spn,,-... With pi,,,., „..f„l ti,,,^,... .,.,,. „l„a 1 ,.„|v o,>

M ne.l-„v..r area- ! h,. ,„,„ ti„„ !„t«,.,.„ ,h,. ,l,.,ail,.,l ,.„,„ii,i„„. ,l,...,.il„.,, ,„,,,

"•"' !'"• -""-'/'^ ■•lu,r.„-t,.r ,.l ,h,. tir,- a„.| th,- l.„r,„..| -,a,„l- U-.n,- 1„.,.„ ,i,-,.,„-,.,i ,„ .,
previ,,,!-. section. " ''

TABLE 11.
piM". itLr'iioni-f iiov.

S,.|.,|Iitii.', \t'r M-n

strip- npr,--' iitiiii

,l;l),',- ,'..|i.|,t,..l,>.

."iiK)

-',L'<«|

(.Him

."i,,S."ifl

T,», h..;,vvtlr.:il, -,,,,,11 -,.,.,„,.l >,,■,,„, h, „„,,.,. ,.,,,u„-„„|„;,.-f,,f-.,.,il„„„,,i.
-(■•■(I i„.,l J^rM,(i. ...

LiL-ht fin- „i ,,!,., ,,f l„,m.-,l;uv,, : -,,,1 „..t -.,tti.i.„tK ..^p,,.-,•,| |,„- ,„„. r.

•i,icti.,n an.l al-,, p„r,i,t -lan.l hoir-lv -pr,„-.. : IJ.cKki -i„„i.,. -,.'.,11, „,.,,.,,,
-.'.','','l n".,:r'"""" "' ' '""' f^'^'""^''''" "■ ""■'"■ ^"..| ..f |„-,.x„„„v „1 -pr,,.,

I>..„l.l,. I.„r„ in p,„.. :,„,| -pr.„, ivp. ; H,,.-7,.,.| 11 v..,,,-.^,,: p„.-,.„, ,-..,„,,
.I.,.t.,.„ t,-,.,„ -...,1- ,„ ,.,„„.- I,.f, lyinu' ,.1,,-,..| ,„, »;,.,„„„, ,,„,., ,i,„ ,;,,„ '

' """""■"","' ■•' -"'I' I'l'^l"*.' ■'I Mint'- I.irtli,.r awav fniln .-.l-, ..| l„„.,„.,|

ap, : ti,,- l,,.aM. ,. .A,»,-i„K ,„..o. -.,,1 ; ,„,lv 7,N, .|,,„;.,. -,.,.,|li„,..s ., ,„

,,f i;r«it,.r ,li-tai„t. In.ni s I to-.-.

\ti,r til-,, in pin., si., p. t\|H. : .-.ii p-r ,-, i,t i;r.i,iii.i i.',.i- ...v.rci

< .,„t„,,.ati,,n ,,l -trip ...ith .s:fj -,.,.,llii,..-. .\|,,,,. |,„„. ,„ ,„ ,,„„!

.Alt, r III-,. ,1, pil„. -I,,p,. H,». ; •_>,-, p„, t.,,,„ ^r,,,„,„| ^.|.„.-,.,,v,.,,.,|

.•sfc Hint;- |«.,. ai-n

l'l,,ts

o pr,..-, iitai^' iiia\iiii,iTi, ,...n,|,ti.,n-

74l>
.~i,<IOil
li,40ii

l.'i,(KK»
l.VfWKI
Llt.iaxi
(Jd.Otm

I.", I,.a\y tit, in SI, ,,,11 -,.,.,,n,i trr..»tl, ; ii„,-t ,,l -,,,| l„iri„.i

l.i|jl,t >tr,,nn,l tin- ; ,10 p,-, .-..nt lianm- initMai,,.,! : l,,,u'- t,„,l., ,

niinn„,.-,-,,nar,.a l„nn,.,l 7 y.-ai- a-. , l.aiini: pan ..I I,.,,,,,,- ,i„i,;„,„.,

l„K>s,. ura-.- iiii,l,.r -ain,. c,,n,liti,,n-.

Heavy ifr..,iii,l ti,,- ■ tn t,, :,>l i«r i. i,t l,,ii„,|.. iinl.,,, n,.,| ; -mall tinil,.r

jT,,wn til,. : .'Jll |»., ,,.nt liiinni- iiiil.iirn, <l : larf;.- tii,,l,..|.

. r,,«li tir.-: M p,.r ,-, nt hun.iis ,,iil,ii|.,i,.,| : ,,,,,,11 tiiiil-i

'- i-mm tiic : K'"nn,l l„irn..,l .,ar.. : -mall tiniU.i

r.o.l-epolG pine is a tree uitii many points i„ it, fav,.„r. Th,. riiornious ,p,ai,-
nt,v ,,t ,t m th,. pr,-,.,,, -t: ..!-. ,-p,.,.i;,lly i,, ,!„. i,,„,,at,,r,. ,„„.-. a,,. I th,. ,-,.a,|i,„.-
«i,h whii'li it reproduces on nrc^s l.nni,,! ov.r ne..e-i,a,e. a .-arcf.,!! .-.-.ca-'.ii^r .■,*-..-.,-,
of its qualities. It proilmvs a v.-i-y iro,j,l ,p,ali,v ,,f |,n,il„.r. ai„l on a.-i-.aint of its
very rapid frnnvth in early life, it i- th,. tiv,' ,,. !„■ .■,,i,n,,.,l ,.„ r,, pr,„]nce the snialler
clns-ses of i.iatcrials, sin'li a- posts „n,| n,in,. p,.„ps, I,s i,„ii, i.hial ,-hara,.,cris,ies
demand for it ditferont -ih i,.,iltiiral ircaliiaiit tliaii f..r -pr,i,'e. hiit it is a tree wliioh
will show M,,,,,) results nn.h.r pr,,per niaiiai;en,i.iif.

;J^

I i>l(i-.>ri;v i;i;\\c ii ril i.i.min no. :;;

IHil (J.\s Kill.

I H'cs (.1 till- >|irri,- „fc l'..\ni,i in ihis Ti"/u<\\ ii, (WM I'f.iKlitiini,- tirst, lu- Imi'i-'i'I.v
• Ipv.lupr.l, ii.Miiilly ralli.T ,.p,.i, .;n.ui, ivniMinit. ..f m ! rnicr Dcufrhis tir t.vi«' ..n tlu-
low,-t torrsti.,! -i, .,,,»•: ^,.r,,i,.l. ii- iiiinnr r,,i,-iit,„.nt- ,.l mixed stiili.ls .loiiilii,il,.,| l,v
sj.nice uh.Tc tlu- lir liuv,. usii„lly ii siiiull av,.r;.^'.- diniiirter. iiiu] tlie L.nL' >l<.M.I..r
boles aii.l sr.u.ll .-mu „,- ,,l .Ir.ns.ly ^rnuu tivs. It is tlu- thir.l ino-t imi-ortMiit tiv
roniiMCivKilly, l,ut th,. tnt„l v„ini,ie cut lall- fur L.dow citluT ^I.r^Mv „r pii.r. Doudns
hr hii-i ;, r,.t),.T .•lean Ih.I,- wilii ooiHi.lenil,!,. tapiT. ...spc-iallv in tlu. tr,e« of lafi;c
'liainii.r lli,. ,tou i, 1,.,. n >pnadin- liiiKil with Imw h..riz.>nt,al branch..^ and is
only n,od..rat..l.v d.-rp. Thr hark i^ cxinincly thi.-k. whi.'h has a ninst important
intl,,,,,,.,. ,n i.rot.M.ti,,^. tho troo fn„M titv. It averages at tho ,l„m,. 1 in. tlnrk for
1- in. treus an.i L'i ,n. for L'f in. tr.M... It,- root system poos deeiKT than a.iv other
slK.e,es. |,„t ,- adaptive. The tap r..„t i- usaally well developed and in ..p.'n K'vun

trees on <leep soil, there are two or thr ther strong, deep roots.

It aNo d,.vel..p,, lateral i t-. and in -lialh.wvr -,.il- th,-,. f,,rm tl„. main part

ot the root syst..m. The tree i.-. h,,w,.v,r. always win,l-tirm. Its maximmn si/.,' is
alM.iit 1^ ,11, h.- 11, ,|,ani,.t,.r at hiva-td.eifiht ami 1:J(I feet in height. In the mafre
Uoiiplas f,r typ,.. the .liameters raiiL-e ar,„m,| -Jl ineli,^ an,i in the mixe,| tvpe arou.i.l
U mehes. Its imixiimim ape is ah.mt r.oii year.- ami the peri,,,! ,,f thriftv pr,,wth in
den.«e stan,ls is up to JiKi years.

Doiidas tir i.s not favoured hy a m.,i-t atm,.spl,ere. a> i- sprii.'e. ami its pre-
t-Tea,-,. f„r hmer altitu,h..s w,„iM indieat,. a sensitivc'm- to ]„w temperatiins,
altl.oiiyli it IS ,.,va-i,,i,ally f,„in,l ,.xteii,lin,: up f. timher line.

-^ 'l'-;;P. ".■I|-,iraine,l. l,,aniy -nil i- ,„, ..piimiim ,.n,.. Th.^ ti is nl.-,, f..iin,l ,,n

(lri,T .■■liall,)w,.r -nil- hut m>t niueli ,,n vitv umi-t -it,-.

It fall- int,. the ,-la- ,.f tnl,.,Mi,t tiv,-. hut it.- ,|,.nian,| f,.r lidit i- ^n.at,.r than
lli.'l -t eitla.r -pru,-,. „r alpine tir ' • l,al>.im " i. a- is i,„li,-at,.,i hv it- -h,,rter ,Tnwn.
It- (..leraion- IS. Ii..w,-M.r. -utliei.Mitly pivat tn allnw it tn hnl,| it- pla,-,. i,, a s,|,.,-lion
fore-t and tn .-how a p,«„l ineri-a-,. in :,,-nwlh wl„.n lidit is a,lmitte,l t,. th,. stand.

Ih.. .■hi,.f ,lama^,. tn |)n,,i;la- lir i- .Mii-i-d hy fiimius attai^k whieh pro,hipps
rotten h..art-wnn,|. Hi,, tiv,. i- v,.ry n-i-iant t,, h,,tli win,| and tiiv d.imaire on ae,.,„int

ol It- ,|,,.p rnn,-.-y-i,.i„ ,,,„l rsu- -diiiaiilv ihirk hark. Th, -,■ ta,'!..,-- arv iv-pmi-

sihle for the pre.sent ,.xist,.n.v ,.f a iai-,- prop,„-ti„„ ,.■ ,1,,. „■,.,- n,,w t,. h,. fmiml.
pspe.-ially wli,.re they hold i-nh,t,..l position- or form parkdike stamls ,„, aiva- run
over .s,.v,.ral tini,.s l,y tin- whieh ..ause,) th,. .Ip^th of all the ottaT spoeies, ,ni,l oft,.n

of the smalhr ti,--. l),,„das tir .-Ian, I- ai,- ll nlv on,> in thi- tv-ion in whi,'h tire.

n- a ml,.. ,l,-ir,,vs ,,nly a p..rt|n|, ,,f tl„. ,,,tal numh.r nf tn^.'s.

Ill pr,Mlii, -11,111.

Douplas tir |-,-pr,.,lii,-ti,in tnll,,w- similar rules. pra,-ti,-ally. t,. thos,, f,ir sprm-e
and won!, I respoml favoiirahly to any in,;i>ur,. that wonhl seeiire rer-rodm^ti,,!! of the
latter .species. ( 'om-s ar.' home inti>rinitt,.ntly ami the s.mm) is she,l -,M,n aft,r ripi'n-
iiiL! and carried comparativ,-ly easily hy tli,- wiiol t,, ,|i-(am-,.- s,,mewhat l.->s than

spni,-,.. r.erminati.in ami ,l,.x,.lopm,Mit ,.f th,- s llino- an- fav,Mir,-d hv the <nwo

'■aet,,rs as m sprue- hot will take pla,-,- r,n I, -< fav,.>irahle snrfa,'e.- wher,. th,- -r,iiin,I
IS drier, the Inimus thi,-ker or th,- ,2rr,,iiml-,-,iv,.r ,l,.nser. n,,ii:;las tir i- the most
acirres<ivp species to .-,.,-,1 in on a srra-s-cover,.,l ar,-a. Th,- is,,lat,-,l in.lividiials on
th,- h,,r,lers ,.f th," prairii' are usually s,irr,,un,l,-,l hy see,llin.rs oripinatin- from their
seed. Spruce im<ler the same con,Htion.s succecls in estnl,lls}iin._r yrn'.vn cTowth only
to a comparatively short ,listance.

Practically no opportunity was afforiled to stii,ly the direct efFc-t of loppinp
oppratioTis on fir repr,i,lm tion since th,. few tn-es -ivh'ich fonncl part of the stands
lieinp lopped were penerally ,,f a merchantahle si/A and were consequentlv removed.

Ii)lll>|s 111-- |;ll(■K^■ \irii \|\|\- |.i|;l-i i;|~l-,i!\i .■',;»

l-'lIT i-. nil till- llVCIMj;!.. r,.l|..Ur.| l.\ ll|n|T ri ■! Ti .. I i li't i. .11 lll;lll ill the IM f -|inicc',

on lli-r'Mlllil ,.( til,. hii-L'-lT llllllllirf . , f |).iil;;l:i- tir IIkiI -lir\i\r ,1 lire. Tl I'll linl

<'nn(liti..ii.~ ili.lii I l.y tli.' tin- nn- ,-.|n:ill\ l;i\MmMl.l. t.. tli.-c fMiiii,l ufl.r ;i lire in

a sitnii'c -hmil. mile-- n|iMti..n ,.f tin- yr i.l l,\ l'im- 1i;i- l.i.-n iii..ir ..r Ir--

ndviiiiiTcl, In the InltiT i-;i-c tlw ltm— r. .4- iii:i\ -iir\iM- tlif liii- nn.l llir ur.n. ili ..f
till' i;r:i-.- l.c rc-iiMii-.l l..-t'i.rr ilir vmllin-- liavr a i-lian.',- t^. -ta: t.

Whciv rnriiiiiii; a iM.rli.ii, ,,f piv-.iil Maial-. [(..unla- tir -I1..11I.I l.r -iviai at Irast
(■i|iial .■..ii^i.lrra'ii.ii uith ..tint- -p.ri,.,. On arroimi ..f tli>. n'lali\.lv -mall aiii-iint
of It. iiMwi-MT, it il.ic- n..| r,,ii.titiit.- a V. rv iinii-rtatil |ir. .Linn t'roi.i the -lan.lp-.ini
of natural rc-i;i.|ii-iai i,.ii. Wlimi'M.r iilaiitiiii.' i- r..nt,iii|ilatr,l it i,- a iia-t iiii|... riant
s|.<-i-i,.-i to 1„. ,-..ii-i,l,.r,,l. Tlio -I'o.lliiiL;- ,-aii -u.'. I --fiillv .■..ni|il,. itli L'ra-<. .111. 1.
"•Ii'-ii 'l'",^ '■'■M.-li a lar:j.. -\y.: aiv -alir tlian an> ..Mar -i.,.i,- from wiial -fall aial
fire.

Al.l'IM. Kill oli • li\l,~\\!.'

Tlii- i- ilio thinl specie- in nnlor nf nninl.rr ami fonrtli in or.l.r , f nar.'hantal.lc

■oininr. Il i- ~li..rt-li\,..| an. I .li-l^-t i\ .- and It- linlna- i- lsn..ll,\ an. I -..It. I uar,.-

I'^i'll.^. all.! laaa-o llir trrr ,1..,-. n..i rank liiijli in p., |. alar r-t inial i. .11. Il- .'liiof .-111111 1..
I'on-iijoration i« in nlalion to tlir -ihionltnral otTioi ,.f it- pn -,ni-r in a -taial, aial
that i.- uvnorally iinfiivoiiraMo, It ro-.inl.' - -prin-o in Innin- a ilo,.p. .■> lin.lrical
cTo«n. «itli a i'..niral top. l.nt it lia- in..ro la.ri/..ntal l.ranoli,-. Tin- l,..],. i- >,,nio-
ulial olranor. aial nioro ryliii.Iri.-al. uitlioiil an,\ llariiii: al tlio Lnli. Tlio I. ark i-

vi-rv thin, ami rc-onihlr- oa-i.-rn hal-ain lir in it- -1 ihm — . li-h; r. l..nr. an 1

hli^tor-. 'I he -riT i.- rathor (irmly r. ..t.'.l. .\ r,.n-iil. rahh- p. .rlion .•: « in.l-'hrow n tr. .-;

arc hrok.ii ,.tT a -liort .li-t o fr..ni ili.. :;r..iiml hi, -an-.. ..f roti.ai lio.iri. hIhI.- ila-

'■"ol- arc m-t (li-tiiriinl, 'I'lio niaxininm -i.T of alpin. lir trn- i- al...at 1» im-h.-s
ilianiotor ami '.»* feet in lioi-hi. hut th.. Iari:o ina,i..rii.\ aro h. low niorohanl.ihl.. -i/o.
'1 ho oa-i' with wliich alpino tir fall- ,a ]in\- t.. var!..ii- lorni.- ..f .laniaL:i provoiil- it
n-"all> troiii roaohin^' a L;roat -i/o ..r aiio. an.l fr..ni .L.tiiinatin:;' th t\|.o of f,,ro-l
'•' oi't in ro-triotoil an ;-. T.il<o -prm-o. it i- fiv.niri-.l l.v m.ii-turo i...|n in tho ,air
iino tho -oil. hut mvorth.-l.— yr.uv- on th.. .Iry. ihin .-oil- ,.f .ipp,r -l,.p,-. am! i-
thi- nir-t oommi.n .on.mlaiv spo.-io- in pino -taial-. Il i- ■ '-x t..lirant tro,. hnt

pliL'htly h-< so than .-prm-,. It. -o,,"in-- h. ar h.HL' -uppn ital tho \..lMntoor

crowth i:i oft(.|| stnnto.l ami with a hori/ontal a\i ■.

Ill pr...lnrti,,i

Tho chiof |H.iiit of intoro-t in rojath'ti t.. alpino tir ropr...liioti..n i- it- -nporior

ahility to roppoilnro in vir^iin >tai'..!-. ho. -an-., that ha- ro-nlio.l in tho ixi.-iom I

a lariior stuck of v..luntcci' L;r..wth of tin- alpino tir. or ' hal-am.' '.an of any ..llur
.spc. io<. Scoil iiroilm-tioii ami rc|ir...lncti..n from -id take plai'o in -nh-lant iall,\ the
sanio manner as with sprnce. aial in t-'om'r.il uith al oiit the -anio quant it.itixo re.-nlts.
.Mpiiio lir has an aiklilhual aiil to im-rea-e in it- niinil.or- in the ahility •■( hramhcs
that conic ill contact with the yroniMl to take rod. A \crlical -ho..t -tail- i;r..«inL'
al that p..int on tin. hrancli. ami eventually tlii- hicme- an in.|. iiaahi ; ;r.-.. .Xi.an.v
of the suppre— ,.,] alpine fir in viri;in stands ari- hii-h-Iikc in character, ami liavi'
hram-lies i|ow,, .o-e to the L'ronml. i;cpro,liict'..n l.y iiii'iins ,,f ■ laycrini; " i- there-
fore I'oininon.

After Innihcrinf.'. ntrprcssion liy iil|iine tir i- due t.i the fintlier developinent of
oxietinir volunlopr LTewth.. ra.th.er thav. tc the -tai-t:!'." cf ncv sceillin": Tic ^•.•,r----r-
of tlip irroiind, after the .ttam] is opetie.l ti|) hv |..L'i-'int.'. prohahly hecome.- ti-o dry
for alpine fir reproduction.

On a<'eoiint of their small size and thin hark, mo-t <if the alpine tir are kilh-t
hy any fires that ina.v occur, so that reproduction nf this epc,-i,.s after lire is usiiull.v

!xMr!feii^5^ilLrI-

10

I "|''| - 1 i."i i:i; \ M II III 11 I 1 1 \ \i>. :;;;

i'(iiii|i;iiiillMl\ iiiiliiii^iri.irit H..ui\,

■ll..n M l,,i

.|.ni.-,. n.|,i
;i'!\ ;iiil;iL.M'.

1 '''iii.l LMn\Ui' l.iii.l-. lit' .-prii.',. rcL:i|l:iflv

■"'"■"' •' """■"■ I"-"l""li"n ■.)■ .ilpiii,. til- tr,f.-. >i |1„. ,n,„|i(i„„. ulllrll ,v-iiit ill

s|.ni.-r n.|,i-...lin-|i..„ „|„, t'n-nr Gilpin,, lir. iilii,,,,,,;!, ,|„. N.n.r -[..■-■i,.- 1- ,il m ,li.-

u III n >i'iii I'l:.

I hi- .-|.,,M,, IV;|i-|lr. til,. -^iMitliWr-hTII limit , . l' it- rullL'C ,,|l l||,. .M^t ilnpc ,,|' ill,'

''"'■'-"'■ '' '■- '■■""■^ "'i^"l "ill' Ki^^' ii,.,,i,„ .|M ,.,^ ,t ,1,.. !,,„,,, ,.;,.\;,i;,,ii- ;.imI

''",; '"" "-'"'"^ ^'^"'■"•' ""• I'i^l'"- ^l"!"-- I' ' ■-. c-I"-i;ill.v, in til,. lMfL.,T vn,r-

'■■'"'■■'' "":! '" ''"■ -'■""!' "f -Pn:.- iHMi- til, |.i,,,ri,-.. It f,.nii~ l.iit ii -mall ,„.r-
'■'"'•'-'' "' ''"• I'"-'' ''"li'- "'■ >|'in.-c tlnil,T ;ni,| t'nmi a ,-..iMm,.rpial .,r -ilvi.-nl-

',"'■•'" -'^""i|-"" 'I'- '■■■' I. '..I I.. I- ,ii-t,n..u,-l„.,l Ir I-:,,:;, .'man,, -,,n„-,. a- ll,..

''"'"' ;""' '''"' "' ''"■ "■•". 'I '•ili'.v "f 'li- till m-, ami ill,, l.al.it- „( nr.mtl, an, I

V|>r".|ii. 'thill ,1,1 II. .t ,liir,.r. I,, any |.ia,-ti,-al ,.\t,iit.

I.IMUKK AND Willi i;-f.\RK I'INK.S.

^, .''''"'-'■ '"" ■-'""■■■''^ "'■ !''"'■ •"•'- l'"'ni,l a- .,Tnl,l,.v iiv,.- ,m tl,,. , n^f ^itps.

'.'"'"- ♦" f'"'"' '"'■■' '"' Pr<'.lu.ti,.n ,.|- ,-,,i„.s and the .lilli,.nlti,.> iiiv,.lv<.,l in ,Iis-

tini-ni-luiii.- flu.m. ih,. ..xaW ,.,-,-uiT,n,v „|- th,. two ?p,-,.ies xva.^ imt .Ic'tcrniiiK.,). It

i.^ l>r..i>ftl,li- li,al uiuu-i.arii pin,. al..n, nr- ,.n tho hiulior riilpiv in tiic inoiintiiins

•'.'';;''•''■• ' ''"" '""'"'■ '''"'■ '- "■••''"'> 'i""l I" th. liidirr ,.l<.vati,,n- in tl,,. h.ot-

hills. Npither -perios .ench.-s tiiL'n-haiiral.lo siz," oxi-ept oecasionaliv, ,i,-,r i- of «Toat
""'""■'•""•'' *■•""' 'I'" -' li'"iMt ,.f t,,rmiuw M -,,il-,-,,v,.,- -iti- -in..,, ila.y

1 i)i;i> I -^ 111- i;(i<-|%v \|i>r\iMN- i"l;l-i |;|-||;\|

tl

•"■'■ I'"' iii;^n'--nr cM.Mivli in riiilni-al rvi.r,.,lM. t !• n I.. Inini; :il...ul ii Ii |.r.Mli.al

Jipiii'lit.

I.iiiilfr |iihi', iiiiclcr fax'iiraKI ti.lll ii.n-. rra.hc- a -\/r <.( 1» iti.-li.s .Ii/ ',■!■

nil. I 110 led ill !i.i-lii. I,i:i .v.ii til. II i- \.i-,\ -iil..i,-.-l t.. Iia\iiii; f..fkc.| t.' ,|

.•r....liP.l Im,1,.-. \I,„, ,,| ,|„. liinl,,,'. h..^^.■^.^. an. l' all ..f ill' u liil.-l.arli p,,, aiv

^''""'■''- ■""! "11 ''X!"-''! -It., aiv iv.i ,| aliiH.M t.. .'iv.-pin- -liriil.-', Tlu' r....l

s.\-l.-in i- ratli.T -liallnw an.j tli.. tir.- arv ..il.j. .•! i,. vvin.lfalj. altli.,uul, i,iiniil> ..ti
il.v,,iint r.r til,. -|,all..» -.iil an. I .ai..i-,.,| ^it,. ulii..!, ,|i..s jial.il iialK ...•.■u|,\. Tl,,.;,-
. -ill.:!. -Ik for r.-^Utaii.'c t.. .■limali.- ('\tiviii.'- i- v.rv mval. a-i tlnvv ar.' ii. arly al«a\-
siilj,.,.|.,l to |',r.,|„,.iit I'fu-u. aii.l ^,.\.T.' -I. .rill-. ri,..i|. ; ,|, vmi..,. j. .-mall, lui.l |.r..l.-

iiMv I.-- fliati that (if IfHliri'pol.' (liii. . an. I ihi- t"a,.t..r i- t.. ; -i.liraMo ,l..-n.|.

n.-|..,n^ilil,. f..r f}i,ir ri.it .•xtr.ii.liii- tli.if raiiLM. I.i ].mrr -itp.-. Tli<. r.iTi..i:iil ..f ....ii..
|.>-...iii,-i|,„, i^ vp|..v ...iiiall ill tlii- v<.Lii..ii aii.i [- ill., ni.ilii t-.a-un I'^r lli.- -mall i.iiml.r
Y II— "f tli,.-r ..|„...i..-. A< til.. -..,.1- aiv lar:;.. ili..y «ill m-, ,minal.. ..|i a ,ii ..|.■l■|,t,■lv
tlll..K lii,mii= n-- wi'll a- .ii mimTil -..II.

l.\ Ai.i.'.^ ..I! M.ri ,i I, Ma ii.

'I'lii- .-|.,...i..- i.s (...niin..,! \.|.\ .■L.-.lv 1,1 til. ana u,-\l t.. liml.. i- liti... altli..ii-li
.-pora.li.. iii.lividual- mn.v 1... f..iiii.| i,, mi\i..| -laii.l- L.u.t .1....mi. '|'|,.. laf-..-t tr, ,.
oli-iTVi-.l ua< 17 iii.-li.- ill .Iiaiii.'l..|. K.v !mi (,.,-< ;,, h, itrlu. r-iiall,\ li i- ..( -tiinl..!
LTDWtli. n.ai-liim; a .liaiiLt..]. ..f 7 i,, s i,„.li..- ^i,,,] ;, \„-'v^],i ..( \n f,., t. Tli,. ,,i.r.-..ii..,.
(•vi.|i .if a -ilii.'!, tl.,.,. i- Mill.!.. ..,,n-)il. .11.11- l.v it- li-lii-,.,,|,,ii,....| l'.,|ia:j,.. It in,.,.
f..rm- .^taii.l.- of aii.v lari^.. ,.\t,.iit aii.l i- «..|.tli\ ..f .,iilv .-a-iial int..r. -t. 'lli.. hivk
1- v.M.v tlii..|<. n|,pr.ia..|ilii-. ill till- r,.^p .■!. iL.a-la- lir. On a 17 in,-li Iv., il ua- P.
iii'-li-'- tlii,.k. Wli.ii ;i ,|,.\..i,.,,- .,, tiiiii,,,. -i/,. i: i,,,. ;, i,,,^„, ,.|,,,,, 1.,;, ,,,| .,_,.,
'■'■"""■ '' '^ '■•■'''"■I' 'I'lrlv r...,l...l. Il ;- th,. 1,1.-1 ii.i..|..rani ,.f tli.. .■..nil..,..-. v.lii.-Ii
'"■''^'■^ i..pr..,|,'..ii. tl ,,f il,.. -,.all..n .1 iii.livMiia 1- in .I,,-,. ml\, .| -i.in.l- .|i'i:..,i|i.

IiVpr.„l,i,-li..ii ,.r t!i,. i|.,...- II. a|. tin.l,. r-llii.. i- al-,, | r ..ii .■ imt ,.\ tl ■^.■l■ln

"'' ''"■ '•lim.-it'' :'ni! 1./. ra« li,.mii. .-..^.i-in:: lli,. ,-. il, «l,i..li i.- iiiifa\ .,iii-al 1,. t.. tli..
L'('riMiiiati..,i .,f til,, ^mall lan-li -..,.,!-.

I1\I.-:\\I r.,|'l.\!:

,'''''- '- '•"■ '■"■"'-' ''^I'-'l" I "i th,. ivi,i.,ii. I, :;,..,„. ,,„iv ,i,.a,' ,•,■,.,.1,^ an, I ...i

lii.ii..^t llai-. aii.l i- ii-iiall.\ a-.i..iati..| will, .-pm..,., [i ,., a,.|i,.- a .liaiii,t,.|. ,,|' :;.i
'■'■'"■^ ■""' •' l"i-l" ■■<■ '■'" !■'■■■'. I'lil ll„. lai-.. I,-,..- a|.,. ii,,i,.lx al.-.av- |.,,tt,.n at tli,.

Iii'nrl. -,. tliat tli,. tr..,. j.- littl,- tl,..Ht;lit ,.f ir,.,,, tli,. -iaii,|p.,;,ii ..( „ | p, , „l,„.ti,.„.

It has a ,.|,.ali 1 .,1,.. l,r,,a,l <i,n.a.liiit: ,.r,,Mn. ai„l .|i;ill..u. i.,,.,t-v.-t,.„i. It i- iiit,->l,.iaiit!

Kilt If.^- ^5,-, thai; a-p,Mi, an. I ,,ii a, mil .,l' it- vapj.l .iir, ,.|i il,. Ii. . 1^:1,1 .^i.,,v, th i^ aM,-

t,. li,il,l it^ pla,.,' wlari -tai-lin- with -pni,.,.. |t |.,.p,.,„| - ,,|,iv .,,, i,i,,i-t har,. ,,r

li-litl.v.,..,v,.r,-,l ..,-,11, an, I th,. ..uh ,...n,lit i.,n ii, „;,.,• «hi,.|i » i,! .pn.a,! n.pm.l,,,.. I,,„
iini.v tak,. ,,la,','. U aln.r a tir,. ..ii a i,i,,i-i -pni.... -i,,. „||,.,, i, ,„,,, „.,,,] i„ ,„, .,„
.-iroa i,r,.vi,m-lv r,n.„'Pupi,.,| L.v it. Il- fr, ,|ii,.iit ,„.,,|irivn,.,. at th,- cJl', s „f -fnaiiw
1-^ rr.'hihlv ,1.1,. i„ pnit t,, th,. ,■x,.,.-i^,. ui-hin:, ,.f ih,. -,,il ,1,,.,.,, „i,|,,i, ,.^,-.,,„.,
pntclip.- of minoral soil thiit liavp tli,. |.,.,,i,i-ii,. ain,,iint ..f m..i-nir.. f.ir tlif .Ifvpl,
iiioiit if i,n|)lnr ^Pfrllnitrs.

I'-

1 niik,- hnlsaiii p„pl„f. a-p,-ii is fmin,] inaiiiiv r.n ,1r.v slopos, o.spp,Mallv ,,n ilm

f,k'c of the pmii-io ^yhoro r.pvMv,] tir.'s liavn ,l,.s|,.,,.v,.,i th,- ,-oi,if,.rnr.s irrouth \.|„.n

ours ,t= o,-.-iipan.'.v ,,f th,-,^ an-a^ t., it. fai.i.l -r,,^Ml, a- a s,.,-,nin!r. wliioh W- it

roinprt, «itli srn.ss. nml to its sp,,,,,,;,,^, ,.apa,.it.v. «lii,.h pp.vi.lo- for a nf« crowtl,

VhlU- \-2 - ll:,l,i,T,, l',,|,|„

/'/,.,/. .(. h„,.ht./.

flat,. 13- S..cmid-i.Tn«t1i A-

Piiitii I), n. Ihiirliiiii. <:. S. r.

pi'ii

JS^IL

I i>|;|^ 1 » ,,|, l;,,, |> y, \|

111 \ ] \, \ - I riltl - I l,-| ~| |;\

l:

"^'■" "'";" ■' •"•'; •■"'- •!" -1' 'M ..-,.,, .,.• ,v,.r,.,i„.-,,„„. \i„., „f ,1.,. .,-,..■„, ..

'"'";""•/" 7 "■l-T.-'tl, .,,.1 ,,„M,.,tnr,. .n.l in,- ..v.r . ,„.. i„ ,|,.,rn. t.r ,,n.| :.<*

''■' '" '"'-'" ■"■• '•'"■'•innn. 1, i- ..,. ,„t, .:,.,:,.... „,.,■.. -,, ,Im„ .„,. -,.,.,„- .v.,,,
I"'li;n.- l.UH.,. I,,,,!, .,r ;>l|,i,„. lar.-l,, |, r..,,r..,|u,v, 1., -, „„ a fr...-l,lv U,vu,-,\ ...,l. uhi.^l,

; ;'• l"-"'''^;" l^ '■•■ ""■!-,. I, i- ,1... ,„.,., ,,.,,.,-, ^,. ,- ., „ ,1, |„. „, „r,,,.

'" '"" ;""'7 'I'l.rv....,!,!,. |„,„l«;n .,„U u n,.. „.„„.n,.:,^:^ k:ll- ...f ,,„.:,.,„„

It 1- M.MrK nin.n- ,,„n,.l .- ,, iVin;.,. „„ ,1, |^.. „r „„.:„l„u. ,„ ..,. !,,.„«,,,

'■";: ■';"'■■• "l""-" -l- n..,M -,.,.,|.|„.,| .n„| ;,. ,.,,pi.l -....Hi,,. .,■...,. l, r.n,.,,,.,! i.

..v,T ,,„„. ,„ ,tn,.d.. r,.,- ,l„ ,„■,•„, .u,.s ..f nr,.,- ,::i,i,.,., ,„ ,v,„.,.„.,l .in -. l;,,„-o.

""■""" ""'>■ •'"■'■'- '•■'■' l"-l' "ill. ^ill-i- l-iii:: kill...| l,v tin.. 1„. |,,l|,,w,,i U ,.,,„„„■..

;]":"■ "■■"" ','"• -"•'- -"I ^"■■'- -I'l- -'^".in. „.■ ,.,,,, ,i,.,. „.„u,l, IV..M, ,1.;. ,•„.,,' „f

.VH,. „v.- ;,1.,. ,.n,.. .-,„.„ , „h,„.,.,. ,1,,, ;. ,,.1 |,..-... I |„ „,!., r -,M-i,- I.. M.Mkc.

I'M'i i: 1111:1 II.

Tllis U M VIT> Mllr..lUlll,.„ -,„..„, ,,, ,1,,, ,V..,.,M .111.1 «.,. ,.„K ,.„,.,. ,,U,.|.u.,l ,m
n sli..«..|j,t • lint liir tn.iii limlirr-liiM. in ih,. r..:;i.in ..f ili.. I;, .a nur.

MKi'iioi) 01 sTl•|l^|^(, i;i.:r.;(iiu ( 1 Kiv,

^ 111., iiirtli,,,] ,,r -riichiiiM^ i-.|,r...|n.iio„ ,,ni-i,|,. ,,f ti„. makii f -.-ncTiI .,;,.,.r

vnt,o,,> ua. ,0 ,.„.,„.. ,,„ !. nit,, -a,,,,,!,, aiva. ,1,.. „u,„l„.,. ,,f -,.,,|i;„... wl,i,.h unuM

","■'' '■' '■'-'■' ''"■ '|H:i"tnaliv „i,,ari-..i,-. ai„l at th,. -am,, tin,,, f iiiaU,. a -

pel,, an, ,.an.l,:l ,l,.-,.ri,„i„„ „f tl, ,„liti .„- „, ,1„. aiva. ,.,n,,l,a-i.i„.. tl„. ,,.,;,„..

i.f >Iiii;,al ,n(Iu,.n,.,.. I 1„. ,|,.-,.,.i|,t l..„ »a- n,a,|,. a...-„nlin. ,., a -,.|„.,|ul,. ,„^, .,■„„. th,-

f..ll..u,„.. ,„„„t-: ..l,.vati,m, .|„,.,.. a-, t a,„l .-,„. ,,„alit.v. t.v,,,. .,„| ,„.„,„„.ti,„,- „r

ilitTwvnt -|i..,.„.-, ;,„■,.. ,|„„-,,^ ,„,i ,-„n,liti,,n ,,| -i,,,„l. !i.l,t a.i.:MU,,l |., ,,',., -,.,.,|-

.l.v„l..,l ,„„, ,|,r,.,. .,.,..,.,a-,-. ^;,,. ,1 ,,, ,; j,,., ,,,,,; ;„ ,,, ., ,■, , ,, , .. ,., ,^ „, .,

nvo 1;„„1- „1 -;,„„,|,. aiva- «,.,-,. |;,U,.n: tir-t. t,. ~l„,u ,,pii„,,„„ „, ,.str,.,n.. ,.,.„-

''"'"."■^ "' ^"'> '<'"''• I'l"'-^ 1" '■'■ -Pi^i-. ill ar,a a|.,.r.,xi,„a|..lv I lun „.,.,. „,1

to <i..u avi.ra^,. r,.,,r,i,l,„.ti,.„ ni„l,.r .^vtaii, « i,|,.-pr. a^l ,.,„„lii i,.„- -,„.|i a.- lin-.,.
n.~uln„:,. tniiM a tir,. ,.r linnl.rn,,:;, Mri,,- ; ,„• < ,.1,m„ i„ „i,|,|, ;,,m1 ,,,, i,, 1 ,„il,.

n. Ii-i^-li. li.i. -inall ,,I,.,. ,]l.. ,l„. inakin. „f v,.,-., a,.,.„ra„. a,„l ,|,.,i,M„. ,1,. i,,-

f-Ti^ 1.1 tl„. a,.|..r- i„tln,.n,.i„.- r,.. ■■,.hi,.,;„„ .,„| ..,r,. „„.-, u,,.,',,! „!„:, ,ak..„ i„
Iilai'.- wh.Mv th,.,.,. ,- n.|„.„.l,„.ti„„ „r |>,,„ „„„ ,„ ,;„. ,„,,,. ;„ ,^,. ^,,,;|, ,,_^^. |^,,
tak,.|i n, arra. «l,..r,. il„. r..|ir,.,li„.ti,,„ j. aii.v ai... l„.i,,w that ,>i uhi.-l, -,,.,111,,..^

'"-'" '" ''"■ ^'- " '-'-^'1' "f .■.■..«, lin.. ln„ aiv aU,. na-i „-,.f„l „|,..,,. ,1„. - I!i„:.

aro viry ynuriLr.

.M^'M.. M.*: \A\M

M

I "l;l - I l:\ i;i; \ \. ii i.i i n

MANAGEMENT OF TIMBER-CUTTINO OPERATIONS.

sir.VMi irniAi, Mirnons.

. '" •"■■'•-'■■I'inu ii.-lli.i.l- t.. I., |-,,ll,,»,,l i„ r,...,ihiiin- il„ mn'u- ,.f tiinl.!- li, llii^

ITKinn, if ,„„-t h,- PUirllii-lz.Nl ttuif llu> tH., MiMiii .,.,■,■;,.-. ^,,r ,,1.1 fill.., niv wit):

yo*\>crt I., -il,;.;.; I.M.It-. f,,p (li.. ,„■.-< ,..111 , 1 i :, „ M t r i„, 1 1 v ,,, ,| ...-., 1. :,,„! v,.f ,,iv t'rnu.

""^. f'''- "•'>■ '" I'l'tiii.nt.. iiiiNfiirr. Til,. i,,MtMHNi ,,|- .i;ui.!.- ^^ill tlirntor.' Viirv

ni.li.MlI.^ ii.-.or.jin- (.. tin' pn i„,i,.l. rMtu-.' ..f ..i r tl rh,,- -|„ .Ir-. |,i uiiv.^.!

■'■""'■■ ''" 'l''i-i"ll f" fiiv • .,iii. .-I if. lit tl \prli-,. of tlir ,,|I„T liin-l rrr.|.i|.i, th-
in 111,1. 1,. I„l',,iv ;i pinii ,.f n,vriilion i- -, tt|,,| „|„,i,. Ii...-.i,,-,. ni.M-ir.^ \vlii,li ni;iv l„.

n. np|,.,i I,, |„v,,„,. n.pf,M|i„.ii,,t, „r ,.| i,., „ill |>,.,|, „,;,,], |„. i,,i,„i,.,:I ,„ tlio ntlirr

Iho .ll...i,-„„i ,,f til,, i,i,-tli,„K ,,(■ liah.lliii:.- p,i,v -liiM.N ..)• .iirl, -,,, rir, uill l.ritiu

"".♦ ' • "' ''"■ <'-'"ii'l V'UI- I.. 1.. r,,i,.i,l..n.|. Mil. I ||„. ,|i.,.,|.,M„i, „itli r.-iml t..

irilM-il -hi.i.U uill 1„- r„„tiii,.,| ,„;,;„K ,,, p,.i„,i„. ,,„t p. -il.l.- ..nliipfntni.,- lUl.l tin'
r-hilv,. ;,,|v,T,ta;;, - .,| ,.p,r,ti,,„- tli.it niJ::lii l.,.-i,iTi..l ..ut mm.I. ,• ;:,ri..,i. .■,,„.liti..n-

ri t!i: M'liiTi: I ^ |.| .

Tlli- i< Inllllll IllllinU ,.|| tlir I,. ll,f -it.. .1 :|!,,1 11, .,,,,1 ,„,..,„,,, ,,„ ,,,„.|| .i,p

Miiiilnr .•liai'ii.l.ri-ti.-. .-li. « in... |„,„,^,.,.. ..iv.n,,- varlnti,,,, in tl„. ^i/.M aii.l nL'r« of
iii.liv:.liial- a- v., II a- ii ur.al.i' masiiiiiiii, -i/. . .„, .1. rp, i,i..i-t .-..il. ; m,,! al-.. Oi.iw-
iiiL.. a li,avi,.r ^.n.ini.l ,:„,,: ,,-,, ilh ,,f „,..,.. It li.i- I,,..,,, p,,int,^,l nut that iiii.lrr
nnliriaiv l.unl.irinir pf:...t i.v- tli.- -pni.. -tan, I ,,f,- :;. i,. t-allv , p,.|„.,l ,ip v.-rv luavilv.
S..ait..|v,l liT,- Mfr l,.f|. inaiiy .,f <(lii,|, aiv « iii,|tlir,,..Mi i,, a -li,,rt tiiiir. o..p,.,-iallv
a- tl„ tf, ,. Ill, It aiv rialiiiall^' il,,- ,„„■, t,, 1„. l,.|f aiv .f .•.,|„paial ivlv -mall .liaiiictrr
■'.'"' '' -'■•■■•" l"'"l'"ili'Hi,ll, li,';i:lil; aii.l tl„. niiMil.,,- ,,f tluin i- iii>,liTi.-i(-i,t 1,. ..|To,-
m.lv <,M,, lip tl„. niva nr t., kc, p il„> o^i,„„i,l -iiila,-,. ,,i a fav,,iinil,l,. .•uii,Hti,,ii f,,r
tla- :ri.riiiiMati..ii of >,,.,!. .\. a n-alt. pr.,;i,v,,. t-uai-l a n.pla,-,.i,i,.nt „f tlio n],\ Miin.l
l■^ .■..iiiiii; i;r,,»tli i- -|,,«-, aii,l in iiianv -taiah ult.iv tl„. 1,,-ri,,^, „^,, ,],,„,. .„ ,,,,,,.!,
.'I- -'.". .v.-ar- a:.'.,, liltir ivpn .lu.-t i,,|| 1i;k taken piacp.

As !m,,rm,.„i,.,it. i„ tho ,i,rt|i,„|. ,,f ,,.,iK,vi,,L;- ll„. timl,,,-. t^^,. -v. Inn- .„,.,.p«t
■Im.iiScIv,-. l:„tli »,„,M ,„ak, a ra,!i,-al ,-l,a„L',. in tlii- p.„ti,.„lar n .p,.,.| fl.at a
I'"'-" '."":""" ':<■ 'l"\'Ai-i;n^ - ^^,„,1,| |„. l,.f, f,,, f.,,„r,. ,,,ttin^. S,i,-li a pr.,i.o-al

,111,1 lliat til,- -i,„-k ,,f timl,.,- in tlic f,,rf<t rc-.TVP

li .'lltil.'lv ,|r>f, ii-il,l,. nil till

"'""•'"'""" !"^^''«-"n'-'lv ii.:"I nt,- t,. -iipplv th,. .I,.,i,a,„K tli.nt v, ill 1,. „kuIo t,p„n it

''■ ""■ -'•';"'"■■' l^ni'Hlali.M, ..n tl,,. prairi,.-. an,! al tli,- >aii.,. lltnr «i!l l„.,.,-,ni,. oou,-
naa,.^.,fat,..y „i, ,v valiiaM,.. TlK.n|-,,r,.. aM,l,. fn.ni tl,.- -ih i,-iili „ral I,.,;, til- -linoil

It H a_ ,..-,.|ital,lr ,nv,.-t,i„ tit t„ n-.fvo a p.Tt;„„ ..( tl,.. -lata! i, niniitv ^nlMoiont

'" »^;<'-- It ■■> i'ra,.t„.al pr,,p, <iti,,n t,, 1,,,. tliat p,„ti.„i -, paratnlv at a latrr flato.

111.. Iiisl sv.-t,.ni Ii to ,.|,t thr tinil.,.r ,l,.ar in iiarfm- -trip. ,,ot ,,vor l(Ml feof
wi.lo 1,-avin- nil f.pial aiva of tin.l„.f iiia-m in nltornatiiiL' strips Tl,,- <von,u] rut
slmnM not 1... tnailn f,,r at ka-t tln'rty voar-. ,„„k.r no ritvtini-tan-o. niitil tlio fi,-.t
n.t-._,vPr area lia.l -«.,I,.,1 „p. an,I profornkly n,,t „ntil tko v„„nir tror- ,l,o,„ ,,, p,^
i'Pnnnp onnos nlnin.lntttly. Tl.i.. n,otl,o<] ffivp. tlio 1„ -t sP,.|„Mtv airain=t win.l-fall
wlmn tlip stri,.. aro kopt nai-row an,l nro skilfully l,„.at..,l. an.l if uill l„. c-ho-en in
mniiy cn^o. ,„a,nly Wrawo pr,,to,-li„n fn-ni tlii^ ,l:u,tr..,' i^ dr.irod. Tt I.a« tl,n di=-
advantni.0 ot kayniL- tho irronn,! ontifoly Kan- .,f Inr-o troo^ -Inrini. thn n,.rl,..l of
rrpm.iu.ti,,,,. „i„l, .„ ,i„n,i:; ,ia. jiiv,-,,,., ,„.,.„„| ,|„. ,|„v..k.pni,„t ,,f -pfu,.,. i- v,-rv
=low. thor,. I. pt-aotioally n,. v,,l,„no iiuTotnont atul tko nmn i- k,.pt nnpro.hirtivo for
a "oiisidi.raMo period.

l<'|;l.-l-> Ol Kill KV Mill N I .\l,\« |ii|;l-i |,I-I],\I

i:.

Tlic sii'oiiil '.\'iti'iii i- tl Iiwiicii iv.tiiii: mill llii-. If I'.1Iii-,mm|. i,iii-i l.i' pm,--

Ii'imI rnti-iTviitnrly .iii ; nut ,,r ill,- .l.iiir. r lr,,iii Mlti.ll.ill. I tn .m .imth-i'. lliirtv

InT I'l tit of the tin |i'[i;iiilnli|f -t;iiii| -li.iiil.l In- li-li, i iit ili,- ,A.i,t iiin.iitit viill vaiy ill
■ liirorciit oliitiiN, ■li'iMli'litisr imiiiih on tlu' iMiii.'!' .1 .li.iinrii'r-. I'luil uill uNo I.r mi
imp, rl.iiil fni'inr in .|.-.i.litiu' l.itu.'.Mi lliii -\-tcm ami .1 -iri|i -\-t. m, ili,> I.iii. r l.i iiiir
.'li.'Jftl will IP till- Ir. I'- .111' lilfifi' llllifurm ill -i'l' tliriMiL'liollt lli.' -t.lli.l. Tin' -ilnti.ll

-\ -fi'tii iiiii-t 1 iHiiiti.l In iii.irkiin; iM'-li till- I" !■■ 1111. ill. -1- \'. ill I'liiiipri-ii' tlir

liirtfcr tfif-i of llir -Inn. I. I.nt im ilclinitr liinil .|i.ai|.| 1-, -.1. .ili.j . .| f llic rlili'f

iiiin- of tlir iiiiirl<i r -!i.ii|.| li.' t.. I. hm- a iiuf..riii -tan, I h la,- L'ri.'Hal, ralln !■ lliati In
ri'iutivp all till- iri'i'- uI-m- a iiiiain -i/f. Tli" a.h aiil,ii.n' "f ilir -\-lini «..!iM \<-

iliai. \\liili' i("|ir.i.lnrii,,ii ua- lakiiiu' plai n llu' uTniin.l. tli. ii- \'oiil,| I., tf.iJ Irft

ill i! u.riiM ...i ai.\ a |i'a I •••II ••! 1 In- 'j r. -vi 1 ii- -|.a> . '.Mil, • 1' m jl. r^i IK n 1 an! iiil; r. nr^^
'iiic'li'ii Ml- till' iIi'mI'-iiiiiiiii ( till- -.•r.llini.'-. •ill. I i!ii> i.M. 1^ lri.1 wniiM. .11 a.iMiiiit
..f iniTra-i-il li'jht alT.ir.lr.l llirm. lt.iW at a raj.i.l ii.i.^. Maiiv ,,f ili. ni. al-., U..11I1I
L.r..« fr.,iii a -\/o ».. •'IikiII ilial liarv o-tiiiL' tin in \i.'iM > i.l.l a -n.all iirT'T' i"ii "f

till' total Vi.lnini- .if till- till, a- luiiiluT i.f | r ipialitv iiit^. a ^i/i' « liicli ii.nilil L'ivp

fairly •.'noij liiiiilicr wiih |i'-, |iri.|ii,rlii,nati vva-lr. 'riir -|.rii<'i' -I'lilliiiir^ wiiiM iliiis
lip L-ivitl nil "pportiiliitv itf )ia--iii- tlir.iiiL'li tlh (i. ri. .1 .( .\.a\ lthnuIi \(itli.ait
o\i'lii''iM-lv iK'CiipyiiiL' till- iirra ami liaviiii.' il f..r thai pi ri'.l . ..in|iarati\ . I\ iinprn-
iliii'tivr fi'.-in till' *laii.lp.'inf of v..|iimr -mulli. AN.., rli.' -Iiaili' alf. i.|,.,| l.v thr tin..
loff ivoiilil K-pop thn -I'.'il-l.i'i] iiioi-tiT. I'lit nn tin' I'l. aii'iit -trip-, llir .•niii'iiitrali"!
loi."-'iiiL' \(oiil,l ,\i„i5P ii,.,ri' tniiii'fal -.'1 ami ai.j -n .liiiL' in ''if w.w.

ri m: ri\i; stands.

Mn-t iif llii-si' that ail' Hnw l.i'ii!:.i- nit an (>\ .'ii a;;ril. uith t'i"A nl.iliMlv -mall
t.Pci. Tlii- iiiakr^ a s,\-li'in nf i-lrar-i-nfl im; a.hi-al.li. -im-r then arr f. iiic-

uliii'h can. l.ci'au.-i' nf llair - 11 -i/i-. !.■■ 1 ft 1 i"ii..iiii.-allv . ami tin. -li I.ili'il

irr'iutli o' till' triTS li'ft \v..iil.| I... -mall afin- tin- -laii.l 'la- ..p.tn.l up, a- piiH' in
ilcMsc -taiiils has n -iiiall I'li.un ainl -IIljIiI p..\'ii- ..1 ri.'ii\.r\,

'I'he hi'-t iiif'tht.d of pli'ar-iaittin^' i.- in -trip-, \\lii.-li -li'.iil.l ir li"i ft. 1.. l'.".ii ft.
wide with IIMI ft. to ITiO ft. lift iiinait in l.itvwin. ilir rsai-l uiijlli.- ilcprniliii'-' mi tlip
pr. rtiiiii .if tiinlici- that it i< ili-irr.l to n iimM' ai ihi' tir-l i-ui. ami on tho ilaMi.:pr
finl iml-fall. TliP -trip- i].. m.I Iw.'.l I.. In- lai.l .an mal ln'inal ii-all.\ . l.iil -I1..11I.I
lip lii-irii'iitpil ai'pnnliiiL' tu variation- iti tlif -i/i- <■( tin- tiinlir am! a.'.'ni.liii'j to
ti.[).iL'rapliy. 'J'ho snialli'i- an.l iii.'rr cli-Naiiil tni< -li.il.l l.r lift, tin latti-r l.p.'aii-i'
.if flic lu'ltcr ili-lriliiiti.'ii ..I -ml- frmii liiuh p. 'int.-. 'Ihi- mi'liiml pri.xidr- a lull
supply I.f li'-'hl f.ir Lri'i'initiaii'.ii ami ili'Vi'l.ipim ni ..f tho piiii' -I'l'illiiii;^, 1111. 1 l'im's a
maxiniiiiii prppnrniinn of tin' -rril-l.i'.l. Tin' ili-tril.ut imi of sri'd ..mt ihr i-li.iM'il
area .shiiiild also l.p sali-factory. if th.- di-iam-i - L:iMn aii- adhi'l'iil i", 'I'hi' .-oinnil
.■ill -hi'iil'l not I'l' imi'li' Miilil tli.' Milium :;r"'.illi ''i thr ,ii--l .■ill -trip- 1- ..l.l omiiiLrii
111 -I'l'd liiii'k. whii'li W..11M l.p Ml li'a-l twrnt^tiv >('ar-. That moan- that tlip two
liii;yiii!.' oppi'ntioiis l.y \vliirh tlio tiinh. r ". uM !■. fi'iii..\ .■.! w.'iil.l l.p iniinly .li-lim'l
a.- far a-; prai'tipal l.usinpis poiwidi rations ai m'l'iin-.l.

Till' splpmlid ami ..flpii t".i al. umlaut ri'proilii.'i i..n '■{ plnp afior f..rpst tii'p^
simirp-l3 iisitiL' that in-lnini. nt to -crurr ii proilii..|i..n •11 i-loar-.^nt aroas. wliPrp, aftpr
the loj.'s had hpen roimivpil. tlip l.|-ii-li miiiht ho l.iinn'.l l.r.'adi-a-t. TIip idpa is attrap-
tivp and will pi'oh,'d.l.\ I'vi'iitnally prnv" of privtioal ntili'y, l.ut at pro-cnt prai'tipal
I'. 'ii.'^idpratioiis pri'vpnt it- ii-. i.pinir rpp..iiiiiii'nili'il. at loast until srrpatpr exppripiii'p
in Imrriincr hni'.'h !■" iraim.l. r".irp-t firo-j oipiir only iindpr dr..iithy ppnditions. ami
to -I'l lii-p 111 iinish timicr tiir -amp I'l.miition- woui.i in' vi'r\ iiaii:.'i'r.iiis. I'mlpr poii-
ditioii? Tiioi-^t pnniiLih to riako the nipasiirp Poiiiparati\ . ly -afr, prai-tipal ilii'ioiilty
would prohaMy ho p\ppriiiii'i'il in ireltimr tlip !.'i'i"iiiml nnif. rmly Iiirtit ovpr. ami tliP
pxpoiisp would l.p iirop..rli.inat.dy irrrat. .M.irpovpr. the ohain'c of sni'po,--fnl ri'i>r.i-

^£L..j^,MJ

I .J .i|rfi_

i«;

I "l;i»i i:s hiiwi II 111 I i> ii\ M,. .-jri

,. , ur>iii .1. Ill iiir I'll t M riL'iii.ir .ri-i t f .1 .mh-,. > ,,,

, '■;"■'. '- '•', "";'• '•'•■ ■ "'11 1" •!' I.Mr„...l .„ |„.r,| ,lu,. ,l„. -,.,.,1 ,;,ll I

I nill Im

III :ili.| i;iu»r- tllclll

li .1 l.ir;^.' iiuiiilii r ,4'

i-ii , ,, , , rii,,.in i.iiriif.i -,, hurl t

UM, n ,- .1,,. „„,. .,.,1., .|„„. „, ,1,. ,„,.iii..ii „,„.,.- II,.

', •— -h,,,,.,, ,„i,„k, „-..,,, lir... ,„. i,„. ,|„. ,,„r| , ,„., ,.,r,„.'

;;::.:::n;i.:'::::rt'';,:',:;:::;':,,:.'' '—'- • -'-^ ^ • ^ --

S-H, ,„„,. „i,M. ,„.„ i„.,.w.||...,.,i. „.,„|K i, „.„ ,. „,

...... 1.1,, .r..,i,,.l „r.- ,.|i li.v,. pnni.ilK „,,„ , ,„ .,„„, ,

■"I »"l Ml. ,,w.|„|,„„,„ ,,, v,,„„. ,r...., i„„|,.r th,. ,,1,1. 1„ .,„. -,.. „ „.|,„,|„,,

;:::.::.:.r^,:„ ';':;■■■ --';'- ■,'":;■;'• '-••■ "'"•• '■•■- '■ -i.' -i •!

V'M, . It|. h,(,..r uill li.uv fl,riC,i,.r ,t„«m. th,,,, ,f,., „„„i| ,r,,.. „, ,, „„„,,. ,.,.,„

\n\i n si \M,s.

M.v.-,l M.M,N. V l„.r.. ,,111,. , ,.,.,|.„i,ii,:,„.-, ,„,,v 1... nir , „r.lii,. ,„ .v,„. „„i|,„

t" th..... ii.,.,| ,„ ,„,r,. ,,„„. .„„„K. I„ I, .„ i,,,, „„..,„ „rp„.. ,|„„„ .,,„„|,| I |,„

M ,■„,,,.,,, Ml,,., .„riio.. „„|,.. ,|,„ .,,„„.„ ,.,., „f „ ^.„,, ,„^^,,. ^,^,. ^

r.,,r.,|,i..,i„ii will ,,r„l„.l,|, I,.. nl,t„i„..,| l,y l,„vi„,. -,,r,i.., |.,r,...s l,.f,

U-M .1,,. .-„.,„l -hows Hft.v ,H.r ,..-nt „r „i„r.. nf .,,r,„.,.. ,h,. sv^.i-m ,.( ..„„!„..

I... p,.riin-,l,h.. ^,,,„„, ,hnf,y spr,,,.,. will l,„ ,„„„ ,„,,;,„,,,„ ,„ i,.,,',, ,, ,„, , „ '. ,,

"( tl-.r .•.n..-,.v f,.|. fi,„ir.. ^r„w,h an., .,f th. .n.:,„.r .Kiliu „r ,h,., . .. N
pi.r,Ml t„ ,„„..,,. u,.n,i,n,„.. nil ,h,. s..,.,|.h,„l „,■ ih,. „.„„.,, f„„., „.„,r. ^kuhUu. 1

'■u. -l-nr, a,„l ,h,.n.f„r.. it .,11 U- pr„p, r i„ |,...,. „;„,. ,,„, ,h., .,„.,„. •,■,',„,;,

ohj...;, «iii i„. to pi.,.„.,., ,i,„ „ h,,-, ,v,„ ,;,,„ ,,v i,.„vi„.r„;:„, ,;,;",::;;;;:

.l<stnl,iii,.,| „r ti..x, „. „|„.|,iiiu-- ,„ ,h,„-,. i,n,„p. n,.. ,„,_„, , • _ " " ".""nHh

be rpduircl 1,, <ii„lv .(, I . -i 1 i- |iir-,,ii ,|,„i,y ih,. iii;,rkiMu' "ill

ur ri-i|iiin,l to -Iii,|\ t|„. (|(.t„i|,.,) coi,,!,! ,, .„, ,,f ,..,,.■

, . "■:>'■' "I tillll.rr :ii„l v:ii-\ hl-

'•~' t- lii> .in.iL'rnrni ,.( tl„. ,1, .,„;,, „1, „,,„|„ |.,. ,|,^_„ ,.„,,.

illi'f they ha\,.

I "ili.i f;,ll „h,-|l th,- Milll,l i.

tiirlh,,,!- 11 i.'ri'Ut ,|.ai a,'iMir,|ii
ditions.

I.jirir,- „K,t.ir,. ..prii.v will I,.. ,h,. tr,...- ii„,-i ,„.,.,..,,rv ,0 rr,,,.,,,-

"*"'t " ^'""■■f ^' '' -n.lar,. in ^rivat ,l„„.,.r ..r' w ii„l fall wi

i,p(>n('(l lip. '■'" "

-';'f "■'• -1^. 'i...ra,.t::H:i;!:'„rr i;;;;;: ::h i:-.':""^..:"' ;;',:'" r'"-

^..atiy iiithi,.,, ,h.. ..,i,..ai th„.i ..f;:.;.;;:;,,':;;.::, "■:;,!:':;;;:;■ "-'^ .;■'"

ulioi, ..I th,. ivlali,,,, „f th,. ,w,, niain spo.-irs. ■ -t„i,|,.r-

MAiaaxt; i;ri,Ks a.vd mfthods.

^.f'.r^s :i- 7Lm :;rwith'-o"' 't:- '"•■■ ^^ """ ^ """^^'"-^ '^ "•''■'-'^ - ''-

I Mi;! -. |. ,.. |;,,l K\ MM! \ I M \, I iil;l , I l;| ,| 1,'\ I IT

tnnrkii.t' ilir " ,i,.l ,rs u. .M m.l !-.■ ,■■,! Wli.i, tl,. tr,.-. \\.r .uiiiir.' ,ir.- -,-l. n, .|
niiiloiinlv Ih.rn ilir -l.,.i.l, th.- ui inral r'i'"-i|.v i- |,, „,,,rl, ,,|.ti r r. . I.. !„• .■ni ,\
l.lii/i- i- uuiAr Ml |.n.i-i l„ ..|it ,111.1 .III. .ill. r l.'|..u -liiiiit. h. iL'lii !•■. II.'. - .II. Ml-ll .. I(. I
to Icin.- til.' j.ii.^.T l.j.,/, -Ii,.- IN;.' .ilt.r ..v.n ir. .■ i- l.'l|,.|. ..i|„tui.. lli.' |..'n,,|t\ |..r

••iiltiiiL' iimii.irki-.j ir... i- iih|...-,.I. I|..u.\.r. «li.i: -ii..u i- .l.-.|.. ||,. Ir in ..fi.'ii

l.|. iiiiirlM.I ..iiK .It I.I- t I., iuhl. Il I- 1.. -I I.. M.iin|. ,.„li I.I../.- v.il). ii .|i-ll,,, in.-

liuirk. nil. I r.r tin- i,ur|...., -|„-,-i.,l iii.iikiii- :,\, . .„;■ n-.-.l. .. hi.li l,.n. ,i .li.- .;., il..-
li.Mi.j .,|' III, iiv,.. Win !, till If.-... 1.. 1„. I.li I,-,, -iiuli III 11 iiiil..r I-. I.ili;.|^ |., ill,- ir,.-

'" '' '•II'- ''" t.iriii.-. Ill-, ...1 ,1. . ,iiii-k..L .\- l.!,i/;i,L' I- li.il.i. I., .-nil-,- .jiinii;-.

t., frii- I, I'l t.T 11 l.-hL- |.. rl...l. ..lli.i- 111. til...! ..I iii.irUiiiL' Iium- 1..-, n ii-, ,|, I-', r iti-i,ii

in 1... I:;. -I" I. i ni,- uli.-i.- lli, I- irk •• li-l.l .-.-l.-.u-. .1 .iti.l -11.....1I1. i-,-,| .|„,i- |,i,v,. |.,,i,

I'.""'"' "" ''i'- l-:irl<- I'ii ..I iiiiiikiiiu II, .li'ii-.- tiiiil..r I- iil.f.iit I.-, I,, I',-. p.T

till. 11.-. ih. I fi'i't. In.iir.l iin..-1-iirf.

Ill iii.irkini; iii,|i\ i.liiiil It-,..-. I,, l... i-.-iii.-v,-,| t'i-,itii 11 -i.iti.l. -HI, .li.iMicl.r i- ii-ii.ill\
l'"riii- 111 iiiiii.l. .1- iii.li.-.itiii:;- .i|.|.r..\iiii.il" !% th, l,..r,|, r h. iu.,.|, 11-,.. i,, 1„ . ut .m.l
tlii»-<' 1.1 l.c II ti. ilii- i- 11 iiKiiti-r ..f .-i.nM iii.-ii.-,. nith, r tlinn uti .---I'lilinj l'ii.-i,,r iti
.j.'ci.liinr on uliiit li-iT- I,. IfiH... r.ii.ilK til. I,. :, villi; ..f a mil l'..riii -l.m.l i, un
itiil...rtiiiit i-i.ii>i.|.-|-iili..ii. ami tlirii ti-,-.- >■ .1! iil..,\. ilu- .|i:mi,.|, r limit m-,. I, It t..
u\..i.l iiiakiiit: lai-L'.- ..|ii-iniii.'- --r In-c* l..-|.->\ it nr. .-.it t,. fliin ,.ut 1.... .|. .i-r Lrr..Mi.-.
'I lie .liaiii.-l.r liiiiii i- im.-i ii-.-l'iil in r. irnl.it iiiu th,- m.iT-KiiiL' \vli.-r- a .|.-titi 1.- |.r..
iti..ii ..f tile ,.i-|Himil -tan. I i- In I... r.--.r\..| I'lT I'litiii.- .iiltintr. It i~ iiii|ira.'ti.Ml.|i.
'" '-''iiiaH" ill., v.. Inn..- ..f ill.- in... ,,, il„.v .ut .,i.ifk.-.l. in i,r.|. r i.. .!.i.-i-iiilm. ju-t

what |,ri.|M.i-li..ii (,f til.. i,.|i,| v.. Inn f ih.. -tan. I u ill |.,. I, .ft, 1|. u.v.-r, l,> ,-ar,.riill\

i-stiniatiiiu' iN-pn-cnlaliM. -aiii|,|,. an 11-. a .li.r.i. t.-r litiiil tiiav 1.,- arriv.-.j at. ..'.liii-li
I'an l.f ca-ilv I',. II. .«.•.! in maikiiiL' lli.- liinlMT ami uill ..|NTat.- -.. a- In l.-av.. uti.Mit fli.-
l>r<.|M-r |.r..i...rli..ii ..t tin- -tuml.

.\ti..tli..r imp,. riant I'.i.-i.-r I.. -i,|. - tlii^ -i/r. in ,■! m;. tli.. tr.-.- t.. !..• ri-(>r\..|.

i.i tli.-ir irniv, th an. I viL...!ir. Tin- .h-p.-taU lai^r.-lv ..n th.' .-har.i.-t.-r ..f tl»- .■r..-.iti,
whii'h »li..iil.l li|. (■oiiiiiiiraliv..|\ .!.■..[,. It i- i-p. ,-iall,\ liar. I in pirn- t.. -, I.- t tn>i>- thai
«ill riiak.- !-api,| >.'r,.uth. l....-aii-... it' pun' (rc.-v havi' l„.,.n ha.llv -uppr, ,^,.,|, ih,.ir
.■r..\ui- uill h.- \,-T\ -niall an.l th. ir rat.- ..f i..r.iHth n.-L'i;i.'ihI.-, ( ■.iii-i.l.ratiim .'f tlii-

fai'ti.r inii.'ht li-.i.l .im- t,, .-,'l,-,t f..r 1, <,tmi! i.,n tli,- larL'.r ..I' Hui tr , if th,' ^mall-r

liail I .'i-n ha.llv -uyii.ri'-s.-.l .iml ua- i/r. .u itiL' at a vi-rv sl.iu rat.. 'I'lii' h. -I tn-.v p.
li'iivi' arc th..-(. with iiarr.u ilc.p .thuii-. Wi.j,- ,-r,..v ncl tr.-c- tak.' t. .. mii.-h -pa.-.-
anil !ia\-.- l.r.-in.'h\ l...li-^. ami .-liort. iiarf..« .-pi.^ii- iii.li.'aP- -h.\v t'f..\vth.

Th.' trpp- t., h. !..ft .-1 1.1 hi. a- far a- p..-.||,!,' ... ,,,;,). I;,.tt,.n Ir.--- .1. 1. ri..rat.-

if h'ff stamline ami -ImnM 1... harvi-:ti'.| a- -....n a- p.,-.-.-il,l,-. uliih- -..uii.l tr.i -
in.T. a«> in valiio hy a.Min- t.. ih.'ir \..!iimi- ami L'i'-.' a ri-tiirn ..n th. inM-imi'Ml
iiiv..lvi-.l in h-a\ iiiu till -III -tail 1 1 11- l|..w.-v. r. \( li.n ., ir.-. ;- -.. I a.||,\ .|,-,-ii>, I ihal th, r.-
i,- m.t .•t.,,iifli liimlicr in it t.. make h.^i-'i'iL' it pfifltahl,-. tli,-ii it 1- ,-, rtainly 1,,-tt. r
to IcaM- it ami t,, ..Itaiti th.- i.m-lii ..< aii> -..-.I it m.iv -upplv.

niiisii i>isi'(is.\i..

It has aln'niiv liccri p..iiit.il ,.iii ||k,i 1,, ihi- r,-;;i..ii th.- hrii-h I. -It ai'ti-r I..L'L;iii;j
(iiM'avs very slowly, uii.l that, .'v.-n it the lii-ai,.-li.-- w.i-.- !.,pp.-.| li-.-m th.- P.p- -... that
they wm.hl lii- do-.- P. tlu' siirfa.'.- ..f tli- ;:r,.iiii.|, th. hni-h \v..iil,| r.-main in an
iliHaiiiiiiahlc .•..ndilioii f.ir a!in..-t as I.ipl' a linn- a- th..iii..|i ii..iliiii..' ha. I ! .-m ,|,,n,'
to it. I'iliiifr iho hru.sh with. ml hnrniiia- it «..iil.| ai.l .-..n-i.l. rul.K ir tii;liiiiiir tit-.-;
hilt thr .atanii-s arc u^iiially so dpiiPi- an. I the am.. nut "( .l.-hri- l.l't .ifi.r h.^'L-iiiLr -■
jar;.'e, ifiai ijiis tiii'ilio.i woul.i not alT.r.i -niii.-i.tit |.r..i.'.-ti.ai.

It i?. thcrpforp, rpponimpn.li-i) that wh.Ti'V.-r pr.i.-ti.-ahl.- th.- hni-h In- hm-nt.
T.past lahoiir would hp involved in followintr a inctlio.1 ..f hroa.li'.-i-t huriiliiL'. hut that
is daneeroiis imdrr most pi.tiditions and involvps prai'tical .litH.-uitios ii,,t ..nlv In

48

lOKKSTUV llIiA.Nc II III I.I.KTIX .NO.

controll.M- tl.f liru Init also in i^.-uhr^ the l.ni.l, .■<„„i,l,.|,.l.v ronsMrn.-.l. r„til ^Mv^tor
cxpenemv lm> I.eeii fraincl in tlit- ;i.-timl ..luMMtions of l.r,i>li-l„in,iM- it uouM seom
advisul.le to use >„inp surer i.iotho,]. Tlir l.,-t w,,.v is t.. pile the hru.sh. The pil,.<
ii.n.v take nn.v form, sufh a. uin,lrou.. loiij. reetMt,i:,ilar pile.-, or roi.n<l piles. Thev
nn.st houever, be of a f„n„ that will ;.lh.u the pill,,. „f ,|,, |,,,„|, ,,„„|„etlv atiil
to a hG.(.ht of at l..a.-t f,mr lV,.t. ()th,.rwl-e ,|ittie„lt.v will he e.vperienee,] in hn'mincr
the brusl,. loT the-e reaM.n-. r„n,„| pile, will prol.Mhly ho fouml tlio best. Tho be^t
piles are about oi^rht lyct it, .liatueter a.i.l si. feet iti height. S„eh pilas may be
bnr.it when covered w,th s....vv „p to two f..et i„ ,U.,,th, an,| the brush will be practi-
cally all en„su,„e. I I he piles ,„ay he li.ht,.,l ,„o-t convettiently with coal-oil torches.
The b„rnn,sr_sho„l,l l„. .I.u.e when there i- s„ou- „„ the «r„un,!, the most favourable
•■on, ,t.,.nsj,em.ynun,l after early .sM„w-s„„,ns iu the fall. Snow-storn,s occurring
H, the sprtua-^ af er n,„st ef the winter'- snow has thawcl away, ^ive oth.T oppor-
tmnttes for brush-burtnuff. Only utuler spcial cireun.stanc^ should hnruiu'- be
done whcu there ,.s no snow „n the around, though it u,ay be practieable .hen the
irround ,s very damp and the pile- p;nti;dlv ,lried out

CrJ^"f/"' !!"','"' '','"■'" ",'"■''■ '""-'"- ''^"'- '^' "' "'"■'•'' •^••''•' fl.o.-wa,uper9 Start

fi es and thr,.. the brush o„ then, „- s„„n as it is removed front the lop3 and tops

Tht, method should prove ,0 he ,h.. ehe.pes, .ud i- espeehdly advantn^eou.. a, the

hummer ,s mdcp^deut „f weather e„ndi,i„ns and the brush is ,.otten c„n.,J. .elv

o,,t of the vvay of the .kiddin. te;,u,-. Ft .-annot. however, be p^.etised when the

st.ind of timber ,. l.e,,,^ ren.oved. beeuuse it would be difficult to find places to build
the fu-es nn aceount of the h,r..e number of lo.s lyin. on th,. ^n-onnd

The co.st of brush-bnrnln.. -hnuld be kept between i?Oe, and nOc. per thonsnn,l
feet. ho,M-d n,easure, and in f,n„ur.,hle eirentn-tances enn be reduce,] Lw,
a.nouut. Farly atte.npts in the i;„eky .^rountains will in all prol.dilitv ,n i

on^^^of the operations. .\n exp..uditure of at least 40c. sbo.dd be allowed for .at the

COST OF Sn.VTri-LTrKK.

hecn!::^::;;.d"la;i ;,dv-'r;t!:;2,;'i„ :tzz!;:t 'Vrr^ -^"'j' '-^r

on the detailed cuditions of each operath .,: jl^l:::^ :::XZZ'Z-Z::^
he very httle inereased. because son.e „f the operations. =u,.h as hrn'h: 11 p'o". " tet
o reduce he cost of removing the titnber. .\ eonstant intluence tewn n-.ut.s n^
costs Will be experienced from ,ertain faetois. When •, sele,.tion v~,n,„ f ' ' "*^

■s i^in. followed, the cost of feiiin. and skiddin. will hi ii::::;:dh::r ,::::;

most be retnoved from atuonp the others that are left standin,^ In anv svsfe where
a considerable proportion o the stand is reserved for future cutting, the eosV of oad
con.stnietion per thon-and feet is proportionately Increased, becanse if the .1 , wer^
clear, the cost of the r„nds would be distrihut.-d over so „,„eh more imb r Th"
fetor should be posstble to caleulate ahead of tiu.e with reasonable ace ,V e. when
the details of a prospective operation are known. The cost of s„pervi-io, unr • n"
and brush disnosal are ah-o mainlv to be fic^ured ■i-nin=t tJ,,. „l i"". marU nir
according to silvieultural tnethod. The total u;;::t;^::! t ^n WhXa::^ fMr'"^

coxiK.vn

.\ -ale of iinil)er mav lie for

.1, 1 , , , , "' '' '•'"''"'f'"' ■"•''■I <^r I'"!- a certain quantitv of tind)er Tf

the area be boun.lcd by reetan^ular snrvev Hues it may inel, de evactlv a natnr
lo.,in. uuit. hut n.nall. will leave out part of one or take in part of so^ne S

IM.. II i> I .. ■ . ., . I'hiiln f. It. I>,i„,hl.

I luf II - l.n,sl, I'll •n.|,..,ly f,„- Il„r„inp. , D.-itI-Ik,. Na,i„„;.: K,,,,,,. M„„t,,na, T.S.A.i

I'liitp ![. - n.-Bicut Strip afttT linisli Imrimii;. 1 1 )iiilc«ij.'.. Xatii.nal

rhi^i,, r. w. hiri.ihi.

iT.Kt. Mniitann, l. S.A.I

.>()

1 1 >i; 1ST in iii.vwi II 111 I, I, III \ \n. :)?,

l-^^u,ix ninl. III,,. ,, i, I,,,..,-. ,-|„.,.|;,||v ln„n ll,,. ,„,iMl ,,f vi,.w n< i„ltnii,isln.tion
II. 111.' u.mmIs, 1,, „-,. „at„n.l 1, ,„,:;,■„, ,1,1.- I',.,,!,,,-.- Inr l„.„,„l,„-i,.-, \Vli..,i tlir .pinntitv
; "'"''V •" '"■ '•'"• ■""' "■" 'I"' ^ii''''- :;"V,rH- til,, liniii ,,|- |1„, -„1,., ,|„, ^r,,„.r;,j
l-,i,.|iin,.s inav !.,• >n,l,.,| i„ ||„. ....ntr;,,-!. ,,,,.1 ihu ,l,.t,nl,.,| l,„...,ti,,M liM't I,, tl,.. fon.^t

"""■'■'' ■'■^ ""• ;'l">-^iti,ii, |„,.,.,-,.,|-. Tl„. „„ ; ,,r immIht M,;i.v 1... .nil,., I i„ |-,,.t l,„anl

ii,:iM,r,. It tl,- i„„.i„r |,„rii I it i- i,, l„. -^w-l,,;.,. ,„„| „„ „v..n,fr,. l„,:,r,|-f,u,t .•.„,-

l,.i,t h.„l (l„«„ t„r ,.tl„T ,-l;,.-„- of i„„.,.,-i;,l thut „r,. i,„i r Ii|v <,-. | in |,„.,r,l

'<"■■■'-<"■<■■ A '111,,. In„ii -1 1,1 |„. -,., (■,„. ,1 ,„|,|,.,,, ,.,.„„,v,,l ,,f III,. ^,,1,1

niMl.or. hit pr,.vi-i„ii iiiii.v |„. ,11,,,!,. iur ,.xt,.|,M„,i „f ,1,.. ,„.n,„| f„r vi.li.l n.iis.uis.

Mi.n.v -.nlcs iir.. muuIp t,,r ,, .v,.„, ly uitli |,i.,,vi-i,.ii iini.l.. f„r nnnunl n.ii,.vviil „„ tlip

-N.r„. t,.niis in ,.iis,. the r..-,il,.|ti„i., Iinv.. 1„.,.„ ,,l,.,.,.v,.,|. Tl„. iviim.vmI „f nil iinrm.v,.-

' "" ■""' '■'i'iipin,.|it sl„,iil,| |„. r...|iiin.,| will, in „ i,r,.„.|.il„.,| ,„.|.i,„|, -nv mx iiiotitl..

fr..iii the (.>rr;iiiiali,,i, nf ili,. ,.,,iitr:i..t. -iiLj,.,-! t,, || ui„.r-lMp ,,„->; ' wr t,. tlio

y"V(>niiiiciit III (.lis,. ,,|' i,,,ii-i'i.|i,,iv:il.

A ciiitni,.! ^liouM u-ii„lly .-t,il,. that ,,iily tlii- «r,.,.|i tiiiilHT ,1,- |,y (lie

lure^it (.IK.'er to l„. ..iit iimy l„. n.Mi.,v,.,|. It iiuiy tli..ii lix ,i ,|,.tiiiit.. imt,., ,',f the

t,.liil v,,liini.. iis a Miuxiiinmi t,, l„. n-rv,.,!. I.iit till' H^l,.,.ti.,ii „f till- :iii„„ ,oti],l

'": ';■" '" •'"' ♦''"■'■■^' ""'••'■'■ •' ' •:" Ili- .iiMl;rMi,.|it til,. -ilvi,.,ili,i,.„| ,-,.,, iiin.„„.nts

;■.' '.'"■ """!"• l!''-''>-viiti..i, ,.r , rti,.i, ,,f til,. st,ni,| iiiny I,.. i,i,„|,. |,v fixiiijr „ ,iii,„„.t,.r

liiiut. wlifh IS til,- .siiii|,l,..t in ,,p..riiti,.ii. hilt n,it a^ ,.tr,.,.tiv,. t-r,,ni a Mlvi,-iiltural

-taiulp,,int. \Vli,.n a , .-..rvativ,. >ilvi,.|iltural ^v-t,.tn i- t,. 1.,. f,,l|,,w..,l tlif hii.vcr

iniist 1.0 rnado f, iin,|,.r>tan,| in a,|vaii..,. tli,. ^n.|i,.ral iiatiir,' ,,f it >,, that ii,. fan form
a .|,„lyn:,.nt a- t., tl„. ,.xtni ,.„~t iiivo|v..,| in iiiarl<,.tini; th,. ,i,„l„.r „M,|,.r th.-s,. ,.„n-
,litioiis. It IS iisnallv in.p,i.Hhl,. t,, lay .|,,wn in a,|van,... in tl„. ,.,,i,ti.a,.t tl„- oxart
.l.'taiis of tho .n,-tl,..,l „f ,.|ittinu u. h,. t,,||,,u,.,l. \V1,..,.,- ,l,.a,| timlMr ha> a n,ark,.t
val.i... It sl.,„il,| ii-iially he n-ipiii-..,! that it 1„. „tihV.,.,| ju,, as lai- a> it i. na-n-hantahl..
.111,1 a ,liani..t,.r limit that may hv s,.t t„r ^;t,.,.i, tiii,|„.r -l„„il,l ii,,t l„. ap|,li,.,i to tho
ili>a,l.

^ I!o;,'i.]a(i,.ns as to th,. ,.|„tii,K „f i„,livi,l„al tn.,.s -I |,| .jfy ,|„. ,„axim,im

h.-i^'ht of sfimips. an,l, t„r In.jn,.,,,,!,. ,,i,„. ai„l -pr,,,.,., may |„. v.tv satisfa,.torilv
sfnt,.,l as not srroati-i- than th,. ,liam.^t..r ,.f th,. tn-.'. ami in n,, ,.a-.. ,,v,.i- Is in This
nil,. I. at th.. pr-.-rnt tin,,. v„l„ntarily M\,>^u^,\ l,y -„iii,. „,K.,-a;,„-. Th.. maximum
,l.ani..tor at whi.'li titili/ation ,,f inat.Tial in th." t,,p „f th,. tr.... i~ t,, ,.,■«..-,. must he

s.^t. This will vnrv with mafkot ,-,.n,liti,,ns ami will 1„. Uv.^r<t wli.f. K saw-Ws

••an l.p taken ami small....t wli..r.. th.>r.. is a .l..maii.l f,.r .-..nlw,-,,.,!

The pri..,. will M-iiaily hv tix,.,l a.-,.,.i-,lin- t„ stamlani units l„,ar.l f,.,.t. nieees
.■..r,ls. &c. 11... s..al,^ t„ l,p u>,,| in ,|,.t,.rmininir l.,iai-,l-f,„.t ,.out,.nts must 1„. stato.l'
A s,.v,.re p..,ialty -hoiiM 1„. ii„p,.-,.,| t',.!' r,.m,.val ,.f ti,nl„.r pr,.vi,„„ to naasunwnt'
111 .'ase of larsr,. sa|,.s ,.xt,.n,linn ,,v,.r a n,nnl„.r ,,f y,.ar>, pn.viMo,, iiiav l„. ma.ie for
M,l.i,ist,np- the ,,ri,.,.s at >tat,.,l intiTval.-. Th,- hasi. w„i,l,l ,,r,l,al.lv h.. the avenifre
Iiri<...s .,htai,i..,l in a sp,.,.iti,.,l ri'iii,.,, in a ....rtain p,.,.i,„l pn.vi,,iis t,. the time of
n.l.iustinent.

A p.malty. usually the paynfut of .IniiM,. sfnmpai,,.. >l M 1„. in,,,,,.,-,! for the

cnttiinr of nnmark.Ml tr..,.s. Wli,.„ th,. laft,.,- ar.. ,lama-,.,| ,l,irinL. lo-i,in^r tli,. for.«t
ofl„...r t.iny he srnvn anth.,rilv t,, n.nni.,. thei,. r..moval an.I ,!„iil,!,> stiimpajre he
-•harir.'-l for tl„.m. Tn lar-,. o|,erati,,ns. a pr..vi.-i„ii that .litT,.n>nt ,,arts „f th." work
must keep pa.v witli one am,th..r is important. .■sp,.,.iallv in r.^lati..,, to prote.-tive
ini'Msurea, siieli a« hriisli-pilini;'.

Of prot,>etiv.> ,neasi,r..s. ,|i,. ,li-p„.al „f hrusli ;. ,]„> „„.., ;„„,„Hant. Provision
sh,.iil,I usually h,. ma.le f,,r ,.|tl„.|. Icppinir „r piHn;,.. as th.. fon.-t ,,ffi,-..r in his jndp-

m,.nt may .lir,.,.t. Tn pra.-ti,.,., -,.a!ii,- i ,„.tim,.> k..,,t ha.'k until th- hrnsj, is =a»--

la,l,.r,ty ,!,sp_.,„.,i ,,,". Ti„. i,ru.l,-l,i,n, ,n^ may I.,. ,l„„e iii,l,.p..,„|,.ntlv hv tlie ffovern-
ni.-nt. I.iit It IS hetl, r t,, hav,. an ainv,.n„.nt will, tlw hn.v,.r hy wl,i..li lie will fnrnisli
,u.^n euiraireil .„, th,- loL-im. op,.rati,m t,, a.-ist. ev.Mi if r.^,uun,.ral i..|, f„r tli,-,. ser-
yiees has t.i h,. alldu, ,1.

iOKKSTS <,i- l!(.ri<V \ioi MM.\< |,,i,.,>| |;|-| |;vi
If i- ail\:iril:ii;i.,ii- ,il-.. |.. have

.-.1

■111 ;iL;rr,iM.ii! uilli ili,^ ,,|„., .,v uhi.'li hi-

''"■" "'11 !■'■ ^'v.ilMl.l,. r„ ti.l,, ,i,v,. X,, ,v,„n,„.,ari,.n -h,.„|,| l„. .|l.,u,.,! „!„.„ ,1.,.
"' '"" ■"' ''"■ ■■"■r^^ "I ""■ -!'■■ ■■<■ ru.huu.r^ ,1„. „v. ,ii,v,.f;v. I„„ In ,,,„. ,|„.

..,■,.,.„„■„, ,.,.v,.,- M~,,-UM,-,. i„ ti.i„i„. tin- „., .|nv,.,lv , „..,.„..| «i,h tl„. ;„•..;, I,„.

"'"'" in.nhiit ,liM:m.-r. rrniiiiHTiti,,,, -|„,„l,i |„. .,i|MU,.| |.-,,, ,!■■,- ,|,„. ,,, ,.,,■

';7"~^ "I '' I'"'''"'"-'^ .M,,,,!,,,,.,.-. „ ,,n.vi-i„n ,n.v I.,- i,,,,,,,,! In ,1„. ,■„„. n,.-, ' f,,,-

''"'""r- "■ '' """I'l '"■ ■> 'H"-"!- 'In- t,. ,l„ ,.,, i.llv if ,|„-„.,„..i..n ,...,,,.:

LM-cwtli \\,.r,. ,,|| iiiip.irtMul t'ai-tMr.

Tl„. v,.Mi„. .,f authnritv .H ... -„,„.rvi-i„„ „f ,1,„ ,^1... ii„al -til..,,,,.,:, ..I .H-,,,,,,..

;:;;;),;^;;;;"''"''"^"' * i^-vi-i...,- ..t- ti,.. ,.,„„,.;,.., .i„.„i,i i„. ,i,.,i„;„.iv i,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, „„,

Tl„. „,..,h.„| „,• |,ay,„..„t ,|,.,„.„,1. „,:,|„|v .,„ „,i.,i,„ :„l„,i„iM,.:„iv.. ,v. n i ,t |. ,„-

OtW l,..:,l ,„■.,.„„.,„ „„, .||,.,.,.,lv atr,....l„. ,1„. „,;„,a^,.„,..,„ ,.,■ ,1 „„|, ,■ ,1„:

"■r l..f,i, ,1 nccp... „rv |.,.,i'i ,,f tln' , trad.

SII.VK IITIIIAI. i'|;.\( IK K IX MoxTAXA.

liKi;nr..,iKa: \ \i,..\ m, K.iit,;>,.
/ (irml Ciiiii/il ioiiy^
Tl„. I),.,.,.|.,.l^,. Xat,.,„al F.„.,.M i- -i,„a„.,| „„ 1,„,|, ,;,!,., „,■ ,1„. ,.,„„i,„.,„a| ,li.i.|,.

'."' .''■•^'■•■1 ''■•■' ■■! t„„l.,.,.. .,t whul, „i„Hy ,„., ,„ i. |,„|„.,,„|,. ,,i,„, XII ,|„.

. M,l..>- ,. „-,.,| ,,„. „,,„„„ ,, ,,,,„„.^, I.,,,, „„,, ^, ,„|, ,|.^,,,,„,^,^. ^ ,. ,, .^^^1^^^

r:'"'," ■'•'"'"• '•^'," '"■ "7';'"- '■""■■■ ■-■ - li-n. ,- .U,, „ ,„a,k,., ,,„. ...,nlu I

,a,.r ,!,..>.. „,a,U,.t ,.,.„.l,t,„„.. ,t i- ,„„.i,,|,. ,„ ,,.,,„;,. a „t,li.at|..„ .,f all „,a„.fi.l
tl,...f i.„.|,.- a„, ..v,.,' ,„ ,|,a„„.t.T. il„. Mlvi,.„ll,„-al ..ff..,., „f tl,i- i~ ,|,a. wl„.r,. it

IS ,k..,rnl,|,. t„ .■l,.ar-,-„t a„ a,v,-,. tl„. ,,|„.n,ti. .-a,, 1„. ,|,„„. ,|„„ ..|,K l,,..a„-,. ,.,,.,.,

foe ,-a„ l„. ,.„t. a„.l - |, ,„at,.,-ial ,-,.,„.,v,.,l l,-.„„ ,.a..|, „•,.,. ,1,,, ,|„. |,,„-1, ,.,„

rcn.hl.v I.,. 1„,,-„,.,1, l,.av,„v tl,. Mirfa,-,. ,.„ti,-,.lv ,-|..a,v,|.

,'';;■ '■■;. ' '■'"■'■-• '-■ l'"-i"",it,a„tly. ,,„r,. I.„l.,.|,„|,. ,.i,„.. 1„ ,|,„ „,,.,.k |„„t,„„-

7' '"■"" "' .'""■;• -""■"'■'■- "--"^'ll.^- '"■' '■''■<■ ^1 t'„„-tl, ..( a „,i|,. u„l,.. (!,. ,1,, „,,,„.,.
<l'V'- aiv Mnx...l Ma„,K „r I.„|.,.p„|., ,,;,„, ,,„,„,. „„| ,i,„,,.,,. |,;,„. .|.|^^ ,„|,„,| .;,„|
th,. <,,.•„,.,. t.v,,.. ,...-,.,,,1,1,. ,1„. ,,.,„•> ,|,..,.ril„..| 1,,. -i,„ilar „a„„.- „1„,„ .li.-.,,,-!,,.. <„'>,,-
-Ik,,, l..,.,..t- Il„. p„„. ry,„. ,litT,T< „„ly i„ a f,-u „,i„.„. ,■,.-, ,, f,,,,,, ,|„. -a,,.,, t .p.

;;; "" '","■"'• ," '- ';'■'••• ■■"■■■M.p..-m..„. i, .,.,,.,.,..1, .., i,,.,.,. ,i,.„.i,v a„.i „i,i,

lu. ,,.,.. l,r„t,,.l,„.,. at„l ,,,„,,. , au,..i. Tl,i- „,ay l„. ,.xplai,„,| l.y a-M„„i„. a ,litl,.,v,„

1. to ht.tot-y ( a„a,l,a., f.,n..t- ,.f,..„ -|,„u ,.vl,l,.,„.,. „( ,I„. ,„„i,,. .,„„| i,.,^.; ,^^„.„„|

.■I t.T a tuv, l,„t ,„ „,at„,v -ta„.U ,1,,.,.,. ,- .,.|,|,„„ ,.,i,|,.,„.,. „, , .,. ,|, .,. ,;,,, ,„

Mo.,tan„, t,n.s t„ l,av,. 1..,.,, „f .,.,.at,.r f, „.,„.,. |„„ 1 ,,.,■,.. Tl„. -u.-.-.^.n.^

f.n.. nay,. .-h„„„at..,l tl„. -p,.„..,.. ,..„.,.,„ j,, ,h, ,„„ ,,,„,. „„.,„i,„..,|. „|,i,.|, ,„,„ .i,,.,,.

•Iist,n..tiv.. .'Iiara.-t..,.i-ti,.- t i,ipai'ativ.. tiv..,l.„i, t',-..„, til...

Th.. >„..,.,.... iv,. tin- l,av.. al-.. ,.p..,„.,| „p ,|„, ,,a,„| an. I all,.w,..l v.,,,,,.. ,, „.

^t.u-f. I.iit. „. p„„. ,|..v,.|,,p. witl, .litli, „lty „„.l,.,- -„,.|, ,.,.„.|i,i,,„-. ,|„. ,l,,„,i„. i, ,„.„|,,

ou-.T „, ,.,„„parN,.„ with -ta,„K .l,.v,.|,.pi„. t> tl„. .],.„.... ,....,,-,,....1, y..„„. .n,;,!,

that „.„al)y f„l|..„- a Hud.. ...v,.n. ti'r... Thl- al-.. n-„lt- in l„-a„..|,i,.,. ,i„,|,.,r .„„|
fl„- tin--..a,-- ,.„ ll„. ,,„,l„.r wl,i..|, i- ,„,, ki", ,] ]„ ,1„ .],.... ,.n„il,i,„. ,,, ,„^,|;,, ,]„. ■:,,.,.

!i, ;;,M,,.ra! ,.,^,<.!, „i..,-.. ...,., ], .:.;,.;! ;■,,,. h,;,,;., ,; ;,, (aiia.liat, -ta,i.i-

''"■ '■'"I'l'ti"" "f 111- i;> n.I -.irfa.v i- t-a.li.allv .|itT.>n.|,t i„ tl„. -,,.,, |, Tl,..

!rroun,l.,.ovvr i- wry tlii,,. ....n-i-tiiiL- „-„a!ly ..f al,.„„ ..,„. i,„.l, of li,„„„. .,,„| I,'.,!,,

l.tfpr. ri.,. .n,w.|, ,.f a li.l„ ,.a,.p,.t .,( pi,„. .n,- i ,„„„„. a„,l tl,|. i. ,„., f.;,',.|

111 '"'' 'I'"''". liii'-lv IN..-. :i,;aiii. i- p,.a.-ti.-:,li,v ,,..v,.| I'

.1, 111., irr..,,,,.

I,, |.,i,..

-.tL- ^■■>■"It.'

.tM,„l- i„ M, „„.,.,. ul„.n.:,> i, i- „,■ ,.„„„„ .urn.,,,,. i„ All.ortn sUuuh. On tl,o

r> tt' ,', '.'ril',' " " '""' """"'' ''"■ "'"'"■•'' '■'■l"'"l'"-'i"" "f I'i"" i" tl„. son.l, ,h„n

Sil\ ir|il|iir:il Mi-tlii.il-.

Tl..' iMotlioJ nl l,,,viMt' s.T.I-tr..,..- ill l,|..,.k, u;„ ,1„. i„i,i,,| ,v,|,.M, (.^\\..^u■,\ ()„o
l.un,J.v,| a„.| lill.v l„n, Mri,. u,r,. ,-l,..,-,.ur uill, a 7:, f..,t interval: an,l on,. I,alf
"I llii.- rMiiMiinnK tunl.cr ua- ivrH..v,.,| i,, 7:, f,„„ „|uar,-. Icavin- l.|..rl<, ,,f -,.■.!-

Im- al-.. .:. I,.,.| Mpiaiv. Tin- nalli..,| |,r-nv,.,| un-ali>la.-lnr\. \ mall a Mrn,,,.,-

ln;n CmIv 17 p,T ,.,.„t, ,i| ||„. liniK.f ua- I,. It. -„ that tli.- I.|,.,-U> u,t,. I,,,, i-,,lat,..l

;UhI M-uav w,n,l-lall , ,„m,.,|. TImt,. »a- aU,. ,-,.nH,|..ral. nna^,- lr„n. .un-,-al.|'

lluv,. ,v,.ars att.T tl,.. Iny^^ini. ua- .Ion,.. -iM,.,n l,|o,-k. -l„,vv,.,l an av.rai^v ,.f V, ,,T
-•'•I'l w.n,l-fall. Tl„. -,-,..n, al-o ,|i,| no, allow ,l„. ..|,.,.,ion of Man.U of .-onmarativolv
vouny tunlM-r to I,.. |,.f,. I,u, l,v ,v,|nirinu thri.- nanoval for.v.l an nnn,,-, -arilv lat-v
anionni ot -mall niali rial .m llio inarUcl.

Tl„. next nio,|i.i..a,ion ua- thr loavin-of l,lo,.|;- ,,f tr,-,- in fav,.,n-aM,. location,
to turn, -I, „.o,| to ,l„. ,.u,.ov,..- aroa-. Tlh- ,n,.<t ,-l,ara,.„.ri-,i,. oxanii.!,. i- fnrni-l„.,|
\>y narn.u ,„!,.|„.-, wh,.,-,- ,l„. lowor -|„p„- u,.,v on, ,.|oa,-, loavin^. I,,-!,- of ,in,l,..r at
Ilic to,,. I, I, a.- 1,,.,-n cIcchIo.I ,l,a, ,1,,. areas l,.f, w,.,v too Larm

Mo., of ,|a. .■n,tini.^ ,lono a,-.onlinp to |l„-o -v-lo,n- ua.- tinvo or fonr v,,,,-* .,..o

MM a, ,.,v-,.n, n,a,-U..,| pro.r,- ,ouanl n-MooUin. i- ,n.t appan,,,. A nar,-ou "sti-ip!

li.it . nnlo 1..,,::. -now,.,l only |s,-, .oo,ll,n^- por ao,v. an,l a MNartor-niilo .-trip. ,•)•'.-.

per aeie. 11,,-. o| ,.,,n,-o. i- , ar! ,,, ex t ,narke,l .levejopinents over tl,e ul>ole

area lait .t ua- ,.la„,l,v in,liea,e,| tl,a, nn,ler an.v ...vsten, satisfaetorv r,.pro,lne,i.,n
I";-;'! >H„ l,e expe,-,e,| in a -ho,-, p..,.:.„| in„n,.,|ia„.ly nf,er lo^-i,,^.. (,,,1,. „,„,,,r ,„„.
-lition. roMiltinu- (.'on, tire ha.- etfeeiiv ,-e,,ro,|„etion h.-en fo„n,l ,o take plae,. in a
verv .■sliort t,ine.

r>„,-in^ the la-t two yea,-., the ,ne,ho,l- ,,rae,i.e,l In.ve nn,h.r«one ,„a,.ke,l ehani:e.

'" *"" ;'"■?•' : •^", ••""•■' '■■" '■"■" -"•'■ •" ^'--1 •■""!■'*-' ""• "Mieh of ,l,e smaller

youn. tnnhe,-: |„-s,._ ,eean-e >, will „,ake the most proHtahle ^^rowth. at„l seeon,|

l.ocau.e It u,ll fnrnt.h. ,f e„t. , larger prn,,orti f s,nall-si.e,l n,ate,-ial than the

market -an ahsorh. I.at„u,|e has I„„.„ allowe,l. ,.,., for tho-e in el,a,-ire of ,ho -.nttii,..

to nse the.r .n„l.,nen, a- t.. the „-e ,tn,e„t of .tan.l-. al'-er in-, tio„ ha- shown their

indivnhial s,lvienltiiral eo,,ili,i,,n,

_ These ohjeet- ar,. „„., I,y e„„in.. a,-eo,-,li,„ ,„ ,„„ -,.„„,„^ , ,;, ;„ ,.,,.,,.,.„,
sf-,p-. and l.y s,.l,.,-t,o„. (•„„!„„ i„ .,,ip- i- p,-a,-, i-,-,| I„ -,a,„|- whe,-,. ,1,,- tr,-,- an-
.■v,^n-Mt',-,l an,l hav,- -inall ,.,-o»n-. Wh,-,-,- th,- stao.l i- nn,,„rn, i„ ,.ha,-ae„-,. t),,-,.,,..],-
onl. th,. -tr,,,- an. !a„l ,„„ in r,..„lar onh-r a„,l ,-„„ni„^ „p ,„„1 ,|„w„ th,- -|o,„.s Jf

tiM.r,. ,s n,ark,..| var,af,on in ,1,,. ,-hara,.„-r of ,h,- -,a,i,l. ,1,,- -,ri,.- a,v 1 ,,-,1 s,, -,.

t,. r,.n,ov,. the ,„„-, ,.ven-a.,.,l ,„- ,]„. h,,-.,-, ,i„,l„-,., ,.„„, H,,- ,.„,-„v,.r a,va- 1 ,'„.

,rre.n nr ,n shap,^an,l ,l,,-tr,l„„i„n. „f „„- -,an,| ,,-, ,„ ,a p,, ,...„, ,. ;„„„,,„, ,„
ho lef, ,ne„,. „, Wo,.k- no, ],.- ,ha„ I.",,, f,-,-, wi,!,-. „„1,-. in w,-ll prot,.e,e,l si,„a-
t,o„- \h,.n ,h,.„mher ,- ,.en,ov,.,| f,-on, -,,-i,. h- than l.-.O feo, wiH,-. tl,,- whlth
of th,- s,r,p- l.-l, ,- r,-,ln,-,-,l to that of th,- ,.„,-ov,-r ana. hn, r ,, fn,.,h,-r

N.l..,.„o„ ,-M„„,. ,,, ,,„re pine is ,1 in stan.l- where the,.e is a variation „f

.>.e.,- las-,-. I h,- allows ,l,e re,noval of ,1,,. lar.,.r ,n.,^ while leaving- for ,!„„,-,]

.-rowtl, the yo„n„.r thnfty „•..,... Stnn,l- of ,l,i- ,.han„-,er hav,- „-„alK I,,-,-,, f„rn„.,
j. n result of .ronn,l t,re- wh,,-!, hav.. pa.-tially „pen,„, „p ,he -, 1. Th,- tn...s tha

""" '''■"^'"'":'' "! ""i "'"■'"■'^'' ♦'"'- ^""-1 1'-- .I'-,-.- ..ul thrif,i,.r ,;...u< than 1 1,0

tr,-,- L-n.wn ,„ ,|„- ,1,-,-,, ,-v,.„-a«-,.,| -,a„,l-. an,l will .|„.n.f,... ..l-,. ,/.■,'

.'r,,w,h. K..,,ro,lu,-t,o,, ,- ,.xp,-,.t..,l in tl„. Mnall op,.ni„..s n,a,le hv' th,'.' loc^^n^' ^n!]

th,s yo„n, ,n,w,h w,ll take ,h,. pla,..- of ,1 ,,, .,„„, ,, ;, ;. ,,„„;„„.,i ; , ':^:^,: "^ '

ruiUu^. In n,a, <„,. an approxi,nate ,|ian„-„-r li.ni, of |„„weon nin,. a,„l „.„ inele

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Apiili.-iil.iliis 1,, Si I- ill All.. ii;i.

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n-.Kk.n,M,. .,.inut„K.< In ol„aln r,,„-,„lii,.,i„„. a ,-i,l,.,.al,lo .nunl,..,- .,f utl J

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howov.T. an- ,n All>,.|.,a li,„i,,.,! i„ ,,xt,.,„ ' '""''^'

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m pr... .,.,., ,,[, ..-,- ,1 ,va< ,,la,.,.,| „, ,.,mi,„I pil,.s nn.l .o, „„ fir., aftor ., fr,.<), f.,n

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I'lat.- r.l — Clcaniit Strip l-li.nvinj; Ic.ifi. ciirilw.H»i ;in.l lirii.-h |>i!i-<. I)icrlii.lKi- National Kun-st.

MiMitaiiM r. S.A.I

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II,,.,. I ,|„ I.- , , , '"I'll' I ".I, I'MNi..^. In <,.1,.,.||,,|| ,-iiitiiiu'. .,11 til..

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'n.ii,.|\ alliT lhi> Ii-Mmiu i.I ih,. tr,.,.,.

Til- .M:,rkin«' , ■ li,,,!,,.,. ,,, 1„. ,.,„ „,. ,,,, ,i„.n.„d.K .in,,,.. WI.,.„ ,1„, .l,,,!,.,^

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;;:'l';'^- ;;;';■: "•'■" '■■ '•'■ ■■■' -'■ ''i-'-i i' "< i.r..-.i,..i.i„ .,,.1 i,..i ,,.

VOLUME. GROWTH AND YIELD TABLES.

Mo„ „f,l„. i.l.U .r,. I,.-,.,| „.:,-„,.,„„.,„- ,.,.„ „,■,,,„. ,vi|,.,| ,„ |,„,;,„

'^"j;^'''''' "n .nnl,..,- liiinN ,i, ,l„. ,,..,.,„..„ V.||,.v. All .!„. ip.,.. „„ ,.id,. ,,|.,.- in

■i^ht «i..u.,. ,,n,i .!,., ,„, v.,|„„„. ,„ lunii-l, ,|:„. (.,r a vh,,,,,. .al.l,- ami ... .iv.
""■ ^;;'"-'"; "l 'l- Pn-,.,., Ma>,.i. TI,,. ,i,.|,| a, .lirf,.,.,.,,, a..- ua- , ,,„t..,| Ir,,,,, .1,,.

111' iMi'rcli.iiilalil,. Iiiiiil.

, Jl';; ""■;-'-■"..•.... w,.n. t.,k,.n ;„ f„llv ......l.,.,!. „„p, ,„,.. .„„.,. i„ „,,,,,

, ■", "^ ''-^ '^'-""*>- ""• ' -H>vi,„.|,t ..( all il„. tiv,.~ .,„ ,|„. ,,|„,- .,, .|,„„. |„

"" • " •''-" '■li.il'l-'l flH. .•..Mi|,ntati..,i ..f yl,.M ,„.,• a.TO.

Vol.fMK.
I>I.\.MI;ti:I!-(;i;()\vtii.

1 „al ,,o „„. av..,.a... .n.ull, .,„ ,|„. ,.„ ,|„., ,,,, „|,„i„..,| .,.,„. ^,^.„,.^,^„

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ni;i(;ii'|-(;i;(»wrii.

!, ' ■ " "I-. I - l-:.l.r h.„r,.> w,.,... av,.ra.,.,l ^linilai-l.v ,., ,1„. ,lia„„.t,.r fl.ur..
""■ """• i-nin-,..! ,„ .,.,u- t., -tun.,, l„.|.l„ wa- ,.„„Mt..,l i„.

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1 I'lof wrre a<Mc<! toLM-ther.

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tn.> ,,„>„.,„,« ,|,„„. ,|,ni..|,-inns was t.,ui„l fn.n, il„. «r,.wtl,-,.„rv,.. |{v ,.,„;

nu.'l >l>. I.I I;m. KV \|.il\TMN. |..|;|^| I!I-m;\i

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not I... ,.|itir.-ly a|.|.ii,-al.l,. t.. nl.tainln- a lal.l.. ..f v i,l,| i,, ,.|,|,i,. r,,t

.\» the tMr is bas...l „n .uH, a .„,ali ar,.a, a,„l .., „„.as„r,.,M,.Mt- of n.afMr..
»tan.l- only. If ,-ah In. ,.o„-i.|..n..| a- fontalivo ..u\^. It -I,,,,.., U..^y,■^,■,■ t|„. ,■.!,, i,,,,
l...tw,.r„ „,• ami ,,i„... nn.l i- l„.li..v,.,i f„ 1„ ,„,,r ,1a. fnifh. Tho plof- fak-M ar.

«.ll all,..|o„ fl,.. ,nl,|,. ,„ y„l,|. ;,- „,.„, ,„„„al -fa.aU ar.. l„.|o» „ori„ali,v. Xonnal

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»ta ..Is ,.a>. ,n flio t„t„re !,.■ .,.,.,1.. inoro rapi.lly a„.| m, ■, |.,..,.r -al... I,„t tl»-o faLl...
will ol.viat.. Ilio iior,.„,ty of uallariii- ii aii> of ,1,,. ,.|.i.-,.« ,,f ,|;,i;i ulii.-i
UM.fl ill flicir |ircpnrafir.ii.

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